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10

GOEDON'S

PIN E TUM

THIRD ISSUE, WITH ADDITIONS.

1880.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

University of British Columbia Library

http://www.archive.org/details/pinetumbeingsynOOgord

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THE

PINETU M:

BEING

A SYNOPSIS OF

ALL THE CONIFEROUS PLANTS

AT PRESENT KNOWN,

WITH ■

DESCRIPTIONS, HISTORY AND SYNONYMS,

AMD A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
BY

GEORGE GORDON, A.L.S.,

FORMERLY SUPERINTENDENT OF THE HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, CHISWICK.

gc\33 (EVitxon,

CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED, INCORPORATING THE FORMER SUPPLEMEXT,

AND INCLUDING AN INDEX OF THE POPULAR NAMES

OF CONIFERiE, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN,

%o toliiclt is nob aiiicb

An Alphabetkxl Reference-List of all the coloured plates of the Genus

Pinus published in the great ivorks of Lambert, Laivson, and Forbes,

BY

HENRY G. BOHN, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., F.R.G.S.

LONDON:

HENRY G. BOHN, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN,

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., STATIONERS' HALL COURT.

And the " Garden" Office, 37, Southam2Jton Street, Strand.

1880.

PREFACE

TO TliE riKST EDITION. May 31sr, 1858.

With the view of rendering the present work useful to those
unacquainted with the science of botany, the author has
throughout aimed at the utmost simplicity in language and
arrangement. The alphabetical mode has therefore been adopted
in reference both to the Genera and Species by means of which
any Conifer, of which the name is known, may be immediately
found. And for the use of those who possess some botanical
knowledge, a diagnostic table is prefixed.

The descriptions of the Genera are comprehensive though
concise ; and each species is accompanied by all its synonyms,
with the authorities for them. Care has also been taken to
furnish such information respecting habits, value, products, tec,
as is likely to be required by the planter or cultivator.

The Volume is completed by an Index containing nearly

1700 names.

In conclusion, the author begs to acknowledge with thanks
the valuable assistance afforded by his foreign correspondents,
particularly those in Germany, France, and Mexico. He desn-es
also to express his obligations to Mr. R. Pince, of the Great
Exeter Nursery, and Mr. H. Low, of the Clapton Nursery.

PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME

PUBLISHED FEB. 13th. 1862.

In producing a Supplement to the Pinctum at the present time
it is only necessary to refer to the frequent introduction of new
Conifers, or what are said to be new ones, together with the
nuitability of names, and the Babylonian confusion which still

iv PREFACE.

exists in their nomenclature. The trade lists, too, with some
praiseworthy exceptions, abound with numerous aliases, as
may be seen by a slight comparison of such lists with the
ample indexes given at the end of the volume, wliere all the
synonyms are printed in Italics.

Amongst the additional species and varieties recorded in the
present Sup})lement, will be found several which have not
before been enumerated, together with other information of a
recent date, particularly the identitication and coi'rection of M.
Koezl's Mexican Pines ; and the notification of some errors of
long standing in books of authority ; the whole being completed
with an Index, contnining all the systematic names to be found
in the present Supplement, which amount to upwards of 580.

In conclusion, the Author desires to expi'ess his thanks to
those noblemen and gentlemen who have so liberally furnished
him with materials for examination, and, at the same time, in-
formed him of the sources whence they received their plants,
thus enabling him to direct his attention to such establishments
as were most worthy of notice, not only for the great extent of
their collections, but for general accuracy in nomenclature.

He also wishes to express his obligations to Mr, John Stan-
dish, of the Ascot Nursery; Messrs. Osborn, of Fulham; Mr.
Robert Glendinning, of Chiswick ; Mr. William Paul, of Walt-
ham Cross ; Mr. William Wood, of Maresfield ; Mr. Alexander
Dancer, of Fulham; Mr. Richard Smith, of Worcester, and
Messrs. RollLson, of Tooting, for useful information and speci-
mens sent foi' examination.

PREFACE TO THE PRESENT EDITION.

The author having been called upon for a new edition of his
work, the former being now out of print and extremely
scarce, feels that he has little move to say than to repeat his
thanks to the various growers of Conifers to whom he has
been formerly indebted, and to add the names of John Dollm
Bassett, Esq., of Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire; Henry b.
Bohn Esq. (the publisher, who has a fine collection of Conitera^,
and has contributed the Popular Index to the present edition),
and the following Nurserymen-Mr. Anthony Waterer, Knap-
hill Nursery. Woking; Messrs. William Barron fr Son, Elvas-
ton Nurseries, Derby ; the Lawson Company, Edinburgh ; Mr.
Maurice Young, Milford Nursery, Godalming; Mr. Cripps,
Tunbrido-e Wells; Messrs. James Yeitch & Sons, Chelsea;
Mr John Scott, Merriott, Somerset; and Mr. William Buck-
ley, late of the Tooting Nursery; all of whom have furmshed
specimens and information of great value to the work.

GEORGE GORDON.

Febrviavy, 1875.

ADDENDA.

Henry G. Bohn has thought it desirable, in the present re-issue of
Gordon's Pinetum, to add a list of references to the coloured plates
given in the three great, and now scarce and expensive, English
works devoted to the illustration of Coniferae ; and this idea has
met with the approval of his botanical friends. The following are
the names of the books referred to :

Lawsons' Pinetum Britannicum, published by subscription in
37 parts, atlas folio, 1866-73, contains 41 coloured plates besides
numerous engravings, but as none of these are numbered, it
has been found necessary, by way of facilitating reference, to
adopt numbers according to the order of the letter-press.
Lambert's Genus Pinus, edited by Professor Don, 3 vols.,
atlas folio, second and most complete edition, 1837, with 101
coloured plates and two very large uncoloured ones. These
plates being only numbered up to 51, tlie subsequent ones are
numbered in the order of the letter-press.
The Pinetum Woburnense, a catalogue of the Coniferous
Plants in the collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn
Abbey, systematically arranged by J. Forbes, imperial 8vo.,
1839, containing 68 coloured plates.

There are la^wj foreign works which incidentally contain coloured
illustrations of local Coniferce, such as those of Jacquin, Pallas, Hum-
boldt, Sibthorp's Flora Gr£eca, etc., etc., but one of the most accessible
and comprehensive in this department is Michaux's North American
Sylva, with Xuttall's continuation, together 6 vols., royal 8vo., Phila-
delphia, 1840-49, containing 278 coloured plates.

*^* All the above-named icorks, in case of need, are to he found in the
fine library of the Linncean Society, and of course in the British Museum.

Vlll ADDENDA,

For the numerous Synonyms of the Coniferse quoted in the follow-
ing list it will be necessary to refer to Goi don's Systematic Index
at the end of the present volume. For instance, the very first Conifer
in the list, Ahies Alhertiana, has no fewer than 10 Synonyms, several
of which are under the heading of Pinus, Ficea, or Tsuga.

FiEFERENCE-LIST OF COLOURED PLATES.

References to
Gordon.

Abies Albertiana. Lawson, 17 - - - - - 29

Abies Amabalis. Woburn, 44 - - - - - 213

Abies Balsamea, and many others formerly classed as Ahies are
now considered Pines, and are placed in the alphabet

accordingly ------- 200

Abies Carpatica. Lawson, 32 - - - - - 6

Abies Douglasii. Lambert, 91. Lawson, 37. Woburn, 45 - 24

Abies Excelsa. Lambert, 26. Lawson, 31. Woburn, 29 - G

Abies Hookeriana. Lawson, 6, 15 - - - - 30

Abies Medioxima. Lawson, 31 - - - - 6

Abies jSIenziesii. See Pinus - - - - - 12

Abies Nigra. See Pinus - - - - - - 13

Abies Rubra. See Pinus - - - - - - 17

Abies Orientalis. Lambert, 31. Lawson, 20 - - - 15

Abies Pichta. Woburn, 39 - - - - - - 221

Abies Pattoniana. Lawson, 6 - , - - - - 30

Araucaria Brasiliensis. Lambert, 46. Woburn, 53, 54 - 37

Araucaria Cunninghamii. Lambert, 102. Woburn, 52 - 44

Araucaria Excelsa. Lambert, 47. Woburn, 50 - - 45

Araucaria Imbricata. Lambert, 45. Lawson, 41. Woburn, 55, 56 39

Arbor Vit^. See Thuja ------ 400

Cedrus Atlantica. Lawson, 25 - - - - - 60

Cedrus Deodora. Lambert, 42. Lawson, 9, 14. Woburn, 48 - 61

Cedrus Libani. Lawson, 14, 39 - - - - - 65

Cunninghamia Lanciolata. Lambert, 37. Woburn, 57 - 77

CuPRESsus HoRizoNTALis. Wobum, 61 - - - - 96

CuPRESSus Lawson iana. Lawson, 21 - - - - 85

CuPREssus LusiTANiCA. Lambert, 49. Woburn, 62 - - 89

CuPRESsus NUTKAEN.SIS. Lawsou, 36 - - - - 94

CuPREssus Pendula. Lambert, 50 - - - - 82

CuPRKSsus Torulosa. Lawson, 31 - - - - 97

Dadcrvdium CuPRKSsiNUM. Lambert, 51. Woburn, 67 - - 104

Dam.mara Australis. Lauibcrt, 44. Woburn, 59 - - 108

Dammara Orientalis. Lambert, 43. Woburn, 58 - - 111

JuNiPERUS Excelsa. Woburn, 64 - - - 143

ADDENDA. IX

References to
Gordon.

JuNiPERUS Chinensis. Woburn, 65 - - - - 158

Larix Pexdula. See Pinus . - - . . 177

PiCEA Apollinis. Lawson, 7 - - - - . 197

PfCEA Bracteata. Lawson, 18 - - - - - 202

PiCEA Cephalonica. Lawsoii, 4. Woburn, 42 - - - 208

PiCEA NoBiLis. Lawson, 1. Woburn, 40 - - - - 207

PiCEA PixsAPO. Lawson, 5 - - - - - - 224

PiNUS Abies. Lambert, 27 - - - - - - 6

PiNUS Alba {vel Abies). Lambert, 28. Woburn, 33 - - 3

PiNUS Banksiana. Lambert, 3. Woburn, :', - - - 230

PiNUS Balsamea. Lambert, 33. Woburn, 37 - - - 200

PiNUs Bracteata. Lambert, 98 - - - - - 202

PiNUS Brutia. Lambert, 75. Woburn, 9 - - - - 232

Pin us Canadensis. Lambert, 35 - - - - - 22

PiNUS Canariensis. Lambert, 89. Woburn, 21 - - - 264

PiNUS Cedrus. Lambert, 41 - - - - - 308

PiNUS Cembra. Lambert, 23, 24. Lawson, 22. Woburn, 27 - 295

PiNUS CouLTERi. Lambert, 82. Woburn, 25, 26 - - - 266
PiNUs Deodara {vel Cedrus). Lambert, 42. Lawson, 9, 14.

Woburn, 48 - - - - - - - 61

PiNus DouGLASii. Lambert, 95 - - - - - 24

PiNUS DuMOSA. Lambert, 35"" - - - - - 21

PiNUS ExcELSA. Lambert, 26. Lawson, 29. Woburn, 29 - 299

PiNUS Fraseri. Lambert, 96. Woburn, 29 - - - 205

PiNUs Gerardiana. Lambert, 88. Woburn, 19 - - - 268

PiNUS Grandis. Lambert, 100. Woburn, 43 - - - 216

PiNUS Halepensis. Lambert, 7. Woburn, 8 - - - 236

PiNUS Inops. Lambert, 14. Woburn, 4 - - - - 238

PiNUS Insignis. Lawson, 24, 34. Woburn, 18 - - - 270

Pin us Jeffreyi. Lawson, 8 . . . . . 272

Pin us Lambertiana. Lambert, 91. Lawson, 3. Woburn, 30 - 307
PiNus Lanceolata {vel. Cunninghamia). Lambert, 37. Wo

burn, 57 - - - - - - - 77

PiNUS Laricio. Lambert, 4 . . . . . 239

PiNus Larix. Lambert, 38 - - - - - - 169

PiNUS Leiophylla. Lambert, 86. Woburn, 28 - - - 308

PiNUS Llaveana. Woburn, 17 - - - - - 274

PiNUS LoNGiFOLiA. Lambert, 22. Woburn, 20 - - - 295

PiNUs Mandshurica {uel Cembra Pygm^ea). Lawson, 22 - 297

PiNUS Maritima. Lambert, 6 - - - - - 237

PiNUs Massoniana. Lambert, 8 - - - - - 249

PiNus Menziesii. Lambert, 94. Woburn, 32 - - - 12

PiNUS MiCROCARPA. Lambert, 40. Woburn, 49 - - - 175

X ADDENDA.

Rfferences to
Gordon.

PiNUS MoNOPHYLLA. Lawson, 35 - - - - - 235

PiNUS JkloNTEZUM^. Lambert, 87 - - - " - 313

PiNUS MONTICOLA. Lambert, 90. Woburn, 31 - - - 314

PiNUS MuGHO. Woburn, 2 - - - " " " ^44

PiNUS MuEiCATA. Lambert, 80 - - - - - 246

PiNUS Nigra. Lambert, 29. Woburn, 34 - - - 13

PiNUS NoBiLis. Lambert, 97. Woburn, 40 - - - 207

PiNUs OcciDENTALis. Lambert, 22* . . - - 315

PiNUS Orient ALis. Lambert, 31 - - - - - 15

Pixus Pallasiana. Lambert, 5. Woburn, 7 - - - 247

PiNUS Palustris. Lambert, 21. Woburn, 22 - - - 260

PiNUS Patula. Lambert, 84 - - - - - 278

PiNUS Pendula. Lambert, 39. Woburn, 46 - - - 177

PlNUS PiCEA. Lambert, 32. Woburn, 68 {frontispiece) - - 208-9

PiNUS Pinaster. Lambert, 9, 10. Lawson, 33. Woburn, 29 - 249

PiNUS PiNEA. Lambert, II, 12, 13. Woburn, 10 - - - 252

PiNUS PiNDROW, Lambert, 99. Woburn, 41 - - - 222

P1NU.S PoNDEROSA. Woburn, 15 - - - - - 281

PiNUS PuMiLio. Lambert, 2. Woburn, 1 - - - 253

PiNUS PuNGENS. Lambert, 77. Woburn, 5 - - - 254

PiNUS Kadiata. Lambert, 79 - - - - - 282

PiNUS Religiosa. Lambert, 101 - - - - - 212

PlNUS Resinosa. Lambert, 15. Woburn, 6 - - - 256

PiNUS RiGlDA. Lambert, 19, 20. Woburn, 13 - - - 283

PiNUS Rubra. Lambert, 30. Woburn, 35 - - - - 17

PiNUS Sabiniana. Lambert, 81. Lawson, 16. Woburn, 23, 24 - 284

Pin us Serotina. Lambert, 83. Woburn, 16 • - - 285

PiNUs Sinensis. Lambert, 76. Woburn, 12 - - - 286

Pinus Smithiana. Lambert, 93. Woburn, 36 - - - 19

Pin us Spectabilis. Lambert, 34 - - - - - 226

PiNUS Strobus. Lambert, 25 - - - - - 322

PiNUS Sylvestris. Lambert, 1 - - - - - 241

PiNUS Taeda. Lambert, 17, 18. Lawson, 23. Woburn, 14 - ' 286

PiNUs Taxifolia. Lambert, 36 - - - - - 24

PiNUS Teocote. Lambert, 85 - - - - - 287

Pin us Tuberculata. Lambert, 78. Lawson, 12 - - - 288

PiNUS Variabilis. Lambert, 16. Woburn, 11 - - - 238

Taxodium DisTicnuM. Lambert, 103. Lawson, 40. Woburn, 60 .383

Taxodiu.m Sempervirens. Lambert, 48* - - - - 379

Taxus Harringtonia. Woburn, 66 - - - - 69

Thuja Dolobrata. Lambert, 67 - - - - - 398

Thuja Pkndula. Lambert, oo*. Woburn, 63 - - - 55

Wki.lin(;tonia. Lawson, 26 . . . - . 414

INTRODUCTION.

The term Conifera?, or cone-bearing trees, is very expressive of
the Tribe to which the present Volume relates.

Regarded from almost every point of view, this Tribe pos-
sesses great importance. In the northern regions its members
outnumber the common, broad-leaved trees, by about ten to
one ; they are most of them distinguished for majesty or sym-
metrical gracefulness ; and their timber, from its length, straight-
ness, and strength, is most valuable in tlie Arts.

It is in North America that the most extensive Pine forests
are located ; some of the Pine barrens, as they are there called,
being from 300 to .500 miles in extent. Captain Hall states,
that while travelling in Geoi'gia, sometimes when he came to a
liigh knoll which overlooked the surrounding country, nothing
could be seen but a vast ocean of Pines, stretching witliout a
break in every direction as far as the eye could reach.

Perhaps, however, the most gigantic specimens exist in Cali-
fornia, and on the North-west Coast, where the dimensions of
some appear almost fabulous. Among these we may mentioji
more particularly Wellingtonia, Sequoia, and Picea nobilis, all
of which grow,in ftivourable situations, from 200 to SOOfoet high.

Immense Fir and Pine forests abound also in Sweden, Nor-
way, Russia, Poland, and Prussia ; " imagine (says Dr. E. I).
Clarke) the Gulf of Bothnia to be surrounded by one con-
tinuous unbroken forest, as ancient as the world, and consist-
ing of Pine-trees — then you will have a general and correct
notion of a real Pine forest."

In the temperate and northern zones of Europe and Asia,
the Conifers enjoy a wide range, extending even to the regions
of perpetual snow. In South America, some kinds, such as
the Araucarias, differ considerably in general aspect from the

VI 11 INTRODUCTION.

true Pines : and still more so in Australia and Polynesia, with
respect to the Phylloeladus, the Da.mmara, and the Dacrydium ;
but all produce similar timber and seerotions. These seci^tions,
which are always in the form of resinous juices, diifer much
in properties, and may be divided into tAvo classes ; those ob-
tained from the living tree by incisions in the bark ; and those
obtained from the wood and roots after felling, by the applica-
tion of heat. Among the former are liquid balsam, the com-
mon black and yellow resin of the shops, with oil and spirits
of turpentine ; among the latter are tar, pitch, and lamp-black.
The Strasburg and Venice turpentine come from the Silver Fir
and Common Larch, and the best yellow resin (so much used
in the manufacture of yellow soap) from the Norwa}^ Spruce.
Olibanum and Sandarac are from the Jumpers, and some of
the finer resins and gums from the Dammara, Araucaria, and
C'allitris.

The soil preferred by Pines in a natural state (and therefore
the most congenial to them), is that composed of the debris of
granitic rock, with a dry subsoil. They will, however, grow
anywhere, excepting on chalky formations, and land surcharged
with moisture (although some of the American kinds flourish
under this latter condition). The Firs (of which class the
roots run immediately under the surface) do not require a deep
soil, but they will not produce large and fine timber without a
sand}'' loam and cool subsoil.

It would be beyond the purpose on the present occasion to
detail all the uses of this important tribe. I may, liowever,
observe, that the yellow deal of Europe is the produce of Pinus
sylvestris ; the Norway white deal that of Abies excelsa; and
the white American pine that of Pinus Strobus. All of these
arc, besides their other uses, of the greatest value to man in
the construction both of his habitation on the earth, and of
the jirks which bear him and his treasures in safety througli
ihe fathomless deep.

The natural Order CoNlFKR.-E or PiN.VCEyE is generally divided
into three families : — viz., Abietineie, Cui)ressine{e, and Juni-

INTRODUCTION. ix

perinero ; and although attaining, as many of them do, to huo-e
dimensions and great utility as timber trees, they possess an
organization inferior to that of other forest trees, and are
classed by botanists under the term Gyinnospermce (naked
seed), because the female flowers have no pericarpal coverino-/
but consist of naked ovules, to which fertilization is communi-
cated directly from the pollen, without the interposition of
style or stigma, and which is analogous to the ova of reptiles
in the animal kingdom. The male flowers consist of catkins,
formed of a number of scales, in the body of which the pollen
is contained, in two or more cells, while the female organs, or
naked ovules, originate from the large scales of the cones, to-
wards their base.

In the section Abietine^ are placed the Gemie Pinus, Abies,
Picea, Larix, Pseudo-larix, Cedrus, Ai-aucaria, Dammara, Cun-
ninghamia, and Sciadopitys, all of which are timber trees, dis-
tinguished by their slender, needle-like, or flat linear and
lanceolate leaves, and branches in whorls, the lower ones always
dying oS" as the trees grow old. The leaves and cones also
differ essentially in the different Genera. In that of PiNUS
(the true Pines) the leaves are long, slender, and in bundles of
twos, threes, or fives, each set being enclosed at the base in a
scaly sheath, and with the fruit a cone, composed of persistent
scales. In the Genus Abies (the Spruces) the leaves are soli-
tary, more or less scattered round the shoots, or someT^^hat two-
ranked in their direction, as in the Hemlock Spruce, and with
the cones in a drooping position, and composed of persistent
scales. In the Genus Picea (the Silver Firs) the leaves are
flattened, linear, or lanceolate, white beneath, and mostly ar-
ranged on the upper side of the shoots, in a more or less pec-
tinated manner ; the cones are erect on the upper side of the
top branches, and comjDosed of deciduous scales, which fall ofl"
the axis when the seeds are ripe. In the Genus Larix (the
Larches) the leaves are linear, soft, rounded at the points, deci-
duous, and disposed in groups on the adult parts of the tree;
the cones are small, erect on the upper side of the branchlets,
a

X INTRODUCTION.

and composed of loosely-placed persistent scales. In tlie Gemis
PsEUDO-LARix (the Chinese Larch) the leaves are long, linear,
soft, deciduous, and disposed in tufts, or bundles on the adult
Lranchlets, and with the cones rather large, pendulous, and
composed of very deciduous and divergent scales. In the
Genus Cedrus (the Cedars) the leaves are in tufts on the adult
parts, persistent and evergreen ; with the cones erect on the
upper surface of the larger branches, and the scales more or
less deciduous after the seeds are ripe. From the true Abie-
tinese Professor Link has, in a very able article on the Genus
Pious, separated the Genera, comprising Dammara, Cunning-
hamia, and Araucaria, into a New family, under the name of
Dammarace^e, not only on account of the breadth and expan-
sion of their leaves, but from their containing spiral vessels
sufficiently large to be easily perceptible in the leaves, pro-
duced on the older wood,* and from the inverted position of
the female blossoms.

In the CuPRESSiNE.^ all the branches are scattered along the
main stem, the lateral ones being densely furnished with slen-
der branchlets clothed with scale-like leaves, mostly imbricated
in four rows on the adult plants.

In the JUNIPERINE.E the fruit is a kind of berry (Galbulus),
composed of a fleshy or fibrous juicy substance, covered with
a glo.ssy skin, and furnished externally with minute scales.

The Taxace^e, or Yew family, although not properly coni-
ferous plants, as they do not bear cones, and have continuous
inarticulate branches, the wood of which have ligneous tissue,
marked with circular disks, are still classed with coniferge in all
])opular enumerations, being considered as of the same character
and general habit of growth.

* The f<]t'niil vessels are very small, and only perceptible in the young
shoots of Piiius and Abies.

A JS^ATURAL AERANGEMENT

OF

ALL THE GENERA ENUMERATED. IN THE PINETUM.

Order I. PINACE^, the Pine Bace.

Tribe I. ABIETINEiE, the Fm Tribe, having numerous
scales, arranged on a more or less elongated axis on the
cones, and with the ovules inverted or pointing to the
axis.

Sec. I. ABIETINE^ VEE^. Cones with numerous scales arranged

on a more or less elongated axis.

Gen. PiNus, Linnceus (the True Pines). Leaves in sheaths of

two, three, or five, someAvhat cylindrical and persistent.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, hut

separate.

Cones more or less conical, woody, and composed of
scales.

Seeds oval, with a hard, hony shell, and either fur-
nished Avith an ample wing, or wingless.
1st division, BiNiE, or those kinds having two leaves in a

sheath.
2nd division, TernaT/E, or those kinds having three leaves

in each sheath.
3rd division, Quince, or those kinds having five leaves in

each sheath.
a 2

XU GENERA.

Gen. Abies, Don (the Spruces). Leaves solitary, four-sided,
and scattered all round the shoots, or flat, and more or
less in two rows laterally.

Floioers, male and female on the same plant, but
sejiarate.

Cones pendent, solitary, and terminal, with thin per-
sistent scales.
1st division, Vera, or the true Spruces, with four-sided

leaves, scattered all round the shoots.
2nd division, Tsuga, or those kinds with flat leaves, more
or less in two rows, like the Hemlock Spruce, and
glaucous below.

Gen. PicEA, Don (the Silver Firs). Leaves solitary, flat, silvery
beneath, and pectinated in two or more rows.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones erect, cylindrical or nearly so, axillary on the
upper side of the branches, and with thin, deciduous
scales when ripe.
1st division, Bracteata, or those kinds with the bracteas

longer than the scales of the cone.
2nd division, Brevier acte a ta, or those kinds with the brac-
teas shorter than the scales of the cone, and hidden.

Gen. Lakix, Linlc (the Larches). Leaves deciduous, linear,
soft, and produced in bundles on the adult branches.

Floicers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones erect, small, oval, or somewhat cylindrical, with
persistent thin scales of a leathery texture, Avith a dor-
sal bractea.

Seeds small, with a leathery covering and membra-
naceous wings.
Gen. PsEUDO-LARix, Gordon (the False Larch). Leaves decidu-
ous, flat, linear, soft, and collected iu bundles on the
adult branches.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

GENERA. XUl

Cones pendent, oblong, ratlier large, brittle, and
covered with divergent scales, which are very deciduous,
pointed and extended at the apex, and heart-shaped at
the base.

Seeds irregularly shaped, with a soft thin covering,
and ample wings.
Gen. Cedrus, Link (the Cedars). Leaves persistent, needle-
shaped, somewhat four-sided, stiff, and disposed in
bundles on the adult branches.

Floivers, male and female mostly on the same plant,
but separate.

Cones erect, ovate, bluntly depressed at the ends,
axillary, and growing on the upi^er side of the branches,
with thin, closely-placed scales, more or less deciduous.

Seeds somewhat angular, with a soft tegumental
covering, full of turpentine, and ample, persistent
wings.

Sec. II. ARAUCAELE. Scales one-seeded.

Gen. Araucaria, Jussieu (the Araucarias). Leaves scale-
formed, persistent, and widest at the base.
Flowers, male and female on separate plants.
Cones mostly large, globidar, and terminal ; with the
scales deciduous, or partially so.

Seeds more or less attached to the scales.
Sec. I. CoLUMBEA, or the true Araucarias, with broad-
lanceolate leaves, and seed-leaves germinating imder
ground.
Sec. 11. EuTACTA, or False Araucarias, with awl-shaped
leaves, and seed-leaves produced above ground.
Gen. Dammara, Rumfhlus (the Wax Pines), Leaves broad,
flat, petiolated, opposite or alternate, and leathery.
Floioers, male and female on separate plants.
Cones ovate or globular, axillary, and with persistent
scales, wantiug the dorsal bractea.
Seeds unattached and solitary.

Sec. Ill, CUNXINGHAMI^. Seeds free, and from three to seven
under each scale.

XIV GENERA.

Gen. CuNNiNGHAMiA, R. Brown. Leaves lanceolate, rigid, and
flat.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate and terminal.

Cones small, ovate or globular, and ligneous, mth
persistent, acute-pointed scales, having no dorsal bractea.

Seeds, three under each scale.
Gen. Arthrotaxis, Doii. Leaves scale-formed or lance-shaped,
and either closely inlaying along the shoots, or more or
less spreading.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant.

Cones oval, or globular and ligneous, with oval, entire,
imbricated scales, destitute of the dorsal bractea.

Seeds, from three to five under each scale, with thin
crusty shells and hardly any wings.

Gen. SciADOPiTYs, Siebold (the Parasol Pine). Leaves linear,
flat, persistent, and in whorls.

Floicers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones elliptic or cylindrical, obtuse at the ends, large
and solitary, with wedge-shaped, persistent, thin, lea-
thery scales, regularly imbricated, and furnished with a
short dorsal bractea.

Seeds elliptic, compressed, and seven under each scale,
with a leathery covering, tapering into a membranaceous
wing, attenuating to the base.

Tribe II. CUPRESSEiE, the Cypress Tribe. Cones with few
valvate or peltate scales on a depressed axis, and ovules
erect.

Sec. I. CUPPtESSINE^'E. Cones with tho scales verticillate or decus-
sately disposed.
Gen. CuPRESsus, Tournefort. Leaves scale-formed, regularly
and closely imbricated in four rows.

Floioers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

GENERA.. ^^

Cones globular, and composed of angidar, tliick, \voody
scales, sliield- shaped externally.

Seeds numerous, angularly compressed, free and
winged on the margins.
Gen. CHA.u.cYPAKiS, SinuL Leaves scale-formed, in opposite
pairs, four-ro^ved, with a gland or sunken groove on the
back, glaucous and 1 ersistent.

Floirers, male and female on the same plant, but

'TJll'" globular or oblong, small and woody, with
.mostly seven scales, in opposite alternate pairs

Seeds convex, hard-shelled, and in twos at the base of

the scales, in sunken grooves, and either wingless or very

slightly furnished with rudimentary ones.

Gen EetLospora, Siehohl. Leaves linear or scale-formed in

thi-ees or opposite pairs, mostly spreading and persistent

Floicers, male and female on the same plant, but

'"^C^es small, globular, woody, and with from five
to six opposite pairs of scales, shield-shaped on the

^\eds, two at the base of each scale, in grooves, coated
with resin, and furnished with membranaceous wings.
Ger. FiTZ-EoYA, Hooker, Lecms in whorls of three, but some-
times in twos and fours, ovate-oblong, fiat, without foot-
stalks, and more -or less spreading.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants.
Cone^, stardike bodies, consisting of nine scales, m
■ whorls of threes, with their edges bent outwards.

Seeds, mostly three under each fertile scale, surrounded
by a broad wing, the central one attached to the scale,
the other two to the axile.
Gen DisELMA. /. EooJcer. Leaves smaU, scale-formed, or ovate-
rhomboid, and regularly imbricated in four rows.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants, and

terminal. , „ ,. .

Cones very small, globular, and composed of ioui

Xvi GENERA.

scales, the outer two of which are short and abortive,
and the inner two larger and fertile.

Seeds in twos or threes tinder each of the fertile
scales, almost round and amply three-winged.

Gen. Biota, Don. Leaves scale-like, very small, in opposite
pairs, flattened, and imbricated in four rows.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones roundish, squarrose, leathery, and composed oi
from six to eight valves or scales, in opposite pairs, pel-
tated on the top.

Seeds in twos under each scale, crustaceous and wing-
less.
Gen. Thuiopsis, Slebold. Leaves scale-formed, opposite, regu-
larly and closely imbricated in four rows.

Floivers, male and fenaale on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones somewhat globular, woody, and composed of
eight or ten valvated, smooth scales.

Seeds in fives, at the base of each scale, orbicularly
compressed, and furnished with a. membranaceous wing
on each side.

Gen. Thuja, Linnmis. Leaves in opposite pairs, compressed,
very small, scale-formed, imbricated, and mostly unequal
in size.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones ovate-oblong, terminal, leathery, with from four
to six scales, in opposite pairs, and unequal in size.

Seeds in twos at the base of each scale, and furnished
with transparent wings.

Gen. LicocEDRUS, Endliclier. Leaves scale-formed, in opposite
pairs, and imbricated, in four rows, the upper and under
ones being much the smallest.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

GENERA. XVll

Cones oval, more or less obtuse, leathery, and com-
posed of from four to six scales, wliicli are but slightly
concave on the inner face, and with the lower ones
much the smallest.

Seeds singly or in twos under each scale, and unequally
two-winged.

Gen. Callitris, Ventenat. Leaves very small, scale-formed, in
alternate opposite pairs, close at the base of the joints,
and Avith a gland on the back.

Floioers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones globular, or somewhat four-sided, and composed
of four valved woody scales truncated at the top, and
with the alternate pair smallest.

Seeds, one or two at the base of each scale, slightly
compressed, or three-edged, and winged on each side.

Gen. Fkenela, Mirbel. Leaves mostly ternate, scale-formed, and
decurrent.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
sej)arate.

Cones globular or conical, and formed of six valvated
scales, the alternate ones being much the smallest.

Seeds numerous under each scale, more or less angular,
and laterally winged.

Gen. WiDDRiNGTONiA, EiidUclier. Leaves alternate, or in whorls,
linear or needle-shaped, and spreading on the branches,
but very small, scale-formed, and somewhat imbricated,
with a gland on the back, in the adult branchlets.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant.

Cones globular, and composed of four valves or scales,
somewhat in a whorl, round a depressed axis, and con-
verging at the sides.

Seeds few, from abortion, and mostly in twos ; but
with from five to ten ovules at the base of each scale, in
one or two series, Avith a crustaceous covering, spreading
on each side into membranaceous Avings.

XVIU GENERA.

Gen. AcTiNOSTROBUS, Miquel. Leaves in whorls of three, very
sroall, scale-formed, persistent, and very acute-pointed.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, bub
separate.

Cmies globular, -vvoody, and composed of six scales,
disposed in two vertical sets at the base.

Seeds in twos under each of the upper scales, threo-
edged, and winged on each side.

Sec. II. TAXODI^E. Cones with the scales spirally disposed.

Gen. Glyptostuobus, Endlicher. Leaves scattered, spreading,
variously shaped, and trigonal or subulate.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones egg-shaped or oblong, and composed of several
unequal-sized scales, all rising from the base, and of a
leathery texture.

Seeds in twos and winged, or wingless.

Gen. Taxodium, HicJiard. Leaves linear, two-rowed, and de-
ciduous.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones globular, woody, and with the scales shield-
shaped.

Seeds irregularly shaped, wingless, woody, and iii

tAVOS.

Gen. Skquoia, Fndlicher. Leaves linear, flat, persistent, and
spread out in two rows horizontally.

Floicers, male and female on the same plant, but
sciJarate.

Co7ies small, globular, and woody, with peltate, wedge-
shaped scales, having a spiny point in the centre.

Seeds mostly in threes under each scale, variously
shaped and winged.

GENERA. xix

Gen. Wellingtonia, Lindley. Leaves needle-shaped, spiral,
and spreading, or scale-formed and imbricated on the
adult trees.

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, hut
separate.

Cones large, obtusely oval, woody, terminal, and soli-
tary, with peltate, wedge-shaped scales, placed spirally
at right angles upon the axis.

Seeds narrow, with a blunt point at the apex, and
furnished with broad, flat, thickish, oval, pale, mem-
branaceous wings, frequently unequally sided, auriculated
at the base, and two lines long, and rather more than
- one line broad ; the seeds are mostly in fives under each
scale.

Gen. Cryptomeria, Don. Leaves irregularly four-sided, sickle-
shaped, acute-pointed, scattered, decurrent, spreading,
and persistent.

Floicers, male and female on the same plant, but
separate.

Cones globular and woody, with peltate, wedge-shaped
scales, furnished on the back with broad, recurved,
spiny points.

Seeds from three to five, angidarly flattened, and
winged on the sides.

Tribe III. JUNIPERE^E, the Juniper Tribe.

Fruit, a globidar kind of berry, composed of a fleshy or fibrous juicy
substance, covered with a glossy skin, more or less angidar, and fur-
nished externally with minute scales.

Seeds hard, bony shelled, either connected together or unconnected,
and from one to five in number.

Leaves simple, opposite, or teniate, lanceolate, or scale-formed, and
either in extended Avhorls, or closely imbricated in four rows.

Gen. JuNiPERUs, Linnceus. Leaves opposite or ternato, lanceo-
late, or scale-formed, and either in extended whorls, or
closely imbricated in four rows.

Flowers, male and female on dillerent plants.

XX GENERA.

Fruit, a globular berry, farnisbed witb minute scales.
Seeds from one to five, eitber connected or uncon-
nected internally, and covered witb a bard bony shell.

Sec. I. OXYCEDRUS, tbe True Junipers.

Leaves in wborls of tbree, spreading, jointed at tbe
base, and glandless on tbe adult plants, witb tbe buds
I^erulated.
Sec. II. SABIISTA, tbe Savin Junipers.

Leaves in opposite pairs, mostly awl-sbaped, and
loosely imbricated on tbe adult plants, witb tbe buds
naked.
Sec. III. CUPEESSOIDES, tbe Cypress-Hke Junipers.

Leaves in opposite pairs, four-rowed, small, scale-
formed, and very closely imbricated on tbe adult
plants.

Fruit more or less angular externally.

Order II. TAXACE^, the Yew Eace.

Tkibe I. TAXINE^ VER^, the Yew Thibe.
Fruit more or less drupaceous, and naked on tbe upper part.

Gen. Taxus, Smith. Leaves on sbort foot-stalks. Linear, decur-
rent, two-rowed, and alternate.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants.

Fruit solitary, and composed of a flesliy open cup,
of a scarlet colour, and viscid.

Seeds solitary, nut-like, witb a crustaceous sbell, free
and exposed at tbe top.

Gen. ToRREYA, Arnott. Leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent at
tbe base, and eitber opposite or alternate.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants.

Fruit drupaceous, or flesby outside, and naked at tbe
point.

GENERA. Xxi

Seeds singly in each fruit, with the kernel ruminated
like the inside of the conmiou nutmeg, and covered
with a hard, smooth, bony shell.

Gen. Cbphalotaxus, Siebold. Leaves linear, alternate, or op-
posite, and in two rows.

Flotvers, male and female on separate plants.

Fruit drupaceous, and two or three in a head.

Seeds solitary, nut-lilce internally, and with a bony
shell, enclosed in a fleshy covering, but naked at the point.

Gen. Salisburia, Smith. Leaves fan-shaped, on long foot-stalks,
lobed, or jagged on the margins, and covered on both
sides with fan-shaped straight nerves.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants.

Fruit drupaceous, mostly single from abortion, and
enclosed at the base in a smaU fleshy cup.

Seeds soKtary, and covered with a liard bony shell.

Gen. Phtllocladus, Fichard. Leaves minute scale-like bodies
on the margins of the branchlets. BrancMets leaf-ldve,
opposite, pinnated, or fan-shaped, and feather-nerved.

Flowers, male and female separate, but on the same
plant.

Fruit in small connected heads, with a fleshy disk.

Seeds soKtary, very small, half enclosed at the base,
and nut-like, with a thin shell.

Tribe II. PODOCARPE^, the Podocarpus Tribe.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Fruit drupaceous, seeds inverted.

Leaves linear or lanceolate, and one or many nerved.

Gen. Podocarpus, LHeritier. Leaves either opposite, alter-
nate, or scattered, linear or oblong, and one-nerved.

Floivers, male and female mostly on separate plants,
but sometimes monoecious.

Fruit drupaceous, inverted, and adhering.

Seeds bony shelled.

XXll GENEKA.

Sec. I. EUPODOCARPUS, the True Podocarpus.
Leaves alternate, or scattered and linear.
Fruit solitary, with a fleshy receptacle connected
Avith the bracts by the axis of the short spike.

Sec. 11. STACHYCAEPUS, the Spike-fruited Podocarpus.
Leaves alternate or in two rows, and linear.
Flowers in spikes, provided with bracts, and fre-
quently all abortive, except the upper ones.
Fleshy receptacle wanting.

Sec. III. DACPtYCAEPUS, the Dacridium-fruited Podo-
carpus.
Leaves many-formed, and either three-sided or needle-
shaped, and in five rows, or spreading, linear, and flat.
Flowers solitary and terminal.

Fruit pendent, almost dupraceous ; receptacle fleshy,
with the axis of the short spike without bracts.

Gen. NAGEIA, Gcertner. Leaves opposite or alternate, and
many-nerved.

Flowers monoecious or dia3cious.

Fruit axillary, drupaceous, and quite round, with a
fleshy receptacle, connected with the bracts by the axis
of the short spike.

Seeds covered with a hard thin bony shell.

Tribe III. DACRYDI/E, the Dacrydium Tribe.

Gen. DACEYDIUIM, Solander. Leaves needle-shaped or scale-
formed, opposite, and imbricated or spreading.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants.

Fruit drupaceous and erect, with a short fleshy disk-
like exterior, and bony shell on the seed.

Gen. MICllOCACIIEYS, /. Hooker. Leaves very small, ovate
or scale-formed, and closely imbricated in four rows.

Flowers, male and female on separate plants, and
terminal.

GENERA. XXlll

Fruit very small, nearly globular, terminal, l.right
red, and composed of numerous small, viscid, fleshy

cpo| fig

Seeds egg-slraped, solitary at the base of the scales,
more or less exposed, and covered with thm bony ,
shells.

Gen PHEEOSPH^RA, Archer. Leaves scale-formed, ovate-
■ rhomboid, obtuse, convexly keeled on the back, ciliated

on the margins, and closely imbricated m four rows.

Fhncers dioecious, or male and female on separate
plants ; the female ones recurved, solitary, globular,

and terminal.

Frwit egg-shaped, erect, and somewhat fleshy.

Scales loosely imbricated, rather fleshy, and boat-

^ 'Ted's oval-oblong, solitary, and covered with a bony
shell.
Ge7i LEPIDOTHAMNUS, PkUlppi Leaves minute, scale-
formed, convex or keeled on the back, thickened at
the points, and regularly imbricated. _

Flourrs dioecious or monoecious, male catkins small,
egg-shaped, and terminal.

Fruit solitary and terminal, with few scales, the
lower ones the smallest and the fertile ones.

Seeds solitary, pitcher-shaped, naked at the top, and
crirded at the base by a cup.

Tribe IV. SAXE-GOTHE^, the Saxe-Gotha Tribe.

Fruit composed of several consoUdated free scales formed into a
fleshy cone.

Gen. SAXE-GOTH^A, Lindley. Leaves alternate, somewhat
two-rowed, flat, and leathery.

Flowers, male and female separate, but on the same

plant.

XXIV GENERA.

Fruit composed of several consolidated free scales
formed into a fleshy cone.

Seeds, a pale brown glossy oval nut, with a short,
thin, jagged membrane enveloping the base of the
seed.

THE PI]S[ETUM.

Gen. ABIES.* Don. The Spruce Firs.

Floiuers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; the male catkins axillary or terminal, the female
ones terminal and solitary.

Cones, pendent, solitary, terminal, and remaining on for a
long time.

Scales, persistent, leathery, thin, broadly rounded, and some-
times undulated on the edges.

Seeds, oblong, pointed with a short, stiff deciduous wing, and
bony shell.

Bradeas, small and hidden by the scales, or long and trident,
like the Douglas Fir.

Seed-leaves, from 7 to 9 in number.

Leaves, solitary, four-sided, acute-pointed, and scattered all
round the shoots, or flat and more or less two-rowed, like the
Hemlock Spruce.

* The name " Abies " is said by some writers to be derived from
" Apios," a pear-tree, the cones being hke its fruit ; while others derive
the name from " Abeo," to rise or spring up, in allusion to its aspiring
habit of growth, and which Prior so impressively describes in the fol-
lowing lines :

" There towering firs in conic forms arise,
And with a pointed spear divide the skies."
B

2 ABIES, OR

All evergreen trees, found in the colder parts of Europe, Asia,
and America.

The ancients called the Silver Fir "Abies," and the Spruce
Fir " Picea ;" but by some inadvertence Linnccus reversed the
names, and thus created great confusion in their nomenclature.
The English and American writers still follow Linnseus, and
apply the name Abies to the Spruces, and Picea to the Silver
Firs : while nearly all the French, German, and other conti-
nental authors follow Bauhin and Du Roi, and reverse the
terms ; applying Picea to the Spruces, and Abies to the Silver
Firs. Pliny called Abies excelsa " Picea,^' and distinguished
it from the Silver Fir, as the " tonsili facilitate," on account of
its fitness to be shorn, or clipped into hedges ; and Professor
Link observes that the true Spruces (Abies) approach nearest
to that of Pinus ; and that upon close inspection still more so
than at a first glance. He says, " For instance, if the leaves
that stand singly are examined minutely, it will be seen that
several of them have their surface grown togetlier, and conse-
quently they are in tufts, like tlie leaves of the true Pines ;
and as a proof that this is the case, it will be found that there
is no upper surface on the leaves of the Spruces, but that the
leaves present only the under-surface on both sides ; as will be
seen on comparing them with the leaves of the true pines.
The seam where the leaves are joined may be distinctly seen,
for it forms a line in relief on both sides of the leaves of the
common Spruce, which is never the case when such line is
formed by the mid-rib, because it is then either on the upper or
under side. Some spruces, have two leaves grown together,
others four ; tlic sheaths at the base of the leaves are not ob-
servable, but appear to have grown together in the footstalk."
]n addition. Professor Link points out the following diflferences
between the leaves of the true Spruces (Abies) and Silver Firs
(Picea). The leaves of the Silver Firs, he says, " do not grow
together ; but are single, and have the usual form of single
leaves, the mid-ril) being only visible on the under side ; tlic
upper one, having a furrow down the centre of the leaf, is flat.

SPRUCE FIRS. 3

divided at the point, and dark green, with two w^hite stripes
on the under side, one on each side of the mid-rib, and arranged
in two or more rows along the shoots in a more or less lateral
position."

Section I. VERA, or the true Spruces, with four-
sided, NEEDLE-SHAPED LEAVES SCATTERED ALL ROUND THE
SHOOTS.

No. 1. Abies alba, Michaux, the White Spruce Fir.
Sjm. Abies curvifolia. Booth.
„ „ glauca, Mcench.
„ Picea alba. Link.
„ Pinus laxa, Ehrhart.
„ „ glauca, Ilcench.
„ „ tetragona, Mcench.
„ „ alha, A iton.

Leaves solitary, incurved, sharp-pointed, glaucous, four-sided,
and scattered round the branches ; three-quarters of an incli
long, and not very thickly set on the branches. Branches com-
pact and rather dense. Cones oblong-cylindrical ; 2 or 2A
inches long and rather more than half an inch broad ; slightly
tapering to the point, pendulous, and not very fii-m. Scales
thin, smooth, and broadly rounded on the ujDper part ; half an
inch wide, but much smaller towards the apex or top, regularly
overlapping each other, and with entire margins.

A tree with horizontal branches, growing to a height of 50
feet, and seldom more than Ih feet in diameter, forming a regular
pyramid, with very light-coloured bark, and quite a silvery
appearance on account of the whiteness of its foliage. Wood
inferior to that of any other spruce in quality, but very useful
for sheathing the bottom of vessels in lieu of metal, in order
to protect the planking from the ravages of the teredo, or salt
water worm.

It is a native of Canada, New Brunswick, Maine, and Caro-
lina ; and even extends to near the Ai'ctic Sea ; for, according
B 2

4 ABIES, OR

to Dr. Ricliardson, it is the most northerly tree that came under
his observation on the- Coppermine River, within 20 miles of
the Arctic Sea, growing there 20 feet high. There are the fol-
lowing varieties :

Abies alba glauca, Plumhly, Mr. Dimsdale's Silver Spruce.
Syn. Abies alba argentea, Hort.

This very distinct and striking variety has white silvery
leaves, and attains to about the same size as the common White
Spruce. It was first brought into notice by Mr. Plumbly, in
the excellent collection of Conifers belonging to Charles Dims-
dale, Esq., at Essenden, near Hatfield, in Hertfordshire.

Abies alba nana, Loudon, the Dwarf White Spruce.
Syn. Picea alba nana, Link.
„ Abies alba prostrata, Hort.
A dwarf bush, seldom growing more than 3 or 4 feet high,
but very dense, and with a very neat appearance.

Abies alba minima. Knight, the Hedgehog-formed White

Spruce.
Syn. Abies alba echinoformis, Hort.
„ Picea alba echinoformis, Garriere.
A very diminutive little bush, in general outline very much
resembling a hedgehog : thickly clothed with spreading glau-
cous leaves.

It is the least of all the Spruces, and a singular object of
what a timber-tree may become.

No. 2. Abies alcockiana, Veitch, the Alcock Spruce.
Syn. Pinus Alcockiana, Parlatore.
„ „ bicolor, Maximowicz.
„ Picea Alcockiana, Carrih^e. <"
Leaves solitary, six lines long and half a line broad, curved
rigid, tetragone, mucronate, and crowded on all sides of the

SPRUCE FIRS. 5

shoots. They are deep oreen above, somewhat concave, and
streaked with glaucous bands belosv, and on twisted footstalks
placed on diamond-shaped cushions along the shoots. Cones
solitary or subaggregate, oblong-cylindrical, obtuse at the ends,
two inches long and four in circumference. Scales cartilagi-
nous, loose, obtuse-rhomboid, and denticulated on the upper
margins. Seeds two lines long, cinnamon-coloured, and with
obovate wings four lines long.

A large tree, from 90 to 100 feet high, found on the sacred
mountain, Fusi-Yama, in the province of Surunja, on the
island of Nippon, in Japan, at an elevation of from GOOO to
7000 feet, where it forms a noble tree, with very small leaves,
glaucous, on the under side.

It was first introduced by Messrs. Veitch and Sons, in 18G1,
and named in compliment to Sir Rutherford Alcock, the British
minister at the Court of Yeddo, in Japan.

No. 3. Abies commutata, Parlatore, Engelmann's Spruce.
Syn. Abies Engelmannii, Parry.
„ „ nigra, Engelmann, not MicJiaux.
„ Picea Engelmannii, Engelmann.

Leaves thickly crowded all round the branchlets, three-
fourths of an inch long, four-sided, rigid, smooth, sharja-pointed,
and either straight or slightly curved, particularly when young,
and of glaucous white colour. Cones solitary, and either hori-
zontal or somewhat declining, ovate, or oblong-cylindrical,
obtuse at the ends, and from 2 to 2h inches lono- and 1 inch
broad. Scales rather loosely imbricated, somewhat cartilagi-
nous, ov^te-rhomboid, subtruncate or emarginate, and with
thin crenate or erose margins. Seeds small, oval, and of a
brown colour, with short obovate wings.

A pyramidal tree, from SO to 100 feet high, with the
branches in whorls, the lower ones being horizontal, the upper
ones more or less ascending, and the branchlets prominently
tuberculated when old.

Dr. Parry found it composing almost the entire forest growth

6 ABIES, OR

of the mountain slopes of the Middle Park above the head of
Grand River. A magnificent tree, 100 feet high, with an even
columner trunk, from 2 to 2 1 feet in diameter at the base, but
tapering upwards, and covered with a thin, smooth, scaly bark
of a purplish colour. It is also found abundantly on the head
waters of the Kettle, Colorado, Missouri, and Columbia rivers ;
and, according to Dr. Fendler, it extends down to Santa Fe, in
New Mexico.

No. 4. Abies excelsa, D. C, the Common Norway Spruce.
Syn. Abies Picea, Miller.

„ „ communis, Hort.

„ „ Carpatica, Hort.
„ rugosa, Hort

„ Picea excelsa, Liiil:

„ „ Latinorum, Bauhin.

„ „ major prima, Bauhin.

„ „ vulgaris, Link.

„ Pinus cinerea, Reeling.

„ „ excelsa, Lamarck.

„ „ Picea, Bit Roi.

„ ,, Abies, Linn.

Leaves scattered, solitary, four-sided, deep sombre green,
curved, stiff, sharp-pointed, and more crowded together later-
ally than on the upper and under sides, and nearly 1 inch in
length. Branches on young trees nearly horizontal and dis-
posed in regular whorls from the base to the summit ; but in
old trees the bottom branches drop off, and the others become
rather pendulous. Cones produced on the points of the upper
l)ranclies, and when full grown become pendent ; from 5 to 7
inches long, and 1^ to 2 inches in breadth. Scales irregularly,
four-sided, or rounded, slightly incurved and rugged, or toothed
at the top. Seeds very small, with a wing three-quarters of
an inch long. Seed-leaves fro]n 7 to 9 in number.

A fine lofty tree, attaining to the lieight of 150 feet, or even
more in a fiwourable situation, with a straight trunk, from 2

SPRUCE FIRS. 7

to 5 feet in diameter, and widely extended branches, spreading
regularly on all sides, so as to form a pyramid ; timber light,
elastic, and not very resinous. It is known under the name of
White Deal,

The Spruce Fir is very common, and forms forests on the
Alps, from east to west, and is principally found at a height
varying from 4000 to G500 feet of elevation, but it sometimes
occurs as high as 7000 feet, where it becomes very dAvarf ;
while, on the other hand, it has been found as low as 1000 feet
at Tolmezzo in Venice, but nowhere on the whole chain of the
Apennines. It is also wanting in a natural state in the countries
surrounding the Mediterranean, even on the mountains ; but
is common in Scandinavia, especially to the east of the moun-
tains ; and in the German plains, also from the Vosges in
France, to the Carpathians, and on the Pyrenees. It is very
common, planted and otherwise, in Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
Denmark, the north of Germany, and Russia ; and, as in-
variably happens with a species subject to such a variety of
climates and soils, it has many varieties or fox'ms, of which the
following are the most striking : —

Abies excelsa pygm^a, Loudon, the Dwarf Spruce.
Syn. Abies nana, Hort.
„ „ pumila, Hort.
„ „ minuta, Hort.
„ „ minima, Hort.

A very diminutive variety, only gi-owing a foot high, but
spreading on the ground, and certainly one of the dwarfest of
all firs.

Abies excelsa Clanbrasiliana, Loudon. Lord Clanbrasil's
Dwarf Spruce.
Syn. Abies Clanbrasiliana, Loudon.
A low, compact, round bush, from 8 to 4 feet high, with tlie
leaves less than half an inch in length, found in Ireland.

8 ABIES, OR

Abies excelsa brevifolia, CriiJi^s. The Short-leaved Minia-
ture Spruce.
A distinct pigmy Spruce, with very minute leaves.

Abies excelsa denudata, Hovt., the Naked or Twig-branched
Common Spruce.
Syn. Abies excelsa virgata, Jacques.
„ Picea excelsa denudata, Carrltre.
This variety differs principally from the monstrous form of
the Common Spruce, in the lesser branches being more twiggy,
spreading, reflected, and a little more divided at irregular dis-
tances, and in the leaves being stouter, and lying more closely
along the branchlets. It is of French origin.

Abies excelsa elegans, Loudon, the Elegant Common Spruce.
Syn. Abies elegans, Smith.
„ „ excelsa dumosa, Hort.
A dwarf variety, with very slender gray foliage, only grow-
ing 4 or 5 feet high, with a verj'- compact jjretty appearance.

Abies excelsa eremita. Knight, the Solitary Eed-branched
Common Spruce.
Syn. Abies miniata, Knight.
„ Picea excelsa eremita, Carri^re.
A variety with short stout branches, covered with a yellowish
red bark, and mostly solitary, or free from laterals ; the leaves
are short, irregularly four-sided, somewhat two-rowed, from
being reverted or bent backwards, and mostly blunt-pointed.

It nearly approaches Abies excelsa monstrosa, but is much
less branching, and with the bark generally of a much redder
colour.

SPRUCE FIRS. ^

Abies excelsa Finedonensis, Paul, the Finedon Hall
Spruce.
Syn. Abies Finedonensis, Hort
A striking variety of the Common Spruce, with all the
younger leaves on the upper side of the shoots at first of a
pale yellow, or straw colour, as well as the young wood ; hut
ifterwards, as they get older, they change to a bronzy brown
and finally, when fully matured, become hght green ; while
those leaves on the under side of the shoots and fully shaded
branchlets are more or less green from the first.

This variety originated at Finedon Hall, m Northampton-
shire, where it came up accidentally in a bed of seedUug Common
Spruces,

Abies excelsa Gregoryana, Paul, Mr. Gregory's Dwarf

Spruce.
Syn. Abies Gregoryana, Lou\
„ Gregory!, Hort.
A very dwarf variety, seldom growing more than 1 or 2 feet
hic^h but with numerous small spreading and somewhat de-
clinino- branchlets. thickly covered with short, stiff", needle-
shaped leaves, placed obliquely all round the shoots, and of the
same colour in all parts. _

It was raised at the Cirencester Nursery, m Gloucestershire.

Abies excelsa inverta, Smith, the Inverted-branched Com-
mon Spruce.
Syn. Abies inverta. Smith.
A pendulous variety of the Common Spruce, in which the
leadino- shoot straightens itself in the old wood, after the
manne''r of the Deodar Cedar, but not so quickly; tlie lateral
branches on old plants are as drooping as the weeping willow;
and the leaves are longer, larger, and of a brighter green than
those of the Common Spruce, of which it is only an accidental
variety, obtained by Mr. Richard Smith, of the St. Johns
Nursery, Worcester. _ .

This kind appears, according to the drawing of the original

10 ABIES; OR

tree, distributed by Mr. Smith, to be superior in its more
drooping habit to all the other forms of the Pendulous Spruce,
of which there are several variations.

Abies excelsa monstrosa, Loudon.
Syn. Abies excelsa Cranstoni,iZbr^.
„ „ „ horizontales, Hort.

A very singular variety, with the branches and branchlets
thickened and mostly without laterals, and straggling in all
directions,

Abies excelsa mucronata, Loudon.
Syn. Abies mucronata, Rcmcli.
A dwarf-growing variety, with short, thick, dark green
sharp-pointed leaves, and distorted, irregular branches, rather
crowded. It is of French origin, and very distinct.

Abies excelsa nigra, Loudon.
Syn. Abies Lemoniana, Booth.
„ „ gigantea, Smith.
„ „ excelsa gigantea, Hort.
This only differs from the Common Spruce, in having the
leaves of an intense dark green, and stouter, and in the cones
being very much longer and broader.

Abies excelsa pendula, Loudon.
Syn. Abies communis pendula, Booth.
„ „ virainalis, Alstrosmer.
This only differs from the species in having all its branches
and branchlets drooping, and the leaves rather longer.

Abies excelsa pyramidalis, Hort, the Pyramidal Common

Spruce.
Syn. Abies pyramidalis, Hort.
„ Picea excelsa pyramidalis, Carri^re.
This variety differs from the Common Spruce, in having its
branches ascending, and frequently as much collected together
as those of the Lombardy Poplar.

SPRUCE FIRS. 11

A striking kind, on account of its compact pyramidal form ;
of French origin.

Abies excelsa steicta, Loudon, the Dwarf Conical Common

Spruce.
Syn. Abies excelsa conica, Keteleer.
„ Picea excelsa conica, CarrUre.
„ Pinus Picea conica, Endlichcr.
A very neat dwarf variety, quite conical in shape, and not
more than 3 or 4 feet in height, with the branches and branch-
lets erect and numerous. Leaves slender, very closely com-
pressed, bright green, marked along the sides with glaucous
lines, and seldom more than half an inch in length, and ter-
minating in a slender point. It is a very nice, compact
variety.

Abies excelsa tenuifolia, Loudon, the Slender Spruce.
Syn, Abies excelsa attenuata. Hart.
„ „ gracilis microphylla. Hart.
„ „ microphylla, Hort.
This variety differs in having very thin slender leaves, and
attenuated branches, with few branchlets.

Abies excelsa vaeiegata, Loudon.
Syn. Abies excelsa foliis variegata, Loudon.
This differs in having some of its leaves, and occasionally
some of the lesser branchlets, pale yellow, or whitish in colour,
intermixed with the ordinary green foliage of the plant. Abies
excelsa aurea, recently introduced by Messrs. J. and C. Lee,
is probably a richer variety of the above.

No. 5. Abies Jessoensis, Siehold, the Jesso Fir.

Syn. Abies microsperma, Lindley.

„ Pinus Jessoensis, Antoine.

„ Picea microsperma, Carriere.

„ „ Jessoensis, Carrih'e.

Leaves, sub-tetragonal or needle-shaped, linear-lanceolate,

12 ABIES, OR

narrow, straight, spreading, quite entire, and terminated by an
acute, spiny, bristle-formed point ; they are more or less arranged
on the upper side of the branchlets, bright green above, glau-
cous below, and from three-fourths to an inch long, and three-
quarters of a line broad. Branches in horizontal spreading
whorls, with the branchlets, when young, cylindrical, straight,
smooth, and of a yellowish-brown colour ; but when old, rough
and tuberculated by the convex cushions of the fallen leaves.
Cones, solitary, cylindrical, two and a quarter inches long and
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and as broad at one eiid
as the other. Scales numerous, loosely imbricated, smooth,
membranous, oblong-elliptic, toothed at the apex, and irregu-
larly crenated on the margins. Bracteas very small, ovate,
and terminating in a spiny mucro. Seeds very small, pale
cinnamon-coloured, one line long, with ovate wings two lines
long ; sometimes acutely notched on the margins,

A tree resembling Abies Menziesii, and from 40 to GO feet
high, with a straight stem covered with an ashy-gTay bark,
and the branches in • horizontal whorls, sometimes inclininir
downwards at the ])oints.

It is found plentifully in the vicinity of Hakodadi and Mats-
mai, in the island of Jesso ; and at Youkahama, near Kanagawa ;
and to the south of Yeddo, on the island of Nippon in Japan,
where the natives call it Jezo-Matsu.

No. G. Abies Menziesii, Loudon. Menzies Spruce Fir.

Syn. Pin us Menziesii, Douglas.

„ „ Sitchensis, Bongavd.

„ Picea Menziesii, Carriere.

„ „ Sitchensis, Carrihr.

„ Abies Sitchensis, Lindley.

Leaves solitary, thickly scattered in every direction round
the branches, twisted at the base, narrow, rigid, linear, sharp-
pointed, incurved, silvery below, and vivid green above, three-

SPRUCE FIRS.

13

quarters of an inch long, and soon falling off after the first
season, leaving the branches very naked, warted, and with a
iointed appearance. Buds ovate-pointed and covered with
resin Cones 3 inches long and 1 to 11 inch broad, pendulous, .
cylindrical, blunt-pointed, and with the scales loose and not
compact. Scales elliptical, three-quarters of an inch long, and
having a shrivelled, brown appearance, with the margin thm,
very in-egularly toothed or bitten. Bracteas small, and hidden
by the sclles. Seeds very smaU and winged.

A tall tree, groNving 60 or 70 feet high, with a pyramidal
thickly-branched head, and silvery appearance. Timber ot

excellent quality. ,

It is found abundantly in Northern California, and on the
island of Sitcha, also growing in the Shasta country in rather
moist situations along the banks of rivers, in deep alluvial soil
100 feet high.

Abies Menziesii crisp a, Antoine.
This variety only differs from the species, in having the
margins of the scales, on the cones, more undulated or some-
what jagged, and more extended.

No. 7. Abies nigra, Michaux, the Black Spruce Fir.
Syn. Abies Mariana, i)7iZ?er.

„ denticulata, Poiret.
„ Picea nigTa, Link.
„ Pinus nigra, Alton.

„ Mariana, Du Roi.
„ Marylandica, Booth.

Leaves solitary, regularly spreading all round the branches,
and somewhat four-sided, very short and stiff, of a sombre dark
cn-een. half an inch long, thickly set and erect. Branches hori-
zontal, or very slightly drooping at the ends. Cones pendulous,
eaa-shaped from U to If inch long, and nearly three-quarters
oflin inch broad, deep purple when young, but when ripe ot a

14 ABIES, OR

dusky reddish brown. Scales ver}^ thin, rounded blunt, and
when ripe undulated or wavy and jagged on the margin. Seeds
small, with little stiff wings.

A tall tree, with a rough brown or blackish bark, attaining
a height of from 70 to 100 feet, and 2i feet in diameter, with
horizontal branches, and a remarkably straight stem, diminish-
ing regularly from the base to the top. Timber light, elastic,
strong, and of a clear yellowish-white colour.

It is found in the coldest regions of North America, but is
most abundant in Lower Canada, Newfoundland, New Bruns-
wick, Nova Scotia, in the district of Maine, Vermont, and the
upper parts of New Hampshire, in Pennsylvania, on the Black
Mountains in South Carolina, and in Cahfornia. It is the
Double Spruce of the Canadians, and the Gum Spruce of the
American lumberers, and the tree from which they make spruce
beer. It has the following variety : —

Abies nigra pumila. Knight.
Syn. Abies nigra fastigiata, Hort
„ Picea nigra fastigiata, Carriere.
A dwarf variety, growing 3 or 4 feet high, and rather slen-
der, with smaller foliage and a more compact habit.

No. 8. Abies obovata, Loudon, the Obovate-coned Siberian

Spruce.
Syn. Pinus Abies, Pallas.
„ „ obovata, Antoine.
„ Picea obovata, Ledehour.
Leaves partially four-sided, more or less curved or straight,
closely placed all round the shoots, very slender, stiff, and
sharp-pointed ; they are bright green on the upper side, pale
beneath, and from half to three-fourths of an inch long.
Branches numerous, horizontal, and in regular whorls ;
branchlets mostly opposite, but not unfrequently growing on
the upper side of the branch ; they are slender, straight, stiff,
spreading, dense, and nearly horizontal. Buds small, numerous.

SPRUCE FIRS. 15

bluntly egg-shaped, dark brown, and mostly produced near the
points of the shoots. Cones, solitary, subsessile, erect, oblono--
cylindrical, obtuse at the apex, 2Jt inches long and 1| wide.
Scales wedge-shaped at the base, rounded on the upper
margin, quite entire on the edges, smooth on the bark, concave
beneath, loosely imbricated, and nearly three-fourths of an inch
long.

A tall tree, resembling the Common Spruce, and in favourable
situations gi'owing 100 feet high, but diminishing in stature and
foliage according to situation, soil, and elevation, and, like all
other coniferous trees from Northern regions, subject to great
variation in appearance.

It is found on the Altai mountains and in Siberia, at eleva-
tions of from 4000 to 5000 feet.

It is called " Kara-Schersae" by the Tartars on account of
its warted branches and close appearance, and is a very different
kind from the Abies Orientalis, whicli so frequently is substi-
tuted for it in the nurseries. It more resembles the Common
Spruce, but with very much smaller egg-shaped cones, which
are quite obtuse at the ends, and seldom more than 2h inches
long, by 1^ wide.

No. 9. Abies orientalis, Poiret, the Eastern Spruce.
Syn. Pinus orientalis, Linnceus.
„ Picea orientalis, Link.
„ „ Wittmanniana, Fischer.
„ Abies Wittmanniana, Hartivess.
Leaves solitary, very dense, partially four-sided, covering the
branches on all sides, deep green on both sides, narrow, but not
sharp-pointed, half an inch long, and rather stout. Branches
straight, slender, and with the leaves all one length along the
branchlets. Cones pendulous when full grown, cylindrical,
tapering regularly from near the base to the point, which is
quite small, ^h to 8 inches long, and three-quarters of an inch
broad at the widest j^art, which is towards tlie base. Scales
rounded, thin, loosely imbricated, broad near the base but with

16 ABIES, OR

the upper ones more wedge-shaped, somewhat pointed, narrower,
and slightly uneven on the margins. Bracteas shorter than
the scales, and enclosed. Seeds very small, and nearly black,
with a short but rather broad wingf,

A lofty tree, with a straight stem, closely covered with rather
stiff branches, growing 70 or 80 feet high, and 1^ foot in
diameter, forming a conical-shaped head. Timber excellent
and tough.

A native of the coast of the Black Sea, on the loftiest moun-
tains of Imeretia, in Upper Mingrelia and the neighbourhood
of Teflis, forming whole forests between Guriel and the Adshar
mountains.

It is quite hardy.

No. 10. Abies polita, Siehold, the Tiger's-tail Spruce.
Syn. Abies Torano, Siehold.

„ „ Thunbergii, Larnhert.

„ Pinus Abies, Thunherg.

„ „ polita, Antoine.

„ Picea polita, Carriere.
Leaves thickly arranged all round the branchlets, straight or
slightly curved, stiff, somewhat four-sided by the prominent
mid-ribs on both faces, glabrous, entire, acute or somewhat
spiny pointed, and of a glossy green, marked on the under side
with several ranges of glaucous stomates, and from three-fourths
to an inch long, and three-fourths of a line broad. Cones,
ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, quite smooth,
and from 3 to 4 inches long and 2 inches broad in the widest
part ; they are solitary and pendulous at the ends of the slender
branchlcts, and, when young, of a bright green colour, but
when fully matured, of a fine deep, chestnut brown. Scales,
numerous, persistent, closely imbricated, leathery in tex-
ture, with those nearest the base and apex of the cone the
smallest ; they are obovate, rounded on the upper part, wedge-
shaped at tlic base, entire on the edges, three-fourths of an inch
long and the same in breadth, and of a fine chestnut brown.

SPRUCE FIRS. 17

The seeds care small and nearly black, with thin transparent
oblong wings.

A fine graceful tree, resembling Abies Smithiana, from 80 to
100 feet higli, with horizontal branches and pendulous branch-
lets.

It is found on the mountains of Dewa and Matsu, in the
northern part of the island of Nippon, in Japan, and constitutes
a great part of the woods that are planted about the temples
near Youkahama.

The Chinese name for this Fir is " Jo-bi-sjo" (common or
native Fir), and the Japanese '^Torano-wo-momi" (the Tiger's-
tail Fir), on account of the long pendulous branches on old
trees resembling the tail of a tiger ; they also call it " Siro-
momi" (White Fir), in allusion to its timber being light-
coloured or almost white.

No. 11. Abies rubra, Poiret. The Ked or Arctic Spruce Fir.
Syn. Picea rubra, Link
„ Abies rubra Californica, Hort.
„ „ Arctica, Cunningham.

„ „ rubra Arctica, Hort.

,, Pinus Americana, Gartner.
„ „ Americana rubra, Waugh.

„ „ rubra, Lambert.
„ Abies nigra, var. rubra, Michaitx.
Leaves solitary, very slender, awl-shaped, rigid, sharp-
pointed, thickly and regularly scattered all round the
branches, somewhat four-sided, half an inch long, and of a
o-laucous pale green colour. Branches horizontal and slender.
Cones oblong, egg-shaped, tapering regularly to both ends, pen-
dulous, about one inch long, and half an inch broad, and of a
reddish-b-own colour. Scales round, somewhat lobed or di vided
in the centre of the upper margin, and entire ; the middle
scales the largest, those near the apex the smallest, and more
wedge-shaped. Seeds very small, with short stiff" wings.

A tall tree, varying in stature according to soil and situation.
c

18 ABIES, OR

In deep loamy soil, and in a favourable situation, it grows 70
or 80 feet high, while in the cold Arctic regions it becomes a
small bush.

It is found in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the more
northern parts of North America, as far as the Arctic regions,
where it forms the last vestige of arborescent vegetation.
Timber, excellent. There is the following variety : —

Abies eubra ccerulea, Loudon.
Syn. Abies coeruUa, Lodcliges.
„ „ rubra violacea, Loudon.
„ Pinus rubra violacea, Endlicher.
„ Picea coerulea, Linh.
This is a slenderer and dwarfer variety, growing only six or
eight feet high, with bluish -gray foliage, and violet-coloured
cones.

No. 12. Abies Schrenkiana, Lindley. Schrenk's Spruce Fir.
Syn. Pinus Schrenkiana, Antoine.

„ „ obovata Schrenkiana, Parlatore.

„ „ oriental is longifolia, Ledebour.

„ Picea Schrenkiana, Fischer.

„ „ Ajanensis, Fischer.

„ Abies Ajanensis, Lindley.
Leaves foui-.sided, quite straight, linear, ligid, very acute,
and with pale spiny points ; they are bright green, distinctly
marked beneath with dotted glaucous lines, and from three-
fourths to an inch long, and not very thickly placed round the
shoots on raised cushions. Branches subverticillate or irregu-
larly placed along the stem, spreading, and covered with a
light yellowish-brown bark. Branchlets rather slender, mostly
alternate, not very numerous, and either spreading horizontally
or slightly declining, and furnished with prominent oval buds,
placed at irregular distances, and when young have the appear-
ance of being almost transparent. Cones solitary, straight,
cylindrical, loosely imbricated, from two and a half to three

SPRUCE FIRS. 19

inches long, <and nearly one inch in diameter. Scales nume-
rous, obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, rounded or slightly
truncate at the apex, smooth on the back, and entire on the
edges. Seeds rather small and blackish, with pale yellowish
oblong wings.

A tall tree, resembling Abies Menziesii, and in favourable
situations growing 80 feet high, but diminishing in stature ac-
cording to situation, soil, and elevation.

It is found on the Altai Mountains, in Dahuria, Songaria,
Kamtschatka, and along the Amoor in Eastern Siberia.

No. IS. Abies Smithiana, Loudon, the Indian Spruce Fir.
Syn. Abies Khutrow, Loudon.
„ Morinda, Hort.
„ spinulosa, Griffith.
„ pendula, GrifitJi.
Picea Morinda, Link.

„ Khutrow, Carriere.
Pinus Khutrow, Royle.
„ Morinda, Hort.
„ Smithiana, Laonhert.
Leaves singly at nearly equal distances around the shoots,
mostly four-sided, somewhat curved, from one and a half to two
inches long, scattered, and with excessive sharp points. Branches
spread out horizontal, those nearest the bottom somewhat bent
downwards ; lateral ones very numerous, slender, and drooping.
Cones pendulous, when fully matured, from four to six inches
long, and two inches broad, ovate-oblong, or nearly cylindrical,
with very even, brown, obovate, rounded scales, covered with
a glaucous bloom when young ; the young cones are at first
bright green and upright, but from their own weight and
the slenderness of the branches, and being terminal, soon be-
come pendulous. Seeds very small and nearly black ; wings
rather small.

A magnificent tree, found on the lofty mountains of the in-
terior, from Bhotan up to Kafiristan, at elevations of from
B 2

20 ABIES, OK

7000 to 12,000 feet, and is not only a very superb, but very
graceful tree ; the boughs ascend a little in the young trees,
but are horizontal in the older ones, and from these the branch-
lets and smaller twigs droop in the most graceful manner. It
prefers a north aspect, and attains a great height in favour-
able situations, frequently from 100 to 150 feet high. Capt.
Hodgson measured a fallen tree in 1830, and found the length
169 feet.

This Fir is very common above the Deodar forests, on the
mountains of Cashmere, and stretches as far as Gilgit, its most
northern habitat as yet ascertained ; Dr. Griffith found it as
far to the eastward as Bhotan, at elevations varying from
7500 to 10,500 feet, a large and handsome tree. In the Hima-
layas it is the most graceful Fir met with, on account of its
long drooping branchlets and great dimensions, which some-
times measure from 18 to 20 feet in girth, four feet from the
earth's surface, and towers 150 feet or more into the heavens ;
but its wood is soft, open grained, and said, when converted
into boats, not to last more than five or six years.

In the Himalayas this Fir is called "Morinda" (Nectar, or
honey of flowers), on account of the resinous drops or tears
found on the young conss and other parts of the tree, resem-
bling honey. The mountaineers about Simla call it "Rai,"
"Re,""Rhai," and "Ray-ung;" and the people of Gurhwal,
" Realla," " Rhei," and " Rayha," all variations in their dialects
for Fir-tree, Prickly Fir, and Wood Pine. It is also called by
the same people, " Roo," " Roo-ee," and " Row ;" all signifying
to weep or shed tears ; eithei* on account of its resinous drops,
or the drooping appearance of the fuU-gi'own trees. Dr. Rojde's
barbai-ous local name, " Khutrow," should either be " Kood-
row " (weeping fir), or " Koodrai " (prickly fir), its true verna-
cular names about Simla, and of which Dr. Griffith's tem-
porary botanical one, Kj)inidoya, is a translation. In the
Simla jurisdiction it is styled " Row," and " Rai," and in the
Kohistan of the Punjab, and in Kooloo, " Koodrow ;" but in
Kamaon and Gurhwal, ' Morinda," and " Koodrai," ai^e its
more common appellations.

SPEUCE FIRS. 21

The Timber is extremely softj of a white colour, and gene-
rally free from knots, but very perishable.

Section II. TSUGA, or those kinds with flat leaves,

MOSTLY GLAUCOUS BELOW, AND MORE OR LESS TWO-ROWED,
LIKE THE HEMLOCK SPRUCE.

No. 14. Abies Brunoniana, Lindley, the Indian Hemlock

Spruce.
Syn. Abies dumosa, Loudon.

„ „ decidua, Wallich.

„ „ cedroides, Griffith.

„ Pinus dumosa, Lambert.

„ „ decidua, Wallich.

., „ Brunoniana, Endlicher.

„ Tsuga Brunoniana, Carriere.

„ Picea Brunoniana, Spach.
Leaves solitary, somewhat in two rows, or scattered along
the branches, flat, linear, spreading, obtuse or slightly pointed,
minutely toothed towards the apex, reflexed on the margins, and
about one inch long, covered below with a milk-white meali-
ness, and of a bright glossy green above, very easily detached
by wind or pressure, and almost deciduous in winter. Branches
numerous, slender, and pendent. Cones terminal, an inch long,
solitary, without foot-stalks, bluntly oval, pale brown, and fur-
nished at the base with several small oval, opposite, blunt
scales. Scales persistent, loosely imbricated, rounded, and
smooth on the margins. Seeds small, a little compressed, and
angular; wings obtuse, and shorter than the scales.

A fine tree, growing from 70 to 80 feet high, with spreading
branches' and pendulous brittle branchlets, found in Bhotan
proper, occurring from G500 to 9500 feet of elevation ; a large,
solitary tree. Dr. Griffith measured one specimen 27 feet in
girth, at a height of five feet from the ground. Dr. Hooker
found it in Sikkim, forming a narrow belt at an elevation of
from 9000 to 10,000 feet, on the south flank of Kunchinjinga,

22 ABIES, OE

probably the loftiest peak in the world ; but in the innermost
valleys the limits are from 8500 to 10,500 feet of elevation.
In Nepal it is called " Changathasi-Dhoop," a name implying
that it is employed for incense.

The Gorkhalees, in Nepal, call this tree " Tliingia " (Yew),
or " Thingoori-Sulla " (fragrant Yew), and the Bhotiyas, " Se-
madoong," which has a similar meaning; but, according to
Professor Don, it is better known under the name of " Silloo-
Haterhee " (fragrant Fir), and found plentiful on the mountains
of Gosainthan, in Nepal, where its bark is much used for the
covering of sheds and out-houses.

It is by far the handsomest of all the Indian Firs in a native
state ; but its timber is of a very inferior quality, and soon
perishes if fully exposed to the weather.

It is hardy, but suffers greatly from the late spring frosts.

No. 15. Abies Canadensis, Michaux, the Hemlock Spruce.
Syn. Pinus Canadensis, Willd.

„ ,, Americana, Du Roi.

„ ,, Abies Americana, Marsh.

„ Picea Canadensis, Link.

„ Tsuga Canadensis, Carriere.
Leaves solitary, flat, and irregularly disposed in two rows,
from half to three-quarters of an inch long, downy when
young, rough at the margins, blunt-pointed, bright, vivid, light
green on the upper surface, and with two silver}^ stripes under-
neath on each side of the mid rib. Branches numerous, slender
and downy wlien young, spreading, and rather flat. Cones
pendulous on the extremities of the branches, from live-eigliths
to seven-eighths of an inch long, and three-eighths of an inch
broad, of an oval shape, green when young, but brown when
ripe. Scales roundish, smooth, entire on the margins, and few
in number. Seeds small, Hglit brown, with wings a quarter of
an inch long, and nearly white. Bark smooth and hght-
coloured,

A bushy-headed tree, growing in its native country from 60

SPKUCE FIKS. 33

to 80 feet high, with a straight stem, of a uniform size, for
two-thirds of its height.

The wood is less valuable than any of the other resinous
trees in North America, but the bark is inestimable for the
purposes of the tanner, and spruce beer is made from the
branches.

It is found in the most northern regions of Canada, and on
the highest mountains, as far as South Carolina. Michaux
says it begins to appear about Hudson's Bay^ the Lake of St.
John, and in the neighbourhood of Quebec, and that it fills
the forests in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, Vermont,
and the upper part of New Hampshire, in company with the
Black Spruce, where it constitutes three-fourths of the ever-
green woods. There are the following varieties, viz. : —

Abies Canadensis nana, Laivson.
Syn. Tsuga Canadensis nana, Carrieve.
A dwarf variety, not growing more than two or three feet
high, and spreading on the ground with a more tufty foliage. .

Abies Canadensis gkacilis, Waterer, the Slender Hemlock

Spruce.

Syn. Abies Canadensis microphylla, Hort.

This is a very singular-looking variety of the Hemlock
Spruce, on account of its slender shoots, thin appearance, and
small foliage. The leaves are linear, blunt-pointed, glossy
above and glaucous below ; more or less obliquely placed all
round the shoots, and seldom more than three lines long.
Branches and branchlets very slender, little divided, more or
less drooping at the ends, and rather thickly covered with the
small, obliquely -placed leaves.

A very distinct and singular-looking variety, raised in the
Nursery of Messrs. Waterer and Godfrey, at Knaphill, in
Surrey.

24 ABIES, OR

No. 16. Abies Douglasii, Lindley, the Douglas Fir.
Syn. Abies Californica, Don.

„ Picea Douglasii, Linl'.

„ Pinus Donglasii, Sabine.

„ „ taxifolia, Lamibert.

„ Tsuga Douglasii, Carriere.

„ Abies mucronata, Rafinesque.

„ „ obliquata, Rafinesque.

Leaves solitary, flat, entire, narrow, linear, spreading and
iiTegularly two-rowed ; from one inch to one and a half long,
bluntly pointed, bright green above and slightly glaucous, and
much paler below. Branches numerous, irregularly placed along
the trunk, spreading hori:4ontal, sometimes a little ascending,
very twiggy, and nearly flat ; branchlets long, slender, mostly
in two rows, and more or less declining. Cones ovate or oblong,
terminal at the points of the upper branchlets, solitary, pen-
dulous, yellowish brown, with many linear, extended, sharp-
pointed bracteas, loosely imbricated ; from two to three inches
long, and rather more than one inch in diameter. Scales rounded,
smooth, leathery, concave, quite entire, thin, and persistent, or
not falling off" after the seeds are ripe. Bracteas, linear, three-
pointed, the middle one much the longest, the two outer ones
being very short, membranaceous, but twice as long as the
scales, and not reflexed. Seeds very small, with the wings little
more than a quarter of an inch long.

A large conical tree, with smooth bark ; when young, full of
turpentine ; but when old, with a rugged, grayi.sh-brown bark,
fi'om 12 to 14 inches thick, and attaining in its native country^
under favourable circumstances, to a height of from loO to
200 feet, and from two to ten feet in diameter.

The trunk of this Fir for two-thirds of its diameter in the
centre presents a reddish colour, and yields but little resin or
turpentine, but excellent timber ; while the remainder or outer
part is white, porous, tough, and not ver}'- durable.

It is called " Sas-coo-pas " and " Paj)s" by the Indians along

SPRUCE FIRS. 25

the Columbia River and on the N. W. coast of America, and
which signifies, in their dialects. Big tree and Great fir. Pro-
fessor Rafinesque mentions a variety of the Douglas fir, under
the name of Abies mucronata, var. palustris, as having been
found by Lewis and Clark, during their exploratory expedition
in the Oregon country, growing in low or marshy grounds,
only 30 feet high, but with spreading branches and a stem two
feet in diameter.

It is found in immense forests, in the north-west part of
America, and at different elevations on the Rocky Mountains,
forming a small dense little bush not a yard high, at the top of
those mountains, but becoming larger and more stately as it
descends the sides, and finall}^ it becomes those mighty giants,
eight or ten feet in diameter, and from 150 to 200 feet high, in
the lower valleys, at the base of the same range, and along tlie
banks of the Columbia River. It is also found abundantly in
California, and the following variety in Mexico : —

Abies Douglasii taxifolia, Loudon.
Syn. Abies Drummondii, Hort.
„ „ taxifolia, Druiininond.

„ „ Douglasii Mexicana, Hartweg.
„ ;, „ brevibi'acteata, Antoiiie.

„ Tsuga Lindleyana, Roezl.
This very distinct vai'iety has much longer leaves, and of a
deeper green than the species, with the cones much shorter,
but broader and less pointed ; the extended bracteas are also
much shorter, and not much longer than the scales.

A handsome small tree, growing from 30 to 40 feet high,
with horizontal branches and straight branchlets, little forked,
found on the Real del Monte mountains, in Mexico, at an ele-
vation of from 8000 to 9000 feet, and in the Oregon countr}^

Abies Douglasii fastigiata, Knight.
A variety with its branches ascending, and much more
conical and compact in its outline than the species.

26 ABIES, OK

Abies Douglasii Standishiana, Gordon. Mr. Standisli's
Douglas Fir.

Leaves linear, flat, and rather distantly placed, more or less
spirally all round the youno- shoots, but finally on the more
adult ones somewhat irregularly arranged horizontally in two
rows, pointing more or less obliquely outward, and from one incl)
to one and a half long, and about three-quarters of a line broad ;
they are nearly all of an equal length along the shoots, and
blunt-pointed, except those nearest the ends of tliQ principal
shoots, which are somewhat acute ; but all of them are of a dark
glossy green, and channelled along the mid-rib on the upper
surface, and with two sunken, silvery white, or glaucous bands
below, between the thickened mid-rib and reflected margins,
both of which are of a bright, glossy green, and tapering into
a short, stout, more or less twisted footstalk inserted in a little
shallow^, but somewhat elevated circular socket at their base.
Buds few, scattered along the upper part of the shoots, and
placed singly at the points, bluntly oval, and covered ex-
ternally with broad, ciliated, or fringed scales of a dark brown
colour, and free from resinous matter. Branches rather nume-
rous and irregularly placed along the main stem, spreading,
and with the points somewhat elevated ; leading shoots long,
rather stout, and twig-like. Branchlets few, rather long,
straight, and more or less in two rows, placed somewhat
oblic^uely along the principal branches, those of the weaker
ones being a little declining, and jointed at the junction of
each successive growth. Bark on the younger parts smooth,
ashy-gray, and furnished with numerous blisters filled with
resinous matter, similar to that on the Douglas Fir. Cones
unknown.

This very remarkable kind was first observed by Mr. Stan-
dish in his Nursciy at Bngsliot, growing amongst some seed-
lin<' Abies Douglasii raised from English saved seed, gathered
from a Douglas Fir growing in close proximity to some large
Silver Firs.

The original phint, which, in 18G1, was 10 or 12 feet

SPBUCE FIRS. 27

high, and about as many years old, liad quite the liabit and
general outline of Abies Douglasii, and of which it appeared to
be either an accidental seedling variety, or probably a hybrid
between that kind and the Silver Fir (Picea pectinata), as its
general appearance and history would seem to indicate.

It is a fine and distinct kind, on account of its large, dark,
glossy green foliage, which is quite silvery below, and as large
as those of the common Yew. The original tree is quite
hardy, not being in the least injured by the severe winter
of 1860-1, although in an open and fully exposed situation in
the Royal Nursery at Bagshot.

Abies Douglasii pendula, P aviator e.
Syn. Abies taxifolia pendula, Hovt.
This variety only differs in having its secondary branches
and shoots pendulous.

Abies Douglasii Staikii, Hovt.
This is a nice variegated variety, which originated at Castle
Kennedy, the Earl of Stair's residence in Scotland. It was
described in the Gardenev's Chronicle, Nov. 18, 1871, and in
the Gavden, Nov. 23, 1872, as a veritable silver or almost a
pure white spruce. It appears, however, to partially lose its
silver}^ appearance towards winter.

No. 17. Abies Fortunei, Lindley, the Intermediate Fir.
Syn. Abies Jcsoensis, Lindley.
„ Picea Fortunei, Murray.
„ „ Jesoensis, Carrieve.
„ Pinus Fortunei, Favlatove.
„ Keteleeria Fortunei, Cavvieve.
Leaves solitary, not very thickly placed, somewhat two-rowecl,
or spirally arranged round the shoots, persistent, spreading, and
remaining on tlie branches for several years ; from one to two
inches long, and from one line to one and a half broad, linear-
lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, straight or very slightl}^
falcate, smooth, flat, and glossy, of a light 3'ellowish-green on the
upper surface, a little paler beneath, but not glaucous, and with
a projecting rib along the middle on both faces, especially along

28 ABIES, OR

the upper one, where it is very sharply elevated and termi-
nated by a long slender point, frequently of a dark brown
colour in the adult leaves, which are very entire and sessile.
Buds small and surrounded b}^ long slender scales. Branches in
whorls, slender and horizontal, with the lower ones frequently
bent downwards at the ends, and the laterals (^uite straight,
slender and stiff. Shoots smooth, of a rusty brown, and some-
what downy by the numerous short hairs on their surface, par-
ticularly when quite young. Cones erect, somewhat terminal,
on longish foot-stalks, cylindrical, abruptlj^ tapering at tlie
point, quite straight, rather narrow, and of a beautiful violet-
purple when young, but purplish-brown when fully matured,
and from six to seven inches long, and from one and a half to
two inches in diameter. Scales numerous, very broad, concave,
rounded at the edges, irregularly crenated on the margins,
smooth, thin, rather loosely placed, but persistent, nearly equal
in size, and from one inch to one and a quarter long, and the
same in breadth. Seeds half an inch long, angular, soft, and
full of turpentine, like those of the Piceas ; wings permanent,
short, bub- broad, with the inner side straight, and the outer
one rounded.

A larse tree, 00 feet hio-li, with a straioht stem, covered
with a smooth ashy-gray bark, a little cracked outside, and a
flat, wide spreading head, like that of an old Cedar of Lebanon.

It was first introduced by Mr. Fortune, who found it planted
about temples at Foo-chow-foo, in the north of China.

Much difference of opinion exists respecting whether this
kind is a Spruce, a Silver Fir, or a new genus ; and wliich
arises from its having erect, cylindrical cones, with persistent
scales, soft angular seeds, full of turpentine, and permanent
wings, and flat, linear-lanceolate leaves, somewhat spirally ar-
ranged on the young shoots, and more or less two-rowed on
the adult parts; from all of which it would seem to be inter-
mediate between the two, but having persistent scales on the
cones, it must be considered as belonging to the Spruces rather
than the Silver Firs.

SPRUCE FIRS. 29

No. 18. ABIES Mertensiana, Lindley, the Californiau Hemlock

Spruce.
Syn. Abies heterophyUa, Bafinesque.
„ taxifolia, Je#Ve)/.

Canadensis taxifolia, Gordon.
Albevtiana, Murray.
„ Bridgesii, KeUog.
Pi'nus lieteropliylla, Endiichcr.

Mertensiana, Bon'jard.
Picea Mertensiana, French Gardens.
Tsiiga Mertensiana, Garriere.
Leaves solitary, linear, somewl.at in two rows, flat and ebarr-
nelkd on tl,e npper side, tapering to the base, w.tlr a ve y
short foot-stalk, lid somewhat obtuse at the i.omt, fro™ one
t to three-quarters of an inch long, and rather rnore than
h f a line broad in the hrrger ones, but very nuequal m sue,
some bein- very long, while others are very snort, and inte -
m Wed ou the same Thoot, of a very pale green colour shghtly
:CeouTbelow.andthieklyplacedontl>ebranchlcts. Brandos
ve.T numerous, slender, and n,ore or less bent downwards at
IhTends. Bi'anehlets very slender, flexible long, droopn,g
ltd rather downy when young, but much tubere.da ed .vlren
old from the falling leaves. Cones sohtary, ovate, blunt at the
end three-quarters of an inch long, without any loot-st.ll.s,
:! pendulous at the ends of the .shoot. ^^^^ ^^:^
ncy-haped, .smooth, few in number, and very persistent. Seeds
very small, light brown, and furnished with ovate wn,gs,

half an incli long. . mn f,^

A handsome, bushy, round-headed tree, growing fmm 10 to
150 feet lnch,and from four to six feet in d.anieter w.th .
strSt round stem, tapering upwards, with ratlrer a thm and

Tl!::; ut found abundantly in California and the Oregon
Territoiy with a thin, d.ark-coloured bark, much divided by
Iin^Uongitudinal fissures on the steins of old trees, but some-

30 ABIES, OR

what smooth on the younger ones. It is called "Liicatzin" by
the Indians in California. The timber is soft, white, and diffi-
cult to rive or split.

No. 19. Abies Pattoniana, Jeffrey, Patton's Calif ornian Fir.
Syn. Abies gTacilis, Hort.

,, ,, Williamsonii, Keivherry.

„ „ Hookeriana, Murray.

„ Picea Californica, Carriere.

„ Tsuga Hookeriana, Carriere.
Leaves solitary, alternate, thickly scattered on all sides of the
branches, petiolate, trigone, stiff, curved, acuminate, and rather
blunt-pointed, three-quarters of an inch long, and nearly one-
tenth of an inch broad, triangular, a little declining, and spring-
ing from a small triangular pedestal of soft, spongy, elastic bark
at the junction with the shoots ; bright gi'een above andglau-
cescent beneath; buds irregularly scattered along the twigs,
terminal ones very scaly, pointed, and destitute of resin, the
bud scales continuing to encircle the twigs for years afterwards.
Branches and young shoots densely covered with a brown woolly
substance, and rough, scaly bark, slender, and rather drooping.
Cones, oblong-cylindrical, tapering slightly to both ends, smooth
externally, from two inches to two and a half long and one inch
broad, pendulous, crowded, and produced at the points of the
top branches, and when ripe of a light brown colour. Scales
rounded, thickest in the centre and thin on the edocs entire, or
somewhat wavy on the margins, very numerous, nearly all of a
size, five-tenths of an inch broad, and rather loosely placed. Seeds
very small, witli rather broad wings, a quarter of an inch long.
Stem straight, with numerous slender drooping branches, not
very prolific at the extremities. Bark, rough, scaling off in
irregular flakes, and of a reddish brown colour, particularly on
the young shoots. It yields but little resin, but the timber is
hard, fine-gi'ained, and of a reddish colour.

The Abies Pattoniana occupies the most elevated parts of the
Sierra Nevada, and seldom descends lower down than 100 yards

SPRUCE FIRS. 31

from the line of perpetual snow, wlieve in moist situations it
forms a tree from 100 to 130 feet high, with a trunk sometimes
three feet in diameter. Its branches spread out horizontally from
the main stem, but become drooping towards the extremities,
and with the branchlets thickly set round with solitary leaves
about two-thirds of an inch long, grass green above, and pale
green beneath, with those towards the points of the branchlets
spreading, and silvery white below. The cones are about two
inches long, and one in diameter, in the widest part ; when
young, dark purple, but when old, pale brown. Male flowers,
or catkins, two-eighths of an inch long, and of a violet colour.
The timber is of a reddish colour, close, and fine-grained, and
remarkable for its strength and durability, and as an ornamen-
tal tree for parks or pleasure grounds, or for general planting,
no tree can be more recommendable ; and, judging from the
soil and situation in which it grows, it may be considered the
hardiest of all the Californian kinds.

Mr. William Lobb found it in abundance on the highest
peaks of the Sierra "Nevada, near the head waters of the north
tributary of Feather River, and more to the south, towards
Lake Bigler ; forming immense trees, in habit of growth and
general appearance much resembling the "Deodar," but the
Pattoniana being more thickly branched, and densely clothed
with foliage, is by far the handsomest tree.

Mr. Jeffery, who discovered it on the Mount Baker range, in
Northern California, describes it as a noble tree, rising to a
height of 150 feet, and 13| feet in circumference, and towering
above the rest of the forest, but as it ascended the mountain,
it got gradually smaller, till at last it dwindled down into a
shrub not more than four feet high. It is found at elevations of
from oOOO to GOOO feet, on Cascade Mountain, and on Mount
Baker range, in Upper California.

It is quite hardy, and has been named by Jeflrey, in compli-
ment to Mr. Patton, of the Cairnies, in Scotland, a gentleman
much interested in conifers.

32 ABIES, OR

No. 20. Abies Tsuga, Siehold, the Japan Hemlock Spruce.
Syn. Pinus Tsuga, Antoine.

„ „ Araragi, Siehold.

„ Tsuga Sieboldii, Carriere.

„ Micropeuce Sieboldii, Spach.

„ Abies diversifolia, Hort

„ „ Araragi, Loudon.

„ „ Hanburyana, Hort.

Leaves solitary, somewhat two-rowed, thickly set on the
branches, frequently alternate, lower ones reflected, and on short,
round foot-stalks ; they are flat, slightly linear, and tapering to
an obtuse (rarely acute) point, entire on the edges, smooth, dark
shininsr, srreen above, ribbed, and marked beneath with two
white glaucous bands. Branches numerous, irregularly spread-
ing, and drooping at the ends. Branchlets slender, recurved, and
irregularly furnished with small buds. Cones very small, soli-
tary, terminal on the ends of the branchlets, one inch long, and
three-quarters of an inch broad, elliptic, blunt-pointed, and
remainino: on the tree after the seeds have fallen out. Scales
permanent, imbricated, 20 or 30 in number, leathery, shut
close, largest in the middle, slender at the base, partially
rounded or obtuse on the apex, thin, and of a shining pale
brown colour. Bracteas very short, hardly longer than the
foot-stalk of the scale, narrow, truncate, and irregularly bifid.
Seeds very small, with thin membraneous wings.

A large tree, from 80 to 100 feet high, with the appearance
and habit of the Hemlock Spruce (Abies Canadensis), but with
the timber of a yellowish colour, and much valued by the
Japanese.

It is found in the northern provinces of Japan, on the moun-
tains of " Matsu " and " Dewar," at an elevation of 6000 feet,
and on the sacred mountain, "Fusi-Yama," which is the highest
mountain in Japan (14,000 feet), and Avhose sides arc covered
with dense pine forests, chiefly composed of this kind, to an
elevation of 8000 or 1)000 feet.

SPRUCE FIRS. 33

The Japanese names for this Fir are, " Tsuga " (Yew-leaved)
and " Ai-aragi " (Yew-like). It is much used in Japan for plant-
ing round sacred temples, on account of its graceful appear-
ance. There is the following variety :—

Abies Tsuga nana, Siebold, the Dwarf Tsuga Spruce.
This forms a little bush, seldom more than a yard high, with
mucli smaller and shorter leaves than the species. It is much
cultivated in pots, in their town gardens, by the Japanese, who
call it "Hime," or " Fime Tsuga" (the dwarf yew-leaved
Spruce).

NEW OH DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF ABIES.
Abies Maximowiczii, Neiumann, Maximowicz's Spruce.
Of this kind very little is known, except that the young
plants in cultivation are very like those of Abies Alcockiana.

Gen. ACTINOSTEOBUS. Miquel

Flowers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate and terminal; the male catkins egg-shaped, or
somewhat globular, the female ones solitary and globular.

Cones, somewhat globular, solitary, and composed of six scales,
disposed in two vertical sets at the base, and woody.

Valves or Scales, convex on tlie back, those at the base mucl
the shortest, with the interior ones much the largest.

Seeds, in twos, under each of the upper scales three-edged,
and winged on each side.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Leaves, persistent, scale-formed, very small, in whorls of
three, stiff, and very acute pointed.

Name derived from a/cxi? (aktis), a ray, and o-Tpo/3o9 (stro-
bus), a cone ; the scales radiated.

Pyramidal bushes, found on the south-west coast of New
Holland.

D

34 ACTINOSTROBUS.

No. 1. AcTiNOSTEOBUS PYRAMiDALis, Miquel, the Pyramidal
Swan River Cypress.

Leaves in threes, vertical, very small, scale-formed, three-
cornered, ovate, acute-pointed, rigid, decurrent at the base, and
slightly spreading at the points. Branches alternate, ascend-
ing, slightly spreading out at the extremities, very numerous,
long, and slightly angular. Branchlets dense, dark-green, and
having no particular direction ; younger ones covered with
spinescent leaves, partially imbricated ; the adult ones stand
out stiff, while those on the cone bearing lateral ones are
scale-formed, very short, and entirely cover the stem. Cones
solitary, somewhat globular, composed of six scales, in opposite
pairs ; those at the base much the shortest, and the interior
ones much the largest. Scales convex on the back, sharply
ribbedj woody, and without any terminal sharp-point. Seeds,
in twos, under each of the upper scales.

A dense, narrow, pyramidal bush, growing six feet high, with
ascending branches, and dark green branchlets, found growing
in the Swan River Colony, along the sea-shore, where it is
brackish from being inundated, and along the south-western
coast of New Holland.

It is not hardy.

No. 2. ACTINOSTROBUS ACUMINATUS, Pcirlatore, the Acumi-
nate Swan River Cypress.

Leaves on the principal branches and branchlets inthrees,about
one-third of an inch long and half a line broad, with the base
decurrent and the upper part free, erectly-spreading, linear,
acute and somewhat spiny pointed, the upper surface tolcrabl}"
flat, tlie under one convex and keeled, and the margins
rough. Cones solitary, and produced at the ends of the short,
erect branchlets; they aie ovate-pointed, and composed of six
scales in opposite pairs, all connected at the base on a very
short column, and nearly three-quarters of an inch long.

ARAUCABIA. 35

half an inch wide, and of a chestnut brown colour. The
scales are in sixes, nearly equal in size, and connected at the
base on a very short axis, the lower ones are oblong-acute and
erect, and the upper ones narrow, spreading, and with acute"
spiny points ; the seeds are in twos under each of the upper
scales, and either two or three winged.

A low, erect, branching shrub, found at the Swan River
Colony, in Western Australia, and not hardy in England.

Gen. ARAUCAEIA. Jussieu.

Flowers, dioecious, or male and female flowers on different
plants.

Cones, globular, and terminal.

Scales, deciduous, or partially so.

Seeds, more or less attached to the scales.

Leaves, scale-like, persistent, and widest at the base.

Name, derived from Araucanos, a people of Chili, in which
country Araucaria imbricata abounds, and where its seeds fur-
nish a gi-eat portion of the food of the Indians.

The Araucarias differ from the true Pines and Firs in having
the sexes on separate trees ; in the scales on the cones being
one-seeded, and in the seeds being more or less attached to the
scales. They, however, approach nearest to the Genus Dam-
mara, in being dioecious ; but differ from them in the form of
the leaves and scales on the cones ; also in having bracteas to
each female flower, and in the seeds being more or less attached
to the scales, and not free, as in the Genus Dammara.

Section I. COLUMBEA, Salisbury, or the True Araucarias.

Cones very large ; scales shghtly winged and deciduous ;
seeds indistinctly attached at the base. Seed-leaves from two
D 2

36 ABAUCAEIA.

to four, and germinating under ground. Leaves, on young
plants, unequally formed.

They are a,ll large trees, natives of America and Australia.

No. 1. Araucaeia Bidwillii, Hooker, Mr. Bidwill's Arau-

caria.
Syn. Colymbea Bidwillii, Carriere.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rigid, flat, deep-green, shining, and
spiny pointed, generally forming two rows along the brauch-
letSj and without any foot-stalks ; narrow, and nearly two
inches long on the young plants, but much shorter and broader
on the more mature plants, and not more than three-quarters
of an inch long ; those on the stem alternate, those on the
branchlets somewhat two-rowed. Branches in regular whorls,
from five to seven in number, but frequently more on the adult
trees ; they are horizontal, with those near the base sometimes
deflected and not more than 12 feet in length on old trees.
Branchlets in opposite pairs, about 18 inches long, slender, and
rather thinly covered with flat, distant, sharp-pointed leaves.
Cones, ovate-globular or oblong, about nine inches long ;
sometimes nearly as broad, and a little depressed at the ends.
Scales large, projecting, with an acute, transverse ridge across
the centre, highest in the middle, and furnished with a sharp-
pointed reclining hook at the extremity. The scales are from
one to two inches broad, and from half to three-quarters of an
inch thick, loosel}^ adhering, and very deciduous when the
seeds are ripe. Seeds very large, from two to two and a half
inches long, by three-quarters of an inch broad, terminating
at the apex in short callous marginal wings, furnished witli
long, flat, tapering, curved points, more than an inch long.
Nuts eaten by tlie aborigines.

A majestic tree, with a very straight cylindrical trunk, grow-
ing; from 100 to loO feet hijjh.

It is found on the Brisbane mountains and in the neighbour-
hood of Moreton Bay, in Australia. Mr. Bi(h\ ill, after whom
it was named, describes it as overiop])iiig the forests, with a

ARAUCARIA. 37

cleai'j smooth, blackisli trunk, and depressed, loose, conical head
and that the timber is very fine, close-grained, and very
durable.

It is the " Banza-tunza," or " Banya-tunya," of the natives,

and is not hardy.

No. 2. Araucaria Brasiliensis, Richard, the Brazil Arau-

caria.
Syn. Pinus dioica, Arrahida.

„ Colymbea angustifolia, Bertoloni.

,, „ Brasiliensis, Carrlere.

Leaves linear, lanceolate, quite straight, and entire ; loosely
imbricated, and tapering to a very sharp point; from one to two
inches long, and a quarter of an inch broad, scattered all round
the leading shoots, and spreading ; the older stem ones imbri-
cated the reverse way, and remaining on after they become
brown, broadest at the base, decurrent, and frequently a little
twisted at the base, young ones keeled and glaucous below,
light green and shining above. Branches, numerous, mostly in
horizontal whorls, lower ones decHning, and partly covered
with the adult leaves, upper ones ascending, and only divided
towards the extremities ; branchlets slender, leafy, spreading,
undivided, and bending gracefully downwards, the lower ones
soon turning brown and falling off. Cones very large, globular,
sometimes slightly depressed at the extremities, solitary on the
tops of the branches, erect, and without any foot-stalks, six inches
long, nearly the same in diameter, and of a yellowish brown
colour. Scales thick, compressed, wedge-shaped, oblong, four-
sided, and closely placed together, of a firm, corky texture,
each terminating in a lanceolate, acute, recurved spine, hollow
within at the base on the upper side, and covering a monosper-
mous nut, two inches long, covered with a smooth reddish-brown
leathery skin. Seeds very large, oblong, eatable, and without
any winged appendage.

A very handsome pyramidal tree, growing from 70 to 100
feet high, witli a straight stem, covered with tolerably smooth

38 ARAUCABIA.

bark, except near the upper part, where the leaves stiil adhere
in a reclining, imbricated position.

It forms immense forests between the province of Minos
Geraes and Soam-Paulo, to the north of Rio de Janeiro ; the
nuts, which have very little resin in them, are sold as an article
of food in the markets of E,io, and the fragrant resin which
exudes from the trunk of the tree is mixed with wax to make
candles.

Its Brazilian name is " Curi."

It is tender, and has the following varieties:

AkAUCARIA BrASILIENSIS RiDOLFlANA, Savl.

Syn. Ai'aucaria Ridolfi, Hort.
„ „ Lindleyana, Van Houtte.

,, „ Ribbiana, Italian Gardens.

„ Colymbea Brasiliensis, CarHere.

This variety is more robust, and with larger and longer
leaves, and, according to Count Ridolf, is very distinct when
old.

It is found on the higher mountains about Rio, and is hardier
than the species.

Aeaucaria Brasiliensis gracilis, Carrier e.

Syn. Araucaria elegans. Knight.
„ „ gracilis, Van Houtte.

Leaves, when old, bright green, but when young somewhat
glaucous ; they are linear-lanceolate, rather dense, and less
rigid, but much narrower than those of the species. Branches
slender and spreading ; branchlets undivided and bent down-
wards at the ends.

This variety somewhat resembles Cunninghamia Sinensis,
and is much smaller and slenderer than the original form of
the species.

ARAUCARIA. 39

Araucaria Brasiliensis Saviana, Parlatore.

Syn. Araucaria Saviana, Parlatore.

Leaves, when young, somewhat giaucons, and when old large,

linear-lanceolate, closely placed, and more or less turned back- .

ward. Cones very large, and globose or somewhat oval; scales

broad, with long, linear-lanceolate, recurved, spiny points.

It is said to be a native of the mountains of Bolivia, and to
be much hardier than the species, which is found in Brazil.

No. 3. Araucaria Imbricata, Pavon, the Chili Pine or
Monkey Puzzle.
Syn. Araucaria Chilensis, Mirhel.

„ ,, Dombeyi, Bichard.

„ Abies Columbaria, Desfont.

„ „ Araucana, Poiret.

„ Columbea quadrifaria, Salisbury.

„ Col^anbea imbricata, Carrisre.

„ Dombeya Chilensis, Lamaixk.

„ „ Araucana, Rceuschel.

„ Quadrifaria imbricata, Manetti.

„ Pinus Araucana, Molina.
Leaves in whorls of from seven to eight in number, ovate-
lanceolate, spirally placed, rigid, concave, straight, smooth,
shining, deep green, very pungent, closely imbricated and car-
tilaginous on the margins, entirely covering the stem, and
remaining on for several j^ears, from three-quarters to one
inch and three-quarters long, very sharp-pointed, somewhat
thickened at the base, but without any foot-stalk, and remaining
on the shoots for years quite green, but getting more separated,
closely pressing along the stem, and turning backwards as the
tree increases in circumference. Branches horizontal, some-
what ascending at the extremities, regularly divided laterally,
in opposite pairs, quite straight, from five to seven in a whorl,
and diminishing in length as they ascend higher up the tree,
until at the top they terminate in the leading shoot, and form

40 ARAUCAKIA.

a kind of pyramidal head, lateral branches long, straight, in
opposite pairs, and regularly divided ; branchlets cylindrical,
thickly covered all over with leaves, rather slender, undivided,
and mostly bent downwards ; male and female on separate
trees, male catkins ovate-cylindrical, in clusters of from 6 to 7
at the ends of the branches ; females solitary and erect. Cones
very large, globular, solitary, and erect on the ends of the top
branches ; from six to eight inches broad, and from six to seven
inches long, of a dark brown colour, with the scales regvilariy
and closely imbricated, but when ripe, quite deciduous, and
soon dropping to pieces. Scales, numerous, wedge-shaped,
curved near the ends, and deciduous, one inch broad at the
widest part, terminating in a long, flat, thin tail, one and a half
inch long, and tapering to a fine point. Seeds, very large, from
one to one inch and a half long, bluntly four-sided, afterwards
gibbose, compressed on the opposite sides, and ending in a long,
flat, inflexed, tapering tail, like those of the scales ; of a deep
brown colour, one inch and a quarter long, and seven-eighths
of an inch at the widest part, and of a leathery texture, each
cone producing from 200 to 800 seeds, two to each scale, and
ripening towards the end of March.

A noble tree, growing 150 feet high, and indigenous to
Southern Chili, where it is found on the western acclivities of
the Andes, often reaching the snow line, but never more than
2000 feet below it. It forms vast forests in a part of the Andes
inhabited by the Araucanians, a people who are said to pride
themselves on their name, its signification being frank or free.
It is found also in c^reat abundance on the mountains of
Caramavida and Naguelbuta in Chili, and in the neighbourhood
of Concepcion. The Corcovado, a mountain that rises opposite
Chiloe, is said to be studded fi'om its foot to the snow line with
large groups of these beautiful trees.

The timber is hard, heavy, durable, yellowish-white, fibrous
and beautifully veined, capable of receiving a high polish, and
easily worked.

The tree is full of a milky white resin, and the Araucano

ABAUCARIA. 41

Indians eat the nuts, either fresh, boiled, or roasted, and distil
from thern a spirituous liquor, dry and prepare a kind of flour
and pastry from them, or dry them for winter store, and for
trading to Concepcion and Valdivia, from whence they find
their way to Valparaiso and Lima. It is the " Pehuen " or •
monkey-puzzle of the Chilians, no animal of that kind at-
tempting to climb the trees.

Dr. Pa?ppig says, such is the extent of the Araucarian forest,
on the Chilitm Andes, and the amazing quantity of nutritious
seeds that each full-grown tree produces, that the Indians are
ever secui^e from want ; it yielding to those nomad nations a
vegetable substance, that is found in greatest plenty, the more
they recede from the whites. The kernels are dried, after being-
boiled, for winter use ; their time of ripening being towards the
end of March, at which time the cones break up and fall to
pieces shedding their seeds on the ground, and thus bestowing
a great boon on the poor Indians, which nothing but a small
parrot divides with them. And there is but little doubt when
the numerous young Araucarias which are now planting, or
have been planted in Europe, become large, and arrive at a
fruit-bearing state, but that as great a boon will be given to
future generations as that conferred on the pi'esent one by the
fruit of the Spanish chestnut, whicli is now so largely consumed
in all the towns and cities of Europe.

The Chili Pine was first introduced into England by Mr.
Menzies, in 1795, and presented to Sir Joseph Banks, who
planted one of the first plants at his residence, Spring Grove,
near Hounslow, and sent the others to the Royal Gardens at
Kew ; and from which circumstance it formerly was called Sii-
Joseph Banks's Pine.

There are several seedling varieties of the Chili Pine,
distinguished in the nurseries, but such difterences are only
retained while the plants are young, with the exception of the
variegated kind.

42 ARAUCARIA.

Araucaeia Imbricata Variegata.

A striking variety, with pale straw-coloured leaves, and
occasionally the young shoots intermixed with the ordinary
deep-shining green ones.

It originated in Mr. Glendinning's nursery at Turnham Green.

No. 4. Araucaria Rulei, Mueller, Mr. Rule's Araucaria,

Syn. Eutacta Rulei, Verlot.
„ „ Muelleri, Garrilre.

„ „ Rulei polymorpha, Carriere.

Leaves from one half to two-thirds of an inch long, lanceolate,
closely imbricated, and of a deep glossy green, and although
acute pointed; not pungent. Branches numerous, rigid, much
divided, and symmetrical. Cones nearly globular, witli the
scales an inch or more broad, and furnished with projecting,
narrow, lance-shaped points an inch long.

A fine bushy-headed tree, growing about 50 feet high, with
the branches extending 30 feet in diameter, very rigid,
tabular-formed, and six times more numerous than those on
the Chili Pine (Araucaria imbricata), the whole of the branches
being covered with beautiful dark glossy green leaves, closely
and multifariously imbricated. It is found on one of the islets
near New Caledonia, covering the summit of an extinct lofty
volcano, and growing in the debris, which is as hard as adamant
in summer, and deluged with rain in winter. It attains a less
gigantic size than any of its congeners, and in habit bears more
resemblance to the Chilian Araucaria imbricata than the
Australian one called Bidwillii, from which it especially differs
in its foliage, which, although acute, is not pungent or
striolated.

This kind belongs to the true Araucarias, and was named
by Dr. Mueller, of Melbourne, in compliment to Mr. John
Rule, a nurseryman at Victoria, in Southern Australia. It
will be found quite tender for the open air during an English
winter.

ARAUCARIA. ^=3

Mr Dunccan who first discovered this species, says that
the seminal leaves of Araucaria Rulei pass through six stages
before they are fully elaborated, and those stages resembk the
foliao-e of all the others of the genus from Araucaria Cookn to
imbrlcata. The leaves on old trees, however, are regularly ■
and evenly produced all round the branches; and are broad,
flat, and incurved or pressed against them, so as to he
imbricated over each other, and thus give to the branches
considerable bulk.

Section II. EUTACTA, Li^ik., the Needle-leaved or False

Araucarias.

Cones small, terminal, and globular. Scales broadly winged,
and more or less persistent. Seeds visibly fastened at the base.
Seed-leaves in four, and developed above ground. Leaves on
the young plants unequal shaped and small.

Large trees, natives of Australia.
No. 5. Araucaria CooKii,E.5rou'n, Captain Cook's Araucaria.
Syn. Araucaria columnaris. Hooker.
Cupressus columnaris, Forster.
Araucaria subulata, Viedlard.

J, intermedia, „
Eutacta Cookii, Carriere.
minor, ^^ „
,, Pancherii, „
Leaves alternlte, scattered all round the sheets, those on the
larger ones compressed, spreading, or curved, from half an inch
to one inch long; those on the branchlets of young plants much
more slender, shorter, and more numerous, incurved,_and_some-
what four-sided; those on the adult trees closely imbricated,
rounded, and almost inlaying upon the branchlets. Branches
in regular distant, horizontal whorls, slightly bending down-
wards, and again ascending towards the extremities ; branchlets
in two rows, along the sides of the branches, frequently

44 ARAUCARIA.

declining, and closely covered with foliage. Male catkins,
terminal, ovate, and from one and a half or two inches long.
Cones ovate, rounded at the ends, from four to six inches
long, and from two and a half to three and a half inches
broad, lateral, and sometimes in pairs. Scales large, gibbose,
coriaceous, very thin on the edges, closely imbricated, and
terminating on the summit, in a long, hooked, spiny appendage.

A very tall tree, with a straight stem, covered with a thin
glossy bark, resembling the Norfolk Island Pine, but differing
in several respects, growing from 150 to 200 feet high, with a
very narrow head, very much resembling a well-proportioned
factory chimney. It is found abundantly on the islands of
Aniteura, New Hebrides^ and New Caledonia.

It is quite tender.

No. 6. Araucaria Cunninghamii, Aitou, Cunningham's
Araucaria, or Moreton Bay Pine.
Syn. Altingia Cunninghamii, Don.
„ Eutacta Cunninghamii, Link.
„ Eutassa Cunninghamii, Spach.
Leaves very rigid, those on young trees verticallj^ compressed,
sharp-pointed, straight, alternate, decurrent at the base, smooth,
dai'k green, shining, and disposed all round the branches, half
an inch long, swelling towards the base, and awl-shaped ; those
on the full-grown trees lanceolate, acute, imbricated, curved,
awl-shaped, widest at the base, and reclining on the principal
branches and stem. Branches in horizontal whorls of from six
to eight in number, spreading out straight, or slightly ascend-
ing when young, but bending downwards when old. Branch-
lets distant and alternate. Male catkins solitary, cylindrical,
terminal, three inches long, and about the thickness of the
middle finger. Cones ovate, three inches long, and nearly the
same in thickness, terminal on the upper branchlets, and with-
out foot-stalks. Scales wedge-shaped, numerous, thick, leathery,
membraneous, winged on the margins, and wavy, half an inch
broad, and terminated by a linear, awl-shaped, recurved, stiff",

ARAUCARIA. 45

spiny point, one-third the length of the scale. Seeds flattened
and appearing as if concealed within the scales, which thej'
resemble.

A large tree, growing from 100 to 130 feet high, and 14 or
15 feet in girt, with a clear stem 80 feet high, and a rather thin,
loose head, foimd forming vast forests along the shores of More-
ton Bay and on the alluvial banks of the Brisbane River, in
Australia.

There are the following varieties : —

Araucaria Cunninghamii glauca, Alton.

Syn. Araucaria glauca, LodcUges.

This differs from the species in nothing except in the glaucous
colour of its leaves and young shoots. It is a very striking-
variety, and was first imported by Messrs. Loddiges from More-
ton Bay.

Araucaria Cunninghamii longifolia, Antoine.

This variety has much longer and straighter leaves than the
species, and is altogether a more robust tree.

No. 7. Araucaria excelsa, R. Broivn, the Norfolk Island

Pine.

Syn. Dombeya excelsa, Lambert.
„ Eutassa heterophylla, Salisbury.
„ Eutacta excelsa. Link.
„ Coljmibea excelsa, Sprengel.
„ Altingia excelsa, Loudon.

Leaves une(]^ually awl-shaped, compressed, somewhat four-
sided, curved, and of a light green, the adult ones imbricated,
bent inwards, and pointless, from half to three-quarters of an
inch long, thick, three-edged, and recurved towards the branches.
Branches regularly verticillate, spread out straiglit, or curved
upwards at the extremities ; lateral ones opposite or alternate,
horizontal, or drooping, very closely placed along the sides in

46 ARTHROTAXIS, OR

two rows, slender and undivided. Cones globular, from five to
six inches in diameter, erect on long foot-stalks, and of a
brownish colour. Scales large, broadly winged, thick on the
upper part, and thin on the edges, woody, and terminating in
an incurved pointed projection, one-third of an inch long.
Seeds large, broadly winged, thick on the upper part, and thin
on the edges, haAdng the appearance as if concealed within
the scale.

A majestic, handsome tree, with a perfectly straight stem,
attainiuCT the heio'ht of from 150 to 230 feet, and from eisrht to
eleven feet in diameter, free from branches to the height of 80
feet. It is found in Australia, but principally on Norfolk
Island.

It is not hardy.

Araucaria excelsa variegata, Hort, the Variegated Norfolk

Island Pine.
Tin's variety is of much slender grov/th, with a portion of
the branchlets of a pale yellow colour.

Gen. AETHEOTAXIS. Don. The Jointed Yews.

Flowers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but solitary, terminal, and separate ; although sometimes tlie
different sexes are found entirely occupying distinct plants.

Cones, small, ovate or globular, and wood}^

Scales, oval, entire, destitute of bracteas, and imbricated.

Seeds, from three to six under each scale.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Leaves, without foot-stalks, scale-formed, and either closely
inlaying along the branchlets, or open and incurved.

A'ctjn^, derived from " Arthron," a joint, and "Taxis," ar-
rangement, the slioots having the appearance of being jointed.

All small trees, natives of Van Diemen's Land.

JOINTED YEWS. 47

No. 1. Arthrotaxis cupressoides, Don, the Cypress-like
Jointed Yew.

Syn. Arthrotaxis imbricata, Maule.
„ Cunningharaia cupressoides, Zuccarini.

Leaves very small, closely inlaid along the branchlets, im-
bricated, ovate, blunt-pointed, thick in texture, smooth, and
bright glossy green, from one to tliree lines long, obscui-ely
keeled on the back, and concave on the face, entirely adhering
at the base and scariose. Male catkins without foot-stalks,
solitary, or in loose heads at the ends of the branchlets, with
numerous close, scale-formed leaves at their base. Cones small,
roundish, and numerous. Scales wedge or lance-shaped, woody,
much thickened at the part which covers the seeds, almost
shield-shaped, trigone, and uneven on the surface. Foot-stalks
compressed and four-sided.

A small erect tree, from 20 to 30 feet high, much branched
and with numerous branchlets, which are slender, spreading
or pendulous, and cylindrical.

It is found at Lake St. Claire and along Pine River, in Tas-
mania, and is tolerably hardy.

No. 2. Arthrotaxis Gunniana, Hooker, Gunn's Jointed Yew.

Leaves spirally arranged, spreading, slightly curved upwards,
very rigid, linear-lanceolate, widest at the base, regularly
tapering to a sharp spiny point, distantly disposed along the
branchlets, and without any foot-stalks, convex^ and bright
glossy green on the back, flat, or slightly concave, and fre-
quently entirely covered on the upper surflice with a glaucous
white powder, and from a quarter to half an inch long, and
nearly a line wide at the base. A large bush, with numerous
rather long branches and branchlets, which are but little
divided, but sometimes drooping at the ends.

It is a native of Tasmania, and is tolerably hardy.

48 ARTHROTAXIS.

No. 3, Arthrotaxis laxifolia, Hooker, the Open-leaved

Jointed Yew.
Syn. Arthrotaxis Donniana, Parker.
„ „ Doniana, Maule.

Leaves spirally disposed, loosely imbricated, somewhat
incurved, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, keeled or convex on the
baelv, concave on the face, adhering at the base, free and
spreading at the points, and acute; branchlets, long, terete,
slender, erect, forked, and of a bright gTeen colour. Cones
globular^ or somewhat egg-shaped, and nearly three-quarters ot
an inch long ; scales spirally inserted at the base, imbricated,
leathery, ovate-acute, narrow, and stipitate at the base, seeds
mostly in fours under each scale, somewhat linear and
compressed.

This kind forms a small branching tree from twenty-five to
thirty feet high, found near the cataracts on the Meander in
Yan Diemen's Land. It is tolerably hardy.

No. 4. Arthrotaxis selagixoides, Don, the Selago-like
Jointed Yew.
Syn. Arthrotaxis Alpina, Van Houtte,
„ Cunniughamia selaginoides, Zaccarini.

Leaves ranged in five spiral rows, closely placed along the
shoots, slightly imbricated, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, incurved,
leatliory, rigid, blunt-pointed, keeled on the back, and seldom
more than four or five lines long, but frequently very mucli
shorter; level on the inside, convex or obsoletely keeled on the
back, and very smooth ; at first light green, but afterwards of
a much deeper colour, and quite glossy; rigid, dilated, and
firmly adhering at the base. Male and female flowers
sometimes on the same plant, sessile, solitary, and placed at
the ends of the branchlets. Cones globular, the size of a
walnut, with tliick woody, non-peltate scales, on thick
foot-stalks, almost tetragonc, and thickest at the part covering
the seeds, oval on the top, acute, and laying close together.

ORIENTAL ARBOR-VIT^. 49

Seeds in threes, but more frequently in twos (one being
abortive), under each scale, with hardly any wings, the wing
being constituted in a great part by the epidermis of the seed ;
shell thin and crusty.

A bush from 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading ever -green
branches and branchlets, tridently divided, or sometimes only
forked at irregular distances ; the adult stems are covered with
a corky bark, and the branches with leaves united along the
whole surface, and persistent, lateral ones short and completely
covered with leaves drawn close together, and appearing as if
jointed. It is found growing at the cataracts on the Meander,
in Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land).

It is tolerably hardy.

Gen. BIOTA. Don. The Chinese Arbor- Vitse.

Floivers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; male catkins oval or conical, female ones solitary
and globular.

Cones, roundish, squarrose, and composed of from six to eight
leathery valves or scales.

Scales, in opposite cross pairs, peltate, and furnished with a
spiny point just below the apex, and containing each two seeds
at the base.

Seeds, in twos under each scale, bellying, crustaceous, and
wingless, or only furnished with rudimentary ones.

Seed-leaves in twos.

Leaves, scale-formed, very small, in opposite cross pairs,
adpressed and tiled, or imbricated in four rows.

Name, derived from " bi," two, and "otis," an ear; the common
English one. Arbor- Vitsy (tree of life), is deduced from its China
and Japan appellations. In Japan it is called " Hiba" (tree of
life), and in China, " Hak" (everlasting life), on account of the
plants being evergreen and of a beautiful bright green at all
seasons of the year.
E

50 BIOTA, OR

All the plants belonging to this genus were formerly included
in that of Thuja, and are large bushes or small trees, found in
China, Tartary, Japan, and the North of India.

SECTION I.
No. 1. Biota Orientalis, Don, the Chinese Arbor-Vitse.

Syn. Thuja Orientalis, Linnceits.
„ „ acuta, MosncJi.
„ Cupressus Thuja, Targ-Tozz.
„ Platycladus strictus, Spach.

Leaves on the adult plant very small, in four rows, ovate,
rhomboid, acute-pointed, scale-like, imbricated, adpressed,
deeurrent, and furrowed along the base, the outer or marginal
ones lapping over on both sides, the upper and lower ones flat,
with the points thickened, glaucous, green, and shining when
young; afterwards dull gTeen when old, and glandless.
Branches somewhat vertical and horizontal at first, but soon
afterwards turn up at the ends, and finally become fastigiate,
with the stem; branchlets disposed in two rows, densely
crowded along the extremities of the branches, and placed
sideways. Cones, ovate-elliptic, six-valved, solitary at the
ends of the small branchlets, half an inch long, green when
young, but light brown when ripe, and composed of six scales,
two beino- central and four around the sides. Scales blunt,
central ones truncate, with a short stout projecting point below
the apex, each scale covering two naked, egg-shaped, some-
what angular, wingless seeds.

A low evergreen tree, or pyramidal bush, densely clothed
with deep green branchlets, found abundantly in China and
Japan, growing in rocky situations and on the mountains,
where it attains a height of 18 or 20 feet. It has the follow-
ing varieties : —

Biota Orientalis aurea, Hort., iho dwarf golden Arbor-Vita?.
Syn. Biota pyramidalis pumila, Carrihx.

ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^. 51

Syn. Thuja aurea, Waterer.
„ „ Orientalis aurea nana, Hort.

„ „ compacta aurea, IIo7't

„ „ nana aurea, Hort.

This variety forms a very neat, dwarf, round, dense, and
compact bush, seldom exceeding three or four feet in height,
with short, slender branchlets, which during the winter and
spring become of a golden yellow colour, particularly the
points of the shoots.

It was raised in the nursery of Messrs. Waterer and God-
frey, at Knaphill.

Biota Oeientalis variegata, Endliclier, the variegated
Chinese Arbor- Vitse.
Syn. Biota Orientalis variegata aurea, Carriere.
„ Thuja variegata, Hort.
„ „ Orientalis variegata, Hort.
This is the o-olden variecjated Chinese Arbor- Vitas, and a
very effective variety, from the branchlets being of a bright
golden colour and bright green, equally intermixed all over the
plant.

The Japanese call this kind " Furi-hiba " (two-coloured tree
of life), and " Suri-hiba " (variegated tree of life), on account
of its having the yellow and green branchlets intermixed all
over the plant.

Biota Orientalis argentea, Hort, the silvery- white

variegated Arbor- Vitse.

Syn. Thuja argentea, Hort.

This is the silvery- variegated Chinese Arbor- Vit^e, and only

differs from the preceding variety in the white colour of a

portion of its branchlets.

Biota Orientalis arthrotaxoides, Hort., the Arthrotaxis-
like Arbor- Vitce.
This singular and distinct variety forms a dense dwarf bush,
with the branchlets curiously contorted.
E 2

52 BIOTA, OR

Biota Orientalis funiculata, Hovt., the cord-branched
Arbor- Vitte.
Syn. Thuja funiculata, Hovt.
„ Biota funiculata, Hort.
This singular kind has slender, little divided, bright green
branchlets, thinly furnished with small, open, and acute-pointed
leaves. It is said to be a hybrid, rp.ised in France, between
Biota pendula and Orientalis.

Biota Orientalis monstrosa, Carriere, the monstrous
Chinese Arbor- Vitse.
Syn. Thuja monstrosa, Hort.
„ „ Sibirica monstrosa, Knight.

This variety is remarkable on account of its short gross
branchlets, which are few in number, much contorted, and fre-
quently four-sided, from the thickened obtuse-ovate (rarely
acute) leaves.

Biota Orientalis gracilis, Carriere, the Nepal Arbor- Vitse.
Syn. Biota Nepalensis, Endlicher.

„ „ freneloides, Belgian Gardens.

„ „ gracilifolia, Knight.

„ Thuja freneloides, Hort.

„ „ Nepalensis, Hort.

This variety differs from the species in being much slenderer,
more compact and erect in all its parts, and in having much
smaller and more acute foliage. It is found on the mountains
of Upper Nepal and other parts of Northern India, and is
called by the natives " Majoo," which, according to Major
Madden, is derived from the external resemblance of its fruit
to the nutgall.

Biota Orientalis glauca, Pince.
Syn. Thuja glauca, Hort,
This beautiful and very distinct variety differs from the

ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^. 53

species in having all its leaves and branchlets covered with a
fine glaucous powder, giving the plant quite a silvery appear-
ance when in good health. It was raised by Messrs. Lucombe
and Pince, of Exeter.

Biota Orientalis Sieboldii, Endlicher.

Syn, Biota Japonica, Siebold.

„ „ Orientalis nana, Garriere.
„ „ „ compacta, Hort.

„ „ „ incurvata, Knight.

„ „ Corseana, Siebold.

„ Thuja compacta, Hort.
„ „ nana, Hort.
„ „ Orientalis compacta, Hort.
„ „ Japonica, Hort.
„ „ stricta, Hort.

This kind is distinguished by its dwarf, compact, conical
head, and numerous short branchlets, which are of a bright
green colour.

The Japanese name for this variety is " Kus-jak " (peacock's
tail), on account of its close, fan-like branchlets and compact
general outline, resembling the tail of a peacock. It is much
cultivated in pots by the Japanese, on account of its dwarf,
compact habit.

Biota Oeientalis elegantissisia, Rollisson, the very elegant
Chinese Arbor- Vitse.

Syn. Thuja elegantissima, Hort.

A very elegant dwarf variety, obtained some years ago in
the nursery of Messrs. Rollisson, of Tooting, from a sport of
the common Chinese Arbor- Vitse. It has a much neater ap-
pearance and more erect habit than the Biota Orientalis aurea,
with all the tips or points of the young shoots of a golden
3"ellow colour during the summer and autumnal months. It
is the best of all the golden-tinted varieties.

54 BIOTA, OR

Biota Oeientalis falcata, lAndley, the falcate scaled Arbor-

Vitse.

Syn. Thuja falcata, Hort.
„ Biota Fortune!, Hort.

This kind is very upright and pyramidal in its growth,
in consequence of which it is largely employed by the Japanese
in forming hedges, for which its close, compact habit renders
it most suitable.

Mr. Fortune found it at Youkahama, in Japan, forming a
dense, conical bush, from 12 to 15 feet high, with great green
cones, having the spine at the end of the scales, long, and
curved backwards, like a small sickle.

Biota Oeientalis Pekinensis, Gordon, the Peking Arbor-

Vitse.

Leaves on the adult plants ver}^ small, scale-formed, closely
imbricated in four rows, ovate-pointed, and furrowed on the
back ; the marginal ones lap over on both sides, the upper
and under ones are flat, thickened at the points, glaucous
green, and shining when young, but dull green when old.
Branches rather long and somewhat spreading. Branchlets
slender, flat, linear, and not very thickly disposed in two
lateral rows. Cones small, globular, solitary at the ends of
the small branchlets, half an inch long, and the same in breadth,
and of a fine glaucous violet colour when young. Scales mostly
eight in number, with the outer ones large, flat, broadly ovate,
and thickened near the ends, and the inner or central ones
narrow, very much smaller, only a little longer, and truncate,
with a short stout spine near the top. Seeds oval, wingless,
and in twos at the base of the scales.

A splendid tree, from oO to 60 feet high, with a stem two
feet in diameter, found by Mr. Fortune on the Western Hills,
near Peking, in 1801.

ORIENTAL ARBOR- VIT^. 55

Biota Orientalis pyraimidalis, Endlicher, the tall Chinese

Arbor-Vitse.

Syn. Biota Orientalis excelsa, Hort
„ „ excelsa, Hort.
„ „ pja-amidalis, Carriere.
„ „ Orientalis stricta, Loudon.
„ Thuja Orientalis cupressoides, Cels.

This fine variety has a very tall, narrow, fastigiate head,
very much resembling the upright Cypress in shape, and quite
as compact, with the foliage and branches more robust than
those of the common form of the Chinese Arbor- Vitse, and
trrowing from 20 to 30 feet high. This variety must not be
confounded with the Tartarian Arbor-Yitse (Thuja tartarica).

Biota Orientalis triangularis, Hort, the triangular-
branchletted Ai'bor-Vitse.

A curious, dwarf, compact variety, with the branchlets ar-
rano-ed in a triano-dar manner, and not flat or fan-shaped, as
is usually the case.

No. 2. Biota pendula, Endlicher, the weeping Arbor- Vitse.
Syn. Cupressus pendula, Thunherg.
,, „ patula, Persoon.

^, „ filiformis, Hort.

„ pendulata, Hort.

„ Thuja pendula, Larahert.
„ „ filiformis, Loddiges.

„ „ pendulata, Hort.

„ Orientalis flagelliformis, Jacques.
„ Biota Orientalis pendula, Parlatore.
Leaves in opposite pairs, very small, somewhat distant, scale-
formed or ovate-lanceolate, spreading at the points, and loosely
hnbricated, decurrent and keeled on the back, much smaller,
shorter, less pointed, and more closely imbricated at the base

56 BIOTA.

and towards the ends of the branchlets than along the inter-
mediate parts, where they are more distant, pointed, longer, and
spreading out at the points. Branches spreading, slender, very-
long, and recurved; branchlets long, numerous, collected in
clusters at irregular distances along the branches, slender,
thread-like, sometimes forked, loosely drooping, and distantly
covered with small scale-like sharp-pointed leaves. Cones
globose or ovate-oblong ; half an inch long, erect, and produced
in clusters of from three to five in number, near the ends of
the branches, and composed of from four to six scales. Scales
externally convex, smooth, and terminating near the apex in a
stout recurved blunt point. Seeds ovate, slightly angular, and
wingless.

A bush or small tree, with a straight stem and very long
slender drooping branches, and branchlets growing 10 or 15
feet high and perfectly hardy, but subject to vary in the ap-
pearance and size of its branchlets according to soil and situa-
tion. It is found growing spontaneous on the Hakone Moun-
tains in Japan, but is cultivated universally all over Japan
and the northern parts of China, on account of its graceful
appearance. It is also said to be found in Tartary and Nepal,
but on very doubtful authority. It was also stated, some years
ago, to be a hybrid raised by the Loddiges, between a Red
Cedar and a Chinese Arbor- Vitse, in their nursery at Hackney ;
and, singular as it may appear, the same was said by some
person in France, only that in this case the hybrid was raised
between the common Cypress and Chinese Arbor- Vitse. Dr.
Siebold, however, having discovered the plant in a wild state
in Japan, soon dispelled such statements.

The Japanese names for this kind are "Ito-suga" (the cord-
branched evergreen), and " Fi-moro Hiba" (the slender or
drooping tree of life). The Chinese call it "Hi-no-ki" (the
cord-branched or slender-formed shrub), and "Sisan" (common).

THE JOINTED ARBOR-VIT^, 57

SECTION II.— Doubtful Kinds.

No. 3. Biota Meldensis, Lawson, the French hybrid Arbor-

Vit£e.
Syn. Thuja hybrida, Hort
„ „ Meldensis, French Gardens.

Leaves needle-shaped, deciirrent, sharp-pointed, and in oppo-
site distant pairs, somewhat spirally placed along the branches,
glaucous on both sides when young, but of a light shining green
when old, quite stiff, and extended outwards. Stem and
branches ascending, lateral ones loose, spreading, and irregularly
placed along the main branches. Branchlets very slender,
rather drooping, and distantly clothed with sharp-pointed
leaves. Cones said to be like those of the common Arbor-
Vitse.

This plant is said to be a hybrid between the Chinese Arbor-
Vitfe and the common Ked Cedar, and to have been raised at
Meaux in France. It, however, has very much the appearance,
when young, of an attenuated variety of the Virginian or Red
Cedar, and is a very doubtful hybrid, having not the least ap-
pearance of the Arbor- Vitse in it.

It is quite hardy.

Gen. CALLITRIS. Venienat.

Floiuers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant
but separate and terminal, the male catkins globular, female
ones solitary.

Cones, globular or somewhat four-sided, and composed of
four-valved woody scales, the alternate pair much the smallest.

Valves or Scales, in opposite pairs, regularly truncated on
the top, and four in number.

Seeds, one or two at the base of each scale or valve, the
larger pair of scales having two seeds each, the smaller pair

58 CA.LLITRIS.

but one under each. Seeds winged on each side, slightly com-
pressed, and somewhat three-edged.

Seed-leaves, from three to six, but mostly in fours.

Leaves, very small, scale-formed, in alternate opposite pairs,
close together at the base of the joints.

Name derived from " Kallos," beauty, from the elegant and
regular appearance of the jointed branchlets,

Callitris quadrivalvis, Fe77ie7ia^, the jointed Arbor- Vitse.
Syn. Thuja articulata, Wahlenberg.
„ Frenella Fontanesii, Mirhel.

Leaves very small, scale-formed, in alternate opposite pairs,
close together at the base of the distant joints, and facing four
successive ways, those on the margins clasping both sides, those
on the upper and lower sides flat, with a terminal point and
small transparent gland near their extremity ; those on the
adult branches are very much smaller and decurrent. Branches
spread out horizontal, with numerous lateral ones, regularly
dividing again into flattened, slender jointed, shining, smooth,
pale green branchlets. Branchlets numerous, regularly branch-
ing, quite flat, glabrous, sometimes glaucescent, distinctly jointed
and straight. Cones globular, or somewhat quadrangular, and
consisting of four scales or valves, in opposite pairs, regu-
larly truncate on the summit, slightly concave and obtuse ; the
two opposite ones much longer and seldom convex, but termi-
nating in a point at the extremity, and containing one or two
double- winged seeds under each.

A large tree, diminishing into a small bush, according to
elevation and soil ; found on the mountains of Barbary in
rocky situations, and on Mount Atlas, in Northern Africa.

Its Barbary name is " Alerce."

It is not hardy, except in the milder parts of England.

THE CEDARS. 59

Gen. CEDEUS. Link The Cedars.

Floiuers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; the male catkins solitary, cylindrical, erect, and
terminal, female ones somewhat oval and obtuse, solitary, very
rarely in twins, and erect.

Cones, oval, obtuse at the ends, quite smooth, erect, and on
the upper side of the branches.

Scales, very closely placed, rounded on the outer margins,
quite thin at the edges, leathery, smooth, and more or less
deciduous.

Seeds, in twos under each scale, with a soft tegumental
covering, full of turpentine, more or less angular, and furnished
with a large persistent membranaceous wing.

Seed-leaves, mostly nine in number.

Leaves, needle-shaped, somewhat four-sided, stiff, persistent,
and disposed either in bundles or solitary.

All splendid evergreen trees, found either on Mount Leb-
anon, the North of India, or on the Barbary and Atlas Moun-
tains in Northern Africa.

The word Cedar (Kedros of the Greeks) was not restricted
by the ancients to the Cedar of Lebanon, but probably derived
from the Arabic " Kedr," worth or value, or its derivative
" Kedrat," strength or power, in allusion to the value of the
wood. The Hebrew and Arabic names for the Cedar are
'•' Araz" or "Ai*z," and that of the Romans "Arar," all from
the Arabic root " Araza ;" " He was firm and stable, with roots
deeply fixed in the ground" (Golius). Other writers derive the
name from " Kaio," to burn, and " Drio," to sweat or distil, a
kind of incense being obtained from the split wood, and burnt
as a substitute for it in the East ; Pliny also describes the pro-
cess of making " Cedria," from the cedar- wood, by distillation,
and affirms its great value as a remedy for tooth- ache, for
which cure our modern creosote is therefore but an old remedy
revived. Again, others derive the name from Cedron, a brook

60 CEDEUS.

in Judaea, the Cedar of Lebanon being formerly found plentiful
along its banks.

No. 1. Cedrus atlantica, Manetti, the Mount Atlas Cedar.
Syn. Cedrus Africana, Gordon.

„ „ argentea, Loudon.

„ „ elegans, Knight.

„ Abies Atlantica, Lindley.

„ Pinus Atlantica, Endlicher.

„ „ Cedrus Atlantica, Parlatore.
Leaves in tufts, or singly on the young shoots, stiff, needle-
shaped, cylindrical, or flattened on the upper side, sharp-
pointed, and straight; evergreen, with a silvery appearance,
and shorter and denser than those of the common Cedar of
Lebanon, very irregular in length in the fasciles, varying from
half to three-fourths of an inch in length, longer on the
leading shoots, and with a furrow running along the whole
length of the leaf. Branches rather slender, less rigid, and
covered with scattered bundles of leaves, mostly opposite, but
sometimes very irregularly placed. Cones ovate, flattened, or
rather depressed at the ends, from two and a half to three
inches long, erect on the upper side of the external branches,
of a shining light brown colour, and full of resinous matter.
Scales closely pressing against each other, smooth, broad,
truncate and blunt on the upper part, of a leathery texture,
and thin on the edges. Seeds of an irregular or angular shape,
soft, and with a thin transparent wing one inch or more long.

A noble tree, like the Cedar of Lebanon, growing from 80 to
100 feet high, with horizontal branches and a tabular-shaped
head when old, but somewliat pyramidal and open in the head
when young.

It is found on the liighcst mountains in Algeria, and par-
ticularly on the famous Atlas range in Northern Africa, at an
elevation of from 7000 to 8000 feet.

The Mount Atlas Cedar is rpiitc hardy, and more rapid in
gi'owth than the common Cedar of Lebanon.

THE CEDATIS. 61

No. 2. Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, the Deodar or Indian

Cedar.

Syn. Abies Deodora, Lindley.
„ Cedrus Indica, De Chamhr.
„ Pinus Deodara, RoxburgJt.

Leaves evergreen, somewhat four- sided, needle-shaped, acute
pointed, very ghxucous, and from one to two inches long, those
on the principal and lateral branches being collected in tufts
or close bundles of from 80 to 60 in number, on very short
and numerous branchlets, while those on the young shoots are
solitary, alternate and scattered along the twigs, and when
young very glaucous, but getting much greener as they become
older. Branches very stout, irregularly placed along the stem,
much divided, horizontal, and quite fiat, the lower ones being
more or less deflected and close to the ground, but the general
aspect of the tree when young is drooping and exceedingly
graceful, but as it grows older and larger the branches assume
a stiff, flat, and solemn appearance, like that of the Cedar of
Lebanon. It flowers in September, and the seeds are ripe in
October or November of the following year, or in about thirteen
months. The male catkins, though solitary, are very numerous,
erect, two or three inches long, at first oval, but gradually
become cylindrical; the majority of these and the female
flowers are produced on separate trees, but a considerable
number of trees also produce both male and female flowers on
the same individual. In about a month after the Deodar has
flowered, the young cones, covered with a bluish bloom, apjDcar
of a cylindrical form, without any foot-stalks, and solitary on
the top of the little tufts of leaves. Cones erect, solitary on
the upper side of the stout top branches, ovate, obtuse, or
nearly cylindrical, from three to five inches long, and two and
a half inches wide, flat, and slightly depressed at both ends,
and very much resembling those of the common Cedar of
Lebanon, of a rusty brown colour, and when the seeds are ripe,
break up and fall to pieces, shedding both scales and seeds on

62 CEDRUS.

the ground. Scales firmly and closely imbricated when young,
but deciduous when matured ; broad, thin, smooth, quite entire
on the margins, of a rusty-brown colour, and full of resinous
matter on the outside, in the shape of numerous transparent
tears. Seeds wedge-shaped, soft, and full of turpentine ;
wings, obovate and membranaceous.

In the Himalayas the Deodar occupies a great vertical belt
or range, flourishing from about 5500 to 12,000 feet of elevation,
mixed up for the first 1500 feet with Pinus longifolia, while
for the last 3000 or 4000 feet of elevation it accompanies Abies
Smithiana and Picca Pindrow. It is found on all the higher
mountains from Nepal up to Cashmere; and Dr. Griffith
describes it as occurring in vast forests and of great size
towards Kaffi-istan, where it is caUed " Nokhtur," and flourishes
at an elevation of from 6000 to 10,000 feet above the sea. But
to see the Deodar in its greatest perfection, one must visit the
snowy ranges and lofty mountains of the interior, far from the
influence of the plains, and where, for nearly half the year, it is
enveloped in snow ; there, its dimensions become gigantic. In
Lower Kamaon there is an extensive forest of very fine trees
from 20 to 27 feet in girth ; and Major Madden measured one
tree in 1830 which measured 36| feet in circumference fully
five feet from the ground; and on a subsequent journey
he saw several on the northern declivity of the Booram and
Roopin Passes not under 30 feet in girth, and from 150 to 200
feet high. The timber has a peculiar and strong odour, so that
no insects Avill touch it ; the grain is open, straight, not liable
to warp, even if in thin boards, and exposed to the weather,
and may be considered the best wood of its class in the world ;
but like all other woods of that class, if cut young it- will soou
decay when in contact with damp; but after its timber the
most valuable product is its turpentine, which when rubbed on
any other kind of timber, renders it less liable to decay and
the ravages of vermin.

The Deodar Cedar is called "Kelon," " Kolan," and "Kolain,"
in Gurhwal, all Sanscrit variations for Cedar, and its resinous

THE CEDARS. 63

products. In Kunawur it is known as the " Kelmung" by the
Arian population, and about Simla as that of " Keloo," " Kelou,"
and " Keoulee," all vernacular terms for resin or its extracts.
The Hindostanee names "Devadaru," "Deodara," and "De-
war," are all derived from "Deva" or "Derva" (deity), and
" daru" (timber or tree), and rendered by Sanscrit writers as
" Tree of God," " Spirit-Bearer," " Divine-tree," and " Lord of
Cedars." In Kafiriston the tree is called " Nokhtur," on account
of its pi'ickly or pungent leaves; and the people of Nepal,
Cashmere, and Persia apply the same names and terms as those
used by the hill people in India, and hold it in equal veneration.
It has not yet been found in a natural state either in Eastern
Nepal or Sikliim, although these gigantic sons of snow fringe
the bare rocks and fix their roots where there appears to be
very little soil, on the lofty passes from Nepal to Cashmere ;
and, according to Captain Pemberton (in his " Report on the
Eastern Frontier"), the most southern point to which the
Deodar has yet been traced is the summit of the lofty ranges
immediately west of Munepoor, an interesting region, which,
with the Singfo Mountains, south-east of Assam, carry the
zone of perpetual snow farthest south in India. The Deodar
also grows to extraordinary dimensions on all the higher
mountains throughout the western Himalayas, and occurs in
vast forests in Kunawur, Kamaon, Kooloo, Mussoorie, and on
the Chumbra range in Kangara, at elevations varying from
COOO to 12,000 feet. At Rashulah, in Kooloo, a forest exists
with trees from 18 to 24 feet in girth, at four feet from the
ground ; and according to Dr. Jameson, of two trees measured by
him near Mulari, in Gurhwal, at an elevation of 11,000 feet,
one girthed 26 feet at three feet from the ground, and the other
27 feet ; but, as a general rule, the finest trees always are
found gi'owing on the north side of barren mountains, in thin,
poor soil, formed from the decomposition of granite, gneiss,
mica, or clay-slate. Captain Johnson, in his " Excursion to the
Sources of the Jumna," states that the peaks on the northern
side of the Boorung Pass were completely hidden by forests

64 CEDRUS,

of gigantic Deodars, some of which measured 33 feet in
circumference, and were from 60 to 70 feet without a branch.
Here, too, the character of the timber was different from that
grown in southern aspects and rich soil, it being more compact,
harder, and of a deeper red, owing to its slow growth. The
boat-builders along the Jhelum River distinguish its timber
under the appellation of " Peliptur," and consider it the most
valuable of all for its durabilit}'-, both for naval and architectural
purposes, tlie wood being compact, rather close-grained, long-
fibred, highly resinous, deliciously perfumed, and lasting for a
great number of years, even though much exposed to the
elements, being but little affected by water, as boats built of
its timber will last for twenty or thirty years, while those built
of the " Cheer" (Pinus longifolia) only last six or seven.

It was first introduced into England in the year 1822, by
the Honourable W. Leslie Melville, and produced its cones for
the first time in Europe in 1858, at Bicton, the residence of the
Baroness Eolle, in Devonshire.

Cedrus Deodaea viridis, Hort, the green-leaved Deodar.
Syn. Cedrus Deodara tenuifolia. Knight.

A very distinct variety, on account of its bright grass-green
colour and slender habit. It is entirely free from any glaucous
appearance, even when young.

Cedrus Deodara robusta, Hort, the robust Deodar.
Syn. Cedrus Deodara gigantea, Knight.

A robust-growing variety, with a very glaucous appearance,
and much larger in all its parts.

Cedrus Deodara crassifolia, Hort.

This variety differs from the preceding one in having much
thicker and shorter leaves, and much shorter and more compact
branches, which are less pendulous.

THE CED.\RS. 65

Cedrus Deodara erecta, Cvipps, the Erect-growing Deodar

Cedar.
Syn. Cedrus Deodara verticillata glauca, Cripps.

This is a fine, erect growing variety, with the leaves of a
much more silvery hue than that of the common Deodar.

It is in the nursery of Mr. Cripps, at Tunbridge Wells, and
the handsomest of all the silver tinted varieties.

No. 3. Cedrus Libani, Barrelier, the Cedar of Lebanon.

Syn. Pinus Cedrus, Linnceus.
„ Abies Cedrus, Poiret
„ Larix Cedrus, Miller.
„ „ patula, SalishuTy.
„ ,, Orientalis, Tournefort.
„ Cedrus Phoenicea, Renealin.

Leaves simple, very dense, in alternate tufts of about 30 in
number, evergreen, rigid, partially four-sided, or cylindrical,
tapering to the point, straight, one inch long, sharp-pointed,
and of a dark grass-green colour. Branches horizontal, with
the branchlets disposed in a flat, fan-like manner on the
branches, very numerous, and thickly set with leaves. Cones
erect, ovate, flattened at the ends, and depressed, four or five
inches long, and two inches and a half wide, with rather a long
foot-stalk, of a grayish-brown colour, and remaining firmly
attached for years to the branches. The cones require two
years to ripen, and exude a large quantity of resinous matter
while growing. Scales flat, and firmly pressed against each
other, one inch and a half broad, obtuse, and truncated at the
summit, very thin, leathery, slightly denticulated at the edges^
of a reddish colour, and shining on the flat part. Seeds some-
what triangular, soft, and surmounted by a broad and very
thin membranaceous winof more than an inch lonsf.

A noble tree, with wide-spreading horizontal branches, grow-
ing from 60 to 80 feet high, and 30 feet in circumference, with
a flat, tabular top when old.

F

66 CEPHALOTAXUS, OK

It is found ou Mount Lebanon, and probably over the whole
of that group of mountains which is situate between Damas-
cus and Tripoli, in Syria, and which includes the Libanus and
Mounts Amanus and Taurus, of antiquity.

There are the following varieties : —

Cedrus Libani argentea, Loudon.

S}Ti. Cedrus Libani glauca, Hort.

This beautiful variety has the leaves of a silvery or glaucous
hue on both sides, and contrast well with the more common
form with green foliage.

Cedrus Libani nana, Loudon.

A very dwarf variety, seldom gTowing more than two or
three feet high, with very short shoots and smaller leaves than
the species.

Cedrus Libani pendula, Knight.
This variety has slenderer and somewhat pendulous branches.

Gen. CEPHALOTAXUS. Siehold. The Cluster-
flowered Yews.

Flowers, dioecious, or male and female on different plants,
pedunculate, and in globular heads.

Fruit, drupaceous, or like the common plum, fleshy outside,
and two or three in a head.

Seeds, solitary J nut-like, with a bony or woody shell, and en-
closed in the fleshy disk.

Leaves, one-nerved, linear, alternate, and in two rows.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Name, derived from " Kcphale," a head, and " taxis," ar-
rano-ement, flowers and fruit growing in close globular heads.

All evergreen trees^ found in China and Japan.

CLUSTER-FLOWERED YEWS. 67

No. 1. Cephalotaxus drupacea, Sieholcl, the Drupaceous or
Plum-fruited Cephalotaxus.
Syn, Cephalotaxus Fortune! foemina, CarrUre.

„ „ coriacea, KnigJtt

„ Podocarpus drupacea, Hort

„ Taxus baccata, Thunherg.

„ „ coriacea, Hort.

„ „ Japonica, Hooker, not Loddiges.
Leaves strictly arranged in two rows laterally along the
branches, regularly opposite, rather close, leathery, stiff, linear,
slightly curved or falcate, bluntly tapering to a short, acute,
spiny point at the apex, and on very short foot-stalks, more or
less twisted at the base, from three-quarters to one inch and
a quarter long, and one and a half to two lines broad near
the base, of a deep glossy green colour above, with a narrow,
elevated nerve along the middle, and with two broad glaucous
white bands along the under side, but with the mid rib and
margins of a bright glossy green below. Branches in horizon-
tal whorls along the stem, upper ones sometimes a little as-
cending, quite straight, very spreading, flat, stiff, and rather
short, lateral ones in two rows, quite flat, short, rather nume-
rous, and either opposite or alternately placed at irregular dis-
tances along the principal branches. Branchlets very short,
rather stiff, very flat, and spread out laterally on each side.
Buds small, and covered with persistent, imbricated, acute-
pointed, more or less extended scales. Male flowers in globular
heads provided with bracts, each catkin being oval and rather
pointed. Fruit drupaceous, or plum-like, regularly elliptic, and
from three-quarters to one inch long, and three-quarters of an
inch broad. Seeds solitary, with a thin, hard, bony shell,
covered with a thin fleshy substance, and purplish skin when
ripe. Seed-leaves in twos, and rather short.

A fine, compact, evergreen tree, growing from 85 to 40 feet
high, found in China and Japan, both cultivated and in the
wild state, particularl}^ on the mountains of Nagasaki, at an
F 2

68 CEPHALOTAXUS, OR

elevation of 2000 feet, and in the north of China, in the pro-
vince of Yang-Sin. The Japanese name is " Kaja."
It is quite hardy.

No. 2. Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Hooker, Fortune's Cephalo-

taxus.
Syn. Cephalotaxus filiformis, Knight.
„ „ Fortunei pendula, Carrier e.

mas, Hort.

Leaves on the lateral branches and branchlets strictlj'' ar-
ranged in two rows ; they are long, linear-lanceolate, regularly
tapering to an acute point, quite straight, smooth, fiat, mostly
opposite, but sometimes slightly alternate, somewhat distant
apart, and nearly sessUe, or on ver}^ short, more or less twisted
foot-stalks ; those on the principal branches and on the young
plants are mostly scattered alternately and much the longest,
of a deep glossy green, with a narrow, acute rib along the
middle on the upper surface, and of a glaucous white below,
except the mid-rib and margins, which are of a bi-ight glossj''
green colour. Branches in horizontal whorls round the stem,
long, slender, spreading, and rather pendent towards the ends ;
lateral ones and branchlets ari'anged latei'ally in two rows, fre-
quently in opposite jjairs, but sometimes irregularly and dis-
tantly scattered, very slender, long, and more or less filiform.
Buds very small, and covered with persistent, long, acute,
glossy, imbricated scales, extended at the points, and which
remain at the base of each successive growth for some years
afterwards in a withered state. Male flowers in o-lobular heads,
axiliary, and on short foot-stalks. Fruit drupaceous, regu-
larly elliptic, tapering to both ends, and frequently furnished
with a small point on the apex, from one inch to one and a
quarter long, and nearly three-quarters of an inch broad. Seeds
solitary in each fruit, and covered with a hard, bony shell,
rather thin and brittle, and enveloped in a thin fleshy sub-
stance, and ])urplish skin when ripe.

A fine evergreen tree, growing from 40 to GO feet high, with

CLUSTER-FLOWERED YEWS. 69

long, slender, drooping branches ; but in this country it does
not rccadDy make a leader, and is inclined to be bushy. Mr.
Fortune found it in the north of China, particularly in the
province of Yang-Sin.
It is quite hardy.

No. 3. Cephalotaxus pedunculata, Siehold, the Long-stalked

Cephalotaxus.
Syn. Taxus Harringtonia, Loudon.
„ „ Inukaja, Knight.
„ „ Sinensis, Knight.

Leaves in two rows, mostly opposite and flat on the branch-
lets, but somewhat spiral and alternate on the leading shoots
and principal branches, linear, a little curved, very closely set
on the shoots, thick, leather}^, revolute, and without or on very
short foot-stalks, from one and a half to two inches and a half
long, and one and a half to two lines broad, of a bright glossy
o-reen above, and furnished with an elevated straight nerve,
and two broad glaucous white bands on the under one, ter-
minating in an acute or obtuse spiny point. Branches nume-
rous, spreading, and mostly in whorls. Branchlets in two
rows, horizontal, and mostly opposite. Buds furnished with
persistent imbricated scales. Male flowers collected in globular
heads, on peduncules furnished with bracts, each catkin being
oval and much shorter than the bracteas, female ones axillary
and disposed in heads on long, somewhat four-cornered fruit-
stalks. Fruit, two or three in a close head, drupaceous, or each
enclosed in a fleshy covering, like the fruit of the common
plum. Seeds solitary in each fruit, erect, and with a smooth
bony shell, which is hard and thin. Seed-leaves in twos, short,
and rounded at the points.

A handsome, small evergreen tree, growing from 20 to 25
feet high, with numerous spreading branches, mostly in whorls
round the stem; found abundantly in Japan, cultivated in
gardens under the name of " Inukaja " (not wild).
It is quite hardy.

70 CHAM^CYPARIS, OR

No. 4. Cephalotaxus umbeaculifera, Siebold, the Shade-
affording Cephalotaxus.

Syn. Torreya gi'andis, Fortune.
„ Cephalotaxus grandis, Hort.
„ Caryotaxus grandis, Hort.

Leaves in two rows, quite flat, closely placed along the
shoots, very rigid, linear-lanceolate, rather short, and somewhat
falcate, from three-quarters to an inch long, and one line and
a half broad near the base, of a light glossy green above,
but much paler below, with two narrow grayish lines, and
almost sessile, or on very short spirally twisted foot-stalks,
more or less opposite, and furnished with a long acute spiny
point at the apex. Branches on the stem in whorls, sj^read out
horizontally and extended. Branchlets arranged iu two rows
laterally, flat, and spreading. Male flowers in globular heads.
Fruit drupaceous, oval pointed, fleshy, green,, and about the
size of a small walnut. Seeds solitary, egg-shaped, tapering
much to the apex, one inch long, and three-quarters of an inch
in diameter, with a hard, thick, woody shell, more or less fluted
on the outside. Seed-leaves in twos, short, and rather rounded
at the ends.

A fine evergreen tree, from 60 to 80 feet high, with horizon-
tal, much extended branches, found on the Che-Kiang moun-
tains in the north of China^ and on the mountains of Japan.

Gen. CHAMiECYPAEIS. Spach. The White
Cedar.

Flowers, monoeceous, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate and terminal. Male catkius cylindrical, female
ones globular.

Cones, ligneous, very small, globular or oblong, numerous, and
covered with a glaucous bloom.

THE WHITE CEDAR. 71

Scales, mostly seven in number, oblong or rounded, shield-
shaped, and in alternate opposite pairs.

Seeds, convex, a little flattened on one side, hard shelled, in
sunken grooves, two at the base of each scale, and either
wingless or very slightly furnished with rudimentary ones.

Leaves, scale-formed^ in opposite pairs, four rowed, with a
sunken groove or gland on the back, glaucous and persisteut.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Name, derived from " Chamse," ground, and " Cyparis," the
Cypress — the ground or swamp Cypress.

An evergreen tree, found in North America.

No, 1, Cham^cypakis sPHiEROiDEA, Spach, the White Cedar,

Syn. Cupressus thyoides, Linnceus.
„ ., nana-mariana, PluJcnet.

„ Thuja sphaeroidea, Hort.
„ „ sphseroidalis, Richard.

Leaves in four rows, regularly imbricated, ovate-pointed, and
in opposite pairs, seldom spreading at the points, but always
in straight lines, of a bright glaucous green, and with a large
transparent gland on the back rib. Stem bushy, branching to
the ground, particularly on young plants. Branches horizontal,
somewhat pendulous, and densely covered at the points, with
numerous small branchlets. Branchlets crowded, compressed,
long, regularly forked, frequently bent downwards, and covered
with small scale-formed leaves. Cones very small, globular,
numerous, clustered together, and about the size of a small
pea, green when young, but of a glaucous blue or brown colour
when ripe. Scales mostly seven in number, shield-shaped,
four or five-sided, in opposite alternate pairs, with the odd ter-
minal one the largest, each having a slightly elevated, broad,
flat point in the centre, and covering two small round slightly
winged seeds at their base in sunken grooves.

A tall evergreen tree, growing 70 or 80 feet high, and three
feet in diameter.

72 CHAM^CYPARIS.

It is only found growing in a wild state, in the wet grounds
of the maritime districts of New Jersey, Maryland, and Vir-
ginia, where it nearly fills all the extensive marshes along the
coast. It also occurs in great abundance in the Dismal Swamps
near Norfolk, in the State of Virginia, and is found to extend
as far as Carolina, but always in swampy places. It is per-
fectly hardy, and has the following varieties : —

CHAMiECYPARIS SPH^ROIDEA GLAUCA, EndlicJiev.

Syn. Champecyparis Ke wen sis, Hort
„ Cupressus sphseroidea pendula, Hort.
„ „ thyoides Kewensis, Hort.

„ „ sphseroidea Kewensis, Knight.

„ Retinospora decussata, Hort.

This variety differs from the species in being more compact,
denser, and in having the branchlets and leaves of a silvery
glaucous colour. It is a veiy beautiful variety.

CHAMiECYPARIS SPH^ROIDEA ATROVIRENS, Knight.

Syn. Chama3cyparis atrovirens, Hort.
„ Cupressus thyoides atrovirens^ Laivson.

This differs in having its branchlets and foliage of a bright
shining green, with little or no traces of the glaucous hue of
the species.

ChAM^CYPARIS SPHiEROIDEA VARIEGATA, ElldUcher.

Syn. Cupressus thyoides variegata, Loudon.
„ „ variegata, Hort.

„ Thuja sphicroidea variegata, Hort.

This variety differs in having some of its leaves and small
branchlets of a golden yellow colour intermixed with the green
ones ; a desirable kind.

Chamjscyparis spH/ERoidea nana, Endlicher.
Syn. Cupressus thyoides nana, Loudon.

THE JAPAN CEDAR. 73

Syn. Cupressus nana, Hort.
„ Thuja sphieroidea nana, Hort.

A very distinct, small, compact little bush, of diminutive
size, smaller in all its parts, and quite glaucous.

Gen. CRYPTOMERIA. Don.

Flotvers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate; the male catkins numerous, somewhat oblong,
and collected in clusters at the extremities of the branchlets ;
the female ones mostly solitary, or two or three together, with-
out foot-stalks, spherical and terminal.

Cones, globular, woody, and either singly or in clusters,

>%a?es, wedge-shaped, numerous, loose, and Avith rough-fringed
edges.

Seeds, from three to five under each scale, obovate or an-
gularly depressed, and covered with a crustaceous tegument,
prolonged on each side into a regular membrane, cut sloping at
both extremities.

Seed-leaves, from two to four in number, but mostly in
threes.

Leaves, alternate, in five rows, sickle-shaj^ed, irregularly four-
sided, without any foot-stalks, but running downwards at the
base, acute-pointed, spreading, and persistent.

Name, derived from " Kruptos," hidden, and " Meris," a part.

All large evergreen trees, found in the north of China and
Japan.

No. 1. Cryptomeria elegans, Veitch, the Elegant Japan

Cedar.

Syn. Cryptomeria Japonica elegans, Hort.
„ „ gracilis, Hort.

„ „ Japonica elongata, Hegel.

74 CRYPTOMERIA, OR

Leaves linear, narrow, sickle-shaped^ rigid, acute-pointed,
decurrent at the base, and somewhat distantly placed spirally
all round the branchlets, and when fully grown bent back-
wards ; they are slightly channelled on both surfaces, quite
smooth, and of a cinerous green colour in summer, but change
to a rich bronzy hue in the autumn and wintei', and from half
to three quarters of an inch long, and about half a line wide
near the base. Branches numerous, horizontal, spreading,
somewhat flat, and irregularly placed along the stem ; lateral
branches and branchlets alternate, curved downwards at the
.points, and in winter of a reddish-brown colour. Cones very
similar to those of Cryptomeria Japonica, but the scales are in
general longer and much thinner.

A robust pyramidal tree, with a straight stem, from 60 to
100 feet high, found on the Island of Nippon, in Japan.

This tree bears a considerable resemblance to the Araucaria
Cunninghamii, is perfectly hardy, and thrives best when
planted in a rather moist situation.

No. 2. Cryptomeria Japonica, Don, the Japan Cedar.

Syn. Cupressus Japonica, Thunberg.
„ Taxodium Japonicum, Brongniart.
„ Cupressus Cheusanensis, Plukenet

Leaves five-rowed, without any foot-stalks, short-pointed,
very close together, incurved or sickle-shaped, compressed on
the sides; of a four-sided, rhomboidal shape, running down-
wards on the under side, and with a sharp, projecting mid rib,
from a quarter to three-quarters of an inch in length, bright
green, and quite smooth. Branches erect or horizontal, spread-
ing; lateral ones dividing alternately into numerous branch-
lets, thickly clothed with leaves. Cones about the size of a
large cherry, mostly standing singly, but sometimes in clusters
on the extremities of the branchlets, and without anj'^ foot-
stalks, mostly erect, and of a globular shape, but not very com-
pact or solid. Scales numerous, rather loose, of a dull brownish-

THE JAPAN CEDAR, 75

red colour, and with rough fringed edges. Male flowers on the
same tree, intermixed with the young cones, at the extremities
of the hranchlets, and of a small oval or oblong shaj)e, in large
loose clusters. Seeds ripen in September and October.

A tall pyramidal tree, with a straight stem, from GO to 100
feet high, and four or five feet in diameter, with a brownish-
red bark. Wood compact, very white, soft, and easily worked,
and much used for various purposes, particularly for cabinet
work in Japan.

It is found plentifully about Shanghae and other northern
parts of China, in the form of avenues and groves, and where
no doubt it has been introduced from Japan. Professor Thun-
berg, who in the year 1784 first published an account of this
tree under the name of Japan Cedar, states that it is found
both spontaneous and planted on the mountains of Nagasaki,
and elsewhere on the southern mountainous districts of
Japan, generally growing in damp soils on a basaltic sub-
stratum.

Dr. Siebold, in his " Flora Japonica," calls it a majestic tree,
well deserving the name of Cedar ; that it grows from 60 to
100 feet high, and four or five feet in diameter, with a pyra-
midal-shaped head, and rather erect or horizontal branches ;
that it occurs in great abundance on the three great isles of
Japan, and most probably on the smaller ones, and that a tenth
part of the forests which cover the skirts of the mountains
between 500 and 1200 feet of elevation is composed of this
tree. It was fu-st introduced into England by Fortune, in
1844.

The Chinese name for this tree is " San-Suga " (common
evergreen), and the Japanese " Suga " (evergreen), or " Suga-
Mats " (evergreen fir) ; and a slight variety of it is sometimes
called " arauca'rioides " in the nui'series, on account of its sup-
posed resemblance to Ai-aucaria Cunninghamii.

7Q CUNNINGHAMIA, OR

Cryptomeria Japox[CA nana, Fortune, the Dwarf Japan

Cedar.
Syn. Cryptomeria Japonica pygmsea, Loudon.
"„ „ nana, Lindley.

This variety seldom attains a greater height than two or
three feet, and in habit very much resembles a small Juniper
bush, in its stunted habit, forming quite a dense bush, with
twisted or erect leaves, recurved at the points.

A dense little bush, called '"' Fi-Suga " (dwarf evergreen) by
the Chinese.

Cryptomeria Japonica Lobbii, Hort.
Syn. Cr}q:)tomeria viridis, Hort.
„ „ Japonica viridis, Hort.

This variety diflfers in nothing from the original, except in
its beincr of a much brighter green colour, and of more com-
pact growth. It is said to have been introduced from the
Dutch Botanic Gardens at Batavia, by one of the Lobbs.

CRYPToaiERiA Japonica variegata, Hort.
This variety is beautifully variegated with pale yellow, and,
when in good condition, a very attractive kind.

Gen. CUNNINGHAMIA. E. Brown.

Floivers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate and terminal.

Cones, small, ovate or globular, and ligneous.

Scalca, acute-pointed, and without bracteas.

Seeds, three under each scale.

Leaves, lanceolate, rigid, and flat.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Named by Dr. Brown in compliment to Mr. James Cunning-
ham, who first discovered the plant in China.

A small tree, native of China and Japan.

BKOAD-LEAVED CHINESE FIR. "Jl

CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS, R. Broxmi, the Chinese Cunning-

hamia,

Syn. Cunninghamia lanceolate, Van Houtte.
„ Belis jaculifolia, Salisbury.
„ „ lanceolata, Siveet.
„ Abies lanceolata, Desfontaines.
„ Pinus lanceolata, Lambert.
„ Araucaria lanceolata, Hovt.

Leaves lanceolate, quite entire, flat, sessile, spreading, rigid,
pungent, bent downwards, one inch and a half long, and dis-
posed all round the branches and stems, except on the old
lateral ones, where they are arranged in two rows. Branches
generall}' in whorls, lower ones horizontal, but those near the
top ascending. Branchlets opposite, in two rows, and spread-
ing. Male catkins terminal in clusters, cylindrical, and near
an inch long. Cones globular, three or four together, but
sometimes solitary, sessile, drooping, smooth, and about the
size of a walnut. Scales ovate, tapering to a sharp point,
leathery, sharply denticulated on the margins, thin, and free
at the points.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, growing from 30 to 40 feet
high, and very much resembling the Brazilian Araucaria in
appearance. It is found plentiful in the southern parts of
China, and cultivated in Japan.

The Japanese name for this tree is, " Lin-kiu-momi " (the
wild or native fir of China), and the Chinese call it " San-Shu "
(common evergreen), from its abundance all over China.

Cunninghamia Sinensis glauca, Hort.

This variety differs from the species in having the leaves on
the branchlets of a glaucous colour.

78 CUPEESSUS, OR

Gen, CUPRESSUS. Tournefort. The true Cypresses.

Flou'crs, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; male catkins cylindrical and numerous, female
ones roundish, and either in clusters or solitary.

Cones, somewhat globular, and composed of angular, irregu-
larly-shaped, woody scales, externally shield-shaped.

Scales, from sis to ten in number, irregularly four or five-
sided, raised in the centre, and terminating in a more or less
curved point.

Seeds, numerous, inserted on the upper interior surface of
the scales, angularly compressed or ovate, with a bony cover-
ino-, extending into a membranaceous wing at the margins.

Seed-leaves, in twos or threes, rarely in fours, but mostly in
twos.

In the true Cupressus the leaves along the branchlets are
mere scales, closely imbricated, or tiled over each other, and
o-enerally in four rows, with the branches always scattered
along the stem, and the buds not scaly. Cones, more or less
rounded, and composed of from six to ten peltate woody scales,
furnished with a projecting point or boss in the centre, and
which scales, when the seeds are ripe, become dry and separate.
All the species exude resin, but afford no turpentine.

The name Cwpressus, according to some writers, is derived
from the first species having been found plentiful on the Isle
of Cyprus ; but as the Cypress appears to have been known to
the ancient Hebrews, Greeks, and Phoenicians, it is much more
probable that the converse is the true statement, and that the
island was named from the tree being found plentiful upon
it ; while according to other writers the name is derived from
" Cyparissus," a beautiful youth of the Island of Ccos^ who,
according to tradition, was changed into a Cypress.

All large bushes or trees, found in the south of Europe,
Chma, California, Mexico, Guatemala, North America, and the
East Indies.

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 79

No. 1. CuPRESSUS ATTENUATA, Govdon, the atteimated-branch-
letted Cypress.

Syn, Cupressiis nivea, Lobb.
„ „ Bourgeauii, Hort.

Leaves on the young plants distant, spreading, slender, very
small, straight, and of a light glaucous green colour, broadest
at the base, and tapering to rather a blunt point ; those on the
laterals much shorter, thicker, and closer together, while those
on the adult plants are scale-formed, very short, closely imbri-
cated, and bluntly oval, with a sunken oblong gland on the
back, and very glaucous. Branches horizontal, very distant,
long, slender, and little forked, lateral ones alternate, very
slender, distant, and spread out somewhat in two rows.
Branchlets very short, thin, mostly opposite, and very slender,
somewhat four-sided, and loosely imbricated. Cones small, ter-
minal, on short scaly foot-stalks, and in large clusters, on the
upper branches. Scales irregularly four or five-sided, mostly
six in number, shield-shaped, slightly elevated in the centre,
and terminating in a short, blunt point, sometimes curved out-
wards. Seeds rather small, numerous, and suiTounded with a
dull brown wing or margin, cut sloping at top and bottom.

A fine glaucous bush, growing from six to ten feet high, with
numerous straight, small, slender spray, covered with obtuse-
pointed leaves, more or less spreading at their points and
rather distantly placed, especially towards the base of the
branchlets.

This kind Avas found growing in moist situations, along the
banks of mountain streams, in the Shasta country, in Northern
California, and in the Oregon territory, by Lobb.

No. 2. CuPRESSUS Balfouriana, Lemoine, Balfour's Cypress.

Of this kind very little is at present known, except tliat it
has slender, drooping branches, and closel}^ imbricated, tliinly
arranged, light, glaucous, green branchlets, and somewhat re-

80 CUPRESSUS, OR

sembles Cupressus Corneyana, in habit of growth and general
appearance.

It has proved hardy in Mr. Cripps's Nursery, at Tunbridge
Wells.

No. 3. CUPRESSUS Benthami, Endliclier, Mr. Bentham's
Cypress.

Syn. Cupressus thurifera, Bentham.

Leaves imbricated, opposite, ovate-pointed, and mostly free
towards the points, keel-shaped at the back, with a hollow
gland in the centre, and, like the branchlets, dark green or
very slightly glaucous when young. Branches long, round,
spreading, dense, and flat. Branchlets four-sided, slender, and
mostly curved and forked. Cones globular, five lines in dia-
meter, produced in great abundance on the outer parts of the
branches, and consisting of from eight to ten scales. Scales
wrinkled, and shaped like that of an ancient shield, with the
outer face convex, terminated with a long prickle in the
centre. Seeds numerous, below each scale, and more or less
winged.

A tall tree, with an ample^ dense head, growing from 50 to
00 feet high, on the mountains of Mexico, at an elevation of
from 5000 to 7000 feet, particularly on the mountains of An-
gangueo and Tlalpuxahua.

It was first discovered by Mr. Hartweg, and described by
Mr. Bentham as the Cupressus thurifera of Humboldt, an error
which Professor Endlicher afterwards detected, and changed to
that of Cupressus Benthami,

Timber fine-grained and exceUent.

It is tolerably hardy.

No. 4. Cupressus Corneyana, Knight, Mr. Corney's Chinese

Cypress.

Syn. Cupressus gracilis, Ilort.
„ „ cernua, Ilort.

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 81

Syn. Cupressus pendula, Staunton.
„ Jimij)erus Corneyana, Hort.
„ „ Chinensis Corneyana, Gordon.

„ „ gracilis, Hort.

Leaves scale-formed, in opposite pairs, very small, stem-
clasping at the base, somewhat oval in shape, more or less
pointed, rounded on the outside, with a slight depression in the
centre, and closely imbricated in four rows, bright green on
the adult branchlets, while those on the younger shoots are
moi'e acute, transparent on the margins, and with a slight
glaucous appearance. Branches slender, alternate, and spread-
ing, with the lower ones somewhat drooping, while those on
the upper part of the plant are more or less ascending, and all
of a reddish-brown colour. Branchlets long, slender, more or
less pendent, cylindrical, quite straight, numerous, regularly
two-rowed, and thickly covered with small, bright, glossy,
green, scale-like leaves, sometimes a little glaucous in appear-
ance on the young shoots and shaded jiarts. Cones globular,
mostly solitary, and terminal on the shorter branchlets, from
half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and generally
composed of ten scales in opposite pairs. Scales irregularly
shield-shaped, four or five sided, and rising in the centre to a
broad point, those nearest the apex of the cone being the
smallest, most acute, and much more elevated than the rest.
Seeds numerous, under each scale, more or less angular, and
furnished with membraneous wings on the margins. Seed-
leaves in twos.

A very elegant small tree, with slender drooping branches
and branchlets, very similar in appearance to those of the
female form of the Chinese Juniper (Juniperus Chinensis),
especially when young and before fruiting.

It is found in Japan and the northern parts of China, where
it is called " Fi-moro " (slender or pendulous), and no doubt
the real weeping Cypress of China.

82 CUPRESSUS, OR

No. 5. CuPRESSUS EXCELSA, i^cutt, the Tall Guatemala Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus Skinneri, Jforf.
„ „ aroinatica, Van Hoattc.

„ „ Kewensis, Horf.

„ „ Calif oraica, Hart.

„ Juniperus aromatica, Hort.

Leav^es on the J^oung plants needle or awl shaped, and
glaucous, opposite, in four rows, all decurrent, at the base
straight, and tapering to a sharp point at the summit, of
various lengths, those on the ends of the branchlets much
shorter, closer, and loosely imbricated, while those on the adult
branches are ovate, blunt-pointed, in opposite pairs, loosely im-
bricated, decurrent, and curved inwards at the points ; tliosc
on the branchlets very much shorter, thicker, ovate, and closely
imbricated in four rows. Branches horizontal, slender, short,
and spreading. Branchlets very slender, long, little forked,
and drooping on the adult plants. Cones globular, in large
clusters on the upper branches, nearly three-quarters of an
inch in diameter, terminal, and on shoi't, but not very slender,
foot-stalks. Scales from six to eight in number, irregularly
four-sided, larger ones in the middle, half an inch across, nearly
flat on the face, with a short, stout, blunt point in the centre,
sometimes a little curved downwards. Seeds rather large, en-
circled with transparent brown wings, and numerous under
each scale.

A large tree, growing 100 feet high, on the mountains of
Santa Cruz de Kachetpiil, in Guatemala, producing excellent
timber, which is very durable.

The plants arc too tender for the climate of England, and
reipiire protection in winter.

No. (3. CUPKEssus FUNEJUiis, Kiidlidtt'r, tiie Wec])ing or
Funeral Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus pendula, Hort.
Leaves imbricated, i)artially open or spreading at the points,

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. S3

foiir-roAA^ed, clasping the stem at the base, acute-pointed, rather
three-sided, of a greenish-gray colour, keeled at the back, and
thickly set on the branchlets. Branches spreading, forked,
loose, scattered, horizontal, curved upwards, and pendulous at
the ends ; smaller ones long, slender, pendulous, lateral ones
alternate, forked, and spreading. Branchlets two-edged, leafy,
and rather fiat. Cones globose, solitary, on short imbricated
foot-stalks, and, when full grown, about half an inch in dia-
meter, and of a brown colour. Scales seven or eight in num-
ber, shield-shaped, four or five sided, and uneven round the
margins, terminated with a round, blunt point, half sunk in the
centre. Seeds angular, surrounded by pale yellow membra-
nous wings.

It is, when old, a most graceful tree^ with a straight stem,
and long, drooping branches, attaining a height of GO feet; but
when young it has quite an opposite character, being rigid,
pyramidal, and quite a compact bush, full of simple, long,
lance-shaped leaves, distant and spreading, very glaucous, and
not in the least imbricated; but afterwards it assumes, as it
gets older, very much the appearance of the Indian Cypress
(Cupressus torulosa), which also becomes quite weeping, when
old, on the hills of India.

It was first introduced into England by Fortune, from the
celebrated tea countr}-, " Wheychou," in the north of China,
and who describes it as having the branches growing at first
horizontal from the main stem, then describing a gi'aceful curve
upwards, and drooping again at the points.

The Chinese name is " Tsain-sung " (common drooping), and
the Manchurian one, " Saksin."

No. 7. CuPKESsus GovENiANA, iroixlou, Mr. Gowen's
Californian Cypress.

Leaves imbricated, blunt, thickly set in four rows, and bright
grass-green on the old plants, expanded, awl-sha[)ed, very dis-
tant, more or less refiexed, sharp-pointed, and rather slender
on the young plants. Branches very irregular on the main
G 2

84 CUPEESSUS, OR

stem, some being opposite, others alternate, very numerous,
slender, and rather pendent ; lateral branches spiral, frequently
opposite, very dense, and of a beautiful bright green colour.
Cones in large clusters, globular, half an inch in diameter,
each haAong from six to eight scales, which are nearly all four-
sided, and elevated in the centre to a blunt point. Seeds
numerous under each scale, rather small, dark brown, irregularly
angular, and membranous at the edges. Seed-leaves mostly
in threes, seldom in fours.

This beautiful Cypress was first discovered by Mr. Hartweg,
on the western declivity of the mountains of Monterey, in
Upper California, within two miles of the sea-sliore, in com-
pany with Pinus muricata, forming a dense bush, from six to
ten feet in height. It is at once distinguished from the great
Californian species (C. macrocarpa) by its very much smaller
cones, and more spreading, slender^ somewhat pendulous
branches.

It was named in compliment to J. R. Gowen, Esq., late sec-
retary to the Horticultural Society of London,

It is quite hardy.

No. 8. CUPEESSUS Knightiana, Perry, Mr. Knight's Cypress.

Syn. Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotscli.

„ „ Coulteri, Forbes.

„ „ thurifera elegans, Horf.

„ „ „ Knightiana, Gordon.

,, „ elegans, Low.

Leaves opposite, scale-like, not compressed at the points, four-
rowed, sharp-pointed, loosely imbricated, dccurrcnt, acutely-
keeled, with a hollow gland in the centre at the back ; very
distant, lance-shaped, large and lunning down the stem at the
Ijase, on the leading shoots, glaucous green, and standing free.
Branches dark brown, stiff", scattered, rarely opposite, along
tlie stem, the upper ones slightly spreading, the lesser ones
horizontal, and frequently bending downwards. Branchlets
mostly two-rowed, alternate, closely placed, mostly pointing

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 85

obliquely outwards, and flattened. Cones globular, eiglit or
ten lines in diameter, ver}^ glaucous, smooth, and with eight or
ten scales in each. Scales elevated, shield-shaped, and convex
in the centre, terminated by a short prickle, and containing
under each several flattish winged seeds of a light brown
colour.

A handsome, vigorous tree, with a conical head, and all the
principal shoots of a beautiful glaucous violet, or reddish plum-
colour, growing 120 feet high, and two and a half to three feet
in diameter, on the mountains of Mexico. It is much hardier
in England than Cupressus Benthami, a kind with which it
has been confounded by some writers, on account of their
never having seen the living tree ; but Mr. Perry, a very ac-
curate observer of Conifers, many years ago detected the mis-
take, and named this kind in compliment to Mr. Knight, of
Chelsea. It has since received other names, as indicated above.
Timber excellent.

A fine, strong, growing kind, with the younger branches of a
violet or glaucous colour, and the handsomest and hardiest of
the Mexican kinds.

Cupressus Knightiana variegata, Hovt.
Syn. Cupressus Lindleyi argentea variegata, Hort.
A nice variety, with a portion of the branchlets of a silvery
white colour.

No. 9. Cupressus Lawsoxiana,* Murray, Messrs. Lawson's

Cypress.

Syn. Chamaecyparis Boursierii, Carriere, not Decaisne.

„ Lawsoniana, Parlatore.

* Among the innovations of some modern botanists, so prolific in the
confusion of practical botany, this and Cupressus Nutkaensis have been
removed to the genus Chamajcyparis, although both of them have three
or more seeds freely inserted on the upper surface of each scale, as in
the genus Cupressus, and consequently not in accordance with the genus
Chamaicyparis, which has but two seeds under each scale, and in sunken
grooves.

86 CUPRESSUS, OR

Leaves on the adult plants ovate, in altenuite opposite pairs,
closely pressed, in four inibricxted rows, and of a glaucous
green colour, while those on the ,young plants are lanceolate,
sharp-pointed, spreading at the ends, and frequently furnished
with a small gland on the back. Branches crowded, flexuoso,
and more or less ascending. Branchlets very slender, flattened
on the upper and lower surfaces, much divided, bending alter-
nately inwards and outwards, and thickly covered with decur-
rent leaves in alternate opposite pairs, closely pressed together
on the adult plants, but spreading on the younger ones. Cones
solitary, terminal, many-sided, of a light brown colour, covered
with a glaucous bloom when young, and about the size of a
large pea, and on rather short foot-stalks. Scales mostly six in
number, but sometimes more, fiat, with a rough external sur-
face, of a corky texture, light brown, and irregularly four or
five sided, with an elevated straight point in the centre. Seeds
somewhat ear-shaped, rather large, and mostly three under
each scale.

A large graceful tree, growing 100 feet high, and two feet in
diameter, found in the Shasta and Scots valleys, and, according
to Mr, Murray, along the banks of streams in a valley in the
mountains of Northern California, in lat. 40° to 42°, where it
lormed the handsomest tree seen by him in his whole expedi-
tion, the habit of the tree being the most graceful, with the
branches at first curved upwards, like those of the common
Spruce, and towards the ends hanging down like an ostrich
feather, with the leading shoots, when young, drooping like
those of the Deodar.

This beautiful tree is nearly related, and in some i-espects
somewhat resembles the Cupressus Nutkaensis (syn. Thniopsis
Borealis), but differs in being inucli slenderer and smaller in :dl
its parts, and of a more graceful habit.

Timbei', good, cleai", and easily worked, ^\■ith a strong odoiu'.

It is quite hard}', and lias numerous varieties, of which the
following are the most distinct : —

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 87

OuPRESSUS Lawsoniana aurea, Waterer, the Golden Variety
of Lawson's Cypress.

A pretty variegated variety, with some of the lesser spray
and leaves of a golden yellow, scattered all over the plant.

It is a very desirable variety when well variegated, wliicli
originated in the nnrscry of Mr. John Waterer, at Bagshot.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana alba vaeiegiata, Lmuson, Lawson's
Variegated Cypress.

Another very desirable variety, with some of the lesser
branchlets and leaves of a silvery white, interspersed all over
the plant, so as to give it quite a variegated appearance.

It originated in the nursery of Messrs. Lawson, of Edin-
burgh.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana argentea, Hort., the Silver-leaved
Lawson's Cypress,

This is a strong growing, and somewhat drooping variety,
suffused with a silvery glaucous tint, particularly on the
younger parts.

It originated in the nursery of Messrs. Waterer and Godfrey,
at Knaphill.

Cupressus Lawsoniana alba spica^ Hort, the Speckled

Lawson's Cypress.
A very line variety, the whole plant being densely and
regularly mottled with silvery white specks.

Cupressus Lawsoniana erecta, Hort., the Upright Lawson's

Cypress.

Syn. Cupressus Lawsoniana stricta, Hort.

pvramidali.s, Hort.
viridis, Hort.
This is a very hne and distinct pyramidal variety, of wliicli
there are two forms, one with golden lilotched branchlets, and
the other of a fine bright green colour.

88 CUPRESSUS. OR

CuPRESSUS Lawsoxiana fragrans, Standish, the Fragrant
Lawson's Cypress.

Syn. Caprossus Lawsoniana aromatica, Hort.

This is a fine strong-growing variety, with rather slender,
drooping branches, and glaucous branchlets ; and a ver}^ desir-
able kind, on account of the very agreeable aromatic smell it
emits when handled.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana lutea, Bollisson, the Yellow
Lawson's Cypress.

This is a very fine and constant variety, with the v/hole of
the younger branchlets of a deep golden yellow. It is in the
Tooting Nursery, and one of the very best of the golden -tinted
kinds.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana lutea flavescens, Crrpps, the
Light Yellow Lawson's Cypress.

This is a very pretty and distinct variety, with all the
branchlets of a ver}^ pale, greenish-yellow colour, which
originated in Mr. Cripps's nursery, at Tunbridge Wells.

CUPRESSUS Lawsoniana nana, Hort., the Dwarf Lawson's

Cypress.

83^1. Cupressus Lawsoniana glauca nana, Hort.
„ „ „ pnmila, Hort.

A nice com]:)act, dwarf variety, with numerous short, .slender,
glaucous branclilets, closely imbricated, with small ovate leaves.
This kind rarely exceeds one or two feet in height.

Cupressus Lawsoniana gracilis, Hort., the Slender Lawson's

Cypress.

An elegant variet}', forming a dense bush, with a beautiful
feathery appearance, and a dee]) glossy green colour.

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. S9

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana minima, Hort., the Miniature Lawson's

Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus Lawsoniana pygmaea, Hort.

A curious, glaucous, pigmy variety, only suited for planting
on rockwork.

Cupressus Lawsoniana pendula alba, Paul, the Pendulous
Lawson's Cypress.

A fine graceful variety, with pendulous branches^ and
branchlets of a beautiful, shining, silvery hue.

No. 10. Cupressus Lusitanica, Miller, the Cedar of Goa.
Syn. Cupressus glauca, Lamarck.

„ „ pendula, Hevitier.

„ „ glauca pendula, Hort.

„ „ „ tristis, Carrlere.

„ „ Lusitanica pendula, Hort.

„ „ „ patula, Tournefort.

„ „ Sinensis, Lee.

„ „ „ pendula, Hort.

„ „ „ glauca. Van Houtte.

„ „ Libani glauca, Knight.

„ „ Goensis, Hort.

„ „ Lusitanica elegans, Rins.

„ „ „ tristis, Carriere.

Leaves imbricated, opposite, four-rowed, acute, glaucous,
keeled, and marked with a hollow gland on the back, stem
clasping and adhering, except at the points, broad at the base,
and tapering to an awl-shaped point. Branches spreading,
divided, flexuose, horizontal, turned down at the points, scat-
tered on the stem, and rather distant ; smaller ones branching
out, and nearly pendent. Branchlets four-sided when young,
but rounded when old, crowded, forked, spreading, incurved,
pendulous, and very numerous. Cones globose, three-quarters
of an inch in diameter, covered with a glaucous graj' powder,

90 CLTPRESSUS, OR

solitary, and on the points of tlie short lateral branenc.j.
Scales shield-sljaped, six or eight-angled, and elongated into a
reflexed broad point, terminated by a small priokle. Seeds
yellowish and nnmerons, under each scale.

A rather pendulous growing tree, attaining a height of oi)
feet, growing plentiful in Spain and Portugal, particularl}^ at
Bussaco, near Coimbra, in Portugal, but introduced into those
countries from Goa, in the East Indies, where it grows to an
equal size v/ith those of Spain and Portugal.

It is rather tender in the climate of London.

This species varies very much when raised from seed, pro-
ducing plants quite dissimilar in appearance, some being quite
twiggy and pendulous, while others are more branching and
stiffer, and of all shades, from dull green to quite a glaucous
white; hence the reason why so many different names are
applied to this species and its variations, AAdien perpetuated b}'
cuttings or other artificial means by dealers.

It is uncertain whether Goa or Cintra be its native spot, or
whether both had it from China.

Cl^phessus Lusitanica variegata, Lc'V'SOn.
This differs only in having white leaves intermixed on the
branchlets with the ordinary ones.

No. 11. CuPRESSUS Macxabiana, Murray, Mr. MacNab's
Cypress.

Syn. Cupressus glandulosa, Hooker.
„ Juniperus Macnabiana, Laivson.

Leaves in opposite pairs, distant, and spreading, broadest at
the base, glaucous, and tapering to a sharp point, decurrent
and keeled, with a hollow gland upon the under side on young-
plants, while on the adult plants they are much shorter, blunter
])ointed, thicker towards the ends, loosely imbricated, and witii
a lai'iie hollow inland in the centre on tlie outside. Bi-anches
short, mostly o])posite, thickly set on the stem, and curved
upsvards' at the jioiuts. Branchlets short, dense, slender, stiff,

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 91

and closely covered with small, oval, blunt-pointed leaves in
I'our rows. Cones globular, three-quarters of an inch in dia-
meter, frequently clustered on the upper branches, or singly,
on sliort, thick, wood}' foot-stalks. Scales in opposite pairs,
mostly six in number, rather more than half an inch across,
ii-regularly four-sided, each elevated in the centre, and termi-
nated with a stout, blunt point, sometimes slightly curved,
particularly on the hM.lf-growii cones. Seeds mostly angular,
but sometimes rounded, and with scarcely any trace of the
wings.

A compact, rather pyramid al, glaucous bush, growing from
six to ten feet high.

It was first discovered by Mr. Jeffrey, on the Shasta moun-
tains, in Xorthern California, in lat. 41°, at an elevation of
.5000 feet, <'ind afterwards by Mr. Murra}^ in the same countr}',
who transmitted seeds to Messrs. Lawson. This beautiful
Cypress is perfectly hardy, and must not be confounded with
a more slender and less ornamental kind, substituted for it l)y
an importer of Californian Conifers.

No. 12. CcjPRESsuft :\rACROCARPA, Hm^hueg, Lambert' a

Cypress.

S}^. C. Lambertiana, Gordon.
„ „ macrocarpa fastigiata, Knif/ht.
„ „ Reinvrardti, Hart.
„ „ Lambertiana fastig-iata, Carrierr.
„ „ Hartwegii, Carriere.

Leaves ovate, imbricated, in four rows, brio-ht srass orreen,
and closely set upon the old plants ; they are expanded, awl-
sliaped, sharp-pointed, and thickly set upon the 3'oung plants.
Branches irregularly' spiral, but sometimes alternate or opposite,
younger ones and laterals opposite, dense and quite green, older
branches dark brown, and nearly horizontal from the main
stem. Cones in clusters of three or four together, oblong, one
inch and a half long, and one broad, with ten scales, the larger

92 CUPRESSUS, OR

dark brown, and more or less angular. Seed-leaves in fours,
but sometimes only in threes. Seeds angular.

In the year 1838 the late Mr. Lambert distributed among his
friends a few seeds of this C3'press, without any name or indi-
cation from whence he had obtained the seeds, and from these
seeds j^lants were raised, which, when large enough, were at
once seen to be very distinct from any previously known ; and
I gave to it the name of C. Lambertiana, in compliment to the
late Mr. A. Lambert, and to mark from whence they were first
obtained. Nothing, however, was ascertained fui'ther concern-
ing the country from whence it came until some two years
afterwards, when I observed at Mr. Low's nursery, at Clapton,
a plant of the same kind, which had been received from Dr.
Fischer^ of St. Petersburg, as a new species from California.
At a later period Mr. Hartweg, when in Upper California^ dis-
covered it, and finding it had very large fruit, gave it tlie name
of Cupressus macrocarpa, and which, having been published in
his Journal, takes precedence of my unpublished though gene-
ral known name of C. Lambertiana. It is identically the same
plant, although some persons endeavour to make them distinct
varieties ; that there is some difference in the shape of the
plants may be, but then that arises from all those plants known
under the name of C. Lambertiana being raised from cuttings,
while all those called C. macrocarpa are seedlings, and have a
more pyramidal-shaped head, while the cutting plants (C.
Lambertiana"^) have a horizontal and rather flat-headed appear-
ance.

It is one of the finest Cypresses yet introduced, on account
of its beautiful bright green aspect, its great size and liardi-
ness. Mr. Hartweg found it forming a tree GO feet high, with
a stem nine feet in circumference, on the wooded heights near

* The original seedling plants of what is called Cupressus Lamber-
tiana, had the same erect habit as those of Cupressus macrocarpa ; and
if the points of the leading .shoots are taken off young seedling plants
of Cupressus macrocarpa, the plants will afterwards assume the same
spreading habit as those known as Cupressus Lambertiana.

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 93

Monterey, in Upper Califomia, and with a for-spreading,
branching flat top, like a full-grown Cedar of Lebanon, which
it very much resembles when old. It is hardy, and will grow
in almost any kind of soil which is not very poor.

CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA Crippsi, Hovt, Cripps's Variegated
Large-fruited Cypress.

Leaves small, oi)cn, erectly-spreading, rigid, very acute and
spiny-pointed ; and when young, of a beautiful silvery hue,
particularly those towards the ends of the shoots. Branches
short, stout, stiff, and very compact ; branchlets excessively
numerous, small, slender, stiff, very dense, and of a silvery
white at the points when young.

This fine and very distinct variety was raised in the nursery
of Mr. Cripps at Tunbridge WelLs, from an imported seed of
Cupressus macrocarpa.

It is perfectly hardy, and a very striking variety, totally
distinct from the original form.

Cupressus macrocarpa flagelliformis, Cripps, the Whip-
cord-branched Cypress.

This variety is more open and slenderer than the species,
with the branches spreading and somewhat bent down at the
ends, and the branchlets and smaller spray long, less divided,
and of a light glaucous green.

A fine graceful variety, of which there are plants in Mr.
Cripps's extensive collection at Tunbridge Wells.

Cupressus macrocarpa variegata, Hort, the Variegated
Large-fruited Cypress.

This variety only diff'ers from the original form in having a
portion of its branchlets of a golden hue;

94 CUPRESSUS, OR

No. 13. CuPRESSUS NuTKAENSis, HoukcY, tbc Nootka Sound

C^ypve.ss.

Syii. Ciii)ie.ssu,s Tclmgatskoyic, llort.
„ „ Nootkaensis, Lauiboi.

., „ Americana, Trau.tvetter.

„ Thuia excelsa, Bonyavd.

„ Thniopsis Borealis, Fischer.
„ „ Tchugatskoyse, Cavrievc.

„ Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis, Spaclt.
„ ,,, excelsa, Fischer.

Leave>i m four rows, in opposite pairs, broadly ovate at the
base, sharp-pointed, and one-eighth of an inch long, very thiek>
smooth, of a glossy green, sometimes a little glaucous "when
young, on the u})per side, and pale, dull green below, convex
on the back, decurrent, and closely adhering at the base ; adult
ones much shorter, awl-shaped at the points, keeled on the
back, without any gland, but furrowed^ and closely imbricated;
those on the young plants glaucous, somewhat lanceolate, quite
straight, extended at the points, loosely imbricated, and bristle-
pointed. Branches round, spreading, or curved upwards to-
wards the ends, but sometimes those near the bottom of the
trees are more or less deflected ; scaly from the withered leaves,
and of a brownish colour ; lateral ones in two ro^vs^ regularly
placed alternately on each side, flat and flexible ; branchlets
in two rows, four-sided, rather distant, extended, and thickly
covered with short, straight, regularly imbricated leaves. Conos
solitary, globular, almost sessile, or on the ends of very short,
scniy branchlets, about the size of a large pea, and covered with
a glaucous bloom. Scales small, rough, and from six to eight
in number, embossed, shield-shaped, with four or live angular
or orbicular sides, elevated in the centre, in alternate o})posite
pairs, furnished in the middle with a straight, thick, conical,
obtuse ])oint, the lower jiair much the thinnest, and very closely
inserted at the base. Seeds mostly three under each scale,
freely inserted on the interior of the upper surface of the

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 95

scales, Hat, and eav-shaped, with a buiiy .shell and nicnibianous
wings along each side, frequently much broader than the seeds,
and cut more or less sloping at top and bottom.

A fine tree, growing in favourable situations from two and a
half to four feet in diameter, and rising to a height of from 80
to 100 feet, with a straight stem, covered with rather a soft,
smooth, dark-coloured bark, and Vv^ell furnished with an am[)lG
branching and much-divided head; timber white and soft, but
affording, in considerable quantities, a strong aromatic balsam,
somewhat resembling tlie C^anadian balsam in taste and smell.

It is found along the north-west coast of North America,
particularly at Nootka Sound, in Observatory Inlet, and on the
Island of Sitcha, and is called " Tchugatskoy " (the Savin, or
strong-scented Fir) by the Russian settlers on the Island of
Sitcha, and about Nootka Sound, and was first introduced into
England in 1851, through the Russian garden at St. Peters-
burgh, under the improper name of Thuiopsis Borealis, a name
given to it by the late Dr. Fischer,

It is ({uite hardy, and has the following variety : —

CUPRESSUS NUTKAEXSIS VARIEGATA, llovt.

Syn. Thuiopsis Borealis variegata, Hart.
., Cupressus Nutkaensis argentea, Hurt.

This variety differs in having a considerable number of the
ends of the smaller branchlets of a pale yellow, or Avhite colour
intermixed with the ordinary green ones.

No. 1-i. Cupressus sempervirexs, L., the Upright Cypress.
Syn. C. fastigiata, D. C.
„ C. stricta. Miller.
„ C. pyramidalis, Tozzett.
„ C. Tournefortii, Audlhevt.
„ C, fcemina, Ccusalpin.

Leaves imbricated, in four rows, small, deap, shining gi'een,
closely pressed to the stem, convex, blunt, or pointed on young

96 CDPEESSUS, OR

plants, and persistent. Cones large, globular, one inch or more
in diameter, with numerous large, woody, angular scales, slightly
convex and mucronate in the centre, and separating when the
seeds are ripe. Seeds numerous under each scale, yellowish
brown, irregularly angular, and covered with a thin membran-
ous skin.

An evergreen tree, growing in its native country 50 or 60
feet high, with all its branches growing in an upward direc-
tion, and closely pressed to the stem, like those of the Lom-
bard y Poplar.

The Upright or Common Cypress is a native of Greece, Asia
Minor, the south of Europe, and Persia, and cultivated in all the
countries along the Mediterranean, and throughout the whole
of Italy, from the foot of the Alps to Calabria, as well as in
Sicily and Turkey. There are the following varieties : —

CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIEENS HORIZONTALIS, Millcv, the
Horizontal Cypress.

Syn. C. expansa, Audihert.
„ C. Orientalis, Hort.
„ C. mas, CcGscdjiin.
„ C. horizontalis, Du Hamel.
„ C. fastigiata horizontalis, D.C.

This differs in no way from the upright kind, except in its
manner of growth, — it having its branches disposed in a hori-
zontal direction, and very spreading, and only grows to about
half the height of the upright kind.

It is found indigenous in Candia, Bithynia, and Persia,
mixed with the upright kind ; and some writers consider
it a distinct species, but the question as to whether the upright
and spreading Cypresses are forms of the same, or two distinct
s})ccies, is now well ascertained, and that both are only one
species, for seeds of the horizontal variety will produce plants
varying in shape and appearance from the spreading to the
most upright form of the plant, while seedlings raised from

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 97

the upright, only produce ])lauts with a tapering or conical-
shaped head ; and this may have led Ca^salpin, and other
ancient writers, to consider one the male, and the other the
female Cypress.

CuPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS JIONSTROSA, Hovt, the Thuja-like
Common Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus sempervirens thujiiefolia, Carriere.
„ „ thujcJeformis, Parker.

„ „ thujseoides, Loiv.

A line tall variety of the common upright Cypress, with its
branches strictly erect, and the branchlets flat, 'and regularly
placed horizontally in two rows ; leaves scale-formed, regularly
imbricated, and with the smaller spray very much I'csembling
those of the common Arbor- Vitse, but not near so dense.

Cupressus sempervirens variegata, Knight.

Syn. C. fastigiata variegata, Hort.

This only differs in having some of its shoots and leaves of a
pale yellow or white colour intermixed.

No. 15. Cupressus torulosa, Don, the Twisted or Bhotan

Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus Cashmeriana, Hort.
„ „ Nepalensis, Loudon.

,, „ pendula, Gri'ffith.

Leaves very small, ovate, scale-formed, smooth, regularly and
closely imbricated in four rows, or slightly spreading, acute,
more distant, much longer, and very glaucous, with a yellow
tint on the young plants, but of a more greenish hue, with a
tinge of gray on the adult ones. Branches spreading, alter-
nate, or irregularly placed along the stem ; lateral ones short,
numerous, mostly in two rows, and slightly bent downwards ;
branchlets, drooping on each side, and considerably subdivided ;
from two to six inclies long, closely covered by numerous oval-
H

98 CUPRESSUS, OR

pointed, imbricated, scale-like leaves, arranged in four rows
resernblino; small e'reen cord. Cones o;lobular, or somewhat
oblong, from three-quarters to one inch long, and produced in
great abundance in dense clusters, each cone consisting gene-
rally of ten scales, of the shape of a shield, with from four to
six convex facets, rising into a kind of boss in the centre,
which is stiff and woody when ripe, and furnished in the centre
with a short, reflected, spiny point. Seeds small, nearly flat,
of a light brown colour, with a narrow wing round the border,
and from six to seven under each scale. Seed-leaves only two
in number.

A flne pyramidal tree, with numerous short, slender, hori-
zontal, or sometimes deflected branches to near the ground,
and drooping branchlets. It is found in great abundance in
Northern India, at elevations of from 4000 to 8000 feet

It ffrows to a great size ; trees from ten to fifteen feet or
more in girth are common, and one at a place called " Urcho,"
in the Kothee State, north of Simla, is said to be six or seven
feet in diameter. Major Madden says the Lime Stone Moun-
tains of " Nynee Tal " are covered from 4500 to G200 feet with
clumps of the most stately trees, the height of many of them
at least 150 feet, and all as straight as an arrow, with the
branches drooping slightly towards the ground, and so arranged
as to make the tree appear a perfect cone — the largest speci-
men measured by him being sixteen feet and three-quarters in
girth at five feet from the ground, and the spread of its branches
twenty-four feet on each side ; but about twelve feet is the
average girth of the finer specimens at " Nynee Tal," where
the tree is commonly called " Raisulla," or King Pine. It seems
to be unknown as an indigenous tree in North- West Kamaon,
but in South-East Gurliwal it is in abundance at from 7000 to
8000 feet of elevation. It is the Weeping Cypress of travellers
in the Himalayas.

This tree is called " Gulla," " Gulrai," and " Kullain," by the
mountaineers about Simla, all variations in their vernacular
for Divine Tree, and according to Royle, it is called "Shujrut-

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 99

ulhue-yiit" (tree of life), and that its fruit and branchlets
are said to be a cure for all diseases, but that the profanation
of its divine timber by any one to a useful purpose of economy
would be sure to bring down upon the individual sudden
death.* The Bhotiyas also hold it sacred, and call it "Surroo,"
or " Soorah-vyu " (name divine), while on the other hand the
people of Kamaon, who seem to look more to temporal than
spiritual things, do not appear to hold this Cypress in much
religious veneration, but, on the contrary, use its timber freely
in their house-building, where it is considered very durable,
but too flexible for any position where it has to sustain a heavy
weight. The wood is yellowish red, exceedingly fragi-ant^ close-
grained, tough, long-fibred, very hard, and considered equal to
that of the Deodar for durability ; the larger trees not unfre-
quently attain to an enormous size, some of them having a
girth of twenty-seven feet, but at its greatest altitude it gets
dwarfed down to a mere bush, and is nowhere to be found
beyond from 7000 to 8000 feet of elevation, and like the
Deodar, seems indifferent to geology, growing equally well
on clay-slate, dolomatic limestone, gneiss, and mica-slate ; but
a dry and somewhat sunny site seems essential for its full
development.

Timber white, with a tint of red and yellow ; is exceedingly
fragrant, and considered equal to that of the Deodar for dura-
bility. Bark, reddish brown, peeling off in numerous long
stripes, and frequently appears twisted, which is supposed to
have suggested its specij&c name (torulosa). The wood and
branches are burnt in sacred rites, as incense, among the
Hindoos, both to please the gods, and scare away evil demons.

* Major Madden relates, while travelling in Kooloo and the Ladakh
country, some of liis people had begini to strip the cypress trees of their
dry branches for fuel, when one of the conductors of his caravan came to
him in great agitation, and implored him to command the men to desist,
as the trees, he said, were sacred to the deities of the elements, who would
be sure to revenge any injury done to them, by visiting them with heavy
snows and bad weather on their journey.
H 2

100 CUPRESSUS, OR

It is more or less tender in England, and lias the following
varieties : —

CUPRESSUS TORULOSA VIRIDIS, Hort.

This variety differs in having all its parts of a bright glossy
green, and rather slenderer than the species.

CUPRESSUS TORULOSA MAJESTICA, Hovt.

Syn. Ciipressus majestica, Knight.

This kind differs in nothing from the ordinary form of the
species except in its more robust appearance, being much
larger in all its parts, and much hardier, and no doubt the
large kind found on the mountains of Cashmere and Nepal.

CUPRESSUS TORULOSA NANA, Hovt.

Syn, Cupressus torulosa elegans, Hort.
„ „ „ religiosa, Knujht.

„ „ religiosa nana, Hort.

This variety differs from the species in being very much
smaller in all its parts, more compact, and very dwarf.

No. IG. Cupressus thurifera, Humboldt, the Incense-
bearing Mexican Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus Uhdeana, Gordon.
„ „ Schomburgkii, Van Houtte.

„ „ tetragona, Hort.

„ Chamiecyparis thurifera, Endliclter.
„ Juniperus thurifera, Boiiyland.

Leaves in four rows, ovate-lanceolate, imbricated, smooth,
very glaucous, without any foot-stalks, and pointed ; tliose on
the adult plants are much broader, more ovate, thicker, and
blunt pointed, with a deep sunken groove along the back, and
more closely imbricated than those on the young plants, which
are much more pointed, longer, narrower, and spreading at the

THE TRUE CYPRESSES. 101

points; one line long, and of a glaucous green colour. Branches
spreading out horizontal, much divided, reflexed at the ends,
scattered, and rather distant along the stem ; lateral branches
Hat, subdivided, two-rowed, and spreading widel}'. Branchlets
four-sided, straight, regularly placed in two rows along the
sides of the lateral branches, of a bright glaucous green, and
thickly covered witli small imbricated foliage. Cones solitarv,
rather small, globular, and of a brownisli colour, covered wdth
a glaucous bloom, half an inch broad, and rather more in lenp-tli,
on very short foot-stalks, and mostly composed of six or eight
scales, with a small terminal prickle or rudimentary scale on
each, near the apex. Scales convex, shield- shaped, rounded on
the margins, rarely angular except on the upper ones, in op-
posite cross pairs, the four lower or outer ones being connected
at their base, much the largest^ and flattened on the sides,
while the inner or central ones are long, narrow, shield-shaped
on the top, and spring from the centre of the others, and
generally abortive or one- seeded ; wdiile the alternate pairs of
the others contain tw^o or three seeds under each, of a brown
colour, and nearly flat. Seeds obovate, sometimes a little flat-
tened on one or two sides, hard-shelled, and with triquetrous
wings.

A handsome tree, 50 feet high, with horizontal spreadino-
branches, reflected at their extremities, and frequently pen-
dent. It is found on the mountains of Mexico, particularly in
the forests of Tasco and Tehuilotepic, at an elevation of 5500
feet. Mr. Udhe found it a handsome tree, GO feet hicrh, with a
dense, bushy head, on the Orizaba and Real del Mont moun-
tains, in high exposed situations, at an elevation of from 6000
to 7000 feet.

This kind has a number of small white specks irregularl}-
scattered over the smaller spray, which form scale-like glands
on the backs of the minute leaves.

It is one of the liardiest and finest of tlie Mexican kinds.

102 CUPRESSUS.

No. 17. CuPRESSUS Whitleyana, Hort., the Uprigbt Iiicllaii

Cypress.
Syn. Cupressiis sempervirens Iiidica, E. I. Comp.
„ „ Roylei, Carriere.

„ „ Aiistralis, Loiu.

„ „ Doniana, Hort.

Leaves on the younger pknts in opposite pairs, distant,
spreading, and of a slight glaucous green colour, awl-shaped,
widest at the base, decurrent, and tapering to a sharp point,
from two to four lines long, quite straight, and thinly set on
the branches, while those on the adult plants are very small,
oval, blunt-pointed, closely imbricated, regulaxly in four rows,
thickened towards the point, and glossy green. Branches
numerous, erect, rather dirstant, and thin on the young plants,
but dense and closely compressed on the older ones, and form-
ing a pyramid. Branchlets erect, numerous, mostly pointing
upwards, thickly covered with foliage, and four-sided. Cones
large, globular, one inch in diameter, and very much resembling
those of the Common Cypress. Scales rather small, mostly
eight or ten in number, nearly flat, or slightly elevated in the
centre, with a very uneven surface, and short, blunt point.
Seeds large, with rather a broad wing surrounding the seed.

A tall, pyramidal tree, according to Mr. Elphinstone, grow-
ing 100 feet high in the gardens of Kohaut and Peshawur.
The tall Cypress is also found plentiful in Nepal and. the
Kooloo country, and very much resembles the Common Cypress
when old, but has not so close or dense a head when young.

It is rather tender, but about as hardy as Cupressus toru-
losa, with which Indian travellers frequently confound it,
although one is upright, and the other pendulous when old.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Cupressus cornuta, Carrihr, the Horn-scaled Cypress.

Of this kind nothing is known, beyond Carricre's figure
and description in the Rcvnc nort'tcoh>,i\\\({ that Professor Par-
latore considers it a monstrous form of ("uprcssus Coveniana,
with the scales on the cones drawn out and horn-shaped.

DACRYDIUM. 103

Gen. DACRYDIUM. Solmider.

Flowers, dioecious, or male and female on separate plants.

Fruit, fleshy and erect.

Seeds, with a hard, bony shell, resting in a short, disk-formed,
fleshy integument.

Leaves, needle-shaped or scale-formed, and opposite.

Name, derived from huKov (dakru), a tear, the gummy exu-
dation of the trees.

Trees and shrubs^ natives of Tasmania, New Zealand, the
East Indies, and New Caledonia.

No. 1. DACRYDIUM ARAUCAEioiDES, Bvongniart, the Araucaria-
like Dacrydium.

Syn. Arthrotaxus araucarioides, Brongniart.
„ Dacrydium arthrotaxoides, Carriere.

Leaves small, spirally disposed, imbricate, erectly incurved,
adnate at the base, free on the upper part, oblong, or ovate-
oblong, rounded at the points, convex and keeled on the back,
and about one-sixth of an inch long, and half a line wide.

A very branching shrub, v^ith erect, short, thick branches,
and very numerous, short, cylindrical branchlets, from one-
sixth to a quarter of an inch in diameter, thickly covered with
small, incurved, blunt-pointed, oval-oblong leaves.

It is a very handsome and compact shrub^ with the aspect
of an Arthrotaxis, found on the Arid Mountains, near Mont
Dore, and those of Kanale, in New Caledonia.

No. 2. Dacrydium Beccarii, Parlatore, Mr. Beccari's
Dacrydium.
Leaves densely disposed in six rows, erectly-spreading,
curved, long-linear, soft and bristle-pointed, or acutely spines-
cent, and all of a size and shape. Branches and branchlets
dense, and thickly covered with leaves. Fruit solitary, sessile,
somewhat orbicular or oval, fleshy, smooth, and one line and a

104 DACRYDIUM.

half long, and one line broad ; enclosed at the base by the
outer involucra, and produced at the points of the branchlets.

A very elegant shrub or small tree, from 12 to 15 feet high,
with a dense flat head, found on the top of the Poe Mountain,
near Sarawak, in Borneo, at an elevation of 5000 feet.

No. 3, Dacrydium Colensoi, Hooker, Colenso's Dacrydium.
Syn. Podocarpas biformis, Endliclirr.
„ Alania sp., C'olenfto.

Leaves many-shaped on the same branch, while on others
they are all uniform, some densely four-rowed, regularly im-
bricated, ovate, rhomboid, bluntly-pointed, and one line long,
while others are long-linear, loosely spreading, and from three
to six lines long, all leathery, of a bright glossy green, and
strongly ribbed ; again, others are scale-formed, somewhat tri-
angular, obtuse, very closely arranged, regularly imbricated,
and densely four-rowed. Branches long, and variably dis-
posed, some ascending, others pendent, while the greater part
are spreading and more or less horizontal. Male catkins ter-
minal, solitary, and without foot-stalks. Fruit small, lateral,
leathery, and placed on a horizontal, resinous disk, in the form
of a cup.

A shrub or small tree of many forms, with the branches
either ascending, spreading, or prostrate.

Mr. Bid will found it on the western part of the northern
island of New Zealand, at Dusky Buy, and on the mountaitis
of Tongariro, Rahuine, and Nelson, at elevations varying from
4000 to GOOO feet.

No. 4. Dacrydium cupressinum, Colander, the Cypress-like
. Dacrydium.
Syn. Thalamia cuprcssina, Spvengel.
„ Daci-ydium Lobbii, Horf.
Leaves awl-shaped, more or less four-sided, very dense, rigid,
alternate, irregularly decussate, sometimes loosely imbricated,
or spreading, fully adhering at the base, and decurrent; a

DACRYDIUM. 105

quarter of an inch long, thickest at the base, tapering to an
obtuse, rounded point, and of a pale, yellowish-green colour.
Branches scattered along the stem ; lower ones spreading or
deflected ; upper ones more or less ascending, regularly forked,
and much divided ; lateral ones at irregular distances, forked,
slender, long, and pendent. Branchlets filiform, very slender,
quite straight, seldom divided, gracefully drooping, thickl}-
covered with foliage, and of a pale, yellowish green, sometimes
a little copper-coloured. Male catkins witliout foot-stalks,
oblong or ovate, and terminal ; female flowers terminal, and
enclosed in an involucriim, Vv^hicli forms a sort of cup. Fruit
solitary and terminal, in the form of a small red berry, con-
taining a black seed, and eaten by the natives.

A noble tree, ciTowino; 200 feet hifth and 15 feet in circuni-
ference, witli pendent branches, and long, slender, drooping
shoots, thickly clothed with small, spiny leaves, and very much
resembling some of the Lycopodiums. It is found in vast
forests on the southern and middle islands of New Zealand,
particulaily on the great mountains behind Dusky Baj', v.'here
the settlers call it the Native Spruce Fir, and the New Zea-
landers "Dium," or " Rium."

It is not hardy.

No. 5. Dacrydium elatum, Wallichj the Lofty Dacrydium.
Syn. Juniperus elata, Roxhuvgh.
„ „ rigida, Sieber.

„ „ Philippsiana, Wallich.

„ Lycopodium arboreum, Jiiiigh.
„ Dacrydium Junghuhnii, Miquel.
Leaves either needle-shaped, four-cornered, acute-pointed,
somewhat erect, and spreading, or scale-formed, ovate-obtuse,
rarel}' acute, and closely depressed, alternate, very dense, and
from four to seven lines long ; those on the stem and lower
part of the principal brandies much shorter, more distant,
wider, decurrent, and slightly spreading at the points, while
those on the lesser branches and branchlets are needle-shaped,
almost cylindrical, spreading, slightly angular, compressed, and

106 DACRYDIUM.

veiy much smaller on the adult trees. Branches numerous,
scattered along the stem, with the lower ones spreading or bent
downwaids, and the upper ones mostly ascending. Branchlets
slender, pendent, numerous, and thickl}^ clothed Avith foliage ;
those of the adult trees lieing very much shorter, and covered
with small, scale-formed leaves, regularly imbricated. Fruit
ovate, bluntly four-cornered, and solitary on the ends of the
branchlets.

A loftly, pyramidal tree, with a cylindrical stem, covered
with an ash-gray bark, slightly furrowed, and very full of
branches, found on the mountains of Sumatra and Pulo-
Penang, in the East Indies, where its native name is " Gam-
binur."

It is very tender.

No. G. Dacrydium Feanklinii, Hooher, Captain Franklin's

Dacrydium, or Huon Pine.

Syn. Dacr3'dium Huonese, Cunningham.

Leaves small, scale-formed, very closely pressed, and some-
what spirally decussate, ovate, rhomboid, and closel}^ imbri-
cated, convex, and somewhat acutely keeled on the back, Avith
the inner face concave, and acute or obtuse pointed, decurrent
at the base, and deej), glossy green, dotted on the outer sides
with a glaucous powder. Branches ascending or spreading,
sometimes more or less deflected towards the bottom on the
adult trees, lateral ones ver}^ much loaded with branchlets.
Branchlets very numerous, dense, long, slender, and flexible.
Male catkins solitary, terminal on the ends of the branchlets,
oval, or rounded, and from one to two lines long. Fruit small,
and in terminal spikes.

A large, pyramidal tree, with spreading or pendent branches,
thickly clothed with spray, growing 100 feet high, and 20 feet
in circumference, found in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), on
the banks of the Huon River, and at Port Macquarrie. Tim-
ber excellent for naval purposes.

It is tolerably bardy in the west of England.

DACRYDIUM. 107

No. 7. Dacrydium Kirkii, Mueller, Mr. Kirk's Dacrydium.

Leaves on the sterile branchlets somewhat long, linear-elon-
gated, obtuse at the points, and spreading; while those on the
fertile ones are curved, regularly imbricated, rhomboid, small,
obtuse, and rather compressed. Fruit small, oval, somewhat
compressed and lateral.

This kind forms a bush or small tree, very nearly related to
Dacrydium Colensoi, found in New Zealand by Mr. Thomas
Kirke.

No. 8. Dacrydium laxifolium. Hooker, the Loose-leaved
Dacrydium.

Leaves linear-obtuse, leathery, convex, and channelled on
the upper surface, tapering to the base, but not decurrent, the
lower ones loosely spreading, flaccid, and seldom exceeding
two lines in length, while those on the upper branches and
branchlets are oval, imbricated, much shorter, and keeled on
the back. Brandies loosely pendent or prostrate. Branch-
lets very slender and graceful. Fruit terminal on the ends of
the branchlets, solitary, and erect.

A dwarf little shrub, not growing moi'e than three feet high,
but creeping along the ground, and very much resembling the
common crowberry (Empetrum nigrum). It is found on the
mountains of Nelson, at an elevation of from GOOO to 7000
feet, and on Mount Tongoriro, in New Zealand. The native
name is "Rimu."

It is tolerably hardy in the west of England.

No. 9. Dacrydium taxoides, Broiigniart, the Yew-like

Dacrydium.

Syn. Podocarpus taxodioides, Carriere.

Leaves alternate, closely placed, falcate, obtuse at the ends,
attenuated and twisted at the base, from half to three quarters
of an inch long, and one line and a quarter broad, with the
mid-ribs on the upper and under surfaces prominent.

A conical shrub, with subverticillate branches, which have
a purplish tint when young, found on the wooded mountains
near Balade, in New Caledonia.

108 DAIklMARA.

Gen. DAMMAR A. Rumphim.

Flowers, clicecious, or male and female on separate plants.

Cones, ovate or globular, and axillar}'.

Scales, persistent, and without bracteas.

Seeds, unattached, and solitar3^

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Leaves, petiolated or almost sessile, opposite or alternate, and
leathery.

JS^ame, derived from its native one in Amboyna, where the
Malays call it Dammar "puti," or "batu," on account of the
large quantity of resin it produces, which at first is soft, viscid,
and transparent, but eventually becomes hard, and like amber.

All large trees, natives of the East Indian Islands, New Zea-
land, New Caledonia, and New Guinea.

The Dammaras are distinguished from the true Pines and
Firs by their broad, opposite^ or alternate oblong-lanceolate,
attenuated, leathery leaves^ with parallel veins, and in tlie
male and female ilowers being solitary and on separate plants ;
they, however, approach nearest to the genus Araucavia in
being dioecious, but from which they differ in the form of the
scales, in the absence of a bractea to each female Hower, and
in the seeds being winged only on one side, and free, or un-
attached.

No. 1. Dammaea Australis, Lambert, the Kauri Pine.
Syn. Agathis Australis, Salisbury.
„ Podocarpus zamitefolius, Richard.
Leaves linear-oblong, rarely elliptic, flat on both sides, alter-
nate and distant on the stem and larger branches, but much
closer, opposite and somewhat two-rowed on the branchlets ;
from one and a half to two inches and a half long, and from
one-half to thrce-(iuarters of an inch broad at the widest part,
thick, leathery, sometimes falcate, of a shining greenish-brown
colour, sometimes spotted on the upper part, and of a reddish

DAMMAR A. 109

copper colour, much less glossy on the uuclor side, frequently
twisted and tapering to the base, obtuse at the ends, and with-
out foot-stalks. Branches of a large size, spreading, numerous,
distant, smooth, and divided into numerous smaller ones ; as-
cending and leafy towards the top of the tree, but naked at
the bottom from the fallen leaves. Male catkins solitary,
cylindrical, erect, more than an inch long, and two lines in
diameter. Cones almost spherical, from two to three inches in
diameter, solitary, erect, and produced near the top of the
branches on stout foot-stalks. Scales broad, spreading, wedge-
shaped, thick, leathery, closely imbricated, acute on the apex,
very smooth, and becoming smaller towards the base of the
cone, thicker externally towards the apex, wood}'', hard, and
membranaceous on the margin. Seeds in twos, wedge-shaped,
and brown, having at the top on one side a thin, transparent,
quite entire, oblique^ pale-coloured wing.

A. large tree, attaining a height of from 120 to 150 feet, and
about 24 feet in circumference, naked two-thirds of its entire
height, and covered with a level, thick, lead-coloured bark, full
of resinous matter. It produces an excellent hard brittle resin,
like copal.

It is found in the northern parts of New Zealand, in forests
close by the River Thames, towards the district of Mercury
Inlet ; also upon the north side of the Island of Wangaroa,
and towards the western side of the Hokianga. The natives
call it " Kauri," or " Kouri," and the settlers " Cowrie,"
It is not hardy.

Dammara Australis glauca, Lov.\ the Glaucous Cowrie Pine.
A singularly glaucous variety of the New Zealand Cowrie,
introduced by Mr. Hugh Low, of the Clapton Nursery, in
18G0.

No. 2. Dammara hypoleuca, Moore, the White Under-leaved

Dammara.
Syn. Dammara brevifolia. Hart.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the ends, bright shinino-

no DAMMA.RA.

green above, and glaucous white beneath, and from one to two
inches long, and about three-quarters of an inch broad.

A large tree, found at Port Molle, in New Caledonia.

Its somewhat compact habit of growtli, and leaves of a bright
green above and glaucous beneath, are well-marked differences
in this species.

No. 3. Dammaea macrophylla, Lindley, the Long-leaved
Dammara

Leaves very large, ovate, lanceolated and pointed ; seven
inches long, and two broad in the widest part. Cones ovate-
obtuse, and very like those of the Cedar of Lebanon in size and
form. Scales smooth, regularly inlaying, and much wider than
long.

A large tree, growing 100 feet high, very much resembling
the Amboyna Pine (Dammara Orientalis), but with larger
cones and leaves. It was discovered by Mr. Moore, on the
island of Vanicolla, one of the Queen Charlotte group in the
South Seas,

It is very tender.

No. 4. Dammaea Mooeii, Lindley, Mr. Moore's Dammara.

Leaves very narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly falcate,
and slender, from five to six inches long, and less than half
an inch wide. Cones unknown.

A very distinct species, of which little is known at present;
found by Mr. Moore, seldom growing more tlian 40 feet high,
and with an erect compact head, in New Caledonia.

It is very tender.

No. 5. Dammara obtusa, Lindley, the Obtuse-leaved

Dammara.

Leaves very variable in shape, but mostly oblong, rounded

at the ends, nearly four inches long, and one inch and a

quarter broad, thick, leathery, of a dark glossy green, and

without the least trace of a point. Cones oblong-cylindrical,

DAMMAR A. HI

witli the ends rounded, three inches long, and one inch and
three-quarters wide. Scales convex at the ends, about lour
times as broad as long, and quite different in tliat respect from
the spreading points of the New Zealand kind.

A large tree, very similar in appearance to the New Zealand
Cowrie, from which it is distinguished, by the size and form of
both its leaves and cones. It was found by Mr. Moore, on the
Island of Aniteura, one of the New Hebrides. Timber valu-
able for ship-building.

It is very tender.

No. G. Dai\[MARA Oriextalis, Lambert, the Amboyna Pine.

Syn. Dammara alba, Rmiiph.

,. „ loranthifolia, Spach.

„ Agathis loranthifolia, Salisbury.

„ „ Dammara, Richard.

„ Abies Sumatrana, Desfont.

„ „ Dammara, Poiret.

„ Pinus Dammara, Lambert.

„ „ Sumatrana, Mirbel.

„ Dammara Rumphii, Pvesl.

Leaves opposite, but sometimes alternate, ovate-oblong, at-
tenuated at the base, obtuse or rounded on the point, quite
entire, glabrous, of a thick leathery texture, and glaucous
green, from two to four inches long, and nearly one inch and a
half broad at the widest part, straight, rarely falcate, smooth
and dull green on both faces, somewhat two-rowed on the
young branchlets^ and distant, those on the young j)lants
almost lanceolate and sharp-pointed. Branches vertical, a
little reflected, and ascending at the extremities, forming a
small head on the adult trees. Branchlets and lateral branches
in opposite pairs, and spreading. Male catkins about two
inches long. Cones globular or turbinate, singly, on foot-
stalks, rising from the axil of the leaves, near the extremities
of the branches, from three to four inches long, and more than
two inches broad. Scales adpressed, smooth, rounded at the

11:2 DAMMARA.

top, thick, aud very closely inlaying. Seed unattached, with
an obtuse, one-sided wino; coverinsj the rib of the scale.

A huge tree, growing upwards of 100 feet high, with a
straight, smooth bark and trunk, from eight to ten feet in
diameter, found on the very summit of the mountains of Am-
boyna and Ternate, and in many of the Molucca Islands,
Java, and Borneo. Timber of little value ; but it produces a
hne transparent resin, sometimes hanging like icicles, and
much esteemed by the natives for incense. Its Malay name
is "Dammar."

It is very tender.

There is the following variety : —

Dammara Orientalis alba, Knight.
Syn. Dammara alba, Mahoy.
„ „ Orientalis pallens, Camievc.

This variety differs from the species in having much longer
and more lanceolate-shaped leaves, with the edges more regu-
larly rolled up on the under side, slightly undulated, whitish,
and tapering much to the point, but abruptly and irregularly
so to the base, and with the bark on the branches of a much
whiter colour than the species.

No. 7. Dammara ovata, Moore, the Ovate-leaved Dammara.

Leaves more or less opposite, subdistich, ovate-oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute, leathery in texture, bright
green, on rather short, twisted petioles, and from four and a
half to five inches long, and from one to one inch and a half
broad. Cones large, erect, oval-globose, obtuse at the ends, and
five inches long and four inches broad. Scales broad, obovate,
more or less horizontal, somewhat thickened at the top, and
lounded and entire on the edges, and one inch and a half
broad.

A large tree, found in New Caledonia, with subvert! cillatc
and somewhat horizontal, terete branches, and a stem covered
with an ashy-gray bark, copiously producing a white resinous
matter.

DAMMARA. 113

No. 8. Dammara robttsta, Moore, the Robust New Holland

Dammara.

Syn. Dammara Brownii, Horf.
„ „ Bidwillii, Hart.

Leaves somewhat opposite, subdistich, oval-lanceolate, rather
blunt at the points, on very short, twisted foot-stalks, bright
glossy green, and from three and a half to four inches long,
and fi'om one to one inch and a half broad. Cones oval, with
the ends rounded and somew^hat depressed, and from three and
a half to four inches long, and from two to three inches wide.
Scales broad, obovate-rhomboid, thickened at the apex, very
obtuse, or somewhat truncate, at the ends, and one inch and a
quarter long, and nearly one inch and a half wide. Seeds half
an inch long and a quarter of an inch wide, with an ample
wing three-quarters of an inch long.

A fine tree, varying in height from 35 to 70 feet, with the
branches in whorls of from five to ten in number, found on the
north-east part of New Holland, at Dusky Bay.

No. 9. Dammara Yitiensis, Seemann, the Feejee Island
Dammara.

Syn. Dammara longifolia, Lindley.

Leaves more or less opposite^ subdistich, oblong or oval-
lanceolate, rounded at the base, on short twisted foot-stalks,
bright green above, somewhat glaucous beneath, slightly re-
volute on the margins, and from two and a half to five inches
long, and from one-half to one inch and three-quarters broad.
Cones ovate-globose, rounded at the ends, and from three to
three inches and three-quarters long, and three inches wide.
Scales oval, thickened at the apex, and either rounded or some-
what acute at the ends, and one inch broad.

A splendid tree, from 40 to 100 feet high, with large and very
variable leaves, found on the mountains of Nisarim, and other
parts of the Viti or Feejee Islands.
I

114 DISELMA.

Gen. DISELMA. J. Hooker.

Floiuers, dioecious, or male and female on separate plants ;
the male catkins very small, oval, solitary, and terminal ; the
female ones small, sub-globose, and terminal.

Cones, very small, globular, and composed of four scales; the
two outer ones being ovate, acute-pointed, short, and sterile;
the two inner ones oval, rounded nt the ends^ fertile, and nearly
double the size of the outer ones.

Seeds, in twos or three?, under each of the fertile scales,
almost round, and amply th?'ee- winged.

Leaves, small, scale-formed, ovate-rhomboid, regularly imbri-
cated, in four rows, convex and keeled on the back, concave on
the upper side, and with narrow, membranous margins.

A very branching shrub, with the female plants prostrate
and the male ones erect, found on the western mountains of
Tasmania.

DisELMA Archeri, /. Hookev, Dr. Archer's Diselma.
Syn. Mici'ocachrys tetragona, Archer, not Hooker.

Leaves small, scale-formed, ovate-rhomboid, obtuse, regularly
and closely imbricated in four rows, convex and keeled on the
back, concave on the upper surface, and with narrow, mem-
branous margins. Branchlets numerous, slender, and tetra-
gonal. Flowers dioecious. Male catkins very small, oval,
solitary, and terminal ; female ones small, sub-globose, and ter-
minal. Cones very small, globular, and composed of four
scales ; the outer pair being ovate, acute-pointed, short, and
sterile ; and the two inner ones oval, rounded at the points,
fertile, and nearly double the size of the outer ones. Seeds in
twos or threes, under each of the fertile scales, almost round,
and broadly three-winged.

A vciy branching shrub, resembling the Microcaclirys tetra-
gona, with the female ])lants prostrate, and the male ones erect,
and from eight to ten feet high, found on the western moun-
tains of Tasmania, at an elevation of from 4000 to 5000 feet.

FITZ-EOYA. 1 1 5

Ge7i. FITZ-ROYA. Hooker.

Floivers, dioecious, or male and female on separate plants.

Cones, star-like bodies, having their axis terminating in tliree
soft club-like glands or abortive scales, and consisting of nine
scales, three in each whorl.

Scale.% nine in number, in whorls of three, the lower three
alternate with the upper leaves, the intermediate three only are
fertile, the upper three are alternating with the fertile ones
flattened, and standing with their edges bent outwards.

Seeds, three under each fertile scale, surrounded by a broad
wing, ending in a narrow neck, the centre seed attached to the
scale, the other two to the axil, but sometimes two seeds are on
the scale, and three on the axil. (Hooker.)

Leaves, in whorls of three, but sometimes in twos or fours,
ovate-oblong, flat, without any foot-stalks, and more or less
spreading, or loosely imbricated.

Named, by Dr. Hooker, in compliment to Capt. Fitz-Roy,
who first discovered the tree.

A large evergreen tree, found on the Patagonian mountains.

FiTZ-KoYA Patagonica, Hooker, the Patagonian Fitz-Roya.

Leaves in whorls of three, but sometimes in twos or fours ;
linear, or ovate-oblong, and mostly blunt-pointed, decussste,
flat, without any foot-stalks, and spreading, of a deep green
above, and with two glaucous lines on the under- side, from four
to six lines long on the young plants, but much smaller and
closer on the adult ones, from one to one line and a half long,
closely imbricated, almost oval, and with hardly any traces of
the glaucous bands on the under side. Branches irregularly
placed along the stem, spreading, rather slender, and bent
downwards towards the extremities ; branchlets short, nume-
rous, rather clustered, and thickly clothed witli foliage. Cones
small, solitary, and terminal, star-like bodies, having their axes
terminating in three soft club-like glands or abortive scales.
I 2

116 FITZ-ROYA.

Sir William Hooker describes tlie fruit as consisting of nine
scales, three in each whorl, the lower three which alternate
with the uppermost leaves are barren, the intermediate three
only are fertile, the three uppermost alternate with the fei'tile
ones and are flattened, but stand with their edges bent outwards,
each fertile scale has three erect seeds, surrounded by a broad
wing, and ending in a narrow neck ; the central seed is attached
to the scale, the other two to the axil, but sometimes two seeds
are on the scale, and three on the axil.

A large evergTeen tree, growing 100 feet high, with a thick,
spongy bark, and slender, sj)reading bi'anches, bending down-
wards at the ends in a curved manner. The wood is red, and
bears considerable resemblance to that of the C^edar of Lebanon.

It is found on the Pntagonian mountains, growing in rock}'
places on the Pacific side, to a large tree, with a stem eight feet
in diameter, but diminishing with elevation until it dwindles
down to a small bush, only a few inches high on the borders
of perpetual congelation.

It will stand our ordinary winters in favourable situations,
but is much injured in severe ones.

Gen. FEENELA. Mivhel

Flowers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate.

Cones, globular, or conical, and consisting of six, or rarely
eight valvated scales, the alternate ones being much the smallest
and shortest.

Seeds, numerous, more or less angular, and laterally winged
on both sides.

Leaves, mostly ternate, scale-formed, and decurrent.

Seed-leaves, in threes.

All trees or shinibs, natives of New Holland, and not hardy.

Named after M. Frenel, by Professor Mirbel of Paris.

FRENELA, 117

No. 1. Frexela a RENOS a, EudllcJtei; the Sand Frenela.
Syii. Callitris areiiosa, Sweet.

All evergreen bush, of which little is known, found growing
in sandy places in New Holland.

No. 2. Frenela Australis, Hooker, the Australian Frenela.
Syn. Frenela Ventenati, Mirhel.

„ „ triquetra, Speech.

„ „ rhomboidea, Endlicher.

„ Callitris rhomboidea, Broivii.

„ „ cupressiformis, Ventenat.

„ „ Australis, Hooker.

„ „ articulata, Pinet Woburn.

„ Thuja Australis, Poiret.

„ „ mtequalis, Desfontain.

„ Juniperus Cunninghamii, Hort.
An evergreen tree, with scale-formed leaves, decurrent at the
base, and placed in threes at tlie bottom of each joint, but
sometimes scattered, extended, spreading, and of a very glaucous
Avhite colour. Branches and branchlets slightly angular
and slender. Cones globular, mostly in clusters, but sometimes
solitary, on short foot-stalks, and about the size of a common
nut. Valves thick, rounded at the ends, oval, woody, smooth,
or longitudinally wrinkled, and with the central column short,
and three-edged. Seeds oval, osseous, and furnished with a
narrow membranaceous wing on the sides.

A tree, gi-owing from 60 to 70 feet high, found on the east
coast of New Holland, and Van Diemen's Land, where it is
called by the settlers, the Oyster Bay Pine,

No. 3. Frenela calcarata, Cmmingham, the Spurred
Frenela.
Syn, Callitris calcarata, R. Broiun.
„ Frenela ericoides, Endlicher.
„ Juniperus ericoides, Noisette.
An evergreen tree, of which little is known, found in the in-
terior of the eastern part of New Holland.

118 FRENELA.

No. 4. Fkenela canescens, Parlatore, the Hoary Frenela.

Leaves in whorls of three, aclnate, quite free at the points,
hoary and glittering, and with tliose on the branches somewhat
acute, and those on the lesser branchlets obtuse. Cones globose,
solitary, somewhat erect, grayish-brown, half an inch long, and
the same broad, and composed of six valvate scales placed on a
somewhat short, three-sided column ; the three larger ones are
oblong-obtuse, and the other three short, oval-lanceolate, and
somewhat obtuse ; and all convex on the back, smooth or
slightly wrinkled and mutic ; seeds small and blackish, with
broad and somewhat orbicular wings, deeply cordate at the base.

A. small tree, with terete branches, and crowded, slender,
short, subterete branchlets, which are erect and hoary ; found
in the south-western part of New Holland, and at the Swan
River.

No. o. Frenela columellaris, Mueller, the Pillar-fashioned

Frenela.

Leaves in threes, adnate, free at the points and triangular.
Cones small, globose, solitary, or in twos and threes, and
composed of six valvate scales, the three shorter ones, linear-
lanceolate, seeds almost all two-winged.

A kind of which little is known, found along the banks
of the tributaiy streams of the Richmond River in Aus-
tralia.

No. 0. Frenela Drummondii, Parlatore, Mr. Drummond's

Frenela.
Leaves in threes, adnate, somewhat obtuse and free at the
points, convex and keeled on the back, and quite smooth, and
green on the uj^per surface. Cones, somewhat globose, mostly
solitaiy, shining, chestnut-brown, and half an inch long, and
rather more broad, and consisting of six valvate scales, the
three larger ones being oblong-obtuse, and the three lesser ones
somewhat acute, and all quite smooth on the back.

FRENELA. 119

A large shrub, 10 feet high, with terete branches and
thickened, erect, alternate, three-edged branchlets, found in the
south-western part of New Holland, and at the Swan River
colony.

No. 7. Frenela Endlicheri, Parlatore, Professor Endlicher's

Frenela.

Syn. Frenela fruticosa, EiidUcher.
„ „ Australis, Endlicher.

„ Callatris fruticosa, Broiun.
„ Cupressus Austi-alis, Per soon.

Leaves in threes, adnate, convex on the back, free and some-
Avhat obtuse at the points. Cones globose or oval obtuse,
three-quarters of an inch long, and rather more than half an
inch broad.

An evergreen bush, with loose, subterete branches, crowded
with somewhat slender three-edged branchlets, and with ovate,
dry, woody, six-valved cones, smooth internally, and with a
very short, depressed, three-sided, central column ; and seeds
with narrow, lateral wings, rounded on the edges.

It is found in the interior of the eastern part of New Hol-
land, and about Port Jackson.

No. 8. Frenela Fothergilli, Endlicher, Fothergill's Frenela.

Sjm. Callitris Fothergilli, Loudon.
„ Cupressus Fothergilli, Pinet-Woburn.

A large pyramidal bush, or small tree, with erect branches,
and numerous dense branchlets. Cones solitary, conical, and
quite woody. Valves unequal, and rounded at the ends.

It is nearly hardy^ and comes from the mountains of Tas-
mania.

No. 9. Frenela Gulielmi, Parlatore, Prince Gulielmus's

Frenela.

Leaves in threes, adnate, convex on the back, short, some-

120 FRENELA.

what blunt-pointed and free at the apex. Branches terete.
Branchlets loosely erect, somewhat forked, slender, and three-
sided. Cones solitary, globose, half an inch long, and rather
broader, and composed of six valves, the three larger ones
being oval-oblong and somewhat blunt-pointed, the three lesser
ones shortj narrow, lanceolate, and acute, and all smooth, shin-
ing, and convex on the back.

A bush, or small tree, found in the southern part of New
Holland, at Salt Lake, near Tungetta.

No, 10. Frexela Gunnii, Endlicher, Gunn's Frenela.

Syn. Callitris Gunnii, Hooker.
„ „ oblonga, Richard.

„ „ macrostachya, Hort.

„ „ glauca, R. Bvovjii.

„ Frenela Australis, Broivii and Mirhel.
„ „ macrostachya, Knight.

„ „ variabilis, Carriere.

„ „ glauca, Mirhel.

„ Cupressus macrostachya, Hort.

Leaves small, scale-formed, sharp-pointed, closely adpressed
at the base of each joint. Branches ascending. Branchlets
ascending, angular, smooth, glaucous, and slightly jointed.
Cones somewhat conical, very rarely elliptic, solitary, or in
pairs ; but sometimes in clusters, sessile, or placed on very
short foot-stalks^ and both growing on the branches and prin-
cipal stems. Valves mostly in six, but sometimes seven and
eight in number, thick, rounded on tlie ends, and uneciual
sized, the alternate ones being much shorter and smaller than
the others, convex, much rounded in the middle, and shining-
brown extei-nally. Seeds broadly winged, and rather angular.

An evergi-een shrub, from five to nine feet high, with a
pyramidal head, found in Van Diemen's Land, where the
colonists call it " The Native Cypress."

It is tender.

FRENELA. 121

No. 11. Fkenela HuGELii, Carrlh'c, Hugcl's Frenela.
Syn. Callitris Hugelii, Knight.

Leaves scale-formed, very short, closely adpressed, niucli
longer and more pointed on the branches than on the smaller
branchlets. Branches somewhat ascending ; lateral ones ]-ising
up at the sides, and forming a slightly spreading head.
Branchlets spreading, obtusely angular, and very..short jointed.
Cones solitary or in clusters, somewhat globular, depressed,
and frequently much broader than long. Valves unequal, the
three alternate ones being much shorter and smaller than the
others, wrinkled externally, and shining.

A pyramidal tree, with ascending branches, found on the
south-west coast of New Holland and Swan E-iver.

No. 12. Frenela Macleyaxa, Parlatore, Mr. Macley's Frenela.
Syn. Leichardtia Macleyana, Sheplierd.
„ Octoclinis Macleyana, Mueller.
„ „ Backhousii, Hill.

The primordial leaves on young plants are sj^reading, linear
or lanceolate, rather thickly placed, and sometimes reflected ;
but soon afterwards are succeeded by acicular or scale-formed
ones, regularly placed in threes or fours, and finally, when the
plants become fully matured, they are entirely scale-formed,
tevnate, very small, and closely placed. Branches scattered
along the main stem, horizontal, short, and not very dense ;
the lateral ones and smaller spray are more or less angular or
triangular, jointed, glaucous, and with the joints tolerably
distant. Cones oval or somewhat conical, and composed of
eight valvate scales. Scales or valves thick, rounded and con-
vex on the outside, glossy brown, pointless, smooth, and swell-
ing at the apex, which is slightly reflected.

A handsome, erect, pyramidal-shaped tree, approaching in
appearance when old to some of the Australian Araucarias, but
with much shorter and slenderer branches.

It is found in New South Wales, Brisbane, and Queensland,
where it attains a height of from 60 to 70 feet.

122 FRENELA.

No. 13. Frenela MooRii, Pavlatore, Mr. Moore's Frenela.
Syn. Frenela verrucosa Isevis, Moove.

Leaves in whorls of three, adnate, and quite free at the
apex ; those on the branches are lanceolate, acute, and somewhat
spreading ; those on the branchlets are closely adpressed and
blunt-pointed. Cones roundly-ovate, erect, and composed of six
valves, the three larger ones being ovate-oval, and somewhat
blunt-pointed, and the three lesser ones short, oblong-linear,
and rather blunt, and all of them slightly wrinkled or netted
on the back, and j^laced on a short, acute column. Seeds small
and oblong-linear.

A tree from GO to 90 feet high, with terete branches, crowded
with slender, three-sided, glaucous branchlets. It is found in
the maritime parts of New Holland, near Moreton Bay, and
alonfj the Clarence. Richmond, and Darlino- Uivers.

No. 14. Frenela Muelleri, Pavlatore, Mr. Mueller's Frenela.

Leaves three in a whorl, scale-formed, adnate, obtuse at the
points, and closely pressed, with only the apex free. Cones
solitary, but often close together, sub-globose, one inch long,
and composed of six valves, which are smooth, or slightly
wrinkled on the back ; the three larger ones are oblong, and
rather blunt-pointed, and the three lesser ones mostly short,
narrow, linear-lanceolate, and acute. Seeds oblong, two or
three winged, blackish, and two lines long.

A handsome tree, from 20 to 30 feet high, with a dense
head, terete branches, and erect, thickish, three-sided branch-
lets ; found in the eastern part of New Holland, about Port
Jackson, Sidney, and South Head.

No. 15, Frenela Parlatorei, Mueller, Professor Parlatore's

Frenela.
Leaves in threes, adnate, convex, and keeled on the back,
with the points free and acuminate. Cones large, ovoid, nod-
ding, and more than an inch long, and composed of six valves,
the three larger being ov^ate-lanceolate, and the three lesser

FRENELA. 123

ones narrow, short, and lanceolate, and all keeled on the back
and obtuse at the ends.

A tree 60 feet high, with the branchlets frequently jointed,
found in the eastern part of New Holland, on the Darling
Range, and Queensland.

No. IG. Fkenela nioPiNQUA, CLUiiiuighaui, the Related

Frenela.

Syn, Callitris propinqua, R. Broiuii.

An evergreen pyramidal bush, of which little is known,
found in the eastern part of New Holland.

No. 17. Frenela pyramidalls, Carriere, the Pyramidal
Frenela.

Syn. Callitris pyramidalis, Siveet.

Leaves very small, scale-formed, very close, obtuse, and
very rarely pointed. Branches ascending and dense ; branch-
lets very numerous, small, and i)ressed towards the ends of
the branches, of a grayish colour, angular, and loose. Fruit
unknown.

A pyramidal bush or small tree, found in New Holland.

No. 18. Frenela rigida, Endliclier, the Rigid Frenela.

Syn. Juniperus rigida, Noisette.

A small bush, of which little is known, found in New Hol-
land.

No. 19. Frenela robust a, Cminingham, the Robust Frenela.

Syn. Callitris robusta, B. Bro'wn.
„ ,, Preissii, Miqiiel.

„ „ glauca, R. Brown.

„ Frenela glauca, Mirhel.
„ „ crassivalvis, Miquel.

A large pyramidal tree, from 20 to 30 feet high, with very
small, scale-formed leaves, slightly spreading at the points,

124 FRENELA.

and mucronate. Branches ascending. Branchlets slightly-
angular, or three-edged. Cones spheroidal, much depressed,
and frequently broader than long. Valves warted on the in-
terior, with the central column short and three-edged. Seeds
furnished with narrow lateral wings.

It is found on the south-west coast of New Holland, and ut
the Swan River, where the natives call it " Marro."

No. 20. Fkenela Roei, Emllicher, Roe's Frenela.

An evergreen bush, with globular cones comi^osed of six
valves, smooth on the interior, with a short, depressed, three-
sided, central column, and acute-pointed valves, found on the
south-west coast of New Holland.

No. 21. Frenela subcordata, Pmiatovc, the Subcordate-
coned Frenela.

Leaves three in a whorl, adnate, convex, and keeled on the
back, with the points free and somewhat acute. Branches
terete. Branchlets flexuose, alternate, and three-sided. Cones
subcordate-globose, half an inch long, and about the same
broad, and composed of six valves.

It is found in the south-west part of New Holland, at King
George's Sound.

No. 22. Frenela subumbellata, Parlatore, the Subumbellata-
branched Frenela.

Leaves in fours, adnate, and strictly keeled on the back,
and with the |)oints free and obtuse. Branchlets crowded,
erect, alternate, subumbellate, and triangular.

A tree, found in New Caledonia, of which little is known.

No. 23. Frenela sulcata, Parlatore, the Sulcate-coned
Frenela.

Leaves three in a whorl, adnate, convex, and keeled on the
back, free at the points, and somewhat obtuse. Branchlets

FEENELA. 125

somewhat thickened, erect, alternate, and three-sided. Cones
globose, flattened, half an inch long, and about one-third of an
inch wide, and composed of six erect, somewhat three-sided,
pyramidal valves, the three larger ol' which are somewhat
obtuse-pointed, and the three lesser ones somewhat acute, and
all deeply furrowed on the back. Seeds small, ovate, and
tliree-sided.

It is found in New Caledonia.

No. 24. Frenela tuberculata, Mirhel, the Tuberculated

Frenela.

Syn. Callitris tuberculata, R. Brown.

An evergreen bush, from the southern part of New Holland,
of which little is known.

No. 25. Frenela verrucosa, Cunningham, the Warted
Frenela.

Syn. Callitris verrucosa, R. Brovm.

An evergreen pyramidal tree, with small, scale-formed leaves,
frec[uently spreading at the points. Branches spreading or
ascending, \'ery compact, and cylindrical. Cones globular,
depressed, and sometimes broader than long. Valves exter-
nally covered by large, irregular tubercles, and internally
warted, central column oblong, and three-sided. Seeds broadly
winged.

It is found in the interior, on the eastern part of New Hol-
land, along the Murray Hiver, and in the colony of Victoria,
and is called the Murray Pine by the settlers, and the Marunny
by the Indians.

126 GLYPTOSTBOBUS, OR

Gen. GLYPTOSTROBUS. Endlicher. The Em-
bossed Cypress.

Flowers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
hut on separate parts, and terminal.

Cones, egg-shaped, or oblong, and composed of several un-
equal-sized scales, all rising from the same point at the base,
and leathery.

Seeds, two under each scale.

Leaves, scattered and trigonal.

Name, derived from " Glypho," embossed, and " strobus," a
cone ; scales of the cone embossed on the face.

A small tree, native of China^ where it is called Water Pine.

Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Endlicher, the Chinese
Water Pine.

Syn. Taxodium nuciferum, Brongniart.

„ „ Japonicum, Denhardt.

„ „ „ heterophyllum, BroagniaTt.

„ Schubertia Japonica, Siiach.

„ „ nucifera, Lenhardt.

„ Thuja lineata, Poiret.

„ „ „ lavandulaefolia, Poiret,

„ „ jDensilis, Staunton,

„ Cupressus nucifera, Hort.

„ „ Sinensis, Hort.

„ Juniperus aquatica, Roxburgh.

Leaves of various shapes, alternate, some scale-formed, small,
ovate, acute or obtuse pointed, sometimes much longer, closely
])ressed and dccurrent along the shorts, sometimes two-rowed,
re<Tulaily tortuose, and almost awl-shaped, from three to eight
lines long, slightly curved, blunt or somewhat acute at the
ends, and of a glaucous-gray colour, the lower ones near tlie
base of the slioots fre(|ucntl}' very shorty scale-formed, somewhat

THE EMBOSSED CYPRESS. 127

triangular, imbricated, and compressed, but increasing in size
and length towards the points of the shoots, and spreading out
into rather long, awl-shaped, recurved leaves. Branches risinf
upwards and spreading out at the summits. Branchlets alter-
nate, stout, and rendered angular by the decurrent base of the
the leaves ; the cone-bearing ones of various lengths, and
covered with very small scaled-formed leaves, particularl}' nt
the base of the cones. Cones terminal, egg-shaped, or oblong-
cylindrical, tapering to both ends, blunt at the apex, and com-
jDosed of several unequal-sized scales, the smaller ones being
towards the base, and all rising from the same point at the
base upwards, imbricated, and furnished with a stout, short-
curved, blunt point on the back near the end of the scale, pro-
jecting outwards.

A small tree, or large bush, growing from eight to ten feet
high, with a straight stem, and fastigiate head, a little ex-
tended at the top, and nearly evergreen.

It is found in many parts of China, particularly in the pro-
vinces of Shan-Tung and Kiang-nan, and is planted along the
margins of rice fields about Canton.

The Chinese name for this tree is "Then-tsong" (Water
Pine), on account of its growing in places frequently inundated
bj" vrater, and along the margins of rice fields.

It is tolerably hardy in England.

Gen. JUNIPERUS.* Linnceus. The Juniper.

Floivers, dicecious, or male and female on different plants.
The males, axillary or terminal catkins ; the female ones small
axillary bud-like bodies, bracteated at the base.

* Some A\Titers derive the word Juniperns from " Juniores parieiis,"
the young and old leaves and berries being on the plant at the same
time ; but the plant having been used for purposes of abortion, obviously
gives its true deriwation from " Juvenus" and " Pario."

128 JUNIPERUS, OR

Fruit, a globular kind of beny, composed of a fleshy or
fibrous juicy substance, covered witli a glossy skin, more or
less furnished externally with minute scales, and sometimes
angular and naked at tlie apex.

Seeds, from one to five, but mostly three in each fruit, ob-
scurely three-cornered, and covered with a hard bony covering,
having gland-bearing pits towards the base.

Leaves, simple, opposite or ternate, lanceolate or scale-formed,
and either in extended whorls, or closely imbricated in four
rows.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

All evergreen shrubs or small trees ; found in the temperate
and frigid regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.

The trees and shrubs belonging to this genus generally pro-
duce the male and female flowers on separate plants, with tlie
leaves mostly sharp-pointed, stiff", and usually in whorls of
three ; but sometimes they are mere scales, closel}'' imbricated
in four rows (as in the Cypress), or occasionally both kinds
occur on the same plant at different stages of its growth. The
male strobili are small, ovate bodies, and either placed at the
ends of the branchlets or in the axil of the leaves, and with
from four to eight one-celled anthers at the back of each scale.
The fertile catkins consist of three fleshy scales, at first nearly
concealed by imbricated bracts, from which they gradually rise,
grow more succulent, and finally become consolidated into a
small, round, fibrous, spongy berry, enclosing from one to three
bony seeds, but mostly three, which are convex on one side, and
angular on the other. The berries (Galbules), when ripe, are
for the most part either of a deep purple^ black, or reddish
brown, and when crushed, emit a strong resinous smell.

Section I. OXYCEDRUS, the true Junipers.

Leaves, in whorls of three, spreading in the adult plants,
jointed at the base, and glandless on the back.
Fruit, globular and smooth.

THE JUNIPER. 129

No. 1. JuNiPERUS Canadensis, Loddhjcs, the Canadian
Juniper.
Syn. J. conimu)iis depressa, Pursh.
„ „ nana niontana, Endlicher.
„ „ depressa. Booth.
„ „ dealbata, Douglas, not Loudon.
„ „ Davurica, Hort.
Leaves lanceolate, narrow, three in a whorl, incurved, spread-
ing, tapering regularly from the base to tlie point, very sharp-
pointed and stiff; pale green below, and channelled with a
white band on the upper surfiice. Branches, rather slender,
spreading and elevated ; lateral ones rather short, and not
very thickly clothed with very pungent leaves. Berries ovate-
globular, smooth, shining, and nearly black when ripe.

This species grows from three to five feet high, with an
elevated spreading head, rather open in appearance. It is
found growing in the northern parts of North America, in
Labrador, Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay, the rocky districts of
Newbury and Main, in Greenland, and on the Island of Sitcha,
It is frequently confounded with the dwarf Juniper of Eu-
rope (J. nana), but is easily distinguished from it by its much
narrower, sharper-pointed, and paler foliage, and in its more
elevated branches, growing from three to five feet high, while
those of the dwarf juniper lie flat, or creep along the ground.

No. 2. JuNiPERUS Cedrus, Wehh, the Canary Island Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus, Webbii, Carriere.
„ „ Canariensis, Knight

Leaves in whorls of three, straight, rigid, erectly-spreading,
linear-lanceolate, blunt-pointed, ending in a short prickle, very
numerous and closely placed, especially upon the fertile
branchlets; the lower leaves are generally ovate - lanceolate,
the upper ones linear and sharp-pointed, slightly keeled,
mostly straight, seldom concave, and frequently very glaucous
on the upper side, and from three to five lines and a half long,
K

130 JUNIPERUS, OR

and three-quarters of a line broad. Branches horizontal, bent
downwards at the points ; branchlets numerous, short, angular,
thickly clothed with leaves, and of a glaucous gi-een colour.
Berries large, globular, nearly smooth, of a deep yellowish-
brown colour, covered all over with a glaucous bloom, and
with a few tubercles slightly jutting out all round, and from
four to five lines long and the same broad.

This kind, according to Mr, Webb, forms a large tree in the
warm valleys on the Island of Teneriffe and Canary Islands,
with a stem four or five feet in girth ; it, however, is subject to
great variation in size and appearance, being found at eleva-
tions varying from 1000 to 5000 feet on those islands; at the
latter of which elevations it becomes a bush, with its leaves
very much reduced in size, and partially imbricated ; while in
the lower and more sheltered situations it becomes a large tree,
with long, slender, drooping branches and branchlets, little
divided, but furnished with spreading distant leaves in threes ;
the fruit-bearino; ones being covered with small scale-like leaves
only one line long. It is found plentiful on the Island of Tene-
riffe and the Canary Islands, where the inhabitants call it
" Cedro," the French " Cade," and the Spanish " Enebro."

There is the following variety : —

JuNlPERUS Cedrus brevifolia, Govdoii, the Azores Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Oxycedrus brevifolia, Hoclits.

„ „ rufescens brevifolia, EmUlcher.

„ „ brevifolia, Paiiatore.

Leaves in threes, somewhat loosely and partially imbricated,
linear- falcate, or somewhat oval, more or less rounded and
slightly pungent at the apex, very glaucous, and from two and
a half to four and a half lines long, and one line broad.
Branches very numerous, terete and spreading ; branchlets short,
spreading and angularly three-sided. Berries globular, solitary,
reddish-brown, and from two and a half to three lines long, and
the same broad.

THE JUNIPER. 131

A large bush, from eight to ten feet high, found in the
Azores and adjoining islands, and tender in England.

This variety differs from the species, in having much shorter
and more numerous branches and compact branchlets; in the
leaves being more dense, shorter, partially imbricated, and very
glaucous ; and in the berries being much smaller, scaly on the
top, and of a reddish-brown colour.

No. 3. JuNiPERUS COMMUNIS, Luincciis, the Common Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus minor, Fachs.
„ „ vulgaris, Baiihln.

„ „ „ fruticosa, Dahamel.

„ „ communis vulgaris, Loudon.

Leaves spreading, in whorls of three, narrow, sharp-pointed,
awl-shaped and stiff; green on the under and gray on the
upper surfoce, and half an inch or more long. Berries small,
roundish, marked on the top with three radiating grooves ; when
young, bright green, but when ripe of a dark purple or blackish
blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, and continuing for two
years on the bush ; they are stalkless, and grow from the axil
of the leaves ; branches spreading and inclining equally on all
sides ; bark reddish brown.

This Juniper grows in fjivourable situations from twelve to
eighteen feet high, and is common in all the northern parts of
Europe, both on hills and valleys, in open sandy plains, or in
moist and close woods ; on the sides of hills it grows tall, but
on the tops of rocky mountains it is only a dwarf- trailing shrub.
In England it is chiefly found on open downs, in a chalky or
sandy soil. It occurs very generally on the Alps, from east to
west, and from the foot to a height of 5000 feet ; also on the
Apennines at the same elevation as the Ali)s, and occurs in the
whole of the north of Europe, as far as Lapland, and is found,
according to Mr. Benthara, on the Pyrenees. Those plants re-
ferred to this species by writers as being found in North
K 2

132 JUNIPERUS, OR

America and Nortliern India, belong to very different species.
The following are its varieties, viz. :

J UNIPERUS COMMUNIS SuECiCA, Loudon, Swedish Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus vulgaris arborea, Bauliin.
„ „ Suecica, Miller.

„ „ fastigiata^ KnigJit

„ „ communis fastigiata, Loudon.

Leaves spreading, shorter than those of the species, more
distant and sharper-pointed. Branches ascending, com])ressed,
and forming a sharp-pointed cone, with a very distinct upright
appearance. Berries larger and longer than those of the com-
mon Juniper, of a dark purple colour, and smooth.

It is a native of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Russia,
and attains to a greater size than the common Juniper in those
countries, frequently attaining a height of 20 feet.

In the forest of Fontainebleau, in France, this variety has
attained the height of 50 feet, and produced most excellent
timber.

Juniperus communis Hibernica, Loddiges, the Irish Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus stricta, Uort.
„ „ pyramidalis, Horf.

„ „ Hibernica, Loddiges.

„ „ communis stricta, Carrieve.

A pyramidal variety, with erect branches and rather spread-
ing, .short, angular branchlets, having its leaves shorter and less
]3ointed than those of the species, and with the branches less
com[)ressed than those of the Swedish Juniper (J. c. Suecica).

It is a handsome variety, found on the mountains in Ireland.

Juniperus communis Cracovia, Loddiges, tlic Cracow

Juniper.

This variety forms a robust, erect, loose bush, intermediate
between the common and Swedish Junipers ; found at Cracow,
in Poland.

THE JUNIPER. 133

JuNiPERUS COMMUNIS COMPRESSA, Cavrih'e.

Syn. Juniperiis Hibernica compressa, Hort.
„ „ Hispanica, Presl, not Miller.

„ „ compressa, Rin.z.

„ „ communis Hispanica, Lawson.

„ „ Succica pyramidalis, Manetti.

This variety is easil}^ distinguished from the Irish Juniper by
its branches being very much shorter, slenderer, and all erect,
and forming in consequence a very straight and compact pyra-
mid, with the leaves closer together along the branchlets, much
shorter, less spreading, and with the bark of the branches
much darker in colour.

A small, compact variety, with a dense, pyramidal-shaped
head, found indigenous on the Pyrenees and Apennines, at an
elevation of oOOO feet.

No, 4. JuNiPERUS CONFERTA, Pavlatove, the Crowded-leaved

Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus littoralis, Maximo.
Leaves thickly placed in threes, linear, somewhat three-
sided, rigid, openly imbricated, sharp-pointed, and half an inch
long, and half a line wide ; with the upper side channelled and
longitudinally marked with white, and the under one convex
and keeled. Berries exactly globose, quite smooth, and of a
tawny-brown colour, thickly covered with a violet glaucous
bloom, and rather more than one- third of an inch long and the
same broad.

It is found at Hakodadi, in Japan, and resembles Juniperus
rigida ; but differs from it in having the leaves more crowded,
grosser and triangular, and the berries much larger.

No. .5. Juniperus drupacea, Labill, the Plum-fruited Juniper.
Syn. Arceuthos dru]:)acea, Antoine.

„ Juniperus latifolia arborea, Tournefort.
„ „ major, Bcllonius.

Leaves, in whorls of three, thicldy set all round the branches,

134 JUNIPERUS, OR

rigid, linear-lanceolate, sliarp-pointed, spreading, and without
any foot-stalks, but slightly decurrent; three-quarters of an inch
lono'. and more than one tenth of an inch wide near the base ;
but the lower leaves on the branches are shorter, broader, more
oval or elliptic, and get regularly narrower, and more linear
towards the summit or ends of the shoots, and terminating
in a very sharp hard point, slightly concave on the upper
side, with a small mid-rib, on each side of which is a white
glaucous line, convex on the under side, with a projecting
nerve along the back, and of a light green colour. Stem erect,
much branching, branches short, spreading, slightly angular,
inclining to cylindrical; smaller ones numerous, three-sided,
with the ends rather straight ; fruit-bearing ones very short, and
thickly covered with short, oval, sharp-pointed leaves pointing
upwards. Berries solitary, standing in the axil of the leaves,
globular or blu ntly- ovate ; one inch long, and nearly the same
broad, with from six to nine fleshy scales, disposed vertically in
threes, alternately one above another, and blended or run
together on the surface, but projecting and very distinct, being
divided into distinct spaces of an angular form, deeply divided
at the apex, and of a dark purple colour, covered all over with
a glaucous violet-bloom, or powder, each fruit containing a single
laro-e,eo-o--shaped,hard, bony nut, parted in the interior into three
divisions, each containing a single seed, but frequently one of
them is abortive ; the seeds require two or three years to vegetate.

A large bush or small tree, growing 30 feet high, in the
northern parts of Syria, on Mount Cassio and Asia Minor, and
called Habhal.

It is quite hardy, and the finest of all the Junipers.

No. G. JUNIPERUS HEMISPH.ERICA, Tvesl, the Globular Juniper.
Syn. J. echinoformis, Riiiz.
„ „ vulgaris fruticosa, Cuj)an.
„ „ Oxycedrus echinoformis, Van Hoiitte.
„ ,. nana hemispha3rica, Carrih'e.
„ „ communis hemisphserica, Parlafore.
Leaves spreading, very dense, sharp-pointed, three in a whorl,

THE JUNIPER. 135

whitish above, pale green below, and like those of the common
Juniper (J. communis), but much smaller ; branches very short,
numerous, dense, and compact, forming a small globular-headed
bush, not more than one or two feet high. Berries globular,
bright red, and shining.

It is found on the upper barren regions of Mount Etna, a
low spreading but dense bush, at an elevation of from 5000 to
7000 feet. Professor Tenore says it is also found on the
mountains of Calabria.

This very dwarf and singular little Juniper is now frequently
to be found in English collections of Conifers, under the name
of J. echinoformis, or the Hedgehog Juniper, a veiy appropriate
name ; for young healthy plants, at a short distance, look very
like a green Hedo-ehoo-.

No. 7. JuNiPERUS MACROCAEPA, SibtJiOTp, the large Purple-
fruited Juniper.
Syn. J. maximus, Lohel.
„ „ Lobelii, Gussone.
„ „ oblongata, Gussone.
„ „ Biassolettii, Link.
„ „ major, bacca-ccerulea, Tournefort.
„ „ neaboriensis, Lau'son.
„ „ elliptica, Van Houite.
„ „ umbilicata, Grenier.
„ „ Wilkommii, Antoine.
„ „ sphferocarpa, Antoine.
„ „ Attica, Heldreich.
„ „ communis macrocarpa, Spacli.

Leaves spreading, lanceolate, and in whorls of three, broader
than those of J. Oxycedrus, and sharp-pointed, keeled on the
under side, two furrowed, and glaucous gray above ; branchlets
angular and slender, with the ends rather pendent. Berries
very large, obovate, or elliptic, smooth, shining, and of a deep
purplish black colour, when ripe, covered with a glaucous violet
bloom, like a small Plum.

136 JUNIPERUS, OR

A large bush, growing from ten to fifteen feet, on all the
rocks and sandy coasts of the Mediterranean, in Austria, Sicily,
Greece, and near Cadiz, in Spain, and on the Barbary Coasts,
and Algiers.

It is quite hardy, and one of the finest.

No. 8. JUNIPERUS NAXA, Willd., the Dwarf Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Alpina, Clusius.

minor Montana, BanJtin.
Alpina Suecica, PluJtenet.
communis Montana, Aiton.

„ nana, Loudon.

„ Alpina, Waldenh..
Sibirica, Burgsdorf.
nana Alpina, Endliclier.
saxatilis, Pallas.
Alpina minor. Booth.

Leaves broad, thick, somewhat adjjressed, and incurved, in
whorls of three, deep shining green below, glaucous gi'ay on the
upper surface, with a green margin, linear and blunt-pointed,
dense, and one fourth of an inch long. Branches numerous, flat,
prostrate, the smaller ones angular, rigid, and thickly clothed
with foliage, which all face one way, and remain on the branches
for years. Berries like those of the common Juniper, but
much longer.

A creeping shrub, seldom growing more than one foot high,
but spreading to a great distance on all sides, and quite dense.

It is found in England and Scotland, on mountains, on the
Alps, seldom below 5000 feet, but up to 9000 feet of elevation,
on the higher summits of the Apennines, and occurs on the
Carpathian Mountains, in Lapland as far as the Northern
regions, on the Altai Mountains, in Greenland, and the liigher
mountains of Portugal, and on the Alpine regions and snow
line of the Pyrenees. This is a very distinct kind from
Juniperus Canadensis, with which many writers confound it.

THE JUNIPER. 137

No. 9. JUNIPERUS OBLONGATA, Loudoii, the Caucasian Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Caucasica, Fisch.
„ „ interrupta, Wendland.

„ „ communis oblonga, Loudon.

„ „ „ Caucasica, Endlicher.

„ Thuiaecarpus juniperinus, Trautv.

Leaves in whorls of three, long, narrow, rigid, lance-shaped,
acute-pointed, spreading and pointing outwards, bright green
on one side, and glaucous gray on the other, distant and without
foot-stalks. Branches straggling, very numerous, and curved
upwards at the points, with the branchlets slender, branching,
and drooping. Berries very small, oblong, in threes round the
branchlets, without any foot-stalks, of a purplish colour, covered
with a glaucous bloom, and divided on the top by two or
three grooves, radiating from the centre, each fruit containing
either two or three hard, bony seeds, in a dry spongy flesh.

A lai'ge straggling, many-stemmed bush, growing from three
to four feet high, but covering a large space along the ground.

It is found on the sub-Alpine Mountains in the Western
Caucasus, on the Talusch Mountains, in South Western Russia,
and on the Taurian Mountains.

It is a very distinct and hardy kind.

No. 10. JuxiPERUS OxYCEDRUS, Linn., the Prickly Cedar, or
large brown-fruited Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Monspeliensium, Label.

„ „ Oxycedrus Phosnicea, Dodon.

Leaves dull green, distant, three in a whorl, spreading, very
sharp pointed, lanceolate, with two furrows on tlie upper side,
angular below, and nearly the same colour on both sides.
Branches farrowed; branchlets angular, slender, and rather
pendent at the points. Berries round, very large, smooth,
numerous, and chestnut brown, marked with two white lines on
the apex.

A shrub or small tree, mostly with a centre stem, about ten

138 JUNIPERUS, OR

or twelve feet high, with rather an open pendulous appearance,
the berries of which are used for flavouring gin.

It is found growing on the Apennines at an elevation of
8000 feet, in the South of France, and is common in Spain
and Portugal, and the countries bordering the Mediterranean,
(growing on the sea-coast.

It is quite hardy.

No. 11. JuNiPERUS raGiDA, Siehold, the Stiff- leaved Japan

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus communis, Thunherg.

Leaves in threes, rather distantly placed, sessile, widely ex-
tended, rigid, quite straight, very narrow, linear, bluntly three-
cornered, and with a long, slender, pallid, spiny point ; they
are channelled on the upper side, prominently and bluntly
keeled on the under one, obtuse on the margins, of a
pale glossy green colour, and three-quarters of an inch long.
Branches terete, widely spreading, and covered with a smooth,
lin-ht brown bark. Branchlets rather short, not very dense,
prominently and bluntly three-sided, and covered with a yel-
lowish bark. Berries globular, small, sessile, solitary, and of a
dark-brown or blackish colour, thickly covered with a violet
o-laucous bloom, and produced laterally in great abundance on
the short branchlets, which are covered Avith oval-pointed short
leaves. Seeds oblong, angularly compressed, three-sided, and
mostly in twos and threes, but sometimes singly in each beny.

This kind forms a handsome small tree, from 15 to 25 feet
hich, on the mountains in the Island of Nippon, in Japan, and
is called " Moro," or " Sonora Mats" (slender or drooping
Juniper), by the Japanese.

No. 12. Juniperus rufescens, Link, the Small, Shining, Ked-

berried Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Oxycedrus Taurica, Hort.
„ „ Taurica, Strangu'ciys.

THE JUNIPER. 139

Syn. Juniperus Wittmanniana, Fischer.
„ „ communis Wittmanniana, CarrUre.

„ „ Oxycedrus Wittmanniana, Hort.

Leaves in whorls of three, rigid, distant, spreading, very
sharp-pointed, dull green, and without foot-stalks, nearly three-
quarters of an inch long, lanceolate, tapering from the base to
the point, with two furrows, slightly glaucous on the young
foliage on the upper side, and angular below, but nearly the
same colour on both sides, on the adult leaves. Branches
spreading, angular, and straight. Branchlets slender, long,
rather stiff, and dull brown. Berries globular, four-tenths of
an inch in diameter, and of a smooth, shining, dull red colour,
with very short foot-stalks, and marked on the apex with three
white lines, radiating from the centre. Seeds three in each
berr}^

A shrubj or large bush^ growing eight or ten feet high.

It is found in the South of Europe, inhabiting the shores of
the Mediterranean, along the rocky districts of Spain and
France, the sands of Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, and
the Western Islands, at elevations varying from 1000 to GOOO
feet. It is also found in the Caucasus, and Taurian Mountains,
but greatly influenced in size and foliage by elevation and
climate.

No. 13. Juniperus taxifolia. Hooker, the Yew-leaved
Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus oblonga pendula, Loudon.
„ „ pendula vera, Hort.

„ „ communis pendula, Hort.

Leaves in whorls of three, linear, slightly rounded at the
point, rigid, spreading, upper side hollow, two furrowed, and
glaucous, the under one smooth, dark green, with a strong ele-
vated rib along its centre, terminating in a blunt point, and
without any foot-stalk. Branches few, scattered on the stem,
rather spreading, and pendulous at the ends, smaller ones

140 JUNIPERUS, OR

angular, pendulous, and but little forked, flexible, and of a dull
yellow colour. Berries very small, solitary, globular, smooth
on the surface, and of a glaucous violet colour when ripe,
nearly sessile, or on very short branchlets, imbricated with
oval-pointed short leaves.

This kind forms a handsome pendulous bush, from eight to
ten feet high, and is a native of the Island of Loo-Choo and
the north of China.

It is quite hardy.

Section II. SABINA. The Savin Junipers.

Leaves, in opposite pairs, mostly awl-shaped, slightly diver-
gent, and loosely imbricated in the adult plants.
Berries, mostly very small, and numerous.

No. 14. JuNiPERUS Bermudiana, Linnceus, the Bermuda, or
Pencil Cedar.
Syn. Juni perns oppositifolia, Monch.
„ „ Bart^densis, Linnceus.

„ „ Cedrus Bermndse, Hcuj.

Leaves of two sorts, either in pairs, opposite, and very much
drawn together along the shoots, or in whorls of three, spread
open and needle- shaped, very dense, nearly half an inch long,
tapering from the base to the point, rigid, smooth, narrow, and
quite straight, channelled above, and glaucous, slightly keeled,
and without any gland on the nnder side, light green when
young, but much darker when old, and seldom growing on the
under part of the branches. The other form, which is that of
the bcrry-bcaring kind (female), has the leaves on the mature
plant, in opposite pairs, short, closely drawn together along the
branches, imbricated, and not so dense, ovate-lanceolate, and
in four rows. Stem erect. Branches spreading, and furnished
with a great number of smaller ones, completely covered Math
leaves. Berries small, globular, solitary on the ends of the
brnnchlcts, and of a dark brown colour, inclining to purple
when ripe.

THE JUNIPER. 141

A pyramidal dense-headed tree, with the lower branches
rather spreading, and attaining a height of forty or fifty feet,
in the Islands of Bermuda, the Canary Islands, and Barbadocs.

This is the tree which furnishes the wood from which cedar
pencils are made.

It is not hardy in England.

No. 15. Jtjniperus Davurica^ Pallas, the Daurian Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus foetida davurica, SjKich.

The leaves are of two kinds, and either opposite or in threes,
and differ in the different sexes ; those on the male plant are
very small, decurrent, closely imbricated in four rows, convex
on the back, with an oblong gland in the centre, and a short
point ; while those on the female plant are in threes, linear,
awl-shaped, quite open, spreading, sharp-pointed, and thickl}''
placed along the branchlets ; they are channelled and whitish
on the upper part^ convex on the back, and mostly furnished
with a linear-shaped gland in the centre^ and^ when fully ex-
panded, a quarter of an inch long. Branches terete, forked,
and wide-spreading. Branchlets somewhat long, slender,
quadriform, much extended, or somewhat pendulous, and
closely covered with imbricated, ovate-rhomboid leaves in four
rows. Berries small, solitary, lateral, somewhat globular, or
subturbinate, very bitter, and of a blackish colour when ripe,
covered with a violet glaucous bloom, and two lines in diameter.
Seeds ovate-oblong, and mostly single, but frequently in twos
and threes in the same berry.

A low, decumbent shrub, with the sexes on different plants,
found on the Altai and Daurian Mountains, in Siberia. The
kind generally known in collections under the name of J.
Daurica, is the same as J, Canadensis.

No. IG. Juniperus densa, Gordon, the Dense or Bushy

Indian Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus recur va densa, Ilort

„ „ „ nana, Hort.

142 JUNIPERUS, OE,

Syn. Juniperas communis Iiidica, Madden.
„ „ „ „ Alpiiia, Wiiiterbottom.

„ „ ,, ., nana, Madden.

Leaves in whorls of three, half-spreading, linear-lanceolate,
very acute, pungent, of a pale yellowish green, and about the
third of an inch long. Berries solitary, the size and shape of
a small pea, dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, ex-
tremely resinous, aromatic, and mostly three-seeded ; with three
divergent furrows on the apex, connected at the extremities by
an elevated scale, and thus forming a kind of platform on the
top, with three lateral scales lower down the sides of the berry.
The whole plant emits an exceedingly strong turpentine, or re-
sinous smell, when bruised, and the berries ripen from August
to November.

This is the Indian Juniperus communis of Major Madden, in
his observations on the Himalayan Coniferse, and the " Better,"
" Betr," " Bytr," and "Beetur," of the Bhotiyas; all vernacu-
lar variations in their dialect for yeast, or yielding yeast. In
Kamaon it is called " Pumaroa," and, according to Dr. Jame-
son and Capt. Strachey, it is found near Bumpa and on the
high mountains behind Mularee, at from 9500 to 10,500 feet
of elevation, but penetrating into the heart of the snowy
mountains to 14,000 feet. ' It is also found plentiful on the
Bhotan Alps, near the Netee Pass, forming a dense diffuse bush,
from three to six feet high. Major Madden found it in abun-
dance on the Glacier Moraines, west of Mana, at 12,000 to
13,000 feet of elevation, Avhere it is known to the Bhotiyas as
"Churpinja." It was also found on the south face of the
Wyrung Pass in Kunawur by Dr. Hoffmcister, at an elevation
of from 11,000 to 12,000 feet, and Capt. tlutton found it on
the Roo-Nung Pass ; while its easternmost known position is
at 10,000 feet on the Cheto Binaik, at the south entrance to the
Alpine valley of Byans, where the Bhotiyas call it"Lhala."
In Jooliar it occurs on the higher mountains, at elevations of
from 11,000 to K3,000 feet, where it is designated "Cheechia "
by the the hill people. It is much used in temples as incense,

THE JUNIPER. 143

where among the apparatus used are censers, filled with the
burning embers of this Juniper, which are muffled about and
put through many evolutions amidst the ceremonial mumme-
ries, by the priests ; while on tlie other hand, the Bhotiyas,
who are somewhat careless in sucli matters, and look sharply
to this world, and things substantial rather than spiritual, pay
little attention to this Juniper, except for the useful purpose
of making yeast, and for which purpose the fruit is sold in the
Indian Bazaars, under the name of " Ubhul " and " Hoobair."
It appears to be unknown on the Indian declivity of the Hima-
layas, and is a very distinct species, growing from three to six
feet high, somewhat resembling Juniperus squamata, but not
so wide spreading, and much taller in habit, and readily dis-
tinguished from that kind, and Juniperus recurva, by the pale
yellowish-green tint of its foliage, and small three-seeded
berries.

It is quite hardy, and frequently to be found in the nurseries,
misnamed Juniperus recurva densa, a name previously applied
to the male form of the Juniperus recurva, but from which our
present plant is easily distinguished by its dwarf, dense habit,
and small, three-seeded fruit, while that of Juniperus recurva
has but a single seed in each berry.

No. 17. Juniperus excelsa, Blehersteln, the Tall Crimean

Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Sabina Taurica, Pallas.
„ „ „ excelsa, Antoine.

„ „ „ polycarpos, Antoine.

„ „ „ ho^hyWo^, Antoine.

„ „ isophyllos, Kotscliy.

„ „ polycarpos, Kotschy.

„ „ Olivieri, Carriere.

„ „ foetida excelsa, Spach.

„ „ excelsa vera, Hort.

„ Cedrus Orientalis foetidissima, Tournejort.
Leaves in twos, very small, glaucous gray, sharp-pointed,

144 JUNIPERUS, OR

loosely imbricated, and spreading at the points on the young
plants; but short, thick, ovate, imbricated, and four-rowed,
with a sunken gland at the back of those on the old plants.
Stem erect, thickly covered with numerous short compact
branches, curved upwards towards the ends, and densely
clothed with foliage; branchlets obtusely four-sided, straight,
and rather rigid. Berries globular, slightly angular, half an
inch in diameter ; when full grown, of a deep glaucous purple,
solitary^ and on the ends of very short branchlets.

A handsome pyramidal small tree, growing 30 or 40 feet
high, with the lower branches rather drooping when old.

It grows on the Islands in the Grecian Archipelago, Tauria,
Syria, Armenia, and between Teflis and Erivan ; also in Persian
Armenia, and Georgia.

This kind is not found indigenous, either in India or North
America, as stated by Mr. Loudon, in the Arboretum Britanni-
cum; the American Juniperus excelsa of Lewis and Pursh
being the Juniperus Occidentalis of Hooker, while the Juni-
perus excelsa of Indian writers is the Juniperus religiosa of
Roylc, and both very distinct from the Crimean kind.

Juniperus excelsa stkicta, Rollisson, the Upright Tall

Junij^er.

Syn. Juniperus excelsa glauca, Hovt
„ „ Perkinsii, Hort

„ „ venusta, Hort

„ „ stricta, Hort.

This beautiful variety forms a tall, dense, narrow, conical
head, tapering gradually from the ground to a sharp terminal
point; and is of a fine silvery glaucous colour. It originated
in the nursery of Messrs. Rollisson, at Tooting, and is quite
hardy.

Juniperus excelsa variegata, Carrilrc.

A very striking variety, with variegated leaves and branch-
lets, of French origin.

THE JUNIPER. 145

No. 18. JuNiPERUS FLACCID A, Schlecht, the Loose-growing

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus foetida flaccida, SpacJi.
„ „ gracilis, Endlicher.

Leaves of various forms, some opposite and in pairs, others
in whorls of three, spreading at the points, needle or lance-
shaped, very small and pointing upwards ; three-quarters of a
line long, with frequently an elongated gland on the back of
the small, round, and closely imbricated leaves, on the smaller
branchlets of the adult plants ; those on young plants are
spreading, straight, much longer, lance-shaped, and bright
green on both sides. Branches naked towards the base, slen-
der, horizontal, drooping at the points, and covered with a
smooth, grayish-brown bark ; branchlets numerous towards the
end of the branches, four-sided, pliable, spread out, mostly
growing on one side, and pendulous. Berries large, globular,
solitary, and half an inch in diameter, with projecting, thin,
acute-pointed scales, and of a deep purple colour, covered with
a glaucous bloom.

A graceful, loose-spreading, pyramidal bush or small tree,
growing from 20 to 80 feet high, with a drooping appearance.

It is found on the mountains of Atotonilco el Chico, Regla,
and Real del Monte, in Mexico, at elevations of from GOOO to
8000 feet, where it produces Sandarac, but in much smaller
quantity than the Mexican Juniper (J. Mexicana).

It is very distinct and tolerably hardy.

No. 19. Juniperus Pseudo-Sabina, Fischer, the Siberian

Savin.

The leaves are of various forms and sizes, on different parts
of the plant ; those on the primaiy branches and intermediate
branchlets are open, spreading, subulate, rigid, straight, thickly
placed in threes, or in opposite pairs, channelled and glaucous
on the upper surface, rounded on the back, spiny pointed, and
two lines long ; while those on the external fertile branchlets

146 JUNIPERUS, OR

are very small, ovate, somewhat obtuse at the apex, concave on
the back, with a sunken gland in the centre, and closely im-
bricated in four rows. The principal branches are rather long,
and obliquely extended, with the lesser ones and intermediate
branchlets short, numerous, thickly placed, and covered with
open, stiff, spiny, awl-shaped leaves, mostly in threes ; fertile
branchlets short, slender, much forked, and cylindrical, or
somewhat quadriform by the small, closely imbricated leaves.
Berries solitary, terminal, ovate, or oblong, smooth, nearly
black, half an inch in diameter, and containing one large ovate
seed.

A low-spreading, dense shrub, three or four feet high, and
somewhat resembling the common Savin^ but destitute of the
strong odour of that kind.

It is found in Siberia, on the Songarian and Baical Alps, and
on the Altai and Daurian Mountains.

No. 20. JUNIPERUS PROSTRATA, Persoou, the Prostrate-branched

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus repens, Nuttall.

Hudsonica, Loddiges.

Sabina prostrata, Loudon.
„ humilis, Hooker.

horizontalis, Mo&nck.

Alpina, Loddiges.

foetida multicaulis, Spacli.
alternately opposite, very short, loosely
placed over each other, and irregularly four-rowed, very dense,
concave above, convex below, and terminating in a very
sharp point, stem-clasping, dull shining green, and with the
ends pointing outwards and quite free. Stems prostrate, long,
slender, laying flat on the ground, flexible, and spreading ;
smaller ones short, dense, alternate, straight, and thickly placed
on the upper side of the branches. Berries small, globular, or
oblong, tubcrculated, and when ripe of a glaucous black or
blackish violet colour, on short branchlets, and solitary.

Leaves in twos,

THE JUNIPER. 147

A prostrate sliriib, trailing along the ground, and not rising
more than six or eight inches high, but spreading over a large
space.

It is found in the United States of America, on the sandy
beaches of Lake Huron, and the hills along the Missouri
River, near Fort Mandan.

No. 21. JuNiPERLTS RECURVA, Don, the Drooping Indian
Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus incurva, Hamilton.
„ „ repanda, Hort.

„ „ canescens, E. I. Comp.

„ „ Nepalensis, Rinz.

This is called "Aroo," and "Uguroo," (Eagle's Bush), in Nepal,
probably from its growing among the rocks where the eagles
resort.

Leaves in threes, linear-lanceolate, bristly-pointed, loosely
imbricated, and convex beneath. Branches and branchlets re-
curved, pendulous, not very numerous, and easily distinguished
from all the other Indian species, by the persistent chaffy leaves
of the past year, and by the mixture of the brown half-decayed
chaffy ones of the past year with the greenish -gray ones of
the present. Bark rough brown, curling up and scaling off. A
bush, or low tree, very graceful in habit, growing from four to
ten feet in height. It is found in Gossainthan, in Nepal, and in
Bhotan, at an elevation of from 8000 to 10,000 feet, a small,
but elegant tree ; and in higher elevations, only a scrubby
bush. Berries roundish oval, deep purple or nearly black when
ripe, with a shining smooth surface ; each berry contains only
one seed. The berries and branches are burnt as incense in
temples, and in other magical incantations, by the natives.

The sexes of this species are on different plants, and both
very dissimilar in appearance ; the male has longer and looser
foliage, and a denser appearance ; while the female form has
much shorter and more closely imbricated, three-rowed leaves,
and a slenderer appearance; the female form is that which is
most common in collections.
L 2

148 JUNIPERUS, OR

No. 22. JUNIPERUS RELIGIOSA, RoyU, the Pencil, or Incense

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus excelsa, Madden, and all other writers on
Indian Conifers under this name.

Leaves closely imbricated in opposite pairs, somewhat obtuse,
with a central gland or raised line on the back, four-rowed, and
imbricated, or spreading, acute, and disposed in threes; glaucous
and subulate on the young plants, but both forms are frequent.
Branches and branchlets very similar, but more compact than
those of Cupressus torulosa. Berries of a purplish colour, the
size of a small pea, rounded or two-lobed, smooth, and with
only one or two small seeds in each, dry, resinous, and with
a strong aroma when bruised, and very disagreeable taste.
Male and female flowers on separate plants.

This species is rarely found below 10,000 feet of elevation,
and gradually dwarfing into an Alpine creeping shrub at 12,000
or 13,000 feet; but ascending in this form to 13,500 feet on the
south flank of Kunchinjinga, and to 15,200 feet on the rearward
ranges. It forms a large, densely-branched, stiff tree, growing
from GO to 80 feet high, in eastern Nepal. Major Madden saw
a tree at the Songnum Temple, thirteen feet in circumference at
five feet from the ground, and about 100 feet high. Captain
Strachcy found it at " Hunu," 12,000 feet above the sea; but
it is found in many parts, particularly at Kunawur ; on Gos-
sainthan, in Nepal ; in Kamaon, near Nantee ; and appears
to flourish best at elevations of from 9000 to 18,000 feet, but
never below 7000 feet in a native state.

Dr. Griffith found it in Bhotan, about temples and in woods,
from. 9000 to 11,000 feet of elevation. In " Kooloo," at an
elevation of 11,000 feet, it is preferred for its timber, and its
sprigs are burnt for incense. It is commonly planted by Budd-
hist temples, where it is used in all sacred ceremonies, hence
its specific name, " rcligiosa ;" the name commonly applied to
this tree (excelsa) by writers on Indian Conifers having been

THE JUNIPER. 149

previously applied to a Crimean plant, now common in English
collections. The natives of Durii, in Gilgit, on a particular
da}'', burn goats' fat and Juniper branches upon the altar, and
dance, sing, and drink wine ; they also fry Juniper branches
and berries in goats' grease^ in small dishes, for incense. Mr.
Winterbottom found it on all the elevated tracts of Astor and
Gilgit, even in the north-east quarter of Cashmere, used for
the same purpose under the name of "Lewi," or "Newr"
(Juniper), and " Dhoop " (incense). It is also found in the
north-west of Sikkim and Nepal Proper, where it is called
" Googgal Dhoop," and always burned in temples as incense on
festive days. It has scaly bark, of a deep brown colour, and
timber exactly similar to that used in Cedar pencils^ with a
scent equally aromatic.

This Juniper is called " Shirkoo," or "Shirgoo,"in Kamaon,
and " Shoor," " Shoorjm/' " Shookpa," and " Chopka," all ver-
nacular variations in the Bhotan dialects for incense, or used
for that purpose. It is also the Juniper Cedar of Indian
travellers, who describe it as a large, dark, dense-branched,
stiff tree, growing in eastern Nepal, from 60 to 80 feet high ;
while in Sikkim it only attains a height of from 15 to 20 feet,
and at all very high and extreme elevations it becomes a creep-
ing shrub or sprawling bush. Timber red, close grained, and
exempt from the ravages of insects.

The Himalayan Cedar wood, so called, or miscalled, by Dr.
Royle, is the timber of Juniperus religiosa (the J. excelsa of
India), and not that of Sanscrit record, which latter is that of
the Deodar Cedar. He also confounds Juniperus religiosa
with Cupressus torulosa, and states that Cupressus torulosa
grows at an elevation of 11,500 feet in Kunawur, on the
borders of Chinese Tartary — a statement totally fallacious ;
for Cupressus torulosa has never been found in any part of
India above 7000 or 8000 feet of elevation, and generally very
much dwarfed or stunted in such situations; while, on the
other hand, Juniperus religiosa (excelsa of Indian writers) is
seldom or ever found below 9000 or 10,000 feet, in a native

150 juniperhs, or

state, but up to 14,000 or 15,000 feet on the rearward ranges
where it becomes a creeping Alpine shrub, although at an ele-
vation of 9000 or 10,000 feet it is a large tree, from 70 to 80
feet high.

It is perfectly hardy, and resembles J. excelsa, but it is more
open in the head.

No. 23. JuNiPERUS Sabina, LinncBus, the Common Savin.

Syn. Juniperus Sabina cupressifolia, Aiton.

„ „ cupressifolia, Hort.

„ „ Sabina horizontalis, Hort.

„ „ „ vulgaris, EncUicJier.

„ „ Lusitanica, Miller (not of others).

„ „ Lycia, Pallas not Linnceus.

„ „ foetida Sabina, Spach.

Leaves in opposite pairs, imbricated, oval, somewhat pointed,
and convex on the back, or awl-shaped^ and remote. Branches
nearly straight, very much ramified, younger ones entirely
covered with imbricated leaves, which have a very disagree-
able odour, and very bitter taste. Berries of a blackish-purple
colour, generally one-seeded, small, oval, smooth, and about the
size of a small currant.

A low, much-branched shrub, but sometimes growing six or
seven feet high on the Lower Alps in Southern Europe. It
occurs in the mountains of Lombardy, in the Apennines, on
the Pyrenees^ in Greece, on the Spanish Peninsula, but alwaj's
as a mountain plant. It is also very abundant on the northern
and western slopes of the Alps, on the Altai and Taurian
mountains.

Juniperus Sabina nana^ Hort., the Green Carpet or Dwarf
Savin Juniper.

Syn. Junipcnis Sabina pumila, Hort.
„ „ prostrata, lUi^fo, not Torrcy.

„ „ clcgans, Hurt.

THE JUNIPER. 151

This variety is very mucli smaller, more spreading and
flatter than the common Savin, and rises but little from the
ground. It is the Green-Carpet Juniper, and is not unfre-
quently confounded with the Grey-Carpet Juniper (Juniperus
Sabinoides), to v/hich it bears considerable resemblance, except
in colour. It is found on the mountains in the south of
Europe.

Juniperus Sabina variegata, Loudon.

This variety differs from the ordinary Savin in having some
of its branchlets and foliage pale-yellowish white, intermixed
with the green ones, and forms a very pretty variety.

No. 24. Juniperus Sabinoides, EncUicher, the Grey-Carpet

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Sabina tamariscifolia, Alton.
„ „ Alpina, Hort.

„ „ elegans, Booth.

„ foetida tamariscifolia, Spacli.

„ tliurifera, Parlatore, not Lamhert or Loudon.

„ cinerea, Carriei'e.

Leaves in opposite pairs, the lower ones spreading, almost
needle-shaped, very short, glaucous, blue on the upper side,
broadest at the base, tapering to a very sharp point, half opened,
and spread outwards, but on older plants much more approach-
ing together, smaller, scale-formed, loosely imbricated, and
sharp-pointed. Branches spreading out horizontal, very dense
and stiff; branchlets very numerous, straight, short and tufted.
Berries quite round, of a blackish violet colour, one-seeded,
larger than those of the Common Savin, and a little flatter,
and more glaucous.

A dense little bush, spreading out horizontally, and not more
than two or three feet high, found in Spain and the mountains
of Southern Europe.

152 JTJNIPERUS, OR

No. 25. JuNiPERUS SQUAMATA, Don, the Scaly-leaved Nepal

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus squamosa, Hamilton.
„ „ duraosa, WallicJi.

„ „ Lambertiana, Wallich.

„ „ rigida, Wallich (not of Thunberg).

„ „ ? Wallichiana, Hooker.

Leaves in threes, closely imbricated, ovate-oblong, more or
less acute, inflexed at the point as if obtuse ; the withered ones
persistent, with very long points, and adhering to the branches
like scales. Branches numerous, creeping, and a little set up
at the points ; branchlets stiff, very numerous, and thickly
covered all over with foliage. Berries ovate-obtuse, or ovate-
oblong, very glossy, varymg from light-bkie to nearly black,
one-seeded, with three or four opposite scales about the centre,
and two small ones near the top, which is umbilicate and fur-
rowed ; on old plants the upper branches have closely-imbri-
cated, cypress- like leaves, while on the lower branches of young
plants they are in whorls of three, linear and lanceolate, acute,
stiff, more or less spreading, green on the upper side, white be-
low, but varying in some so as to leave both sides of the foliage
bright green.

A large, dense, prostrate^ much -branched shrub, growing two
or three feet high, in Nepal, and on the Bhotan Alps. In
Cashmere and the adjacent regions it is common at nil ele-
vations, particularly on the Indian face of the Himalayas from
11,000 to 13,000 feet. It is also common on the snowy ranges
of Kamaon and Gurhwal, and penetrates into the heart of the
Himalayas, to " Eimkin," at an elevation of 14,500 feet; its
upper limits is 15,000 feet, and its lowest 9,000 feet, but is in
greatest abundance between 12,000 and 18,000 feet. It also
frrows on the Choor mountains, where it forms extensive beds,
overlaying the high, tabular masses of granite, which occur on
or near the top, at an elevation of 12,000 feet, wliere it lias the
foim of a 'large creeping bush, covered with its large, glossy,

THE JUNIPER. 153

purplish-black fruit, which is well tasted, having but little bit-
ter in them, and a single seed. It is the " Pama," or " Pudma,"
of Upper Kamaon and the Himalayas, and the " Googgal" of
Cashmere, a word meaning incense, also the bastard or creeping
Cedar of travellers.

The Bhotiyas call this species "Parpinja " (creeping Juniper) ;
and, according to Dr. Hoffmeister, "an intoxicating drink is pre-
pared from the berries of the ground-Juniper, which is known
all over the Busehur part of the Himalayas by the name of
'• Theloo," (spirituous liquor). Its Khasiya names are " Bhe-
dara/' and "Bindhara," and signify yeast, or yielding yeast;
for which purpose the sprigs are used in Upper Kamaon in
the preparation of yeast, as the aromatic crushed berries of the
common Juniper is in Europe to flavour gin. The yeast is made
by moistening coarse barley flour, which is made into a ball,
and covered all round with the leaves and. sprigs of this Juni-
per; the whole is then closely wrapped up in a blanket, and
kept warm, where in three or four days it ferments and be-
comes fit for use. It is also used in the distilling arrack from
rice, the berries having but little bitter in them.

No. 26. JuxiPERUS THURIFEEA, Linnccus,ihe Spanish Juniper.

Syn. Cedrus Hispanica, Tournefort.
„ Juniper us Hispanica, Miller.
,, „ foetida Hispanica, Spacli.

„ „ oophora, Kiinze.

„ „ turbinata, Gassone.

Leaves in twos, opposite, very small, narrow, glaucous-gray,
loosely imbricated, in four rows, sometimes spreading at the
points, rigid, straight, and sharp-pointed, concave at the base
on the upper side, convex at the back, stem-clasping, and
mostly without any gland on the under side; stem erect,
thickl}'- covered all round with branches, curved upwards
at the points; branchlcts; ver}^ dense, short, all growing on the
outer side, curving upwards, and forming a dense pyramidal

154 JUNIPERUS, OR

head, tapering to quite a point at the top. Berries very large,
solitary, obovate or egg-shaped, glaucous-black when ripe, red-
dish brown when immature, and bright green wiien young, and
growing at the points of the smaller branchlets, which are
entirely covered with small imbricated leaves,

A ver}^ handsome, dense, pyramidal, small tree, brandling to
the ground, and tapering to a sharp point, and attaining a
height of from 20 to 30 feet.

It is found on the mountains in the province of Seville, in
Spain, and in Portugal, at an elevation of from 3000 to 4500
feet above the sea.

It is (juite hardy.

No. 27. JUNIPERUS ViEGlNiANA, L., the Virginian or Red

Cedar.

Syn. Juniperus arborescens, Mcmtcli.
„ „ Caroliniana, Hort.

„ „ Virginiana vera, Loddiges.

„ „ „ vulgaris, Carriere.

„ „ major Americana, Parkinson.

Leaves in twos, opposite, and four-rowed ; but frequently in
whorls of three on the J^oung shoots, those on the adult plants
closely imbricated, very small, and sharp-pointed ; but after-
wards, as tliey get oldei", become spread out at the points, gloss}^
and of a light green, in the common form of the tree, frequently
turning to a tawny brown colour in winter. Branches hori-
zontal, numerous, close together, and feathered to the ground ;
])ranchlots four-sided, slender, straight, spreading, and very
numerous on the outer parts of the branches. Berries dark
purple, very small, ovate, smooth, or slightly warted on the
surface, and covered with a white glaucous powder. Male
and female flowers mostly on the same plant, but sometimes
on separate ones.

A handsome tree, growing 40 or 50 feet high, and one foot
and a half in diameter.

THE JUNIPER. 155

It is found abundantly in the United States of America, on
the Cedar Island in Lake Champlain, and in the district of
Maine, from whence it spreads without intermission to Cape
Florida, and thence round the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of
more than 3000 miles; in Virginia and the more Southern
States, it is common, but is only seen in the form of a shrub in
the open, dry, sandy soils of the Western States.

There are the following varieties : —

JuNiPERUS ViEGiNiANA Caroliniana, Lodcliges, the Carolina

Red Cedar,

Syn. Juniperus Caroliniana, Dii Roi.
„ „ Virginiana sjDarsifolia, Hort.

„ „ „ fiivicta, Hort.

A fine, upright variety, with a compact habit, and leaves
more or less spreading, acerose or lanceolate, decuri'ent, scat-
tered, and glaucous on the upper surface. Berries very small,
oval and of a violet colour when ripe.

A desirable variety, on account of its upright habit.

Juniperus Virginiana Barbadensis, Loudon.
Syn. Juniperus Virginiana Australis., Carriere.

„ „ „ gracilis, Hort.

„ „ Bedfordiana, KnigJd.

„ „ Gossainthanea, Loddlges.

„ „ Barbadensis, Micliaux.

This variety has much slenderer branches, which are reflected
at the extremities^ and frequently drooping; branchlets very
numerous, long, straight, slim, and frequently pendent. Leaves
in opposite pairs, or in Avhorls of three, needle-shaped, straight,
narrow, and sharp-pointed on young plants; but very short
and blunt-pointed on those of the adult plants, and closely
imbricated.

A tree growing 50 or GO feet high, with a trunk one foot
and a half in diameter.

156 JUNIPERUS, OR

It is found in the Island of Barbadoes, and other Windward
Islands, but has been widely distributed by the Loddiges under
the name of Juniperus Gossainthanea, a name evidently origi-
nating in carelessness, for no such plant is to be found in that
part of India, as is evident from the writings of such excellent
and acute observers as Major Madden, Mr. Winterbottom, and
Drs. "Wallich, Hooker, and Griffith ; for if such a tree existed in
Gossainthan, it certainly would have been detected by one or
other of those excellent travellers.

It is rather tender.

Juniperus Virgtniana dumosa, Loddiges, the Bushy Red

Cedar.

Syn. Juniperus dumosa, Hort.

A bushy variety of the Red Cedar, with a roundish spreading,

but compact head, widest at the top, and with the leaves either

very acute-pointed, spreading and straight or scale-formed, and

closely imbricated in four rows.

Juniperus Virginiana glauca, Hort.
Syn. Juniperus Virginiana cinerescens, Hort.
„ „ „ argentea, Van Houtte.

„ „ argentea, Hort. ■

„ „ glauca, Willdenoiv.

This variet)^ only differs from the species in having its foliage
of a fine glaucous white colour.

Juniperus Virginiana humilis, Hort, the dwarf Red Cedar.
Syn. Juniperus Virginiana pumila, Hort.

This is a very dwarf, slender variety, of a pretty purplish tint,
and with the shoots branching out in a peculiarly angular form.

A very attractive and distinct variety, forming a dense bush,
only two or three feet high.

Juniperus Virginiana pendula, Hort, the Weeping Red

Cedar.
Syn. Juniperus Virginiana Chamberlaini, Hort.
There arc thico forms of the pendulous Red Cedar to be found

THE JUNIPER. 157

in collections ; one the mcde form, another the female one, and
the third a brigJit-grcGR one. The male kind has shorter and
much more numerous branchlets, while the female one has
longer, slenderer, and much fewer branchlets ; the third variety-
is of a beautiful light glossy green, and the handsomest of the
three. The female form is generally known in collections as
Chamberlain's Weeping Ked Cedar, while the green one is
called Juniperus Virginiana pendula viridis.

JuNiPERUS Virginiana Schottii, Hort, the Light-green
Virginian Cedar.
Syn. Juniperus Schottii, Horf.

„ „ Virginiana viridis, Hort

„ „ „ stricta, Hort.

A fine pyramidal variety, differing principally in its peculiar
briofht OTeen colour.

Juniperus Virginiana tripartita, R. Smith, the Tripartite

Red Cedar.
S}Ti. Juniperus tripartita, Hort.
A low spreading bush, from three to four feet high, with
several stems, and quite the habit of growth of the common
savin ; the leaves are mostly open, very acute and straight ;
but frequently those on the fertile branchlets are scale-formed,
and closel}^ imbricated.

A very distinct kind, of continental origin, and quite hardy.

Juniperus Virginiana alba variegata, Hort.
This variety has whitish leaves and branchlets, intermixed
with the ordinary green ones.

Juniperus Virginiana aurea, variegata, Hort.
This variety has a portion of the branchlets of a fine golden
yellow, scattered all over the plant.

158 JUNIPERUS, OR

Section III. CUPRESSOTDES. The Cypress-like Junipers.

Leaves, in. opposite jjaivs, four-rowed, small, scale-formed, and
closely imbricated in the adult plants.

Fruit, more or less angular, and furnished with external
bracts, or humps.

No. 28. JuNiPERUS Chinensis, Linnmis, the Chinese Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus dimorpha, Roxburgh.
„ „ dicecia, Mahoy.

This species has the male and female flowers on separate
plants, and are very dissimilar in appearance.

A — Male form.
Juniperus Chinensis mas, Linnceus.
Syn. Juniperus Thunbergii, Hooker.
„ „ dioecia, Makoy.

„ „ dimorpha, Roxburgh.

Leaves in whorls of three, lance-shaped, sharp-pointed,
channelled on the upper side, and convex below, sometimes
very glaucous or bright green, spreading, distant, stiff, and
without any footstalks, densely clustered on the smaller stem-
shoots and bottom branches. Branches irregularly alternate,
and thickly placed on the stem, mostly pointing outwards, and
spreading, smaller ones straight, very thickly placed on the
lateral branches, and thickly covered with male flowers, of a
bright yellow colour.

B — Female forrn.
Juniperus Chinensis foemina, Linnmus.
Syn. Juniperus Recvesiana, Hort.
„ „ flagelliformis. Reeves.

„ „ struthiacea, Knight.

„ „ foemina, Hort.

„ „ cernua, Roxburgh.

Leaves in twos, opposite, closely imbricated, very short,
scale-formed, ovate, slightly pointed, closely pressed over each
other in four rows, stem clasping at the base, with an oblong
sunken gland on the back, and pointing in the same direction

THE JUNIPER. 159

as the slioot. Branches scattered, but thickly placed on the
«tem, pointing outwards and spreading; smaller ones slender,
four-sided, partially rounded, seldom forked, and frequently
pointing downwards. Berries very small, of a glaucous violet
brown when ripe, and variously shaped, in some rounded, two-
lobed, or angular ; others globular, or oblong, depressed on the
surface, and mostly containing only one or two seeds in each.

The open leaves are frequently alike on both sexes when
3'oung, and frequently on the smaller stem-shoots and bottom
branches of the female plant; while the mature leaves on
the outer and upper branches of the male plant become like
those of the female, small, closely pressed over each other, and
stem clasping.

This very fine species attains a height of from fifteen to
twenty feet, particularly the male form, which is much the
handsomest plant, with a pyramidal head.

It is found abundantly in China, Japan, and adjoining islands,
and is perfectly hardy.

This kind is called " Fi-noki-suga" (slender evergreen) by
the Japanese, and " Inuki" (wild or native shrub) by the Chinese.
There are the following varieties : —

JuNlPERUS Chinensis densata, R. Smith, the Dense-growing

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Wallichii, Ilovt.

This kind forms a dense pyramidal shrub, from ten to twenty

feet high, with the main stem uj)right, and all the numerous

branchlets more or less pendulous, and closely imbricated, with

elliptic-pointed, glossy bright-green leaves.

It is a native of the Himalayas, and quite hardy.

Juniperus Chinensis variegata, Fortune, the Variegated
Chinese Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Chinensis argentea, Hort.
This variety difters from the species (male form) in being of
a beautiful glaucous green, regularly interspersed with branch-
lets of a silvery white colour. It is of Japanese origin, and was
first introduced by Mr. Fortune.

160 JUNIPERUS, OR

JuNiPERUS Chinensis aurea, Rollisson, the Golden Chinese

Juniper.
This is a fine variety, with a portion of the branchlets of a
bright golden yellow.

No. 29. JuNiPERUS Japonica, Carriere, the Japan Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus procumbens, Siehold.
„ ^, Chinensis procumbens, Endlicher.

Leaves in whorls of three, thickly set on the branches,
spreading, rigid, and tapering to a sharp prickly point;
straight, smooth, bright green and convex, with hardly any
trace of the mid-rib on the under side ; channelled with two
glaucous lines on the upper one, while those on the outer
branches in the adult plants are very small, ovate, blunt at the
points, closely imbricated, and three-sided. Branches spread
out, numerous, twisted, and frequently bent downward at the
ends ; smaller ones very dense, short, rigid, and covered at the
ends with small closely-imbricated leaves. Berries small and
solitary, at the points of the small lateral branchlets, irregu-
larly egg-shaped, gibbous, and sometimes two-lobed, containing
from one to three seeds in each, and of a very deep purple,
covered with a glaucous powder, before and when ripe.

A small dense-spreading bush, not growing more than one
or two feet high, found plentiful on the mountains of Japan.

It is quite hardy, very distinct, and has the following
varieties : —

Juniperus Japonica aurea. Fortune, the Golden Variegated
Japan Juniper.

Tliis variety differs from the ordinary form, in having a
good portion of the secondary branches and branchlets of a
golden yellow colour, and when well intermixed, forms a very
striking object.

THE JUNIPER. 161

JuNiPERUS Japonica ALBA, Staiidish, the White Variegated
Japan Juniper.

This is a very nice variety, with a portion of its lesser
branches and branchlets, of a white colour; first introduced
from Japan, by Mr. John Standish, of the Royal Nursery,
Ascot.

No. 80. JuNlPERUS Mexicana, Schlecht, the Mexican Sandarac

Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Deppeana, Steudel.
„ „ gigantea, Roezl.

„ Cupressus Sabinoides, Humboldt.

Leaves (on the adult plants) in oj^posite pairs, very short,
three-fourths of a line long, ovate-pointed and loosely imbri-
cated ; but ovate, blunt-pointed and closely imbricated on the
small branchlets, four-rowed and marked on the back with an
elliptic gland, and of a dull grayish colour. Leaves (on the
young plants) mostly in threes, round the branches, sharp-
pointed, needle-shaped, rigid, spreading, loosely imbricated,
and dull glaucous green. Branches angular, horizontal, slightly
elevated at the ends ; smaller ones covered with sharp-pointed,
scaly leaves, extended at the points, and with an elevated
gland at the back ; branchlets four-sided, rather cylindrical,
short, stiff, and straight. Berries solitary, on short scaly foot-
stalks, half an inch in diameter, irregularly globular, with a
few gouty humps, or tubercles, terminated with very thin
scales on the outside, and of a dark purple colour, dusted over
with a glaucous powder.

A tree commonly found growing from 20 to 30 feet higli,
with a pyramidal-shaped head, producing a pale yellow resin-
ous matter, frequently found in drops or lumps on the branches
and resembling sandarac.

M. Roezl describes it as a magnificent tree, growing from
80 to 100 feet high, and nearly three feet in diameter at the
base, with a very straight stem ; and the Indians at Tlaxcal
M

162 JUNIPERUS, OR

state that it grows to a great size on the mountains near Ten-
ancingo, at an elevation of from 7000 to 8000 feet.

It is found plentiful on the Real del Monte Mountains, and
on the Llanos of Perote and Mineral Monte, at an elevation of
from 8000 to 10,000 feet, and is called by the Mexicans,
" Cedro," and " Sabina."

It is tolerably hardy.

No. 31. JuNiPERUS PKOCERA, Hoclist, the Abyssinian Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Lasdeliana, Lawson.
„ „ excelsa procera, Carriere.

Leaves in pairs, opposite, thick, fleshy and very small,
ovate-pointed, scale-like, and imbricated, with an oblong gland
on the back, in the adult trees, but needle-shaped, loosely
spreading, and sharp-pointed on those of the young plants.
Branches roundish and spreading ; branchlets numerous, and
dense on the outer parts. Berries oval, the size of a common
pea, and glaucous.

Timber hard, firm, and durable.

This is said to be a huge tree, found in Abyssinia, of wliich
little is known, except that it very much resembles the tall
Crimean Juniper (J. excelsa), and probably not different except
in size, which may be caused by the favourable eliects of cli-
mate, soil, etc.

No, 32. Juniperus Occidentalis, Hooker, the Western Tree
Juniper.
Syn, Juniperus Hermann!, Persoon.

excelsa, ieu'is and PursJi, not WiUdenoic.

alba, Knigltt.

dcalbata, Loudon, not Douglas.

frn grans. Knight.

pyriformis, Lindley.

Californica, Carrih'e.

Aiidina. NvlUdl.

THE JUNIPER. 1(53

Sjn. Jimiperus bacciformis, Knight.
» ,, tetragona osteosperma, Torrey.

„ „ occidentalis fragrans, Hort

„ Cliaiiifecyparis Boursierii, Lecaisne.
„ Gupressus bacciformis. Knight.

Leaves (on the adult trees), in opposite pairs, almost round,
or ovate, blunt-pointed, closely imbricated, in four rows, con-
vex, and with a hollow gland upon the back, full of clear
resin ; very small, and of a silvery white colour.

Leaves (on the young plants) ternate, needle-shaped, or lan^
ceolate, spreading at the points, and distant ; but as the plants
get older, gradually change to those of the adult ones. Branches
very dense, spreading, and cylindrical, with a dark-coloured
bark ; branchlets, numerous, short, four-sided, alternate, and of
a glaucous silvery colour ; those of the open shoots on the
young plants, almost white, and with a very strong disagreeable
smell when bruised. Berries globular, smooth, deep°purple,
covered with a silvery white powder, and produced singly on
the ends of the small branchlets on the upper part of the
tree.

A tall tree, growing from GO to 80 feet high, and two or
three feet in diameter.

It was first found by Douglas, growing on the Stony Islands
in the Columbia River, and in tlie valley of the Rocky Moun-
tains ; a tree GO or 80 feet high. Jeffrey more recently found
it in the Klamet Mountains, in the Oregon territory, at an
elevation of 5000 feet, growing in desert tracts of country,
where there was scarcely any other vegetable production ; the
soil being almost entirely composed of sand, and very dry. A
tree 40 feet high, with an umbrella-shaped top, and sometimes
three feet in diameter, with foliage covered with a silvery
glaucous bloom, and very strong scented.

It is quite hardy, but emits a strong disagreeable odour when
bruised.

M 2

164 JUNIPERUS, OR .

No. S3. JuNiPERUS PACHYPHL^A, TovTey, the Sweot-fruited

Jumper.
Syn. Juniperus Sabina pacliyphlsea, Antoine.

Leaves in threes, scale-formed, closely imbricated along the
branchlets, ovate-rhomboid, somewhat acute -pointed^ very
glaucous, and convexly-keeled on the back, with a sunken
glaucous oval gland in the centre ; branchlets rather short,
obtusely four-sided and somewhat closely arranged, horizontally
in two rows. Berries solitary globose, half an inch in diameter,
and of a brownish colour, thickly covered with a white glaucous
bloom, sweet-tasted, and produced at the ends of the short,
erect branchlets.

A moderate sized tree, with terete branchlets, covered with
a white glaucous bloom, found on the Zuni mountains, in the
western part of New Mexico.

It is hardy, and the whole j)lant has quite a white appear-
ance.

No. 34. Juniperus Ph(ENICEA, L. the Phoenician Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus tetragona, MoencJi.

„ Phoenicea sclerocarpa, Endlicher.

„ Langoldiana, Hort.

Cupressus Devoniana, Hort.

„ bacciformis, WiUdenoiu.

Juniperus bacciformis, Carriere.

Leaves opposite, or in threes, bright green, imbricated, bluntly
egg-shaped, somewhat channelled, and convex on the back, and
perfectly smooth ; but on some of the branches a few open,
sharp^ lanceolate, glaucous leaves are found in whorls of three.
Young branches, entirely covered with very small leaves,
wliich are disposed in threes, opposite to each otlier, closely
covering the surface of the branchlct, and laid one upon
another, like scales. Male and female flowers mostly on sepa-
rate plants, but sometimes they are both found on the same
plant. Berries, terminal, about the size of a pea, pale brown,

THE JUNIPER. 105

shining, of an irregalar, globular form, slightly compressed and
angular ; the pulp is dry and fibrous, and each berry contains
three or four seeds,

A smaill tree, or large bush, from 15 to 20 feet in height,
loaded with numerous branches, so disposed as to form a regu-
lar p3'ramid.

This species is found on the rocks along the shores of the
Mediterranean, particularly on the French Coast ; from Nice to
Calabria, and Sicily, and along the Ionian Sea, the Adriatic
Gulf, in Greece, the Levant, and in Barbary.

There is the following variety : —

JuNiPERUS Phcenicea. Lycia, Loucloii, the Lycian Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Lycia, Linnceus.
„ ,, Phcenicea malacocarpa, Endlicher.

This variety differs from the species in being rather smaller
in all its parts, but more spreading and bushy, of a deeper
gi'een, and in the berries being much larger, rounder, less angu-
lar, and nearly black (not pale yellow) when ripe, and in being
soft and glaucous.

It grows from 10 to 15 feet high, and is found growing in the
South of Europe, the Levant, in Italy, and Spain.

This is the Cypress-leaved Cedar of the Greeks, which pro-
duces the " Olibanum," used as incense in religious ceremonies
on the Continent.

No. 3-5. Juniperus sph^rica, Lindley, the Globular-fruited

Juniper.

Syn. Juniperus Fortunii, Van Houtte.
„ „ Chinensis Smithii, Loudon.

Leaves in opposite pau's, imbricated, very rarely sharp-
pointed, except on young plants ; scale-formed, blunt-pointed,
slightly spreading at the points, of a shining, lively gi'een colour,
and with a little circidar sunken pit or gland on the back of
the leaves. Branches numerous, slender, and curved. Branch-
lets roundish, four-sided, thickly covered with small, scale-like

166 JUNIPERTJS, OR

foiiagG; and bright green. Berries exactly round, tolerably-
large, twice the size of those of the Common Chinese Juniper
(Juniperus Chinensis), smooth, and of a violet glaucous colour.

This species, according to Fortune, grows to the height of
30 or 40 feet in the northern parts of China, forming a stately
tree. It has long been cultivated in England under the name
of Juniperus Smithii.

Juniperus sphserica glauca. Fortune, is a very different kind
from the above, and of which little is known.

No. 36. Juniperus tetragona, Schlecht, the Tetragonal
Juniper.

Leaves on the adult plants, in pairs, opposite, fleshy, obtuse,
egg-shaped, thickest at the points, and very closely imbricated,
from half to three-fourths of a line long, and regidarly and
closely in four rows, but rather distant when old, and withered
on the branches ; and of a dull green colour, slightly glaucous
Avhen young. Branches spreading, nearly flat, with the ends
turned upwards ; smaller ones short, and thickly covered with
truly four-sided branchlets. Branchlets straight, regularly four-
sided, very numerous, stiff, sjDread out, and the fruit-bearing
ones slightly curved, and very dense at the ends of the
branches. Berries sohtary, about the size of a small pea,
globular, with a few scars, and thin scales on the surface, of
a dark purple colour, with a slight glaucous bloom on the sur-
face, and three or four lines in diameter.

A beautiful low-spreading shrub, growing from four to five
feet high, plentiful on the mountains of Mexico, particularly
on the mountains from Ileal del Monte to Chico, at an eleva-
tion of from 10,000 to 11,000 feet. It does not produce San-
dcrac, but is quite liardy.

THE JUNIPER. 167

DOUBTFUL KINDS, OR THOSE OF WHICH LITTLE
IS KNOWN.

No. 37. JuNiPERUS c^siA, Cavrure.
This kind is said to belong to the Savin tribe, and to have
been found in tbe north of Europe, where it is said to be an
erect bush, with numerous ascending branches and branchlets,
covered with opposite smooth, glossy leaves, rounded on the
under side, and glaucous blue above, more or less needle-shaped,
or lanceolate and spreading. Probably Juniperus Virginiana
plauca, which is sometimes named J. csesia.

No 38. Juniperus Cerrosianus, Kellogg, the Island of Cerros

Juniper.

Leaves small, ovate-acute, closely imbricated, with a sunken
gland on the back, and an-anged in six directions. Berries
oblong or egg-shaped, brownish purple, thickly covered with a
white glaucous bloom, and containing three seeds.

It forms a dense bush, or small tree, with horizontal, spread-
ing branches, found on the Cerros Island, in California.

No. 39. Juniperus plochyderma, Tovrey.
Of this kind little is known, beyond that it forms a low
tree, with very long and widely extended branches, on the
Zuni and Colorado Mountains, in New Mexico.

No. 40. Juniperus racemosa, Risso.
A kind said to be found in the south of Europe, by M. Risso,
probably in Naples.

No. 41. Juniperus sph^rica glauca. Fortune, the Glaucous

Chinese Juniper.
Syn. Jurdperus sp., nova, Fortune.
Mr. Fortune states that this kind is found in the north of
China, growing from 15 to 20 feet high, with quite a white or
glaucous appearance, even at a great distance.

168 LARIX, OR

Gen, LARIX. Link The Larch.

Flowers monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; the male catkins small, without footstalks, and
egg-shaped; the female ones erect, solitary, ovate, and much
larger than the males.

Cones small, oval-obtuse, or somewhat cylindrical, and
consisting of but few scales.

Scales persistent, leathery, thin towards the margins, and a
little reflected or undulated.

Bracteas either longer or shorter than the scales, unevenly
notched on the edges, ovate-pointed, or lanceolate.

Seeds very small, with a leathery covering and membrana-
ceous wings.

Seed-leaves from Ave to seven in number.

Leaves deciduous, linear, obtuse, soft, without footstalks, and
either produced in bundles or singly.

The name Larch, according to some authors, is derived from
the Celtic word " Lar" (fat), on account of the tree producing
an abundance of resinous matter, which flows externally down
its stem, and which Ovid describes in the following lines —

" The new-made trees in tears of amber run,
Which harden into value by the sun."

But, according to other writers, the name is derived from the
Welsh " Liar" (wide spreading), on account of its horizontally
extended branches. Its Spanish name, "Alerce," and its
Itahan one, " L'Arice," are derived from the Arabic " Al-araz,"
a kind of cedar, or coniferous tree.

All deciduous trees, found in the colder parts of Europe,
Asia, and America.

No. 1. Larix Dahuhica, Turczaninoiv, the Dahurian Larch.
Syn. Larix Europa?a Dahurica, Loudon.
„ „ Gmclini, Lcdchour.
„ Abies Gmclini, Ruprecht.
„ Pinus Dahurica, Fischer.
„ „ Larix Americana, Pallas.

THE LARCH. 169

Leaves single, or in bundles of many together round a central
bud ; they are single on the leading shoots and young plants,
soft, narrow, linear, blunt-pointed, spreading, recurved, and
deciduous, without any footstalks, and of a bright green colour,
a little glaucous when young. Branches distorted and pendu-
lous. Cones oblong or egg-shaped, and tapering rather most
towards the apex ; from half to three-quarters of an inch long,
erect, and not compact. Scales very small, reflexed at the
margins, wavy, or slightly jagged, and not falling off when
ripe; bracteas shorter than the scales, ovate, and pointed.
Seeds very small, and winged.

A small tree, dwarfing down by climate to a stunted bush, or
irregular-growing little tree, only a few feet high, with twisted,
half-pendulous branches, thickly furnished with bundles of the
leaves all round the branchlets.

It is found in Northern Siberia, on the bleak mountains of
Dahuria, and in the arctic regions of Siberia, a mere little
sprawling shrub, amongst the last vestiges of arborescent
vegetation in those places, also in cold mountainous places,
from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

No. 2. Lartx Europ^a, DC, the Common Larch.
Syn. Abies Larix, Lamarck.
„ Larix decidua, Miller.
„ „ pyramidalis, Salisbury.
„ „ excelsa, LiiiJc.
„ „ vulgaris, Fischer.
„ „ communis, Laivson,
„ Pinus Larix, LinncBUS.

Leaves in bundles, many together round a central bud, but
singly on young plants and the leading shoots, deciduous, linear,
soft, blunt, or rounded at the points, spreading, slightly recurved,
and of a beautiful bright green. Cones of a longish oval shape,
erect, of a brown colour, one inch long, and remaining for along
time on the trees. Scales persistent or not falling oft", roundish,
streaked, and slightly waved on the margins ; bracteas generally

170 LARIX, OR

longer than tlie scales, particularly towards the base of the
cones. Seeds small, of an irregular oval form, with a broad
wing ; seed-leaves, from five to seven in number. Cones ripen
late in the autumn.

A fine, deciduous, and quiclc-gTowing tree, in favourable
situations attaining from 80 to 100 feet in height, and from
three to four feet in diameter, with a conical head, and hori-
zontal, spreading branches, with the branchlets pendulous, par-
ticularly in old trees.

The Common Larch is spread over Central Europe, and forms
forests in the upper regions of the Alps of France and
Switzerland, from east to west ; its proper region is at a height
of from 8000 to 6500 feet of elevation, but it sometimes occurs
as high as 7000 feet of elevation ; but then it is a dwarf bush
or scrubby plant, while it, on the other hand, descends as low
as 1500 feet, but is not found anywhere on the Apennines,
according to Professor Schouw, and is less common on the
northern than on the soutliern slope of tlie Alps. It is found
on the Carpathian Mountains, in Tyrol and Hungary, but does
not exist in the German plains, nor in the mountains of
Scandinavia, nor in the Pyrenees, and is equally wanting in
Greece, and in the Iberian peninsula. Those Larches found in
Kussia, &c., are different species.

The following are the most striking varieties of the Common
Larch.

LariX: EuEOPiEA PENDULA, Loudou, Godsall's Weeping Larch.
Syn. Lai^ix Europcea Godsallii, Loudon.

A very distinct variety ; on account of its very pendent
branches, said to be a sub variety of the Tj'rolese Larch, picked
out of a seed-bed in Mr. Godsall's Nursery.

LaRIX EUROPiEA REPENS, Loudoil.
Another variety, differing from the Common Larch in liaving
wide-spreading, robust branches, and a less aspiring stem, with
all the lateral branches pendent,

THE LARCH. I7l

Larix EuROPyEA RUBRA, EndUcher.
The Pved-flowered Common Larch.

Larix Europ^ea alba, EndUcher.
The White-Howered Common Larch.

There are other varieties to be found in nurserymen's lists,
but which are of only trivial account, such as Larix Europsea
laxa, the loose-headed Larch, the Larix Europpea compacta,
the compact-headed Larch, and Larix Europcea, Killermanii,
a dwarf monstrosity, with remarkably thickened branches,
densely clothed with leaves.

No. 8. Larix Griffithii, Hooker, the Sikkim Larch.

Syn. Abies Griffithiana, Lindley.
„ Larix Griffithiana, Hort.
„ „ Sikkimensis, Hooker.

Leaves deciduous, and growing in scattered bundles of many
together, round a central bud, or singly on the young shoots
linear, narrow, and longer than those of the Common Larch ;
slightly glaucous when young, spreading, and of a beautiful
light green, but which, in autumn, before falling off, becomes
of a red colour. Cones large, oblong, cylindrical, without
footstalks, blunt-pointed, erect, two inches and a half long, and
one inch broad, and slightly incurved, reddish-purple when
young, and abounding in tears of white resin. Scales rounded,
half an inch broad, slightly uneven at the margin, and
numerous. Bracteas flat, wedge-shaped, broadest near the
base, and nearly as long as the scales, to which they are
attached; unevenly notched on the edges, and projecting
beyond the lower scales. Seeds angular, with a short but
broad wing, a quarter of an inch long, and of a dull brown
colour.

A tree rarely growing more than thirty or forty feet high,
except on the shingly banks of Alpine streams, where it
sometimes attains a height of sixty feet, and, according to Dr.

172 LARIX, OR

Hooker, it forms an inelegant; sprawling, branched tree, with
the branches standing out awkwardly, and often drooping
suddenly.

This species occurs very common in Bhotan, Sikkim, and in
the valleys of Eastern Nepal, close up to the snow-line, at
from 9000 to 12,000 feet of elevation, but is never found in
the sub-Himalayas, and rarely occurs gregarious, or in clumps-
The leaves, which redden and fall in November, are in more
scattered fascicles than those of the Common Larch, and
brighter green when young ; cones large, reddish-purple ; when
young, erect, and abounding in tears of white resin.

It forms an inelegant thinly-brancjied tree, growing only 30
or 40 feet high, and called " Sah" by the Bhotiyas.

The timber is small, but splits well, and is used for flooring.

It was first discovered by Dr. Hooker, and named in com-
pliment to the late Dr. Grifiith.

No. 4. Larix Kamtschatica, Carriere, the Kamtschatka

Larch.

Syn. Pinus Kamtschatica, Endlicliev.
„ Abies Kamtschatica, Ruprecht
„ „ Sibirica, Fischer, not Ledehour.
„ „ Fischerii, Ledehour.

This kind resembles Larix Dahurica, but has much larger
cones, with the scales half an inch broad, and very differently
shaped. It has been much confounded by Russian writers
with Larix Dahurica, but may at once be distinguished from
that kind by its much larger cones, which are one inch and a
half long and one inch broad, and on long foot-stalks.

It is found in Kamtschatka, at St. Paul's and St. Peter 's^
varying very much in stature and appearance, according to
soil and elevation, but mostly a tolerable-sized tree.

THE LARCH. 173

No. 5. Lahix Ledebourii, Ruprecht, the Altaian Larch.
Syn. Larix Altaica, Fischer.

„ „ Pseudo-Larix, Loddiges.

„ „ intermedia, Lawson.

„ „ Archangelica, Laiuson.

„ „ rossica, Sabine.

„ „ decidua rossica, Henh.

„ „ Sibirica, Ledehour, not Fischer.

„ „ Europfea Sibirica, Loudon,

., Abies Ledebourii, Ruprecld.

„ Pinus Ledebourii, Endlicher.

„ „ Laris, Pallas.

„ „ Pseudo-Larix, Steudel.
Leaves single, or in bundles of many together round a cen-
tral bud, but mostly single on the leading shoots and young-
plants, soft, linear, broad, and rather flat on vigorous young-
plants, but on older ones rather four-sided, obtuse, and with
much longer and broader foliacje than the Common Larch, and
darker green. Branches robust, but not numerous, and pen-
dent. Cones very small, erect, slender, and rather loose.
Scales oval, with the margins entire, convex^ and persistent.
Seeds very small. A tall, luxuriant tree, similar to the Com-
mon Larch in appearance, but with very much smaller cones,
and much longer and broader foliage, growing from 80 to 100
feet highj at elevations of from 2500 to 5000 feet, on the Altai
Mountains^ in Siberia. — This is the Russian or Archangel Larch
of the nurseries, and the Russian name for it is " Listvennetsa "
(crown of leaves).

No. 6. Larix LEPTOLEPis,;S'ie6oZc7,the Slender-scaled Japan Larch.

Syn. Larix Japonica., Carriere.
„ Abies nodosa (" Fusi-matu "), Japanese.
„ Pinus nummularia ("Kin-t'sian-soung"), Japanese.
„ „ leptolepis^ Endlicher.
„ „ Larix, Thunhevrj.
Leaves linear, blunt-pointed, in bundles of many together

174 LARIX, OR

round a central bud, but sometimes singly on the leading
shoots and young plants, deciduous, soft, spreading at the
points, slightly recurved, and of a beautiful light green ; from
three-quarters to one inch and a quarter long. Branches
nearly cylindrical, smooth, yellowish-gray when young, very
spreading, horizontal, and in regular whorls. Branchlets
slender, mostly drooping, and thickly covered with bundles of
leaves. Cones ovate, rounded, blunt at the ends, terminal and
numerous on the ends of the small, short branchlets, remain-
ing on the trees after the seed is shed for years, and about the
size of those of the Common Larch. Scales numerous, alter-
nate, thin, flat, imbricated, upper part rounded^, jagged, re-
flected, undulated, and almost reduced to a thin membrane, of
a grayish-brown colour, and drawn to a point at the base.
Bracteas lanceolate, acute, very entire, membranaceous, dry,
and shorter than the scales. Seeds almost three-sidedj with
wino;s four or five lines long, blunt at the ends.

This kind closely resembles the Common Larch, but differs
from it in having more rounded cones, with slenderer and more
numerous scales, undulated and torn on the upper margins, and
in beino- altoo-ether a more slender tree.

A tree 40 feet high, found on the Fakone Mountains, in the
Island of Nippon, and on the Island of Jezo, in the north of
Japan. It is cultivated by the Japanese in pots, which, in
some instances, are priceless ; hence its Japan name (Kin-t'sian-
soung), Money Pine.

The Japanese call this tree " Fus-ji ") buds crowned with
leaves), and "Fusi Matsu " (pine full of buds), also "Eax-jo-
sjo " (common deciduous fir), and the Chinese call it " Kara-
mats," which also means a pine full of buds, or one with
knotty branchlets.

It is found at as high an elevation as 9000 feet, on the sacred
mount, Fusi-Yama, in Japan, where it becomes a mere shrub,
two feet hi'di.

THE LAECH. l75

No. 7. Larix Lyallii, Paiiatore, Mr. Lyall's Larcli.

Leaves on the branchlets in bundles of from 40 to 50, erectly
spreading, curved, narrow, linear, blunt-pointed, rather soft,
and three-quarters of an inch long, and about a quarter of a
line broad; those on the young shoots are single and mucli
longer. Branches nearly horizontal, with the young shoots
and buds densely clothed with a whitish cobweb-like wool.
Buds on the branchlets oval-globose, with the perula or scaly
covering very short, imbricated, and of a brownish colour, and
with the margins of the scales fringed with a long, cobweb-
like wool. (Full-sized cones unknown.) Young cones solitary,
somewhat reflexed, sessile, oblong, blunt-pointed, and two
inches long, and one inch broad. Scales numerous, loosely
imbricated, somewhat cartilaginous, nearly orbicular, rounded
or subemarginate at the ends, rather convex on the back, and
with a ciliated or fringed margin. Bracteas elliptic, crenated
on the edges, with the middle nerve prolonged into an awl-
shaped point longer than the scale. Seeds small, with the
winofs the same length as the scales.

A pyramidal tree, growing from 3G to 45 feet higli, in north-
west America, on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains,
in the Galton Range, and Cascade Mountains, at an elevation
of from 6000 to 7000 feet.

This is a very remarkable species, on account of the cobweb-
like wool that clothes the leaf-buds and young shoots, and the
lonor frino;e of the scales that surround the buds.

No. 8. Larix microcarpa, Lambert, the Red American Larch.
Syn. Larix Americana rubra, Loudon.
„ „ Americana, Michaux.
„ „ tenuifolia, Salishury.
„ „ Fraseri, Gurtis.
„ Abies microcarpa, Lindley.
„ Pinus microcarpa, Lambert.
„ „ Larix rubra. Harsh.
Leaves deciduous, in bundles of many together, round a

176 LARIX, OR

central bud, or singly on the young shoots, from half to three-
quarters of an inch long, of a vivid grass-green, and shorter
and narrower than those of the Common Larch. Branches
horizontal or slightly pendulous, upper ones rather ascending.
Branchlets pendulous, and, like the branches, short, numerous,
and dense. Cones half an inch long, and three-eighths of an
inch broad, oblong, erect, and of a red or violet colour. Scales
oval, slightly incurved, distinctly striated, and entire. Seeds
very small, wings short, and of a light brown colour.

A large tree, with a slender, pyramidal head, and numerous
horizontal branches, which are not very long, but forming
rather a close head.

It is found in North America, from Canada to Virginia, but
mostly abounds in Vermont, New Hampshire, and the district
of Maine, attaining a height sometimes of 100 feet, and two
or three feet in diameter.

Its timber is much, esteemed in America, being heavy and
resinous.

No. 9. Larix occidentalis, Nuttall, the Great Western

Larch.
Syn. Larix NuttaUii, Parlatove.
„ „ Americana brevifolia, Carriere.
Leaves on the branchlets in bundles of from 14 to 20, erectly
spreading, stiff, narrow, linear, attenuated at the base, some-
what obtuse at the apex, of a pale green colour, and from one-
half to three-fourths of an inch long, and three-fourths of a
line wide. Cones small, sohtary, erect, ovate-globose, and from
three-fourths to an inch long, and three-fourths of an inch
broad. Scales orbicular, not very numerous, loosely imbri-
cated, subcartilaginous, somewhat truncate or emarginate at
the ends, convex and shining on the back, rather, reflexed and
entire on the margins, and one-third of an inch long, and about
the same wide. Bracteas elliptic, denticulated on the edges,
acutely pointed, and extending beyond the scales. Seeds
obovate and white, with short, oblong-obtuse, pallid wings.

THE LARCH. 177

A splendid pyramidal tree, 150 feet high, with rather short
branches, the lower ones being nearly horizontal or slightly
declining, the upper ones more or less ascending, and the
young shoots glabrous, and furnished with numerous round,
blackish buds.

It is a native of north-west America, on the Rocky Moun-
tains, and along the Columbia River, at an elevation of from
5000 to 6000 feet.

No. 10. Larix pendula, Salisbury, the Black American

Larch.

Syn. Abies pendula, Lindley.
„ Larix Americana pendula, Loudon.

„ nigra, Hort.
„ Pinus pendula, Aiton.
„ „ laricina, Duroi.
„ „ Larix nigra. Marsh.

Leaves deciduous and either in bundles of many together, or
single on the young shoots, three-quarters of an inch long, and
like those of the Common Larch in shape, but longer, darker
in colour, and arising from short buds. Branches few, remote,
long, pendulous, and in whorls. Branchlets also slender, and
more pendulous than the branches. Cones ovate, rounded at
the ends, erect, easilj'" detached from the branchlets, and three-
quarters of an inch long. Scales rounded, loosely imbricated,
largest near the base, entire on the edges, and curved inwards.
Seeds small, with short wings.

A medium-sized, straggling-headed tree, with a stem seldom
more than one foot and a half in diameter, and with few
branches, which are long, pendulous, and thinly furnished with
bi-anchlets.

It is found on the mountains of North America, particularly
in Canada, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the coldest and
gloomiest exposures in the mountainous tracts of Virginia,
where it is called by the lumberers " Hackmatack " and " Tama-
rack," and Black Larch.
N

1 78 LAEIX.

The wood of the Black Larch is very important to the ship-
builder in the United States, and is in every way superior to
that of the Common Larch. In the British Provinces it is a
flourishing tree, not unfrequently found growing on hard and
dry soil, and the timber of superior quality. In the United
States it is confined in its growth principally to the swampy
parts of the Pine districts of the Northern States. The timber
is not large, but well adapted for the top and deck framing of
vessels ; and for lightness, strength, and durability combined,
the Hackmatack timber is unequalled in its class.

Gen. LEPIDOTHAMNUS. Fhilippi.

Floivers, dioecious or monoscious, Male catkins small, egg-
shaped, and terminal.

Fruit, solitary and terminal, with few scales, the lower of
which are the largest and sterile, and the upper ones the
smallest and fertile.

Seeds, solitary, pitcher- shaped, naked at the top, and girded
at the base by a cup.

Leaves, minute, scale-formed, convex or keeled on the back,
thickened at the points, and regularly imbricated.

Name, derived from " Lepis," a scale, and " Thamnos," a
shrub, the twigs of the plant being covered with minute, scale-
like leaves.

A ramose shrub, with the branchlets crowded close together,
found in the Province of Valdivia, and on the Cordillera
Pelada, in Chili.

LEPIDOTHAMNUS FoNKi, PhUipin, Fonk's Lcpidothamnus<
Leaves minute, scale-formed, convcxly keeled on the back,
thickened at the points, and regularly imbricated. Male cat-
kins small, egg-shaped, and terminal ; female ones solitary
and terminal. Fruit with few scales, the lower of which are

LEPIDOTH AMNUS . 179

the largest and sterile, and the upper ones fertile. Seeds soli-
tary, pitcher-shaped, naked at the top, and girded at the base
by a cup.

A ramose shrub, with the branchlets crowded close together,
found in the Province of Yaldivia, and on the Cordillera
Pelada, in Chili.

Gen. LIBOCEDEUS. EiidliGher. The Incense Cedar.

Floivers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate and terminal. Male catkins almost cylindrical ;
female ones solitary and globular.

Cones, oval, more or less obtuse, woody, and composed of
from four to six scales, which are flat, or slightly concave on
the inner face.

Scales, in opposite pairs, face to face, and not overlapping ;
the lower ones small and mostly abortive ; the whole of them
furnished^ with a terminal, small, incurved point below the
apex, and leathery in texture.

Seeds, singly, or in twos under each scale ; the upper or
larger scales having each two seeds at the base, while the two
lower or smaller ones are either abortive, or have but one seed
each. Seeds unequally two-winged.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Leaves, scale-formed, compressed in opposite pairs, and in
four imbricated rows, the under and upper ones much the
smallest.

Name, derived from " Libanos," incense, and " Cedrus," the
cedar.

All large evergreen trees, found in California, ChiK, and New
Zealand.

N 2

180 LIBOCEDRUS, OR

No. 1. LiBOCEDRUS Chilensis, EndUcJier, the Chilian Arbor-

Vite.

Syn. Thuja Chilensis, Bon.
„ „ Andina, Prjeppig.
„ „ cuneata, Domhey.
„ Cupressus Chilensis, Oillies.
„ „ thyoides, Pavon, not Linnceus.

Leaves in pairs, opposite, compressed, blunt, glaucous at the
sides, bright green at the back and edges, the lower pair being
much larger than the upper ones, and keeled at the back.
Branches compressed, obovate between the joints, bright green,
with glaucous furrows, and thickly covered with leaves, flat-
tened, and two-edged. Cones drooping on short foot-stalks,
half an inch long, and consisting of four woody scales in
opposite pairs. Scales face to face, and not overlapping, with
a sharp tubercle on the outside below the apex ; the two larger
scales have each two seeds at their base, the two lower or
smaller ones being abortive, each cone generally having four
seeds, which stand erect, and with unequal-sided wings.

A fine evergreen tree, attaining a height of from 60 to 80
feet in the Andes of Chili, where it is found in cold valleys on
the Southern Andes, and on the volcano of Antuco, a mountain
about three degrees north of Valdivia. Pseppig states tliat it
resembles the American Arbor- Vitce when full grown, but is
less robust, sometimes branching from the base and gaining
the habit of a Cypress, but in other cases forming a conical
head, with a straight trunk, clothed with rough, cracked bark
of a brownisli-ash colour, and scarcely more than a foot in
diameter, timber yellowish, resinous, hard, and strong-scented.

It is nearly, or quite hardy in favourable situations in Eng-
land.

THE INCENSE CEDAE. 181

LiBOCEDRUs Chilensis viridis, Hovt.

Syn. Libocedrus excelsa, Hovt.

This variety only differs from the species in having bright
green leaves, and entirely free from the glaucous bands on the
leaves and branchlets.

No. 2. Libocedrus decurrens, Tovrey, the Decurrent-leaved

Arbor- Vitae.

Syn. Libocedrus Craigiana, Loiv.

„ „ gigantea, Loiu.

„ „ „ glauca, Lawson.

„ Thuja Nuttalliana, Douglas,

„ „ Craigiana, Jeffrey.

„ „ „ glauca, LaiL'son.

„ „ gigantea, Hort, not Nuttall.

Leaves on the young plants awl-shaped, somewhat lanceo-
late, decurrent at the base, extended at the apex, and sharp-
pointed, loosely imbricated in four rows, thickly set on the
branchlets in opposite pairs, the outer pair or marginal ones
being longest, and folded partially over the inner pair on both
sides, giving the young shoots a jointed, trident-like appear-
ance. Leaves on the adult plants very small, scale-formed,
one-twelfth of an inch long, and one twenty-fourth of an inch
wide, ovate, blunt-pointed, thick in texture, in close opposite
pairs, rather distant along the branchlets, pale green, and
shining, the marginal ones overlapping the sides, and having
the appearance of being in three rows on each side. Branches
rather erect, long, slender, and spreading laterally, with nume-
rous smaller ones. Branchlets short, flattened^ channelled
along the sides, distantly jointed, proliferous, short, and
alternate. Cones erect, solitary on the ends of the upper
branchlets, oblong, tapering to the points, one inch or more
long, and half an inch wide near the base, and composed of
two opposite pairs of scales, witli a fiat one down the middle.

182 LIBOCEDRUS, OR

and of a pale olive- brown colour. Scales fleshy, upper pair
pressed together at the margins, and containing two seeds
under each ; the lower ones overlapping^ much shorter and
smaller, but varying very much in size, abortive, and with a
double margin, having the appearance as if a thin scale had
grown to the back of the others, the outer one having a raised
edge all round, terminating in a thin, blunt, reflexed point.
Seeds soft, somewhat angular, rounded on one side, and with
the elliptic wing, measures three-quarters of an inch in length,
and cover the inner face of the scale. Seed-leaves in twos.

A noble evergreen tree, with an umbrella-shaped top, and
straight stem when old, growing from 40 to 140 feet high, and
from three to five feet in diameter.

It is found plentiful on the north-west coast of America,
along the banks of the Columbia River, and on the mountains
in northern California. Hartweg found it on the hills sur-
rounding Bear Creek, in California, a tree 180 feet high, with
a trunk from 13 to 16 feet in circumference; and Jeffrey along
the banks of the Scots River, growing in sandy soil, a tree 140
feet high, and five feet in diameter. It is also found on the
Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mountains, and along the Sacra-
mento River.

It is the White Cedar of the Californians, and is frequently
misnamed Thuja gigantea, as pointed out by Professor Parla-
tore.

No. S. LiEOCEDEUS DONIANA, EndUchev, Don's New Zealand

Arbor- Vita3.
Syn. Thuja Doniana, Hooker.
„ Dacrydium plnmosum, Don.
Leaves in four rows; marginal ones more or less extended
at the points, acute, and clasping on both sides; while those
on the upper and under surfaces are pressed flat, very much
smaller, nearly round, and acute pointed, with the outer surface
of the leaves clothing the under part of the branchlcts of a
much lighter colour, and thickly covered with a glaucous

THE INCENSE CEDAR. 183

bloom, while the outward part of those on the upper side are
smooth, and of a glossy green. Branches rounded, and covered,
with a smooth, brownish bark. Branchlets arranged in two
rows, flat, compressed, and clothed with four rows of small,
imbricated leaves. Cones half an inch long, solitary, ovate,
obtuse, and borne erect on the points of the short branchlets.
Scales in two opposite pairs, woody, and with a solitary two-
winded seed under each scale.

A tree from 30 to 70 feet high, and two or three feet in
diameter ; found on the northern island of New Zealand, in
forests along the river Hokianga, near the Bay of Islands, also
on the wooded mountains more to the north, and on the higher
mountains of Nelson, at an elevation of from 4000 to 6000 feet,
where it is called " Kawaka" by the natives. Timber hard,
resinous, and of a beautiful reddish colour.

It is tolerably hardy in favourable situations in England.

No. 4. LiBOCEDRUS TETRAGONA, Endlwlier, the Tetragonal
Arbor-Vitae.
Syn. Thuja tetragona. Hooker.
„ Juniperus uvifera, Don.
„ Pinus cupressoides, Molina.

Leaves in four rows, oval, blunt-pointed, concave, hardly
two lines long, and closely adpressed, keeled on the back, much
sharper towards the apex, and of a light green colour. Branches,
horizontal, and irregularly scattered along the stem ; branch-
lets, placed in two rows, spreading, four-sided, and completely
covered by the leaves. Cones solitary, ovate, erect, smaU, and
produced at the extremity of the short branchlets. Scales
woody, or somewhat leathery; alternate in three pairs; the
lower ones small, and mostly abortive, the whole of them
furnished with a terminal, small, incurved spine near the
apex.

A magnificent evergreen tree, from just below the snow line
of the Andes of Patagonia, inhabiting the swampy places between
the mountains. It is also found in South Chili, as far as the

184 MICROCACHRYS, OR

district of Magellan, where it becomes little more than a bush,
while on the mountains in the neighbourhood of Yaldivia, and
on the Cordilleras, it becomes a large tree from 60 to 100 feet
high, and 18 or 20 feet in circumference, with a straight stem.
Timber, excellent, and very durable.

It is the " Alerze " of the Chilians, and quite hardy in the
West of Enoiand.

Gen. MICROCACHEYS. J. Hooker. The Small-
coned Tasmanian Cypress.

Flowers, dioecious, or male and female, on separate plants,
the male catkins oval-oblong or cylindrical, and in clusters on
the ends of the smaller branchlets ; the female ones oval-obtuse,
or globular, erect and terminal.

Fruit, very small, nearly globular, terminal, nodding, some-
what fleshy, bright red, and composed of numerous small scales,

Scales, spreading, loosely imbricated, oval-rhomboid, thick,
rather flesh}'-, bright red, and from 20 to 30 in number.

Seeds, egg-shaped, solitar}^ at the base of each scale, larger than
the scales, more or less exposed, and with a thin, bony shell.

Leaves, ovate, scale-formed, very small, closely imbricated in
four rows, and of a deep, glossy green colour.

Name, derived from "Mikros," small, and "cachrys," a flr
cone, the cones being remarkably small.

A prostrate evergreen shrub, found common on the hills of
Port Cypress, and on the top of the western mountains in Van
Diemen's Land.

MiCROCACiiRYS TETRAGONA, /. HooJcev, the Strawbcrry-
fruited Tasmanian Cypress.
Syn. Arthrotaxis tetragona, J. Hooker.
„ Dacrydium tctragormm, Parlatore.
„ „ Franklinii, Lindlcy not Hooker.

Leaves very small, ovate, scale-formed, and closely arranged
in four rows on the young branchlets; those on the more adult

SMALL-CONED TASMANIAN CYPKESS. 185

parts are rhomboid, keeled on the back, closely imbricated, but
not adhering, and of a deep green colour. Male catkins
clustered on the ends of the little branchlets oval-oblong, erect,
and two lines long ; the female ones are oval-obtuse or globular,
erect, solitary, and terminal.

Fruit very small, but much thicker than the top of the
branchlets, nearly globular, terminal, nodding, somewhat fleshy
green when young, bright red when ripe, and composed of
numerous spreading, imbricated scales resembling the leaves,
but much larger. Scales sjDreading, loosely imbricated, ovate,
thickened on the back, boat-shaped, acute-pointed, concave in
the middle, rather flesh}^, and bright red. Seeds egg-shaped,
solitary at the base of each scale, more or less exposed, and
covered with a thin, bony shell. Branches prostrate, branchlets
very numerous, long, slender, and entirely covered with scale-
formed leaves, loosely imbricated in four rows, and very like
those of an Arthrotaxis, but very much smaller.

A prostrate shrub, found plentiful on the hills of Port
Cypress, and on the top of the western mountains in
Van Diemen's Land. It is not hardy.

Gen. NAGEIA. Gcertner. The Catkin-bearing Laurel.

Floiuevs, monoecious or dioecious.

Fruit, axillary, drupacious, about the .size of a cherry, and
quite round.

Receptacle, fleshy, and connected with the bracteas by tlie
axis of the short one-fruited spike.

Seeds, with a hard thin shelJ.

Leaves, opposite or alternate, and many-nerved.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Name, derived from " Na" or " Nagi," its Japanese name, and
signifying catkin-bearing.

All moderate-sized trees, natives of the East Indies, Java, and
Japan.

186 NAGEIA, OR

No. 1. Nageta Beccarii, Gordon, Beccari's Borneo Nagi.
Syn. Podocarpiis Beccarii, Parlatore.

Leaves opposite or subopposite, spreading, coriaceous, oval or
oval-oblong, and either acute, obtuse, or rounded at the points,
very entire on the margins, many nerved, and from one to two
inches lono;, and from half to three-fourths of an inch broad,
and with short, slender, and somewhat twisted footstalks
Fruit exactly globose, two-thirds of an inch in diameter,
solitary at the ends of short, erect peduncles, with a thickened
receptacle when ripe, and of a blackish- violet colour, covered
with a glaucous bloom.

A noble tree, found in humid places at Sarawak in Borneo,
and called " Caju Meddambulu" by the Malays.

It is very tender.

No. 2. Nageia Blumei, Gordon, Dr. Blume's Java Nagi.
Syn. Podocarpus Blumei, Endlicher.
„ „ agathifolia, Blume.

„ „ latifolia, Blwme.

Leaves in nearly opposite pairs, elliptic, or broadly lanceolate,
stiff, many-nerved, shining, leather}'', and slightly twisted at the
base ; from three to five inches long, and from one to two inches
broad on the adult plants ; but longer, more pointed, and much
thinner on the younger ones, and sometimes withered or
sphacelate at the points. Branches spreading, cylindrical, and of
a brown colour ; outer and upper ones opposite, thick, rounded,
jointed, and sometimes compressed at the ends. Flower buds,
axillary or lateral, among the abortive leaves, and composed
of a few imbricated, oval-pointed scales, keeled or boat- shaped
on the back. Male catkins, in clusters of from three to seven
in number on the short branchlets, sometimes but very rarely
on short footstalks ; from a quarter to three quarters of an inch
long, thick, and of a yellowish colour; footstnlks of the fruit,
axillary, solitar^^ and opposite. Fruit globular, singly at first,
but soon afterwards, on account of the deciduous nature of the
floral leaves, become disposed in bunches at the extremities of

CATKIN-BEARING LAUREL. 187

the branchlets, with the outer covering thin and leathery, and
the inner one brittle and bony.

A tall tree, from 70 to 80 feet high, with an ample head, full
of spreading branches, found in forests on the mountains of
Salak, in the Island of Java.

It is very tender.

No. 3. Nageia cuspid ATA, Gordon, the Cuspidate-leaved Nagi.
Syn. Podocarpus cuspidata, Endlicher.

Leaves opposite, or sub-opposite, with those at the extre-
mities of the branchlets, frequently alternate, and somewhat
in two rows. They are elliptic, very entire, undulated on the
edges, tapering to a short, stout footstalk, abruptly pointed,
very seldom acute, and never mucronate, and from one and
three-quarters to three inches long, and from one and a quarter
to one and a half inches broad in the widest part; of a very
deep green on the upper side, and light green below, marked
with numerous longitudinal nerves, slightly elevated, and of a
bright green colour. Branches spreading, and either alternate,
or opposite, or in whorls, and frequently naked and much
reduced on the adult parts by the falling of the leaves; branch-
lets opposite, very rarely alternate, and generally in two rows.
Fruit unknown.

A small tree, growing from fifteen to twenty feet high, found
growing on the island of Jezo, in Japan, and much cultivated
about Jeddo.

No. 4. Nageia grandifolia, Gordon, the Great-leaved Nao-i.
Syn, Podocarpus grandifolia, Endlicher.

Leaves opposite, oblong, lanceolate, thick at the margins,
manj^-nerved, and covered with stomates on both surfaces.

This species, according to Professor Endlicher, is easily dis-
tinguished from Dr. Wallich's Podocarpus latifolia, which it
much resembles, by its leaves being stifter and more than six
inches long, and one inch and three quarters broad, and with

188 NAGEIA, OR

the branchlets of a reddish colour, and the buds rounded and
obtuse.

It is very doubtful of what country it is a native, but most
probably China, or Japan, or the Mountains of India.

It is quite tender.

No. 0. Nageia Japonica, Gcertner, the Japan Laurel.
Syn. Podocarpus Nageia, R. Brown.
„ Cupressus bambusacea, Otolanzan.
„ Myrica Nagi, Thunherg.
„ Laurus julifera, Kcempfer.

Leaves, in opposite pairs, but frequently alternate, elliptic, or
oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, and acuminate at the
point ; three inches long, and rather more than one inch broad
in the widest part. Branches, spreading, alternate, or opposite,
slender, swelling at the place of insertion, frequently pendent,
and furnished with leaves in double pairs, or in threes^ an inch
apart between each set; of the same colour on both sides, smooth,
and of a dull, purplish-green colour. Flowers, dioecious, but
sometimes "both kinds are on the same plant. Male catkins, in
threes or fours, on a common footstalk, rising from the axil of
the leaves. Fruit, solitary, very rarely produced in pairs
axillary and globose ; half an inch long, frequently with the
peduncle curved, and when ripe, of a blackish-purple colour on
the outside, covered with a glaucous powder resembling that
on the common sloe ; rind very thin, soft, succulent, insipid,
loosely adhering, and orbicular; about the size of a cherry,
quite round, smooth, and with a small top-shaped point on the
apex ; shell, hard, thin, and brittle, enclosing a seed covered
with a reddish cuticle, and slightly bitter.

A handsome tree, growing from thirty to sixty feet high,
with the stem covered with a smooth, soft^ fleshy-brown bark ;
that on the branches being of a beautiful green, and when cut,
emitting a strong balsamic odour.

It is found abundantly in China and Japan, on the moun-

CATKIN-BE A.RING LAUREL. 189

tains ; particularly in the provinces of Katsuga and Jamato,
on the Island of Nippon, in Japan. The Chinese call it " Tceu-
pe " (Baraboo-like), on account of its man}'" ribbed leaves re-
sembling the Chinese bamboo, and the Japanese " Na " or
" Nagi," a term signifying the catkin-bearing laurel. The
leaves, also, very much resemble those of the Alexandrian
Laurel (Ruscus racemosus) in size and general appearance.

Naqeia Japonica variegata, Gordon, the Variegated Japan

Laurel.

This fine variety has its variegated leaves variously marked,
with pale yellow stripes running their whole length like a
ribbon.

It is a handsome variety ; first sent by Mr. Fortune, from
Yeddo, in Japan, to the Royal Nursery, at Bagshot, in 1861.

No. 6. Nageia Latifolia, Gordon, the Broad-leaved Nagi.
Syn. Podocarpus latifolia, Wallich.
„ „ zamifefolia, Hort. Belg.

„ „ pinnata, Hort.

„ Dammara pinnata, Par^nentier.

Leaves in opposite, or sub-opposite pairs, ovate-lanceolate,
spreading, attenuated at the base, much pointed, smooth, very
entire, leathery, stiff, and on short footstalks, not more than
one or two lines long ; they are in one or two rows, five or six
inches long, and one and a quarter broad, of a bright green on
the upper surface and pale beneath, with numerous longitudinal
nerves, a little elevated, the larger ones being flat and fur-
rowed. Branches, mostly short, slender, spreading, horizontal,
or declining, and quite denuded of the exhausted leaves;
branchlets cylindrical, and as green as the leaves, the more
younger ones being covered with pale, lanceolate, loosely scat-
tered, sflaucescent leaves. Flowers monoecious, male catkins
in bundles of from two to five on a common axillary peduncle,
and one inch long. Female flowers few in number, axillary,

190 NAGEIA, OR

solitary, opposite, or under the male ones, and supported on
cylindrical footstalks about one inch long. Fruit, somewhat
globose, or obliquely oval, slightly pointed, and three quarters
of an inch long, with the base placed in an oblong cylindrical
cup, green at first, but afterwards purple, and covered with
loose-sj)reading, lanceolate bracts.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, from twenty to thirty feet
high, found on the Mountains of Pundna, a lofty range border-
ing on the eastern parts of Bengal, and not far from the dis-
trict of Silhet, where it is called by the natives " Soploug."

It is not hardy.

No. 7. Nageia minor, Carriere, the Lesser Nagi.
Syn. Podocarpus, minor Fadatore.

Leaves alternate, crowded on the branchlets, leathery, ob-
long, somewhat rounded at the ends, sessile, a little twisted at
the base, few nerved, and furrowed on the under side, and
from half to three quarters of an inch long, and from one and
a half to two lines broad. Male catkins, oblong, two lines long,
and produced in threes and fours in a spike-like fascicle on the
ends of the branchlets. Fruit unknown.

An evergreen shrub or small tree, with erectly-spreading and
crowded branches, found along the banks .of Lake Arnaud, in
New Caledonia.

It is not hardy.

No. 8. Nageia OVATA, Gordon, the Ovate-leaved Japan Nagi.

Leaves mostly in opposite pairs, but sometimes alternate,
broadly egg-shaped, or rounded towards tlie base, and with a
short, blunt, brown, marcescent point ; they, however, vary
very much, both in size and shape, some being oblong-lanceo-
late, others elliptic, while the greater part of them are more or
less orbicular or broadly ovate, and from one and a half to
two and a half inches long, and from one to one and a half
inches broad at the widest part ; of a deep glossy gi'een above,

CATKIN-BEARING LAUREL. 191

and light green below ; quite entire, flat, leathery, and marked
on the under side with numerous longitudinal nerves, very
slightly elevated, except towards the base of the leaf, where
they are more developed, and unite in the short, but broad
footstalk of the leaf. Branches alternate or opposite, spread-
ins:, rather slender, and more or less declinins: ; lateral ones not
numerous, but spreading ; male catkins in fascicles on a com-
mon footstalk. Fruit unknown.

A fine evergreen bush or small tree, found in the neighbour-
hood of Yeddo, by Mr. Fortune, who first sent plants of it to
Mr. Standish, of the Royal Nursery at Bagshot in 1861.

Nageia ovata variegata, Gordon, the Variegated Ovate-
leaved Nagi.

A handsome variety, with the leaves variously marked, some
being striped with broad, others with narrow bands, of a
creamy-white colour, running the whole length of the leaves
like a ribbon ; while other leaves are half white and half
green, some again are broadly striped with green down the
middle, and margined with creamy- white ; but all of them differ
more or less in the manner and form of variegation, all over
the plant.

It was sent to the Royal Nursery at Bagshot, by Mr. Fortune,
from Japan, in 1861.

1 92 PHEROSPH^RA.

Gen. PHEROSPH^RA. Archer.

Flowers, dioecious, or male and female on separate plants ;
the male catkins are small, sub-globose, solitary and terminal ;
the female ones recurved, solitary, globular and terminal.

Fruit, egg-shaped, erect, and somewhat fleshy.

Scales, loosely imbricated, rather fleshy, and boat-shaped.

Seeds, oval-oblong, solitary, and covered with a bony shell.

Leaves, small, scale-formed, ovate-rhomboid, obtuse, convexly
keeled on the back, ciliated on the margins, and closely imbri-
cated in four rows.

Name derived from " Phoreo," to bear, and " Sphaira," a
sphere. Catkins globular.

A very branching prostrate shrub, found along the borders
of Lake St. Clair, and on the western mountains in Van
Diemen's Land.

pHEROSPHiERA HooKERlANA, Archer, Dr. Hooker's Tasmanian

Cypress.
Syn. Microcachrys tetragona foemina, J. Hooker.

Leaves small, scale-formed, ovate-rhomboid, convexly keeled
on the back, ciliated on the margins and closely imbricated in
four rows. Branchlets numerous, slender, and entirely covered
with the small scale-formed leaves, regularly imbricated in four
rows. Flowers dicecious. Male catkins small, solitary, globose,
and terminal; female ones recurved, solitary, globular and
terminal. Fruit egg-shaped, erect, and rather fleshy; scales
loosely imbricated, boat-shaped, and somewhat fleshy. Seeds
oval-oblong, solitary, and covered with a bony shell.

A very branching, prostrate shrub, found along the borders
of Lake St. Clair, and on the western mountains of Van
Diemen's Land.

PHYLLOCLADUS. 193

Gen. PHYLLOCLADUS. Richard. The Celery-
leaved Pines.

Flowers, moncecious, or male and female separate, but on the
same plant, and in close terminal clusters.

Fruit, in small, connected heads, with a fleshy disk.

Seeds, solitary, very small, half-enclosed at the base by the
fleshy disk, and nut-like, with a thin shell.

Leaves, minute, scale-like bodies, on the margins of the
branch lets ; branchlets, leaf-like, opposite, pinnated, or fan-
shaped, and featlier-nei'ved. Seed-leaves, in twos.

Name derived from "phyllon," a leaf, and "klados," a
branch ; leaf-like branchlets.

All trees, found in New Zealand, Borneo, and Tasmania.

No. 1. Phyllocladus Alpixa, HooJcer, Alpine Phyllocladus.

Syn. Phyllocladus trichomanoides alpina, Parlatore.

Leaf-formed branchlets, very small, on long footstalks, bluntly
lobed, obovate, and with the lobes irregularly toothed into di-
visions ; the upper ones very small, more bluntly lobed, and
much thickened on the margins ; female flowers disposed in twos
or threes, in little, close, fleshy heads at the base of the leaf-
like branchlets. A very small and compact little bush, some-
what resembling Phyllocladus trichomanoides, found on the
mountains of Tongariro, Ruahine, and those in the neighbour-
hood of Nelson, in New Zealand, at an elevation of 6000 feet.

No. 2. Phyllocladus hypophylla, HooJcer, the Under-leaf

Phyllocladus.

Leaf-formed branchlets, strictly oval-rhomboid, obliquely
wedge-shaped at the base, on footstalks, and with the lobes ob-
long, obtuse, erenulated or toothed on the margins, and glaucous
on the under side ; the superior, or flower-bearing ones, are
obovate, truncated, deeply emarginate or two lobed, and irre-
gularly toothed on the edges; female flowers without foot-
o

194 PHYLLOCLADUS, OR

stalks on the last or utmost division of the leaf-formed branch-
lets ; in small heads, very rarely of more than two or three
flowers on the terminal branchlets.

A straight tree from ten to thirty feet high, found at Kini-
Balu, in Borneo, at an elevation of 8000 feet, and on the
Mountain Pae, near Sarawak, at an elevation of 3000 feet.

It is quite tender.

No. 3, PHYLLOCLADUS EHOMBOiDALis, Richard, the Celery-
topped or Adventure Bay Pine.
Syn. Phyllocladus Billardierii, Mirhel.
„ asplenifolia, Hooker.

Salisburia Billardierii, L. C. Richard.
Podocarpus asplenifolia, LahiUardier.
Thalamia asplenifolia, Sprengel.
Taxus serratifolia, Noisette.

Leaves at first minute, scale-like appendages on the apex
and margins of the leaf-like branchlets, which at length become
leaves, the leaves themselves appearing to be only compressed
branchlets of various shapes, some rhomboid, or oblong fan-
shaped, pinnatifid, more or less divided, lobed, and all wedge-
shaped at the base, closely adhering, decurrent, and with nu-
merous fan-like nerves, the same colour and texture on both
sides, and furnished in the centre with a large round rib, most
elevated towards the base of the leaf, where it is drawn into a
short, stout footstalk, linear-incised, or serrated round the edges,
sometimes entire or bluntly lobed, and pinnatifid, with opposite
lobes, somewhat pinnate on tlie lower part, with wing-like
appendages. Branches scattered, or somewhat in whorls, as-
cending or spreading, regularly rounded, mostly naked on the
lower part ; lateral ones and branchlets vertical or alternate ;
branchlets greenish on both faces when young, but of a pur-
plish brown when old and in winter; male flowers on the
summit of the leaf-like branches surrounded by the scale-
formed, imbricated leaves ; female ones in separate clusters,
small, obscure, and terminal. Fruit in connected heads^ two or

CELERY-LEAVED PINES. 195

three together, each half enclosing in a fleshy covering a solitary-
seed of an oval shape, with a thin shell, and very small.

A beautiful branching tree, growing forty or fifty feet high,
and from two to six feet in diameter, found on the humid
mountains of Tasmania.

It is not hardy.

No. 4. Phyllocladus teichomanoides, Don, the Maidenhair-
like Phyllocladus.

Leaflets numerous, and pinnated in two rows, obliquely
wedge-shapedj feathery-nerved, lobed, or pinnatifidly divided,
with the lobes terminating very abruptly, and toothed on the
edges, regularly flattened on the upper surface, furrowed, al-
ternate, and channelled at the base, deeply divided, with the
divisions somewhat two-rowed, without any footstalks and in-
dented or crenated, but frequently a little undulated, of a green
or reddish-gTeen colour when young, but of a biilliant red or
brown colour when old and in winter. Branches frequently
in whorls of five, spreading and cylindrical ; branchlets, leaf-
like, slender, short, spreading, or deflected, and either in whorls
or somewhat in two rows. Male flowers terminal, in close
heads and cylindrical ; female ones in small clusters and ter-
minal. Fruit connected in small heads, two or three together.
Seeds very small, oval-pointed, nut-like, solitary, and half-
enclosed in a fleshy covering. Seed-leaves in twos.

A graceful tree, with a straight, cylindrical stem and spread-
ing branches, growing sixty or seventy feet high, and three or
four feet in diameter, found in the forests of Tamesin, on the
northern island of New Zealand, where it is called by the
natives Tanekaka, and Toa-Toa. The timber is hard and
heavy, and the bark is used by the natives of New Zealand
for dying their mats of a red or black colour. There is the
following variety : —

Phyllocladus trichomanoides glauca, Parlatore.
Syn. Phyllocladus glauca, Carriere.
Leaf-formed branchlets, slender, and tapering to the base ; of
o 2

196 PICE A, OR

a reddish-green or rusty-brown colour on the upper surface ;
very finely and irregularly cut or jagged on the margins, and
very like those of Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, with an angular
footstalk ; the more younger leaves being of a glossy green,
slightly glaucous on the under side ; while the adult ones are
remarkable for their very white-glaucous, or almost bluish-gray
colour.

It is a distinct variety, and, like the species, tender.

Gen. PICEA. Don. The Silver Firs.

Flowers, monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; the male catkins axillary or terminal ; the female
ones solitary, on very short branchlets, and cylindrical.

Cones, erect, cylindrical, or nearly so, axillary, and growing
on the upper side of the branches.

Scales, deciduous, or falling off when ripe from the axile of
the cone, which remains persistent on the branches.

Bracteas, dorsal, and either enclosed by or projecting beyond
the scales.

Seeds, somewhat triangular, full of turpentine, two under
each scale, covered with a soft tegument, and furnished with
ample persistent, membranaceous wings, more or less wedge-
shaped.

Seed-leaves, in fives.

Leaves, solitary, fiat, pectinated more or less in two rows,
persistent, and silvery below.

Name derived from " pix," pitch, — the trees producing abun-
dance of resin.

All trees, found in Europe, Asia, North America, Mexico, and
Northern Africa.

Pliny and the ancient writers originally called the Siver Fir
"Abies" (which name may liave been a corruption of Alhus,
the leaves of the Silver Fir being white when seen from below),

SILVER FIRS. 197

but which name Linnaeus afterwards changed to that of Picea,
on account of the abundance of resinous matter produced by
the tree. Again, more recently Professor Link proposed the
restoration of its older name, under that of Ahies vera ; a sug-
gestion which has been followed by nearly all the continental
writers, but rejected by those in England and America ; hence
the reverse of names applied to the Silver Firs and Spruces on
the continent, to those used in this country and America.

Section I. BRACTEATA, or those kinds with the

BRACTEAS ON THE CONES NOT HIDDEN BY THE SCALES,
AND EITHER PROJECTING OR REFLEXED.

No. 1, PiCEA Apollinis, Ranch, the Apollo Silver Fir.
Syn. Picea. Cephalonica Apollinis, Gordon.
„ „ Kukunaria, Wenderth.
„ Abies Apollinis, Link
„ „ pectinata Apollinis^ Endlicher.
„ „ Regiuse Amaliae, Heldreich.
„ „ Peloponnesiaca, German Gardens.
„ „ Cephalonica Arcadica^ Henk.
„ „ „ Parnassica, Henk.

„ „ Panachaica, Heldreich.
„ Pinus Apollinis, Antoine.
„ „ Peloponnesiaca, Haage.

This kind agrees in several respects both with the common
Silver Fir (Picea pectinata), with which Professor Endlicher
associated it in his " Synopsis Coniferarum," and the Cepha-
lonian Fir (Picea Cephalonica) with which I myself identified
it in the " Pinetum," and with which kind it entirely agrees
both in its cones and habit of growth, but differs more or less
in the shape and size of its leaves^ which appear to be nearly
intermediate between those of the two species, some of the
leaves being long, linear, flat, and more or less rounded at the
ends, and of a glossy deep green above, with a slight furrow

198 PiCEA, OR

along the upper surface, and furnished with two faint hollow
glaucous bands on the under side, separated by the keeled mid-
rib, which, with the thickened but seldom reflected margins,
are pale green ; the larger leaves are frequently more than an
inch long and one line broad, with the ends always more or
less bifid or rounded, slightly glaucous beneath, and very thickly
arranged on the upper side of the branchlets, on dilated foot-
stalks, more or less twisted, while the lesser foliage, which are
always on the more slender and twiggy branchlets, are lance-
shaped, very acute pointed, less densely placed along the spray,
more scattered round the shoots, much narrower, quite glaucous
below, and seldom more than half an inch in. length on the
adult trees, and very similar to those of Picea Cephalonica, but
both forms and all modifications from the one to the other are
generally produced on the same branch ; much, however, de-
pending on the vigour or position of the branches and the age
of the trees, as to the shape and size of the foliage. The male
catkins are in groups, surrounding the summit of the adult
shoots, and sessile, while the cones are axillary', solitary, and
always erect on the upper side of the top branches, very re-
sinous externally, and quite similar to those of Picea Cepha-
lonica in size and shape, with the scales an inch or more wide,
incurved and rounded on the upper margin, bracteas projecting
beyond the scales, ear-shaped, flat, reflected, mucronate, and
lacerated laterally on the edges, and with a long central
reflected point.

A handsome tree, rarely exceeding 60 or 70 feet in height, and
two or three feet in diameter, with an ample spreading head and
smooth stem, covered with a pale yellowish brown bark, scarcely
or ever having on its surface any of those blisters containing
resinous matter, so commonly to be found on all the Silver
Firs. It is found plentiful in man}^ parts of Greece, forming
extensive forests, at elevations varying from 1500 to 4000 feet,
but more particularly in the southern parts, such as on the
sacred Apollo and on the celebrated and mighty mounts called
Parnassus and Olympus, where in olden times mankind went

SILVER FIRS. 199

in crowds to be deluded, and giants piled up in hopes to scale
heaven. It is also found in the Morea, near Tripolizza, once
the Turkish capital, in central Ai'cadia, particularly on the
eastern part of the plain, at the foot of Mount Msenalus, a
region which even the ancients characterized as the " abode of
winter." It is quite hardy, but, like the Mount Enos Silver
Fir, suffers greatly (especially when young) from the late spring
frosts, which so frequently destroy the young growth on many
of our Silver Firs.

Much difference of opinion still exists among writers with
respect to whether the Apollo Fir should be considered a dis-
tinct species, or only as a variety of the common Silver Fir, or
Mount Enos Silver Fir. Professor Endlicher considered it as
only a variety of the Picea pectinata, while Professor Link
made it a distinct species, and in which opinion he has been
followed by M. Carriere and some others, while I myself at
first referred it to Picea Cephalonica, a kind to which it cer-
tainly is very nearly related, and frequently confounded with ;
but after a careful examination of ample and excellent original
specimens presented to me by Professor Link, I have come to
the conclusion that he is right in considering it a distinct
species, especially as it is alw0.ys reproduced true from seed
and retains its great diversity of foliage, the larger portion of
which is generally more or less linear, dense, and l)lunt-
pointed, while the remainder is more or less dagger-shaped
very acute pointed, thickly placed aU round the shoots, and
like those of Picea Cephalonica.

The Apollo Fir has been brought into notice by M. Heldreich,
of Athens, under the name of Abies Reginae Amalise, or
the New Arcadian Fir, and with a statement that it was first
obtained in 1856 by M, Schmidt, the Curator of the Royal
Gardens at Athens, who at the time considered it new, and
distinct from the Grecian, or Apollo Fir, and gave to it the
name of Pinus Peloponnesiaca, but which name M. Heldreich
afterwards changed to that of Abies Reginse Amalise, in com-
pliment to the Queen of Greece, a great patron of gardening.

200 PICEA, OR

M. Schmidt, however, had never seen the tree, nor was any one
aware of its peculiarities until Messrs. Balsamaki and Origoni,
two inspectors of the royal forests, reached Khrysovitsi, a
village in central Arcadia, near Tripolizza, in the Morea, where,
at an elevation of about 1500 feet above the sea, they dis-
covered a whole forest of this fir^ stretching in a north-westerly
direction towards Alonistena, and covering Mount Rhoudia
and the adjacent valleys, thus having an extent of above three
leagues in length and one and a half broad. It is called by
the country people "Hemeron Elaton" (tame fir), on account
of the lower situations of its forests on the mountains, and the
ready means for obtaining its timber for domestic purposes,
while on the other hand they apply the term " Agrion Elaton"
(wild fir) to the Picea Cephalonica, because of the inaccessible
and lofty places where it in general grows. The inhabitants
livnng near the large fir forests ate in the habit of ringing the
stems, or cutting oS" the heads of the more vigorous trees at
about two or three feet from the ground, for the purpose of
obtaining the resin which flows from the wounds and upper
part of the stumps, and which stumps afterwards throw out a
number of symmetrically-formed shoots, the principal ones of
which eventually, if undisturbed, become leaders, and form
stems frequently twenty feet high and one foot in diameter.

No. 2. Picea balsamea, Loudon, the Balm of Gilead Fir.
Syn. Abies balsamifera, Michaux.
„ „ minor, Duhamel.
„ „ balsamea, Miller.
„ Pinus balsamea, Linnceus.
„ Pence balsamea, Richard.

Leaves solitary, entire, or emarginated at the points, irregu-
larly two-rowed, or scattered round the leading shoots, spread-
ing, flat, silvery beneath, and bright deep green above, three-
quarters of an inch long, and tliickly set on the branches. Cones
cylindrical, slightly tapering to both ends, erect on the upper

SILVER FIRS. 201

part of the branches, four inches long and one and a half broad,
of a violet colour, and without any footstalks, scales rounded
on the upper part, six-eighths of an inch broad and the same
in length, entire on the exposed part, and smooth, bracteas
rather short, erect, and projecting half the length of the scales,
rounded in the middle and terminated with rather a long,
sharp point, seeds very small, angular, soft, and only half the size
of those of the common Silver Fir, with broad ample wings.

A small pyramidal tree, seldom growing more than thirty or
forty feet high, even in America, and one foot in diameter.

It is found in Canada, Nova Scotia, New England, and other
Nortliern States of America ; also on the Grandfather Moun-
tain in North Carolina.

The stem of this fir produces by incision, the Balm of Gilead
or Canadian Balsam, used in medicine and the arts. There
are the following varieties : —

PiCEA BALSAMEA LONGIFOLIA, LoudoTl.
„ Abies balsamea longifolia, Endlicher.

This variety has much longer leaves, and more upright
branches, and was first obtained by Messrs. Booth, of Hamburgh.

PiCEA BALSAMEA VARIEGATA, Knight

This variety only differs in having a portion of the leaves of
a whitish colour, intermixed along with the usual green ones,
and which gives the tree a variegated appearance.

No. 3. PiCEA BRACHYPHYLLA, Govclon, the Short-leaved
Silver Fir,

Syn. Abies brachyphylla, Maximowicz,
„ Pinus brachyphylla, Parlatore.

Leaves short, straight or curved, flat, stifi', linear, crowded,
and turned upwards on the branchlets, enlarged at the base,
rounded or subemarginate at the points, slightly furrowed

202 PICEAj OR

along the upper side, and marked beneath on both sides of the
prominent midrib with white glaucous stripes, and from
one-half to one- third of an inch long, and one line broad.
Cones solitary, oblong-cylindrical, obtuse at the apex, sessile
and erect on the upper side of the branches, and three inches
long, and one and a quarter broad. Scales broadly-reniform
and resinous, with the margins rounded and entire, and one-
third of an inch long, and three-fourths of an inch broad,
Bracteas broad and linear below, enlarged and orbicular above,
irregularly dentated on the margins, and with a short,
projecting point. Seeds wedge-shaped, angular, soft, and full
of turpentine, with somewhat equal-sided, persistent wings,
broadest at the top.

A tall, pyramidal tree, found on the mountains of Fusiyama
in Japan.

No. 4. PiCEA BRACTEATA, Loudon, the Leafy -bracted Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies bracteata. Hooker.

„ Pinus bracteata, Don.

„ „ venusta, Douglas.
Leaves solitary, two-rowed, linear, tapering to both ends,
alternate, Hat on the upper side, entire, and sharp-pointed, from
two to two and a half inches long, and rather more than one-tenth
of an inch wide, bright green above, ribbed with two silvery-
white lines below, crowded and scattered at the insertion on the
branches, but two-rowed and extended above. Branches in
whorls, spreading, slender, lower ones drooping, lesser ones
bent downwards ; buds composed of large, loose, elliptic, pale-
yellow scales, destitute of resin, axillary, and scattered along
the branches but mostly towards the points. Cones ovate,
erect, on very short footstalks, four inches long, and two inches
wide, in gi-eat clusters on the upper side of the top adult
branches. Scales kidney-shaped, concave and rounded on the
upper margin, and stipulate at the back. Bracteas wedge-
shai)ed, tln-ec-lobcd, tlie middle one two inches long, recurved,
particularly those towards the base, which are the longest, while
those towards the summit arc nearly straight, mucli shorter, and

SILVER FIRS. 203

but little changed in appearance or colour from the ordinary
leaves ; the lateral lobes are very short, and extend very little
beyond the end of the scales. Seeds wedge-shaped, soft, and
angular, with rather short, but broad, membranaceous wings.

Trunk very slender, but as straight as an arrow; with the
upper third of the tree frequently only clothed with branches,
and giving it the appearance of an elongated pyramid or cone.

A. tall, slender tree, growing 120 feet high, but only two
or three feet in diameter, first discovered by Douglas, on the
mountains along the Columbia River, and afterwards by Dr.
Coulter and Hartweg, on the sea range of Santa Lucia, in
Upper California, at an elevation of from 2500 to 3000 feet
above the sea.

It is quite hardy, but suffers very much in its young growth
from late spring frosts.

No. 5. PiCEA Cephalonica, Loudon, the Mount Enos Fir,
Syn, Abies Luscombeana, Loudon.
„ „ Cephalonica, Loudon.
„ Pinus Cephalonica, Endlicher.

Leaves solitary, rigid, flat, dagger-shaped, and standing at
right angles on every side of the branches ; dark, shining green
above, with two silvery lines beneath, and tapering from the
base to the point, which terminates in a sharp point ; footstalks
very short, dilated lengthwise at their juncture with the
branches, equally and closely distributed all over the branches,
and not two-rowed, as is commonly the case in the Silver Firs.
Buds prominent, somewhat square-sided, pointed, and slightly
covered with resin ; branches very numerous, in regular tiers
on the main stem, but branching in all directions in the lateral
ones. Cones erect, straight, cylindrical, tapering a little at both
ends, five or six inches long, and an inch and a half in diameter.
Scales rounded on the upper part, broad and entire, wedge-
shaped below; bracteas projecting beyond the scales, linear-
oblong, with the lower part much attenuated, and tapering
gradually into a stiff", unequally-toothed, and reflexed sharp
point at the top.

204 PICEA, OR

A fine tree, growing upwards of 60 feet high, with a trunk
nine or ten feet in circumference, and a spreading head.

Timber very hard and durable. It is called the Wild Cedar
by the Greeks.

It is found on the highest mountain in Cephalonia, called
Mount Enos, or the Black Mountain, at an elevation of 4000 or
oOOO feet, and was first introduced into England by General
Napier, when governor of Cephalonia.

It is quite hardy, but sufiers greatly in its young growth by
the late spring frosts.

No. 6. PiCEA FiRiviA, Siehold, the Japan Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies homolepis, Siehold.

„ „ firma, Zuccarini.

„ „ Momi, Siehold.

„ „ bifida, Siehold.

Leaves solitary, somewhat two-rowed, one inch long, very
thickly placed on the shoots, linear, flat, and blunt-pointed, or
sometimes deeply bifid at the ends, partially sickle-shaped, on
very short footstalks, and seldom inserted exactly in lines on
the branches ; smooth, leather}^, of a rich green above, and
marked on each side of the mid-rib on the under side with two
white lines. Branches in regular whorls, like the common
Silver Fir, spreading, flat, and horizontal, with the smaller ones
oj^posite, and thickly clothed with foliage ; buds oval, rounded
on the points, smooth, in threes, the middle one the longest,
imbricated, and surrounded with numerous narrow membrana-
ceous scales, in several close tiers, which remain at the base
of the shoots, afterwards, for some years. Cones cylindrical,
blunt-pointed, straight, but sometimes slightly curved, and on
short footstalks, three inches long, and one inch broad, tliickly
covered with closely imbricated brown scales. Scales broad,
wedge-shaped at the base, rounded on the upper margin,
and slightly crenulated, numerous, deciduous, thin, flat, imbri-
cated, membranaceous round the edges, and slightly toothed,
thickest at the base, of a dull brown colour, and falling oft' the
axile in the autumn after the seeds are ripe ; bracteas projecting,

SILVER FIRS. 205

stiff, and acute. Seeds triangular and soft, with broad wings.
Seed-leaves in fives.

A tall tree, with the appearance of the common Silver Fir
found, according to Dr. Siebold, on the Japan Islands of
Nippon, and Jezo, and frequent in the provinces of Matsu and
Dewa, at an elevation of 2000 or 3000 feet. The Japanese dis-
tinguish different varieties under the names of " To-Momi," from
the north of China, and the " Jezo-Momi," or the "Nire-Momi,"
of Japan ; this last is distinguished by its leaves sloping more
towards the ends of the branches, and by the cones being much
shorter. They also distinguish a kind with the ends of the
leaves deeply divided (bifid) ; but such variations appear to be
produced by elevation, climate, and soil, and are, as well as Dr.
Siebold's Abies homolepis, nothing but the species altered by
such circumstances. In Japan it is called " Uro-Siro" (leaves
white beneath), and " Sjura-Momi " (white, or Silver Fir).

No. 7. PiCEA Fraseri, Loudon, Fraser's Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies balsamea Fraseri, Spach.
„ „ Fraseri, Lindley.
„ Pinus Fraseri, Pursh.

Leaves solitary, scattered all round the shoots, or irregularly
two-rowed, linear, flat, slightly eraargiuate, or bluntly pointed,
deep-green above, silvery beneath, shorter, and more erect than
those of the Balm of Gilead Fir, and denser on the branches.
Cones erect, oblong egg-shaped, two inches long, and rather
more than one inch broad, and singly on the upper surface of
the branches. Scales orbicularly wedge-shaped, and half an
inch broad ; bracteas inversely heart-shaped in the upper part,
sharp-pointed, half projecting beyond the scales, reflexed, or
bent backwards, very broad, and in regular rows.

A small tree, growing from 15 to 20 feet high, thicklj' set
with rather flat branches and branchlets, found on the
mountains of Carolina and Pennsylvania. It is the Double
Balsam Fir of the Americans.

There are the followins: varieties : —

206 PICEA, OR

PiCEA Feaseri glauca, Wm. Paul, the Glaucous Double
Balsam Fir.

This is a fine, robust variety, with the leaves thickly placed
all round the shoots, and of a beautiful silvery white beneath.

There are plants of this handsome variety in Mr, Wm.
Paul's nurserj^ at Waltham Cross.

PiCEA Fraseri Hudsonica, Knight, the Hudson's Bay
Silver Fir.
Syn. Picea Fraseri Hudsonica, Loudon.
„ „ Hudsonica, Hort.
„ „ balsamea prostrata, Knight.
„ Abies Hudsonica, Bosc.
„ „ Fraseri nana, Hort.
„ „ balsamea prostrata, Knight.
This is a very dwarf variety, not growing more than three
or four feet high, but forming a dense, close bush with a flat top.
It is found in the Hudson Bay Company's territory in North
America.

No. 8. PiCEA holophylla, Gordon, the Mandschurian Silver

Fir.
Syn. Pinus holophylla, Parlatore.
„ Abies holophylla, MaxiTiiowicz.

Leaves crowded, and somewhat arranged in two rows, short,
rigid, straight, or slightly curved, linear and flat, with a narrow
furrow along the upper surface, and striped on both sides of
the prominent keel on the under side with white, and three
quarters of an inch long, and nearly one line broad; petiole
dilated and a little twisted. Cones solitary, oblong-cylindrical
and erect on the upper side of the branches. Scales resinous,
broadly-dilated, rounded, and entire on the mai'gins, and three
quarters of an inch long and one inch wide ; bracts ovate,
toothed on the edges, abruptly pointed, and much longer than
the scales. Seeds soft, angularly wedge-shaped, and full of
turpentine. Wings somewhat quadrilateral, persistent, and of
a yellowish colour.

SILVER FIRS. 207

A large tree, found at Port May, in the south-eastern part of
Mandschuria, in Eastern Tartary.

No. 9. PiCEA NOBiLis, Loudou, the Noble Silver Fir.
Syn. Pinus nobilis, Douglas.
„ Abies nobilis, Lindley.
Leaves solitary, crowded, irregularly two-rowed, mostly on
the upper side of the branches ; one inch and three-quarters
long, flat, linear, falcate, compressed, and turned upwards, dull
green above, and silvery beneath. Cones solitary on the upper
part of the top branches, cylindrical^ thick, and rather obtuse ;
six or seven inches long, and two inches and three quarters
broad. Scales triangular, with the edges incurved, entire on
the margin, and without the bract, one inch and a quarter long,
and the same broad. Bracteas projecting, imbricated back-
wards, and longer than the scales ; jagged round the edges on
the exposed part, five-eighths of an inch long, and with a long
and rather broad point or tail in the middle. Seeds small,
angular, soft, and with the wings one inch and a quarter in
length, and five-eighths of an inch broad in the widest part.

A noble tree, growing 200 feet high, with regular, hori-
zontal, spreading branches, and cinnamon-coloured bai^k. It
is found growing on the North- West Coast of North America,
along the banks of the Columbia River, and on the moun-
tains of Northern California. Mr. Jefi*rey found it on the
Shasta Mountains at an elevation of from 6000 to 8000 feet,
a tree 200 feet high and four feet in diameter^ growing in a
red loamy soil.

This majestic tree, according to Douglas, forms vast forests
upon the mountains of Northern California, and produces
excellent timber. He says, " I spent three weeks in a forest
composed of this tree, and day by day could not cease to
admire it." The Indians along the Columbia River and on the
north-west coast call it Tuc Tuc (Big Tree).

208 PICE A, OR

PiCEA NOBILIS GLAUCA, Hort.
A splendid variety, with all the leaves of a beautiful silvery-
white colour. It is iu the Nursery of Mr, Richard Smith, of
Worcester.

No, 10. PiCEA NoRDMANNiANA, Loudon, Professor Nord-
niann's Silver Fir.
Syn, Abies candicans, Fischer.

„ „ pectinata leioclada, Link.

„ „ Picea leioclada, Lindley.

„ „ leioclada, Steven.

„ „ Nordmanniana, Link.

„ Picea pectinata leioclada, Hort.

„ Pinus Picea, Tournefort, not Willdenow.

„ „ Nordmanniana, Steven.

„ „ orientalis, Friivaldsky.
Leaves solitary, in a double series, two rowed, curved up-
wards, nearly equal in length, flat, linear, and one inch long,
with the point emarginate ; deep glossy green above, and
channelled below, with a glaucous white line each side of the
mid-rib, equal in breadth to the keel, and thickened margins,
and more or less twisted at the base. Branches, dense, and
regularly disposed in whorls, the lower ones horizontal, the
upper ones rising at a more acute angle. Cones, on very short
footstalks, erect on the upper side of the branches, five inches
long, two inches and a half in diameter, and egg-shaped, a little
blunted at the ends. Scales closely adpressed, cup-shaped,
very obtuse, nearly one inch and a half in breadth, and the
same in the full length ; somewhat recurved, smooth, entire,
and falling oft' when the seeds are ripe. Bracteas adhering to
the narrow base of the scales, but afterwards free and extending
beyond the scales, getting wider by degrees from the base out-
wards, rarely ovate, often cordate, reflexcd at the apex, and in-
cumbent on the lower scale, with the point a line and a half long.
Seeds triangular, soft, two under each scale, and rijie in Septem-
ber. Wings obliquely expanded and membranous, with the

SILVER FIRS. 209

inner margin straight. Stem, exceedingly straight, and from
eighty to a hundred feet high, and three feet in diameter, with
a smooth bark when full gi'own.

This beautiful tree is common on the Crimean Mountains
and those east of the Black Sea. Professor Nordmann, of
Odessa, discovered it first on the summit of the Adshar Moun-
tains, towards the sources of the Kur, at an elevation of 6000
feet, and M. Wittmann observed it on the southern declivity
of the mountains between Cartalin and Achalzich, as far up as
the Alpine regions, growing amongst a forest of Abies Orien-
talis, and nearly 100 feet high. The timber is good and harder
than that of the celebrated Oriental Spruce.

The young shoots of this Fir are quite smooth and glossy
(hence the name leioclada), and its timber is said to be much
harder than that of the common Silver Fir. A truly beautiful
tree, from its leaves being very silvery beneath^ and the great
abundance of its large, purplish strobiles, which are produced
on the upper side of the branches.

It is perfectly hardy, and commences growing late in the
spring.

No. 11. PiCEA PECTINATA, Louclon, the Common Silver Fir.

Syn. Abies taxifolia, Desfont
vulgaris, Poiret.
Picea, Lindley.
argentea, De Chamb.
alba, Miller.
pectinata, De Candole.
„ Picea taxifolia, Hort
„ Pinus Picea, Willd., not Tournefort.
„ „ Abies, Duroi.
„ „ pectinata, Lamarck.
Leaves solitary, flat, obtuse, and two-rowed, with their points
turned up ; from three quarters to an inch long, stiff, and of a
shining dark green above and with two lines of a silvery white
on each side of the mid-rib beneath. Cones from six to seven
p

/^

210 PTCEA, OR,

inches long, and from one and a half to two inches broad,
cylindrical, erect, on the upper side of the branches, green when
young, afterwards reddish, and when ripe of a brown colour.
Scales, one inch and a quarter long and the same in breadth,
rounded, and thin at the margins, with a long bract fixed
on the back of each, and extending bej^'ond the scale, and
terminating in a sharp flat point. Seeds soft and full of tur-
pentine, angular, enveloped, and surmounted with a membra-
naceous wing, broader above than below. Seed-leaves five in
number.

A lofty tree, growing from eighty to one hundred and fifty
feet high, with an erect stem, regularly furnished with whorls
of branches, which stand horizontal, and a trunk frequently
six or eight feet in diameter.

The Common Silver Fir is found all over the Alps, from east
to west, and on the Alps of Piedmont. It is principally found
at an elevation of from 2000 to 4500 feet, and grows on the
whole chain of the Apennines, from north to south, and on
the mountains of Middle Europe, but is not found on the
mountains of the North of Europe. It is also found on the
Pyrenees, is common on the higher mountains of Greece, and
has the following varieties : —

PiCEA PECTINATA PYRAMiDALis, Hovt, the Pyramidal Common

Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies pectinata pyramidalis, Carviere.
„ Picea pyramidalis, Hort.
„ „ taxifolia pyramidalis, Makoy.

The branches of this variety of the Common Silver Fir are
turned upwards on the main stem, but with their ends and
branchlets curved, and more or less drooping.

It lias a narrow, conical head, resembling that of tlic Lom-
bardy Poplar in outline, but with a drooping appearance when
closely inspected. A very striking variety, of German
origin.

SILVER FIRS. 21 L

PiCEA PECTINATA FASTIGIATA, BootJi, the Upright Common

Silver Fir.

Syn. Abies pectinata stricta, Carrieve.
„ „ Metensis, Hort — Paris.
„ „ pyramidalisj Metensis, Carrihre.
„ Picea pectinata Metensis, Hort
„ „ Metensis, Hort.

Leaves short, slender, frequently curved upwards, and much
smaller than those of the species.

This singular variety originated at Metz, in France, and
differs from the preceding German one in having its branches
and branchlets more erect, slenderer, thinner, and much com-
pressed, and in the full-grown trees having an erect pyramidal
shape like the Lombardy Poplar.

Picea pectinata nana, Knight.

Syn. Picea cinerea, Baumann.
„ Abies pectinata prostrata, Hort.

A very dwarf variety, growing one or two feet high, and
smaller in all its parts ; of French origin.

Picea pectinata pendula, Godefroy.

This differs in having all its branches and twigs drooping.
It is of French origin, and curious.

Picea pectinata tortuosa, Booth.

This variety has its branches and branchlets very much
twisted and crooked, which gives it a very singular appearance.
It is of German origin.

Picea pectinata variegata, Hort.

This variety has some of its leaves pale straw colour, or
white, intermixed on the branches and young shoots, which
gives tlie tree a variegated appearance,
p 2

212 PICEA, OR

No. 12. PiCEA Religiosa, Loudon, the Sacred Silver Fir.

Syn. Abies religiosa, Lindley.
„ hirtella, Lindley.
Picea hirtella, Loudon.
Pinus hirtella, Hiirmboldt.
„ religiosa, Humboldt.

Leaves solitary, from one to one inch and a half long, linear,
and rather thinly set on the branches ; quite entire, bluntly
pointed, and rather irregularly two-rowed, flat, deep green
above and silvery beneath, especially when young, but when
old both sides are nearly the same colour. Branches rather
slender, and when young covered with hairs ; but when full-
grown and old, quite smooth. Cones erect, with a short foot-
stalk, roundish egg-shaped, five inches long and two and a half
wide, and of a purple colour when young. Scales broad,
rounded, or kidney-shaped on the upper margin, one inch and
a half broad, entire, and rather thick at the margin. Bracteas
longer than the scales, projecting, and reflexed backwards over
the scales, very broad, short-pointed, and with an even edge.
Seeds rather large, angular, and soft, with transparent wings.
Seed-leaves five in number.

An elegant tree, attaining a height of loO feet, with a smooth
brown bark, and rather thin of branches.

It is found on the mountains of Mexico. Schiede found it
upon the cold mountains of Orizaba, at the highest limit of
arborescent vegetation. Hartweg found it in various places
in Mexico between 15° and 22° of south latitude, but its chief
ranee is about 19° of south latitude, and at an elevation of
9000 feet. He also found it on the Campanario, the highest
point of the mountains of Angangueo, five or six feet in dia-
meter, and 150 feet high.

It is the Oyamel of the Mexicans, and is largely used for de-
corating their churches on particular religious observances.
It is more or less tender, and lins tlie following vai-iety : —

SILVER FIRS. 213

PiCEA RELIGIOSA GLAUCESCEXS, Govcloii, the Silver-leaved

Mexican Fir.
Syn. Abies glaucescens, Roezl.
„ „ glauca, Roezl.
„ „ Tlapalcatuda, Roezl.

Leaves longer and more silvery on both sides than those of
the Oyamel Fir, but in other respects very similar. Cones
also like those of Picea religiosa, but broader, and furnished
with large, reflected bracts, which are very much longer than
the scales, except near the apex of the cone, where they are
mostly wanting. Bracteas much longer than the scales, bent
backwards, very broad, spoon-shaped, fringed round the mar-
gins, and furnished with a long, tapering point, quite entire on
the edges.

A beautiful glaucous variety of the Mexican Silver Fir,
found growing on the " Mont de las Cruces," in Mexico, by
M. Roezl, who says the leaves are so glaucous, or silvery on
each side, that, at a great distance, one would declare the trees
were covered with snow, and that they are much whiter than
the Cedrus Deodara, on closer inspection. The cones, when
young, are of a bright green colour, whereas those of the sj^e-
cies are deep purple.

Section 11. BREVIBRACTEATA, or those kinds with

THE BRA.GTEAS SHORTER THAN THE SCALES, AND ENCLOSED.

No. 13. PiCEA AMABiLis, Loudon, the Lovely Silver Fir.
S3^n. Pinus amabilis, Douglas.
„ „ lasiocarpa, Hooker.
„ Abies amabilis, Lindley.
„ „ lasiocarpa, Liiulley.
Leaves, solitary, linear, flat, entire, blunt-pointed, one inch
long, irregularly and densely two-rowed, incurved on the upper
side of the branches, brisrht screen above and glaucous below.
Branches irrecjular on the main stem ; lateral ones numerous.

214 PICEA, OR

tolei\ably flat, and densely covered with leaves. Cones, erect,
solitary, large, ovate-cylindrical, six inches long, and two inches
and a half broad, slightly tapering to both ends, and woolly
when young. Scales, smooth, round, and entire, an inch and a
quarter broad, and about the same long, and falling oft" when
the cones are ripe. Bracteas very short, and concealed by the
scales. Seeds, angular and soft, with membranaceous wings.

A magnificent tree, seen towerinsf above all others in its
native forests in Northern California, growing 200 feet high
on the mountains east of Fraser's River, in latitude 50°. Mr.
Jeffrey found it growing on the sloping sides of the mountains
at an elevation of 4000 feet, with the leaves very small, dark-
green above, and silvery beneath^ and with the branches hori-
zontal, short and bushy, growing 250 feet high, in a gravelly
soil, and five feet in diameter, with sixty feet of the stem
without branches ; the bark of the young trees are covered
with large blisters, filled with resinous matter.

It is called " Mareilp " by the American Indians, and is
quite hardy.

No. 14. PiCEA CiLiciCA, Ranch, the Cilician Silver Fir.

Syn. Abies Cilicica^ Carriere.

„ „ Tchugatskoi, Laiuson.

„ „ Sibirica alba, Fischer.

„ „ Pichta alba, Hort.

„ „ „ Fisheri, Loudon,

y, „ Rinzi, Hort.

„ Picea Sibirica alba, Hort.

„ „ Pichta alba, Hort.

„ „ „ longifolia, Hort.

„ „ Rinzi, Hort.

„ Pinus Cilicica, Kotschy.

„ „ Tchugatskoi, Fischer.

„ „ Sibirica alba, Fischer.

„ „ Pichta longifolia, Hort.
Leaves densely and irregularly arranged in two rows, and

SILVER FIRS. 215

more or less horizontally placed along the branchlets, but some-
what scattered all round the leading shoots ; and from one to
one inch and three quarters long, and rather more than one line
broad, quite straight, linear, flat, long, and narrow, with the
ends bi dented, and the base twisted ; of a dark shining green
on the upper side, and quite glaucous below, except on the
mid-rib and margins, which are of a deep green colour.
Branches mostly in whorls, thickly set on the stem, from the
base upwards, the lower ones being horizontal, but as they
ascend the stem, they get gradually shorter and more elevated
at their points ; branchlets and smaller spray, slender, ratlier
short, flat, much divided, spreading, and thickly set in two
horizontal rows along the branches. Male catkins on footstalks,
cylindrical, and rounded at the ends. Cones erect, from seven
to eight inches long, and nearly two inches in diameter, of a
cylindrical shape, rounded at the base, and obtuse at the apex,
with a concave depression in the centre, and so numerous on
the upper side of the top branches, as to give that part of the
tree quite the appearance of a large candelabrum full of wax
lights. Scales concave, closely imbricated, and of a leathery
texture, from three quarters to an inch broad, and one inch
deep on the exposed part, with the upper margin transversely
elliptic, quite entire on the edges, and very thin. Bracteas
small, strap-shaped, a little contracted at the top, crenated
along the edges, and furnished with a central point, and en-
tirely hidden by the scales. Seeds soft, full of turpentine,
somewhat three-cornered, and furnished with oblique wedge-
shaped wings.

A handsome tree, of a pyramidal shape, thickly furnished
with vertical branches to the gi'ound, and growing fifty feet
high, and three feet in diameter, with the stem covered with a
thick ashy-gray coloured bark, full of deep fissures when old.

It is found on the Taurian and Caramanian mountains in
Asia Minor ; M. Kotschy discovered it in one of the valleys of
the Taurus, to the north-west of the great Cilician defile, called
Gullah Boghos, and on the southern slope of the great mouu-

^16 PICE A, OR

tain chain called Balgavdah, in Cilicia, afc an elevation of from
3000 to 7000 feet above the sea, mostly in immense forests,
or intermixed with the cedar of Lebanon. The Mongolians
call it " Chadsura" (green and white), and the late Dr. Fischer
considered it only a variety of the Siberian Pitch Fir (Picea
Pichta), a kind which it certainly very ranch resembles, but
differs from in having very much longer cones, and leaves more
silvery beneath.

It is quite hardy, and called " Tchugatskoy " (strong- scented
Fir) by the Russians.

No. 15. PiCEA CONCOLOR, Govdou, the Concolor-leaved
Silver Fir.

Syn. Pinus concolor, Parlatore.
„ Abies concolor, Lindley.

Leaves closely placed, somewhat two-rowed, and the same
colour on both surfaces; they are linear, flat, leathery, and
either slightly falcate or straight, more or less obtuse at the
points, of a whitish colour when young, pale green when old,
and from one and a half to two inches long and one line broad.
Cones solitary, erect, nearly sessile, oblong, rounded at the
ends, and from two inches and a quarter to two and three-quar-
ters long, and from one inch and a quarter to one and a half
broad. Scales almost horizontal, closely placed, a little turned
up at the edges, transversely elliptic, with the margins rounded
and nearly entire. Bracteas, shorter than the scales and hidden.
Seeds soft and angularly wedge-shaped, with thin, broad, per-
sistent, and somewhat four-sided wings.

A magnificent tree, with horizontal branches in regular
whorls, found on the Santa Fe mountains, in New Mexico, by
Fendler, and on the Rio de los Animos, in Southern Calilbrnia,
by Engelmann.

No. 16. PiCEA GRANDis, Loudon, the Great Californian Silver Fir.
Syn. Pinus grandis, Douglas.

SILVER FIRS. 217

Syn. Abies grandis, Lindley.
„ „ Gordoniana, Carriere.

Leaves linear, flat, chanuellecl above, emargiuate, or with a
small notch at the point, and all irregularly arranged, horizon-
tally in double rows on each side of the branchlets, in a more
or less pectinate manner^ on short twisted footstalks ; those
forming the upper tiers on each side of the shoots are much
the shortest, and little more than three quarters of an inch in
length, while the majority of those comprising the under series
are of various lengths, and nearly double that of the upper
ones, but not broader, and all of a deep glossy green above,
and with two silvery white bands below, between the mid-rib
and thickened margins, both of which are of a bright green
colour. Branches mostly in horizontal whorls, flat, and spread-
ing. Branchlets glossy, smooth, rather short, compact, and
placed laterally in two horizontal rows, and when young, with
quite a varnished appearance. Cones erect, cylindrical, and
from three and a half to four inches long, and one and a half
inch broad. Scales broad transversely, crescent shaped, rounded
on the exposed part, incurved at the edges, closely placed,
tolerably equal in size, downy externally, deciduous when fully
matured, and with the small fringed dorsal bracteas entirely
liidden by the overlapping scales; seeds small, angular, soft,
and with persistent wings, three quarters of an inch long. Seed-
leaves five in number.

A noble tree, always found in moist valleys, growing from
150 to 200 feet high, with a brown scaly bark, and very much
resembling the common Silver Fir when old, but differing in
the young shoots having a glossy or polished appearance, and
in its much smaller cones, with hidden dorsal bracteas.

It was first discovered in 18.31, by Douglas, in Northern
California, growing along the banks of rivers. Jefirey found it
on the banks of Fraser's River, from the Falls, all the way
down to the ocean, but particularly on the alluvial banks of
the river near Fort Langley, growing 280 feet high, five feet in
diameter, and fifty feet without branches. It is also found on

218 PICE A, OR

the banks of tlie river at South Umpqua, and in Vancouver's
Island, and, according to Fendler, on the Rocky Mountains, but
not common.

It is quite hardy, not having been in the least injured by
the winter of 1860-1 ; but the plants suffer more or less from
the late Spring frosts, as they commence growing early in
the season, which is not the case with either Picea Lowiana, or
amabilis.

No. 17. Picea Lowiana, Gordon, Messrs. Low's Calif ornian
Silver Fir.
Syn. Picea grandis, Lohb, not Douglas.

„ „ lasiocarpa, Hart not Hooker.

„ „ Parsonsi, Hart.

„ „ Lowi, Hort.
Leaves long, linear, flat, and quite straight, channelled above,
more or less twisted at the base, rather distant and strictly
arranged in two horizontal rows alono- the shoots, and from
one and a half to two and a half inches long, and one line
broad, blunt pointed, or with a slight notch in the centre,
particularly those on the adult trees, and all of a dull, glaucous
green above, but much paler, and with two faint glaucous
bands below, between the elevated mid-rib and thickened
margins. Branches in distant whorls, horizontally placed, and
rather slender. Branchlets more or less opposite, quite smooth,
slender, laterally placed in two horizontal rows, and of a pale
yellowish colour. Cones from three and a half to five inches
long, and one inch and a half broad ; erect, cylindrical, and obtuse
at the points, rounded at the base, of a pale brown colour, and
emitting numerous transparent resinous tears externally, and
very similar in shape and general appearance, but somewhat
larger than those of Picea grandis. Scales broad, more or less
crescent-.shapcd, rounded on the outer side, incurved round the
margins, woolly on the exposed parts, tolerably equal in size,
and deciduous when fully matured. Bractcas very minute,
dorsally placed at the base of the scales ; broader than long,
somewhat rounded, wedge-shaped on the upper part, toothed

SILVER FIRS. 219

or fringed round the edges, and with a prolonged sharp point
in the centre. Seeds angular, soft, and with broad hatchet-
shaped persistent wings.

A noble tree, frequently upwards of 250 feet in height, and
five or six feet in diameter, found in British Columbia and
Northern California, but always in valleys or along the alluvial
banks of rivers.

This very distinct species appears to have been first
discovered by Mr. William Lobb, who mistook it for the Picea
grandis of Douglas f" an error easily accounted for, on account
of the great similarity of the cones and usual habitat of the
tree, both kinds being always found in damp valleys, or along
the alluvial banks of rivers, and never as mountain trees.

It has been named in compliment to Messrs. Low, of the
Clapton Nursery, who first introduced it from California.

It is quite hardy, never getting in the least injured by the
late Spring frosts, and very distinct from Picea grandis in its
pale green colour, and in the size and shape of the cones.

No. 18. Picea magxifica, Murray, the Pompous Silver Fir .
Syn. Abies nobilis robusta, Carriere.
„ Picea amabilis, Lohh not Douglas.
„ „ „ robusta, Hort.
„ „ „ magnifica, Hort.

Leaves linear, narrow, blunt pointed, somewhat four-sided,
gibbose, sessile, and crowded on the upper side of the branches
in an incurved and upright position; but spirally arranged,
thickly, all round the branchlets ; and when young of a pale,
glaucous green, and when old, dull green, with two pale, dotted
glaucous bands beneath, and a thickened midrib on both
surfaces, and one inch and a half long, and about three-
quarters of a line broad. Buds scaly, blunt pointed, deep
brown, and often ver}^ resinous. Branches stout, rigid, horizon-
tal, and in regular whorls ; lateral ones numerous, rather short,

* The original plant of Picea grandis, at Elvaston, raised in 1531,
from Douglas's seeds, proves the identity of the true kind.

220 PICEAj OR

stiff, and spreading. Shoots and branclilets straight, deep
brown, and when young covered with a downy substance.
Cones erect on tlie upper side of the branches, nearly
cylindrical, obtuse at the points, rounded at the base, light
brown, and from seven to nine inches long, and from two and
a half to three inches in diameter, and very similar to those
of Picea amabilis, except in size. Scales crescent-shaped, and
pale brown on the upper part, triangular and wedge-shaped at
the base, thin, and slightly incurved round the edge of the
exposed part, closely imbricated, and with a copious supply of
transparent resinous matter exuding from beneath the scales ;
the larger scales are two inches wide, and one inch and a half
deep, and deciduous when the seeds are ripe. Bracteas small,
ovate-pointed, fringed round the edges, dorsally placed, and
entirely hidden by the overlapping scales. Seeds angular, soft,
and covered with a thin testa, and furnished with broad
persistent hatchet-shaped wings, straight on the inner side.

This mairnificent Silver Fir is found on the Sierra Nevada,
to the eastward of San Francisco, in Upper California, forming
immense trees, resembling Picea Nobilis.

It is perfectly hardy, and commences growing late in the
spring, and consequently never gets injured by the late spring
frosts in England, as is the case with Picea Webbiana,
Cepbalonica, and Grandis.

No. 19. Picea Numidica, R. Smith, the Algerian Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies Numidica, De Lannoy.
„ „ Baborensis, Cosson.
„ „ Pinsapo Baborensis, Carriere.

Leaves linear, straight, spreading, flat, rather stiff, and either
slightly bidented at the ends, or sometimes obtusely pointed,
of unequal lengths along the branchlcts, twisted at the base, and
thickly and irregularly arranged in two horizontal rows on the
young shoots; but they afterwards stand up, and are so
numerous on the vigorous Ijranchlets as to entirely cover them
when fully grown; they arc of a deep, glossy green, and
slightly channelled above, with two slightly sunken glaucous

SILVER FIRS. 221

white bands between the bright green keel and thickened
margins on the under side, and from half an inch to an inch
long, and rather more than a line wide. Branches in numerous
spreading whorls, and much ramified, the upper ones somewhat
ascending at the ends, the older or lower ones slightly bent
downwards, rather slender, and covered with comparatively
small leaves. Buds large, mostly terminal, sometimes resinous,
and covered with loosely imbricated, light brown scales, which
are somewhat persistent. Cones cylindrical, erect on the upper
side of the two-year old branches, often four or five together,
very rarely solitary, and from five to eight inches long, and
from one and tliree-quarters to two and a quarter inches in
diameter. Scales small, reniform, stipitate, very thin, and
entire on the edges, of an ash-gray colour, and very deciduous.
Seeds soft, irregularly three-sided, with thin, membraneous
wings, rounded, and truncate at the top, and of a grayish red
colour. Bracts inclosed or hidden by the scales, scariose, and
of a reddish-brown colom^, and nearly as large as the inner
face of the scale.

It forms a very handsome, compact, conical tree, from 45 to
GO feet high, with the branches in whorls, and much ramified,
and a straight stem sixteen inches in diameter, covered with an
ashy gray bark slightly furrowed.

The Numidian Silver Fir is found in the same forests as the
Atlas Cedar, on the top of the mountains of Babor and Kabylia
(the Numidia of the Romans) in the province of Constantino in
Algeria.

It is quite hardy, and very distinct from Picea Pinsapo, of
which some writers make it only a variety.

No. 20. Picea Pichta, Loudon, the Pitch or Siberian Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies Pichta, Fischer.
„ „ Sibirica, Ledehour.
„ Piiius Sibirica, Steudel.
„ „ Pichta, Fischer.
„ Picea Sibirica, Horf.
Leaves solitary, irregularly two-rowed or scattered, and very

222 PICEA, OR

thickly set round the branches, linear, blunt-pointed, flat, dark
green, with a very slight trace of the glaucous appearance on
the under side, and mostly curved upwards towards the point.
Branches at first horizontal, but afterwards, as they get older,
become rather pendulous at the extremities. Cones erect,
C3dindrical, tajiering towards an obtuse end, three inches and a
quarter long, and an inch and three quarters broad at the
widest part, a little below the middle. Scales obovate wedge-
shaped, largest and broadest near the base, rounded and entire
on the margins, and quite smooth. Bracteas hidden by the scales,
quite short, round, irregularly toothed, and convex externally
at the edges, with a large point or tail in the middle. Seeds
small, angular, soft, and with membranaceous wings nearly as
large as the scales.

A middle-sized tree, v^^ith rather a dense head, growing from
80 to 50 feet hio-h, at an elevation of from 2000 to 5000 feet, on
the mountains of Siberia and the Altai, forming entire forests.

It is the " Ak-cherschal" of the Tartars, and the " Chadsura"
of the Mongols, and is quite hardy, but suffers gi'eatly from
the late Spring frosts, as it commences gTOwing very early in
the season.

No. 21. PiCEA PiNDEOW, Loudoii, the Upright Indian Silver

Fir.
Syn. Picea Herbertiana, Madden.
„ „ Naphtha, Knight.
„ Abies Pindrow, Spadi.
„ „ Webbiana affinis, Hort.
„ Pinus Pindrow, Royle.
„ Tax us Lambertiana, Wallich.

Leaves solitary, flat, and at first all round the shoots, but
finally disposed into two rows on the branchlets horizontal!}'-,
with the upper surface of the deepest green, or almost black
when fully matured, and the under one with two ftiint, white,
silvery lines, and from an inch and a half to two inches and a
half long, and rather more than one line broad, with acutely two-

SILVER FIRS. 223

toothed points. Branches, in whorls, horizontal, and spreading.
Branchlets opposite in two rows. Cones, erect, solitary, four
inches and a half long, and three inches and a half broad,
cylindrical, or elongated, flat at the ends, deep purple, smooth
on the surface, and growing on the upper surface of the top
branches. Scales deciduous, trapeziform, stiff and leathery,
with the upper margins entire and wedge-shaped at the base.
Seeds, soft, angular, full of turpentine, and ripe in October.
Wings long and ample.

A noble tree, growing from 80 to 100 feet high^ with flat,
horizontal branches, in regular distant whorls, found abundantly
in Bhotan, from 11,000 to 12^000 feet of elevation. In Kamaon
it is found at from 7500 to 9000 feet of elevation^ where
it clothes the sources of the " Kosilla" in a forest of unusual
gloom and thickness. It also grows on the easternmost range of
the Himalayas, where it is called " Rayha," also on the Choor
and Kedarkanta Mountains, at elevations of from 8500 to
12,000 feet, and on all other ranges of similar heights, where
the trunks attain a great girth and height, — some of the trees
on the Choor Mountains measuring twenty feet round at five
feet from the ground, and upwards of 150 feet high, with the
stem densely clothed with short, scrubby boughs, bearing little
proportion in length to the height of the tree, and generally
ending in a mass of flat, declining branches.

The Indian term, " Pindrow," according to Major Madden,
refers to its very peculiar mode of growth, the tree being tall
and cylindrical, or slightly tapering, like the Lombardy Poplar ;
but, according to Dr. Wilson, it is derived from the Sanscrit
words, " Pind," incense, and "Roo" or "Row," to weep, from the
numerous resinous tears found on the cones and other parts of
the tree. It is also called "Kala-rai'" (Black Fir) by the people
along the snowy mountains, who also apply the term " Kala-
bun" (Black Forest) to the woods where it alone grows ; from
the (lark green of the leaves on the upper surface, giving the
trees a sombre yew-like appearance at a distance, and which
causes the mountaineers constantly to confound it witli the

224 PICEA, OR

" Thooner" (Yew), and which no doubt led Dr. Wallich (who
trusted too much to local names) to give to this Fir the name
of Taxus Lambertiana, he not having at the time seen its cones,
or even probably the living tree. Its Khasiya name is Ragha,
and the Bhotiyas call it " Woomun" (purple cone).

This tree forms dense forests on all the great spurs of the
Kamaon Alps, from 7500 to 9000 feet of elevation, but under
proper conditions it will ascend and descend above and below
these elevations, always, however, exhibiting its preference for
northern and western aspects. Mr. Winterbottom found it
plentiful on the Peer Punjal in Cashmere, flowering in April
and May, and ripening its cones, which are of the same rich
purple colour as those of Picea Webbiana, in October and
November of the same year.

This tree is quite hardy, but suffers from the late Spring
frosts in England, and should be planted, when young, in a
northern aspect, or screened from the mid-day sun.

Timber good^ but soon warps and rots if exposed to rain
and sun.

Picea Pindrow variegata, Hort, the variegated Indian

Silver Fir.
This is a constant variety, with the leaves striped with
yellow.

No. 22. Picea Pinsapo, Loudon, the Pinsapo Fir.
Syn. Abies Pinsapo, Boissier.
„ „ Hispanica, De Chamh.
„ Pinus Pinsapo, Endliclier.

Leaves solitary, regularly and thickly disposed around the
branches, short, not more than half an inch long, and placed at
right angles on the branches, very stiff, sharp-pointed, flat on
the upper surf£xce, and with a central rib slightly marked on
each side by two farrows, which forms the only and very
superficial indication of the two silvery lines so strikingly con-
spicuous on the under side of the leaves in the Silver Fir tribe.

SILVER FIRS. 225

Branches regularly in whorls on the main stem, very densely
clothed with laterals even to their base, and scarcely extending
any wider than those branches nearer the top, giving the tree a
shape rather that of a cylinder than a pyramid ; the young
shoots also have a cylindrical shape, on account of the leaves
being so thickly placed at right angles all round the stem.
Bark darker in colour and more scaly than that of the
common Silver Fir. Cones erect_, in great numbers on the
upper part of the top branches towards their extremities, and
without any foot-stalks ; oval, cylindric, terminating abruptly
at the top, often with a small elevated point, and from four to
five inches long, and from two to two and a half inches broad.
Scales rounded, entire, and broad in the exposed part of the
cone, but rather wedge-shaped towards the base. Bracteas
small, concealed by the scales, and never extended beyond them.
Seeds angular, soft, and with membranaceous wings. Seed-
leaves seven in number.

A fine tree, sixty or seventy feet high, with a dense branching
head, and timber full of resin, resembling in colour and struc-
ture that of the common Silver Fir.

It is found in Spain, on the mountains between Bonda and
Malaga, in Granada, and forming forests on the higher parts of
the Sierra de la Nieve, at an elevation of from 4000 to 6000
feet. It abounds in all the higher mountains, particularly on
the northern exposures, reaching even near the summits, where
the snow lies at least four or five months in the year.

There is the following variety : —

Pice A Pinsapo variegata, Hort.

Syn. Abies Pinsapo variegata, Carrier e.
„ Pinus Pinsapo variegata, Laiuson,

This variety differs in having a portion of its leaves, and
smaller shoots, of a pale yellow or straw colour, intermixed with
the ordinary bright green ones.

Q

226 PICEA, OR

No. 23, PiCEA Veitchii, Hort, Veitch's Silver Fir.
Syn. Abies Veitchii, Lindley.
„ Pinus selenolepis, Parlatore.

Leaves linear, flat, and all thickly arranged in an incurved
manner on the upper side of the branchlets ; obtuse or emar-
ginate at the points, keeled, glaucous, concave, and streaked
"with white on the under side, and varying from six to twelve
lines long, and three quarters of a line broad. Branches rather
stout, with the cones from two and a quarter to two and a half
inches long, and two and three quarter inches in circumference ;
somewhat cylindrical, blunt pointed, and erect on the upper
side of the branches. Scales rounded on the upper part, flattened
and half-moon shaped, with a foot-stalk below. Bracteas
hidden, but even in length with the scales, wedge-shaped, and
terminating in a little point or prickle. Seeds testaceous, two
lines long, angular, crested, and with short acinaciform wings,
having a very narrow curved crest at the base.

A fine tree, growing from 120 to 140 feet high, found on the
sacred Mountain Fusi-Yama^ in the province of Surunga, on
the Island of Nippon, in Japan.

It looks likes a small-coned Silver Fir, but is essentially dif-
ferent from that or any other Silver Fir, and has been named
after Mr. J. G. Veitch, a plant collector in Japan, who sent seeds
of it to England in 1861.

No. 24. PiCEA Webbiana, Loudon, Capt. Webb's Indian Fir.
Syn. Abies Webbiana, Lindley.
„ spectabilis, Spach.
„ densa, GrlfHth.
„ Chilrowensis, Hort.
Pinus striata, Hamilton.
„ spectabilis, Lamhert.
„ tinctoria, Wallich.
„ Webbiana, Wcdlicli.
Leaves solitary, at first scattered all round the shoots, but
finally more or less arranged in two rows laterally, from one

SILVER FIRS. 227

to two inches long, linear, flat, leathery, bidented on the ends,
of a dark glossy green above, and furnished with two broad
white bands below. Branches in regular whorls, horizontal,
and spreading. Branchlets opposite, two rowed, and stout.
Buds oval, covered with brown scales, and resinous. Cones
solitary, erect, and of a rich purple colour, from six to seven
inches long, and about two and a half broad, cylindrical, blunt-
ended, full of resinous matter, and growing on the upper surface
of the top branches. Scales deciduous, regularly wedge-
shaped, leathery, dilated on the upper part, and quite round on
the margins, regularly imbricated, and provided at the base with
very short bracts, much shorter than the scales. Seeds soft,
oblong, or angular. AVings thin, broad, and somewhat obovate.

A noble tree, growing from seventy to eighty feet high, with
a . tabular-formed head when old, found abundantly in the
Himalayas, at different elevations. Its lowest limit on the
southern face of the Himalayas is 10,000 feet.

The Indian Silver Fir is the most abundant one in Sikkim,
and forms vast forests in Bhotan, at elevations from 11,000 to
12,000 feet.

Dr. Hooker found it in Sikkim measuring thirty feet in
girth. It also forms most dense and extensive forests on the
north side of the Shatool-Pass, but on the south face it does
not flourish. It is called Chilrow in the Northern Hima-
layas, ' Oonum,' or Purple-coned Fir, and the ' RaisaUa/ or
King Pine, in Upper Kamaon and Nepal.

This is the Black Fir, found so abundantly by Dr. Griffith on
the Bhotan Mountains, at an elevation of from 11,000 to 12,500
feet, where it forms a lofty tabular or flat-headed tree, with the
foliage of the deepest green on the upper surface, but quite
silvery beneath. It is called " Rai-Sulla " (fragrant Fir), and
" Gobrea-Sulla " (fragrant or Indigo Fir), by the Gorkhalees,
on account of an indigo or purple pigment being extracted
from the young cones. On the Choor Mountains the inhabitants
call it " Kilounta," which is a Sanscrit compound for end of
the Pine tree, and denotes the fir-cone, so conspicuous in this
Q 2

228 PINUS, OR

species, on account of its beautiful purple or violet colour. In
Kooloo, and on the Chumbra range, it is styled " Toss," and
forms extensive forests, where, notwithstanding the whiteness
of the under surface of its leaves, the general effect of the
Himalayan Silver Fir is exceeding dark and gloomy — more
even than the Indian Cypress (Cupressus torulosa), which from
a distance it a good deal resembles ; but still the thorough-
going black Pindrow Fir, with its tall columnar outline and
boughs, much less bushy or pendulous, and its longer leaves,
must be pronounced the handsomest tree of the two.

Timber white, very soft, and coarse-grained, but fuK of clear
white resin ; and a beautiful dye, of a lovely violet colour, is
extracted from the young cones.

It is hardy, but suffers from the late spring frosts.

Gen. PINUS. Linnceus. The True Pines.

Floivers, moncEcious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate ; the male catkins laterally placed in dense masses
around the shoots in a kind of spike ; the female ones solitary,
or in whorls, and terminal.

Cones, more or less conical, and woody.

Scales, numerous, persistent, more or less elevated, pyramidal,
swollen, and imbricated.

Seeds, oval, with a hard bony shell, and either furnished with
ample wings, or wingless.

Seed-leaves, numerous.

Leaves, in sheaths of two, three, or five in number, somewhat
cylindrical, or concave on one side and convex on the otlier,
persistent, and pointed.

Tlic name Piims is by some writers derived from the Greek
word " pion " (fat), in allusion to its resin or tar; the Sanscrit
Avord " Peena " having exactly the same meaning ; while others
derive its origin from our own fine, or the Latin finis, as well

THE TRUE PINES. 229

as 2^in, in allusion to the slender leaves, which are aptly desig-
nated "needle leaves" (Nadelholz) by the Germans, and
" acerosa " by botanists. Others, again^ derive Plnus from the
Celtic word " pen " a mountain, in allusion to the site where
tliese trees grow, and state that it is wholesome to walk in
such gi'oves, wliere the air is impregnated with the balsamic
properties of " the Pine that breathes forth fragrance from
every wound ;" but the dry air and soil selected by Pines are
more probably at the root of the salubrity. The term Fir
most probably was derived from fire, the wood being very
combustible, Pine forests, in ancient times, being particularly
subject to be destroyed by that element, generally through the
carelessness of man, but not unfrequently either by lightning
or the action of the sun's rays upon the dry, decayed wood of
fallen trees.

All evergreen trees, found in Europe, Asia, and America,
with one in Africa (P. Canariensis).

Section I. BIN^, or those kinds having only two leaves

IN EACH SHEATH.

No. 1. PiNUS AusTEiACA, Hoss. The Austrian Pine.

Syn. Pinus nigricans, Hoss.
„ „ nigra, Link.
„ „ Laricio Austriaca, Endlidier.
„ „ nigrescens, Hort.
„ „ Laricio nigricans, Parlatore.

Leaves two in a sheath, slender^ straight, and not wavy;
dark glossy green, four or five inches long, erect when young,
but spreading and curved inwards when old ; outer surface
half round, inner channelled, sharp-pointed, rough at the edges,
and thickly set on the branches. Sheaths very short, scaly, torn
at the ends, and almost disappearing when old. Branches
horizontal, in regular whorls, spreading, and with the ends
curved upwards ; smaller ones, short, scaly, and with a grayish
brown bark, regularly and deeply raised by the insertion of

230 PINTJS, OR

the leave^ furrowed and shining. Buds, ovate-pointed, covered
with long brown scales, fringed at the edges, and slightly-
resinous. Cones three inches long, one inch and a quarter
broad, conical, rounded at the base, and tapering regularly to
the apex, pointing horizontal, or slightly inclining downwards;
of a light yellowish brown colour, with a shining surface.
Scales numerous, hard, and glossy ; larger ones rather more
than half an inch broad, but much smaller^ and less elevated
towards the base, angular on the upper edge, rounded below,
slightly pyramidal, with an elevated horizontal line across the
centre, terminated by a blunt, dark brown scar.

A large tree, growing 120 feet high, with spreading branches,
and when old a flat top.

It is found on the calcareous mountains in Lower Austria,
Styria, Moravia, Corinthia, Transylvania, and in the neighbour-
hood of Mehadia, in Banat.

Timber strong, tough, and resinous.

PiNUS AusTRiACA VARIEGATA, Lttiuson, the Variegated Austrian

Pine,
A variety having some of its leaves straw coloured, and in-
termixed with the ordinary green ones on the same branchlets.

No. 2. PiNUS Banksiana, Lambert. Sir Joseph Banks's Pine.
Syn. Pinus Hudsonica, Lamarck.

„ „ rupestris, Michaux.

„ „ sylvestris divaricata, Alton.

„ „ divaricata, Hort.
Leaves in twos, regularly distributed obliquely all over the
branches, one inch long, spreading, rigid, robust, dull greyish
green in colour, thickly set on the branches, and remaining for
years. Sheaths very short, one tenth of an inch long, and
rather jagged at the margin. Branches divaricate, spreading,
with few laterals, long, slender, twisted in all directions, and
rather flexible. Buds full of resin. Cones small, horn-shaped,
very hard, curved at the point, twisted, one and a half to two

THE TRUE PINES. 231

inches long, widest at the base, and tapering to a point ; mostly
in twos, of a gray ash colour, smooth, always pointing in the
same direction as the branches, and remaining on the tree for
years. Scales rounded, one third of an inch wide, irregularly
four-sided, and terminating in a protuberance, with a blunt
point in the centre. Seeds extremely small, with little wings
half an inch long.

A low, scrubby, straggling bush, or small tree, from five to
ten feet high, but in good soil and a favourable situation from
fifteen to twenty feet high.

It is found in the most northern parts of America ; in the
district of Maine, Nova Scotia, and among the rocks at Labra-
dor ; at Halifax and Hudson's Bay it disappears, except in a
few straggling bushes amongst the rocks. Dr. Richardson de-
scribes it as a handsome tree in favourable situations, and
Douglas found it on the higher banks of the Columbia, and in
the valley of the Rocky Mountains, of considerable size.

No. 3. PiNUS BoLANDERi, Pavlatove. Bolander's Pine.
Syn. Pinus muricata, Var. Bolmoder.

Leaves in twos, thickly set on tlie branches, short, rigid,
erectly-spreading, curved, semiterete, channelled above and
deep green, with the margins slightly scabrous, and the points
somewhat spiny, and from one inch and a quarter to one and
a half long, and a little more than half a line broad. Branches
in whorls. Cones from two to four in a whorl on the branches ;
the younger ones are somewhat bent downwards and sub-
globose, and the adult ones nearly sessile, pendulous, pressed
close together round the branches, and oblong-cylindrical,
somewhat obtuse, straight or slightly curved, and slightly un-
even at the base, and two inches long and one inch broad.
Scales quadrangularly-rhomboid, pyramidally elevated, sharply
keeled transversely, convex above, with a prominent acute
mucro, which is long and reflexed. Seeds small and nearly
black.

A small tree from ten to fifteen feet high, found by BoJarxder

232 PINUS, OR

on the mountains of Northern California, and probably only a
stunted form of Pinus muricata.

No. 4, Pixus Brutia, Tenore, the Calabrian Cluster Pine.
Syn. Pinus conglomerata, Grceffer.
„ „ pyrenaica, Parlatore, not Loudon, or Cook
„ „ Loiseleuriana, Carriere.
„ „ Halepensis rotundata, Garriere.
„ „ turbinata, Bosc.

Leaves in twos, rarely in threes, from six to eight inches
long, very slender, and wavy, glabrous, spreading, channelled
above and convex below, serrulated on the margins, with a
sharp point, and of a bright green colour. Sheaths half an
inch long, of an ash colour, quite entire, and not falling off.
Buds three quarters of an inch long, pointed, woolly, and free
from resinous matter. Cones stalkless, generally in clusters,
but sometimes singly on young trees, ovate, and smooth, two
or three inches long, and flattened at the base, of a deep brown
colour, and remaining on the tree for years. Scales depressed,
umbilicate, and slightly concave at the apex.

A tall tree, seventy feet high, with many large spreading
branches, thickly set with bright green foliage.

It is found growing, according to Professor Tenore, in Cala-
bria, on the mountain of Aspero, at an elevation of from 2400
to 2G00 feet, and resembles P. Halepensis, but is easily distin-
guished from that species in its cones being stalkless, and in
clusters, and in the leaves being nearly double the length.

It yields excellent timber, according to Lambert.

It is quite hardy.

No. 5. Pinus contorta, Douglas, the Twisted-branched Pine.
Syn. Pinus M'Intosliiana, Lawson.
„ „ Boursieri, Carrih^e.

Leaves in twos, but sometimes in threes on the young plants,
two inches long, stout, slini])-])()intcd, and closely placed on tlic
shoots, rounded on the outer jiart, and concave or channelled

THE TRUE PINES. 233

on the inner face. Sheaths very short, and composed of a few
loose, shrivelled, dark-brown scales, full of resinous matter.
Branches horizontal, spreading, very much twisted, slender,
and much resembling those of Pinus inops, or Banksiana, when
old. Cones small, ovate-pointed, tapering most to the apex,
clustered round the branches, from two to two inches and a
half long, and from three-quarters to one inch in diameter in
the widest part, nearly straight, or ver}'- slightly curved, com-
pact, and smooth on the surface. Scales tliiekened at the base,
tetragonal, transversely keeled, blunt-pointed, a little depressed
in the centre, and furnished with a small deciduous prickle in
the middle ; those nearest the base being much smaller, and
nearly level.

A small tree, growing not more than fifteen or twenty feet
high, with a twisted, scrubb}^ appearance, found abundantly in
swampy places near the sea-coast at Cape Disappointment,
and Cape Lookout, on the north-west coast of North America.
It was found by the Frencli travellers, M. Boursier and M.
Riviere, in Northern California, in similar situations, a tree
30 feet high, and one foot in diameter.

It is also quite abundant on the crest and slopes of the dry
subalpine ridges of the Sierra Nevada, forming the principal
part of the forest there, and extending to near the snow line.
The timber is coarse and tough and of little value, as it is
liable to warp.

No. 6. Pinus densiflora, Siehold, the Dense Flowered Japan

Pine.

Syn. Pinus rubra, Siebold, in part.

„ „ Japonica, Antoine.

Leaves in twos, needle-shaped, slender, straight, acute-pointed,

and rough at the edges ; convex on the outer part, concave on

the inner one, and somewhat glaucous on both faces, and from

three to five inches long. Sheaths rather short, and formed of

several broad scales, fringed or jagged at the ends. Buds

covered with imbricated, non-resinous scales. Branches rather

234 PINUS, OR

long, spreading, and of an ashy-gray colour. Branchlets slender
and rather smooth. Cones terminal, very numerous, and either
solitary or in sub-vertical clusters, on short, stout foot-stalks,
more or less pendent, and about one inch and a half long,
rounded at the base, and with the upper part regularly taper-
ing into a conical point. Scales of a linear-oblong shape,
slightly thickened along the upper part, rhomboid on the ex-
posed part, closely imbricated, small, and nearly all of an equal
size ; with a slender, elevated line across the middle of the
lozenge-shaped termination, and a little prickle in the centre,
which soon disappears. Seeds very small, with membranous
wings of a rusty -brown colour, regularly striated with reddish-
brown, and three times the length of the seed ; seed-leaves
short and mostly in sixes. It forms a tree forty feet high, with
a cylindrical stem covered with a smooth bark, of an ashy-gray
colour, and, according to Professor Zuccarini, is found all over
Japan,but ismost rare in the southern provinces, where it is gene-
rally cultivated. In the middle part of the empire it is planted
in masses, and forms vast woods, along with Pinus Massoniana,
which it very much resembles. In the south, near Nagasaki,
onl}^ a few solitary specimens are seen, generally forty feet or
more high, while in the more northern parts it is very abundant,
especially on the mountain slopes to a height of from 1000 to
2000 feet of elevation. It also occurs at tlie bottom of valle3's,
and on the road from Ohosaka to Yeddo, wliere there are large
thickets of it, and Pinus Massoniana^ standing above the
marshy rice-fields ; the latter species is, however, more es-
pecially a valley plant, becoming a mere bush at a height of
3500 feet above the sea. The timber is of great excellence,
and its resin is largely in request for the plasters and salves
used by the Japanese in healing wounds and sores. In pul-
monary complaints they also hold it to be a specific, and make
India and China ink from the soot of both Pinus dcnsitlora
and P. Massoniana.

The Japanese call this Fir "Mc-Matsu" (female Pine) on
account of its producing such an abundance of its little cones

• THE TRUE PINES. 235

on the adult trees, and which are smaller than those of Pinus
sylvestris. They also name it " Aka-Matsu" (red Pine), on
account of its timber being of that colour, and very similar to
that of Pinus Sinensis. It is quite hardy.

No. 7. Pinus Fremontiana, Endlicliev, Colonel Fremont's

Nut Pine.

Syn. Pinus monophylla, Torrey.
„ „ Llaveana, with a thin shelled seed, Hartweg

Leaves generally in twos, but not unfrequently in threes, or
singly, from one inch and a half to three inches in length, of a
glaucous green, more or less curved, very stout, rigid, and
ending in a spiny point. Sheaths very short, and rolled back-
wards on the older leaves. Seed-leaves from eight to ten, but
mostly nine in number, rather long, and very stout. Branches
numerous, the principal ones round the stem in whorls. Bark
smooth, and of a light-brown colour. Buds small, cylindrical,
and three-quarters of an inch long. Cones of a light glossy
brown colour, two inches and a half long, and one inch and
three-quarters broad, in the widest part, which is near the
middle; each cone contains from six to seven rows of scales.
Scales very thick, largest near the middle, bluntly pyramidal
slightl}^ angular, and more or less recurved downwards, par-
ticularly the smaller ones nearest the base ; they are also
without any points. Seeds, wingless, oblong, or egg-shaped,
half an inch long, bright yellow, more or less stained with
dark brown, and the shells so thin, that it is very easily
broken between the finger and thumb. Kernels very pleasant
in flavour, and also nutritious, as it constitutes the principal
subsistance of the Indians who live in the mountains, where it
gi-ows for nine months out of the twelve. It was first dis-
covered by Colonel Fremont during his exploring expedition
when crossing the Sierra Nevada, or Great Californian Moun-
tains, growing upon both sides, and extending over the top of
the great snowy chain for a distance of three hundred miles •

236 PiNUS, OR

the tree seldom attains a height of more than twenty feet, or
eight or ten inches in diameter, but is very branching, and has
a peculiar but pleasant odour when bruised. It is perfectly
hardy, for Colonel Fremont frequentl}^ found the thermometer
at two degrees below zero at night, and four feet of snow,
where it gi-ew. The cones are produced in great abundance,
and the seeds are gathered by the Indians for their principal
winter and spring subsistence ; either taken out and kept dry
in their huts, or left in their natural storehouse, the cones in
heaps under the trees, where they remain tolerably dry until
wanted for use ; the Indians are said to live upon them alone
for months and months without any other kind of food.

Dr. Torrey first gave the name of Pinus monophylla to this
pine, from a supposition that the leaves were mostly solitary :
but Professor Endlicher, who afterwards examined more perfect
specimens, found that the leaves were in twos and threes, and
that the solitary leaves arose from Dr. Torrey 's specimens
being either gathered from young trees, or very stunted ones ;
he consequently altered Dr. Torrey's name of " monophylla" to
that of Fremontiana, in compliment to Colonel Fremont, its
first discoverer.

It is the thin-shelled edible pine of the Californians, and is
an article of commerce w^th the Indians, when in season, under
the name of " Nut Pine." It is quite hardy, but a very slow
growing kind,

Mr. Jeffrey found it on Mount Jefferson, in the Cascade
Ptangc, at an elevation of GoOO feet, growing on a red sandstone
soil, a tree twenty feet high, and ten inches in diameter.

No. 8. Pinus Halepensis, Alton, the Aleppo, or Jerusalem Pine.

Syn. Pinus Hierosolimitana, Du Hamel.
„ „ Genuensis, Cook.

„ „ Halepensis minor, Loudon.

Leaves in twos, but not very unfrequently in threes, of a deep
<-'reeu, two inclies and a half to three inclies long, thickly

THE TRUE PINES. 237

clothing the younger branches, and very slender, but never
remaining longer on the branches tlian two years, in conse-
quence of which the branches of old trees have a naked
appearance, and the head an open, thin, and straggling aspect.
Buds a quarter of an inch long, imbricated, roundish, and en-
tirely destitute of resin. Cones pyramidal, rounded at the
base, smooth, solitary, or in pairs, from two and a half to three
inches long, and one inch and a half broad, inversely turned
downwards, with a foot-stalk three quarters of an inch long.
Scales nearly flat, from one inch and a quarter to one and a half
long, and three quarters of an inch broad, and of a deep shining
brown colour. Seeds middle size, with wings nearly one inch
long. Seed-leaves seven in number.

A low, spreading tree, growing from twenty to thirty feet
high, and ripening its cones in the autumn of the second year.

It is not found to the north of the Apennines, but is very
common to the east and west of those mountains, as well as in
Sicily, growing both on sands and on rocks, but better on the
latter; its upper limits is 2000 feet of elevation.

It is also found in the South of France near Toulon, on the
island and mainland of Dalmatia, in Greece, Syria, Sj^ain, and
Asia Minor.

This Pine is called "Peukas" by the Greeks throughout
Attica, who use its resin to preserve their wine from becoming
sour, and put the cones into the wine-barrels for a similar
purpose.

There is the following variety : —

PiNUS Halepensis Pityusa, Steven.

Syn. Pinus Pityusa, Strangivays.
maritima, Lambert.

„ prima, Matthiol.
Halepensis Syriaca, Mauch.

„ maritima, Loudon.

Abschasica, Fischer.
Abasica, Carriere.

23S PINUS, OR

Syn. Piniis Cairica, Don.
„ „ Paroliniana, Webb.
„ „ Colchica, Booth.
„ „ Arabica, Sieber.

This variety differs from the species in having much longer
and larger cones, stiff er and longer leaves, and in the tree being
more compact, and growing to a much larger size.

It is found growing plentiful on the shores of Abshasia,
(hence one of its names), around Pezundan, the ancient Pityus,
and from which circumstance also, it received the name of
Pityusa, a name given by M. Steeven, and according to whose
account the tree produces leaves sometimes scarcely more than
one and a half or two inches long, and very slender, while others
have foliage longer and stouter than those of P. Halepensis.

It is also found growing on the Colchis Mountains, in Syria,
and on the coast of Greece.

No. 9. PiNUS INOPS, Solancler, the New Jersey Pine.

Syn. Pinus Virginiana, Miller.
„ „ variabilis, Lambert.

Leaves in twos, short, rigid, and sharp-pointed, from two
to two inches and a half long, bright green, and scattered
equally all over the younger branches. Sheaths short, entire,
and a quarter of an inch long. Branches irregularly placed on
the stem, twisted, with the more slender branchlets pendulous,
and the young shoots covered with a fine, violet^ glaucous
bloom. Buds blunt-pointed and resinous, and the stem and
larger branches produce tufts of leaves or abortive shoots. Cones
oblong-conical, tapering sliglitly to a blunt point, and drooping,
from two and thr-ce quarters to tlu'co inches long, and an inch
and a quarter broad, very hard, and of a glossy, yellowish
brown colour, with slioit, thick foot-stalks, and usually solitary.
Scales elevated, i)yramidal, four-sided, terminating in an awl-
shaped, strong, projecting prickle, pointing outwards, or slightly
reflexed, and half an inch broad, and nearly all of a size. Seeds,

THE TRUE PINES. 239

very small, with narrow wings, rather more than half an inch
long. Seed-leaves from six to eight in number.

A low tree, with a spreading top, thirty to forty feet high,
with a dark-coloured bark, full of resinous matter.

It inhabits the interior of North America, and is found from
New Jersey to Carolina, where the soil is poor and sandy ; it
is also found in Maryland, Virginia,' Kentucky, and Pennsyl-
vania, but not north of the Hudson River.

Timber of little use except for fuel.

No. 10. Pixus Laricio, Poiref, the Corsican Pine.

Syn. Pinus altissima. Banks.

„ „ pyramidalis, Hort

„ „ maritima, Aitoii not Lambert.

„ „ Poiretiana, Horf.

„ „ Corsicana, Hort.

„ „ Cebeuensis, Hort.
Leaves two in a sheath, from four to six inches long, dark
green, often twisted, and rather slender for its class, and with
short sheaths. Cones solitary, or in pairs, seldom more than
three or four inches long, and an inch and a half broad near the
base, conical, straight, or sometimes slightly curved near the
points. Scales convex on the back, elliptic in their general
form, scarcely angular, very slightly elevated, and of a light,
yellowish-brown colour. Buds ovate, with a long, narrow point
and resinous. Seed-leaves from six to eight in number.

A lofty tree, with its branches regularly in very distant
whorls, from SO to 130 feet high, very common on Mount Etna,
where it forms woods at an elevation of from 4000 to 6000
feet. It also forms forest, according to Professor Tenore, on
the mountains of SUa, in Calabria, but it was first discovered in.
Corsica, and has since been found spread over the countries of
the south of Europe, in Greece, Crete, and Spain.

It forms a handsome, open, pyramidal-shaped tree, growing
veiy rapidly, and coming to maturity in 70 or 80 years after
planting; the wood is whitish, but brown near the centre, very

240 PIN US, OR

resinous, coarse, long-grained, elastic, easily worked, and
durable. There are the following varieties : —

PiNUS Laricio Calabrica, Delamarir, the Calabrian Pine.
Syn, Pinus Calabrica, Hort.
„ „ stricta, Hort.
Leaves on this variety are from six to eight inches long,
thicldy set on the branches ; and the tree attains a large size
on the mountains of Sila, in Calabria.

PiNUS Laricio Caramanica, Loudon, the Caramanian Pine.
Syn. Pinus Caramaniensis, Vihnorin.
„ „ Heldreichii, Christ.
„ „ Romana, Hort.
„ „ Fenzlii, KotscJiy.
This variety seldom grows more than half the height of the
Corsican Pine, but has a much rounder and denser head, with
very dark-green foliage, and slenderer branches, covered with
a reddish-coloured bark. Buds pointed and nearly covered with
a whitish resin. The cones also are larger than those of the
P. Laricio.

PiNUS Laricio pygm^a, Rauch, the Dwarf Corsican Pine.
Syn. Pinus Magellensis, Schouiu.
„ „ Laricio Montana, Hort.
„ „ Laricio nana, Hort.
A very dwarf variety, from the highest region of Mount
Amaro. It has its branches Ij^ing flat on the ground, with stiff,
slightly-curved leaves. Cones of a spherical form, and smaller
than those of Pinus. Pumilio.

PiNUS Laricio contorta, Hort, the Twisted-branched

Corsican Pine.
T]iis differs only in having its lateral branches contorted or
twisted round in different directions.

Pinus Laricio subviridis, Du Hamel, the Green-coned

Corsican Pine.
This only difl'ers in having very pale, yellowish-green cones.

THE TRUE riNES. 241

PiNUS Laricio pendula, Carrihr, the Pendulous Covsican Pine.
This variety has its branches and Lranchlets more or less
pendulous.

No. 11. Fi}ivs Mahhosia^ A, Sk'hold, not Lambert, Mi: Masson's

Japan Pine.
Syn. Pinus syivestris, Thunberg, not Linnceus.
„ „ rubra. SieboJd, in part.
„ „ Thunbergii, Parhitore.
„ „ tabuhieformis, Fortune.-

Leaves in twos, needle-shaped, stiff", straight, acute-pointed,
and rough at the edges ; from four to six inches long, convex
on the outer side, concave on the inner one, and somewhat
glaucous on both faces. Sheaths rather short, and formed of
several Inroad scales, fringed or jagged at the ends. Buds
covered with imbricated, non- resinous scales. Bra.nches rather
long, spreading, and covered with an ashy-gray bark. Branch-
lets rather smooth and slender. Cones solitary or sub- vertical,
very numerous on old trees ; from two to two and a half inches
long, of a conical shape, rounded at the base, regularly tapering
to the point, and on short, but somewhat reflected foot-stalks.
Scales small, woody, linear-oblong, slightly thickened on the
upper, or exposed part, obliquely diamond-shaped, closely
imbricated, nearly all of a size, and with a slender, elevated
line across the middle, having in its centre a little prickle,
which soon falls off". Seeds very small, with membranous
wings of a rusty-brown colour, and three times the length of
the seeds. Seed-leaves rather short and in sixes.

Accordino; to Professor Zuccarini and Dr. Siebold, this tree
is easily distinguished, at first sight, from Pinus densiflora,
with which it is frequently found intermixed, and forming vast
woods in the middle part of the island of Nippon, especially
about Yeddo, but it is more or less common all over Japan, and
China. It, however, is more a valley plant than Pinus densi-
flora, and is frequently to be found standing about the marshy
rice-flelds, attaining a height of 40 or 50 feet, but becoming
R

242 piNUS, OR

a mere shrub at an elevation of 3500 feet, on the more exposed
sides of the mountrans.

The JajDanese call it "Aka-matsu" (red Pine), on account of
its red-coloured timber; "Kuro-matsu" (black Pine), from its
sombre appearance when old; and "Wo-matsu" (male Pine),
on account of the numerous clusters of male aments produced
on the adult trees.

The Chinese apply the term "Kok-sung" (Ijlack Pine),
on account of its dark-green appearance ; and " Sjo-mats"
(common Pine) from its abundance. Siebold also mentions
two varieties of it as being cultivated in the gardens of Japan,
one called " Siruga-matsu" (the variegated Pine), which is
much cultivated on account of its singular appearance ; the
other the " ]^'itots-matsu" (single-leaved Pine), a very singular-
looking variety, only found in cultivation, with the leaves in
each sheath so united all their length as to api)ear but one leaf.
Timber excellent, and of a deep-red colour.

It is (pite hardy.

No. 12. Pixus Merkusii, Vrlcsc, Merkus's Pine.

Syn. Pinus Sumatrana, JuikjIha.
,, „ Finlaysoniana, Wdllicli.

Leaves in twos, needle-shaped, wavy, almost smooth on the
outer part, and a little angled and rough, at the edges on the
inner- face, from four to six inches long on the young shoots,
but more than eirdit inches lonoj on the adult ones. Sheaths
nearly half an inch long, composed of dark-brown, jagged scales,
the outer ones soon falling off, the inner ones being persistent.
Buds long, narrow, somewhat incurved, and composed of awl-
shaped scales, closely adhering at the tops, whitish at the edges,
deep-brown in the middle, and jagged on the ends. Branches
slenfler, lower ones bent downwards, up})er ones ascending at
tlie ends, and spreading; male catkins nearly an inch long, in
clu.sters, and blunt-pointed. (Jones ovate, tapering to both
ends, three inches long, and one inch and a half in diameter,

THE TRUE PINES. 243

slightly bending downwjircls, and on short, slender foot-stalks.
Scales projecting, pyramidal, regnlarly recurved at the points,
one inch and a quarter broad, and nearly one inch long, slightly
convex at the extremities, thickest on the summit, woody, and
of a dark, glossy brown colour. Seeds small, with short,
narrow wings half an inch long, and a quarter of an inch broad
in the middle.

A very large tree, growing 100 feet high, found on the island
of Sumatra, on the mountains of Tanna-Huring and Tobah, at
an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea. It is
also found in Cochin-China, in Borneo, and probably in the
other islands in the Indian Archipelago.

It is quite tender.

No. 13. PiNUS MiTLS, Michaux, the Soft-leaved or Yellow Pine.

Syn. Pinus variabilis, PursJi.
„ „ Tseda variabilis, Michaux.
„ „ echinata, Miller, not Lambert.
„ „ latea^ Loddiges.
„ „ Roylei, Lindle>/.
„ „ intermedia, Fischer.

Leaves in twos, but not unfrequently in threes, pale, yellowish
green, rather spreading, from two to two and a half inches in
length, rather broad, stiff, blunt-pointed, partially twisted,
channelled on the upper surface, and light, glaucous green.
Sheaths half an inch long on the young leaves, but very short
on the adult ones, ragged or torn, and partially persistent.
Branches spreading on the lower part of the trunk, but less
divergent as they approach the head of the tree, so as to form
the summit into a regular pyramid ; the young shoots are of a
violet glaucous colour, and the buds slightly resinous. Cones
small, two and a half inches in length, and one inch broad in
the middle, of a grayish brown colour, oblong- conical, slightly
tapering to the base, and rather blunt-})C)inted, solitary, and
with a short, stout foot-stalk. Scales small, half an inch wide
R 2

244 PINUS, OR

on the larger ones, but much smaller and more numerous near
the base, slightly elevated in the centre, and terminating in an
irregular, four-sided, projecting, hooked point, slightly bent
backwards in some, in others straight. Seeds very small, with
broadish wings, rather more than half an inch in length.
Seed-leaves mostly in sixes, and rather'-long.

A beautiful tree, growing fifty or sixty feet high, and from
fifteen to eighteen inches in diameter, for nearly two-thirds of
its lenojth.

It is found in most Pine forests from New England to Georgia,
but towards the north it does not extend beyond Connecticut
and Massachusetts ; is abundant in the lower parts of New
Jersey, and still more so on the eastern shore of Maryland,
in the lower parts of Virginia, and as far as Carolina, also in
the Floridas, on the poorest lands, and on the Cumberland
Mountains in East Tennessee.

Timber close-grained, moderately resinous, excellent, and
durable.

No. 14. PiNUS MuGHO, Bauhin, the Mugho Pine.
Syn. Pinus uncinata, Rayhwnd.
„ „ sylvestris Mugho, Bauhin.

„ „ Mughus, Loudon.

Leaves two in a sheath, from one to two inches long, twisted,
rather broad, stiflf, not spreading, and of a dull green colour.
Cones one and a half to two inches long, ovate and stalkless,
growing two or three together, rather erect, with hooked scales,
more fully developed on the outer side, and full of resinous
matter. Branches ascending and numerous, thickly covered
with foliage, and with a brownish gray bark. Wood heavy,
close-grained, red, and very durable, and in favourable
situations a small tree thirty feet high.

It is found on the mountains extending from the P^-roiccs
eastward, and the Alps of South-Western and Central Europe,
and has the following varieties : —

THE TRUE PINES. 245

Pixus MuGHO ROSTRATA, Antoine, the Beaked Mugho Pine.

Syn. Pinus imcinata, Widdrington.
„ „ Montana, Baumann.
„ „ echinata, Hovt.
„ „ rubra^flora, Loudon.
„ „ sanguinea, Lapeyrouse.

This variety differs in the scales of the cones being greatly
elevated, and hooked or beaked at the points, and much larger
than in the original, and is the kind described by Captain Wid-
drington (Cook) in his " Travels in Spain," where he discovered
it on the Pyrenees, a small tree, thirty feet high.

Ptxus Mugho rotundata, Linl-., the Round-coned Mugho Pine.

S^'n. Pinus sylvestris, rotundata. Link.
„ ,, „ brevifolia, Link.

„ „ „ humilis, Linh.

„ „ Pumilio rotundata, Horf.
„ „ Montana, WaJdenherfj.

This variety is found below P. Pumilio, on the T^-rol, but
readily to be distinguished from it, by its upright gi'owth, and
formino- a small tree with a distinct stem.

Pinus ]\Iugho uligixosa, Wimmer, the Marsh Mugho Pine.

Syn. Pinus Fischeri, Booth.
„ ,, pyramidalis, Beuss.
„ „ obliqua, Sauter.

This is the Austrian form of P. Mugho, but very much more
robust in stature, forming a handsome pyramidal small tree.

Pinus Mugho nana, I^oudon, the Knee Pine.

This variety never grows more than three feet high on the
Styrian Alps.

246 PiNUS, OR

No. 15. PiNUS MURICATA, D. DoR, the Bishop's Pine.

Syn. Pinus Edgariana, Havhveg.
„ Murrayana, £a?/oi(r.

Leaves in twos, rather thickly set on the branches, from three
and a half to four inches in length on vigorous young plants, hut
very much sliorter on old ones, very stiffs rather broad, l:)lunt-
pointed, hollow on the inner side, round on the outer, and of a
deep green colour. Sheaths rather short, smooth, and not more
than half an inch in length on the young leaves, and only slightly
persistent on the older ones. Seed-leaves on the young plants
in fives and rather short. Branches not very numerous, but
tolerably stout and rather irregular. Buds below the middle
size, imbricated, much pointed, and destitute of resinous matter.
Cones in clusters, of from four to seven, in whorls round the
stem, reddish brown when young, but changing to a gray or
ash colour when old ; rather pendulous, and nearly straight or
very slightly incurved on the side next the branch; three
inches in length, and one and a half broad near the base, which
is the widest part, and tapering to rather a blunt point ; the
base is slightly uneven, and the cones, whicli are sessile, or nearly
so, remain on the tree for years. Scales largest on the outer side
of the cone, particularly those towards the base, where they
are conical, nearly straight or slightly bent backwards, much
elongated, pointed, and half an inch in length ; the scales on
the inner side of the cone and at the point are much the
smallest, quadrangular, and nearly flat, except those near the
point, which are rather more elevated than the others, with a
slight ridge running across their middle, terminated by a short,
straight, broad prickle in the centre ; each cone contains from
nine to ten rows of scales, within each of which are two very
small, dark -brown seeds, with wings half an inch long.

This very distinct Pine was first discovered by Dr. Coulter,
at San Luis Obispo in Upper Califomia, to the south of Mon-
terey, at an elevation of .'^000 feet, and within ton miles of tlie
sea-shore. It grows straiglit, but rather stunted, seldom exceed-

THE TRUE PINES. 247

ing forty feet in height. Mr. Hartweg found it growino' on
the western declivity of the mountains near Monterey, and
within two miles of the sea-shore, attaining a height of fi-om
twenty to thirty feet, and with a trunk twelve inches in dia-
meter. In this locality it was confined to a small wood half a
mile square, and intermixed with and surrounded by Pinus
insignis. Mr. Hartweg again met with it at a considerable dis-
tance to the south of Monterey, on the ascent to the Mission of
La Purissima, where the monotony of the bare hills was only
relieved by a small forest of it; the trees, however, not attaining
a larger size than those found growing near Monterey. Mr.
Jeffrey found it a tree fort}" feet high, of a conical form, on the
Siskyon Mountains, at an elevation of 7500 feet, growing in
moist soil, near the summit of the mountain. It was named
P. Murrayana by the Oregon Connnittee, and P. Edgariana by
Hartweg in his Journal. It is the " Obispo," or Bishop's Pine,
of the Californians, and quite hardy.

No. IG. Pinus Pallasiana, Lambert, the Taurian Pine.

Syn. Pinus Taurica, Horf.
„ „ Laricio Pallasiana, Loudon,

Leaves in twos, very long, sharp-pointed, erect, rigid, five or
six inches long, and channelled above ; smooth, crowded, and
of a .shining dark green ; sheaths sliort, half an inch long,
covered with scales torn on the margins, and white when
young, but dark brown when old. Buds ovate, one inch and a
quarter long, and resinous, with the sides hollow. Branches
scattered irregularly along the stem, robust and curved up-
Avards, with some of the lower ones almost equal to the trunk
in size. Cones ovate-oblong, tapering to the point, without
foot-stalks, often curved near the end, three or four inches long,
and one inch and three-quarters broad at the widest part
near the base; horizontal or curved downwards, mostly
single, or in threes round the branches, and of an ash-gray
colour. Scales rhomboid, half an inch broad, slightly elevated,

248 PINUS, OR

and enlarged at the base ; smooth, and terminated by a slight
ridge, with a very small prickle in tlie centre. Seeds middle
size, with broad wings.

A large pyramidal tree, seventy or eighty feet high, confined
to the central regions of the Crimea, forming considerable
forests on the western declivity of the lofty mountains whicl)
extend along the coast of the Black Sea.

Timber very knotty, resinous, and very durable.

It is quite hardy.

No. 17. PiNUS Persica, Strangicays, the Persian Pine.
Leaves in twos, twisted, rather stiff, sharp-pointed, and not
spreading ; dense, and tufted towards the end of the branches ;
of various lengths, from two to five inches long, deep green,
channelled on the inner side, and convex on the outer one,
with the edges rough and finely serrated, and seldom remaining
longer on the tree than the second year. Branches regular,
.short, and rather slender, but mostly pointing upwards ; the
laro-er and older ones rather naked on the lower parts, but
tufted with leaves towards the points. Buds imbricated, very
thready, and free from resin. Sheaths persistent, short, one-
tliird of an inch long, rather smooth, but shrivelled, not jagged
at the ends, and guarded at the base with rather a broad lance-
olate, recurved scale, or metamorphosed leaf, of a bright brown
colour, although green at first. Cones ovate, tapering to a very
blunt ]wint, and rounded at the base, five inches long, and
tliree inches across at the widest part; mostly in clusters
round the stem, or principal top branches, but frequently soli-
tary, and pointing downwards ; of a dull grayish brown colour,
with a hard, smooth surface, short foot-stalks, and destitute of
resinous matter. Scales slightly elevated, nearly one inch
broad, with the apex depressed, and hollowed in the centre.
Seeds large, with broad wings one inch and a half long.

A large tree, belonging to the same section as the Aleppo
Pine (P. Halepensis), introduced from the Soutli of Persia by
the Hon. W. F. Strangways.

It is perfectly hardy.

THE TRUE PINES. 249

No. 18. PiNUS Pinaster, A Hon, the Star, or Cluster Pine.
Syn. Pinus Massoniana, Lambert, not Siebold.

„ „ Nepalensis, Roylc.

„ „ Latteri, Madden.

„ „ maritima, Lamarck.

„ „ Japonica, Loudon.

„ „ Chinensis, Knight.

„ „ Nova-Hollandica, Loddiges.

„ „ Nova-Zealandica, Loddiges.

„ „ St. Helenica, Loudon.

„ „ Syrtica, Tliove.

„ „ neglecta, Loiu.
Leaves in twos, dark p-reen, six to eig-ht inches lono- rioid,
broad, and very stout, slightly serrated on the margins, and
thickly set on the branches in dense whorls. Sheaths three-
quarters of an inch long, imbricated, and pale yellow when
young, but turning nearly black when old. Buds three-quarters
of an inch long, white, woolly, imbricated, and non-resinous,
with the scales turned back at the points. Cones from four to
six inches long, and two inches and a half wide at the broadest
part, which is below the middle, and of a light shining brown
colour, and growing in clusters of from four to eight, but some-
times more in number, in a horizontal direction, and without
any foot-stalks. Scales from one to one inch and a quarter in
length, and three-quarters of an inch broad, terminating in an
unequally four-sided pyramid, of a gray-ash colour, very hard,
and with a small sharp point, more particularly on the upjjer
part of the cone. Seeds oblong, with wings one inch and a
half long, and nearly half an inch broad. Seed-leaves from
seven to eight in number.

A large tree, attaining a height of fi'om fifty to seventy feet,
with the branches in regular whorls, turned up at the extremi-
ties, and thickly set with foliage at intervals of three or four
inches, occasioned by the shedding of the male flowers. This
species and its varieties mostly grow in the sandy plains on the

250 PINUS, OK

lower mountains of the northern and central Apennines, the
variety with shorter leaves and smaller cones (minor) prefers
the lower mountains, while the larger coned and longer leaved
form prefers the sandy plains, but neither is found south of the
Apennines. Its highest limit is 2800 feet above the sea in
Upper Italy. It is found in Spain, Portugal, Greece, and
Turkey, also on the French coast of the Mediterranean, where
it is employed for covering immense tracks of sand along the
shore, and in the island of Brazza, on the Dalmatian coast in
the Gulf of Venice. It is also found (but no doubt mtrodnced
from Europe) in China, Japan, New Holland, New Zealand,
and St. Helena, and even in the North of India, where Major
Madden and other travellers detected it in Nepal, and gave it
tlie names of P. Nepalensis and P. Latteri, but there is not
the slightest difference between the European and Asiatic
jjlants.

It grows freely exposed to the sea bi-eezes, and is one of our
commonest firs, but the wood is soft, and not very durable;
there are the following varieties : —

PixtJS Pinaster Hamiltonii, Tenorc, Lord Aberdeen's Pine.
Syn. Pinus Pinaster major, Da Hamel.

„ „ Hamiltonii, Tenor e.

„ „ Escarena, Hort. Soc.

„ „ Pinaster Escarena, Loudon.

„ „ „ Aberdonia), Loudon.

„ „ „ altissima, Lamard:

Leaves of a paler green, much broader and shorter than those
of the species. Cones shorter, and more ovate. It was first
])ointed out to the Earl of Aberdeen, in 1825, by M. Risso, at
Nice, wliere it is found sparingly on the mountains in that
neiglibourhood, and from whence seeds were obtained by his
lordship. It is a very distinct and handsome variety.

THE TRUE PINES. 251

PiNUS Pinaster Lemoniana, Loudon, Sir C. Lemon's Pine.

Syn. Pinus Lemoniana, Bentham.

A curious variety, difiering from the species in its proliferous
habit, producing its cones at the extremity of the shoots, and
consequently has a stunted appearance, and becomes short-lived
on poor soils,

Pinus Pinaster minor, Loudon, the Cortean Pine.
Syn. Pinus maritima minor, Dit Hamel.
„ „ „ trocata, Knight.

„ „ dietritis, Hort.
This differs in having shorter leaves and smaller cones, and
abounds on the west coast of France, also in the neighbourhood
of Corte, in Corsica, where it is called '• Pin de Corte." It is
the " Pin de Mars," " Pin Pinsot," and " Pin a Trochet " of the
French, and sometimes produces its cones in large clusters of
more than one hundred in number.

This variety is distinguished by its smaller cones and taller
habit of growth.

Pinus Pinaster variegata, the Variegated Cluster Pine.

This only differs in having one-third of its leaves of a pale
straw colour intermixed with the green ones, but sometimes
the entire shoot is composed of all white, and sometimes of all
green leaves.

The Pin d'Edough of the French is also Pinus Pinaster (or
a slight modification of it, probably owing to climate), with
the cones more or less exuding resinous tears externally, and
found abundantly in the great forest of Edough, near Bona, in
Aloferia.

252 PINUS, OR

No, 19. PiNUS PiNEA, L., the Italian Stone Pine.

Syn. Pinu.s sativa, Bauliin.

„ „ domestica, Matth — .

„ „ Pinea Arctica, Hovt.

„ „ Aracanensis, KnigJU.

„ „ Pinea Chinensis, Knight.

„ „ „ Americana, Hort.

„ „ Macleriensis, Tenore.

Leaves in twos, from five to eight inches long, straight, very
robust, and of a deep shining green ; those on the young plants
consist of a glaucous single bract-like leaf, thickly set on the
shoots, and without any sheaths, and from amongst which after-
wards spring the true leaves. Sheaths when young, half an
inch long, but afterwards become torn, and reduced to half their
leno'th. Cones from five to six inches in length, and nearly round
or bluntly ovate, of a pale brownish glossy colour, very solid,
and not coming to maturity before the third year. Scales large,
from two to two inches and a half in length, and one inch
and a half broad, with the thickened part pyramidal, and
fre([uently six-sided, but mostly having but four ribs, from the
four anoles, which terminate in a blunt prickle. Seeds very
large, three-quarters of an inch long, with rather broad, but
very short wings. Seed-leaves from nine to ten in number.

A low tree, with a round, bushy appearance, from 1.5 to 20
feet high, which j)roduces the Carpathian Balsam. It is found
on the sandy coasts of Tuscany, and the States of the Church,
to the west of the Apennines, on the hills of Genoa and Tuscan}-,
frequently forming forests with the Cluster Pine (Pinus Pinaster),
and is cultivated throughout the whole of Italy, from ttic foot
of the Alps to Sicily, but is not commonly found higher than
] 500 feet (jf elevation, except in the South of Italy, where it
attains an elevation of 2000 feet. It is cultivated along all tlie
shores of the Mediterranean, and in Greece, attains a height
of 50 or (JO feet, where its seeds or nuts form an extensive
article of commerce, as well as in Italy and the South of France.

THE TRUE PINES. 253

It forms a very ornamental small. tree, with a rounded head, so
celebrated for ])roducing the fine effect m the grounds of Italian
villas. There are the following varieties : —

PiNUS PiNEA FBXGiLiH, Du Hamel, the Thin-shelled Stone Pine.
Syn. Piniis Pinea Tarentina, Manetti.
This variety differs in no way from the species, except in
having a very thin shell to the seeds, which is easil}'- brokcii,
and for that reason cultivated in Italy, Naples, and the South
of France, where there are some very large trees to be found,
under the name of the "Tarentina Pine."

PiNUS Pinea Cretica, London.

This variety has much larger cones, and slenderer leaves, and
comes from the island of Candia or Crete in the Mediterranean,
where it attains a larger size than the common Stone Pine.

Cones of the Stone Pine are brought from China, under the
name of the " Round-coned Chinese Pine," but they in no v/ay
differ from the European form.

No. 20. PiNUS PuMiLio, Hctinke, the Mountain Pine.
Syn. Pinus Tatarica, Miller.
„ „ Carpatica^ Hart.
„ „ sylvestris Montana, -t4/foM.
„ „ Mugo humilis, Need.
„ „ Sudeticus, UiKjrisclte.

Leaves in twos, curved, short, stiff, somewhat twisted, thickly
set on the branches, from two to two inches and a half long, with
long, lacerated, woolly, white sheaths when young, but which
afterwards, as they get older, become much shorter, and dark
brown, or nearly black. Cones from one to one inch and a half
long, and three-quarters of an inch broad near the base, two or
three growing together, pendulous, of a dull brown colour, and
bluutly egg-shaped. Scales about the size of those of the
Scotch Fir, but not so much elevated in the centre. Branches
turned upwards, and very luimerous, forming a dense bush,
with the bottom branches creeping on the ground, but growing,

254 PINUS, OR

in very favourable situations, into a small tree twenty or thirty
feet high, with a gi'ay and rather smoothish bark.

This Pine is found inhabiting the mountains of Middle
Europe, generally on chalk formations, on the southern slope
of the AljDS, towards the east (Tyrol), and beyond the limits of
trees, but scarcely higher than 7500 feet, nor lower than 4000
feet of elevation, where it prefers a swampy soil. It also grows
on the northern slope of the Alps, and is very common on the
Carpathians, where it forms a region above the common Spruce
Fir, and at great elevations it becomes stemless and a spreading
bush creeping along the ground. It produces the Hungarian
Balsam.

No. 21. PiNU.s PUNGENS, Michctux, the Table Mountain Pine.

Leaves in twos, from two to two inches and a half long,
broad, straight, rigid, and pale, yellowish green, thickly set on
the branches. Sheaths short, smooth, shrivelled, and not
jagged at the margins. Branches irregular and spreading.
Buds blunt-pointed, and covered with resin. Cones top-shaped,
rather large, light yellowish brown, three inches and a half
long, and two inches and a half broad at the base, tapering to
the point, and without foot-stalks, generall}^ in whorls round the
stem and top branches, pointing horizontally, and remaining
on the tree for years. Scales thick, hard, and broad at the
Ijasc, elevated into a pyramid, with an incurved, strong, awl-
.sha})cd hook, exceeding a quarter of an inch in length. Seeds
rather small, rough, and black, with narrow wings, nearly one
inch long. Seed-leaves from six to eight in number,

A tree, with the habit of the common Scotch Fir, but with
a more branchy head, growing from 40 to 50 feet high.

It is found on Table Mountain in North Carolina, one of the
highest points of the Alleghanies, nearly 300 miles from the sea,
and which summit it covers exclusively. Pursii only found it
on the Grandfather and Table Mountains, and on the Blue
Moimtains on the frontiers of Virginia.

Timber of little value except for fuel.

THE TRUE PINES.

255

No, 22. PiNUS PvRENAicA,*X(6/)C^/'Oit6't', ill part, the Pyreneecan

Pine.
Syn. Pinus jjenicillus, Lfq')ey rouse.

Hispanica, Cook.

Salzmanni, Dunal.

Monspeliensis, ^^alzmann.

Pseiido-Halepensis, Denhardt.

Halepensis-Salzmanni, Du mil.

Pinaster Hispanica, Roxas.

Laricio Pyrenaica, Loudon.
„ Monspelieusis, Vihnorin.
„ tenuifolia, Parlatore.
Leaves in twos, rarely in threes, long, rather fine, stiff,
straight, and of a bright green colour, thickly set on the
branches, and six or seven inches long, channelled on the inner
sides, and sharp-pointed. Sheaths half an inch long on the
young leaves, smooth, entire at the margins, and dark brown,
but on the old ones very short, shrivelled, rough, jagged, and
nearly black. Branches stout, of a bright orange colour, nu-
merous, regular, spreading in all directions round the stem, and
well furnished with laterals. Buds conical, with a long, taper-
ing point, covered with downy scales, and full of resin. Cones
two inches and a half long, one inch and a quarter wide,
conical, tapering a little to the base, on short, slender foot-stalks,
mostly solitary, and pointing horizontal. Seeds rather small,
with narrow, pointed wings, three-quarters of an inch long.
Scales small, half an inch wide, rounded on the outer margin,
slightly elevated in the centre, with an angular line terminated
in the middle with a depressed, hollow scar, but sometimes
with a small prickle in the centre ; those nearest the base

* Lapeyrou.se gave the name of pi/nnaici to two different Pines.
The present one, wliicli is that of London's Arboretum and all English
collections, and to the Pinus Brutea, of Tenore, which is the pi/}-e)iaia(
of Parlatore and Carriers, and a kind by no means plentiful on the
Pyrenees, whereas the present one forms vast forests in those regions.

256 PiNUS, OR

nmcli the smallest, flat, and hollow in the centre, while those
near the apex are more angularly raised, and all of a pale-
yellow colour.

A majestic tree, growing from sixty to eighty feet high,
regularly furnished with branches to the ground, and mostly
arrowing intermixed with other kinds in the extensive forests
of Sjiain and France.

It is found occupying the highest range of the extensive
forests in the South of Spain, and in a corresponding situation
in the vast forest region on the River Gabriel, in Upper Aragon,
and on the Pyrenees, where it is called " Pin Nazaron." It is
also found near Montpelier and the coast of the Mediterranean,
in elevated positions, and attaining a great size, but not very
plentiful.

This kind is easily distinguished by the bright orange
coloured bark of the shoots.

No. 23. PiNUS RE8IN0SA, Solandev, the Resinous or Red
American Pine.

Syn. Pinus rubra, Michaux.
„ „ Canadensis bifolia, JJahamd.

Leaves in twos, five or six inches long, straight, stitl", yel-
lowish-green, thickly set on the shoots, comj^ressed, and col-
lected in bunches at the extremities of the branches. Sheaths
nearly one inch long, white on the young leaves, but shorter,
jagged, and darker with age on the older ones. Branches in
whorls, rather naked, straight, open, and reddish-brown, with
the lai'gcr ones on the trunk more distant than those of the Cor-
sican Pine (P. Laricio). Buds long, pointed, and very resinous.
Cones pale reddish-brown, shining, hard, ovate- conical, rounded
at the base, two inches long, one inch and a (|uarter broad, and
with very sliort foot-stalks. Scales rhomboid, largest in the
middle of the cone, slightly elevated oi' pyramidal, with a
transverse ridge, terminated by a blunt scar, unarmed in the
centre, and half an inch wide, Ijiit much smaller towards the

THE TRUE PINES. 257

base, and more elevated. Seeds small, with the wings three-
quarters of an inch long.

A large tree, growing seventy or eighty feet high, and two
feet in diameter, in dry, sandy soil, with the branches in very
distant whorls like those of the Corsican Pine.

It is found occupying small tracts near the Lake of St. John,
in Canada, and not extendingfarther south than Wilksborough,
in Pennsylvania ; it is very scarce in all the country south of
the River Hudson, but is abundant in Nova Scotia, on dry,
sandy soil, and along the banks of the Genessee, in the State
of New York.

Timber fine-grained, red, full of resin, and highly esteemed
in Canada for its strength and durability.

No. 24. PiNUS SYLVESTRis,* L., the Scotch Fir.
Syn. Pinus sylvestris vulgai'is, Clusius. ■
„ „ „ Genevensis, Bauhlu.

„ „ „ Rigensis, Fischer.

„ „ „ Haguenensis, Loudon.

„ „ „ uncinata, Bon.

„ „ „ scariosa, Loddiges.

„ „ „ squamosa, Bosc.

„ „ „ Escarena, Pinetum Woburnense.

Leaves in pairs, rigid, from one inch and a half to two inches
and a half in length, somewhat waved and twisted ; slightly
concave on the upper, and convex on the under surface, of a
light bluish-gi-een or grayish colour; finely serrated on the
edges. Sheaths jagged and slightly ringed. Cones from two to
three inches long, and from one to one inch and a quarter broad
at the base. Scales from one to one inch and a quarter long,
terminating in an irregular four-sided, projecting point, often
recurved. Seeds with the wing from one to one inch and a
quarter long. Seed-leaves from five to seven in number,

A tall tree, from GO to 100 feet high, found in various parts
* The Pinus sylvestris of the ancient Roman naturalists is our Pinaster,
our Pinus sylvestris being their Pityida. By simijly Pinus they ahvays
intended Pinus Pinea, or the Stone Pine.
S

258 i^iNUS, OR

of Europe, ripening its cones in November, or in about eighteen
months from the time of flowering, which is in March. It
occurs frequently in Italy, on the southern slope of the Alps,
from Frioul to Nice, especially in the sandy soil of the valleys ;
it is also found in the northern Apennines. Its upper limit on
the southern slope of the Alps is at 5000 or 6000 feet of
elevation, while on the northern slope it is not found higher
than 4000 feet, and as a general rule it cannot be said to exist
lower than 2000 feet above the sea. It is found in Scandinavia,
its northern limit, in lat. 70°, where it constitutes immense
forests of fine timber; it also grows wild in Scotland, in the
Sandy Plains of the North of Germany, in the mountains of
Central Europe, and in the valle}^ of the Rhine, the Tyrol,
Bavaria, and towards the west it is found as far as the
Pyrenees; and varieties are even found in Persia and the
Caucasus, but not in North America, as stated by some writers.
It is like all species of trees which have an extensive
geographical range, and grow on almost every kind of soil, and
at great elevations as well as in the plains ; the varieties are
very numerous as regards their exterior appearance, for on poor
soil and very elevated situations, full}^ exposed to the boisterous
winds, it becomes a diminutive shrub, while in lower and more
favourable situations it becomes a lofty timber tree, growing
100 feet high, and four feet in diameter.

The following are the principal varieties worth distinguishing :

PiNUS SYLVESTRis HOKizoNTALis, Don, the Highland Pine.
Syn. Pinus sylvestris Montana, Horf.
„ „ „ rubra, Grigor.

„ „ Scotica, Willdenoiu.
It in also called the Red Scotch Pine, from the colour of the
wood; the Highland Pine, the Spayside Pine, and the Hori-
zontal Scotch Fir.

This variety has its branches disposed in quite a horizontal
direction from the stem of the tree. The leaves arc broader
and much more glaucous, with the bark on the trunk of the
tree not so rugged. Its cones arc thicker, and not so much

THE TRUE PINES. 259

pointed ; and the tree is more hardy when young, and grows
freely in almost any kind of soil.

PiNUS SYLVESTRis IMOXOPIIYLLA, Hodgius, thc One-leaved

Scotch Fir.
The leaves of this variety are attached to each other through-
out their length, and have the appearance of being united, but
by giving them a twist they separate into two, like the
ordinary Scotch Fir. It is a very singular variety,

PiNUS SYLVESTRIS VARIEGATA, Hovt., the Variegated Scotch

Fir.
This only differs from the ordinary form, in the mixture of
its pale straw-coloured with the usual glaucous or bluish-green
leaves, being produced on both old and young wood.

Pin us sylvestris nana, Hort, the Pigmy Scotch Fir.
Syn. Pinus sylvestris pygma3a, Hort.
A very dwarf variety, not growing more than one or two
feet high, but spreading widely in a horizontal direction, and
having very stunted brandies and leaves.

Pin us sylvestris latifolia, Gordon, the Persian Scotch Fir.
Syn. Pinus Erzeroomica, Calvert.
„ ,, sylvestris Persica, Hort.
„ „ Caucasica, Fischer.
„ „ altissima, Ledebour.
Leaves much broader, more glaucous, and longer than any
other variety of P. sylvestris. It is very robust, and grows
rapidly to a great size on the mountains near Erzeroom, in
Persia, and on thc Caucasian Mountains.

Pinus sylvestris Altaica, Ledebour, the Altai Scotch Fir,
Syn. Pinus sylvestris Uralensis, Fischer.
„ „ Padufia, Ledebour.
A compact, p^a-amidal, middle-sized tree, with much shorter
and stiffer leaves, growing about fifty feet high on the bleak
Altaian Mountains,
s 2

260 PiNUS, on

PiNUS SYLVESTRIS ARGENTEA, Steven, the Silvery Scotcli Fir.

Syn. Pinus sylvestris liamata, Steven.
This differs from the other varieties in having its cones and
leaves of a. beautiful silvery hue. It is from the mountain
chain east of the Black Sea, where it attains to a great size.

Section II. TERNATiE, or those kinds having three

LEAVES IN EACH SHEATH.

No. 25. PiNUS AusTRALis, Michaux, the Southern or Swamp

Pine.
Syn. Pinus palustris, Miller.

„ „ Americana palustris, JDahamel.

„ „ Georgica, Hort.

„ „ Valmiensis, French Garden.'^.

„ ,, Palmieri, Manetti.
Leaves in threes, very long, collected in bundles at the
extremities of the branches, eight or nine inches long, Avith those
on young j)lants frequently a foot long ; of a brilliant green,
rather stout, and reflexed, when full grown. Sheaths from one
and a half to two inches long when young, but afterwards
lacerated at the ends, and much shorter on the old leaves.
Branches few, very robust, and irregularly placed on the trunk.
Buds veiy large, imbricated, and free from resinous matter.
Cones very long, cylindrical, tapering to a blunt point ; seven
or eight inches long, and two inches aud a half broad, and of a
rich chestnut-brown colour. Scales from one to one inch and
three-quarters broad, enlarged at the base, and elevated into a
small pyramid, terminated by a small incurved prickle in the
centre. Seeds rather large, oval, half an inch long, of a whitish
colour, and with wings nearly one inch and a half long.

A large tree, growing GO or 70 feet high, and one foot and a
half in diameter for two-thirds of its length, in favourable
situations.

It is found covering vast tracts, called Pinc-barrciis, in
Virginia, Georgia, and from North Carolina to Floridii, near
the sea-coast.

THE TRUE PINES. 261

This Pine is called by the American settlers in the Southern
States " the Broom Pine," and by those in the Northern States
"Red Pine," "Pitch Pine," and "Yellow Pine;" while the
French and Italians call it the " Palm Pine."

Timber excellent, and full of resin, and known by the name
of the Georgia Pitch Pine.

There is the following variety: —

PiXUS AUSTRALIS EXCELSA, LoudOTh.

SjTi. Pinus palustris excelsa, Booth.
„ „ lutea, Mahoy.
This variety is said to have longer leaves, to gi'ow much
taller, and to come from the North-west Coast of America, and
to be perfectly hardy even in Germany.

No. 26. Pixus Bexthamiaxa, Hartiveg, Mr. Bentham's Pine.

Syn. Pinus Sinclair ii, Hooker.

Leaves in threes, thickly set on the branches, dark-green, and

resembling those of Pinus ponderosa, but much longer, usually

11 inches in length, \er3^ stout, rather flat, with a slight

elevated rib running along their inner side. Sheaths partly

persistent, and nearly an inch long on those of the young shoots,

slightly shaggy, except at the extremity, where they are very

ragged or torn. Seed-leaves, on the young plants, from seven

to eight in number, and rather long. Branches rather numerous.

very stout, spreading, and rather irregular, with the bark

rough. Buds large, dark brown, much imbricated, and destitute

of resinous matter, or nearly so. Cones in clusters of three or

four together, slightly pendulous, and quite straight, six inches

in length, and two inches and a half broad at the widest part,

which is rather below the middle ; the base is unequal-sided

owing to the numerous very smnll scales there curving to one

side, and forming a kind of hood round the base of the cone,

which is quite sessile, or without any foot-stalk. Scales largest

at the widest part of the cone, which is about one-third from

the base, then diminishing gi'adually towards the point, which

is rather blunt ; those scales nearest the base are very small,

262 PiNUS, OE

particularly the first four or five rows, and more elevated in the
centre, which is terminated by a stout broad point ; the larger
scales are rather thin, and slightly elevated, or nearly flat, three-
quarters of an inch broad, and half an incli deep, with a slightly
elevated ridge across the middle of each, terminated in the centre
by a very stout spine, which is quite straight ; each cone has
from thirteen to fifteen rows of scales. Male flowers large,
cjdindrical, and in large, compact clusters ; and each scale con-
tains within it two seeds, which are rather below the middle
size, but with wings rather more than an inch in length, and
half an inch in breadth.

This noble pine, which seems to be entirely a mountain
species, sometimes attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem
twenty-eight feet in circumference. Mr. Hartweg first met with
it on the mountains of Santa Cruz, a coast range running due
north across the bay from Monterey, and distant by water about
twenty-five miles, although sixty miles by land ; afterwards he
found it in the Sacramento country, growing upon the ridge
generally termed by emigrants from the United States, the
Californian Mountains. Mr. Hartweg says, '' After crossing
the Chuba River, you pass the prairie, and enter the mountains
near Bear Creek, where you have to pass through an intermin-
able wood of Pinus Sabiniana, and in ascendino; the e'radual
acclivity of the mountain, you lose the region of Pinus Sabi-
niana, and enter that of Pinus Benthamiana, which seems to
be chai-acteristic of the upper region." Some trees of this
noble pine attain an enormous size ; the largest which Mr.
Hartweg measured in this locality was 28 feet in circumference,
and 220 feet in heiglit. It generally grows in masses, or inter-
mixed with a few solitary Pinus Lambertiana, which is of equal
dimensions in these regions. The lofty mountains surrounding
Bear Valley are well wooded by Pinus Benthamiana.

This very valuable timber tree was named by Mr. Hartweg,
in compliment to George Bentham, Esq., late Secretary to the
London Horticultural Society. It is (|uitc hardy, and the iiK^st
valualtlc of all the ti-ilic for timber.

THE TRUE PiNr:s. 263

No. 27. Pixus BRACHYPTERA, WlsUzenus, tlie Short Wina-

seeded Pine.

Leaves in threes, but sometimes in twos, or fours, of a dark
green, and rough at the edges ; from three inches and a half to
to six inches long, and mostly in bunches at the ends of the
branches. Sheaths persistent, and nearly black when old. Buds
covered with regularly acuminated, membranaceous, fringed,
persistent scales. Branches horizontal. Cones rather erect,
ovate, oblong, or somewhat conical, from two and a half to
three inches long, and one incli and a half broad at the widest
part. Scales thickened at the base, elevated, recurved, and
spiny-pointed. Seeds three or four lines long, and two lines
broad. Wings shorter than the seeds.

A handsome tree, growing from eighty to a hundred feet
high, and two to three feet in diameter ; found abundantly by
Messrs. Wislizenus and Engelmann, on the mountains of New
Mexico, producing excellent timber.

No. 28. PiNiTS BuNGEANA, Zuccavini, the Chinese Lace-bark

Pine.
Syn. Pinus excorticata, Gordon.

Leaves in threes, very stiff', convex on the back, and acutely
keeled on the inner face ; two or three inches long, and thickly
placed along the young shoots, frequently in bundles towards
the ends of the branches, somewhat in whorls, and irregularly
three-edged. Sheaths composed of numerous loose scales, which
soon fall off*, and leave the base of the leaves naked. Buds non-
resinous, and formed of several reddish-brown, smooth, fringed
scales, largest at the base, and rough at the edges. Male cat-
kins from five to six lines long, cylindrical, or conical ; and when
young placed alternately at the base of the young shoots, in
clusters, but frequently afterwards very distant, owing to the
rapid elongation of the youngshoots. Branches long, very slen-
der, little divided, glaucous, and covered with a smooth gray bark,
rendered a little rough on the stem and older branches by the

264 PINUS, OR

transverse scars, forming rhomboidal-shaped figures, Avliicli in
due time are shed, and give the stem and branches a very
peculiar appearance. Cones ovate, or slightly conical, broadest
near the base, two inches and a half long, and one inch and a
half in diameter, and obtuse pointed. Scales rather more than
three-quarters of an inch across, four lines deep, concave, and thin,
with a slightly elevated keel or ridge, transversely placed across
the scale near the upper or outer margin, and furnished in the
centre with a short, stout, reflexed point, a little sunk ;
the scales near the base of the cone are very small and
numerous.

A middle-sized tree, found in the North of China, and much
cultivated by the Chinese on the island of Chusan, and other
parts of China, in pots, as the " Lace-baik Pine."

The Chinese call this Pine " Kieu-lung mu" (the skin, or
bark-shedding Pine), on account of its sliedding its outer bark
every season. Why it is called the Lace-bark Pine is not very
evident.

It is quite hardy.

No. 29. PiNUS Canariensis, Smith, the Canary Island Pine.

Leaves in threes, wavy, very long, slender, and spreading ;
seven inches long, of a shining grass-green, and slightly
angular; frequently pendulous when full-grown, and sharp-
pointed. Sheaths half an inch long, torn on the margin, and
much shorter on the old leaves. Branches rather numerous,
and regularly placed on the stem, witli the branchlets rather
.slender and drooping ; the larger branches and trunk produce
a number of short shoots, and tufts of leaves. Cones oblonef,
cyJindrieal, five inches and a half long, and two inches and a
liidf wide, quite straight, without any foot-stalk, and with a
hard, glossy surface. Scales one inch broad, terminating in an
irregular pyramid, not much elevated, and irregularly four-sided
with a blunt point. Seeds lialf an inch long, with wings one
in(;h and tlirce-c^ightlis long.

A large tree, growing GO or 70 feet high, on the mountains of

THE TRUE PINES. 265

Teneriffe, and on the Grand Canary Island, at an elevation of
5000 or 0000 feet, where it forms extensive forests, from the
sea shore to an altitude on the mountains of GOOO feet. It is
most abundant at elevations of from 4000 to 6000 feet above
the level of the sea ; on the Grand Canary Island the prae
forests extend from Oratava to Portillo de la Villa.

The leaves of this pine are sometimes in twos, but more
frequently in threes ; and the trees ascend on the slope of the
Peak of Tenerifte to 7200 feet of elevation ; but the zone above
2400 feet is wholly occupied by vast forests, mingled with the
Juniperus Cedro of Wehh. The inhabitants caU it Tefi, and
consider its timber excellent, being resinous, durable, and free
from the ravages of insects. It is tender.

No. 30. PiNUS CEMBROIDES, Govdoii, the Mexican Cembra-like

Pine.

Syn. Pinus fertilis, Boezl.

Leaves in threes, from one inch to one inch and a half in
length on the wild specimens, but rather longer on the young
growing plants ; tolerably rigid, slightly twisted at the base,
three-edged, very dense, and of a bright glaucous green colour.
Sheaths'short, and soon falling off or curling up. Seed-leaves,
on the young plants, from ten to twelve in number when they
first come up. Branches vertical, mostly in fives, but some-
times more numerous in a whorl, rather slender, slightly in-
curved, and spreading, with tolerable smooth bark, and remark-
ably small buds, which are imbricated and non-resinous, or
nearly so. Cones single and stalkless, from two inches and a
half to three inches in length, and one inch and tln-ee-quarters
broad at the base, with six or seven rows of scales, and tapering
but slio'htly to a blunt point ; the scales are rounded at the
margin^, three-quarters of an inch broad, slightly elevated, and
nearly all of a size, except those close to the base, which are
very much smaller, and more elevated; each scale contains

within it two wingless seeds, which are top-shaped, slightly

266 PINUS, OR

angled at the smaller end, about half an inch in length, and
rather thin shelled.

This pine resembles Finns Llaveana in general appearance,
but differs in having shorter, more glaucous, and smaller
leaves, and with cones three or four times the size of those of
P. Llaveana, with which most Avriters confound it; the cones
of P. cembroides have six or seven rows of scales, while those
of P. Llaveana have but three rows.

It was first discovered in Mexico, and introduced by
Hartweg, who found it in the cold districts on the mountains
of Orizaba, near the village of Chichiquilah, attaining a height
of 30 feet at an elevation of 10,000 feet above the sea. The
tree is quite hardy, and the seeds are eaten by the inhabitants
of Orizaba.

No. 31. Pixus Chihuahuana, Wislizenus, the Chihuahua

Pine.

Leaves in threes, very rarely in fours, finely toothed along
the edges, from two to three inches long, glaucous on the upper
part, and light green on the under one, very slightlj^ striated
and fringed on the edges, buds scaly, pointed, and closely in-
laid. Slieaths at first long, lacerated at the edges, but soon
fallino; ofi", and leavino; the base of the leaves naked. Cones
from one to one inch and a half long, and egg-shaped. Scales
transversely oval, and without any mucro.

This kind resembles Pinus inops in appearance, but is
sufficiently distinct in its smooth cones. It is found common
on the mountains of Chihuahua, in North Mexico, at an eleva-
tion of 7000 feet above the sea, where it forms a tree from 30
to 35 feet high.

No. 32. Pinus Coulteri, Don, Dr. Coulter's Pine.
Syn. Pinus macocarpa, Lindley.
„ „ Sabiniana macrocarpa, Ilovt.
„ „ Sabina Coulteri, Loudon.
„ „ Sabiniana major, Manctti.
Leaves in threes, stout, and ratiicr stifi', from 10 to 12 inclies

THE TRUE PINES. 267

loug, and of a glaucous gray colour, ribbed on the inner side,
]-ather flat, incurved, pointed, and compressed. Sheaths ragged,
thread}^ persistent, one inch and a half long on the young
leaves, but much shorter and torn on the old ones. Branches
stout, rather distant, but regularly placed in whorls on the
stem, nearly horizontal, slightly elevated towards the ex-
tremities, and tinged with violet on the young shoots. Cones
conical-oblotig, tapering to the point, solitary, very large, 12
to 14 inches long, and six inches broad, very hard, smooth,
pale-yellow, with a polished surface, and frequently weighing
from three to four pounds each. Scales wedge-shaped, witli
the points thickened and drawn out into a strong hook ; those
nearest the apex shortest, incurved, and slightly bent, while
those below the middle and at the base are elongated, deflexed,
and point downwards, two inches long, and one inch and a
half broad in the largest ones. Seeds half an inch long,
of a blackish colour, rather flattened, and much smaller than
those of P. Sabiniana, and with broad wings more than an inch
long.

A large tree, with spreading branches, growing from 80 to
100 feet high, and three or four feet in diameter, found on the
mountains of Santa Lucia, near the Mission of San Antonia in
California, within sight of the sea, at an elevation of from 3000
to 4000 feet. It is also plentiful in other parts of California,
particularly on the " Crusta," an ascent from San Luis Obispo,
on the brow of the mountain.

No. 33. PiNUS CuBENSis, Grisebach, the Cuba Pine.
Leaves in threes, but frequently in pairs, very long, rigid,
compressed, and three-sided, rough on the edges, mucronate, or
somewhat spiny-pointed, and from eight to ten inches long and
nearly a line broad. Sheaths short and persistent. Cones
solitary or in pairs, ovate- conical, somewhat obtuse at the
points, pendulous, and two and a half inches long and one inch
broad near the l^ase. Scales rhomboid, somewhat pja-amidally
elevated and prominentl}^ keeled transverse]}^ with the um-

268 PINUS, OR

hone or scar on the lower ones a Httle prominent and pointless,
and the upper ones with a sliort straight mucro.

A moderate-sized tree, frequently found about the Havannah,
and on the eastern part of the island of Cuba.

It is quite tender.

No. 34. PiNUS Engelmanni, Carriere, Engelmann's Pine.
Sjm. Pinus macrophylla, Wislizenus.

Leaves in threes, but sometimes in fours, and very rarely in
fives, from 13 to 15 inches long, clustered at the ends of the
shoots, partially glaucous,, keeled on all faces, and serrulated on
the edges. Sheaths at first long, scaly, jagged at the ends, and
one inch long, but afterwards much lacerated and shorter.
Cones four inches long, and one inch and a half in diameter
near the base. Scales conical, with a bent spin}'- mucro on the
summit

A fine tree, common on the higher mountains of Cosihuiriachi,
in North Mexico, growing 70 or SO feet high, very much re-
sembling the Swamp Pine of the United States, but differs in
having much smaller cones, and in the leaves being three,
four, and five in a sheath.

No. 35. Pinus Geraediana, Wallicli, Captain Gerard's Pine.
Syn. Pinus Neoza, Govan.
„ „ Chilghosa, Elpliinstone.
„ ,, Aucklandii, Locldiges.

Leaves in threes, stiff, three-edged, stout, and bluntly termi-
nating in a short point ; from three to five inches long, of a
bluish-green colour, and glaucous when young. Sheaths short
at first, and composed of dry, reddish-brown scales, but soon
rolling up and falling off". Branches ascending, lower ones
spreading. Branclilets short, rather slender, and confused.
Cones ovate, oblong, or somewhat cylindrical ; widest at tlie
base, from six to eight inches long, and from 12 to 14 inches in
circumference near the base, and of a bluish colour when young.

THE TRUE riNES. 269

Scales thick, blunt, much recurved, and spiny at the points.
Seeds nearly an inch long, cylindrical, almost wingless,
pointed at both ends, of a dark brown colour, and
agreeable to eat.

A tree growing 50 feet high, with a compact head, found in
great abundance, forming large forests on the northern side of
the snowy range of mountains in Kunawur, beyond the in-
fluence of the periodical rains, where it grows in very dr}^,
rocky ground ; and according to Major Madden, its manner of
growth differs from that of any of the other pines of India.
Its trunk is of large girth, but scarcely exceeding 50 feet in
height, furnished with numerous horizontal branches, nearly to
the ground, the upper ones forming a large, compact, conical
head. It is also found to the North of Cashmere, and on the
Astor Mountains in Little Thibet. The mountains near Nijrow,
in the Kohistan of Cabul, are also covered with the Chilghosa
Pine. Captain Gerard states its highest limits on the inner
Himalayas to be from 10,000 to 12,000 feet of elevation. The
exterior bark is of a silvery gray, falling off in large flakes, and
never transforms itself into the rough outer coating like the
other pines. It is called "Rhee" or " Eee" in Kunawur,
" Shungtee" bv the Thibetans, and " Sonoubar Sukkar" (sv/eet
pine nut) by the Persians and Arabs.

The Shipkees in Thibet call this pine "Kuminche" and
" Sunoubur-Sughar" (lesser sweet-nut pine), an apt name
enough, for the tree seldom grows more than 50 feet high.
Mr. Winterbottom found it as far north as Gilgit ; but neither
Drs. Hooker nor Griffith ever seem to have discovered it
in a native state either in Eastern Nepal or Sikkim ; and Capt,
Gerard states its highest altitude on the southern exposures of
the inner Himalayas to be from 10,850 to 12,300 feet, generally
associated witli Cedrus Deodora. Dr. Griffith found it in
Affghanistan occurring on the outer ranges, indicating exemp-
tion from the periodical rains. It is styled by Europeans
" the edible pine-nut ;" the seeds being nearl}' an inch long^
very sweet, and said to possess many good qualities, amongst

270 PINUS, OR

which that of easy digestion is certainly not to be reckoned
one.

The Neoza Pine also affords abundance of fine turpentine,
and the cones exude a copious white resin, and produce about
100 seeds each, which are sold in the Simla bazaars under the
name of Neoza nuts, and in those of Affo-hanistan as Chilohuza
nuts.

It is quite hardy, but very slow in growth.

No. 36. PiNUS Greggi, Engelvmnn, Dr. Gregg's Mexican

Pine.

Leaves in threes, short, rigid, compressed, and three-sided,
somewhat rough on the margins^ and from two and a half to
three inches long, and half a line wide. Cones oblong, or
oblong-cylindrical, obtuse at the points, pendulous, subsessile,
and three inches and three-quarters long and one and a half
broad. Scales somewhat rhomboid, shining, and pyra-
midally depressed. Those on the outer side of the cone are
pyramidally elevated, sharply keeled transversely, blunt
pointed, and much the largest. Umbone or scar somewhat
depressed and mucronate. Mucro short, thick, and defiexed,
but sometimes wanting.

A moderate-sized tree, from Si) to 50 feet high, resembling
Pinus Teocote, found on the mountains of Sullillo in Mexico,
by Dr. Gregg, and of which but very little is known.

No. 87. Pixus iNSiGNis, Doufjlas, the Eemarkable Pine.
Syn. Pinus Californica, Loisel, not Hartiveg.
„ „ adunca, Bosc.
„ „ Montereyensis, liaucli.

Leaves in threes, deep grass-gi'ccn, rather slender, straight,
or twisted in all directions, veiy densely set on the branches,
of different lengths, from four to six inches long, ribbed on
the inner sides, and shaip-])ointed. Sheaths very short, smooth,
and rather more than a quarter of an inch long. Branches

THE TRUE riNES. 271

numerous, rather irregular, and thickly set with slender
brauchlets at the extremities. Cones ovate-conical, much
pointed, most developed on the exposed side, ])articulai-ly
towards the base or outer part, three inches and a half long,
and two inches and a half wide, mostly in clusters of from
three to five round the stem or principal branches at tlic top
of the tree, of a pale, yellowish-brown colour, very hard, and
with a smooth, glossy surface; they point downwards, and
remain for several years on the tree. Scales radiately divided,
thickest at the base, tapering into a four-sided, blunt pyramid,
with a sunken scar in the centre, terminated by a very short
prickle, largest on the exposed side, particularly towards the
base, while those towards the points are very small and little
elevated. Seeds middle-sized, nearly black, and with ample
wings, more than an inch long. It takes two years to ripen

the cones.

This beautiful pine is found in various parts of California
growing to the height of from 80 to 100 feet, and from two to
four feet in diameter, feathered to the gTOund with branches.

It is found on the higher parts of the coast range of moun-
tains, but not more than 200 or 300 feet above the level
of the sea, particularly on "Point Pinos," near Monterey,
where some of the trees become one-sided, on account of
the north-west winds blowing for a great part of the year
upon them.

It is a very handsome kind, and tolerably hardy.

No. 38. PiNUS iNSULAEis, EnclUcher, the Timor Pine.
Syn. Pinus Timoriensis, Loudon.
Leaves in threes, very slender, drooping, bright green, and
from six to nine inches long. Sheaths persistent, and one
inch long. Buds scaly, non-resinous, and blunt-pointed.
Cones egg-shaped, tapering to the point, and three inches long.
Scales p°yramidal, angular, small, wart-shaped, and conical.

A tree of which little is known, found by Cumming in the
Philippine Islands, and, according to Lambert, on the island of

272 PINUS, OR

Timor. It veiy much resembles Piniis loiigifolia, but differs in
having much slenderer and darker green leaves, and very much
smaller cones.
It is quite tender.

No. 39. PiNUS Jeffreyii, Balfour, Jetlrey's Pine.
Syn. Pinus Jeffreyana, Van Iloutte.

Leaves in threes, pendulous at the ends, deep green, keeled
on the inner face, rounded on the back, very acute pointed,
and from eight to nine inches long. Sheaths persistent, one
inch and a quarter long when young, but very much shorter,
lacerated at the ends, and of an ash3-gray colour when old.
Buds short, stout, imbricated, and resinous. Branches hori-
zontal, a little declining, rather slender, and of a light, yellowish-
red colour. Cones large, ovate-conical, tapering most to the
point, eight inches long, and three inches and a half in diameter
at the widest part, which is towards the base, and mostly pro-
duced in clusters round the branches. Scales pyramidal, more
or less projecting, one inch and a half broad in the larger ones,
but much less on those towards the base and extremity, stoutly
hooked towards the points, the hook being nine-tenths of an
inch long, and slightly incurved on all the scales. Seeds four-
tcnths of an inch long, and dark-brown, with wings, rather more
than an inch long, beautifully striated with dark-brown.

A noble tree, growing 150 feet high, and four feet in
diameter, found by Jeffrey in the Shasta Valley in Northern
California, growing in poor, sandy soil.

A \'ery distinct pine, and quite hardy.

No. 40. Pinus Kasiya, Roylc, the Kliasiya Pine.

Syn. Pinus Cavendishiana, Paxton.
„ „ Khasyana, Hooker.
„ „ Nepalensis, Pinetum Woburncnac.

Leaves in tln-ces, very slender, long, spreading, compressed,
three-sided, somewhat convex on the back, scabrous on the

THE TRUE PINES. 273

margins, mucronate, or somewhat spiny-pointed, bright green,
and from six to eight inches long, and one-third of a line wide.
Cones three or four in a whorl, broadly-ovate, or somewhat
rounded, more or less pendulous when full grown, nearly sessile,
and from one and three quarters to two and a half inches long,
and one inch and a half broad near the base. Scales some-
what rhomboid, more or less pyramidally elevated, and slightly
keeled transversely. Umbone either slightly elevated or de-
pressed, and hardly mucronate. Seeds small, ^vith short
oblong wings.

A tree from 50 to CO feet high, found on the Khasiya hills at
elevations from 2000 to GOOO feet, and on the mountains of
Upper Assam in Eastern India.

It is quite tender.

No: -il. Pixus Lawsoni, Roezl, Lawson's Mexican Pine.

Leaves mostly in threes, but sometimes in fours, six inches
long, rather slender, sharp-pointed, angular on the inner face,
rounded on the outer one, and quite entire on the margins.
Sheaths on the young leaves nearly an inch long, and composed
of distant, sharp-pointed, loosely imbricated scales, silky at the
edges, while those on the adult leaves are much wrinkled, half
an inch Ions:, more or less furnished with distant scales, and
jagged at the ends. Branchlets rather slender, very leafy, and
furnished wdth a broad, acute-pointed scale at the base of each
sheath of leaves, when young. Buds covered with imbricated,
resinous scales. Cones from two to two and a half inches long
and one inch and a half broad near the base, conical in shape,
ashy-gray in colour, and very much resembling those of Pinus
sylvestris in size, shape, and general appearance. Scales very
small, mostly equal in size, except those at the base of tlie cone,
which are smallest, while those on the outer or exposed part
are much the largest, more elevated or thickened at the points,
and sometimes slightly recurved ; protuberances rounded on
T

274 PINUS, OR

the lower scales, keeled on the upper ones, iuid all of them
terminated by a large, dark, blunt point.

A middle-sized tree, found on the higher mountains of Mexico.

No. 42. PiNUS Llaveana, Schiede, Llave's Pine.
Syn. Pinus osteosperma, Wislizenus.

„ „ cembroideS; Zuccarini.

„ „ edulis, Engelviaim.
Leaves in threes, but often in twos, short, slightly twisted,
sometimes incurved, rigid, narrow, bright, glaucous green, very
dense, from two to two inches and a half long, ribbed on the
inner side, terminated with a sharp point, and frequently inter-
mixed with lance-shaped scales (abortive leaves), particularly
on the smaller shoots near the base, and which are sometimes
of a glaucous white colour, like those on the Stone Pine (P.
Pine) ; sheaths very short on the young leaves, but soon rolling
up and falling off the adult ones. Branches numerous, in
regular whorls, smooth, of an ash-gra}^ colour, and horizontal,
with the points slightly elevated, and the branchlets spreading
in all directions. Buds small, blunt-pointed, numerous, and
thickly covered with brown scales, reflexed at the points, and
slightly resinous. Cones small, consisting of only three rows of
scales, roundish, obtuse, wider than long, one inch and three-
quarters wide, and one inch long, solitary, without any foot-
stalk, and taking two years to ripen. Scales thick, rounded
at the margin, rhomboid, bluntly-pyramidal, hard, glossy,
slightly angular, and more or less curved downwards, keel-
shaped below, three-quarters of an inch broad, deeply concave
on the inner side, and with two deep receptacles for the seed at
the base. Seeds very large, without wings, top-shaped, dark-
brown, with a hard shell, and six or seven lines long, and nearly
four broad, they are very agreeable to eat, but thick shelled.

A low tree, with ample spreading branches, growing from
15 to 20 feet high, and occasionally cultivated in gardens for
the sake of its seeds, which the Mexicans call " Pinones."
It is found in Mexico, on the barren hills of Zimapan, Real

THE TRUE PINES. 275

del Oro, and Real del Monte, in forests at elevations of from
8000 to 9500 feet. Timber of little use. It is tolerably hardy.

No. 43. PiNUS LONGIFOLIA, Roxburgh, the Long-leaved Pine.
8301. Pinus Serenagensis, Madden.

Leaves in threes, very slender, three-edged, of a bright,
glossy green, finely serrated on the edges, and rather pendu-
lous, or curved backwards on the young tree, from 12 to 14
inches long, thickly set on the gross branches, particularly
towards the ends and upper parts of the tree. Sheaths one
inch and a quarter long, and permanent. Male flowers produced
in long, close clusters of many together at the ends of the
branches, round at first, but elongated as they open and blossom
in March. Cones either singly or in clusters, varying from
three to five in number, in regular whorls, five inches long, and
two and a half or three inches in circumference near the base,
more or less ovate, very smooth, glossy, and hard. Scales much
thickened at the ends, and with a large, thick, hooked beak,
one inch and a quarter wide in the larger ones, but more re-
curved and smaller towards the base, and full of resinous matter.
Seeds large, with rather long, narrow wings one inch and a
half long, and eaten by the hill people in India.

This species attains to a height of from 60 to 100 feet, and is
confined in a gi'eat measure to the outer or lower ranges of the
mountains, commencing as low as 1000 feet above the level of
the sea, and rarely, if ever, attains a greater elevation than
7000 feet, but appears to have a very great power of enduring
variations of climate ; for it seems equally at home in the hot,
damp valleys of Sikkim, as on the dry, stony hills of the Pun-
jab, where rain hardly ever falls, and it is at aU seasons exposed
to a powerful and scorching sun. It is very common throughout
the whole region of the Punjab, and as far to the east as Bhotan,
occurring in all intermediate altitudes, and where, from the
diversity of climate and different aspects in which it gi'ows, it
is known under various names. It also abounds in all the
T 2

276 piNus, OR

lower and outer ranges of the Himalayas, from Bhotan to
AfFghan. Dr. Griffith describes it as descending in Bhotan to
the low elevation of 1800 or 2000 feet above the sea, while on
ranges between the Jumna and Sutlej, it is abundant at from
2500 to 3000 feet of elevation, and finally it becomes stunted,
and disappears at Simla, at an elevation of 7000 feet, but
occurs in greatest perfection and abundance at Kamaon and
Gurhwal, north of the Pindur, at from 2500 to 7000 feet of eleva-
tion, and which places seem little else than one great forest of
the Cheer Pine. It has a rough bark, divided by deep fissures
into large and longish plates, and the stem of the larger trees
are about 12 feet in girth, with a clear stem 40 or 50 feet from
the ground, and with an exceedingly picturesque head, very
irregular in outline, as the branches are irregularly and thinly
scattered along the stem. A. large quantity of tar and turpen-
tine is extracted from the wood, and the chips are used for
candles in India, and called '' Chamsing" (night-lights) ; and,
according to Dr. Hooker, ink is made in Sikkim from the char-
coal of the burnt leaves mixed with rice-water.

It is called ^' Cheer" by the hill people in India; a word,
according to some, meaning " Bark," or " Rind," so conspicuous
on old trees ; but, according to others, from its milk or turpen-
tine, which it produces in great abundance. It is called
" Sulla" by the mountain people from Nepal to Busehur, a term
denoting " to spread fragrance," which this tree does to a
remarkable extent. On the upper banks of the Jhelum river
it is styled by the people " Anunder ;" and throughout Kangara
and the eastern hills it is named "Cheel," "Gulla," and "Thansa,"
or " Thanshing." There are two varieties : one, which has its
woody fibre twisted, but open in the grain, and of a white
colour, and called " Kutcha" by the natives ; the other, in
wliicli the fibres arc straight, has reddish and compact wood,
and is called " Pucka ;" but this character is not permanent, as
sometimes tlie wood, though white, is comiiact and straiglit-
fibred. The reddish wood, however, is preferred by the natives,
and sold under the name of " Dadar." The twisted kind, being

THE TRUE PINES. 277

subject to warp and split, is rejected, and never used for arclii-
tectural purposes ; but the Cheel timber, found growing in all
places at an elevation of 5000 feet and upwards, with a northern
aspect and on poor soil, is invariably the straight-fibred kind,
and the timber is good. Again, in southern localities and lower
down, it is twisted in the fibre, and but of little use for house-
building and similar pm-poses. The better variety, however, is
extensively used for boat-building in India; but boats built of
its wood do not last more than six or seven years, the timber
being Kable to rot, if exposed to the weather ; while, on the
other hand, if protected, it is well adapted for house-building
purposes, although for ship-building and spars it is almost use-
less, as it resists so badly the effects of the weather^ and is so
soft; but the quality of its timber differs more, perhaps, than that
of any other pine, consequent on its growing in high or low situa-
tions. The forests near Almorah^ at an elevation of 4500 feet,
produce excellent timber for domestic purposes, under the name
of " Surul" (straight), either from the tall, straight, branchless
stems of old trees, or from the woody fibre rending freely and
quite straight in the grain. In the Sanscrit dialect it is called
" Tanshing," or " Tansa" (Needle Tree), on account of its long,
needle-like leaves.

Timber excellent, and full of turpentine ; but the trees are
too tender for an ordinary English winter ; some, however, are
hardier than others, which, no doubt, arises from the locality
and elevation where the seeds were gathered — certainly not
from any specific distinction.

No. 44. PiNUS Parryana, Gordon, Mr. Gambier Parry's Pine.

/

Leaves in threes, rather slender, narrow, and wavy, from
eight to nine inches long, rounded on the outer side, three-
edged, and keeled on the inner faces, very acute-pointed,
minutely serrated along the edges, and regularly tapering from
the base to the point; sheaths rather short, scaly, and, when
old, very much wrinkled, jagged at the ends, and nearly black.
Branches rather long, horizontal, and mucli resembling those of

278 PINUS, OR

Pinus Benthamiana, but slenderer. Cones in clusters round the
branches, a little declining, regularly conical, widest near the
base, and tapering to the apex, six inches long, and two inches
in diameter at the widest part, sessile, with a crowd of very
small scales close to the base. Scales rhomboid, numerous,
glossy, hard, woody, and largest on the widest part of the
cones, nearlj' one inch broad, and half an inch long, but much
smaller at both extremities ; slightly elevated across the middle
by a transverfce, acute keel or ridge, highest in the centre, and
terminated by a short, straight, sharp point of a dark brown
colour. Seeds below the middle size, almost round, with rather
narrow linear wings, rounded and bifid at the apex, of a
grayish colour, and not very membranaceous. The cones re-
semble those of the common Cluster Pine (P. Pinaster), and
are very different from any other known Californian Pine, they
are of a bright, glossy, yellow colour, and entirely free from
resinous matter.

A large tree, resembling Pinus Benthamiana, but with much
narrower and slenderer leaves, and very different cones, found
on the Sierra Nevada, in Upper California, by Lobb and
Bridges.

It is quite hardy.

No. 45. Pinus patula, Schiede, the Spreading-leaved Mexican

Pine.
Syn. Pinus subpatula, Roezl.
^ „ Escandoniana, Roezl.
„ „ Hoseriana, Roezl.
„ „ prasina, Roezl.
„ „ Tzompoliana, Roezl.

Leaves in threes, but not unfrequently in fours and fives ;
very slender, soft, spreading, light green, and recurved, from
seven to nine inches long, deeply channelled on tlie upper side,
and convex beneath. Sheaths on the young leaves scaly, one
inch and a half long, but very much shorter, and rather jagged

THE TRUE PINES. 279

on the old ones. Branches slender, smooth, numerous, but
rather irregularly placed on tlie stem, with the ends rather
pendulous, and covered with a smooth, grayish, lead-coloured
bark. Cones ovate, oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, four
inches long, and one inch and three-quarters broad, with a
smooth polished surface, of a pale brown colour, mostly grow-
ing in clusters of from three to five in number round the stem
and leading branches, slightly incurved, and pointing down-
wards. Scales slightly elevated, particularly on the exposed
side, widened at the point, much depressed, tiattish, unequally
four-sided, and with a small prickle in the centre when
young. Seeds small, with rather broad wings, nearly an inch
long.

A fine graceful tree, growing from GO to 80 feet high,
regularly furnished with spreading branches and drooping
leaves, somewhat resembling a beautiful shining green foun-
tain.

It is found plentifully in the colder regions of Mexico, particu-
larly on the Real del Monte chain of mountains, at " Guajalote,"
and the " Sumate," on the highest peaks, at elevations of from
8000 to 9500 feet above the sea. There are the followinor
varieties : —

PiNUS PATULA STRiCTA, Bentham.
Syn. Pinus patula erecta, Hoi^t.

This is a more slender tree, with shorter and stiffer foliage,
which does not droop, and only a little spreading, but with
cones only half the size of those of the species.

^It is found on the Real del Monte range of mountains in
Mexico, a tree from 50 to GO feet high.

PiNUS PATULA MACROCARPA, ScMede.

Leaves in threes, but frequently in fives, slender, and very
like those of the species. Cones very large, from six to seven
inches long, and two inches broad ; glossy, pale brown in

2S0 PINUS, OR

colour, and with the scales less elevated, but more drawn to a
flattened pyramid.

It is a much larger and taller tree than the species, growing
upwards of 100 feet high, but at a much lower elevation than
the species.

No. 4G. PiNUS PiNCEANA, Govdoii, Mr. Pince's Mexican Pine.

Leaves in threes, but frequently in twos, very slender, three-
edged, straight, and rather blunt-pointed ; from three to four
inches long, quite entire on the margins, and of a slightly
ghiucous green colour. Sheaths scaly, and soon falling off.
Branches long, slender, flexible, and pendulous ; branchlets
slender, long, and drooping. Cones from three to three inches
and a half long, and one inch and a half broad a little above
the base, conical, blunt-pointed, of a glossy brown colour, and
on rather stout foot-stalks. Scales irregularly shaped, some-
what four-sided, rounded on the upper margin, and largest one-
third from the base of the cone ; those nearest the base being
very much the smallest, more or less angular, and elevated,
with the outer side keeled, and much the longest, while those
along the middle of the cone are nearly flat or slightly elevated,
with a sharp transverse ridge across the centre, terminated in
the middle by a large oval projecting scar, a little hollow on
the top, and when young furnished with a broad spine. Seeds
very large, wingless, and more than half an inch long.

A very handsome tree, growing 60 feet high, with long
weeping branches like those of the Weeping Willow, and
easily distinguished from all other Mexican pines on that
account.

It was first discovered in 1844 by M. Gheisbreght, near the
Hacienda del Potrees, in the Ravine of Mestitlan, on the route
from Mexico to Tampico, and is No. 84 of M. Glieisbreght's
specimens. It was also found by Mr. Charles Ehrcnberg (to
whom ] am indebted for my specimens, and account of the
tree), upon a mountain along the road to the city of Mexico, at

THE TRUE PINES. 281

a place called Cuernavaca, at an elevation of from 8000 to
9000 feet.

No. 47. PiNUS PONDEROSA, DoKfjlus, the Heavy-wooded Pine.
Syn. Piniis Nootkatensis, Mancttl.
„ „ Craigiana, Balfour.
„ „ Beardsleyi, Murray.

Leaves in threes, from eight to ten inches long, twisted,
rather broad, and flexible, thickly set on the branches, and
sharp-pointed. Sheaths one inch long, smooth, but much
shorter and shrivelled on the old leaves. Branches few, in
regular whorls, robust, twisted, and rather drooping ; buds
bluntly-domed, with a prominent point, and full of resin.
Cones straight, ovate, tapering to both ends, particularly to-
wards the apex, three inches and a half long, and one inch
and three-quarters broad ; in clusters round the branches, on
very short, stout foot-stalks, bent downwards. Scales flattened,
irregularly four-sided, one inch broad, with a raised centre,
terminating in a conical recurved spine, slightly four-sided.
Seeds middle-size, with short broad wings three-quarters of an
inch long.

A tree of great size, growing upwards of 100 feet high, and
four or five feet in diameter, with 30 or 40 feet of the stem
free from branches.

It is found abundantly throughout the lower valleys on the
North-west coast of America, and in California, particularly
on the banks of the Flathead and Spoken Rivers, and the
Kettle Falls of the Columbia, west of the Rocky Mountains,
and in Rose River Valley in California, mostly growing in
alluvial soils.

This pine is called " Tappa" (white wood) by the Indians,
and the " Bull Pine" and " Yellow Pine" by the settlers on the
North-west coast of America and along the Columbia River,
on account of its coarse-grained timber, and the yellow colour
of the heart wood.

282 PIN^US, OR

The heart "wood of old trees scarcely floats in water, and is a
most valuable timber.

No. 48. PiNUS RADIATA, D. Don, the Radiated Cone Pine.
Syn, Pinus insignis macrocarpa, Hartiveg.

Leaves in threes, very slender, twisted, deep green, thickly
set on the branches, and from three and a half to four inches
in length. Sheaths short, smooth, a quarter of an inch long
on the young leaves, but very much shorter on the older ones,
and only partially persistent. Seed-leaves, on the young
plants, from seven to eight in number, rather long, and slender.
Branches compact, numerous, rather regular, and slender, par-
ticularly the lateral ones. Bark light brown, and rather
smooth. Buds small, numerous, imbricated, and full of resin-
ous matter. Cones mostly single, but sometimes two or three
together, rather conical, very liard, slightly incurved, pendulous,
and of a glossy light brown colour; six inches long, three
inches and a half broad near the base, which is uneven as well
as the sides, the outer side being much the longest. Scales
radiant, largest at the external base and down three parts of
the outer side of the cone, deeply divided, much elevated, and
prolonged into a blunt-pointed nipple, half an inch in length,
and three quarters of an inch broad ; those scales nearest the
base being bent backwards, the others more or less convex,
widest at the base, bluntly conical, slightly angular, and termi-
nated by a blunt point ; the scales on the inner side of the cone,
and for four or five rows round the point, are very much smaller,
quadrangular, and slightly elevated, with their points quite
flat, or slightly depressed. Each cone contains from four-
teen to sixteen rows of scales, within each of which are two
small, nearly black seeds, witli a very rough shell, and witli
wings one inch long, and three-eighths of an inch broad.

This beautiful ])ine resembles Pinus insignis in some respects,
])ut differs very much in fr)liage and cones; the leaves of P.
insifmis are mucli longer and stouter than those of P. radiata,

THE TRUE PINES. 283

while the cones of P. radiata are nearly three times the size of
those of P. insignis, and with the scales much more elevated.
It was first discovered by the late Dr. Coulter, in Upper Cali-
fornia, in latitude 36 deg., near the level of the sea, and almost
close to the beach, growing singly, and attaining the height of
100 feet, with a straight stem feathered to the ground with
branches. He says it affords excellent timber, which is very
tough, and admirably adapted for boat building, for which pur-
pose it is much used at Monterey. Mr. Hartweg met with it
on the descent towards the sea, on the mountains of San An-
tonio, sixty leagues south of Monterey, forming a small wood,
extending along the beach, where the deep grass-green of its
foliage formed a great contrast with the parched-up vegetation
around it at the time.

It is hardy, and well adapted for planting near the sea-coast.

No. 49. PiNUS RIGIDA, Miller, the Stiff-leaved Pine.

Syn. Pinus Tseda rigida, Alton.

„ ,, Fraseri, Loddiges.

„ ' „ Canadensis trifolia, Du Hamel.

„ „ Loddigesii, Lovxlon.

Leaves in threes, from three to four inches and a half long,
stiff, rather broad, and sharp-pointed, light green, and spread-
ing ; sheaths short, three-eighths of an inch long, and white on
the young leaves, but afterwards becoming nearly black and
.shrivelled. Branches very numerous on the upper part of the
tree, and compact. Cones ovate-oblong, from two inches and
a half^to three inches and a half long, and one inch and a half
broad, on short, stout foot-stalks, in clusters of four or five
round the top branches, and remaining on the tree for years.
Scales four-sided, half an inch broad, elevated into a compressed
pyramid, terminating in an acute prickle, slightl}^ recurved,
and pointing outwards. Seeds very small, with rather narrow
wings, three-quarters of an inch long.

A tree growing from 70 to 80 feet high, in favourable situ-

284 PiNUS, OR

ations, with a clean stem and dense top, found abundantly
throughout the whole of the United States, with the excep-
tion of the maritime parts of the Atlantic districts and the
fertile regions west of the Alleghany Mountains. It is found
on the plains from New England to Virginia, growing either
in dry soil, or in wet, low grounds. Its most northern point is
in the vicinity of Brunswick, in the district of Maine.

Timber exceedingly knotty, and full of resin, for which
reason it is called in America, the " Pitch Pine."

No. 50. PiNUS Sabiniana, Douglas, Mr. Sabine's Pine.

Leaves in threes, rather slender, from 10 to 12 inches long,
glaucous-gray in every stage, twisted, and, when fully grown,
bent downwards, and drooping during winter, sharp-pointed,
angular on the inner side, and rounded on the outer one ;
sheaths one inch and a half long, nearly entire at the top,
with numerous rings, and wrinkled when old. Branches nu-
merous, not very robust, covered with a violet bloom when
young, and bare of leaves, except near the extremities. Cones
ovate, most developed on the outer side, particularly towards
the base, pointing downwards, pressing against the stem, and
remaining on the tree for a series of years, from eight to ten
inches long, and six inches wide, on foot-stalks two inches and
a half long, and full of resin, particularly towards the base.
Scales spatula-shaped, flat on the inner side, and rounded or
slightly angular on the outer one, two inches and a half long,
and one inch and a half broad in the larger ones, but much
less on the smaller ones towards the base, terminated by a
strong, sharp, incurved hook, parti cuLarly on the exposed side,
and at the base, where some of the points are quite straight,
and pointing upwards or towards the top of the tree. Seeds,
one inch long, oblong, tapering to the base, and flattened on
tlio inside, with a hard shell, and short, stiff" wings, rather more
than half an inch long ; tlicy arc pleasant to eat, and nearly
double the size of those of P. Coulteri. Seed-leaves from
ciirht to ten in number.

THE TPXE FIXES. 2S5

A beautiful large tree, iiTegiilarly furnished vrith branches to
the ground, gl•o^^'ing from 100 to loO feet high, and from two
to five feet in diameter, on the western Cordilleras of New
Albion, at gi-eat elevations, also on the woody heights near
^lonterey, at El Toro, a high mountain to the east of Monterey,
and in various other places in Upper California, but never in
masses or forests, but intermixed with other kinds, ripening its
seeds in November.

Timber white, even-grained, but not very durable.

It was named in compliment to the late Joseph Sabine, Esq.

No. 51. PiNUS SEROTIXA, Michaiui\ tlio Fox-tuil or Pond

Pine.
Syn. Pinus Ta?da alopecuroides, Alton.
„ „ rigida serotina,ZoH(.7o?2.
,, ,, alopecuroides. Horf.

Leaves in threes, but sometimes in fours, from six to eifrht
inches long, rather slender, sharp-pointed, and stiff, of a light,
bright green, very dense, and ribbed on the inner side ; sheaths
persistent, three-quartei-s of an inch long on the young leaves,
smooth, jagged at the ends, and light-coloured, while those on
the older leaves are much shorter, shrivelled, and dark brown.
Branches numerous, rather irreirular, and of a bricrht vellowish-
brown colour, frequently producing tufts of leaves, and bimdles
of small shoots from the main stem. Cones ovate, with short
foot-stalks, pointing downwards, two inches and a half long,
and nearly two inches wide, mostly in opposite pairs, and
ripening in the autumn of the second year, but do not shed
their seeds before the third or foui'th year ; and on which
account it is called serotina. Scales rounded at their extremi-
ties, slightly elevated, four-sided, three-eighths of an inch
broad, vrith the apex depressed, and terminating in a slender
prickle, which soon disappears. Seeds very small, with ■\\-ings
three-quartei-s of an inch long.

A middle-sized tree, growing from 40 to 50 feet high, and
from 15 to IS inches in diameter, on the edges of swamps and

286 PiNcrs, OR

ponds, in black, miry soil, in Pennsylvania, Carolina, and New
Jersey.

Timber of little use except for fuel.

No. 52. PiNUS Sinensis, Lambert, the Chinese Pine.
Syn. Pinus Massoniana, Parlatore, not Siebold.

Leaves in threes, but frequently in twos, very slender, spread-
ing, sharp-pointed, grass-green, five inches long, and angular on
the inner sides ; sheaths smooth^ half an inch long, rather entire
at the ends, and of a brownish colour. Branches rather slender,
irregularly placed on the tree, and spreading ; buds blunt-
pointed, with numerous fine scales, and entirely destitute of
resin. Cones small, ovate, blunt-pointed, two inches long, and
one inch and a (j^uarter broad, fou'- or live in a whorl, and on very
short foot-stalks. Scales rounded, Hat, slightly elevated by a
raised line across the middle, terminated in the centre by a
sunken scar, and with the scales much smaller towards the
base. Seeds rather small, with straight wings half an inch
long.

A low, branching tree, gi-owing 30 or 40 feet high, with a
drooping appearance, found on the hills all over China, and in
Japan.

It is rather tender.

No. 53. PiNUS T^DA, Linnceus, the Torch, or Loblolly Pine.

Syn. Pinus Virginiana tenuifolia, Plukenett

Leaves in threes, rather slender, and light-green, from five
to five inches and a half long, rigid, blunt-pointed, and chan-
nelled in the middle on the inner side ; sheaths one inch long,
nearly smooth^ and whitish when young, but becoming much
shortc)' and browner when old. Branches spreading and dense ;
buds pointed and very full of resin. Cones mostly in pairs,
ovate-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, three and a half to
four inches long, and from one and three-quarters to two inches

THE TB.UE PINES. 287

broad, with little or no foot-stalk. Scales one inch and a quarter
long, and three-quarters of an inch wide, lengthened into a low
pyramid, terminated with a sharp prickle turned inwards.
Seeds small, with ample wings, nearly an inch in length.

A lofty tree, growing 80 feet high, with a clear stem 50 feet,
and from two to three feet in diameter, with a wide-spreading
head.

It is found abundantly in barren, sandy situations, from
Florida to Virginia, in North Carolina, in large forests, some-
times 200 miles in extent, and in the vicinity of Charleston in
South Carolina,

The word " tieda," properly speaking, signifies torches in
general, for which the timber of this species is well suited
and much used in the Southern States of the Union, where it
is called the " Frankincense Pine" and " Oldfield Pine," by the
inhabitants; for when any piece of clear land is neglected for
an}'- length of time, it is speedily covered Avith this kind.
Hence the name of " Old field Pine."

No. 54. PiNUS Teocote, ScJdede, the Candle-wood Pine.

Syn. Pinus Besseriana, Roezl.

„ „ microcarpa, Roezl.

„ „ Mulleriana, Roezl.

,, „ Vilmoriniana, Roezl.

„ „ Galocote, Roezl.

^ „ „ Hugelii, Roezl.

„ „ Kegel ii, Roezl.

„ „ interposita, Roezl.

„ „ tumida, Roezl.

Leaves in threes, from three to five inches long, compressed,
erect, rigid, sharp-pointed, twisted at the base, light green,
channelled on the inner side, and convex below ; sheaths one
inch long, persistent, jagged at the margin, but much shorter
on the old leaves. Branches rather stifi', and very leafy ; buds

288 PINUS, OR

imbricated, and free from resin. Cones ovate-oblong, tapering
to a point, smooth, drooping, two inches and a half long, and
one inch across, rounded at the base, and with rather a long
foot-stalk. Scales half an inch across, irregularly four-sided,
slightly elevated, widened at the apex, and much depressed,
but without any spine or point in the centre. Seeds very
small, with wings rather more than half an inch long.

A tall tree, growing 100 feet high, and three or four feet in
diameter, on the high lands of Mexico, particularly on the
sloping sides of the mountains of Orizaba and Real del Monte.
It is also plentiful on the mountains in the State of Oaxaca at
an elevation of from 5500 to 8000 feet above the sea.

It is the " de'ocote" or " Pino de'ocote " (candle wood) of tlie
Mexicans.

Timber durable and full of resin.

It is tolerably hardy.

No. 55. PiNUS TUBERCULATA, D. Don, the Tuberculated Coned

Pine.
Syn. Pinus Californica, Hartwcg.

Leaves in. threes, thickly set on the branches, bright green,
rather stiff", broad, and flat, with an elevated rib running along
their middle on the inner side, and from four and a half to five
inches in length ; sheaths short, smooth, and not more than half
an inch long on the young leaves, but very much shorter on the
older ones, and only partially persistent. Seed-leaves on the
young plants from seven to eight in number, rather slender, and
not very long. Branches not very stout, rather numerous, and
irregular, with a roughish bark ; buds below the middle size,
imbricated, and not very resinous or pointed. Cones mostly
in clusters of four, but sometimes solitary or in pairs, and only
[)roduced on the main stems; of a long, conical shape, five
inches in length, and two broad, the outer surface curved, the
inner straight, widest near the base, and gradually tapering to
the point, cpiitc sessile, and uneven-sided at the base, very

THE TRUE PINES. 289

hard, of a liglit-brown colour, or silvery-gray when old, very
glossy, and full of resinous matter ; they stand off at nearly
right angles Avhen old, although rather pendulous when youno-,
and remam on the tree for years, without even openino- or
shedding their seeds. Scales largest and most developed at
the external base, and down three parts of the outer side of the
cone, deeply divided, much elevated, horizontally, and rather
conical, particularly those near tlie base, the largest of which
is three-eighths of an inch wide, terminated by a strong, sharp
prickle ; but as they approach towards the point of the cone,
they become much less elevated, more quadrangular, and
blunter pointed : the scales on the inner side of the cone and
round the point are very much smaller, and quite flat, with a
small, dark-brown prickle in their centre ; each cone contains
fifteen or sixteen rows of scales, within each of which are two
very small seeds, with wings three-quarters of an inch in
lengtli.

This pine was first discovered by Dr. Coulter, to the south of
Monterey, near the level of the sea, and growing almost close to
the beach, intermixed with Pinus radiata. Mr. Hartweg found
it growing on the Santa Cruz Mountains, sixty miles to the
north of Monterey by land. It is a tree of slow growth, and
seldom attains more than 30 feet in height, with a trunk eio-ht
or ten inches in diameter. Mr. Jeflre}^ found it at an elevation
of 5000 feet, with the cones adhering to the tree ; in several
instances with twenty whorls of cones on the trunk, the growth
of as many years, — the branches being covered with them in the
same way as the trunk.

The timber is red and hard, and the tree of a conical form,
growing about 40 feet high, in poor sand}'- soil.

It is quite hardy.

NEW OR DOUBTFUL KINDS, having the leaves theee

IN A SHEATH, AND OF WHICH NOTHING MORE IS KNOWN.

No. .")6. PiNUs DEFLEXA, Tovrey, the Deflexed-scaled Pine.
Leaves in threes, slender, and iVom six to seven inches long,

290 PIN US, OR

with short sheaths. Cones oval-pointed. Scales pyramidally
developed, protuberance large and recurved.

A tree of moderate size, with the stem covered with smooth
bark, found by Emeroy on the high Cordilleras of California.

No. 57. PiNUS PSEUDO-T^DA, Teiiore, the False Taeda Pine.

Leaves slender, rigid, and from four to six inches long, with
frino'ed sheaths one-third of an inch long. Cones oval, solitary,
and two inches long and one inch broad. Scales pyramidal, de-
pressed, and with a straight or slightly curved awn one line
long.

This kind, according to Professor Tenore, differs from Pinus
Tseda in the leaves being more slender and the cones much
smaller. (Probably Pinus serotina.)

Section III. QUINCE, or those kinds having five leaves

IN EACH SHEATH.

No. 58. Pinus Apulcensis, Linclley, the Apulco Pine.
Syn. Pinus Acapulcensis, Don.
„ „ Zacatlana, Roezl.
„ „ Astecaensis, Roezl.

Leaves in fives, slightly curved, slender, blunt-pointed, six
inches long, much undulated, and of a deep glaucous green.
Sheaths rather long, silky, and imbricated. Branches short,
rather robust, irregular, few, ascending at the points, and of a
glaucous violet colour on the younger parts. Cones ovate-
conical, widest at the base, four inches long, and two inches
and a half wide near the base ; glossy, pendulous, and growing
in whorls; surface very hard, and full of resinous matter.
Scales very rugged, unequally four- sided, pyramidal, straight, or
sometimes prolonged into a curved beak, particularly those
nearest the base ; the larger ones jneasuring three-quarters of
ail incli across. Seeds rather small, with oval-shaped wings
one inch long.

THE TRUE PINES. 291

A tree attaining a height of 50 feet, and inhabiting the
ravines in the mountains near Apulco in Mexico, where it was
first discovered by Mr. Hartweg in 1839. Roezl found it on
the Sierra of Zacathan, at an elevation of 7000 feet, forming a
beautiful tree GO feet high.

It is rather tender.

No. 59. PiNUS ARiSTATA, Engelmmm, the Awned-cone Pine.

Leaves in fives, thickly .set all round the branches, three-
sided, abruptly-pointed, entire on tlie edges, bright green on
both sides, mostly with numerous exudations of a white resin
on their surface, and rising from the axils of ovate, acuminate,
brittle, light-brown scales, which are more persistent than the
leaves themselves, and cover the branches with their rough,
blackish remains ; on young and very robust trees the leaves
are more or less curved upwards, and from one inch and a
quarter to one and three-quarters long and half a line wide; but
on old and stunted trees they are scarcely an inch long, quite
straio-ht, very spreading, and so thickly placed all round the
branchlets as to give them the appearance of so many bottle
brushes. The sheaths on the young leaves are from three to
four lines long, and consist of seven or eight oblong-pointed,
adpressed scales, with fringed margins, which soon become
spreading, squarrose, and fall off in the second year; many
lanceolate scales also sheathe the lower part of the young shoots,
and Efngelmann states that he has seen branches with sixteen
spaces, where male flowers grew, which proved that the leaves
were persistent for that number of years. Branches spreading,
often contorted, and covered with a smooth thin bark, full of
laro-e vesicles, containing a clear fluid balsam, which remains
between the layers of the old bark. The stems and larger
branches of old trees are frequently covered with young shoots,
like those of Pinus Ta?da, the female aments, or young cones,
bristling with their slender, lanceolate, aristate, erect scales,
are produced singly or two together near the ends of tlie young
u 2

292 PIN us, OR

slioots, and of a dark purple colour. Cones oval, blunt-pointed,
purplish-brown, often covered with resin as if varnished, and
from two inches and a quarter to two and three-quarters long
and about one inch and a half broad. Scales rhomboid, half
an inch long and one-third of an inch wide^ with the trans-
verse ridge rather flat ; protuberance very conspicuous, with
the slender mucro or awn, from the small rhombic. Central
mucro two or three lines long, curved upwards at first, but
afterwards tortuose and easily broken off. Seeds nearly three
lines in length, with obovate wings six or seven lines long.
Cotyledons or seed-leaves seven in number.

This very singular pine is a truly alpine species, characterizing
the highest belts of timber on the peaks of the Colorado Moun-
tains in California; where on sheltered slopes, at elevations
between 9000 and 10,000 feet, it forms a tree from 40 to 50 feet
hio-h, with a stem from one to two feet in diameter, covered
with a thin, scaly, light-grayish-brown bark, not more than
three or four lines thick, even on old trees ; but on the high
bleak mountains of the Snowy Range, on Pike's Peak, and on
the heights of the Coochetopa Pass, at an elevation of from
10,000 to 12,000 feet, it becomes a straggling bush, frequentl}^
prostrate or almost creeping, and thickl}- covered with cones.
It, however, never descends to a lower elevation than 9000
feet. The wood is white, tough, and not very resinous.

It was first introduced in 1870, by Mr. Cripps, Nurser^'man,
at Tunbridge Wells.

No. 00. PiNUS Ayacaiiuite, Ehrenhovg, the Ayacahuite Pine,
Syn. Pinus strobiliformis, Whlizcnus.

Leaves in fives, three-edged, slender, but rathei- stiff* flat on
the back, with a sharp projecting mid-rib and two furrows on
the inner face ; from three to four inches long, straight, very
glaucous on both sides, and whitish when young, with a few
wide serratures near the points. Sheaths short, scaly, mem-
branaceous, and soon curling up and falling off. Branches

THE TRUE PINES. 293

rather slender, regularly in whorls, .spreadiDg, numerous, and
covered with a glossy smooth grayish bark. Cones very lono-
and slender, being froiii 10 to 12 inches in length, and three-
inches broad at the base, and tapering regularly to a sharp
point, which is slightly incurved tov/ards the upper part, they
are full of resinous matter, and pendent from the extremities of
the top branchlets. Scales projecting at the ends, bent down-
wards, and recurved at the points, two inches long, dimi-
nishing to a point at the apex ; thin, wrinkled, lengthways,
standing free, and of a pale yellowish-brown colour. Seeds
with broad wings one inch long.

A large tree, growing 100 feet high, and three or four feet
in diameter, with very much the appearance of the Weymouth
Pine (P. Strobus), found in the provinces of Chiapa and Oaxaca
in Mexico, particularly on the higher points of the Combre
Mountains in the Sierra of Oaxaca, and on the Mount Pelado
or bald-mountain. It is also very common on the mountains
of Quezaltenango, at an elevation of 8500 feet, and on the
neighbouring mountain of Santa Maria, where it is called
"Tablas" by the inhabitants, and "Ayacahuite" by the
Mexicans. It is also found on the higher peaks of the moun-
tains about Cosiquiriachi, in Northern Mexico, at an elevation
of 7000 or 8000 feet.

Timber white and soft.

It is tolerably hard}*.

No. Gl. PiNUS Balfoujriana,* Jeffrey, Dr. Balfour's Pine.
Syn. Pinus Parryana, Parlatore.
,, ., quadrifolia, Parry.

Leaves mostly in fours, but sometimes in threes, fours, and
fives on the same shoot, very dense, short, stout, glaucous
below, and rigid ; curved inwards, blunt-pointed, quite entire,
convex on the back, concave on the inner face, resinous, and

* A figure and description of this pine was first given in the Proceed-
ings of the Oregon Committee in 1854, under the name of P. Bal-
fouriana.

294 PIKUS, OP.

from one to one inch and a qnarter long on the adult plants.
Sheaths composed of numerous long jagged scales, which soon
fall off, and leave the base of the leaves naked. Branches
pendulous and flexible. Bark smooth and of a reddish colour.
Cones dark brown, from four and a half to five inches long,
and rather more than an inch in diameter, tapering regularly
towarcis the point, slightly curved, mostly solitary, pendent on
the points of the branches, and full of resinous matter. Scales
from one inch and a half to one and three-quarters long ; the
larger ones six lines broad, thin, flattened, slightly thickened
towards the points, four-sided, and concave ; smaller ones near
the base, sometimes partially sunken in the centre, and termi-
nated by a dark brown umbo or scar. Seeds middle-sized,
beautifully dotted, and with ample wings one inch long.

A fine tree, growing 80 feet high, and three feet in diameter,
with an ample head; found by Mr. Jeffrey on the mountains in
Northern California, between Shasta and Scots Valley, at an
elevation of from 5000 to 8000 feet, growing on volcanic debris.
Dr. Parry found it at San Diego in California.

It is quite hardy, and very distinct.

No. 02. PiNUS BuoNAPARTEA, Roczl, the Buonaparte Pine.
Syn. Pinus Veitchi, Roczl.
„ „ Durangensis, Roezl.
„ „ hamata, Roczl.
„ „ Ayacahuite Blanco, Roczl.

Leaves in fives, but sometimes sixj seven, eight, and nine are
found in the same sheath ; of a glaucous-green colour, angular on
the inner face, very slender, and five inches long. Sheaths com-
posed of long linear-pointed scales, which soon curl up and fall ofi".
Branches curved, lateral ones more or less pendent, on account
of the large cones being produced on their extremities.
Cones straight, nearly cylindrical, 10 or 12 inches long, and
three or four inches in diameter. Scales from one inch and
three-quarters to two inches broad, and rather more than half

THE TRUE PINES. 295

an inch long on the exposed part ; reflected, and strongly-
hooked backwards at the ends, thickest in the centre, with
several elevated lines on the surface, and tapering to the point,-
which is much reflected, and half an inch long. Seeds large,
with broad winos one inch louor.

A noble tree, growing 130 feet high, with a straight trunk,
furnished with long slender branches, in regular whorls, and
pendent branchlets two or three feet long, which give the tree
a most perfect and elegant appearance.

It is found growing in the department of Durango, on the
Sierra Madre, a chain of mountains situated between the Table
Land and Gulf of Mexico, where it is known by the name of
" Pino Real," or Royal Pine, a name due to its great size and
majestic appearance. It is also found on the eastern side of
Popocatepetl, at an elevation of from 11,000 to 12,000 feet,
and like Pinus Lambertiana, it produces a resinous substance,
which when dried and ponnded becomes a kind of ash-coloured
powder, very sweet, and eaten by the inhabitants instead of
sugar.

It is tolerably hardy.

No. Go. PiNUS Cembra, Llnnceus, the Swiss Stone Pine.

Syn. Pinus Cembra Helvetica, Loddiges.

„ „ „ vulgaris, Endllchev.

„ „ „ stricta, Hort.

/ „ „ Montana, Lamarck.

„ „ sativa, Amann.

„ „ sylvestris Cembra, Matthiola.

„ ,, „ altera, Dodon.

„ „ Aphernousli, Loudon.

Leaves in flves, from two to three inches long, sharp-pointed,
three-ribbed, one of them green and shining, and the other two
white and opaque. Sheaths deciduous. Buds broad, globose,
with a long narrow point, whitish, without resin, and mostly
solitary at the ends of the shoots. Cones about three inches

296 flNTTS, OR

long, and two inches and a half broad, ovate, erect, and of ci.
violet colour. Scales one inch broad, and the same in the
widest part, slightly hooked, and not thickened at the point,
but blunt; those nearest the base much smaller and recurved.
Seeds very large, wingless, and eaten in Switzerland.

An erect tree, of a bluntish pja-amidal shape, regulai-ly
furnished with branches down to the ground, thickly clothed
with foliage, and attaining a height of 50 feet. Timber very
soft, but very fine in the grain ; fragrant and resinous.

This tree is found in the highest regions of the Alps, from
the Tyrol to Mount Cenis, between 4000 and 6500 feet of
elevation. It is also found on the northern slope of the Alps,
from Austria to Savoy, and Dauphine, and occurs on the Car-
pathian Mountains, and on the Altai.

It is the " Aphernousli" Pine of the Tyrolese, the " Aralla"
of Savoy, and the " Arth" of Northern Italy and the Bernese
Oberland mountaineers. The Russian " Kedrovoi" has pro-
bably been misapplied to this tree ; as the Cedar is nowhere
indigenous to Russia, and, consequently, could not have an
original Sclavonic desimation. The varieties are : —

PiNUS Cembka monophylla, Caniere, the One-leaved Cembra

Pine.

This very singular variet}' of the Siberian Stone Pine has
much slenderer bianchlets, and the leaves so compressed, or
adhering together along their whole length, in each sheath or
set, as to appear but one leaf.

It is of French origin, and very curious,

PiNUS Cembra Sibhuca, Loudon, the Siberian Stone Pine.
Syn. P. Cembra Rossica, Hort.
„ „ Mandschurica, Reycl.

„ „ excclsa, Maximo.

Leaves in fives, much shorter, more dense and (jf a brighter
green than those of the Swiss variety, with the cones longer,

THE TRUE riNES. 297

but not so broad, and a tree of much slower growth ; but ac-
cording to Pallas a lofty tree destitute of branches a con-
siderable way up the trunk, and which sometimes attains a-
height of 100 feet, but is never found beyond the River Lena
in Eastern Siberia.

Seeds large, and eatable in Siberia.

PiNUS Cembka pygm.eA, Fischer, the Dwarf Cembra Pine.
Syn. Pinus Cembra pumila, EndVichcr.
" " Pygiii^'^') Fischer.
„ „ Cembra nana, Hort.
„ ,, „ huraistrata. Madden.

A very dwai'f Miriety, seldom growing more than two or
three feet high, with a scrubby appearance, and at times as-
suming a creeping form on the ground^ with the leaves very
much shorter and more crowded. Cones extremely small,
nearly round, and bright purple when full grown. Scales very
small, thin, rather recurved and pointed. Seeds wingless^ and
very small of their kind. It is found in Eastern Siberia, cover-
ing rocks where no other vegetation gi'ows, and in valleys,
where it grows much stronger, but never attains the size of a
small tree. It grov/s on the eastern slope of the Ural Moun-
tains towards the Lena, where it is called the elastic Stone
Pine, or Spreading Cedar of Eastern Siberia, and has several
stems, sometimes 12 feet long and three inches in diameter ;
erect in summer, but completely prostrated by the snow in
winter. The cones are but half the size of those of the Swiss
kind, but the nuts are equally good flavoured.

PiNUS Cembra Variegata, Hort., the Variegated Cembra Pine.

This is a very ornamental variety, with an equal portion of
its leaves of a pale straw colour.

No. 64. Pin us cornea, Boezl, the Horn-shaped Coued Pine.

Leaves in fives, rather long, and slender. Cones somewhat
like those of Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, long, recurved, tapering

298 PINUS, OR

from the base to a small point, quite firm, and resembling a
small cow's-horu. It is found on the Popocatepetl, in Mexico,
at an elevation of from 10,000 to 11,000 feet.
It appears to be quite new, and distinct.

No. (35. PlNUS Devoniana, Lindley, the Buke of Devonshire's

Pine.
Syn. Pinus Blanco, Knight.
„ „ magnilica, Roezl.
„ „ Ocampi, Roezl.
„ „ „ Devoniana, Roezl.

„ „ Thibaudiana, Roezl.
„ „ Zitacuaria, Roezl.

Leaves in lives, very long, but rather slender and pendulous,
of a beautiful deep shining grass-green, from eight to nine
inches long, and rather sharp-pointed. Sheaths very long,
lough at the end, imbricated, and one inch long. Branches
very robust, few, and very irregular, and like those of the
8warp Pine of the United States (P. palustris). Cones from
nine to ten inches long, and three inches in diameter near the
base, tapering to a blunt point, three-quarters of an inch wide,
solitary, pendulous, curved, blunt-pointed, and not very firm or
hard on the surface. Scales rather thin, one inch broad, but
smaller towards both ends, rounded at the top, and irregularly
four- sided, with a slightly elevated transverse line and project-
ing point in tlie centre, which is depressed and smooth. Seeds
rather small, with the wings nearly one inch and a half long.

A large tree, growing from GO to SO feet high in the mining
districts of Mexico, on the mountains of Ocotillo, between Real
del Monte and Regala, and on the "Cumbra," or highest point of
the mountains. It is called by the inhabitants " Pino Blanco,"
or the White Pine, on account of its timber being that colour,
and " Pino-real," or Royal Pine, on account of its noble appear-
ance and splendid long foliage.

Mr. Hartweg first discovered it in Mexico in 1839.

It is tolerably hardy.

THE TRUE PINES. 299

No. 66. PiNUS EXCELSA, WalUcJi, the Lofty Bhotan Pine.

Syn. Pinus Dicksonii, Hort

„ ,, Chylla, Loddiges.

„ „ pendula, Griffith.

„ „ Strobus excelsa, Loudon.

„ „ „ Nepalensis, Hort.

„ „ Strobus, Hamilton, not Llnnoivs.

„ „ Indica, Manettl.

Leaves in lives, very long, three-edged, very glaucous on the
inner faces, bluish-green and rounded on the outer one; from
six to eight inches long, very slender, and mostly drooping.
Sheaths short at first, but soon rolling up, and finally falling
ofi". Branches in regular whorls and spreading, those near the
bottom reflected, while the upper ones are more or less ascend-
ing ; branchlets slender, long, and spreading ; male flowers in
dense clusters. Cones solitar}', or sometimes two or three to-
gether round the leading shoots, of a cylindrical or somewhat
conical shape, from six to nine inches long, and two inches
broad near the base, tapering towards the point, and with a
foot-stalk nearly one inch long ; when young of a pea-green
colour, and somewhat erect, but when fully gi'own completely
pendulous, and of a pale brown colour, full of resinous matter
in the shape of transparent drops. Scales thickened at the
ends) but without any extended or curled points, loosely im-
bricated, oval, blunt-pointed, thin, smooth, and nearly all of a
size, being one inch and a quarter long, and about one inch in
breadth. Seeds rather small, with wings one inch and a
quarter long.

A large tree, principally found in Nepal, where it prefers the
more open and cheerful aspects of the mountains. In Bhotan
it forms large and beautiful woods on the southern slopes, at
an elevation of from 6000 to 10,000 feet, but stunted at the last
elevation. It is not found in Sikkim, but is common at Simla
on warm aspects, and is found in abundance all over the inte-
rior from 6000 to 8000 feet of elevation, and as hidi as 11,500

300 PlNtJS, OR

feet in Kumaon, oeciimug above the Deodar. In Nepal it
attains an immense height, some trees being 150 feet high
near the Shatool Pass, and below Chansoo, in Knnawur, with
long liorizontal branches, for the most part dothed to near the
ground, but inclining upwards so as to form a spreading cone,
I'ather than a large spreading head.

It is one of the most common Pines of the central zone
throughout the whole Himalayas. Dr. Griffith states its most
eastern limits to be Bhotan, where it is called " Lumshing,"
and its most westei'n locality to be on the mountains of Kafir-
istan, near Jalalabad, where it is called " Piunee." It has not
liitherto been met with in Sikkim, and appears to be wholly
wanting in Central and N.W. Kamaon, but is the uppermost
and only Pine met with in the ascent to the Neetee Pass in
Gurhwall, at an elevation of 11,000 feet, and on both the north
and sovith faces of the Lamakaga Passes ; while, according to
Gapt. Gerard, its superior limit on the snowy range of Leem
is at an elevation of 12,000 feet, and its lowest one, near Deo-
rah, in Joobul, only 5000 feet, thus fixing the extreme limits
of Pinus excelsa at from 5000 to 12,000 feet of elevation.
Again, Mr. Winterbottom traced it to the mountains of Gilgit,
beyond Cashmere, its most northern habitat hitherto ascer-
tained, as Bhotan is its most southern, and Jalalabad its most
western limits.

This is the " Kail," or ''• Kaeel " (sort of Pine), of the hill
l)eople about Simla, the " Leem," of Kunawur, and the " Yari,"
of Cashmere; also the Weeping Fir of the Himalayan tiavellcrs,
and the Chylla, or Cheel, of Kamaon and Gurhwal.

Timber soft, white, and remarkably compact, producing in
great abundance a highly fragrant resinous turpentine.

Dr. Wallich and some other travellers mention wliat they
consider varieties of this Pine, some with shorter, others with
greener leaves, and others ^vith stiffer foliage, but all such
varieties no doubt arise from climate and elevation.

This tree flowers about the end of May, and the cones re-
quire eiglitecn months to mature.

THE TRUE PINES. '^01

No. G7. PiNTJS FiLiFOLiA,. Lindley, the Thread-leaved Pine.
9>yx\. Pinus; Skimierii, Fovhe!^.
Aztecaensis, Roozl.
bullata, Roezl.
Hendersoni, RopzI.
Jostii, Roezl.
Keteleeri, Roezl.
Miehoaeaensis, Roezl.
nitida, Roezl.
Ocote, Roezl.
vallida, Roezl.
" ^^ Van-Geerti, Roezl.
Zamoraensis, Roezl.
Leaves in fives, from twelve to fourteen inches long, acutely
triangular, of a dull green colour, rather stout and curved out-
lard; particularly the older leaves. Sheaths long, smooth
and persistent, or not falling off. Branches few, irregular, and
very robust, resembling those of the Swamp Pme ot America,
and densely clothed with its beautiful long leaves. Cones
elono-ated, or conical, tapering from the base to a blunt pomt
seve; or eight inches long, with a sn.ooth and rather hard
surface Scales one inch across, rather equally four-sided de-
pressed, and pyramidal in the centre, terminated by a hard
blun^ point. Seeds middle sized, with the wings one inch and

a ciuarter long. , • . r j. i • i

A very handsome tree, growing from forty to sixty teet high,
abundant in Guatemala, particularly near Santiago and on
the"Volcan del Fuego," in exposed places, and on the moun-
tains near Guatemala (City). It is also found_ growing on the
Sierra of Zacatlan, on the road between Mexico and Tampico,
at an elevation of 7000 feet; a tree sixty feet high, with a
most beautiful appearance on account of its short branches,
beino- furnished with long, curved leaves, bendmg in a graceful,
plum^'e-like manner at the ends of the shoots.^

It is very tender, and produces a light white timber of little

value.

302 PINUS, OR

No, 68. PiNUS FLEXiLis, Tovrey, the Pliable-branched Pine.
Syn. Pinns Lambertiana brevifolia., Hooker,
„ „ albicaulis, Engelmann.
„ „ Shasta, Carriere.

Leaves in fives, but sometimes in twos, threes, fours, and
fives, on the same branch ; short, stout, rigid, curved, blunt-
pointed, quite entire, stoutly keeled on the inner face, rounded
on the outer, and from two to three inches long on the adult
plants. Sheaths composed of numerous, long, membranaceous,
loose scales, which soon fall off and leave the base of the leaves
naked. Branches horizontal, very stout, and much contorted.
Cones ovate, rounded at the base, two inches and three-quarters
lono-, and nearly two inches in diameter at the widest part, and
full of resinous matter. Scales projecting into a thickened
pyramidal elevation, transversely keeled, and terminating in a
short, broad, incurved scar. Seeds large, oval, and wingless.

A small tree, growing from thirty to sixty feet high in Nor-
thern Mexico and California, the seeds of which are eaten by
the Indians.

It has an extensive range, being found on the mountains
alono- the Fraser Pdver, and on the Shasta Mountains in Nor-
thern California ; also on the mountains abont the head waters
of the Platte, Yellow Stone, Missouri, and Columbia Rivers,
and on the mountains above Santa Fe in New Mexico.

Mr. Jeffrey found it on the summit of a mountain near Fort
Hope, on Fraser's Iliver, and on the Shasta Mountains, growing
on granite rock, where the soil is scant. It is most abundant
at an elevation of from 8000 to 9000 feet, but ascends to
14,000 feet ; at its lowest elevation, when first it makes its
appearance on the mountains, it is a small tree forty feet liigh
and one foot in diameter, with a wide spreading top, the
branches being very stout, and much contorted, but dwindling
down to a small shrub, on the upper part of the range not
more than three feet high, of a tabular form, and so compact
that a person could walk along the top of it. It is the White
Pine of the Eucky Mountains.

THE TRUE PINES. 303

PiNUS GORDONIANA. See page 305.
No 70 PiNUS Grenville^, Gordon, Lady GrenviUo's Pine. .
Leaves in lives, 14 inches in length on the wild specimens,
very robust, three-edged, thickly set on the branches dark
creen, and very much resembling those of Pinus macrophyl a.
Sut rather longer. Sheaths persistent, or not falhng oft, nearly
one inch and a half in length, rather rough, and scaly Seed-
leaves on the young plants mostly ten in nuntber, and rather
loner Branches mostly solitary, rarely in pairs, irregularly
placed, and very robust. Buds very large, imbricated, non-
resinous, and thickly set with long narrow brown scales.
Cones pendulous, solitary, stalkless, quite straight, tapering
reo-alarly from the base to the point, 16 inches in length, and
three inches and a half broad at the base, with from twenty-
eicrht to thirty rows of scales. Scales nearly all of a size, six-
eiahths of an inch broad, and slightly elevated, and blunt, par-
ticularly towards the base, from which a small portion of clear
resin sometimes exudes. Seeds about the ordinary size with
mostly, but not always, bifid wings, which arc rather broad,
and more than an inch in length.

This noble Pine is called " Ocote Mache," or Male Pme, by
the inhabitants, on account of its robust habit, and is found
plentiful on the highest parts of the Cerro de San Juan, a
rancre of mountains to the south-west of Tepic, chiefly com-
posed of crumbled pumice-stone, of volcanic origin, and whicli
at a distance gives the place a whitish appearance.

Mr Hartweg found it growing on the Cerro de San Juan, or
Saddle Mountain, near Tepic, in Mexico, attaining a height ot
from 60 to 80 feet. The timber is white, soft, and not very

durable. ^ , m , ± e

It has been named in compliment to that excellent patron ot

Conifers, the late Lady Grenville, of Dropmore.

It is tender.

304 PINUS, OR

No. 71. PlNUS Haetwegii, Lindley, Hartweg's Pine.
Syn. Finns A.culcensis, Roezl.

„ „ Amecaensis, Roezl.

„ „ atvovirens, Roezl.

„ „ corrugata, Roezl.

„ „ frondosa, Roezl.

„ „ Geitneri, Roezl.

„ „ Iztacihuatli, Roezl.

„ „ Krelagi, Roezl.

„ „ Papeleui, Roezl.

„ „ resinosa, Roezl.

„ „ scoparia, Roezl.

„ „ Standishi, Roezl.

„ „ suffruticosa> Roezl.

„ „ TIamacaensis, Roezl.
Leaves in fives,, but not unfrequently in fours, very dense,
six inches long, rather slender, curved, and of a dark green colour.
Sheaths long on the young leaves, but with a shrivelled appear-
ance on the old ones, and jagged at the ends. Branches few,
very robust, and irregularly placed on the stem. Cones gro wing-
in clusters, pendulous, four or five inches long, and nearl}^ two
inches broad ; oblong, tapering to the point, wliich is rather
blunt, incurved, and of a deep ])urple colour when .young, and
dark-brown when fully matured. Scales flattened, broader
than long, four-sided, rather thin, with a projecting or elevated
short point in the centre, but much smaller towards the ex-
tremities ; narrower, and more elevated near the apex. Seeds
middle size, with very short wings, not more than three-
quarters of an inch long.

A handsome tree, growing from 40 to 50 feet high, with a
dense compact head, of a fine dark gi'een, found by Mr. Hartweg
on the Carapanario Mountain, in Mexico, at an elevation of 9000
feet, and beginning to ap])eai' wliorc the Oyainel (Picca religiosa)
ceases to grow, on tlie mountain. It is also found on the moun-
tains ()(■ Orizaba, and near Ileal del Monte, at an elevation of
10,000 leet, and iOO feet high.

THE TRUE PINES. 305

The timber is excellent, and very durable, containing a large
quantity of resinous matter, and of a reddish colour.
It is tolerably hardy.

No. 69. PiNUS GoRDONiAXA, Havtweg, Gordon's Mexican Pine.

Leaves in fives, sixteen inches long, rather slender, three-
edged, very dense, light green, and longer than any of the other
kinds. Sheaths persistent, or not shedding, about one inch and
a quarter in length, rather rough, and scaly. Seed-leaves on
the young plants mostly seven in number, and rather short.
Branches rather numerous, at regular distances, slightly ele-
vated at the points, and not very robust. Buds very scaly, non-
resinous, and of a moderate size. Male flowers rather large,
oblong, in dense clusters, and very numerous. Cones pendu-
lous, mostly solitary, slightly curved, and tapering regularly
from near the base to the point, from four to five inches long,
and one inch and a half broad near the base, with fourteen or
fifteen rows of scales. Scales half an inch broad, slightly ele-
vated, particularly those about the middle and towards the
point, while tho.se next the base are nearly fiat, and much
smaller. The cones are quite destitute of resin, and on foot-
stalks about half an inch lonsf. Seeds small, angular with
narrow wings about one inch and a quai'ter in length.

This ^ind forms a handsome tree from sixty to eighty feet high,
and has the longest and finest foliage of any kind yet known.
It was first discovered by Mr. Hartweg on the Cerro de San
Juan, or Saddle Mountain, near Tepic, in Mexico, where the
inhabitants call it "Ocote Hembra," or Female Pine, on account
of the numerous cones which it produces.

It is very tender in England.

306 PINUS, OR

No. 72. PiNUS KoRAiENSis, tiiebolcl, the Coreaii Pine.
Syn. Pinus Strobus, TJmnherg, not Linnceus.

Leaves in fives, from three to four inches long, slender,
thread-shaped, glaucous, pointed, but not very acute, Hat on
the back, but stoutly angled or keeled on the inner part, and
three-edged. Sheaths composed of long, transparent, very
entire scales, which soon fall off, and leave the base of the
leaves naked and jutting out. Buds linear, oblong, and com-
posed of eight or ten scales, of which the outer ones near the
base are shortest and obtuse ; tliose of the inner and uppermost
ones longer, linear, loosely spreading, membranaceous, entire,
and dropping ofi' before the leaves are fully grown. Branches
spread out, horizontal, rounded and covered with a smooth,
ashy-brown-coloured bark; lateral ones slender, short, and
when young quite downy, and covered thickly with bright
glaucous leaves, which remain on the branches for three years.
Cones straight, almost sessile, ovate-cylindrical, obtuse at the
ends, swelling in the middle, and from four to five inches long
and two broad. Scales numerous, wedge-shaped at the base,
rhomboid, reflected on the apex, leathery, smooth, woody,
wrinkled lengthways, and yellowish-brown in colour, witli the
edges wavy and incurved. Seeds thick, obovate, a little flat-
tened, and somewhat angular. Shell hard, smooth, and of a
gi'ayish-brown colour. Seed-leaves from eleven to thirteen in
number.

A tree growing from -30 to 40 feet high, rarely found wild
in China or Japan, but much cultivated in gardens, where it
rarely exceeds 12 or 14 feet in height. It is found growing
along the sea-coast on the peninsula of Corea, and about the bay
of St. Peter and St. Paul in the Island of Koraginsk, where the
seeds are eaten by the people along the coast.

The Japanese caU it " Wumi-matsu" (Sea-coast Pine;, and
the Chinese name it " Hai-sung-tse," which also means Mari-
time Pine.

THE TRUE PINES. 307

No. 73. Pin us Lambertiana, Douglas, Lambert's Pine.

Leaves in fives, four inches and a half" long, rather stiff", of a
dull, but not shining green colour, rather rough at the edges,
and slightly glaucous when young. Sheaths very short, or
nearly wanting in the old leaves. Branches in whorls, nume-
rous, and rather pendulous towards the extremities, and densely
clothed with foliage. Cones very large, from 12 to 16 inches
long, and four inches in diameter; deep brown, cylindrical,
tapering to the point, mostly straight, and destitute of resinous
matter ; pendulous when full grown, although nearly erect
when young. Scales roundish on the upper part^ rather flat,
neither elevated nor i)rojecting, and only loosely pressed on
each other, nearly one inch and a half broad in the larger ones,
which are near the middle of the cone, but much smaller in those
near the extremities ; those near the base being rather open,
incurved, and more pointed. Seeds large, oval, seven-eighths of
an inch long, and with the wings one inch and three-quarters
long, and dark-brown. They require two years to ripen, are
very pleasant to taste, and are used for food by the Indians, as
well as the gum-resin, which is freely produced by the tree
when set on fire, as a substitute for sugar.

A gigantic tree, growing from 150 to 200 feet high, and from
20 to GO feet in girth near the ground, with a straight stem 100
feet clear of branches, and an open pyramidal head.

It is found extending over a large tract of country, but in-
termixed with other firs, in the northern parts of California,
and in North-west America, at a distance of 100 miles from
the sea, attaining its greatest diameter when growing in pure
sand.

The Sugar Pine is found in almost unlimited numbers along
the whole length of the Sierra Nevadas, of large size, and valued
very highly for its timber ; and excellent resin and turpentine
are produced by the tree in the Butta Yerba and Nevada
counties.

X 2

308 PINUS, OK

No. 74. PiNUS LEiorHYLLA, Sckiedc, the Smooth-leaved
Mexican Pine.

Syn. Pinus Cedrus, Roezl.

„ „ Comonforti, RoczL

„ „ Decandolleana, Roezl.

„ „ dependens, Roezl.

„ „ Ehrenbergii, Endlieher.

„ „ gracilis, Roezl.

„ „ Huisquilucaensis, Roezl.

„ „ Lerdoi, Roezl.

„ „ Monte- AUegri, Roezl.

„ „ verrucosa, Roezl.

Leaves in fives, very slender, partially three-sided, sharp-
pointed, smooth, and drooping, of a pale glaucous green ; from
four to five inches long, closely set on the ends of the branches,
and frequently growing from the stem and older branches in
tufts. Sheaths short, shrivelled, and almost disappearing on
the older leaves. Branches numerous, slender, and pendulous
towards the extremities. Buds imbricated, ai)d non-resinous.
Cones small, ovate-pointed, two inches and a half long, and
one inch and a quarter broad near the base ; pendulous, fiat-
tened, or depressed at the base, and on short thick foot-stalks.
Scales rather flattened, half an inch across, slightly depressed,
but with a projecting sharp point in the middle, unequally
four-sided, and of a dark colour. Seeds small and black, with
wings nearly three-quarters of an inch long, and rather broad.

A large tree, with an open but regular conical head, well
clothed with its vertical branches and drooping foliage, attain-
ing a height of from GO to 1 00 feet.

It is found in many parts of the colder regions of Mexico,
on the mountains of Angangueo, at an elevation of 7000 feet,
where it is called " Ocote Chino/' from its abundance of resin,
and on account of its being used for candles. The " Ocote
C'liino," or Candle-wood, is also found on the mountains, in
the State of Oaxaca, attaining an immense size.

THE TilUE PINES. 309

It produces a valuable timber, but so liard as to resist the
plane.

It is rather tender.

No. 7o. PiNUS LiNDLEYANA, Gordon, Dr. Lindley's Pine.

Syn. Pinus Montezumfe Lindleyi, Loudon.
„ „ rudis, EndlicJier.

„ ,, Endlicheriana longifolia, Roezl.

„ „ Richardiana, Roezl. ■

„ „ robusta, Roezl.

„ „ Decaisneana^ Roezl.

Leaves in fives, very robust, and sharp-pointed, nine inches
long, three-edged on the inner face, and rounded on the back ;
of a deep green, a little glaucous when young, and very thickly
placed on the young shoots ; older ones spreading or pendent,
younger ones ascending. Sheaths more than an inch long on
tlie young leaves, scaly, and a little wrinkled and jagged at
the ends ; older ones much torn, very short, rough, and loose.
Branches very robust, curved upwards at the ends, and nume-
rous ; lateral ones stout, short, and twisted. Buds large,
rather obtuse, and covered with close, light-brown, non-resinous
scales. Cones from six to seven inches long, and two inches
in diameter near the base, regularly conical, a little curved, and
tapering to a regular point. Scales numerous, small, three-
quarters of an inch across, regularly rhomboid, nearly fiat, or
slightly tuberculated on the top, or with a slightly-elevated
transverse ridge across the centre, a little sunken in the
middle, and furnished with a stout blunt prickle in the centre,
of a dark-brown colour. Seeds small, with rather long nar-
row wings.

A superb tree, growing seventy or eighty feet high, with its
branches and leaves in tufts, and very robust, forming a beau-
tiful head, and one of the most elegant of Mexican Pines;
found upon Mount Ajusco, in Mexico, at an elevation of 10,000
or 11,000 feet.

It is quite liaidy, and very distinct from Pinus Montezumse.

310 PINUS, OR

No. 70. PiNUS LOPHOSPERMA, LindUy, the Crest-seeded Pine.
Syn. Pinus Torreyana, Parry.

Leaves in fives, from eight to ten inches long, stont, stiff, and
pungent at the points, with the sides rough, three-edged, and
not unlike those of Pinus Coulteri. Sheaths on the young
leaves upwards of an inch long, and smooth ; while those on
the old ones are little more than half that length, are torn at
the ends, and much wrinkled along the surface. Shoots very
stout, and covered, when young, with a white powder or glau-
cous bloom. Cones from four and a half to five and a half
inches long, and rather more than three inches in diameter,
somewhat globular or obtusely egg-shaped, tapering most to-
wards the apex, and flattened at the base, with a hard, gloss}-
surface^ and very much resembling those of the Stone Pine
(Pinus Pinea), but somewhat larger. Scales very.thick at the
points, rather large, elevated, glossy, hard, and distinctly two-
edo-ed, or irreo-ularly four-sided; those nearest the base of the
cone beino- very much the smallest, more recurved, nnd fur-
nished with a short, stout point, which on the larger scales is
obsolete. Seeds very large, and, like those of Pinus Sabiniana,
furnished with a thick crest, of a dark colour, from which pro-
ceeds a very narrow, short, oblique, membranaceous wing,
which alono- with the crest, separates from the seed in the
form of a horse's collar.

A mao-nificent tree, somewhat resembling Pinus Sabiniana,
with very glaucous^ stout shoots, found in Lower California by
Mr. William Lobb, who transmitted seeds of it to Mr. Hugh
Low, of the Clapton Nursery, in the early part of the year
18G0.

It is more or less tender in England,

THE TRUE PINES. 3il

No. 77. PiNFS LOUDONIANA, Gordon, Mr. Loudon's Pine.

Svn Pinus Ayacahuite macrocarpa, Hartiveg.
^ ' ^^ colorada, Ehrenberg.

sp. like Ayacahuite, Loudon.
Popocatepetli, Roezl.
Don Pedri, Roezl.

Leaves in fives, and like those of Pinus Ayacahuite, very
„hucouT but much stouter, from five to six inches long and
S on the inner face. Sheaths composed of very ong.
to acute-pointed scales, which soon curl up and faU off.
Branches in whorls, .slender and horizontal, latera ones long,
very sknder, little divided and drooping. Cones quite strajght,
and ta, el; to the point, from twelve to fourteen .nches long,
and tZ three to four inches in diameter a httle above the
Zi slles from one inch and three-quarters to two mche
b^oa^a Iton nch long in the exposed part; .slightly curved
at tt points in the upper ones, but much more so on those
Tel he base of the cone, where they are sometimes qu. c re-
flected and much narrower; thickest in the centre, and taper-
b„ to abroad more or less reflexed point, with several elevated
lines on the surface. Seeds very large, with broad ample

"TlZ trt Sing Pinus Lambertiana. and growing 140
feet * with a straight stem, furnished with long slender
branch:s in regular whorls and pendent branchlets. two or

^Tiftuncf on the east side of Popocatepetl, in Mexico, at
,„', V r: of from 11,000 to V2,U00 feet ; also at " Tenango
"heautiful tree, with large pendent cones at the pomts of h
shoots very much resembling Pineapples, and called by the
Mexkans ■' Pina." It is also called " Ayacahuite Colorado or
Bed rihuite by the inhabitant, on account of its highly-
esteemed timber, which is of excellent quahty.

312 PINUS, OE

This kind is very distinct from the Pinus Ayacahuite, of
Ehrenberg, as I pointed out several years ago in the " Gar-
dener's Magazine," after examining cones belonging to the late
Mr, Loudon, and collected by Mr. Charles Ehrenberg, in Mexico.

It has been named in compliment to the late J. C. Loudon,
Esq., author of the " Arboretum Britannicum," the most valu-
able book of its kind ever published.

It no doubt will be quite hardy in the West of England,
coming, as it does, from so great an elevation, and a cold
climate.

No. 78. Pinus mackophylla, Lindley, the Long-leaved
Mexican Pine.

Syn. Pinus Carrieri, Roezl.
„ „ Lerojd, Roezl.
„ „ Pawlikowskiana, Roezl.

Leaves in fives, very stout, fourteen or fifteen inches long,
deep green, and slightly reflexed when fall-grown, blunt-
pointed and quite straight when young. Sheaths not very
long, imbricated, and persistent. Branches very robust, not
numerous, but rather regularly placed round the stem, and
covered with a rough, scaly bark. Cones solitary, six inches
long, and three inches broad at the base, very hard, elongated,
straight, and regularly tapering to the point, with a thick but
short foot-stalk. Scales greatly elevated, and hooked back-
wards, very hard and glossy, irregularly four-sided, broader
than long, and one incli wide, but much narrower and more
reflexed near the base, and straight-pointed near the summit.

A tree from 100 to 130 feet high, growing in the forests of
Tulancingo in Mexico, at an elevation of 8000 or 9000 feet.

Mr. Hartweg found it but sparingly on the Ocotillo Mount,
one of the highest points of the Angangueo Mountains in
Mexico.

It is tolerably liardy in most parts, and a most beautiful
kind, on account of its fine, ample foliage.

THE TRUE PINES. 313

No. 79. PiNUS Montezuma, Lambert, Montezuma's Mexican

Pine.

Syn. Pinus Occidentalis, Humboldt and Bonioland, not Swarf z.
„ „ Encllicheriana, Roezl.
„ „ inflexa, Roezl.
„ „ Lowi, Roezl.
„ „ Wilsoni, Roezl.

(The Rough-barked Pine of Mexico.)

Leaves in fives, from three to four inches in length on the
wild specimens, and on young plants from four to five inches
long ; rather stout, rigid, three-edged, and rough at the angles,
thickly set upon the young branches, and supported b}?- long,
sharp-pointed, brown scales at the base of each sheath^ of a
dark green on the upper surface, and slightly glaucous on the
under side, on the young leaves, but on old, full-grown leaves
dark gi^een on both surfaces. Sheaths persistent, or not falling
off, nearly half an inch in length, and rather rough or jagged
on the ends. Seed-leaves on the youog plants from six to
eight in number. Branches few, very irregular, rather stout,
and twisted. Bark very rough, particularly on the young woodj
which is covered with numerous long, broad, sharp-pointed
scales. Buds few, imbricated, non-resinous, and rather length-
ened. Cones in clusters of three or four too-ether, but fre-
quently single, nearly horizontal, from four to five inches in
length, and one inch and three-quarters in the broadest pai-t,
which is near the middle, tapering to hoth ends, and
slightly incurved, but especially towards the point, whieli
is rather small. Scales small, and nearly equal in size, from
sixteen to eighteen rows in depth, slightly elevated, and armed
with a small prickle when young. Seeds small and winged.

This Pine is very distinct, both in cones and leaves, from the
West India Pine, called P. Occidentalis by Swartz, a kind
found in Cuba and other West India Islands, which is quite
tender, and much smaller in its cones, and foliaofe, than the
Mexican plant.

314 PINUS, OR

It is plentiful in different parts of Mexico. Hartweg found
it on the mountains of Mexico, near Ajusco, forming a tree
forty feet high. It is also found on the Mountain of Orizaba,
nt au elevation of 11,000 feet, growing from forty to sixty feet
high. Timber resinous, and considered very good,

A hardy kind, with a spreading head.

No. 80. PiNUS MONTICOLA, BouglcLs, the Mountain Pine.
Syn, Pinus Strobus monticola, Nuttall.

Leaves in fives, short, smooth, and blunt-pointed, from three
to four inches long, rather three-sided, slender, deep glaucous-
green, and with a silvery appearance when young. Sheaths
short and imbricated. Cones long, slender, cylindrical, seven
inches long, and one inch and three-quarters wide, tapering to
rather a blunt point, smooth, and full of resin, generally in
whorls, and on short foot-stalks. Branches rather stout, short,
and densely clothed with foliage. Scales spoon-shaped, pointed,
three-quarters of an inch broad at the widest part of the cone,
and not closely pressed together, — the smaller ones at the base
of the cone being much narrower, reflexed, pointed, and of a
dark, yellowish gray. Seeds small, with rather narrow, hatchet-
shaped wings, one inch and a quarter long.

A tall tree, growing 100 feet or more high, and from one and
a half to two feet in diameter, with very much the appearance
of the Weymouth Pine, but with a moi-e dense head, and
shorter and more glaucous leaves.

It is foimd abundantl}'- in Northern California, on Trinity
Mountain, at an elevation of 7000 feet, growing on granite rock
on a very poor, scanty soil, and on the higher mountains at the
Grand Rapids of the Columbia, and on the rocky banks of
Spoken River. Timber white, fine-grained, and tough.

There is a variety with red-coloured cones, found on the
banks of Spoken River.

It is quite hardy.

THE TRUE PINES. ^15

No. 81. PiNUS OcoiDENTALis, SvKirf-j, the West India Pine.

Leaves in fives, bright green, from five to six inches long,
rather angnlar, sharp-pointed, slender, but stiff, rather distant
on the shoots, a little rough at the edges, and with a lanceolate,
sharp-pointed scale, half an inch long, growing at their base.
Sheaths smooth^ entire, more than half an inch long, and per-
sistent. Cones rather pendulous, three inches and a half long,
and one inch and a half broad at the widest part, which is near
the base ; conical, and with rather a long foot-stalk, covered
with sharp-pointed scales, like those growing at the base of the
foliage. Scales swelled or thickened at their upper extremity,
half an inch broad, and angular, with a scar on the summit,
terminated hy a small, straight, but very slender point ; the
scales are nearly all of a size, except a few near the base and
the apex. Seeds very small, with short, narrow wings.

A small tree, with the appearance of the Aleppo Pine (P.
Halepensis). thin of foliage.

It is a native of St. Domingo and Cuba, found plentiful in
the quarter of Saint Suzanne, in St. Domingo, growing to the
height of from twenty-five to thirty feet, and is easily distin-
guished by its lance-shaped scales at the base of each bundle
of leaves on the younger shoots.

It is tender, and distinct from tlie Pine called " Occidentalis,"
from Mexico.

No. 82. PiNTJS OOCARPA, Schiede, the Egg-coned Pine.
Leaves in fives, from eight to ten inches long, slender, sharp-
pointed, rather pendulous, and slightly angular, bright-green,
and thickly set on the younger branches. Sheaths long, rather
smooth, and persistent. Shoots rather slender, and pendulous
at the extremities. Cones egg-shaped, solitary, broadest near
the base, and tapering to a point, three inches and a half long,
and two inches and a half broad near the base, with a very
hard, shining surface of a pale, glossy, yellow colour, free from
resinous matter, and with rather a long foot-stalk. Scales de-
pressed, or bluntly pyramidal, three-quarters of an inch wide,
with elevated bands from the centre to the corners, particularly

316 PINUS, OR •

towards the apex, and irregularly four-sided. Seeds middle-
sized, with rather broad wings, one inch long. Seed-leaves
seven or eight in number.

A small tree, growing from 40 to 50 feet high, with an am])le
spreading head, and rather pendulous branches, found on the
volcanic mountain of Jorullo, and in other temperate parts of
Mexico, in great abundance.

It is not hardy in England, and has the following variety : —

PiNUS OOCAEPOIDES, Benthatu.
Syn. Pinus Skinnerii, Hort.

This is the Guatemala form of Pinus oocarpa, and only
difters from it in having smaller and more pyramidal cones,
and slenderer leaves than the Mexican plant. It is found
plentiful in the pine tracts in various parts of Guatemala, par-
ticularly on the low ranges of " Choacus," in the province of
Vera Paz, at an elevation of about 4000 feet ; and although it
descends nearly to the shores of the Bay of Honduras, it never
occurs on the south coast, or at a higher elevation than 5000
feet above the level of the sea.

It is a beautiful tree, 50 or 60 feet high, but quite tender
in England.

No. 83. PiNiTS Orizab.e, Gordon, the Orizaba Pine.
Syn. Pinus Antoineana, Roezl.

Leaves in fives, from eight to nine inches hi length on the
wild specimens, and rather longer on the young plants in culti-
vation, very slender, sharp-pointed, three-edged, thickly set on
the branches, very rough at the edges, of a light but bright
green colour, and much resembling those of Pinus Pseudo-
Strobus. Sheaths persistent, or not falling off, about half an
inch in length, rather smooth, and entire. Seed-leaves on the
young plants from seven to eight in number. Branches luime-
rous, spreading, ratlier irregular, slightly incurved, and slender.
Bark rough. Buds large, light brown, much imbricated, and
destitute of resinous matter. Cones in clusters of four or five,

THE TRUE PINES. 317

and pendulous, from four to tive inclies long, and two inches
and a half broad at the base, straight, and tapering to a point,
with a foot-stalk nearly one inch in length, and with from
twelve to sixteen rows of scales in each, which are much
elevated, slightl}^ hooked, and nearly all of a size, but rather
smaller towards the extremities, and measure about half an
inch across. Each scale contains two very small seeds, with
wings nearly an inch in length.

It was first discovered by Hartweg on the eastern declivity
of the Mountain of Orizaba, in Mexico, at the same elevation
(10,000 feet) as P. cembroides, growing in company with that
species and a bushy Juniper ; forming a small tree about 30
feet high, with a very graceful foliage and habit, but not abun-
dant. It ripens its seeds in November, and is not quite hardy,
as a very severe winter in England kills it.

No. 84. PiNUS PARVIFLORA, Sleholcl, the Small (male) Flowered

Japan Pine.
Syn. Pinus Cembra, Thunherg, not Linnam.^.
Leaves in fives, very glaucous on both faces, stiff, pointed,
slender, and mostly bent or twisted, convex, or fiat on the
back, with tbe inner face stoutly keeled, three-edged, denticu-
lated on the back of the keel, and varying in length on the
same shoot\ from three-quarters of an inch to two inches
in length, and remaining on the branches for three years.
Sheaths composed of long membranaceous scales, which soon
fall off" and leave the base of the leaves naked, jutting out, and
not decurrent. Male catkins very small, not more than three
or four lines long, conical, or egg-shaped, and in clusters round
the ends of the previous shoots. Branches spreading, horizontal,
slender, and covered with smooth ashy-gray bark; lateral
ones thickly covered with short, stiff", curved, glaucous leaves.
Cones oval or elliptic, blunt at the ends, two inches and a
quarter long, and composed of about twenty scales. Scales
wedge-shaped, large, somewhat orbicular at the base, and
rounded above, leathery, or almost woody, concave, and of a

318 PINUS, OR

grayish brown colour, each scale covering two large wingless
seeds at its base. Seeds oval, or elliptic, obtuse at both ends,
and resembling those of the Siberian Stone Pine, but much
larger, with a hard, bony, smooth shell, of a yellowish- brown
colour. Seed-leaves from eight to ten in number.

A small tree, growing from 20 to 25 feet high, in the northern
parts of Japan, on tlie Island of " Kuriles," on high mountains,
and on the hill sides of Fakone. It is also found cultivated in
the Japanese gardens, where they call it " Goyono Matsu^'
(Pinus pentaphylla), and distinguish different varieties, some
on account of their small dimensions (" Fime-gajo-Matsu," the
Dwarf Pine, with hve leaves), and others on account of their
longer leaves and less stunted appearance.

It is quite hardy.

No. 85. Pinus Peuce, Grlesbeck, the Rumelian Pine.
Syn. Pinus Cembra futicosa, Griesbeck.

Leaves in fives, rather erect, three- edged, bright green, with
slight glaucous bands on the upper surface, very narrow, stiff,
and acute-pointed, with the upper side channelled, the under one
sharply keeled, the margins rough, and from three and a half
to four inches long. Sheaths on the young leaves five or six
lines long, and composed of oblong- linear sharp-pointed scales,
which soon fall off and leave the base of the leaves naked.
Branches spreading, and thickly furnished with short, slender,
smooth laterals, thickly covered with leaves towards the ends,
and naked on the lower parts. Cones in the adult state cylin-
drical, slightly tapering to the })oint, obtuse at both ends, nearly
sessile, yellowish-brown, and from three to four inches long, and
ratlicr more than an inch in diameter, and furnished with seven
or eight rows of scales. Scales an inch broad and three-fourths
of an inch long, cartilaginous in the middle, thin on the edges,
broadly rounded, furrowed, and wrinkled at the base and apex ;
loose, smooth, and shining on the back, with nearly one-third
of their surface covered ; umbo, or scar, smooth, and trans-

THE TRUE PINES. 319

versely lanceolate. Seeds ovate-oblong, obtuse at both ends,
three lines long and two lines broad, and covered with a hard,
brittle, bony shell of a yellowish-gray colour, and furnished with
ample wings.

It is a native of the mountains of Macedonia and Rumelia, in
European Turkey, at an elevation of from 5000 to 6000 feet, and
in favourable situations forms an erect tree from 30 to 40 feet
high but in high and exposed situations it becomes a low,
spreading bush, not more than four feet high.

This kind bears a considerable resemblance to the Californian
Pinus monticola.

No. 86. PiNUS PROTUBEKAXS, Roezl, the Protuberant scaled
Mexican Pine.
Syn. Pinus rudis, Roezl, not Endlictier.
„ „ angulata, Roezl.

„ „ Occ\diQTiidl\&, Hort, not HvAnholdtov Sivartz.
„ ,, exserta, Roezl.
„ ,, heteromorpha, Roezl.
Leaves in fives, very slender, curved, and 10 inches long.
Sheaths nearly one inch long. Cones beautifully cmwed to-
wards the point, in clusters of three or four together, and sharp-
pointed, six inches long, and from two to two inches and a half
in diameter. Scales irregular shajoed, more than one inch Inroad,
and half an inch long, rounded at the tup, and smooth ; pru-
tuberance very elevated, with diflerent faces or centres set
straight.

A tree upwards of 100 feet high, with its branches a little
raised or elevated at the ends, and curved leaves ; a veiy
handsome kind, found at an elevated place on the Contreras,
in Mexico, at from 9000 to 10,000 feet of elevation. Roezl
found it growing from 70 to 75 feet high, with very slender
Ijranches, and curved leaves, upon low hills on Mount Tzompoli,
in Mexico, at an elevation of 9000 feet.

A fine hardy kind, somewhat resembling Pinus Montezuma^
in foliage and general appearance, but with very much smaller
cones, having very angular, glossy scales, much elevated towards
their points, and quite hard.

.320

PINUS, OR

No. 87. PiNUS Pseudo-Strobus, Liiidley, the False Strobus

Pine.

Syn. Pinus Tenangaensis, Roezl.
Boothiana, Roezl.
coarctata, Roezl.
elegans, Roezl.
grandis, Roezl.
Haageana, Roezl.
monstrosa, Roezl.
Nesselrodiana, Roezl.
Northiimberlandiana, Roezl.
Paxtoni, Roezl.
Rumeliana, Roezl.
San-Rafaeliana, Roezl.
Soulangeana, Roezl.
spinosa, Roezl.
Thelemanni, Roezl.
Tomacocaensis, Roezl.
Van-Houttei, Roezl.

Leaves in tives, very slender, eight or ten inches long, of a
blnish-gray or glaucous colour, rather pendulous when full
grown, and slightly angular. Sheaths one inch long, composed
of imbricated scales, and jagged at the ends. Branches diverg-
ing at right angles from the main stem, as in the Weymouth
Pine (P. Strobus), with numerous slendei- branchlets. Cones
fi'om five to six inches long, and one inch and three-quarters
broad, of a conical shape, slightly curved, and growing in whorls
round tlie branches in a horizontal or slightly declining direc-
tion. Scales rhomboid, a little rounded towards the top, rising
in the centre, depressed at the base, slightly keeled trnnsversely
across the middle, and terminated by a sharp point in the centre,
and three-quarters of an inch broad, and rather more than half
an inch long. Seeds niiddlc-si/ed, with dark marbled wings
one inch long.

THE TRUE PINES. 321

A magnificent tree, from 90 to 100 feet liigh, with a very
straight stem and liorizontal branches, a little elevated towai'ds
the points, and furnished with great tufts of foliage at the ends
of tlie shoots.

It is found in Mexico on the liighest mountains, particularly
in the State of Angangueo, at Real del Monte, and on the moun-
tains between the two volcanoes of Popocatepetl and Ixtaci-
huatl ; its chief range being from 8000 to 10,000 feet of eleva-
tion.

A most beautiful tree, on account of its fine long leaves, being
in tufts or bundles at the ends of the shoots, and the branches
being very regularly placed along the stem.

It is tender.

No. 88. PiNUS Regeliana, Roezl, Professor Kegel's Pine.

Leaves in fives, slender, and from 10 to 11 inches long.
Sheaths from three-quarters of an inch to one inch long, and
silky. Cones five inches long, and one inch and three-quarters
broad, and quite straight. Scales elevated in the middle,
transversely keeled, three-quarters of an inch broad, and half
an inch long ; protuberance depressed, Vv'ith a slight mucro in
the centre.

This splendid tree is unequalled by any other in Mexico,
with its lonV tufted branches, commencing within a yard of
the ground. It grows on the opposite side of the mountain
west from Ixtacihuatl, at an elevation of 8000 or 9000 feet.

No, 89. PiNUS BussELLiANA, Lhidley, the Duke of Bedford's

Pine.
Syn. Pinus Dolleriana, Roezl.
„ ,, horizontalis, Roezl.
„ „ Ortgisiana, Roezl.
„ „ Rinzi, Roezl.
„ ,, Rohani, Roezl,
„ „ rubescens, Roezl.
„ „ Troubezkoiana, Roezl.
Leaves in fives, rather stout, seven or eight inches long,and of a
Y

322 PINUS, OR

beautiful deep green colour ; outer ones curved, thickly set on
the branches near the extremities, and slightly angular when full
grown. Sheaths nearly one inch long, persistent, rather rough,
and scal}^ Branches very stout, but not numerous, and rather
irregularly placed round the stem, but sometimes in whorls.
Cones seven inches long, and one inch and three-quarters broad
at the base, elongated, pointed, straight, and with a very short
foot-stalk ; horizontal, or slightly drooping, in whorls round the
branches, and with a hard shining surface, destitute of resinous
matter. Scales rhomboid at the apex, formmg a small pyramid,
with a straight blunt point, and of a dull grayish-brown colour,
very hard, and compact. Seeds middle-sized, with rather short
but broad ish wings.

A beautiful tree, from 60 to 80 feet high, with few but very
robust branches, loaded with fine long dark a;reen leaves.

It is found on the highest point of the " Cumbra" and " Car-
men," and on tlie road from San Pedro to San Pablo, near Real
del Monte, in Mexico.

It is tolerably hardy.

No. 90. PiNUS Strobus, Linncms, the Weymouth Pine.

Syn. Pinus Canadensis quinquefolia, Duhamel.

Leaves in fives, very slender, three or four inches long, three-
sided, soft, and of a light glaucous or bluish-green colour, marked
wlien young with silvery channels on one side. Sheatlis very
short, almost wanting, and soon falling off. Branches short, in
whorls, thinly clothed with foliage, and having a very smooth
shining bark. Cones long, narrow, slightly curved, cylindrical,
tapering to rather a sharp point, bright-green when young, pen-
dulous, and from five to six inches long, and one inch and a
half broad, with a foot-stalk three-quarters of an inch long.
Scales thin, smooth, oblong, with the upper part thickened,
six-eighths of an incli broad, but diminishing in size, and more
pointed towards the a})ex, lying rather loosely over each other.

THE TRUE PINES. 323

and full of resinous matter. Seeds small, ovate, of a dull gray
colour, and with the wings one inch long.

A tall tree, with a smooth bark, growing from 100 to I'A)
feet high, and from four to six feet in diameter, forming a
small conical head, and free from branches three-fourths of its
height.

It is found on the sides of hills from Canada to Virginia,
but attaining the largest size in the state of Vermont and
New Hampshire, near the commencement of the River St.
Lawrence.

The timber is white, light, free from knots, and easily
worked, and is known as the Canadian White Pine, and Pump-
kin Pine.

It derived the name of Weymouth Pine in consequence of
Lord Weymouth, shortly after its introduction into England in
1705, having had a large quantity planted at Longleat, his
lordship's seat in Wiltshire.

PiNUS Strobus brevifolia, Booth, the Short-leaved Wey-
mouth Pine.
Syn. Pinus Strobus compressa, LodcUgefi.
This variety has much shorter and slenderer leaves than the
common Weylnouth Pine, and with the leaves growing closely
compressed round the shoots.
A singular-looking variety.

Pinus Strobus nana, Knight, the Dwarf Weymouth Pine.
Syn. Pinus Strobus umbraculifera, Hoi't.
„ „ „ pumila, Hort.

„ „ „ tabuliformis, Ilort.

„ „ Brogoittii, Hart.
This variety forms a small, dense, flat-topped bush, seldom
more than two or three feet high, and the same through the
head. The leaves are very slender, and from one and a half to
two inches long.

Mr. Loudon makes mention of a plant which, after being
y2

324 PINUS, OR

planted thirty years, was only 18 inches higli and two feet
through the head.

PiNUS Strobus niyea, Knight, the White Weymouth, or Snow

Pine.
Syn. Finns Sti'obus alba, Loudon.
„ „ nivea, Bootli.

This variety differs from the species in having the leaves
erectly-spreading, more dense, and of a very dark-green colour
when fully grown, but when young of a silvery white on the
upper surface.

This kind bears considerable resemblance to Pinus monti-
cola, but the leaves are less dense on the shoots, and much
slenderer, and the cones narrower, and of a bright green
colour when young, v/hile those of Pinus monticola are of a dull
purple,

A handsome and very hardy kind, of which there are good
specimens in the Waltham Cross Nurserj', and a fine tree at
Brocket Hall, in Hertfordshire.
No. 91. Pinus tenuifolia, Bentlmra, the Slender-leaved Pine.

Leaves in fives, ver}^ slender, from eight to ten inches long,
bright, shining green, and sharp-jiointcd, slightly angular, and
wavy. Sheaths persistent, half an inch long, and rather jagged
at the ends. Branches numerous, very slender, drooping,and ver-
tical. Cones oval, rather small, tapering to the point, from one
inch and a half to two inches long, and one inch broad, several
together on the branches, in a horizontal direction, or drooping
position, when full-grown, and of a dark-brown colour. Scales
rather small and numerous, half an inch across, thickened at the
base, uneven-sided, oval, a little angular in the middle, depressed,
with a projecting blunt point in the centre, and the margin
rounded and rather thick. Seeds small and black, with rather
large wings, one inch long.

A large tree, found to the east of the city of Guatemala,
growing in I'avines, and on the mountains of "Choacus," in
the Province of Vera Paz, at an elevation of 5000 feet

THE TRUE PINES. 325

growing 100 feet high, and from three to live feet in diameter,
forming dense forests, wlierc scarcely any other plants can
exist.

It is very tender, and unfit for the climate of England.

No. 92. PiNUS WiNCESTERiANA, Gordoii, the Marquis of Win-
chester's Pine.
Sj^n. Pinus Winchesteriana, Hort.
„ „ Backhousiana, JRoezl.
„ „ Chalmaensis, Roezl.
., „ Ne-plus-ultra, Roezl.
„ „ retracta, Roezl.
„ „ Verschaffelti, Roezl.

Leaves in fives, from 12 to 14 inches in length (on the wild
specimens), rather stout, three-edged, thicklyset on the branches,
glaucous-green, and much resembling those of Pinus filifolia,
but broader and shorter than those of that species. Sheaths
persistent, or not fidling off, about one inch in length, smooth,
and entire, or nearly so. Seed-leaves on the young plants
mostly eight in number, and rather short. Branches few,
spreading, irregular, and rather stout. Buds imbricated, non-
resinous, and large. Cones pendulous, on YQvy short foot-stalks,
two or three together, but sometimes single, always much in-
curved, and tapering pretty regularly from the base to the point
from eight to ten inches in length, and three inches and a half
broad at the base, with from twenty-six to thirty rows of scales.
Scales five-eighths of an inch broad, much elevated, particularly
those upon the middle of the cone on the upper or outer side,
where they become conical, and from three-eighths to a quarter
of an inch high, Avhile those on the under side and towards the
extremities are much smaller, less elevated, and nearl}^ all of a
size ; and from amongst which a large quantity of clear resin
exudes, particularly on the outer side near the base. Seeds
rather small, and angulai', with rather broad wings one inch
in length

S26 PODOCAEPUS.

This pine was first introduced by the Marquis of Winchester,
hut afterwards was obtained in abundance by Mr. Hartweg, who
found it growing on the most elevated parts of the Cerro de San
Juan, or Saddle Mountain, near Tepic, in Mexico^ attaining a
height of from 60 to 80 feet. It is very distinct from any other
hitherto described, particularly in its very long, incurved, resin-
ous cones.

It is not hardy in England.

Gen. PODOCARPUS. Heritier.

Floiuers, dioecious, rarely monoecious.

Fruit, drupaceous, inverted, and adhering.

Seeds, hard, and bony shelled.

Leaves, either opposite, alternate, or scattered^ linear or ob-
long, and one-nerved.

Seed-leaves, in twos.

Name, derived from '• ttou?,^' a foot, and " Kap"o<;," a fruit,
fruit foot-stalked.

All natives of the temperate zones of Asia, Africa, and
America.

Section I. EUPODOCAHPUS, Endlicher, ok, the True

PODOCARPS.

Fruit, solitary.

Receptacle, fleshy, connected with the bracts by the axis of
the short spike.

Leaves, alternate or scattered, linear, and one-nerved.

No. 1. PoDOCARPUS AFFixis, Secmauu, the Related Podo-

carpus.

Leaves closely arranged all round the branchlcts, oblong, or
obloDg-lanceolate, erectly spreading, leathery, straight, taper-
ing and somewhat twisted at the base, with the middle nerve

PODOCARPUS. 327

prominent, and from one inch and a quarter to one and a half
long, and one-third of an inch broad.

A kind of which little is known ; found on the Viti and
Fiji Islands, by Dr. Seeniann.

No. 2. PODOCARPUS AMARA, Bliime, the Bitter- fruited Podo-

carpus.
Syn. Podocarpus Dulcamara, Seemann.

Leaves alternate, or frequently opposite, somewhat in two
rows, smooth on the margins, linear-lanceolate, closely set along
the shoots, and tapering to a long point ; from two to four
inches long, and three-quarters of an inch broad, with a promi-
nent rib on the under side, and channelled above ; green on
both sides, on short foot-stalks, slightly undulated and flexible.
Branches in whorls, very spreading and slender; lateral ones
somewhat in whorls, and swelled round the base. Buds small,
somewhat globular, and covered with scales. Male flowers in
axillary bundles, of from three to five, on short stout peduncles,
from half to one inch in length, and naked at the base. Fruit
globose, three-quarters of an inch long, and of a dark violet
colour.

A tall tree^ growing '200 feet high, with a spreading head,
found on the highest parts of the volcanic mountains of Salak,
Gede, &;c,, on the western part of the Island of Java, where
the people call it " Kimerak."

It is very tender.

No. 3. Podocarpus angustifolia, Parlatore, the Narrow-
leaved Podocarpus.

Leaves crowded all round the branchiets, spreading, some-
what rigid, straight, very narrow, linear, acute, and spiny-
pointed, tapering, and somewhat twisted at the base ; marked
with a furrow along the middle on the ujiper side, fiat on tlie
edges, and two inches long, aud one line broad. Male catkins
four or five in a fascicle at the end of an axillary pedun-
cle one-third of an inch long. Fruit unknown.

328 PODOCARPUS.

A kind of which little i.s knowiij found by Mr. Bridges, in
Bolivia.

No. 4. PoDOCARPUS ARISTULATA, PctiiatovG, the Awn-leaved

Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus Purdieana parvifolia, Grlsehech.

Leaves loosely arranged all round the branchlets, spreading,
leathery in texture, straight, linear-lanceolate, bristle and
spiny pointed, narrowing and somev/hat twisted at the base,
channelled along the middle on the upper side, revolute on
the edges, and from one to two inches long, and a quarter of
an inch broad. Male catkins solitary, cylindrical, and from
one-third to half an inch long. Fruit ovate-oblong, and one-
third of an inch long, and about half as wide.

A small tree, found in the eastern part of the island of
Cuba.

No. 5. Podocarpus bracteata, BUime, the Bracteated
Podocarpus.

Leaves scattered, but sometimes in close whorls, straight, or
somewhat falcate, linear-lanceolate, and regularl}'- tapering to
the base, flat on the edges, furnished with scales at the base,
slightly twisted, very acute pointed, leather}^, a little glossy,
and from three to five inches long, and from four to six
lines broad on the adult trees, but from eight to nine inches
long and from eight to ten lines broad on the young plants.
Branches horizontal, cylindrical, and covered with reddish-
gray bark. Branchlets opposite. Male catkins collected in
bundles, rarely solitar}^, oval, and almost sessile ; females axil-
lary, solitary, and fui'nished at the base with a bractiform in-
volucre ; receptacle thick. Fruit globose, ])a]f an inch long, and
of a violet-brown colour.

A large tree, growing 80 I'ect higli, with a straight stcu],
covered with a smooth bark, and the top nuich branched,
found in the forests of Amboyna, on the volcanic mountains

PODOCARPUS. 329

of BiiVim''-ran<'\ and in the Avestorn ])arts of Java, and called
by the natives, " Ayewcn," and " Essoyr."

It gets very mncli reduced in size and stature as it asc3nds
the mountains, and has the following variety, accordhig to
Dr, Blume : —

PODOUAllPUS BilACTEATA BREVIPES, BliCme.

This variety has much shorter and narrower leaves, and
shorter peduncles. Fruit elliptic, or somewhat globular, and
very much smaller.

It is found on the western mountains of Java,

No. G. PoDOCARPUS CniLixA, Richard, the Chili Podocarpus.
Syn. Podocarpus saligna, Don.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute-pointed, straight, rarely fal-
cate, alternate, spreading, sessile, entire, flat, smooth, of a
bright green colour, and tapering to both ends, but most to-
wards the point; from three to four inches long, and from two
to four lines broad, with a simrle nerve alono- the middle of a
paler colour. Branches very numerous, scattered, alternate,
very rarely opposite, or in threes. Flowers dioecious, the male
ones very small, and sessile on the ends of the branchlets ; the
females, on one-flowered peduncles, solitary, and rising from
the base of the leaves on the branches. Fruit solitary, very
rarely two in number, at the extremity of the receptacle,
fleshy, ovate, obtuse, dark purple, smooth, shining, and with
a slight point on the apex, and from two to four lines
long.

A tree from 40 to GO feet high, found abundantly on the
mountains of Chili, where it is called " Maniu Pino."

This kind is frequently misnamed Andina, in the nur-
series.

330 PODOCAEPUS.

No. 7. PoDOCARPUS Chinensis, Wallich, the Chinese Podo-

carpus.
Syn, Podocarpus macrophylla Maki, Endlicher,

„ „ Makoya, Pin. Woh.

„ „ Maki, Siehold.

„ „ Makayij Laivson.

„ „ Makoyi, Hort.

„ „ Vriesiaiia, Hort.

„ „ Miquelia, Hort.

„ Taxus Chinensis, Roxburgh.

„ „ Makoyi, Hort.

„ Juniperus Chinensis, Roxburgh.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, reflexed on the margins, slightly
pointed, closely placed, alternate, somewhat two-rowed, and
reflected on the margins, green above and glaucous below on
the younger ones, but the older ones are of a paler colour, with
an elevated straight rib along the middle on the upper surface,
terminating in an obtuse point, and from one and three-
quarters to three inches long, and from two to three lines wide.
Branches erect, spreading, alternate, or opposite, or some-
times somewhat vertical. Branchlets short and slender, Male
flowers numerous, axillary towards the extremities of the
branches, frequently connected in threes on the same peduncle,
and rather more than an inch long ; female flowers on lateral
foot-stalks, with a fleshy receptacle nearly an inch long. Fruit
cylindrical, oblong, obtuse-pointed, or slightly tapering to the
base when young, but when old more globular, of a shining
green, tolerably intense, and covered with a glaucous powder.
The males and females are on separate plants, the male one
being in general more delicate, its branches more erect, mucli
shorter, and not so thickly furnished with leaves, which in
general are more glaucous, not so long, a little broader, and
more oljtuse than those on the female plant.

A large bush, or small tree, with a straight stem, found
abundantly in China and Japan.

The Chinese name for this species is " Sin-koja-Maki " (the

PODOCARPUS. 331

common or Wild Maki), and the Japanese one, " Inu-Maki "
(false, or spurious Maki). "Maki" is the name commonly ap-
plied, both in China and Japan, to all the large-leaved, Yew-
like plants — such as Podocarpus, Sciadopitys, &c.

PoDOCARPUS Chinensis AUREA, Govilou, the Golden Varie-
gated Chinese Podocarpus.

This variety differs from the original form of the plant, in
having its leaves sometimes one half golden yellow, or fur-
nished with yellow marginal borders, or striped down the
middle like a ribbon.

It was iirst sent to the Eoyal Nursery at Bagshot, by Mr.
Fortune, from Japan, in ISGl.

Podocarpus Chixensis argextea, Gordon, the Silver Varie-
gated Chinese Podocarpus.

Another fine variegated variety, with silvery-white striped
leaves, variously marked, sometimes with broad bands running
the entire length of the leaf, like a ribbon, while other leaves
are half white and half green, or all white and all green.

Tins handsome variety was first sent to the Koyal Nursery
at Bagshot, ifi 1861, by Mr. Fortune, from the neighbourhood
of Yeddo, in Japan.

No. 8. Podocarpus coriacea, Richard, the Leathery-leaved

Podocarpus.
Syn. Podocarpus Yacca, Don.
„ „ Antillarum, B. Brown.

„ Taxus tenuifolia, Wichstrcem.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, tolerably thick, leathery, shining,
sessile, or tapering to the base into a very short foot-stalk,
getting narrower to the apex, and terminating in an almost
obtuse point ; from two to three inches long, and nearly half
an inch broad in the widest part, with an elevated mid-rib
running along the centre on both sides, but largest on the
under surface. Branches spreading, horizontal, alternate, or

332 PODOCARPUS,

sometimes opposite, or in wliorls, frequently slender, and naked
on the greater part of the lai-ger ones, and tuberculated by the
fallen leaves. Fruit globose, solitary, axillary, and very small,
on short foot-stalks, Avitli a fleshy receptacle, thickened, and
sloping to the top. Seeds oval, or oblong, slightly curved, and
terminating on the top in a short blunt point.

A small tree, from 40 to oO feet high, found on the Antilles,
the island of Montserrat, and on the Blue Mountains of Ja-
maica, where it is called " Yacca."

It is not hardy.

No. 9. PoDOCABPUS COPJIUGATA, Gorcloii, the Corrugated-
leaved Podocarpus.

Leaves very narrow, linear-lanceolate, acute-pointed, straight,
and tapering much to the base ; from three to four inches long,
and two lines wide, with an uneven or corrugated surface above,
and minutely streaked or irregularly marked with small bright
green stripes, on a yellow ground colour, all over both faces,
and furnished with an elevated rib along the middle of each
leaf, botli above and below.

A large evergreen bush or small tree, with delicately varie-
gated foliage, much cultivated in the Japanese gardens about
Yeddo, and sent from thence to Mr. Standish, of the Royal
Nursery at Bagshot, by Mr. Fortune, in 1861.

No. 10. Podocarpus curvifolia, Carrierc, the Curved-
leaved Podocar2:)us.

Syn. Podocarpus Antarctica, Van lioutte.
„ „ Humboldtii, Hori.

Leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, thick, leathery, smooth, shining,
stiff, rcvolutc, and closely placed along the shoots ; from two
to five inches long, slightly concave on the back near the mar-
gins, flat (jii thu u])per surlticc, a little reflected on the edges,
and with a projecting rib along the middle, on both fticcs,

PODOCARPUS, 333

tapering at the base into a short stout foot-stalk, regularly and
briefly terminating in a thick obtuse point, never acute, but
frequently black.

A large tree, supposed to be found on the Andes of Pata-
gonia and Chili, but of which little is known.

No. 11. P6D0CARPLTS DISCOLOR, Blumir, the Discoloured
Podocarpus.

Leaves thickly set on, or scattered along the shoots, linear-
lanceolate, (piite straight, leathery, stiff", and tapering to a
sharp pungent point, from one inch and a half to two inches
and a half long, and rather more than a quarter of an inch
wide, attenuated at the base, and more or less reflected on the-
mai'gins, slightly concave, and of a bright glossy green above,
glaucous below, with an elevated rib on both faces, but most
projecting on the under one. Branches in whorls, lateral ones
ascending ; buds oval, terminal one solitary, and covered with
scales. Flowers and fruit unknown.

A large tree, covered witli a reddisli bark ; found in the vast
forests on the eastern part of Java, particularly on the most
elevated parts of the volcanic mountains of Tjerimai and Te-
ribon. ^

It is very tender.

No. 12. Podocarpus Drouyniana, Mueller, Drouyn's
Podocarpus.

Leaves thickly scattered along the branchlets, erectly spread-
ing, rather leathery, straight, linear, tapering to a somewhat
fine spiny point and vvdth a short and somewhat twisted foot-
stalk, and from tvvo to two and a half inches long and one
line broad. Receptacle thick and oblong. Fruit ovate-globose,
with an acute point at the apex, and three-quarters of an inch
loncj and half an inch broad.

A small tree found along the banks of the Tom River in the
south-westei'n part of New Holland,

334 PODOCAEPUS.

No. 13. PoDOCARPUS ELATA, R. Bvovm, the Lofty Podocarpus.

Leaves alternate, spreading, linear, tapering to an obtuse
point at both extremities, from three inches and a half to four
inches long, and about four lines broad. Fruit axillary, soli-
tary, and onC'Seeded on a slender receptacle ; receptacle cylin-
drical, almost club-shaped, with the seed globular,

A tree, of which little is known, found on the eastern part of
New Holland at Rockingham Bay.

No, 14. Podocarpus eloxgata, L'HerUler, the Elongated
PodocarjDus,
Syn. Podocarpus pruinosa, Zeylier.
„ „ linearis, Van Houtte.

„ „ mucronata, Hort.

„ Taxus elongata, Solander.
„ „ Capensis, LamarcJc.

Leaves linear, or oblong-lanceolate, straight, rarely falcate,
attenuated, stiff, tolerably thick, and rather smooth at the
edges; from one inch and a quarter to one and three-quarters
long, and two lines broad, of a dark green or glaucous blue
colour, with a rib along the upper surface, a little elevated, but
hardly visible on the under side, sessile, or regularly taj^ering
to a short foot-stalk at the base, very bluntly and regularly
rounded on the top, and terminating in a short mucro ; some-
times a little pointed or obtuse, but frequently wanting.
Branches opposite, or in whorls, upper ones ascending, lower
ones sometimes deflected, and spreading. Branchlets short, and
slightly angular. Male flowers cylindrical, with numerous
spirally imbricated anthers. Peduncles axillary, solitary, and
from four to five lines long, terminated by a much shorter re-
ceptacle. Receptacle frequently flcsh}^, thick, oblique, slightly
bifid on the top, and carrying an oval or globular seed about
the size of a gooseberry, which is marbled on the outside.

A large tree, from 30 to 70 feet high, covered with a grayish-
brown bark when old, and glaucous on the young shoots ; found

PODOCAKPUS. 335

at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Abyssinia, on the mountains
in the province of Goonjam, at an elevation of 6000 feet, where
it is called " Sigha " by the people,
It is rather tendei-.

No. 15. PoDOCARPUS ExVDLiCHERiAN, Gavvieve, Endlicher's
Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus nobilis, Hort.

Leaves alternate, closely arranged on the branches, somewhat
two-rowed, straight, or very slightly falcate, undulated, and
not thickened in the margins on the adult trees ; those on the
branchlets are almost oval, or elliptic, with several leaves in a
whorl, more rounded at both extremities, and much shorter ;
from four to seven inches long, and from six to eight lines
broad, pale green on both sides, but frequently much yellower
on the under one, and with short stout foot-stalks. Branches,
mostly in whorls of three (very rarely scattered), ascending,
and little divided. Branchlets very short, stout, and covered
with a yellowish bark. Fruit unknown,

A tall tree, covered with a yellowish-brown bark, smooth at
first, but afterwards much wrinkled when old, and of which
little is known, except that it is a very handsome and robust
kind, remarkable for its large ample foliage. It is supposed to
come from the northern parts of India, and most probably from
Nepal.

No. 16. Podocarpus ensifolia, R, Brovm, the Sword-leaved

Podocarpus.
Leaves thinly scattered along the branchlets, spreading,
leathery in texture, straight or somewliat falcate, elongate-
lanceolate ; blunt at the points, tapering and somewhat twisted
at the base, with a single prominent nerve along the middle
terminatino- in a slender acute point at the apex, and from
three-fourths to an inch long and half an inch broad. Male
catkins solitary, cylindrical^ obtuse, closely placed, and forming

336 PODOCARPUS.

loose taper bundles on the terminal branches, accompanied by
scale-like leaves of various sizes. Fruit unknown.

A small tree found in Tasmania, and on the eastern part of
New Holland, particularly on the Grafton Promontorj^

No. 17. PoDOCARPUS EURHYXCHA, MlqueJ, the Well-beaked

Podocarpus.
Leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at the base, some-
what abruptly acuminate at the apex, and Mnth the under side
pallid and furnished with stomates, and the mid-rib "S'ery pro-
minent on both sides. Fruit unknown.

A kind of which verj^ little is knovvn, found b}^ Te}- smann
in the western part of Sumatra, at Battang and Barns.

No. 18. Podocarpus falcata, R. Brown, the Sickle-leaved
Podocarpus.
Syn. Taxus falcata, Thunherg.
Leaves somewhat in two rows, linear subfalcate, acute-
pointed, one-nerved, alternate, mucronate, and from two to
four inches long, and a quarter of an inch broad. Flower
spikes short, axillary, abortional, and single fruited. Seeds
globular, tapering to the base, and without the fleshy
receptacle.

A species of which little seems to be known, and said to be
found at the Cape of Good Hope by Professor Thunberg.

No. 19. Podocarpus falciformis, Parhdore, the Sickle-
leaved Podocarpus.

Leaves somewhat two-rowed along the branchlets, leathery
in texture, ialcato, tapering to the points, and mucronate,
attenuating and rather twisted at the base, and with a promi-
nent nerve along the middle, and a quarter of an inch long, and
two lines broad. Fruit unknown.

A shrub or small tree, with spreading branches, of which
little is known, found on tbc Poe and Mcttang Mountains near
Sarawak in Borneo.

PODOCARPUS. 337

No. 20. PoDOCARPUS GLOMERATA, Do», the Rouncl-head-fruited

Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus rigida, Klotzsch.
„ Juniperus rigida, Pavon.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, stiff, straight or somewhat falcate,
very sharp-pointed, alternate, flat, one-nerved, attenuated at
the base, shining, and smooth on both surfoces ; from one to
one inch and three-quarters long, and from one to t\YO lines
broad. Branches numerous, cylindrical, leafy, and covered
with a yellowish-brown smooth bark. Male catkins short,
three-quarters of an inch long, cylindrical, united in a fascicle
of five or six on an axillary foot-stalk. Fruit unknown.

A tree found in the neighbourhood of "Panao," in Peru.

No. 21. Podocarpus Japonica, Siehold, the Japan Podocarpus.
Syn. Podocarpus lanceolata, Hort

Leaves alternate, flat, linear-lanceolate, elongated, obtuse-
pointed, thick, leathery, and stiff; from four to eight inches
long, and about half an inch wide, with an elevated rib, almost
acute along the upper surface, but rounded on the under one,
and tapering into a long slender point at the apex, and into a
short stout foot-stalk at the base.

A small tree, found plentiful in Japan by Dr. Siebold.

Podocarpus Japonica elegantissima, Hort, the Very Elegant
Japan Podocarpus.

A somewhat variegated variety of the Japan Podocarpus,
with long, linear, narrow, lanee-pointed leaves, which are, when
young, of a pale yellow, but afterwards change to a dull green,
and finally, when fully matured, become of the usual colour of
the species.
z

338 PODOCARPUS.

No. 22. PoDOCARPUS KoRAiANA, SichoJcl, the Corean Podo-

carpus.

Syii. Cephalotaxus Koraiana, Horf,
„ Taxus japonica, Loddiges.
„ „ Fortnnei, Horf.

Leaves regularly linear, somewhat falcate, alternate, or nearly
spiral b}^ their closeness along the shoots, leathery, stiff, revo-
lute, and terminating in rather an obtuse end, furnished with a
hard, acnte point, from one and a quarter to two inches and a
quarter long, and one line and a half broad, without, or on very
short foot-stalks, of a deep glossy green, with a narrow, acute
rib along the middle, on the upper surface, and glaucous on the
under side, except on the centre nerve and raised margins,
which are of a bright glossy green, and all terminating at the
apex in a slioit spiny point, more or less acute. Buds covered
with numerous persistent, oval, imbricated scales, keeled on the
back, and pointed. Branches strictly erect, twiggy, stiflP, and
thinly furnished with laterals ; branchlets very short, and with
the branches channelled along their surface by the long decur-
rent base of the leaves, which, after they fall off, cause the
branches and stems to become more or less tuberculated along
the surface. Fruit unknown.

A small fastigiatc bush, full of erect branches, thickly clothed
with leaves, and not growing more than two or three feet high,
found on the Chinese peninsula of Corea, and in Japan, where
it is abundantly grown in the town gardens, and found wild
on the mountains of Nagasaki.

It is quite hardy, and a very desirable little evergreen for
small gardens.

No. 23. PoDOCARPiTS L/ETA, Hoihvevl', the Red-nerved Podo-

carpus.

Leaves spreading out, or deflected, linear-falcate, sessile, or
tapering to a very short foot-stalk, from one inch and a lialf to
one inch and three-quarters long, and a quarter of an inch wide.

PODOCARPUS. 339

witli a sharp, rigid mucro at the point, sliglitly thickonod and
convex on the upper surface, with a sliglit furrow, ov little
concave glaucous bands on the under part, on each side,
of a reddish mid-i-ib. Branches verticillate, very rarely alter-
nate, spread out, or declining, and not numerous or branching.
Brauchlets few in number, spreading, opposite, or in threes,
very rarely scattered singly, but slightly channelled. Fruit
unknown.

A tall tree, with a straight cylindrical stem, found on the
east coast of New Holland.

No. 24. PoDOCARPUs Lamberti, Klotzsch, Lambert's Podo-

carpus. '

Leaves regularly linear, sharp-pointed, and tapering to the
base, straight or falcate, without any foot-stalks, slender, and
loosely scattered, smooth, or nearly so, on the upper surface, anof
flat, from one inch and a quarter to one inch and three-quarters
lone', and two lines broad. Male catkins short, in fascicules,
on axillary foot-stalks, scaly at the base, foot-stalks of the fruit
much longer than those of the receptacle, which is one-fruited.
Fruit globular or oblong, shining, small, and about a quarter
of an inch long.

A robust tree, found on the mountains of Brazil.

No. 25, PoDOCARPUS lp:ptostachya, Blume, the Slender-
spiked Podocarpus.
Leaves somewhat in whorls, linear-lanceolate, alternate,
straight, or sometimes slightl}^ falcate, leathery, and closely
placed on the shoots, from two to five inches long, and from
three to six lines broad, tolerably thick, acute, with a pungent
point, flat, shining, and tapering to the base, which is frequently
a little twisted, of a dull green colour on the upper surface, but
much paler below. Branches and branchlets much divided,
somewhat in whorls, cylindrical, and with the stem and prin-
cipal branches covered with a rough bark, full of cracks. Male
catkins sometimes solitary, or in pairs, or in threes, furnished
z 2

340 PODOCARPUS.

at the base with thin, shrivelled scales, two or three in number,
and more or less deciduous. Fruit unknown.

A free fifty or sixtj-feet high, found on the mountains in the
Island of Borneo.

No. 26. PoDOCARPUS MACROPHYLLA, Boii, the Long-leaved

Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus verticillata, Hort.
„ „ longifolia, Hort.

„ Taxus macrophylla, Thunberg.
„ „ longifolia, Hort.

„ Maki-foetens, Koimpfcr.

Leaves alternate or scattered, linear-lanceolate, or somewhat
oblong, flat on the edges, distant, spread out, and of a dry,
leathery texture, from two to four inches long, and about Lalf
an inch wide, with an elevated rib on both sides, but prhicipally
on the upper one, very rarely falcate, mostly straight, of a pale,
shining green, and tapering to a short, round foot-stalk at the
base, and obtuse point at the apex, sometimes withered, or
furnished with a stiff, blackisli point. Branches numerous,
mostly in whorls ; branchlets slightly angular, and rough from
the fallen leaves. Male catkins furnished at the base with
scales ; femab peduncles axillary, solitary, one-fruited, and
furnished with two bracteas on the top. Fruit oval, smooth,
and about the size of a pea.

A tree growing from forty to fifty feet high, witli vertical
branches, and an ample head, found abundantly in Japan, and
much cultivated by the Japanese in their gardens.

The Chinese names for this species arc " Fon-Moki " (true
Maki), and " Sin-Maki " (common Maki); and those of the
Japanese, " Inu-Maki " (wild Maki), and " Ksa-Maki " (foetid
Maki).

The timber is white, light, excellent, and free from the
attacks of insects.

PODOCARPUS. 341

No. 27. PODOCARPUS MACROSTACHYA, Pavlcctore, the Long-
spiked Podocarpus.

Leaves tliickly scattered along the branclilets, oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse at the points, spreading, very leathery in texture,
re volute on the edges, shining, and channelled along the upper
surface, on sliort and rather twisted foot-stalks, and from one to
two inches lono\ and one-third of an inch broad. Male catkins
solitary, sessile, cylindrical, and bracteated at the base. Fruit
ovate-globose, wdtli a short, blunt, oblique point, and four lines
long, and nearly three lines wide.

A tree found on the Columbia mountains, and Sierra Nevada,
in California.

No. 28. Podocarpus Majxxii, Hooker, Mr. Mann's Podo-
carpus.

Leaves somewhat two-rowed, elongate-lanceolate, slightly
falcate, narrow, acuminate, bristle-pointed, on somewhat terete
foot-stalks, shining on the upper surface, broadly nerved along
both sides, and from three to five inches long, and from two to
four lines broad. Branches angular and slender. Fruit un-
known.

A kind of which little is know'n, found on the Island of St.
Thomas, in Western Africa.

No. 29. Podocarpus Meyeruna, Endlicher, Meyer's Podo-
carpus.

Syn. Podocarpus elongata, E. Meyer.

Leaves thickly scattered along the branches, broadly-linear^
or elliptic-lanceolate, straight, or very slightly falcate, stiff,
thick, and leathery in texture, rather flat on the margins,
somewhat acute and slightly pungent at the apex, tapering
and somewliat twisted at the base, wdth the upper surface of a
dark green or glaucous blue, and but slightly marked by the
longitudinal furrow along the middle, and from one and a

342 PODOCARPUS.

quarter to two inches long on the principal branches, but gene-
rally only from three-quarters to an inch long, and from one
and three-quarters to three lines broad on the other parts of
the tree. Branches in whorls and spreading ; branchlets angu-
lar and glaucous, Male catkins cylindrical, solitary, or two or
three together, in short, erectly-spreading, axillary, bracteate
fascicles, and from three to four lines long ; receptacle thick,
fleshy, oblique, and slightly bilobed. Fruit globular, half an
inch long, and about the same wide, and covered with a glau-
cous bloom.

A large tree, with a spreading head, and verticillate branches,
and angular glaucous branchlets, found at the Cape of Good
Hope.

It is tender.

Na 30. PoDoCARPUS NEGLECTA, Blume, the Neglected Podo-

carpus.

Syn. Podocarpus Junghuhniaua, Miquel.

Leaves somewhat in two rows, or scattered, linear-lanceolate,
acute-pointed, and more or less reflected on the margins, from
two to four inches long, and from half to three-quarters of an
inch broad, with an elevated rib on botli sides, but most on the
under side, and tapering into a very short twisted foot-stalk.
Branches opposite, or in whorls, cylindrical, and reddish-
brown; branchlets opposite, two-rowed, and almost angular;
buds covered with scales. Male catkins cylindrical, in bundles,
on short, axillary peduncles, surrounded at the base with con-
cave membranaceous scales, wliich soon fall oft'.

A tall tree, growing upwards of 100 feet high, found in
forests on the western part of the Island of Java, at an eleva-
tion of oOOO feet, particularly at " Karang," in the province of
Bantam, and about " Pangaranghu."

It is very tender.

PODOCARPUS. 343

No. 31. PoDOCARPUS NEKiiFOLiA, R. Bvoiuii, the Nerium-
leavecl Poclocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus macropliylla, Walllch, not Don.

Leaves alternate, but mostly very closely placed on the
branchlets, erect or spreading, lanceolate, and acute-pointed,
frequently reflected on the under side, and regularl}' attenuated
to the base with a stout petiole, very thick, flat, and leathery
from three to six inches long, and from a quarter to three-
quarters of an inch broad, of a briglit green on the upper
surface, but much paler below, and traversed along the middle
by a very elevated rib, almost acute on the upper side, but less
elevated and more enlarged on the under one. Branches in
whorls, slender, and provided with bracts at the base, Male
catkins long, axillary, and solitary ; females on axillary, one-
flowered peduncles, longer than tlie receptacles ; receptacle
oblong, and obliquely lobed. Fruit eatable, with a sweetish
taste.

A large tree, found in Nepal, fSikkim, Sincapore, and Penang^
growing forty feet high, with horizontal branches in whorls.

This tree is called " Goonsi," in Nepal, and affords an article
of food ; the peduncles of the fruit, not the fruit itself, are
edible.

It is not hard}'.

No. 32. Podocarpus Nov.e-Caledonle, Vieitlard, the New
Caledonia Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus rivularis, Pancker.

Leaves Imear-lanceolate, straight or slightly curved, per-
ceptibly narrowing to the base, acute, but not spiny-pointed,
revolute on the margins^ and marked on both sides with a
longitudinal nerve, and from one and three-quarters to three
inches long, and one line and a half broad. Male catkins in
twos, axillary, and nearly sessile. Fruit oval, smooth, shining,
and one-third of an inch long, and one line and a half broad.

344 PODOCARPUS.

A somewhat pyramidal biisli, with fastigiate branches, found
along the banks of streams in New Caledonia.

No. 83. PoDOCARPUS NUBiG^NA, LindUy, the Cloud-born

Podocarpus.
Syn. Saxe-Gothsea gracilis, Hort.
„ Podocarpus nubicola, Makoy.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, straight or somewhat falcate, thick,
flat, rigid, and attenuated at the base, with a short, stout foot-
stalk, and terminating in a short, acute, spiny point at the apex ;
from three-quarters of an inch to one inch and three-quarters
long, and one-eighth of an inch broad, with a single nerve
along the middle ; green above, and marked on the under side,
on each side of the rib by a broad band, more or less glaucous.
Fruit oblong, growing singly in the axil of the leaves, on very
short stalks, wnth the receptacle two-lobed, obovate, and un-
equal-sided. Seeds oblong, slightly bossed, and curved inwards
at the point.

A large tree, found on the colder parts of Chili, the Andes of
Patagonia, in the province of Valdivia, and the Island of Chiloe,
where it is called " Pino." The fruit is pleasant to the taste,
and eatable, and is used by the natives for food.

No. 84. Podocarpus oleifolia, Don, the Olive-leaved Podo-
carpus.
Syn. Podocarpus Chilena, Lechler.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, very entire, leathery, smooth on
both sides, one-nerved, with a sunken channel on the upper
surface, along the middle nerve, reflected on the edges, and
tapering a little to the base ; from one to one inch and a half
long, and from two to three lines broad. Branches crowded,
smooth, and thickly furnished with leaves. Male catkins with-
out foot-stalks, cylindrical, solitary, and about one inch long ;
foot-stalks of the fruit filiform, two-lobcd, smooth, about three
quarters of an inch long, and two-flowered, one always al)ortive.
Fruit oval, solitar)-, very smooth, reflected, and one-third of
an incii long.

PODOCARPUS. 345

A tufted tree, with closo branches, and covered with a
yellowish-brown bark, found on the mountains of Chili and
Peru.

It is not hardy.

No. 3-5. PoDOCARPUS PARViFOL[A, Parlatovs the Small-leaved

Podocarpus.

Leaves small, and thickly scattered along the branches,
linear-oblong, acute, mucronate, and somewhat pungent, taper-
ing to a short petiole, and somewhat twisted at the base; upper
surface smooth and marked with a longitudinal furrow, mar-
gin hardly revolute. Fruit ovate, pointed.

A kind of which little is known, found in New Holland
by the late Allan Cunningham.

No. 3G. Podocarpus polystachya, R. Broivn, the Many-
spiked Podocarpus.

Leaves lanceolate, sharp-pointed, leathery in texture, curved
at the margins, and from one and three-quarters to three inches
long, and from two and a half to four lines broad. Male
flowers axillary, somewhat in threes, and provided at the base
with a scale-formed involucre. Fruit on axillary foot-stalks,
and solitary.

A large tree, with a straight stem, and very branching ample
head ; found at Sincapore, in Borneo at Sarawack, and on the
Prince of Wales Island, where it is called the Wax-Dammara.
This species is very like Podocarpus bracteata, but differs in
having the leaves and catkins much shorter but stouter,
and in the receptacle being much thicker, and the fruit more
globular.

No. 37. Podocarpus Purdieana, Hooker, Purdie's Jamaica

Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus Jamaicensis, Ilorf.

Leaves elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, thick, leathery, very
smooth, and shining on the upper surface, ilat, straight, very

346 PODOCAEPUS.

rarely falcate, and slightly recurved ou the margins ; from three
to five inches long, and from three quarters of an inch to one
inch broad, of a bright green, regularly tapering into a short
stout foot-stalk at the base, and from the middle of the leaf on
each side to the point, which is terminated by a stout, shorty
mostly black, obtuse point, but sometimes variable, those of the
young plants being acute and spiny. Branches sjn'eading,
horizontal, and marked by the scars caused by the falling off of
the old leaves. Fruit with the foot-stalks much shorter than
the receptacle, which is bifid, and one-fruited. Seeds some-
what globose, terminating on the upper part in an oblique
little flexible j^oint.

A large tree, growing upwards 'of 100 feet high, found on
the eastern side of the Island of Jamaica, at an elevation of
from 2500 to SoOOfeet.

It is very tender.

No. 88, PoDOCARPUS RuMPHii, Blumc, Rumphius's Podocarpus.
Syn. Lignum Emanum, Rumphius.

Leaves sometimes in whorls of from three to four on the
young shoot, but scattered, or somewhat in two rows on the
more adult trees, linear-lanceolate, spreading, acute-pointed,
very rarely blunt at the ends, straight, or somewhat falcate,
leathery, and on very short foot-stalks ; from five to nine inches
long, and from three-quarters of an inch to one incli broad, with
an acute rib on the under side, but hardly prominent, and
somewhat keeled above, and of a bright shining green on the
upper surface. Branches long and smooth ; buds small, ovate,
and covered with scales; foot-stalks axillary, solitary, and about
one inch long, furnished on the top with from one to three
flowers ; receptacle turban-shaped, obliquely tnmcated on the
ends, fleshy, of a dark violet colour, and containing one, but
sometimes two seeds. Fi'uit elliptic, or somewhat globular,
covered when ripe with a glaucous bloom.

A tall tree, growing from eighty to a iiundred feet high,

PODOCARPUS. 347

with a straight stem, covered with a reddish-brown bark,
sHglitly wrinkled, and found in the most elevated forests in the
Moluccas, and New Guinea.

No. 39. PoDOCARPUS SALiciFOLiA, Klotzscli, the Willow-leaved

Podocarpus.
S^'U. Purdieana, Hort., not Hooker.

Leaves somewhat falcate, very long, and tapering to the
point, leathery, stiff, of a pale green, and shining on the upper
surface ; from three to five inches long, and very rarely more
than half an inch broad. Male catkins axillary, solitary, cylin-
drical, obtuse, a little incurved, and three-quarters of an inch
long, Avith an o;ular foot-stalks; foot-stalks of the fruit, from three-
quarters of an inch to one incli long, and much thicker than
that of the receptacle, which is two-lobed, but only one-fruited.
Fruit oblong, or globular, smooth, and furnished with a
shortish point on the apex,

A small tree, found on the mountains of Colombia, and in
the North-western part of South America.

It is very tender.

No. 4<U. Podocarpus Sellowii, Klotzsch, Sellow's Podocarpus.

Leaves long, lanceolate, acute-pointed, and tapering to the
base; from two to three inches long, and from three to six lines
broad in the widest part. Male iioAvers axillar}^, elongated,
and solitary ; foot-stalks of the fruit slender, with the upper
part two-flowered, but only one-fruited, the other being always
abortive. Fruit smooth.

A tree, from twenty to thirty feet high, found on the
mountains of Brazil, by Sellow, but not hardy.

No. -iL Podocarpus spinulosa, R. Brovm, the Spiny-leaved

Podocarpus.
Syn. Podocarpus excelsa, Loddlges.
„ „ pungens, Don.

„ Taxus spinulosa, Smith.
Leaves alternate, or opposite, or in whorls, linear-falcate,

348 PODOCARPUS.

leathery, spreading in all directions, pungent, smooth, and
thick, from one to one inch and three-quarters long, and one
line broad, tapering to a very sharp point, thickened on the
edges, and with an elevated rib along the middle. Branches
slender and spreading. Male flowers in clusters, and axillary.
Fruit on axillary foot-stalks, much longer than those of the
receptacles, which are somewhat club-shaped, and one-fruited.
Seed globular, solitary, and about as large as a pea.

A tree, found growing about Port Jackson, and in the eastern
part of New Holland.

It is not hardy.

No. 42. PoDOCARPUS Sprucei, Parlatore, Spruce's Podocarpus.

Leaves thickly crowded along the branches^ erectly-spread-
ing, linear-lanceolate, acute, and somewhat spiny-pointed,
leathery in texture, tapering to a short petiole, somewhat
twisted at the base, very slightly revolute on the margins, and
marked along the upper surface by the sunken mid-rib, and
from one to two inches long, and two lines wide. Fruit small,
solitary, and globular.

A i^tree, found on the Andes of Peru, of which little at
present is known.

No. 43. Podocarpus Teysmanni, Miquel, Teysmann's Podo-
carpus.

Leaves scattered or sub verticil late, broadly-lanceolate,
leathery in texture, straight or somewhat falcate, tapering to
the foot-stalk, and somewhat twisted at the base, with the mid-
rib on the upper side very prominent, and on the under one
but slightly so, and from four to five inches long, and three-
fourths of an inch broad. Fruit unknown.

A kind found along the sea-shore, in the western part
of Sumatra, and on Mount Poe, and at the base of the
mountains of Gunang and Mattamx, ^lear Sarawak in the
Island of Borneo.

PODOCARPU.S. 349

No. 44. PoDOCARPUS THEVETi^.FOLiA, BluTiie, the Thevetia-
leaved Podocarpiis.

Leaves lineav-lanceolate, or sometimes spoon-shaped on the
shorter branchlets, very straight, without foot-stalks, acute or
obtuse pointed, tapering to the base, and frequently a little
twisted, from one and a half to three inches long, and from
a quarter to half an inch broad, leathery, flat, concolor, and
shining, with a prominent rib on the under side, a little elevated
also on the upper one. Branches straggling, mostly forked,
the younger ones angled, and channelled along the surface ;
peduncles axillary, filiform, and solitary, from three to four
lines long, with a turban-shaped receptacle, obliquely truncated,
furrowed on the bade, fleshy, and of a dark-green colour,
double the size of the seed, which is about half an inch long,
and elliptic.

A very branching tree, growing from forty to fifty feet high,
found amongst the rocks, along the coast of New Guinea, and
probably on other islands in the South Pacific.

It is very tender.

No. 4o. PoDOCAEPUS Thuxbergii, Hooker, Thunberg's Podo-

carpus,

Syn. Taxus latifolia, Thuiiherg.
„ Podocarpus latifolia, E. Brovm.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, straight, or very slightly falcate,
obtuse at the extremities, or witli a dry, blunt point at the apex,
and regularly attenuating into a very short foot-stalk at the base,
one-nerved, the same colour on botli sides, and of a leathery
texture; from one and a half to two inches and a half long, and
half an inch broad, sometimes acute or blunt-pointed; peduncles
axillary, solitary, one-flowered, from two to three lines long,
and about the same length as the receptacle ; receptacle thick,
angular, bidented on the top, and containing a single seed.
Seeds elliptic, or frequently nearly round, wuth a little curved
point on the top.

350 PODOCARPUS.

A large evergreen tree, found at the Cape of Good Hope,
where the colonists call it "Geelhout" (yellow wood).
It is not hardv,

No. 40. PODOCARPUS ToTARA, Do)i, the Totarra Pine.

Syn. Podocarpus pungens, Van Houtte.
„ Dacrydium spicatura, Hort.
„ Podocarpus spinulosa, Mahoy.
„ „ Bidwilli, HoibrenJc.

Leaves spreading in all directions, alternate, distant, linear-
lanceolate, pungent, rigid, and very sharp-pointed, slightly
tapering to the base, of a yellowish-green colour on the upper
surface, very pale, and glaucous below, with a single nerve,
very little projecting along the middle, and slightly bent round
the margins, from three-quarters to one inch and a half long,
and about one line broad. Branches slender, rounded, and
long ; branchlets forked, but sometimes in threes, twiggy,
rounded, and of a pale yellowish-green colour; male and
female on separate plants; male flowers solitary, axillary,
with oat foot-stalks, cylindrical, and longer than the leaves;
female ones on solitary foot-stalks, with one or two flowers on
each, axillary, and hardly one line long, thickening into a very
ample, fleshy receptacle. Seeds, when young, oblong; when
mature, oval, and solitary, very rarely in twos on the same
foot-stalk.

A tall tree, growing from eighty to ninety feet high, and
twenty feet in circumference, found on the northern island of
New Zealand, where it is called " Totarra " by the natives.

This is one of the best timber trees in New Zealand, grow-
in*^ sometimes 120 feet high. Its timber is in great repute
among the colonists for its durability and freedom from the
ravasccs of insects.

PODOOARPUS. 351

Section II. STACHYCARPUS, Endlichev, or the Spiki^-

FPiTHTED PODOCAriPUS.

Floivevfi, ill spikes, provided witli bracts^ and frequently all
abortive except the upper ones.

Fleshy receptacle, wanting.

Leaves, alternate, or more frequently in two rows, linear, and
one-nerved.

All trees or bushes, natives of the Cajje of Good Hope, New
Zealand, and the temperate ]~)arts of Soutli America.

No. 47. PoDOCARPUS Alpixa, Hooher, the Alpine Podocarpus.

Leaves thickly scattered, or somewhat two-rowed, along the
branches, linear, obtuse, with a small spine at the apex, straight,
or slightly falcate, and flat, with a slight furrow along the
middle, and deep green above, pale green with a prominent rib
on the under side, decurrent, and somewhat twisted at the
base, and from three to four lines long, and nearly one line
broad. Branches long, slender, and very spreading. Branch-
lets very slender, and of various lengths, mostly in distinct
whorls, and bright green. Male catkins solitary, or in fascicles,
cylindrical, sessile, and one-third of an inch long. Fruit
small, with a fleshy peduncle, unequal sided, oblique, and bifid
at the top.

A spreading bush, from ten to twelve feet high, found on
the Alpine mountains, in the south-eastern part of New Hol-
land, and on Mount Wellington, and the elevated plains of
Marlborough in Tasmania, at an elevation of from -SOOO to
4000 feet. "

No. 48. Podocarpus Andina, Poeirpig, the Andes Podocarpus,

[ov Plum Fir.

Syn, Podocarpus spicata, Pmppig, not Broum.
„ Taxus spicata, Domhey.
„ Prumnopitys elegans, PJiiUppi.

Leaves regularly linear, tapering to both ends, and either
thickly scattered or two-rowed along the branchlets, those on

352 PODOCARPUS.

the lower parts being scattered, while those on the upper ones
are mostly in two rows, with very short foot-stalks, and from
three-quarters to one inch and a half long, and about one line
broad, of a dark glossy green colour above, more or less rusty
on the edges, without any rib, and glaucous below, leathery,
stiff, very smooth, and dense. Branches numerous, and
erectly spreading ; branchlets short, stout, spreading, and
scattered, but frequently alternate and angular near the
top. Flower-spike axillary and alternate ; peduncle two or
three-flowered, but one-frnited from abortion ; bracts small
and sessile ; receptacle oval, on the end of a long neck, ob-
scurely three-lobed, and oblique, smooth, plump, purple, and
persistent after the fruit is ripe. Fruit globular, smooth,
fleshy, succulent, without any foot-stalk, dark purple, and
about the size of a common cherry. Seeds with a hard,
bony shell.

An evergreen pyramidal tree, from forty to fifty feet high,
with a cylindrical stem, covered with a smooth reddish-brown
bark, found in the shaded valleys of Quillai Leuvu in the
neighbourhood of Antuco, and on the colder Alpine regions of
South Chili. Professor Philippi describes it as a rather large
tree inhabiting the inner Andes of the province of Colchagua,
and the banks of the River Traijuen in the Province of
Valdivia, in the extreme south of Chili. The native name of
the tree is " Lleuque," and the drupes or plums are eaten when
ripe as M^ell as the kernels they contain.

Timber hard, yellow, and beautifully veined, and in much
request among the cabinet-makers in Chili.

It is quite hardy.

No. 49, PoDOCARPUS FERRUGINEA, Dov, the Rusty-coloured

Podocarpus.

Leaves in two rows, narrow, linear, somewhat falcate, very
dense, and acute-pointed, from three-quarters to one inch and
a quarter long, and one line broad ; those on the branches and

PODOCARPUS. 353

larger branclilets are needle or awl-sliapeJ, orscale-formed, and
disposed all round, somewhat depressed, and, like the others,
of a brownish tint. Rib very prominent on the upper part, but
very slightly so on the under one, and of a rusty- brown colour,
tapering to a fine acute point, sometimes, but very rarely, to an
obtuse one. Branches spreading, frequently alternate, lateral
ones and branchlets two-rowed, slender, spreading, horizontal,
or bent downwards, and covered with a reddish-brown bark.
Male catkins cylindrical, or oblong, axillary, and solitary;
female flower-spikes one-flowered, axillary, or erect on the
ends of the branchlets, with numerous bracteas. Fruit oval
or globular, about the size of a hazel-nut, soft, and of a fine
red colour, and when ripe covered with a glaucous powder, and
with the odour of turpentine,

A tree from forty to sixty feet high, and three feet in
diameter, found on the northern island of New Zealand, where
it is called Miro, or Mairo, by the New Zealanders. Timber
durable, and of a fine red tint.

It is not hardy.

No. 50. PoDOCAEPUS Laweencii, Hooker, Lawrence's Podo-

carpus.

Syn. Podocarpus Alpina Lawrencii, Parlatore.

Leaves somewhat in two rows, sjjreading, linear, narrow,
and tapering to both ends, of a pale-green colour above,
glaucous below, and furnished with a very sharp, rigid point.
Branches slender. Flowers and fruit unknown.

A small tree, found by Gunn, in Tasmania, of which little
further is known.

No. 51. PoDOCAEPUS NIVALIS, Hoohr, the Snowy Podocarpus.

Leaves oblong, or elliptic, obtuse, recurved, and spreading,

tapering to the base and apex, very closely placed, thick on the

edges, sessile, or on very short foot-stalks, and with a single

nerve along the middle of the leaf, scarcely visible or almost

A A

354 PODOCARPUS.

wanting on the upper surface, but rather projecting on the
under one ; from three to four lines long, and from one
to one line and a half broad in the widest part. Male flowers
small, cylindrical, obtuse, and united in threes on the top of
the axillarj'- peduncle. Fruit unknown.

A very small bush, found near tlie limits of perpetual snow,
on the mountain of Tongnriro, in the northern part of New
Zealand.

It is not yet introduced.

Xo. 52, PoDOCAEPUS SPICATA, 1\. Bvoivn, the Spike-flowered

Podocarpus.

S}^!. Dacrydium Mai, Cunningham.
„ „ taxifolium, Banks.

„ „ Mayi, Van Iloutte.

Leaves mostly in two rows, but sometimes those on the larger
branches are alternate and scattered; from a quarter to one inch
and a quarter long, and one line broad, needle-shaped, imbri-
cated, placed all round, and glaucous below, while those on the
small lateral ones and branchlets are regularly linear, acute-
pointed, mostly falcate, and of a dull green, or reddish-brown
on the upper surface, and with two glaucous bands below, re-
curved at the edges, oblique at the base, rounded at the ends,
sometimes spoon-shaped, and furnished with a very fine and
short mucro, and placed on very short slender foot-stalks.
Branches and branchlets numerous, flexuose, ascending, or
spreading horizontal, or sometimes deflected, and covered with
a reddish bark. Male catkins from ten to twenty in number,
sessile, and disposed in erect axillary spikes, those of the
female ones in loose, many-fruited spikes. Fruit globular,
nearly sessile, and from four to seven on each spike.

An enormous tree, growing from 150 to 200 feet hijh, with
a straight stem, found growing in swampy places on the
Northern Island of New Zealand, where the natives call it
" Mai."

It is quite tender.

I

PODOCAEPUS. 355

No. .53. PODOCARPUS TAXIFOLIA, Humholclf, the Yew-leaved

Podocarpus.

Syn. Taxus montana, Willdenovj not Nuttall.
„ Podocarpus montana, Loddiges.
„ „ Humboldti, Hort.

„ Torreya Hiimboldti, Knlgld.
„ Daciydium disticliiim, Don.

Leaves somewhat in two rows, or scattered, broadly linear,
frequently more or less sickle shaped, bluntly rounded at the
ends, rarely pointed, but mostly furnished with a very short
mucro, entire, leathery, smooth, flat, or a little convex^ of a
bright glossy gTeen above, and much paler below; from half an
inch to an inch long, and one line and a half broad, with a slight
rib along the upper surface, but hardly visible on the under
one except by its colour. Branches ascending or spreading,
but sometimes, on old trees, drooping. Branchlets in two
rows, and alternate. Flow^er spikes branching, axillary, and
terminating in two or three flowers, but abortive, and only
one-fruited. Seeds ovate, or globular.

A tree about -sixty feet high, with a spreading head, found
on the mountains of Saragura, in Peru, and between Ona and
Loxa, at an elevation of from 6000 to 8000 feet.

There is the following variety: —

Podocarpus taxifolia densifolia, Kuntk
Syn. Taxus montana, Var. Willdenou:

Leaves much denser, and not more than half the lenoth of
those of the species, but in other respects the same.

It is found on the mountains of Quindiii, between Moral and
Passo-del-Machin, in Peru, at an elevation of from COOO to
8000 feet.

aa 2

356 PODOCARPUS.

Section III. DACRYCARPUS. Endliclier, or the Dacry-

DIUM-FRUITED PODOOARPS.

Floivers solitaiy and terminal.

Receptacle fleshy with the axis of the short spike, without
bracts.

Leaves many-formccl, either three-sided, needle-shaped, and
in five rows, or in two rows, spreading, linear, and flat.

Large trees, natives of Java and New Zealand.

No. 54. PoDOCARPUS CUPRESSIXA, R. Bvown, the Cypress-like

Podocarpus.

Syn. Podocarpus imbricata, Blume.
„ ,, Horsfieldii, Wallich.

„ Taxodium Horsfieldii, Knigltt.
„ Glyptostrobus Horsfieldii, Knight.

Leaves opposite, linear-falcate, and spreading, in two rows
on the lesser branchlets, but arranged in five rows, loosely im-
bricated, needle-shaped, three-sided or awl-shaped, acute, and
spiny-pointed on the principal and lateral branches ; from
three to eight ]ines long, and from one half to three-quarters
of a line broad, of a bright glossy green colour on both
faces, very slender, soft, slightly concave, tapering to each
end, but least to the base, and very acute at the point on
the adult ones. Branches slender, reflected, or pendent,
but sometimes with the upper ones ascending, regularly
divided, very numerous, and covered with scale-formed leaves
of various lengths, closely adhering at the base ; lateral ones
much divided, very slender, alternate, in two rows, and more
or less distant. Branchlets very short, slender, two-rowed,
and thickly covered with spreading leaves, until they almost
touch each other. Fruit solitary, terminal, on short i:)endent
branchlets, surrounded by leaves, a little longer, and more
spreading than the others. Ptcccptaclc fleshy, almost the
length of the fruit, and a little thickened.

PODOCAEPUS. 357

A fine tall tree, growing 180 feet high, well furnished with
spreading branches, clothed with vivid green foliage, found in
Java wdiere it is called " Choraoro '), and in the Pulo-Penang,
and the Philippine Islands, where the natives call it "Kimerak "
and " Kiputrie." It constitutes one of the best timber trees on
the island of Java.

No. 55. PoDOCARPUS CuMiNGii, Pavlatovc, Cuming's Podo-

carpus.

Leaves on the 3'oung branchlets in tv,'o row.s, linear-lanceo-
late, falcate, somevvdiat four-sided^ mucronate, spreading, and
from a quarter to one-third of an inch long, and half a line
broad, while those on the adult parts are linear-subulate, de-
current at the base, and shorter and flatter. Fruit solitary,
ovate-globose, pale yellow, shining, mucronate at the apex, and
two lines long, and about the same broad. Receptacle broader
and longer, and sessile.

A tree ver}^ full of branches and crowded branchlets, found
in the Philippine Islands by Cuming, and of which but little is
known.

No. 5Q. PoDOCARPUS DACRYDioiDES, Richard, the Dacrydium-
like Podocarpus.

Syn. Dacrydium thuioides, Colander.
„ ^, excelsum, Don.

„ „ ferrugineum^ Van Hoiitte.

„ Podocarpus thuioides, H. Brown.

Leaves generally awl-shaped, decurrent, spiny-pointed, often
loosely imbricated, and from one to two lines long ; those on
the larger branches and lateral ones scale-formed, scattered all
round, adhering at the base, more or less spreading, and very
acute-pointed, while those on the branchlets are flat, horizontal,
linear, curved backwards, sickle-shaped, and closely placed in
two rows ; from two to three lines long, and about one-third of
a line broad, and all more or less of a rusty-brown or copper-

358 PODOCAEPUS.

colour, somewhat glaucous wlien young. Branches spreading,
or bent downwards, rarel}^ ascending, very slender, long, and
scattered .at irregular distances along the stem; lateral ones
rounded, spreading, or drooping, frequently abortive, but pro-
ducing numerous short ramules, full of leaves, which sometimes
are so plentiful as to entirely hide the branches, while at other
times they are very distant. Female flowers solitary, terminal,
and without, or on very short, foot-stalks. Receptacle fleshy,
cennected at the base, and open only on the top, which is ob-
tuse. Fruit inversely egg-shaped, almost drupaceous, about
the size of a pea, and furnished on the apex with a little
flexible point.

A large tree, growing 200 feet high in swampy places, with
a grayish-white bark ; found on the Northern Island of New
Zealand.

The aborigines of New Zealand call this tree " Ivaki-Katea "
(Water-pine), on account of the tree only growing in marshy
places, or probably from its large and soft white timber being
principally used by them in making canoes of large dimen-
sions.

The colonists call it " White Wood," and cat its little
succulent fruit, which is sweetish, and produced in great abun-
dance.

It is quite tender.

No. 57. PoDOCAEPUS USTA, Bvongniavt, the whitened Podo-

carpus.

Syn. Dacrydium ustum, ViciUard.

Leaves in alternate pairs, scale-formed, acute-pointed, de-
current at the base, and somewhat remotely placed, and always
imbricated on the young fastigiatc branchlcts. Branches and
branchlcts short, divaricate, and somewhat four-sided by the
imbricated, small, scale-formed leaves, Male catkins axilhuy
on the erect branchlcts, solitary, and oblong-cylindrical. Fruit
globose, sessile, and about one line long.

PODOCARPUS. 359

A diffuse slirub, ^yitll numerous divaricate branchlets, a iittlc
toi'tuose, found in the mountain woods of Poila and Diane in
New Caledonia.

UNCERTAIN AND LITTLE KNOWN KINDS.

No. 58. PoDOCARPUS TENUIFOLTA, Parlatove, tlie Slender-
leaved Podocarpus.

Syn. Dacrydium elatum tenuifolium, Carriere.
„ „ tenuifolium, Parlatore.

Leaves on the young branchlets alternate, very slender,
linear-falcate, compressed, closely placed in two rows, and
nearly half an inch long and half a line broad, while those
on the adult parts are linear-subulate, and convexly-keeled on
the back ; all of them are decurrent at the base, and mucronate
at the apex.

A tree with erect, curved branches, and slender branchlets ;
found on the wooded mountains in New Caledonia.

No. 59. Podocarpus Vieillardii, Parlatore, Vieillard's Podo-
carpus.

Syn. Dacrydium elatum compacta, Carriere.
„ „ Vieillardii, Parlatore.

Leaves on the young .?hoots scattered,' or somewhat two-
rowed, spreading, glaucescent, and from a quarter to half an
inch long, and very narrow ; while those on the adult parts
are scattered, adpressed, and convexly-keeled on the back ; all
of them are decurrent at the base, and mucronately-subulate
at the apex. Male catkins solitary, erect, linear, and terminal,
and from a quarter to half an inch long. Fruit unknown.

A tree found growing among the rocks, along the banks of
running streams at Poila, in New Caledonia,

360 P3ETTD0-LAEIX, OR

Gen. PSEUDO-LAEIX. Gordon. The False or
ChiDese Larch.

Floiuers monoecious, or male and female separate, but on
the same plant.

Cones oblong, pendent, brittle, and, like the head of the
common Artichoke, covered with divergent scales.

Scales very deciduous, extended at the points, heart-shaped
at the base, and enclosing at the bottom two soft-coated
seeds.

Seeds irregularly shaped, with a soft, thin, whitish, skin-like
covering, more or less enclosed by the wing, but free, and full
of turpentine.

Wings oval-lanceolate on the outer side, but quite straight
on the inner one, and entirely covering the inner face of the
scale.

Leaves deciduous, soft, linear, flat, and collected in bundles
on the adult plants, but scattered singly along the young shoots,
and very long on the young plants.

Seed-leaves from five to seven in number.

Name derived from "Pseudo," false, and " larix," the Larch —
the false or Chinese Larch.

A noble hardy tree, found by Mr. Fortune in the Central
and North-east provinces of China, and very distinct from the
European Larches, in the cones having deciduous scales, with
divergent points.

PsEUDO-LArax KiEMPFEiii, Gordon, the Golden or Chinese

Larch.

Syn. Larix Ksempferi, Fortune.
„ Abies Kfiempferi, Lindley.
„ Pinus Kaimpferi, Lambert.

Leaves in bundles on the adult branches, and singly on the
leading shoots and young plants, very slim, linear-lanceolate,
tapering to the point, and (piite deciduous ; from one inch and
a half to two inches and a half long, and rather more than one

CHTN"ESE LARCH, 361

line biO.id, of a baautiful light green wlien young, but bsfoi'e
falling off in the autumn, of a fine golden yellow. Branches
exactly similai- to tliose of the common Larch. Cones pendu- ■
lous, three inches long, and t^YO inches and a half wide near the
base, conical, with d^iciduous scales, diverging out at the points
like those on the head of the common Artichoke, and very
brittle when young, excessively deciduous when ripe, falling
asunder from the least pressure, but adhering very loosely in
bunches by long woody threads, one of which passes out of the
base of each scale to the axis of the cone, round which the
scales originally grew. Scales heart-shaped, flat, woody, entire
on the margins, tapering gradually to an obtuse point, and
rather more than an inch long, with a very small sharp-pointed
bract at the base of each scale on the outer side^ keeled on the
back. Seeds in twos at the base of each scale, rather irregu-
larly shaped, with a soft membranaceous covering, of a whitish
colour, full of turpentine, and enveloped on the outer side by the
winofs, Winjjs more than an inch long, broadest at the base,
regularly tapering to a rounded point, and of a glossy light
brown colour. _

A splendid tree, from 120 to 130 feet high, with a pyramidal
head, found by Fortune in the Northern, Eastern, and Central
provinces of China.

The Chinese call this tree " Kara-mats " (Pine full of buds),
and " Kin-le-sung " (common golden Pine ) ; and the Japanese,
" Fusi," or " Fusji " (buds crowned with leaves), and " Seosa-
mats " (deciduous Fir).
It is quite hardy.

362 RETINOSPORA.

Gen. EETINOSPOEA/'- SieboU.

Flovjers moncecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate, and terminal, the males cylindrical, females soli-
tary, very small, and on the same branchlets as the males.

Cones very small, globular, ligneous, and solitarj^

Scales ovate, in alternate cross pairs, ten or twelve in num-
ber, wedge-shaped at the base, peltated on tlie top, and woody.

Seeds in channels, coated with resin, and two at the base of
each scale, with lateral membranaceous wing, marked with
resinous bands.

Leaves persistent, in threes, or opposite pairs, linear, or
scale-formed, and mostly spreading.

Seed-leaves in twos.

Name derived from "rhetine/' resin, and " spore," seed, — the
seeds being coated with resin.

All evergreen trees or shrubs, natives of Japan.

No. 1. Retinospora Elwaxgeriaxa, Barry, the American
Tom Thumb, Arbor Vita3.

Syn. Thuja Occidentalis ericoides, Ilort.
„ „ Elwangeriana, Hort.
„ „ hybrida. Sort.

The leaves on this plant are of two kinds ; the primordial
ones being linear, acute, rather distant, spreading, somewhat
decussate, and from two to three lines long, while those on the
more mature parts are small, scale-formed, very acute, and closely
imbricated in four rows, with mostly a transparent gland on
the back, and of a bright gi-een colour. Branches numerous
and erectly spreading. Branchlets very numerous, slender, and
either open and heath-like, or flat and closely imbricated like
an Arbor Vitse.

* I li.avc retained the original name Eetinospora, as it is now so gene-
rally used in garden literature, in preference to Chamiucyparis, to vLich
Retinospora is so very closely related, to prevent any further confusion.

RETINOSPORA. ^^^

This kind fonns a ve.y neat, dwarf, dense, ronnd bnsh, and
is said to be a hybrid production, raised in America, but in all
probability a Japanese plant.

No. 2. Retinospoea ericoides, Ziicc, the Heath-like Reti-

nospora.
Syn. Chaniajcyparis ericoides, Carriere.
Widdringtonia ericoides, Knight
Cupressus ericoides, Hort.
Juniperus ericoides, Hort.
Leaves in threes, but sometimes in opposite pairs, spread out
or bent downwards, linear, flat, a quarter of an inch long, fre-
quently slightly convex; marked on the under side with two
little glaucous bands, and tapering regularly to the point, de-
current at the base, and mucrouate.

This kind forms a regular, conical, compact, pyramidal biisli,
from four to six feet high, with numerous horizontal branchJets.
which are very slender and compact. It is cultivated by he
Japanese in pots, under the name of " Nezu (dwarf), and the
whole plant turns to a deep, purplish-brown colour in winter.

It is tolerably hardy.
No. 3. Retinospora filicoides, Veitch, the Fern-like Japan

Cypress.

Byn. Uetinospora obtusa filicoides, Eort

Leaves small, oval, curved, thick in texture, and somewhat

obtusely-pointed, keeled on the back, thickly and rather loosely

imbricated in four rows, and of a deep glossy green colour.

Branches long, narrow, flat, and regularly and thickly furnished,

on both sides, with very short, compound branchlets, of the

same size along their whole length. Branchlets very short,

quadrangular, and of a deep green colour on the upper surface,

and moi^ or less glaucous beneath.

A handsome free-growing tree, resembling Retmospora ob-
tusa, found in the Japanese gardens near Yeddo in Japan.

It is quite hardy, and probably only a fine variety of Reti-
nospora obtusa.

364 RETINOSPORA.

No. 4. Retinospora filifera, Standisli, the Thread-brancli-
letted Japan Cyi:)ress.

Leaves ovate, very acute, and spiny-pointed, loosely imbri-
cated, open and spreading at the points, keeled on the back,
decurrent at the base, and of a bright green colour, more or
less glaucous beneath. Branches open and spreading, with the
secondary ones alternate, long, somewhat distant, and furnished
principally on one side with numerous branchlets of various
lengths; the terminal branchlets are long, slender, undivided,
filiform, and frequently eight or ten inches long, with tufts of
small spray at their points; while the lateral ones are rather
short, somewhat flattened, and bright green on the upper side,
and more or less glaucous on the under one.

This kind forms a beautiful tree, fifty feet high, pyramidal
in outline, and peculiarly graceful on account of its drooping
branches and long pendulous spray.

It is a native of Japan, and is much planted in the gardens
about Yeddo, on account of its very elegant ajDpearance.

It is quite hardy.

No. 5. Retinospora juniperoides, Carriere, the Juniper-like

Retinospora.
Syn. Retinospora dubia, Mahoy.
„ „ decussata, Hort.

„ ChamfBcyparis decussata, Hort.
„ Thuja ericoides, Hort.
Leaves heath-like, erectly-spreading, distantly decussate,
acute pointed, flat on the upper side, slightly rounded on the
back, of a light glaucous green in summer, changing to a
purplish-brown in winter, and from two to four lines long.
Branches erectly-spreading, much divided and compact.
Branchlets slender, flexible, more or less erect, dense, and ver}'^
numerous.

A small, dense, and very compact pyramidal bush, seldom
growing more than three or four feet high, and of a fine
glaucous green in summer, but changing to a violet or

RETINOSPOUA. 365

purplisli-browii in winter, and quite distinct from Retinospora
ericoides.

It is a native of Japan, and hardy.

No. C. Retixospora leptoclada, Zuccarim, the Slender or
Flat-branchlettcd Retinospora.

Syn. Retinospora squarrosa leptoclada, Siehold.
„ Clianifecyparis squarrosa leptoclada, Endlicher.
„ „ Andelyensis, Hort.

Leaves of two kinds, the primordial ones being in whorls of
three, spreading, and curved more or less backwards ; linear,
flat on the upper surface, and awl-shaped at the points ; thickly
placed somewhat spirally all round the shoots, one fourth of
an inch long, bright green above, and furnished with two
glaucous white bands on the under side, which separate the
thickened margins and green mid-rib. The foliage on the
mature two-edged branchlets of adult plants are small scale-
formed bodies, closely imbricated in four rows, in opposite
pairs, the marginal ones beinglceeled on the back, overlappino-
on both sides, mucronate, and sometimes a little incurved, and
more or less extended at the points, while those along the
centre, on the upper and lower sides of the branchlets, are
flatly placed in straight rov\^s, of an ovate-rhomboid figure, and
glossy-green towards the points, with a transparent gland on
the back, and two glaucous white marginal bands, which only
extend along the lower half of the leaf, and are partially
covered by the points and sides of the hinder leaves. Branches
thickly placed along the stem, spreading and horizontal, lateral
ones compact, very dense, more or less irregularly clustered
towards the points of the branches, and composed of slender,
closely imbricated, two-edged, strap-shaped branchlets, little
forked, but thickly placed laterally on the fVin-shaped spray,
in irregularly arranged clusters, especially towards the outer
parts of the principal branches. Cones globular, solitary,
about the size of a pea, and terminal on the points of the pre-

366 EETINOSPORA.

ceding year's brandies. Seeds in twos at the base of eacli
scale, witli lateral membranaceous wings.

This kind forms a dense compact pyramidal evergreen bush,
growing from tliree to six feet high, furnished with short
branches down to the ground, and thickly covered with
numerous horizontal branchlets and small spray, closely covered
with imbricated, more or less glaucous foliage, which gives the
plant quite a silvery-gray appearance.

It is a native of the mountains of Japan, and is much culti-
vated in the Japanese gardens about Yeddo, where it is called
"Nezu" (dwarf), on account of its low, compact, pyramidal
apj)earance,

A very desirable plant for small gardens, as it is quite
hardy.

No, 7. Retinospora lycopodioides, StandisJi, the Clubmoss-
like Retinospora.

Syn. Retinospora monstrosa, Horf.

Leaves variously shaped, and densely arranged all round the
shoots, those on the upper parts of the principal branchlets
being more or less terete-pointed, or bluntly awl-shaped, or
slightly flattened on the sides, keeled on the back, and densely
arranged more or less spirally all round the branchlets, while
those near the base of the principal shoots, and on the lesser
spray, are more or less scale-formed, adpressed in opposite
pairs, keeled on the back, oval- shaped, closely imbricated, and
all of a deep glossy green colour. Branches spreading, and
rather slender, with the branchlets and lesser spray scattered
irregularly all round, and very dense, especially towards the
ends of the branches, Branchlets numerous, short, linear, and
thickly placed irregularly along the sides of the lateral
branches, with the leading ones frequently confused, and end-
ing in a flattened kind of monstrosity, more or less contorted
near the points, and densely covered with small jiointcd scale-
like leaves, sometimes more or less glaucous on the under side.

RETTNOSPORA. 367

A fine evergreen tree, resembling Rotinospora obtusa, found
in tlie gardens near Yeddo, in Japan.

It was first imported by Mr. Standisli, of the Royal Nur-
sery, near Bagshot, in the early part of 1861, through the
valuable exertions of his friend, Mr. Robert Fortune.

No. 8. Retinospoe \ or.TUSA, Slehold, the Obtuse-leaved Japan

Cypress.

Syn. Cham.Tcyparis obtusa, Endlicher.
„ Chamfiepeuce obtusa, ZUccarini.
„ Retinospora Fusinoki, Zuccarini.

Leaves mostly in whorls of four, ovate-rhomboid, blunt,
seldom pointed, decussate, all scale-formed, closely pressed
along the branchlets, and adhering almost as far as the points,
the lower part only being visible ; those along the upper and
under rows are ovate-rhomboid, obtuse, and seldom acute,
while the side or lateral ones are keeled, and lap over at the
edges, are somewhat pointed, ancL almost sickle-shaped ; those
on the younger plants are more open, longer, and remain on
for several years. Branches S2:)reading, lateral ones in two rows,
very dense, spreading out like a ftm, and of a light shining
green colour. Cones solitary on the ends of the branchlets,
globular, about the size of a small grape, with eight or ten
scales, in alternate opposite pairs. Scales wedge-shaped at
the base, widest at the apex, with a plain surface, seldom
wrinkled, and of a rich brown colour, with two short-winged
seeds at the base of each scale.

A tall evergreen tree, growing from seventy to one hundred
feet high, and from three to live feet in diameter, with an
erect straight stem.

It constitutes a large portion of the forests in the mountains
on the Island of Nippon, in Japan. Its timber is white, fine-
grained, compact, and acquires, when worked, the brilliancy of
silk; and in consequence of its valuable properties, the
Japanese dedicate it to the God of the Sun, and construct

368 KETINOSPORA.

chapels and small temples out of its timber, for divine pur-
poses.

This beautiful tree is called " Hen-hak " by the Chinese,
and " Fu-si-no-ki " (tree of the Sun) by the Japanese, and is
the glory of Eastern forests. There are the following varieties,
viz. : —

Eetinospora obtusa AUREA, Fortune, the Golden Variegated
Japan Cypress.

This variety differs from the ordinary form of the tree in
having a portion of the smaller spray and leaves of a golden
colour, intermixed with the usual glossy-green ones, all over
the plant.

A nice variegated variety, found by Mr. Fortune^ cultivated
in the Japanese gardens about Yeddo, in Japan, where it is
called " Kwa-furi-hak " (variegated tree of life). It has been
introduced by Mr. Standish, of the Royal Nursery, Bagshot,
along with the following variety.

Eetinospora obtusa argentea. Fortune, the Silver Varie-
gated Japan Cypress,

This variety has a portion of its leaves and lesser branchlets
of a silvery white, intermixed througliout the branches. It is
much cultivated in the gardens about Yeddo, and other parts
of the Island of Nippon, in Japan.

Eetinospora obtusa compacta, Hort., the compact Japan

Cypress.
The leaves and branchlets of this variety resemble those of
the species in every way, except that they are much smaller,
and the plant has a very dense and compact habit.

Eetinospora obtusa Ketet.eeri, tSiandish, Ketcleer's Varie-
gated Japan Cypress.
Tliis variety resembles the species in every respect, except
tliat about lialf the branchlets are of a yellow colour; and,
wlicn in i)ropcr condition, forms a very striking object.

RETINOSPORA. 369

Retinospoea obtusa PYGiLKA, Gordon, the Pigmy Japan

Cypress.
Syn. Thuja pygmfpa, Veitch.
„ Retinospova obtusa nana, Horf.

This very singular variety forms a d\\^arf, cushion-shaped,
little bush, which seldom grows more than a foot or two high,
but spreads out in a horizontal direction all round, to more
than double that distance, and forms a large, dense, flat tuft of
glossy-green spray when old, with branchlets and leaves
exactly like those of the species.

A very curious miniature evergreen bush, much cultivated
in the Japanese gardens about Yeddo, on account of its very
dwarf habit, dense, compact appearance, and glossy deep green
colour. It is quite hardy, and forms an interesting object for
rock- work or miniature gardens.

No. 9. Retinospora pisifera, Siehold, the Pea-fruited
Retinospora.
Syn. Chamfecyparis pisifera, Endlicher.
Leaves in four rows, decussate, all scale-formed on the adult
plants, and remaining on the plant for five years, those grow-
ing over the axis of the branchlets almost adnate even to the
apex, but those on the sides adhere only by the lower face ;
the upper and lower ones are ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a
hard point, keeled on the back, and smooth, the lateral ones
compressed at the edges on both sides, almost sickle-shaped,
equally long, acute-pointed, and marked on the under side
with two white glaucous bands. Branches numerous, thickly
covered with branchlets^ the lateral ones in two rows, and
very thickly covered with leaves ; male and female flowers on
the same plant ; the male catkins terminal on the upper
branchlets, cylindrical, obtuse, and numerous; female ones
terminal in the same manner as the males. Cones ovate-
globose, about the size of a large pea, and composed of ten or
twelve scales in opposite cross pairs, regularly imbricated.
.Scales ovate-rhomboid, a little pointed, crenulate, wedge-

B B

370 EETINOSPOEA.

shaped, and resinous at the base, attenuated, and spread out
horizontal at the apex, dilated, raised in the centre, woody,
and of a yellowish-brown colour, with a smooth surface.
Seeds in twos at the base of each scale, with large mem-
branaceous brownish wings, frequently much broader than the
seeds.

A much smaller tree, and slenderer than Eetinospora obtusa,
with its stem much less elevated, and darker-coloured bark,
found on the mountains of Yokohama and Karagan, in the
Island of Niphon, in Japan, where it is called " Sawara."

No, 10. Retixospora plumosa, Hort., the Plume-like Japan

Cypress.

Syn. Retinospora pisifera plumosa, Hort.

Leaves small, awl -shaped, stift', erectly spreading, in opposite
cross pairs, very acute and spiny pointed, concave and glaucous
on the upper surface, rounded and deep green on the back,
decurrent and glaucous at the base, and about one line long.
Branches numerous, erectly spreading, and thickly furnished
with branchlets, Branchlets slender, very numerous, short,
dense, compact, and thickly clothed with small, acute leaves,
more or less glaucous when young.

A very dense, erect, and elegant shrub or small tree, with a
plume-like appearance, found in the neighbourhood of Yeddo,
in Japan, where it is much cultivated by the Japanese in their
gardens.

It is quite hardy, and lias tlic following varieties.

Retinospora plumosa aurea, Hort., the Golden Plume-like
Japan Cypress.

Syn. Retinospora pisifera aurca, Hort.

This is a very elegant variety, with all the leading points of
the branchlets and lesser spray of a fine golden coloui-, which
they retain all the year round.

It was found by Mr. Fortune cultivated in the gardens

IlETIN"OSPORA. 371

about Yeddo, where it is called Kwa-liak (flowering tree of
life) by the Japanese.

PvETIXOSPjORA plumosa argentea, Hort., the Silvery Plume-
like Japan Cypress.

The points of the young shoots of this variety are quite white
when first they appear, and remain so for about three months,
when they gradually change to the usual deep green colour
of the species.

It is a very nice and striking variety.

No. 11. Retinospora squarrosa, Siehohl, the Squarrose-
leaved Retinospora.

Syn. Chamrecyparis squarrosa, EndlicJier.
„ Cupressus squarrosa, Lau'son.

Leaves spiral, or in alternate whorls, spreading, linear,
sharp-pointed, decurrent, dense, smooth, and frequently bent,
or curved backwards, but somewhat scale-formed, and slightly
adpressed on tlie male and cone-bearing branchlets; those on
the young plants are longer, linear, sharp-pointed, spreading,
reflexed, and bright glaucous green above, and furnished with
two white glaucous bands on the under side, and from three to
four lines long, and half a line broad. Branches slender,
and gracefully curved towards the extremities. Branchlets
numerous, spreading in every direction, and thickly furnished
with extended leaves. Male and femaJe flowers separate, but
on the same plant. Cones globular, solitary, about the size of
a small pea, and terminal on the ends of the preceding year's
branches. Scales, ten or twelve in number, in opposite decus-
sate pairs, at first close, afterwards, when mature, irregularly
separated, and spread out, wedge-shaped at the base, extended
at the summit, and of a brown colour, with two seeds at the
base of each scale, surrounded by a large, membranaceous,
brown wing, much broader than the seeds, and irregularly
marked with numerous little resinous bands.

A large bush or small tree, inhabiting the Island of Kiusiu,
bb2

372 SAXE-GOTH.EA.

#'
in the province of Figo, and tbe wooded mountains of Yoko-
hama, in Japan. It is also found cultivated in the Japanese
gardens about Yeddo as a bush, from four to six feet high,
where they luive the following variety also in cultivation.
It is tender, and called " Sinobu-hiba " in Japan.

Rettnospora squarrosa vartegata, Siehold.

Syn. Chama^cyparis squarrosa varicgata, EndlicJier.

This variety differs in having some of its branchlets and
leaves of a white colour, intermixed with the ordinary green
ones in a variec-ated manner.

Gen. SAXE-GOTHyEA. Lindley. Prince Albert's Yew.

Flowers monoecious, or male and female separate, but on
the same plant ; male flowers in spikes, female ones in globular
heads.

Fruit composed of several consolidated free scales, formed
into a solid flesliy cone.

Seeds a pale brown, glossy, oval nut, with a short, thin,
jagged membrane, enveloping the base of the seed only.

Leaves alternate, scattered, or somewhat two-rowed, leathery,
and flat.

Named in compliment to his Roj'al Highness Prince Albert.

A large ])usli or sm;dl tree, found on the mountains of Pata-
gonia.

SAXE-GoTHyEA CONSPICTJA, Limlley, tlio Remarkable Saxe-

Gothjea.
Syn. Taxus Patagonica, Hort.
Leaves alternate, and scattered, or somewhat in two rows
on tlic branchlets, leatliery, stiff, linear, or oblong-lanceolate,
somewhat sicklc-sliaped, slightly twisted and reliectcd, from
half to one inch and a half long, and from one to two lines
broad, sliglitly convex on the upper surface, and with a tolcr

SALISBURIA.

373

ably elevated vlb, marked on each side witl. glaucous In^uds
on the under one, furnished with a very short loot-stalk at the
base, and terminating at the sumnut in an acute pomt some-
times a little rounded. Male catkins in tennmal spikes or
racemes; female flowers in spherical heads m the form of a
little cone, on long, slender, terminal foot-stalks sometn.es
droopin-. Fruit composed of several consohdatcd free scales,
formed Into a solid fleshy cone, of a depressed form, with a
very irregular surface, owing to many of the scales being
abortive, while the ends of the whole retain tbeir original
form, are free, rather spiny, and constitute so many tough,
sharp tubercles, pointing in all directions. Seeds, a pale
brown, glossy, ovate nut, with a short, thin, jagged membrane,
enveloping the base of the seed only.

A small tree or bush, growing thirty feet high on the moun-
tains of Patagonia, with very much the appearance ot the
common yew, but wanting its tine sombre gTeen

It is called "Maniu" and "Pino" by the Chilians, and is
more or less tender.

Gen. SALISBURIA. Smith. The Maiden-hair
or Ginkgo Tree.

Flowers dioecious, or male and female on different plants;
the males in spikes, axillary, and without foot-stalks; the fe-
males in terminal clusters, on long petioles.

Fruit drupaceous, or covered with a fleshy pulp, and smooth
externally, mostly single from abortion, and enclosed at the base

in a small fleshy cup. , , i i

Seeds solitary in each fruit, and covered with a smooth, hard,

bony shell.

Leaves fan-shaped, on long foot-stalks, lobed, and jagged on
the outer margins, and covered on both sides with mmute ian-
shaped, straight nerves.

3V4 SALISBURIA.

Seed-leaves in twos.

Named in honour of K A. Salisbury, F.R.S., an eminent
English botanist.

A large deciduous tree, native of China and Japan.

Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith, the Maiden-hair Tree.

Syn, Ginkgo biloba, Linnceus.
„ Salisburia Ginkgo, Salishury.

Leaves deciduous, broadly fan-shaped, flat, leather}', thick
rounded on the upper margins, and the same colour and texture
on both sides, closely clustered on the short spur-like branch-
lets^ but distant and alternate on the young shoots, fan-like,
wedge-shaped at the base, somewhat triangular, and Avith from
two to four lobes, more or less deeply divided, the lobes again
irregularly toothed or jagged, and somewhat undulated at the
edges, with numerous minute parallel ribs, elevated on both
sides, and tapering to the base, where they are united with the
foot-stalk, which is as long as the blade of the leaf, of a fine
light or yellowish-green, pliant, smooth, and glossy. Branches
alternate, mostly ascending, or horizontal, but sometimes de-
clining on the lower part of the tree, lateral ones spreading •
branchlets very short, spur-like, and producing each year a
cluster of from three to five leaves on the top of eacb, very
closely placed, somewhat vertical. The male catkins aj^pcar
with the leaves in May, on the wood of the preceding year, or
on old spurs, are without foot-stalks, of a yellow colour, and
one inch and a half long. The female flowers are produced in
(more or less) clusters, on very long foot-stalks, each in part
enclosed in small cups at the base, formed by the enlargement
of the j)eduncle. Fruit globular or ovate, one inch in diameter,
drupaceous, or fleshy outside, on very long, slender foot-stalks,
each containing a single bony nut or seed of a whitish colour.
Seeds somewhat globular, tolerably large, covered with a hard,
bony shell, smootli cxtcrnall}^, and tapering to both ends, and
envcloi)ed in a light green, or yellowish fleshy pulp, covered

SALISBURIA. 375

"with a smooth, gloss}^, yellowish skin outside. Seed-leaves in
twos.

A large, deciduous tree, with rather a conical-shaped head,-
and straight stem, covered with a grayish, rough bark when
old, and with the sexes on separate trees.

It is found abundantly in China and Japan, growing from
80 to 100 feet high and from six to twelve feet in diameter.

Professor Bunge, who accompanied the Russian Mission to
Pekin, states that he saw, near a pagoda, an immense " Ginkgo,"
with a trunk nearly 40 feet in circum_ference, and of prodigious
height, but still in perfect vigour.

The Japanese names for this tree are " Ginan" (deciduous
tree), and " Fusi-kin-go " (buds crowned with leaves in sum-
mer). The Chinese call it " Ginkgo " (full of leafless buds in
winter), in addition to " Ginan," " Quachow," and " Gin-ki-go "
(a tree without leaves in winter).

It is (juite hard}^, and has the following varieties: —

Salisburia adiaxtifolta maceophylla, Hart

Syn. Salisburia adiantifolia laciniata, Carritre.
„ „ macrophylla, Reynier.

„ Ginkgo biloba laciniata, Hort.

This variety differs from the species, in its leaves being very
much laro-er, some of them measurino- ten inches in circumfe-
rence, and divided in two, three, or five lobes — the principal
lobes being again subdivided, and undulated, and irregularly
laciniated, or dentate d on the edges ; a very fine variety, of
French origin.

Salisburia adiantifolia variegata, Carriere.

This variety difiers from the ordinary form, by its leaves
being variegated and striped with pale yellow. It is a very
nice variety.

Salisburia adiantifolia pendula. Van Geert.
This variety only difiers in having the branches pendulous.

376 SCIADOPITYS, OR

Gen. SCIADOPITYS. Siehold. The Parasol Pine.

Floiuers monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate, the male ones terminal, the female solitary, and
growing from among the scaly buds.

Cones elliptic or cjdindrical, obtuse at the ends, large, and
solitary.

Scales persistent, leathery, thin, regularly imbricated, wedge-
shaped, half-rounded on the upper part, and with a short bractea
adhering.

Seeds elliptic, compressed, seven under each scale, with a
leathery covering, tapering into a membranaceous wing, attenu-
ating to the base and apex.

Leaves in whorls like an umbrella, persistent, without any
foot-stalks, linear, flat, and obtuse-pointed.

Ncime, derived from 'skidos,' shade, and ' pitys,' pine, the
Parasol Pine.

SciADOPlTYS VERTICILLATA, Slehold, the Whorl-leaved
Sciadopitys, or Parasol Fir.

Syn, Pinus verticillata, Slehold.
„ Taxus verticillata, Tkunherg.

Leaves long, linear, or somewhat falcate, smooth, entire,
alternate, persistent, without any foot-stalks, and tapering to
an obtuse point, concave and ribbed on the under side, in close
tufts of from thirty to forty in number on the ends of the shoots
in a sort of whorl in the form of an extended parasol, and re-
maining on the branches for three or four years. Branches
alternate, or in wliorls, with the young shoot cylindrical, and
without leaves, except towards the top, but covered with per-
sistent scales, which wdien old fall off, and leave the adult
brandies marked by their scars ; buds terminal, vei'tically nu-
merous, and scaly, at first imbricated, but afterwards scattered.
Male and female flowei's on the same plant ; the male catkins
terminal, somewhat globular ; female, solitary, and growing from

THE PAIIASOL PIXE. 377

among the scaly buds, Cones elliptic, cylindrical, obtuse at
the ends, solitary, two inches and a half long, and one inch
and a half in diameter, and somewhat resembling those of the'
Pinus cembra. Scales regularly imbricated, wedge-shaped,
half-rounded on the outer part, leathery, irregularly reflexed
round the edges, rather thin, persistent, and of a grayish-brown
colour, bracteas adhering to the scale, and shorter. Seeds ellip-
tic, compressed, seven in number under each scale near the
upper parts, with a coriaceous covering, tapering into mem-
branaceous wings, attenuating to the base and apex.

A handsome and very singular evergreen tree, from 80 to
120 feet high, with a straight stem and horizontal spreading
branches, and flowering in the spring.

It is found in the eastern part of the island of Niphon, upon
the mountains of " Koja-San," in the province of " Kii," and
probably on other of the Japan Islands.

The Parasol Fir, according to Mr. Fortune (who first sent
living plants of it to ]\Ir. Standish of the Royal Nursery at
Bagshot, in 18G1), is a large pjTamidal tree with horizontal
spreading branches, which attains a height of from 100 to 150
feet, and from 10 to 11 feet in circumference, three feet from
the ground, and not a large bush or small tree from 12 to 15
feet high, as originally stated by Dr. Siebold, in his "Flora
Japonica." The Japanese, hov/ever, have several varieties,
among which some are dwarf bushes, others beautifully va-
riegated, and others Avith leaves varying from two to four
inches or more in length, and two lines broad: but all linear,
a little sickle-shaped, blunt, o^' slightly notched at the points,
leathery, double-ribbed, with a shallow channel running
through them, and all spreading out horizontally like the
ribs of a parasol, and so closely clustered alternately as to
look as if they stood in whorls of from 30 to 40 together at
the ends of all the branchlets. Mr. Fortune says they are of
a deep green colour, while, according to Dr. Siebold, they must
be of a yellowish-green, and remain on the tree for about three
years, by which time each branch has from one to three para-

378 SCIADOPITYS.

sols on it, according to its age ; but in the fourth year they
fall off. The cones are elliptic or cylindrical, obtuse at the
ends, and from two and a half to three inches long, and one
inch and a half in diameter, and not unlike those of Pinus
Cembra, but longer, and require two years to ripen. The seed
leaves are in twos, and very similar to those of the common
Yew.

Dr. Siebold considers the Parasol Fir the finest conifer of
Japan, and one which presents an appearance as strange as
elegant, in consequence of its innumerable ramifications, which
always end in a parasol-like tuft of leaves. Dr. Lindley says
the Sciadopitys is nearly related to the Genus Wellingtonia, a
statement which, from all appearances, seems very questionable.

Its Japanese names are " Koja-Maki "* (the wild or Mount
Kojasan Maki), and " Inu-Maki " (the spurious or false Maki) ;
while those of the Chinese are " Kin-sung-Maki " (the pale
yellow Maki), and "Kin-sjo" (common yellow) on account of
the leaves being of a pale or yellowish-green colour when
young.

It is quite hardy, and has several varieties, besides the fol-
lowing one —

Sciadopitys verticillata vaeieGxVTA, Fortune, the Variegated

Parasol Fir.

This variety differs in having some of its leaves of a pale
yellow colour, intermixed in the parasol-like wliorls.

It forms a striking object, and is much grown in the gardens
belonging to tlio wealthy Japanese, especially in the eastern
part of the island of Nippon, where it is also much planted
around temples and other sacred places of worship.

Mr. Fortune first sent it to the Royal Nursery at Bagshot in
18G1, from the neighbourhood of YeddO; in Japan.

* Muki is tlic name coiiiniouly applied, both in Cliina and Japan, to all
the large-leaved Yew-like plants, sncli as Podocarpus, Sciadopitys, ttc.

SEQUOIA. 379

Gea. SEQUOIA. EndUcher. The Californlan Redwood.

Floiuers monoecious, ov mxlo ami female separate, but on the
same plant, solitary and terminal.

Cones small, sub-globidar, or obtusely oval, and ligneous.

Seeds from three to five under each scale, variously-shaped,
and winged.

Leaves two-rowed, flat, and evergreen.

Name probably from " sequence," separated, or following in
order of succession, after Taxodium ; from which Professor
Endlicher separated it.

A lofty tree, found in California and North-west America.

Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher, the Californian Redwood
or Bastard Cedar.

Syn. Taxodium sempervirens, Lamhert.

„ „ Nutkaense, Lambert.

„ Schubertia sempervirens. Speech.

„ Condylocarpus sempervirens, Salisbury.
Leaves on the lateral branches and branchlets, linear, blunt-
pointed, two-rowed, spread out, fiat, alternate, straight, rarely
falcate, leathery, persistent, shining, dark gi-een, and smooth
above, more or less glaucous, and channelled below ; from half
an inch to an inch long, but much shorter and smaller near
the extremities of the shoots ; those on the principal branches
and terminal points of the flower-bearing branchlets are very
short, narrow, sharp-pointed, or scale-formed, somewhat im-
bricated, or closely spiral, decurrent at tlie base, ribbed, and
glaucous below, those on the leading shoots distant and very
acute. Branches spreading, horizontal, rather distant, irregu-
larly scattered alternately along the stem, and furnished with
numerous lateral ones in two rows, those nearest the base fre-
quently bent downwards, while those towards the extremity
are more elevated. Branchlets very numerous, in two rows,
and frequently drooping. Male flowers globular, solitary at
the extremities of the branchlets, on slender foot-stalks, thickly

380 SEQUOIA.

covered with very small scale-like leaves. Cones solitary,
terminal, somewhat globular, or egg-shaped, rather blunt at
the ends, and one inch long. Scales numerous, wedge-shaped,
irom sixteen to twenty in number, smallest near the base,
transversely keeled, very much sunken in the middle, irregu-
larly shaped, wrinkled on the summit, and furnished in the
middle of the hollow centre with a stout, horn-shaped, blunt
point directed outwards. Seeds from three to five under each
scale, variously-shaped, and winged.

The seed-leaves are mostly in twos, but sometimes in threes,
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the ends, slightly convex, and pale
green on the under-side, but of a much darker colour, and
somewhat gloss}^, above.

A lofty evergreen tree, growing from 200 to 800 feet high,
and from twenty to thirt}'" feet in circumference. One tree,
called by the American settlers " the Giant of the Forest,"
measures 270 feet high, and fifty-five feet in circumference^ six
feet from the ground ; and there is at St. Petei'sburgh a hori-
zontal slab of the wood, received by the late Dr. Fischer from
the North-west coast of America, which measures fifteen feet
in diameter, and 1008 annual rings marks its age. The timber
is of a beautiful red colour, fincj and close-grained, but light
and brittle, and never attacked b}'- insects. It is the Cali-
fornian Eedwood or Bastard Cedar of the settlers, and was
first discovered by Menzies in 1796, on the North-west coast
of America; afterwards by Douglas, in 183G; and by the
Russians (who first introduced it to Europe in a living state),
in 1843 ; but since which time it has been found growing
abundantly on the mountains of Santa Cruz, about 00 miles
from Monterey, in California, where Mr. Hartweg found that
it averaged 200 feet in height, with trunks from 18 to 24 feet
in circumference, quite straight, and clear of branches to a
Iieiirht of GO feet.

It is (juite hardy, but the leaves turn to a purplish-brown
in the winter.

TAXODIUM. 2^1

Sequoia sempervirens glauca, Hort, the Glaucous Red-
wood Tree.

Syn. Taxodium sempervirens glaucum, Hort.

albo spica, Hort.
„ » »

Leaves linear, acute-pointed, three lines long, and of a fine
..laucous blue tint, particularly on the under side, and either
Toosely imbricated, or openly disposed round the branchlets,
or arrano-ed in two rows laterally. Branchlets long, un-
divided, narrow, slender, and, when young, pale yellow at the

points. . ,

This variety differs from the species m havnig very mucli
narrower and slenderer branchlets, and very much smaller
leaves, and altogether a more thin and open appearance.

6^e/i. TAXODIUM. Richard. The Deciduous Cypress.

Fioivers moncecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate; the male ones in compound pyramidal spikes,
the females two or three together, near the base of the spike

of male flowers.

Cone.^ ^lobular, ligneous, and with an uneven surface.
&ai..s imbricated spirally, thick, and raised in the centre.
Seeds irregularly-shaped, woody, and two at the base ot

each scale.

Leaves in two rows, flat, linear, and deciduous.

Seed-leaves from five to nine in number.

mane derived from t«'^9 (Yew) and elSo, (like), from its
supposed resemblance to the common Yew. ^

All deciduous trees, found in North America, Mexico, and
China.

I

382 TAXODIUM.

No, 1. Taxodiu:\i distichum, lliciiavd, the Deciduous Cypress.

Syn. Cupressus Virginiana, Plukenett.
„ „ ., Tradescanti, Ray.

„ „ Americana, Catesby.

„ „ disticha, Linnceus.

„ Scliubertia disticha, Mirbel.

„ Taxodium distichum patens, Endlicher.
„ „ „ nigrum, Hort.

„ Cupressus disticha patens^ Aiton.

Leaves in two rows, fiat, rather distant^ pectinate, spread
out horizontal, and twisted at tlie l)ase ; linear, tapering to a
sharjD point, bright green, and thin at the margins, half an
inch long, and one line broad, somewhat arched, with the con-
vex side outwards, and chano-inoj in the autumn from a lio-ht
green to a dull red, and soon after falling off. Branches stout,
stiff, horizontal, or rising upwards at the ends, lateral ones
rather pendulous. Branchlets very slender, and elegantly
pinnated. Male and female flowers on the same plant. The
male catkins are produced in flexible pendulous aments, and
the female ones in .very small bunches. Cones somewhat
rounded, or roundish-ovate, from one to one inch and a half in
diameter, and about the size of a pigeon's egg, hard, and un-
even on the surface. Scales thick, slightly striated, dull
brown, raised in the middle, with a small mucro in the centre,
which soon disappears after maturity. Seeds compressed. This
tree is rather pyramidal when young, but when old and full
grown has flat, horizontal branches, and becomes a lofty tree,
120 feet high, and from twenty-five to forty feet in circum-
ference at the base, covering large tracts of country in the
swamps of the Southern States of North America.

The Deciduous Cypress is found growing along the banks of
rivers, and in swamps fi'om the Delaware, which may be con-
sidered its northern boundary, to Florida; in Maryland and
Yirtrinia it is confined to within view of the sea, where the
winters are milder, and the summer more intense. In Carolina

TAXODIUM. 383

and Georgia, it occupies a great part of the swamps which
border the rivers in the lowlands, and in East Florida, Louisiana ;
and those parts of the marshes, where the deciduous Cypress
almost alone occupy, are called Cypress swamps, and cover
thousands of acres. The Americans call it the " Bald Cypress,"
the " Black Cypress," and the " White Cypress," as it varies
very much in appearance according to soil and situation. The
roots of large trees, particularly in very moist situations, pro-
duce conical protuberances above ground, frequently from one
to two feet high, and sometimes three or four feet in thickness,
but alwavs hollow in the centre, smooth on the outside, and
covered with a reddish bark, and called Cypress knees by the
Indians.

There are the following varieties : —

Taxodium distichum denudatum, Leroy.

Branches slender, long, horizontal, or (^rooping towards the
ends, irregularly, and little divided. Branchlets fringed, with
scattered, variable, and unequally-distant leaves.

This variety was raised by ]\I. Leroy, nurseryman, at An-
ders, in the South of France.

Taxodium distichum fasttgiatum, Knight

Syn. Taxodium fastigiatum, Hort.

adscendens, Brongniart.
Schubertia disticha imbricata, Spach.
„ Cupressus imbricata, NvAtall.
Branches short, erect, slightly spreading at the top. Leaves
two-rowed, and resembling those of the species. This very
distinct variety is a much smaller and a more compact tree,
with the form of a regular conical pyramid, or fastigiated
head. It is found in the marshy grounds along the sea-shore,
in Florida and Carolinn, forming a small tree.

A very distinct-looking small tree, but certainly not a dis-
tinct species.

384 TAXODIUM.

Taxodium distichum Mexicanum, Gordon, the Montezuma

Cypress.
Syn. Taxodium pinnatum, Hort.
„ „ virens^ Knight.

„ „ Montezumre, Dunal.

„ „ Hugeli, Laivson.

„ „ Mexicanum, Carriere.

„ „ distichum pinnatum, Hort.

„ „ „ excelsum, Booth.

„ „ „ sempervirens, Rinz.

„ „ mucronatum, Tcnore.

Leaves linear, pointed, evergreen, or nearly so, in two rows,
straight, flat, and tapering to a point, with the leaves slenderer,
and more persistent than those of the common deciduous Cy-
press. Branches spread out and slender. Cones rather large,
witli the scales strongly mucronated.

This variety differs from the species in being nearly ever-
green, and much tenderer. It is found growing in Mexico,
forming large trees, 120 feet high, and sometimes ninety feet
in circumference, close to the ground. It forms large forests
between Chajmltepec and Tescoco, near Popotla, in Mexico.

The great Montezuma Cj^pi'css at Chapultepec, near Mexico,
is of this kind, and measures ninety-nine feet in circumference
near the ground.

This tree is called " Sabino " bj' the Mexicans, and yields
excellent timber, but is too tender for the climate of England.

Taxodium distichum nanum, Carriere.

Branches numerous, almost horizontal, short, and resembling
the s])ecics, but easily distinguislicd by its very small dimen-
sions, forniiiig a very compact bush, ten or twelve feet higli.

It was raised by a nurseryman, near Tours, in France.

No. 2. Taxodium i^iickophyllum, Brongniart, the Small-
leaved Deciduous Cypress.
Syn. Taxodium distichum microphyllum, /S^}«cA.
Leaves very variable, in some linear, or ovate-lanceolate.

TAXODIUM. 38 5

alternate, in two rows, or scattered, those at the base of the
shoots, from four to six lines long, tapering to a point, but
becoming very much smaller towards the extremities of the'
branchlets, where they are hardly more than one oi- two lines
long ; oval, blunt-ended, and having the appearance of being-
imbricated.

Nothing is known of this kind beyond the description given
by M. Brongniart, who states that it is found in North
America. It in all probability is nothing moi'e than a moun-
tain form of the common deciduous Cypress, as no collector or
traveller in the United States has discovered it since his time
and the circumstance of the leaves becoming much smaller
towards the ends of the shoots, is quite a common occurrence
in the deciduous Cypress in dry seasons.

I
No, 3, Taxodium Sinexse, Noisette, the Chinese Deciduous

Cypress,

Syn. Taxodium Sinense pendulum, Forhefi.
„ „ distichum pendulum, Loudon,

„ „ „ nutans, Loudon.

„ „ „ Sinense, Loudon.

„ Glyptostrobus pendulus, Endlicher.
„ Cupressus disticha nutans, Aiton.

Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, distant, and deciduous;
from three to six lines long, without any foot-stalks at the
base, and tapering into a sharp point at the apex ; those on
the young shoots in the early part of the season, are twisted,
and compressed round the stem, but more expanded and spread
out, like those of the common deciduous Cypress, by the
autumn. Branches horizontal, spread out straight, or slightly
bent downwards towards the extremities, with the young-
shoots slender, pendulous, and closely covered with light green
leaves, which fall off during winter^ and frequently the ends
of the young shoots get killed at the same time by the cold.
C c

386 TAXUS, OR.

Cones ovate, or somewhat globular, woody, and light brown.
Scales mucronate, and peltate, with two seeds at their
base.

A very elegant small tree, growing from twelve to twenty
feet high ; found in the northern parts of China^ and probably
in Japan, growing in swampy places.

It is quite hardy.

Gen. TAXUS. Tournefort. The Yew.

Flowers dioecious, or male and female on different plants,
and axillary.

Fruit solitary, and one-seeded.

Dish a fleshy open cup, and viscid.

Seeds nut-like, with a bony shell, free, and exposed on the
upper part.

Leaves linear, decurrent, and alternate.

Seed-leaves in twos, and short.

Name derived either from " taxis," arrangement, from the
leaves being placed on the branchlets like the teeth of a comb,
or from " toxicum," poison, the common Yew being considered
poisonous, or from " toxon," a bow, the wood being much used
for that purpose.

The word Taxus, however, like the Greek word " Toxen,"
a bow, is derived from " Tazo," or " tasso," to draw, to pull ;
man having learned the arts of war and hunting before his
language was perfected. The English name -Yew is said to
come from the Celtic " iw," green.

All evergreen trees, or bushes, found iv the temperate parts
of Europe, Asia, and America.

THU YEW. 387

No. 1. Taxus ADPBESSA, Knight, the Short-leaved Japan

Yew.

Syn, Taxus tardiva, Laivson.

„ „ Sinensis tardiva, Knight.

„ „ baccata adpressa, Carviere.

„ „ brevifolia, Hovt., not Nuttall.

„ Cephalotaxus adpressa, Hort.

„ „ tardiva, Siebold.

„ „ brevifolia, Horf.

Leaves oblong, or bluntly oval, rounded at both ends on the
lesser branchlets, but much longer and more pointed on those
of the leading shoots ; more or less two-rowed, flat, rather dis-
tant, on very short foot-stalks, decurrent, and terminating at the
apex in a very short spiny point, sometimes wanting on the
adult ones ; from two to four lines long, and one line and a half
broad, of a dark glossy green above, and glaucous below on
both sides of the middle nerve, the margins and mid-rib being
of a glossy light green colour; buds very small, oval, and
covered with a few blunt persistent scales. Branches nume-
rous, much divided, horizontally spreading, and sometimes in
whorls ; lateral ones and branchlets, in two rows, flat, slender,
closely placed in clusters towards the extremities, frequently
confused, short, and spreading. Fruit like that of the common
Yew, but much smaller, and with the seed more exposed.

A dense, spreading, depressed bush, with numerous flat
spreading branchlets, thickly covered with flat, sombre green
leaves, seldom growing more than six or eight feet high, and
found on the mountains of Japan.

It is quite hardy, but of slow growth.

Taxus adpressa stricta, Standish.

A seedling variety, raised in the Royal Nurser^y, Ascot, with
upright leading shoots, and a more robust habit.
c c 2

38S TAXUSj OR

No. 2. Taxus baccata, Linnceus, the Common Yew,
Syn. Taxus baccata vulgaris, Endliclier,

Leaves in two rows, crowded, linear, slightly curved, or fal-
cate, pointed, fiat, entire, and slightly revolute on the margins ;
from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a quarter long,
and one line and a half broad, of a dark sliining green above,
much paler below, with a promment mid-rib, terminating in a
small point at the apex. Branches spreading, much divided,
and dense ; branchlets long, slender, and drooping. Male
flowers axillary. Berries rounded, glutinous, drooping, open
at the top, and enclosing a brown oval partially naked nut, un-
connected with the fleshy disk, which is of a scarlet colour and
sweet. Seed-leaves in twos.

A small tree, or large bush, but when fully grown thirty or
forty feet high, with a short stem, and ample spreading head,
thickly clothed with branches, densely set with drooping
branchlets and sombre-green leaves.

It is found in most parts of Europe, at elevations of from
1000 to 4000 feet, is frequent on the Appenines, the Alps,
Greece, Spain, Piedmont, Great Britain, the Pyrenees, the
Caucasus, and even in Scandinavia, but is wanting in the
Russian empire, except on the mountains of the Crimea and
Caucasus. There are numerous varieties, of which the follow-
inor are some of the most distinct.

Taxus baccata argentea, Loudon, the Silver Variegated

Yew.
Syn, Taxus baccata, foliis variegatis, Hort.
„ „ elegantissima, Ilovt
„ „ marginata, Hort,
„ „ baccata variegata alba, Camhe.

This very handsome variety diflers, in having silvery wliite
striped leaves, sometimes changing to straw colour.

THE YEW. 389

Taxus baccata Cheshuntensis, W. Paid, the Cheshunt Yew.

A nice variety, with rather a pyramidal habit of growth, in
the way of Taxus baccata sparsifolia, but with the leaves
smaller and more closely disposed all round the shoots ; the
spray is also much slenderer and more twiggy, with the leaves
of a bright glossy green.

It was raised by Mr. William Paul, of the Cheshunt Nursery,
from a seed of the Irish Yew, and appears to stand midway
between the common and Irish Yews, but less formal than the
latter, and grows twice as fast.

Taxus baccata Dovastoxi, London, Dovaston's Yew.

Syn. Taxus Dovastoni, Hort.
„ „ pendula, Hart.
„ „ baccata horizontalis, Hort
„ „ umbraculifera, Hovt.
This variety only differs from the ordinary kind in having
its principal branches growing horizontal or pendent, and its
branchlets quite drooping ; a very striking and handsome
variety.

Taxus baccata Dovastoxi variegata, Hort.

A handsome, pendulous, variegated variety of the Shropshire
Yew, with all the leaves when young broadly edged with
golden yellow ; but which, when fully matured, change to a
bright green, edged with silvery white.

Taxus baccata epacrioides, W. Paid, the Epacris-like Yew,

This is a rather dwarf and somewhat spreading variet}'',
with small light green leaves. A pretty and distinct variety.

Taxus baccata erecta, Loudon, the Erect Common Yew.
Syn. Taxus stricta, Hort
., „ erecta, Hort.
j, „ pyramidalis, Knight,

390 TAXUS, OR

This is a slender variety, with smaller foliage than the com-
mon kind, but with a much stifter and more erect habit, and is
called in some collections the Fulham Yew, or Upright Common
Yew. A very nice variety, not unfrequentiy obtained from
seeds of the common kind. The Taxus baccata Crowderi is a
slight variety of this.

Taxus baccata ericoides, Ilort, the Heath-like Yew.

Syn. Taxus ericoides, Hovt.
„ „ empetrifolia, Horf.
„ „ microphylla, Hort.
„ „ baccata microphylla, J/orf.

A small slender, slow-growing variety, with very small dark
green foliage, and rather short, erect, slender twigs, very dis-
tinct in appearance, and only from one to two feet high.

Taxus baccata fastigiata, Loudon, the Irish Yew.

Syn. Taxus baccata Hibernica, Hort.
„ „ Hibernica, Hooker.
„ „ fastigiata, Lindley.
„ „ pyramidalis, Hort, not KnigJd.

This very distinct and singular variety has its leaves in tufts,
or scattered along the branchlets, and not two-rowed as in tlie
common Yew, with a fastigiata or broom-shaped head, having
all the branches erect, and closely compressed, like those of the
Lombardy Poplar. It also differs in having oblong berries, and
not rounded ones, as in the common kind. There are the follow-
ing varieties of it ; —

Taxus baccata fastigiata variegata, Carriere.

Syn. Taxus baccata Hibernica variegata, Hort.
„ „ fastigiata argentea, Knight.

Tliis variety only differs from the Irish Yew, in having a
portion of its foliage striped and margined with silvery white
or pale straw-coloured blotches.

THE YEW. ^^^

A very striking variety, of the Florence Court, or Irish Yew,
when well variegated.

Taxus baccata fastigiata aurea variegata, Fisher.

A handsome, golden variegated form of the Irish Yew,
raised in the nursery of Messrs. Fisher and Holmes of Shefoeid.

Taxus baccata Foxii, Knight, Fox's Dwarf Yew.
Syn. Taxus baccata nana, Hort
„ Foxii, Hort
Avery dwarf' kind, with much smaller and darker leaves
than the species. It grows little more than one or two feet
hidi, and rather spreading.

Taxus baccata fructu-luteo, Loudon, the Yellow-berried

Yew.
This only differs from the common Yew in the colour of its
berries, which are of a beautiful golden yellow, and very hand-

some.

Taxus baccata glauca, Carriere, the Glaucous Yew.
Syn. Taxus baccata sub-glaucescens, Jacques.
nigra, W. Paul.
This is" a very vigorous kind, ^vitli tl,e leave, dark gree>i
above, and bluish or glaucous gray on the under part, and with
the bark on the young shoots of a rusty brown colour.

TAXUS BACCATA Jacksonii, W.Paul, Jackson's Weeping
Common Yew.
Syn. Jackson's Weeping Yew, Hort.
A nice pendulous kind, with broad light-green foliage, all
more or less incurved, falcate, and thickly covering the upper
Tt of the branches, with the branchlets reddish-brown, nu-
merous, short, obliquely placed, and more or less curved.

392 TAXUS, OR

Taxus baccata xaxa, W. Paul, the Dwcarf conical Yew.

This variety forms a nice dwarf, compact, conical bush, with
the leaves longer, and of a darker and more glossy green than
those of the common Yew. A very desirable kind on account
of its dwarf, dense, and compact habit.

Taxus baccata Nidpathexsis, W. Paid, the Nidpath Castle

Yew.
This is a nice variety, with rather a columnar than pyramidal
habit of gi-owth, and with a tendency to spread at the top.

Taxus baccata eecurvata, Carritre.
Syn. Taxus recurvata, Laivson.
This kind has long straggling branches spread out and little
divided, but very frequently reflected. Leaves longer and
straighter than the common kind, with the margins involute.

Taxus baccata sparsifolia, Loudon, the Scatterod-leaved

Yew.
Syn. Taxus baccata monstrosa, Hort.
„ „ monstrosa, Hort.
„ „ Mitchelli, Hort.
This variety has its leaves disposed round the branches as
in the Irish Yew, but with its branches spreading like the
common Yew.

Taxus baccata ^•APJEGATA, Loudon, the Yariegated Yew,

Syn. Taxus baccata variegata aurea, Carrierc.
This is a very handsome variety, with its leaves mostly edged
with a goklcn yellow colour.

No. 3. Taxus bre vj folia, iYu^toZ/, the Western or Californlau

Yew.
Syn. Taxus Boursieri, Carrierc.
„ „ baccata Americana, Doajlas.
„ „ Lindleyana, Ifnrray.
„ ,. Oceidentalis, Nuttall.

THE YEW. 393

Leaves arranged in two rows, iiat, narrow, acute-pointed,
and somewliat curved on the brauchlets, but more or less scat-
tered on the leading shoots and principal branches, from three-
quarters to an inch long, and nearly a line broad, linear-falcate,
rarely straight, of a glossy yellowish green, with a projecting
rib down the middle on the upper surface, and glaucous below,
except on the margins and mid-rib, which are of a glossy green,
with a yellowish foot-stalk one line long, a little enlarged at the
base, and decurrent. Branches slender, very long, pendulous,
and covered with a yellowish bark. Fruit solitary on the
under side of the branches, and exactly like those of the Irish
Yew (Taxus baccata fastigiata). Seeds nearly globular, and
yellowish brown. Wood very elastic, and used by the Indians
to make bows.

This kind, according to Murray, is a handsome tree, growing
thirty or forty feet high, and from four to five feet in girth, five
feet from the ground, and found growing on the sides of glens,
under the shade of large trees, in Northeru California. M.
Boursier, the French traveller, discovered this species in 1854,
ifrowino- alono- the banks of runnino; streams on the higher
mountains of Northern California, in company with large trees
of Abies Douglasii and Pinus Lambertiana. Douglas found it
abundantly at the confluence of the Columbia, in 1825, and to
the northwards, but slightly dift'ering in appearance from
the common Yew.

It is called " Wa-wa-meens " (fighting-wood) by the Indians
along the north-west coast of America, on account of its wood
being used by them for making bows.

No. 4. Taxus Canadensis, Wildenoic, the Canadian Yew.

Syn. Taxus baccata Canadensis, Loudon.
J, „ „ minor, Michaux.

5) h procumbens, Loddhjei^.
„ „ Canadensis major, Knigld.
Leaves linear, crowded, rather narrow, mostly straight, but
sometimes slightly curved, extended, somewhat in two rows,

394 TAXUS, OR

revolute on the edges, decurrent at the base, on very short foot-
stalks, abruptly tapering to the apex, terminating in a spiny
acute point, and from three-quarters to one inch long, and
one line broad, of a pale yellowish glossy green above, and a
little rusty below ; buds covered with blunt, ovate, persistent
scales, which remain on for a long time at the base of each suc-
cessive gi'owth, in a withered state. Branches slender, rather
numerous, and spreading out horizontally, seldom ascending, but
sometimes more or less bent down at the extremities ; branch-
lets arranged in two rows, and somewhat pendent. Male cat-
kins globular, always solitary, and at the base of the leaf on
the under side of the branchlets. Fruit like those of the
common Yew, but very much smaller. Seed-leaves in twos.

A low, spreading bush, growing three or four feet high, and
readily distinguished from the Taxus baccata by the brownish
appearance both of its leaves and bark, found in North
America, particularly in Canada, and along the banks of the
Antictem River, in Maryland, and in shady rocky places along
the Columbia River.

It is quite hardy.

Taxus Canadensis Washington i, Hort., Washington's
Canadian Yew.

Syn. Taxus Washingtoni, Hort.
„ „ Canadensis aurea, Hort.

This is a strong-growing variety, with large curved leaves
more or less tinted with a rich golden hue. A very fine variety,
of American origin.

No. 5. Taxus cuspidata, Siehold, the Abrupt-pointed Yew.

Leaves linear, all more or less curved upwards, alternate,
stiff, Icathcr}'^, and scattered along the principal leading shoots,
but somewhat two-rowed, and denser on the branchlets, from
three-quarters to one inch long, and one line broad, on rather
long fuut-stalks, broadly decurrent at the base, abruptly pointed,

THE YEW. 395

with a sliorfc, rigid, spiny point at the apex, deep glossy green
above, and pale yellowish green below, but not glaucous, and
with the thickened margins and mid-rib of a glossy green;,
buds covered with oval, acute-pointed, imbricated scales, keeled
on the back. Branches numerous and spreading. Branchlets
rather stiff and angular, on account of the wide decurrent base
of the leaves. Fruit unknown.

A large, handsome bush, densely clothed with somewhat
ascending branches, and dark-green foliage, growing from
fifteen to twenty feet high, found on the Island of Jezo, in
Japan, where it is much cultivated in the town gardens^ and
called by the Japanese " Araraji."

It is quite hardy.

No. 6. Taxus globosa, SchlechtendaJd, the Mexican Yew.
Syn. Taxus baccata Mexicana, Hartiveg.

Leaves linear, slightly curved or ftilcate, narrow, rather
closely placed in two rows along the shoots, tapering to both
ends, and furnished with an acute, spiny point, from three-
quarters to one inch long, and one line broad, on rather long,
twisted foot-stalks, decurrent at the base, dark glossy green,
with an elevated nerve along the middle on the upper sui-face,
but very much paler below, with the mid-rib and margins of a
dark green colour ; buds furnished with persistent blunt-
pointed scales, keeled on the back. Branches long, spreading,
much divided, and thickly furnished with extended branchlets.
Branchlets very slender, more or less drooping at the points,
scattered irregularly in two flat horizontal rows, mostly forked,
and ver}'' extended. Male and female flowers on separate trees,
lateral and solitary on the under side of the branchlets. Fruit
about the size of those of the common yew, but with the cup
more cylindrical and bell- sha2:>ed, and the nut or seed flattened,
globular, and more exjiosed. Seed-leaves in twos.

A handsome, large bush, or small tree, with quite the a})-
pearance of the common Yew, furnished with numerous

396 TAXUS, OK

brandies to the ground, found plentiful on the mountains of
Guajolota and Real del Monte, in Mexico.
It is tolerably hardy.

No. 7. Taxus Wallichiana, Zuccarini, Dr. Wallich's Yew.
Syn. Taxus virgata, Wallich.

nucifera ( ^^^^^' ^"^ ^^^^^^' "^^^^^^^ ^^
" " ' \ Indian Coniferae.

,, „ baccata Indiea, Madden.

Leaves linear, tapering to an acute point, rather distant,
slightly curved or falcate, regularly two-rowed, alternate, con-
vex above, and re volute on the margins, from one inch to one
inch and a half long, and one line broad, with rather a long,
twisted foot-stalk, decurrent at the base, of a deep glossy green,
with an elevated nerve along the middle on the upper surface,
much paler and not glossy below ; buds small, with persistent,
ovate, blunt-pointed scales. Branches long, slender, much
spreading, and of a light- brown colour. Branchlets very
slender, long, undivided, more or less pendent, and nearly the
same size all their length. Male flowers lateral on the under
side of the branchlets, and consisting of a number of scales, out
of which eight or ten connected anthers grow, like minute
clusters of primroses ; the female ones, which are on a separate
plant, are enveloped in scales, from which they gi'adually
emerge, and when ripe, are open at the top, displaying the nut
or bony-shelled seed seated in a red, fleshy cup. Seed-leaves
in twos.

A fine evergreen tree, forming beautiful forests in Northern
India, some trees measuring fifteen feet in girth four feet from
the ground. It is common on the Mountains of Nepal, between
8,000 and 10,000 feet of elevation, and in Kamaon, Gurhwal,
Kedarkanta, Sirmorc, on the Mountains of Tibet, and between
Moulmeiri and Nortliern Siam, as well as in Sikkim, where it
docs not descend below 0,000 feet.

This sj)ecies is common in tlic British Himahu'as and Bho-
tan, flourishing best between 8,000 and 9,000 feet of elevation,

THE YEW. 397

but ascending in a dwarfish form to 11,800 feet. In Kunawur
and Gurliwal it is called " Eikaling," " Ikaling," and very com-
monly " Sung-cha " (Yew-tree), or " Pung-cha " (Tea-tree), and
from the leaves and smaller twigs of which, according to Cap-
tain Strachey, the people of Ladakh make an inferior kind of
black tea, under the name of " Zang-cha," the first infusion of
which, if used, would heat the blood, and occasion pains in the
limbs. In the damp climate of Sikkim it does not descend
below 9,000 feet, and is very rare on the inner ranges, and un-
known on the rearward ones, but attains to a large size in
Kooloo, and on the Chumba ranges, at an altitude of 9,000
feet, where it forms large forests ; but of all the places in the
Himalayas where it is met with in greatest perfection, is at
Tonghnath, at an elevation of 9,000 feet, where it occurs in
company with Abies Smithiana.

The leaves and bark are used for tea by the hill people, and
is called " Thoona," or " Thooner-Birmee," in the British Hima-
layas ; " Loosah," by the mountain people in Kamaon ; " Ting-
shi," in Sikkim ; " Pung-cha," in Kunawur ; and " Dheyri," or
" Lolsi," in Nepal. The people of Ludokh import the leaves
and bark of the " Pung-cha " (Tea-tree) from Kunawur, not
only for tea, but also as yielding a red dye, under its Cashmere
name of " Chatoong." The leaves, when gathered for tea, are
first exposed in the sun for two days, and afterwards, when
dry, mixed with gum, to give them the appearance of tea.

Most writers on Indian Coniferse unaccountably confound
this kind with the Japan Taxus nucifera of Thunberg (now
Torreya nucifera), an error which Professor Zuccarini pointed
out in his Morphology of the Coniferje, pp. 52, o3, after exa-
mining Dr. Wallich's specimens; and, ascertaining that the
Indian plant was a true Yew, and not a Ton-eya, gave it tlie
name of Taxus Wallichiana, in compliment to Dr. Wallich.

It is quite hardy, and worthy of being tried, along with the
common Yew, as a substitute for Tea, in the same way as used
by the hill ])eople of India ; for it is very well known that
cattle, eating the fresh green leaves and shoots of the common

398 THUioPSis.

Yew, are poisoned, while if eaten in a dried state, they are
perfectly harmless.

Gen. THUIOPSIS. Siebold, The Broad- leaved
Arbor- Vitae.

Flotvers monoecious, or male and female on the same plant,
but separate, solitary, and terminal, the male ones cylindrical
catkins, the females somewhat globular.

Cones ligneous, sub-globular, and composed of eight or ten
valvated, opposite, imbricated scales.

Scales wedge-shaped, leather}^, valvate, more or less orbi-
cular, concave, smooth, and persistent.

Seeds five at the base of each scale, orbicular, compressed,
and free, with a membranaceous wing on each side.

Leaves scale-formed, in opposite cross pairs, regularly and
closely imbricated in four rows, flattened on the upper and
under surfaces.

Name derived from " Thuia," the Arbor-vitee, and " opsis,"
like, resemblance to the Arbor- Vitae.

A majestic evergreen tree, found in moist situations in Japan.

No. 1. Thuiopsis dolabrata, Siebold, the Hatchet-leaved

Arbor- Vitee.
Syn. Thuja dolabrata, Thunherg.
„ Platycladus dolabrata, Spach.

Leaves in four rows, scale-formed, decussate, broad, thick,
ovate, rounded at the points, and imbricated, convex above,
furrowed along the middle, and of a beautiful shining deep
green, concave-margined, and silvery white beneath, with the
marginal ones clasping over on each side, and connected at the
base with the adpressed flat upper and lower ones to such an
extent as to appear on the under side of the branchlet, as one

THUiopsis. 399

leaf surrounding the br<anchlet, and three-rowed on both sides,
with the two outer ones narrowest and slightly curved inwards
at the points, while the centre one is very broad, and quite
rounded. Branches vertical, open, and pendulous at the ends,
lesser or lateral ones flattened, with the branchlets placed in
two rows ; branchlets two-edged, very numerous, alternate,
flattened, and irregularly divided. Cones small, ovate, with-
out any foot-stalks, squarrose and consisting of eight or ten
woody scales, reflexed at the apex, and covering five two-
winged seeds.

A tall evergreen tree, from forty to fifty feet high and from
one to two feet in diameter, with a pyramidal-shaped head, and
vertical branches drooping towards the points, and according
to Professor Thunberg, " a lofty, vast, and. beautiful tree, of all
evergreens the fiiirest."

It is found on the moist slopes of valleys in the Island of
Niphon, in Japan, and at Fakonia, where, after passing over
the mountains of that name on the road to Yeddo, it is planted
by the road sides between Miaco and Yeddo. It is also culti-
vated in pots by the Japanese.

Its Japanese names are " Asufi," and " Asu-naro " (white or
silvery beneath), and that of the Chinese, " Gan-si-hak " (whit.e
on the under side — tree of life). The term " Hak " (tree of
life) is applied to all the Arbor- Vitses in China, on account
of their being green at all seasons of the year.

The tree is quite hardy, and prefers a shady situation, and
one that is rather moist. There are the foUowino- varieties : —

Thuiopsis dolabrata nana, Slehold, the Dwarf Hatchet-
leaved Arbor- Vitse.

Syn. Thuiopsis Isetevirens, Lindley.
„ „ dolabrata laetevirens, Hovt.

This variety forms a very neat, erect, dense bush, seldom ex-
ceeding four or five feet in height, with very small leaves and
branchlets, of a light shining green colour, like an erect Ly co-
pod.

400 THUJA.

It is extensively cultivated in the gardens about Yeddo,
in Japan, particularly in pots, and called " Nezu " by tlie
Japanese.

It is perfectly hardy, and a very desirable little shrub for
rockwork and small gardens.

THUIOPSIS DOLABEATA VARIEGATA, Fortune, the Variegated
Ha.tcliet-leaved Arbor- Vitre.

This variety differs from the original form of the tree in
having a portion of its lesser spray and leaves of a pale yellow
colour, intermixed on the branches, all over the plant.

A pretty variegated variety, first introduced to the Royal
Nursery at Bagshot by Mr. Fortune, in 1861, from the gardens
near Yeddo, in Japan.

Ge)L TPIUJA. Linncevs. The American Arbor Vitse.

Flowers monoecious, or male and female on the same plant, but
separate ; the male catkins oval, the female ones solitary and
terminal.

Cones ovate-oblong, solitary, terminal, leathery, and smooth,
with a projecting tubercle below the apex of each scale.

Scales valvate, from six to ten in number, in opposite pairs,
and mostly unequal in size.

Seeds in twos at the base of each scale, and furnished with a
transparent wing, emarginate at the end.

Seed-leaves in twos.

Leaves in opposite pairs, very small, scale-like, imbricated,
compressed, and in four rows.

The name Thuja is derived from " Thyon," sacrifice, in con-
sequence of tlie twigs and resin being formerly used in the
East instead of incense in sacrifices. The common English
name, Arbor-Vita^ (tree of life), is deduced from its China and

THUJA. 401

Japan ones. In Japan it is called " Hiba " (tree of life), and
in China "Hak" (everlasting life), on account of the plants
being evergreen, and of a lively or bright green at all seasons
of the year. But as the Genus Thuja is now defined, only one
of the China or Japan kinds belong to it, all the others being
transferred to that of Biota.

No. 1. Thuja dumosa, Gordon, the Bush Arbor- Vitae.

Syu. Thuja Oecidentalis dumosa, Hart
,y y, „ nana, Carriere.

„ „ minor, Win. Paul.
" » pygmpea, Hort.
„ „ nana^ Hort.
„ „ prostrata, Hort.
„ „ plicata Llaveana, Hort.
„ „ „ dumosa, Hort.

„ „ recurva nana^ Hort.
„ „ Antarctica, Hort.

„ Biota prostrata, Hort.

A spreading little bush, densely clothed with numerous short,
tufted, flat, fan-shaped branches, growing in all directions, and
thickly set with short, forked, two-edged branchlets, of a glossy
light-green above, but much paler below, and furnished on the
back rib with an elevated transjiarent gland.

This kind forms a dense, dwarf, little, confused bush, with
numerous short, fan-shaped branchlets, seldom growing more
than two or three feet high, somewhat resembling in its
branchlets the Nootka Sound Arbor- Vitse (Thuja plicata), but
of a much lighter colour.

It is said to be found in the Antarctic regions, and is quite
hardy.

DD

40^ THUJA.

No. ^. ¥huja gigantea, Nuttall, the Gigantic Arbor Vitse.

Syn. Thuja plicata, Lambert, not Donn.
„ „ Lobii, Veitch.
„ „ Lobbiana. Hort

„ „ Douglasii, Nuttall.
J, „ Menziesii, Douglas.

Leaves in alternate opposite pairs, closely imbricated, and
without any gland on the back ; those on the branches are more
distant^ enlarged at the base, decurrent, and tapering to an
acute point, while those on the branchlets are very flat, closely
placed, regularly imbricated in four rovvs, much shorter, more
rounded, and furnished v/itli a short spiny point ; the marginal
ones being more or less lanceolate, bristle-pointed, and lapping
over on each side, but extended at the points. Branches
spreading flat, more or less horizontal, irregularly scattered
along the stem, slender, and of a deep brown colour. Branch-
lets flattened, short, slender, flexible, alternately two-rowed,
and nearly all on the inner side, quite straight, linear, and un-
divided. Cones small, oval, tapering to both ends, nodding,
and solitary at the extremities of the short branchlets, and very
much resemble those of the common American Arbor-Vita-, but
much more swelled in the middle, and more regularly attenuated,
or tapering to both ends, and with tlie scales much larger, more
tapering, and much rounder or obtuse at the apex.

A fine graceful tree, found on the North-west coast of Ame-
rica and California, growing from 50 to 150 feet high, witli long
flexible branches, thickly clothed with branchlets. It is the
yellovy^ cypress of the colonists, and the Indians on the N, W.
coast of America call it " Noo-wy-as " (Cedar), and, according
to Sir E. Belcher (in his voyage round the world), its
timber is veiy flne grained, bright yellow, very valuable, and
much used at the Russian settlement of Sitcha for building pur-
poses; and that tiie natives at Nootka Sound manufacture their
cloaks of its inner bark, which turns the rain, is very i)liable
and soft, and is in use for mats, sails, ropes, clothing, &;c. j

THUJA. 403

the bark, which is rather thin, is also used ia covering the
roofs of houses and other buildings.

Thuja gigantea erecta, R. Smith, the Erect Giant
Arbor-Vita3.
Syn. Thuja Lobbii erecta, Hort.

This is a much closer and a more upright growing kind than
the species, and of a brighter green ; it is a nice and distinct
kind.

Thuja gigantea variegata, Hovt, the Variegated Giant

Arbor- VitfB.

Syn. Thuja Lobbii variegata, Hort.

This is a handsome, variegated variety, with a considerable
portion of the branchlets of a pale yellow colour, distributed
irregularly all over the plant.

No. 3. Thuja Occtdentalis, LiniimiLs, the American
Arbor- Vitae.
Syn. Thuja Theophrasti, Bauhin.
„ „ obtusa, Mcench.
„ Cupressus Arbor- Vitte, Targioni.

Leaves very small, in opposite pairs, ovate-rhomboid, blunt-
pointed, closely imbricated and flattened, thickly pressed along
the branchlets, in four rows, and with an elevated gland on
the back of the upper and under ones, which are the broadest,
while the marginal ones lap over on both sides ; those on the
older branches are more distant, acute, extended at the points,
decurrent, and of a dull yellowish green, strongly scented when
bruised. Branches distant, horizontal, and irregularly scattered
along the stem ; smaller ones drooping, and twisted in various
directions ; branchlets spread out laterally, numerous, two-
edged, alternate, short, flattened, ramified, and covered with
numerous small leaves of a bright shining green colour. Cones
obovate, four lines long, solitary, on short foot-stalks, covered

D D 2

404 TSITJA.

with small, scale-like leaves. Scales mostly six in number,
oblong, and spreading at the points, the centre one truncate,
and divided to the base, and each containing two seeds. Seeds
very small, surmounted b}^ a short wing, emarginate at tlie end.
A large bush or tree, growing in its native country from forty
to fifty feet high, furnished to the ground with loose, spreading
branches, and found in most parts of North America, from
Canada to the mountains of Virginia and Carolina, but rather
scarce in the Southern States, and only on the banks of mountain
streams. It is found abundantly on the Hudson, and very
common in Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Vermont, and the
district of Maine. There are the folloM'ing varieties : —

Thuja Occidentalis argentea, Oarrlere.
This has some of the branchlets of a silver}'- white colour,
intermixed with the ordinary ones on the plant.

Thuja Occidentalis compact a, R. Smith, the Compact
American Arbor- Vit^.
This variety is conical in outline, very compact in its
growth, and appears to be intermediate between the Ameri-
can and Siberian Arbor Viti^s. It originated in the nursery
of Mr. Richard Smith, of Worcester.

Thuja Occidentalis cristata, Crlpps, the Crested Arbor-

VitcG.

A distinct variety with small, deej) green, closely arranged,
spreading branchlets of various sizes, frequently recurved, and
cock's-comb shaped, towards the ends of the branches.

Thuja Occidentalis densa, Gordon, the Bagshot Pnrk
Arbor- Vitre.
Syn. Thuja eompacta, StancUsh, not Smith.
„ „ Caucasica, Hort.
A fine, dense, conical bush, with short, stout, compact
Ijranchos, and horizontal, flat, fan-sha])ed branchlets of a ricli
glossy colour, regularly imbricated with ovate, compressed,
glossy-green leaves, arranged in four rows.

THUJA. 405

This kind forms a large, compact, pyramidal bush, growing
from twenty to thirty feet high, and nearly as dense as the
Chinese Arbor-Vitrc. It somewhat resembles the Thuja plicata,
but is of a nuich brighter green, and less coarse in its branch-
lets.

Some fine old plants of this kind are to be seen in tlie
pleasure-grounds at Bagshot Pai-k, the former residence of Her
Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester, in Surre3\

Thuja Occidentalis glorosa, Hort., the Globular Arbor- Vit^e.

This variety forms a dwarf, dense, globular bush, which,
except in stature and outline, is very similar to the common
form of the American Arbor- Vitpe.

Ti[UJA OcciDE^'TALis HovEYi, Hovt., Hovey's American.
Arbor- Vitse.
Syn. Thuja Hoveyi, Hort.
This variety forms a round, compact bush, with numerous
flat brnnchlets^ and strap-shaped spray, closely imbricated with
ovate, bright green leaves, mostly furnished on the back with
a transparent gland. It is slenderer, smaller, and of a much
lighter green than the species, and of American origin.

Thuja Occidentalis pendula, Gordon, the Reverted-
branched Arbor- Vita?.

This variety differs in having the principal branches alono-
the main stem in a reverted position, and in the branchlets
being more densely clustered or tufted towards the ends of the
branches, and in a more declining position.

The original plant is in Mr. Standish's Nursery at Bagshot.

Thuja Occidextalis vaeiegata, Loudon.
Syn. Thuja variegata, Marsh.
This only differs in having some of the branchlets of a pale
yellow colour, intermixed M'ith the ordinary light green ones
on the plant.

406 THUJA.

Thuja Occidentalis Vervaeneana, Hort., the New Belgian
Variegated Arbor- Vitre.

Syn. Thuja Vervaeneana, Van-Geert.

This is a pretty golden-tinted variety, with very slender
branchlets, raised, by M. Vervaene, of Ghent, from the com-
mon American Arbor-Yitfe.

Thuja Occidentalis Walthamensis, Wm. Paul, the
Waltham Cross seedling Arbor- Yitae.

This kind forms a handsome, dense, pyramidal bush, from
six to eight feet high, and appears to be intermediate between
the American and Tartarian Arbor- Yitfes.

It is a fine hardy kind, raised in the ^Yaltham Cross Nur-
sery, in Hertfordshire.

No, 4. Thuja plicata, Bonn, the Nootka Sound Arbor- A^it?e.

Syn. Thuja Occidentalis plicata, Loudon.

„ „ „ compacta, Knight.

,, „ „ asplenifolia, Hart.

„ „ Orientalis flagelliformis, Hovi.

„ „ Wareana, Booth, not of others.

„ „ flagelliformis, Hort.

„ „ odorata, Marshall.

Leaves, on the adult plants, ovate, blunt-pointed, regularly
imbricated in four rows, quite flat, entire, smooth, shining
bright green above, and dull glaucous gi'een below ; those on
the upper and under sides of the branches and branchlets
having a conspicuous elevated gland on the back rib towards
the point, and are much broader and less pointed than the side
or marginal ones, which lap over on both sides, and appear
shorter, more pointed, and regularly jointed, wliile those on
the young plants are very much pointed, particularly the
marginal ones, which appear nearly lanceolate, and extended
at the points, decurrcnt at the base, loosely imbricated, and

THUJA. 407

rarely sliowing the gland on the back ; but as the plant
matures, they gi-adually develop, and the leaves become ovate,
more closely flattened along the stems, blunt-pointed, and the
branches more rounded along the edges, jointed, and two-
edged. Branches horizontal, rather short, flattened length-
ways, spreading, rather compact, and scattered along the
stem, with the smaller or lateral ones alternate, regularly two-
rowed, straight, quite flat, and pointing outwards at an acute
angle. Branchlets long, straight, linear, flat and two-edged,
reo-ularly jointed, and entirely covered with ovate, blunt-
pointed, closely flattened leaves, in opposite pairs, as if plaited,
with a row of transparent glands along both sides on the back
of the leaves. Cones small, solitaiy, nodding, scattered, and
ovate-oblong. Scales elliptic, blunt at the ends, flat, partially
i 'arrowed, and mostly six in number, each containing two seeds,
inversely heart-shaped, and surrounded by a transparent wing,
emarginated at the apex.

A small tree, resembling the American Arbor- Vitfe, thickly
clothed with spreading, light green branches, found along the
vrestern shores of North America at Nootka Sound, and, ac-
cording to some writers, extending into Northern Mexico.

It is quite hardy, and diflers from the common American
Arbor- Vitte in having the branches very much shorter, more
compact, stouter, and densely covered with small ovate, flat-
tened leaves, bluntly pointed, and in four rows, with a plaited
or jointed appearance.

Thuja plicata variegata, Carriere, the Variegated Nootka
Sound Arbor- Vitpe.

Syn. Thuja Wareana variegata, Hort
A pretty variety, only diftering from the original form in
having a portion of its leaves and lesser spray of a pale yel-
low, intermixed all over the plant in a variegated manner, and
in its less robust habit.
It is of French origin.

408 THUJA.

Thuja plicata minima, R. Smith, the Miniature Plicate-
branched Arbor- Vitse.

This is a very compact, miniature variety, so slow in growth,
that its average annual growth does not exceed an inch in
length.

No. 5. Thuja Standishi, Gordon, Standish's Japan Arbor-

Vitge.

Syn. Thuiopsis Standishi, Gordon.
„ Thuya Japonica, Maximo, not Siehold.
„ „ gigantea Standishi, Parlatore.

Leaves ovate, blunt- pointed, in opposite pairs, and closely
imbricated in four rows along the branchlets, the marginal
ones clasping over on each side, and overlapping the adpressed
upper and lower ones, so as to have the aj^pearance of being
arranojed in three rows on each side of the flat two-eclo;ed
branchlets, with the two outer ones the narrowest, and
slightly curved inwards at the points, while the central or
flattened ones above and below are broad, blunt-pointed, more
or less enclosed by the marginal ones, and all of a deep glossy
green above, and dull glaucous white below, except the mid-
rib and thickened margins, which are of a bright glossy green
and glandless, but thickened at the points. Branches scattered
all round the stem, distantly placed, spreading, and more or
less horizontal or declining towards the ends. Branclilets and
smaller spray two-edged, Hat, alternate, quite straight, linear,
closely imbricated in four rows, and of a deep glossy green
above, and dull glaucous white below. Cones small, and like
those of the American Arbor- Vita), composed of valvate
scales.

A tree, somewhat resembling Thuiopsis dolabrata in general
appearance, but with slenderer branches, and smaller leaves,
much less silvery below.

This kind was first introduced by Mr. Standish, of the Royal

THUJA.

409

Nursery at Bagshot, in the early part of 18G1, through his
friend, Mr. Robert Fortune, who discovered it near Yeddo,
in Japan. It has been named in compliment to Mr. John '
Standish who has been the means of introducing and dis-
seminatim' so many beautiful and valuable Eastern plants
throughout Europe and America. It is quite hardy and
very distinct.

No. 6. Thuja Tataeica, Loddlges, the Tartarian Arbor-Vitse,

Syn. Thuja Tatarica Wareana, Hort.
Sibii-ica, Linnceus.

compacta, Knight.
„ Wareana, Hort.
Occidentalis Wareana, Knight.
Wareana, Hort.
pyramidalis, Tenore.
„ Australis, Hort.

OrientaUs Tatarica, Lawson.
Biota Tatarica, Loudon.

AVareana, Hort.
„ Wareana, Hort.

pyramidalis, Carrihe.

Orientalis -Tatarica, Endlicher.
» »

Leaves in opposite alternate pairs, closely imbricated in four
rows bluntly oval, thick at the points, somewhat flattened, and
furnished with a transparent gland on the back. Branches
thickly set on the main stem, somewhat horizontal, rather fiat,
dense, compact, fan-shaped, and thickly placed in two horizon-
tal rows along the lesser spray. Cones identical with those ot
the American Arbor- Vitse. ,

The Tartarian, or, as it is sometimes called, the biberian
Arbor-Vitc^, has been misplaced in the Genus Biota by Mr.
Loudon and neariy all modern writers, although it strictly
belongs to the Genus Thuja, as now defined, it hnvmg cones
exactly similar to those of the American Arbor-\ita?, witli

410 TORRE YA.

valvate scales, containing two emarginate winged seeds at the
base of each.

This kind was originally raised many years ago by Mr.
Ware, a nurseryman at Coventry, and forms a dense conical
bush, furnished with branches down to the ground, and from
eia'ht to ten feet hio-h.

Gen. TORREYA. Arnott, The Stinking Yews.

Flowers dioecious, or male and female on different plants.
Males solitary ; females in twos or threes, and erect, and all
axillary.

Fvuit one-seeded, drupaceous, or fleshy on the outside like
the common plum.

Seeds singly in each fruit, with the albumen ruminated like
the inside of the common nutmeg, and covered with a hard
bony shell.

Leaves linear, or lanceolate, decurrent at the base, and either
opposite or alternate.

Seed-leaves in twos.

Named in compliment to Dr. Torrey, the celebrated Ameri-
can botanist, and one of the authors of the North American Flora,

All small evergreen trees, found either in North America,
China, or Japan, and emitting a strong disagTceable smell from
all parts when bruised.

No. 1. ToRREYA Californica, ToTvey, the Californian

Nutmeg.

Syn, Torreya myristica, IlooJcer.

Leaves in two rows, long, narrow, and opposite on the
branchlcts, but somewhat alternate and scattered round the
stems and principal shoots, liucar-lanceolate, mostly quite

TORRE YA. 411

straiglit, but sometimes slightly falcate, tapering to a long acute
spiny point, somewhat lanceolate at the summit, and tapering
into a very short twisted foot-stalk, decurrent at the base ; from
two to two inches and a halt' long, and one line and a half
broad, of a pale yellowish green, without any mid-rib, and
slightly convex on the upper surlace, but much paler on the
under one, and marked longitudinally on each side of the centre
nerve, with a narrow sunken 'band, whitish when young, but
afterwards assuming a brown colour. Buds covered with per-
sistent oval scales. Male catkins axillary, and solitary ; female
flowers in twos or threes on short peduncles, and axillary.
Fruit elliptic, and from one inch and a quarter to one inch and
a half long, with a thin fleshy or leathery green covering, quite
smooth when ripe outside, and very similar to that of Torre} a
taxifolia. Seeds with a hard bony shell. Seed-leaves in twos.

A small bushy-headed tree, growing from twenty to forty
feet high, with spreading more or less horizontal branches ;
found growing on the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California.

Timber yellowish, heavy, and fine-grained ; but all parts of
the tree emit a very disagreeable odour, when either bruised
or burned, and is called by the Californian emigrants the
Stinking Yew, or Californian Nutmeg.

It is quite hardy.

No. 2. ToREEYA NUCIFERA, Zuccarini, the Nut-bearing Torreya.

_, _- .. f Thunherq, not WallicJi, and

Svn. iaxus nucitera, i ,1 % t -i.

'' I other Indian writers.

„ Caryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.

„ Podocarpus nucifera, Persoon.

„ „ Coreana, Van Houtte.

Leaves linear, rounded at the base, and somewhat two-rowed
on the branchlets, but more or less distant, and scattered round
the leading shoots, quite straight, flat, leathery, and tapering to
rather a long, spiny acute point, mostly curved downwards ;
from one to one inch and three-quarters long, and one line and

412 TORREYA.

a half broad, on very short foot-stalks, of a deep glossy green,
and c on vex on both sides of the mid-rib, -which is a little sunk
on the upper surface, and glaucous white below, except on the
centre nerve and margins, which are of a deep glossy green, and
rather elevated. Buds furnished with persistent, extended,
acute-pointed scales. Branches numerous, either in whorls,
alternate, or scattered along the stem, spread out, horizontal,
and covered with scaly bark. Branchlets two-rowed, spreading,
and rather short. Male catkins oval, or cylindrical; female
flowers in pairs, or in threes in close heads on short peduncles.
Fruit the size of a large nut, three-quarters of an inch long,
and half an inch broad, oval, or ovate-oblong, largest at the
base, slightly tapering to a small point at the apex, and covered
with a firm, fleshy, thin, green tissue, very smooth, and glossy
outside. Seed oval, with a hard bony shell. Seed-leaves in
twos.

A small tree, growing from twenty to thirty feet high on
the mountains on the Islands of Nippon and Sikok, in Japan,
but cultivated all over Japa,n, where an oil is made from tlie
kernels of the nuts, which is said to be used for culinary pur-
poses, though the kernel itself is too astringent to be eaten,
and all parts of the plant when bruised emit a disagreeable
odour. Its Japanese names are Kaja-Ksa (strong-scented yew)
and " Fi-Koja " (slender Yew) and, according to Kfempfer, it
is very frequent in the northern provinces of Japan, where it
forms a tree twenty feet high, with many opposite scaly
branches. Dr. Royle erroneously (as pointed out by Major
Madden) extends its habitat to the Clioor and Kedarkanta
Mountains in Sirmore and Gurwhal, in India.

It is tolerably hardy.

No. 3. ToiiREYA TAXI FOLIA, Amott, thc Yew-leavcd Torreya.

Syn. Taxus Montana, Nuitall.

„ Torreya Montana, Hort

Leaves, on thc stems and jirincipal shoots, alternate, spread-
in"', or reflected, and rather distant, those on the branchlets

TORREYA. 413

closely placed in two rows, nearly or (^uito opposite, rounded
at the base, and somewhat recurved at the cxtrcniitj', linear,
frequently falcate, stiff, of a leathery texture, on very short
foot-stalks, twisted, and decurrent at the base, and tapering to a
long acute spiny point at the apex, somewhat lanceolate ; from
one to one inch and three-quarters long, and one line and a half
broad, of a light green^ glossy, and convex on the upper surface,
but without any nerve along the middle, while the under one is
slightly concave near the edges, pale glaucous gray, and marked
on each side of the mid-rib with two reddish narrow sunken
bands. Branches numerous, mostly in whorls, spreading,
smooth, and two or three forked at each division. Branchlets
somewhat two-rowed, and horizontal. Male catkins linear ;
female flowers without foot-stalks, and erect. Fruit, when ripe,
oval, a little pointed, nearly as large as an ordinary walnut,
with the external coat fleshy or rather leathery, and covering
the whole surface of the seed, except a minute perforation at
the top. Seed solitary, and when deprived of its succulent
external covering, very much resembling a large acorn, with a
beautiful ruminated albumen, resembling the inside of a nut-
meg and covered with a hard bony shell. Seed-leaves in
twos.

A handsome pyramidal-shaped evergreen tree, with numerous
spreading branches, growing from fortj^ to fifty feet high, anel
eighteen inches in diameter ; found in the middle and Northern
parts of Florida, growing abundantly about Aspalaga, on Calca-
rous Rocks, and along the banks of rivei's near Flat Creek. The
whole plant has a strong and particularly disagreeable smell,
especially when bruised or burned, and is called by the Ameri-
cans " Stinking Cedar," and by the people in the country where
it grows, " Avild nutmeg."

Timber dense, close-grained, heavy, and of a reddish colour.

It is not quite hardy in some parts.

414 WELLI'N'GTONIA.

Gen. WELLINCTONIA. Lindley. The Mammoth

Tree.

Floivers monoecious; or male and female, separate, but on the
same plant.

Cones large, solitary, obtusely oval, and woody.

Scales placed at right angles upon the axis of the cone,
wedge-shaped, persistent, and peltated.

Seeds from three to five under each scale, but mostly five.

Seed-leaves from three to six, but mostly in fours.

Leaves needle-shaped, spiral, and persistent, or scale-formed,
and imbricated on adult trees.

Named in compliment to the late Duke of Wellington,

A OTsrantic tree from California.

The Genus Wellingtonia is considered by most systematic
botanists as untenable, it not being sufiiciently distinct from
Professor Endlicher's Genus Sequoia; nevertheless, as the
name has now been universally adopted in Garden Literature,
it liad much better be allowed to stand, as its alteration would
cause great inconvenience and much confusion in practical
Botany.

The seed-leaves (cotyledons) are from three to six in number,
but mostl}^ in fours in Wellingtonia, while those of the Sequoia.
arc mostly in twos, but sometimes in threes.

The leaves on matured plants of Wellingtonia arc also scale-
formed, closely imbricated, and attached to the branch by a
broad base ; and when, as happens in the more vigorous shoots,
the leaves acquire unusual development ; they still are sessile,
Avith a triangular section, and no tendency whatever to form a
Hat leaf; while the leaves of the Sequoia always acquire the
form and expansion of a Taxus, and arc two-rowed.

WELLTNGTONI A. 415

Wellingtonia GIGANTEA, Lindley, the Mammoth Tree,

Syn. Sequoia gigantea, Endlicher.
„ „ Wellingtonia, Seemann.

„ Washingtonia gigantea, of the Americans.
„ „ Californica, Winsloiv.

„ Americanus giganteus, Hort. Amer.

„ Taxodii, sp,, Douyla-^.

„ Taxodium Washingtonianum, Winsloiv.

Leaves needle-shaped, spirally alternate, spreading, per-
sistent, and of a light green colour on the young plants ; those
on tlie adult trees scale-formed, closely inlaid, rounded on the
back, and concave on the inner face ; those on the branchlets
much shorter, very close, and regularly imbricated ; those on
the larger branches longer, looser, decurrent at the base, and
tapering to an acute point, but sometimes rather obtuse.
Branches spread out horizontal, much divided, and furnished
with numerous laterals. Branchlets cylindrical, frequently
pendulous, and tliickly covered with light-green glaucous
foliage, cone-bearing ones slightly thickened, and entirely
covered with scale-formed leaves closely imbricated, the upper
ones oval, and broadest at the base. Cones solitary on the
ends of the branchlets, two inches long, and more than one
inch in diameter, ovate, blunt-ended, and slightly tapering
towards both extremities. Scales in series, placed nearly at
right angles upon the axis of the cone, stipitate, thickened, and
enlarged from the point of insertion as far as the summit, v/hich
is depressed and wrinkled on the external face, and furnished
with a small prickle in the centre of the little hollow. Seeds
from three to live under each scale, but mostly five. Seed-
leaves from three to six in number, but mostly in fours.

This magnificent evergTeen tree was first discovered by
Douglas in 1831, and on account of its extraordinary height
and dimensions, is called by the American settlers in California
the " Mammoth Tree ;" and, according to Mr. G. L. Trask, who
formerly exhibited a portion of the bark set up in the Crystal

416 WELLINGTONIA.

Palace, to show the great size this tree attains in its native state,
gives the following as the dimensions of one of the largest of
eighty trees, growing in a grove at San Antonio, viz. : — height,
363 feet; circumference near the ground, 93 feet ; circumference
100 feet from the ground, 45 feet; bark, 18 inches thick; age
according to annual rings, from 3000 to 4000 years.

It is found growing on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, near
the sources of the Stanislaus and San Antonio, in Upper Cali-
fornia, in sheltered valleys, at an elevation of about 5000 feet.
It is quite hardy and grows i-apidly.

Wellingtonia gigantea variegata, Hort, the Varie^jated

Wellino-tonia.
A very striking variety, with about one-fourth of the branch-
lets of a delicate straw colour.

Gen. WIDDEINGTONIA. Endlicher. The African

Cypress.

Flowers dioecious, or male and female on separate plants,
and terminal ; the male catkins oblong or cylindrical ; the
female ones globular, and without foot-stalks.

Cones globular, either solitary or two or three together, and
composed of four valves or scales.

Scales, or valves, four in number, oval, mucronate, somewhat
in whorls round a depressed axis, with the edgfes converofino-.

Seeds fre(|uently few from abortion, but with from five to
ten ovules at the base of each scale, in one or two series, and
covered with a somewhat crustaceous tegument, spreading on
each side into a membranaceous winsf.

Seed-leaves in twos.

Leaves thickly set, alternately or in whorls, linear or needle-
shaped, spreading, but sometimes very small, scale-formed, and
approaching imbricate, with a gland on the back.

Named in compliment to Captain Widdrington (formerly
Cook), who travelled in Spain.

WIDDRINGTONIA. 4 1 7

All everoreen bushes or small trees, found at the Cape of
Good Hope and Madagascar.

No. 1. WiDDRiXGTONiA CoMMERSONii, EndUcher.

Syn. Thuja quadra.ngularis, Ventenat.
„ Pachylepis Commersonii, Brongniart

Leaves very short, acute, and distant on the branches, obtuse,
closely set together, and disposed in four rows on the branch-
lets. Branches numerous, spread out, and close together along
the stem. Branchlets slender, numerous, and rather pendent.
Cones globular, almost the size of a walnut, and quite smooth.
Valves very thick, without any points, but rounded in the
centre, slightly swelling towards the summit on the outer side,
keeled on the inner one, and huddled together at the points.

A species of which little is known beyond its being found in
Madagascar, and was formerly in the Botanic Garden of the
Mauritius, but not yet introduced into England, and, no doubt,
very tender.

No. 2. WIDDRINGTONIA CUPRESSOIDES, Endlicher.

Syn. Thuja cupressoides, Linnceus.

„ „ aphylla, Burmann.

„ CaUitris Capensis, Schrader.

„ „ stricta, Schrader.

„ „ cupressoides, Schrader.

„ Pachylepis cupressoides, Brongniart.

„ Widdringtonia glauca, Carriere.

Leaves on the branches, acute, somewhat spreading at the
points ; those on the branchlets, four-rowed, much shorter,
and imbricated. Branches elongated, erect, and pyramidal.
Branchlets slender, bent downwards, or pendent at the ends,
and covered with leaves. Cones ovate-obtuse, from nine to
ten lines long, and much larger than those of Widdi-ing-
tonia juniperoides. Valves woody, slightly convex, pointed,

E E

418 WIDDEINGTONIA .

erect, huddled together at the points, terminated by a
little conical point, sharply keeled on the inner face, and en-
closing two seeds.

A bush, from four to ten feet high, found in the southern
parts of the Cape of Good Hope, at elevations of from 1000
to 8000 feet, and called Saprehout by the Dutch settlers.

It is quite tender.

No. 3. WiDDRiNGTONiA JUNTPEROIDES, EndUcher.

Syn. Cupressus juniperoides, Liniiceus.
„ „ Africana^ Miller.

„ Juniperus Capensis, Lamarck.

„ Taxodium juniperoides, Hort.
„ ,, Capense, Hort.

„ Schubertia Capensis, Schrader.

„ Pachylepis juniperoides, Brongniart

„ Callitris arborea, Schrader.

„ Parolinia juniperoides, EndUcher.

Leaves without any foot-stalks, but adhering at the base, and
running down the stem, leather}^ and glaucous-green, the
younger ones mostly linear, or needle-shaped, smooth, sharp-
pointed, and slightly three-nerved, spreading,' slightly curved,
opposite, or in wliorls of three, and from three-quarters to an inch
long, and three-quarters of a line broad at the base ; the adult
ones are scattered ; those on the branchlets are sometimes ovate-
lanceolate, or rhomboid-obtuse, or sharp-pointed, terminating
in a small bristle-point, or erect and loosely imbricated, with a
slightly sunken gland on the back. Branches spreading, and
pointing upwards at the ends. Branchlets erect, or sometimes
spreading, angular, frequently very short, and covered with
needle-shaped leaves. Male flowers oblong-cylindrical and
terminal. Cones en the laterals, in clusters of three or four
together, rounded, and slightly depressed. Valves oval, woody,
reddish brown, shining, and closing upwards to the top, level
on the interior face, and with two seeds under each.

WIDDRINGTONIA. 419

A middle-sized tree, with a straight stem, and ample head,
found in the western parts of the Cape of Good Hope, on the
Mountains of Blauwberg, at an elevation of from 3000 to
4000 feet, and plentiful on Cedernberg (Cedar Mount). It is
the Cedar-boom of the Dutch settlers.

It is quite tender.

No. 4. WiDDRiNGTONiA Natalensis, EiidUcher.

This kind is said to resemble Widdringtonia cupressoides,
but with numerous more slender branchlets, and with the leaves
all acute, having a gland upon the back, and with the female
flowers in twins, in loose terminal spikes.

A kind of which little further is known beyond its being
found at Port Natal in South Africa.

It is not yet introduced, and certainly tender.

No. 5. "Widdringtonia Wallichii, Endlicher.

This species is closely related to Widdringtonia cupressoides,
but certainly different, according to Sir Wm. Hooker in his
Journal of Botany.

It forms a middle-sized tree, with a stem from 15 to 18 inches
in diameter, and was first discovered by Dr. Wallich, in the
environs of the Cape of Good Hope, but has not yet been
introduced into England.

E E 2

ADDEI^DA.

Abies Canadensis alba spica, Barron, the Variegated Hemlock

Spruce.

This variety differs from the ordinary form, in having the
leaves on the ends of the young growth of a whitish colour,
A rather pretty variety.

Abies Canadensis Milfoedensis, Young, the Milford Dwarf
Hemlock Spruce.

This is a dwarf variety, globular in form, with the shoots
slender and drooping, and the leaves much smaller than those
of the common Hemlock Spruce. It is quite distinct from the
Canadensis gracilis, and originated in the nursery of Mr. Mau-
rice Young, at Milford, in Surrey.

The Abies Hanburyana, in some collections, is the same as
Abies Tsuga, and in others as the Abies Pattoniana, of which
there are two forms, one with the leaves much more glaucous
than the other, and it is to the least glaucous form of Abies Pat-
toniana, that the name Hanburyana is applied ; both forms are
in the nurseries of Messrs. Veitch and Mr. Barron.

Araucaria excelsa, speciosissima, Hort.-Paris, the very
showy Norfolk Island Pine.
This variety of the Norfolk Island Pine, according to the

422 ADDENDA.

Revue Horticole, is oue of the prettiest kinds produced, and is
remarkable for its Lardiness, as well as for its appearance,
which somewhat resembles the Araucaria Cunninghamii, but
is of larger size. The distinguishing characteristic of this
variety, independent of its appearance and hardiness, is the
length of the leaves, which are very large and curved, or curled
up, and reach a length of four centimetres, and then terminate
in a sharp point. This curling up of the leaves gives the
boughs exactly the appearance of the Araucaria Cunninghamii,
and appears to be an intermediate link between the two kinds.
It is in the establishment of Mr. Rougier-Chanvier, near Paris.

Biota Orientalis Ascotensis, Hort, the Variegated Ascot

Arbor Vitse.
This is a very nice variegated variety, with slender, upright
branchlets, a good portion of which are of a bright golden
colour.

Biota Orientalis macrocarpa, Hort, the Large-fruited Arbor-

Vitse.
Syn. Biota Macrocarpa, Hort.
„ „ J^iponica laxa, J. Scott.
This is a dwarf, loose-growing variety of the Japonica type,
with slender, drooping branches, and rather distant, alternate,
flattened branchlets, regularly furnished laterally with small,
bright-green spray.

It is a nice slender kind.

Biota Orientalis semper-aurescens, Lemoine, the Ever
Golden-Tinted Arbor Vitaj.
This variety has a dwarf, dense, conical habit of growth,
very similar to that of the Biota Orientalis aurea, but differs
from it in retaining its golden hue throughout the year. It
is a very desirable variety, originally obtained from France.

Biota Orientalis Zuccariniana, Hort., the Dwarf Green
Japan Arbor Vit?e.
This is a neat, compact, dwarf variety, globular in form, and

ADDENDA. 42$

of a fine bright green colour, whicli it retains well through the
winter.

A nice dwarf variety, from Japan, which is said to come true'
from seed.

Cedrus Deodara alba spica, Hovt, the White Variegated
Deodar Cedar.
Syn. Cedrus Deofdara variegata, Hort.
This is a variegated form, with some of the leaves on the side
spurs and leading shoots of a whitish colour.
It is not a very attractive variety.

Cham^cyparis sph^roidea aurea, Hort., the Golden Varie-
gated White Cedar.

This variety differs from the old variegated one in ha vino- a
good part of the lesser branchlets of a rich golden colour.

It is a continental production, and particularly attractive in
the spring.

Cryptomeria Japonica spiralis, Hort, the Spiral-leaved

Japan Cedar.

This is a very singular variety, with the leaves closely
arranged, more or less spirally all round the branchlets, or
with some of them closely incurved and twisted in the lower
parts, and abruptly extended horizontally at the points and
pungent.

It is a slender-growing kind, with cord-like branchlets of a
bricrht o;reen colour.

Cryptomeria Japonica vera, Siehold.

This is considered to be the original form of the Japan Cedar,
found in the north of Japan. It differs from the one originally
introduced from the north of China by Mr. Fortune, in its more
compact habit of growth, much stifier and erecter branches,
and in its not turning near so brown in the winter.

It has recently been introduced by Mr. Young, of Milford.

424 ADDENDA.

CuPEESSUS GovENiANA GLAUCESCENS, HoH., the GlaucGscent
Gowen's Cypress.

This remarkable variety was raised by M. Sahut, of Mont-
pelier, and is distinguished from the original bright-green form
of the species by its more robust habit and grosser branchlets,
and by the characteristic glaucescence of all parts of the plant,
which has a hoary-blue tint very rare in cypresses.

It is in the nursery of Mr. Smith, at Worcester.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana alba spica (Young's Variety).

This is a fine free-growing variet}^, of a bright green colour,
with the lesser spray thickly speckled all over with white
leaves, which have the appearance of countless white specks,
and which renders the plant very attractive during the spring
and summer months.

It was raised in Mr. Young's nursery, at Milford, and is a
very different kind from the one generally known under the
name of alba spica.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana alba spica nana, Hort, the Dwarf
Silvery White Lawson's Cypress.
Syn. Cupressus Lawsoniana alba nana, Hort
This is a dwarf, compact-growing variety, with the points of
the young wood of a beautiful silvery white colour.

A very elegant and distinct variety, of continental origin.

Cupressus Lawsoniana ccerulea, Hort, the Blue Lawson's

Cypress.

This is a fine, compact, close growing variety, with the foliage
of a bhiish-green colour, shaded with gray. It is a distinct,
continental production, which always retains the blue tint.

Cupressus Lawsoniana elegantissima, Barron, the Very Ele-
gant Lawson's Cypress.
This is a remarkable fine variety, raised by Mr. Barron, of the
Elvaston Nursery, which has not only the young leaves, but the
young wood of a beautiful canary colour, and which colour is

ADDENDA. 425

not impaired, either by the sun's rays in summer, or the frost

in winter.

It is a very desirable kind, on account of the fine canary-
colour, which is diffused all over the branchlets.

CuPRESSUS Lawsoniana erecta viridis, a. Waterer, the

Bright-Green Erect Lawson's Cypress.
This is a very fine and distinct kind with a dense, compact,
fastigiate head, and very close, erect, slender branchlets of a
beauUful bright-green colour. It was raised in the Nursery of
Mr. Anthony Waterer, at Knaphill, Surrey, and is very su-
perior to either the Upright Cypress, Irish Yew, or Swedish
Juniper, for planting singly on terraces or in formal Flower
Gardens, on account of its upright and very compact habit,
and fine bright green colour.

This variety of Lawson's Cypress must not be confounded
with the one known under the names of erecta and viridis
(see p. 87), as it is more upright and compact in its habit, and
of a more beautiful green tint.

CUPRESSUS NUTKAENSIS AUREA VARIEGATA, M. Young, the

Golden Variegated Nootka Sound Cypress.

Syn. Thuiopsis Borealis aurea variegata, Hort.

This is a fine and constant variegated form, with a good

portion of the lesser branchlets of a light bronzy-yellow colour,

which becomes much brighter in the summer.

It originated in the nursery of Mr. Maurice Young, at Mil-
ford, in a leading shoot on the common form of the species.

CuPRESSUS NuTKAENSis COMPACTA, Hort, the Compact Nootka

Sound Cypress.

Syn. Thuiopsis Borealis compacta, Hort.

This is a Belgian variety, somewhat pyramidal in shape,

with the branches and branchlets more compact, slenderer, and

of a brighter green than the species.

It is tolerably distinct, and forms a close, bushy head, without
a leading shoot.

4 26 ADDENDA.

CuPRESSUS NuTKAENSis GLAUCA, Hort, the Glaucous Nootka
Sound Cypress.
This variety only differs from the ordinary form of the species
in its glaucous colour.

JUNIPERUS Chinensis aurea, Young's Variety, Mr. Young's
Golden Chinese Juniper.

This is a very beautiful and constant variety of the male form
of the plant, with all the more prominent portions and exposed
parts suffused with a rich golden colour. It is not what is
strictly called variegated, but self-coloured, and retains its
rich tint through the winter as well as the summer, and is
one of the very finest golden conifers at present in cultivation.

It originated in a sport, of the male form, of the Chinese
Juniper, in the nursery of Mr. Maurice Young, at Milford, in
Surrey.

JuNiPERUS Chinensis Leeana, Hort., Lee's Chinese Juniper.
Syn. Juniperus Leeana, Hort.
This is an upright and densely-branched variety, of the male
form, which has the leaves mostly open, all over the plant, and
about half an inch long.

It was raised in the Hammersmith nursery.

The Juniperus Sheppardii, Hort., is the same as Juniperus
sphserica glauca. Fortune, and the Juniperus venusta, of some
collections, is the same as Juniperus Occidentalis, Hooker.

Libocedrus decurreus depressa, /. Scott, the Depressed

Libocedrus.

This is a distinct dwarf variety, very dense, compact, and
globular in form, and which grows as wide as it does high.

It originated in Mr. Scott's nursery, at Merriott, in Somer-
setshire, and where the original plant, after being planted ten
years, has formed a globular head not more than three feet in
diameter, and the same in height.

ADDENDA.. 427

PiCEA PiNSAPO GLAUCA, Hort, the Glaucous Pinsapo Fir.

This is a very handsome variety, with the leaves, equal in
length and thickly placed at right angles round the shoots.
The leaves are very rigid, half an inch long, blunt-pointed,
somewhat rounded, and quite glaucous on the upper surface,
and with two conspicuous glaucous white bands beneath, sepa-
rated by the mid-rib, which is, as well as the margins, of a
briofht-green colour.

It is a very fine variety on account of its silvery appearance,
and is in the nurseries of Mr. Smith, of Worcester, and Mr.
Scott, at Merriott, in Somersetshire.

PiNUS Steobus compacta, Hort, the Compact or Bushy Wey-
mouth Pine,
This variety forms a dense, compact, round-headed bush,
from four to six feet high, and is very distinct from the Strohus
nana, with which it is sometimes confounded in the Nurseries.

Retinospora filifera gracilis, Hort, the Slender, Thread-
branched Japan Cypress.
This variety differs from the original form, in being much
slenderer in all its parts, and of a much brighter green colour.
It produces numerous long, slender, drooping shoots, which are
frequently from five to six inches in length, before they pro-
duce any branchlets, and the branchlets, which are mostly
produced in tufts near the ends of the branches, have quite a
tasselled appearance.

Retinospora obtusa alba spica, Barron, the White Speckled,
Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress.

This variety is similar in general character to the ordinary
form of the species, but rather more compact in habit. The
young shoots are pure white when first they appear in the
spring, and remain so for about three months, when they
gradually change, and finally become green.

A nice, distinct variety.

428 ADDENDA.

Retinospora obtusa gracilis aurea, Veitch, the Slender
Golden Japan Cypress.

This is a fine free-growing kind, very similar in habit to the
ordinary form of the species, but with the lower parts of the
lateral branchlets and lesser spray on the upper surface of the
branches of a light yellow colour, and the tips bright green.

It is a very striking variety, particularly in the spring and
summer-time, and was raised, in the nursery of Messrs. Veitch
and Sons, at Coombe Wood, in Surrey.

Retinospora obtusa nana aurea, Veitch, the Dwarf Golden
Japan Cypress.
This kind forms a dwarf dense bush, with numerous small,
spreading, thickl3^-placed, flat variegated branchlets. It is one
of the finest and most constant of the light-yellow variegated
varieties, and was introduced from Japan by the late JMr. John
Gould Veitch.

Ketinospora pisifera erecta, Eort, the Erect, Pea-fruited
Japan Cypress.
Syn. Hetinospora stricta, Hort.
This is a compact, free-growing variety, of upright habit, and
foliage of a pale green colour.
A nice, distinct variety.

Retinospora pisifera gracilis, Hort, the Slender, Pea-fruited
Japan Cypress.

This variety very much resembles the ordinary form of the
species, but differs in having the branchlets and smaller spray
much slenderer, and of a brighter green colour.

Eetinospora pisifera nan^a aurea, Hort, the Dwarf Golden,
Pea-fruited Japan Cypress.
This kind forms a dense, little, miniature busli, with a bluish-
grey aspect, and a portion of the lesser branchlets of a pale
yellow colour. It is a singular little plant, of slow growth,
with the green branchlets on the under side quite glaucous.

ADDENDA. 429

Retinospora plumosa alba variegata, Hort, the White
Variegated Plume Japan Cypress.

This is a charming variety, with bluish-gray foliage, dis-
tinctly and beautifully variegated with clear white spots, which
gives the plant the appearance of being covered with small
snow-flakes throughout the year.

Retinospora plumosa aurea pumila, Hort, the Little Golden
Plume Japan Cypress.

This is a very neat, dwarf variety, which differs principally
from the plumosa aurea, in being very much dwarfer and
smaller in all its parts.

It is an elegant little plant, with all the ends of the young
growth of a beautiful golden colour, during the spring and
summer months.

E.ETLNOSPORA PLUMOSA FLAVESCENS, Cripps, the Yellowish
Plume Japan Cypress.

This is a nice pale form of the plumosa aurea, with the ends
of the young shoots of a greenish-yellow colour.

Retinospora tetragoxa, Barron, the Square-branchletted

Japan Cypress.

Syn. Chamsecyparis thujseformis, R. Smith.

This kind forms a dwarf, compact, slow-growing shrub, of a
remarkably bright-green colour ; the secondary branchlets and
small spray are short, crowded, four-sided, and of a very bright
green; the leaves are ovate, a little pointed, closely and regularly
imbricated, in four rows, and of a beautiful bright glossy green
colour.

A very distinct kind, recently obtained from Japan by Mr.
Barron, of the Elvaston Nursery, and Mr. R. Smith, of Wor-
cester, and of which Mr. Barron has a nice variegated form,
with a portion of the lesser branchlets of a rich golden colour.

430 ADDENDA.

Sequoia sempervirens Lawsoniana, Hort, Lawson's Califor-
nian Redwood.

This is a distinct variety, with much shorter and stouter
leaves, and a more rigid habit of growth than the original
species.

It originated in Messrs. Lawson's nursery, at Edinburgh.

Taxus baccata Elvastonensis, Barron, the Golden Elvaston

Yew.
This is a distinct variety, with the leaves on the younger
parts of the plant of a bright orange colour. It is not a varie-
gated form, but a self-coloured one, and by far the most brilliant
of any of the golden varieties in the winter time. It originated
at Elvaston Castle, in Derbyshire.

Taxus baccata variegata Barroni, Barron, Mr. Barron's
Variegated Yew.

This is a female variety^ raised at Elvaston Castle from a
seed of the old golden yew. It is very symmetrical in habit,
forming a perfect pyramid, and is of much freer growth and
brighter in colour than the parent plant, and, being a fruit-
bearing variety, is very desirable.

Taxus Canadensis variegata, Hort, the Variegated Canadian

Yew.

This variety has all the leaves at the ends of the young
shoots, of a whitish colour, and those lower down more or less
margined with white ; but when the leaves are fully matured,
they assume the usual dull green of the species.

Thuja gigantea atrovirens, Hort, the Dark Green Giant

Arbor-Vitse.

Syn. Thuja Lobbii atrovirens, R, Smith.

This is a fine robust variety, of a very dark, glossy, green

ADDENDA. 431

colour, with spreading branches, and open, broad, flat, branch-
lets.

A fine distinct variety.

Thuja gigantea pumila, Hort, the Smaller Giant Arbor-

Vitse.

Syn. Thuja Lobbii pumila, K Smith.
,, „ diffusa, R. Smith.

This variety is more diffuse in its habit than the species,
and much smaller in all its parts ; the branchlets also are much
closer set along the branches, and of a brighter green.

A nice distinct variety.
Thuja Occidentalis alba, Maxiuell, the Queen Victoria,
American Arbor- Vitre.

This is a pretty variety, with the tips of the young branch-
lets of a silvery- white colour in the spring and early part of
summer.

It is an American production.

Thuja Occidentalis aurea. Maxwell, the George Peabody,
American Arbor- Vitse.

This is a very nice, bright, golden, self-coloured variety,
recently introduced from the nursery of Messrs. Maxwell of
Geneva, New York.

Thuja Occidentalis gracilis, Jno. Scott

This is a tall, loose-growing variety, with long, slender
branches, which droop regularly on all sides, the branchlets are
open, rather thinly placed, and furnished with longish, slender
bright-green laterals.

A nice distinct kind which originated in Mr. Scott's nursery,
at Merriott.

The Thuja plicata pendula of the nurseries, is the same
as Thuja Occidentalis pendula.

ERRATA.

Page 4 for Alcocsciana, re,ad Alcoqulana.

11 and 21 for Jessoensis, read Jezoensis.

15 line 5 from the top. /o?- beak, read back.

18 ,, 9 ,, ,, for cierul/a, read cserulea.
103 ,, 13 ,, ,, for ArthrotaxMS, read Arthrotaxis.
113 „ 18 ,, ,, /or dusky, reacZ wide.
137 top line for oblongata, read oblonga.
183 line 24 from the top, /or adpressed, read placed.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Genera are indicated by Capitals, Species by small Roman type,
Synonyms by Italics. The names appended either to Genera or
Species denote the authorities for them ; and where the word Hort.
occurs as an authority, it signifies that the name is one conventionally
adopted by Eorticidturists.

PAGE

ABIES, Lin7iceiis 1

Ajanensis, Lindley 18

alba, Miller 2uy

alba, Micha^ix 3

„ argentea,llox\. 4

„ echinoformis, Hort. .. 4

„ glauca, Plumhhj 4

„ rsi\mxsx?i.. Knight 4

,, nana, Zo2«fo?? 4

„ p)rostrata, Hort 4

Albertiana, Murray 29

AlcoquiaDa, Yeitch 4

amabilis, Lindley 213

Apollinis,lArsk 197

Araragi, Loudon 32

Araticana, Poiret 39

Arctica, Cunningham 17

argentea, De Cliambr — ... 209

Atlantica, Lindley 60

Baborensis, Cosson 220

balsamea, Miller 200

„ Fraseri, Spach. 205
„ longifolia, End-

licher 201

„ j97'osimto,Knight206

„ varierjata, Hort. 201

halsamifera, Mxc:hs.ux. ... 200

bifida, Globoid. 204

brachyphylla, Maximo ... 201

bracteata. Hooker 202

Bridgesii, Kellogg 29

Brunoniana, Zwic^/e^ 21

Calif ornica, Don 24

Canadensis, Michaux 22

„ abla spica,

Barron 421

„ gracilis, IFa-

ter(^^ 23

„ microphyUa,

Hort 23

., Milfordensis,

Young 421

„ nana. Knight 23

ABIES.

Canadensis, taxifoUa, Gor-
don 29

candicans,Yhch.QT 208

Carpatica, Hort 6

cedroides, Griffith 21

C^drus, Poiret 65

Cephalonica, Loudon 203

„ Arcadica. Henk .. 197

„ /*a?'?irt5Sica, Henk 197

Chilrowensis, Hort 226

Cilicica, Carriere 214

Clanbrasiliana, Loudon ... 7

coerulea, Loddiges 18

Columbaria, Desf ont 39

communis, Hort 6

„ pendida.'&ooxh.. 10

commutata, Parlatore ... 5

concolor, Lindley 216

curvifolia. Booth 3

I)amniara,VoivQ.t Ill

decidua, Wallich 21

c?e??sa, Griffith 226

denticulata, Poiret 13

Deodara, Lindley 61

diver sifolia, Hort 32

Dougiasii, Lindley 24

;, brevibracteata,

„ Antoine 25

„ fastigiata,.ff'?z7'r7/t^ 25
„ Ilexicancc, Hart-

weg 25

„ penduIaji'a'/'/a-

tore 27

„ Stairii, Hort... 27
„ Standishiana,

Gordon 26

„ taxifolia, Lou-
don 25

Brummondii, Hort 25

dumosa, Loudon 21

elegans. Smith 8

£ngelmannii. Parry 5

F F

434

INDEX.

PAGE

ABIES.

excels D.C 6

„ attenuata,^ovt.... 11
„ hvQ\\io\idL.,Grii)X)s. 8
„ Clanbrasiliana,

Loudon 7

„ conica, Keteleer ... 11
„ Cranstoni, Hort. .. 10
„ denudata, ZTort... 8
„ dumosa, Hort. ... 8
„ elegans, Loudon... 8
„ eremita, Knight... 8
„ Finedonensis>Pa?f^ 9
„ foliis variegatis,

Loudon 11

„ gigantea, Hort. ... 10
„ Gregoiyana,Pa2<? . 9
„ horizontalis, Hort. 10
J, inverta, J{. ^mitk . 9
„ monntxo^a,, Loudoji 10
„ mucronata,Zq?«Zo/i 10

„ xngra, Loudon 10

„ pendula, Loudon.. 10
„ pygmaea, Loiidon . 7
„ pyramidalis, Hort. 10
„ stricta, Loudon ... 11
„ tenuifolia, Loudon 11
„ virgata, Jacques .. 8
„ variegata, Zoi^fZo^. 11

Finedonensis, Hort 9

^rrrt o, Siebold 204

Fischerii, Ledebour 172

Fortunei, Lindley 27

Fraseri, Lindley 205

„ giauca,^Y\\\.Va.v\ ... 206

„ nana, Hort 206

gigantea, Smith 10

glaucit, VvOQzl 213

<7^awca, Moencli 3

glaucescens, Ruezl 213

Gmelini, Ruprecht 168

Gordoniana, Carrifere 217

gracilis, Hort 30

„ microplujlla, Hort. . 11

grandis, Lindley 217

Gregoryana, Low 9

Gregoryi, Hort 9

GriffUhiana, Lindley 171

Hanburyana, Hort. ... 32,421
heterophytla, Katinesque . . 29

Air^c^^, Lindley 212

I/ispanica, De Chambr — 224
holophylla, 'Maximo 200

PAOB

ABIES.

homolepis, Siebold 204

Hooheriana., Murray 30

Hudsonia, Bosc 206

zViveria, E. Smith 9

Jezoensis, Siebold 11

Jeioc?mVs, Lindley 27

Kcempjferi, Lindley 360

Kamtschatica, Ruprecht . 172

Khutrov), Loudon 19

lasiocarpa, Lindley 213

lanceolata, Desfont 77

ZaWa;, Lamarck 169

Ledehourii, Ruprecht 173

leioclada, Steven 208

Lemoniana, Booth 10

Luscombeana, Loudon ... 203

Mariana, Miller 13

Maximowiczii, Newmann . 33

Menziesii, Loudon 12

„ crispa, Antoine 13

Mertensiana, Lindley 29

Metensis, Hort. Paris 211

microcarpa, Lindley 175

micropkylla, Hort 11

microsperma., Lindley 11

miniata, Knight 8

minima, Hort 7

minor, Duhamel 200

niimtta, Hort 7

Morni,Sieho\d 204

Mot^nda, Kort 19

jnucronata, Ranch 10

mv.cronata, Rafinesque ... 24
J, _^ja^«si;'?6% Ra-
finesque 25

%«»«, Hort 7

nigra, Engelmann 5

nigra, Michaux 13

„ var. rubra, Michaux 17
„ fastigiata, Hort. ... 14

„ pumila, Kn ight 14

«o6i7w, Lindley 207

„ robnsta, Carriere .219

nodosa, Japanese 173

JS'ordmanniana, Link. ... 208
Ifumidica, De Lannoy ... 220

obliquaia, Rafinesque 24

obovata, Loudon 14

Orientalis, Poiret 15

Fanachaica, Heldreich ... 197
VdXio\\miiQ,J('Jh'e>J '" 30,421
2>ectinata, D.C -209

INDEX.

435

PAGE

ABIES.

jjectinata Apollinis, End-

licher 197

„ leioclada. Link. 208

„ pros(7-ata, Roi't 211

pyramidal iii,

Carriere 210

„ strict a, Carriere 211
Peloponnesiaca, German

Gardens 197

pmdufa, Lindley 177

2)endnla , Griffith 19

Picea, Miller 6

„ Lindley 209

„ leioclada, Lindley . 208

Fichta, Fischer 221

„ alba, Hort 214

., FischerijliOyxdiOu.. 214

Pindrow, Spach 222

Pinsapo, Boissier 224

„ Baborensis, Car-
riere 220

„ variegata^QoxvihvQ 225

"^oMia., Siehold 16

pumila, Hort 7

jjyramidalis, Hort 10

„ Metensis, Car-
riere 211

Eegince Amcdice, Heldreich 197

Rinzi, Hort 214

religiosa, Lindley 212

rubra, Poiret 17

„ Artica, Hort 17

„ Calif or nica., Hort. . 17

„ ccBvme^., Loudon ... 18

„ ^'^o^acea, Loudon .. . 18

rw</osa, Hort. 6

Schrenkiana, Lindlen 18

Sibirica, Ledebour 221

Sibi7n,ca, Fischer 172

„ alba, Fischer ... 214

* Sitchensis, Lindley 12

Smithiana, Za«rfo» 19

spectabili^, Spach 226

sjnnulosa, Griffith 19

ti'umatrana, Desfont Ill

taodfolia, Drummond 25

taxifolia, Jeffrey 29

taxifolia, Desfont 209

Tchugatskoi, Lawson 214

Thunbergii, Lambert 16

Tlapalcatuda, 'Roezl 213

To7mio, SiQhold IG

PAOB

ABIES.

Tsuga, Siebold 32, 421

„ nana, ^SVeJoW 33

Veitchii, Lindley 226

vi77iin alis, Alstrsemer 10

vulgans, Poiret 209

Webbiana, Lindley 226

„ «^u^s, Hort. ... 222

Williamsonii, Newberry. 30

Wittinanniana, Hartwess . 15

ACTINOSTROBUS, Miqiiel... 33

„ acuminata, PrtWaiore 34

„ pyramidalis, Aliquel. 34

Agaihis Australis, Salisbury . 108

„ Damwiara, Richard .... Ill

„ loranthifolia,'S)S\i^\)Uvy 111

A lania s/j. Colenso 1 04

A Itingia Gunninghami, Don. . . 44

„ excelsa, Loudon 45

Americamis giganteus, H. Am. 415

APi AUCARIA, Jussieu 35

Bid Willi, Hooker 36

Brasiliensis, Richard 37

,, gracilis, Carriere . 38

„ Ridolfiana, Savi. . . 38

„ S3iYmn3,,Parlatore 39

Chiknsis, Mirbel 33

cohimnans, Hooker 49

Cook!\i, R. Broivn 43

Cunninghamii, Aiton 44

„ glauca, ^zfo?i ...... 45

„ longifoUa, Antoine 45

Dombeyi, Richard 39

elegans, Knight 38

excelsa, R. Broum 45

„ speciosissima,^o)Y.

Paris 421

„ variegata, .fforf — 46

glauca, Loddiges 45

gracilis, Van Houtte 38

imbricata, Pavon 39

„ variegata, Hort. 42

intermedia, Vieillard 43

lanceolata, Hort 77

Lindleyana, Van Houtte . 38

Ribbiana, Italian Gardens 38

Ridolfi,YLovt 38

B^vHiei, Mueller 42

Saviana, Parlatore 39

subidata, VieiUard 43

ARBOR VITtE, see THUJA.

A7xeuthos drupacea, Antoine .. 133

ARTHROTAXIS, Dm 46

436

INDEX.

PAGE

ARTHROTAXIS.

A Ipina, Van Houtte ...... 48

araucarioides, Brongniart 103

cupressoides, Don 47

Doniana, Maule 48

Donniana,Y&vk.Qx 48

Gumiiana, Zfoo^er 47

imhricata, Maule 47

laxif olia, Hooker 48

selaginoides, Don 48

tetragona, Hooker 184

Belis jaculifolia, Salisbury ... 77

„ lanceolata, Sweet 77

Bl01!k,Don 49

Corceana, Siebold 53

excelsa, Hort 55

Fortimei, Hort. 54

/re?iefoicZes,Belgian Gardens 52

funiculata, Hort 52

gracilifolia,\\.nig\it 52

Ja/?o?w'ca, Siebold 53

Japonica laxa, Scott 422

macrocarpa, Hort 422

Meldensis, iawso/i 57

jSl epalensis, Endlicher ... 52

Orientalis, Don 50

„ argentea, Hort. 51
„ artiirotaxoides,

Hort... 51

„ Ascotensis, Hort. 422
„ aurea, Hort. ... 50
„ „ %a)ia,Hort. 51

„ compacta, Hort. 53
„ elegantissima,

HcUisscu 53

,, excelsa, Hort. ... 55
J, falcata, Lindley. 54
„ funiculata, Hort. 52
. ., glauca, Pince ... 52
,, gracilis, Carriere 52
,. incurvata^Yim^t 53
., macrocarpa, //or^. 422
J, monstrosa, Gm--

nere 52

., nana, Carriere .. 53
., Pekinensis, Gor-
don 54

„ ^je?ic/«/a, Parla-

tore 55

„ pyramidalis,A^«(/-

licher 55

,, seraper-aurescens,

Lemoine 422

PAOE

BIOTA.

Orientalis Sieboldii, End-
licher 53

„ stricta, Loudon. 55
„ Tatarica, End-
licher..... 409

5, triangularis,

Ho7-t 55

„ variegata, End-
licher ... 51
„ „ atirea,

Carriere 51

pendula, Endlicher 55

p>rostrata,l:lovi 401

pyramidalis, Carriere 409

„ piLmila,ObXX\hx&... 50

Tatarica., Loudon 409

„ ir«rea?ia, Hort.... 409

Wareana , Hort 409

Zuccariniana,£ror^ 422

CALLITRIS, Ventenat... 57

arhorea, Schrader 418

arenosa, Sweet 117

articulata, Pinet-Woburn. 117

Anstralis, Hooker 117

calcarata, R. Brown 117

Capensis, Schrader 417

cvpressiformis, Ventenat . 117
c?/^:>?'^ssoiV/es, Schrader ... 417

F other gilli, Loudon 119

fruticosa, R. Brown 119

glauca, R. Brown ... 120—123

ijrunnii, Hooker 120

Hugelii, Knight 121

tnacrostachya, Hort 120

oblonga, Richard 120

Preissii, Miquel 123

2yro2nnqua,'^.'^xovfU 123

p>yramidalis, Sweet 123

quadrivalvis, Ventenat ... 58
rkomboidea, R. Brown ... 117

robiista,J\.^vo\\n 123

stricta, Schrader 417

tube7'cidata,V\,.^\'0\va ... 125
verrucosa, Cunningham ... 125
Caryotaxus nucifera, Zucca-

rini 411

(jrandis, Hort 70

CEDRUS, Link 59

Africana, Qioviiow 60

argentea, Loudon 60

Atlantica, Manetti, 60

Dcodara, i/owc^w 61

INDEX.

437

CEDRUS.

Deodora alba spica, Hort.. 423

„ crassifolia, //or<. ... 64

„ eTectTa,Gripj^s 65

„ gigantea, Knight... 64

„ robusta, ^or< 64

„ tenuifoUa, Knight 64
„ verticillata glauca,

Ci'ipps 65

„ viridis, Hort 64

elegans, Knight 60

Hispanica, Tournefort ... 153

Indica, D e Chambr — 61

Libani, Barrelier 65

„ argentea, Loudon... 66

„ glauca, Hort. 66

„ nana, Loudon 66

,, pendula, Knight ... 66
Orientalis foetidissima,

Tournefort 143

Plwenicea, Renealm 65

CEPHALOTAXUS,^^>6oZcZ... 66

adpressa, Hort 387

hrevifolia, Hort 387

coriacea, Knight 67

drupacea, Siebokl 67

filiformis, Knight 68

Fortunei, Hooker 68

„ foemina, Cai'riere 67

„ mas, Hort 68

„ j)<^'>^dida, Carriere 68

grandis, Hovi 70

Koraiana, Hort 338

pedunculata, >SVe6o^c/ 69

to/-c?m?, Siebold 387

umbraculifera, Siebold ... 70

CH AMiEC YPAR IS, Spach ... 70

Andelyeiisis, Hort 365

atrovirens, Hort 72

Bomsierii, Carriere 85

Boursierii, Decaisne 163

ericoides, Carriere 363

decussata, Hort 364

excelsa, Fischer 94

Kewensis,Hovt 72

Lawsoniana, Parlatore ... 85

Hiutkaensis, Spach 94

obiusa, Endlicher 367

2oisifera, Endlicher 369

sph^roidea, *S}x<cA 71

„ atrovirens, Knight 72

„ aurea, Hort 423

„ glauca, Endlicher 72

PAGE

CHAM^CYPARIS.

sphseroidea wsxin,, Endlicher 72
„ variegata, Endlicher 72.

squarrosa, Endlicher 371

„ ^e;:)<oc^«c/a, Endlicher 365

,, variegata, Endlicher 372

thnjcpformia, R. Smith ... 429

thurifera, Endlicher lOo

Chamcepeuce obtusa, Zuccarini 367

COLUMBEA, Salisbury 35

quadrifaria, Salisbury ... 39

Golymbea, Salisbury 36

Bidwilli, Carriere 36

angustifolia, Bertoloni ... 37
Brasiliensis, Carriere. . .37 — 38

imbricata, Carriere 39

excelsa, Sprengel 45

Condylocarpus semi^ervir'ens,

' Salisbury 379

CRYPTOMERIA, yjo^i 73

elegans, Veitch 73

gracilis, Hort 73

Japonica, Z'o?^ 74

„ araucarioides, Hort. 75

„ elegans, Hort 73

„ elongata, Regel ... 73

„ Lobbii,i^or^ 76

„ nana, Fortu7ie 76

„ ^:)?^(7?wfea, Loudon... 76

„ spiralis, Hort 423

„ variegata, Ho7't. ... 76

„ vera, Siebold 423

„ viridis, Hort 76

wan«, Lindley 76

viridis, Hort 76

CUNNINGHAMIA, jR.

Broiun 76

cupressoides, Zuccarini ... 47
lanceolata. Van Houtte ... 77
selaginoides, Zuccarini ... 48

Sinensis, R. Brown 77

„ glauca, ^or< 77

CUPRESSUS, Tournefort ... 78

Africana, Miller 418

Americana, Catesby 382

Americana, Trautvetter... 94
Arbor- Vila', Targ-Tozz ... 403
aromatica, Van Houtte ... 82

attenuata, Gordon 79

Austi-ahs, Persoon 119

Austrcdis, Low 102

bacciformis, Willdenow ... 164
bacciformis,Yimg]iX, 163

438

INDEX.

PAGE

CUPRESSUS.

Balfouriana, Lemoine 79

bambusacea, Olotanzcoi ... 188

Benthami, Endlicher 80

Bourgeauii, Hort 79

Calif ornica, Hort 82

Gashmeriana, Eoyle 97

cemua,'Koxi 80

Cheusanensis, Pluknet ... 74

Chihnsis, Gillies 180

columnar is, Forster 43

Corneyana, Knight 80

Coulteri, Forbes 84

cZ^s<^'c/ia, Linnaeus 382

., nutans, Alton ... 385
„ patens, Alton ... 382

Doniana, Hort 102

elegans, Low 84

ericoides, Hort 363

excelsa, Scott 82

e^j^aftsa, Audlbert 96

fastigiata, D. C 95

„ ho7'izoutalis, D. C. 96
„ thujcefolia, Hort.... 97
„ vaHegata, Hort. ... 97

filiforniis, Hort 55

fcemiiia, Caesalpina 95

Fotliergilli, Pinet-Woburn 119

f unebrls, Endlicher 82

glauca, Lamarck 89

„ tristis, Carriere ... 89
„ pendula, Hort. ... 89

glandulosa. Hooker 90

Goensis, Hort 89

Goveniana, Gordon 83

„ glaucescens, /Tor^. 424

gracilis, Hort 80

Hartwegii, Carriere 91

hoiizontalis, Dubaracl ... 96

»?«6/-tca<a, Nuttall 383

Ja/90rttca, Thunberg 74

junijjeroides, Linnaeus ... 418

Keivensis, i\ovt 82

Knightiana, Perr?j 84

„ varieguta, Ho7't. 85
Lambertiana, Gordon ...... 91

., fastigiata, Carriere 91

Lawsoniana, Murrajf 85

„ aromatica, Hort... 88
„ alba ii])icaL,Hort. 87, 424
„ alba spica nana,
„ Jlort.... 424

„ alba variegata,

Laivson 87

PAGE

CUPRESSUS.

Lawsoniana, argentea, Horf. 87

„ aurea, Waterer ... 87

,, cerulea,, Hort 424

„ elegantissima,5a?''

ron . . . 424

„ erecta, Hort. 87

„ erecta. viridis, A.

Waterer... 425

„ fragrans, Standish 88

„ glatica nana, Hort. 88

„ gracilis, Hort 88

„ IvAQVi, Itollisson ... 88
„ „ fiavescens,

Gripps... 88

„ minima, Hort. ... 89

„ nana, Hort 88

„ pendula alba, Pa2«/. 89

„ pumila, Hort^ 88^

„ pygmcea, Hort. ... 89

„ pyramidaUs, Hort. 87

„ stricta, Hort. 87

„ viridis, Hort 87

Libani glauca, Knigbt ... 89

Lindleyi,l^\o\&c\i , 84

,, argentea varie-
gata, Hort. ... 85

Lusitanica, il/^7/er 89

„ elegans, 'Rmz ... 89
., jMtula, Tourne-

fort 89

„ pend^Ua, Hort. ... 89

„ variegata, Laivson 9f)

Mac-Nabiana, Murray ... 90

macrocarpa, Hartioeg 91

„ jastigiata,Km.gh.t 91

„ Crippsi, Hort. ... 93
,, flagelliformis,

Crip2}s 93

„ variegata, Hort... 93

macrostachya, Hort 120

majestica, Knight 100

mas, Caesalpin 96

nana, Hort 73

„ Mariana,. Plukn 71

Nepalensis, Loudon 97

nivea, Lobb 79

nucifera, Hort 126

Nutkaensis, Hooker 94

,. argentea, Hort. 95
,, aurea variegata,

Young 425

,, compacta, Hort. . . 425

„ glauca, //or^ 426

INDEX.

439

PAGE

CUPEESSUS.

Nutkaensis variegata, Hort. 95
Nootkatensis, Lambert ... 94

Orientalis, Hort 96

patula, Persoon 55

pendida, Thunberg 55

pendula, 'Rovt 82

pendula, Heritier 89

peiidula, Grvi^ih. 97

pendula, Staunton 81

pendidata, Hort 55

pi/ramidalis, Tozzett 95

Reinwardtii, Hort 91

religiosa nana, Hort 100

Roylei, Carriere 102

Sahinoides, Humboldt ... 161
Schombu rgkii, Van Houtte 100
sempervirens, Linnceus ... 95
„ horizontalis, Miller 96
„ Indica,E. I. Cmpy. 102
„ monstrosa, Bo)f... 97
„ thvjcefolia, Carriere 97
„ variegata, Knight 97

Sinensis, Lee 89

Sinensis, Hort 126

„ glauca. Van Houtte 89

„ 2)endida,'iiov\, 89

Skinnerii, Hort 82

sphcerQideax)endida, Hort. 72
„ Keivensis, Knight 72

squaii-osa, Lawson 371

stricta, ]\liller 95

Tchngatskoyce, Hort 94

tefraf/07ia, ^ort 100

Thuja, Targ-Tozz 50

thujcBformis, Parker 97

thvjceoides, Low 97

thnriiersi, Humboldt 100

thurifera, Bentham 80

„ elegans, Hoxt 84

„ Knightiana, Gordon 84

thyoides, Pavon 180

<%0K/e5, Linnaeus 71

„ atrovirens, Lawson 72

„ Keivensis,^ov\, 72

„ nana, Loudon 72

„ variegata, Loudon 72

torulosa, i>o?i 97

„ elegans, Hort 100

„ majestica, //o?-^. ... 100

„ n&wiX:, Hort. 100

„ religiosa, Knight... 100
,, viridis, Hort 100

CUPHESSUS. ''^"

TonrnefoHii, Audibert .. 95

Uhdeana, Gordon 100

variegata, Hort 72'

Virginiana, Plukenet 382

„ Tradescanti,

Ray ... 382
Whitleyana, Z?o»^^ 102

T>A.GRYJi\[]U, Solander ... 103
araucarioides, Brongniart 103
arthrotaxoides, Carriere... 103

Beccarii, Parlatore 103

Co\Qn&o\, Hooker 104

cupressinum, Solander ... 104

distichian, Don 355

elatum, Wallich 105

„ compactum,CaxT\exe 359
„ <ej^H?/o^iMni, Carriere 359

excelsum, lyoxi. 357

ferrugineum, Van Houtte 357

Franklinii, Hooker 106

5, Lindley 184

Huonense, Cunningham... 106

Junghuhnii, Miquel 105

Kirkii, Mueller 107

laxif olium, Hooker 107

ZoSftu, Hort 104

Mai, Cunningham 354

i/ayt, Van Houtte 354

2)lu')nosum,T)oxi 182

S])icatiim, Hort 350

taxifolium, 'Banks .354

taxoides, Brongniart 107

tenuifolium, Parlatore ... 359

tetragonum, Parlatore 184

thuioides, Solander 357

ustuni, Vieillard 358

Vieillardii, Parlatore 359

DA.'i.ilsiA.'RA, Bumphius 108

alha, Rumphius ill

alba, Makoy 112

Australis, Lambert 108

„ glauca, Loiv ... 109

hrevifolia, Hort 109

Bidivillii, Hort II3

Brotmii,lA.(ysX 113

hypoleuca, Hort 109

/owr7?/o^ja, Lindley 113

loranthifolia, Spach Ill

macrophylla, Lindley 110

Moorii, Lindley no

obtusa, Lindley 110

ovata, Moore 112

440

INDEX.

DAMMARA.

Orientalis, Lamhert Ill

„ alba, Amg/i^ 112

„ palleus, Carriere 112

pinnata, Parmentier 189

robusta, Moore 113

Rumiyhii, Presl HI

Vitiensis, Seemann 113

DISELMA, J. Hooker 114

Arched, J. Hoolcer 114

Domheya Araucana, Roeuscliel ^

Chilsensis, Lamarck 39

excelsa, Lambert 45

EUTACTA, Linl 43

Gookii, Carriere 43

Gimninghainii, Link 44

axcelsa, Link 45

mmor, Carriere 43

Muelleri,^ Carriere 42

Pancheri, Carriere 43

Eiaei,\i\x\ot 42

„ 2wlymo7'pha,CiiYrieve 42

Etitassa Cunninghamn, Spach 44

hetero]:>h]/lla, Salisbury ... 45

YITZ-B^OY A, Hooker 115

Patagonica, /Too^er 115

FRENELA,J/eV6eZ 116

arenosa, i^or^ 117

Australis, /^ooA^er 117

„ R. Brown 120

J MS^rafo's, En dlicher 119

calcarata, Cunningham ... 117

canescenSj Partoore 118

columellaris, Mueller 118

crassivalvis, Miquel 123

Drummondii, Pa»-toore... 118

Endlicheri, Farlatore 110

ericoides, Endlicher 117

Fontanesii, Mirbel 58

Fothergilli , Endlicher 119

fruticosa , Endlicher 119

r//««ca, Mirbel 120—123

Gulielnii, Parlatore 119

• (j\xxm\\, Endlicher 120

Hugelii, Carriere 121

Macleyana, Parlatore 121

macroiftachya, Knight 1 20

Moorii, Parlatore 122

Mtielleri, Parlatore 122

Parlatorei, Mveller 1 22

propinqua, Cunningkam 123

pyramidalis, Carriere 123

/■*Ao??i6oH?cCT, Endlicher ... 117

ERENELA.

rigida, Endlicher 123

robusta, Gtmningham 123

Roei, Endlicher 124

subcordata, Parlatore 124

subumbellata, Parlatore 124

sulcata, Parlatore 124

triquetra, Spach 117

tuberculata, Mirbel 125

variabilis, Carriere 120

. Ventenatii, Mirbel 117

vevr\icossi,Gu7minghar/i... 125

Ginkgo hiloba, Linnoeus 374

„ laciniata, Hort. 375

GLYPTOSTROBUS,A'»^rf/^■cAerl26

heterophyllus, Endlicher 126

Horsfieldii, Knight 356

pendulus, Endlicher 385

JUNIPERUS, Xwmce?<s 127

a^&a, Knight 162

Alpina, lioddiges 146

Alpina, Clusius 136

„ minor, '&ooi\\ 136

„ Suecica, Plukenet ... 136

Andina, Nuttall 162

aquntica, Roxburgh 126

arborescens, Mcench 154

argentea, Hort 156

aromatica, Hort 82

Attica, Heldriech 135

baccifo7'mis, Carriere 164

„ Knight 163

Barbadensis, lAicliViwx ... 155
„ Linnaeus ... 140

Bedfordiana, Knight 155

Bermudiana, Linnceus ... 140

Biassolettvi, Link 135

hrevifolia, Parlatore 1 30

Gcdifornica, Carriere 162

Canadensis, Loddiges 129

Ganariensis, Knight 129

canescens, E. I. Company 147

Gapensis, Lamarck 418

Garoliniana, D u Roi 155

„ Hort 154

Gaucasica, Fischer 137

csesia, Cari'iire 167

Cedrus, Webb 129

„ brevifolia, Gordon 130
„ Bernuida', Ray ... .140

cermia, Roxburgh 158

Cerrosianus, Kellogg 167

Ghinensis, Roxburgh 330

INDEX.

441

FAOE

JUNIPERUS.

Chinensis Linnmis 158

„ argenfea, Hort. 159
„ aiirea, Young... 426
„ densata,/^. Smith 1 59
„ Corneyana, Gor-
don 81

„ foemina,Zw7iCEWSl58
„ Leeana, Hort . . . 426
„ mas, Linnoeus... 158
„ procumbens,^Xidi-

licher 160

„ /S'mzVAw, Loudon 165
„ variegata, For-
tune 159

cinerea, Carrier e 151

communis, Linnceus 131

Thunberg 138

„ Alpina, Wah-

lenberg 136

., Ca«crtstca,End-

licher 137

„ compressa, Car-

nh'e 133

„ Cracovia, Lod-

diges 132

„ dep?'essa, Pursli 129
„ fastigiata, Lou-
don 132

„ hemis/ihccrica,

Parlatore ... 134
„ Hibernica, Lod-

diges 132

„ Hispa7iica^&vf-

son 133

„ 7mc?^ca,Madden 142
„ „ Alpina,

Winter-
bottom.. 142
„ „ nana.

Madden 142
,, macrocarpa,

Spach 135

„ Montana, Kiion 136
'„ nana, Loudon. 136
„ ohlonga, Lou-
don 137

„ p)^^''^dula, Hort. 139
„ sf rtda, Carriere 132
„ Suecica, Lou-
don.. 132

„ 'vulgaris, Lou-
don 131

JUNirERUS

communis, Wiitnianniana,

Carriere 139

coOTjprPssa, Rinz 133

conf erta, Parlatore 133

Corneyana, Hort 81

Cunninghami, Hort 117

cupressifolia, Yioxt 150

Davurica, Pallas 141

Hort 129

dealbata, Loudon 162

„ Douglas 129

densa, Gordon 141

Depjieana, Steudel 161

dejrressa. Booth 1 29

dimorpha, Roxburgh 158

dicecia, Makoy 158

drupacea, Labill 133

dumosa, Waliich 152

„ Hort... 156

echinoformis, Rinz 134

elata, Roxburgh 105

elegans, Hort 150

ellip)tica. Van Houtte 135

ericoides. Noisette 117

„ Hort 363

excelsa, Biehert 143

„ Madden 148

„ Lewis 162

„ glauca, Hort 144

„ procera, Carriere . 162
5, stricta, RoUlsson. 144
„ variegata, Hort... 144

,, -yercf, Hort 143

fastigiata. Knight 132

flaccida, *S'c^/ecto^ 145

flagelliformis, Reeves 158

foemina, Hort 158

foetidaSabina, Spach 1 50

„ Davurica, Spach... 141

„ excelsa, Spach 143

,, flaccida, Spach 145

„ Zfzs;x»wca, Spach... 153
„ midticaidis, Spach. 146
„ tamariscifolia,

Spach 151

Fortunii, Hort 165

fragrans, Knight.- 162

giga^itea, Hoezl 161

glauca, Willdenow 156

Gossainthanea, Loddiges. 155

gracilis, Endlicher 145

Hort 81

442

INDEX.

JUNIPERUS.

hemisphaerica, Presl. 1 34

Eermanni, Persoon 162

Zri6er?aca, Loddiges 132

„ comj)rtssa, Hort 1 33

HisjMnica, Presl 133

MiUer 153

honzontalis, Moench 146

Hiidsonica, Loddiges 146

««c?/rva, Hamilton 147

interr^qjta, Wen dland 137

isophyllos, Kotscby 143

Japonica, Carriere 160

y, alha,, iStandish... 161

„ aurea, FoHune . 160

Xamierfo'ana, Wallich ... 152

Langoldiana, Hort 164

Lasdeliana, JjiV}^ow 162

latifolia arhorea, Tourne-

fort 133

littoralis, Maximo 133

Lobelii, Gussone 135

Lusitanica, Isli&Qt 150

Lycia, Pallas 150

„ Linnaeus 165

ifac-iVa6^■(:a^.cf, Lawson ... 90

macrocarpa, Sibthorj) 135

major, BeUonius 133

„ Americana, Park-
inson 154

„ hacca-cceridea,HoViX-

nefort 135

7n,aximus,\johQ\ 135

INIexicana, Schlect 161

minor, Fvichs 131

„ ?rtOJito?ia, Banhin... 136
Monspeliensium, Lobel ... 137

nana, Wilidenoio 136

„ Alpina, Endlicher. 136
„ hemisphcerica, Car-

rifere 134

„ montana, Endlicher 120

o)eahoriensis, havrson 135

jVejxdensis, Rinz 147

oblonga, Loudon 1 37

„ jiendida, Loudon 139

ohlonqata, Gussone 135

Occidentali.s, //^voyfcer 162

3> frarjrans,^oxi. 163

Olivieri, Carriere 143

oophora, K unze 153

onpositifolia, Mcencli 140

Oxycedrus, ZwmctMs 137

JUNIPERUS.

Oxycedrus, hrevifolia,

Hochst...... 130

„ echinoformis.

Van Houtte 134
„ Phcenicea, Do-
don 137

„ Taunca, Hort. 138

„ Wittmanniana,

Hort 139

pachyphlsea, Torrey 164

pendida vera, Hort ,. . . . 139

Perkinsii, Hort 144

Fhilippsiana, Wallich ... 105

Phcenicea, Linnceus 164

5, Lycia, Loudon . 165
„ malacocarjm,

Endlicher ... 165
55 sclerocarjKt,

Endlicher ... 164

plochyderma, Torrey 167

2wlycar2Ms, Kotscby 143

procera, Hochst 162

f:>roc?«?i6ms, Siebold 160

prostrata, 7'e;'soo?i 146

■prostrata, Risso 1 50

Pseudo-Sabina, Fischer . . . 145

7^r?/on?z{s, Lindley 162

pyramidalis, Hort 1 32

racemosa, i^mo 167

recurva, Z)o?i 147

„ densa, Hort 141

recurva nana, Hort 141

Feevesiana, Hort 158

religiosa, Foyle 148

repanda, Hort 147

repens, Nuttall 146

riV/icfrt, Sieber 105

rigida, Wallich. . 152

rigida, Siebold 138

rigida. Noisette 123

9'igida, Favon 337

rufescens, Zz«/t 138

„ hrevifolia, End-
licher 130

•Sabina, Linnoins 150

„ Aljrina, Hort. 151

„ ctqyressifolia, Alton 150

„ elegans. Booth 151

,, excelsa, Antoine 143

„ liorizontalis, Hort.... 150

„ humilis,^o6kev 146

„ isophyllos, Antoine . 143

INDEX.

443

PAGE

JUNIPERUS.

Sabina nana, Hort 150

„ jxichyplUcea, Antoine 164
„ 2^'^h^('-'''P'^^i Antoine 143
„ prostrata, Loudon... 146

„ prcmila, Hort 150

„ taman'scifolia, Alton 151

„ Tavrica, F&Was 143

„ variegata, Loudon... 151

„ indgciris, Endlicher 150

fSabinoides, Endlicher ... 151

saxatilis, VaMas 136

Schottii, Hort 157

SJiejjpardii, Hort 426

<SV6mca, Burgsdorff 136

sp. nova, Fortune 167

sphaerica, Lindley 165

,, glauca, Fortune 167

sphoirocarpa, Antoine ... 135

squamata, Z>o?i 152

sg^wamosa, Hamilton 152

stricta, Hort 144

„ Hort.^ 132

struthiacea, Knight 158

Suecica, Miller 132

„ pi/ramidalis, Manetti 133

TaMrica, Strangway s 138

taxifolia, ZToo^e/' 139

tetragona, Schlect 166

tetragona, Moench 164

„ osteos])erma, Torrey 163

Thunhergii, Hooker 158

thurifera, Linnoeus 153

ihtcrifera, Bonplaud 100

thurifera, Parlatore 151

tripartita, Hort 157

turhinata, Gussone 153

■umbilicata, Grenier 135

uviftra, Don 183

venusta, Hort 144, 426

Virginiana, Linnoius 154

,, alba variegata, Hort. 157
., aureavariegata,Zror^. 157
„ Australiis,{2axx\^ve... 155
J, argentea,\an Houtte 156
„ Barbadensis, Loudon 155
„ Caroliniana,Zo(/f?^l7es 155
„ Chamber lainii, Hort. 156
„ cinerescens, Hort. ... 156
„ dnmosa, Loddiges ... 156

„ glauca, I{o7-f 156

„ gracilis, Hort 155

„ numilis, Hori 156

JUNIPERUS.

Virginiana pendula, ^or^. .156

„ „ fcEinina, Hort. 157

„ „ mas, Hu7i. ... 157

,, ,, viridis, Hurt. 157

„ pumila, Hort 156

„ Schottii, Z?o?'« 157

„ sp)ars,ifolia, Hort. ... 155

„ stricta, Hort. 157

„ stricta, Hort 155

„ tripartita, R. /Smith 157

„ vera, Loddiges 154

„ viridis, Hort 157

,, vulgaris, Carriere ... 154

vulgaris, Bauhin 131

„ arborea, Bauhin ... 132
„ fruticosa, Duhamel 131
„ fruticosa, Cnx)an .. . 134

Wallichiana., Hooker 152

Wallichii, Hort 159

Webbii, Carriere 129

TFi/^-o«i??«V, Antoine 135

Wittmanniana, Fischer... 139
Keteleeria Fo7^tunei, Carriere... 27

LARIX, Link 168

Altaica, Fischer 173

Americana, ]\Iichaux 175

„ brevifolia, Carriere 176

„ p)^'>^'itda, Loudon . 177

„ rubra, Loudon ... 175

Archangelica, Lawson ... 173

Cec^rMs, Miller 65

communis, Lawson 1 69

Dahurica, Turczan 168

decidua, Miller 169

rossica, Henk. ... 173

Europsea, i)e C 169

., alha, Fndlicher ... 171
„ Dahurica, Loudon 168
J, Godsallii, Loudon 170
„ pendula, Loudon... 170
„ repeus, Zo«o?o?j ... 170
„ rubra, Endlicher ... 171
„ Sibirica, I^oudon... 173

excelsa, Link 169

Fraseri, Curtis 1 75

Gmelini, Ledebour 16S

Grijithiana, Hort 171

Griffithii, Zifoo^er 171

intei'm£dia, Lawson 173

Japonica, Carriere 1 73

Kcempferi, Fortune 360

Kamtschatica, Carriere... 172

444

INDEX.

PAGE

LARIX.

Ledebourii, Ruppr 1 73

leptolepis, SiehoLd 1 73

Ly allii, F aviator e 175

microcarpa, ^oo^e?" 175

nigra, Hort 177

Ifuttallii, Parlatore 176

Occidentalis, Nuttall 1 76

Orientalis, Tournefort ... 65

patnla, Salisbury 65

pendula, Salisbury 177

Fseudo-laripc, Ijoddigea ... 173
2-)yramidalis, Salisbury ... 169

7'ossica, Sabine 173

Sihirica, Ledebour 173

Sikkimensis, Hooker 171

tenuifolia, Salisbury 175

mdgaris, Fischer 169

Zaurmjulifera, Kaempfer ... 188
Leichardtia Macleana, Shep-
herd 121

LEPIDOTHAMNUS, Fki-

lij^pi 178

Fonki, jfki/ipjn 178

LIBOCEDRUS, A'ndlicher ... 179

Chilensis, A'ndlicher 180

„ viridis, Hort... 181

Craigiana,'Lo\f lr<l

Doniana, Endlicher 182

decurrens, Torrey 181

,> depressa, Scott 426

ea;ce/5a, Hort 181

(jigantea, Low 181

gigantea glauca, Lawson 181

tetragona, Endlicher 183

Lignum emanum, Rum-

phius 346

Lycox)odi^ivi arhoreum,

Jungh 105

Mahi-foetens, Ksempfer 340

MICROCACHRYS,Zroo^-«-... 184

tetragona, «/. i/oo^er 184

tetrat/ona foemina, J.

Hooker 192

tetragona, Archer 114

Micropeuce Sieboldii, Spach... 32

Mynca I\'aqi, Thunberg 1 88

NAGEIA, Goertner 185

Beccarii, Gordon 186

'Bhxmti, Gordon 186

cuspidata, Gordon 187

grandifolia, Gordon 187

Japonica, Goertner 188

PAGE

NAGEIA.

Japonica, variegata, Gordon 189

latif olia, Gordon 1 89

minor, (Jarriere 190

ovata, Gordon 190

„ variegata, Gordon... 191
OcfocUnis Macleyana, Mueller 121

£ackhousii, Hill 121

Pachylepis Commersonii,

Brongn 417

cujnessoides, Brongn....... 417

juniperoides, Brongn 418

Parolinia juni2Jeroides, End-
licher 418

P€ucehalsamea,'Ric\x2.vd 200

PHEROSPHiERA, Archer ... 192

Hookeriana, Archer 192

PHYLLOCLADUS, Richard 193

Alpina, Hooker 193

asplenlfolia, Hooker 194

Billardierii, Mirbel 194

glauca, Garriere 195

hypophylla, Zroy/;er 193

rhomboidalis, Richard ... 194

trichomanoides, Don 195

„ Aljnna, Parlatore 193
„ glauca, Parlato7'e 195

PICEA, Z>o?i 196

AjanensiSfYi^cixex 18

alba, Link 3

„ echinoformis, Garriere 4

„ nana,\Jvdk 4

Alcockiana, Garriere 4

amahilis, Lobb 219

„ Loudon 213

„ magnifica, Hort — 219

J, rohusta, Hort 219

Apollinis, Ranch 197

balsamea, Loitdon 200

„ longifolia, Loudon 201
„ prostrata. Knight 206
„ variegata. Knight 201

brachyphylla, Gordon 201

bracteata, Loudon 202

Brunoniana, Spach 21

Calif ornica, Garriere 30

Canadensis, Link 22

Cephalonica, Loudon 203

„ Apollinis, Gordon 197

Cilicica, itoifc/i 214

aHere«, Baumann 211

coerulea, Link 18

concolor, Gordon 216

INDEX.

445

PAGE

PICEA.

Dotiglasu, Link 24

Engeimannii, Engelmann 5

excelsajlivak 6

„ conica, Carriere 11

„ de)l^ldata, CaxxihxQ... 8
„ eremita, Carriere ... 8
„ pyramidalis, Carriere 10

firma, Siebold 204

Fortunei,M.\i.vx2iy 27

Yvn'&QXi, Loudon 205

„ glauca, Wm. Paid... 206
„ Hudsonia, Loudon 206
„ Hudsonica, Knight 206

grandis, Loudon 216

grandis, Lobb 218

Herhertiana^ Madden 222

hirtella, Loudon 212

holophylla, Gordon 206

Ilxidsonica, Hort 206

Jezoensis, Carriere 11

„ Carriere 27

Khutrow, Carriere 19

Kukunaria, Wenderth ... 197

lasiocarpa, Hort 218

LcUinorum, Bavdiin G

Lowiana, Gordon 218

Lowi, Hort 218

magnifica, Murray 219

major prima, Bauhin 6

Menziesii, Carrifere 12

Mertensiana, French Gar-
dens 29

Metensis, Hort 211

microsjoerma, Cai'rifere ... 11

Morinda, Link 19

Naphtha, Knight 222

nigra,JAvLk. 13

„ fastigiata, Carriere 14

nobilis, Loudon 207

„ glauca, Hort 208

Nordmanniana, Zo2<c?OK. . 208

Numidica, it. ^SWVA 220

ohovata, Ledebour 14

Orientalis, Link 15

Farsonsi, Hort 218

pectinata, Loudon 209

„ fastigiata, 7?ooi/i. . 211
„ leioclada, Hort. . . . 208
„ Metensis, Hort. ... 211

,* nana., Juiight 211

„ pendula, 6rWc//'0?/ 211
„ pyramidalis, j^orf. 210

_ PAOB

PICEA.

pectinata tortuosa, 75oof/i. 211
„ variegata, Z?ori( ... 211

Piclata, Loudon 221

„ aZ6a, Hort 214

„ lo7igifol'ia, Hovt.... 214

Pindrow, Loudon 222

„ variegata, Hort.... 224

Pinsapo, Loudon 224

„ glauca, ZTor/. ... 427
,, variegata, Hort. . 225

polita, Carriere 16

^njramidalis, Hort 210

religiosa, Loudon 212

„ glaucescens, Gordon 213

Rinzi, Hort 214

Tidira, Link 17

Schrenkiana, Fischer 18

Sibirica, Hort 221

„ alba, Hort 214

Sitchensis, Carriere 12

taodfolia, Hort 209

„ pyraviidalis, Hort. 210

Veitchii, Hort 226

wdgaris. Link 6

Webbiana, Loudon 226

Wittmanniana, Yhich.ex ... 15

PINUS, ZwrncEifS 228

A basica, Carriere 237

A bchasica, Fischer 237

Abies, Du Roi 209

.46zes, Pallas '14

Abies, T!h\xn\)Qxg 16

Abies, Linnaeus 6

„ Americana, Marsh. . 22

Acapulcensis, Don 290

Aculcensis, Roezl 304

adunca, Bosc 270

«Z6a, Aiton 3

albicaulis, Engelmann ... 302
Alcoquiana, Parlatore ... 4

altissima, Ledebour 259

„ Banks 239

alopecuroides, Hort 285

amabilis, Douglas 213

Amecae7is is, 'Roezl 304

Americana, D\x Hoi 22

„ Gertner 17

„ pjalustris, Du-

harael 260

„ rubra, Waugh. . 17

angulata,'RoQ7X 319

Antoineana, 'HoQzl 316

446

INDEX.

PINUS.

Aphemousli, Loudon 295

Apollinis, Antoine 197

Apulcensis, Lindley 290

Arabica, Sieber 238

Araucana, Molina 39

Araucanensis, Knight . . . 252

Araracji, Siebold 32

SiX\sXdita, Engelmaii'ii 291

Astecaensis, Roezl 290

Atlantica, Endlicher 60

atrovirens, Roezl 304

AticMcmdii, Loddiges ... 268
Australis, Michmcx , 260

„ exceha, Loudon... 261
Austriaca, Zf OSS .., 229

„ variegata, Lawson 230
Ayacahuite, Ehrenherg ... 292

,, Blanco, Roezl 294

„ macrocarpa, Hart-

weg 311

„ colorada, Ehren-

berg 311

Aztecaensis, 'Roezl 301

Baclchousiana, Roezl 325

halsamea, Linnseus 200

Banksiana, Lambert 230

Balf ouriana, Jeffre^j 293

Beardsleyi, Murray 281

Bentbamiana, Hartvjeg ... 261

Besseriana, Roezl 287

hicolor, Maximo 4

Blanco, Knight 298

Bolanderi, PtO'/atoz-e 231

Boothiana, Roezl 320

Botirsieri, Carriere 232

brachi/phijUa, Parlatore... 201
brachyptcra, Winlizejius... 263

hracteata, Don 202

Brogoittii, Hort 323

Brunoniana, Endlicher ... 21

Brutea, Tenore 232

huUata,'RoQA 301

Bungeana, Zucccirini 263

Buonapartea, ii'oe^/ 294

C'airica, Don 238

Calabrica, Hort 240

Calif arnica, Hartweg 288

„ Lni.scl 270

Canaien.ns Willdenow ... 22

„ bifolia, Duharael 256

„ quinquefolia, Du-

hamel 322

PINUS.

Canadensis tri/olia, Du-
hamel... 283

Canariensis, »S'm^^A 264

Garamanensis, Vilmorin. . 240

Ccii'patica; Hort 253

Carrieri, Roezl 312

Caucasica, Fischer 259

Cavendishiana, Paxton . . . 272

Cehenensis, Hort 239

Cedrus, Linnaeus 65

Cec^nw, Roezl 308

Cembra, Thunberg 317

Cembra, Linnceus , 295

„ exce^sa, Maximo... 296
„ fruticosa, Gries-

beck 318

„ Helvetica, Loddi ges 295
„ humistrata, Mad-
den 297

„ IfandschuricayRe-

gel 296

„ monophylla, Car-
riere 296

„ 7iana, Hort 297

„ ptimila, Endlicher 297
„ pygmsea, Loudon 297

„ iiossica, Hort 296

„ Sibirica, Loudon. . 296

„ sfricta, Hort 295

„ vulgaris, Endlicher 295
„ variegata, J^o^V.... 297

cembroides, Zuccarini 274

cembroides, Gordon 265

Cephcdonica, Endlicher... 203

Chabnaensis, Roezl ;]25

Chihuhuana, Wislizcnus. . 288

Chimnsis, Knight 249

ChilgJiosa, Elphinstone ... 268

■ Cliylla, Loddiges 299

Cilicica, Kotschy 214

cinerea, Roling 6

coarctata,T\.oez\ 320

Colchira, Booth 238

Comonfortia, Roezl 308

concolor, Parlatore 216

conglomerata, Gueffer ... 232

coiitorta, Douglas 232

coniea, Roezl 297

eorrugata, Roezl 304

Corsicana, Hort .». 239

Coulteri, y>o>«. 266

Craigiana, Balfour 281

INDEX.

44=7

PACE

PINUS.

C^ibensis, Hort... 267

aqjressoides, Molina 183

Dahurica, Fischer 168

Dammara, Lambert Ill

Decaisneana, Roezl 309

Decandolleana, Roezl 308

decidua, WaWich 21

dejlexa, Torrey 289

dens?yiom, 8ieho\d 233

Beodara, Roxburgh 61

dependens, Roezl 308

iJevoniana, Lindley 298

Dicksonii, Hort 299

dietritis, ^ovt 251

dioica, Arrabida 37

divaricata, Hort 230

Dolleriana, Roezl 321

domestica, Mattliioli 252

Don Pedri, B.oezl ......... 311

Douglasii, Sabine 24

dumosa, Lambert 21

Durangensis, Roezl 294

echinata, Miller 243

„ Hort 245

Edgariana, Hartweg 246

edu lis, Wislizenus 274

Ehrenhergii, Endlicher . . . 308

e^egrans, Roezl 320

Endlickeriana, Roezl 313

„ longifolia, Roezl 309

Engelmanni, Carriere 268

Erzeroomica, Calvert 259

Escarena, Hort. Soc 250

Escandoniana, Roezl 278

excelsa, Lamarck 6

excelsa, Wallich 299

excorticata, Gordon 263

exserta, Roezl 319

Femlii, Kotscliy 240

feriilis, "RoezX 265

filifolia, Lindley 301

Finlaysoniana, Wallich . . . 242

Fischeri, Booth 245

flexilis, Torrey 302

Fortunei, Parlatore 27

Fraseri, Loddiges 283

„ Pursh 205

Fremontiana, Endlicher 235

frondosa, Roezl 304

Galocote, Roezl 287

Geitmeri, Roezl 304

Gemiensis, Cook 236

PINUS. "™

Georgica, Hort 260

Gerardiana, Wallich 268

glauca, Moench 3

Gordoniana, Hartweg 305

gracilis, Roezl 308

grandis, Douglas 2I6

„ Roezl 320

Greggi, Engehnann 270

Grenvillefe, Gordon 303

Haageana, Roezl 320

Halepensis, Aiton 236

„ Maritima,

Loudon 237

„ minor, Loudon 236

„ Pityusa, Steven ... 237
„ rotundata, Carriere 232
„ Salzmanni, Dunal 255
„ Syriaca, Rauch ... 237

hamata, Roezl 294

Hamiltonii, Ten ore 250

Hartwegii, Lindley 304

Heldreichii, Christ 240

Hendersoni, Roezl 301

heteromorpha, Roezl 319

heterophylla, Endlicher ... 29
Hierosohjmitana, Du

hamel 235

hirtella, Humboldt 212

Uispanica, Cook 255

holophylla, Parlatore , 206

horizontalis, Roezl 321

Hoseriana, Roezl 278

Hudsonica, Lamarck 230

Hugelii, Roezl 287

ffuisquilucaensis, Roezl... 308

Indica, Manetti 299

inflexa, Roezl 313

'\yiCi^%, Solander , 238

insiguis, Botiglas 270

„ macrocarpa, Hart-

. , . ^'eg 282

msularis, Endlicher 271

intermedia, Fischer 243

interposita, Roezl 287

IztacehuatH,'2voez\ 304

Japonica, Loudon 249

„ Antoine 233

Jeffreyii, Balfour 272

Jeffreyana, Van Houte ... 272

J'^oensw, Antoine n

Jostii, Roezl 301

Karatschatica, Endlicher . 172

448

INDEX.

PAGE

PINUS.

Kasiya, Eoyle 272

Kcempferi, Lambert 360

Kegelii, Roezl 287

Keteleeri,7\.0QA 301

Khasyana, Hooker 272

Khutroio, Royle 19

Koraiensis, Siehold 306

Krelagi, Y\,oqA 304

Lambertiana, Douglas .... 307
„ hrevtfoUa, Hooker 302

lanceolata, Lambert 77

laricina, Du Roi 177

Laricio, Poiret 239

5, Avstrtaca, Loudon... 229
„ Calabrica, Z)e^ame^ . 240
„ Caramanica, Loudon 240

,, contorta, Hort 240

j, Mt)ntana,'Rovt. ...... 240

, Monspeliensis, Vil-

morin 255

„ nana., Hort 240

,, nigrescens, Parlatore 229
„ Pallasiana, lioudon. 247
„ pendula, Carriere... 241

„ pygmsea, Rauch 240

„ Fyrenaica, Loudon . 255
„ subviridis, Buliamd. 240
„ tenuifolia, Parlatore. 255

Xan'ic, Pallas 173

„ Thunberg 173

„ Linnajus 169

„ nigra, Moench 177

„ rwira, Marsh 175

lasiocarya, Hooker 213

Zatteri, Isladden 249

Lawsoni, Iioezl 273

laxa, Elirhart 3

Ledebouri, Endlicher 173

leiophylla, AS'c/aVcZe 308

Lemoniana, Bentham 251

Ze/><o/e/)j.s, Endlicher 173

ZercZoi, Roezl 308

Leroyi, Pioczl 312

Lindleyana, Gordon 309

Llaveana, /Sc/r/ff/e 274

„ var., with thin shelled

seed, Hartweg 235

Loddigesii, Loudon 283

LoiseUniriana, Carriere ... 232

longifolia, lioxburgh 275

lophosperma, Lindley 310

Loudoniana, Gordon 311

PINUS.

Zo?c7, Roezl 313

lutea, Loddiges 243

„ Makoy 261

McTntoshia7m, liawson ... 232

macrocarpa, Lindley 266

macrophylla, Lindley 312

macrophylla, Wislizenus... 268

Maderiensis, Tenore 252

Magellensis, Schow 240

magnifica, Eoezl ....• 298

Mariana, Du Roi 13

maritima, Alton 239

„ Lambert 237

., Lamarck 249

,j minor, Duhamel 251
„ ji^n'ma, Matthioli 237
„ trocata. Knight. 251

Ilarylandica, Booth 13

Massoniana, Parlatore ... 286

„ Lambert 249

Massoniana, AeJoW 241

Men ziesii, D ouglas 12

Merkiana, Vriese 242

Me7iensiana, Bougard ... 29

Michoacaensis, Roezl 301

microcarpa, Lambert 175

Roezl 287

. mitis, Midv.mx 243

■monopliylla, Torrey 235

Monspeliensis, Salzmann ,. 255

monstrosa, Roezl 320

Montana, 'Eanmawn 245

„ Wahlenberg 245

„ Lamarck 295

Mo7iie-AUegn, Roezl 308

Montereyensis, Rauch 270

'hlontczvLm^, Lambert 313

„ Lindleyi, Loudon.... 309

monticola, Bonglas 314

i/orM?c^«, Hort 19

Mugho, i)Vra/«Vi 244

„ Im mills, Neal 253

,, nana, Loudon 245

„ rostrata, .4??^ow2e 245

„ rotundata, ZwiZ; 245

„ uliginosa, Wimmer.. 245

Mughus, London 244

Mulloriana, Roezl 287

muricata, Don 24G

„ var., Bolander 231

Murray ana, Balfour 246

neglecia.JjOW 249

INDEX.

449

VAG£

PTNUS.

Ntoui, Govan 268

NejXtO.nsis Pinct, Wolnu'U 272

„ Royle 249

Ne-2)h(s-ultra, Roezl 325

Nessclrodiana, Eoezl 320

rnVj-w, Alton 13

„ Link 229

nigrescens, Hort 229

nigricans, Hoss 229

nitida, 'RoezX 301

nivea. Booth 32-i

nobilis, Douglas 207

Nootlvfensis, Manetti 281

No7'd7uannicaia,iitoycn ... 208
.^orthumberkmdiano,,

Eoezl 320

Nova IloUandica, lioddigeti 249
NovaZecdandlca, Loddiges 249

nummtdana, Japanese 173

obliqua, Sauter 245

obovata, Anioine 14

„ Schrenkiana, Parlatore 18

Ocampi, Roezl 298

„ Dev()niana,'^(:iQ,A ... 298

Occidentals, ISiuavtz 315

„ Hort 319

., Humboldt 313

Ocote, 7?oej^ 301

oocarpa, Schiede 315

oocarpoides, Bentham 316

Orgisiana, Roezl 321

C>n>«^«/iS, Friwaldsky 2U8

„ Linnaeus 15

„ longifolia, Ledebour. 18

Orizabae, Gordon 316

oatcosperma, Wislizenus ... 274

Padnfia, Ledebour 259

Pallasiana, Lnmhert 247

Pahniensis, Frencli Gar-
dens 260

Palmieri, Manetti 260

palnsfris, Miller 2G0

„ excelsa, Booth.... 261

Pajieleui, Roezl 304

Paroliniana, Webb 238

Parryana, Gordon 277

Parr liana, Parlatore 293

parviiiora, tiiehold, 317

patula, Sch iede 278

„ crec^a, Hort 279

., macrocarpa, Schiede.. 279
' strictti, Jjcntham 279

PINUS.

PaMlihoivs]aana,'Roc7\ ... 312

Paxtoni, Roezl 320

■pecthiata, Lamarck 209

Peloponnesiaca, Haage 197

■peud'ula, Alton 177

„ Griflith 299

jjenicillns, Lapeyrouse 255

Persica, IStrangivajjs 248

Peuce, Griseheck 318

Picea, Du Roi 6

„ Willdenow 209

„ Tournefort 208

„ conica, Endlichcr 11

Pichta, Fischer 221

„ longifolia, Hort 214

Pina.ster, Mton 249

„ Aberdonice, Loudon.. 250
. „ altissima, Lamarck... 250
., Escarena, Loudon . . . 250
„ Hamlltonll, Tenore... 250
„ Hispanica, Roxas ... 255
„ Lemoniana, Loudon . 251

„ wryor, Duhamel 250

„ minor, Loudon 251

., variegata. Hort 251

Pinceana, Gordon 280

Phvlrov), Royle 222

Pinea, Linnceus 252

„ Americana, Hort 252

„ Artica, Hort 252

„ Chineiisis, Knight 252

„ Cretica, Loudon 253

„ f ragllis, Duhamel 253

„ Tar€ntina,'biiQXi&iii ... 253

Piiisapo, Endlicher 224

„ z;an6'/7rtto, Lawson... 225

Pithy asa, Strangways 237

polita, Antolne 16

Poiretiana, Hort 239

ponderosa, Douglas 281

PopocatepctH, Roezl 311

prasina, Roezl 278

protuberans, Roezl 319

Pseudo - Ilcdejiensis, Den-

hardt 255

Pseudo-Larix, Steudel ... 173
Pseudo- Strobus, Lindhij. . . 320
Pseudo-Tc-eda, Tenore .'..... 290

Pumilio, Ha'nke 253

„ rotundata, Hort 245

pungens, J/ ic/ia?w 254

ppgmcva, Fischer 297

450

INDEX.

PIN US.

2yyramidalis, l?eiiss 245

„ Hort 239

Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse . . . 255

quadrifolia,V&XYy 293

radiata, Don 282

Regeliana, Roezl 321

Religiosa , Humboldt 212

resinosa, AS'o^«Hf/f?- 256

„ Roezl 304

retracta, Eoezl 325

Bichardiana, Roezl 309

x\gLd&, Miller 283

„ serotiiia, Loudon.. 285

Binzi, Roezl 321

robzista, Roezl 309

Jiohani, B.oez\ 321

It 07nan a, Hovt 240

Eoylei, Lindley .". 243

rv.hescens, Roezl 321

rnhra, Lambert 17

rubra, Micliaux 256

rubra, Siebold .233—241

„ violacea, Endlicher 18

ritbra^ora, Loudon 245

rudis, Endlicher 309

„ Roezl 319

Ii%i'm€lia'na,'RotA 320

rupestris, Michanx 220

Russelliana, ZtHc/Zf?/ 321

Sabina Coulteri, Loudon. 266

Sabiniana, Douglas 284

„ macrocarpa, Hort. 266

,, 7najGr, >'-netti ... 266

JSa??.man7ii, Duhiil 255

sanguinea, Lapeyrouse ... 245

San-Hafaeliana, Roezl ... 320

sativa, Bauhin 252

„ i\mann 295

Schrenh'ana, Antoiiie 18

IScoiica, Willdenow 258

scojmna. Roezl 304

sele7iole2ns,FaT]a,iOYC 226

Sermaciensu, Madden 275

kCYoiuia, Michaux 285

jS/iasht, Carriere 302

hibirica, titcudel 221

^'ibirica alba, Yischvi- ... 214

Sinchmi, Hooker 261

Hmonais, La^nbcit 286

^^^{chaisis, Rongard 12

SkiMitrii, Forbes .301

SJcinnerii, Hort 316

PAGE

PINUS.

Sinithiana,JjSivd}o&vi 19

Soidangeana, R oezl 320

sp. like Ayacahuite, Lou-
don 311

sj^edabilis, Lambert 226

spinosa, Roezl 320

&t. Helenica,ljOudiO\\ 249

Standishi, Roezl 304

striata, Hamilton 226

strida, Hort MO

strobiliformis, "VVislizenus. 292

Strobus, Linna:us 322

„ Hamilton 299

„ Thunberg 306

„ * «/6rt, Loudon 324

„ brevifolia, ^oo?/i ... 323
J, compacta, i/o?-^ ... 427
„ cojyj^j'ressajLoddiges 323
,. excelsa, Loudon ... 299
,, Monticola, Nuttall 314
„ ]S'epalensis,'E.oxt.... 299

,, nana, Knigld 323

,, nivea, Knight 324

„ pumila, Hort 323

„ tabidiformis, Hort. 323
,, innbracidifera, Hort 323

subpiatula, Roezl 278

Sudetims, Ungrische 253

svffruticosa, Roezl 304

JSmnatrana, Mirbel Ill

„ Junghu 242

tSylvest7-is,T\mnheYg 241

Sylvestri?, Linnseus 257

., Altaica, Ledeboii)- 259
„ altera, Dodon ... 295
„ argentea, Steveii . 260
„ h7-evifolia,'\Awk... 245
„ Ccm'bra, Mat-

tliioli 295

„ diva7icata, Alton 230
„ £scarena, Pinet-

Woburn 257

„ Ge7ieven?is, Bau-
hin 257

„ JIaguenensis,

Loudon 257

„ ha7nata, Stewcn... 260
„ liorizontalis, Don 258
„ hu7nilis. Link. ... 245
,, latifolia, Gordon. 259
,, monopliylln. Hod-
gens 259

INDEX,

451

PINUS.

Sylvestris montana, Aiton. 253
„ „ Hovt... 258

,, Mug/io,BdLuhin... 244

,. nana, Hort 259

„ Persica, Hort. ... 259
» ppQmcea, Hort — 259
„ Kigensis, Fischer 257
„ rotundata, Link . 245
„ rubra, Grigor ... 258
„ uncinata, Don ... 257
„ lJralensis,Y\s,c\\GV 259
„ scariosa, Loddiges 257
„ squamosa, Bosc... 257
„ variegata, Hort... 250
„ viilgarin, Clusius. 257

Synica, There 249

iahnla'/ormis, Fortune ... 241

Tseda, Linnaeus 286

„ aJopecuroides, Aiton 285

„ rigida, Xxion 283

„ variahilis, Michaux. 243

Taton'crt, Miller 253

Taurica, Hort 247

taxifolia, Lambert 24

Tckugatslcoi, Fischer 214

Tenangenensis, Roezl 320

tenuifolia, Bentham 324

Teocote, Schiede 287

tetragona,lsloinc\i 3

Thelemanni, Roezl 320

Thibaudian a, Ptoezl 298

Thuvbergii, Parlatore 241

Timorensis, Loudon 271

iindoria, Wallich 226

Thamacaensis, Eoezl 304

Tomacocaensis, Roezl 320

Torreyana, Fiirvy 310

Troiihedoiana, Roezl 321

Tstiga, Antoine 32

tuberculata, Don 288

tmnida, Roezl 287

turbinata, Bosc 232

Tzom2ioliana,JxOQz\ 27iS

nncinata, Raymond 244

„ Widdrington ... 245

ralida, Roezl 301

ron-6'm-^/, Roezl 301

Van- II outtei, Roezl .320

variabilis, Pursh 243

„ Lambert 238

Veitchi, Tioezl 294

venusfa, Douglas 202

PINUS.

verrucosa, Roezl 308

Versch ajfdii, Roezl 325

verticillata, Siebold 376

Vilmorini, Roezl 287

Virginiana, Miller 238

„ tenuifolia, Plu-

kenet 286

Webbiana, Wallich 226

Wilsoni, Roezl 313

Wincesteriana, Gordon ... 325'

Wincesteriana, Hort 325

Zacatlana , Roezl 290

Zamoraensis, Roezl 301

Zitacuaria, ^OQz\ 298

Flatycladvs

dvlabrata, Spach 39«

stricta, Spach 50

PODOUARPUS, L'Ueritier. . 326

af&nis, Seeman7t 326

agalfiifolia, Blume 186

Alpina, HooJccr 351

., L7,ivrenciana, Par-
latore 353

amara, Blume 327

Andina, Faqypig 35 1

angustif olia, Parlatore . . . 327
Antarctica, VanHoutte... 332
Antillarum, R. Brown ... 331

aristulata, Parlatore 328

asplenijfolia, Labillardier . 194

Beccarii, Parlatore 186

Bidwilli, Hoibrenk 350

&//'/Wi5, Endlicher 104

Blumei, Endlicher 186

bracteata, Blume 328

„ brevipes, Bhime 329

Chileana, Lechler 344

Chilina, Picluird 329

Chinensis, Wallich 330

„ argentea, Gordon 331
,, aurea, Gordon ... 331

coriacea, Picha rd 331

Coreana, Van Houtte 411

corrugata, Gordon 332

Cum ingii, Parlatore 357

cupressina, P. Brown 356

curvifolia, Carriere 332

cuspidata, Endlicher 187

dacrydioides, Ilichard ... 357

di\%co\oY, Bhane 333

Drouyniana, Mueller 333

drupacea, Hort 67

452

INDEX.

PAGE

PODOCARPUS.

dulcamara. Seemann >..... 327

Q\&,tdi, E. Broivn 334

e\ongdiit\,, Her itier 334

elongata, Meyer 341

Endlicheriana, Garriere. . 335

eiisifolia, Ji. Broivn 335

eurhyncha, Miquel 336

excelsa, lioddiges 347

ialc&iix,, K. Brown 336

falciformis, Parlatore . . . 336

ferruginea, Don 352

glomerata, Don 337

grandifolia, Endlicher ... 187

i/or.?^Wc/w, Wallich 356

Humboldt ii, Hort 332

Humholdtii, Hort 355

imhricata, Blume 356

Jamaicensis, Hort 345

Japonica, Siehold 337

„ elegantissima,//o?^ 337
Junglivlmiana, Miquel ... 342

Koraiana, Siehold 338

lajta, HoibrenJc 338

Lamberti, Klotzsch 339

lanceolata, Hort 337

latifolia,^N?i\\\<ih. 189

latifolia, Blume 186

latifolia, 11. Brown 349

Lawrencii, Hooker 353

leptostachya, Bhime 339

linearis, Van Houtte 334

longifolia, Hort 340

macropltylla, Wallich ... 343

macro phylla, Don 340

macrophylla, Maki Eiid-

lich 330

raacrostachya, Parlatore . 341

Makayi, Lawson 330

Maki, Siebold 330

Makoya, Pinet Woburn... 330

Makoyi, Hort 330

Manuii, Hooker 341

Meycriana, Endlicher 341

minor, Parlatore 190

Miqn dia, Hort 330

montana, Loddiges 355

nincronata, Hort 334

^atfeia, B. Brown 188

ncglecta, blume 342

• neriifolia, B. Brown 343

nivalis, //oo/i-er 353

nobilii^, Hort 335

PODOCABPUfe.

Nova^ Caledonian, Vieil-

lard 343

nubicola, Makoy 344

nubig^na, Lindley 344

nucifera, Persoon 411

oleifolia, Don 344

parvifolia, Parlatore 345

pinnata, Hort 189

polystachya, R. Broivn ... 345

pruinosa, Zeyher 334

2nmgens, Don 347

„ Van Houtte 350

Purdieana, Hooker 345

„ ^arwyo/?V/,Grisebeck 328

rigida, Klotzsch 337

rivida?ifi, Pancher 343

Rumphii, Blume 346

salicif olia, Klotzsch 347

saligna, Don 329

Sello wii, Klotzsch 347

spicata, Broivn 354

spicata, Pceppig 351

spinulosa, R. Brown 347

spimdosa, Makoy 350

Sprucei, Parlatore 348

taxifolia, i/?<m6oW^ 355

taxif olia densif olia, /ir?(«^/i 355

taxodioides, Carriere 107

tenuifolia, Parlatore 359

Teysmanni, Miquel 348

thevetisef olia, Blume 349

fhuioides, R. Brown 357

Thunbergii, Hooker 349

Totara, Don 350

usta, Brongn iart 358

verticillata, Hort 340

Vieillardii, Parlatore 359

Vriesiana, Hort 330

Yacca, Don 331

zamice folia, Richard 108

„ Hort. Belg 189

Prumnopitqjs

f/(Y/a«s, Philippi 351

PSEUbO-LARIX, Gordon ... 360

Kiempferi, Gordon 360

Qiiadrifaria

imhricata, Manetti 39

RETINOSPORA, /S/eioW ... 362

decussata, Hort 364

dubia, Makoy 364

Elwangeriana, Barry 362

ei'icoides, Zaccririvl 363

INDEX.

453

. PAGE

flETINOSPOBA.

filicoides, Veitc/i 363

filif era, IStandish 364

„ gracilis, Hort 427

Fusin oki, Zuccarini 367

juniperoides, Carriere ... 364

leptocladca, Zuccarini 365

lycopodioideJ3, Standish.... 366

monstrosa, Hort 366

obtusa, Siehohd 367

„ alba spica, Barron. » 427
„ sa-geniQa,, ForUme ... 368

„ 2iVi]:Q2i, Fortune 368

„ coaipacta, Hort 368

„ Jilicoides, Hort 363

„ gracilis aurea, Veitch 428
„ Keteleeri, Standish 368

5, nana,'H.Qv\j 369

„ nana aurea, FeiVc-Zi... 428
_„ pygmaja, Gordon ... 369

pisifera, /.S'e'eioW 369

„ aurea,//orf. 370

„ erecta, Hort 428

„ gracilis, i/o?-^ 428

„ plumosa, Hort 370

„ nana aurea, Hort. ... 428

llnmosa, Hort 370

„ alba variegata, ZTor^. 429

„ argentea, Ho7i^ '371

„ aurea, Hort 370

„ aurea variegata, Ho7't. 429
„ aurea pumila, Ho7t. 429
„ flavesceus, Cripj^s... 429

squarrosa, Siehold 371

„ leptoclada, Siebold . 365
„ variegata, /S'teftoW... 372

stricta, Hort 428

tetragona, ^«?vo?i >,... 429

SALISBURIA, .SWVA 373

adiantifolia, <S'?«zV/(!. 374

„ laci7iiata,Cavneve... 375
„ macrophylla, Hort. . 375
„ pendula. Van Geert . 375
,, variegata, Gai'riere . 375

Billa7'die7H, Richard 194

Gi7il-go, Salisbury 374

mac7-ophyUa, Regnier 375

SAXE-GQTHiEA, Li7idley... 372

conspicua, Litidley 372

gracilis, Hort. 344

Schabei'tia Co;?e?is?'.?, Sprengel. 418

disticha, Mii'bel 382

CI 1 7 ■ 7 • • PAGE

hchuberlia, dislicha, iuibricaUc,

Spach 383

Jaioonica, Spach 126 •

se77ipervire7is, Spach 379

nncifeixi, Denhardt 126

SCIADOPITYS verticillata,

iStebold 376

verticillata variegata, Fo7-

tu7ie 378

SEQUOIA, Fndlicher 379

giga7itea, Endlicher 415

sempervirens, E/idUcher . 379

„ glauca, Hort 381

„ Lawsoniana, Hoi-t. 430
Wellingfo7iia, Seemann ... 415

Taxodii, Sp., Douglas 415

TAXODIUM, Ji'icha7-d 381

adsce7ide7is, Brongniart ... 383

Cape?isis, Hort 418

distichum, Richard 383

„ denudatum, Ho7-t. . 382

„ excelsu77i, 'Qooth. 384

„ fastigiatum, Kiiight 383
„ Mexicanum, Go7-don 384
„ niic7-02)hi/llu77i,8]}ach. 384
„ nanum, Cari-ih-e ... 384

„ nig7-u77i, Hort 382

„ nutans, Loudon 385

„ ^x<tojs, Endlicher ... 382
„ j?9e«c/M^«w, Loudon . 385

„ pi7matu77i, Hort 384

„ sem]je7'vi7'e7is, Rinz . 384
„ Sine7isis, Loudon ... 385

fastigiata, Hort 383

Ho7-sfieldii, Knight 356

Hugeli, hawson 384

Ja2307iicii77t, Denhardt ... 126

Japonicum,Bvongniart... 74

„ hete)^ophgllu77t,

Brongniart. 126

.pmipo'oides, Hort 418

Mexicaman, Carriere 384

microphyllum, B7-07igatart 384

Mo7iteziu7ia;, Dunal 384

7nucro7iat7i77i, Tenorc 384

nucife7'U77i, Brongniart ... 126

Nutkaensis, Lambert 379

immatum, Hort 384

sempervire7is, Lambert ... 379
„ cdbo spica, Hoxt. ... 381

„ glaucuiii, Hort 381

Sinensis, Noisette 385

454

INDEX.

PAGE

TAXODIUM.

Sinensis, 2)enduhcm, Forbes 385

virens, Knight 384

Washingtoniamim, Win-
slow 415

T AXUS, Linncms 386

adpressa. Knight 387

„ stricta, Standish. 387

haccata, Thunberg 67

hsiccata, Linnceus 388

„ adpressa, Carriere. . 387
„ ^we?'2ica?ia, Douglas 392
„ QxgQnieSk, Loudon... 388
„ Ccmadensis,ljO\\diOn 393
,, Chesliunteiisis, W.

Paul 389

„ Dovastoni, Loudon. 389
„ „ variegata,

Hort... 389
,, Elvastonensis, Bar-
ron 430

„ epacrioides, W.Pa-id 389

„ erecta, Loudon 389

„ „ Cvoyfc\evi,Ho7t. 390

„ ericoides, Hoit 390

„ fastigiata, Lo2idon. , 390
„ ,j aurea varie-
gata, Fisher 391
„ „ variegata,

Carriere 390
„ foliis variegatis,

Hort 388

„ Foxii, Hort 391

„ fructu-luteo,7^oj<(/o« 391
„ glauca, Carriere ... 391
„ ilibernica, Hort. ... 390
„ „ variegata,

Hort... 390
„ horizontalis, Hort. . 389
„ Indica, Madden ... 396
„ Jacksonii, W. Paul 391
„ Jackson's Wee2>ing

Yew 391

„ Mexicana, Hartweg 395
„ micrnphylla, Hort. . 390
„ minor, Micliaux ... 393
„ monstrosa, Hort. ... 392

„ nana, Hort 391

„ nana, TF. Pa?<; 392

., Nidpathcnsis, W.

Paul 392

„ nigra, W. Paul 391

„ rccurvuta, Carriere. 392

PAGE

TAXUS.

baccaia spav.sif olia, Lo udon 392

„ sub-glaucescens,

Jacques 391

„ variegata, Zo«c/o?i... 392

„ variegata, Barron 430

„ „ aurea, Car-
riere 392

„ „ alba, Car-
riere 388

5, vulgaris, Endlicher 388

Poursieri, Carriere 392

brevifolia, A%«a/^ 392

brevifolia,'E.oxi 387

Canadensis, Willdenoio ... 393
„ wa/o?'. Knight ... 393
„ variegata, Hort. . 430
„ Washingtonii,

Hort 394

Cajmisis, Lamarck 334

CAi^fHSiS, Roxburgh 330

coriacea, Hort 67

cnspidata, Siebold 394

Dovastoni, Hort 389

elegantissima, Hort 388

clongata, Solander 334

empttrifolia, Hort 390

erecta, Hort 389

ericoides, Hort 390

/a/ca^a, Thunberg 336

fastigiata, Lindley 390

„ argentea, Knight 390

Fortunei, 'Roxt 338

Foxii, Hort 391

^oho^a, Schlectendal 395

Harringtoni, Loudon 69

Hibernica, Hooker 390

Inulcaja, Knight 69

Japonica, Hooker 67

Japonica, Loddigcs 338

Lambertiana, Wallich ... 222

lati/olia, Thunberg 349

Lindfeijana, Murray 392

longifvlia, Hort 340

macrophylla, Thunberg . . . 340

IlaA-oi/a^ Hort 330

marginafa, Hort 388

microphylla, Hort 390

Mitchelii, Uovt 392

nionslrosa, Hort 392

3£on tana, Nuttall 412

Mon tana, Willdenow 355

„ i'rtr.. Willdenow. 355

IKDEX.

455

TAXUS.

■)uicifer((,'Royle 396

nna/ax(, Tbunberg' 411

OccidenfalL^l^Vittan 392

Fa(agonica, Hovt 372

2)emMa, Hort 3S9

procuvibens, Loddiges . . . 393

pyramidalis, Hort 390

2yyramidalis, Kniglit 389

recur vata,'L?iVj%on 392

serratifoUa, Noisette 194

Sinensis, Kniglit 69

„ tardiva, Knight... 387

spicata, Dombey 351

sjnmdosa, Smith 347

s^n'c^a, Hort 389

tardiva, Lawson 387

ien^<^/b/^o, Wickstr^ni ... 331

umhracidifera, Hort 389

verticillata, Thunberg 376

virgata, Wallich 396

Wallichiana, ZuccaHni ... 396
Washington i, Hort 394

Thalamia asplenifolia, Spren-

gel... 194

ci</;>ressi?ia, Sprengel 104

Tkuicecaipus junij^erinvs,

Traiitv 137

TRVIOFSIS, S'iebold 398

Borealis, Fischer 94

dolabrata, *S'if6o^cZ 398

„ loetevirens, Hort. ... 399

„ xvSiXio,, Siebold ...... 399

„ variegata, Fortune . 400

Icetevirens, Lindley 399

Standishi, Gordon 408

Tchugatsicoyoe, Carriere ... 94

THUJA, Linnoius 400

acuta, Mcench 50

Andiua, Pceppig 180

Antarctica, Hort 401

f7:)'/^//«, Burmann 417

argentea, Hort 51

. a>fi.'ce?^a/'rt, Wahlenberg... 58

aurea, Waterer 51

A2istralis, l^oxt 409

A iistralis, Poiret 117

Caucasica, Hort 404

Chiknsis, Don 180

comjKtcta a urea, Hort 51

cuneaia, Dombey 180

cupressoides, Linnieus 41 7

Craigicma, Jeffrey 181

PAGE

THUJA.

Craigiana,gIav.ca,L^v:&on 1 81

dolahrata, Thunberg 398 .

Doniana, Hooker 182

Fouglasii, Nuttall 402

dnmosa, Gordon 401

Elwangeriana, Hort 362

ericoides, Hort 364

elegantissima, Hort 53

excelsa, Brongniart 94

falcata,Hoxt 54

Jiliformis, Loddiges 55

flagelliformis, Hort 406

freneloides, Hort 52

funicul.ata, H ort 52

gigantea, Nuttall 402

gigantea, Hort 181

„ autrovirens, ZToyf.... 430

„ erecta, R. Smith ... 403

„ pumila, Ffort 431

„ Standishi, Parlatore. 408

„ variegata, .^orf 403

gkmca, Hort 52

Hoveyi, Hort 405

hyhrida, 'S.oxt 57,362

ina;qualis, Desf ontain 117

Japoniccc, Hort 53

„ Maximowicz 408

lineata, Poiret 126

„ lavandidcefolia, Poi-
ret 126

Lohhii, Veitch 402

„ atrovirens. Smith ... 430

„ diffusa. Smith 431

„ erecta, Hort 403

„ pumila. Smith 431

„ variegata, Hort 403

Lobbiana, Hort 402

Meldensis, French Gar-
dens 57

Ilenziesii, Douglas 402

monstrosa, Hort 52

w jH or, W,' Paul 401

nana, Hort 53

nana, Hoi t 401

„ aurea, Hort 51

Be2Kdensis, Hort 52

Ntdtalliana, Douglas 181

obfusa, Mcench 403

Occidentalis, Linnceus ... 403

„ Siihii, Maxioell 431

„ argentea, Carrih-e... 404

„ asplenifolia, Hort... 406

456

INDEX.

PAGE

THUJA.

Occidentalis aurea, 3Iax-

well 431

„ compacta, Standish . 404

„ Knight ... 406

„ compacta, R. Smith 404

„ cristata, Crip2)s 404

„ densa, Gordon, 404

., dumosa, Hort 401

„ ericoides,'S.oxt 362

., globosa, -fforf 405

., gracilis, aS'co^^ 431

„ ^ovQyi, Hort 405

„ nana, Hort 401

„ plicata, Loudon 406

„ pendula, Gordon ... 405
5, variegata, Loudon... 406
„ Vervaeneana, Horf. 406
,, Walthamensis, Paul. 406
„ TTareftMrt, Knight... 409

odorata. Marsh 406

Orientalis, Linnseus 50

„ aurea nana, Hort... 51

„ compacta, Hort 53

„ ciqyressoides, Cels.... 55
„ JlageK if or77iis, Jacques 55
„ Sieholdii, Endlicher 53
„ Tatarica, Lawson... 409

pendula, 'Lawihext 55

pendvlato., Hort 55

pensilis, Staunton 126

plicata, Z>o?ift 406

„ Lambert 402

„ dumosa, Hoi't 401

„ Llaveana, Hort 401

„ minivia,R. Smith... 408

„ ^jeMcZi^to, Hort 431

„ variegata, Hort 407

prostrata, "Roxt 401

pwQTWiceot, Veitch 369

„ Hort 401

pyramidalis, Tenore 409

quadranr/idaris, Vcntenat 417

recurvata nana, Hort 401

Hibirica, Linna?us 409

„ compacta, Knight . . . 409
„ »io«s^rosa, Knight... 52

„ Wareanc, Hort 409

aphcero-idalis, Richard 71

THUJA.

s})hceroidea, Hort 71

„ nana, Hort 73

„ Tariegala,^oxt. 72

Standishi, Gordon 408

sttricta, Hort 53

Tatarica, Loddiges. 409

„ Wareana, Hort 409

tetragona. Hooker 183

Tkeophrasti, Bauhiu 403

variegata, ]\Iarsh . 406

„ Hort 51

Vervaeneana, Van Gecrt 406

Wareana. Booth 406

„ Hort 409

„ variegata, Hort . . . 407

TORREYA,/?vio« 410

Calif ornica, Torrey 410

grandis. Fortune 70

Humholdti, Knight 355

Montana, Hort 412

myri&tica. Hooker 410

nucif era; Zuccayrini 411

taxif olia, ^nio^i 412

Tsi'fja Brunoniana, Carriere 21

Canadensis, Carriere 22

„ nana, Carriere . 23

Do uglasii, Carriere 24

Hooheriana, Carriere 30

Lindleyana, Roezl 25

il/fr^<'/25irt«rt, Carriere ... 29

Sieholdii, Carriere 32

WashinMonia gigantea, of the

Americans 415

Calif ornica, VVinslow 415

WELLINGTONLA,ZmfZ/ey. 414

gigantea, Lindky 415

gigantea variegata, Hort. 416
gigantea aurea variegata,

Hartland*

WIDDRINGTONIA, End-
licher 416

Commersonii, Endlicher . 417
cupressoidcs, Endlicher... 417

ericoides. Knight 363

fjlanca, G&xnbvQ 417

.luniperoidcs, Eiidliclier... 418

Natalensis, Endlicher 419

Wallichii, Endlicher 419

" Thin variety, which should have been dcsci-ibocl al page 416, is very liuc
and conblant ; about a third of the branchlcts are of a j'clc Qoldeii yclloio when
they first appear, after which tlicy gradually change to ;i delicate and perma-
nent Htrini) colour. It was raised by Mr. K. Hartland of tlie Lough Nurserit.s,
Cork, and is one of the line.'jt variegated Conifers which we at present possess.

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES.

EnGLLSH and rOREK4N.

Imlnding Chinese, Japanese, Indian, American, Russian, German,

Swedish, Polish, Hungarian, Dutch, Flemish, French, ItoMan,

and Sioanish.

Compiled by Henry G. Bohn, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., F.R.G.S.

*^* The names between brackets are translations of Chinese,
Japanese, and other Terms. The names printed in Italics indi-
cate Localities or Languages.

Abeto. Italian. Picea pectinata. Common Silver Fir. - - 209

Abyssinian Junipek. Abyssinia. Juniperus procera - - 162

Acuminate Swan Eivek Cypress. Actinostrobus Acuminatum - 34

Adventure-Bay Pine. Tasmania. Phyllocladus rhomboidalis - 194
African or Atlantic Cedar. Atlas Range N. Africa. Cedrus

Atlantica -.---.. 60

African Cypress. Madagascar, etc. Widdringtonia - - 416

Agath-Tanne. Gerraan. Dammara Orientalis. Amboyna Pine 111
Agrion Elaton. (Wild Fir.) Gephalonia. Picea Apollinis.

Mount Enos Fir - - - - - - 197

Aka-Matsu, (Red Pine.) Japan. Pitius densiflora. Dense-
flowered Japan Pine ..... 233

Ak-cherschal. To.rtary. Picea Pichta. Siberian Silver Fir - 221

Alcock Spruce. Japan. Abies Alcocquiana - - - 4
Aleppo or Jerusalem Pine. Sicily and Gretce. Pinus Hale-

pensis ....... 236

Alerce. Barhary. Callitris quadrivalvis. Jointed Arbor-vitre - 58

Alerse. S])ardsh. Pimis Larix. The Larch - - - 168
Alerze. Chili and the Cordilleras. Libocediais tetragona.

Tetragonal Arbor- Vitse - - - . - 183

Alpine Fir. Pinus Dumosa or Abies Brunoniana - • 21

Altaian Larch. Larix Ledebourii .... 173

458 INDEX or POPULAR NAMES.

PAGE

Alvies. Swiss. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295

Amboyna Pine or Pitch Tree. Dammara Orientalis - - 111

American Arbor- vit.e. Canada. Tliuja Occidentalis - - 403

American Larch, the Black. Larix pendula - - - 177

American Silver Fie. North America. Picea Balsamea - 200

American Spruce Fir, Black. Abies Nigra - - - 13

American Yellow Pine. New Jersey. Pinus niitis - - 243
i^iiERiKANSCHE Treur-Larix. Dutcli. Larix Europaaa pendula.

Godsall's Weeping Larch - - - - - 170

Anunder. Himalaya. Pinus longifolia. Long-leaved Pine - 275

Aphernousll Rhcetian Al2is. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine 295
Aprofenyo. Htaigarian. Juniperus communis. Common

Juniper = - - - - - '131

Aralla. Savoy. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295

Arar. Roman, Cedrus. The Cedar = - - - 59

Araragi (Yew-like). Japan. Abies Tsuga. Japan Hemlock Spruce 32

Araragii. Japan. Taxus cuspidata. Abrupt-pointed Yew - 394

Araz. Hehreio. Cedrus. Cedar - - - - - 59

Araza. Roman. Cedrus. Cedar - - - - - 59
Arbor Vit^e (Tree of Life). North America. Thuja Occidenta-

lis - - - - - - - 400 & 40S

Arbre aux quarante ecus. French. Salisburia adiantifolia.

Maiden-hair tree .---»= 374
Arbre de Vie. French. Arbor Vit^. Thuja Occidentalis. American

Arbor Vitse - = - - - - - 400

Arbre de Vie a large feuilles. French. Thujopsis dolabrata 398

Archangel Larch. Russia. Larix Ledebourii - = - 173

Arcjic Spruce Fir. Abies rubra - - - - - 17

Arditsch. Turkish. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - 131

Aroo. Nepaxd. Juniperus recurva. Drooping Indian Juniper - 147

Ars. Russian. Juniperus Davurica. Daurian Juniper - - 141

Arth. Northern Italy. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - 295

Artsh. Russian. Juniperus Sabina. Common Savin - - 150

Arve or Arvel. German. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - 295

Arz. Arabic. Cedrus. Cedar - - = ■= - 59

AsuFi. Japan. Thuiopsis dolabrata. Hatchet-leaved Arbor Vitie - 398
Asu-naro (white underneath). Japan, Thuiopsis dolabrata.

Hatchet-leaved Arbor Vitaj - - - - - 398

Australian Frenela. Frenela Australia ... - 117

Austrian Pine. Lower Austria. Pinus Austriaca - - 229

Auvier. French, Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 459

PAGE

Ayacahuite. Mexico. Piuus Ayacahiute, also Loudoniaua,

Loudon's Pine 292 & 311

Ayewen. Java. Podocarpus bracteata. Bracteated Podocarpits 328 •
Azores Juniper. Juuipeius Cedrus brevifolia - - - 130

Bald Cypress. CaroUna. Taxodium distichum. Deciduous

Cypress -■''''' ^f!

Balfour's Pi>-E. California. Pinus Balfouriana - - - 203

B.VLM OF Gilead Fir. North America. Picea balsaniea - 200

Balsems-par. Dutch. Picea Balsamea. Balm of Gilcad Fir - 200
Banya-Tanya or Banza-tunza. Australia. Araucaria Bidwillii.

Bidwill's Araucaria = - • " - - 3G
Bastard Cedar. California. Sequoia sempervirens. Cahfornian

Redwood - = " ' ' ° -D 1.' ^^^
Beetur, Betr, or Better. Himalaya. Jumperus densa. Bushy

Indian Juniper - - - " " - 141
Bergen-Eeus (Giant of the Forest). Butch. WeUingtonia gi-

gantea. Mammoth Tree - - - - - 415
Besenkiefer. German. Pinus Australia. Southern or Swamp

x,- „ = = - 260

Pine - - .
Betze. LcqAand. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - - 2o7
Bhedara or BiNDHARA. Nepaul. Junipenis squamata. Scaly-
leaved NepaulJuniper - - - - " - 152
BhotanPine. Nepaul. Pinus:excelsa. Lofty Bhotan Pine - 299
BiVKKUSi. Japan. Juniperus Cbinensis. Chmese Juniper - 158
Biegsamb Arve. German. Pinus flexilis. Pliable-branched Pme 302
Bischops-Kiefer. German. Pinus muricata. Bishop's Pine - 246
Bishop's Pine. Califoi-nia. Pinus Muricata ' , ° =246
Black Austrian Pine. Loiver Austria. Pinus Austnaca - 229
Black Cypress. Ame7-ica. Taxodium distichum. Deciduous

r^ _,=, = = 382

Cypress . - -

BlvckFtr. Motan. Picea \\ ebbiana. Webb's Indian Fir - 227
Black Larch. Canndci, etc. Larix pendula. . Black American

Larch - • " " ' " . '

Black Pine. China. Pinus Massouiana. Masson's Japan Pme 241
Black Spruce Fir. North America. Abies nigra - - 13

Bramhl India. Taxus baccata. Common Yew- - * ^?^

Brazil Pine. Araucaria Brasiliensis. Brasil Araucaria - - 37

Brisk or Brusc. Norwegian. Juniperus communis. Common

Juniper - - - ' ' u i i

Brissoneuse. French. Abies Brunoniana. Indian Hemlock

Spruce .------

460 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES,

PAftr

Broom Pine. America. Pinus Australia. Southern or Swamp

Pine ...--.-- 260

Bull Pine. America. Pinus ponderosa. Heavy-wooded Pine - 281

Buonaparte's Pine. Mexico. Pinus Buonapartea - - 294

Cade. French. Juniperus Cedrus. Canary Island Juniper = 129
Caju Meddambula. Borneo. Nageia Beccarii. Beccari's Borneo

Nagi- ... = = ,. 186
Calabrian Cluster Pine. Pinus Brutia - = • - 232
C-VLiFOKNiAN FiR. Abies Pattoniana. Patton's Califoruiau Fir - 30
Calieornian Hemlock Spruce. Abies Mertensiana - - 29
Californian Mammoth Tree. Wellingtonia gigantea - - 415
Californian Mountain Pine. Pinus monticola - - - 314
Californische Bergkiefer. German. Pinus monticola. Moun-
tain Pine .--.... 314
Canadian or North American Yew. Taxus Canadensis - 393
Canadian Balsam, or Balm of Gilead Fir. Picea balsamea - 200
(Janary Island Pine. Pinus Canariensis - - - - 264
Candle-wood. Mexico. Pinus Teocote also Leiophylla. Smooth-
leaved ]\Iexicau Pine - = = - - 287—308
Carpet or Prostrate Juniper. America. Juniperus prostrata.

Prostrate-branched Juniper - - = = - 146

Casazkaja. Eiissiaii. Juniperus Sabina. Common Savin - 150

Cedar of Goa. Cupressus Lusitanica - ■ = - 89

Cedar of Lebanon. Mount Lebanon. Cedrus Libani - - 65

Cedar, the Japan. Cryptomeria Japonica. Japan Cedar - 74

Cedar, the White, Chamsecyparis. \^Tiite Cedar - - 70
CeCar-Boom or Broom. Cape of Good Hope. Widdringtonia Juni-

peroides ..--■-- 418

(.'eder Indische. Dutch. Cedrus Deodara. Indian Cedar - 61

Ceder von Goa. German. Cupressus Lusitanica. Cedar of Goa 89
Cedre de l'Inde. French. Cedrus Deodara. Deodar, or Indian

Cedar 61

Cedre du Liban ou Cedrelatb. French. Cedrus Libani, Cedar

of Lebanon -------65

Cedro, Mexico. Juniperus Cedrus brevifolia, The Azores Juniper.

also Juniperus Mexicana, Mexican Sandarac Juniper 130 & 161

Celery-topped Pine. Tasmania. Phyllocladus Pihomboidalis - 194

Cembra, or Swiss Stone Pine. Pinus Cembra - - - 295

Gembrot. French. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine • - 295
Chadsura (green and white). Mongolia. Picea Cilicica. Cilician

SUverFir 214

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 461

(Jhang athasi-Dhoop. Nepaxd. Manse Tree. Abies Bruiioniana.

Indian Hemlock Spruce - - - - - -21

Chatoong. Cashnen. Red Dye. Taxus Wallichiana. Wallich'.s

Yew -------- 396

Cheechia. Himalaya. Juniperus densa. Bushy Indian Juniper 141
Cheel, Cheee, or Chir. Himalaya. Pinus longifolia. Long-leaved

Pine .----.-- 275

Chili Arbor ViTjE. Libocedrus Chilensis - - . . iso
Chili Pine. Chilian Andes. Araucaria Imbricata. Monkey

Puzzle ------- 39

Chilrow. Northern Himalayas. Picea Webbiana. Webb's

Indian Fir - - - ■ - - - 226

Chinese Arbor Vit.e. Biota Orientalis - - - - 50

Chinese Pine. Pinus Sinensis - . - . . 286

Chinese .Juniper. Juniperus Chiuensis - - - - 153

Chinese .WxVTER Pine. Glyptostrobus hetevopbylluB - - 12G
Chomoro. Java. Podocarpus Cupressina. Cypress-like Podo-

carpus ----... 357

Chopka. Bhotan. Juniperus Religiosa. Pencil or Incense Juniper 149

Christiana Deal. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - 257
Christmas Tree. Abies excelsa communis. Common Norway

Spruce ....... Q

CHURfiNJA. Bhotan. Juniperus densa. Bushy Indian Juniper 141

CiPRESBOOM. Dutch. Cypress Tree - - - - 78

Cluster-flowered Yew. China and Japan. Cephalotaxus - 66

Cluster Pine. ItoJy, Spain, etc. Pinus Pinaster. Star Pine - 249

CoESiCAN or Calabrian Pine. Corsica. Pinus Laricio - - 239

CoRTEAN Pine. Corsica. Pinus Pinaster minor - • - 251
Cowrie. New Zealand. Dammara Australis. Kauri Pino, or

New Zealand Pitch Tree 109

Cracow Juniper. Juniperus communis Cracuvia - - - 132
Creeping Cedar or Juniper. Xepa^iJ. Juniperus S(|uaiiiata.

Scaly-leaved Nepaul Juniper .... 152
CuPRESSiNEEs. French term for Cypresses, Taxodiums, Actinos-

trobus, Thujas, etc. ------ 78

CuRi. Bra-.il. Araucaria Brasiliensis. Brazil Araucaria - 37

Cypres. French. Cypress - - - - - - 78

Cypres Funiibre ou Pleureur. French. Cupressus funebris.

Weeping or Funeral Cypress - - - - 82
Cypress, Deciduous. N. America, Virginia, etc. Taxodium dis-

tichum ....... 382

462 INDEX OP POPULAR NAMPIS.

PAOK

Oypressi, the Native. Van Dkmm's Zand. Frenela Gunuii

Gunn's Frenela ,. = .-. 120

Cypressen. German. Cupressinese. True Cypresses - - 78

Cypresses, the True. Cupressineae . = . - "8—102

Dammar. Malay. Dammara Orientalis. Amboyua Pine * 111

Dammar, or puti, or bati'. Maloij. Dammara - - - 108

Deckbl^etterige Weisstanne. German. Picea bracteata. Leafy-

bracted Silver Fir - ■ 202

Den, or Dennenboom. Dutch. Pinacese. Fir or Pine Tree - xi
Deodar (Tree op God). Himalaya. Cedrus Deodara. Himalayan

Pine, also called Indian Cedar - » = - 61

Derva, Devadarit, Dewae, etc. Cedrus Deodara. Indian Cedar 61
Dheyri. Nepaul. Taxus Wallicliiana. Wallicli's Yew - - 396

Diioop. Ne2Kml. Incense Juniper. Juniperus Eeligiosa. Pencil

or Incense Juniper ---=.-- 148
DiCHTBL^TTERiGE KiEFER. German, Pinus densiflora. Dense-
flowered Japan Pine- .... - 233

Digger Pine, California. Pinus Sabiniana. Sabine's Pine - 284
Dium, or PiUM. Keio Zealand. Native Spruce. Dacrydium

Cupressinum. Cypress-like Dacrydium - - - 104

Double-Balsam Fir. N. America. Picea Fraseri. Fraser's Silver

Fir - - - . - - = - 205

Double Spruce. Canada. Abies nigra. Black Spruce Fir = 13
Douglas Fir. California. Abies Douglasii - = =24

Driebladige lage Den. Dutch. Pinus inops. New Jersey Pine 238
Druesige Cypresse. German. Cupressus Macnabiana. Mac-

Nab's Cypress - - - - - - 90

Duen-nadelige Kiefer. German. Pinus tenuifolia. Slender-
leaved Pine ------- 324

Dubn-NjESTige Cypresse. German. Cupressus attenuata. Atten-

uated-brancMetted Cypress - - - - ■■ 79

Dwarf Cembra Pine. Sihena. Pinus Cembra pygmsea - - 297

Dwarf Conical Common Spruce. Abies excclsa stricta - 11

Dwarf Corsican Pine. Pinus Laricio pygmcea - - - 240

Dwarf Cypress. Cupressus Lawsoniana nana. Lawson's Cy-
press --------88

Dwarf Golden Arbor ViTiE. Biota Orientalis aurea - - 50

Dwarf Hatcuet-leaved Arbor Vit^e. Thuiopsis dolabrata

nana ....--- 309

Dwarf Japan Cedar. Cryptomcria Jnponica nana - - 76

Dwarf Japan Cypress. Bctin(\spora obtusa nana - - 428

Dwarf Japan Golden Cypress. Eetinospora obtusa nana aurea 428

INDEX OF FOPULAll NAJSIES. 463

PAGE

DwARP Juniper, Portugal. Juniperus nana - - - ]36
Dwarf Pine. Japaa. Pinus parviflora. Small-flowered Japan

Pine - - - = - - • - 317

Dwarf Eed Cedar. Juniperus Vivginiana humilis - - 15G

Dwarf Savin Juniper. Juniperus Sabiua nana • - - 150

Dwarf Spruce. Abies excelsa Clanbrasiliana. Clanbrasil Spruce 7

Dwarf Weymouth Pine. Canada. Pinus Strobus nana - 323

Dwarf White Spruce. Abies alba nana - - - - 4
DwERG-BOOMPJE. Dutch. Biota Oricutalis aurea. Dwarf Golden

Arbor Vitae ------- 60

Daverg-Spar. Dutch. Picea Fraseri Hudsonica. Dwarf Silver

Fir - - - = " ' = - 206

Ebeltanne. German. Picea Pectinata. Common Silver Fir - 209

Edible Pine Nut. Pinus Gerardiana. Gerard's Pine • - 268

Edle Kiefer. German. Pinus Insignis. Remarkable Pino - 270

Edle WeissTanne. German. Picea nobilis. Noble Silver Fir = 207

EiBE, or Eibenbaum. German. Taxus baccata. Common Yew - 388

Embossed Cypress. China. Glyptostrobus ... 126

Emodi-Kiefer. German. Pinus longifolia. Loug-leaved Pine - 275

En. Swedish. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - - 131
ENB^vsTRiED Or Enbuske. Swedish. Juniperus communis.

Common Juniper - - - - = -131

Enebro. Spanish. Juniperus Cedrus. Canary Island Juniper = 129

Epicea. French. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway Spruce, etc. = 6
Epinette a la Biere. French. Abies nigra. Black or Double

Spruce ... - - - = 13

Epinette blanche. French. Abies alba. White Spruce Fir - 3
Epinette rouge. French. Larix Microcarpa. Pied American

Larch -... = ., 175
EssoYE. Java. Podocarpus bracteata. Bracteated Podocarpus - 328
EupoDOCARPES. French. The True Podocarps - - - 326
Fadenbl/Etterige Kiefer. German. Pinus filifolia. Thread-
leaved Pine .---.. - 301
False Araucaria. Australia. Araucaria excelsa, etc. = - 43
Faux-Meleze. French. Pseudo-Larix Ksempferi. Golden or

Chinese Larch ---.-. 3(30

Feejee Island Dammara. Dammara Vitiensis - - - 113
Fenyo Gyalog fenyo. Hungarian. Juniperus communis.

Common Juniper - - - - - - 131

Feucht-tanne. German. Abies excelsa. Common Norway

Spruce ....... Q

Fichte. German. Abies excelsa. C*ommon Norway Spruce - 6

464 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES.

PA.OS

Fi-KojA. Slender Yew. Japmi, Torreya Nucifera. Nut-bear-
ing Torreya - - = - - * - 411
Fime-gajo-Matsu. JajKid. Dwarf five-leaved Pine. Pinus

parviflora. Flowered Japan Pine - - - - ;jl7

FiME TsuGA (Dwarf Yew-leaved Spruce). JcqMn. Abies Tsuga

nana. Dwarf Tsuga Spruce - - - - 33

Fi-MORO (Weeping or pendulous). China. Cupressus Corneyaua.

Corney's Chinese Cypress - - - - - 80

Fi-MOEO HiBA (Slender or drooping). Jcqmn. Biota pendula.

Weeping Arbor Vitse - - - - - 55

Fi-NOKi. Japan. Dwarf, or compact tree or slirub. Biota

Orientalis, etc. ....-- 50

Fi-NOKi-suGA. Japan. Slender Evergreen. .Tuniperu.s Clii-

nensis. Chinese .Juniper ----- 158
Fir-tree. Simla. Abies Smithiana. Indian Spruce Fir - - 19

Fir Tree.?. Abietinete, etc. - - - - • xi

Fi-SuGA (Dwarf Evergreen). China. Cryptomeria Japonica

nana. Dwarf Japan Cedar - - - - 76

FiTOTS-MATSU (Single-leaved Pine). Japan. Pinus Massoniaua.

Masson's Japan Pine - - - ■ - 241

Fo-Bi-SJO. Chinese. Picea firma. Japan Silver Fir - • 204

FffiHRE. German. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - - 257

FcETATAXE. French. Torreya or Stinking Yews - - 410—413

Fon-Maki (True Maki). China. Podocarpus macrophylla. Long-
leaved Podocarpus ------ 340

Forest Tree of ISIoray. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - 257

Frankincense or Torch Pine. SovAhern States of America.

Pinus Taida. Loblolly Pine - - - - 287

Frankincense White Cedar. N. America. Chamsecyparis - 70
Frenele de Desfontaines. French. Callitris quadrivalvis.

Jointed Arbor Vitse - - - - - - 58

Freneles. French. Frenela. New Holland Conifers - - 116

Funeral Cypress. China. Cupressus Funebris. - • S2

FuRi-HiBA (Two-coloured Tree of Life). Jajxin. Biota Orientalis

variegata. Variegated Chinese Arbor A'ita} - - 51

Fcsi, or Fusji (buds crowned with leaves). Ja2Xin. Pseudo-LarLx

Kajmpferi. Golden, or Chinese Larch - - - 360

Fusi-KiN-GO (buds crowned with leaves in summer). Japan. Salis-

buria adiautifolia. Maiden-hair Tree ... 374
Fusi-Matsu (pine full of buds). Japan. Larix leptolepis.

Slender-scaled Japun Larch .... 173

Fusi-NO-Ki (Tree of the Sun). Japan. Ptetinospora obtusa.

Obtusc-loavod Japan Cypress . - - - 377

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 465

PAGE

Gambinue. Siirdcdi-a. Dacrydinm elatum. Lofty Dacrydium - 105
Gan-si-hak (white on the under side, Tree of Life). China.

Thuiopsis dolabrata. Hatchet-leaved Arbor Vitse - 398
Gaskas. LaijUoid. Junipcru.^ comnmnis. Common Juniper - 131
Gedreht-ESTIGi; Kiefer. German. Pinus contorta. Twisted-
branched Pine - - ■ - - - ; 232
Geeliiout (yellow wood). Dulch Cape. Podocarpus Thunbergii.

Thiinberg's Podocarpus ..... 349

Geneveiers. French. Junipers in general , . - 131
Genevkier a Gros Fruits. French. Juniperus macrocarpa.

Purple-fruited Juniper - - - - - 135

Gexeveier Gommun. French. Juniperus nana. Dwarf Juniper 13(3
GI;^^E^'PvIEE flagellifoeme. French. Juniperus Chineusis

fosmina ..----- 158
Genevsier Touffu. Frewh. Juniperus densa. Bushy Indian

Juniper ..-.--- 141

Gewoxe grove Den-. Dutch. Pinus Sylvestris. The Scotch Fir 257
Gewone Levensboom. Dutch. Thuja Occidentalis. American

Arbor Vitc^ - 403

Gigantic Pine. Califamia. Pinus Lambertiana. Lambert's Pine 307
Ginan (Deciduous). Japan. Salisburia adiantifolia. Maiden-
hair Tree 374

Ginef-eo. Italian. Juniperus communis. Common .Juniper - 131
Ginkgo or Gin-ki-go (leafless in winter). Clina. Salisburia

adiantifolia. Maiden-hair Tree ... - 374

Gliedee-Fichte. German. Ar thro taxis. Jointed Yew - - 46
Gobeea-Sulla (Fragrant, or Indigo Fir). India. Picea Web-

biana. Webb's Indian Fir . - - - - 226
Golden Aeboe Vit.e. Biota Orientalis aurea - - - 50
Golden Cypress. Biota Orientalis aurea - - - - 50
Golden Larch. Japan. Pseudo-laris Ktempferi - - 360
Gold-steiped Yew. Taxus baccata argentea - - - 288
GooGGA-L (Incense). Cashmere. Juniperus squamata. Scaly-
leaved Nepaui Juniper - - - - - 152
GooGGAL Dhoop (luccnse Pine). Nepoxd. Juniperus Pieligiosa.

Pencil or Incense Juniper ----- 148
GooNSL H^epatd. Podocarpus neriifolia. Nerium-leaved Podo-
carpus .-....- 343
GoRNOi. Hiissian. Juniperus Sabina. Common Savin - - 150
Go-sju-sjo. China. Pinus parviflora. Small-flowered Japan Pine 317
Goyono-Matsu (five-leaved). Japan. Pinus parvifiora. Sniall-

flowered Japan Pine - - - - - 017

H H

4GG lisDEX OF POPULAR NAMES.

PA-JE

Ghan, Sivedish. Abies excelsa. Common Norway Spruce - G

Gr^>''baum. German. Abies excelsa. Common Norway Spruce - G
Grey Pine. American. Pinus Bauksiana. Sir Joseph Banks's

Pine 2.30

Griechische Weisstanne. German. Picea Ceplialonica. l\Iouut

EnosFir 203

Grosszapfige Cypeesse. German. Cupressusmacrocarpa. Lam-
bert's Cypress - - - - - - 01

Guatemala Cypress. Cupressus Excelsa. Tall Guatemala

Cypress -.--.-. 82
Guatemala-Cypresse. German. Cupressus excelsa - - 82

GuLLA. Himalaya,. Pinus longifolia. Long-leaved Pine - 275

GuLLA, or GuLEAi (Divine Tree). Simla. Cupressus tortulosa.

Twisted or Bliotan Cypress - - - - 97

Gum Spruce. Canada. Abies nigra. Black Spruce Fir - - 13

Habiial. Asia Minor. .Juniperus Drapacea. Plum-frultcd

Juniper - - - - - - - 133

Hax-sung-tse (Maritime Pine)- China. Pinus Koraiensis.

Corcan Pine - 30G

Hak (Tree of Life, or Evergreen), a term applied to all tke Arbor-

Vitees in China. ... - - 3<js, etc.

Haken Kiefer, German. Pinus Mugho. The Mugho Pine - 21-1
Hakmatack. North America, Canada, etc. Larix pendula. Black

American Larch - - - - - -177

Hangende Kiefer. German. Pinus Pinceana. Pince's Mexican

Pine --.-.... 280
Harrington Yew. Ccphalotaxus pedunculata. Long-stalkcJ

Cephalotaxus - - - - - - G9

Harz Kiefer. German. Pinus resinosa. Picsinous or Picd

American Pine ...... £"0

HEAVY-^^'O0DED Pine. California. Pinus ponclcrosa - - 2S1

Hedgehog White Spruce. Canada. Abies Alba minima - 4
HiiMERON Elaton (Tamc Fir). Arcadia. Picea ApoUinis.

Apollo Silver Fir ..-.-- 197
Hemlock Spar. Dutch. Abies Canadensis. Hemlock Sjiruce - 22
Hemlock Spruce. North America. Abies Canadensis - - 22

Hemlocks-tannen. German. Abies Tsuga, Canadensis, etc. -21—32
IIen-hak. China. Retinospoi'a obtusa. Obtuse-leaved Japan

Cypress ..--..- 3G7
He-suNG-tse. Chinese. Pinus INIassoniana. IMasson's Japan

Pine 241

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 467

PACF.

Himalaya-Fk HTE. German. Abies Smithiana. Indian Spruce

Fir ------- - 1!)

HiBA (Tree of Life), Japan. Biota. Oliiuese Arbor VitiXi - 49

Highland Pine. Pinus Sylvestri.s liorizontalis - - - 258

HiJOKU-HiDA. Japan. Biota pendula. Weeping Arbor Vitce - .j5
Himalayan or Indian Spkuce Fir. Soidhrm India. Abies

Smitlnana - - - - • - -10

HiME T.SUGA (Dwarf Yew-leaved Spruce). Japan. Abies Tsuga

nana. Dwarf Tsuga Spruce .... 33
Hi-NO-Ki (Slender Shrub). China. Biota pendula. \Yeeping

Arbor Yitie -.----. 50
HiNOKi (Tree of the Sun). Japan. Pietinospora obtusa. Obtuse-
leaved Japan Cypress ..... 36S
Hoary Fkenela, Neio Holland. Frenela canescens - - 118
HoECKEEiGE KiEFEE. Gfi'man. Pinus tuberculata. Tuberculated

Cone Pine - - - - - - - 288

HoENiGE KiEFER. German. Pinus cornea. Horn-shaped coned

Pine 297

Hudson's Bay Pine. North America. Pinus Banksiana. Sir

Joseph Banks's Pine ..... 230
HuoN Pine. Tasmania. Dacrydium Frauklinii. Franklin's Da-

crydium, or Huon Pine - - - . . jog

If. French. Taxus baccata. Common Yew ... ;^S8

IgelfcePvEN. German. Pinus Pinaster. Star or Cluster Pine - 249

Ikaling. Himalaya. Taxus Wallicbiana - - - . 397

Incense- BEARING Cypress. Cupressus thurifera - - - ino

Incense Cedar. Libocedrus - - - - - 179

Indian Cedae, Cedrus Deodara - - - - - 61

Indian Cypress. Cupressus "Whitlej-ana - - - - 162

Indian Heiilock Spruce. Abies Brunoniana - - - 21

Indian Silver Fir. SiMcim. Picea Webbiana - - - 227

Indian Spruce Fir. Abies Smithiana - - - - 19

Indische ZiLVER Den. BidJi. Picea Pindrow. Indian Silver Fir 222

Intermediate Fir. Abies Fortune! - - - - 27
Inukaja (not wild but cultivated). Japan. Cephalotaxus Pedun-

cnlata. Long-stalked Cephalotaxus - - - 69
Inuki (wild or native). China. Juniperus Chinensis. Chinese

Juniper - - - - - . - 159
Inu-aIaki (false or wild Maki). Japan. Podocavpus Chinensis,

and ilacrophylla. Chinese Podocarpus, and Sciadopitys
.verticillata. Yariegated Parasol Fir - - 331 &: 378

Irish Juniper. Juniperus communis Hibernica - - - 132

468 INDEX OF POPULAll NAMES.

PAGE

Irish Yew. Taxus baccata fastigiata ... - 390

Italian Stone Pine. Italy. Pinus Piuea - - - 252
Italienische Schwaetz-Kiefee. German. Pinus Laricio.

Corsican Pine ..-.-. 239
Ito-suga (Slender or cord-branched Evergreen). .Japan. Biota

pendula. Weeping Arbor Yit^e - - • - 5G

Jaloy/iec. Polish. Juniperus commnnis. Common Juniper - 131

Japan Cedae. China and Japan. Cryptomeria Japonica - 73

Japan Hemlock Speuce. Abies Tsuga - - - - 32

Japan Laueel. N"ageia Japonica - ■ - - - 188

Jeneveebes. Dutch. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - 131

Jeesey, or New Jeesey Pine. Pinus inops - - - 238

Jezo-IiMatsu. Japan. Abies Jezoensis. Jesso Fir - - 12

Jezo-Moml Japan. Picea firma. Japan Silver Fir - - 205
Jo-Bi-sJO (Native Fir). China. Abies polita. Tiger's Tail

Spruce - - - - - - -16

Jointed Yevv^s. Yoji Diemenh Land. Artbrotasis - - 4G
JoYA KiEFEE. German. Pinus patula. Spreading-leaved Mexican

Pine 278

JuNiPEES. Juniperus, Oxycedrus, etc. - - - 127—107

Kaeel or Kail (a sort of Pine). Himalaya. Pinus excelsa.

Lofty Bhotan Pino - - - - - 299
ICaiki-Katea (Water Pine). New Zealand. Podocarpus Dacry-

dioides. Dacrydium-like Podocarpus - - - 358
Kaja. Japan. Ceplialotaxus drupacea. Drupaceous or Plum-
fruited Cepbalotaxus - - - - - 68
Kaja-Ksa (Strong-scented Yew). Japan. Torreya nucifera.

Nut-bearing Torreya - - - - - 411
Kala-bun (Black Forest). Himalaya. Picea Pindrow. Upright

Indian Silver Fir -----. 223
Kala-eai (Black Fir). Himalaya. Picea Pindrow. Upright

Indian Silver Fir -.-.-- 223
Kamenoi-veeesk. llussiaib. Juniperus Sabina. Common

Savin - - - - - - - 150

Kamtschatka Laech. Larix Kamtschatica - - - 172
Kaea-mats (Pine full of buds). China. Pseudo-Larix Kii3mp-

feri. Golden or Chinese Larch - . - - 3(j]
Kara-Sciiee.sae (warted branches). Tartary. Abies Obovata.

Obovate-concd Siberian Spruce - - - - 15

Kataju. Finland. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - 131

Kauei-Fichte. German. Daramara Australis. Kauri Pine 109

Kauri, Kouri or Kowui. ?i^ew Zealand. Dammara Australis - 109

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 469

PACE

Kawaka. NeioZedancl Libocedrus Doniana. Don's New Zea-
land Arbor Vitse - - - • • ' If^
Kedr Russian. Pimis Cembra. Swiss Stone Pme - - 29.j
Kelmung (Resinous). Himalaya. Cedrus Deodara. Indian

Kelon, Kelou, Kelu, Kolan or Kolain. Himalaiia. Cedrus

Deodara. Indian Cedar - - - \t "

Keeesztes-fenyo. Hungarian. Abies excelsa. Common Norway

c. ... - 6

Spruce . . - -IT.- in

Khutrow. Himalaya. Abies Smitliiana. Indian bpruce I ir - 19

KiEFEE. German. The Common name for the Pine - - 228

Kiefer. Northern Germany. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway ^

Spruce - - ■ " 't "ci ' c

Kienbaum. German. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway Simice 6
KiEN-LUNG-MU (Skin or bark-shedding). China. Pmus bun-

geana. Chinese Lace-bark Pine • • - ' „

KiL. Indian. Pinus longifolia. Long-leaved Pine - - 275

KiLOUKTA. Bhotan. Picea Webbiana. Webb's Indian Fir - 226
KiMERAK. Java. Podocarpus Amara. Bitter-frmted Podo-

carpus - • " " ' ■ 'r\ '

KiMERAK. Philippine Isles. Podocarpus Cupressma. Cypress-
like Podocarpus - - " " ' . '
KiN-LESUNG (Common Golden Pine). China. Pseudo-Larix

Ksempferi. Golden or Chinese Larch - - - 361

KiN-sjo, or Kin-sung-Maki. China. Pale Yellow Maki- _^

Sciadopitys verticillata. Parasol Fir - - - 3/&

KiN-T'siAN-suNG (Money Pine). Japan. Larix Leptolepis.

Slender-scaled Japan Larch . . - -

KiPUTRiE. PliUippine Isles. Podocarpus Cupressina. Cypress

like Podocarpus - - ' " " ^.^

Kjelmakg. India. Pinus Pumilio. Mountain Pine - - 25o

Kleinbluthige Arve. German. Pinus parviflura. Small-
flowered Japan Pine - - - " ' ^1
Knee-Pine. Austria. Pinus Mugho nana - • " ^f ,
Knieholz. German. Pinus Pumilio. Mountain Pine - - 253
Koja-Maki. Jajxin. Yew-like Maki. Sciadopitys verticillata.

Whorl-leaved Sciadopitys, or Parasol Fir - - - 378

KoK-SJO-MATS (Common Black Pine). China. Pinus Pinaster.

Star or Cluster Pine - - - ■ - 249

Kok-sung (Black Pine). China. Pinus Massoniaua, Massons

Japan Pine - - - - ' , ' ,r.^ " ^^a

KoNOTEGA-SiWA. Japan. Biota Orientalis. Chinese Arbor Yxt» 5U

327
387

173
357

470 INDEX OF POPULAU NAMES.

TAGE

KooDEAi, or KooDEOW (\Yeeping or Prickly Fir). Bholan. Abies

Smitliiaiia. Indian Spruce Fir - - - - 20
KoUEi or CowEi. Neio Zealand. Dammara Anstralis. Kauri

Pine 100

Krambitsbeee. German. Janiperus communis. Common .Juniper 131

Keanawitt. German. Juniperns communis. Common Juniper 131

ICeoptaxus. Butch. Cephalotaxus - - - - 66

K^EUJIJIHOLZ. German. Pinus Pumilio. ?»[ountain Pine - 253
ICsa-Maki (fetid Maid). Japan. Podocarpus Macropliyila.

Long-leaved Podocarpus - - - - - 3 10

Kukunaeia. German. Picea Cephalonica. Mount Enos Fir - 203
KuLLAiN (Divine Tree). Simla. Cupressus Tortulosa. Twisted

or Bliotan Cypress - - - - - - 98

KuMiNCHE (Lesser Sweet-nut Pine). Thibet. Pinus Gerardiana.

Gerard's Pine - - - - - - 269

KuosA. Lapland. Abies excelsa. Common Norway Spruce - 6
KuRO-MATSU (Black Pine). Japan. Pinus Massoniana. Mas-
son's Japan Pine .-.-.- 241
KuEUZ. India. Pinus Webbiana. Webb's Indian Fir - - 226
KuEZGEFLUGELTE KiEFER. German. Pinus bracbyptera. Short

Wing-seeded Pine ------ 263

Kus-JAK (Peacock's Feather). Jap^uu Biota Orientalis Sie-

boldii ...-.- - 53

KussuK. Tartary. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295
KwA-FURi-HAK (\^ariegated Tree of Life). Japan. Pxetinospora

obtusa aurca. Golden variegated Japan Cypress - - 368

L-VBEADOE Pine. Pinus Banksiana- Sir Joseph Banks's Pine - 320

Lace-ijaek Pine. China. Pinus Bungcana ... 264

L-EEBAUM. German. Pinus Laricio. Corsican Pine - - 239
Lambeet's Cypeess. California. Cupressus Lambertiana vet

Macrocarpa ------ - 91

Lambeet'.s Junipee. Ncpaul. Juniperus Lambertiana vel Squamatti 152

Lambeet's Pine. California. Pinus Lambertiana - - 307

LiEECHE. German. Larix. Larch . . » - 168
Laech, for its varieties see Laetx.

Laech Pine. Pinus Laricio . _ - - - 239

Laeice. Italian. Larix Lcdebourii. Altaian Larch - - 173

Lae, Llae. Celtic. Larch, Larix - - - - - 168

Latsciie. German. Pinus Pumilio. Mountain Pine - - 253

Leem. llimalaija. Pinus Excclsa. Lofty Bholan Pine - - 300
Leeebaum, or Leechentanne. German. Pinus Larix. Cunnnon

Larch ....... i(jl>

Il^DLi OF POPULAR NAMES, 471

rAon

Lein-bvum. Gcnmn. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - 295

LeukiovSuui. India. Juniperus Excelsa or Eehgiosa. ^ roi.cxl ^^^

Levexsboom. D^ctch. Arbor Vit.^. Tree of Life - - - 400

Lewi. Cashmere. Juniperns Eehgiosa or Excelsa. Pencil ox ^^^

Incense Juniper - - " '-oi'tv'

Lhala. i?Ao;««. Juniperus densa. Dense or^ Busliy^ Lidian ^^^

Juniper - - ■ V< j " ito

LiBOCEDBE. French. Libocedrus, Incense C edar - - - '-^

Liebliche WEI.STAKNE. German. Picea amabibs. ^Lo.ely ^^^

Li-Kiuo.oMrtciunese Kative F^ /«i'«.^. Cunningliamia

Sinensis. Chinese Cunningbamia - " " ' '

LiMBA. Pofe/^. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pme - ; ^J<>

LiSTVE>nTZA (Crown of Leaves). Ih^sdan. Lanx Ledebouvu, ^^^

Altaian Larcli - - ' , ' , ' n-'o

Lleuque. Chili. Podocarpus Andina. Andes Podocarpus - 3o

Loblolly, or Oldfieltj Pine. Virginiec Fmx^sT^dn. - - ^8b

Lo-HAN-s^NG. a/..e.e. Podocarpus Chmensis. Chinese Podo- ^^^

carpus - ■ " '. , , -TT "jaT

LOLSI. lYejxml TaxusWallichian.. Walhchs Yew ■ - 397

LoosAH. Ilimalaye. Taxus ^Yamchiana. Wallichs\ew - 397

LucATZiN. CcdiM'n^c. Abies Mertensiana. Cahfornian Hcni- ^^

lock Spruce - - " ' , ' -r ■■. -ni .

LuMsnixo,orLE.MSHiNa. Bhotccn. Pinus Excelsa.^ Lofty^Bholau ^^^

LUNG-MU, or KiEN-LUKG-MU. China. Pmus Bungeana. Lace- ^^^

LUTZ f™. '"'/?.;.,/"«..•«,. " Abies Excelsa. Common Norway ^

Spruce - - : _ ". ' -165

Lycian JuNiPEK. Jnniperus Phffinicea Lycia - /

Maats. China. All Pines, Junipers, ana ^th^^.^o^^^!!^^^^^

sharp needle-shaped leaves, are called Mats, Maats, or
Matsu, by the Chinese.
Mai, or Masal. lYew Zealand. Podocarpus fepicata. bpike- ^^^
flowered Podocarpus - • ' ' ' _^'i^

AIaiden Hair Tree. Salisburia adiantifolia - ' -p , ' '^

MAiROorMiRO. NeioZeahuid. Podocarpus ferrugmca- Kusty- ^^^^

coloured Podocarpus - " ' , ', i

MvKi, a connnon name in China and Japan for all large-leaved,

yew-like plants, such as Podocarpus, Sciadopitys, etc. ^-io

MvKi China. Podocarpus, Sciadopity.s, etc. 330,3.0,^/5

472

INDEX OF POPULATl NAMES.

Majoo (Nut-gall). Nepaul. Biota Orientalis gracilis
Maki-ksa or Kaja-ksa. China. Strong-scented Yew. Torreya
nucifera. Nut-bearing Torreya - - - -

California. Wellingtonia Gigantea
German.. Wellingtonia gigantea. Mammotli

Mammoth Tree.
Mammuthfichte,

Tree -
Maniu. Chili.

Gotliaea
Maniu Pino, or

Saxe-Gotliaea conspicua. .Remarkable Saxe-

Chili

Manigui. Chili. Podocarpus Chilina.

Podocarpus -------

Mareilo. California. Picea Amabilis. Lovely Silver Fir
Marin. India. Abies Smithiana. Indian Spruce Fir -
Maritime Pine. Pinus Pinaster. Star or Cluster Pine -
Marro. New Holland. Frenela robusta. Eobust Frenela
Mats (True Pines). {China.) Pinus Sinensis, etc.
Mats, Matz, or Matsu. Japan. All Pines, Junipers, and Cypress-
like plants with needle-shaped leaves.
Meleze. French. Pinus Laricio. Corsican Pine
Meleze d'Amerique. French. Larix pendula. Black American

Larch ------.

Meleze d'Europe. French. Larix EuropcT?a. Common Larch -
Meleze de la Chine. French. Pseudo-Larix K<fimpfen. Golden

or Chinese Larch ---...
]\Ieleze du Japon. French. Larix Leptolepis. Slender-scaled

Japan Larch ---...

Meleze du Nepaul. Frcvj-h
Me-Matsu (Female Pine).

flowered Japan Pine - . .

Menzies' Spruce. Abies Menziesii - - -

Mire-momi. Japan. Short-leaved, or small-coned

firma. Japan Silver Fir - - -

MiRO or Mairo, New Zealand. Podocarpus ferruginea

coloured Podocarpus . . . . .

Modrozew. Polish. Larix Ledebourii. Altaian Larch -
MoML Jax)an. Spruce or Silver Firs. Abies, Picea firma, etc. -
Monkey Puzzle. Chili. Araucaria Imbricata. Chili Pine
Monstrous Spruce. Abies Excelsa monstrosa
MoRETON Bay Pine. Araucaria Cunninghamii
MoRiN. India. Picea Pindrow. Upright Indian Silver Fir
MoRiNDA (Nectar, or Honey of Flowers). Himalaya. Abies

Smithiana. Indian Spruce Fir - . . .

MoRO. Japa7i. Juniperus Rigida. Stiff-leaved Japan Juniper -

Larix Griffithii vel Sikkimensis -
Japan. Pinus densi flora. Dense-

Fir. Picea

Rusty-

PAGE

32

412

415

415

372

329

213

19

249
124
286

239

177

169

360

173
171

2.34
12

205

352

173

1

1(1

41

222

20
138

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 473

r,\r,r.

JIoEiXDA. India. Picea Pinclrow. Upright Indian Silver Fir - 222
MosHEVELNiK. Russian. Juniperus communis. Common

Juniper .-.-... 131

MouNTAix Pine. Pinus Monticola. Mountain Pine - - 31-1

MuGHO Pine. Pyrenees. Pinus Muglio - - . . 244

MuscADiER. French. Torreya or Californica. Californian Nutmeg 410

Na or Nagi, Jcqxm, Nageia. Catkin-bearing Laurel - - 18-3

Native Cypress. Van Diemen's Land. Frenela Gxninii 120

Neoza. IlimaLuja. Pinus Geravdiana. Capt. Gerard's Pine - 268

Nepaul Arbor Yitm. Biota Orientalis gracilis - - - 52
Nepaul-Cypresse. German. Cupressus torulosa. Twisted or

Bhotan Cypress - - - - - - 97

Newfoundland Red Pine. Abies rubra. Arctic Spruce Fir - 18

New Holland Dammaea. Dammara robusta - - - 113
Newr (.Juniper). Cashn'-re. Juniperus Keligiosa, or Excelsa.

Pencil or Incense Fir - . . . . i^jg

New Jersey Pine. Pinus Inops - - - - - 238
New Zealand Spruce. Dacrydium Cupressinum. Cypress-like

Dacrydium - - - - - - - 10.^)

Nezu (Dwarf). Japan. Retinospora Ericoides. Heath -like

lletinospora, and Thuiopsis dolabruta nana. Dwarf

hatchet-leaved Arbor Vit£e - - - . 399^ 400

Nire-Momi, or Mere-Momi. {Japan.) Picea firma, Japan Silver

Fir - - - - - - - - 205

Nokhtfr. Himalaya. Cedrus Dcodara. Deodar, or Indian

Cedar ------- 63

Norfolk Island Pine. Araucaria Excelsa - - - 45

NoRFOLK-TANNE. German. Araucaria excelsa. Norfolk Island Pine 45

North American Yew. Taxus Canadensis - - - 393

Norway Spruce Fir. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway Spruce 0

Norway White Deal. Abies Excelsa - . . . 7
Nut Pine. California. Pinus Fremontiana. Colonel I'remont's

Nut Pine - 236

Nut and Nutmeg Yews. Torreya Californica, etc. - 410—13

Obispo. California. Pinus Muricata. Bishop's Pine - - 24G
OcoTE or De' Ocote. Mexico. Pinus Teocote. Candle Wood

Pine- - - - ■ - - - 287
OcoTB Chino (Candle Wood). Mexico. Pinus Leiophylla,

Smooth-leaved Mexican Pine - - . . 308
Ocote Hembra (Female Pine). Mexico. Pinus Gordoniana. Gor-
don's Mexican Pine - - - . 305

474 INDEX OF rOPULAU NAMES.

PAon

Ocote-i\Iache (Male Pine). Mexico. Pinus Grenvillice. Lady

Greuville'ti Pine -....- 303
Oesteereichische Schwarz-Kiefer. German. Pinus Austriaca.

Austrian Pine ------ 239

Olakda-Momi. Jajxni Cuuningliami Sinensis. Chinese Cun-

ninghamia ------ - 77

Oldfield Pi^'e. Virginia. Pinus Tseda. Torch or Loblolly

Pine- - - 287

Olmo. Spanish. Juniperus nana. Dwarf Juniper « - 136
0-Matsu or Wo-Matsu (]^Lile Pine). Jajyan. Pinus Mas-

soniana. Masson's Japan Pine . - . . 241
OoNUM (Purple-coned Fir). Himalaya. Picea AVebbiana. Webb's

Indian Fir - - - - - - - 227

Oi'EN-LEAVED JoiNTED Yew. Aitlirotaxis lasifolia - - 48

Oyamel. French. Picea Keligiosa. Sacred Silver Fir - - 212

Oyamel. Mexico. Picea Religiosa. Sacred Silver Fir - - 212

OYAiiEL Weisstanne. German. Picea religiosa. Sacred Silver Fir 212
Oyster Bay Pine. Van Dieni'^n's Land. Frenela Australis.

Australian Frenela - - - - - -117

Pallo Blanco. Sjmnish. Pinus Hartwegii. Hartweg's Pine - 304

Palm Pine. Pinus Australis. Southern or S\vamp Pine - 2G1
Pama. Himalaya. Juniperus Squamata- Scaly-leaved Nepaul

Juniper - - - - • - -153

Paps. Columbia. Abies Douglasii. Douglas Fir- - - 24

Parasol (or Umbrella) Pine. Sciadopitys verticillata - * - 376
Parpinja (creeping Juniper). Bhotan. Juniperus Squamata.

Scaly-leaved Nepaul Juniper . _ - - 153

Pechbaum. Germcuu Abies Excelsa. Common Norway Spruce G

Pehuen. Chili. Araucaria Tnibricata. Monkey Puzzle - - 41

Peking Arbor Vit^. Biota Orientalis Pekinensis - - 51
Pencil Cedar. Juniperus Bermudiana. Bermuda or Pencil

Cedar • - • - - - - 140
Pendulous, or iNVERXED-BRAXcnED Spruce. Abies Excelsa in-

verta. Inverted-branched Common Spruce - - 9

Perusse (Gall-leaved). Canada. Pinus rigida. Stiff-leaved Pine 283

Pesse. French. Abies, or Picea, Excelsa. Common Norway Spruce 6

Pesse Blanche. French. Abies alba. White Spruce Fir - 3

Pesse Mariane. French. Abies nigra. Black Spruce Fir - 13
Peukas or Peuciios. Greece. Pinus Halepensis. Aleppo or

Jerusalem Pino ...... 037

Pezzo. lO.iJicni. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway Spruce - 6

PhceniciAN JuMir;i;. Junii)crus Phoiuicea - - - 164

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 475

r.\r.E

PlAN-FA. Chinese. Biota Orieiitalis. Chinese Avhor Vitae - 50
PiCHTA. liussian. Picea Pichta. The Pitch or .Siberian Silver

Fir - - - - - - - - 221

Pigmy Spruce. Abies excelsa pygmsea. Dwarf Spruce - - 7

Pigmy Japan Cype,ess. Japan. Pietinospora obtusa pygmiea - 360

PiNA. Mexico. Piuus Loucloniana. London's Pine - - 311

Pin A CPvOcnETS. French. Pinus Mugho. ilni^ho Pine - - 2 1 1

Pin a Teochets. French. Pinns Pinaster minor. Cortean Pine 251

Pin de Coete. Corsica. Piuus Pinaster minor. Cortean Pine - 251

Pin D'Ecosse. French. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - 257

Pin d'Italie. French. Pinus Pinea. Italian Stone Pine - 252
Pin de Labbadoe. French. Pinus Banksiana. Sir Joseph

Banks's Pine ---... 230

Pin de Maes. French. Pinus Pinaster minor. Cortean Pine - 251

Pin de PiIGA, ou de Eus.sie. French. Picea Pichta. Pitch Pine 221
Pin de Eussie. French. Piuus Sylvestris horizontalis. Highland

Pine - . - - - - - - - 258

Pin des Abbruzzes. French. Pinus Brutia. Calabrian ClustLi

Pine - - - 232

Pin Doux. French. Pinus mitis. Soft-leaved or Yellow Pine - 243

Pin Faux CexMBRO. French. Pinus Cerabra. Swiss Stone Pine 295

Pin Maeitime. French. Piiuis Pinaster. Star or Cluster Pine - 249

Pin Nazaeon. Pyrenees. Pinus Pyrenaica. Pyrenean Pine - 256

Pin Pinsot. French. Pinus Pinaster minor. Cortean Pine - 251

Pin Sauvage. French. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - 257
PiNDEOW (Weeping). Himalaya. Picea Pindrow. Upright Indian

Silver Fir - - - - - - - 223

Pines, the True, Pinacese - ... - 228—326

PiNUAO-MOLAE. Portuguese. Pinus Pinea. Italian Stone Pine - 252
PiNHEiEO BRANCO. Portugtiese. Araucaria Brasiliensis. Brazil

Araucaria ------- 37

Pino. Chili. Sase-Gotha^a conspicua. Remarkable Saxe-Gothcea.

Prince Albert's Yew . . - . . 373
Pino. Island of Chiloe. Podocarpus Nubigtena. Cloud-born

Podocarpus ------- 344

Pino Blanco (White Pine). Mexico. Pinus Devoniana. Duke

of Devonshire's Pine - . . - . 298

Pino de'Ocote. Mexico. Pinus Teocote. Candle-wood Pine - 288
Pino Ueal (I'oyal Pine). Mexico. Pinus Buonapartea. Buonaparte

Pine .----.. 295, 298

PiNONES. Jlexico. Pinus Llavcuna. Llave'.s Pine - - 274
Pitch Pine. America. Pinus Australis, Southern or Swamp Pine,

and Pinus rigida. Stiff-leaved Pine - - - 26 1 , 28 !

476 INDEX OF POPULAR KAMES.

PAGE

Pitch or Sibefjan Silver Fir. Picea piclita - - - 221

PiTYUSA. Greece. Pinus Halepensis Pityusa - - - 237

Plum Fir. Podocarpus Andina _ . - - - 351

Plum-fruited Juniper. Asia Minor. Juniperus drupucea • 133
Pond or Fox- tail Pine. American-, Pinus Serotina - - 285

PoNUM. India. Pinus Webbiana. Webb's Indian Fir - - 226

Portuguese Cypress. Cupressus Lusitanica. Cedar of Goa - 89
Prickly Cedar. Apennines. Juniperus Oxycedrus - - 137

Prickly Fir. Himalaija. Abies Smithiana. Indian Spruce

Fir - - ' - - - - - - 20

Prince Albert's Yew. Patagonia. Saxe-Gothsea conspicua - 372
PuDMA. Himalaya. Juniperus Squamata. Scaly-leaved Ne-

paul Juniper -- - - - -152

PuMAROA. Bhotan. Juniperus densa. Bushy Indian Juniper - 142
Pumpkin Pine. Canada. Pinus Strobus. Weymouth Pine - 323
PuNG-CHA (Tea Tree). N. India. Taxus Wallichiana. Wallich's

Yew 397

QuACHOW (deciduous). China. Salisburia adiantifolia. Maiden-
hair Tree .-----. 375
OuAi. Japan. Juniperus Chinensis. Chinese Juniper - ■ 158

Quesa. Lapland. Abies excelsa. Common Norway Spruce - 6
QuiRLBL.ETTERiGE ScHiRM-FiCHTE. German. Sciadopitys verti-

cillata. Whorl-leaved Sciadopitys or Parasol Fir - - 376

Pi/Ed'ka. Lapland. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - 131
IL-ESULA. India. Pinus excelsa. Lofty Bhotan Pine - - 299

PiAi, Kealla, etc. (Prickly Fir). Himalaija. Abies Smithiana.

Indian or Himalayan Spruce Fir - - - - 20

Haisalla, or Raisulla (King Pine). Nejxud. Picea Webbiana,

Webb s Indian Fir, and Cupressus Torulosa. Twisted or

Bhotan Cypress - - - - - - 97, 227

RaKAN-hak. China, Japan. Thuiopsis dolabrata. Hatchet

leaved Arbor Vitaa . - . - -

PtAKHAB or Bramhl India. Taxus baccata. Common Yew
PiAunzAPFiGE Tauue. German. Picea Amabilis. Lovely Silver

Fir

Rax-jo-sjo (Common Deciduous Fir). Japan. Larix Leptolepis

Slender-scaled Japan Larch -
Rayha. Himalaya. Picea Find row. Upright Indian Silver

Fir - - 223

Red American Larch. Lai-ix Microcarpa - ■ - 175

Red Cedar. America. Juniperus Virginiana. Virginian Cedar - 154
Red Pine. America. Pinus Australis. Southern or Swamp

Pine 260

398
388

213

174

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 477

PAGE

Red or Arctic Spruce Fir. Nova Scotia. Abies Rubra - - 17
41ed Wood Tree, or Bastard Cedar. Galifoi-nia. Sequoia sem-

pervirens - - .... 380

Ree or RuEE. Himalaya. Piiius Gerardiana. Gerard'.s Pine - 2G9
Remu. India. Dacrydium Cupressinum. Cypress-like Dacry-

dium ■ - - - - - - 104

Resixous or Red American Pine. North America. Pinus

Resinosa ....... 250

Retinospore. French. Retinospora Pisifera. Pea-fruited Re-

tinospora. - - - - - - - 369

RiESEX-KiEFER. German. Pinus Lambertiana. Lambert's Pine 307

RiESEN-TANNE. German. Wellingtonia gigantea - • - 415

Riga Pine. Ihcssia. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - 257

RiKALiNG. Himalatja. Taxus Wallichiana. Wallicli's Yew - 397
RiMU. Neio Zealand. Dacrydium laxifolium. Loose-leaved

Dacrydium .--..-- 107
RiUM, New Zealand. Dacrydium Cupressinum. Cypress-like

Dacrydium -.----- lii.j

Eoth-eibe. German. Taxus baccata. Common Yew - - 3S8
Rothe Kiefer. German. Pinus Sylvestris rubra. Highland

Pine 258

RoTH-TANNE. German. Abies excelsa. Common Norway Spruce G

EouND-coNED CHINESE PiNE. China. Pinus Pinea Cretica - 253
Roo, Roi, Roo-EE, or Row (Weeping Fir). Himalaya. Abies

Smithiana. Indian Spruce Fk - - - - 19

Russian or Archangel Larch. Larix Ledebourii. Altaian Larch 173
Sabina. Mexico. Juniperus Mexicana. Mexican Sandarac

Juniper -.-.... loi
Sabino, Mexico. Taxodium distichum !Mexicanum. !Moiite-

zuma Cypress ...... 334

Saga-momi, or Sjuea iloMi. Japan. White or Silver T"ir. Picea

firma --...-.. 205

Sah. Bhotan. Larix Griffithii. Sikkim Larch - - - 171
Saksin. Mantchooria. Cupressiis Funebris. Weeping or Funeral

Cypress - - - - - . - S3

Sallur. India. Picea Webbiana. Webb's Indian Fir - - 220

San. Chinese. Cryptomeria Japonica. Japan Cedar - - 7 1

Sand Frenela. Nev) Holland. Frenela Arenosa - - - 117

Sandrin. German. Pinus Pumilio. Mountain Pine - - 253

San-Suga, Chinese, Cryptomeria Japonica. Japan Ceciar - 75
San-Shu. China, Cunningliamia Sinensis. Chinese Cunuing-

hamia ..--...77

478 TNHKX OF POPULAll NAMES.

PAGE

Sapix. The French name for Fir trees, Abies Canadensis, etc. - 22

Sapin Commun. French. Picea Pectinata. Common Silver Fir - 209

Sapix Commune. French. Juniperus Sabina. Common Savin - 1-50

Sapin d'Espagne. Frt^nch. Picea Pinsapo. Pinsapo Fir - 224

.Sapin Gracilux. French. Picea amabilis. Lovely Silver Fir - 213

Sapin MiNEUE. French. Picea Balsamea. Balm of Gilead Fir - 20i»

Sapin KoBLE. French. Picea nobilis. Koble Silver Fir - - 207
Sapin Sacke or Oyamel. French. Picea Religiosa. Sacred

SUverFir 212

Sapindus-Fichte. German. Abies Oiientalis. Eastern Sprnce - 15

S-iPiNETXE Bl.\nche. French. Abies alba. White Spruce Fir - 3

Sapinette Noiee. French. Abies nigra. Black Spruce Fir - 13

Sapinette Xoire. French. Abies nigra - - - - 24

Sap-Pine. Ameinca. Pinus rigicla. Stiff-leaved Piue - - 283
Sas-coo-pas (Big Tree or Great Fir). America. Abies Douglasii.

Douglas Fir 24

Savin Juniper. Loiver AIjjs. Juniperus Sabina. Common Savin 150
Saavaea. Japan. Eetiuuspora Pisifera. Pea-fruited Eetinos-

pora -------- 370

Schiemfichte. German. Sciadopitys verticillata. Parasol Pine 376

Scii'iucKTANNE. German. Araucaria - - - - 35

Sciiv.^ARZ-F(EHKE. German. Pinus Laricio. Corsican Pine - 239
ScnwARTZ-TANNE. German. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway

Spruce .-.-..-6

SciiWAEZ-FiciiTE. German. Abies nigi-a. Black Spruce Fir - 13

Scnv.'AEZ-KiEFER. German. Pinus Laricio. Corsican Pine - 239

Scotch Fir or Pine. Europe. Pinus Sylvestris - - - 257
Scrub Pine. N. America. Pinus Bunksiana. Sir Joseph Banks'.s'

Pino 230

Secenbaum or SevenoTeauch. Junipcvus Sabina. Common

Savin - - - - - - - 150

Seekiefer. German. Pinus maritima. Corsican Pine - - t'-'S)
Seki-sjo. Japan. Common Tree. Pirais Sinensis and Pinus

Densillora. Chinese Pine. Dense-flowered Japan Pine - 233
Semadoong. Bhotan. Abies Brunoniana. Indian Hemlock

Spruce --.-... 21
Seosa-Mats (Deciduous Fir). Japan. Pseudo-Larix Kaimpferi.

Golden or Chinese Inarch - - - - - 3 »1

Serente. French. Abies Excelsa. Common Norway Spruce - G
Seu ^L\ki. Japan. Common Chinese I>Iaki. Podocarpus Clii-

ncnsis. Chinese Podocarpus . - - - S30

INDEX OF POPULAll NATVrES. 470

PAGE

SniRGOo or Shirkoo (Incense). Bhotan. Juniperus Reiigiosa.

Pencil or Incense Juniper - - - - - 149

Shookpa, Shoge, Shoorpa (Incense). Bhotan. Juniperus Reii-
giosa. Pencil or Incense Juniper - - - - 140
SHUjRUTULnuE-YUT (Tree of Life). Simla. Cupressus Torulcsa.

T^\"istecl or Bhotan Cypress - - - - 98

Shuxgti:!; (Sweet Pine-nut). TliUxl. Pinus Cerardi.ina. Gcr-

rarcVs Pine - - - - - - - 200

Siberian Arbor Vit.e. Thuja Tatarica. Tartarian Arbor

Vitae - - - - - - - - 409

Siberian Savin. Juniperus Pseudo-Sabina ... 145

Siberian Stone Pine. Pinus Cembra Sibirica - - - 29G

SiBiRisciiE Pechtanne. German. Picea Pichta. Siberian Silver

Fir - - - - - - - - 221

SiGHA. Ahyssinia. Podocarpus elongata. Elongated Podo-

carpus --.---. 33,-)

Silber kiefer. German. Pinus Sylvestris argentea. Silvery

Scotch Fir ------- £C0

Silber-tanne. German. Picea Pectinata. Common Silver

Fir - . - 209

SiLLOO-HATERnEE (Fragrant Fir). Nqnud. Abies Brunoniana.

Indian Hemlock Spruce - - - - - 22

Silver Cedar. Cedrus Libaui glauca - - - - 6G

Silver Firs. Picea in general . . . .. 196—223

Silver Fir (the American). Canada. Picea Balsamea. Balm

of GUcad Fir - - . - - - - 201

Silver Fir (the Common). Alps. Picea Pectinata - - 209

Silver Fir (the Indian). Silckhn. Picea AVebbiana. Webb's

Indian Fir - - - - - - - 227

Sin. Chinese. Podocarpus Chinensis. Chinese Podocarpus - 330
SiNOBU-niBA (tree of life-like Shrub). Japan. Retinospora

Squarrosa. Squarrose-leaved Retinospora - - 372

Sin-Koja-Maki (Wild jSIaki). China. Podocarpus Chinensis.

Chinese Podocarpus - . . - . 330

Sin-!Maki (Common j\Iaki). Chi.ia. Podocarpus ilacrophylla.

Long-leaved Podocarpus - - - - - 3 10

SiRO-MOMi (White-wooded Fir). Japan. Abies polita. Tiger's

Tail Spruce - - - - - - - 17

Struga-matsu (Variegated Pine). Japan. Pinus r>Iassoniana.

Masson's Japan Pine - - - - - 242

Si-SAN (slender-formed). China. Biota iiendula. Weeping Arbor

Yitai -------- 55

480 INDEX OF POPULAU NAMES.

PAGE

SiTAEE-HiNOKi. Japan. Biota pendula. Weeping Arboi- Yitte - 55
S.io-3rATS (Common Pine). China. Pinus Massoniana. Jilas-

son's Japan Pine ...... 242

Sjuka-Momi (White or Silver Fir). Japan. Picea fii'ma. Japan

Silver Fir - - - - - - -204

Slanez. livssian. Pinus C'embra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295

Sle>jder Speuce. Abies Excel ~a tenuifolia - - - 11
SoxouBAR-SuKKAR (Sweet Pine Nut). Ilimalaija. Pinus Gevard-

iana. Gerard's Pine - - - - - 268
Sonora-Mats (Slender or Drooping Jitniper). Japan. Juniperus

Pdgida. Stiff-leaved Japan Juniper - - - 138
SooRAH-^TU (name of a Hindoo Divine). Bhotan. Cupressus

torulosa. Twisted or Bhotan Cypress - - - 99

SoPLONG. Bengal. Xageia latifolia. Broad-leaved Nagi - 189

Sosifo, or SosiNO. Russian. Pinus Sylvcstris. Scotch Fir - 257

Spanische WeIsstanne. German. Picea Pinsapo. Pinsapo Fir 224

Spanish Juniper. Juniperus Thurifera - - - - 153

Sp-^tkiefee. German. Pinus Serotina. Fox-tail or Pond Pino - 2S5

Spere. German. Pinus Pumilio. Mountain Pine - - 253

Spirtenholz. Su'iss. Pinus uncinata. Scotch Fir - - 257

Spruce (the Common). Jsonvay, Siveden, <hc. Abies excelsa, etc. 6

Spruce Fir (the Black American). N.America. Abies nigra - 13

Spruce Fir (the White American). Canada. Abies alba- - 3

Spurred Frenela. Frenela calcarata - - - - 117

Star or Cluster Pine. Jjjennines. Pinus Pinaster - - 249

Steinkiefer. German. Pinus Pinea. Italian Stone Pine - 252

Sternfcehre. German. Pinus Pinaster. Star or Cluster Pine - 249
StinkiixG Cedar. America. Torreya taxifoKa. Yew-leaved

Torreya -.--.-. 413

Stone Pine. Itahj and South of France. Pinus Pinea - - 252
Steahlensciiuppige Kiefer. German. Pinus radiata Piadiated

Cone Pine ....... 282

Strandkiefeu. German. Pinus Pinaster. Star or Cluster Pine 249
SuGA/or Ssuga Mats (Evergreen Fir). Jcqxm. Cryptomeria

Japonica. Japan Cedar - - - - - 74

Sugar Pine. California. Pinus Lambertiana. Lambert's Pine 307
Sulla (Fragrance-spreading). Ncpcml. Pinus longifolia. Long-
leaved Pine ....... 270

Slmpf-fceiiue. German. Pinus ]\Iugho rostrata- Beaked Alugho

Pine .-....-- 245

Sung-cha. Jlimaloi/a. Taxns Wallichiana. AVallich's Yew • SO'.'

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 481

iwnr

SuRMJiUA (Variegated Tree of Life). Jajxin. Biota Orientalis

vaviegata. Variegated Chinese Arbor Vitse - - 51

Swamp Cypress. iV. America. ( 'hama}cyparis. White Cedar - 71
Swamp Pine. Virginia. Piiiiis Australis - - - - 260

Swan Eivee Cypress. Actinostrobus Pyramidali.s - - 34

Swedish Juniper, ^'o'cde/t., Bcumar/c, etc. Juuiperus coininuuis

Suecica .._.--. 132

Swiss Stone Pine. A/j^s. Pinus Cembra - - - - 295

Tablas. Jlexico. Pinus Ayacahuite. Ayacahuite Pine - - 293

Tamarak (Black Larch). America. Larix Peudula. Black Ameri-
can Larch - - - - - - - 177

Tanekaa or Tawai. Neio Zealand. Phyllocladus Trichomanoides.

^Laiden-hair-like Phyllocladus . . . . 195

Tanne. German, Common name for Abies or Firs - 1 — 33

Tansa or Tanshing (Needle Tree). Himalaya. Pinus longifolia.

Long-leaved Pine ------ 275

Taj'PA (White Wood). Araerica. Pinus ponderosa. Heavy-
wooded Pine ------- 281

Tarentina Pine. Itahj. Pinus Pinea fragilis. Thin-shelled

Stone Pine ------- 253

Tasimanian Cypress. Microcachrys, or the small-coned - - 184

Tasso. Italian. Taxus Baccata. Common Yew - - - 388

Taurische Schwaezkiefee. German. Pinus Pallasiana. Taurian

Pine -------- 247

Taxacee.s. French term for Yews.

Taxacees or Taxinees. French. Taxus Torreya, Cephalotaxus,
Salisburia, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Saxe-Gothea, Phyl-
locladus
TcEUPE (Bamboo-like). China. Xageia Japonica. .Japan

Laurel .._-.-. 189

TcHUGATSKOY (Savin or strong-scented Fir). Hussia. Cupressus
Nutkaensis, and Picea Cilicia. Nutka-sound Cypress.
Cilician Silver Fir - - - - - 95 & 214

Te-^. Pinus Canariensis. Canary Island Pine - - - 264

Tenne. {German.) Picea Pectinata. Common Silver Fiv - 209

Texo (Yew). Spanish. Taxus baccata. Common Yew - - 388

Thansa (Candle Tree). Himalaya. Pinus Longifolia. Long-
leaved Pine ------- 270

Theloo (Spirituous Liquor). Himalaya. .Tiiniperus Squamata.

Scaly-leaved Nepaul Juniper . . - . 153

Then-tsong '^V^.ter Pine). China. Glyptostrobus Heterophyllus 127

I I

482 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES.

PAOF

Thingia (Yew). Nepmd. Abies Brnnoninna. Indian Ileuilock

Spruce - - - - - - - i2

Thingoori-Sulla (Fragrant Yew). Abies Rrnnoniana. Indian

Hemlock fSpruce - - - - - - i^

Thoona or Thooner-Biumee. Himalaya. Taxus Wallichiana.

Wallich'sYew 397

Thoonee (Yew). Himalaya. Picea Pindrow. Upright Indian

Silver Fir -224

Thread-leaved Pine. Pinus filifolia. Thread-leaved Pine - 301
Thityopsis en Doloire. French. Thuiopsis dolobrata. Hatchet-
leaved Arbor Vita} ------ 398

Tiger's Tail Spruce. Abies Polita - - - - IG

Timber Firs, i.e. the usual Pine Trees of commerce. Abies excelsa.

Common Norway Spruce, the Lai'ch, etc. - - - 168

TiNGtiHi. Sikkim. Taxus Wallichiana. Wallich's Yew - - 397

Tinier. France. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 29.o

ToA-ToA. Neio Zealand. Phyllocladus Trichomanoides. !Maidcn-

hair-like Phyllocladus - - - - - 195

ToGA-MATSU. Japan. Abies Tsuga. Japan Hemlock Spruce - 32
To-MoMi. Jajxin. Picea Firma. Japan Silver Fir - - 205

Tom Thumb. jV. Ainerica or Jajyan. Eetinospoi'a Elwangeriana - 362
ToEANO-wo-MOMi (Tiger's Tail Fir). China. Abies Polita - 17

Torch or Pitch Pine. America. Pinus Piigida. Stiff-leaved

Pine -.-.-.- 283

Toss. Himalaya. Picea Webbiana. Webb's Indian Fir - - 228

ToTARA. Netv Zealand. Podocarpus Totara. Totara Pine - 350

Trauer-Cypresse. German. Cupressus Funebris. Weeping or

Funeral Cypress - - - - - - 82

TsABO-HiBA. Japan. Biota Orientalis. Chinese Arbor Vit^e • 50
Tsain-sung (Common Drooping). China. Cupressus Funebris.

Weeping or Funeral Cypress - - - - 83

TscniR, TscHiL, or Cheer. Himalaya. Pinus Longifolia. Long-
leaved Pine ------- 275

T.SUGA (Yew-leaved). Japan. Abies Tsuga. Japan Hemlock

Spruce - - - - - - - 32

Tuc-Tuc (Big Tree). Co/umhia. Picea Nobilis. Noble Silver

Fir 207

TziRBOLYA. HniKjarian. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - 295
Uguroo (Eagles' Bush). Nepatd. Juniperus Recurva. Drooping

Indian Juniper - - - - - ■ 1 17

Umbrella or Parasol Pine. Sciadopitys ^'"erticillata. Whorl-
leaved Sciadopitys ...... 376

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 483

Fro-Siro (leaves wliite l^eiieatli). Japan. Pieca Firnia. Japnn

Silver Fir ....... 20')

VERESK-KAnrENoi. Jti's.^iaii. Juiiiperu^^ Davnrica, l^anrian

Juniper - - - • - - - 141

ViRGixiAN Juniper, or Pted Cedar Juniperus Yirginiana - - 154

Wachholder. German. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper 131
Warzige Kiefer. German. Pinus protuberans. Pi-otuberant-

scaled Mexican Pine - - - - - 319

Water Cedar or 8wamp Cypress. Chamaecyparis - - 71

Water Pine. Chinese. Glyptostrobus Heterophyllus - - 12G
Wa-wa-meens (Fighting Wood). N. America. Taxus brevifolia.

Western or Californian Yew . . . _ 393
Wax-Dammara. Singapore. Podocarpus Polystachya. jNfany-

spiked Podocarpus ----.. 345

Weeping American Arbor Yit.e. Thuja Occidentalis pendula - 405

Weeping Arbor Yit.b. Biota Pendula - - - - 55
Weeping Cypress. Cupressus Funebris. Weeping or Funeral

Cypress - - - - - - - 82

Weeping Fir. Himalaya. Pinus excelsa. Lofty Bhotan Pine 300
Weeping Larch. Larix Europsea pendula. Goodsall's Weeping

Larch ....... 170

Weeping Spruce. Abies excelsa iuverta. Inverted-branched

Common Spruce ------ 9

Weepings Y^ew. Taxus Baccata pendula or Dovastoiii. Dovas-

ton'sY^ew - - - - - - - 389

Weich-nadelige Kiefer. German. Pinus mitis. Soft-leaved or

Y^ellow Pine ------- 243

Weihrauch Kiefer. German. Pinus Tjeda. Torch or Loblolly

Pine -------- 286

Weiss-tanne. German. Picea Pectinata. Common Silver Fir - 209

Weresk. Russian. Juniperus communis. Common .Juniper - 131

Weymouth Pine. America. Pinus Strobus - - - 322

White Cedar. Chamjecyparis Sphferoidea - - - 71
White Cypress. Amerv:a. Taxodium distichium. Deciduous

Cypress ..--.-- 333

White Deal. Nonvajj. Abies excelsa. Common Norway Spruce 7

White Mexican Pine. Pinus Devoniana - - - - 17

White Pine (the Canadian). Pinus Strobus. Weymouth Pine - 322

Yv'"hite Spruce. Canada. Abies alba - - - - 3
White Wood. New Zealand. Podocarpus Dacrydioides. Dacry-

dium-like Podocarpus ..... 353

Willow-leaved Podocarpus. Podocarpus Chiliua - - 329

II 2

484 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES.

PAor

Wood Pine. Simla. Abies Smithiana. Indian Spruce Fir, and

Pinus Strobus, Weymouth Pine - • - 20 and 322

Woolly Silver Fir. Cab' forma. Picea amabilis. Lovely Silver

Fir - - ' 213

Wo-MATSU (Male Pine), Japan. Pinus Massoniana. Masson's

Japan Pine ------- 242

WooMUN (Purple Cone). Bhotait. Picea Pindrow. Uprigbt

Indian Silver Fir ------ 224

V/uMi-MATSU (Sea Coast Pine). Japan. Pinus Koraiensis. Co-

rean Pine ..----- 306

Yacca. AntiUeR. Podocarpus Coriacea. Leathery-leaved Podo-

carpus .-.---- 332

Yari. Cashmere. Pinus excelsa. Lofty Bhotan Pine - - 299

Yellow-berriet) Yeav. Taxus baccata fructu-luteo - - 391

Yellow Deal. Pinus Sylvestris. Scotch Fir - - - 257
Yellow Pine. America. Pinus niitis. The Soft-Leaved Pine.
Also Pinus Australis. Southern or Swamp Pine, and
Pinus pondero.sa. Heavy-wooded Pine - - 243, 260, 281

Yews, Taxacec^ 386-398

Yew, the Common. Taxus baccata - . . - 388
Yew, the Harrington. Cephalotaxus pedunculata - 69
Zadd, Zagd, or Zeddi. Ahjssinia. .Tuniperus Procera. Abys-
sinian Juniper - - - - - - 162

Zang-cha (blood-healing). Himalai/a. Taxus Wallichiana. Wal-

lich'sYew ------- 397

Zapfen-tr^ger. German. Coniferas. Conifers

Z.ERBEL. German. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295

Zelte. German. Pinus Pumilio. ^Mountain Pine - - 253

Zevenboom. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - - 131

Zienruss. German. Pinus Cembra. Swiss Stone Pine - - 295

ZiMBRO. Portnijuesc. Juniperus communis. Common Juniper - 131

Zirijelnuss-Kiefer. German. Pinus Cembra. Swi?s Stone Pine 295

Zwittertannen. German. Cunninghamia - - - 76

the end.

TlII.LINii A.NU SONS, rUIXTlillS, CiVII.DFORD, .SUUEUy.

CATALOGUE

CONIFERS, AMERICAN PLANTS, ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, ETC,

CULTIVATED FOR SALE BY

ANTHONY AVATERER,

KNAPHILL NURSERY,
WOKING, SURREY.

AMERICAN PLANTS.

The Knaphill Nursery is the most extensive, as it is the oldest
establishment in England in which the cultivation of American Plants
has been made a speciality. At the present moment its extent ex-
ceeds 200 acres, of which more than 60 acres are allotted to the
cultivation of American Plants alone. The beds and borders devoted
to this class of plants extend over miles in length, and contain the
largest quantity of the finest plants to be met with in this country, or
in Europe. A visit, which is earnestly solicited, will prove this to be
no mere assertion.

In a general way, all American Plants may be said to delight in
and to require, what is called peat soil, and it was at one time be-
lieved that they would not thrive in any other. Experience how-
ever, proves the contrary, and it is now found that Rhododendrons
the most important of them all, as well as other of the more vio-orous-
habited plants, thrive in almost any soil that doe not contain Hme.
In many sandy loams they grow with as much vigour and luxuriance
as they do in peat, and almost any loamy soil, free from lime or
chalk, may be rendered suitable for them by a liberal admixture of
leaf-mould, or any fibrous material, such as the parings of pasture
land. When the soil is poor, a moderate dressing of farm-yard ma-
nure may be occasionally applied with advantage. Cow-dung, in a
thoroughly decayed state, forms one of the best manures for these
plants.

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

American Plants.

RHODODENDRONS.

These fine evergreens, with their magnificent flowers, are un-
equalled for the decoration of pleasure grounds. The stock in this
nursery is of the finest quality, and almost of boundless extent.
Nearly the whole of the large Standard Rhododendrons planted in
Rotten Row, Hyde Park, were supplied from here ; and the Exhibi-
tions of Rhododendrons held annually in the Royal Horticultural
Garden, South Kensington, consist entirely of specimen plants se-
lected from the Knaphill collection.

HARDY SCARLET, WHITE, AND OTHER
RHODODENDRONS.

We supply selections of Rhododendrons at from J[^^ to J^\o
per loo. The plants are healthy and bushy, and such as may be
planted out in any situation at once. They comprise varieties of
nearly all shades of colour. Many of them are from layers, and we
believe that they are altogether the best plants ever offered by any
nurseryman. We shall gladly send samples on application, that
being the only possible way of giving a correct idea of the value of
the plants, a mere statement of height being, in such cases, utterly
delusive.

Purchasers of Rhododendrons who may be unacquainted with
the different kinds by name, and who are willing to leave the selection
to us, may depend on receiving those sorts only which after many
years' observation we have found to be the most showy, and certain
to thrive under ordinary treatment. A descriptive list of the kinds
will be forwarded on application.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.

The cheapest of all Rhododendrons, being raised from seed in
large quantities. It is less particular as to soil than most other sorts,
and is extensively planted in game preserves, being never eaten by
hares or rabbits, however numerous they may be. We are prepared
to supply it at the following rates : —

PoNTicuM (^Common), nice, well-rooted, and stout plants 15^. per 100.

— ditto, about i ft. 21X, „

— ditto, 12 to 18 in. - - - - 30J. and 42 j. „

— larger plants, 6j-., 9^-., \2S., and iSj, per dozen.

STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.

Of these noble plants we possess much the finest specimens
anywhere to be found, and in much larger numbers than in any
other nursery. Many of them are from twenty to forty years of
age, and have compact well-balanced heads measuring from 15 feet
to 30 feet in circumference.

WHEN IN FLOWER THESE ARE OBJECTS OF WONDERFUL BEAUTY.

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

American Plants.

HARDY AZALEAS.

Of all hardy flowering shrubs, none perhaps afford such a variety'
in colour as Azaleas, for ahnost every shade of pink, white, yellow,
orange, and scarlet is to be found amongst them ; and as they gene-
rally flower in great profusion, and are, many of them, deliciously
scented, they deserve to be universally planted. They are, more-
over, perfectly hardy, and will flourish wherever Rhododendrons are
grown. i2s. to 30s. per dozen.

All other generally termed American Plants, such as Kalmeas,
Andromedas, Heaths, are largely grown. Detailed and priced Cata-
logues on application.

CONIFERS AND TAXADS.

The stock of Conifers at Knaphill is as fine as anything of its
kind in this country. All the plants are growing in the open ground,
and are thoroughly healthy and well-rooted, not having been in-
juriously affected by pot-culture. They are handsome and symme-
trical specimens ; and all are removable with safety. Purchasers of
fine specimens would do well to pay us a visit.

We reserve the right of applying Special Prices to Special Plants.

ABIES. — Spruce Fir. s.
Albertiana (Merten-
siana), 2| to 3 ft.

perdoz. 18

— 8 to 12 ft. per doz.

42s. to 84
A tree with some-
thing the aspect of
the Hemlock Spruce,
but more gracefully
pendulous.
CANADENSIS (Hemlock
Spruce), 3, 4, 5, to
7 ft., each IS. 6d. to 5
DOUGLASII, I to i\ ft.

per 100 50

— 2, 3, & 4 ft.

per doz. i8s. to 30
One of the no-
blest and most beau-
tiful of the Firs.

ABIES— continued. s. d-

EXCELSA (Common
Spruce), i-|- to 2 ft.,
stout per 100, 8s. to 12 6

— 4, 5, and 6 ft., hand-
some, per doz. 9s. to 18 o

— ClanbrasilianaI

— compacta I each

— Gregoryana I 36

PYGMiEA I to

PUMILA I 21 O

PYRAMIDALIS I

— Renaulti 5s. each.

Varieties of the
common Spruce Fir,
of dwarf or pigmy
habit.

— INVERTA (Weeping
Spruce) - - each 5 o

— MONSTROSA - ,, 5 O

FIRMA each 3$. 6d. to 5 o

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Co?iifers afid Taxads.

AB I ES — continued.

HOOKERIANA, I^ tO 2

ft. - - - - each

— 2 to 2| ft.

per doz. 30s. to

— 3 to z\ ft.

each 5s. to

Menziesii, 2, 3 to 4 ft.

per doz. 12s. to

NIGRA, 3 to 6 ft.

per doz. 12s. to
ORiENTALis, Small bed-
ded - - per 100

about 1 1 ft.

per doz.

— 3 to 4 ft. per doz.

42s. to

— 5 to 6 ft. - each

— 7 to 8 ft. each los.
6d. and upwards.

ORIENTALIS, lO, 12, tO

14 ft. high, 18 to
24 ft. in circum-
ference, magnificent
plants, 21s. each
and upwards.

A most elegant
tree, far too little
planted.
ARAUCARIA.

iMiiRiCATA (Chili Pine),
3 ft. - each 5s. to

— 4, 5, to 6 ft., each
I OS. 6d., 2 IS., and
upwards.

Some very fine
plants up to 10 ft.
high.
ARBOR VITyE. See

Thuja (/. lo).
BIOTA. See Thuja

(A ^o)-
CEDAR. Sec Cedrus.

(A4)-
CEDAR, JAPAN. Sec
Cryptomeria (/. 5).

d.

7 6

18

60

CEDAR, WHITE. See

Cham^cvparis (/. 4).
CEDRUS.— Cedar.
atlantica {Africana,
argentea), 2 ft.

per doz.

— 3 ^t- - - per doz.

— 8 to 10 ft. each

7s. 6d. to
The African Ce-
dar is of rapid
growtli, with a re-
markably silvery as-
pect.
Deodara.

— 6 to 9 in. per 100

— I to 1^ ft. per 100

50s. to 100
18

30
42

— I ^ to 2 ft. per doz.

— 2I to 3 ft. „

— 31 to 4 ft.
LiBANi (Cedar of Le-
banon), 2^ to 3 ft.

per doz. 30s to 42

— larger, up to 8 ft.

per doz. 60s. to 120
CEPHALOTAXUS.
Fortunei, male and
female, nice plants

per doz 30s. to 42
Evergreen trees
inhabiting China and
Japan, wonderfully
hardy and free-grow-
ing, and deserving
of universal cultiva-
tion.
CHAM^CYPARIS.— ;
White Cedar.
SPH/EROIDEA per doz. iS

— VARiEGATA per doz.

i8s. to 30

fnie specimens,

6 to 8 ft. high, and
10 ft. round, 7 s. 6d.

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Coni/hs a7id Taxads.

CHAM^CYPARIS— c-^//-

tiiiued. s.

to I OS. 6d. each, and
upwards.

— AUREA, new - each 5
CRYPTOMERIA.— Ja-
pan Cedar.

jAPONiCA each is. 6d.

to 3

LOBBII. 4 to 5 ft.

each 2S. 6d. to 3
This variety, also
called viridls, is of a
bright green colour.

ELEGANS, 2, 3, and 4
ft. - each IS. 6d. to 3

A very elegant
plant, quite distinct
in appearance from
C. japonica, its fo-
liage and young
growth changing to
a brownish-purple in
winter, but becoming
green again in sum-
mer. It is quite
hardy.
CUPRESSUS.— Cypress.

Lawsoniana. I to li
ft. - - - per 100 50

• — 4 to 5 ft. per doz. 30

— 5 to 6 ft. „ 42

ARGENTEA, 2^ to 3

ft. - - - - each 3

larger, up to 5 ft.

5s. to 10
This very distinct
and beautiful va-
riety, which is re-
markable not only
for the silvery glau-
cous hue of its foli-
age but also for its
graceful habit, has
been awarded Three
First Class Certifi-

CU PRESS \JS>— continued.
cates ; viz., at the
Royal Horticultural
Garden, at the Royal
Botanic Garden, and
at the Crystal Pa-
lace.

LAWSONIANA ERECTA
VIRIDIS, 1 5 ft., good

plants - per doz.

2 ft, good plants

per doz.

■ 3 ft., good plants

each

— — ■ some splendid

plants, 4, 5, and 6 ft.

high, I OS. 6d. to 21s.

each, and upwards.

This Cypress,
raised here, is, there
is no doubt, one of

THE finest HARDY
EVERGREENS IN EX-
ISTENCE. It every
year increases in
beauty, and we do
not believe there is
an evergreen which
is so universally and
deservedly admired.
It is purchased, with-
out exception, by
every one who sees
it growing in our
nursery. We quote
the following des-
cription from the
Gardener's Chroni-
cle: "It is one of
the finest — ay, one
of the very finest —
hardy coniferous
evergreens which has
been introduced to
our gardens. Its nar-
row, erect, almost

18

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Conifers and Taxads.

CUPRESSUS— ^^«//«?^^//. s.
columnar mode of
growth, is quite un-
approached for sym-
metry and beauty by
any other plant we
know, while the
slender ramifications
of its close-set com-
pact branches and
branchlets give it a
degree of refinement
which is not seen in
any other variety.
This Knaphill Cy-
press, though dense
as an Irish Yew, is,
moreover, green to
the very stem. We
have ourselves
watched this plant
for several seasons^
and can bear testi-
mony to the fact,
that it is utterly un-
affected both as to
vitality and hue by
the severest frosts."
It has been de-
corated with the
Royal Horticultural
Society's First Class
Certificate.

— GRACILIS, about 3

ft. - - each 2

4 to 5 ft. each

3s. 6d. to 10
A plumy-growing
variety of remark-
able elegance, which,
when more generally
known, will entirely
supersede the com-
mon form.

— LUTEA - - each

los. 6d. to 21

d.

d.

C\5Y^Y.'S&V%— continued, s.
This is doubtless
far away the finest
golden Conifer yet
introduced to our
gardens.
Lawsoniana nana,

per doz. i8s. to 42 o

alba nana each lo 6

This is a very dis-
tinct and well pleas-
ing variety.
INIACRGCARPA (or Lam-
bertiana), i|- ft.

per doz. 12 o

— 3 to 4 ft. per doz.

i8s. CO 30 o
CYPRESS. See Cupres-

sus (/. 5.)
CYPRESS, DECIDU-
OUS. See Taxo-

DIUM (/. 9).

DACRYDIUM.

Franklinii (Huon

Pine) - - - each 2 6
FIR, SPRUCE. See

Abies (p. 3).
FIR, SILVER. See

Pice A (p. 7).
JUNIPERUS.— Juniper.
chinensis (Chinese
Juniper),

— 4 to 5 ft. per doz.

iSs. to 30 o

— 6 to 7 ft.

each 3s. 6d. to 5 o

— 7 to 8 ft.

each 7s. 6d. to 10 6

— very fine plants, 10
to 15 ft. high, each
2 IS. and upwards.

One of the hard-
iest and most beau-
tiful evergreens in
cultivation, being of
free growth, of an

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Conifers and Taxads.

JUNIPERUS— r^/z//«?/^^. s. d.
elegant pyramidal
habit, and of a bright
green colour. The
pollen-bearing, or
male plants are par-
ticularly attractive
when in flower.

— AUREA - - each 21 o

COMMUNIS HIBERNICA,

3 to 4 ft., •

per doz. i8s. to 30 o

— COMPRESSA - each 2 6

— SUECICA (Swedish
Juniper), 2 to 3 ft.

per doz. 18 o

JAPONICA ALBO-VARIE-

GATA, nice plants

per doz. 30 o

RECURVA „

DENSA „ 18 O

viRGiNiANA (Red Ce-
dar), 3, 4, 5, 6, to 7
ft., all finely rooted,
per doz. 9s., 12s.,

1 8s. and 42 o

— HUMiLis - - each 5 o

GLAUCA - - „ 26

PENDULA - - „ 26

Sabina (Savin)

per 100, 50s. to 75 o

— very strong per doz.

I2S. to 18 o

— prostrata per doz. 18 o
— TAMARisci folia, per

doz. I2S. to 18 o
SQUAMATA per doz. 18 o

TRIPARTITA, „ 30 O

LARCH. See L.\rix.
LARIX —Larch.

EUROP.EA PENDULA

(Weeping Larch),

each 5$. to 7 6
The branches are
very long and grace-
fully pendulous, pro-

d.

LARIX — continued. s.

ducing a weeping
character.
K.«MPFERi (Golden

Larch) - - - each 21 o
LIBOCEDRUS.

DECURRENs (Thuja gi-
gantea of gardens)

I ft. per 100 50 o

— i^ to 2 ft. per doz. 18 o

— 3 to 4 ft. per doz.

30S. to 42 o

— 5 ft. - - per doz. 60 o

A fine columnar
evergreen tree, hardy,
elegant, and free-
growing.
PICEA.— Silver Fir.
Noble evergreen
trees. P. Pinsapo,
Nordmanniana No-
bilis, lasiocarpa, and
magnifica are the
finest and most dis-
tinct, and are worth
planting everywhere.
CEPHALONICA per doz.

i8s. to 30 o
firma each 3s. 6d. to 5 o
LASIOCARPA (Parsonii),

— seedlings, in pots

per doz. 18 o

— 3 to 4 ft. each

7s. 6d. to 10 6

— splendid specimens,
5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 ft.
high, each 21s. and
upwards.

A grand tree,
handsome, and dis-
tinct, and perfectly
hardy.
MAGNiFic-\ (nobilis ro-
busta),

— seedlings, 2 to 3 ft,

each 7$. 6d. 10 6

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Conifers and Taxads.

PICEA — continued. s. d.

— 3 to 5 and 6 ft.

2 IS. to 63 o
We have hundreds
of this, certainly one
of the handsomest of
all the Firs.
NOBiLis, 9 in. per 100 50 o

— I ft. - per doz. i8s.,

per 100 100 o

— 2 to 3 ft. - per doz.

30s. to 60 o

— 4, 5» 7> 8, to 10 ft.
high, by 8 to 15
ft. in circumference,
IDS. 6d. to 42s. and
upwards.

NORDMANNIANA,

li to 2 ft.

per doz. iSs. to 30 o
3, 4, 5> 6, to 8 ft.
3s. 6d. to 2 IS. and
upwards.

— splendid specimens,
10 to 15 ft. high.

PiNSApo, li ft., per 100 100 o

— 2 ft. - - per doz. 24 o

— 3. 4, to 5 ft.

each 3s. 6d. to 10 6

— 7, 8, to 10 ft.

each 21s. to 105 o
One of the most
distinct and hand-
some of the Silver
Firs.
PINE. &^PiNUS.
PINUS.— Pine Tree.
AUSTRiACA (Austrian
Pine),

— I ft., stout, per 1,000 40 o

— I to \\ ft. per 100 80

— about 2 ft. 210

Robust, hardy,
and of rapid growth,
this is an invaluable
tree. As a shelter

d.

PINUS — continued.

by the sea, or in
smoky localities, it
has no equal.

BEttJTHAMIANA, 2 ft.

per doz. 30 o
BUNGEANA (L a c e-

barked Pine), each 3 6
Cembra (Swiss Pine),

2, 3, and 4 ft..

per doz. i8s. to 30

DENSi FLORA - each 5 o

EXCELS A, I to 1 1 ft.,

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

INSIGNIS - - I2S. to 30 O

Lambertiana, I \ ft.

each 5 o
Laricio (C o r s i c a n

Pine), i| ft. per 100 10 o

Equally valuable
with P. austriaca.
This tree is not eaten
by rabbits.
macrocarpa - - each 5 o

MONTICOLA, l| ft. „ 26

— 5 to 6 ft. -~ - „ 5 o

MUGHO - - - „ 16

PUMILIO - - - „ 16

PVRENAICA

each IS. 6d. to 3 6
Strobus pumila ) ea. 3s. 6d.

SYLVESTRIS PUMILA / tO lO 6

Two very remark-
able dwarf bushy
forms of the Pine
tree, the latter re-
lated to the Scotch
Pine, the former to
the Weymouth.
RETINOSPORA.

ERICOIDES

per doz. 9s., 12s. to 18 o

A small pyramjidal
glaucous green shrub,
turning purple in
winter.

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Conifers and Taxads.

RETINOSPORA—

s.

d

continued.

FiLicoiDEs - - each

5

0

FILIFERA - - - „

2

6

Remarkably ele-

gant, with long, slen-

der, pendent branches

Keteleerii

each IS. 6d. to

3

6

LEPTOCLADA

each IS. 6d. to

3

6

LYCOPODIOIDES

each 3s. 6d. to

10

6

OBTUSA, i^ ft. per doz.

12

0

— 3 to 5 ft.

per doz. 30s. to

42

0

— 8 to 10 ft.

each 5s. to

10

6

OBTUSA AUREA - each

3

6

NANA AUREO-VARIE-

GATA, each 3s. 6d. to

10

6

ALBO-VARIEGATA

each

3

6

PISIFERA, 3 to 5 ft,

per doz. i8s. to

42

0

— 6 to 10 ft. each

3s. 6d. to

10

6

— ARGENTEA - - Cach

2

6

■ — AUREA each i s. 6d. to

0

6

PLUMOSA - IS. 6d. to

3

6

. — AUREA, nice plants,

per xoo,

[OO

0

— — lift, stout

per doz.

30

0

2 ft. - -

42

0

SALISBURIA.— Mai-

denhair Tree.

adiantifolia, s t a n-

dards, 6 to 8 ft., per doz.

30

0

each

3

6

SCIADOPITYS.

VERTiciLLATA (Um-

brella Pine), nice

plants - each 5s, to

21

0

TAXODIUM.

DiSTiCHUM (Deciduous

TAXODIUM— ^^«//////^./. s. d.
Cypress), 3 ft.

per doz. 12 o

— 8 to 12 ft. each

2s. 6d. to 7 6

— PENDULUM, 2 ft. each 2 6
4 to 8 ft.

each 5s. to 106
Certainly one of
the most beautiful of
deciduous trees, es-
pecially in autumn,
when the branches,
with their drooping
spray, appear to be
decorated with red
ostrich feathers.

SEMPERVIRENS

per doz. i8s. to .12 o
TAXUS.— Yew Tree.

ADPRESSA, lyft. per doz. iS o

— 2 to 3 ft. - - each 3 6

— large plants, 4 to
5 ft. high, and wide,
each I OS. 6d. and
upwards.

• — worked as standards,

very handsome.
BACCATA (Com m o n

English Yew),

Ho 2 ft.

per 100,
to 2\ ft.

;is. to 50

per 100, 50s. to 75

— 3 to 3i ft.

per 100, 1 00s. to 150

— 4 to 5 ft.

per doz. 24s. to 42

— 6, 7, to 8 ft. - each 5
to I OS. 6d. and upwards.

■ — a large number of
fine Yews, 9 to 1 5 ft.
high, with large
heads, and safe to
remove, each 15s.
and upwards.

lO

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Conifers a7id Taxads.

60

42

TAXUS — conti?med.

— A u R E A (Golden
Yew), ij to 3 ft.

per doz. 30s. to
We have the finest
stock of Golden Yews
to be met with in
any nursery. Many
are worked, and are
PYRAMIDAL in form,
with from 3 to 6 and
8 ft. of gold. We
have them also as
STANDARDS with glo-
bular heads of many
years' growth, and
quite unique.

BACCATA DOVASTONI

(Weeping Yew)
per doz. i8s. to
worked stan-
dards, each 2 IS. and
upwards.

— ELEGANTISSIMA I ft,

per doz.

1 1^ to 2 ft. per doz

standards, worked

on Irish and English,
very ornamental, ea.
73. 6d. and upwards.

— ERECTA (Upright
English Yew), 3 ft.

per doz.

5 to 6 ft. each

5 s. and upwards.

An elegant, small-
leaved, compact py-
ramidal shrub.

— ERicoiDES - - each

— MONSTROSA - cach

— FASTIGIATA (Irish
Yew), handsome
plants, 3 to 6 ft.

per doz. i8s. to

7 to 8 ft.

per doz. 84s. to 1 20

s. d.

s. d.

30

18

60

i:AX\JS>—cojitinued.

FRUCTA-LUTEO (Yel-

low-berried Yew), 3

to 5 ft. - each 7 6
Covered inautumn
with bright orange-
yellow berries.
JAPONICA, i^ to 3 ft.,

each IS. 6d. to 5 o
THUJA.— Arbor Vit^.

Elwangeriana - each i 6
GiGANTEA. See Libo-

cedrus {p. 7).
LoBBii, 3 to 4 ft.

per doz. 18 o

— 4 to 5 ft. „ 30 o

— 6 to 7 ft. and as
much round,

each 3s. 6d. to 5 o

— magnificent plants,
8 to 1 2 ft. high, each
7s. 6d. and upwards.

occiDENTALis (Ameri-
can Arbor Vit^e), for
hedges, 3, 4, and 5
ft., per 100, 25s.,

50s. and 75 o

— 5 to 6 ft. - per 100 100 o

This is a famous
plant for making a
quick, good, perma-
nent, and cheap ever-
green hedge. It is
thoroughly hardy,
bears clipping well,
is of very rapid
growth, and is not
particular as to soil.
The hedges in our
nursery, which are
so generallyadmired,
are composed of this
plant.

OCCIDENTALIS HoOK-

eriana (pygmaea) each 2 6
A dwarf pigmy

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

II

Conifers and Taxads.

TU.\J]A—confmued. s. (

form, analogous to
the dwarf forms of
Abies.
— LUTEA - - - each lo
— Vervaeneana

per doz. i8s. to 30
A distinct kind,
with foHage of a yel-
lowish hue in winter.
ORiENTALis (Chinese
Arbor Vitce : Biota),

per doz. 12s. to 18

— ]aurea, i| -per 100 100

per doz. 18

2 ft. high, 3 to 4

ft. in circumference,

per doz. 30s. to 42

numbers of fine

plants, 3, 4, 5 to 6 ft.
high, from 12 to 15
ft. in cirumference,
the oldest and finest
specimens to be
found in any nursery,
from I OS. 6d. each
and upwards.

This beautiful
dwarf growing dense
shrub, the young
growths of which,
in spring, put on a
beautiful golden
green hue, originated
in this nursery.
elegantissima, nice
plants, I to 1 1 ft.

per doz. 18

i^ to 2 ft. per doz. 30

fine specimens

each 7s. 6d. to 21
Another beautiful
form of golden Ar-
bor Vitaj, more erect
and columnar than
aurea.

THUJA— mitmiied. s. d.

— SEMPER aurea, cach 7 6
per doz. 60s. to 84 o
This is of the same
habit as the well-
known Thuja aurea;
it retains its beautiful
golden hue through-
out the year. We
have proved it, and
recommend it as one
of the most distinct
and beautiful plants
in cultivation.
pendula (Biota) each 2 6
plicata, 3 ft. per doz. 18 o

— 4 ft. per doz. 30s. to 42 o
TATARICA (Biota : pyra-

midalis), 3 ft. per doz. 18 o
Warreana, stout plants,

\\ to 2 ft., per 100, 50 o
per doz. 6s. to 12 o
^ft.
per doz. 9s. to 1 2 o

— 3 to 4 ft.
per doz. i8s. to 30 o

This is by far the
hardiest and best of
the Arbor Vitses.
There is probably no
more useful ever-
green grown.
Zaccariniana

each 3s. 6d. to 7 <^
THUJOPSIS.

BOREALis (Cupressus
nutkaensis), 2 to 2\ ft.

per doz. 18 o

— 3 to 4 ft.
per doz. i8s. to 30 o

_ 5 to 6 ft.

per doz. 42s. to 60 o

— 7 to 8 ft., and 10 to
12 ft. in circumfe-
rence, each 7 s. 6d.
and upwards.

— 2\ to

12

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Conifers ami Taxads.

THUJOPSIS— ^^;///////^//,

DOLABRATA

per doz. 30s. to

— ■ VARIEGATA

per doz. 30s. to
LiETEViRENS - - each

Standishii each

WELLINGTONIA.

The Big Tree or
Mammoth Tree of
the Americans, and
one of the most re-

Co

60
3

5

d.

WELLINGTONIA— s.

continued.

markable evergreen
trees yet introduced.

gigantea, stout plants,

per JOG 100

— I ^ to 2 ft. per doz. 30

— 4 to 5 ft.

each 7s. 6d. to 10

— 6, 7, 8 to 9 ft.

each 2 IS. to 63
YEW. ^•^^Taxus (/>. 9).

HARDY ORNAMENTAL AND
FLOWERING TREES.

Here will be found many plants which furnish masses of beautiful
flowers, either in the early spring months or later in the year. When
to these flowers are added the varied tints assumed by the foliage of
the diff"erent species, especially in spring and autumn, it will be evi-
dent that such trees are invaluable for brightening up the sombre
masses which evergreens alone, and Conifers in particular, are apt
to present.

ACACIA. See Robinia s. d.

(A 19)-
ACER.— Maple.

COLCHICUM RUBRUM,

per doz. 12s. to 30 o
In this handsome
tree the young leaves
are crimson.
Negundo (Ash-leaved
Maple), 7 to 9 ft.

per doz. 6s. to J 2 o
— variegatum, dwarfs,
per doz. Cs. to 9s. and 1 2 o

standards

per doz. 18s. to 42 o

One of the most

strikingly beautiful

of variegated trees,

remarkably effective

ACER — continued. s. d.

when growing inter-
mixed with dark co-
loured evergreens,
and equally attrac-
tive in masses on the
lawn, or in the
shrubbery.

platanoides (Norway

Maple), 7 to 8 ft.

per ioo, 21s. to 30 o
— fine trees, 10 to 15

ft., - per doz. i8s. to 42 o

LACINIATUM (Eaglc's

Claw or Kite's Claw
Maple), - per doz. iS o

PLATANOIDES LoRBER-

Gii, 5s. each

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

13

Ornamental and Flowcrimr Trees.

ACER — continued. s. d.

PLATANOIDES SCHWED-

LERii, - - - each 5 o

rOLVMORPHUM ATRO-
PURPUREUM.

DISSECTUM.

PALMATIFIDUiM.

— ROSEA MARGINATUM.

SANGUINEA. - Cach 5 O

Pseudo-Platan US (Sy-
camore), 7 to 8 ft.

per 100, 2 IS. to 30 o

— fine trees, lo to i6 ft.,

per doz. i8s. to 60 o

— purpureum

per doz. 6s. to 1 2 o

fine standards,

12 to 14 ft.,

each 5 s. to 7 6

ALBO-VARIEGATUBI

per doz. I2S. to 30 o
RUBRUM (Scarlet Ma-
ple), 6 to 8 & 10 ft,

per doz. 6s. to 30 o
SACCHARiNUM (Sugar

Maple), 5 ft. per doz. 6 o
STRIATUM (Snake-bark

Maple), 4 ft. per doz. 6 o

TATAR I CUM, 5 ft.

per doz. 6 o

^SCULUS.— Horse
Chestnut.

HiPPOCASTANUM, 3 tO

4 ft. - - per 100 So

— 6 to 8 ft.

per 100, 30s. to 50 o

— 8 to 10 ft., stout

per 100, ioos. to 150 o

— fine trees, lo to
15 ft, - per doz.

30S. to 84 o

— flore-pleno,

each Ts. 6d. to 26

10 to 14 ft, fine

trees with good
heads, 30s. to 60s.

M^Z\5\.V$>— continued. s. d.
per doz. and up-
wards.

More beautiful
even than the com-
mon form, on ac-
count of the longer
duration of the blos-
soms.

RUBICUNDA ROSEA

(Scarlet Horse Chest-
nut), 5 to 6 ft

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

10 to 12 and 15

ft., fine handsome
trees, with large
heads, 3s. 6d., 5s. to
7 s. 6d. each and up-
wards.
AILANTUS.— Tree of
the Gods.

GLANDULOSA, 4 tO 6 ft

per doz. 6 o
— 8 to lo ft

per doz. i8s. to 42 o
ALDER. See Alnus

(/• 13)-
ALMOND. See AuYG-

DALUS (/. 13).

ALNUS.— Alder.

glutinosa laciniata

each I 6

IMPERIALIS ASPLENI-

FOLIA LACINIATA

each I 6
The leaves of this
variety are very ele-
gantly cut.
AMELANCHIER.
BoTRYAPiUM (Snowy
Mespilus),

Small - per doz. 6 o
Larger - - ., iS o

FLORIDA - - „ 10 o

AMYGDALUS.—
Almond.

14

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Ornametital and Flowering Trees.

AMYGDALUS— ^(^^///w^^-^.
COMMUNIS (Common s. d.
Almond), standards

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

COMMUNIS MACROCAR-

PA, Standards,

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
Persica flore-pleno
(Double-fld. Peach),

per doz. 12s. to iS o

CAMELLI^FLORA

(Camellia-fld. Peach),

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

— DIANTHIFLORA (Car-

nation-fld. Peach)

per doz, 12s. to 18 o
APPLE. 5^^Pyrus {p. 18).
ARALIA.

CANESCENS (japonica)

each I 6

— 4 to 5 ft.

each 2S. 6d. to 3 6
ASH. See Fraxinus

(/. 16).
ASH, MOUNTAIN. See

Pyrus (/. 18).
ASPEN. See Populus

(/• 17)-
BEECH. &^Fagus (/. 15).
BETULA.— Birch.

ALBA (Silver Birch), 6

to 8 ft., - per 100 21 o

— 8 to 10 ft.

per 100, 30s. to 50 o

— 10 to 15 ft.

per doz. i8s. to 30 o

— CRISPA ,, i8s. to 30 o

FASTIGIATA - Cach 2 6

A new and very
fine variety of Birch,
as upright in growth
as a Lombardy Pop-
lar.

INCISA PENDULA (Cut-

leaved Weeping Birch),

per doz. i8s, to 24 o

d.

42

7 6

7 6

each

B ETU L A — conti?iued.

One of the most
beautiful weeping
trees in cultivation.
Pendula (Weeping
Silver Birch), fine
standards per doz.

PENDULA ElEGANS,

each 3s. 6d. to

— PENDULA YOUNGII

(Young's New Weep-
ing Birch),

each 3s. 6d. to
A very distinct,
desirable, and pic-
turesque tree.

BeTULA PURPUREA.

(Purple Birch)

each I OS. 6d. to
BIRCH. See Betula

(/. 14).
CALOPHACA.

WOLGARICA -

CARAGANA.

Standards, of sorts.

per doz.
CASTANEA.— Chest-
nut.
VESCA (Spanish Chest-
nut), 8 to 10 ft., fine
per doz. i8s. to

VESCA ASPLENIFOLIA

(heterophylla laci-
niata), up to 7 or 8
ft, - per doz. i8s. to

— cucullata, P y r a-
mids, fine, - per doz. 42 o

— aureo-variegata
(Golden Variegated
Spanish Chestnut),

per doz. 1 8s. to ^2 o
CATALPA.

SVRINGi€FOLIA, 5 tO 6

ft., - per doz. 6s. to 12 o

— standards

per doz. iSs. to 42 o

42

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

15

Ornamental and Flozveriti^ Trees.

CATALPA — continued. s. d.

— AUREA, fine plants,

each 3s. 6d. to 5 o
A decorative tree
of great merit.
CERASUS.— Cherry.
Mahaleb variegata

each I 6
Padus (Bird Cherry)

per doz. 6 o
Cerasus pumila pen-

DULA - per doz. 18 o
sinensis roseo-plena

each I 6
Handsome double
rose-coloured flowers.

VULGARIS FLORE-PLENO

(Double - blossomed
Cherry), standards
and dwarfs

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
Watererii - - each 2 6
CHERRY. See Cera-
sus {p. is).
CHESTNUT. ^.?^Cas-

tanea (/.14).
CHESTNUT, HORSE.
See ^scuLUS {p. 13).
and Pavia (/. 17).
CRAB. See Pyrus {p. 18).
CRAT^GUS.— Thorn.
Oxyacantha

— PENDULA (Weeping
Thorn),

per doz. i8s. to 30 o

— puNicEA (Scarlet
Thorn),

per doz. 12s. to iS o

PUNICEA FLORE-

PLENO NOVA, dwarfs
and standards,

per doz. 12s. to iS o
This new Double
Crimson Thorn, is a
most valuable acqui-
sition.

d.

CRAT^GUS—

continued. s.

— multiplex (Double
White Thorn), 4 ft.
and upwards,

per doz. 12s. to iS o

— FLORE-PLENO (Dou-
ble Pink Thorn), 4
ft. and upwards

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

MANY OTHER ORNA-
MENTAL KINDS.

CYTISUS.
Laburnum (Common
Laburnum), standards

per doz. 12s. to 30 o

— AutumnaHs (Au-
tumn flowering) \ ,

-Curled Leaf Per doz.

-Weeping Y\f

Sweet Scented I '^ ^
Scotch )

alpinus (Scotch La-
burnum), standards

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

— PURPURASCENS (Pur-
ple Laburnum), stan-
dards,

per doz. 12s. to iS o
Watererii (Waterer's
Laburnum),

per doz. i8s. to 30 o
Raised here many
years ago, and un-
doubtedly the finest
of all the Labur-
nums, being remark-
able for the large
clusters of its showy
bright yellow flowers.
ELM. See Ulmus.
FAGUS.— Beech.

FERRUGINEA LATIFOLIA

(Chestnut-lea V e d
Beech),

per doz. i8s. to 42 o

i6

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

FAGUS — cont'umcd. s.

SYLVATiCA (Common
Beech), 8 to jo ft,
fine per doz. i8s. to 30
■ — PURPUREA (Purple
Beech), 3 to 4 ft.

per doz. 6s. to 12

.6 to 8 ft.

per doz.'iSs.'^to 30

10 to 14 ft.

per doz. 42s. to 120

— PEXDULA (Weeping
Beech),

per doz. 42s. to^ 84

— HETEROPHYLLA

(Cut-leaved Beech)

per doz. i8s. to 42

ASPLENIFOLIA(Fern-

leaved Beech)

per doz. i8s. to 42

— CRiSTATA (Crested

or Curled-leaved
Beech),

per doz. iSs.'to 42
1-RAXINUS.— Ash.

EXCELSIOR AUCUB.-E-

rOLiA, Standards

per doz. iSs. to 30

— AUREA, Standards,

per doz. i8s. to 30

AUREA RENDU LA

(Gold-barked
Weeping Ash)
per doz.
i8s., 30s., 42s. to 60

EXCELSIOR LACINIATA,

Standards,

per doz. i8s. to 30

— PENDULA (Weeping
Ash), fine tall stems

per doz. 42s. to 84

JUGLANDI FOLIA (Wal-

nut-leaved or Green
Ash), standards,

per doz. i8s.'to 30
o R N u s (Flowering

Ornavienial and Floivermg Trees.
s. d.

FRAXINUS— r^^/Z/zwd-r/. s. d.
Ash), standards,

per doz. i8s. to 30 o

AND OTHER SORTS.

GLEDITSCHIA.

TRIACANTHOS (Honey
Locust, or Three-
thorned Acacia), 5
to 6 ft. per doz. 6s. to 1 2 o
SINENSIS, 5 to 6 ft.

per doz. 6s. to 12 o
GYMNOCLADUS.

CANADENSIS

each IS. 6d. to 3 6
HALIMODENDRON.

ARGENTEUM - - each 2 6

HAWTHORN. See
Crat^gus (/. 15).

JUGLANS.— Walnut.

MACROPHYLLA - - each 5 o
REGiA (Common Wal-
nut), 4 ft. - per doz. 6 a

— 6 to 7 ft.

per doz. 9s. to 1 2 o
— 'fine standards

per doz. 42s. to 60 o

— LACINIATA (Fern-
leaved Walnut),

per doz. 42s. to 60 o
Distinct on ■ ac-
count of the cutting
or lobing of its foli-
age, which is deve-
loped in a very ir-
regular manner, the
result being hand-
somely divided fern-
like leaves.

— PENDULA (Weeping
Walnut), each 7 6

KOLREUTERIA.

PANicuLATA - per doz. 6 o

— larger

per doz. i8s. to 30 o
LABURNUM. Sec
Cytisus (/. 15).

ANTHONY WATERER S CATALOGUE.

17

Ornamental and Flowering Trees.

LIQUIDAMBAR. j-.

STYRACIFLUA

per doz. 9s. to 18
A handsome tree,
the leaves of which
turn in autumn to a
deep purplish red.
LIME. .S^^ TiLiA (/. 17).
LIRIODENDRON.—
Tulip Tree,
tulipifera

per doz. 6s. to i8

— AUREO MACULATUM

each 5
LOCUST TREE. See

ROBINIA {p. 19).

MAGNOLIA.

TRIPETALA (Umbrella
Tree), 6 to 8 ft.

each 3s. 6d. to 5
MALUS. See Pyrus

(/• i8)-
MAPLE. See Acer

{p. 12).
MESPILUS. Sec Ame-

LANCHIER (/. 13).

NEGUNDO. ^^6' Acer

{p. 12).
NUTTALIA CERASSI-

FORMIS - each 2

See Prunus Californica

(/• 29)-
OAK. See Quercus

{pp. 19 and 29).
ORNUS. See Fraxinus

(/. 16).
PAULOVNIA.
imperialis

per doz. 12s. to 30
PAVIA. — Smooth Horse
Chestnut,
californica (Califor-

nian Buckeye), each i
flava (Yellow Horse
Chestnut), fine stan-
dards, each 2s. 6d. to 7

30

5°

PAVIA — confifiued. s.

Bears yellow flowers;

the decaying leaves

are also yellow.
MACROSTACHVA, perdoz. 18
PEACH. See Amygda-

LUS (/. 13).
PEAR. 6"^^ Pyrus (./. 18).
PLANE. See Platanus

(/■ 17)-
PLATANUS.— Plane.
occiDENTALis (aceri-
folia), 3 to 4 ft,

per 100

— 4 to 6 ft.

per 100, 40s, to

— fine, 10 to 15 ft,

per doz. 42s. to 120
Too much cannot
be said in praise of
this Plane as a town
tree.

ORIENTALIS, 8 tO 1 4 ft,

per doz., 12s. to
POPLAR. See Populus

(/■ 17).
POPULUS.— Poplar.
ALBA (Abele, or Silver
Poplar), 3 to 4 ft

per 100

— 7 to 8 ft.

per doz. 6s. to

ANGULATA (Carolina

Poplar) - - per doz.

balsamifera (Balsam

Poplar), 7 to 8 ft

per doz.

CANADENSIS NOVA, 5 ft

per 100

fine trees, i6 to

18 ft, each 3s. 6d. to
This is a new va-
riety of Poplar. We
have plants of it
three years old 15 ft.
to 20 ft high, and

84

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Ornamental and Flowering Trees.

POPULUS — continued. s. d.
stout in proportion.
It is the fastest grow-
ing tree we are ac-
quainted with.
CANDlCANS (Ontarian
Poplar), 7 to 8 ft.

per doz. 6 o

— fine trees, 12 to 15

ft, -per doz. 30s. to 42 o
FASTiGiATA (Lombardy
Poplar), 10 to 12 ft.

per doz. 6s. to 1 2 o

MONILIFERA (Black

Italian Poplar), 8 to

12 ft, per doz. 6s. to 12 o

A rapid growing
tree, which thrives
well in towns.
.TREMULA (Aspen)

per doz. 6s. to 1 2 o

— PENDULA (Weeping
Poplar),

per doz. i8s. to 84 o
PTELEA.

TRIFOLIATA

per doz. 12 s. to 18 o
PYRUS.
AucuPARiA (Mountain
Ash), 5 to 6 ft.

per 100, 8s. to 12 6

— 8 to 10 ft.

per 100, 30s. to 100 o

— larger, 12 to 15 ft,

per doz. i8s. to 42 o

— PENDULA (Weeping
Mountain Ash)

per doz. i8s. to 30 o
i" Fructu-Luteo (Yel-
low Mountain Ash),

per doz. 6s. to 1 2 o

10 to 12 ft.

per doz. i8s. to 30 o
HYBRiDA (Bastard Ser-
vice Tree), 7 to i o ft.

per doz. 12s, to 18 o

PYRUS — continued s. d.

Malus baccata (Scar-
let Siberian Crab)

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

Malus floribunda,

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
One of the most
brilliant of all spring-
flowering trees. It
is of moderate sta-
ture, and of rather
slender yet free
growth. Its long
flexible shoots are
covered from end
to end early in
May with blossoms,
which are of a rich
crimson outside, and
in the bud state re-
semble ropes of
cherries, while, being
white within, they
show, when ex-
panded, a beautiful
contrast of colour.
This tree is worthy
of a prominent place
in every garden, and
must charm every
one by its profuse-
ness of bloom, and
the brightness and
play of its colour-
ing ; a real gem.

PINNATIFIDA (Pinuati-
fied Service Tree), 7
to 10 ft - per doz. 18 o

salicifoll\ (Weeping),

per doz. 30s. to 42 o

SPECTACiLis (Chinese
Crab)

per doz. 12s. to iS o

— roseo-plena

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
A wonderfully

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE,

19

Ornamental and Flowering Trees.

PYRUS — continued. s. d.

beautiful spring-
flowering tree, the
branches of which,
when in bloom, may
be compared to
garlands of double
pink roses.
VESTITA (Sorbus)

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
QUERCUS.— Oak.
Cerris variegata
(Silver-Striped Tur-
key Oak) - - each 5 o

— PENDULA (Weeping
Turkey Oak), stan-
dards each 3 s. 6 d. to 7 6

cocciNEA (Scarlet Oak),

4 to 5 ft. - per 100 50 o

— 8 to 10 ft.

per doz. 12s. to 30 o

— fine stout trees, 1 2
to 15 ft.,

each 3s. 6d. to 5 o
The scarlet Oak
is a handsome free-
growing tree ; the
leaves turn to a
bright red in au-
tumn.
PALUSTRis (Pin Oak),

4 to 5 ft. - per 100 50 o

— fine standards, about
10 ft.

per doz. 30s. to 42 o

ROBUR CONCORDIA

(Golden Oak),

each 3s. 6d. to 7 6

— HETEROPHYLLA

(Fern-leaved Oak)

each 3s. 6d. to 5 o

— PENDULA (Weeping
English Oak),

each 5s. to 7 6

— NIGRA (Purple Oak),

each 5 s. to 7 6

ROBINIA.— Locust s. d.

Tree.
HispiDA (Rose Acacia),
each IS. 6d., per

doz. I2S, to 18 o
A beautiful low
tree, producing in
summer drooping
racemes of hand-
some deep rose-co-
loured flowers.

— GRANDIFLORA, each I 6

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
PsEUDACACiA (Com-
mon or False Aca-
cia), 6 to 8 ft.

per doz. 6s. to 9 o

— Bessoniana

per doz. 12s. to 30 o
A noble-looking
tree, remarkably vig-
orous, and more
densely leafy than
other kinds.

— Decaisneana,
each IS. 6d., per

doz. I2S. to 18 o

— PENDULA (Weeping
Acacia), standards

each 3s. 6d. to 5 o

— aurea (Golden Aca-
cia), standards each 3 6

— UMBRACULIFERA (in-

ermis : Parasol Aca-
cia), standards each 3 6
per doz. 42s. to 60 o

— viscosA (glutinosa)

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
SALIX.— Willow.
BABYLONicA (Weeping
Willow), standards

per doz. 12s. to 30 o

— MASCULA -

per doz. i8s. to 30 o
A distinct variety
of Weeping Willow.

2 — 2

20

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Ornamental and Flowering Trees.

SALIX C07itinued. s. d.

CAPREA PENDULA (Kil-

marnock Weeping

Willow) - per doz. 30 o

Daphnoides „ 30

lauri folia „ 3 o

purpurea PENDULA

(American Weeping
Willow),

per doz. i2s. to 30 o
REGALis - - per doz. 3 o
ROSMARiNiFOLiA per doz. 6 o
SERVICE TREE. See

Pyrus {p. 18).
SOPHORA.

jAPONiCA per doz. 6s. to 12 o

^ — PENDULA

per doz. 60s. to 84 o
One of the most
characteristic of all
weeping trees, and
one of the greatest
elegance and beauty.

— variegata

each 2s. 6d. to 3 6
SORBUS.— 6"^^ Pyrus

(/. 18).
SYCAMORE. &^AcEK

{p. 12).
THORN. See Crat^gus

(A 15)-
TILIA.— Lime.

ALBA (argentea)

— PENDULA, standards,

each 3s. 6d. to 7 6
This variety forms
a noble weeping tree.
EUROP/EA (Common Lime
Tree),

— 5 to 6 ft.

per 100, 30s. to 40 o

— 7 to 8 ft. - per 100, 50 o

— 8 to 10 ft.

per doz. 9s. to 1 8 o

— 1 o to 1 2 ft.

per doz. 24s. to 30 o

TILIA — continued. s. d.

— 15 to 16 ft.

per doz. 42s. to 84 o

— 16 to 20 ft., splen-
did trees, 7s. 6d. to
I OS. 6d. each.

A grand tree for
avenues, and for
open situations in
park scenery, and j
one which should
never be omitted in
the neighbourhood '
of country mansions.
Its fragrance is a
great recommenda-
tion.
TULIP TREK— ^-^r

LiRIODENDRON (/. I 7).

ULMUS.— Elm.

AMERICANA PENDULA

(Scampston Weeping

Elm) per doz. 30s. to 42 o

One of the finest
weeping trees.

CAMPESTRIS AUREA

(Golden Elm),

per doz. i8s. to 42 o
Very ornamental
as a standard.

CAMPESTRIS PENDULA

(fol. argent. Variega-

tus) - - per doz. 42 o

The New Varie-
gated Weeping Elm.

MONTANA PENDULA

(Weeping Elm),

per doz. 30s. to 120 o
A beautiful and
highly characteristic
tree.

— PURPUREA (Purple
Elm),

per doz. 6s. to i8s. & 30 o

GLABRA VEGETA (Chi-

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

21

ULMUS — contiimcd. s.

Chester or Hunting-
don Elm),
per doz. 6s. to 1 8s. & 30

The most vigour-
ous-growing of all the
Elms.

GLABRA MICROPHYLLA
VARIEGATA (Silvcr-

leaved Elm),
per doz. 6s. to i8s. & 30
> GUERNSEY, per doz. 6s. to 18

PLUMOSA „ 6s. to 18

Ornamental and Flowering Trees,
s. d.

ULMUS — continued. s.

SIBERIAN, per doz. 6s. to 18

WHEATLY „

OTHER SORTS.

VIRGILIA.

LUTEA, 5 to 6 ft
— 10 to 12 ft.

each %%
WALNUT

(/• 16).
WILLOW.

(/. 19).

6s. to 18

each
6d. to

^^<?JUGLANS

See Salix

d

Q

O

7 6

HARDY EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS
FLOWERING SHRUBS, &C.

These are plants in everyday demand. It is here that we find
the materials for planting shrubberies ; and from amongst this class
of plants the chief garniture of home pleasure-grounds has to be
sought.

AARON'S BEARD. s. d

See Hypericum (^. 26).
ALMOND, DWARF.
See Prunus (/. 29).
ARALIA. See also p. \\.
SiEBOLDii (true japo-

nica) - - - each 2 6
ARBUTUS.— Straw-
berry Tree.
Croomei

each 3 s. 6 d. to 5 o
Unedo (Common Ar-
butus),

each IS. 6 d. to 2 6
ARUNDINARIA.
FALCATA (Himalayan

Bamboo), - each i 6
jAPONiCA (Bambusa
Metake : Japanese
Bamboo) - per doz. t8 o

AUCUBA.— Japan s. d.

Laurel.
JAPONICA (vera)

per doz. i8s. to 42 o

— plants nicely set
with berries,

per doz. 30s. to 60 o

— worked on stems,
2 to 3 ft. high, with
nice heads covered
with berries, very
ornamental,

each I OS. 6d. to 21 o

— MACULATA, fine
bushy plants, i^ to 4
ft. high, per 100 ^5
to ^25,

per doz. 12s. to 84 o

plants nicely set

with berries,

each IS. 6d, to 10 6

22

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Shrubs.

AUCUBA — continued. s. d.

— MASCULA (Male)

per doz. 12s. to 30 o

— SEEDLINGS, nice
plants - per doz. 6 o

— larger, per 100^^5,

per doz. iSs. to 30 o
BAMBOO. See Arun-
DiNARiA and Bambusa.

(A 21).
BAMBUSA.— Bamboo.
Fortune: (Variegated

Bamboo) per doz. 18 o
BAY. See Laurus.

{pp. 27 and 28).
BERBERIDOPSIS.

CORALLINA - - each 2 6
BERBERRY, ^'.f^ Berberis.

{p. 22).
BERBERIS.— Berberry.
Jamesonii, per doz. 6 o
Aquifolium, I to i|
ft., stout and well
rooted
per 100, I2S. 6d. to 21 o

— picked bushes, larger,

per doz. 6s. to 1 2 o
Bealii, stout plants,

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
Allied to B. japo-
nica, which see.
Darwinii, 1, i^, and
2 ft., - per doz. 6s.,

1 28., and 18 o
DULCis - - per doz. 6 o

EMPETRIFOLIA „ 12 o

FoRTUNEi - - each i 6
jAPONicA, Stout plants,

per doz. 6 o

— larger per doz. 12s. to 18 o
NEUBERTii - per doz. 9 o

STENOPHYLLA - Cach I 6

VULGARIS (Common

Berberry), per doz, 6 o

— ATROPURPUREA

per doz. 12 o

BOX-EDGING s. d.

per 100 yards 50 o
BOX TREE. 5^^Buxus.

(/. 22).
BOX THORN. ^^^Ly-

CIUM (/. 28).

BROOM. See Cytisus

{/• 24).
BROOM, SPANISH.

See Spartium (/. 30).
BUDDLEA.

GLOBOSA - - each i o
BUXUS.— Box Tree.
BALEARIC A (Minorca

Box), per doz. 9s. to 18 o
SEMPERViRENS (Com-
mon Box), 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 to 7 ft. high,
per doz., 6s., 12s.,
1 8s., 30s., 42s. and
upwards.

— pyramids, up to 8 ft.

high, each los. 6d. to 42 o

— ARGENTEA (Silver-
striped Box)

pyramids, up to

8 ft. high

— AUREA (Gold-Striped
Box)

pyramids, up to

8 ft. high

For sizes and
prices of these two
varieties, see B. sem-
pervirens.

— LATI FOLIA NOVA

(New Broad-leaved

Box) each is. 6d. to 3 6

— VARIEGATA NOVA

(New Silver-striped

Box) each is. 6d. to 3 6

— MYRTi FOLIA (Myr-
tle-leaved Box), per
doz. 1 8s. to 42s. and
upwards.

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Shrubs.

CALYCANTHUS.—

Allspice. See also
Chimonanthus (/. 23)
FERTiLis - - each
FLORiDus (Carolina AU-

s. d.

spice - - - each

I

6

L^VIGATUS - - „

I

6

PRECOX - - - „

I

6

CEANOTHUS.

AZUREUS - - - „

2

6

GRANDIFLORUS - „

2

6

DIVARICATUS - „

I

6

CERASUS.— Cherry.

Laurocerasus. See

Common Laurel

(/• 27).

lusitanica. See Por-

tugal Laurel {/. 27).

VULGARIS FLORE-PLENO

(Double-fld. Cherry),
dwarfs - - each i
CERCIS.— Judas Teee.

SiLiQUASTRUM - each I
CHAM^ROPS.
FoRTUNEi (Chusan

Palm) - - each i
HUMILIS - - „ I

CHIMONANTHUS.

FRAGRANS (Calycanthus
praecox), - - each i
CHIONANTHUS.—
Snow Flower.
viRGiNiCA (Fringe Tree)

each I
CISTUS.

ladaniferus (Gum Cis-
tus), per doz. 9s. to 12

One of the most
splendid of flowering
shrubs, its white
flowers beingmarked
with rich crimson
spots at the base.
LAURiFOLius - per doz. 6

OTHER KINDS, in pOtS,

per doz. 6s., 9s. and 12

CLETHRA.

acuminata - - each

ALNIFOLIA - - „

COLUTEA— Bladder
Senna,
arborescens per doz.

— cruenta - ,,
PococKii (haleppica)

per doz.
COMPTONIA.
aspleni FOLIA (Fcm-
leaved Gale), - each
CORCHORUS. See

Kerria (/. 27).
CORNUS.— Dogwood,
alba (Scarlet Dogwood)
per doz.
per 100
Valuable in plant-
ing shrubberries, on
account of the
bright coral-red co-
lour of its bark.
MASCULA (Cornelian
Cherry) - per doz.

— VARiFGATA - each
siberica variegata „

CORYLUS.— Hazel.
Avellana

— purpurea

per doz. 12s. and
4 to 5 ft. i8s. to

— pendula - - each
COTONEASTER.

affinis - - each
MiCROPHYLLA per doz,
Simonsii - ,,
thymifolia „

Wheelerii „

CRAB. 5f^PYRUs(/. 18).

CRAT^GUS. See
also p. 15.
Pyracantha, in pots,
per doz.

— fructu-luteo (yel-
low-benied), per doz.

s. d.
I 6
I 6

6 o
6 o

r 6

4 o
21 o

6 o
I 6
I 6

18

3

I
6
6
6
6

12 o
12 o

24

ANTHONY WATERER^S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Shrubs.

CURRANT. \S^^RiEES

s.

d.

(A 30).

CYDONIA. See Pyrus

(A 29).

CYTISUS.

ALBUS (Portugal Broom)

per doz.

4

0

per 100

20

0

scoPARius (Common

Broom), strong and

well rooted per doz.

3

0

per 100

21

0

— PALLiDUS, in pots,

per doz. 6s. and

9

0

DAPHNE.

The flowers of

these pretty low

shrubs are remark-

ably fragrant.

Cneorum - - per doz.

12

0

— MAJOR - - „

18

0

— VARIEGATA - „

12

0

Mezereum (Red Me-

zereon),

per doz. 12s. to

18

0

— ALBA (White Me-

zereon),

per doz. 12s. to

18

0

PONTICA, strong

per doz. 12s. to

18

0

DKSFONTAINEA.

spiNOSA - - each

2

6

DKSMODIUM.

PENDULIFLORUM Cach

I

6

dp:utzia.

CANDIDISSIMA FI-. PL.

per doz.

9

0

CRENATA FLORE PLENO

per doz.

6

0

— FORTUNEI „

12

0

GRACiLLS - - each I

0

per doz

6

0

SCABRA each is., per doz

. 6

0

DIMORPHANTPIUS.

MANDCHURICUS

each IS. 6d. 1

03

6

DIMORPHANTHUS—

continued.

A hardy tree, with
palm-like habit, and
Aralia-like foliage.
EL^AGNUS.— Oleas-
ter,
japonica variegata
each
ELDER. &SAMBUCUS

U>- 30).
ESCALLONIA.

MACRANTHA, in potS,

per doz.

MONTEVIDENSIS, in potS,

each
RUBRA, in pots „
EUGENIA.

Ugni - - - each
EUONYMUS.— Spindle
Tree.
jAPONicus - per doz-

— LATIFOLIUS ALBO-

VARIEGATUS, per doz.

AUREO-VARIEGA-

Tus - - - per doz.
FLAVESCENS each

RADICANS VARIEGATUS

per doz.
EXOCHORDA.

(;randiflora (Spirrea
grandiflora), per doz.
FABIANA.

I M BRIG ATA - - each
FILBERT. See Cory-

LUS {p. 23).

FORSYTHIA.

FoRTUNEE - per doz.
Very free-growing
and of trailing habit,
like 7^ suspcnsa; will
rapidly cover a wall
from 10 to 20 ft. high.
SUSPENSA - - per doz.
A handsome pro-
fuse-flowering free-

iS

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

25

Hardy Shrubs.

FORSYTHIA— r^;/- s. ,

ti7iued.

growing trailing

shrub, perfectly

hardy.
viRiDissiMA, strong

per doz. 6s. and 9
FOTHERGILLA.

ALNiFOLiA - - each I
FRINGE TREE. See
Chionanthus {p. 23).
FURZE. &^Ulex(/. 31).
GALE. See Myrica

(/. 28).
GALE, FERN-LEAVED.
See CoMPTONiA {p. 23).
GARRYA.

ELLiPTiCA - - - each i
A handsome ever-
green shrub, suitable
for covering walls,
and very ornamen-
tal, from the pro-
fusion of its graceful
catkins, which are
often from 8 in. to i
ft. long, produced in
mid-winter.
GENISTA. 6'ffCYTisus

(/. 24).
GORDONIA.

LASIANTHUS - Cach 2

GUELDRES ROSE.

See Viburnum (/. 31).
HALESIA.

TETRAPTERA (SnOW-

drop Tree), - - each t
HAMAMELIS.— WvcH
Hazel.
VIRGINICA - - each i
HIBISCUS.

SYRiACUS (Althaea fru-
tex) of sorts,

per doz. 12s. and 18
— flore-pleno, of sorts,
per doz. 12s. and 18

Yil^l^Cy}^— continued. s.
The Althaea frutex^
is one of the most
ornamental of flow-
ering deciduous
shrubs, producing its*
large and beautifully-
coloured mallow-
like flowers in the
months of August
and September. It
grows well in smoky
districts, and is '
hence specially valu-
able. The double-
flowered varieties of
this are some of the
hnest of all the hardy
deciduous shrubs
which are cultivated
for the beauty of
their blossoms.

HOLLY. See Ilex
{pp. 26 and 27).

HONEYSUCKLE. See
Lonicera (/. )•

HYDRANGEA.

Otaksa - - - each

JAPONICA VARIEGATA „

A fine variegated-
leaved plant.
paniculata grandi-
FLORA, each is. 6d. to

A low, deciduous
shrub of a highly
ornamental charac-
ter, bearing great py-
ramidal panicles
I ft. in depth, and 2
ft. in circumference,
crowded with large
white flowers. It is
unquestionably one
of the finest hardy
deciduous plants
known.

d.

26

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Shrubs.

HYPERICUM.— St. s, d.

John's Wort.
CALYCiNUM (Aaron's

Beard), - per loo So

— nice clumps, per doz. 4 o

per 100 21 o
URALUM - - - each i o
ILEX.— Holly.

The first place
amongst ornamental
evergreen shrubs
must be given to the
Holly and its varie-
ties, of which the
finest stock of all
kinds and sizes to
be found in Europe
will be met with in
this nursery. All
the handsomer kinds
of Variegated Hol-
lies, from 3 ft. to 8
ft. or 10 ft. in height,
are here grown by
thousands. The

plants should be
seen, and the prices
obtained on the spot,
as it is impossible by
description to con-
vey any adequate
idea of the beauty of
the plants.

Green Hollies.
Aquifolium (Common
Green Holly), for
hedges, stout and
finely rooted, i.' ft.
high per 100 21s. to 25 o

— 2 to 2^ ft.

per 100 42s. and 63 o

— 3 to 3i ft.

per 100, 1 00s. to 150 o

— 4, 5, 6, 8 to 9 ft,
thousands of most
beautiful pyramids,

d.

ILEX — continued.

per doz. 24s. to 120s.,
and upwards.

— fine plants, 10, 12
to 14 ft. high, 15 to
20 ft, in circumfer-
ence, moved since
August last.

— ANGUSTIFOLIA.

— HoDGINSn.

— LAURIFOLIA.
MVRTIFOLIA.
SCOTICA.

These varieties of
Green Holly are re-
commended as being
among the most use-
ful and beautiful
hardy evergreens in
cultivation. We

have thousands of
them, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
to 8 ft. high, at from
42s. to 120s. per
doz., and upwards.
Aquifolium fructu-
LUTEG (Yellow-ber-
ried Holly), and
other sorts,

per doz. 30s. to 60 o
Variegated Hollies.
The best varieties from
2 to 3 ft. high,

per doz. i8s. to 30 o

— 4 to 5 ft. - per doz. 60 o

— 5, 6, to 8 ft., and 10
ft, 7s. 6d. to 21s.
each, and upwards.

Of the following
specially choice va-
rieties of Holly we
Tiave splendid Pyra-
midal Specimens,
by hundreds, all
finely-shaped and^
densely - furnished,

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

27

Hardy Shrubs.

ILEX— continued. s. d.

and which should
be seen to be appre-
ciated. They are
recommended as
being among the
choicest of plants for
winter gardens, ter-
race gardens, and
specimens on lawns : —
— Waterer's ^ dwarfs

— Golden Queen V and

— Silver Queen j pyramids

The following are
offered as magnifi-
cent Standard
Plants, with full
compact round well- .
balanced heads.
They have stems
from 5 to 6 ft. high,
and the heads mea-
sure from 6 to 10 ft.
in circumference,
and are so densely
clothed with foliage
that it is impossible
to see through them.
They are specially
adapted to form the
leading features of a
winter garden of
evergreens.
Aquifolium,

— Waterer's ~|

— Golden Queen V stands.

— Silver Queen j

— Perry's Weeping,
standards,

each IDS. 6d. to 21 o

— New Golden Weep-
ing - - - each 21 o

*^* Our stock of Specimen and
Standard Variegated Hollies is
superior to that in any other
Nursery, having for many

ILEX— continued. s. d.

years received special attention.
The variety called Waterer's
Holly originated here, and our
plants of both it and the Golden
Queen are altogether un-
matched, either as to size or
condition, or as to fitness for
removal.

IVY. See Hedera (/. 34).
JASMINE. See Jasmi-

NUM {/• 34)-

JUDASTREE. SeeC^R-

cis (/. 23).
KERRIA

JAPONICA VARIEGATA

each

— FLORE-PLENO ,,

LAUREL.

COMMON, 2 ft., per 100

— 2 to 2| and 3 ft.

per 100, 2 IS. to

— 3 to 4 ft. - per 100

All Stout and well-
rooted plants.
Bertinii - per doz.
A fine broad-
leaved variety.
Caucasian, nice young
plants, - - per doz.
per 100
This is really a
grand acquisition.

COLCHICUM

per doz. 6s. and
Portugal, 2 to 2^ and
3 ft., per 100, 30s. to
— 3 to 5 ft.

per doz. 12s. to
All fine, healthy,
and good rooted
plants.
rotundifolia per doz.
A very distinct va-
riety of Common
Laurel.
LAURUS.— Bay Tree.

40

6

40

63

12

13 O

28

ANTHONY WATERER S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Shrubs.

T . AURUS — contijiiied.
xoRiLis (Sweet Bay),
perdoz. i8s. to
J.AVANDULA.— La-
vender.
Spica - - per doz.
LAVENDER. See La-
vandula (/. 28).
LAVENDER COTTON.
Sec Santolina (/. 30).
LEYCESTERIA.

FORMOSA - - each
per doz.
LIGUSTRUM.— Privet.
AMURENSE - per doz.
CORIACEUM - - each
jAPONicuM (Japan Pri-
vet), - - per doz.

LATIFOLIUM ROBUSTU.M

per doz.
A new and fine
variety.
LUCiDUM (Chinese

Privet), - per doz.
VARiEGATUM - ■- each

VULGARE

— BuxiFOLiuM (Box-
leaved Privet), strong

per 100, los. to

— OVALI FOLIUM, 2 ft.

per loo,

3 to 5 ft. per doz.

per TOO,

— SEMPERVIRENS

(Common Evergreen
Privet), strong,

per 100, IDS. to
Good for hedges
or coverts.
LILAC. See Svringa

(A 3°)-
LYCIUM.— Box Thorn.
liARBARUM (Duke of
Argyll's Tea-tree)

each

s. d.
30 o

I o

6 o

3 o

I 6

12 o

rS o

6 o
I 6

15 o

15 o

6 o

40 o

15 o

MAGNOLIA. s.

ACUMINATA - - - 3

Campeelli, strong, each 21
coNSPicuA (Yulan)

each 3s. 6d. to 5

— Soulangeana

each 3s. 6d. to 53. & 7

— Lenne - - each 5

This is probably
the finest Magnolia
in existence.
cordata - - each
glauca each 2s. 6d. to

— Thomsoniana

each 3s. 6d. to

GRANDIFLORA

each 3s. 6d. to
— fine flowering plants,
6, 7, and 8 ft., 21s,
each and upwards.

— EXONIENSLS (Ex-

mouth ]\Iagnolia)
each 2S. 6d

— FERRUGINEA

each 2S. 6d. to 7

— Gallissoniensis

each 3s. 6d. to 7

PURPUREA

per doz. i8s. to 30

— GRACILIS - - each 2
tr I PETAL A (Umbrella

Tree), each is. 6d. to 5
MAHONIA. See Ber-

beris (/. 22).
MYRICA.— Candle-
berry Myrtle,
cerifera - - per doz. 9
Gale (Sweet Gale) „ 9
OAK. See Quercus

(//• 19 ^"^ 29).
ORANGE, MOCK. See
Pmiladelphus (/. 29).
OSMANTHUS.

A(,)UiFOLiuM - - each i

— OVAI.IFOLIUS „ I

— VARIEGATUS ,, I

d

6
o

to 7 (^

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

29

Hardy Shrubs.

PyEONIA. s. iL

MouTAN (Tree Pseony),
blooming plants

per doz. 30s. to 60 o

P^ONY.— ^^^ P.EONIA

(/. 29).
PALM, CHUSAN. See

CHAM.liROPS (/. 23).

PAVIA. See also p. 17.

CALIFORNICA - per doz. 18 o

MACROSTACHVA „ l8 O

PHILADELPHUS —
Mock Orange.
coRONARius - per doz. 6 o

— AUREA - - each I 6

— FLORE-PLENO per doz. 6 o

GORDONIANUS

per doz. 6s. to 9 o

OTHER SPECIES

per doz. 6s. to 9 o
PHILLYREA.

BUXI FOLIA

per doz. 12s., i8s.,
30s., and upwards.

Larger plants of
the above up to 5 ft.
or 6 ft.
iLici FOLIA (spinosa),
per doz. 12s., i8s.,
30s., and upwards.
PHOTINL\.

SERRULATA Cach I 6

PRINOS.— Winter Berrv.

GLABER - - per doz. 1 8 o
PRIVET. See Ligustrum

(/. 28).
PRUNUS.

CALIFORNICA - - each 2 6
This is amongst
shrubs what the
Snowdrop is

amongst flowers— -
the first to unfold its
leaves and blossoms.
It is never injured
by the weather. '

PRUNUS — continued. s. d.

JAPONICA MULTIPLEX

(Double Dwarf Al-
mond) - - per doz. 12 o

sinensis FLORE-PLENO

per doz. 12s., each i 6
TRILOBA - - - each i 6
PTELEA.

TRiFOLiATA - - - each 1 o
PYRUS.
JAPONICA (Japan
Quince),

per doz. 6s. to 12 o

— FLORE-PLENO per doz. I 2 o

ALBA - - - „ 12 O

— ROSEA - - „ 12 O

QUERCUS. See also p. 19.]
Ilex (Evergreen Oak)

per doz. i8s. to 24 o

— in pots per 100 ^^5 o o

An exceedingly
useful evergreen, in-
valuable for the fur-
nishing of pleasure
grounds near the
sea-coast.
RHAMNUS.— Buckthorn.
BiLLARDii - - each i 6
latifolius - - „ 16
sempervirens - „ 10
RHAPHIOLEPIS.

OVATA - - „ I 6

RHODOTYPUS.

kerrioides - .,16
RHUS.— Sumach.

Cotinus (Venus Sumach),

per doz. 12s., each i 6
elegans - „ I 6

glabra (Scarlet Sumach)

each I 6

— laciniata (Fern-
leaved Sumach)

per doz. 12s. to 18 o
each I 6
One of the most
beautiful of hardy

30

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Shrubs.

RHUS — continued. s. d.

plants, with ele-
gantly cut leaves.
osBEKii - - each 2 o
Toxicodendron

per doz. 12 o
TYPHINA (Stag's-horn

Sumach),
per doz. 6s. to 12s. and 18 o
VERNix - - each i 6
RIBES.

ALBiDUM - - per doz. 6 o

AUREUM - per doz. 6 o

each I o

CONSPICUUM - „ I O

SANGUiNEUM (Flower-
ing Currant), per doz. 6 o
each I o

— FLORE-PLENO „ I O

ROS.A..— Rose.

RUBiGiNOSA (Sweet
Briar), strong

per 100 los. to 16 o
SAMBUCUS.— Elder.

NIGRA AUREA - per doZ. 12 O

The leaves of this
variety are of a rich
deep golden hue
throughout the sea-
son, which makes
it very effective
amongst other shrubs.

— ARGENTEO-VARIEGATA

per doz. 12 o

— AUREO-VARIEGATA

per doz. 12 o
RACEMOSA (Scarlet Elder)

per doz. 6 o
SANTOLINA.

Cham/ECVPArissus (La-
vender Cotton) per doz. 6 o
SENNA, BLADDER.

See CoLUTEA (/. 23).
SKIMMIA.

JAPONICA, strong

per doz. 12s. to 18 o

SKIMMIA — continued. s.
OBLATA per doz. I2S. to 18
— larger each 2s. 6d. to 3

SNOWBERRY. ^^^ Sym-

PHORICARPOS (p. 30).

SNOWDROP TREE.

See Halesia (J>. 25).
SNOW FLOWER. See

Chionanthus (/. 23).
SPARTIUM.

junceum (Spanish Broom),
per doz. 6s., per 100 30
SPIR^A.

ARIiEFOLIA

CALLOSA

per doz.

each
per doz.

each

PRUNIFOLIA FLORE-

PLENO - - per doz. 6

MANY OTHER SORTS

per doz. 6
STUARTIA.

Malachodendron (pen-

tagynia) - - each 3
virginica - - „ 3
SUMACH. See Rhus

(/• 29).
SWEET BRIAR.
Strong —

per 100, I OS. 6d. to 16
SYMPHORICARPOS.
RACEMOSUS (Snowberry)
per doz,

OTHER SORTS „

SYRINGA.— Lilac.
Emodi - - - each

JOSIK/EA - - - „

PERSiCA (Persian Lilac),
2 to 3 ft. high, bushy
per doz. 6s. to 1 2s. ;

per 100, 40s. to 75
ROTHOMAGENSis (Siber-
ian Lilac), 2, 3, to 4 ft.
high, bushy, per doz.
6s., 9S., and iSs.;

per 100, 40s. to TOO

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

31

Hardy Shrubs.

%Y^l^<^k.— continued. s.
VULGARIS (Common
Purple Lilac), per
doz. 6s., 9s. and 12s.;
per 100, 40s. to 75

— ALBA (Common
White Lilac), per doz.
6s., 9s. and 12s.;

per 100, 40s. to 75

— CHARLES X. per doz, 1 2

— DR. LINDLEY „ 12

The following are
a selection of new
Lilacs, which are well
worth cultivating : —

ALBA GRANDI FLORA,

very fine - - each 3

AMBROISE VERS-

CHAFFELT
BLANC VIRGINAL
DR. NOBLE
FLORE-PLENO
GOLIATH
GLOIRE DE MOU-

LINS
INSIGNIS RUBRA
LAVANENSIS
NIGRICANS
OBLATA
VILLE DE TROVES

TAMARIX.— Tamarisk .
JAPONICA - - per doz. 4

GERMANICA

per doz. 6s., per too, 21

— TETRANDRA PUR-

PUREA - - per doz. 4
ULEX.— Furze.

EUROP^US FLORE-PLENO,

per doz.g

in
variety,

12

ULEX — continued. s. d.

strong, in pots, per
doz, 6s. ;

per 100, 30s. to 50 o

HisPANicA (Spanish

Furze), in pots, per doz. 6 o

— STRicTus (Irish

Furse), in pots per doz. 6 o
VIBURNUM.

jAPONicuM - - each 2 6

MACROCEPHALUM ,, I 6

Opulus (Gueldres Rose),

per doz, 6s. to 9 o
PLiCATUM - - each I 6
TiNUS (Laurustinus), \\
ft., and bushy

per doz. 9s, and 12 o

— larger

per doz. i8s,, 30s, to 42 o

SEVERAL OTHER SORTS,

per doz. 6s, to 9 o
WEIGELA,

AMABiLis - - each i o

— VARIEGATA - „ i o
HORTENSIS NIVEA ,, 1 O

A fine pure white
variety, very free-
flowering and beauti-
ful.
Lavallei - - each i 6
ROSEA, per doz. 9s., „ i o

— NANA VARIEGATA ., I O

OTHER SORTS - - each I O
YUCCA,— Adam's
Needle.
FiLAMENTosA - each I 6
GLORiosA each 3s. 6d. to 7 6

RECURVI FOLIA

each 2s. 6d. to 5 o

32

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

HARDY CLIMBERS, WALL PLANTS, do.

Plants of Climbing or trailing habit are amongst the requisites
of a well-furnished garden. They not only display beauties of their
own, but they also serve in many cases to screen unsightly objects,
or to cover the bare and exposed surfaces of walls and buildings.

AKEBIA.

S.

d.

QUiNATA - - 'each

I

6

AMPELOPSIS.

j

HEDERACEA (Virginian

j

Creeper), strong,

per doz. 6s. to 9s., each

I

0

— 8 to 10 ft.

per doz. 12s. to i

[8

0

— 10 to 12 ft., very

stout, in pots,

per doz. 24s. to 30

0

JAPONICA - - each

I

6

Veitchii (tricuspidata),

strong, per doz. 1 2S. to 18

0

The leaves of this

variety turn bright

red in autumn, and

the whole plant has

a peculiarly graceful

and refined cha-

racter.

ARISTOT.OCHIA.

SiPHO - - - each

I

6

BERBERIS.— Berberry.

Darwinii - - each

I

0

STENOPHYLLA - „

I

6

BERBERIDOPSIS.

corallina - - „

2

6

BIGNONIA.

RADICANS LUTEA „

I

6 i

— MAJOR - - „

I

6

Grand deciduous

woody climbing plants

GRANDIFLORA PR.t;COX

each

2

6

CEANOTHUS.

AZUREUS - - - ,,

2

6

DIVARICATUS - „

I

6

CEIASTRUS. s. d.

SCANDENS - - „ 10

CHIMONANTHUS.

FRAGRANS - - Cach I 6

CLEMATIS— (Virgin's
Bower).

Flammula, strong, each i o
The Sweet-scented
Clematis, fragrant as
a Hawthorn.

FLORIDA - - each i 6

— flore-fleno „ I 6

— SlEBOLDII - „ I 6

Fortune! - - ,, i 6

Gem - - - „ I 6
Gloire de St. Julien

each I 6

I Helena - - „ i 6

Hendersonii - „ I 6
Jackmannii

per doz. 1 2s., each i 6

Jeanne d'Arc - each 2 6

John Gould Veitch ea. 2 6

Lady Bovill - each i 6
Lady Caroline Nevill

each 2 6
lanuginosa - per doz. 12 o

each I 6

— CANDIDA - - „ 16

— NIVEA - - „ 16

Lord Londesborough

each 2 6

Lucie Lemoine - „ 26
Miss Bateman -,,26

montana - „ j 6
Mrs. James Bateman

each ^ 6

Ottcj Fr<kijel - „ 26

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Climbers, &'c.

QY.YM.KXl'^— continued. s. d.
PATENS (ccerulea; azurea

grand iflora) - each i 6

Prince of Wales „ i 6
Renaultii ccerulea

GRANDIFLORA - Cacll 2 6

RUBELLA - per doz. 12 o

each I 6

RUBRO-VIOLACEA - „ I 6

Sophia - - „ i 6

FLORE-PLENO - „ I 6

CLEMh-Tl^— continued. s.
Standishii - - each i
Star of India
Thomas Moore -
tunbridgensis
velutina purpurea

VlTICELLA

DOUBLE PURPLE

— VENOSA - -

RUBRA GRANDIFLORA

each 2

d

6
6
6
6
6
o
6
6

The varieties of Clematis have now become so numerous,
that we have made a selection of those which, from personal know-
ledge, we believe to be the most desirable for general cultivation.
The modern varieties have been wonderfully improved not only as
regards the size and colours of their flowers, but also in their habit
and continuity of blooming, so that they are really unrivalled amongst
hardy flowering woody climbers. The summer and autumn-bloomers
have an exceedingly good effect when planted to grow over masses
of rootwork, but the earlier sorts are better adapted for walls or cor-
ridors.

The spring-blooming sorts should have the wood of the previous
year's growth trained in for flowering ; but in the case of the summer
and autumn-blooming varieties, those of the Lanuginosa type are the
better for moderate annual pruning, while those of the Jackmanni
type require to be cut back still more closely. All these latterbeing
successional bloomers, require to be liberally manured.
i^° The three best Clematis yet in commerce are Rubella, Jackmannii,
and Lanuginosa.

We can also supply any varieties in the trade not enumerated
above, at the current prices.

COTONEASTER.

s.

d

EUGENIA.

S.

d

MiCROPHYLLA - per doz.

6

o

APICULATA

each I

0

SiMONSII

jj

6

o

Ugni

„ I

0

CRAT^GUS.

GARRYA.

Pyracantha

each

I

6

ELLIPTICA

0

6

FRUCTU-LUTEO

(Yel-

HEDERA.— Ivy.

low-fruited)

each

I

6

CANARiENSis (Irish Ivy),

ESCALLONIA.

strong, per doz. 6s

. to

MACRANTHA

»

1

o

I2S. ; per loo, 30s

. to 60

0

MONTEVIDENSE -

»

I

o

— for edging - per

100 21

0

PTEROCLADON

j>

I

o

— LATI FOLIA MACUL.4.TA

RUBRA

J7

I

o

each I

6

34

ANTHONY WATERER S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Climbers, 6-r.

HEDERA — cojitinued. s. d.

COLCHICA (Roegneriana),

per doz. 12 o
each I 6
Helix chrysocarpa
(Yellow-fruited Ivy),

per doz. 12 o
each I 6

— PALM ATA - „ I 6

SILVER STRIPED „ I 6

RHOMBEA VARIEGATA „ I 6

OTHER SORTS - per doz. 12 O

each I 6
JASMINUM.— Jasmine.

CHRYSANTHEMUM - Cach I O
FRUTICANS - „ I O

NUDIFLORUM - ,, I O

OFFICINALE (White Jas-
mine), - each ] o

REVOLUTUM - „ I O

Wallichianum (pubi-

gerum) - - each i o

LONICERA.— HONEY-
SUCKLE.

BRACHYPODA - „ I O

AUREO-RETICULATA,, I O

FLEXUOSA - - „ I O

FLORIBUNDA - ,, I 6

FRAGRANTISSIMA „ I 6

GRATA (Evergreen Honey-
suckle) - per doz. 9 o
each I o

Magnevillea - „ I 6

Periclymenum belgi-
cuM (late Dutch
Honeysuckle), per doz. 6 o

sempervirens

— New Scarlet Trum-
pet, - - each I o

— flava (Yellow-Trum-
pet Honeysuckle) each i 6

LIGUSTRUM.

japonicum (Japan Pri-
vet), - per doz. 12 o
each I 6

MAGNOLIA. s.

grandiflora

each 3 s. 6d. to 7

— exoniensis (Ex-
mouth Magnolia),

each 3s. 6d. to 7
• — ferruginea

each 3 s. 6d. to 7
MENISPERMUM.—

MoON-SEED.

canadense - each i
PASSIFLORA.— Passion
Flower.
ccERULEA - each I

Newmanni - „ I

PERIPLOCA.

GR/ECA - - „ I

Pyrus. — Japan Quince,
japonica - „ i

ROSEA - „ I

ALBA . - ^, I

FLORE-PLENO ,, I

ROSA.— Rose.

Banksi^ (White Banks'
Rose) - per doz. 12
each I

— LUTEA (Yellow Banks'
Rose) - per doz. 1 2

each I
FoRTUNiANA (Fortune's

Yellow Rose) - each i
Gloire de Dijon ,, i
Cloth of gold „ i

Marechal Niel „ I

The finest yellow
Rose in cultivation.
Climbing Devoniensis

each I
Sempervirens and
Ayrshire, of sorts

per doz. 6s. and 12
RUBUS.— Bramble.

FRUTICOSUS BELLIDI-

FLORUS - per doz. 1 2

— flore-albo-pleno

per doz. 1 2

d.

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

35

RUBUS — continued,

LEUCODERMIS
LACINIATUS - pel
OTHER SORTS

Hardy Climbers, &'c.

s.

d.

STAUNTONIA.

s.

d

each

I

6

LATI FOLIA

each I

6

r doz.

T2

o

WISTARIA.

>>

12

o

SINENSIS, each

— ALBA „

IS.
2S.

6d.
6d.

to 3
to 3

6
6

LILIUMS.

Zi/ium miraJum. —This fine plant is rarely, perhaps, seen to
greater advantage, or more efifectively placed, than when planted
amongst Rhododendrons. It does not appear to be generally known
that this Lily is, in every sense of the words, a perfectly hardy
BULB. We have had it planted in our American ground for years,
and never saw it injured by the winter.

We supply good sound blooming bulbs at iSj-., 30^., 42^., dos., and
120s. per doz.

1^ These Bulbs have been grown from Seeds and Scales in
our own Nursery, and are immensely to be preferred to the imported
bulbs, which generally prove unsatisfactory.

LiLIUM auratum, s. d.

per doz. i8s., 30s.,

42s., and 60 o
These] have been
raised from scales or from
seeds in this nursery, and
are, of course, much to
be preferred to imported
bulbs. We believe this
Lily to be as hardy as a
Snowdrop.

LiLIUM speciosum, s.

per doz. 42s. to 60

This is the true L.
speciosum, and by far
the handsomest form of
that species.

ALBUM - per doz. 1 2

RUBRUM „ 12

3—2

ANTHONY WATERER'S CATALOGUE.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS.

We add below a few really good things, which should find a
place in every garden where there is space to introduce them.

Anemone Honorine s. d.

JuBERT - - each i 6
Arundo conspicua

per doz. 12s. to 1 8 o
Cyprepedium spectabile

each 2 6
Delphinium Barlowi

(true), - per doz. 12 o

— Belladonna, per doz. 12 o

— grandiflorum, - each i 6

— Keteleerii, - „ I 6

— Madame Richlet „ i o

— MAGNiFicuM, per doz. 6 o

These are some of the
finest herbaceous plants
known.
Dielytra spectabilis

per doz. 6 o

DODECATHEON MeADIA GI-

ganteum, - per doz. 6 o
Fraxinella, Red „ 60

— White - „ 6 o
Gentiana acaulis ,, 60
Gladiolus brenchleyen-

sis, strong blooming
bulbs - per 100 20 o

-The finest of all the
Gladioli for masses.
Gynerium argenteum
(Pampas Grass), strong

each I 6

— variegatum - per doz. 30 o

HeLLEBORUS NIGER „ 12 O

OLYMPICUS - „ 1 2 O

HePATICA ANGULOSA „ 12 O

— Double Red ,, 90

— other sorts „ 90

Lily of the Valley, s. d.

strong flowering roots

per doz 6 o

variegated - „ 12 o

LlTHOSPERI>IUM PROSTRA-

TUM, Strong - per doz. 12 o
Osmunda regalis, very
scrong plants

per doz. i8s. to 84 o
PiEONiA, varieties of of-
ficinalis, anemoni-
flora, Humei, Potsii,
and 7 or 8 other kinds,
strong flowering roots ea. i o
per doz. 9s. ; per 100, 63 o
Primrose, Double White,

per doz. 6 o
— Double Yellow, strong

roots.

per doz. 6

0

— other sorts

6

0

Spigelia Marylandica

per doz. 18

0

Spir^a Aruncus,

- each I

0

per doz. 9

0

— japonica

each I

0

per doz. 6

0

— palmata

each I

6

— venusta

- „ I

0

per doz. 9

0

Trilium grandiflorum

each I

6

Tritoma Uvaria,

per doz. 6

0

Violets, of sorts „ 4

0

Yucca gloriosa

each

3s. 6d. to 7

6

— recurvi folia

each

2S. 6d. to 7

6

— filamentosa

each t

6

the end.

BILLING AND SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD, SURREY.

REVISED LIST OF PRICES

FOR

London : R. E. Tayior, Printer,]

[19, Old Street, Goswell Road, E.G.

In these JVurseries 50 acres are devoted exclusively
to the cultivation of Fruit Trees ; 50 acres to Conifers
and other Evergreens ; 12 acres to Rose Trees ; and a
proportionally large space to each other division of
Useful or Ornamental Shrubs, Forest Trees, Sj-c, re-
quiring 32 miles of walks for the convenience of
attending to the Stock, and 21 acres of glass to rear
the young plants.

REVISED LIST OF PRICES FOR 1875,

FROM THE LAST EDITION OF RICHARD SMITH'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE FIR TRIBE,
WHICH MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION, PRICE SIXPENCE.

N.B. — All the Plants offered in this List are carefully pruned and trained, lifted

EVERY OTHER SEASON, AND GROWN SINGLY TO MAKE HANDSOME SPECIMENS.

When one plant only is taken where quotations are given for the dozen, it will be charged at a
slightly higher rate ; and when taken by the dozen in instances where priced singly, a proportionate

reduction will be made.
NOTE.— The figures in the first colTimn denote the page In the Descriptive List of the Fir Tribe.

ABIES—

acicularis 6 in

ajanensis 9 in

alba Uto 2 ft.

-"- 2"„ 2ift

— II — caBrulea 2/6 to

— " — glauca 12 tol5 in,

Alcoquiana 6 ,, 9 in

caliciilaris 6 in.

canadensis 6 to 7 ft.

— "— 7 „ 8 ft

—n— 8 „10 ft.

Douglasii 1 ,, I'ft.

— /— U„ 2' ft.

— "— 2"„ 3 ft.

— "— 3 „ 4 ft.

— — 4 „ 5 ft.

— "— 5 „ 6 ft.

-"- 6„7ft.

— "— 7 „ 8 ft.

— "— 8 „10 ft.

— /— 10 „12 ft.

— '— 12 „15 ft.

Engelmanni 6 ,, 9 in

— //— 9 „12in.

— "— 12 „15in.

— '/ — 15 „18 in.

excelsa i „ IJf t,

— -/— \\„ 2 ft.

—11— 2 „ 3 ft.

~u— 3 „ 4 ft.

— «— 4 „ 5 ft.

— <— 5 „ 6 ft.

— " — attenuata 6 in.

— '/ — brevifolia .... 6 to 9 in.
— II — Clanbra.silianftjG ,, 9 in.

_„ „_ 0 ,,12 in.

— // II — : fine specimens,

5/-, 7/6 to

— II // — stricta . .6 to 9 in.

— , „ „_ ..9 „12in.

— " II — strong 5/- to

— « — elegans 2 to 2^ ft.

_„ „_ 2i„ 3 ft.

0 9

1

1

21 0

30 0

50 0

7 0

10 0

15 0

21 0

24 0

36 0

52 0

60 0

72 0
0

12 6100/-

1 0

1 312 0

2 0

1 6

2 0

21 0
2 6

ABIES—

excelsa eremita 6 in. 1

— " — Gregoryi 2 '6 to 5

— „ — inverta 12 tol5 in. I

_„ „_ 15 „18in. 2

_„ „_ U,, 2 ft. 2

_„ „_ 6"„ 7 ft 7

_-„_ ,, 7 to 8 ft. 9

_„ „_ 8 ,, 9 ft. 10

— II II — Finedonensis,small 2

— 11 — monstrosa . . . 1 tol^ft. 1

_„ „_ li„2 ft. 1

_„ „_ 2 „2ift. 2

_„ „_ 10 to 12ft., 5/- to 7

— // — mucronata Sin. 2

— " — pumila 2/6 to 10

— " — pygnisBa 2/6 „ 7

— '/ — pyramidalis ..1 tol|ft. 2
— II II — extra fine speci-
mens 10 to 12ft., 7/6 to 10

Hookeriana 3 ft. 10

Maximowiczii 4 to 6in

MaxwelHi (new), small

Menziesii 15 tol8 in,

— " — larger . .6 to 7ft-, 2/6 to

Mertensiana 1 to Uft.

— "— 11,, 2" ft.

—u— 10 „12 ft.

— ,— 12 „15 ft.

morinda 15 in.

— '/— 15 tol8in.

— II — variegata . . . . 9 „12 in.

nigra 2 ,, 2|ft.

— "— 2f„ 3 ft.

—II— 3 „ Sift.

— "— 3i„ 4 ft.

— " — Doumettii ... .6 „ 9 in.

obovata \\„ 2 ft.

— "— 2 „ 21ft.

orientalis 9 „12 in.

-"— 12 „15in.

— "— 6 „ 6 ft.

6 „ 7 ft.

Richard Smitli's Revised Price List of Conifers for 1875.

2

6

1

0

2

0

3

0

4

0

g

0

Each.
\s. d.

lABIES-

orientalis 7 to 8 ft.] 8 0

_»— 8 „10 ft.^10 6

pygmEea glauca ....7 ,, 8 in.

Sitchensis 9 „12 in.

— »_ 12 „15in.

lARAUCARIA—
71 imbricata 15 „18 in.

I — »_ 18 „21in.

_„_ 21 „24in.

— " — fine specimens . .63/- to 105 0

BIOTA—

Ascotensis, fine ....9„12in.

_«— 12 „15in.

falcata 6 „ 9 in.

_„— 9„12in.

_„_ 12 „15in.

_„- 15 „18in.

_„_ 18 ,,21: in.

— „_ 2 „ 2^ft.

—II — nana 6 „ 9 in.l 1

_„ „_ 9 „12in.! 2

filiformis 9 ,,12 in.j 1

_„_ 12 „loin.| 2

_„_ 15 „18in.i 2

_„_ li„ 2 ft.i 3 0

— „ — fine specimens .... 5 '- to 15 0
— „ — intermedia ..9 tol2 in.l 2

_„_ 12 „15in.| 2

funictdata 9 „12in.i 1

2
3
1
1
2 0

2 6

3 0
3 6

.12 „15in. 2 0

15 „18in.

— /- :.. U„ 2 ft.

glauca 6 „ 9 m.

gracilis, syn. freneloides,
^ 1 to lift.

_„_ li„ 2 ft.

_„_ 3 „ 4 ft.

— /,— 4 „ 5 ft.

_„_ 5 „ 6 ft.

_„_ 6 „ 7 ft.

— „— 7 „ 8^ft.

macrooarpa 1 ,, lift.

_„_.... U„ 2 ft.

meldensis 15 „ 18 in.

orientalis Izj, 2 ft.

2 „ 21ft.

_„_ 2i„ 3 ft.

_„_ ■■■ 3"„ Sift.

_„_ 3i„ 4:' it.

-II- 4',, 5 ft,

_„_ 5 „ 6 ft

— 1/ — fine specimens. • . .7/6 to

— II — arthrotaxoides,

6 to 9 in

_„ „_ 9 ,,12 in

— »— aurea 12 „15 in.

_„ „— 15 „18in.

_„ „_ 21 „24in.

_„ „_ 2 „_2ift.

— ,/ /; — splendid specimens

10/6 to

— " — corapacta .... 1 to 1 Jft.
„_ U 2 ft

_„ „_ 4 „ 6 ft.

_, „_ 5 „ 6 ft.

1 0

9
0
0
6
6
0
0
0

2 6
2 0

0 9

1 0

31 6
I 0

BIOTA—
orientalis compacta, very fine

specimens 7/6 to

— II — elegantissima, 6 to 9 in.

_„ „_ 9 „12 in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in,

_„ „_ 15 „18in.

_„ „_ 18 „21in

— // » — larger 5/- toilO

9 — " — incurvata ,,..6 to 7 ft-l 3
— II — japonica ....12 ,,15 in. 1

— „ u— 15 „18in.! 2

_„ „_ 18 „24in.l 2

_„ „— 2 „ 2ift.| 3

_„ 2i„ 3"ft. 5

— „ ,— 4"„ 4ift.l0

_„ 4|„ 5 ft.|l2

— u II — fine specimens,

6 to 8ft 15/- to

— " — pyramidaliSjSWM. tartarica
1/6 to
— " — semper - aurescens,
6 to 9 in.

_„ „_ 9 „12in.

— /' — variegata argentea,

9 tor2 in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in.

_„ „_ 15 „18 in.

— II // — aurea.. 9 ,,12 in.

_„ „ »— . .12 „15 in.

— « ;/ // — ..15 „18ia.

CALLITRIS—

quadrivalvis 9 „12 in.

iCEDRUS—

argentea 6

7

Each. Doz.

«. i. s. i.

15 0

1 3

12 0

1 6

15 0

2 0

18 0

3 0

4 0

10

10

31 6
3 6

11

. 8
.10

2 6

deodara.

— " — extra fine
— " — albo spica

„ 7 ft
„ 8 ft.
„10 ft.
„12 ft,
12 „15 ft.
, 1 „ lift.
, U„ 2 ft.
2"„ 21ft.
, 2i„ 3 ft.
, 3"„ 31ft.
, 31., 4'ft.
, 4',, 5 ft.
specimens,
31/6 to
12tol5in.
.15 „18in.
— II — crassifolia

— //— robusta 9 „12 in.

_„ „_ 12 „15iD

_„ „_ 15 „18in.

— II — viridis 6 „ 9 in

— II — verticiUata glauca,

4 „ 6 in.
libani, large specimens.. 21/- to
CEPHALOTAXUS—

drupacea 9 tol2 in

— „ — 12 „15 in.

_„_ 15 „18in.

_„_ 18 „21 in.

_„_ 21 ,,21 in.

-"- 2 „2Jft.

-II- 2.i„ 3 ft.

— „ — extra fine specimens, 15/to

105/

5 0

7

2

2

3

4

1

2
31

1

1

2

3

6

7

10
21

NOTE.-The figures In the first column denote the page In the Descriptive List of the Fir Tribe.

Eichard Smith's Eevised Price List of Conifers for 1875.

Each I

13

14
1 14

CEPHALOTAXUS—

Forhinei 2/6 to 5

— " — robusta 6 to 9 in. j 3

_„ „_ 9 „12inJ 5

pedunoulata 18 inJ 3

CHAM^CYPARIS— ^

glauca 1/6 to 3

sphaeroidea '2/6 to 3

— " — atrovirens. ... 2 to ^jt't. 3

thujaBformis 9 ,,12 in. 1

— «— 12 „18in. 2

thm-ifera 12 „18 in. 2

variegata 9 ,,r2in.i 2

— " — larger 2/6 to 3

CRYPTOMERIA—

elegans 9 tol2in.l 0

— //— 12 „loin.i 1

— /— 15 ,,18in.f 1

— H— U,, 2 ft. 2

— /— 2 „ 2Ut.; 3

japonica araucarioides9 ,,12 in. 2
— " — spiralis f alcata, 6 „ 8 in. 5

Lobbu 1

— II — viridis 1

— '/ " — larger

Doz.
s. d.

15

15

5/7/6

pungens 4 to 6 in.! 2 6

CUPRESSrS— I

Bregeoni 9tol2in.'l 6

Calif ornica, syn. C. Lawsoni

fragrans Uto 2 ft.' 0

— "— 2',, 2Ht 0

— »— 2i„ 3'ft. 1

— "— 3 „ Sift.' 1

— "— 3|„ 4"ft.i 1

— II — larger 5 s. to 7

Comeyana 9,,12in.' 1

— "— 12 ,,1-5 in. 2

— "— 15 „18in. 2

— "— U„ 2 ft.; 3

elegans ,....9 ,,12 in.' 0

— "— U„ 2 ft.' 1

funebris 12 „15 in.' 1

— ' — 15 „18in.| 1

— "— U„ 2 ft.i 1

glandidosa 3',, Sift.l 2

— "- 31,, 4'ft.' 2

— "— 4',, 5 ft. 3

Goveniana 12 ,,18 in. 1

— "— U„ 2 ft, 1

— II — glaucescens,new

12 „15 in.l 3

Lambertiana 12 ,,15 in.j 1

— "— 15 „18in.' 1

— "— \\„ 2 ft. 2

— /— 2

Lawsoniana 1

— "— 1

— «— 2

— " — larger

— " — albo spica

— II — argentea .

2ift.
lift.
2'ft.
2ift..
3'ft.
31ft.

4 ft.

5 ft.

5/- to 10

.9 tol2in.i 2
12 „15in.l 3
15 ,,18 in.l 1
.U„ 2 ft.l 2

.3 „
.3i„
.4',.

12 0
15 0
18 0

5 0

8 0

10 0

12 0

15 0

9 0
12 0
15 0

12 0

15 0

18 0

21 0

3 0

5 0

8 0

10 0

12 0

15 0

15

16

17

17

43

I Each f Doz.

Bedfordiana

.15 „18in.
.18 „24in.

cMnensis.

1

Hi;
1 »

H„

2 „

lift.
2 ft.

\m.

2'ft.
2ift.

2i„ 3 ft.'
3",, Sift.

— "— 3i„ 4 ft.l 3

— "— 4 „ 5 ft. I 4

— "— 5 „ 6 ft. 5

-"— 6 „ 7 ft.' 7

— "— 7 „ 8 ft. 10

— " — beautiful specimen.'!, 15/- 42

CUPRESSUS—

Lawsoniana argentea, 2 to 2^ft.j 2

— " — densa, small 2

— II — erecta viridis .. 9 ,,12 in.' 1

_„ „ ,,— ..12 „15in.' 1

_„ „ ,,—..15 „18in. 2

_„ „ „_ ..ii__ 2 ftJ 3

— „ „ „_ ..2",, 21ft. 3/65/

—',— glauca 1 „ Jift.' '2 0

-" '— U„ 2"'ft.i

_„_-„_ 2',, 2ift;

— // — gracilis 12 ,,15 in.l

— „ „_ 1,5 „i8iii.!

— "— 1J„ 2 ft.l

— " — lutea (fine) . .4 to 6 in.l
— „ — minima, syn. pygmea, I

6in.l 1
— II — pendula alba, 9 tol2 in.] 2

—"——"— 12 „15in.J

lusitanica I

— " — Benthamii . . 12 tolo in.j

— " "— 15 „18in.!

Mac Nabiana 12 „lo in. i

— "— 3 „ 3Jft.i

macrocarpa 12 ,,18"in.

— "— 3 „ 4 ft.'

— "— 4 „ 5 ft.,

— ', — variegata 9 ,,12 in.'

majestica 9 ,,12 in.

— " — 12 ,,15 m.

— "— 15 „18in.

— ,/— retrofiacta 12 in.

sempervirens 6d. to

— " — monstrosa, .<fy«. Cupres-j
sus thujaeformis, 9 to 12 in.

— " "— 2 ft'

torulosa 1 to l|ft.

— "— U„ 2 ft.

— II — viridis 9 ,,12 in.

— " "— 1 „ lift.

-" "— U„ 2'ft.

Whitleyana 12 „ 15 in.

— "— U,, 2 ft.

„ 2 2ift '

GLYPTOSTROBUS— " "" '\
sinensis pendula .. 9 „12in.'

— " "— 12 „15 in;

— " "— 15 „18in.

— " '— 18 „21 in.:

JUNIPERUS— I

bacciformis 9 ,,12 in.'

— "— 12 „15in.

«. d.\ s. d.

3

6

1

0

1

6

2

0

1

0

2

6

0

9

2

6

3

6

3

6

1

0

1

6

2

0

1

0>

1

0

0|

6

6
0

2!

6
0

0
6
0
6

0
6
0
6
6

9 8
0 10
615
0 21
6 24
6 36
0 42
0
6
6
0

NOTE.— The figures in the first column denote the page In the Descriptive List of the Fir Tribe.

Eichard Smith's Esvised Price List of Conifers for 1875.

JUNIPEUUS—
chinensis foeinina

19

18

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

Each.! Doz.

1

6

2

0

2

6

0

0

7

6

10

6

16

0

0

4

1 to l|ft. 1 0|
1^„ 2 ft. 1 6
— // — argentea variegata,

9 „12 in.

„ ;. II — . .12 ,,15 in.

„„ „ ' — ..15 „18in.

— " — aurea (new), 4 „ 6 in.
..6 „ 9 in
..9 „12in
.12 „15 in

communis 1 u 12ft.

lh„ 2 ft. 0
2",, 21ft. 0
_„_ 21 , 3 ft. 1 0

_,,_ ; ;;;■.■. 3 „ s^t. 1

densata Hi. 2 ft. 1

_„_ 2 „ 2ift. 1

_,_ 5 „ 6 ft. 5

_„_ ;:: e „ ? ft. e

_„— larger 7/6 to 10

dealbata 6 „ 9 m 1

drupacea 6 ,, 9 m.

_„_ 9 „12in.

_„_ 12 „15in.

excelsa*.* 9 „12 in.

_„_ 12 „15iii

_„_ * 15 ,,18 in

_, 18 „21in

„ — large specimens, 10 '6 to

_„_ stricta 6 to 9 in.

_„ „_ 9 ,,12 in,

_, „_ 12 „15in.

Fortimei 12 „15 in.

_„_ 15 „18in.

hibernica ^zt> 2 ft.

_„_ 2 „ 21ft.

!*.!!'.'.*. 3 „ 4>

— „ — compressa ... .6 ,, 9 in.

_„ „_ 9 „12in.

_„ „_ 12 „15 in.

interrupta 9 „12 in.

japoaica aurea, small

„ /, — variegata, small. ,

Langoldiana, syn. Lycia,
9 tol2 in

_„_ 12 „15in.

Leeana " ,, 7 ft

Marshalli 6 ,, 9 m.

nana 12 „lo m.

_„_ 15 „18in.

nana canadensis .. 1 » ll/t.

oblonga pendula .. 9 ,,12 in.

_„„"_„_ 12 „15in.

_„ „ _ 15 „18in.

occidentalis, nyn. fragrans,
1 to Utt.

_„ ,_ U„ 2'ft

_, „_ 2',, 2ift,

„_ 3 „ 4 ft

4 „ 6 ft

5 „ 6 ft

1
2
2
1
2
2
3
21 0
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
1 0

2
2
3
1
1
2

2 0
1 6

oxycedrus rufc^ccns, 6 „ 9 in. 1
» — echinifonuis 2

P^«!:^^^^ 2'l:2|ft 2 0

_,',— ,".'.'.'.".".'.' .. 2i„ 3 ft.l 2 6,

15 0
21 0
24 0

21

21

22

Each.

22

19

22

23

JUNIPERUS —

phoenicea, larger 5/-to

prostrata l^to 2 ft.

pseudo sabina .... 2 „ 2|ft.

recurva 12 ,,15 in.

_„_ 15 „18in.

_„_ li„ 2 ft.

— »— densa 9 „r2in.l

_„_ 12 „15 in.

_„_ 15 „18in.

religiosa 9 ,,12 in.

_„_ 12 „15in.'

rigida 6 „ 9 in.j

sabina 1 „ H^t.

_„_ U,, 2 ft.

_„_ 2"„ 21ft. I

— II — variegata 1/- to

sabinoides, syn. tamariscifolia,!
9d. to

Scbolli 9tol2in.

Schottii 9 „12in.

_„_ 1 „ l|ft.

_„_ 1^„ 2 ft.

sphasrica 1 » l^ft.

-»— 1|„ 2 ft.

Doz.
s. d.

virgmiana

1|„
2

91

3"
6

li„ 2 ft.| 1

_„_ larger 3/6 to o

suecica 2 „ 2jft. 1

_„_ 2i„ 3 ft. 2

_„_ 3"„ 31ft. 2

thurifera 9 „12 in. 0

2 ft.l 0
21ft. I 0

3 ft. 1
31ft. 1

_ 7" ft. 3

— //— glauca 1 „ Hft.' 1

L„_ U„ 2 ft.' 1

_„ „_ 2',, 3 ft.l 2

_,/— bumilis 6 „ 9 in.

_, „_ 9 ,,12 in.'

_„ „_ 12 „15in.

_„ „._ 15 „lSin.

—»— pendula U„ 2 ft.

_^ _,, ___2 2ift.

__„_ tripartita .... 15 „18"in.

_„ „_ \l, 2 ft.

— II — variegata ....4 ,, 6 in.

— II — venusta 9 ,,12 in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in,

_„ „_ 15 „18in.

_„ „_ U„ 2 ft.

_, „_ . ...2',, 21ft.

_„ „—'. 2i„ 3" ft.

_„ „_ 3 „ 3|ft.

— II — viridis penduliil ,, l^ft.

1^,. 2 ft-

1- 4 „5 It,

_„ „_ 5 „ G ft,

LA.RIX—

americana 12 ,,15 in

_„_ 2 „ 3 ft

„ — pendula, or niicrocarpa

Dahurica, or Siberica

europaja pendula

6

6

6

6

0

6

6

0

6

0

6

0

6

9 6

0 9

t\

6
0

6

0
6

6-

';

o'

6

6.

°!

ii

S:
^!

0

o;
2;

01

!

6

^^^.-The figures In the first column denote the page In the Descriptive List of tho Fir Tribe.

Richard Smitli's Kevised Price List of Conifers for 1875.

25

25

Jiach.j Doz.
s. d. s. d.

27

27

28

2

0

2

0

1

6

1

6

2

0

1

6

2

0

2

6

2

0

5

0

7

6

26 ; balsamea

LARIX—

leptolepis,or japoiiica,3 to 4 ft

Ledebourii 3 ,, 4 ft

Rossica 3 ,, 4 ft.

LIBOCEDRUS—

CMensis 9 „12 in.

— //— 12 „15 in.

— II — viriuis G ,, 9 in.

_„ „— 9 „12iii.

_„ „_ 12 „lo in.

Doniana 4 ,, 6 in.

PICEA—

amabilis Uto 2 ft.

_„_ 2 „ 2ift.

n„ 3'ft. 10

U„ 2 ft. 0

2"„ 3 ft. 0

-«- 3 „ 3|ft.| 1

— ;; — variegata j 2

bracteata 9 tjl2 in.. 3

_„_ 12 ,,loin.! 5

— /, — 15,,18in.|7

firma 9 ,,12 in. 3

_„_ 12 „15in.j 5

Fraserii 1- to 1

grandis 12 tol5ft. 52

Hudsonica | 2

lasiocarpa 6 to 9 in. 2

_„_ 9 ,,12 in.! 3

_„_ 41,, 5 ft. 42

_,,_ o'„ 6 ft. 52

— ;; — extra specimens 63

maenifica 9 tur2 in.j 5

_Z- 12 „liin.| 7

_„— 15 „18 in. 10

_„_ 18 ,,21 in. 12

_„_ 21 ,,2 1 in.'l5

_„_ 3 „ 3^ft.42

_„_ 4 „ 4|ft. 63

— II — extra fine speciiuetis,

S4/- tol05 0
nobilis (seedling) ... .6 to 9 in.l 1 6

_„ „_ 12„l)in. 2 6

_„ „_. 1.5.,18in. 3 6

_„ „_ 41,, o ft.;31

_„ „_ o'„ 6 ft. 42

— ;; /' — best glaui'ou.s va-
riety 9 '0I2 in.

_„ ,_ 12 ,.1.3 in.

— » II— 1.5 .,LS in

_„ „_ 18 ,,21 in.

_„ „_ 21 ,.-4 in.

_„ „_ 2 „ 2ift.

_„ „_ 2\„ 3'ft.

_„ „_ 3"., :4tt.

_„ „_ 31., 4"ft

_„ „_ 4",. 4ift.;21

_„ ,_ ^„ :, It. 31

— /; « — larger spLi'in.'-ns,

42/- to
Nordmanniana . . , . 12 tol-) in.

— II — 15,,l"^in.

_„_ ]i„ 2 !t.

_„_ 2"., 2ift

_„— 2i„ 3'ft.

_„— 3"„ 4 ft

..4 ., 3 It. 10 6

PICEA.—

Nordmanniana 5 to 6 ft. 15 0

numidica 6 „ 9 in. 3 fi

_„- 9 „12in. 5 0

pectinata pendula ..12 ,,18 in. 3 0

picbta 2 '6 to 3 6

pinsapo lotolSin. 2 G

_„_ 18 „21 in. 3 0

_„— 21 „24in. 3 6

_„_ 2 ,, 21ft. 4 0

_„_ 2i„ 3"ft 5 0

_„_ 3',, 31ft 7 6

_„_ 3i., 4'ft. 10 0

_„_ 4",, 5 ft.'lQ 0

_„_ 5 „ 6 ft. 21 0

_„_ 7 „ 8 ft. 31 6

— //— extra fine. . . .42/-63/- to 105 0

Each. I Doz.
s. d. ' s. d.

33

35

35

30

36

— I,— glauca 9 to 12 in,

_„ „_ 12 „15in.

PINUS—

aristata 6 to 9 in.

.9 „12in. 3

austriaca

.1 „ l^ft. 0

\\., 2 ft 0

_„_ 2"„ 2ift. 0

_„_ 21,, 3" ft. 1

_„_ 3',, 4 ft. 1

_, 4 „ 5 ft. 2

— II — variegata 3/6 to^ 5

Bermuja 6 in. 2

Bentbamiani 1 to IJft. 2

_„_ U„ 2 ft.| 2

— „ — larger "..5 -to 10

— „ — breviiolia, or strobus

alba 6 to 9 in. 3

_„_ 9 „12in. 3

Bungeana 6 ,, 9 in. 2

_„_ 9 ,,12 in 3

— ;, — 12 ,,1-3 in. 5

cembra 1 „ IHt. 0

_„_ U„ 2 ft. 1

_„_ 2',, 21ft. 1

_„_ 2i„ 3 ft 2

_„_ 4',, 5 ft 3

_„_ 0 „ 6 fc. 5

— II — fine s-jpciinens 7/6 to 10

— II — manchuiica

36
36

.4 to 6 in. 2
.6 „ 9 in. 3

— <i — pumil I () „ 9 in. 0

— „ — varitgita ,...4 ,, 6in. 3

_„ „_ 6 „ 9in. 5

densiflora G „ 9 in. 1

_„_ 9 „12in. 1

_„_ 12 „15in 2

_„_ 1.3 „18in. 2

_„_ U„ 2 ft.! 3

_„_ 8"„ 31ft { 5

excelsa 12 „18 in. 1

_„_ 11,, 2 ft. 1

_„_■■ 2',, 21ft. 2

_„_■■ oi„ 4 ft. 3

_„_ 5',, 6 ft.| 5

—11— larger 10 '6 to 31

— //— nanti 4to6in.l2

_„ „_ 9 „12in.' 3

— II— rigidu 6 „ 9 in.l 5

flexilis 4 » 6in.| 2

6

6

I

I
0
0

430
6; 6 0
9! 8 0
0!l0 ;0
6 ■
0
0
6
0
6
6

0
6
6
6
0
9
0
6
0
6
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
6
0
0
0
6

o;

6
0
6
0
6
0

NOTE.-The figures in the .aoi column denote tbe page in the Descr ; tivt List of the Fir Tribe.

Eichard Smith's Eevised Price List of Oomfers for 1875.

33

34

31

PINUS—

flexilis 6 to 9 in

— "— 9 „12in

— '/ — 12 „lo in,

Fremontiana 6 ,, 9 in

— "— 9 „12in

Gerardiana 6 „ 9 in.

— "— ..; 9 „12in

Hartwegii 12 „15 in.

inops U„ 2 ft

— "— 2',, 21ft.

insignis 9 ,,12 in.

— '/— 12 „15in

— "— 15 „18in.

—<,— U„ 2 ft.

— «— o"„ 6 ft

-"— 6 „ 7 ft.

— "— 7 „ 8 ft

Jeffreyi 6 „ 9 in.

— — 9 „12in.

12 ,,15 in

— — 15 „18in.

— "— U„ 2 ft.

— »— 2"",, 21ft

koraiensis 6 „ 9 in.

laricio 1 ,, Uft.

— '/— 1.1,, 2"ft

— " — calabrica .... 12 ,,15 in.
— " — caramanica. . . .9 ,,12 in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in.

_„ „_ 5 ,, 6 ft.

— " — contorta 6 ,, 9 in

_„ „_ 9 „l2in

— •" — pyg-msea 6 in

Lambertiana 6 ,, 9 in

— "— 9 „12in

— »— 12 „15in

— " — \o ,,18 in

— — U„ 2 ft.

— II — extra strong; specimens.
15/- to

Lindleyana 3/6 to

leiophylla 6 in.

Loudoniana 6 to 9 in

— "— 9 „12in.

Llaveana, small

macrocarpa 6 to 9 in

Massoniana 6 ,, 9 in

— "— U„ 2 ft.

— "— 2"„ 21ft

mitis 6 ,, 9 in.

Montezuma9 3/6 to

monticola 6 to 9 in

— '— 9 „12in.

— "— 1 „ l.ift

— «— \\„ 2 it.

mngho syw.uncinutiiri ,,15 in

— "— 15 „18in

muricata, syn Murray ana,

9 tol2 in.

— "— 12 ,,15 in

— '/— 15 „18in

— "— U„ 2 ft.

— «— 2',, 2Jft.

—>— 4 ft.

Padufiana 12 ,,18 in.

Each

Doz.

s. d.

s. d.

2 6

31

3 6

5 0

2 6

37

3 6

2 0

37

2 6

7 6

2 0

31

2 6

0 9

31

1 0

1 6

2 0

32

5 0

6 0

7 6

1 6

2 0

34

2 6

3 0

34

3 6

5 0

3 Oi

0 6 5 0

0 8

34

0 9

1 6

1 6

2 0

7 6

1 6

37

2 0

2 6

1 6

2 0

37

2 6

3 0

37

3 6

32

31 6

32

5 0

2 6

2 6

32

3 6

1 6

2 0

37

1 6

34

2 6

3 6

38

1 0

5 0

2 0

38

2 6

3 6

5 0

0 6

5 0

38

0 9

8 0

38
38

1 6

2 0

38

2 6

3 0

4 0

7 6

3 0

39

PINUS—

Pallasiana 1 to l^t.

— "— If,, 2 ft.

Parryana 6 ,, 9 in.

parviflora 6 „ 9 in.

— "— 9 „12in.

pence 9 ,,12 in.

— "— 12 „15in.

— "— 15 „18in.

pinaster 2 „ 3 ft.

— " — minor 12 „15 Ln.

pinea 9 ,,12 in.

— «— 1 „ lift.

2„ 2|ft.

pumilio

pyrenaica 12 ,,18 in.

— "— U„ 2 ft.

— "— 2',, 21ft.

-"- 7 „ 8"ft.

radiata 9 „12 in.

— /— 12 „15in.

rigida 6 ,, 9 in.

— ' — 9 ,,12 in.

— «— 12 „loin.

— " — 15 ,,18 in.

— " — larger

sabiniana 6 to 9 in.

— "— 9 „12in.

— //— 12 „15in.

— "— 15 ,,18 in.

— '/— U„ 2 ft.

— '/ — larger 6/-

strobus 2 to2ift,

— //— 2i„ 3"ft.

— '/— 3 „ 4 ft.

— "— 4 „ 5 ft.

— // — nana (or umbraculifera)
6 to 9in

— " — nivea 6 to 9 in.

sylvestris li,, 2 ft

— " II — 3 ,, 4 ft.

— II — globosa 6 ,, 9 in

_„ „_ 9 ,,12 in.

— II — variegata 2/6 to

tabulcef ormis 6 to 9 in

— "— 9 „12in.

— "— 7 „ 8 ft.

Torreyana 6 ,, 9 in.

tubcrculata 9 ,,12 in.

PODOCARPUS—

andina 6 to 9 in.

— "— 9„12in

— H— 12 „18 in

japonica 9 ,,12 in.

— "— ,.12 ,,15 in.

— "— 15 „18in

— "— 1^„ 2 ft

— " — variegata 2/6 to

macrophyUa 6 „ 9 in.

— " — variegata 2/G to

PRUMNOPITYS—

elcgans 6 to 9 in.

— "— 9 „12in.

—II— 12 ,,15 in.

— "— 15 „18in.

RETINOSPOIIA—

cricoides 9 tol2 in.

Each Doz.
s. d. s. d.

0 9

1
3
3
3
1
2
3
1
2
0

1 0

2 6

0 6

1 0

2

0

7

6

1

0

1

6

2

0

2

6

3

6

7

6

0

4

0

6

1

0

1 6

1 0

1 6

2 0

0 9 6 0
10 9 0

1 6

2 0

3 6
2 6:
7 6

0 9 6 0
10 9 0

1 6!

2 Oj

0 9: 8 0

NOTE.— The figures In the first column denote the page in the Descriptive List of the Fir Tribe.

Eichard Smith's Eevised Price List of Oonifers for 1875.

lEac

RETINOSPORA—

ericoides lito 2 ft. 1

— .,— 2"„ 2pt. 2

filicoides G ,, 9 in. 3

mifera 9 „12 in. 2

—u— 12 „15in. 3

leptoclada 4 „ 6 in.! 1

— «— 15 „18in.: 3

— «— U„ 2 ft., 0

lycopodioides 4 ., 6 in.j 2

— /— 6 „ 9 in.j 3

obtTisa 9„12in.;l

— ,/— 12 „15in.i 1

— „— 1.5 „18in. 1

— '/ — aurea 4 ,, 6 in. 3

— II — argentea variegata,

— — 4 „ 6in. 2

— ,/— 6 „ 9in. 3

— '/ — Keteleeri ....4 „ 6in. 5
— II — nana aurea, smaU, 3/'6 to 5

— '/ " — gracilis 3

pisifera 9 tol2 in. 0

— ,/— 12 „15in.i 0

— "— 15 „18in.! 1

-"- U„ 2 ft. 1

— «— 2 „ 2ift.i 1

— "— 2i„ 3 ft. 2

—II— 3 „ 4 ft. 3

— "— 4 „ 5 ft. 3

— "- 5 „ 6 ft.

5 '-to 7

— " — argentea 6 to 9 in. 2

— »— 9 „12in. 3

— " — aurea 6 ,, 9 in. 1

— //— 9 „12in. 2

— "— 12 „15in. 2

— "— H „ 2 ft. 5

plumosa 6 „ 9 in. 1

— "— 9 „12in. 1

— // — aurea 6 ,, 9 in. 1

_„ „_ 9 „12in. 1

_„ „_ U,, 2 ft.: 5

— '/ — flavescens ....6 ,, 9 in.: 3
_„ „_ 9 „12 in. 5

h. i Doz.

d.\s. d.

615 0

6

6

6

0

0

0

0

6

6

0

3

6

6

squarrosa 1/- to 2

stricta 6 to 9 in. 2

— "— 9 „12in. 2

SAXE-GOTH^A—

conspicua 12 „lo in. 1 6

SCIADOPTYS—
verticillata 5/- to 10

SEQUOIA—

sempervirens 1 to \\ii. 0 9

„ 11 2 ft 1 n

— "— 0 „ 6 ft. 5 0

— "— 6 ,, 7 ft. 7 6

— II — extra fine specimens,

10/6 to 21 0
— " — ferruginea (new),

9tol2in. 3 6

_„ „_ 15„18in. 5 0

— " — glauca 12 „15 in. 3

TAXODIUM—

distichum 2 to 3 ft. 1 6

— — 3 „ 4 ft. 2 0

—'I— 4 „ 5 ft. 2 6

mexicanum 12 ,,15 in. 1 6

6
6
°i

6

8! 6 0

9; 8 0

010 0

312 0

615 0

021 0
01
6

42

43

44

44

46

Each,
s. d.

TAXODIUM—

mexicanum 15 to 18 in. 2 0

— "- 2 „ 2ift. 3 6

TAXUS—

adpressa l\„ 2 ft. 2 0

— "— 2 „ 21ft. 2 6

— "— 2i„ 3 ft. 3 0

— /;— fine specimens . . . .S'- to 12 6

— '/—stricta 9 tol2 in. 1 0

_„ „_ 12 ,,15 in. 1 6

_„ „_ 15„lSin. 2 0

_„ „_ ii„ 2 ft. 3 0

_„ „_ 2 „ 21ft. 4 0

_„ „_ 21,, 3"ft, 5 0

baccata 9 tol2 in. 25/- 100

1 ,, lift. 35/- „

-"- n„ 2 ft.

—11- 2 „ 21ft. 75'- „

-11— 2i„ 3- ft. 100/-,,

-"— 3',, 3|ft

31,, 4 ft

— II — 5 ,, 6 ft. ..5 -to

— "— 6 „ 7 ft. ..7;6to.

— II — Cheshuntensis, 9 tol2 in.

— II " — ..... .,12 „15 in.

— " — cuspidata ... .9 „12 in.

— // // — 12 „15 in.

— , „_ 15 „l8in.

— //- - Dovastonii ..12„15in.

_„ „_ 15 „18in.

— " — elegantissima, 9 „12 in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in.

_„ „_ 15 „18in.

-" U„ 2 ft.

„ „ 2 21ft

_, — »-.*.';;.'.■ .'.'21," s'ft;

— II II — extra sized speci-
mens 10 6 to

— // // — foemina,9 tol2 in,

„ ,/— ..12 „15in.

_„ „ ,/— ..15 „18in

— " II — superba, 9 ,,12 in

_„ „ „_. . 12 „15 in

— II — epacrioides .... 9 ,,12 in.

_„ „_ 12„i5in.

— // — erecta 1 ,, Hft

-" li» 2" ft

_„ ,_ 2 „ 21ft

— " "- 2i„ 3"ft.

_„ „_ 3 ,, 3|ft.

— </ II— large specimens,

5/- to

— II " — aureis variegatis,

syn. pyramidaUs variegata,

_„ „_ 9 tori in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in

_„ „_ 15 „l8in

„ ,, 11 o ft

,, ,, 9 91ft

— // /' — aui'ea variegata,

(Gold Striped Tew J —

9 tol2 in

_„ „_ 12 „15in

_, „_ 15 „l8in

_„ „_ li„ 2 ft.

_„ „_ 2 „ 2ift

Doz.
». d.

4 0

5 0

8 0

9 0
15 0
21 0

1
1

1
2
2
1
1
1
1

2 0

3 0
5 0
7 6

42 0
2 0

10 6

1

2 0
2

3 6

12 0
15 0
21 0

9 0

12 0

15 0

18 0

24 0

1

0

10

0

1

6

15

0

1

9

18

0

2

6

24

0

3

6

36

0

NOTE. -The figures in the first column denote the page in the Descriptive List of the Fir Tribe.

10

Richard Smith's Eevised Price List of Oonifers for 1875.

Each

i s. d
TAXUS— I
baccata erecta au. var., 2| to 3ft. 5/- 7/6

— " " — extra sized' bushy |

plants 10/6to42 0

' — ericoides ... .9 tol2 in. 1 0

' "— 12 „loin. 1 6

' "— 15 „18in. 2 0

— fastigiata 1 „ lift. 0

' "— 1|„ 2 ft. 0

— "— 2 „ 21ft. 0 9

— "— 2i„ 3"ft, 1 0

— "— 3 „ 31ft. 1 6

— "— ^„ 4 ft. 1 9

— "— 4 „ 4ift. 2 0

-"— 4i„ o'ft. 2 6

— / — 5 „ 6 ft. 3 0

-"— 6 „ 7 ft. 4 0

— "— 7 „ 8 ft. 6 0

— «— 8 „ 9 ft. 7 6

— // — extra fine speci-
mens 10/6 to ,21

" — golden - striped,

worked on common and Irish
Yews, standards, varying in

price from 10/6 to'42 0

— "— • — " — aurea variegata,

6 to 9 in. 2 0

_„ „ „_ . ,9 ^^12 in. 2 6

— " — partim-aurea . . 6 ,, 9 in. 2 0

— " "— 9„12in. 2 0

— " "— 1 „ lift. 3 0

— " "— 1|„ 2'ft.| 3 6

— " — recurvata ...,9„12in. 1 0

— " "— 1 „ lift. 1 6

canadensis 18 „24"in. 2 0

— "— 2 „ 2.|ft. 2 6

— " — major 6 ,, 9 in. 1 0

_„ , — 9„12in. 1 6

erecta. fCroivder'sJ ..9 „\2m. 0 6

— "— 12 „15in. 0 9

— "— 15 „18in. 1 0

— "— U„ 2 ft. 1 6

— "— 2',, 2|ft. 2 0

— "— 2i„ 3 ft. 2 6

fastigiataargentea variegata 9in 1 6

Fisheri 12 tol5 in. 1 0

— "— 15 „18in. 1 3

— «— 1|„ 2 ft. 1 6

glauca 1 „ l^ft. 0 9

— «— li„ 2 ft. 1 0

— //— 2 „ 21ft. 1 6

— "— 2\„ 3 ft. 2 0

— "— 3 „ 4 ft. 2 6

— "— 4 „ 5 ft. 3 0

— " — larger 5/- to 15 0

horizontalis 1 to l|ft. 1 0

—n— \\„ 2 ft. 1 6

— -/— 2 „ 2Jft. 2 0

— /— 2J„ 3 ft. 2 6

impcrialis 12 „lo in. 1 0

—n— 15 „18in. 1 6

Jaoksonii 12 tol5 in. 1 (V

—n- 15 „18in. 2 0

Lindlcyana 9 „12 in. 2 0

—,— 12 „15in. 2 6

MitcheUii 12 „15 in. 0 9

— ,— 15 „18in.! 1 OJ

Doz.
s. d.

46

47

47

47

48

TAXUS—

Mitchellii Uto 2 ft

— "— 2",, 21ft.

procumbens 9 ,,12 in.

Washingtonii 12 ,,15 in.

— ' — 15 „18in.

— "— 1|„ 2 ft.

THUJA—

Def resneana 9 in.

dumosa 6 to 9 in.

gigantea 9 „12 in.

1 „ lift.

n„ 2 ft.

2",, 21ft.

2i„ S'ft.

3 „ 31ft.

31,, 4"ft.

globosa 6,, 9 in.

Hoveyi 9 „12 in.

— "— 12 „15in.

Lobbii 1 ., lift.

li'„ 2''ft.

.2 „ 21ft.

2i„ 3 ft.

3",, 31ft.

3ito4"ft.

4 „ 5 ft.

5 „ 6 ft.

Each.
*. d.

I 0

1 0

1 3

1 6

2 0

2 6

3 0

3 6

5 0

1 0

1 6

2 0

0 5

4

0

0 6

5

0

0 8

6

0

0 10

8

0

1 0

10

0

1 3

12

0

1 6,

2 6

' — fine specimens .... 7 '6 to 15 Ol
' — atrovirens. .. ,9 to 12 in. 1 6

'— 12 „15in. 2 0

'— 15 „18 in. 2 6

'— erecta 9 ,,12 in. 0 9

' "— 12 „15in. 1 0

' "— 15 „18in. 1 6

"— U„ 2 ft. 2 0

"— 2',, 21ft. 2 6

— pumila li„ 2 ft. 1 6

"— 2 „ 21ft. 2 0

"— 2i„ 3 ft. 2 6

— variegata ....4 „ 6in. 2 6
occidentalis 1 „ lift. .. 3

5 „ 6" ft. 1 010

6 „ 7 ft. 1 6

7 „ 8 ft. 2 6

'— 8 „ 9 ft. 3 6

' — argentea ...,4 „ 6in. 2 6

'— Boothi 4 „ 6 in. 1 6

' — compacta ....4 ,, 5 ft. 4 0

' "— ....6to7ft., 5/- toi 7 6

' — cristata 6 „ 9 in.| 1

' — ericoides 6 „ 9 in.

pendula 9 „12 in

12 „15in,

pulcherrima aurea, new,
4 to 6in., 7/6 to

plicata 4 to 5 ff.

— "— 5 „ 6 ft.

— // — minima 12 „15 in.

— " "— 15 „18in.

— " " — pendula

Vervaeneana 9 „12 in.

— " — 12 ,,16 in.

— "— 15 „18in.

li„ 2 ft.

— "— 2 „ 2Jft.

Waronna 2^,, 3 ft. 0 10

1

6

2

0

2

0

2

6

10

6

2

6

3

6

1

6

2

0

2

6

1

0

1

6

2

0

2

6

3

0

9 0

NOTE.— The figures In the first column denote the page In the Descriptive List of the Fir Trlhe.

Eichard Smith's Eevised Price List of Oonifers for 1875.

11

49

49

49

THUJA—
Wareana 3 to S^t.

^„ 5 ft.

— "— 5 „ 6 ft.

Zuccarini 9 „12 in.

— ' — 12 „15in.

—"— 15 „ ISin.

THUJOPSIS—

borealis 12 tol5 in.

— "— 15 „18in.

— »— U„ 2 ft.

„ 2' 2\it.

— "— '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.2C 3'ft".

— "— 5 „ 6 ft.

— "— 6 „ 7 ft.

— " — compacta ... .6 ,, 9 in.

— "— 9 ,.12 in.

— "— 12 „15in.

— " — variegata ....9 ,,12 in.

— " " — 12 „15 in.

dolabrata 4 „ 6 in.

— "— 6 „ 9 in.

— "— 9 „12in.

— " — 12 ,,15 in.

— " — decumbens ... .4 ,, 6 in.
— " — variegata .... 6 „ 9 in.

_„ „_ 9 „l2in.

_„ „_ 12 „15in.

laetevirens 6 ,, 9 in.

Each.
3. d.

I 0

0 9

1 0

1 0

5 0

0 9

1 0

Doz.

10 0

51

THTJJOPSIS—

Standishii 4 to Gin.

— "— 9 „12in.

TORREYA—

myristica 4 ,, 6in.

nucifera 12 tol5 in.

— "— 15 „18in.

WELLINGTONIA—

gigantea 9 „12 in.

12 „15 in.

15 „18in.

li 2 ft

21ft.

3 "ft.
3ift.

4 ft
41ft

5 ft

6 ft
6 to 7ft., 12/6 to

variegata .... 6 to 9 in.

— "— 9 „12in

— "— 12 „15in

— "— 15

— "— U

.2

2i

••'2)>

.3 „
.3|„
.4 „
Ah,
.5 „

IS in.
2 ft.
91ft
WLDDRIXGTONIA— " "^

cupressoides 6 to 9 in.

— "— 12 „15in,

EachI

s.

d.

5

0

2

6

2

6

3

6

6

0

0

9

1

0

1

6

2

6

3

0

3

61

4

0

5

0

6

0

7

6

10

6

21

0

3

6

5

0

7

6

10

6

12

6

15

0

0

9

1

6

Doz.
4. d.

S'^-«$33l=»o«

NOTE.— The figures in the first column denote the page In the Descriptive Lit of the Fir Tribe.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES

OF THE FOLLOWING
ARE ANNUJJbZT PUBZISSED, & MAT BE SAD GRATIS OJV APPLICATION.

THE FIR TRIBE SUITABLE FOR THE CLIMATE OF THE
UNITED K.INGDOM, giving their popular and scientific names and deriva-
tions, their habitats, and the sizes they attain there ; with descriptions of their forms,
grovrths, foliage, uses in the arts, soils and situations adapted for their culture, &c. ;
also a copious index of synonjTns, and quotations of sizes and prices. Free by post for
Six Stamps.

FRUIT LIST, containing illustrations of trees trained in the most approved fashions ;
remarks as to soils, manures, and drainage ; directions for lifting, plantiag, branch
and root priming, cropping, and the cultivation and management generally of Fruit
Trees, both in the open ground and under glass ; descriptions also of their growths and
other peculiarities, and of the forms, colours, and sizes of their fruits, their textures,
flavoxirs, seasons, and their durations, uses, &c., with an enumeration of their many
synonyms, and a list of prices for trained and untrained Trees.

GARDEN SEED CATALOGUE, including a calendar of operations for each season,
and quotations of prices for complete collections of Seeds for Gardens of various sizes,
as well as the usual tariflf; hints as to manures, soils, &c. ; remarks also on the qualities,
uses, heights, itc, of various vegetables, and on various modes of culture, cropping,
storing, kc.

BEDDING PLANTS, comprising the most desirable varieties available for the Terrace
Parterre, for the tropical and ordinary Flower Garden, for the mixed border, and for
grouping en masse with shrubs or on the lawn.

ROSES, containing all the best of the new and old varieties, arranged in their several
sections, and fully described as to their shapes, colours, and adaptations ; with ample
instructions also as to their treatment, and quotations of prices.

AGRICULTURAL SEED LIST, including, in addition to the ordinary descrip-
tions and priced quotations of Farm Seeds, a description of the most valuable of the
Natural Grasses for forage purposes, their names and derivations, produce, periods
of infloresence, especial uses, and the soUs and situations for which adapted, cultural
requirements, prices, &c.

DUTCH BULBS, and other flower roots, giving a full description of the colours, forma,
and other peculiarities of each sort, times of planting, and soils suitable, &c., prices and
other information.

EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS, containing
selections of the finest Rhododendrons, Hollies, and other Evergreens ; Evergreen and
Deciduous Ornamental Trees for Parks, Avenues, &c. ; Deciduous and Evergreen
Bushes or Shrubs, Climbers, Trailers, &c. ; their generic, specific, and English names,
native countries, heights, times of flowering, and especial adaptations ; sizes, prices, &c .

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising the best selections of Camellias, Azaleas,
Ericas, Epacris, Fuchsias, Geraniums, &c., &c,

HERBACEOUS AND ALPINE PLANTS, HARDY FERNS, &c., with
descriptions of colour, height, time of flowering, &c.

1875. ^^i^ 1875.

Bilid Catalogut of

CONIFER.^

AND OTHER

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,

ROSES, RHODODENDRONS, FRUIT TREES, ETC,

OFFERED FOR SALE BY

WILLIAM BARRON & SON,

LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND NURSERYMEN,
ELVASTON NURSERIES,

BORROWASH, NEAR DERBY.

The Nurseries are within three minutes' walk of the Borrowash Station, on the
Midland (Derby and Nottingham) Railway.

P.O. ORDERS MADE PAYABLE AT DERBY.

SEED WAREHOUSE— 16, MARKET STREET, NOTTINGHAM.

I'KINTED HY BEMROSE AND SONS, LONDON AND DERBY.

INTEODUCTION.

Ix submitting this Catalogue to the readers of the foregoing work, William Barron and
Son beg to state that they have since the establishment of their nurseries more than
twenty years' ago, made Coniferas a speciality, every New Plant introduced into this
country during that time having been purchased by them the moment it was in the
market.

They have likewise agents in many places abroad, from whom they receive consign-
ments of seed of such varieties as are best re-produced from seed.

By these means, and by the very careful attention bestowed in the cultivation of
their plants, their stock of Coniferse has become celebrated both at home and abroad
as being perhaps the best in the trade.

The superiority of their plants is suflBciently established by the fact that, during
the last six years, W. B. and Son have constantly exhibited at all the principal shows in
the United Kingdom, and have as yet invariably obtained first honours.

They woiild also particularly call attention to their splendid collection of Ornamental
Deciduous Trees ; of many of these they cannot speak too highly, it is impossible to
over-estimate their value in Landscape Gardening. During the last few years special
attention has been devoted to this branch, and, as it has been their personal study to
seek out and secure the newest and best varieties, they can with confidence recommend
all that they offer.

As great mistakes are made in the treatment of trees after removal, a few practical
hints will be furnished to purchasers of large specimens, to insure success.

The General Nursery Stock is extensive and weU-gi'own, and as they pay pai-ticular
attention to the constant removal of their plants, they are finely rooted, and cannot fail
to give satisfaction.

"When packed, the balls of the larger plants are completely enclosed in a circular
crate, which is drawn tightly round them ; in this manner a plant will travel, with a
ball several cwt., hundreds of miles without the slightest injury, and will be delivered at
its journey's end in as perfect a condition as when removed.

A general descriptive Catalogue will be forwarded, post free, on application ; likewise
their Seed, Bixlb, and Rose Catalogues, the two former published in January and the
latter in August.

Landscape Gardening. — Mr. Barrom, Sen., who has had great experience in this
department, devotes nearly the whole of his time to his profession as a Landscape
Gardener. He also gives advice on the management of "Woods and Forests.

In addition to furnishing plans, they also undertake all kinds of ground work, the
formation of new roads, ornamental water, rockwork, &c., by contract or otherwise.

They keep a staff of experienced foremen to superintend any work that may be
entrusted to their care.

Any Plants not enumerated in their Catalogue, Greenhouse, Stove, or otherwise,
which tlieir customers may require, if not in stock, they will be happy to prociu-e at the
usual prices. ,

It frequently happens that after trees have been planted a few j^ears, they appear to
have been planted too near or in the wrong place, and their possessors would gladly have
them i)laced to greater advantage if they knew it could be done with safety. Their
Transplanting Machines, witli efficient men for such pui'poses, can be had at a moderate
rate. William I'.akbon being the originator of the most successful system for the
removal of largo trees, his well-known reputation as a planter, may give confidence to
the inexpei-ienced. A few testimonials, selected from many otliers, received from
gentlemen who have used their Machines, will be found at the end of the Catalogue.

Although every care will bo taken in the packing of goods, risk of every description,
costs of transit, etc., must bo borne by the i)urchaser. No complaint entertained unless
made within seven days of the receipt of goods.

To lessen transit expenses, all goods will be consigned at " Owner's Risk" (viz..
Purchaser's) unless advised to the contrary.

Elvaston NunsHRiF.s, December, 1874.

William Barron & Son's Catjilogue.

CONIFERS.

New a7id rare plants are printed in black letter.

ABIES (Spnux)-

ALBA (White American)...

per doz.

per 100

Albeetiana

larger speciraens

Al.COCQUIANA

BicoLOK {Maa^imowiczii)...
CA^•ADE^S1S {Hemlock
Spruce),

12 to 15 in per doz.

2 ft. to 3 ft per doz.

larger

alba spica

Quite new, very beautiful.

microphylla

ccERULEA perdoz.

DouGLAsn,

9 to 12 in perdoz.

2 to 3ft

3to4ft

4to5f t

larger

TAXEFOLIA

BBEYIFOLIA

A variety raised hy ou' selves
for which we have obtained
several first -cla«s certificates.
The leaves are shorter and more
obtuse than the tyjje ; very dark
green, and set on all round the
stem after the style of Picea
pinsapo.

Englemanh,

12tol8in perdoz.

Candida

A very glaucous and beauti-
ful varety of the above ;obtained
a first-class certificate at the
Royal Horticultural Society's
Show, Birmingham, June, 1872.

EXCELSA,

akchangelica 2 6

AUBEA 3 6

Clanbbasiliana .. 5 0

FiNEDONEXSIS 2 f)

INVERTA 1 G

PYGM^EA 0 0

Each.

B. d.

s. d.

1 0 ..

. 1 6

4 0..

. 9 0

\^ 0 ..

. 30 0

1 6 ..

. 3 6

5 0..

. 10 6

5 0 ..

. 63 0

5 0..

. 10 6

4 0

9 0

16..

. 3 6

2 6

3 6

6 0..

9 0

4 G

lo 0 ..

18 0

21 0 ..

24 0

2 6..

3 6

5 0 ..

10 6

2 6..

10 6

21 0

30 0
21 0

5 C

7 6
7 6
5 0
7 6

Each,
s. d. 8. d.
ABIES {Spruce.)

Hanburyana 7 6 ... 31 6

hookeeiana 5 0 ... 21 0

Mexziesii,

2 years' bedded ...per 100 15 0

3 to 4 ft perdoz. 18 0

6to7ft 3 6 ... 5 0

MORINDA 1 0 ... 2 6

NIGRA,

1-2 to 18 in per 100 25 0

18 to 2 ft perdoz. 5 0

pumila 5 0 ... 7 6

Tlie or.ginal plant of this

variety is 12 ft. through, and

not more than 5 ft. high.

OBOVATA 3 6 ... 5 0

OBIEXTALIS,

2 years' tedded ...per 100 10 0

15 to 18 in 1 0 ... 16

5 to7ft 10 6 ... 21 0

Pattoniaka 3 6 ... 21 0

Paeryiana 21 0

POLITA 3 6 ... 21 0

Sitchensis

12 to IS in per doz. 18 0

Tsuga Sieboldii {Japan

Hemlock Spruce) 1 ft. 6 in.

to 3 ft perdoz. 10 6 ... 316

Whitiianiana, 15to IBin.... 1 0 ... 16
„ 5 to 7 ft 10 6 ... 21 0

ARAUCARIA-

imbricata ( Chilian Pine)

12 to 18 in perdoz. 18 0

2to3ft 5 0 ... 7 6

5to6 ft 21 0 ... 31 6

larger 42 0 ...110 0

aureavariegata 21 0 ...105 0

A beautiful golden variety of

the Araucaria, raised by Mr.

Fowler, Castle Kennedy, about

20 years' ago, the original plant

being now 22 ft. high, and finely

variegated all over the tree.

"William Baeeon & Son.

ARTHROTAXIS {The jointed Yew)

Each,
d. s.

d.

CUPRESSOIDES 5 0 ...105 0

LAXiFOLiA (G-unneana) ... 10 6 ... 42 0

SELAGINOIDES(Z)o«MJa«a)... 7 6 ... 31 6

BIOTA (TAe Chinese Arbor
Vitce)—

CUPRESS.EFOEaiia 1 6

FALCA.TA 3 6

globosa gracilia 1 6

JAPONICA 2 6

UEIENTALIS,

1 to li ft per doz. 4 0

2 to 3 ft „ 9 0

larger 1 6

AUREA ( Thuja aiirea)

9 to 12 in per doz. 16 0

12 to 18 in 2 0

larger 5 0

BLEGANTISSIMA

9 to 12 in 1 6

12 to 18 in 2 6

larger 5 0

delicatissima 21 0

Quite new, rich cream colotir.

BEMPERAUBESCENS, 6 to

9 in ...per doz 18 0

larger 2 6

VAEIEG ATA AUREA 2 6

ZUCOARINIANA 16

TARTABiCA per doz. 6 0

TRIANGULABIS 3 6

CEDRUS-(r/je Cedar.)

Atlantica,

9 to 12 in per 100 15 0

18 in. to 2 ft per doz. 8 0

2to3ft 1 0

3 to4 ft 1 6

Deodara,

2 years' bedded ...per 100 15 0

9tol2in per doz. 8 0

12 tolSin „ 15 0

3 to 4ft 3 6

larger 10 6

alba spica 2 6

Very distinct and beautiful.

BOnusTA 2 6

verticellata glauca 2 6

Lebani, 12 to 18in 1 0

larger 2 6

CEPHALOTAXUS {The
Clustered flowered Yeiv) —

DRUPACEA, 9 to I2in 1 B

larger 5 0

FouTUNEii, 12 to 18in 1 0

larger B 6

PBDUNCULATA 1 6

3 6
10 6

5 0
21 0

3 6

3 6

21 0

2 6

3 6
10 6

10 6
21 0

5 0
12 0

5 0

5 0
31 6

6 0

2 6
42 0

1 6
42 0

2 6

Each.
B. d. s. d.
CHAM/ECYPARIS (The

White Cedar,—

SPHiEROIDEA 1 0 ... 2 6

aurea 5 0 ... 10 6

GLAUCA 1 6 ... 2 6

VAEIEGATA —

12 to 18in 1 0 ... 16

2 to 3ft 2 0 ... 3 0

4 to 5ft 5 0 ... 7 6

CRYPTOMERIA {The Japan
Cedar) —

ELEGANS,

9 to i2in per doz. 6 0

12 to l»in „ 9 0

2 to 3ft 2 6 ... 3 6

larger 5 0 ... 10 6

Japonica, 5 to 7ft 2 6 ... 5 0

ABAUCARIOIDES 1 6 ... 2 6

LoBBii, 5 to 7ft 2 6 ... 5 0

NANA 1 0 ... 7 6

VARIEGATA 3 6 ... 5 0

CUPRESSUS {The Cypress}-

CORNEYANA 2 6 ... 3 6

funebkis, 18in. to 2ft 1 6 ... 2 6

GOVENIANA,

IBin. to 2ft per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

Lambertiana, 2 to apt. ... 1 6 ... 2 0

alba variegata 3 6 ... 7 6

Lawsoniana,

12 to 18in per doz. 2 6

per 100 17 6

18iu.to2ft perdoz. 5 0

per 100 30 0

3 to 4ft. ... perdoz. 9/- 1 0 ... 16

4 to 5ft. ... „ 18/- 1 6 ... 2 6
6 to 8ft 5 0 ... 7 6

larger 10 6 ... 21 0

alba pendula ; 2 6 ... 10 6

SPICA 2 6 ... 10 6

nana 10 6

Perfectly new and distinct, the
brightest of any of the white
tipped varieties.

ALBA VABIEGATA 1 6 ... 5 0

AEGENTEA, 12 to 18iu. ... 16... 26

larger 3 6 ... 10 6

AUREA VARIEGATA 1 0 ... 7 0

EBECTA VIBIDIS 16.. 3 6

GRACILIS 1 0 ... 3 6

lutea 3 6 ... 21 6

A lovely golden compact-grow-
ing variety of C. Lawsoniina. It
veatins its golden hue throughout
the year. We have thoroughly
tested its power of enduring sun
heat, and can recommend it as
one of tlic hardiest and richest
of coloured Conifers.

Conifers,

Each,
d. s. d.

CUPRESSUS {The Cypress)

LAWSONIANA

NIVEA 1 6 ... 2 6

PYGILEA 1 0 ... 3 6

STRICTA 1 6 ... 5 0

Vervaeneana 1 6 ... 2 6

LUeiTANICA 1 0

macrocarpa 1 0 ... 2 6

McNabiana 1 0 ... 2 6

NuTKAENSis (Thujopsis bo-
realis),

Sin. to 2ft per doz. 12 0

2 to 3ft ■. 1 6 ... 2 6

4 to 6ft 5 0 ... 7 6

glauca 1 0 ... 16

nana compacta 3 6 ... 5 0

PENDULA,

I8in. to2ft per doz. 12 0

2 to 3ft , 18 0

4to6ft 3 6 ... 7 6

VARIEGATA ALB.A. 1 6 ... 2 6

AUREA 1 6 ... 2 6

TORULOSA I 0 ... 2 6

TOURNEFORTH 1 0 ... 1 6

DACRYDIUM-

Franklinii 1 6 ... 2 6

FITZROYA-

Patagonica 1 6 ... 5 0

JUNIPERUS(37ie Juniper)-
Chinensis,

12tol8in per doz. 9 0

2 to 3ft ... „ 18 0

4 to 6ft 2 6

larger trained 5 0

aurea 5 0

(Japoxica) vajriegata,

9 to 12in per doz. 18 0

12 tolSin 3 6

larger 7 6

communis PENDULA 1 6

cracovia perdoz. 9 0

cupress^folia 1 6

drtjpacea 1 6 ... 5 0

echimieormis 2 6 ...

excelsa 1 0 ... 2 6

STRICTA, 9 to 12in.perdz. 18 0

larger 2 6 ... 21 0

fraguans 1 0 ... 6 0

Hibernica,

12 to 18in per doz. 6 0

2 to 3ft 1 0 ... 16

COMPRESSA 1 6 ... 2 6

Japonic.x., 12 to 18in 10... 16

2to3ft 2 6 ... 5 0

alba variegata 5 0 ... 10 6

aurea 5 0 ... 31 6

variegata 5 0 ... 10 6

nana 1 6 ... 5 0

5

0

10

6

42

0

6 0

21

0

2

6

12

0

2

0

Each
B. d

JUNIPERUS (The Juniper)-

macrocarpa 2 6

meldensis 2 6

oblonga pendula 1 0

Phcenicea 1 6

PBOCUMBENS 1 0

PBOSTBATA 1 0

RECURVA DENSA 1 0

RIGIDA 2 6

Sabiniana,

12 to 18in per doz. 5 0

2 to 8ft „ 18 0

V.-VRIEGAT.A. 1 6

SPHCERICA 2 6

SQUAMATA 1 6

SuEciCA, 6 to 9in. per doz. 6 0

18in.to2ft „ 12 0

TAM.UIISCIF0LL\ ,, 9 0

trained as pyramids.

3 to 4ft 5 0

THUBIFERA,

2 to 3ft perdoz. 18 0

7 to ait 7 6

TRIP.4RTITA, 12 to 15in 1 0

ViRGINIANA, 3 to 4ft 1 0

4 to 5ft 1 0

ARGENTEA VARIEGATA ... 2 6

AUREA „ ... 2 6

GLAUCA, 2 to 3ft 2 6

4tooft 5 0

TENusTA, 12 to 18in 1 6

s. d.

2 6
2 6

IS 0
7 6

LARIX (The Larch)-
K^MPFERi (The Golden or
Chinese),

2 years' seedlings 5 0

larger 7 6 ... 21 0

LIBOCEDRUS(rfte Incense Cedar]—

Chilensis 2 6

viRiDis 2 6

DECURRENs(7'A«;a Gigantea),

12 to 18in per doz. 18 0

18in. to 2 ft 1 6

larger 7 6

TETRAGONA 5 0

PICE A—tThe Silver Fir J

AMABiLis (true) 3 6

apollinis 1 0

bracteata 7 6

Cephalonica, 12 to 18in.... 1 6

lai-ger 3 6

CiLICICA 3 6

Concolor 63 0

A new Californian Picea dis-
covered by M. Roezl. with
long leaves and very glaucous
foIia:re ; apparently a variety
between K nobilis glauca and
P. Parsonsi. One of the greatest
acquisitiuns imroducedfor many
years.

.. 5

0

.. 5

0

.. 2

6

.. 21

0

.. 7 6

.. 21

0

.. 1

6

.. 10

6

.. 2

6

.. 5

0

.. 7

6

William Barron & Son.

Each,
s. d. s. d.
P\CEA— (The Silver Fir.)

GKANDIS 7 6 ... 42 0

MAGNIFICA,

6 to 9in per doz. 2 6 ... 3 6

larger 5 0 ... 42 0

NOBILIS,

6 to 12in per doz. 6 0

per 100 4.5 0

18 to 2ft per doz. 24 0

per 100 160 0

2 to 3ft 3 0 ... 7 6

larger 10 6 ...105 0

Being the largest holders in
the trade of this magnificent
tree, we are enabled to offer it
at such an extremely low figure
as v;e hope will induce our
customers to purchase largely.
FIBMA 3 6 ... 10 6

NOKDMANKIANA,

2 years per K 0 20 0

12 to loin per doz. 12 0

15 to 18 in., „ IS 0

'2 to 3ft 3 6 ... 10 6

larger 21 0 ...105 0

AKGENTEA 5 0 ... 10 6

Obovata 10 6

NuiiiDicA 2 6 ... 3 6

Pabsonsi per doz. 12 0

4 to 5ft 21 0 ... 31 6

6to7ft 42 0 ... 63 0

larger 105 0 ...110 0

PINDROW 1 6 ... 3 6

PINSAPO,

9tol2in per doz. 12 0

18in. to 2ft 2 6 ... 3 6

3 to 4ft 10 6 ... 21 0

larger SI 6 ...105 0

Webbiana,

etoQin per doz. 18 0

larger 5 0 ... 21 0

P\NIJS— (The PineJ

ARISTATA 2 6 ... 5 0

AUSTRIACA,

12tol8in per 100 7 6

per 10i»0 60 0

18into2ft per 100 10 0

2ft. 6in. to 3ft per 100 40 0

3to4ft 10.. 16

per 100 75 0

4 to 5ft 1 6 ... 2 6

larger 3 6 ... 7 6

Bentiiamiaka,

9 to 12in per doz. 12 0

3to4ft 3 6 ... 5 0

larger 5 0 ... 10 6

BUNOEANA 2 6 ... 5 0

cembra,

12 to ISin per doz. 5 0

per 100 30 0

2 to 3ft., per doz. 12 0

larger 2 6 ... 7 6

Each.
8. d. s. d.

PINUS— (TVie Pine.)

CONTORTA,

12tol8in., per doz. 15 0

larger 3 6 ... 10 6

COULTERI 1 0 ... 16

DENsiFLORA per doz. 12 0 ... 15 0

Don Pedro 3 6... 50

excelsa,

12tol8in., per doz. 12 0

2ft. 6in. to 3ft 2 0... 2 6

FLEXiLis, 6 to 12in 2 6 ... 5 0

2to3ft 7 6 ... 10 6

Fischerii , 1 0 ... 16

Freemon'tian.a 1 0 ... 16

Geraudiana 1 0 ... 2 0

Hamiltoni 1 0 ... 16

insignis,

9 to 12in., per doz. 6 0

per 100, 40 0

18in. to 2ft per doz. 12 0

4to5ft 2 6 ... 3 6

Transplanted in autumn.

jEFFREyii, 12 to ISin 1 6 ... 2 6

2to3ft 3 6 ... 7 6

Kobaiensis 1 0 ... 7 6

Lamberti.ana, 1 to 2ft 1 6 ... 2 6

larger 3 0 ... 7 6

Laricio,

12tol5in per 100 10 0

1ft. 6in. to2ft. 6in. „ 20 0

2 to 3ft „ 30 0

McIntoshiana, (see cou-

torta)

macrocabpa 1 0 ... 1 6

Mandschuricus 2 6

maritima,

9tor2in per 1000 25 0

MONTICOLA, 15 to 18ui 2 6

2to 3ft 3 6 ... 5 0

PAiUSTRlS 5 0 ... 10 6

Pallasiana,

12tol8in per doz. 12 0

larger 10... 3 6

parvifiora, 6 to 12in 3 6... 50

2ft. to 2ft. 6in 10 6 ... 15 0

Peuce, 6to9in 16... 2 6

3 to 4ft 7 6 ... 10 6

PONDEROSA, 18in. to 2ft 2 6 ... 3 6

larger 5 0 ... 7 6

Pyrenaica,

6 to 12in per doz. 6 0

18in. to2ft ,, 10 0

3to4ft 2 0 ... 3 0

RiGiDA, 9 to 12in. ...per doz. 6 0

larger 1 6 ... 2 6

KOMANA, 3 to 4ft 10... 16

4 to 5ft 1 6 ... 2 6

Sabiniana 1 0 ... 2 6

Salzmanni, 9 to 15in 1 6 ... 2 6

Sinclaibiana 1 0 ... 16

Coxiferj:.

Each,
s. d. s. d.
PINUSMrfte Pine.)

STROBIS,

tabulaeformis 5 0 ... 7 tJ

A very pretty dwarf variety,
growing not more than one or
two feet high, but with a dense
spreading head of a flat tabular
form.

sYLTESTEis (see Forest

trees.)

aurea 5 0 ... 7 6

A dwarf-growing varie'y of
the Scotch Fir, which turns to
a brilliant yellow in winter.

T.iBUL.HFOKMIS 3 6 ... 5 0

T.vuRiCA, 6in per 100 20 0

larger 1 0 ... 2 6

ToKREY.vN.v, 12 to ISiu 3 6 ... 5 0

TUBEHCULAT.\,

2ft. 6in. to 4ft 3 6 ... 5 0

PODOCARPUS (The long-
stalked Yew.)

AIiPIN.\ 1 0

ANBINA 1 6

ELEGANTISSIMA 5 0

MACROPHyLLA ALBA V.iJlIE-

GAT.\ 5 0

AUBEA „ ... 5 0

PRUM\^OP\TYS {Theelegant
Plum Fruited fine.)
ELEGANS 1 0

RETINOSPORA {The Japan
Cypress) —

EEICOIDES,

9 to 12iii per doz. 6 0

12m. to 2ft 1 0

DECU^ATA 1 6

filicoides 1 0

filifera 2 6

Leptoclada,

6 to 9iD per. doz. 12 0

larger 1 6

LYCOPODIOIDES 2 6

OBTUSA, 12 to 18iu., per doz. 8 0

2 to 3ft., per doz., 21/- 1 6 ,

larger 2 6

alba spica 2 6

The young .shoots of this plant
are quite wnite when they first
break out, and they remain so
for about three months, when
they become green ; very distinct.

ALBA VAEIEGATA 2 6 .

aui-ea 2 6

gracilis (Veitch) 5 0

nana 2 6 ,

coMPACTA, G to 9in 1 0 ,

Ketleerii variegata 3 6.

3 6

2 6
10 6

10 6
10 6

2 6

2 0
5 0
7 6
7 6

10 6
21 0

2 6

21 0

5 0

5 0
63 0

42 0
7 6
5 0

Eauli.

RETINOSPORA (7'A« ,/«/«(«
Cypress) —

M.AGN'IFICA 1 0 ... ?, (i

nana comp acta 3 6 ... 7 6

This variety differs consider-
ably from K. Pygm;ea ; it is evi-
dently the g-eeu type of R.
obtusi aurea nana, and is of
e.xceeditgly compact and sym-
metrical Krowth. The leaves are
a daik green above, and \eiy
glaucous underneatii. It is stiU
comparatively new and scarce.

Pygm.ea 2 6.. 7 6

pisifera,

ISin. to 2ft per doz. 9 0

2 to3ft 1 0 ... 1 6

larger 2 6 ... li* 6

aurea lo 6

This is the true E. p'si'eri
aurea, not a vaiietyof R. plu-
mosa aurea.

GRACILIS, 12 to 15 in 1 6 ... 2 6

NANA AUREA V.VRIEGATA ... 5 0 ... 7 6

PLUMosA,9tol2in...perdoz. 12 0

18iu.to2ft 2 6... 3 6

larger 7 6 ... 21 0

ALBA V.\KLEG.ATA 1 6 ... 7 6

ARGENTEA 1 0 ... 31 6

AUREA 1 0 ...105 0

FLAVESCENS 1 0 ... 3 6

SQUARROSA6to9in., perdoz. 9 0

12tol§in 1 6 ... 2 6

larger 3 6 ... 10 6

GLAUCA, 12 to ISin 1 6 .... 2 6

SALISBURIA-

ADIANTIFOLIA 1 0 ... 2 6

SCIADOPITYS-

Verticellata, ( The Um

breHa Pine)— 3 6 ... 63 0

TAXODIUM-DISTICHUM

18iu. to 2ft perdoz. 18 0

se:.ipervirens, 3 to 4ft 1 6 ... 2 H

alba spica 5 0 ... 21 0

The wliole plant is of a bluish
tint, excepting the jjoints of the
shoots, whi'li are of a pale
yellow, very distinct.

T AXUS [The Yew]-

adpress.i, 8 to 4ft 5 0

4 to 5ft 1() 6

oft. to 5ft. 6in 31 6

Perfect plants trained in the
form of Pyramids.

.STRICTA 10

10 6

15 0
42 0

3 6

WiLLiA^i Barron & Son,

Each
s. d. s. d.
TAXU S-<The Yew.)

BACCATA (common yew),

9 to l'2iu perlOO 18 0

1-2 to 18iu „ 30 0

18iu. to2ft per doz. 6 0

per 100 40 0

3to4ft 1 6 ... 2 R

larger 3 6 ... 10 6

ELEGANTISSIIIA,

12 to 18in per doz. 24 0

18in. to 2ft 2 6 ... 3 0

larger 3 0 ... 63 0

Elvastonensis aurea... 5 0 ... 21 0

This most remarkable and dis-
tinct variety originaiedat Elvas-
ton Castle. It is a bright orange
colour, aud unlike all other
Golden or Silver Yews, is not
variegated but a self colour ; it
IS by far the most brilliant of
any in the winter.

FASTiGiATA, 2ft., ...per doz. 9

4 to 5ft 2

larger 3

VARIEGATA,

6 to 9in per doz. 24

ISin. to2ft o

AUBEA (Standish's) 5

Foxii per doz. 9

rKUCTU LUTEA 1

GLAUCA (Blue John) 1

GRACILIS 1

HODGTONII 1

NiDP.ATHENSIS 1

MiTCHELLIANA 1

Pyramid ALis 1

VARIEGATA 1

VARIEGATA AUBEA (old gold

striped.)

9 to 12iu per doz. 15

12tol8in „ 24

2ft. 6in. to 3ft. 6in 7

4ft 15

5 to Jft 25

The magical effect produoed
by this lovely plant in landscape
pardening must be seen to be
understood.

We have the largest stock of
specimen plants in existence, all
trained as pyramids ; they vary
in price according to suubtance.

Barroni fcemina 5 0 ... 42 0

A seedlin-j, raised by ourselves
from the old gohlen yew, but is
much freer in growth and brighter
in colour. It is very synmietri-
cal in habit. Our original plant,
now about .'ift. high, is ui)ward3
of 7ft. in diameter »t tlie base,
and forms a j)erfect i)yramid. The
fact of its being a female plant
greatly enhances its value, as all
the plants of Taxus b.ai-cat* varie-
"ata aurcH, or golden yew, with

0

0 ..

3 0

6 ..

10 6

0

0 ..

7 6

0 ..

7 6

0

0 ..

5 0

0 ..

5 0

0 ..

1 6

0 ..

1 6

0 ..

3 6

6 ..

2 6

0 ..

2 6

6 .

2 6

0

0

fi ..

10 6

0 ..

21 0

0 ..

105 0

TAX\JS-iTheYew.]

the exception of the tree from
which this was raised, are male
plants. It has obt aned first-
class Certificates and Prizes at
every show at which it has been
exhibited.

BACCATA "WaSHINGTONI 1 0 .

Canadensis 1 0 .

vabikg ata aubea 2 6 .

cuspidata i 0 .

DovASTuNii, with leaders... 5 0 .

standards, with very fine
heads per pair 105 0

AUREA VARIEGATA, with

leaders 10 6 ..

TH U J A ( r/ie arhor-vitcB)—
AUREA (see Biota)

ASPLENIFOLLA 6 0

C.AUCASicA (see Siberica)

DORKINGENSIS 2 6..

ERicoiDES (Ellwangeriana)

per doz. 12 0
FALCATA (see Biota fill cata)
GIGANTEA (see Libocedrus

decurrens)
Menziesi, or Lobbi,

i8iu, to 2ft., per doz. 5 0

,, 100 36 0

3 to 4ft per doz. 15 0

4to6ft 16..

larger 3 6..

NANA 2 6..

OCCIDENTALIS,

3 to 4 ft per 100 40 0

4 to 5 ft per doz. 9 0

„ 100 60 0

alba spica 10 6

PLICATA 16..

per doz. 18 0

PENDULA 16..

This is scarce and very
be.»utifu),

PYGMaDA 2 6

PYRAMIDALIS,

3 to 4ft., per 100 40 0

4 to 5ft., per doz. 9 0

„ 100 6'i !)

SiBEBICA,

2 to 3ft., per doz. 6 0

„ 100 4' 0

larger 1 0 ..

Standards, 5 to Oft 2 6

VERV.ENEANA,2ft. 6iu. toSft. 3 G ..

THUJOPSIS (The broad
leafed Arborvitce) —

DOLOBKATA,

9 to I2iii per doz. 15 0

12 to 15iu ,, 24 0

larger 5 0 ..

Each.
d s. d.

26

2 6

5 0

1 G

15 0

21 0

3 6

2 6
10 6

3 6

3 6

2 6

3 6

1 6

.105 0

Conifers.

Each,
s. d. B. d.
1 H U J O P S I S—{The broad leaved
Arborvit<r.)
KOBUSTA DECUMBENS

(heights and prices as
above)

VABIEGATA,

9tol2in perdoz. 15 0

12 to loin „ 24 0

larger 5 0 ...105 0

L^TE\TBEXS,

6 to 9in per doz. 12 0

9 to 12in 2 6 ... 3 6

larger 5 0 ... 21 0

Standishii 5 0

TORREY A {The Fceted Yews)

grandis 3 6 ... 10 6

myeistica 1 6 ... 2 6

nucifeea 2 6 ... 3 6

taxifolia 5 0

Each,
s. d. 8 d
WELLINGTONIA
GIGANTEA-

1 year in single pots, per 100 30 0

2 years ,, ,, 50 0
6 to 9in perdoz. 9 0

3 to 4ft 3 6 ... 5 0

4 to 6ft 5 0 ... 7 6

per doz. 72 0

larger 10 6 ... 31 6

Variegata... 3 6 ... 42 0

albaspica 21 0 ... 31 6

flavescens 21 0 ... 31 6

WIDDRINGTONIA-

CUPEESSOIDES GLAUCA 1 0 ... 16

DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL & FLOWER-
ING TREES AND SHRUBS.

Each,
s d. s. d.

ACER {Maple}—

COLCHICUII EUBETJM 1 6 ... 2 6

CORSTOEPHISEXSIS 1 6 ... 2 6

LiTIGATA 1 0 ... 2 6

LOBELLH 1 0 ... 3 6

MACBOPHTLLUM 1 6 ... 2 6

NEGtrKDo perdoz. 6 0

VAliLEGATA(dwai-fs) ,, 12 0 ... 18 0

standards, 3 to oft 1 6 ... 3 6

OBTUSATUM 1 0 ... 3 6

Pensylvanicl'M {striatum) 10 .. 16

PLATANOIDES DISSECTUil ... 1 0 ... 2 6

CUCCULATOil 1 6 ... 2 6

LACINLVTA 1 0 ... 3 6

Schwedleerii 3 6... 5 0

umbraculifera 7 6

polymorphum (palmatum) 2 6 ... 3 6

atropurpureum 2 6 ... 10 6

disectum rubrum 10 6 ... 31 6

variegata 10 6 ... 31 6

PALMATLFIDiril 7 6 ... 21 0

EOSEO MAKGIN.ATUSr 5 0 ... 21 0

ECBEUM 2 6.. 10 6

PSEUD0PLATANUS( s?/ca?«ore)

Leopoldi 1 6 ... 2 6

puepueea vaeijegata 1 0 ... 3 6

Each.

s. d. s. d.
ACER-Maple.

PSELDOPLATAXUS VABIEGATA 1 0 ... 16

EUBEUSI 1 6 ... 2 6

ErFIXERVA 7 6

EUGosuir 7 6

SACcAEiNUii perdoz. 6 0 ... 12 0

T.UlT.iEICUM ,, 9 0

TEILOBATUII 7 6

Wagxeru LACixiATA 2 6 ... 3 6

/ESC\J\.\JS{Horse Chestnut)

HlPPOCASTAXUJI DISCOLOR... 1 0 ... 2 6

FLOEE PLENO 1 0 ... 3 6

L.4.CIXIXTA 1 6 ... 2 6

EUBEA... 1 0 ... 16

larger 2 6 ... 7 6

Japoxica 2 6 ... 3 6

MEinxGEEn 2 6

eubicuxt)a 1 0 ... 3 6

Whitletii 1 0 ... 16

fol maegixata 1 0 ... 16

spectabilis 1 0 ... 16

Pavlv {smooth fruited Horse

Chestnut)

ABGUTA 1 0 ... 16

Californica 1 0 ... 16

10

William Barron & Son,

Each,
s. d. s. d.
/CSCULUS (Horse Chestnut.)

FLAVA 1 0 ... 16

GLABRA 1 0 ... 1

HYBBIDA 1 0 ... 1

HUMILIS • 1 0 ... 1

MACKOC.\BPA 1 0 ... 1

Marylandica 1 0 ... 1

LUTEA 1 0 ... 1

Lyoni 1 0 ... 1

NEGLECTA 1 0 ... 1

PUMILA 1 0 ... 1

SANGUINEA 10 ... 1

AILANTHUS GLANDU-
LOSA [Tree of Heaven)— 1 0 ... 16

ALNUS(4Mer)—

CORDATA 10.. 16

glutinosa aurea 3 0... 5 0

Ijipep.ialis 1 6 ... 2 6

lacinl4ta 2 6 ... 3 6

INCANA 2 6 ... 3 6

Japonica 5 0

macrophylla 3 6

oxicanthifolia 16 3 6

rubronerva 2 6 ... 3 6

AMELANCHIOR--

FLORIDA 1 6

GRANDIFLORA 1 6

OVALIS 1 6

AMYGDALUS {almond)—

coMJruN'is per doz. 18 0

Persica {Double floioering

Peach) 18 0 ... 30 0

foliia piirpureis 21 0

{purple leaved Peach) ...

AMORPHA FRUTICOSA

per doz. 6 0 ... » 0

ARALIA-

SPiNOSA 1 6 ... 2 6

BET\}V.f< {Birch)—

ALBA (silver barked)

6to8ffc per doz. 9 0

8 to loft „ 12 0

10 to im „ IB 0

fastigiata nova 3 6

devonica vera 3 6

LAC(NL\TA PENDULA,

standards 2 6

LENTA per doz. 6 0

NIOUA 1 0

PEUKICIFOLIA 1 0

PLATYPHYLLA 3 6

PENDULA,

standards (Young's new

Weeping) 3 6 ... 6 0

PURPUBEA 21 0

12

0

18

0

24 0

3

6

9 0

1

6

1

6

5

0

BROUSSONETIA-

PAPYRIFERA

Each,
s. d. B. d.

1 0

CARAGANA (Siberian pea

tree)

ARBoRESCENs 4ft....per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

PENDULA 2 6

V.U5IEGATA 5 0

Gerardiana 3 6

CARPINUS (Hornbeam)—

BETULA INCISA 1 6 ... 3 6

AUREA VARIEGATA 3 6

FOL. ALBO 3 6

GASTANEA-

CHINENSIS 1 6

VESCA ASPLENIFOLIA 1 6

ALBO JLARGINATA 1 6

AUREA 1 6

CUCCUL.ATA 1 6

DISSECTA 1 6

GLABRA 1 6

HETEKOPHYLLA 1 6

FILIPENDULA 1 6

CATALPA-

SYTIING.EFOLIA 1 6

aurea 8 6

A magniflcent variety of C.
syringisfolia, the leaves are of a
brilliant yellow and are not
affected by the most tropical
sun. It is an excellent acqui-
sition to our gardens.

CERASUS(C7i.err2/)—
FLORE PLENO, standards

NOVA ..
MAHALEB

VAELEGATA,

per doz.
standards

2 6
2 6

4 0
2 6

CERCIS-

siLiQUASTRUM (Judas Tree) 1 0

V.VRtEGATUM 3 6

COLUTEA (Bladder Senna)

ARBORESCENS per doz. 6 0

LACINIATA DISSECTA 1 6

C O R N U S (Dogwood)—

ALBA per doz. 6 0

MASCULA ,, 4 0

VARIEGATA, pyramids. ... 16

,, standards 3 6

SANGUINEA per doz. 4 0

SlKEllICA 1 0

VARIEGATA 2 6

2 6
7 6

1 6

2 6

6 0
2 6
5 0
9 0

5 0

Ornamental and Flowering Trees and Shrubs.

11

CORYLUS-

AVBLLANA FOL. PURPUREA

(Purple Filbert),

per doz. 9 0
AUREA 7 6

CRABOWSKIA-

BCERHAAVCEFOLIA ...per doZ. 18 0

CRATCEGUSiHawtJiorn)—

OXrOCANTHA ALBA FLORE-

PLENO (double white) .. 1 0
CocciNEA (scarlet) 1 0

PUNICEO FLORE PLENO

{Paul's double crimson) 1 6

ROSEA FLORE FL,^NO{double

pink) 1 0

HORRLDA 2 6

FILICIFOLIA 2 6

PENDULA 2 6

macranth.a 2 6

Celslana 2 6

populifolia 2 6

45 named varieties 16

Each.
6. d. s. d.

CYDONIA {Japonica)—

per doz.

4 0

CYTISUS-

AiPiNus (Scotch Labur-
num) per doz. 4 0

ELONGATUS „ 3 0

LABURNUM ,, 4 0

extra strong 10

PURPUREA 1 0

PENDULA, standards 3 0

BEROTiNA, autwmn floiuer-

ing 1 0

NIGRICANS per doz. 4 0

PURPUEEUS „ 4 0

SECUNDUS „ 4 0

DAPHNE-

MEZEEEUM ALBA. ..per doZ. 6 0

ATROPURPUREA ... „ 6 0

DEUTZIA-

CRENATA FL. PLENO,

2 to 3ft per 100 15 0

4 to 5ft perdoz. 6 0

per 100 35 0

GRACILIS perdoz. 3 0

FOL. ARGENTEA MAUMO-

EATA 2 6

MARMORATA per doz. 9 0

6CABRA „ 5 0

DIMORPHANTHUS-

Mandschuricus 3 6

1 6

1 6

2 0
1 6

2 6

9 0
4 0
6 0
1 6
1 6

1 6
6 0
6 0
6 0

12 0
12 0

6 0
12 0

5 0

Each.
8. d. 8. d.
FAGUS(-Beec/t)—

6YLVATICA ASPLENIIFOLIA

{Fern leaved) 1 6

ATROPURPUREA {new dark

purple) 1 6 ... 3 6

CHisTXTA. (crested) 1 6 ... 2 6

CUPEEA „ 1 6

FEREUGINEA LATIFOLIA ... 16

HETEROPHYLLA 1 6 ... 2 6

MACROPHYLLA 1 6 ... 2 6

NIGRA 1 6 ... 2 6

PENDULA, standards 2 6... 50

PUPUREA (Purple Beech),

18in. to 2ft. Gin. perdoz. 4 0

per 100 30 0
2ft. Giu. to 3ft 6in.,

per doz. 8 0

per lUO 50 0

3ft. Bin. to 4ft 1 0 ... 16

larger 2 6 ... 5 0

PENDULA 5 0

VARIEGATA 2 6 ... 3 6

FORSYTH I A-

susPENSA per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

VIEIDISSIMA ,, 9 0 ... 12 0

fol. variegata 3 6

FRAXINUS-

AcuMiNATA per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

Ameeicana „ 6 0 ... 9 0

aebutifolia 1 0 ... 16

AUCUBiEFOLIA 1 6

Caeoliniana per doz. 12 0

juglandifolia 1 6

Pennsylvanica 1 0 ... 16

PUBESCENS per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

ALBO IIARGINATA 1 0 ... 16

LONGIFOLLA 1 6

BAMBuciFOLiA ...perdoz. 9 0

CEISPA 1 6

ANGUSTIFOLIA 1 6

ARGENTEA 1 6

EDENTATA 1 6

EXCELSIOR ASPLENIIFOLIA 1 6

AUEEA 1 6 ... 2 6

PENDULA 1 6

CONCAV^FOLIA FOL. VARIE-
GATA 1 6

CEISPA 1 6

LINEARIS 1 6

FE}iDVLA{Weeping Ash)... 2 6 ... 5 0

VARIEGATA 5 0

SIMPLICIFOLIA 2 6

LACINIATA 1 6

SPECTABILIS 2 6

MIXTA 1 6

oRNus (flowering Aah),

perdoz. 9 0 ... 12 0

12

William Barron & Son.

Each.
. d. 8. d.

GENISTA-

PE.5EC0X 1 0

PUBGANS, standards 3 6

Other sorts per doz. 9 0

GLEDITSCHIA-

FOXTANESII 1 0

HOBEtDA 1 0

1 6

18 0

HELWINGIA-

BUSCIFOLIA ...

2 6

HIBISCUS {AWiea fnitex),

Syeiacus albo plenus...

azubea plenus

ccebuleus

elegantissima

fastuosum

flavo plenus

floee c.a.rneo plexo... |

pol. teicolob

Lady Stanley

Leopoldii

purpueeus

purpdreo plenus fol.

vaeiegatis 5 0

ranuncul.eformis.

eoseo plenus

violaceo plenus....

BPECIOSUS,

per doz.
9/- to 12/

per doz.
9/- to 12/-

HYDRANGEA-

HORTENSis per doz. 9 0

NWEA

VARIEGATA.

. 12 0
9 0 ... 12 0
12 0 ... 15 0

Japonica 1 0 ,

panicolata grandiflora,

strong flowering plants 1 6
Enormous upright spikes of
bloom, opening greenish yellow,
and soon cnanging to pure white,
lasting a great length of time ;
quite hardy.

OTAXA 1 6

Magnificent variety, with heads
of bloom twice the size of H.
hortensis, which it resembles in
every other respect.

QUEECIFOLIA 1 6

6TELLATA PROLIFERA 1 6

Double pink star - shaped
flowers (bracta) in large bouc]uets ;
small foliage, dwarf habit, a
beautiful variety. First-class
certificate at the Royal Horti-
cultural fcjhow, 1870,

IDESIA-

POLYCARPA (polycarpn Maxi-

viowirzii, strong 7 G

A hardy fruiting shrub from
the North of China ; fine foliage.

1 6

Each.
B. d. 8. d.

JUGLANS(ira?«u/)-

REG[A LACiNiATA, standards 5 0 ... 7 6

Leaves beautifully cut, habit
elegant. Fine lawn tree.

KERRY ^ (CorchoTus)

Japonica per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

Vaeiegata „ 6 0 ... 12 0

KOELREUTERIA-

PANICULATA 1 0 ... 16

LEYGESTERIA-

FORMOSA per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

LIQUIDAMBER-

STYRACIFLUA per doz. 6 0 ... 12 0

LIRIODENDRON-

TULiPiFERUM {Tulip Tree)

9tol8in per doz. 4 0... 6 0

3 to 4ft „ 9 0

larger 10... 3 6

FOL AUEEA MACULATA 5 0 ... 7 6

VARIEGATA 5 0 ... 7 6

MAGNOLIA-

acuminata 1 6 ... 2 6

Alexandria 2 6 ... 3 6

Campbelli 21 0 ...105 0

fragrantissima 5 0 ... 7 6

grandiflora 3 6 ... 10 6

purpurp:a 1 6 ... 2 6

Lenne 5 0 ... 7 6

tkipetala 3 6

PHILADELPHUS-

coRONARius {mock orange),

per doz. 4 0 ... 6 0

aurea variegata 5 0

FLORE PLENo per doz. 4 0 ... 6 0

GRANDIFLORUS „ 4 0 ... 6 0

SPEciusus ,, 6 0 ... 9 0

PLATAN US (Plam)~

ACERIFOT.IA PALMATA,

4 to Oft 1 0 ... 16

6 to 8ft 1 6 ... 2 6

HiSPANICA INTEGRIFOLIA ... 5 0

OCCIDENTALIS, 6 to 7ft 16

per doz. 15 0

larger 2 6 ... 10 6

FOL. AUREO VARIEGATI8 ... 5 0

ORIENTALIS 1 6 ... 6 0

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA
ELEGANTISSIMA.

The finest G )lden Conifer iu existence. Not only the
foliage, but the stem is a most brilliant yellow, and unlike
most golden foliaged plants, it is the brightest in the
winter.

It is as great an improvement on C. Lawsoniana lutea (or
aurea), as that plant is on any other Golden Conifer.

It is a free grower, and as we have thoroughly tested its
capabilities of enduring sun lieat and frost, we can with the
greatest confidence recommend it as one of the greatest
acquisitions introduced for many years.

It will be sent out in August, 1875.

Price — 1st Size 42s. Od. each.

2nd „ 31s. 6d. „

Or 5 Plants for 126s.

RETINOSPORA TETRAGONA AUREA.

This lovely little plant, which is perfectly new and
distinct, is one of the prettiest, if not the prettiest of all
the Retinosporas.

It is of slow and compact growth, and forms a dense and
perfectly conical shrub. As the name implies, the leaves
are arranged tetragonally in four rows ou the branchlets.

In colour it is a deep green, changing to bright golden
in spring, which hue it retains until late iu the autumn.

As a miniature lawn tree, or for evergreen bedding pur-
poses, it will be most invaluable.

It will bc' sent out in autumn, 1876.

Price — 1st Size 42s. Od. each.

2nd „ 31s. 6d. ,,

Or 5 plants for 126s.

Ornamental and Flowering Trees and Shrubs.

13

Each.
B. d. B.
POPULUS {Poplar)—

ANGULATA 1 6 ...

ARGENTEA, 4 to 5ft. per doz. 4 0 ...

6 to 8ft , 9 0

CORDATA 2 6

GRANDIDENTATA PEJfDULA ... 2 6 ...

GR.ECA 2 6 ...

Parasol de St. Julian ... 2 6 ...

tkemula fendula 2 6 ...

For other varieties, see forest
trees.

d.

PRUNUS (ThePlum)-

ALBA PLENA 1 6

ROSEA „ 2 6

SINENSIS 1 6

TRILOBATA 1 0

PTEROCARIA-

CAUCASICA 1 0

PYRUS (Pear)—

acerifolia 1 0

Americana 1 0

abia niyea 1 0

aucupaeia fastigiata 1 0

bollwtlleeiajna 1 0

FLORIBUNDA, 5ft. Standards 1 0

INTERMEDIA 1 0

Japonica per doz. 12 0

LANUGINOSA 1 0

LATIFOLIA 1 0

MALUS FLORIBUNDA 1 0

PINNATIFIDA 1 0

Theophbastii 1 0

UNDULATA 1 0

VESTITA 1 0

QUERCUS (Oak)—

iEGiLOPS, 2 to 3ft 2 0

3 to 4ft 3 6

*alba 2 6

VERA 2 6

de rosseau 3 6

•Americana laciniata 2 6

aspleniifolia 2 6

aueea viridis 2 6

AUSTRiACA (see Evergreens,
page 19).

BALLOTA 1 6

BANISTERI

CA.STAN^POLIA VERA 2 6

CERRIS FOL. ARGENTEA VA-

riegata 2 6

AUREA 3 6

DENTATA 2 0

PENDULA 5 0

2 6

2 6
1 6

1 6

1 6
1 6
3 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6

2 6

5 0

5 0
5 0
5 0

Each.
. d. s. d.

.. 12 0

..2 6

..5 0

..2 6

..3 6

.. 10 6

QUERCUS (Oak)-

*C0CC1NEA,

12in. to 2ft per doz. 4 0

per 100 25 0

2 to 3ft per doz. 9 0 .

4 to Oft 1 6 .

COMPTONLEFOLIA 3 6

Concordia 1 6 .

half standards 2 6 .

standards 5 0 .

A new variety, with bright
golden leaves, which retain their
colour until the fall of the leaf ;
it is very striking, and cannot
be too highly recommended.

CONFERTA 2 6 ... 5 0

Daimyo 5 0

FASTIGIATA 1 0 ... 16

VIRIDIS 1 6 ... 2 6

*FALCATA 3 6 ... 6 0

FILICIFOLIA 2 6 ... 5 0

FORDii (see Evergreens, page
19).

FULHAMENSis (see Ever-
greens, page 19)

FULHAMENSIS LATIFOLIA 5 0

HETEROPHYLLA 2 6 ... 7 6

DISSECTA 2 6 ... 7 6

ILEX LATIFOLIA (see Ever-
green Trees).

imbricaria (platanoids bi-

color) 2 6 ... 7 6

LOUETTI 2 6 ... 5 0

LEUCOCARPA 5 0

LrCOMBEANA 2 6 ... 3 6

MACRANTHERA 2 6 ... 5 0

MACROCARPA 3 6 ... 7 6

(Michauxi) 3 6 ... 7 6

MACROPHYLLA 3 6 ... 5 0

var Alberts! 15 0 ... 21 0

This oak has the largest leaves
of any. We have leaves of last
season's growth 14 inches by 8
inches.

MONGOLICA 5 0

MONTICOLA 2 6 ... 3 6

*nigra 2 6... 50

NIGRICANS 5 0

nobilis 21 0

OLIVJEFORMIS 5 0 ... 7 6

Hamfteri 5 0 ... 7 6

*FALUSTKIS 1 0 ... 6 0

PANNONICA 1 6 ... 7 6

PANNOSA 5 0

PKCTINATA 16... 7 6

PEDUNCULATA ALBA MA-

CULATA 2 6 ... 7 6

ALBA MARMORATA 2 6 ... 7 6

' ATEOFURPUREA 2 6... 76

14

William Baeron & Son.

Each.
B. d. s. d.
QUERCUS (Oafc)

PEDUNCULATA CUCCULATA... 2 6 ... 5 0

FOL.ARGENTEOMAEGINATIS 2 6 ... 7 6

pictis 7 6 ... 10 6

The second shoot of this
variety is quite white.

FOL. ARGENTEA MARGINATA

VARIEGATA NOVA 2 6 ... 7 6

Phellos 3 6

PRiNOS 1 6 ... 2 6

pseudo .ffigilops pendula 5 0

PUBESCENS 5 0

pyrenaica camata pen-
dula 7 6

RUBRA, 2 to 3ft per doz. 12 0

4to5ft 1 6 ... 2 6

12ft 5 0 ... 7 6

MACROPHYLLA 5 0

RUBRINERTA 5 0

RUBICUNDA 5 0

SlEBOLDH 3 6 ... 5 0

SINENSIS 42 0

SUBER 1 6 ... 2 6

tauzin pendula 5 0

Thomasi 5 0

♦tinctoria 1 6 ... 3 6

toiientosa 5 0 ... 7 6

TUENERI 3 6

ZAN (see EvergreenSj page 19)

The leaves of those marked *
change to the most brilliant and
varied hues in the autumn.

RHODODENDRON (see American
Plants).

RHUS {Sumach)—

COPALLINUM 2 6

COTINUS, 18in. to 2ft. per doz. 9 0

3ft. to 3ft. Gin 1 0 ... 16

ELEGANS 1 0 ... 16

GLABRA per doz. 9 0 ... 18 0

LACINIATA 1 0 ... 16

larger 2 6 ... 6 0

A magnificent variety, which
has its leaves so deeply and
elegantly laciniated that it re-
resembles a tree fern ; it turns
to a brilliant scarlet in autumn.

TYPHINA {stag's horn) 1 0 ... 16

RIBES (Flowtring Currant)—
ALBiDUM perdoZ. 6 0

ATROl'UUPDREUM ... „ 4 0 ... 6 0

BANOniNEUM ,, 6 0

FLORi; PLENO ... „ 6 0

Each.
6. d. B. d.
ROBINA {Acacia)-

HISPIDA per doz. 12 0 ... 15 0

of sorts 1 6 ... 3 6

inermis nova 7 6

PSEUDO- ACACIA SORTS 1 6 ... 3 6

angustifolia elegana ...

INERMIS 2 6... 3 6

coluteoides

SALISBURIA-
ADIANTIFOLIA per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

SALIX'(Tra;(«!;)—

ANNULARIS 1 6 ... 2 6

Babylonica ( Weeping
Willow),

4 to 5ft per doz. 6 0... 9 0

mascula 5 0

CAPEEA PENDULA (Kilmar-
nock Weeping Willc^jj),

standards 2 6

with very large heads... 3 6 ... 5 0
TRICOLOR 1 0

PENDULA NOVA, Fox's

standards 2 6 ... 3 6

CCERULEA (Blue Willow),

per doz. 6 0

laurifolia „ 6 0

Regalis „ 5 0

Beautiful silvery foliage.
PURPUREA PE^DVLA (Ameri-
can Weeping Willoiv),

standards 1 6 ... 2 6

VITELLINA (Golden Willow)

per doz. 6 0

S A M B U C U S (The Elder)—

NIGRA per doz. 4 0

aurea 1 6 ... 2 6

Bright golden foliage ; a most
effective plant in landscape
gardening.
NIGRA FOL. ALSO PUNCTATIS 2 6

LACINIATA perdoz. 9 0

VARIEGATA „ 6 0

PYRAMIDALI8 1 0 ... 16

RACEliOSA (scarlet heri-ied),

per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

SANTOLINA-
cnAM.ECYPAHissu8 per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

SOPHORA-

JaPONICA PENDULA 2 6

SPIREA-

ARi.aiFOLLA, 3 to 4ft. per doz. 6 0

4 to 5ft „ 9 0

CALLOSA, Tcry strong „ 3 0 ... 6 0

ALBA, 9in. to 12iu. „ 6 0

15iu., busby „ 12 0

Ornamental and Flowering Trees and Shrubs.

15

Each.
8. d. 8. (1
SPIREA-

DouGLASii 4 0 ... 6 0

(exocordia) grandiflora... 10 6
Japonica (Hoteia), strong

crowns per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

Lindleyana 5 0

OPDUFOLIA LUTEA 1 0

per doz. 9 0
Golden foliage.

PALMATA 2 6 ... 3 6

Thunbergia per doz. 6 0

VENUSTA 1 0 ... 16

DLMARIA VAEIEGATA 1 0

SYMPHORICARPUS {The
SnoicbeiTi/)—

RACEMOSUS per doz. 3 0

VARIEGATUS „ 4 0 ... 6 0

SYRINGA (Lilac)—

in sorts per doz. G 0 ... 12 0

Persian standards 2 0

TILIA-

Americana per doz. 9 0 .. 12 0

GLABRA, 3 to 4ft 1 8

argentea 16

filicifolia nova 1 6

pendula standards 3 6

FOL. VARIEGATIS 2 6

dasystyla 1 6

This variety retains its foliage
for some weeks longer in the
autumn than the common ; its
leaves are also a much brighter
green.

heterophtlla 1 6 ... 5 0

laciniata 1 6 ... 5 0

macrophtlla 2 0

MississiPiEXSis, 5 to 6ft. ... 1 6 ... 2 6

PLATYPHYLLA,

2 to 3ft per 100 20 0

4 to 5ft ,, 40 0

7 to 8ft I 0 ... 2 0

StolOft 3 6 ... 5 0

ADREA (yeUow twigged),

per doz. 9 0 ... 18 0
RUBRA (red twigged),

per doz. 9 0 ... 18 0

SPECIOSA 2 6

DLMIFOLIA FOL. VARIEGATA 2 6

ULMUS-

Americana 1 0 ... 16

PENDUL^v standards 3 rt ... 5 0

FOL. AUBEO VARIEG.ATIS... 1 6 ... 2 6

ANTARCTICA 1 0 ... 16

CAMPESTRIS BeEARDI 1 6

Standards 2 6

Veiy neat cut-leaved variety,
semi-pendulous habit.

aurea Rosseelsi, dwarfs 1 0 ... 16

standards 2 0 ... 3 0

A gorgeous lawn tree ; retains
its deep golden hue till autumn.

Each.
s. d s. d.
ULMUS-

BETULiEFOLTA, 2 to 3ft. ... 10

GORIENSIS NOVA 2 0

INCISA 1 6

LATIFOLIA ALBA MACULATA 1 6

VAEIEGATA 1 6

6 to 8ft 2 6 ... 3 '6

MONUMENTALIS, 4 to 6ft.... 1 6 ... 2 6

VIMINALIS PENDULA

standards 2 6

SUPEKBA VARIEGATA ... 10

standards 2 6

Chinensis, 3ft 3 0

Nearly evergreen.

GLABRA 1 0 ... 16

scAMPSTONENSis(5ea?«7}«to»
Weepiwj), on stems, 8 to

10ft., very fine 3 6

Kaki ( P/a)i€ra), from Japan 1 6 ... 2 6

MICROPHYLLA PENDULA

standard 2 6

MONT.VNA ASPLENnFOLIA, 2 to

3ft 1 6

AUREA VARIEGATA 16

Canadensis (Giant or

Huntingdon), 5 to 6ft.,

per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

CRISPA 1 6

Dampieri, 4 to 6ft 16... 2 0

emarginata, 6 to 7ft 1 0 ... 16

FASTIGIATA (Exeter)

standards, 8 to 10ft. ... 10... 16

LATIFOLIA ALBA MACULATA 1 6

PENDULA (Camperdown

Weeping) standards... 2 6 ... 5 0

extra fine 7 6

PLU.MOSA, 6 to 8ft 16... 2 6

9 to life 2 6 ... 3 6

aurea 2 7 ... 3 6

PURPUREA, 4 to 6ft 1 0 ... 16

PYRAMIDALIS VARIEGATA 1 6

SiBERiCA, 4to 6ft....per doz. 9 0

6 to 8ft „ 18 0

SUBEROSA, 4 to 6ft 10

variegata 1 6 ... 2 6

Verschaffelti 7 6

VIBURNUM-

LANTANA per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

LUSITANICUM LATIFOLIUM ... 10
OPULUS (GUELDER ROSE,)

per doz. 6 0 ... 12 0

NANA ,, 6 0

ROSEA 7 6

VIRGILIA-

LUTEA, 2 to 3 ft 1 6

7 to 8ft 2 6

WEIGELIA-

Amabilis per doz. 3 0 ... 4 0

HORTENSIS NIVEA, 2 to 3ft. 1 0

ROSEA, 2 to 3ft per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

VARIEGATA, 12 to 18in.

per doz. 9 0

16

William Bareon & Son.

ORNAMENTAL AND FLOWERING
TREES AND SHRUBS.

Each.

ARBUTUS—

Andracne 1 6 .

Croomii 1 6 .

Millerii 1 6 .

Phontiuifolia 1 6 .

procera 1 6 .

unedo, 9 to 12iu. ...per doz. 6 0 .

12tolSiu ,, 9 0.

2ft. 6m. to 3ft. 6m 2 6 .

AUCUBA—

Japonica, 9 to 12in. per doz. 6 0

15 to 18m „ 12 0

larger 1 6 .

In order to facilitate the selec-
tion of the various kinds, we
divide them into two classes,
the "male" and "female"
varieties ; the green varieties in
each being marked *, all the
others are variegated, some with
a fine blotch in the centre of the
leaf, as in A. bicolor, whilst in
others the variegation is spotted,
or irregularly blotched. They
are all beautiful, and their value
as good hardy ornamental plants
cannot be overrated.

MALE VARIETIES.

bicolor 1 6

longif olia* 1 6

maculata 1 "

marmorata 1 "

medio argentea 1 "

ovata* 1 6

viridis, or vera* 16

FEMALE VARIETIES.

angustifolia* 1 0

aurea 5 0

limbata or picta 16

longifolfa* 1 6

dentata* 3 6

variegata 2 6

macrophjila* 1 6

maculata* 1 6

ovata* 1 6

viridis, or vera 16

seedlinp.s from the above

varieties per doz. 6 0

BAMBUSA—

Fortuneii variogata, strong

per doz. 6 0

Metako „ 18 0

viridis striata 2 6

d.

2 6

2 6

2 6

2 6

2 6
9 0

12 0

3 6

5 0

Each,
d. s. d.

BERBERIS-

3 6

18 0

9 0

concmna

Darwini, 12 to ISin., trans-
planted per 100 15 0

ISin. to 2ft „ 20 0

2ft. to 2ft. 6in. ...per doz. i 0
per 100 25 0

3 to 4ft per doz. 6 0... 9 0

dulcis per 100 15 0 ... 20 0

empetrifolia per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

intermedia and Japonica

(see Mahonia).

Newberti per doz. 18 0

stenophylla, 18in.to2ft. „ 6 0 ... 9 0

lartrer , 9 0 ... 12 0

Wallichii, 12 to 15in., bushy

per doz. 4/-... per 100 25 0

ISin. to 2ft per doz. 9 0

2ft. to 2ft. 6in 1 6 ... 2 6

Vulgaris fol. aurea variegata 3 6

BROOM (sec Spartium).

BUXUS (Box)—

arborescens, ISin. to 2ft.

per doz. 3/- per 100 15 0

2 to 2ft. Gin. „ 5/- ,, 30 0

3to4ft per doz. 9 0..

larger 1 6 ..

pendula variegata per doz. 9 0 ..

argentea ,, 9 0..

aurea 10..

dwarf, for edging, 4d. per yd.

Hardwick seedling... per doz. 6 0..

Japonica aurea 10..

latifolia nova 3 0

Nepaulcnsis J. 0

obcordata 1 6

pyramidalis per doz. 6 0 ..

rotundifolia „ 9 0..

CASTANEA

Chinensis 1 6 ... 2 6

chrysophylla 15 0 ... 21 0

An evergreen Chestnut, very
beautiful and scarce, with very
sweet - scented flowers ; the
under-surface of the leaves is
a goldeu yellow.

12 0

5 0

18 0

12 0

1 6

9 0
5 0

9 0
12 0

Ornamentat. and Flowering Evergreen Trees and Surubs. 17

Each,
s. d. s. d.
CERASUS—
lauro cerasus (Common Laurel),

1 to 2ft. per iLiO 15/- per dz. 3 0

2 to 3ft. „ 25/- „ 5 0

larger 6 0 ... 12 0

Alexaadrina 1 0

caucasicum, 4ft. to 4ft. Gin.

per doz. 12 0
oolchicum, 2 to 3ft. „ 5 0

3 to 4ft „ 8 0

fakata 1 6

latifolia 1 0 ... 16

rotundifolia per doz. 9 0

lusitanica {Portugal Laurd),
9 to 15in. per doz. 3 -per 100 20 0
ISin. „ 4/- „ 30 0

2ft.to2ft.6iu. „ b/- „ 50 0

larger 1 0 ... 5 0

Azorica 1 6 ... 2 6

myrtifolia, 18iu. to 2ft.

per doz. 18 0

S to 4ft 3 6

CHAM/EROPS—
Forfruneii {Chusan Palm),

strong, in 48/- pots 1 6 ... 2 6

specimens 7 6 ... 10 6

CISTUS-

ladaniferus [Gdm Cistus),

per doz. 6 0

extra strong 1 0

COLLETIA—

Bictononsis 1 6

horrida 1 6

gOTONEASTE-R—

affinis per doz. 9 0

frigida.. „ 6 0

Hookeriana 1 0

microphylla, strong, 18in.

to 2ft per doz. 4 0

Siniinondsi, 12iii. to 2ft.

per 1000 30/- ...per 100 4 0

2to3ft „ 12 6

3io4ft „ 17 6

thymifolia per doz. 6 0

C RAT/EG US—

pyracautha {climher), per dz. 9 0

DAPHNE—

cueomm 1 0

Tariegatuni 2 6

collina 1 6

variegata aurea 5 0

elegantissima 5 0

Ifiuraolft per doz. 9 0

1 6

8 6
6 0

9 0

12 0

1 6

12 0

Each,
s. d. B. d.
DESFONTANIA—

spinosa 2 6 ... 5 0

EL/EGNUS (Climher)—

angustifolia 1 6

argentea per doz. 12 0

Japouica variegata 1 6 ... 10 6

marginata aurea 1 6 ... 10 6

roflexus 1 6

variegata 1 6

ESCALLONIA (Climher) —

Ingram ii 10

macrantha 1 0

potrocladon 10

rubra 1 0

EUGENIA—

Ugni 10

EUONYMUS—
Japonica aiu-ea variegata,

4 to 6in perdoz. 4 0

9 tol2in „ BO

latifolia alba var. 6 to 9in.

per doz. 9 0

12tol8in , 1 0 ... 16

ovata aureo marginata,

4 to 6in perdoz. 6 0

6to 9 in „ 9 0

variegata, 4 to 6in per dz. 4 0

9 to 12 in „ 9 0

pulchella, 4 to 6in. . . „ 4 0

6tol0in „ 8 0

radicans,4to6in.per doz. 4 0

GtolOin „ 9 0

Bulphurea

tricolor, 4 to 6in. ... ,, 6 0

etolOin , 9 0

nana rosemarinifoUa 2 6

EURYA—
latifolia variegata, IBin. to

2ft 5 0 ... 7 6

3 to 4ft 15 0 ... 25 0

EURYBIA 1 0

GARRYA—

elliptica 10... 16

GARDENIA—

radicans variegata 2 G ... 3 G

GRI3EL1NA—

littoraUs 1 0

20

William Bakron & Son.

Each
s. d. s,
VIBURNUM—

tiniis (LavA-estimis),

9tol2in.perdz. 5'- perlOO 30 0

12tol5in. „ 6/- „ 35 0

18m. to 2ft. „ 10/- ., 60 0

2to8ft 1 0 ...

3 to 4ft 2 6 ...

opulus rosea 7 6

Each,
s. d. s. d.
YUCCA—

aloefolia variegata 10 6 ... 63 0

filamentosa 1 6 ... 2 G

alba spica 7 6

variegata 7 6 ... G3 0

gloriosa 3 6 ... 21 0

glauca 3 6 ... 21 0

recurva 1 6 ... 2 6

AMERICAN PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS (Hardy Varieties).

The following prices represent plants from 1 foot to two feet high, larger plants may
be had at advanced prices.

rSr" We have a fine stock of 1 year and 2 years' grafts, which we can supply at
£.1 10s. and ilO per 100.

Each. — s. d.

Fastuosum flora pleno, rosy lilac 3 t>

Ferrugineum

Fireball, deep lake 5 0

Fleiir de Marie, bright lake, white

centre 3 6

Floribuudum, deep lake, compact truss 2 6

Formosum, pure white 3 6

Gandavense, good rose 3 6

Generalissimo, bright lake 3 6

General Cabrera, crimson spots 3 6

General Wilson, bright lake 5 0

Gigantea, bright rose 3 6

Gloire, white, reddish brown spots 5 0

Grisewoodianum, white, purplish

crimson spots 5 0

Harlequin, violet purple, white centre 2 6

Hender-sonii, dark purplish claret 2 6

Henry Drummond, crimson scarlet 3 6

Herschell, rose. ... 3 6

Hirsutum, dwarf, red

Hogarth, rosy scarlet 2 6

Humboldti, deep rose 3 6

lago, rosy crimsom 3 6

Incomparable, bright red 3 6

Ingramii, pale blush 3 6

Invincible, lereon-coloured spots 5 0

Imperatrice, bright cerise rose .. 5 0

Isabel, light rose, pale centre 10 6

Jessica, dark eye, lavender gi-ound 5 0

John Waterer, a most intense crimson 3 6

Jubar, light rosy crimson 3 6

Lady Eleanor Cathcart, pale rose 3 6

Lady Godiva, fine white 3 6

Leopard, rosy lilac 2 6

Leviathan, white, tinged with vi' let ... 8 6

Limbattira, pale blush 3 6

Lord Clyde, dark crimson 3 6

Lord Derby 10 6

Lucidum, purplish lilac 2 fi

Lucretia, peach colour 5 0

Maculosissimum, pale rose 3 6

Each. — s. d.

Aclandianum, delicate blush 3 6

Adonis 3 6

Alarm, deep crimson, white centre 3 6

Alaric, dark purple, shaded crimson 2^6 to 3 6

Alexandrina 3 6

Arabella, very large, white, yellow

spots 5 0

Archimedes, rosy crimson 3 6

Atrosanguineum, deep crimson 3 6

Azureum, distinct and beautiful 2 6

Barclayanum, clear rosy crimson 3 6

Beranger, white 3 6

Bertha, blush 5 0

Blandyanum, deep crimson 3 6

Blatteum, claret crimson 3 8

Bouquet de Flore, light rose 3 6

Brayanum, brght purplish crimson ... 3 6

Broughtoni, fine bright rose 3 6

Briareus, rose, magnificent truss 5 0

Brutus, large, pale rose 2 6

Bylsiar.nm, blush, rose edge 3 6

Captivation, fine rosy crimson 2 6

Catawbiense, rosy lilac

Chancellor, dark pu)-plish lilac 2 6

Cinnamomum, Cunninghami 2 6

Columbus, pale flesh 2 6

Coelestinum, blush 3 6

Comtesse de MorcUo, clear rose 5 0

Concessum, deep rose 3 6

Currieanum, fine dark purple 2 6

Czar 2 6

Due de Brabant, yellowish white 2 6

Duke of Malakoff, blush 3 6

Ensign, pale blush 3 6

Erectiim, rosj' crimson 3 6

Etendard do Flandro, blush rose, with

dark eye 3 6

Etna 6 0

Etoile de Jardin 5 0

Evere.stianiini, fringed, violet colour ... 2 6

Exquisite, pure white, large blotch 3 6

American Plants.

21

Each. — s. d.

Maculatum, deep plum colour 3 6

graudiflorum, rich plum colour 3 6

superbiim, rosy lilac 2 6

Madame Titiens, fine deep rose 3 6

Madame Miolan I'arvalho, fine white... 3 6
Madame Wagner, white, broad pink

margin 3 6

Magnolifolium superbum, violet purple 3 6

Maid of Honour, clear white 3 6

Marguerite, blush, tinted with puce ... 3 6
Michael Waterer, brightest scarlet

crimson 3/6 to 5 0

standards 7/6 „ 10 6

Minnie, white 3 6

Mirandum, good clear rose 3 6

Moonbeam, pure white 3 6

Mountaineer, very pale blush 3 6

Mount Blanc, pure white 3 6

Mrs. Fitzgerald, rose, spotted 3 6

Mrs. Hemans, nearU white 5 0

Mrs. John Waterer, bright rose colour 3 6

Mrs. Loudoii .. 3 6

Mrs. Staudish, pure white 3 6

Myrtifolia

Neilsonii, beautiful rosy lake 5 0

Ne plus Ultra, fine crimson purple 3 6

Nero, dark rosy purple, richly spotted 3 6

Nobleanum, dark pink 3 6

Oberon, clear pale piirple 5 0

Onslowianum, delicate waxen blush ... 2 6

Othello, crimson, compact truss 3 6

Papilionaceum, blush 5- to 7 6

Paitoni, very deep bright rose 8 6

Pictum, pinkish white, dark eye 3 6

graudiflorum, larger and whiter flower

than "Pictum" 3 6

Ponticum

Purity, white, yellow 63 e 3 6

Queen of the Fairies 2 6

Queen of Sheba, intense crimson 3 6

Queen Victoria, deep claret purple .... 5 0

Regalia 3 6

Rifleman, very bright crimson 5 0

Robert Burns, deepest crimson 3 6

Roseum graudiflorum, deep rose 2 6

Each. — s. d.

Rubianum, bright ro«e 5 0

Russelleanum, pale crimson 5 0

Schiller, bluish purple . 3 6

Sidney Herbert, crimson 3 6

Sir J. Clarke, dark crimson 6 0

Sir Joseph Whitworth, purplish rose ... 3 6.

Sir Walter Scott, pale pink and white 3 6

Star of England, pale pinkish white ... 5 0

Stan dish's Perfection, pale peach colour 7 6

Stella, pale rose 3 6

Sultana, very pale blu-h 3 6

Surprise, light rose, good truss 3 6

Tarpeia, white, brown spots 5 0

The Gael, pale blush, yellow 5 0

The Sun of Austerlitz 3 6

The Grand Arab 3 6

The Grenadier, clear crimson 5 0

The Queeu, fine.st white 5 0

The Warrior, rosy scarlet 5 0

Titian, bright rosy scarlet 3 6

""•mdyke, rosy crimson, late 3 6

V'esuvius, bri^rht glowing crimson 5 0

Weatherproof 3 6

William Downing, rich dark puce 3 6

Young Seidel, pale purple 3 6

Zealander, blush, fine 2 6

Zuleika, delicate blotch 3 6

COMMON KINDS, TO BE PLANTED IN

LARGE QUANTITIES.
Catawbiense, seedling plants,

strong per 100 30 0 ... 50 0

larger , 75 0 ...lOO 0

Hybrids, per doz. 6/- ,, 45 0
stronger ,, 10- ,, 75 0

Ferrugineum per doz. 6 0- ... 9 0

very strong „ 12 0 ... 18 0

Hu-sutum „ 6 0 ... 9 0

very strong „ 12 0 ... 18 0

Myrtifolia „ 9 0 ... 12 0

very strong ,, 12 0 ... 21 0

Ponticum, good strong plants

per 100 30 0 ... 42 0

stronger ,, 50 0 ... 75 0

extra large per doz. 12 0 ... 42 0

MISCELLANEOUS AMERICAN PLANTS.

Each,
s. d. s. d.
ANDROMEDA—
of sorts per doz. 4 0 ... 18 0

AZALEA—

amoena 1 0 ... 16

Ghent, best named varieties 2 6.. 36

linearis, 12 to 18in 3 6 ... 5 0

A new hardy Azalea, very
distinct.

obtosa 1 6

pontica, 9tol2in....per doz. 6 0

12tol8in „ 9 0

ISin. to2ft , 12 0

COMPTONIA—
asplemfolia

Each.
s. d. B. d,

2 6

ERICA {The Heath)—
best hardy named

sorts
per doz.

6 0

GAULTHERIA—

acuminata per doz. 9 0

shallon

6 0

18 0

12 0
9 0

22

William Barron & Son.

Each,
a. 8. d.

GYNERlUM—

argenteum

carminata

tricolor

variegata

aiirea margiuata

HEATHS [see Erica).

KALMIA—

glauca per doz.

latifolia, 15 to 18in. ,,
2ft. Gin

LEDUM—
palustre per doz.

9 0
21 0
10 6

5 6
10 6

6 0

12 0

3 6

6 0

18 0

3 6

9 0

12 0

Each.
s. d. 8. d.
MYRICA (Gandleberry Myrtle)—
gale per doz. 6 0 ... 12 0

PERNETTYA—

floribunda 0 9... 10

mucrouata 0 6 ... 10

speciosa 0 9 ... 10

PHILESIA—
buxifolia 2 6 ... 3 6

POLYGONUM—

Brunoiiii per doz. 6 0 ... 9 0

vacciuifoliiim ,, 6 0 ... 9 0

VACCINIUM—

corymbosum per doz. 9 0 ... 12 0

vitis idoea 1 0

FOREST TREES,

Heights and prices of the above will be forwarded on application. We have also a
fine stock of Shrubs for Cover Planting.

PLANTING DONE BY CONTRACT.

HERBACEOUS and ROCK PLANTS, CLIMBERS, &c.

For sorts and prices of the above, of which we have a most extensive collection, see
our General Catalogue, page 68.

STOVE AND GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

We have a small but choice collection of the above, prices of which we shall be glad
to communicate.

ROSES.

A descriptive Catalogue of the above, of which we hold a large, healthy, and well-
grown Stock of all the best varieties, may be had post free on application.

Price — Standards or Half Standards, 15/- to 18/- per doz. Dwarf, 9/- to 12/- per doz.
60/- per 100. Selection left to ourselves.

FRUIT TREES.

For names and descriptions, see General Catalogue, page 84.
Each.

s. d. s. d.

APPLES, best named sorts —

Standards 1 0

Pyramids 1 0

Dwarfs or Bushes 0 9

APRICOTS, best named sorts-
Dwarf, trained 3 6

Standards 5 0

ASPARAGUS, strong, per 100 2 6

per 1000 20 0

CHERRIES, best named sorts-
Standards 1 3

Pyramids 2 G

Dwarfs or bushes 1 0

Dwarf, trained 3 6

CURRANTS, best sorts-
Black, Red, and White,

per doz. 2 0

DAMSONS 1 6

GOOSEBERRIES, fine sorts,

per doz. 2 0
MEDLARS, WALNUTS, and

QUINCES 1 0

MULBERRIES 7 6

1 6
1 6
1 0

5 0
7 6

1 6
3 6
1 3

3 0

4 0

1 6

Each,
d. s. d.

NECTARINES, best named
sorts —

Dwarf, trained 3 6 ...

Standards 5 0 ...

NUTS and FILBERTS,

per doz. 6/-, 9/-, and 12 0

PEACHES, best named sorts-
Dwarf, trained 3 6 ...

Standards, trained 5 0 ...

PEARS, best named sorts —

Standards 1 3 ...

Pyramids 1 6 ...

Dwarf or Bushes 1 0 ...

Dwarf, trained 3 6

PLUMS, best named sorts-
Standards 1 3 ...

PjTamids 2 6 ...

Dwarfs or Buslies 1 0 ...

Dwarf, trained 3 6

RASPBERRIES, fine sorts,
per doz.

STRAWBERRIES, fine soi-ts,
per doz.

VINES, best named sorts

1 G
3 6
1 3

2 0 ... 4 0

3 6
3 6

5 0
7 G

Transplanting Machine.

23

W. Rarron & Sons Transplanting M.achine

24 William Baeron & Son.

W. BARRON k SON'S TRANSPLANTING MACHINES.

These Transplanting Machines have removed both Evergreens and Deciduous Trees
over 50 feet high, to considerable distances, with almost invariable success. By the use
of these Machines an effect can be produced at once which could not be otherwise
accomplished in one or two generations ; so that a place is soon made enjoyable to its
possessor, and trees of great beauty and value can be removed to more suitable sites, or
prevented from being spoiled when planted too near others.

They were invented by William Barron, the first of them being used in February,
1831. In Noveraber, 1831, he Transplanted a Cedar of Lebanon, forty-three feet high,
and forty-eight feet in diameter of branches ; the stem of this Cedar, which at that time
was two feet in diameter, is now more than ten feet in circumference. A Tree seventy-
two feet high, was moved more than two miles in an upright position. Yews from six
to eight hundred years old have been moved with the greatest success. Oaks and
Larches from forty to fifty feet high have been moved in the middle of summer without
losing a leaf. Large Spruce and Silver Firs on the limestone formation, have made a
shoot eighteen inches in length the second year after their removal.

Among others, we have built Machines for

His Grace the Duke of Portland.

His Grace the Duke of Manchester.

The Most Noble the Marquis op Westminster.

The Right Hon. the Eael of Stamford and Wahbington.

The Right Honourable Lord Wenlock.

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, &c., &c., &c.

The Corporation of the City of Freiburg.

Grand Duchy of Baden.

TESTIMONIALS.

Taudragee Castle, County Armagh, Ireland,
4th March, 1869.
Gentlemen,

With one of your large machines we have transplanted over 130 trees
of 40 years' growth, including Spanish Chestnuts, Limes, Sycamores, and Oaks — but
chiefly the latter — with balls varying from three to eight tons, and in every instance
with complete success.

I remain your obedient servant,

J. FORDYCE,
Agent to His Grace the Duke of Manchester.

MiUichope Park, Church Stretton, Shropshire, March 22, 1869.

My dear Sir,

I have much pleasure in certifying as to the great success of the opera-
tions in tree-moving, which were carried on at this place under your directions, between
the years 1858 and 1861. During that period there were moved here, on your system,
without any regard to time of year, a great number of trees of all sorts and sizes, but
mostly Evergreens ; a good many of these being Yews of large size aud of great age.

From my experience of your system, I have no hesitation in saying that, if the
directions given are duly carried out in all respects, complete success may be considered

a certainty. t i o- * i

I am, dear Sir, yours very truly,
Wm. Barron, Esq. C. O. CHILDE PEMBERTON.

Thornhill, Cowes, Isle of Wight, June 4, 1869.

Sir

I have very great pleasure in bearing testimony to the success which has
attended the removal of some hundred of large trees upon your system at my place,
Lillesden, in Kent, and to the perfect efficiency of your machines, aud the intelligence
aud zeal of the men you send with thorn. The beauty of my place has been increased,
imder your aid, in a degree, which, under any other plan, must have been the result of a

century.

I remain, Sir, your obedient Servant,

EDWARD LLOYD,
Mr. William Barron. Of Lillesden, Lieut.-Col.

1 8 r S

Maurice Youngs

CATALOGUE

OF

CO N IFE R^E,

AND

MILFORD NURSERIES,

NEAR GODALMING,

SURREY.

LONDON :-

ROBERT EDMUND TAYLOR, Horticultural and General Steam Printer,
19, Old Street, Goswell Road, E.C.

YOUNG'S

GOLDEN CHINESE JUNIPER,

(Jtmiperus chinensis aurea.)

During the two years that this plant has been before the public, it has more than
justified the high opinions given upon it by the Press and the leading Horticul-
turists, both in England and on the Continent, that it is without doubt,

"THE FINEST GOLDEN CONIFER OF THE DAY."

The plants in this Nursery, despite the dry season, have grown as freely as the
ordinary Chinese Juniper, and in colour have certainly surpassed that of any former
years, so that I feel the greatest confidence in again recommending it to the notice
of all lovers of Hardy Ornamental Trees.

It has been exhibited at the following Shows, when the highest honours were
awarded to it : —

Royal Horticultural Society... Aug. 2, 1871, First Class Certificate.

Crystal Palace Aug. 5, 1871 ,, ,,

Manchester Horticultural Sept. 10, 1872 ,, ,,

Glasgow and West of Scotland

Glasgow AND West OF Scotland i g ^^ ^g
International Horticultural/ "' ' '

Society Royale d' Agriculture , ^^^^ ^g ^.^^^ ^lass Silver MedaL

ET DE BOTANIQUE DE GAND ) -^ ' ■^

On each occasion receiving the highest encomiums.

It has been supplied to —

Her Majesty the Queen, Royal Gardens, Windsor.
H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, Sandringham.
H. R. H. Prince Frederick William, Potsdam.
H. S. H. the Grand Duke of Hesse, Darmstadt.
H. M. the King of the Belgians, Laeken.

Also to many noblemen and gentlemen, and to the leading nurseries in England,
r the Continent, and in America,

For description, see following extracts from Press reports :—

Report from Gardeners' Chronicle, Sept. 7, 1872.
"Certainly one of the foremost places amongst golden-leaved Conifers must be
accorded to Mr. Maurice Young's Juniperus chinensis aurea. The Chinese
Juniper is well known as one of the hardiest and handsomest of Coniferous Shrubs,
and when we state that the novelty just referred to is the exact counterpart of its
parent, in all but its colour, and that that colour is equal at least in richness
of hue to any golden Conifer hitherto known, but little further mention of it
is needed. We may however add, from a recent personal inspection of the stock,
that it is thoroughly constant. Not a plant amongst the entire stock shows the
least tendency to run back ; but all, whether infants of 6 inches, or adolescents of
3 feet high, appear in the same aristocratic ' cloth of gold ' array. There is, as we
have said, nothing whatever but the colour — and that is an important element from
the decorative point of view — to distinguish this from the type form of Jimiperus
chinensis. The original plant, which stands about twelve feet high, and the upper
half of which is a mass of gleaming golden spray, is a conspicuous object from the
high road in passing the Milford Nursery. The golden portion originated in a
sport of one of the leading shoots, and now forms the entire apex of the plant, the
lower half being of the ordinary green form. The colouration is not variegation
strictly so called —not a sprinkling of yellow twigs or yellow leaves over portions
of the spray, but the whole plant is suffused with it as if it had been bathed in
gold, and the colour becomes the more intense the more fully and freely the plant
is exposed to the light and the sunshine. Our notes indicate that the propagated
plants take on a close pyramidal habit, and have moreover the twofold character of
foliage which is seen in the parent, and that the colour on the more prominent
portions of the plant is as bright as the tint of the golden Holly. Taking these
various points into account, and coupling with them the free-growing hardy
character of the plant, there is no exaggeration in prounouncing this novelty to be
one of the best and most desirable of ornamental Conifers. ' All is not gold that
o-litters,' but in this golden Juniper Mr. Young has found what should prove to
be a treasure."

Extract from Gardeners' Magazine, June 29, 1872.
"A foremost position, however, must be accorded to Mr. Young's New Golden
Chinese Juniper {Juniperus chinensis aurea), a beautiful bright golden sport from
the Chinese Juniper, originated at the Milford Nurseries. It retains its bright
colour throughout the winter as well as summer, and it must become one of the
most favourite Conifers ever introduced."

Ed. Andre in I' Illustration Horticole, 1872, p. 309.
*^ Juniperus chinensis aurea.'''' — This variety, raised by Mr. Maurice Young of
the Milford Nurseries, Godalming, is one of the most beautiful Conifers ever
obtained. The original plant is about 12 feet in height, and is as it were covered
with a cloth of gold. It is not a variegation, but a sheet of gold which covers the
whole plant. None of the young plants show the least tendency to run away to the
green type. This novelty is considered one of the most striking that has been
introduced into England for many years.

Price for Strong Young Plants, is. Gd., 10s. dd., and 21s. each.
Larger Specimens, 42s., 63J., and 10 ^s. each.

MAURICE YOUNG'S
CATALOGUE OF CONIFERiE,

HARDY ORNAMENTAL

Trees, Shrubs, and Evergreens.

AUTUMN 1874.

CONIFERS.

PINUS {The True Pine).

s. d. s. d.

ARISTATA each 3 6 to 5 o

A pine found on the snowy mountains in North America, attaining
there a height of from 30 to 40 feet. It is of the Strobus type, very
distinct in habit and useful as a variety in collections.

AUSTRIACA— The Black Pine of Austria.

Sj^. nigricans. Good plants, i to i|ft., per 100, 10 o — 16 o

,, nigrescens. ,, ,, I5 to 2 ft., ,, 16 o — 25 o

,, ,, 2 to 3 ft, ,, 30 o — 40 o

„ ,, 3 to 4 ft, per doz. 6 o — 12 o

,, ,, 4, 5, &6ft, ,, 18 o — 30 o

A rapid-growing tree, attaining a height of 80 to 100 feet, dense in
habit, dark green in the colour of its foliage, and valuable for planting
as screens or for shelter, on account of its great hardiness and free
growth. The timber being very resinous, is strong and durable when
of good age.

BEARDSLEYI Good plants, per doz. 24 0 — 30 o

Syn. ponder osa.

A large timber tree found in California and the North-West Coast
of America. Timber valuable ; quite hardy.

BENTHAMIANA Good plants, 2 to 3 and 4ft., per doz. 30 o — 40 o

A very lofty tree, also from the mountains of California, growing to
a great height ; the foliage dark green and very long ; handsome in
its young state, and eventually making a noble tree. Timber said to
be the best of all the pine tribe.

CEMBRA— Swiss Stone Pine ...Nice young plants, 2 to 3ft,

per doz. 60 — 90
4 to 5ft, ,, 15 o — 18 o
A native of the highest mountains in Switzerland and Siberia,
height 50 to 80 feet, erect and close growing in habit, regularly fur-
nished with branches, which are thickly covered with glaucous green
foliage. Timber soft, fine in grain, and very fragrant ; it furnishes the
wood from which the Tyiolese shepherds and peasants cut the curious
little men and animals so widely and well known all over Europe.

DENSIFLORA 9 to I2in., per 100 30 o —

Native of China, of compact habit and deep green foliage.

EXCELSA — Nepal Young transplanted plants, per 100 21 o — 30 o

2 to 2^ft., per doz. 18 o — 24 o
Growing on the mountains from 6,000 to 10,000 feet elevation ; a
fast growing tree, sometimes reaching a height of 150 feet Timber
soft, white, and resinous.

INSIGNIS— The Remarkable Pine ...Good plants, per doz. 12 o — 24 o

Very appropriately named ; as to colour and general appearance, it
is quite distinct from any other pine. The foliage is a bright rich grass
green, thickly set on the branches. It makes a handsome tree of from
80 to 100 feet, and thrives best on high situations not too much ex-
posed ; in low damp places it is sometimes killed or injured by severe
winters. It is a native of California.

MAURICE young's CATALOGUE.

s. d. s. d-

JEFFREYII Good plants, each 26—50

From Northern California; described as a noble tree, growing 150
feet high, and 4 feet in diameter. The foliage is 8 or 9 inches long,
and greyish-green in colour. A very distinct and hardy pine.

LAMBERTIANA Plants, 4 to 5ft., each 26—50

A large tree from the northern parts of California, 150 to 200 feet
high. Timber white and soft ; tree very hardy.

LARICIO — The CoRSiCAN Pine Young plants, per 100 10 o — 16 o

3 to 4ft., per doz. 9 o — 12 o
A lofty rapid-growing pine, 80 to 130 feet high, similar in general
character to P. Aitstriaca, but more pyramidal in growth ; it is a
valuable tree for general planting. Timber resinous, coarse, and
elastic, but durable.

MACROCARPA Good plants, 3 to 4ft. , each ... — 50

A large tree, 80 to 100 feet high, on the mountains of California ;
leaves g to 10 inches long, of a glaucous-green. Habit of tree vigor-
ous ; very hardy.

MONTICOLA Good plants, 6 to 8ft., each 3 6— 50

A rapid growing pine of the Styobus or Weymouth type, found in
California ; 80 to 100 feet high, very hardy and makes a handsome
tree.

MUGHO Young plants, per doz. 60 — 90

Syn. ttncinata. Specimens, 6 to 8ft., each 36 — SO

A native of Central and North-Western Europe, forming a tree 30
feet high, of dense habit and dark green colour. Timber heavy and
durable.

PONDEROSA. See BEARDSLEYII.

PYRENAICUM Good plants, each from 26—36

Syn. Monspeliensis.

, , Fenzlii.

A very handsome tree, 60 to 80 feet high, from the Pyrenees. The
form of the tree is good ; the reddish-brown colour of the bark, and
the bright pale green foliage render this a very desirable tree.

STROBUS— The Weymouth Pine 3 to 4ft., per 100 16 0 — 30 o

Good plants, 4 to 7ft., per doz. 9 o — 18 o
A native of Canada and parts of the United States, making a tree
100 to 150 feet high. Timber light, free from knots, and easily
worked.

COMPRESSA each 26—36

A dwarf variety of Weymouth Pine, of dense habit, would be
suitable to place on a lawn, where such a bush is required.

ABIES {The Spruce Fir).

ALBA— The White Spruce Fir... Plants, 18 to 24in., per 100 30 0 — 40 o

3, 4, and 5ft., per doz. 6 O — 18 O
A native of Canada and North America, growing to a height of 40
to sofeet ; it forms a regular pyramid ; foliage silvery-grey, and light
bark.
ALCOQUIANA Plants, each 10 6 — 15 o

A very pretty Spruce from Japan, of close habit ; pale green foli-
•age, very silvery underneath. As the plant grows large, it becomes
very beautiful.

CANADENSIS— Hemlock Spruce ...Good plants, 3 to 6ft.,

per doz. 6 o — 18 o
A large tree, 80 to 100 feet in Canada and North America. It has
a graceful drooping habit, small green leaves, glaucous underneath,
and may be filly styled the Weeping Willow amongst Conifers ; it
delights in rather a moist situation, and is a very desirable plant.

NANA

A compact conical form of the preceding species, having the ends
of the shoots drooping ; originated in this Nursery and not yet sent out.

DOUGLASSI Good plants, i to i^ft., per 100

„ l^ to 2 ft.,

„ 2 to 3 ft., per doz.

.

.. - 70

0

10

0 -TOO

0

12

0 — 18

0

CONIFER,^.

s. d. s. d.

DOUGLASSI good plants, 4 to 5 ft., per doz. 30 0 — 42 o

,, 5 to 6 ft., ,, 60 o — 84 o

Specimens, 7 a^nd 8ft., each 7 ^ — i<^ ^
This hardy, noble, and valuable tree deserves to be extensively
planted, as it is not only one of the most ornamental, but one of the
best timber trees of all the firs. It is rapid in growth, very handsome
in its habit, dark green in colour on the surface of its foliage, slightly
glaucous beneath. It is from the North-West Coast of America and
California, where it forms magnificent trees 200 feet high, and 8 to 10
feet in diameter.

ENGELMANNI each ... — 50

EXCELSA— Common Norway Spruce, Plants, 3,4, 5,and6ft.,

per doz. 6 o — 18 o
Fine plants, 8 to loft., per doz. 24 o — 42 o

A useful plant for shrubberies or cover planting.

EXCELSA CLANBRAZILIANAn
COMPACTA.

ELEGANS. ( Prirp eicli 26 7 6

GREGORYANA. > Price, each 20 70

PYGMyEA.

PYRAMIDALIS. /

All dwarf varieties of the Common Spruce.
ERECTA each ... — 2 6

An upright variety of Spruce.

HOOKERIANA Good plants, each 26—36

Syn. Patio mi.

From California, and described as a magnificent tree, attaining a
height of 200 to 300 feet ; when grown freely it is very pretty and
quite hardy.

MENZIESII Young plants, 2j to 3|ft., per doz. ... — 40

Large plants, 5, 6, and yft., per doz 9s. 12 o — 18 o
From Northern California, a tree 60 to 70 feet high, pyramidal in
form, dense in habit, foliage green above and very silvery below,
giving to large trees a very beautiful appearance in sunlight. It is
quite hardy, and delights m rich moist soil. Timber of first-rate
quality.

MERTENSIANA— Californian Hemlock Spruce.

Good plants, per doz. 18 0 — 24 o
Syn. Alhertiana.
,, Willianisonii.

A handsome fast growing tree, of from 100 to 150 feet high, in
Oregon and California. It is very hardy, and in general appearance
resembles the Hemlock Spruce previously described.

NIGRA— The Black Spruce Plants 2 to 3ft., per 100 40 0 — 75 o

4 to 5ft., per doz. 12 o — 18 o

Of close symmetrical habit in its young growth, eventually making
a tree 60 to 100 feet high m Canada and North America. The timber
is bright, elastic, and strong. The plant thrives best in rich moist
situations.

ORIENTALIS— The Eastern Spruce, nice little plants, 9 to

l8in per 100 10 o — 16 O

Good plants, each 36 — 76
Found on the mountains of the Caucasus and Imerecia. It is a
dense-growing dark green plant in its young state, and forms a lofty
tree of 70 or 80 feet ; very hardy.

POLITA Good plants, each 5 o — lo 6

A new species from Japan, a very vigorous grower, distinct and
hand.some.

SIEBOLDII— Japan Hemlock Spruce each 36—50

Syn. Abies Tsus^a.
,, TsHga Sieboldii.

A tree of from 30 to 40 feet in height, of similar habit to the
Hemlock Spruce [Abies Canadensis], the leaves are much shorter,
and the general character sufficiently distinct to make it a desirable
plant in all collections.

NANA each 50-76

A dwarf form of the above.

MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

— 75

0

o — 24
6- 7

0
6

6 — 21

0

0—63

0

PICE A {^The Silver Fir).

s. d. s. d.

AMABILLIS — The Lovely Silver Fir, grafted plants with

leads each ... — 7 6

This is the true species described by Loudon, as sent home by
Douglas. It has dark glossy green leaves, slightly glaucous under-
neath, and thickly set on the branches, which are regularly disposed
on the stem. It is very scarce, no seed having been sent home since
the original cones in 1831.

CEPHALONICA Good plants, per doz. 18 0 — 24 o

A native of Cephalonia, and makes in this country a very handsome
conical-shaped tree if planted on high dry situations. Il is very liable
to injury by spring fiost if grown in valleys or low places, but other-
wise perfectly hardy.

MAGNIFICA Good plants, each 5 0 — 21 o

Syn. Nobilis robiista.

From California ; and a really magnificent tree. The foliage is of
a glaucous green, thickly set on the branches. It forms a handsome
pyramidal tree, perfectly hardy.

NOBILIS Seedling plants, 9 to 12 inches, per 100

,, 18 ,, per doz. 18

,, 2 to 3ft each 3

Specimens, each from 10
And larger specimens, each from 42

A truly noble tree, attaining in California the height of 200 feet. It
has regular spreading branches, thickly covered with bluish-green
foliage. It is of majestic appearance, free growth and perfectly hardy.

NORDMANNIANA— Nordmann's Silver Fir.

Young plants, per 100 ... — 50 O
\~, 2, and 3ft. ; per doz., i8s., 24 o — 42 o
Fine specimens, 6 to 8ft., each 21 o — 63 o
A splendid tree, common on the Crimean mountains, growing to the
height of 100 feet ; the branches are dense, regularly disposed on the
trunk, and covered with dark green shining leaves, slightly glaucous
below. The young shoots in spring are most delicate green, forming a
beautiful and striking contrast to the rich deep colouring of the old
leaves. Timber good. This Fir should be e.xtensively cultivated, as
it is one of the hardiest and most ornamental of all the Silver Firs.

PENDULA

A weeping variety, not yet in commerce.

PARSONSII Good plants, each from I OS. 6d., 21 0 — 63 o

Syn. Lowii.
, , Lasciocarpa.

This beautiful Pine has the same general character as Nobilis, but
is distinct in the form and colour of the foliage ; equally hardy, andean
be confidently recommended. It attains a large size in California, and
is of rapid growth.

PINSAPO Good plants, 2, 3, and 4ft., per doz. 24 o — 42 o

Specimens, 5, 6, & 7ft. each 10 6 — 21 o

A native of the mountains in Spain, where it forms a fine tree, 60 or
70ft. high, rather conical in shape, and of compact habit; a very
desirable tree for single specimens.

CEDRUS {The Cedar).

AFRICANUS— Mount Atlas Cedar.

Plants I5 to 2ft., per doz. 6 o — 12 o
4 to 5ft. ,, ... — 30 o

Syn. Atlaiitira. Fine specimens, 8 to i oft. ,, 76 — 10 6

A noble tree, from the Atlas Mountains, reaching a height of mo
feet, similar in character to the C. Libani, except that it is of more
rapid growth, and paler in the colour of its foli.ige.

CONIFER.^.

— 50

0

— 100

0

0 — 24
0 — 60

0

0

DEODARA— The Indian Cedar. Young twice-transplanted

plants I to 14ft., per 100

1^ to 2 ft. „
2 to 3 ft. per doz. i8
site 44ft. „ 42
Now too well known to require any description of its general
character. It makes an enormous tree in the Himalayan Mountains.
Its timber is much used for both public and private buildings, being
very compact, and capable of receiving a high polish.

ERECTA each 26—36

An upright growing bluish variety.

ROBUSTA ... each 16—26

A strong-growing variety.

VERTICILLATA each i 6 —

A handsome upright bluish variety.

LIBANI— The Cedar of Lebanon. Good plants, 2 to 3 and

4ft per doz. 18 o — 30 o

Like the Deodara, requires no description here. The many splendid
specimens which may be seen in the parks and grounds throughout
the country, convey the best idea of the grandeur of this fine old tree.

CEPHALOTAXUS {The Cluster-Flowered Yew).

DRUPACEA Good plants, each 16—26

Syn. Fortunei Jivmina.

A fine compact evergreen tree. In China and Japan 20 to 30 feet
high, and perfectly hardy.

FORTUNEI Plant.s, each ... — 2 6

Syn. Fortunei Mascula.

A hardy evergreen tree from China and Japan, 30 to 40 feet high,
foliage longer than the preceding, and the plant more loose in habit.

PEDUNCULATA Good plants with leads, each 50—76

Syn. Taxiis Han-htiftonia.

A handsome small evergreen tree, 20 to 30 feet. China and Japan.
Quite hardy.

CHAMCECYPARIS.

SPHO^ROIDEA AUREA each

A variety of the White Cedar, of pyramidal habit, bright green
foliage, the young shoots of a bright golden colour ; of recent intro-
duction, but it promises to be a very handsome plant.

— 12

0

18

0 — 30

0

5

0 — ID

b

CRYPTOMERIA {The Japan Cedar).

ELEGANS Good young plants, ift., per doz.

2 to 3ft. ,,
Specimens, 4 to 5ft. each

A useful and very beautiful introduction from Japan, of close
pyramidal habit, foliage bright green in summer, changing sometimes
to a rich purple, at others to a reddish-brown during the wmter months.
It is very hardy, and makes a good plant, in a small state, for winter
bedding, or even for pot-culture for the flower-stand or conservatory.

JAPONICA SPIRALITER FALCATA each 36—50

A very curious variety of robust habit and thick leaves, which are
twisted round the branches in many different forms.

ALBA VARIEGATA each 26—50

A dwarf variety, having the young shoots white.

MAURICE young's CATALOGUE.

s. d. s. d.

JAPONICA VERA Young plants, each 16—50

^i- jj Recently imported by Siebold from the north of Japan, and must

not be confounded with the species originally introduced from the

north of China. It is of better habit, and more hardy.

LOBBI 3 to 4ft plants, per doz. 12 o — 18 o

Syn. Viridis.

This variety differs from C.ya/i?«z<r« (the old sort) only in colour,
and is perhaps more compact in growth.

CUPRESSUS {Cypress),

LAWSONIANA Good plants, 2 to 3ft., per doz. ...—90

Syn, Chamacyparis Boitrsieri. Ditto 4, 5, 6, & 7ft. ,, 18 O — 42 O
A most valuable plant, introduced a few years ago from California.
It forms a graceful tree, 60 to 100 feet high, very hardy, and useful as
an ornamental shrubbery plant, a single specimen, or for hedges, as it
bears the knife well.

ALBASPICA Good plants, I ft., each ... — i 6

A continental variety, having the young shoots tipped with white.

Young's (Variety) Good plants, each 26 — 50

Selected from a batch of seedlings several years ago, as being the
most distinct and perfectly marked white-tipped variety in the trade.
It is very free in growth, and the countless white spots with which it
is covered render it a particularly attractive plant.

NANA each 5 o — 10 6

A dwarf compact little plant, with the young shoots quite white.

ARGENTEA Good plants, each 16—36

A very beautiful silvery variety, of very compact habit, the ends of
the shoots drooping in a very graceful manner.

— -C^RULEA Good plants, each 16—36

A very compact-growing form, of good habit, and foliage of a bluish-
green, shaded with grey.

ERECTA VIRIDIS Good plants, each 26—76

An upright free growing variety, with beautiful green foliage ; very
desirable.

FRAGRANS Plants, 2 to 3ft., per doz. ... — 12 o

4, 5, and 6ft. ,, 18 o — 36 o
A very fast-growing variety, foliage more delicate, and habit more
drooping than Lawsoniana.

GRACILIS Good plants, each 16—36

A globose form of Lniusoaiajia, with the points of the shoots droop-
ing, which relieves the stiffness peculiar to most plants of a globular
shape. •

LUTEA Good plants, each from 3 6 — 21 o

A new, very distinct, and beautiful variety, being perfectly yellow
during the summer months, free in habit, and when it attains a large
size will form a very attractive and striking feature.

NANA each 26 — 50

A pretty compact little plant.

VARIEGATA ALBA , Good plants, each 26-36

AUREA ) ' **

Two pretty varieties, having portions of their foliage respectively
gold and silver,

MACROCARPA Good plants, 2 to 3ft., per doz. 18 0 — 24 o

Syn. Lavibsrt'aua.

A very fine and rapid growing Cypress from California, where it is
found from 50 to 60 feet high ; it grows well near the sea coast, and is
hardy on elevated situations, but sometimes cut by winter if grown in
low moist places.

NUTKAENSIS. .S^f TIIUJOPSIS BOREALIS.

CONIFER.(E.

JUNIPERUS {The Juniper).

All the species and varieties of Juniperus enumerated in this Catalogue are
handsome evergreen shrubs, suitable for shrubbery or single specimens on lawns
where it is not desirable to have trees which would grow to a large size.

s. d. s. d.

CHINENSIS (The Chinese Juniper), good plants, 2ft., pr. dz. 12 o —

Ditto 3, 4, 5, & 6ft. ,, 18 o — 60 o

One of the very finest hardy plants in cultivation ; it form a compact
pyramidal tree about 20 feet in height, of a bright yet dark green,
with occasional glaucous prickly shoots in the Spring. The male
plant is covered with bright j'ellow flowers, giving it a peculiar and
very striking appearance. It has now been introduced about 50
years, and has never been injured by our most severe winters. There
are male and female varieties ; the one here alluded to is the for-
mer, which is by far the handsomest.

CHINENSIS AUREA-YOUNG'S NEW GOLDEN CHINESE
JUNIPER. For description, Jf<fpage3.

VARIEGATA each 36—76

A rather dwarf growing variety of the Chinese Juniper, having some
of its sprays of a bright golden colour ; it is very pretty.

DRUPACEA each 16—26

EXCELSA „ 26

HIBERNICA— Irish Upright per doz. \z 0—18 o

COMPRESSA each 26—50

Very dwarf and pretty.

JAPONICA each 16—26

From Japan.

AUREA each 26—50

.ARGENTE A VARIEGATA each 36—76

LEEANUS each 16—36

RIGIDA (Japan) each 26—36

SABINA— Savin per 1 00 25 o

TAMARISCIFOLIA per doz. 6 o

SHEPPARDII (Japan) each 16—26

SPHCERICA (Japan) each 16—26

SUECICA (Swedish) 2 to 3ft., per doz. 60—90

TRIPARTITA each 16—26

VIRGINIANA— Red Cedar Plants, 4 to 6ft., per doz. 12 o — 18 o

ALBA VARIEGATA each i 6

A handsome variety ; foliage spoiled with while.

LARIX [Larek Fir).

See FOREST TREES.

LIBOCEDRUS.

CHILIENSIS ....each

A handsome evergreen tree from the Chilian Andes, growing there
from 60 tooo feet high, the foliage is of a bright green, glaucous at
the sides. It is only quite hardy in favourable situations.

DECURRENS. .S^^ Thuja gigantea.

PRUMNOPITYS.

ELEGANS Good plants, I to 2ft., per doz. 12 0 — 24

A very handsome tree from the inountains of Chili, growing, at an
elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet, to the height of 50 or 60 feet ; in a
young state it looks something like a variety of Yew, but afterwards
is said to resemble in habit x.'h(t Abies Douglassi.

MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

PSEUDOLARIX.

KEMPFERI Plants, each 3s. 6d. 7 6 — 42 o

Syn. Larix Kempferi. Specimens, price on application.

,, Abies Kempferi.

This is the Golden Larch of China, a very valuable and beautiful
tree, the foliage in the spring and summer being of a beautiful bright
green, ij to 2 inches long, and rather broad ; the colour deepens
towards autumn, when, before falling, it assumes a rich golden-
yellow. It will form a large tree in this country, and its extreme
beauty cannot fail to recommend it to all lovers of handsome trees.

RETINOSPORA.

All the species of this genera have been recently introduced from Japan ; some
of them make trees of size, but most are dwarf in habit, forming pyramids or
bushes. All are hardy and evergreen.

ERICOIDES Good plants, per doz. 6s. 9 0—12 o

A conical compact bush, greyish-green in summer, and turning
purple in winter ; admirably adapted for winter bedding or pots.

FILICOIDES Plants, each 2 6 — 21 6

Bright green foliage on reddish stems ; should be grown as a bush,
when it makes a pretty fern-like plant.

FILIFERA Good plants, each i 6 — lo 6

Makes a pyramidal bush, with the ends of its shoots drooping in
long filaments, some of which are tesselated.

GRACILIS each 2 6—10 6

A more slender form of the above.

LEPTOCLADA Plants, per doz. 9 0—12 o

Specimens, each 36 — 7 ^
A slow-growing pyramidal bush, of a dark bluish-green, very
pretty for winter beds or pots. It is quite a miniature tree.

LYCOPODIOIDES. each 3 6 — 21 o

A dense growing shrub or dwarf tree, deep green foliage, very
distinct.

OBTUSA— "Tree of the Sun,"

Good plants, i to i|ft., per 100 ... — 75 O

\\ to 2 ft., ,, ... — 100 o

2 to 3 ft.,perdoz. ... — 15°

3 to 4 ft, ,, 18 o — 30 o

4 to 5 ft., ., 36 o — 42 o
A tall evergreen tree, growing from 70 to 100 feet high, of great

beauty; thrives well in this country, and planted as single specimens
is very handsome. It is also a good shrubbery plant, and as it bears
clipping well, it will be a good plant for hedges. The timber is
described as white and fine grained, and highly valued by the Japanese.

ALBA Plants, each 3 6—15 o

Similar in general character to the former, rather more compact in
habit, and the young shoots pure white during the spring and summer
months. A very beautiful variety, new and scarce.

AUREA Plants, each 2 6 — lO 6

A rapid-growing variety, also of the same habit as obtiisa, and
having the branches suffused with gold.

ERECTA Plants, each 16—26

An upright form.
GRACILIS Plants, each 26—50

Rather dwarf in habit, very compact, a rich dark green.

NANA Plants, each 36 — 76

Very dwarf and compact, forming a pretty little bush, of a rich
deep green.

ALBA VARIEGATA Plants, each 36—50

General character like the preceding, with many white spots on the
foliage.

CONIFER.^. 13

75

0

100

0

15

0

30

0

2

6

10

6

s. d. s. d.

OBTUSA NANA AUREA Plants, en cli 2 6—15 o

A compact dwarf bush, with foliage of a rich bronzy-yellow, very
desirable.

PUMILA each ... — 3 6

Forms a dwarf bush.

PISIFERA Good plants, I to i|ft., per 100

„ i| to 2 ft., ,,

,, 2 to 3 ft., per doz.

3 to 4 ft., ,, 18 o

A tree of more slender growth than ^. obiiisa, paler green in the
colour, and the points of the shoots drooping. It is a very graceful
plant, and certainly worthy of cultivation.

ERECTA each ...

A compact upright form of the above, foliage of pale green, distinct.

VARIEGATA AUREA Young plants, each 5 o

A dwarf bush, bluish-grey foliage spotted with pale yellow. A
curiosity ; rather scarce.

PLUMOS A, young plants, per doz., 9s. to I2S. ; good plants, each 26 — 76
A most beautiful, compact, pyramidal tree, of a soft grey-green
colour, light and graceful in habit, and a most desirable plant ; useful
for winter bedding, pots, or to form specimens for lawns.

ARGENTEA each 2 6

AUREA per doz. 9s., 12 o

Fine plants, each 5 o
PUMILA „

FLAVESCENS ,,

VARIEGATA ALBA „ 26

The above five varieties of pbimosa are similar, in their general
character, to that species. Arge?iiea is tipped with white ; aurea is
a most beautiful golden colour, and one of the most effective decora-
tive plants of this class ; Jlavescetis anothei form of aurea ; andj<>u»!i/a
a dwarf-growing kind. Variegata alba is a charming plant, its soft
grey, bluish foliage being distinctly and beautifully spotted with clear
white, making the plant appear covered with small snow-flakes.
Pluinosa and its varieties are sometimes taken as forms of pisifera,
but, on comparing the botanical features of each, and considering the
great difference in habit, I think pliimosa must be a distinct species,
and aurea and the rest varieties, and in no specific manner allied to
pisifera.

SQUARROSA, /rz/^ Good plants, per doz., 9s. 12 o — 18 o

Larger plants, each 36 — 76
A very elegant pyramidal bush, points of the shoots drooping and
feathery. Colour silvery-bluish grey, very effective in small plants
for bedding, and making nice specimens where a plant of large size is
not required. A pretty and desirable plant.

5

0

18

0

21

0

2

6

2

6

10

6

SALISBURIA.

ADIANTIFOLIA— The Maiden Hair Tree.

Syn. Gifiko biloba. Plants, each 16 — 5

A large deciduous coniferous tree. Native of Japan.

SCIADOPITYS.

VERTICILLATA— The Umbrella Pine Plants, each 5 0 — 42 o

So called from having its leaves arranged on the points of the shoots
in whorls in the form of an open umbrella. It makes a compact conical
tree, about 20 feet high, of slow growth, but very handsome.

H MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

TAXODIUM.

s. d. s. d.

DISTICHUM— Deciduous Cypress.

Plants, 4, 5, and 6ft., each i 6 — 26

PENDULUM Plants, each 26—36

Both having very handsome light foHage in spring and summer, turn-
ing to reddish-brown in autumn. The latterplant, although generally
known as T. disticJuim pendulum, is no doubt T. Sinensis, also
called Glyptostrobus heterophylla. I have this year found in my
Nursery amongst some Taxodium distichum, a very distinct weeping
form to which the name of "pendula" may be more properly applied.

SEMPERVIRENS ALBA VARIEGATA Each i 6—10 6

A variety of T. sempervirens , having the ends of the shoots a
beautiful creamy-white ; very handsome.

TAXUS {Yew).

ADPRESSA each 16—26

ERECTA each 16—50

BACCATA — Common Yew 9 to lain., per 100 16 o

1 to isft. ,, 25 o

\\ to 2 ft. ,, 30 o — 40 o

2 to 2|ft. ,, 50 o — 75 o
2|, 3, 4, and 5ft., per doz. 9s., 12s., 18 o — 24 o

large Yews, 8 to 12ft., on stems with good heads and roots,

each 7 6 — 21 o

AUREA— Golden Yew. ..Good plants, I to i|ft., per doz. 12 o — 18 o

,, 2 to 22ft., ,, 24 o — 42 o

Very effective amongst evergreens during the summer months, on
account of the brilliant golden colour of the young shoots.

worked on stems of Irish and Common Yew, 3 to 4ft.,

each 3 6 — 10 6
CROWDERI „ 16—36

DOVASTONII— Weeping Yew „ 3 6 — 10 6

. VARIEGATA „ 5 o — 10 6

ELEGANTISSIMA i to i^ft., per doz. 12 o - i8 o

2 to 2^ft., ,, 24 O — 42 O

A close-growing compact golden Yew.

FASTIGIATA (Iri.h) i^ to 2ft. per doz. 60—90

3, 4, to 5ft., fine plants, ,, 120 — 30 o
6, 7, & 8ft. ,, each 3 6 — 10 6

VARIEGATA— The Golden Irish Yew, Young

plants each 16 — 50

HORIZONTALIS 26—50

A strong growing variety, with long horizontal branches, slightly
pendulous ; will no doubt make a very effective plant.

PYRAMID.\LIS Plants 2 to 3ft., per doz. 18 o

Another form of upright Yew, lighter in colour than the Irish, and
more pyramidal in habit.

HARRINGTONIA. See CEPHALOTAXUS PEDUNCULATA.
JAPONICA perdoz. i8 0 — 30 o

A fine dark-coloured species from the Corca and Japan.

CONIFER.*:. 15

THUJA {Arbor Vitce).

The Abor Vitces are natives of both hemispheres, and to distinguish the one
from the other, botanists have divided them into tvv^o divisions — the term " Biota"
being applied to the Chinese or Eastern Arbor Vitaes, whilst to those of America,
the appellation of "Thuja" is still retained. The two sections being so very
distinct in habit and character, I have thought it best to publish them according to
their botanical arrangement, taking the Biotas or Chinese Arbor Vitaes first.
These are mostly large bushes or small trees, and are natives of China, Tartary,
North of India, and Japan.

BIOTA.

s. d. s. d.

ORIENTALIS— Chinese Arbor ViT^ 3ft., per doz. 12 o

AUREA Plants 14 to 2ft., ,, 18 o — 24 o

Fine specimens, each lo 6 — 42 o
A globular variety, having the tips of the young shoots a bright gold
in spring.

ELEGANTISSIMA AUREA nice examples, each 16—36

Specimens ,, 5 ^ — lO 6

This form of golden Arbor Vitae is pyramidal instead of globose in
habit, and is beautifully marked with gold in the Spring. It is a very
pretty plant.

FALCATA Good plants, each 2 6

A fast growing pyramidal tree from Japan, of recent introduction.

FORTUNEI each 2 6

A dwarf compact variety from Japan, bright green in colour, and a
pretty plant.

SEMPER AUREA Young plants, each 26—76

A few specimens, each 21 O
A new variety, which retains its golden tint all the year round, of
dwarf habit, but free growth. A desirable acquisition.

JAPONICA PENDULA each 7 6—10 6

A globose form of Biota, composed of filiform branches which are
quite pendulous ; it is very distinct, and will no doubt be a very
desirable acquisition to our dwarf Conifera.

TRIANGULARIS Plants, each 3 6

A new variety, so called from the position in which the branches are
arranged, of erect habit, and bright green foliage.

VARIEGATA each 16—36

A golden variegated form.

ZUCCARINIANA Good plants, per doz. 18 0 — 30 o

Avery distinct variety from Japan, quite globular in habit, and of a
beautiful bright green, which colour it retains well through the winter.

PENDULA— Weeping Arbor ViT^ Plants, each 26 — 50

Syn. Thuja pendiihi.
,, ,, filiformis.

A bush, or small tree, from Chinese Tartary, introduced about the
year 1800, and recently found also in Japan. It has drooping filiform
shoots, and may be considered more curious than beautiful.

THUJA.

(NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA).

ERICOIDES perdoz. 6 0—12 o

A plant of doubtful origin ; it forms a dw.irf conical bush, glaucous-
green in summer, and of a brownish tint in wmter. Suitable for small
beds or for potting.

s. d. s.

d.

... — i8

0

24 0 — 30

36-5

0
0

... - 75

0

... — 100

0

18 0 — 30

0

42 0 — 63

0

l6 MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

GIGANTEA Plants, i^ to 2ft., per doz.

2 to 3ft., ,,

S3m. Craigea7ta. Specimens, 4 to 5ft each

,, Libocedrtts decurrens.

Makes a lofty tree in California of 120 feet high, is rapid in growth,
with rich deep green leaves ; a thoroughly good plant.

ALBA VITTATA

A form of the preceding, having the tips of the shoots creamy-white ;
a very beautiful variety, originated here, and not yet in commerce.

LOBBII Good plants, 3 to 4ft., per 100

SjTi. Thuja Menziesia. 4 to 5ft., ,,

5 to 6ft.. per doz.

6 to 8ft., „

A tall, rapid growing tree, found on the north-west coast of America.
In colour it is a bright rich green, the back of the young branches a
reddish-brown. A very ornamental tree, and useful either in the
shrubbery' as single specimen, or for hedges ; its rapid growth and
close habit render it superior to all other Arbor Vitaes for this piu-pose.

OCCIDENTALIS— American Arbor ViT^A, 2 to 3ft., pericx) ... — i6 o

4 to 5ft., ,, 20 o — 50 o

5 to 6ft., per doz. 9 o — 18 o

6 to 8ft., ,, 24 o — 36 o
Also a good and well-known plant for hedges.

ARGENTEA each ... — 7 6

LUTEA „ 50—76

Two varieties of American origin, the former producing young shoots
white, the latter being a golden form and retaining its colour all the
year, but like all purely golden plants, much brighter dunng spring
and summer.

VARIEGATA ALBA each ... — 2 6

Foliage spotted with white.
VERVAENANA Plants, per doz. 12 0—18 o

A variety having the surface of the foliage of a yellow cast.

PYGM.^A Plants, per doz.

Grafted on stems, 12 to 18 inches

A very dwarf kind of Thuja, or perhaps a Retinospora, from Japan.
Foliage rich green, with reddish-brown bark. Curious, and well
adapted for rockery.

WAREANA ,. Good plants, i J to 2ft., per 100

2 to 3 and 4ft., ,,

5 to 6ft. , per doz.

A most useful, compact, and hardy evergreen shmb, for general
planting and shrubberies. Having a large stock, I can offer it at the
above low rates.

18

0

—

30

0

3

6

~

7

6

25

0

50

0

—

75

0

12

0

—

24

0

THUJOPSIS.

BOREALIS Good plants, 3, 4, 5, and 6ft., per doz. 18 0 — 60 o

Syn. Citprcssus Niitkaensis.

A tall evergreen tree from Nootka Sound and the north-west Coast
of North America, where it attains the height of 100 feet. It is
conically pyramid in habit, of a light but glossy green, sometimes
having a bluish shade ; it grows freely in this country, and may be
confidently recommended as one of the best of the Cypress or Arbor
Vita; kind yet introduced.

AUREO-VARIEGATA

A variety having a number of the branchlets of a briijht golden
yellow ; it originated here, and will, doubtless, prove one of the most
handsome of all variegated Conifera;. Not yet sent out.

COMPACTA each ... — 50

A conical compact form, of a beautiful bright bluish-green.

CONIFERvE. 17

s. d. s. d.

BOREALIS VARIEGATA Young plants, per doz. ... — 18 o

Large plants, each 3 6 — 10 6
Is a form of the preceding, but spotted with white variegation ; new,
and a very handsome plant.

DOLABRATA Good plants, per doz. 12 0 — 60 o

Specimens 10 6 — 21 o
A few specimens, each 42 O — 150 O
Perhaps the most distinct and beautiful of all the recent introduc-
tions from Japan, where it forms a tall evergreen tree. The habit of
the plant here is pyramidal, and the colour of its foliage is a bright
dark green, glaucous below. Young plants have been out in this
nursery for several years past, and it is without doubt a thoroughly
hardy plant.

VARIEGATA Good plants, per doz. 12 0 — 30 o

A few specimens, each 42 6—150 o
A form of the above with some of the branches white.

LiETEVIRENS Young plants, each 16—50

I should think this to be a variety of Dolabrata which has been
dwarfed by cultivation, and which is known in Japan under the name
of " Nezu ; " it is exactly like T. Dolabrata on a much smaller scale.
I have plants growing freely, and every year it seems to approach
nearer to what I believe to be its normal type. Nevertheless it is a
very pretty little plant, with branches and leaves like a delicate Lyco-
podium, and for the fernery or as a pot plant it is very desirable.

STANDLSHII Good plants, each 26—76

A good hardy tree from Japan, having a straight stem and drooping
branches, the colour of the foliage being of rather an olive green.

TORREYA(77/^ Calif ornian Nutmeg).

MYRISTICA Plants, each !".. — 3 6

A Taxaceous plant, growing from 20 to 40 feet high in the Sierra
Nevada of California ; quite hardy.

WELLINGTONIA {The Mammoth Tree of California).

GIGANTEA Plants about i ft., per loo ... —100 o

l^ to 3ft., per doz. 18 O — 42 O
This celebrated tree requires no description here, being now so well
known ; it is asserted to be the largest tree yet discovered, the dimen-
sions of one tree being — height 363 feet, circumference near the ground
93 feet, and at 100 feet from the ground 45 feet. It grows rapidly in
this country, and to ensure really good specimens, it is best to plant
them small.

VARIEGATA each 36—76

A variety with golden variegation.

Hampers, Baskets, Crates, &c., are charged as low as possible. Half-price

will be allowed on thera if returned at once in good condition to MiLFORD Station,

Carriage paid, and advised by post.

Where practicable, M. Y. would invite an inspection of his Stock, which
extends over loo acres of ground.

Accounts due Midsummer and Christmas. Post-Office Orders payable at Godalming.

Goods can be conveyed, without unloading, to any Station on the principal Railways in England

and Scotland by this means much time is gained, besides avoiding a great deal 0/ injury

which/requenily occurs in unloading and reloading.

MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

Hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and
Evergreens.

— I 6

— 10 6

Each.
s. d.
ABELE, See Populus.
ABELIA—

UNIFLORA

A very pretty plant for training on a wall.

ACACIA. See also Robinia, page 29.

NEMU each 26 — 5 °

A new Acacia from Japan, similar in foliage and habit to the
Australian species, and having a beautiful rose-coloured blossom ; it
is said to be perfectly hardy, but has not yet been proved in this
country. In favoured situations it will no doubt do well.

ACANTHAPENAX—

HORRIDA VARIEGATA — 36

A pretty silver-variegated shrub, of dwarf habit, half-hardy, and
suitable for pot cultivation as a decorative plant, or for bedding in
summer.

ACER [Maple)—

COLCHICUM RUBRUM — 26

A handsome species ; the leaves from the beginning of the season
till late in the autumn a bright pinkish-purple.

CRISPUM

A new species from Japan.

DISSECTUM — 50

FOLIIS ROSEO-MARGINATUS 36 — 76

Two shrubby trees, natives of Japan, with small palmate leaves,
the former of bright green, the latter having a delicate rose-coloured
margin.
^KIOCAKWU ( Sir C. Wager' s Maple ) each ... — i 6

NEGUNDO- — I O

' VARIEGATUM 10 — 2 6

The former a species from North America, height 30 to 40 feet,
rich green foliage ; the latter a beautiful silver variegated variety,
of similar habit, and either, as a single specimen, or planted in
groups, is very effective. It may also be used as dwarf plants ; and,
planted with Purple Hazel or Copper Beech in masses, forms a most
charming bed. It bears cutting well.

PALMATUM — 16

A small tree from Japan, green palmate foliage, sometimes edged
with reddish-brown.
^— RETICULATUM 5 O

A very beautiful variety, the foliage of a bright green, vemed with
gold.

PALMATIFIDUM 5 O — lO 6

A most beautiful Japanese species, very finely and deeply cupped
leaves of a bright pale green, very elegant and distinct.

ORNATUM 5 O

A very fine variety, with rich dark brown foliage, very handsome.

RCSEIS MARGINATIS — 3I 6

A" variety of the above, variegated with red and white margined

foliage, a very rare and beautiful plant.^

PLATANOIDES {Norway Maple) 7 to 8 ft., per lOO 30 o — 50 o

8 to loft., „ 75 o — 100 o

A fine timber tree, growing from Norway to Switzerland, height
40 to 60ft., leaves turning a clear yellow before dropping, producing
a fine autumnal tint. Timber easily worked, and takes a fine
polish.

AUREO-MARGINATUS 2 6

A fine variety, with gold margined foliage.

- TREES, SHRUBS^_^MJD_^VERGRT-F^^ ,9

Each.
ACER— s. d. s. d.

PLATANOIDES VARIEGATA

A handsome variegated form ' " — 2 6

POLYMORIMIUM

ATROPURPUREUM ^ A~ ^ °

SANGUINEUM ^ — 7 6

• SEPTEMLOBUM ^ °

Small Japanese trees, ofperhaps2o feet, deeply-curprimateleave^^^ ^ °— 1° 6
shootrinTfol-:^// '"°'' '^""'i.'"' crimsorcolour'^": young
effrcttve'and'desfrabli'*^"'"'"^ "'^ ^^^ ""° ^ "^^^ purple/ver^
PSEUDO-PLATANUS (Syramore) fi f„ sr^
Leopoldii,.......-!^.!. ..^..:;;; & to Sa. per loo 30 o - 50 o

PURPURASCENS ...'.'..'.'..'.'. I 6— 2 6

VARIEGATA ... ^ ° — ^6

of^hfsTref!l'?Thel°/fl'''''™'?^""",'^^"'°'F''°"daV'L^^^^ ' ^ ^

beau^^oV^I. floILr^^d'Tenmg'^LtsTn'trTyTpVnl^-f '^%
fruits in the beginning of summer or ks ^ed fnlT, ^ • ^' ''' ""^
deserves to be considlred one of"our™'o^st"o'r/a;;.?n!al'"of h'aTdy'
RUFINERVU.M

wiAwwt^"'"''°"J^^^''^^'^^'^''^e:";;;;iVd"and"^^^ - -^i o

SACCHARiNUM {Sugar Maple) .

TARTARICUM GiNNALII ' O 9 _ i g

RUBRUM " • — 16

VIRGINICUM RUBRUM .'..'.'...."'.'.'.' per doz. 6 O— 9 o

WaGNERI LACINIATA " ^ ° — 9 O

A very handsome fast-growing tree. — I 6

ACTINIDIA—

POLYGAMA

From Japan. — I 6

ADAM'S NEEDLE. ^^.' Yucca.

^SCULUS (fforsc Chestmit)—

HIPP0CASTANU.M(77..C.;.;«.«) 6 to 8ft., per doz. 12 0-180

V-Lkw, yellozo Stoioft., „ 24 O — 30 o

'^l^O^-E.Vi.^^O, double'white ''.'.'.. ' " 12 o — 18 o

HETEROPHYLLA DISSECTA ... " ^^ O — 30 O

RUBICUNDA, j-<:ar/f/ " 18 o — 30 o

AILANTHUS- " ^^ « - 30 o

GLANDULOSUS

ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. &^ Ruscus. i o- i 6

ALNUS {Alder) —

CORDATA {Neapolitan Alder)

A fine tree, large heart-shaped leaves of a darir' 'cn-'oU,^' ' ' V P^'^ ,°^,' " O — i S o
are retained for a long period • indeed it ;=,i.^"" ^°'°"''' ^hich
GLUTINOSA, conimor ' '"^'^^'^"■^^'-°^' an evergreen.

AUREA ■■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.;'.■. « to loft., per doz. 9 0-12 o

Fine yellow foliage in spring and"summer ^6—36

IMPERTALIS

A variety with deeply-cut foliage.' ^ ^ — 3 6

LACINIATA

FIRMA — 16

JAPONICA — 36

Two new species from Japan. — 3 6

INCANA

^^Ofmorerapidg;ow;it-ihan-:^;-^};,;w:-andm^^^^^ 6 O- 9 o

LACINIATA {ctit-leaved)

AUREO-VARIEGATA .... — I 6

VIRIDIS — 26

— 2 6

MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

Each,
s. d. s. d.

ALTH^A—

FRUTEX, in variety per doz. ... — 90

Double Blossomed — i 6

VARIEGATED — I 6

A silver margined variety of these well-known showy autumn
flowering shrubs.

AMYGDALUS {Almond)—

Single AND Double 09—16

Pink-leaved Peach (A'tw) j; — 26

Double Peach , — 10

ANDROMEDA, in variety per doz. 9 o — 18 o

ARALIA—

Sieboldii, or Faisia Sieboldii I 6 — 5 0

A shrubby growing bush from Japan, having large shining palmate
leaves on long foot-stalks arranged in clusters on the tops of the
shoots, tolerably hardy, cut only in severe winters ; a good plant for
either summer or winter decoration on account of its very striking and
exotic appearance.

spinosa ^ 16 — 26

A prickly single stemmed plant with large pinnate leaves.

ARBORVIT^. See Thuja, Coniferse.

ARBUTUS—

Andrachne 16 — 50

Common per doz. 6 o — 12 o

Croomeii 16 — 26

Menziesii 16 — 26

MiLLERI 16 — 50

Photiniafolia 16—26

Scarlet 16 — 26

ARUNDINARIA—

FALCATA — 26

ALBA VARIEGATA — 3 6

AUREA VARIEGATA ^ — 36

Hardy Bamboo from the Himalayas, pai-ticularly handsome.

ARUNDO—

CONSPICUA, strong per doz. 12 o — 18 o

A recent introduction from New Zealand, in habit and blossom
similar to the Pampas Grass ; good for cover.

DONAX {Italian Reed) 2 6

Very handsome, growing 8 to lo feet.

variegata 2 6

mauritanica 2 6

ash-
Weeping, on straight clear stems, 6 to 8 and lO feet 2 6 — 5 o

AUCUBA—

JAPO.NICA, good young plants per 100 30 o — 50 o

larger bushes per doz. 18 o — 42 O

NEW AUCUBAS, see page 31.

AZALEA, in variety per doz. 9 o — 24 o

FORTUNEI VARIEGATA per doz. 6 O — 12 O

A pretty dwarf variegated Bamboo, suitable for edging, growing
about a foot high.

BAMBUSA—

METAKE I 6 — 26

A fine hardy Bamboo- The Arundo, Arundinaria, and Bambusa
are all highly ornamental, either arranged in groups amongst rockery
and ferns, or near the edges of water.

BAY. See Laurus.
BEECH. See Fagus.

TREES, SHRUBS, AND EVERGREENS. 21

Each,
s. d. s. d.

BERBERIS—

Darwinii per doz. 4 o — 12 o

STENOPHYLLA ,, 9 O — 12 O

See also MAHONIA, for Bealii, japonica, and aquifolia, at page 27.
BETULA {Birch) —

ALBA {Silver- Barked Birch) per doz. 6 o — 18 O

LACINIATA 16 — 26

A very handsome cut-leaved variety.

VAVWEKKC^EA. {Paper Birch) I 6

PENDULA YouNGir, Young's New Weeping Birch. 3 6—21 o

The ordinary Weeping Birch is generally and deservedly admired
as one of the most graceful objects in our English landscapes, so that
beyond a brief description of the origin, it is not necessary to say more
of the variety than that it is the most beautiful of all Weeping Birches ;
it was found in this neighbourhood some few years ago trailing on the
ground ; it was with some difficulty grafted on stems, and now forms
fine pendulous heads drooping to the ground in fine thread-like shoots
of several feet in length. See Report in Gardeners' Chronicle,
October 14th, 1871, page 1321. I can now offer fine specimens in
standard or pyramidal forms, as well as young plants on stems of
various heights from 6 to 10 feet with good heads. As there are other
Weepmg Birches, it is necessary to ask for Young's variety.

LENTA — 16

Californicum : 16 — 26

A tall rapid growing tree with much larger foliage than the ordinary
Birch, and retains it longer.

briar-
Sweet per 100 6 o — 10 o

broom-
Yellow Spanish per doz. 30 — 60

White Portugal ,, 30-60

BUXUS {Box) —

Edging per yard ... — 06

Gold-Edged \

Handsworth J I to 15ft., per 100 ... — 21 o

Silver Striped )

2 to 22tt 30 0—50 o

myrtifolia 9 to i2in., per 100 ... — 21 o

New Broad-leaf ift. ,, ... — 25 o

Larger , per doz. 9 o — 18 o

CALYCANTHUS {Alhpice)-

floridus — 60

VRJECO'ii {Chimonant/ms fragrans) i 6 — 2 6

CARAGANA—

arborescens PENDULA (7"/^^ ?^i^/«^/Va 7;^^) — 50

CASTANEA {Spanish Chestmit) —

\'E.SCA, common , 8 to loft., per doz. 12 o — 24 o

margixata 26 — 76

Young's New Silver-Striped, has beautiful silver-marginated
leaves ; \ery constant, and does not burn with the sun.

HETEROPHYLLA DISSECTA — 26

A very curious variety, ha\'ing long narrow foliage.

LACINIATA 26 76

Young's New Cut-Leaf, having curiously and deeply serrated

foliage.

VIRIDIS MACULATA — 26

Has a light green blotch in the centre of a dark green leaf.

CATALPA—

SYRING.^FOLIA per doz. 9 o — 18 o

A deciduous tree of North America, large entire cordate leaves,
flowers in July and August, with large bunches of white blossoms
marked with purple and yellow.

AUREA 2 6—10 6

A magnificent new variety having constant gold leaves, very

striking.

MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

CEANOTHUS—

AZUREUS per doz.

CUXEATUS ,,

DENTATUS ,,

RIGIDUS ,,

These are good plants for trailing against a wall ; most of them are
thickly covered with small shining leaves, and produce quantities of
blue flowers in a variety of shades.

s.

Each,
d. s.

d.

p

O — 12

O

6

O — 12

o

6

O — 12

o

6

O — 12

o

CEDAR. See Conifers.

CELTUS {Nettle Tree)—
AUSTRALIS

CERCIS—

SILIQUASTRUM [J udas Tree) — I 6

CERASUS {Cherry)—

Double Blossom 09 — 16

French 09 — 16

Chinese 09 — 16

• Weeping — 26

sinensis roseus pendula 36 — 50

A very beautiful Weeping Cherry, its long pendulous shoots being
covered with blossoms in early spring.

CHAMEROPS—

Yo^iv^'E.i {Chitsan Pah7i) 26 — 76

A handsome dwarf Palm from China, hardy in sheltered situations,
it is a ver^' effective plant, and can be used as an out-door plant all
the summer, and it will be found verj' useful in the Conservatory, or
for furnishing during the winter months.

CHIMONANTHUS—

FRAGRANS I 6 — 26

CHIONANTHUS {Fringe Tree)—

VIRGINICUS — 16

CISTUS {Rock Rose)—

ladaniferus {6'2w^) per doz. 6 o — 12 o

CORNUS—

ALBA {Scarlet Dogwood) per 100 21 o — 25 o

MASCULA VARIEGATA 1 6 — 26

SANGUINEA VARIEGATA — I 6

SIBERICA ARGENTEA MARGINATA — 2 6

CORYLOPSIS-

SPICATA — 26

A handsome Japanese flowering shrub, leaves pale green, footstalk
and young wood reddish ; flowers early in Spring with yellowish-
white raceme.

CORYLUS—

K\E\A.p.'SXV^i:iT)VLK {T/ie lVeep!7ig Hazel) 2 6 — lO 6

A new introduction, and a useful addition to our weeping plants.
FV RPV RE A (T/ie T'ur/'le J/azel) per doz. I2 o — i8 O

COTONEASTER—

AFIIMS O 6 — I O

MICKUPHYLLA perioo, 25s. per doz. 40 — 60

CRAB. See Pyrus.

CRAT/I'.GUS {TAorn)—

Double and Single Scarlet, Double White, and 20

other kinds, in variety per doz. 9 o — 12 o

CRYPTOMERIA. See Conifcrce.

CUPRESSUS. See Coniferoe.

TREES, SHRUBS, AND EVERGREENS. 23

Each,
s. d. s. d.

CYDONIA {Pyrus japonica)—

ALBA 9 O — 12 O

ROSEA 9 O — 12 O

DAPHNE—

CNEORUM 09 — 16

grandiflora o 9 — i 6

Dauphine 09 — 16

elegantissima 26 — 5 o

indica rubra o 9 — i 6

japonica 09—16

MEZEREON, red o y — 16

white 09 — 16

NEAPOLITANA O 9 — I 6

DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. See Taxodium, Coniferse.
DESFONTAINEA—

SPINOSA — 16

DESMODIUM—

PENDULIFERUM — 2 6

A most beautiful shrub from Japan, bearing plentifully small
bunches of purple pea-shaped flowers on its long pendulous branches.
It commences to flower at the end of August, and continues until the
frost destroys the bloom.

DEUTZIA—

CRENATA FLORE PLENO per doz. 4 O — 9 O

GRACILIS ,, 60 — 12 O

VARIEGATA ,, .. — I 6

SCABRA ,, 60 — 12 O

DIERVILLA. See WeigeUa.

DIMORPHANTHUS-

Mandshuricus 16—26

A plant having much the same growth and habit as Aralia spinosa;
a new and highly decorative plant.

ELM. See Ulmus.

ESCALLONIA—

MACRANTHA 6 O — 12 O

An excellent plant for a wall ; the foliage is of a deep glossy green,
and the flowers, which are produced in great abundance, are of a rich
red colour, and very handsome.

PTEROCLADON per doz. 6 O — 12 O

A free -flowering shrub with white blossoms.

RUBRA per doz. 6 o — 12 o

EUGENIA—

APICULATA ...

UGNI

EUONYMUS—

JAPONICUS per doz. 9

ELEGANTISSIMA ,, Q

MEDIO PICTIS ,, 0

OVATISAUREA ,, 6

STRIATUS ,, 6

VARIEGATUS ,, O

RADICANS PICTIS ,, 4

• ROSEA MARGINATA ,, 6

VARIEGATA ,, 3

EXOCHORDIA {Spira:a) —

GRANDIFLORA — I 6

A handsome deciduous shrub, producing abundance of white
blossom.

—

I

0

—

I

0

0 —

12

0

0 -

12

0

0 —

9

0

0 —

12

0

0 —

12

0

q —

12

0

0 —

6

0

0 —

9

0

0 —

9

0

24

MAURICE YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

FAGUS [Beech)—

FERRUGINEA, fine handsome species

SYLVATICA, common, 6 to loft

ASPLENIFOLIA (Feni-leaved) ...

FOLirS VARIEGATIS

PURPUREA, purple, 6 to loft. ..

FORSYTHIA—

SUSPENSA

VIRIDISSIMA , ..,

s. d.

Each.

FURZE—

Double-flowering, in pots per doz.

GARRYA—

elliptica

GENISTA—

aphylla per doz.

PRECOX

A pretty shrub, producing in early spring an abundance of white
flowers.

GUELDER ROSE per doz.

GYNERIA—

argentea {Pa7npas Grass) per doz.

26—50

09 — 16

... — 2 6

... — 2 6

16—50

... — 10
09 — 10

40 — 90

— 90

— 18 o

variegata.

9 o
2 6

This highly ornamental plant— a native of South America — is quite
hardy, the leaves are very long, and it throws up stems of flowers to
the height of several feet.

HALESIA {S7iowdrop Tree) —

tetraptera

HIBISCUS SYRIACUS. See Althea Frutex.

HONEYSUCKLE. See Climbers.

HORSE CHESTNUT. See ^3culus.

HYDRANGEA—

INVOLUCRATA VERA

A dwarf hairy-leaved shrub, having umbels of bluish flowers.

Imperatrice Eugknie

JAPONICA VARIEGATA

MACROPHYLLA

JAPONICA ROSA ALBA

This variety flowers in spring and summer; the blossoms are pure
white mixed with rosy-red.

Otaksa I

The largest flowering of its species, young plants in my nurseries
having produced trusses of bloom 20 inches in diameter or 5 feet in
circumference ; it is of vigorous habit, very fine foliage, and either in
the open ground or in the conservatory its large bold blossoms of
delicate rosy-pink cannot fail to attract notice. It requires a plentiful
supply of moisture ; the flowers will then remain fresh for a long time,
and will continue blooming until the flowers are destroyed by severe
frost.

PANICULATA GRANDIFLORA

A very handsome deciduous shrub, producing freely large conical
heads of white blossoms ; it remains a long time in flower, and is a
most desirable plant.

STELLATA PROLIFERA I

A dwarf shrub with good foliage, producing freely umbels of double
rosy-pink blossoms ; a very useful plant for pot cultivation.

ILEX [Holly)-

ANGUSTIKOLTA MINOR ARGENTEA VARIEGATA 2

A small growing variety with serrated silver-margined foliage.

CAMELLI^EFOLIA I

A very fine variety with rich dark green glossy leaves.

— 60

— 18 O

— 30

- I 6

0—36

- I 6

3 6

5 o
2 6

TREES, SHRUBS, AND EVERGREENS.

25

ILEX-

CoMMON Green per loo lo

2, 3, and 4ft per doz. 6

very fine x

CILIATUM

CORNUTA

CRASSIFOLIA

ELLIPTICA

FURCATA

HODGINSII

LATIFOLIA

LATISPINA

LAURIFOLIUM

MADERIENSIS

NOBILIS

OPACA

OVATA

Sheppardii

Weeping, on fine clear stems 3

variegated, Silver , 3

A fine silver-margined Holly, with good weeping habit.

New Golden 10

This is really a handsome weeping plant, having large strong
leaves broadly margined with bright gold, equal in colour to our best
gold striped Hollies.

Milkmaid

Also a new and distinct variety ; good weeping habit, having a
creamy-coloured blotch in the centre of the leaves.

Variegated, in many fine varieties, and Yellow Berried,

i| to 2|ft., per 100 roo
fine specimens, 3, 4, 5, and 6ft each, from 2

INDIGOFERA-

decora

A very pretty deciduous shrub with delicate Acacia-like foliage,
bearing racemes of pink pea-shaped flowers : in a south border or
sheltered situation it is perfectly hardy, and if killed down in winter
will come up and flower freely again during summer.

DOSUA MAJOR

A much stronger grower than decora, with smaller foliage and blos-
soms ; the latter, dark rosy-pink, are much smaller and produced in
great abundance, quite hardy, and a very pretty flowering shrub.
IVY. See Climbers.
JASMINE. See Climbers.

JUGLANS, Walmit—

regia, common I

LACINIATA 3

A very fine cut-leaved variety.

PENDULA 5

The weeping Walnut, a very handsome plant.

JUNIPER. See Conifers.

KOLREUTERIA--

PANICULATA I

laburnum-
Common o

Purple o

laurel-
Common, 2 to 3ft per ICO

3 to 4ft 20

larger, 4 to 5ft per 100 75

CAUCASICUM per doz. 9

„ 9

Each,
d. s. d.

0—25 O
O — 24 o
6—50
— I

6 —

6 —

6 —

6 -

6 —

6 —

6 -

6 —

6 —

6 —

6 —

6 — 21 o

5 o — 21

o — 200 o
6 — IQ 6

3 6
7 6

6-36

LATIFOLIUM

- ROTUNDIFOLIUM

Three fine foliaged varieties of the Common La\irel.

9 — I

6

9 - I

6

— 12

0

0 — 50

0

0 —TOO

0

0 12

0

0—12

0

0 — 12

0

26 MAURICE "YOUNG'S CATALOGUE.

Each.
s. d. s. d.

laurel-
Portugal, I to 2ft per loo 12 6 — i6 o

2 to 3ft ,, 30 O — 50 O

3 to 4ft per doz. 9 0—18 o

AZORICUM, an upright compact variety of Portugal

Laurel each 10 — 26

LAURUSTINUS per doz. 60—90

EXTRAFIIfE ,, 12 O — 18 O

LAURUS—

t^OBiLis {Sweei Bay) 10 — 16

extra fine 36 — 5 °

LIGUSTRUM, Privei-

CORIACEUM 16—36

A dense growing evergreen shrub from Japan, having 'particularly
dark glossy green foliage of good substance, and thickly set on the
branches ; a very fine plant.
Japonicum, y^/ffw Privet per doz. 9 o • — 12 o

A fine evergreen shrub, dark shining leaves, large trusses, and
white flowers.
TRICOLOR ... .. 26 — 50

A new variety, the foliage of which is margined with creamy-white,
the young leaves being also suffused with pink ; a very handsome
shrub.

Japonicum variegatum 10 — 16

A golden variegation.
LUCIDUM, Chmese Privet , — 16

ARGENTEUM VARIEGATUM — I 6

AUREUM — 16

Two very handsome kinds of Chinese Privet ; foliage margined
with gold and silver respectively.

VULGARE SEMPERViRENS, Evergreen Privet, 2 to 2)it., pr looo 60 o — So o
strong, 3 to 4ft per 100 10 o — 16 o

BUXIFOLIUM, Box-leaved Privet, l\ to 2ft. pr 1000 60 o — 80 o

extra strong, 3 to 3|ft per loo 25 O — 30 O

The two latter kinds of Privet are well known as good hedge or

cover plants. The Box-leaved Privet is of a more erect habit, and

has short thick dark green leaves.

LILAC. See Syringa.

LIME. See TILIA.

LIQUID AMBER -

styraciflua 16 — 36

A highly ornamental tree, the foliage turning to a very rich purple,
in several shades in autumn.

LIRIODENDRON ( Tidip Tree)—

tulipifera, standards I 6 — 26

LITHOSPERMUM—

FRUTICOSUM 40 — 60

A beautiful little creeping plant suitable for rockwork or the edges
of borders, producing a quantity of blossoms of the brightest blue.

MAGNOLIA—

acuminata — 26

Campiselli 10 6 — 42 o

"This is described as being the finest Magnolia known. It is a
native of Bhotan and Sikkini, Himalaya, where it makes a forest tree
of large size ; the flowers arc produced in April at the ends of all the
shoots, when the tree is still leafless ; they vary from white to deep
rose colour, or almost crimson, and in size from 6 to 10 inches." —
The above description is from a work by Dr. Hooker. The plant
has only been introduced a few years, and is consequently rare in
England.

cordata — 26

GLAUCA — I 6

GRACILIS — 10

TREES, SHRUBS, AND EVERGREENS. 27

Each.
MAGNOLIA— "• ^- '• '^•

GRANDIFLORA, fine 26 76

ExMOUTH, fine .'......!.!!......"!"!!" 26 76

UNDU LATA, fine 26—76

PURPUREA '.'.".per doz.' 60—90

SOULANGEANA 26—^0

TRIPETALA ......!.!!.!!!...!. —26

MAHONIA—

AQUiFOLiUM I ft., per 1000 ... — 60 o

. Igft., ,, ... 80 O

larger per 100 ... — 10 o

FASCICULARIS , g

Bealii and Japontca ".'. .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'per 'doz.' i2"'o — 30 o

Two large-leaved handsome species from China and Japan ; thrive
well in the shade.

MESPILUS (Sntrcajf Mespiliis)—

canadensis J Q

MOUNTAIN ASH per doz. 30- 6 o

American _ x 5 _ , 6

Weeping •'6

OLEA—

iLiciFOLiA, half-hardy _ i 5

OSMANTHUS—

ILICIFOLIA per doz. 12 o — 30 o

AUREA VARIEGATA I 6—2 6

NANA VARIEGATA 16—26

ROTUNDIFLORA ..................!... 16—76

A new species from Japan, of which I bought the imported plant's!
It IS quite hardy ; has dark green leathery leaves, is of good habit,
and one of our best hardy evergreen shrubs.

P^ONIA M0UTAN(7>^^/'^^«_J/)_
PAPAVERACEA 2 6 — " o

i^osEA !!!!;!!!!!;!";;;;;;;;;!;;;;;;;;;;; 26-36

PAULO WNIA—

IMPERIALIS __ I 6

A spreading deciduous tree from Japan, having large entire leaves
flowers m spring, with panicles of bluish colour.

PERNETTYA—

FLORIBUNDA j g

MUCRONATA .".!!...!!..........."!... ... ~- \ O

spEciosA !!.!!!!.!!!!!!" i 6

PHILADELPHUS (M7r^' Orange)—

COMMON perdoz. 40 60

FLORE PLENO 4 O- 6 O

GRANDIFLORA . g O

PHILLYREA—

OFSORTS 12 O - l8 O

PLANERA JAPONICA. See Ulmus Keaki.
PLATANUS {Plane)—

occiDENTALis 8 to 10 and I2ft., perdoz., i8s., 24 0 — 42 o

PLATICRATER—

AGOUTA J g

A new hardy Japanese shrub, producing abundance of pure "white
flowers.

POPULUS {Poplar)—

A-LB\ [Abele) 6 to 8ft., per doz. 6 o

ARGENTEA 6 tO 8ft., ,, 6 O

CKumcxm {Ontario Poplar) 6 to 8ft., per loo 40 o

A -J . , ^ ^° ^°^^-> M 75 o

A r.ipid growing handsome tree, and thrives well by the sea-side.

9

0

12

0

60

0

100

0

28 MAURICE young's CATALOGUE.

Each,
s. d. s. d.

POPULUS—

¥A.STlGlA.TA {Lofftbardy Poplar) 4 to 5ft., per 100 ... — 25 o

6 to 8ft., ,, 50 o — 75 o
8 to 12ft., perdoz. 12 o — 18 o
This very striking and well known tree deserves to be more
extensively planted, our woodlands being for the most part composed
of trees of spreading habit. The upright form of the Lombardy
Poplar, wherever seen, affords a great relief as well as a pleasing
object to the eye.

LAURIFOLIA — 26

LiNDLEYANA CRISPA I 6— 2 6

UO-HQ-LiYKKK [Black Italian Poplar) 5 to 6ft., per 100 ... — 25 o

6 to 8ft., ,, 40 o — 50 o

8 to loft., ,, 75 o — 100 o

10 to 12ft., ,, 18 o — 24 o

The most rapid-growing of all the Poplars. The timber is soft,
easily worked, and makes good boards for flooring.

PRIVET. See Ligustrum.

PRUNUS-

SINENSIS FLORE PLENO I O — I 6

TRILOBA — 16

Two beautiful spring-flowering shrubs.

PTEROCARYA—

CAUCASICA , — 16

L^VIGATA — I 6

PYRACANTHA—

Red AND White -. — 16

PYRUS JAPONIC A. See Cydonia.

MALUS {Flotvering Crab) —

'BPlCCKTX [Siberian Crab) perdoz. 12 o — 18 o

FLORIBUNDA ,, ... — l8 O

Paul's Imperial ,, ... — 18 o

RiNGO ,, ... — 18 O

SPECTABILIS ,, 12 o — 18 o

Kaido ,, ... — iS o

TORINGO ,, ... — 18 O

These may be reckoned amongst the most beautiful of our spring-
flowering trees. The Siberian. Crab, in addition to its blossoms,
bears a very handsome small scarlet fruit. Floribn7tda deserves
especial notice, as one of the most free-flowering; the buds are of a
rich crimson ; white when expanded. Spectabilis has deep rose-
coloured flowers, as have also the other varieties.

QUERCUS [Oak)—

Q.^'KKi?, [Turkey Oak) 6 to 8ft. , per doz. 9 o — 12 o

YY.'H'CiM-LK ( Weeping) 50 — 76

YAKiY.GKTA [Silver Striped) 26—50

coccm^K [Scarlet Oak) perdoz. 9 o — 12 o

FILICIFOLIA — 36

li.^x (Efenireen Oak) perdoz. 6 o — 12 o

VARIEGATA — 5 O

LAURIFOLIA 2 6 — 76

This very fine species of American Oak should be extensively
planted, it is of good habit, and has fine entire leaves which are
retained for a long time on the tree.

pedunculata [English Oak) 5 to 6ft., per 100 25 0 — 30 o

8 to left., perdoz. 12 o — 18 o

CONCORDIA [Golden Oak) — 36

niGKX ( Purple Oak) — 36

The Stri/ied Turkey Oak, with its silvery margined foliage ; the
Scarlet Oalc, with its rich crimson leaves in autumn ; the Golden Oak,
of a bright gold colour during summer; and the rich purple of (P«c>-c-//j
nif^a, render them all valuable as decorative trees in our woodland
scenery.

o

9

0

o —

9

o

0 —

9

o

o —

I

6

o —

12

o

o —

i8

o

. —

2

6

—

2

6

TREES, SHRUBS, AND EVERGREENS. 29

Each,
s. d. s. d.

RAPHIOLEPIS—

OVATA 10 — 26

A Japanese evergreen shrub, having stout foliage, and producing in
the ends of each shoot a cluster of white blossoms.

RHODOTYPUS—

KERRIOIDES — I 6

A deciduous shrub from Japan, bearing white flowers in spring.

RHUS—

COTi'HVS {^Venetian Sumach) — i 6

GLABRA LACINIATA I 6 — 2 6

OsBECKir — 26

TYPHiNA per doz. 9 o — 12 o

All the species of Rhus are handsome shrubs, or low trees. Glabra
laciniata is a new variety, especially worthy of notice ; its leaves are
about I foot or i J feet in length, and composed of 10 or 12 leaflets, and
a terminal one ; dark green above, glaucous below, turning rich red in
autumn.

RIBES [Flatuering Currant") —

SANGUINEA per doz. 6

CONSPICUUM ,, 6

FLORE PLENO ,, 6

ROBINIA—

HISPIDA {Rose Acacia) i

PSEUDO-ACACIA [Conimon Acacia) 6 to loft. per doz. 6

Decaisneana 8 to loft. ,, 12

iNERMis [Mop-headed Acacia)

PENDULA

RUSCUS—

yiACEiiOSUS {AlexandriaK Laurel) — 10

SALIX—

BABYLONICA {Weeping Willow), standards I 6 — 3 o

SAMBUCUS—

A.VYt.-EX {Golden Elder) per doz. ... — 12 o

Bright golden foliage, very handsome.
PYRAMIDALIS — I 6

SKIMMIA—

JAPONICA I O — I 6

OVATA I O — I 6

Dwarf shining leaved evergreens from China, bearing coral-red
berries in winter.

SNOWDROP TREE. See Halesia.
SOPHORA—

JAPONICA PENDULA 5 O — 76

A most distinct and highly ornamental weeping tree.

SPIR^A—

OF SORTS per doz. 60 — 90

SYCAMORE. See Acer.

SYMPHORICARPUS—

RACEMOSUS {Snotuberry) per doz. ... — 4 0

SYRINGA {Lilac)-

PURPLE 6

WHITE 6 O — 12 O

Persian. 6

Siberian 6

JosiK^A 6

TAXUS. See Coniferae.

TAXODIUM. See Coniferse.

0

—

12

0

—

12

0

—

12

0

—

12

0

—

12

30 MAURICE YOUNGS CATALOGUE.

Each,

s. d. s d.

TILIA {Lime)~

ALBA PENDULA, standards 5 o — 7 6

EUROP^A {Com?)ion Lime) 4 to 6ft., per 100 50 0 — 80 o

6 to 8ft. , per doz. 9 o — 18 o

, Stoioft, „ 30 o — 42 o

HETEROPHYLLA ROSEA — I 6

ULMUS (Elm)—

CAMPESTRis 6 to 8ft., per 100 50 o — 75 o

AUREA • 16 — 36

New Golden Elm, foliage of a deep bronzy-yellow, a very striking
ornamental tree.

Jersey 6 to 8ft., per 100 50 0 — 75 o

MEDIO-ARGENTEA I 6 —

A very fine foliaged Elm with beautiful silver variegated foliage ; a

free grower, very constant, and undoubtedly the finest variegated Elm
in cultivation.
VARIEGATA ALBA I O — I 6

CRISPA I O — I 6

MONUMENTALIS I O — 2 6

GLABRA per doz. 60—90

PENDULA 26 — 50

Keaki (Planera japonica) I 6 — 5 O

A new Elm from Japan, habit slightly pendulous, long lanceolate
leaves ; a very fine variety.
SUBEROSA PENDULA — 3 ^

VIBURNUM—

TINUS. See Laurustinus.

PLICATUM

MACROCEPHALUM — 36

The two last are fine new species lately introduced frorn the North
of China, they produce large trusses of white blossoms, similar to an
Hydrangea.

VINCA—

ELEGANTissiMA per doz. 4 o — 6 o

2 6

... — I 6

VIRGILIA—

LUTEA

WEIGELIA—

AMABILIS

Grcenwegii

Isoline

Stelzneri

Van HouTTii v, ., a c

HORTENSis NivEA ;^ In variety... per doz. 6

Lavallei, fine dark

ROSEA

Desboisii

nana VARIEGATA

All the Weigelias are free-flowering deciduous shrubs, bearing

bunches of tube-shaped flowers, varying in colour from pure white,
as in hortensis iiivca, to deep rich crimson, in Lai'allei ; the latter
is a new variety, yery distinct in colour from all others, and a most
desirable shrub.

WILLOW -

WEEPING. See Salix,

YEW. ^■^^Taxus, Coniferse.

YUCCA (Adam's Needle)—

ACUMINATA I ^ — 5 O

FILAMENTOSA I 6 — 5 ^

GLAUCA 16—50

GLORIOSA ^6 50

RECURVA 16 — 50

TSiKM^r AUCUBAS. 3^

New Aucubas.

Since the introduction of the Male Aucuba and several new varieties from Japan,
great improvements have been made in this most useful Evergreen.

Having paid great attention to their cultivation, I can offer fine plants both of

seedlings and varieties at the following low rates : —

s. d.

Strong Plants, 9 to I2in., in eighteen varieties per doz. 12s. to 18 o

Larger sizes, 12 to i8in., and half-specimens, according to size and

variety each from 2s. 6d. to 7 6

Standard Aucubas, in fruit, full of berries, very handsome for winter
and spring decoration from 10/6 to 21 o

Male Varieties. Female Varieties.

BICOLOR.

LONGIFOLIA.

MACULATA.

MEDIO ARGENTEA.

OVATA.

PYGM^A.

SULPHUREA.

VIRIDIS.

Female Varieties.

ANGUSTIFOLIA.
AUREA.
ELEGANS.
GRANDIDENTATA.

MACULATA.

HIMALAICA.

LATIMACULATA.

LIMBATA, or PICTA.

LONGIFOLIA.

DENTATA.

MACRODONTHA.

OVATA.

PICTURATA.

SULPHUREA.

VIRIDIS.

DICECIA, having male and female on
the same plant.

s. d.

Seedlings raised from the above varieties, many of them great improve-
ments per 100, 30s. to 100 o

Specimen Plants each 2s. 6d. to 7 6

Aucuba JAPONICA, in fruit (in pots) per doz. 30s. to 60 o

OVATA, in fruit (in pots) ,, 42s. to 84 o

(on stems) each los. 6d. to 21 o

Note. — AH plants here offered are from the open 'ground, and grown -without

protection.

CONIFERS, RHODODENDRONS, &C.,

HARDY ORNAMENT/L PLANTS FOR WINTER BEDDING,

CHEAP EVERGREENS FOR COVERTS, &c.,
CLIMBING PLANTS, FRUIT AND FOREST TREES.

A complete Descriptive Catalogue of Coniferce, Rhodode/idrons afid other
American Plants, Roses, Hardy Or?iamental Trees, Shrubs, and Ever-
greens, Plants for Winter Bedding, cheap Evergreens for Coverts and
Shrubberies, Climbing Plants, Fruit and Forest Trees, is published every
Autujnn, and 7oill be forwarded on application.

Plans and Estimates for laying out newr, or improving existing Parks and
Grounds, prepared and executed.

THE LAW80N COMPANY'S LIST.

No. IV.-FOREST TREES, SHRUBS, &c.]

[November i8j4

1874-7S.

THE

Lawson Seed & Nursery Company

(LIMITED),

EDINBURGH AND LONDON.

1 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE, EDINBURGH,

106 SOUTHWARK STREET, LONDON, S.E.

/l/^/PiSf/P/f^— Bangholm, Golden Acre, Wardie, and Windlestrawlee,

EDINBURGH.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED CONIFEROUS FOREST TREES 3

SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES 4

FRUIT-TREE STOCKS 6

ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS (Coniferce) 6

ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS (wot Coniferous) 11

LIST OF CATALOGUES TO BE HAD 26

PLANTERS' TABLE 27

1874-7B.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

llic Prices are for Orders received prior to the Plants bei?ig sold. The higher rates
indicate superior quality. Special Estimates given for large quantities.

EXTRA SELECTED PLANTS ARE CHARGED PROPORTIONALLY HIGHER.

Packing Materials are charged at the lowest price, and one-half invoiced value allowed for
them if returned immediately after the Plants are unpacked, free of expense, in condition
fit for use, and their despatch duly advised.

SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED CONIFEROUS
FOREST TREES.

Per looo
BLACK AUSTRIAN PINE— 5. d.

1 year seedlings 3 6

2 years seedlings 5 o

1 year seedlings, i year transplanted .76

2 years seedlings, i year transplanted- 10 6

4 to 6 inches, twice transplanted 15 o

6 to 12 inches, do. 21 o

12 to 18 inches, do. 35 o

18 to 24 inches, do. f- 100, 21/

2 to 3 feet, grown singly, — • 35/

to 50/

3 to 4 feet, grown singly -^ doz., 12/

to 18/

4 to S feet, grown singly, — 30/

to 42/
CEMBRA or SWISS STONE PINE—
12 to 18 in., twice transplanted, '^ 100,

'5/
18 to 24 inches transplanted, "^ 100,

21/

2 to 3 feet, several times transplanted
{fine) ,.^ 100, 50/

3 to 4 feet, several times transplanted, ^

100, 75/

4 to 5 feet, several times transplanted,

■^ doz., 42/
6 to 8 feet, several times transplanted
each, 5/ to 10/6
COHSICAN PINE {iruc)—

I year seedlings (7?«e) j. 3 6

1 year seedlings, i year transplanted . 10 6

q to 12 inches transplanted, 35 o

LARCH, Common {best ijuaiity with perfect
leader. s) —
I year seedlings (fine) 2/6 to 3 o

1 year seedlings {extra supn-ior) 3 6

2 years seedlings {rcnj scarce) 12 6

Per 1000

LARCH, Common— s. d.

1 year seedlings, i year transplanted- - 1 5 o

2 years seedling, i year trans. 1 7/6 to 2 1 o

1 year do., 2 years transplanted 25 o

2 years do., 2 years do. 35/ to 40 o
LARCH, Tyrolese—

1 year seedlings {fine) 2/6 to 3 6

2 years seedlings (irarce) 12 6

1 year seedlings, i year transplanted - _ 15 o

2 years do., i year do. 17/6 to 21 o

1 year do., 2 years do. 25/ to 27 6

2 years do., 2 years do. 40 o
MARITIME PINE,FRENCHor Pin ASTER—

1 year seedlings 5 o

9 to 15 inches, bedded 15 o

12 to 18 inches, twice transplanted 21 o

MOUNTAIN PINE—

2 years seedlings 5 o

6 to 9 inches, transplanted 15 o

18 to 24 do., transplanted 25 o

MUGHO PINE—

2 years seedlings 10 o

2 years seedlings, 2 years transplanted 21 o
18 to 24 inches, transplanted "^ doz. 9/

SCOTS FIR, Native {true)—

1 year seedlings 1/6 to 2 o

2 years seedlings {fine) 3 6

1 year seedlings, i year bedded 6 o

2 years seedlings, i year trans, {fine) 10 6
2 years seedlings, 2 years transplanted,

21/ to 25 o

18 to 24 inches, twice trans. C/"ie) 30 o

SILVER FIR, American, or Balm of

GlLEAD

12 to 18 inches, trans -^ 100, 15/

18 to 24 inches, transplanted — 25/
2 to 3 feet transplanted — 35;/

The Laws on Company's List.

[Nov. 1874

Per 1000

SILVER FIR, Common— i. d.

2 years seedlings 7 6

6 to 9 inches transplanted 17 6

g to 1 2 inches transplanted ,^0 o

1 2 to 18 inches transplanted, ..35/ to 40 o
SPRUCE, Norway or Common —

2 years seedlings 2/6 to 3 6

3 years seedlings {fine) 3/6 to 5 o

3 years seedlings, i year transplanted .76

9 to I 2 inches, transplanted 12 6

12 to 18 inches, transplanted 15 o

18 to 24 inches, transplanted 21 o

SPRUCE, Black American—

2 years seedlings 15 o

3 years seedlings 21 o

6 to 12 inces, transplanted ^ 100, 7/6

1 2 to 15 in., transplanted — 15/

2 to 4 feet each, i / to 3/6

Per 1000
SPRUCE White American — s. d.

1 to 2 feet transplanted 30/ to 40 o

2 to ^ feet each, 1/ to 1/6

WEYMOUTH PINE—

2 years seedlings 10 6

1 year seedlings, 2 years transplanted .21 o

2 years seedlings, 2 years transplanted 25 o
2 to 4 feet, thrice transplanted, "^ ico,

25/ to 50/
YEW, Common—

6 to 9 inches transplanted 75 o

9 to 12 inches transplanted ^ 100, 15/
12 to 18 inches transplanted — 30/

2 to 3 feet, twice transplanted 75/

3 to 4 feet, twice transplanted, ^ 100,

100/ to 150/

4 to 5 feet [fine) each, 2/6 to 5 o

5 to 7 feet (fine) „ 7/6 to 10 6

2. SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST

TREES.

See page 3 for Coniferous Forest Trees.

Per 1000

ACACIA, Thorn— .$. d.

1 year seedlings 5 o

2 years seedlings 7 6

I 2 to 18 inches transplanted 25 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 45 o

6 to 8 ft., twice trans., '^ doz., 4/ to 9/

Fine specimens, 8 to 12 feet, each,
2/6 to 7/6
ALDER, Common {Alnus glutinosa) —

1 year seedlings 5 o

9 to 15 inches transplanted 15 o

1 8 to 24 inches transplanted 21 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 25 o

6 to 10 feet (jine), . f- doz., 9/ to 12/

ALDER, HoARY-LEAVED, {/Villus iiicaiiu) —

I year seedlings 7 6

9 to 15 inches transplanted 25 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted _. 30 o

ASH, Common —

1 year seedlings (7' /if/* 5 o

12 to 18 inches transplanted 10 6

J 5 to 2 feet transplanted 15 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 21 o

6 to 10 feet e.;ch 1/ to 5/

ASH, Mountain —

I year seedlings 7 (>

18 to 24 inches transplanted 30 o

3 to 4 feet transji'.aiit.:d 40 o

6 to 10 feet (fine) each 1/ to 5/

BEECII, Common —

1 year seedlings (y(/u') .1/^ 'o 5 o

12 to 18 inches transplanted 10 6

18 to 24 inches transplanted 17 6

2 to 3 feet transplanted 2-; o

3 to 4 feet transplanted ^50 o

BIRCH, Common—

I year seedlings {fiin) 3/6 to 5 o

12 to 18 inches 15 o

18 to 24 inches transilanted 21 o

Per 1000
BIRCH, Common— .v. d.

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

4 to 6 feet {fine) f)- 100, 35/ to 50/

6 to 10 ft., grown singly,. each, i/to 2/6
BIRCH, Weeping—

1 year seedlings (fine) --3/6 to 5 o

2 years seedlings 10 (1

12 to 18 inches 17 6

18 to 24 inches transplanted 25 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

8 to 1 2 ft., grown singly, each, i /6 to 5/

BRIER, Sweet—

1 year seedlings i year transplanted . . 7 6

2 to 3 feet transplanted ^5 o

BROOM, Common—

1 year seedlings, 2 years transplanted 21 o
BUCKTHORN, Sea—

i§ to 2 feet transplanted..^ 100, 15/
CHESTNUT, Horse—

2 years seedlings 10 6

18 to 24 inches transplanted 25 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

4 to 6 feet transplanted 50 o

6 to 10 feet each, 1/ to 5/

CHESTNUT, Span isH —

1 year seedlings (y/«<) 12 6

2 years seedlings 15 o

I 2 to 18 inches 25 o

6 to 8 fett each, 1/ to 1/6

ELDER, Common —

1 2 to 18 inches transplanted 30 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted, 50 o

ELDER, Scarlet Fruited —

I to 2 feet transplanted ..'^ 100, 10/
ELDER, White Fruited —

I to 2 feet transplanted . .i^ 100, 10/
ELM, WvcH or Scotch —

I year seedlings j; o

• 18 to 24 inches transplanted 17 (>

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

Per 1000
ELM, Wych or Scotch — s. d.

2 to 3 feet transplanted 21 o

^ to 4 feet transplanted 30 o

8 to It; feet {fine) each, ] .(y to 5/

ELM, English —

J 2 to 18 inches transplanted 17 6

18 to 24 inches transplanted 2-; o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 35 o

3 to 5 feet transplanted -,o o

6 to 10 feet {fine), each, 1/6 to 10/6

GEAX TREE or WILD CHERRY—

See Fru it-Tree Stocks, page 6.

HAZEL—

2 years seedlings 15 o

1 5 to 3 feet transplanted 25 o

HOLLY, Common—

9 to I 2 inches, transplanted, -^ 100, 2 1 /
1 8 to 24 in., twice transplanted — 50/
2 to 3 feet, twice transplanted — • 100/

4 to 6 feet each, 3/6 to 10/6

HORNBEAM—

9 to 15 inches transplanted 12 6

18 to 24 inches transplanted 23 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 35 o

6 to 10 feet each, 1/6 to 5/

LABURNUM, English—

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

3 to 5 feet transplanted 50 o

6 to 12 feet each, 1/ to 5/

LABURNUM, Scotch—

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

3 to 5 feet transplanted 50 o

6 to 12 feet each, 1/ to 5/

LIME, Common—

1 § to 2 feet transplanted . ^ 1 00, 21/

2 to 3 feet transplanted — 30/

3 to 4 feet transplanted — 45/

4 to 6 feet transplanted — 75/

6 to 12 feet each, 1/ to 7/6

MAPLE, English-
is to 30 inches transplanted 21 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 50 o

MAPLE, Norway—

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 40 o

6 to 8 feet transplanted ^ 100, 50/

8 to 10 feet each, 1/ to 3/6

OAK, Common or ENG.QMercui-^edz<?tcM/a<a

1 year seedlings 7 6

18 to 24 inches transplanted 25 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 50 O

5 to 10 feet {fine) each, 1/ to 5/

OAK, Turkey—

2 years seedlings 10 6

12 to 18 inches transplanted 21 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 35 o

6 to 12 feet {fine) each, 1/6 to 5/

POPLAR, Balsam—

2 to 3 feet transplanted 35 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 50 o

4 to :; feet transplanted 75 o

6 to 8 feet transplanted, -^ too, 50/

POPLAR, Black Italian —

18 to 24 inches :^o o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 60 o

6 to 8 feet {fine) ]^ 100, 50/

8 to 10 feet {fine) ..]^ doz., 12/to 30/

Per 1000
POPLAR, LOMBARDY— A. d.

2 to 3 feet transplanted 50 o

4 to 6 feet transplanted \^ 100, 20/

6 to 8 feet {fine) ^ doz., 12/

8 to I2ft.,bushy (i'e)-(/y''«e),each,2/6to i,!
POPLAR, Ontario—

2 to 3 feet transplanted 50 o

8 to 12 feet each, 1/ to 3/6

POPLAR, White Egyptian—

2 to 3 feet transplanted, ..-p- 100, 15/

4 to 6 feet ^ 100, 20/ to 30/

PRIVET, Evergreen —

12 to 18 inches transplanted 15 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted 25 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 30 o

PRIVET, Box-leaved Evergreen —

12 to 1 8 inches transplanted 25 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted 42 o

PRIVET, Oval-leaved—

12 to 18 inches ^o o

I § to 2§ feet transplanted Co o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 7; o

SERVICE TREE—

1 2 to 18 inches transplanted, f- 1 00, 1 0/

4 to 5 feet transplanted — 30/

6 to 10 feet {fine) each, 1/6 to 5/

SLOE or BLACK THORN—

9 to 12 inches transplanted 12 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted 21 6

SYCAMORE or PLANE—

1 year seedlings (/(«e) 5 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted 21 o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 25 o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 35 o

6 to 8 feet transplanted, ^ 100, t,o

8 to 12 feet {fine) each, 11 7/b

THORN or QUICK—

1 year seedlings (yr«e) _ 3 6

2 years seedlings :; o

12 to 18 inches transplanted 10 o

18 to 24 inches transplanted 15 o

24 to 36 inches transplanted 21 o

6 to 12 feet each, 1/6 to 10/6

WALNUT—

3 to 4 feet transplanted ^ 100, 30/

4 to 6 feet transplanted — 42/

6 to 8 feet-. each, 1/ to 2/6

WHIN or GORSE—

1 year seedlings 7 6

2 years seedlings jo 6

2 feet transplanted 21 o

WILLOW, Bedford—

1 year cuttings i- ©

2 to 3 feet transplanted 25 o

3 to 5 feet transplanted -r o

WILLOW, Cane or Basket—

1 year cuttings 17 6

2 to 3 feet transplanted 2^ o

WILLOW, Huntingdon—

J year cuttings. j c; o

2 to 3 feet transplanted 25 o

6 to 10 feet » too, 15/ to 30/

WILLOW, Norfolk—

I year cuttings i^ o

3 to 4 feet transplanted 35 o

8 feet twice transplanted, ..f. 100, 15/

WILLOW, Common Osier—

I year cuttings i:; o

I year transplanted 21 o

The Lawson Company's List.

[Nov. 1874

Per lOO)

WILLOW, Dutch or Red Osier — *. d.

I year cuttings iS °

I year transplanted -- 25 o

WILLOW, Yellow Osier—

I year cuttings 17 6

I year transplanted 25 o

WILLOW, Packthread Basket —

I year cuttings 3° o

Per 1000

WILLOW, Purple Basket— s. d.

I year transplanted 35 o

WILLOW, Red Basket—

I year cuttings 17 6

WILLOW—

various Tree Sorts, named 50/ to 105 o

various Basket Sorts, i year cuttings 15 o

3. FRUIT-TREE STOCKS.

Per 1000

Per 1000

ALMOND—

s.

d.

CHERRY, PERFUMEDor Mahaleb {Cerasus

5.

(/.

2 to ^ feet transplanted — 1^ 100, 25/

Mahaleb) —

APPLE, Crab —

I to 2 feet transplanted

30

0

I year seedlings {fine)

7

6

3 to 4 feet transplanted — f^ 100, 10/6

2 years seedlings

10

6

6 to 8 feet f>- doz., 18/ to 30/

18 to 24 inches transplanted

30

0

PEACH—

2 to ^ feet transplanted

40

0

18 to 24 inches transplanted ■^ 100, 25/

APRICOT—

PEAR, Crab—

18 to 24 inches transplanted -^ 100, 25/

I year seedlings {fine) 7/6 to

10

h

CHERRY, Common {Cerasus vulgaris)—

2 to ^ feet transplanted

40

0

I year seedlings

21

0

PLUM STOCKS, Common—

2 to 3 feet transplanted

50

0

I to 2 feet transplanted

3S

0

^ to 4 feet transplanted

75

0

2 to 3 feet transplanted . "^ 100, 12/6

CHERRY, Gean or Wild {Cerasus

SLOE or BLACK THORN. See page 5.

si/lvest)is) —

QUINCE, Common—

4 to 6 feet 'f- 100, 25/ to 50/

2 to 3 feet fi. 100, 12/6

4. CONIFEROUS ORNAMENTAL TREES AND

SHRUBS.

Each

ABIES, Don. (PICEA, Link.) Spruce— s. d.
ALBA. See White American
Spruce, page 4.

glauca 2 6

Maxwellii 7 6

nana 2 6

varicgata 2 6

Albertiana, 9 to 12 inches i 6

18 to 24 inches 2 6

2 to 3 feet 3 6

4 to 6 feet '5/ to 7 6

Alcoquiana 2/6 to 10 6

Bkiuoesii, 9 to 12 inches . i 6

Brunoniana 2/6 to 10 6

canadensis, 2 to 3 feet 1/ to 2 6

Douglasii, 6 to 12 inches -^ 100, 25/
12 to 18 inches — 75/

2 to 3 feet . i/f) to 2 6

3 to 4 feet 3/^> to 5 o

4 to 6 feet 3/6 to 7 o

taxifolia 2/(> to 3 6

Knoi.emanii 2/6 to 7 6

KxcELsA. iSce Norway Spruce,/j«^'-c4.

archangelica 1/6 to 3 6

aurca varicgata 3/^" to 7 6

Cianbrasiliana 1/6 to 3 6

Cranstonii 2/6 to 5 o

cchinapforniis 1/6 to 3 6

ticgans, 9 to 12 inclies 2/6 to 3 6

Each

ABIES Do?i. (PICEA, Link.) Spruce— *. (/.

EXCELS A Findonensis 2

glauca 2

gracilis 3

Gregoriana 2/6 to 5

inverta 3/6 to 7

monstrosa, i to 2 feet 2/6 to 7

niucronata, 9 to 15 inches --2/6 to 5

nigra, i to 2 feet i

pendula, 18 to 24 inches 2

Pcrthensis 2

pygmaea, 6 to 1 2 inches 2/6 to 3

pyianiidalis, 4 to 6 inches i

6 to 12 inches 2

1 ^ to 2 feet 3

rubra, i to 2 feet i

stricta, 4 to 6 inches 2

tenuifolia, 9 to 12 inches 3

varicgata 2

FIRMA. See PlCEA BIFIDA, /MJ^i^r 9.

Hanburyana 2

Hookeriana, 4 to 6 inches i

6 to 9 inches 2

12 to 1 8 inches -3/6 to 5

jEZOENSis 3/6 to 5

MaxiM(jwiczii 3

M EN z I ESI 1, 18 to 24 inches i>-doz., 15/

2 to 3 feet — 21/

3 to 4 feet - 2/6 to 3

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

Each

ABIES, Dm. fPICEA Link.) Spruce— s. d.

Menzilsii, 4 to 6 feet 5/ to 10 6

NiGRA.6Ve Black Amer. Spruce,^. 4.

OliOVATA 3 6

oiUENTALis, 6 to 9 inches i o

1 2 to 1 8 inches i 6

18 to 24 inches 2 6

2 to 3 feet 5 /to 7 6

3 to 5 feet 10/6 to 21 o

Pattoniana, 6 to 9 inches 2 6

9 to 12 inches 3 6

12 to 18 inches --7/6 to 10 6

POLITA ..2/6 to 7 6

RUBRA 1/6 to 2 6

SITCHENSIS 2/6 to 5 O

Smithiana. {Sijn. — A. Khutrow, A.

MoRINDA, &C.)

2 to 4 feet .-2/6 to 7 6

4 to 6 feet - 7/6 to 10 6

6 to 8 feet .12/610 21 o

variegata 3 6

ARAUCARIA, Jus.—

BRASiLiENsis, 15 to 24 inchcs. 3/6 to 7 6

CuNNiNGHAMii, I to 3 feet 15/ to 42 o

EXCELSA, I to 3 feet 10/6 to 42 o

iMBRiCATA, i2to iSin.'^doz. 24/1036/

18 to 24 inches 3/6 to 7 6

2 to 3 feet 7/6 to 15 o

3 to 4 feet 15/ to 21 o

4 to 8 feet ._2i/toio:^ o

8 to 10 feet 105/ to20o o

tenue, 6 to 9 inches 7 6

ARTHROTAXUS, Dun—

cuPUESsoiDEs 3/6 to 5 o

IMBRICATA 3/6 to 5 O

SELAGINIOIDES 3/6 tO 5 O

BIOTA, Don. Chinese Arborvit^.

(See also Thuja, page 1 1) —

FORTUNEI 1/6 to 2 6

FLAGELLIFORMIS 2 6

J A PON I CA PENDULA lO 6

MFLDENSis, I to 2 feet 1/6 to 2 6

ORiENTALis (Chinese /Irhorvitw) — ■

18 to 24 inches "^ doz., 12/

2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 2 6

4 to 6 feet 3/6 to 5 o

aurea i/to 5 o

elegantissima, 6to 12 inches 1/6 to 3 6

conica, 12 to 18 inches 3/6 to 7 6

18 to 24 inches 7/6 to 10 6

falcata 2 6

fieneloides 2 6

globosa, 6 to 1 2 inches i/to 2 6

12 to 18 inches 3/6 to 7 6

glauca, 6 to 9 inches i /6 to 2 6

gracilis, 12 to 24 inches 1/6 to 2 6

nana, 6 to 12 inches i o

nepalensis, 9 to 12 inches i o

12 to 18 inches 1/6 to 2 6

picta argentea 2 6

pyramidalis, 6 to 9 inches, ■^ doz. ,6/

I to 2 feet I o

variegata 2 6

pygmaea, 3 to 6 inches 2/6 to 5 o

Sieboldii, i to 3 feet 1/6 to 5 o

tortuosa 1/6 to 2 6

variegata aurea, i to 2 feet ..1/6 to 3 6

FENiiuLA, 2 to 4 feet 1/ to 10 6

SEMPER-AURESCENS, /l«f 2/6 tO 10 6

Each

BIOTA Z)o«. Chin isE Aborvit/e — s. d.

TATA RICA {Sil'irica), 12 to i8 inches, i 6

1 8 to 24 inches 2 6

2 to 4 feet 3/6 to 7 6

TRIANGULARIS 2 6

CALLITRIS (Fent.) quadrivalvis i/6 to 3 6
CEDRUS, Link. Cedar—

ATLANTiCA, 18 to 24inches,'^ 100, 75/

2 to 3 feet 1/ to i 6

3 to 4 feet 2/6 to 5 o

4 to 6 feet 5/ to 7 6

6 to 10 feet (yi'^f) 10/6 to 21 o

Deodar A, 6 to 9 inches.. i»- doz., 12/

12 to 18 inches — 21/

18 to 24 inches 3 6

4 to 6 feet 7/6 to 15 o

6 to 10 feet 17/61042 o

crassifolia, 6 to 12 inches 3/6 to 5 o

robusta, 6 to 1 2 inche.s 2/6 to 5 o

variegata, 6 to 12 inches 3 6

viridis 3/6 to 5 o

LiBANi, I to 2 feet 1/6 to 2 6

3 to 4 feet 3/6 to 1; o

CEPHALOTAXUS, Siel: Chinese Yew—'

DRUPACEA [of Gordon) 1/ to 2 6

FoRTUNEI 1/6 to 3 6

Harringtonii I 6

CHAM.^CYPARIS, 6>«c/i. White Cedar
sPHiERoiDEA (Thujoides), 9 to 1 2 in.
■^ doz. 9/

12 to 18 inches i o

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

3 to 4 feet 3/6 to 5 o

viridis i o

atrovirens, 12 to 18 inches i 6

z to 4 feet 2/6 to 3 6

aurea. {new, fi?ie) 7 6

glauca, 12 to 18 inches 1/6 to 2 6

2 to 4 feet 3/6 to 5 o

variegata, 12 inches 1/6 to 2 6

thurifera 1/6 to 2 6

CRYP rOMERIA, Don. Chinese Cedar—

elegans, 6 to 12 inches 1/ to i 6

12 to 18 inches 2/610 3 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 5 o

jAPONiCA,9to 1 2 inches, .•.'^doz.,9/

12 to 18 inches i o

2 to 6 feet 1/6 to 7 6

araucarioides, 6 to 1 2 inches, 2/6 to 3 6

Lobbii, 12 to 18 inches 1/6 to 2 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 7 6

nana, 6 to 12 inches 1/ to 2 6

spi rale falcata 5 o

CUNNINGHAMIAsiNENsis, 6toi2inches

1/6 to 2 6
CUPRESSUS, Lind. Cypress—

cashmeriana 1/6 to 2 6

CHINENSIS 2 6

Corneyana 1/6 to 3 0

elegans 1/6 to 3 6

EXPANSA 1 6

I'HAGRANS, I 2 to I 8 ilichcs ^J- doz., I 2/

(8 to 24 inches — 18/

2 to 3 feet — 30/

3 to 4 feet — 42/

aurea 3 6

I'UNEBRis, I to 2 feet i/to 2 6

GovRNiANA, 12 to 18 inches I o

1 8 to 24 inches 1 0

8

The Laws on Company s List.

[Nov. 1874

Each

CUPRESSUS, Lind. Cypress— s. d.

GovENiANA, 2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

GRACILIS 2 6

LAMBERTIANA(t)'i/e), l8t0 24 in. 2/6 to 3 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 5 o

Lawsoniana, 6 to 9 inches {from seed)

I? 100, 10/6

9 to 1 2 in. {from seed) — 21/

12 to 18 in. {from, seed) — 30/

18 to 24 inches f- roo, 40/ to 60/

2 to 3 feet f- 100, 75/

3 to 4 feet ^ doz., 18/ to 30/

5 to 6 feet 5/ to 10 6

6 to 10 feet 10/6 to 2X o

argentea 1/6 to 7 6

erecta 1/6 to 5 o

lutea 5/ ^^ JO 6

viridis 1/6 to 5 o

glauca 1/6 to 3 6

gi acilis 1/6 to 3 6

juniperina 1/6 to 3 6

lutea .S/to 10 6

nana {compacta), 6 to 12 in. _ 1/ to 2 6

picta argentta 2/6 to 7 6

stricta, 12 to 24 inches 1/ to 2 6

4 to 5 feet (_^He) .s/ to 10 6

stricta (/^/'o^prer'^ tar. j E/6 to 5 o

variegata aurea 2/6 to 7 6

argentea {new) 7/6 to 10 6

LiNDLEYANA(A'7i!,g-/(/;'ff»a), 2feet2/6to 3 6

2 to 3 feet 5 o

T.usiTANicA, 2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 5 o

Macnabiana, 9 to 12 inches i o

18 to 30 inches 2 6

MACROCARPA, 12 to 18 inches I o

2 to 3 feet 2 6

4 to 6 feet 2/6 to 5 o

NUTKAENSis {Thujopsis horealis), 9 to
12 inches, -■y- doz., 9/

12 to 18 inches 1/ to i 6

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

3 to 6 feet 3/6 to 21 o

variegata 3/6 to 5 o

RETROFRACTA I / tO 5 O

SEMPERViRENS stflcta, 1 8 to 24 inches

1/ to 5 o
horizontalis, 1 2 to 1 5 inchcsjt? doz., 4/

1 8 to 24 inches 1 o

STRICTA elegans i o

TORULOSA, 9 to 12 inches i o

12 to 18 inches i 6

2 to 3 feet 2 6

nana, 3 to 6 inches 2/6 to 3 6

TiiuJ/EFORMis, I to 2 feet 1/ to 2 6

Uhdeana, 12 to 24 inches i 6

WlllTI.EYANA, I to 2 fcCt 1 /6 tO ^ 6

DACRYDIUM, Sdand.—

CoLENSoi i/6 to 3 6

CUPRESSINUM 2/6 to 5 O

Franki.inii 1/ to 2 6

FITZROYA, Ihmk.—

PATAGON ICA, 6 to I2incl)es I o

15 to 24 inches i 6

I'KKNKLA AUSTUAMS, Mirh, 2 6

(W.VI'TOSTKOliUS SINENSIS 2 6

JUNIPERUS, Umi. juniper—

ATTICA.... l/Gto 2 f>

DERMUDIANA 2 fl

CANADENSIS I 6

JUNIPERUS, Linn. Juniper— s. d.

CAUCASICA I 6

CHiNENsis, 12 to iSinches i/to i 6

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

3 to 4 feet --5/ to 7 6

aurea .=;/ to 21 O

argentea variegata 3/6 to 10 6

COMMUNIS, 12 to 18 inches,

"^ 100, 25/
arborea, 6 to 9 inches. — 12/6

J2 to 18 inches — 30/

com pressa 2/6 to g o

hibernica {Irish Juniper), 9 to 12
inches 'f- doz., 6/

1 2 to 18 inches i o

suecica {Swedish J-uniper), 6 to 1 2

inches 'f- doz., 6/

CRACoviA, 12 to 15 inches i O

DECUMBENS I 6

DICECIA I O

DRUPACEA, 12 to 18 inches 3 6

dumosa 1/6 to 2 6

EXCELS A, 6 to 12 inches i 6

12 to 24 inches 3 6

stricta 2/6 to 7 6

FRAGRANS 3 6

GOSSAINTHANEA l/6 tO 3 6

Henryana s/ to lo 6

HISPANICA 2 6

IIUMILIS 2 6

JAPONICA I O

nana, 6 inches i o

9 to 1 2 inches i/6 to 2 6

Marshallii, 12 to 18 inches,. 2/6 to 3 6

OBLONGA {interrupta) 2 6

pendula 2/6 to 5 o

oxycedrus 1/6 to 3 6

PHCENicEA, 6 to 12 ioches I 6

Lycia i 6

PROSTRATA I O

PSEUDO Sabina I 6

RECURVA l/tO 3 6

densa i /6 to 2 6

RELIGIOSA (RfH//f) 2/6 to 5 O

Reevesiana 1 b

n\GiDA {Lindleij) 2/6 to 5 o

RUFESCENs, 6 to 12 inches 1/6 to 3 6

Sabina, 9 to 12 inches ..'^ 100, 30/

variegata i/to 2 6

sabinioides 1/ to 3 6

SCHOTTII 1/6 to 2 6

Smithiana, 6 to 12 inches 1 6

18 to 24 inches 2 6

pendula 5 o

spii/F.RiCA, 12 to 18 inches 1/6 to 2 (>

glauca, 6 to 12 inches 2 6

SQUAMATA {Lumlrrtiana), 9 to 12 in. I o

TAMARISCIFOl.IA I 6

tetragona I 6

TIIURIFERA 1/6 to 3 6

tripartita 1/ to 2 6

ViRGiNiANA (/irf/ Cedtn) —

12 to 18 inches f- doz., 6/

2 to 3 feet I o

argentea i/6to 3 6

aurea -.1/6 to 3 f>

glauca .1/6 to f; o

pendula 1/6 to 3 (>

viridis 1/6 to 5 o

Nov. 1874]

Trees arid Shrubs.

Each

LARIX, Link. Larch — s. d.

AMERICANA rubra 2/6 to 5 o

DAHURICA, I to 2 feet 1/6 to 2 6

EUROP/EA. See Larch, p. 3.

pendula, 4 to 6 feet 5/ to 7 ^'

GIGANTEA i; O

Griffithii 2 6

Ledebourii 2/6 to 5 o

LEPTOLEPIS .l;*J to 5 O

MicROCARPA rubra 2 6

SIBERICA I 6

LIBOCEDRUS, EndL—

CHiLENSis, 9 to 1 2 inches, i/6 to 2 6

DECURRENs {Thiija gigaritea of some

A^iirseries), 1 2 to i8 in.. i/6 to 2 6

2 to 3 feet. 3/6 to 5 o

3 to 6 feet 5/ to 21 o

DoKiANA 5/ to 42 o

TETRAGON A 2/6 tO ^ O

PHYLLOCLADUS, Rich.—

ASPLENIFOLIUS 2 6

RHOMBOIDALIS 3 6

TRICHOMANOIDES 3 6

PICEA, Z»o?t. (ABIES, LmA:.) Silver Fir—
AMABiLis, (uera J, 6 to 24 inches (grafts)

3/6 to 21 o

APOLLiNis, 6 to 9 inches i 6

9 to 12 inches 2 6

balsamea. See Balm of Gilead,
page 3.

variegata 7 6

B\r\DA (Abies firma) 2/6 to 10 6

bracteata 2/6 to 7 6

CEPHALONICA, 6 to 9 inches ^ doz., 6/

12 to ig inches i 6

2 to 6 feet 5/ to 2t o

CILICICA 2, '6 to 3 6

Fraserii, 6 to 9 inches i o

12 to 18 inches i;6 to 2 6

GHANDis, 9to 12 inches 3 6

24 to 30 inches 7/6 to 10 6

Hudson II 2 6

LASiocARPA, 6 to 9 inches (seedlings) 3 6

12 to 18 inches 5/ to 7 6

2 to 5 feet 10/6 to 42 o

MAGNiFicA, 6 to 9 inches 'seedlings) 5 o

12 to 24 inches 7/6 to 21 o

NOBiLis, I year seedlings, fine "^ 100,

10/

2 years seedlings — 15/

6 to 12 inches {from seed) 1/ to i 6

12 to 18 inches 2/6 to 3 6

1 8 to 24 inches 3/6 to 5 o

2 to 3 feet 7/6 to 10 6

3 to 5 feet ._ 21/ to 42 o

12 to 18 inches (grq/iet/) .3/6 to 5 o

glauca 3/6 to 42 o

NoRDMANNiANA, 4 to 6 inchcs (from
seed) -^ (loz., 9/

9 to 18 'mches(f7-om seed), _i/ to i 6

2 to 3 feet (fine) 3/6 to 7 6

4 to 8 feet 10/ to 42 o

M'MIDICA 2/6 to 5 o

PARSONSii, 6 to 9 inches (seedlings).- 3 6
pectinata (Common Sihicr Fir).

See pnge 4.

pyramidalis 2/6 to 5 o

tenuifolia 2/6 to 5 o

PiCHTA, I to 2 feet 2;6 to 3 6

Each

PICEA,Do;i. (ABIES, i(«/,-.) Silver Fir— .?. (/.

PicHTA affinis 5 o

Pi ND ROW, 6 to 9 inches 1 6

12 to 18 inches 2 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 5 o

PissAPO, 4 to 6 inches '# doz., 6/

9 to 12 inches — 12/

1 to 2 feet i/6-to 2 6

2 to 3 feet 3/610 7 6

3 to 6 feet (fine) 10/6 to 42 o

rigida 2/6 to 5 o

variegata 3 6

Regin-ti-Amalli.t., 1/6 to 2 6

RELIGIOSA 2/6 to 7 6

Webbiana (seedlings), 9 to i 2 inches ^ 6
PINUS, /,)«;?. (True Pine)—

ARlSTATA..i 2/6 to 3 6

alstriaca. 6V(? Black Austrian
Pine, pnge 3.

variegala 2/6 to 1; o

Balfouriana 3 6

Banksiana, 3/6 to 7 6

Beardsleyii 2/6 to 10 6

Benthamiana, 18 to 24 inches (fine) 2 6

bermuja 2/6 to 3 6

brutia 1/6 to 2 6

Bungeana 2/6 to 7 6

calabrica 2 6

Cembra. Seepage^.

nana 2/610 5 o

pygmaa 2/6 to 5 o

contorta, I to 2 feet 2/6 to 3 6

densiflora . 3/6 to 10 6

excelsa, 6 to 12 inches,..'^ doz., 6/

12 to 24 inches 1/ to i 6

6 to 10 feet 7/6 to 21 o

gracilis 3 6

nana 3 6

rigida 3 6

FLExiLis .--3/6 to 7 6

Fremontiana. See Monophvlla.

Gerardiana 2/6 to 10 6

halepeksis = I o

iNsiGNis, 9 to 12 inches--^ 100, 50/

12 to 18 inches — 75/

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to $ o

Jeffreyii, 18 to 24 inches 2/6 to 3 6

koraiensis, 9 to 18 inches 2/6 to 5 o

Lambertiana, 9 to 12 inches 1/6 to 2 6

12 to 18 inches 2/6 to 3 6

2 to 3 feet 5/ to 7 6

Laricio. See Corsican Pine, page

3-

Bugotii -2/6 to 3 6

pygmaea 2/6 to 5 o

LEIOPHYLLA 2/6 tO 5 O

Llaveana 2/6 to 5 o

MACROCARPA (Coulterii), i to 2 feet 2 6

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 5 o

MARiTiMA. Seepage^.

Massoniana 2/6 to 7 6

monophylla (Fremontiana), 6 to

12 inches 2 6

1 to 2 feet 3/6 to 7 6

MONTicoLA, 9 to 12 inclies 2 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 7 6

Mugho. Seepage^.

I rotundata - i 6

I MURICATA, 910 12 inches -i to i 6

lO

The Laws on Company s List.

[Nov. 1874

Per 100

PINUS, Linn. {True Pine)— s. d.

MuRRAYANA, 6 to 12 inches 3 6

Ochvivn {Devoniana) 216 to 7 6

Pallasiana, I to 2 feet i o

PARViFLORA, 12 to i8 inches, - -3/6 to 5 o

18 to 30 inches S/ to 7 6

PATULA 2 6

FEUCE, I to 2 feet 2/6 to 5 o

Pinaster. See page t,.

PiNEA 1/ to 2 6

fragilis 3 6

PONDEROSA, 4 to 6 inches, ■^ doz. 6/

i§ to 2 feet 2/6 to 5 o

PUMiLio. iSee Mountain Pine, jSfl^e

3-

PYRENAicA, 12 to i8 inches 1/6 to 2 6

18 to 24 inches 2/610 3 6

RADiATA, 12 to 18 inches i/to 2 6

RiGiDA, 6 to 9 inches f- 100, 25/

SABiNiANA, 6 to 9 inches 1/6 to 2 6

12 to 18 inches 2/6 to 3 6

Strobus. /S'ee Weymouth Pine,
page 4.

alba 2/6 to 3 6

nivea 2/6 to 3 6

nana 2/610 3 6

tabulaeformis 2/6 to 3 6

SYLVESTRis. See Scots Fir, page

3-

aurea 5/ to 10 6

globosa 1/6 to 2 6

M'Intoshiana 2/6 to 5 o

nana 2/6 to 5 o

pendula 2/6 to 5 o

pumila 2/6 to 3 6

uncinata 2/6 to 3 6

TAURICA 1/6 to 2 6

TUBERCULATA, 2 tO 2 fcCt 2/6 tO 3 6

I'ODOCARPUS, Ha-itier—

ANDINA I 6

CHILINI l/6 to 2 6

DACRYDIOIDES 3/6 tO 5 O

JAPONICA 1/6 to 7 6

elegantissima ,t/6 to 5 o

MACuoPHYi.LA aurca 7 6

argentca 10 C

PRUMNOPITYS, Philippi—

EI.EGANS 1/6 to 7, 6

PSEUDO-LARIX, Gurd. Golden Larch—"

K/i:MPFERii q/ to lo 6

RETINOSPORA, ^/(•/•.—

ERICOIDES l/ to 2 6

FILICOIDES 2 6

FILIFERA 2/6 to 5 O

Keteleerii variegata ."i/to lo 6

I.EPTOCI.AIM 2/6 to 5 O

LYCOPODIOIDES 2/6 tO 7 6

oiiTusA, 12 to 18 inches,..-^ doz., 6/

1 8 to 24 inches 1/ to i 6

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

aurea 2/6 to 5 o

nana aurca 2/6 to 5 o

robusta 2/6 to 3 6

jjygmica 2/6 to 5 o

pisiFERA, 6 inches Ijf doz., 4/

9 to 12 inches — 6/

18 to 24 inches 1/ to i 6

aurca 1/, 2/6 to 7 6

aigcntca 2/6, 3/6 to 7 6

Each

RETINOSPORA, 6';W'.— .v. d.

PLUMOSA 2/6 to 7 6

aurea 1/6,2/610 7 6

SQUARROSA, 9 to 1 2 Inchcs, "^ doz., 9/

1^ to 2 feet i/to I 6

SALISBURIA, .SmiV/i. Maiden Hair
Tree —
ADiANTiFouiA, 9 to 12 inches,
■^ doz., 6/

12 to 18 inches i o

2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 3 6

dissecta 3 6

variegata 5 o

laciniata 3 6

macrophylla incisa 3 6

SAXE-GOTHyEA, Lindl.—

coNSPicuA, 9 to 12 inches, 1/ to i 6

gracilis, 4 to 9 inches i 6

SCIADOPITYS VERTiciLLATA {Umbrella

Pine) ^/6to 10 6

SEQUOIA, Endl. {Taxodium)—

ELEGANS 5/ to 7 6

Lawsoniana s/ to 10 6

SEMPERviRENS, i8to24inches i o

3 to 5 feet 2 6

Wellingtonia, 6 to 9 inches

f- doz., 12/

12 to 18 inches 1/6 to 2 6

18 to 24 inches 2/6 to 3 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 5 o

3 to 4 feet 5/ to 7 6

4 to 6 feet 1 0/6 to 2 1 o

6 to I o feet 21/ to 63 o

variegata 7/6 to 42 o

TAXODIUM, Rich. Deciduous Cy-
press—

DISTICHUM 1/ to 2 6

SEMPERVIRENS {Sce SeQUOIa).

TAXUS, Li?in. Yew—

ADPREssA, 18 to 24 inches 2 6

variegata 1 0/6 to 210

BACCATA {Common Yeu'). See page

4-

aurantiaca 1/ to 2 6

Barroni fajmina 10 6

brevifolia 1/6 to 2 6

cheshuntensis, 2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

Daviesii, i to 2 feet 1/6 to 2 6

Dovastonii, 9 to 12 inches __.. i 6

12 to 18 inches 2 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 5 o

Standards 7/6 to 21 o

with leaders 2/6 to 5 o

variegata 5/ to 10 6

elegantissima, 9 to 18 inches 1/6 to 3 6

erecta, 6 to 9 inches 2 6

3 to 4 feet 2/6 to 3 6

4 to 5 feet.. 3/6 to 5 o

ericoides 2/6 to 5 o

fastigiata {Irish Yew) I to 2 feet

^ doz., 6/ to 9/

3 to 4 feet 1/6 to 2 6

4 to 5 feet (Amc) 2/6 to 3 6

1; to 6 feet (,///; r) 5/ to 10 6

7 to 10 feet {Jine) 12/6 to 21 o

variegata argentca 2/6 to 5 o

aurea 2/6 to 10 6

(k).y Fixhi r llolnie.i 2/6 to 21 o

Foxii, 12 inches 1 6

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

1 1

Each

TAXUS BACCATA — continued — s. d.

fructu-luteo, 18 to 24 inches 1/6 to 2 6

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3 6

glauca {Blue John), I to 2 feet 1 6

2 to 3 feet - 2 6

4tosfeet 5 o

incurva i 9

Jacksonii, 12 to 18 inches 1 6

latifolia, 2 to 3 feet 5 o

nidpatliensis {Nidpath Castle Yew),

12 to 18 inches i o

18 to 24 inches - 2 6

2 to 4 feet 2/6 to 3 6

recurvata 1/6 to 2 6

sparsifolia i 6

stricta, 2 to 3 feet 2 6

variegata argentea, 2/6 to 5 o

aurea, 12 to 18 inches 1/6 to 3 6

18 to 24 inches 3/6 to 5 o

Washingtoniana, i to 2 feet I 6

2 to 3 feet 2 6

4 to s feet 5 o

Youngii, i foot t o

CANADENSIS I / tO 2 O

variegata 2/6 to 7 6

cuspiDATA 2/6 to 7 6

KORiANA {T. japonica), 6 to 9 inches i 6

12 to 18 inches 2/610 5 o

LiNDLEYANA, I tO 2 feet 2/6 tO 3 6

2 to 3 feet 3/6 to 5 o

THUJA, Linn. Arbor vit;e. See Biota,

page 7.

Craigiana 1/6 to 3 6

falcata 3 6

gigantea {see Lihocedrus decurrens).

HovEsii 2 6

Menziesh {Lobiii), i8 to 24 in.,

f- doz., 9/

24 10 30 inches — 12/

3 to 4 feet 1/6 to 2 6

4 to 6 feet 3/6 to 5 o

Each

THUJA, Linn. Arborvits s. d.
Menziesh —

6 to 8 feet 7/6 to 10 6

variegata 2 6

occiDENTALis {American Arborvitct),
3 to 4 feet |i' doz., 9/

5 to 6 tieet i/to 3 6

6 to 8 feet.- 5/ tq 7 6

argentea (Queen Victoria) 10 6

compacta, 2 to 3 feet 2 6

Dorkinensis 2 6

ericoides (Elwangerii) 1/ to 5 o

globosa, 2 to 25 feet 2/6 to 3 6

lutea (George Peabody) 10 6

pendula 1/6 to 2 6

Vervseniana, 12 to 18 inches i o

18 to 24 inches 1/6 to 2 6

variegata 2/6 to 5 o

PLiCATA {IVarreana), 12 to 18 inches,

f- doz.,' 61

18 to 24 inches — 9/

2 to 3 feet — 12/

3 to 4 feet 2/6 to 3 6

THUJOPSIS (5'/eZ'.) borealis. ^eeCuPRES-

sus NUTKAENSis, page 8.

DOLABRATA I /6 tO 7 b

variegata i/6to 7 6

LiTEVIRENS l/6 tO 5 O

Standishii {Thuja) 2/6 to 7 6

TORREYA, Arnott—

GRANDIS, I5 foot 3 6

1 5 to 2^ feet S/ to 10 6

MYRTSTiCA, 9 to 12 inches 3 6

I to 2 feet 3/6 to 7 6

nucifera 3/6 to 7 6

TAXIFOLIA 5/ to 10 6

WELLINGTONIA gigantea, Lindl. See

Sequoia, page 10.
WIDDRINGTONIA, Endl.—

CUPRESSOIDES I / tO 2 6

All Leading Sorts, iji Quantity, at Reduced Prices, per doz., 100, and 1000.
Specimen Plants of all the leadhig Sorts by special bargain.

5. ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS.

See page 6 for Ornamental Conifer^e.

Each
s, d.

ABELIA FLORIBUNDA I

grandiflora I

UNIFLORA •

ACANTHOPANAX horridum 3

variegatum 5/ to 7

ACER {Maple) campestre. See English
Maple, page. 5.

CAMPESTRE austriacum, 2to8feet6d. to 2

barbatum 1/ to 2

circinatum 1/6 to 3

laevigatum, 2 to 4 feet 6d. to i

maculatum 1/6 to 2

variegatum, i to 3 feet i/to 2

Each

5. d
ACER {Maple). Campestre —

COLCHICUM, 2 to 3 fcCt I 6

rubrum, 2 to 3 feet i 6

pyramids, 6 to 8 feet 2/6 to 5 o

coriaceum, I to 2 feet i 6

DouGLASii, 2 to 3 feet 6d. to i o

ERIOCARPUM I O

HYBRIDUM I O

jAPONiciJM argenteum 7/6 to 10 6

macranthum 15 o

macrocarpum 7 6

Leopuluii 1/6 to 3 0

LoBELU, 2 to 3 feet .1/6 to 2 6

12

The Lawson Co?npanfs List.

[Nov. 1874

Each
5. d.
ACER {Maple)—

MACROPHYLLUM, 2 tO 4 ft., ^t 100,7/6

5toiofeet i/6 to 5 o

MONSPESSULANUM, 2 to 4 feet o 6

6 to 10 feet 1/ to 3 6

MONTANUM, 3 to 4 fect f- doz., 9/

Negundo. See Negundo fraxini-

FOLIA, p. 21.

Neapolitanum (oltiisatum) r 6

PLATANOIDES. SecNoRWAY MaPLE, jD. 5.

dissectum, i to 2 feet 1/6 to 2 6

laciniatum (Eagle's Claw Maple),

2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 2 6

occulatum 3/6 to 5 o

Schwelleri 7 6

Sorbergii 15 o

POLTMORPHUM dissectum 10 6

variegatum 10 6

palmatifidum 10 6

palmatum 10 6

purpureum jo 6

variegatum 10 6

Pseudo-Platanus. See Sycamore, p. 5.

longifolia, 3 to 4 feet i o

purpurea, 3 to 4 feet) i/to i 6

8 to 12 feet 2/6 to 5 o

variegataaurea {Corstorphine Plane),

3 to 4 feet "^ doz., 12/

standards 2/6 to 7 6

argentea, 3 to 4 feet .'^ doz., 1 2/

standards 2/6 to 7 6

splendens 2/6 to 3 6

tricolor 2 6

RUBRUM {coccineum), 12 to 18 inches,
■^ 100, 30/

3 to 4 feet I o

saccharinum, 3 to 5 feet i o

SPICATUM (montanum), 2 to 3 feet _- I 6

splendens variegata 1/6 to 5 o

striatum, 2 to 4 feet 6d. to i 6

ACTINIDIA POLYGAMA 3 6

^SCULUS (Horse Chestnut)—

HiPPOCASTANu.M. See Horse Chest-
nut, page 4, and Pavia, page
21.

cainea 1/ to 2 6

coccinea i/to 5 o

crispa i/to 2 6

flore pleno alba 1/ to 2 6

rubra i/to 2 6

nigra 1/6 to 5 o

praecox .6d. to i 6

procera i / to 2 6

spectabilis 2; 6 to 3 6

variegata aigentea 1/6 to 3 6

OHioENSis, 2 to 4 feet i/to 1 6

rubicunda, I to 2 fect -^ doz., 6/

2 to 3 feet — 12/

3 to 5 feet ; — 18/

6 to 8 feet 2/6 to 5 o

AILANTHUS gi.andulosa, i8to24 inches
•^ doz., 4/

4 to 6 feet I / 6 to 3 6

AKEBIA euiNATA 2 6

ALATERNUS. 6'ee Rhamnus, />a^'e 22.
ALNUS. iS'ec Ai,DF,R,/)ag^c 4.

AMERICANA 2 6

argentea i 6

Each

s, d.
ALNUS — continued.

AMERICANA barbata i 6

CORDIFOLIA I o

GLUTiNOSA asplenifolia 2 6

aurea 3 6

imperialis 16 to 3 6

laciniata 1/6 to 2 6

oxyacanthifolia , i 6

quercifolia 6d. to i 6

sorbifolia i 6

JAPOXICA s o

viridis 5 o

AMELANCHIER (Medlar)—

BoTRYAPivM (Grape Pear) i o

CANADENSIS I 6

FLORIBUNDA . I O

FLORIDA I O

LABIFLORA I

OVALI FOLIA I

SASGUINEA I O

SUBCORDATA 1 O

VULGARIS 6d, to I 6

AMORPHA fragrans i o

FRUTICOSA O 0

AMPELOPSIS (Firginian Creeper)—

BIPINNATA ^ doz., 6/

CORDATA O 9

hederacea '^ doz., 6/

major o 9

fiuixguEFOLiA ^ doz., 6/

Veitchii I o

AMYGDALUS (Almond, &c.)—

COMMUNIS 6d. to 2 6

amara 1 o

dulcis I o

macrocarpa i o

pendula i/to 2 6

INCANA 2 6

jaspida 1/6 to 2 6

NANA I 6

PEPUNCULATA 1/6 to 3 6

PERSiCA fl. pleno (Double -Jiowering

Peach) I 6

?:lba i/6 to 3 6

caryophyllus 2 6

communis i 6

rosea iy6to 3 6

PUMH.A (Cerasus japonica) alba plena 2 6

rosea plena 1/6 to 3 6

AMYGDALOPSIS Lindleyii flore pleno

(Pruiius trilula), 2 to 5 feet 1/ to 3 6

ANAGYRIS F/ETiDA ..-6d. to i o

ANDROMEDA angustifolia o 6

AXILLARIS O 6

CATESBiTiA I O

CALICULATA O 6

latifoiia o 6

nana o 0

fi.okihunda 1/6 to 5 o

POl.IFOI.IA o 6

PULVERULENTA I O

spicata o 6

TETRAGONA 1 6

ANNON A TRILOBA -. I o

ARALIA JAPONICA- 1/6 to 5 o

SlEUOLDIl 1/6, 2/6 to 3 6

variegata 7/610 21 o

sriNosA 1/ to 2 6

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

13

Each

s. d.

ARBUTUS Andrachne... ...--- 3 6

CALIFORXICA .^;^tO S °

Croomii 36 to 5 O

HYBRIDA 2/6 to 5 O

Menziesii 2, 6 to 5 o

PROCERA 2/6 to 5 O

RoLLissoNii 3/6 to 7 6

SERRATIFOLIA Jl/6 tO 7 6

Unedo, 9 to 1 2 inches ^ doz., 6/

12 to i8 inches — 9/

fl. pleno ---- 3 6

coccinea 2/6 to 5 o

mae;nifica 3,6 to 5 o

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UvA-uRsi i o

CALIFORN'ICA I O

TOMENTOSA I O

ARDISIA JAPONicA viridis 7 6

ARISTOLOCHIA ALTissiMA i o

Kjempferii 2 6

SEMPERVIRENS I O

SIPHO - ' O

TOMENTOSA I O

ARISTOTELIA Macqui.. i o

fol. variegatis i o

ARONIA procumbens i 6

ARTEMISIA {Soutlm-nwood)—

Abrotanum o 6

ARBORESCENS O 9

TOBOLSKIANUM O 9

ARUNDO {Bamboo-like Grass) conspicua

I /6 to 3 6

DONAX variegata 2/6 to 5 o

ASH. See page 4, and Fraxinus, page
18.

ASTER CABULicus i o

ASTRAGALUS tragacantha i 6

ATRAGENE alpina i

fl.albo I

AUCUBA HIMALAYAICA 2 6 to 7

macrophylla 2/6 to 5

JAPONICA vera 2.6 to 10

aurea marginata 2

faemina aurea variegata 2,6 to 7

latimaculata 1/6 to 7

maculata, the common variety,

9 to 12 inches "^ 100, 50/

12 to 15 inches ^ 100, 75/

1510 iS in., bushy, '^ 100, 100/
to 150/

i§ to 3 feet (fine), 2/6 to 7

pygmsea 2/6 to 7

ovata 2/6 to 10

mascula 2 6 to 10

bicolor .-2/6 to 10

maculata 2 '6 to 10

macrophylla 3/6 to 10

viridis 2/6 to 10

seedlings, 9 to 12 inches'^ doz., 18/

AZALEA AMa-NA, I to 2 feet 1/6 to 3

pontica, 12 to 18 inches .f- doz., 9/
18 to 24 inches — 15/

2 to 3 feet — 24/

3 to 4 feet — .W

Ghent, a fine collection of named

varieties, ^idoz., 30/ to 42/

AZARA dentata - - i

BAMBUSA {Bamboo Cane)—

GH ACII.IS {Arundinariafalcata) i

Each
*. d.

BAMBUSA {Bamboo Cane) Metake ..-

variegata 1/6 to

BEECH, See page 4, and Fagus, ■page 17.

BENTHAMIA fkagifera 1/ to

BERBERIDOPSIScoRALLiNA

BERBERIS {Barberry). See also Mahonia,

page 20.

aristata i/to

canadensis, 12 to 18 inches (^100,25/

2 to 3 feet — 50/

crat.egina, 1 to 2 feet

Darwinii, 6 to 9 inches.':^ 100, 15/

12 to 18 inches — 25/

1 8 to 24 inches — 50/

DULCis, I5 to 2 feet — 15/

E margin ATA

EMPETRiFOLiA,9to 1 s inchcs^ loo, 50/

FORTUNEI

HOOKEBIANA, I to 2 feet

iLiciFOLiA, 12 to 18 inches

Jamiesonii, 12 to 18 inches

Lawsoniana

xubertii

STENOPHYLLA '^ lOO, 30/

VULGARIS, T2 to 15 inches — 10/

I S to 24 inches — 15/

asperma

atropurpurea

aurea-marginata

laxa

lutea

provincialis

variegata

violacea

BETULA ALBA. See Birch, page 4.

laciniata pendula 1/6 to

pendula elegans {Young's Weeping)
3/6 to

urticifolia

DA U RICA

grandis

papy'racea

populifolia

incisa 2/6 to

ROTUNDI FOLIA

ULMl FOLIA

BIGNONIA CAPREOLATA.- -

GRAN DI FLORA

RADICANS

BOX. See Buxus.

BRAMBLE. See Rubus, page 23.

BRIDGES! A spicata

BROOM. See Cytisus and Spartium,

pp. \ 6 and 24.
BROUSSONETIA {Paper Mulberry)—

PAPY'RIFERA

variegata

BRYANTHUS erectus -

BUDDLEA GLOBOSA

Lin DLEY' AN A

BUPLEURUM FRUTicosuM

BUXUS {Boxwood) arborescens Hands-

worthensis

bale A RICA 6d. to

Fortune!

JAPONICA aurea

LONGIFOLIA 6d. tO

OUCORDATA

14

The Laws on Company s List,

[Nov. 1874

Each

5. d.

BUXUS {BoXlCOOcI), NEPALENSIS I O

ROTUNDIFOLIA 6d. tO I 6

SEMPERviRENS (Tree Box) 9 to 12 in.

f- doz., 4/

15 to 18 inches 6/

3 to 4 feet 1/ to 2 6

4 to 5 feet .^/6 to 5 o

angustifolia aurea i 6

glauca I o

intermedia 6d. to i o

marginataaurea,9toi2in. ■^doz.,4/

3 to 4 feet I 6

4 to 5 feet 1/6 to 5 o

nana {Divarf Box for edging)

f- 1000, 7/6

nova I o

pendula . 1/ to i 6

rosmarinifolia i/to 2 6

tenuifolia 6d. to 2 6

variegata argentea f- doz., 4/

12 to 15 inches — 6/

3 to 4 feet 1/ to 2 6

standards 5/ to 10 6

THYMIFOLIA I O

variegata i o

CALLUNA VULGARIS {Heather or Ling) o 6

albo aurea 1 o

Alportii I o

argentea t o

aurea i o

fl. pleno o 6

Foxii o 6

Haminondii o 6

minor o 6

pilosa o q

praecox o 6

rigida o 9

Serlii i o

tenue o 9

tomentosa o 6

variegata O 9

12 distinct varieties i>- doz., 6/

CALOPHACA WoLGARicA i 6

C\LYCANTH\JS {Allspice) FLon\nvs... i o
CAPRIFOLIUM {Honeysuckle). See also
LoNiCERA, page 20.

BRACHYPODA 1 O

aureum reticulatum 6d. to i o

DOUGLASII I o

ETRUSCUM I O

FLAVUM I O

FLEXUOSDM O 6

GRATA I O

OCCIDENTALS I O

PERFORATUM ^ cioZ., 4/

Perici.vmenum — 4I

Belgicum o 6

pallidum i o

quercifolium i o

serotinum o 6

SEMPERVIRENS major I 6

coccineum i o

minor i 6

Shepherdii 2 (>

C \RAGANA Ai.TAGANA i/ to 2 6

ARnoHESCKNS, I tO 2 fcct . .'^ lOO, 25/

4 to 6 feet i/to 2 (1

Chamlagu I 6

Each

s. d.

CAR.4lGANA gracilis pendula 1/6 to 3 6

macrophylla I 6

MICROPHYLLA I 6

Redowskii I 6

SPINOSA I O

CARPINUS AMERICANA I / to 2 6

Betulus. See Hornbeam, p. j.

heterophylla i/6 to 7 6

incisa 1/6 to 7 6

pendula 1/6 to g O

variegata argentea . 2/6 to g o

aurea 2/610 5 o

CA^Y A {Hickory Tree) alba i o

AMARA I o

macrocarpa I o

PORCINA O 6

TOMENTOSA I O

CASTANEA {Chestnut) Americana, 2 to

3 feet _ 1 6

chrysophylla 10/6 to 21 o

VESCA. See Spanish Chestnut,
page 4.

argentea variegata 2/6 to 5 o

asplenifolia 1/6 to 2 6

aurea variegata 2/6 to 5 o

cochleata 1/6 to 3 6

crispa variegata 5 o

Chataignier a bois jaune i 6

Bretonne i 6

Noir I 6

Dowrntoniana, 2 to 4 feet i 6

heterophylla 2 6

laciniata 1/6 to 3 6

liicida, 2 to 6 feet 1/ to 3 6

maculata, 2 to 6 feet 1/6 to 3 6

macrophylla 2/6 to 3 6

maderiensis 2 6

prolifica, 2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 2 6

pyramidalis, 2 to 8 feet i /6 to 5 o

variegata 3 6

several fruiting Sorts 1/6 to 2 6

CATALPA syringjifolia i o

aurea 3/6 to 10 6

K/F.MPFERII 3 6

CEANOTHUS AzuREus i 6

CRASSIFOI.IUS I 6

DENTATUS I 6

DIVARICATUS I 6

gloire de Versailles 5 o

Leon Simon 5 o

INTEGERRIMUS I 6

papillosus T 6

TIIVRSIFLORUS I 6

VELUTINUS I 6

a)id other varieties I 6

CELASTRUS scANDENs i o

CELTIS AUSTRALIS I o

CORnATA I o

GLABRATA I O

CEPHALANTHUS occiDENTALis i o

CERASUS {Lfiurel) borealis i o

Cham/f.cerasus, Standards 3 6

depressa 2 6

INT i-, 11 media I o

JAPONICA 2 ()

Juliana 1/6 to 3 6

pendula 2/6 to 3 (>

variegata z/6 to 5 o

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

15

Each

s. d.

CERASUS {Laurel)—

Lavrockrasvs {Bay Laurel), 910 12
inches transplanted .^ 100, 8/

12 to 18 inches — 15/

18 to 24 inches — 30/

2 to 4 feet ^ xoo, 35/ to 50/

caucasica, 12 inches -- fi- doz., 12/
colchica, 12 inches ._ — 4/

18 to 24 inches — 9/

falcata, 9 to 12 inches i o

intermedia, 9 to 12 inches 6d. to i o

jeffreyii, 9 to 12 inches i o

latifolia or macrophylla 2/6 to 5 o

pygmaea, 6 to 1 2 inches 6(1. to i o

rotundifolia,^He 6d. to i 6

variegata, 6 to 12 inches i o

LUsiTANiCA {Portugal Laurel), 6 to 9

inches 1^ 100, 10/6

9 to 12 inches — 15/

12 to t8 inches, bushy ^ 100,
25/1035/
18 to 24 inches, bushy 40/ to 50/
24 to 30 inches, bushy 1/ to 2 6

3 to 4 feet, bushy 2/6 to 5 o

4 to 6 feet, bushy 7/6 to 15 o

Standards 5/ to 42 o

azorica i/to 2 6

Ormistonensis i/to 2 6

variegata 1/6 to 5 o

Mahaleb. See p. 6.

Standards, 5 to 8 feet 1/6 to 5 o

Weeping, 4 to 6 feet 3/6 to 5 o

variegata 2 6

Pad us {Bird Cherry), 4 to 6 feet i o

aucubeefolia i o

bracteosa i 6

flore pleno 2 6

glaucifolia i 6

latifolia 2 6

Pattoni 2 6

PsEUDO-CERASUS I 6

SEROTiNA {Gean) i o

SYLVESTRIS O 6

fliore pleno i o

VIRGINIANA I O

variegata 5 o

VULGARIS {Common Cherry) _ 6d. to 2 6

flore pleno 1/ to 2 6

Gallica {French White) i/to 2 6

nicotinaefolia i o

semi-pleno gd. to 2 6

marasca : i 6

variegata {aucuhcefolia) 2 6

CERCIS [Judas Tree) Siliquastrum .. 06

carnea i 6

variegata 3 6

CESTRUM DiURNUM 1/6 to 2 6

CHENOPODIUM FRUTicosuM - i o

CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS 1/ to 2 6

GRANDIFI.ORUS l/tO 2 6

CHIONANTHUS viRGiNicus i 6

CISTUS cRispus I o

FOHMosus -^ doz., 6/

I.ADANIFERUS ((?;/Wl Cwtus) O fl

i.AURiroi.ius I o

I.USITANICUS I O

MONSPELIENSIS I O

MONTIVIDENSIS I O

Each
s. d.

CISTUS PLATYSEPAI.US I

POPULIFOLIUS I

REVOLUTUM I

ROSEUS I

SALVIFOLIUS I

UNDULATUS f- (loz., 6/

CLEMATIS Albert Victor .- i

Alexandra 3

Azu re A grandiflora i

CIRRHOSA I

Flammula o

FLORIDA I

Standishii i

FRANCOFURTENSIS 2

FORTUNEI 2

Hendersonii O

Henryii 5

insulensis 1

Jackmanii I

JOHN Gould Veitch 2

Lady BoviLL 2

Lady Caroline Neville 3

lanuginosa 2

Candida .-. 2

Lawsoniana 3

Lord Londesborough . 2

Lucy Lemoine 2

magnifica I

montana i

Mrs James Batlman 2

Otto Frcebel 2

patens Amelia i

Helena i

insignis 2

monstrosa 2

Sophia I

Prince of Wales i

Reginje I

rubella I

rubro-violacea I

Sieboldii 1

Star of India 3

Symeiana 3

the gem 2

Thomas Moore 2

velutina purpurea 2

VlTALBA O

Viticella o

fl. alba I 2

rubra grandiflora 3

venosa

CLETHRA alnifolia

scabra

tomentosa

CLIANTHUS puNicEus

COCCOLOBA VESPERTILIONIS 1/ to

COLLETIA FEROx

SPINOSA

COLUTEA ARBORESCENS

SANGUINEA

COMPTONIA ASPLENIFOLrA 2

CORCHORUS jAPONicus ^ doz., 4/

flore pleno — 4/

variegatus 1

CORIARIA MVRTIFOLIA I

RUSCIFOLIA I

CORNUS {Dogwood) alba {Red Barked),
li to 3 feet, ■^ 100, 25/ to 30/

6
6
o
6
6

6

6

o

6

6

o

6

6

6

6

o

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6
6
6
6
o
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

i6

The Lawson Company's List.

[Nov. 1874

Each
s. d.

CORNUS (Dogn'ood)—

ALBA sibirica, i to 2 feet -.^ doz., 6/
variegata 2/6 to

ALTERNIFOLIA ^ cloz., 6/

CANADENSIS, I tO 2 feet

ciRciNATA, 2feet .

variegata, i to4 feet 1/ to

PANICULATA, I tO 2 feet

SANGUINEA ^? lOO, 25/

variegata i/ to

SERICEA

CORONILLA Emerus

CORYLOPSIS spicATA

CORYLUS (Filbert, &c.) avellana

heterophylla, 2 to 3 feet

pendula

purpurea, i /to

rostrata

fruiting sorts, f- doz., 6/ to 18/

COTONEASTER acuminata 6d. to

AFFINIS 6d. to

BUXI FOLIA 6d. to

FRIGIDA 6d. to

HOOKERIANA

LANATA

LAXIFLORA

MICROPHYLLA 1)? 100, 35/

compacta If* doz., 12/

spicata %^ 100,50/

NUMMULARIA 1>- doz., 6/ tO 12/

ROTUNDIFOLIA f- doZ. , 4/

RUPESTRIS 6/

SiMONSii, I to 2 feet ^ lOO, 25/

2 to 3 feet I? doz., 6/

thymifolia ^ 100, 35/

tomentosa

uniflora

VILLOSA

VULGARIS

Standards

Wheelerii 1/ to

MAScuLA, 2 to 3 feeti>- 100, 25/ to 35/
CRAT^GUS {Hawthm-n) acerifolia, 3

to 6 feet

API I FOLIA, 2 to 5 feet

ARONiA, I to 3 feet

AZAROLUS -

coccinea, 2 feet-- li"? doz., 6/

6 to 8 feet

4 varieties

CRASS! FORME

CRENULATA, in pOtS I / tO

Crusgalli -

4 varieties

Douglasm, 3 to 4 feet

HETEROPHYLLA, 2 tO 4 fcCt

TNTERMEDIA, 3 tO 4 ft --

Layii

Magna DIANA, 3 to 4 feet

MACRANTIIA, 4 fcCt -

MELANOCAHPA

NEAPOLITANA, 4 to 6 fcet

ODORATISSIMA, 3 tO 5 fcct

ORIKNTALIS, 2 tO 4 tcet

ovALiFoi.iA, 2 to 3 feet

OXYACANTIIA (Common Hamthorn). Si

Thorn or Quick, p. $.

coccinea (Syn. — piiniaa) i/ to

I

6

I

6

I

0

0

6

2

6

I

6

I

6

I

6

I

6

1

6

2

6

I

6

I

6

2

6

I

0

I

6

I

0

1

0

1

0

I

6

2

6

I

6

I

6

CRATAEGUS oxYACANTHA, ft. plcno

coccinea (Paul's) i/6 to

eriocarpa

fructu-coccinea

lutea

Guthirieana

pleno alba .1/ to

pendula, 6 feet stems 2/6 to

pentagynia

quercifolia

spinosissima

striata

tortuosa

variegata argentea

aurea

PARVIFOLIA

grossulariasfolia

PRUNIFOLIA

PUNCTATA 1/ to

rubra

stricta

PURPUREA ..

Pyracantha 1/ to

TAN ACETI FOLIA

TOMENTOSA

50 varieties, 2 of each, .'^ 100, 63/
25 do., I do. ■ — 42/

CURRANT, Flowteking. See Ribes,
page 23.

CYDONIA (Pyrus) japonica

alba

alba-cincta

atrosanguinea ,

aurora

candidissima

a. pleno

grandiflora

Moerloozii

nivea extus coccinea

rubra grandfiora

VULGARIS

a?id other sorts i/ to 1/6

CYTISUS ALPiNus. 6'ee Scotch Labur-
num, page 5.

ALPINUS giganteus 1/ to

annularis, 4 to 6 feet i/to

hybridus, 3 to 5 feet

pendulus, 6 to q feet 2/6 to

Parksii, 4 to 6 feet

Watcreiii

Laburnum. See English Laburnum,

P-5-

crispum

f ragrans

latifolium

puipureum, 4 to 6 feet

ciuercifolium, 2 to 4 feet

variegatum, 4 to 6 feet

Weldcnii

ALUus, 2 to 4 feet f- doz., 4/ to 9/

PUR PU REUS

aibillorus

atropurpureus

incarnatus

scoPARius (Common Broom). See
p. 4.
albus

(K-ndulus (standards) 2/6 to

Each

s. d.

5 o

I 6

I 6

1 6

2 6

o
6
6
6
6
6
o
6
6
6
6
o 6

I o
3 6

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

17

DAPHNE Cneorum 1/ to

variegata 1/ to

COI.LINA 1/ to

Dauphinii 1/ to

Fioniana 1/ to

Neapolitana i/to

ELEGANTISSliMA

INDICA 1/ to

Laureola '^doz., 4/ to 9/

variegata

Mezereum f- doz., 4/ to 9/

atropurpurea i/to

alba

autuinnalis

ODORATA

oleoides .

PONTIC A 6d. to

PUBESCENS

SA LI CI FOLIA

DESFONTAINEA spinosa 1/ to

DEUTZIA CORYMBOSA „.

CRENATA

flore pleno 6d. to

fol. alba marmorata

GRACILIS 6d. to

fol. aurea variegata marginata

SCABRA

DIERVILLA CANADENSIS

DIMORPHANTHUS mandshuricus ...

DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA

DIRCA PALUSTRIS 1/ to

DOGWOOD. See CoKsvs, page I ^.

ECCREMOCARPUS scabra

EDWARDSIA Macnabiana

MICROPHYLLA

ELjEAGNUS argentea 6d. to

ANGUSTI FOLIA

EDULus odoratus

reflexa

variegata 1/ to

ELDER. See page 4, and Sambucus,
page 24.

EMPETRUM nigrum

rubrum

scotticum

EPIGiEA REPENS

ERICA (Heath) australis 6d. to

rosea

ciliaris 6d. to

CINEREA

alba

rosea

6 distinct varieties 4d. to

HERBACEA 4d. to

carnea 6d. to

LANCEOLATA

Mackayana 1/ to

MEDITERRANEA fjd. tO

alba

hibernica 4d. to

nana

SORDIDA

spiCATA alba

STRICTA

Tetralix

alba

mollis

VAOANS

Each
s. el.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

3 6

Each

5. (/.

ERICA vagans alba .-4d. to i o

grandiflora i o

multiflora 4d. to i o

rubra i o

viridis purpurea 1 o

other Sorts 4d. to i o

VULGARIS, ^ee Calluna, p. 14.

ERIOBOTRYA jAPONicA if lo 3 6

ESCALLONIA Ingramii i 6

MACRANTHA, f- doZ., 6/ tO 9/ '^ lOO,
35/1050/

ORGANENSIS i 6

PTEROCLADON I o

REVOLUTUM I 6

RUBRA I o

alba I 6

EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA I 6

EUGENIOIDES I 6

FISSILLIS I 6

GLOBOSUS I b

OBLIQUA I 6

PECULARIS I 6

RESINIFERA I 6

EUGENIA APicuLATA. I 6

MYRTIFOLIA I 6

Ugni 1/ to 3 6

other Sorts i/6 to 2 6

EUONYMUS {Spindle Tree)—

ANGUSTIFOLIUS O 6

EUROP.ius, 2 to 8 feet 6d. to 3 6

fructu-albo, i to 6 feet gd. to 3 6

nanus, 9 to 1 2 inches o 6

JAPONicus 6d. to I 6

fol. argenteus i 6

aureus i 6

marginatus i 6

fimbriatus i o

LATIFOLIUS I 6

NANUS I o

RADiCANs fol. variegatis 2 6

EURYA LATiFOLiA variegata 1/6 to 10 6

EURYBIA ARGOPHYLLA I 6

GUNNIANA I 6

ILICIFOLIA I 6

TOMENTOSA 2 6

FABIANA IMBRICATA i/ to 2 6

FAGUS (JSeecA) BETULOiDEs 3/6 to 10 6

caroliniana, 3 to 5 feet 2 6

ferruginea 1/6 to 3 6

SYLVATICA. See Common Beech,
page 4.

asplenifolia, 4 to 6 feet 2/6 to 3 6

castaneaefolia i 6

Comptoncefolia i 6

cristata, 2 to 6 feet 1/6 to 5 o

cuprea {Copper Beech), 2 to 3 feet

i/to I 6

3105 feet .1/6 to 2 6

5 to 8 feet ..2/6to 7 6

macrophylla, 3 to 6 feet 1/6 to 5 o

pendula, 6 to 8 feet 2/6 to 10 6

purpurea {Purple Beech), 2 to 3 feet i o

3 to 4 feet 1 6

4 to 6 feet 2/6 to 3 6

6 to 10 feet 5/ to 42 o

pendula, 6 to 8 feet 3/6 to 21 o

salicifolia, 2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 3 6

quercifolia, 2 to 6 feet i/to 3 6

The Lawson Company's List.

[Nov, 1874

FAGUS SYLVATiCA variegata argentea,

2 to 6 feet, 1/6 to

aurea, 2 to 4 feet,

FONTANESIA phillyr^oides

FORSYTHIA Fortunei

SUSPENSA 1/ to

VIRIDISSIMA 1/ to

FOTHERGILLA alnifolia, 2 feet

FRAXINUS ACUMINATA {Rim. or Yellow
Ash) i/to

AMERICANA

CALABRICA

CAROLiNiANA, 3 to 4 feet

CHiNENsis, 3 to 6 feet

ELLiPTiCA, 3 to 6 feet

EXCELSIOR {Common Ash). See p. 4.

argentea, 2 to 6 feet

aurea, 2 to 3 feet ^ doz., q/

3 to 5 feet __ — — 12/ to 18/

pendula, 6 to 10 feet 5/ to

aucubffifolia, 4 to 6 feet

crispa, 2 to 3 feet

glomerata, i to 2 feet

monstrosa, 3 to 6 feet l/to

pendula, 6 to 1 2 feet stems 2/6 to

verticillaris

nigra

variegata -

EXPANSA, 3 to 6 feet

GLABRA, 3 to 6 feet

HETEROPHYLLA, 3 tO 6 feet

HispiDA, 3 to4 feet

INTEGRIFOLIA, 6 tO lO fcCt I /6 tO

nigra, 6 to lo feet 1/6 to

JUGLANDIFOLIA, 3 to 4 feet

LENTisciFOLiA, 3 to 6 feet

pendula, 6 feet stems

LUCIDA

LYRATA

MONOPHYLLA purpurascens

Ornus {Flowering Ash), i to 2 feet .
3 to 6 feet'. 1/ to

OXYCARPA

OXYPHYLLA

PALLIDA

vvBESCzi^s {Red Ash) 6d to

RiCHARDil

RUFA --

SAMBUCIFOLIA l/ tO

SCOLOPENDHIFOLIA, 3 tO 6 feet

Species from Rocky Mountains

SPECTABILIS

viRiDis, 3 to 6 feet

FREMONTIA californica 3/6 to

GARRYA ELLIPTICA 1/ to

Frcmontiana

GAULTHERIA acutifolia.

FURENS

PROCUMBENS

Shallon

GENISTA ANGLICA.. ---

HisPANicA {Spanish Whin)

IIORRIDA

SAO ITT A LIS

TINCTOniA

fl. plcno

GLEDITSCHIA casi-ica

HORRIUA -

Each

5.

d.

3
3

6
6
6

6

6

6

6

I

6

2

6

I

0

S

0

5

I

0

6

I

6

7

I

6
6

I

6

I

6

I

0

2

6

I

6

2

6

I

0

2

6

I

6

2

6

I

6

I

6

2

6

I

6

I

6

5
2

0
6

3

I

6
6

I

6

I

6

0

6

0

6

I

0

0

6

0

6

0

6

I

0

I

6

I

6

Each

s. d,

GLEDITSCHIA macrantha i o

TRIACANTHOS O 6

inermis o 6

GLYCINE [IVistaria) macrobotrys 5 o

SINENSIS 1/ to 2 6

alba 1/6 to 3 6

GRISELINIA littoralis. i o

macrophylla 1/6 to 2 6

GUELDER ROSE. 6'ee Viburnum, jO 25.

GURYA JAPONICA 2 6

GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS i 6

GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM l/6tO 2 6

elegans compacta 2 6

fol. nivea variegata 3 6

HALIMODENDRON ARGENTEUM i 6

HALESIA {Snowdrop Tree), tetraptera i o

HAMAMELIS viRGiNicA i 6

HEATH. 5'eeCALLUNAand Erica, pp. 14

and 17.
HEDERA Helix {Common Ivy), f- 100,

1 2/6

algeriensis o 6

variegata i 6

arborescens i/to i 6

minor lutea i o

stricta 1 o

argentea .maculata i o

betulaefolia i o

canariensis o t)

monophylla i o

caenwoodiana i o

Cavendishii . i o

chrysocarpa o 6

colchica arborea i o

conglomerata 2 o

dentata i o

digitata {pabnata) o 6

donerailensis o 6

gracilis o 6

hibernica'^ 100, 12/6 ^ 1000, 100/

variegata i o

japonica argentea i o

latimaculata f- doz., 6/

marginata arborea i 6

gracilis- i o

marmorata i o

minuta 1 o

obovata i 6

poetica i o

aurea i o

variegata i o

rhomboidca i o

variegata i o

Romana o 9

sagittalis i o

taurica 1>. doz., 6/

variegata argentea o 6

aurea i o

elegans i o

tricolor 1 o

RtEGNERIANA ^ doZ., 6/

HELIANTHEMUM {Rock Rose)—

12 distinct Sorts f- doz., 4/

HIBISCUS sYRiAcus.. i/to 2 6

named Varieties 1/6 to 3 6

HIPPOPHAE rhamnoides. See Sea Buck-
thorn, p. 4.

angustifolia — i o

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

19

Each t
s. d. I
I 6

HIPPOPHAE RHA.MNoiDES salicifolia i

HOLLY. See page 5, and Ilex.
HONEYSUCKLE. See Lonicera, /». 20,
and Caprifolium, /). 14.

HYDRANGEA hortensis.. 6d. to i

Imperatrice Eugenie '

JAPONIC A '

variegata argentea i

aurca •

NIVEA '

PANicuLATA alba 1

grandiflora '

rosea alba '

HYPERICUM Andros^mum o

CALYCINUM I*- IOO> 25/

ELATUM '

HIRCINUM '

NEPALENSIS '

ORIENTALIS (Jine) "^ 100, 25/

HYSSOPUS officinalis o

IUESIA folycarpa .1

ILEX Aquifolium (Cf)mmo7i Holly). See
page 5.
Sec. I. — Leaves Green, and as large or
larger thati those of the Species,
i.e., Common Holly,

alcicorne, 1 to 2 feet — i

3 to S feet .---.- -3/6 to 10

caroliniana, i to 3 feet 1/6 to 7

Dutch Holly, 2 to 5 feet i /6 to 7

fructu-lutea, 3 to 5 feet 2/6 to 10

grandifolium, i§ to 2 feet 3/6 to 10

heterophyllum, i to 3 feet 1 /6 to 3

Hodgensii, i to 2 feet 1/ to 2

2 to 3 feet 2/6 to 3

3 to 6 feet 3/6 to 21

hybridum, 2 to 4 feet i /6 to 5

intermedium, 2 to 5 feet 1/6 to 10

integrifolium latifolium, 2 to 3 ft., 2/6 to 5

lati-spinum, i to 2 feet 2

latifolium, i to 2 feet 1/ to 2

laurifolium, i to 2 feet 1/ to 2

marginatum, 1 to 2 feet i

2 to 4 feet 2/6 to 3

4 to 6 feet 5/ to 10

nobilis, i to 2 feet i

3 to 5 feet 3/^ to 7

pendulum, 2 to 4 feet z/Oto 5

4 to 6 feet S/ to 10

platyphyllum, 2 to 4 feet 2

rotundifolium 1/ to 7

rlgidum, i to 2 feet i

^2 to 5 feet 2/6 to S

Shepherdii, i to 2 feet i

2 to 4 feetj ..2/6 to 3

4 to 6 feet* S/to 10

Sect. II. — Leaves Green, and smaller than
those of the Species.

aculeatum, i to 2 feet -- 3

angustifolium, I to 2 feet 2

ciliatum majus, i to 4 feet 1/6 to 5

minus, i to 2 feet 1/6 to 2

crassitolium, I to 3 feet 1/6 to 5

cnspum, 6 to 12 inches I

1 to 2 feet I

2 to 4 feet 2/6 to 5

Donningtonensc, i to 3 feet -. 2/6 to 5

Each

s. d.

I 6

1 6

?< °

2 o

3 (>

3 6

2 6
5 o

3 6
7 6

10 6

^ °

2 6

2 6

10 6

2 6

5 '>

5 o

S o

7 6

ILEX AQUi folium ferox, i to 2 feet

2 to 4 feet

myrtifolium, i to 3 feet 1/6 to

ovatum, I to 2 feet 1/6 to

recurvum, i to 3 feet 1'6 to

serratifolium, i to 2 feet 1/6 to

Whittingtonensis, 2 to 3 feet 2/6 to

Sect. III. — Leaves Blotched, Margined,
or Variegated icith If^kite.
angusti-marginatum, i to 3 feet 1/6 to

ferox argenteum, i to 3 feet 1/ to

Handsworthensis, i to 2 feet

lati-marginatum, i to 3 feet 1/ to

laurifolium argenteum

marginatum, i to 5 feet 1/ to

pectinata majus, i to 3 feet, 2/6 to

minus, i to 2 feet

pendulum, i to 2 feet

3 to 6 feet 7/6 to

pictum, 1 to 2 feet 1/6 to

purpureum, i to 3 feet 1/6 to

quadricolor, I to 3 feet 1/6 to

tricolor, i to 3 feet 1/6 to

viridum, i to 4 feet 1/ to

Sect. IV. — Leaves Blotched, Margined,
or Variegated with Yellow.

angustifolium, i to 3 feet 1/ to

angusti-marginatum, 2 to 4 feet. 1/6 to
aurantiaca [Moonlight) I to 5 feet 1/6 to

crispum, I to 3 feet 1/ to

ferox aureum, i to 2 feet 1/ to

2 to 4 feet 2/6 to

heterophyllum, i to 4 feet 1/ to

lati-marginatum, I to 2 feet

laurifolium variegatum aureum

Lawsoniana 3/^ ^o

marginatum, i to 3 feet 1/ to

media-picta variegatum, 2 feet

nanum {It'aterer's Dicurf), I to 2

feet - 2/6 to

pictum, 1 to 4 feet 1/ to

Regina {Queen, Golden) 1/6 to

rigidum marginatum, i to 3 feet 1/ to

pictum, I to 4 feet 1/ to

Large specimens by special bargain.

BALEARrCA l/6 tO

nigrescens, i to 2 feet i/to

variegata, i 103 feet 2/6 to

coRNUTA, I to 2 feet 1/6 to

CRENATA (Fortunei) 2/6 to

variegata '/ to

CUNNINGHAMII, 2 tO 5 fcCt 3/6 tO

FURCATA, I to 2 feet

L ATI FOLIA

LATispiNA minor

MACROCARPA, I to 3 feet 1/6 to

MYRTI FOLIA

OPACA, I to 2 feet

PERADO, I to 2 feet

RiGiDA, 6 to 12 inches

TURAGO 2/6 to

Weeping, of sorts --7/6 to 42

7 6

S o
21 o

0

6

2

6

5
2

0
6

7

6

5

0

S
2

0
6

B

0

5
3

0
6

2

0
6

2

6

2

6

INDIGOFERA uosua.

FI.ORIUU NDA

20

The Lawson Company s List.

[Nov. 1874

Each

s. d.
IVY. ^ee Hedera, pa^e 18.

JASMINUM GRANDIFLOBUM 2 6

HUMILE O 6

NUDIFLORUM 6d. tO I O

variegatum i 6

OFFICINALE O 6

variegatum i 6

REVOLUTUM O 9

JUGLANS (/ro/?l!/0 CINEREA l/tO 2 6

MACROPHYLLA g O

NIGRA 1/ to 2 6

PR^PARTURIENSIS, 1 to 4 feet.-i/6 to 5 O
REGiA. ^fe Walnut, page 5.

laciniata (y?rtc) 2/6 to 7 6

monophylla 5/ to 7 6

pendula 5/ to 10 6

KALMIA angustifolia o 6

variegata 1 o

GLAUCA I o

latifolia 1/ to 5 o

MYRTI folia 1/6 to 5 O

rosea 2 6

rubra 2 6

nana 2 6

KOLREUTERIA PANicuLATA 1/ to 2 6

LARDIZABALA BiTERNATA 2 6

LAUREOLA aromatica i 6

LAURUS NOBiLis {Sweet Bay) —

6 to 12 inches, t^ doz., 6/ to 9/

12 to 24 inches 1/ to 3 6

Standards in Tubs,. .21/ to 150 o

ciispa 2 6

salicifolia 2 6

undulata 2 6

LAUREL, Alexandrian. See Ruscus,
page 23,
Bay. See Cerasus, page 15.
Portugal. SeeCY.K\svs,pnge i^.
LAURESTINUS. See Viburnum Tinus,
page 25.

LAVANDULA spiCA (LaDf»f/rr) o 6

fl. albo I o

LEDUIVI ANGUSTIFOLIUM I O

BUXIFOLIUM I O

CANADENSE I 6

LATiFOLiuM compactum i 6

LYONIA - I O

PALUSTRE I O

THYMIFOLIUM I O

LESPEDESIA MACROCARPA 3 6

LEYCESTERIA formosa...^ 100, m/ to

LIGUSTRUM {Privet) japonicum—

9 to 12 inches -^ doz., 6/

12 to 18 inches — 12/

aureum maculatuni .- 2 6

FOL VARIEGATA excelsa 3 T)

tricolor 3 (^

CORIACEUM 1/6 to 2 (*

LUCIDUM I f)

variegatum 2 6

nepalense I 6

ovALiFOLiuM, 12 to i8 inchcs

"^ TOO, 10/ O 6

2 to 3 feet, bushy, y- doz., 4/ o ()

aurca marginatum 2 6

variegatum — 2 ^

SINENSE-- - I to 2 o

E.ich

». d.
LIGUSTRUM vuLGARE(CommowP/-iiipO-

fl. luteum odoratum 1 o

fructu-luteum ^j- doz., 6/

pendulum 2 6

variegatum Tf* doz., 4/

superbum , 9/

LILAC. iS'ee Syringa, pag-r 24.

LIQUIDAMBAR(y^mZ<er Tree) iMBERBE 1 o

Styraciflua I 6

LIRIODENDRON tulipiferum {Tulip

Tree). i/to 5 o

acutifoiium S o

integrifolium S/ 'o ^^ ^

LONICERA alpigena, 1 to 3 feet i o

c^erulea o 6

CONFUSA I O

Ledebourii '^ doz., dj

OPPOSITIFOLIA I O

TARTARICA ^ doz., 6/

xylosteum — 6/

See also Caprifolium, page 14.

LYCIUM BARBARUM O 6

OVATUM O 9

MACLURA AURANTiACA {Osage Orange) i o

variegata 2 6

MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA i/6 to 5 o

Campbellii 2i/to 63 o

CONSPICUA 2/6 to 7 6

Soulangeana 1/6 to 5 o

speciosa 3 6

GLAUCA 1/6 to 5 o

Thomsonii S o

grandiflora 1/6 to 10 6

Lenne .'n/ to 7 6

MACROPHYLLA 2/6 tO g O

PRECOX 2 6

PURPUREA 3 6

rotundifolia i/6 to 3 6

TRIPETALA l/6 to 2 6

MAHONIA Aquifolium {Common
Malwnia), 6 to 12 inches, trans-
planted, ^ 1000, 7s/

12 to 18 inches "^ 100, 15/

18 to 24 inches — 21/

repens gd. to i o

Bealii 1/6 to 2 (1

fascicularis I (t

FORTUNEI 1/6 to 3 6

glumacea (werro.sv;) 6d. to i 6

INTERMEDIA l/tO I <">

japonica .1/6 to 5 O

Leschenaultii 2/6 to 7 6

NEPALENSIS ^/6 to 10 f)

MARGYROCARPUS SETOsus '. 2 6

MENZIESIA c^.RULEA-- 1 6

GI.OBOSA I O

fl. alba - I o

GLOBULARIS 1 O

POLIFOLIA O 6

fl. alba - o 6

MESPILUS (AMi/flr) GERMANiCA i o

other sorts I 6

MITRARIA cocciNEA i/ to i 6

MORUS {MuU'crrij) alba i/6 to 2 6

MoRETTlANA I O

NIGRA 2/6 to 10 6

RUBRA l/tO 2 6

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

21

Each

s. d.

MYRICA CERIFF.RA o 6

Galz {Sweet Giile) -- i o

MYRTUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS I o

COMMUNIS 6(1. to 7 ^'

Standards 1 0/6 to 1 05 o

LAURIFOLIUS I O

THYMIFOLIUS I O

NEGUNDO FRAXiNiFOLiA {Ash Maple),
I to 3 feet trans., .^ 100, 30/

41010 feet 1/ to 3 6

crispa i 6

variegata alba i/to 5 o

violacea 1/ to 5 o

NEILLIA THYRSIFLORA I O

NUTTALIA CERASIFORME 3 o

NYSSA BIFLORA 2 6

GRANDIDENTATA I 6

VILLOSA I 6

OLEA (0/tye) EUROP^A i o

EXCELSA I 6

ILICIFOLIA l/6 to 2 6

ONONIS FRUTICOSA 1 I o

ROTUNDIFOLIA I O

OSMANTHUS iLrciFOLius i/6 to 7 6

VARIEGATUS I /6 tO 7 6

nanus i/6 to 7 6

aureus 2/6 to 7 6

OSTRYA ALBA I 6

VIRGINICA I 6

OXYCOCCOS {Cranberry) americanus. 1 o

MACROCARPUS I O

P.EONIA MouTAN {Tree Pa'onij)..ij(no 3 6

12 distinct varieties 2/6 to 5 o

12 Chinese Sorts 5/ to 10 6

PALIURUS ACULEATUS {Christ's Thorn)
^doz., 4/

PASSIFLORA c.ERULEA i 6

PAULOWNIA iMPERiALis 1/ to 3 6

PAVIA {Smooth-fruited or Buckeye Horse

Chestnut) CAhiFORSiCA I o

CANADENSIS, 3 feet I o

cocciNEA, 3 to 4 feet i 6

DISCOLOR, 3 feet i o

DUBiA, 4 to 6 feet i 6

FLAVA, 3 feet I o

GRACILIS I 6

LYON II I /to 2 6

NEGLECTA, 3 to 8 feet 1/ to 3 6

RUBRA, 3 to 4 feet i/to i 6

rosea, 3 to 4 feet ..i/to 3 6

SPICATA 1/ to 2 6

PERIPLOCA GR^CA I o

PERIWINKLE. See Vinca, page 25.

PERNETTYA ANGUsTiFOLiA ... i o

CANDIDA 2 6

FLORIBUNDA ^ I O

MICROPIIYLLA 1 O

MUCRONATA ^ doZ., 4/

PILOSA I 6

SPEC I OS A ^ doz., 6/

PHILADELPHUScoRONARius 6d. to i o

flore pleno, i to 3 feet 6(1. to i o

variegatus, i to 2 feet 1/ to i 6

FLORIBUNDUS I O

GRACILIS Cd. to I o

GoRDONIANUS Tid. to I o

GRANDIFLORUS I O

INODOHUS fid. to I 6

Each

,s-. (/.

PHILADELPHUS sPECiosus o 9

PHILESIA BuxiFoLiA 2/6 to 1; o

PHILODENDRON AMURENSE.- 5 o

PHILLYREA ANGUSTIFOLIA 6(1. to 2 9

LATIFOLIA 6d. to 3 6

LIGUSTRIFOLIA 1/ to 2 6

MEDIA 6d. to 3 6

buxifolia i/to 3 6

OLEiEFOLIA l/tO 3 6

PHLOMIS FRUTICOSA O 9

PHORMIUM TENAX {Neiv Zealand FLaa:)

1/6 to s o

VARIEGATA 63/ to60O O

VEITCHII 42/ to 63 O

PHOTINIA GLABRA. - I O

SERRULATA 1 O

PIPTANTHUS NEPALENSIS - I o

PISTACIA VERA I 6

PITTOSPORUM coRNiFOLiA I 6

Mayii, 6 to 12 inches 2 6

TENUrFOLIA I 6

ToBiRA, 6 to 12 inches i o

variegata 1/ to 2 6

UGENIOIDES I 6

PLANERA RicHARDii 1/6 to 2 6

PLAT ANUS {Plane) nepalensis, 3 feet.. 2 6
occiDENTALis {Western Plane), 2 to 6

feet, 6d. to 2 6

variegata 5 o

orientalis {Oriental Plane), 2 to 6

feet, ._ 6d. to 2 6

acerifolia, I § to 6 feet 1/ to 2 6

cuneata, i to 2 feet i/to i 6

POLYGALA Chamsibuxus i o

POPULUS {Poplar). Seepage 5.

ALBA {Abele), 2 to 3 feet ._1>- 100, 35/

3 to 5 feet — 60/

6 to 8 feet ..i/to 3 6

acerifolia i/to 2 6

BALSAMiFERA suaveokns i/to 2 6

canadensis I o

CANDicANS variegata i 6

canescens I 6

CORDIFOLIA I O

GR/ECA I O

HUDSONII I O

LAURIFOLIA 6d. to I 6

LiNDLEYANA I O

incana i o

MACROPHYLLA variegata 2/6 to 5 o

SALICIFOLIA I O

TREMULA {Aspen) I 6

pendula ^/6 to 10 6

POTENTILLA FLORIBUNDA 1 o 6

FRUTICOSA O 6

GLABRA 2 6

PRINOSglaber 2 6

prunifolius i o

verticillatus o 9

PRUNUS (P/wm) brigantiaca i o

CALIFORNICA I O

DOMESTIC A. 5'eeFBUiTTREE Catalogue.

flore pleno 2 6

variegata aurea i 6

iffSTiTiA {BuUace Plum) i/to 2 6

MYROBOLANA {Cherry Plum) I 6

SINENSIS flore albo pleno i 6

SIM NOSA flore pleno (Do»/7f S'/of)! ,'6 to 3 6

22

The Lawson Company s List.

[Nov. 1874

Each

s. d.
PRUNUS TRILOBA. See Amygdalopsis

LiNDLEYII, p. 12.

PTELEA TRIFOLIATA 6d. to 2 6

variegata 1/6 to 2 6

PTEROCARVA caucasica 1/6 to 5 o

PTEROSTYRAX hispidum 5 o

PUNICA (Pomegranate) granatumqcI. to 5 o

Legrellii 3/6 to 5 o

PVRUS ACERiFOLiA, 2 to 3 feet i 6

5 to 8 feet 2 6

AMERICANA 1/6 to 3 6

fastigiata, 3 to 4 feet i 6

fl. albo pleno 2 6

fl. rubro pleno 2 6

Aria (Service or fFh He Beam). Seep. 5 .

latifolia, 2 to 6 feet i/to 2 6

nivea, 3 to 6 feet 1/ to 2 6

undulata, 3 feet i 6

amygdaliformis, 3 to8 feet. -1/6 to 3 6

ASTRACANicA fastigiata, 2 to 4 feet 1 o

AUCUPARIA (Mountain Ash). See page 4..

fastigiata, 4 to 6 feet i/to 3 6

fructu-lutea, 2 to 3 feet i/to 3 6

pendula, 6 to 10 feet stems, _ 2/6 to 7 6

variegata 5 o

BACCATA(5'i7'e>-;'o« C7-a/')2to6feet i/to 2 6

aurea i o

maxima 2 6

rubra 2 6

BOLLWYLLERIANA, 2 to 5 feet. - I / tO 2 6

CAROLINIANA 2 6

COMMUNIS (Pear) fl. pleno 1/ to 2 6

angustifolia i o

variegata, 2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 2 6

fructu-variegata i/to i 6

jaspida, 2 to 4 feet 1/ to i 6

fruiting sorts. iSee Fruit Trees.

CORONARIA, 2 to 4 feet i/to 2 6

ELKAGNIFOLIA, 3 to 6 feet I / tO 2 6

FLORIBUNDA, 2 to 4 feet i/ to I 6

iiETEROPHY.LLA, 2 to 6 feet I /6 to 3 6

INTERMEDIA, 3 to 6 fect 6d. to 1 6

Kudu i 6

LANUGINOSA, 3 to 6 feet i/6 to 3 6

MAi.us (Apple) fol. argenteis 3 6

aurca nervosa, 2 to 4 feet i o

argentea marginata, 2 to 3 feet 3 6

jaspida 2 6

spectabilis i 6

MAULEi (new Japan apple) 21/ to 31 6

NEPALENsis, 2 to 4 feet 1/ to I 6

PINNATIFIDA, 2 to 8 fect 1/ to 2 6

arbuscula, 3 to 6 fect 1/ to 3 6

PRUNiFoi.iA, 3 to 6 feet 1/ to i 6

coccinea, 2 to 8 feet i/to 2 6

hybrida, 3 to 8 feet i/to i 6

n 1 NGO, 2 to 4 feet 2 /C) to 5 o

SALiciFOi-iA, 2 to 4 feet i/fi to 3 6

SALVIFOLIA, 2 to 8 feet 1/ to 3 6

SINENSIS, I to 2 feet 3 6

SoRBUS (Service), 3 to 6 fect, 1/ to 2 6

IIETEROPIIVI.I.A 1/ to 2 6

SPECTABIMS, 2 to 4 fect I / tO 2 6

SPURIA, 2 to 4 feet I / to 2 6

Theopiirastii, 3 to 6 fect 1/ to 2 6

TOR I NGO, 2 to 3 feet 2 6

undulata, 2 to 3 feet 1 6

VESTiTA, 2 to 8 feet i/Ci to 3 6

Each

S. (I.

QUERCUS(0«A)^GiLOPs i 6

pendula, 6 to 8 feet 5/ to 10 6

AMERICANA coccinea 2 6

C ERR IS (Turkey Oak). See page ^.

austriaca 1/6 to 5 o

fulhamensis, 2 to 4 feet 2 6

heterophylla, 4 to 6 feet 2 6

laciniata i/to 3 6

Lucombeana 2/6 to .^ o

incisa, 2 to 4 feet 2 6

variegata argentea, 2 to 5 feet 2/6 to 7 6

variegata 2/6 to 10 6

pendula 7/6 to lo 6

COCCINEA, I year seedlings ^i- 100, 7/6

2 years seedlings — 10/6

18 to 24 inches — 50/

2 to 3 feet — too/

3 to 6 feet 1/6 to 5 o

DENSIFLORA 3/6 tO 5 O

DENTATA 7 6

FAGINA I 6

GLABRA ' 3/0 to 10 6

I L E X .( £ vei-green Oak)

9 to 12 inches '^ loo, 25/

I to 2 feet — • 50/

4 to 8 feet 2/6 to 10 6

12 to 15 inches in pots, "p-

doz„ 9/

Fordii 2/6 to 7 6

diversifolia 2 6

dentata 2 6

integrifolia 2 6

latifolia 2/6 to 5 o

rotundifolia 2 6

salicifolia 1/6 to 3 6

serratifolia 1/6 to 3 6

LoNETTi 3/6 to 7 6

NOBILIS 21 O

PANNONICA 2/6 to 10 6

PEDUNCULATA (Conimoii Oak). See
page 5.

asplenifolia, 3 to 5 feet 2/6 to 5 o

comptoniEEfolia 2, 6 to 3 6

Concordia (Golden Oak) 2y6 to 7 6

fastigiata cochleata, 2 to 4 feet 2/6 to 3 6

rubra, 4 to 10 feet 2/6 to 7 6

viride, 3 to 8 feet 2/6 to 7 6

Fennesii, 2 to 8 feet 1/6 to 5 o

filicifolia 26 to 3 6

heterophylla, 2 to 4 feet 1/6 to 5 o

cuccuiata 5 o

dissccta 3 6

nigra 3/6 to 7 6

nigricans 5 6

pectinata 3 o

])endula, 6 to 8 feet 5/ to 10 6

purpurea, 2 to 5 feet 2/6 to 7 6

ptc-rifolia, 2 to 5 feet 2/6 to 5 o

pyramidalis 3 6

variegata bicolor, 2 to 5 feet ..2/6 to 5 o

maculata, 2 to 6 feet 1/6 to 5 o

marginata, 2 to 4 teet 2/6 to 5 o

RUBRA I 6

SuBER (6'o77i- Tree) 1/6 to 2 6

TURNERII .l/f)tO 2 6

RAPIIIOLEPIS ovATA.. 2/6 to 5 o

KllAMNUS ALATERNUS I O

angustifolia.- 1/ to 1 6

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

23

RHAMNUS Ai.ATERNUs argenteus i

aurea maculata, i to 3 feet ..6d. to 3

ALNiFOLius, 12 to 15 inches o

ALPiNUs 2

CALiFORNicus, I to 4 feet 1/ to 2

CATHARTicus, 2 to 5 feet 6(1. to 2

Frangula f- ICO, 15/

INFECTORIUS I

LATIFOI.IUS, 3 to 6 feet 1/6 to 5

RHODODENDRON A LPiNEspecies of sorts

CAMPANULATUM

9 to 1 2 inches f- 100, 50/

12 to 1 8 inches ■^ 100, 75/ to 100/
2 feet

CATAWBIENSE VCta l/ tO

vulgare, 6 to 9 inches ..y- 100, 25/

15 to 18 inches — 75/

ciLiATUM, 9 to 15 inches

DAHURICUM 6d. to

atrovirens _.. 6d. to

FERRUGiNEUM, 9 to 1 5 inches

iiiRsuTUM, of sorts 6d. to

NOBLEANUM, 12 to 18 inches..2/6 to
pONTicuM {for Game Coverts, &€.),

4 to 6 inches '^ loo, 7/6

6 to 9 inches — 15/

9 to 12 inches, bushy .- — 30/

12 to 15 inches, do — 50/

18 to 24 inches, bushy, ■ — 75/
to 100/
Special offers will ie made for large
qua7itities.

ROBUSTUM, I to 2 feet

Himalayan species, named 2/6 to

seedlings 1/6 to

HYBRIDS, best named Sorts, "^ doz.,

18/ to 42/

Do. ^ 100, 150/ to 200/

For Species and Named Farieties,
including the newest introductions in
Hybrids, ^c, see separate Catalogue.

RHODORA CANADENSIS

RHODOTYPUS kerriodes

RHUS [Sumach) CoTiNus'ip-doz., 9/ to 18/

ELEGANS

GLABRA

succedanea

Toxicodendron

TYPHiNA "^ doz., 6/ 109/

venenata

RIBES aureum

fragrans

fuchsiodes

grossularioides

Gordonianum

nigrum {Black Currant). See page
28.

fol. variegatus

fructu-viride

laciniatum

opalifolium

ORIEN talis

sangu'Neum {Scarlet Currant)

atrosanguineum

flore albo

plcno

Each
s. d. I
I 6 I
6

9
6

6 I
6

2 6
I 6

saxatile.

Each

i. d.

RIBES spEciosuM I 6

ROBINIA HispiDA {Rose acacia) 1/ to 2 6

rosea fl. alba 5 o

grandiflora 1/6 to 3 6

Gordoniana 1/6 to 3 6

PsEUDO-ACAciA, 6 to 10 feet 1/ to 7 6

amorphaefolia, 3 to 4 feet i 6

Bessoniana 1/6 to. 3 6

ciispa, 3 to 4 feet -- 2 6

Decaisneana 1/6 to 2 6

fastigiata 1/6 to 3 6

gigantea ..f/6to 3 6

gracilis i 6

inermis 1/ to 5 o

macrophylla 2 6

microphylla 1/6 to 3 6

monophylla 2,6 to 7 6

monstrosa 2/6 to 7 6

pendula 3,6 to 7 6

procera i 6

spectabilis 1/6 to 3 6

stricta 1/6 to 3 6

tortuosa 1/6 to 3 6

umbraculifera 3/6 to 5 o

unifolia — 3/6 to 5 o

viscosA 1/6 to 5 o

and other Sorts.
ROSA. See Separate Catalogue, and
page 29.

ROSMARINUS officinalis 6d. to i o

variegatus i o

RUBUS fruticosus {Bramble) —

fl. pleno albo o 6

rubra o 9

superba o 9

laciniatus i 6

variegatus 2 6

Ideus {Raspberry). See Fruit Tree

Catalogue, andp. 28.

leucodermis I 6

NUTKANUS I O

ODORATUS O 6

RVPESTUis {Himalayan Bramble), i 6

SPECTABILIS {Sabnon Berry) i 6

SUBERECTUS I 6

RUSCUS aculeatus {Butcher's Broom) _ o 6

rotundifolius o 6

hypoglossum o 6

RACEMosvs {Alexandrian Laurel) i o

RUTA GRAVEOLENS I 6

SALIX {Willow). See page 5.

acuminata {Nnv Tree fflllow), 1/ to 2 6

ALBA pendula (Berf/orrf //^eepi/ig-), i o

BABYLONicA, 2 to 6 feet 6d. to 2 6

CAPREA {Palm ffillow), i§ to 2 feet
■^loo, 15/

4 to 6 feet 1/ to 2 6

pendula {Kilmarnock H'eeping

Willow) 2/6 to 5 o

variegata 2 ft

PURPUREA, 2 to 3 feet o 6

pendula {American Weeping Hlllou-),

6 to 1 o feet stems i /6 to 2 i o

variegata i 6

HEoALis, 2 to 3 feet I 6

viTALLiNA, 2 to 4 feet -.^doz., 2/6

6 to I o feet 1/6 to 3 6

aurantiaca, 2 to 3 feet -- o 6

24

The Lawson Company's List,

[Nov. 1874

Each

s. d.
SALIX {IFillow)

100 Sorts, named (3 Cuttings of each),

for 50/

150 Sorts, named (3 Cvttings of each),

for 150/

SALVIA OFFICINALIS o 6

SAMBUCUS {Elder) canadensis. 6d. to 1 o
NIGRA. See Common Elder, page 4.

fastigiata j 1/ to 2 6

heterophylla i o

laciniata 6d. to i o

leucocarpa 6d. to i o

monstrosa 6d. to i 6

rotundifolia 6d. to i 6

variegata argentea i/to 1 6

aurea 6d. to i 6

PUBESCENS I o

RACEMOSA. See Scarlet Elder, p. 4.

SANTOLINA Chamjecyparissus o 6

VIRIDIS I o

SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA --- I 0

CANADENSIS I 6

SKIMMIA JAPONiCA ...i/to 2 6

laureola I 6

OBLATA 2/6 to 5 O

SMILAX ASPERA I 6

ROTUNDIFOLIA I 6

SOLANUM CRisPUM i o

DULCAMARA O 6

alba o 6

SOPHORA JAPONICA 6d. to i 6

pendula 5/ to 7 6

variegata 2/6 to 3 6

SPARTIUM (Spanish Broom) junceum,
2 to 3 feet, "^ doz., 4/

fl. pleno I 6

SPARTOCYTISUS ALBUsdurus 3 6

SPIR^^A ADlANTIFOLIA O 6

ALNIKOLIA O 6

ARIiEFOLIA O 6

BACCATA O 6

BELLA I ^O

carnea o 6

CALLOSA O 6

alba o 6

CANA I 6

CRAT^GIFOLIA ^'. O 6

DOUGLASII O 6

EXOCHORDIA 1 O

FLEXUOSA O 9

FORTUNEI 1 O

alba I 6

HYPERICIFOLIA O <)

iNCANA media i o

INCARNATA O 6

INDICA I O

LlNDLEYANA O 6

NOBLEANA 1 O

NUTANS O 6

PALMATA 2/6 to 5 O

PRUNIFOLIA, (1. plcno I O

Regeliana I o

UHOMBIFOLIA I O

SALICiFOLlA O 6

alpestris o 6

carnea o 6

SORBIFOLIA O 6

TIlALICTHCUJtS ., O ()

Each

S. d.

SPIR^A Thunbergiana i 6

TOBOLSKIA O r>

TRILOBATA 1 o

Prices of the leading Sorts }S^ too

ur looo on application.

STAUNTONIA latifolia i 6

STAPHYLEA colchica i o

PINNATA I o

TRIFOLIATA I o

SWAMMERDAMIA antennaria i 6

SYMPHORICARPUS GLAucus o 6

montanus o 6

OCCIDENTALIS I O

PUNICEUS I O

v.KC^MOsvs {Snowherry) p'doz.4/

VULGARIS O 6

fol. variegatis i o

SYRINGA (Li/ac) Emodi 1/ to i 6

JOSIKSA 1/ to 3 6

PERSICA 1/ to 2 6

alba 1/ to 2 6

laciniata i/to i 6

ROTHOMAGENSIS l/ tO 3 6

VULGARIS (Ct>m?7iort Z,«7ac) 6d. to 2 6

alba 6d. to 2 6

variegata i/to 2 6

cserulea i/to 3 6

Charles X i/to 3 6

coccinea i/'to 3 6

Duchesse de Nemours 1/ to 3 6

Dr Lindley 1/ to 5 o

grandiflora i/to 3 6

Louis Bonaparte i/to 2 6

Noisettiana 1/ to 3 6

purpurea i/to 3 6

rosea.. i/to 3 6

rosea grandiflora ^.. i o

rubra i / to 3 6

sibirica i o

sinensis alba i o

spectabilis 1/6 to 3 6

Triomphe d'Orleans i o

violacea i/to 3 6

Fine sorts, unnamed ^ doz., 6/ to 12/
TAMARIX AFRicANA -f- doz. 4/

GALLICA 4/

GERMANICA 4/

INDICA 9/

TILIA {Lime), americana 1/ tc 2 6

alba 2 6

heterophylla 2/610 3 6

pubescens 2/6 to 3 6

EUROP^iEA. Seepage^.

asplenifolia i 6

aurea 1/6 to 2 6

filicifolia 5 o

gigantea 2/6 to 5 o

grandifolia 2 6

aurea 2/6 to 5 o

laciniata 2/6 to 5 o

latifolia 1/6 to 3 6

parvifolia 1/6 to 3 6

pendula, S to 8 feet stems 3/6 to 10 6

platyphylla 1/6 to 2 6

LEPTOPHYLLA I /6 tO 5 O

ULEX EuuoPAiA {irhin). Seepage 5.

florc plcno, in pots, 1^ 100, 30/,
50/. to 75/

Nov. 1874]

Trees and Shrubs.

25

Each
i-. d.

ULEX NANA t? 100, 25/ to 50/

STRiCTA {Irish Furze), in pots, \^

100, 30/ to 50/

ULMUS {Elm Americana, 2 -to 12 feet

pendula, 6 to 12 feet stems, -.5/ to 10 6

variegata i 6

CAMPESTRis {English Elm). See
page 4.

grafted, 6 to 10 feet 1/6 to 5 o

betulasfolia, 4 feet 1 6

corylifolia 1/ to 2 6

crenata 2 6

glomerata 2 6

Hanburyensis 2 6

incisa, 5 feet 2 6

microphylla, 3 to 6 feet 2/6 to 5 o

major 5 o

monumentalis, 4 to 6 feet 2/6 to 5 o

tnyrtifolia, 2 to 10 feet 1/ to

nodosa, 2 to 4 feet 1/ to

pendula 3/6 to

plicata, 4 feet 1/ to

striata -

tortuosa 1/ to

variegata

argentea, 2 to 6 feet I/6 to

viminalis, 2104 feet 1/6 to

variegata

EFFUSA, 3 to 5 feet

GLABRA, 4 to 6 feet 1/ to

glomerata, 3 to 6 feet 1/ to

Scampstoniana, 4 to 5 feet

vegeta, 4 to 6 feet 1/ to

viscosa, 4 to 6 feet 1/6 to

MONTKH A {ffych Elm). See p. 4..

argentea variegata 2/6 to

asplenifolia, 2 to 6 feet 1/ to

compacta 1/6 to

crispa, 4 to 6 feet 1/ to

Dampieri

erecta, 3 to 6 feet 1/6 to

fastigiata {Coverstem Elm) i/to

gigantea i

pendula {Camperduwn If'eeping
Elm), stems 6 to 10 feet. .3/6 to 21

pumila, 3 to 8 feet 1/6 to 7

purpurea, 3 to 10 feet 1/6 to 21

scabra, 3 to 6 feet i/to 2

latifolia, 3 to 6 feet . 1/ to 2

variegata 3

SUBEROSA 1/ to 2

erecta, 2 to 3 feet i

fungosa 1/6 to 2

major 1/6 to 2

Several o ther Sorts 1/6 to 7

VACCINIUM BUXIFOLIUM o

Myrtillus o

OVATUM I

ULIGINOSUM 1/ to 2

VlTIS iD-tA O

variegata 3

VELLA PSEUDO-CYTISUS I

VERONICA Andersonii 1

variegata i

DECUSSATA I

FORMOSA 2

HULKEANA - 2

SALICIFOLIA I

7

6

2

6

0

6

2

6

2

6

2

6

2

6

S

0

2

6

I

6

I

6

I

6

3

6

I

6

I

6

2

6

3

6

2

6

2

6

3

6

2

6

2

6

5

0

VERONICA spECiosA

hybrida

other sorts

VESTIA LYCIOIDES

VIBURNUM Lantana.. ./ to

aurea marginata 1/ to

variegata

LANTANIOIDES l/ tO

macrocephalum 2/6 to

Opulus 6d. to

nana

roseum, standards 3/6 to

sierilis {Snowball or Guelder Rose)
6d. to

PRUNIFOLIUM 6d. to

PYRI FOLIUM 6d. to

RETICU LATUM

SlEBOLDll

TiNUs {Laurcstiuus) 9 to 12 inches
'^ doz.,6/

15 to 18 inches 12/

18 to 24 inches 18/

hirta, 12 to 18 inches 12/

lucida, 12 to 18 inches.- -^ doz.,
9/ to 1 2/

variegata 1/ to

VINCA {Periwi/ikle) major .■^ doz., 2/6

aurea reticulata 3/6

elegantissima — 6/

MINOR — 2/6

alba — 2/6

caerulca pleno — 6/

rubra plena — 6/

variegata argentea — 2/6

aurea — 2/6

VIRGILIAlutea

VITEX Agnus-Castus

INCISA

VITIS aiSTIVALIS

heterophylla variegata

Isabella

labrusca

RIPARIA

SlEBOLDII

VULPINA

viNiFERAapiifolia

WEIGELIA AMABILIS 1/ to

alba . 1/ to

Isolene

Stelznerii

Striata

HORTENSis fol. aufca marginata

nivea floribunda

HYBRIDA carminea

Hendersonii

kermesina

Lemonei

Lowii

ROSEA 6d. to

nana variegata

variegata argentea

aurea

SlEBOLDII variegata

albo marginata '

XANTHORRHIZA apiifolia {Yellow

Root)

XANTIIOXYLON fraxineum {Toothache
Tree)

Each
d.
o

f)
(>
(,

U
(>
6
6

26

The Laws on Company s List.

[Nov. 1874

Eack
5. d.

YUCCA alo:folia 2/6 to 21

variegata 7/6 to 63

FILAMENTOSA 2/6 tO 5

variegata 10/6 to 63

FILIFERA 3/6 to 5

FLACCIDA 2/6 to 5

stricta 2i

Each
s. d.

YUCCA GLORiosA 2/6 to 21

PENDULA 3/6 to 42

QUADRICOLOR 2l/ tO 63

RECURVA 2/6 to 5

STENOPHYLLA 2/6 tO 5

ZIZYPHUS SATivus (JujWe Tz-ee) 2

Large .Quantities of the leading Trees a7td Shrubs at Reduced Prices, and
Specimens, for immediate effect, by Special Correspondence.

The following Catalogues may be had free on application

GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS, including ALPINES.

FERNS— Gi?£EA^//0C/6'£, STOVE, and HARDY.

FLORIST FLOWERS and BEDDING-OUT PLANTS.

RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS.

ROSES — Descriptive.

STRAWBERRIES.

FRUIT TREES— Descriptive.

GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS, and IMPLEMENTS.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

GLADIOLI.

AGRICULTURAL SEEDS.

A Table for Planters.

27

A TABLE FOR PLANTERS,

Showing the Number of Trees required per Imperial, Scottish, and Irish Acre,
from 1 to 30 feet distance between each Plant.

IMPERIAL ACRE

SCOTTISH ACRE.

IRISH ACRE.

Distance.

Number.

Distance.

Number.

Distance.

Number.

Distance.

Number.

Distance.

Number.

Distance.

Number.

I

43.560

12

302

I

54.760

12

380

I

70,560

12

490

14

19,360

124

270

14

24.338

124

350

i4

31.360

I2J

452

2

10,890

13

257

2

13,690

13

324

2

17,640

>3

417

2i

6,970

134

239

24

8,761

1.^4

300

24

11,209

134

385

3

4,840

14

222

3

6,084

14

279

3

7,840

! 14

360

34

3.556

144

207

34

4.470

142

260

3i

5. 760

Mi

33^

4

2,722

IS

193

4

3.422

15

243

4

4.410

1
15

316

4i

2,151

>5l

181

4*

2,704

15*

228

4i

3.484

155

292

5

1,742

16

170

5

2,190

16

214

5

2,822

16

27s

Sk

1,440

164

164

Si

1,810

164

201

.1

5ff

2,332

16^

260

6

1,210

17

150

6

I.521

17

189

6

1,960

17

244

64

1.03 1

174

142

64

1,296

174

178

61

1,670

i/i

234

>-

889

18

134

7

1. 117

18

169

7

1.440

18

217

7*

774

i8i

127

7h

973

184

160

„!
/?

1.254

i8i

2c6

8

680

19

120

8

855

19

151

8

1,102

19

'95

H

603

194

114

84

758

194

143

8^

976

19J

185

9

537

20

10$

9

67s

20

137

9

87,

20

176

9i

482

22

90

9i

606

22

"3

9^

782

22

146

JO

435

1

; 24

75

10

547

24

95

10

705

24

123

loi

395

! 26

64

104

496

26

81

lOi

640

26

1

105

II

360

28

55

II

452

28

70

II

583

28

90

.14

329

30

48

ii4

414

30

60

Hi

S3^

30

79

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA.

Ii: ORIGINAL SEEDLING IN THE LAWSON NURSERIES,
EDINBURGH

CKINTLIJ liV NKll.l, AND CuMlANV, t.'IM-.. UOll.

_l

^H -"^v^/iti^L..

m~^^[lJ9Bi.

1 — tt^^-s^cn -

[ ^ —

1 s'^'irTft^"^'

-|7-^

■ — ij.' i^ffl 2^^!- tlrrS

» V '^

i~4Mni

■

^

-^^ffM-^— ^^

AGRICULTURE

FORESTRY

LIBRARY

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