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A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL
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From BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Volume XXVIII, 1908

Proceedings of the Fourth Internationat Fishery Congress : : Washington, 1908

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A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL
Peer bil (OF PIS EES 2 ce rs

From BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES, Volume XXVIII, 1908

Proceedings of the Fourth International Fishery Congress : : Washington, 1908

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WASHINGTON : : : : : : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : : : : : : 1910

BUREAU OF FISHERIES DOCUMENT NO. 721
Issued May, 1910

A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES

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By Roy W. Miner
Assistant Curator, American Museum of Natural History

&

Paper presented before the Fourth International Fishery Congress
held at Washington, U. S. A., September 22 to 26, 1908
and awarded one-half the prize of one hundred dollars in gold
offered by the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences for the best plan for an educational exhibit of fishes

A PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES.
w
By ROY W. MINER,

Assistant Curator, American Museum of Natural History.
Pad

An exhibit to be educational must be attractive as well as instructive;
that is, its features must be so arranged as to stimulate attention, and when
that is accomplished, to offer instruction that will be appreciated not only
by the casually interested observer, but also by those who have come for the
express purpose of learning, namely, the pupils and teachers of the public
schools, university students, and others specially interested. Its lessons there-
fore must be simple, direct, and systematically arranged.

But when we endeavor to accomplish this end with an exhibition of fishes,
certain special problems are involved. In the first place, the material is refrac-
tory and difficult to prepare effectively for exhibition; in the second place, the
very monotony of the fish form makes the study of arrangement a matter
of special concern. The consideration of these questions will be taken up
as follows: (1) The nature of the material available for exhibition will be
discussed; (2) various methods for arranging and labeling the exhibit will be
brought forward; (3) supplementary suggestions will be offered for rendering
the exhibit instructive and attractive, and (4) the paper will close with a pro-
visional list of fishes to be exhibited.

The writer does not pretend that he has solved the question of fish exhi-
bition, but offers these suggestions partly as the result of his attempts in this
direction and partly as tentative schemes which may aid in meeting some of
the difficulties.

NATURE OF THE MATERIAL TO BE EXHIBITED.

The material for exhibit may be (1) alcoholic specimens, (2) mounted and
painted skins, (3) casts, (4) models, (5) skeletons, (6) colored plates and pho-
tographs, (7) groups.

(1) Alcoholic specimens should be used but sparingly, as for the most part
they have little exhibition value because of distortion, shrinkage, and loss of
color. A few good anatomical preparations might be used to show certain

1317

1318 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

peculiarities of structure (pl. cxxvm), or certain kinds of accessory material,
such as sharks’ and skates’ eggs, for example, may add to the value of the
exhibit.

A rare and interesting form like the goblin shark (Mitsukurina owstont)
might be shown, especially if placed beside a model of the living fish; but on
the whole alcoholic specimens decidedly detract from the interest of the exhibit.

(2) Mounted and painted skins are sometimes effective for exhibit, espe-
cially with fish like the gar-pike (Lepisosteus osseus), the enameled scales of
which are very successfully treated in this way. (Pl. cxxvui.) In fact, this
method may be used with many forms that have close-set, substantial scales
(see yellow perch, pl. cxxrx), and is especially effective in a fish of either gaudy
or dark colors (e. g., the angel-fish, or the groupers). It does not, however,
effectually reproduce the smooth, gleaming, iridescent body of other fishes, as
the shrinkage and hardening of the drying skin and the paint that is applied
obscure the original quality of the surface. Hence, painting a skin practically
amounts to nothing more than painting on an inferior surface.

(3) Casts, however, though but a reproduction, are faithful, if well executed,
and furnish a surface much better adapted for coloring. ‘Transparent colors
over a metallic silver paint may be made to give the effects of iridescence,
especially with such fish as the mackerels, pompanos, and the lookdown. But
even the plaster cast, no matter how well painted, nevertheless does not
perfectly succeed in giving the surface bloom of the living fish.

(4) Models.—Some fishes, especially the rarer forms, are hard to procure
except as distorted alcoholic specimens, yet it may be desirable to represent
them in the exhibit. In such cases, if sufficient data can be procured, a model
may be constructed giving a restoration of the original and it may be well to
exhibit the alcoholic specimen beside the model.

(5) Skeletons.—The exhibit may be varied and its value greatly increased
by the use of mounted skeletons of typical forms. These may be correlated by
appropriate labeling so as to bring out their chief differences.

(6) Colored plates taken from published works will add to the attractiveness
of the exhibit and may be used to represent rare species which could not other-
wise be shown. Many of these plates possess artistic beauty and represent the
living fish better than any known method of artificial preparation. At the same
time they portray the extraordinary variety of color and form possessed by the
fishes of tropical seas. Some of these plates are shown in plate cxxx.

(7) Groups.—lIt is the pictorial group, however, that calls forth the greatest
display of interest on the part of the visitor. Groups are the attractive feature,
the drawing card of an exhibit. In bird and mammal collections they have
been employed with great success. There are, however, comparatively few
fish groups, and in these the mistake is often made of producing an aquarium

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1319

effect without a central point of interest. A fish or school of fish swimming
among seaweed and rocks is not sufficient excuse for the time and expense
incurred in producing a fish group. There must be a central idea or theme, such
as the life history of some interesting species, an instance of peculiar breeding
habits, or an illustration of some biological phenomenon, like adaptation,
protective coloration, symbiosis, or sexual dimorphism, which can be emphasized
in a descriptive label for the benefit of the visitor. Instead of being merely a
spectacle, the group now has educational value; while it is the pictorial effect
which at first arrests the attention of the observer, the lesson it has to teach is
impressed on the mind more vividly than by any other method. (See appendix,
p. 1340, for specific suggestions for these groups.)

The nature of a fish exhibit is such that no one kind of material should be
used to the exclusion of the rest. To show to the best advantage it should be
so arranged that casts are interspersed with mounted skins, skeletons, and
colored plates, while the monotony of single specimens is broken by groups at
judicious intervals.

METHODS OF ARRANGEMENT.

In general, the synoptic or systematic arrangement is the best to follow.
This is most readily effected by using single specimens in the bulk of the exhibit,
which should, however, be varied with groups and accessory exhibits of a
faunistic, commercial, and biological character. The synoptic series has great
teaching value for the student of elementary zoology, since the orderly grouping
of fishes carries with it an orderly grouping of facts readily retained by the mind.
It is true that many casual visitors may not appreciate the advantages of the
system, but when well arranged it sets forth, rather than obscures, the attractive
and striking forms. For the benefit of such visitors the individual labels are
made clear, simple, and interesting, while those placed with the groups are
particularly adapted to their requirements. The student, however, needs a
classification that is more in line with his studies, and this is furnished by the
synoptic method. of arrangement.

The classification to be followed will vary of course according to individual
judgment. The writer has found that a combination of the American system
of Jordan and Evermann with the English system of Boulenger is best adapted
for purposes of exhibition. Valuable help in this connection has been derived
from W. K. Gregory’s article on ‘‘The Orders of Teleostomous Fishes.”"* The
scheme of classification will be given later in connection with the provisional
list of fishes already referred to.

Three methods of arranging the exhibit in the hall are offered in the present
‘paper, as follows: (1) the corridor arrangement; (2) the alcove arrangement;
(3) the gallery arrangement.

a Annals New York Academy of Sciences, vol. XvII, part 1, no. 3, p. 437-508, pl. XXIX-XXxX.

1320 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

(1) The corridor arrangement.—This method is in use in the American
Museum of Natural History, where the fish exhibit is at present placed in an
L-shaped corridor (text fig. 1) connecting
two wings of the museum. Here the cases
are placed in end-to-end series along the
walls on both sides, an arrangement well
adapted for this style of hall. The cases for
the synoptic series are of similar size and
shape, of the variety shown in plate CxXxvI.
The two doors in front open outward. The
back is solid and covered witha fabric (in
this instance a blue denim), which sets off
well the varied colors of the fishes. The
specimens are attached directly to the
back of the case and are removable. Nine-
¢ teen cases are used at present for the
synoptic series.

The main features of the arrangement
and classification may be readily seen
in the accompanying plates. The class
Pisces is defined in a general label (pl.
CXxXxI) to be found at the entrance of the
hall and also at intervals throughout the
exhibit. Its subdivision into three sub-
classes is indicated at the bottom of the
label. ‘The parts of the hall devoted to the
individual subclasses are shown by the large
signs suspended from the ceiling (pl.
cxxxi1), while the orders are identified by

Fic. 1.—Plan of fish hallin the American Museum of Natural History, illustrating the ‘‘ corridor method”’ of arranging

the cases. The synoptic cases are numbered 1 to19. ‘The illustrative group cases are represented in the middle of
the corridor.

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES, Po2t

small white-lettered boards at the top of each case (pl. cxxxmm). <A case may
contain as many as four or five suborders, or if many forms are shown, as in
the Perciformes (pl. cxxx), or if the specimens are large, as in the Selachii
(pl. Cxxxv), two cases may be devoted to a single suborder. The location of
each suborder is indicated by black lettering on the glass doors of the cases (pl.
CXXXvI), and a definition of the group, together with a list of such of its included
families as are represented in the exhibit, are found in descriptive case-labels
hung on the doors of the cases (see pls. CXxXvI, CXxxvul, and fig. 4, p. 1324).
The families are separated from each other by narrow bands of adhesive tape
(pl. cxxxvm), harmonizing in color with the background, and are identified
by small family-labels (text fig. 2) giving both the popular and scientific
names and fastened to the back of the case in each family group. Under each
specimen isa special descriptive label (text fig.3) which gives the popular name

TROUTS

Family SALMONIDE

Fic. 2.—Example of family label.

in prominent type, while the scientific name is printed in smaller italic characters
below. The name is followed by a brief popular description of the fish’s habits,
peculiarities, economic value, and geographical distribution. No effort, how-
ever, has been made to exhibit anything like a complete fish fauna, as the exhibit
is entirely synoptic in character, only the principal families being shown and the
typical and most interesting species in each family. Geographical distribution
maps are being provided for the typical forms. Through the center of the hall
will be placed groups illustrating life habits and other biological features. These
will be of the general style shown in plate cxxxu. None are completed as yet,
but in their places a few reptile groups have been installed temporarily.

The arrangement of the fish plates may be seen in plates CXxXx, CXXXIU,
CXXXIV, CXXXVI, and cxxxvu. They are mounted in passe-partout style and
are hung to the backs of the cases in their proper synoptic position.

1322 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Very large and striking specimens are grouped in panels or friezes extending
the length of the hall in the space between the ceiling and the tops of the cases
(pl. cxxXXvIII).

The labeling in this hall is based on the principle that since the exhibit
has a double aim, being intended for both the general public and the students
and instructors of the city schools and colleges, there should bea double system
of labeling to meet the needs of the two classes. To this end the method of
utilizing the exhibit by each class has been studied.

RAINBOW TROUT

Salmo trideus Gibbons

The so-called Rainbow Trout comprise several closely related
species, and are noted for their gameness, dash, and beauty.
They are found in mountain streams of the Pacific States
and on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The
typical Rainbow Trout (.Sa/mo zrzdeus) is found only in small
brooks of the Californian Coast Ranges, and considering its
size is perhaps the gamest of the series. It takes the fly with
great readiness, even leaping from the water to meet it, and

the struggle that follows is sure to be a long and keen one.

The weight of the Rainbow Trout varies from a half to 5 or

6 pounds, though the latter weight is exceptional.

Fic. 3.—Example of popular label for individual specimens.

The average person who enters the hall simply to see the exhibit is attracted
first by the group cases. Then he passes before the synoptic cases, stopping
here and there as his eye is attracted by some specimen. That is, it is the
pictorial effect of the groups, or the striking features of some specimen, that
draws his attention. In either case, if his interest is sufficiently aroused, he reads
more or less of the accompanying label. Therefore the pictorial group labels
and those with the individual specimens should be popular in character to meet
his requirements (see fig. 3, p. 1322).

The elementary student of fishes, on the other hand, requires a systematic
presentation of the subject, which will supplement and illustrate his studies.

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1323

To him the exhibit should appeal somewhat as an enlarged text-book, with object
lessons for illustrations. It is to the elementary student, therefore, that the
systematic arrangement is primarily directed—though it doubtless has its uncon-
scious effect of orderliness upon the casual visitor as well—and the labels which
bring out this classificatory side are aimed more directly at the student’s under-
standing. Such are the labels indicating the larger groups, and especially the
descriptive case labels defining the orders and suborders (see fig. 4, p. 1324).
As these are based on anatomical features, especially those of the skeleton, they
are necessarily more technical. An attempt, however, has been made to
simplify them as much as possible, and to eliminate or explain technical terms.
These labels also endeavor to bring out the phylogenetic relationship of the
larger groups.

Accessory labels are freely used (fig. 5, p. 1325) to illustrate special features
of biological interest.

(2) The alcove arrangement.—This is really an adaptation of the preceding
method to a museum hall lighted by many windows from the side, thus permit-
ting the cases to be placed alcove fashion with their ends to the windows, as
in figure 6, page 1326. With this arrangement, instead of having a solid back,
the cases are provided with glass on both sides, while a solid partition is
constructed midway between, thus making it possible to utilize both sides of
the case, in two adjoining alcoves.

The partition is covered with a colored fabric, e. g., blue denim, as in the
preceding arrangement, and is framed in at top, bottom, and sides by light
boards (fig. 7, p. 1327) inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees and wide enough
to slant from the partition to the front edge of the case area, thus giving a
beveled or countersunk effect. These inclined surfaces are covered with the
same material as the partition and may be utilized for accessory labels, dia-
grams, etc. The bottom incline may also be utilized for such specimens as
flatfishes, which would appear out of place when hung on a vertical surface.

1324

BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

THE TROUT-LIKE FISHES
Order MALACOPTERYGII

Suborder lsospondyli

Families
Elopide Clupeide
Albulide Salmonidee
Mormyridee Thymallidee

The fishes of this group include many of the most
important food and game fishes, such as Tarpons,
Trouts and Salmons, and the Herrings and Sardines.
They are distinguished from the Ostariophysi (Case 6)
by having the four anterior vertebrae of the spinal
column unaltered and separate, and from the Eels
(Apodes—Case 9) by the complete and well-developed
skull. These characters, together with the soft-rayed
dorsal fin and the cycloid scales—rounded in form
and with smooth edges—also distinguish them from
the Spiny-Rayed Fishes (Order Acanthopterygii—
Case 9-14), most of which have ctenoid scales (i. e.,
scales rounded but with finely toothed edges) and fins
partly supported by spines.

Like the Ostariophysi (Case 9) and the Pikes (Case
11) the Trouts have their ventral fins well separated
from the pectorals and placed far back on the abdomen.
This is a primitive arrangement and may be seen in
all the lower fishes (e. g., the Sharks, Lungfishes, and
Ganoids) and contrasts with the more specialized
Acanthopterygian condition, in which the ventrals are
attached close to the pectorals.

Fic. 4.—Example of descriptive case-label defining a suborder.

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES.

The fish in this case illustrate the natural phenomenon of
degeneration, or rather specialization to an inactive life. The
five suborders represented form a graded series of steps leading from
fishes adapted to an extremely active existence down to relatively in-
active, sluggish forms, incapable of rapid motion, but protected from
their enemies by coats-of-mail or by the poisonous alkaloids in their flesh.

In the left-hand section may be seen the large, active wrasse-fishes
and parrot-fishes (Suborder PHARYNGOGNATHI) well furnished with
means of locomotion (i. e., fins), and with large gill-openings which
permit the rapid oxygenation of the blood necessary to swiftly mov-
ing animals. The large cycloid scales are evenly distributed over the
body and allow the greatest flexibility of movement. The teeth are
adapted for seizing, and indicate carnivorous habits. Everything seems
adapted to an extremely active life. On the other hand, there is a
significant tendency toward fusion in certain bones of the skull, and
(e. g., the parrot-fishes) in the teeth as well. This tendency is still more
evident in the Scaly-Fin group (Suborder SQUAMIPINNES), where it
appears in the fusion of the upper jaw elements, and in the gradual
reduction of the gill-slits and the ventral fins. The body becomes later-
ally compressed and the transition to the type found in the next suborder
(SCLERODERMI) is very clear. This suborder is represented in the
upper right-hand section of this case by the trigger-fishes and file-fishes.
Here the same flattened form is seen, and the reduction of the spinous
dorsal and ventral fins to a few stiff spines is very evident. The bones
of the skull have further fused, the gill-opening is a mere slit, and the
upper jaw-teeth are compressed or even completely united, while the
scales are reduced till, in the file-fishes, they become mere prickles.
With the trunk-fishes (Suborder OSTRACODERM)!) an immovable box-
like armor takes the place of scales; the bones of the skull are almost
completely joined; the gill-slit is extremely small; while the ribs and
other skeletal elements have been practically reduced to a mere bony
axis bracing the weak, soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. The spinous
dorsal and the ventral fins have disappeared.

Finally, in the puffers (Suborder GYMNODONTES) we have the last
stage of degeneration or specialization to a sluggish existence. Scales,
spinous dorsal fin, and distinct teeth are gone. Pelvis, ribs, and caudal
vertebre are degenerate and, in extreme forms, even absent. The
remaining fins, like those of the trunk-fish, are weak, and the body
incapable of rapid motion, while the leathery skin, power of inflation,
and poisonous flesh act as protective factors. ‘The largest example of
the group, the head-fish or mola, sluggishly floats on the surface of the
sea, leading an inactive and lazy existence.

FIG. 5.—An accessory label to illustrate a biological phenomenon.

1326 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

Each alcove should be devoted to one or two related subdivisions of fishes,
arranged synoptically, as already described, and in the center of the alcove may

N

§
Fic. 6.—Plan showing hall adapted to the ‘‘ alcove arrangement”’ of cases.
be placed a group case illustrating some features connected with one or more
of the species in the surrounding cases.

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1327

(3) The gallery arrangement.—The idea for this somewhat more elaborate
method was suggested by the gallery of habitat bird groups in the American
Museum, but differs from it in that it combines a synoptic with a group exhibit.
It is adapted for a gallery surrounding a hall occupying the space of two stories,
such as occurs in most museums. At the side of the gallery farthest from the
windows is a continuous screén to cut off all light from other parts of the hall
(fig. 8, p.1328), while the window side is entirely taken up with a series of exhibits,
framed in by a casing, which, while it shuts off the light from the gallery, yet
diverts it so as to illuminate the exhibit from within.

SIDE FRONT

Fic. 7.—Diagram of fish case to be used in hall with “alcove arrangement,” showing central partition with

countersunk effect.

The adaptation of this method to a fish exhibit is shown in figure 9, page 1329.
Through the opening (A) is seen a pictorial fish group representing some inter-
esting feature. In the sketch an exhibit of fish life in the vicinity of a coral
reef in tropical waters has been indicated in outline. This group is the central
feature of that portion of the synoptic exhibit containing the suborders Pharyn-
gognathi, Squamipinnes, Sclerodermi, and Gymnodontes, which contain so many
of the brilliantly colored tropical species.

1328 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

The panels B and C are devoted to the synoptic portion of the exhibit and
contain representative species of the typical families included in the above-
mentioned suborders. These specimens are fastened to a cloth-covered backing

N

Ss

Fic. 8.—Plan illustrating the “gallery arrangement” of fish exhibits, showing screen (A) and row of group exhibits (B)
of the kind shown in figure 9, Page 1329.

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1329

placed just far enough behind the glass to comfortably accommodate the fish
and show them off well. Small labels identify each specimen. The names of
the suborders are lettered in black on the glass. The panels are lighted electric-

(A) Group illuminated from

(D, E) Iluminated ground glass descriptive labels.

y

(B, C) Panels devoted to synoptic portions of the exhibit.

Sketch illustrating combination of pictorial fish groups with synoptic method of exhibition.

within.

Fic. 9.

ally from above and below. At D and E are placed illuminated ground glass
descriptive labels defining the synoptic divisions and describing the interesting
features of the central group (A). The light from the windows behind may

1330 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

be utilized to a large extent during the daytime for illuminating these exhibits
with the help of properly arranged reflectors. Colored plates and photographs
may be used to good effect on the walls of the hall at the ends of the gallery.
(The two latter methods are offered as tentative suggestions for adapting to other
museum conditions some of the ideas contained in method no. 1.)

SUPPLEMENTARY SUGGESTIONS.

(1) Small fishes—Some species which should be represented in a synoptic
series are so small that they would appear lost if placed directly against the case
background. A good setting for such forms is shown in plate cx,. Here two
specimens of Hippocampus hudsonius are mounted against a colored plaster
panel, modeled in relief to give a suggestion of seaweed.

(2) Small balanced aquaria of living fishes may be used with good effect at or
near the windows of the exhibition hall (pl. cxxxm). They may be either fresh
water or marine, and forms may be exhibited from time to time that will be
objects of interest in themselves. In such instances, small descriptive labels
may be placed near the aquaria to bring out the interesting features. These
labels should have removable backs to permit the insertion of new descriptive
material as the fish exhibited are changed.

(3) Colored plates like those used in the synoptic series may be arranged in
panels as wall decorations, as in plate cxxxu. These panels should harmonize
with the general color scheme of the exhibit setting and may be devoted to
the fauna of specific regions.

(4) Photographs of living fish, or illustrating the commercial fisheries, etc.,
may be used to add interest and attractiveness to the halls.

(5) A plan of the hall should be placed at the entrance to aid the visitor in
orienting himself and in finding groups of which he may be in search.

(6) Many of the descriptive labels may be effectively illustrated either by
indexed outline drawings for the sake of added clearness (pl. Cxxxi) or by
water-color sketches illustrating interesting habits (pl. CxxxIx).

(7) A special exhibit of the fishes most abundant locally could be made an
attractive feature, or this could be arranged as a seasonal exhibit by changing
the fishes to correspond with their seasonal abundance in local waters.

(8) Single specimens may sometimes be artistically mounted on a pedestal,
with just a suggestion of accessory setting, as in plate CXLI.

PROVISIONAL LIST OF FISHES FOR A SYNOPTIC EXHIBIT.

In the following list selection has been made from species which would fall
under the five following classes: (1) Typical forms; (2) commercial forms;
(3) peculiar and striking forms; (4) forms with interesting life-habits; (5) forms
valuable for illustrating biological phenomena like protective coloration, symbi-

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES. 1331

osis, adaptation, ete. Only a tentative selection is given, and many of the
species named could be replaced by other forms.

The classification used in the list, as above mentioned, is a combination of
the English and American systems, adapted for exhibition purposes.

It is natural that particular emphasis should be laid on North American
fishes, and these are chosen to represent the families where possible. More

room is also given to commercial fishes than to others.
CLASS PISCES.
SUBCLASS ELASMOBRANCHIL.
ORDER PLAGIOSTOMI.
Suborder Selachii.
Family Notidanide.
Notidanus (Hexanchus) griseus (cow shark).
Family Scylliide.
Ginglymostoma cirratum (nurse shark).
Family Galeide.
Mustelus canis (dog shark).
Carcharinus lamia (cub shark).
Family Carchariide.
Carcharias littoralis (sand shark).
Prionace glauca (great blue shark).
Scoliodon terre-nove (sharp-nosed shark).
Family Sphyrnide.
Sphyrna zygena (hammer-head shark).
Sphyrna tiburo (bonnet-head shark).
Family Alopiide.
Alopias vulpes (thresher shark).
Family Lamnide.
Carcharodon carcharias (man-eater shark).
Lamna cornubica (porbeagle).
Family Cetorhinide.
Cetorhinus maximus (basking shark).
Family Squalide.
Squalus acanthias (dogfish).
Family Rhinide.
Rhina squatina (angel shark).
Suborder Batoidei.
Family Pristide.
Pristis pectinatus (common sawfish).
Family Rhinobatide.
Rhinobatus lentiginosus (guitar-fish).
Family Raiide.
Raia erinacea (common skate).
Raia levis (barndoor skate).
Family Torpedinide.
Tetronarce occidentalis (torpedo).
Family Dasyatide.
Dasyatis centrura (sting ray).
Family Myliobatide.
- Myliobatis freminvillei (eagle ray).
Manta birostris (sea devil).

1332 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

ORDER HOLOCEPHALI.
Suborder Chimzroidei.
Family Chimeride.
Chimera monstrosa (chimera).
Chimera colliei (ratfish).
Chimera purpurascens (purple chimera).

SuscLass DIPNEUSTI.
ORDER MONOPNEUMONA.
Family Ceratodontide.
Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish).
ORDER DIPLOPNEUMONA.
Family Lepidosirenide.
Protopterus dollot (African lungfish).
Protopterus annectens (African lungfish).
Protopterus ethiopicus (African lungfish).
Lepidosiren paradoxa (South American lungfish),

SusBcLass TELEOSTOMI.
ORDER CROSSOPTERYGII,.
Suborder Cladistia.
Family Polypteride.
Polypterus bichir (bichir).
ORDER CHONDROSTEI.
Family Polyodontide.
Polyodon spathula (paddlefish).
Family Acipenseride.
Acipenser sturio (common sturgeon).
Acipenser rubicundus (lake sturgeon).
Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus (shovel-nose sturgeon).
ORDER HOLOSTEI.
Suborder Rhomboganoidea.
Family Lepisosteide.
Lepisosteus osseus (long-nose gar).
Lepisosteus platostomus (short-nose gar).
Lepisosteus tristechus (alligator gar).
Suborder Cycloganoidea.
Family Amiide.
Amua calva (bowfin).
ORDER OSTARIOPHYSI.
Suborder Nematognathi.
Family Siluride.
Ameiurus catus (white cat).
Felichthys marinus (gafi-topsail).
Ictalurus punctatus (channel cat).
Ameiurus nebulosus (common bullhead).
Schilbeodes insignis (mad tom).
Suborder Eventognathi.
Family Catostomide.
Catostomus commersonii (common sucker).
Family Cyprinide.
Moxostoma aureolum (common redhorse).
Ictiobus cyprineila (red-mouth buffalo-fish).

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES.

ORDER OSTARIOPHYSI—continued.
Suborder Eventognathi—Continued.
Family Cyprinida—Continued.
Cyprinus carpio (golden carp).
Campostoma anomalum (stone roller).
Semotilus atromaculatus (horned dace).
Notropis sp. (shiner),
Rhinichthys atronasus (black-nose dace).
Suborder Heterognathi.
Family Erythrinide.
Macrodon microlepis (trahira).
Family Characinide.
Brycon dentex (characin).
Hydrocyon goliath (characin).
Tetragonopterus argentatus (sardina blanca).
Suborder Gymnonoti.
Family Gymnotide.
Giton fasciatus (carapo).
Gymnotus electricus (electric eel).
ORDER APODES.
Suborder Colocephali.
Family Murenide.
Lycodontis moringa (common spotted moray).
Lycodontis ocellatus (spotted moray).
Lycodontis junebris (black moray).
Murena retifera (moray).
Echidna nebulosa (moray).
Suborder Enchelycephali.
Family Anguillide.
Anguilla chrysypa (American eel).
Family Leptocephalidz.
Leptocephalus conger (conger eel).
Family Nemichthyide.
Nemichthys scolopaus (snipe eel).
Family Myride.
Myrophis punctatus (worm eel).
Family Ophichthyide.
Ophichthys gomesit (sea serpent).
ORDER MALACOPTERYGII.
Suborder Isospondyli.
Family Elopide.
Tarpon atlanticus (tarpon).
Elops saurus (ten-pounder).
Family Albulide.
Albula vulpes (lady fish).
Family Hiodontide.
Hiodon tergisus (moon-eye).
Family Clupeide.
Clupea harengus (common herring).
Alosa sapidissima (American shad).
Pomolobus pseudoharengus (alewife).
Brevoortia tyrannus (menhaden).

1333

1334 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

ORDER MALACOPTERYGII—continued,
Suborder Isospondyli—Continued.
Family Salmonide.
Coregonus clupeijormis (common whitefish).
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (quinnat salmon).
Salmo irideus (rainbow trout).
Salmo sebago (landlocked salmon).
Salmo salar (common Atlantic salmon).
Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout).
Cristivomer namaycush (Mackinaw trout).
Family Thymallide.
Thymallus ontariensis (Michigan grayling).
Family Argentinide.
Osmerus mordax (American smelt).
ORDER MESICHTHYES.
Suborder Haplomi.
Family Synodontide.
Synodus varius (lizard-fish).
Synodus fetens (lizard-fish).
Family Ipnopide.
Ipnops murrayi (lantern-eye).
Family Dalliide.
Dallia pectoralis (Alaska blackfish).
Family Esocide.
Umbra pygmea (eastern mud minnow).
Esox masquinongy (muskallunge).
Esox reticulatus (pickerel).
Family Peeciliide.
Fundulus heteroclitus (common killifish).
Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow).
Anableps dovit (four-eyed fish).
Heterandria formosa.
Family Amblyopside.
Typhlichthys subterraneus (small blindfish).
Amblyopsis speleus (blindfish of Mammoth Cave).
Suborder Synentognathi.
Family Belonide.
Tylosurus caribbeus (needlefish).
Family Hemirhamphide.
Hyporhamphus roberti (common half-beak).
Scombresox saurus (saury).
Family Exoccetide.
Fodiator acutus (sharp-nose flying-fish).
Exocetus volitans (flying-fish).
ORDER THORACOSTRACI.
Suborder Hemibranchii.
Family Gasterosteide.
Gasterosteus bispinosus (common eastern stickleback).
Gasterosteus aculeatus (European stickleback).
Family Fistulariide.
Fistularia tabacaria (trumpet-fish).

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES.

ORDER THORACOSTRACI—continued,
Suborder Lophobranchii.
Family Syngnathide.
Szphostoma fuscum (common pipefish).
Hippocampus hudsonius (common sea-horse).
Hippocampus stylifer (sea-horse).
Hippocampus punctulatus (caballeto de mar).
Hippocampus zoster@ (sea-horse). .
ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII.
Suborder Percesoces.
Family Atherinide.
Menzdia gracilis (silverside).
Family Mugilide.
Mugil cephalus (common mullet).
Mugil curema (white mullet).
Family Sphyrenide.
Sphyrena borealis (northern barracuda).
Family Mullide.
Upeneus maculatus (red goatfish).
Upeneus martinicus (yellow goatfish).
Family Holocentride.
Holocentrus ascensionts (squirtrel-fish).
Family Ammodytide.
Ammodytes americanus (sand launce).
Suborder Scombriformes.
Family Scombridz.
Gymnosarda pelamis (oceanic bonito).
Thunnus thynnus (tunny).
Scomber scombrus (common mackerel).
Sarda sarda (bonito).
Scomberomorus maculatus (Spanish mackerel).
Family Trichiuride.
Trichiurus lepturus (cutlass-fish).
Family Istiophoride.
Istiophorus nigricans (sailfish).
Family Xiphiide.
Xiphias gladius (common swordfish).
Family Carangide.
Oligoplites saurus (leather-jacket).
Caranx hippos (crevallé).
Caranx crysos (runner).
Vomer setipennis (moonfish).
Selene vomer (lookdown).
Trachinotus goodei (great pompano).
Trachinotus carolinus (common pompano).
Family Pomatomide.
Pomatomus saltatrix (bluefish).
Family Coryphenide.
Coryphena hippurus (common dolphin).
Family Stromateide.
Poronotus triacanthus (butterfish).
Family Rachycentride.
Rachycentron canadum (sergeant-fish).

1335

wa

1336 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII—continued.
Suborder Perciformes.
Family Centrarchide.
Centrarchus macropterus (round sunfish).
Lepomis auritus (redbreast bream).
Lepomis pallidus (blue-gill).
Family Percide.
Stizostedion canadense (sauger).
Perca flavescens (yellow perch).
Ammocrypta pellucida (sand darter).
Family Serranide.
Roccus chrysops (white bass).
Roccus lineatus (striped bass).
Morone americana (white perch).
Bodianus fulvus punctatus (nigger-fish).
Epinephelus striatus (Nassau grouper).
Epinephelus adscensionis (rock hind).
Epinephelus guttatus (red hind).
Epinephelus morio (red grouper).
Garrupa nigrita (black jewfish).
Centropristes striatus (black sea bass).
Family Priacanthide.
Priacanthus arenatus (catalufa).
Family Lutianide.
Neoments griseus (gray snapper).
Neomenis guttatus (flamenco).
Neomenis jocu (dog snapper).
Neomenis apodus (schoolmaster).
Lutianus aya (red snapper).
Lutianus analis (mutton-fish).
Ocyurus chrysurus (yellow-tail).
Family Hemulide.
Hemulon album (margate-fish).
Hemulon plumieri (common grunt).
Bathystoma rimator (red-mouth grunt).
Ortho pristis chrysopterus (hogfish).
Family Sparide. :
Calamus bajonado (jolt-head porgy).
Stenotomus chrysops (common scup).
Archosargus probatocephalus (sheepshead).
Archosargus unimaculatus (salema),
Family Gerride.
Gerres olisthostomus (Irish pompano).
Family Scienide.
Cynoscion regalis (common weakfish).
Cynoscion nebulosus (spotted weakfish).
Bairdiella chrysura (mademoiselle).
Scienops ocellatus (channel bass).
Micropogon undulatus (croaker).
Menticirrhus americanus (Carolina whiting).
Menticirrhus saxatilis (kingfish).
Pogonias cromis (drum).
A plodinotus grunniens (freshwater drum).

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES.

ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII-—continued.
Suborder Perciformes—Continued.
Family Pomacentride.
Eupomacentrus leucostictus (Beau Gregory).
Eupomacentrus fuscus (Maria Molle).
Abudefduf saxatilis (cow pilot).
Suborder Pharyngognathi.
Family Labridz.
Tautogolabrus adspersus (cunner).
Tautoga onatis (tautog).
Lachnolaimus maximus (hogfish).
Halicheres sp.
Family Scaride.
Sparisoma abildgaardz (red parrot-fish).
Callyodon ceruleus (blue parrot-fish).
Scarus vetula (old wife).
Suborder Squamipinnes.
Family Ephippide.
Chatodipterus faber (spade-fish).
Family Chetodontide.
Megaprotodon trijascialis.
Pomacanthus arcuatus (black angel).
Holacanthus tricolor (rock beauty).
Holacanthus ciliaris (blue angel-fish).
Chetodon ocellatus (isabelita).
Chetodon capistratus (parché).
Chetodon striatus (butterfly-fish).
Suborder Sclerodermi.
Family Balistide.
Balistes vetula (old wife).
Balistes carolinensis (leather-jacket).
Balistapus rectangulus.
Family Teuthidide.
Teuthis ceruleus (blue tang).
Teuthis hepatus (common surgeon-fish).
Family Monacanthide.
Monacanthus hispidus (filefish).
Alutera schepfi (orange filefish).
Suborder Ostracodermi.
Family Ostraciide.
Lactophrys trigonus (common trunkfish).
Lactophrys bicaudalis (spotted trunkfish).
Lactophrys triqueter (rock shellfish).
Lactophrys tricornis (cowfish).
Suborder Gymnodontes.
Family Tetraodontide.
Lagocephalus levigatus (smooth puffer).
Spheroides maculatus (puffer).
Family Diodontide.
Diodon hystrix (porcupine-fish).
Chilomycterus schepfi (common burrfish).
Family Molide.
Mola mola (ocean sunfish).

1338 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII—continued.
Suborder Scleroparei.
Family Scorpenide.
Sebastes marinus (rosefish).
Sebastodes constellatus (spotted rockfish).
Sebastodes rosaceus (corsair).
| Family Cottide.
Cottus tctalops (miller’s-thumb).
Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus (long-spined sculpin).
Hemitriperus americanus (sea-raven).
Family Triglide.
Prionotus carolinus (common gurnard).
| Prionotus strigatus (northern striped gurnard).
Family Cephalacanthide.
Cephalacanthus volitans (flying robin).
Family Cyclopteride.
Cyclopterus lumpus (lumpfish).
Family Liparidide.
Liparis liparis (sea-snail).
| Suborder Gobiiformes.
- Family Gobiide.
Dormitator maculatus (pafieca).
Gobtus oceanicus (esmeralda).
Typhlogobius californiensis (blind goby).
Suborder Discocephali.
Family Echeneidide.
| Echeneis naucrates (shark-sucker).
Remora remora (remora).
Suborder Jugulares.
Family Malacanthide.
Malacanthus plumieri (matajuelo blanco).
Caulolatilus princeps (blanquillo),
Lopholatilus chameleonticeps (tilefish).
Family Uranoscopide.
Astroscopus y-grecum (electric stargazer).
Family Batrachoidide.
Opsanus tau (toadfish).
Porichthys notatus (singing-fish).
Family Gobiesocide.
Gobiesox virgatulus (clingfish).
Family Blenniide.
Pholis gunnellus (butterfish).
Lumpenus lampetrejormis (snake blenny).
Labrisomus nuchipennis.
Family Anarhichadide.
Cryptacanthodes maculatus (wry-mouth).
Anarhichas lupus (wolf-fish).
Family Zoarcide.
Zoarces anguillaris (eel pout).
Family Fierasferide.
Frerasfer affinis (pearlfish),

PLAN FOR AN EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT OF FISHES.

ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGII—continued.
Suborder Tzeniosomi.
Family Regalecide.
Regalecus glesne (oarfish).@
Family Trachypteride.
Trachypterus rex-salmonorum (king-of-the-salmon).@
Suborder Anacanthini.
Family Merlucciide.
Merluccius merluccius (European hake).
Merluccius bilinearis (whiting).
Family Gadide.
Gadus callarias (common cod).
Microgadus tomcod (tomcod).
Pollachius virens (pollock).
Melanogrammus @eglefinus (haddock).
Lota maculosa (burbot).
Molva molva (ling).
Urophycis tenuis (squirrel hake).
Enchelyopus cimbrius (four-bearded rockling).
Brosme brosme (cusk).
Family Macrouride.
Macrourus bairdii (common rat-tail).
Suborder Heterosomata.
Family Pleuronectide.
Hippoglossus hippoglossus (halibut).
Paralichthys dentatus (summer flounder).
Paralichthys oblongus (four-spotted flounder).
Limanda ferruginea (rusty dab).
Pseudopleuronectes americanus (winter flounder).
Hippoglossoides platessoides (sand dab).
Lophopsetta maculata (window-pane).
Family Soleide.
Achirus fasciatus (American sole).
Symphurus plagusia (tongue-fish).
ORDER PEDICULATI.
Family Lophiide.
Lophius piscatorius (common angler).
Family Ceratiide.
Cryptopsaras couesti (sea-devil).
Family Antennariide.
Pterophryne histrio (sargassum-fish).
Antennarius ocellatus (frogfish).
Family Malthide.
Ogcocephalus vespertilio (batfish).
Malthe malthe.

aRare. To be represented by colored plates or drawings.

1340 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES.

APPENDIX.

SUGGESTIONS FOR SUBJECTS FOR ILLUSTRATIVE MUSEUM FISH GROUPS.

(See pages 1318-1319.)

Order Plagiostomi: Cub-shark with shark-sucker. (Commensalism.)
Transitional forms—shark to skate. (Evolution and adaptation.)
Order Holocephali: Life history of Chimera colliet. (Growth and development.)
Subclass Dipneusti: Nesting and burrowing habits of Protopterus.
Order Chondrostei: Feeding habits of Polyodon spathula. (Also adaptation.)
Order Holostei: Nesting and feeding habits of Amza calva. (Instincts.)
Order Ostariophysi: Land habits of Doras. (Possible evolution in progress.)
Order Apodes: Life history of the common eel. (Metamorphosis.)
Group of morays. (Adaptation.)
Deep sea saccopharyngids. (Adaptation.)
Order Malacopterygii: Humpbacked or hooknosed salmon. (Sexual dimorphism.)
Salmon leaping. (Instincts.)
Order Mesichthyes: Four-eyed fish (Anableps dovit). (Adaptation.)
Blindfish—cave fauna. (Degeneration; adaptation.)
Group of flying fishes. (Adaptation.)
Order Thoracostraci: Breeding habits of stickleback. (Instincts.)
Group of sea horses. (Specialization; protective resemblance.)
Order Acanthopterygii:
Suborder Percesoces: Habits and adaptations of Anabas scandens.
Suborder Scombriformes: Life history of Selene vomer. (Metamorphosis.)
Nomeus gronovit and Physalia arethusa. (Symbiosis.)
Suborder Perciformes: Nesting habits of the gourami (Osphromenus olfax).. (Instincts.)
Suborders Perciformes, Pharyngognathi, Squamipinnes, Sclerodermi, and Gymnodontes: Tropical
coloration and degeneration.
Suborder Scleroparei: Group of toadfishes, sea-robins and sea-ravens to illustrate adapice to
bottom life and protective resemblance.
Suborder Jugulares: Group of Fverasfer acus and holothurians to illustrate symbiosis.
Suborder Heterosomata: Life history of flounder. (Metamorphosis, adaptation to bottom life, and
protective resemblance.)
Order Pediculati: Group of deep-sea fishes illustrating adaptation.

Nore.—In several instances two or more of the above suggestions could be advantageously com-
bined in a single group, illustrating several biological principles in one exhibit.

Bun. Us on Bs, 1908: PLATE CXXVI.

SLBORD

ER

SREKCIFORMES

Typical synoptic case used in ‘‘c

* Baw

ow SILL *

eo

wn

+ ROSS?

i

~ CYS Ss nT

Th

@ SY USF x

=a

Bor. Uso: Bs Fs, 1908. PLATE CXXVII.

This illustrates the kind of alcoholic

2
L,
Lh

cessory at

c
y
=

Section showing gill arches and pharyngeal

hy

a

Se Sf fiw

RY

a a

eS YJ /Nck .

BU Ue seb Lew TOOS. PLATE CXXVIIL.

din this way.

treate

antageously

rds

of which may be «

hard enameled scales

the

d gar (Leptsosteus osseus),

long-nose

Mounted and painted skin of the

CXXIX.

PLATE

Bole Ue. Be b., 1908.

2 CH .*

Bute W-so:. Bo 5 Loos. PLATE CXOXX.

ORDER
ACANTHOPTERYGII |

Ec

eUBUDt = SUBORDER

One of the cases devoted to the perch group, showing methods of utilizing colored plates and labels.

~

& tw s>

Fai) |

Bui. U. S. B. F., 1908. PLATE (

THE FISHES

CLASS PISCES

MACKEREL

Fishes may be defined as jaw-bearing, back-boned animals, adapted in shape,
method of breathing, and method of locomotion for an aquatic life.

In shape, they 4re spindle-like, thus offering little resistan

gans adapted to purity the

Th he

are protected

esides an internal « irtilaginous or bony skelet
ol spines, dent

ladder is freq

¢ and aids th

General label defining class Pisces. Framed copies of this label are placed
mackerel at the top is drz 1in by hand A different species is repre
forms near which it is p

CXXXIT.

PLATT

Buu. U. S. B. F., 1908.

uy

BuUIpLo ayy

*sasodand

1} popuadsus Suds ssvjoqus oy) Dt

Bur. U.S. 6. Hs, 1908; Pratm CXXNIII.

ORDER ser
ACANTHOPTERYGIi

rman
a

SUBORDE!.

PERCESOCES

ie /
8 SLEBORDER_ "Ss
P

SCOMBRIFORMES

A typical case illustrating the arrangement of specimens and the method of indicating classification

'
7 x :
' 7
ay
; -
i
.
; us 7
! .
a 7 }
:
i
i
: 7
: : _
‘a a
;
. '
:
7
, i
: i
i

: '

¥ 7

°¥ 7 - ae? .

i
i
: H
- '
‘
: : a
a
oe 7 ~ t=
}
- : ‘
& : ?
5
i? '
i
i
oa
, ‘
:
: : { 7 Hf
+ »
; 7
, oe

Buu. U.S. B. F., 1908. PLATE CXXNXIV.

i ORDER
: ACANTHOPTERYGII

ITLL

A typical case with doors open, showing character of material to be used.

‘
1
: - - ; — r ; 4 sae
ae + : a on G . oe
Hi si a - 7 ’ 7
. ” 7 - ! : ' ~ %
- - i ear : = ,
r : 7 - : : es 5 io { ca
: , . 7 Fi ae
: 7 « ‘ =
. bie -
is ' Pt a i - . 2 a 7
‘ - i 1 1 i -
: : : - : 7 : 4 : =
! ‘ a 2 - :
i : 7
ies : 5 ‘ : + - Es
: F ; ae -
e : : , - : -
7 : ’ : a - 7 : - 7
* , - 7 a : ' =
- 7 : rs Pee
- i + “i
7 5 a - 7 - i
7 t ek A - 7 : - : "
. 7 - ' cant
- a7 - 7 - . ’ 7 a oy zr
- Fi ;
3 a - : 7 a - i
- » + d a e
é i 7
‘ ' 7 7 - a
ae a a aaa ——— = aenceeiineiials
7 in —e es - —_ ci —_— S

BuL. Ul oS. Bib .; 1908. PLATE: CxO:

SUBORDER

SELACHII

One of the shark cases.

ie

oe

Buu. U. S. B. F., 1908. PLATE CXXXVI.

ORDER.
MALACOPTERYGII

SUBORDER popes eM 7 SUBORDER

PONDYL[ A *" 1SOSPOND)

Case devoted to the trout group. The method of indicating the suborder is well shown in this figure. The case label,
hanging on the front of the case, contains a definition of the suborder.

+

wh

Bur. Ui S..B. Ey gos: PLATE CXXXVII.

LIZARD FISHES

Family Srnooomno€

PIKES
Family Lucuoe

NEEDLE-FISHES
Family Boma

FLYING-FISHES:
Facolty Execanea

A portion of the case devoted to the Haplomi, illustrating the use of family labels and the method of separating
the families by means of strips of tape.

CXC VELL.

PATI

Bur: Us. -B, F.; 1908.

VAGIONVDOIDAD =

wareomns

»y OF SUSMIOAdS 95

)

varsovon.
oy

FUT UIA JA

WVOIy

CXXXIX.

PLATE

*YDIANS JO[OI-19JUM Aq pazwaysnypL ‘Pquy-ayy vAurquosap paquy jo od.AL,

“soaa sv Apaary sv
Ayyu wedde ‘932s AAYoL S}t satunsos pur sodiowo ysy oy} wool
WU U UL dye, UL paoeyd uoy A pur ‘volun puy purpsusy
0} payiodsuesy puv sx0{q OJUL IND UDoq UDO sLY say qt YOryA
UL pntu ayy ‘uoIpuos siyy UL st Ysy-Sun-y oyy apy Ay
“poyIUUOD APSO Ssafqhop st yt Yor Jo ssoysaouV
OUI Yas ‘suriqiqduy oyy Yip tty Sur worq ‘ops yuvuOp v
ul uosvas Aap oy} ssud oy poyqeuo st jeunuy oy, snyy
“APAVI-DUN] ayy YW Suyoouuoo puv adopaauo oyy YI
SNONUUOS PEULIO} SL oqnz AoLIvU v puL ‘Yysy oy Jo YINoW
OU} WW Yo] St UdadMoy ‘Suruodo |peus yy ‘odopaaua ax1]-u00909
v WHO 0) Suapiey pu ‘Apoq szt SdaAo09 AJasqud YyotyAM 9dULIs

“qs sno Ue aH spuvyps-urys SY WOlf, SOjJoII0S wou i

‘OuNSY OY] UL UMOYs Sv dd sjlod pure ‘pnut 947 our
UMOP SOYOUL g1 yNOGe sModNG J poUULYD JaAL oYyy Bunjoas
JO pvajsul ‘pases stozeav oy} sv ‘uosvas Aap ayy ul gnge “ysy
Aavuipto Luv axl] sa s}t jo suvout Aq Fuiyyoiq pue pooy tof
Sulypoivos yur oy} Sugpe soysavur ay} noqu suuas }I pooy jo
aw, 94} Sunn] lw sO AdywM UL AOYI oYwosq OF a]qe st 4
‘s{[LS puv sduny yioq sossossod o9.njvais. snolino siyy sy
“uns 94}
UL dyLq OF syuLq oy Suoye syey-pnwe ayy yor pue papaoa
DALY SIAL QSOY] JO St9}VAX 9X Udy UOSeaS Atp oY] spuads
(sxtagfofosT) OSU PUL PINE ayI JO Ysy-BunrzT oy yoryar
UL dou oY} SMoYys UOnRAYSN{L Sururdwosaw oy]

HSIS-ONNT NVOINSY
AHL JO LIGVH ONIMONUNA

Buu. U. S. B. F., 1908. PLATE CXL

BOO ere ae

oe

~~

v

ne

TS pat a

:
ee
es

pre,

Method of treating small fishes. ‘The photograph is actual size.

CXLI.

a
Y

S. B. F., 1908. PLAT!

Bun. sUe

‘uattads a[Suls v Sujunowr jo poyzout y

3477-103
Lot 21

ye

-

ot

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

I