Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ‘| i] i A PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT. BROWN BEAR IN RELATION TO OTHER RESOURCES ON ADMIRALTY ISLAND, ALASKA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE _ MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No,195 it i Py a ; a | A PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEAR IN RELATION TO OTHER RESOURCES ON ADMIRALTY ISLAND, ALASKA By B. FE. HkEINTZLEMAN, assistant regional forester, Alaska Region, Forest Service, and H. W. TERHUNE, executive officer, Alaska Game Commission, and chief resident representative of the Bureau of Biological Survey in Alaska CONTENTS Page | The Alaska brown bears—Continued. Page Inproduchionsces es seas. Bree ea ee 1 Reproduction and survival_---_---_---- 13 Description of the island_____--__-__--_____- 2 Estimated bear population___-_-__---- 13 Roposra phys eben Ve es eae 2 Present extent of killing. _---._-_------- 14 COMIDAGEEY eyes we eee ruse Seay Ok eee ome ee ermengere rGIe e 4 Laws and regulations protecting brown Eman ;population=====s=== === a= =eee 4 DEAT See eae ae erate wert eee the 15 Road Sram ditnall swe ee eee 4 Bear management_-_____-_------------- 16 Vegetative cover types_______________- 5 Objectiviexssterc . eee eee ly 16 Detailed timber description___________ 6 Seasonal closed areas and bag limits_-_- 16 Forest management_______________________ 6 Semipermanent closed areas_-_--_-__---- 16 IVs irl ana ee ein at) ba NE bee 2 8 Restrictions on the use of other re- TOWN? THC IDA on este se 9 SOURCES Nae ene eee alee ea eS! 18 Agricultural settlement_______________-_-_- 9 Iimiprovelae nseess= eae eee 18 VOL CR DOW Chis ate nt seis ae eRe TS ee 10 Cooperation™ 9 oe ae ee eee eae 18 Wildlife and recreational facilities__________ 10 Protective limit on yearly kill]_____-___- 18 “her Alaska browmsbears=sc2 2 22 25 se! 10 Responsibilities and functions of coop- Distribution of species_---------------- 11 eratimevofticialsss22 5-92 soe e eae 19 Relationships and habits_._....-_---_- 12 INTRODUCTION The national forests contain a great variety of important natural resources of commercial, recreational, and aesthetic value that must be conserved. Frequently two or more of these occur in the same locality, and in order to insure well-rounded use, enjoyment, and perpetuation of the whole, closely coordinated land-use plans cover- ing their management are necessary. The coordinated plans com- monly deal with commercial utilization of timber, land occupancy, preservation of scenery, general recreation, and game hunting. The plan herein described provides for the management of the brown bears of Admiralty Island, in the Tongass National Forest, Alaska. It coordinates the management of the bears with other present and prospective activities on the island and more specifically provides that all activities, including bear hunting, shall be so regulated as to insure the perpetuation of the animals in satisfactory numbers. The management of the bears of Admiralty Island under this plan is a cooperative project between the Alaska Game Commis- sion and the Alaska regional office of the Forest Service, both of if Me MISC. PUBLICATION 195, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE which function under the Department of Agriculture. The Com- mission is the agency established in Alaska by the Federal Govern- ment for the administration of the game and fur laws enacted by Congress and of regulations thereunder promulgated by the Secre- tary of Agriculture. The Forest Service has full responsibility for the administration of the resources of the national-forest lands, except the game and fur thereon, but cooperates with the Commis- sion in the protection of those game and fur resources. The Territorial Government is not authorized to deal with game and fur matters. DESCRIPTION OF THE ISLAND Admiralty Island (fig. 1) is located in the northerly half of south- eastern Alaska, that section of the Territory consisting of a narrow strip of mainland and a paralleling group of hundreds of islands that extend for 400 miles southerly from the main body of Alaska along the west side of British Columbia. The area of this section is about 35,500 square miles. Admiralty Island les southwest of Juneau, the capital of the Territory, and the nearest point is within 12 miles of the capital. Its length is 100 miles, average width 20 miles, and the area is 1,664 square miles, or about 1,065,000 acres— 21 percent greater than the total land surface of Long Island, in New York State. The narrow and almost detached Glass Peninsula parallels the east side of the main body of the island for 43 miles, and is separated from it by Seymour Canal, a natural waterway. The shore line, with the exception of a 38-mile section on the west coast, is deeply indented with numerous bays that provide good an- chorage for vessels of all classes. Motor launches and motor cruisers from Juneau are usually employed in reaching the island, and the longest run to any point is 118 miles. Airplanes, equipped to land on water, now leave Juneau frequently for the coastal harbors and inland lakes. The main steamer route through southeastern Alaska parallels the east side of the island for 45 miles and the north end for the same distance. The steamer channel les for the most part 2 miles or more offshore. Admiralty is the third largest island in southeastern Alaska, being exceeded in size by Prince of Wales and Chichagof Islands only. It is one of three large islands in this section of the Territory on which Alaska brown bears are found, the others being Chichagof and Baranof. TOPOGRAPHY The topography of Admiralty Island is extremely rough. The axis of a mountain range extends from south to north through the middle of the island, and for most of its length steep rugged slopes rise from the shore line to elevations between 2,000 and 3,000 feet. Many ridges and peaks reach heights between 3,500 and 4,500 feet. The Glass Peninsula is a steep ridge parallel to the main range. About midway of the length of the island a break occurs in the mountain range, and a strip of rolling land with an average elevation of about 250 feet extends from the east to the west coast. Well inland on this strip are a group of four large lakes and a number of smaller ones. The western part of this rolling strip forms extensive lowlands PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEAR 3 near Kootznahoo Inlet and Hood Bay, in the vicinity of the Indian village of Angoon. Extensive tide flats occur at the mouths of the streams that empty into the heads of most of the larger bays, and level foreshores are MILES te) s 10 IS —— ee ey INNER Y a5 THAYER MOUNTAIN CLOSED AREA Sr (Closed to bear hurting) = 9 . oe 6 IW 280K GREEK CLOSED REA = = . Pryoura qs op Lon LOKE 5 —— S| ee Prvoung pe EBs 1g L 4 3 —————e ara pee ee PraPaen ——> Lott —————> H -————\ Aewnerr ~. Ko. SHOEI Crarer Loke_ Ss ~ SS S84 Glacier Ng) K spe Srstig Vine sate ») : ee < Lp Oahu i ; \ & ; SSS el ae A ounesrs 5 ; age Vn —— MDA = Buss IC SERVICE SITE Ter 4 a L wel a — Se SS SSS SS SSS a —— SS. = Exes var7s ee Ay ry — Sy CT H = fi am pp ‘ i its a nil FIGURD 1.—Admiralty Island, Alaska (length, 100 miles; average width, 20 miles ; 1,664 Square miles), showing villages, homestead, mining public-service Sites, and other centers of human activity found along portions of the Kootznahoo lowlands. With these exceptions the shore line is steep and rocky and has deep water ex- tending to the edge of the timbered slopes. Sandy and shingle beaches are rare. 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 195, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE The main drainage of the island is provided by 35 to 40 streams originating along the axis of the principal mountain range. These streams are 25 to 75 feet wide and 1 to 2 feet deep at their tidewater outlets. They range in length from about 4 to 12 miles. Innu- merable smaller streams drain directly into tidewater. CLIMATE The average annual precipitation at Juneau is 88 inches, but on Admiralty Island fragmentary records indicate that at tidewater elevation it is probably about 50 to 55 inches. This is well distrib- uted throughout the year. Overcast skies with mist or rain are usual, and as much as 2 weeks consecutively of clear weather is excep- tional. May and June are normally the driest months. The pre- vailing winds are southerly, and the wide waterways surrounding the island are subject at all seasons to storms that drive large motor launches to shelter. Such storms, however, are not sufficiently fre- quent to interfere seriously with launch transportation. Near tidewater the snow depth is 1 to 3 feet in a normal winter, but warm rains may melt off all the snow a number of times during the season. With progress inland from tidewater and increase in elevation, the depth increases rapidly, so that the greater part of the island is under a heavy blanket of snow from the middle of Decem- ber to the first of May. HUMAN POPULATION The total year-long population of southeastern Alaska in 1930 was 19,3804, of which 13,314 were whites and 5,990 Indians. The Indian village of Angoon, on the shores of Chatham Strait, with a population of 320, is the only town on Admiralty Island. Funter Bay on the north end of the island is the next most important com- munity center, with one gold-mining property employing 15 men, another smaller mine, a large cannery, and several individual homes. There are also some isolated residents, such as miners, homesteaders, home-site occupants, cannery watchmen, and lighthouse keepers. The total year-long population is approximately 365. In addition, about 10 persons occupy fur farms on small islands in the bays indenting the shore line. In the summer the population is mate- rially greater because of the influx of salmon-cannery workers, fish trollers encamped on the beaches, fish seiners on boats using the bays for night anchorages, fish-trap watchmen, stream watchmen for the Bureau of Fisheries, sport fishermen, prospectors, miners, and others. This purely seasonal population is estimated at 600 at the peak of the cannery activities. During the middle of the summer, when the bears are on the salmon streams, the island population, including both year-long and seasonal residents, reaches 1,000. Figure 1 shows the principal centers of human activity. The amount of patented land on Admiralty Island is inconsequential. ROADS AND TRAILS The island has no roads. Not more than 10 miles of good trail have been constructed by mining companies on the Mansfield Penin- sula section in the north, while 3 miles of fair trail lead out of PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEAR 5 Angoon Village. Blazed and partially brushed lines of travel intended for temporary use and established over a long period by prospectors and hunting guides are found in many places. These lines are of considerable assistance in following routes to remote points, but they cannot be classed as satisfactory travel ways. Construction was started in 1933 on a comprehensive system ot trails, portages, and shelter cabins, which will open large portions of the island to foot and water travel. VEGETATIVE COVER TYPES The principal cover type is a virgin mixed forest of western hem- lock and Sitka spruce of merchantable quality for timber products. This commercial type extends from tidewater to an altitudinal limit of about 1,500 feet and occupies a major part of the land area below that elevation. This same zone contains another extensive type consisting of “scrub” timber of the same species. The num- ber of trees per acre is less than in the commercial stands and the trees are shorter and of poorer quality. This material is classed as unmerchantable, although portions well located for logging may sometimes be used. Other cover types found in this same zone in- clude muskegs, composed of peat moss, shrubs, and isolated stunted trees; grass flats at the heads of bays and near the mouths of streams; and wet swamps. These three types are important as bear range but have no commercial value. They cover but a small per- centage of the land area within the commercial-timber zone. Above the comercial-timber zone is a narrow band of stunted trees clearly of no commercial value, designated as the “ subalpine forest” type. This in turn gradually gives way at its upper limits to a very extensive type composed of dense thickets of alders and willows interspersed with areas of herbs and grass. Barren rock shows on the more rugged sites within all types above the commer- cial-timber zone. The timber grows in fairly even-aged stands, and practically all age classes are represented. Overmature age classes, however, are by far the most abundant. The trees reach heights of 175 to 200 feet, averaging about 125 feet. Diameters of 6 feet are not uncom- mon, but the average is about 314 feet for spruce and between 2 and 214, feet for hemlock. The maximum volume per acre is in excess of 100,000 board feet, and the average of all the commercial-timber stands is 20,000 board feet. The total volume of commercial timber on the island, as determined by timber surveys, is 8,500,000,000 board feet. Logging operations along the shores of this island have been car- ried on intermittently for at least 25 years to supply the local demand for saw logs and the long piling needed in the construc- tion of salmon traps. The total quantity of material removed represents but a small fraction of that available, and the timber resources can be considered as still intact. It is likely that timber for local use will continue to be taken from the island in small quantities, but the great bulk of the com- mercial forest is of outstanding value for the production of paper and will undoubtedly be used for this purpose. In that event the 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 195, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE manufacturing plants for paper production will probably be located in the vicinity of Juneau, however, to take advantage of town facilities and of large, nearby water-power sites. The estimated acreage of each of the major cover types is as follows: Acres Commereialsf Orest 22 eas ie ee og ae eee — 460, 000 Scrub horestae=sa es EB SS Rg ies EARS Sid eee ae eee 100, 000 Subal pine. Sake res eee, Se ee Dee at Se ee ee 90, 000 Brush, orass: barren SETS 2 os eis ce (Seal eg se creeped) Orea CLG AROS ee aS Te Bs OE Se OO 6, 000 PO GAS: Sas ee ee eS PE ah ac ae ee oe ee ane ee 1, 065, 000 The estimates for areas of commercial and scrub-forest types are based on timber cruises and are fairly accurate. The estimates of the other types are only approximate. DETAILED TIMBER DESCRIPTION The commercial-forest stands are composed almost entirely of western hemlock and Sitka spruce, the former constituting about 80 percent and the latter 20 percent by volume. A few trees of Alaska cedar (yellow cedar) are scattered through the commercial forests. Other tree species are alder and cottonwood along the banks of the principal streams and scattered lodgepole pine on the muskegs. FOREST MANAGEMENT The extensive commercial forests of southeastern Alaska con- stitute one of its most valuable resources. They are destined to play a very important part in the economic development of that region and in providing the United States with a large, sustained supply of newsprint paper. This section of the Territory is largely unsuited to agriculture and needs some other industry based on a renewable resource to complement the fisheries in giving stability to its economic life. At the same time, the United States draws its supply of newsprint paper largely from foreign countries—a situa- tion that is undesirable in many ways, including the large yearly loss of wages that otherwise would be paid to American workmen. The Alaska forests can materially relieve both the local and general problems. They are owned by the Federal Government and have been included in the national-forest system, where they will be managed in accordance with the principles of forestry for the continuous production of timber crops. There is no possibility of forest devastation. The lands will not be alienated to the timber- using companies, and all cutting and other forest activities will be supervised by the Forest Service. Practices will be followed that insure successive crops of trees on the cut-over areas and provide for a continuous and regulated flow of wood material to the mills in quantities commensurate with the growing power of the forests. Studies of the local forests indicate that southeastern Alaska can supply 1,000,000 tons of newsprint yearly in perpetuity, which is more than one-fourth of the present yearly consumption of the United States. Paper manufacture has not yet started in Alaska, PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEAR 1 and no commitments to establish plants for this purpose are now in effect, but it is expected that construction of at least one large mill will be started as soon as general business conditions improve ma- terially. As not less than 3 years will be required to complete: the plant after construction has begun, it will be seen that the beginning of pulp-timber logging on the island is not imminent. Admiralty Island is highly important to this proposed paper- making development. Its 460,000 acres of commercial timberland, 8,500,000,000 board feet of standing timber, and exceptionally good tree-growing soils make it the keystone to paper-manufacturing projects in the Juneau section. It is capable of a sustained production of enough pulpwood to make 440 tons of newsprint paper daily, or 132,000 tons yearly. The full development of the island’s commercial timber would require a capital investment of $17,000,000 in paper mills, power plants, and logging equipment; produce paper valued at $5,000,000 yearly at the plant, and give year-long employment to about 1,000 persons. Management of the commercial-timber stands is not incompatible with the maintenance of a numerous bear population on the island. Possible points of conflict exist, but they are in the details of the actual day-to-day and year-to-year handling of the woods activities rather than in the general scheme. Moreover, there is ample oppor- tunity for men who are interested in both timber and game to make adjustments that entail little sacrifice on the part of either. Timber-management activities will be confined to the areas of com- mercial timber and some of the intermixed patches of scrub timber, less those portions of the well-timbered area that are found to be too rough and inaccessible to log economically. The area affected by the timber-management plans will not exceed 425,000 acres, or two-fifths of the total land area, and this workable section occupies the outer portions of the island nearest tidewater. Its inland limits, however, form a very irregular and somewhat indefinite line, so that the estab- lishment of a practical boundary to limit the area to be worked is im- possible. The location and area of the commercial timber leaves a vast interior region, comprising three-fifths of the total area, into which there is no necessity for the woods workers to penetrate. This is now the preferred habitat of the bear. The isolation, rough ter- rain, vegetation, and more especially the food supply, except in the salmon-spawning season, make this much better bear country than the dense forests at lower altitudes with their limited food supply. The period necessary to grow trees to economical pulp-timber size in this region is not less than 75 years, and as the forests will be handled on the sustained-yield principle, the timber-management plan will provide in effect that not to exceed one seventy-fifth of the commercial area shall be logged in any 1 year. This is slightly more than 0.5 percent of the total area of the island. Clear-cutting, leav- ing large groups of seed trees intact, will be the logging method used, so that a tract once cut over will not be logged again for 75 years. The number of going logging operations at any one time on the island _ will probably be not more than six or eight. There is no apparent reason why the bears should necessarily be molested during logging operations. The animals naturally shun noisy, human activities, such 80628°—34——2 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 195, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE as steam-power logging, and can easily keep away from the small part of this large island to which the yearly cutting area will be confined. The woods activities of timber purchasers and others will be under the close supervision of a Forest Service field officer, who will also be made a game warden of the Alaska Game Commission, specifically charged with the protection of brown bears on the section of the island near the logging camp to which he is assigned. This pre- cludes wanton and illegal killing. In this connection it should be remembered that small and medium-sized logging camps have oper- ated on Admiralty Island under Forest Service supervision for at least 25 years without seriously interfering with the bears. Logging operations on Admiralty Island in the future, as in the past, will involve the hauling of logs from the stump by means of heavy logging engines and wire cables. In many cases railroads or tractor roads, usually less than 4 miles in length, will be needed for the final stage of the haul to the nearest bay, where the logs will be rafted for towing to the mills. Logging camps will continue to be largely of the floating type that can be moved along the sea channels from place to place and pulled on the tide flats or anchored in shal- low water near the working areas, and few permanent or semiper- manent camps will be established. The location of camps, regardless of type, can be controlled by the Forest Service. The number of men employed in logging operations on the island under a full utilization of the commercial-timber resources will not exceed 250. Pulp and paper mills, including hydroelectric plants, to be estab- lished for the utilization of the island timber will probably be located on the mainland shore of Alaska in the vicinity of Juneau. Thus the work and residence of the paper-industry employees, aside from the loggers, will not be in the neighborhood of the bears. Cutting operations increase the food supply for bears. Dense virgin timberland provides little food, while the luxuriant growth of shrubs, berry bushes, and annual plants that covers all cut-over areas in this region for the first few years after logging contributes abundantly both directly and indirectly to the food supply. MINING Mining on Admiralty Island has little effect on the bears. The northern end of the principal mountain chain is known to contain a belt of mineral-bearing rocks. Promising mines in the develop- ment stage are located on the part of this belt north of Hawk Inlet, including three active gold-mining properties on which heavy ex- penditures have been made. An asbestos mine is also being developed on Bear Creek. Active mining operations are largely confined to the relatively small area between Funter Bay and Hawk Inlet. The work is con- centrated in four properties, and most hard-rock miners are not of the woodsmen or hunting class. The low-lying lands in the vicinity of Kootznahoo Inlet contain extensive deposits of bituminous coal. A small mining operation here produced coal commercially for a few years, but recently sus- pended operations. Smaller deposits occur farther south, particu- larly in the vicinity of Tyee post office at Murder Cove, near the southern point of the island, PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEAR 8) FISHING INDUSTRY Commercial fishing gives rise to more contacts between men and bears than any other local activity, especially in the salmon-spawning season, which is also the most active fishing period. Salmon start to enter the fresh-water streams on the island in the middle of July, and a great concentration of bears occurs on the lower sections of the streams near tidewater during the following 6 weeks or 2 months. According to the Bureau of Fisheries, 65 streams on the island are used by salmon. Six salmon canneries, of which only three have been active in the past 3 years, are located along the coast. During the active fishing season 25 to 30 salmon traps, each in charge of a watchman, are placed along the shore line. At the same time not less than 25 seine boats, with crews of 4 to 5 men, fish for salmon in the waters adjoining the island and spend much time at anchor in the protected bays. The actual fishing and packing season of the canning plants covers about 6 weeks in midsummer. During this period the three canneries bring to the island approximately 500 men, of which one- fifth are orientals, principally Chinese and Filipinos. Exclusive of this short period of intense activity, the industry employs about 120 men on the island between April 1 and September 30, but during most of the remaining 6 months only one watchman for each cannery. The herring-packing establishments on the east shore of Baranof Island frequently send boats across Chatham Strait to fish in the bays on the west side of Admiralty Island. Trolling for king salmon, which are shipped fresh in ice from the Territory, is an important local industry. The fishing is done from small boats, each with a crew of 1 or 2 men, during 9 months of the year, but intermittently at any one place, depending on the movement of the fish. These fishermen use nearby protected bays as head- quarters and frequently maintain tent camps ashore. The most active trolling grounds in the island waters are off Hood Bay and Point Gardner, and in Seymour Canal. Perhaps 40 boats fish at least 3 months of the season along the Admiralty coastline. A small amount of halibut fishing, carried on in much the same way as salmon trolling, is done in waters adjacent to the island. To provide the best possible protection against seining in the streams during the 6-week salmon-canning season, the Bureau of Fisheries maintains stream watchmen at the mouths of three impor- tant creeks. The taking of salmon for commercial use after they have entered any spawning stream is illegal. AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT The limited agricultural possibilities preclude any extensive de- mand for opening land to homestead entry. Only seven homesteaders (on either patented or unpatented claims) are now living on the island. ‘The policy in effect is to discourage the settlement of any isolated tract too small for the development of a sufficient community to provide reasonable social and educational advantages. The exten- sion of existing settlements, where soil and other conditions are satis- factory, is encouraged as being to the best interests of permanent 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 195, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Territorial development. In such cases the plan is to grant home sites, which are limited to tracts of 5 acres, rather than homesteads of larger size, as the land is valuable for dwelling sites and home gardens primarily and not for extensive farming. The communities where expansion along this line is expected are Angoon, Tyee, and Funter Bay. WATER POWER There is little chance that the development and operation of power sites will conflict with bear and forest management. The lakes of the large group in the center of the island have little value as poten- tial water-power sites, because of the high development costs and a lack of any demand that can be foreseen for the possible power output. Much better power sites are available on the mainland in the vicinity of Juneau and on Baranof Island. Lake Kathleen and a few small streams near the mineralized sections, however, are of possible future power value in connection with mining operations. WILDLIFE AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Five species of bears of the grizzly-big-brown group have been differentiated by C. Hart Merriam, a noted authority on these ani- mals, among the collection made on Admiralty Island. No black bears occur on this island. The small Sitka deer, a species of the black-tailed group, is nu- merous on all parts of the island, and the local fur bearers include the beaver, mink, land otter, muskrat, weasel, and marten. The beaver is especially abundant. The upland game birds are ptarmigan and grouse. The water- fowl consist of various species of wild ducks and geese, which are largely migratory and very abundant in the fall in numerous places along the shores of the island. A small number nest in the lake country in the interior of the island or on tidewater sloughs, and apparently few of these migrate. Most of the streams and lakes afford excellent trout fishing. At least three varieties of trout, the rainbow, cutthroat, and Dolly Varden, are found in abundance. Recreational activities aside from hunting and trout fishing in- clude canoeing and camping on the lake system in the interior of the island; hiking along the grass-covered slopes of the high ridges above timber line, and climbing the principal peaks; photographing scenery and wildlife; and cruising and camping along the coast. salt-water fishing, and taking trips inland. THE ALASKA BROWN BEARS The big-brown and grizzly bears are regarded by biologists as constituting a single group. Certain peculiarities of structure dis- tinguish the grizzly and big-brown species, but they are of such na- ture as to be indistinguishable in the field. The unit in all game laws, regulations, and management plans must therefore be the en- tire group, though regulations could be made to apply, of course, to any well-marked geographic unit. PLAN FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BROWN BEAR talk DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES - Species with the characteristics of the grizzly type are found over practically the whole of Alaska, while those species regarded as brown bears are in general confined to the southern coastal areas. Further study is necessary to determine the exact limit of distribu- tion of the coastal species toward the interior of the territory. The range of the species of brown bears in Alaska extends along the southern coast of the Territory from Dixon Entrance, on the British Columbia line, to Unimak Island, at the tip of the Alaska Peninsula, a distance of 1,500 miles. While the extent to which they penetrate inland along the southern coastal strip is not definitely Photo by Navy Department. FIGURE 2.—South arm of Chaik Bay.