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CETA “Sreib 8 Ctr 77 -3
Planting Guidelines for Marsh Development and Bank Stabilization
| by Paul L. Knutson
COASTAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL AID NO. 77-3 AUGUST 1977
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING
=a: RESEARCH CENTER 330 Kingman Building US Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060
Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center.
Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of
this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from:
National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22151
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.
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READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.,| 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER CETA 77-3
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Coastal Engineering
Technical Aid PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
PLANTING GUIDELINES FOR MARSH DEVELOPMENT AND BANK STABILIZATION 6.
7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)
Paul L. Knutson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) G31530 Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Department of the Army August 1977 Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 21 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thie report)
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16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
- KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)
Bank stabilization Marsh plants Erosion Planting guidelines Marsh development
ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necegsaary and identify by block number)
Marsh plants are effective in stabilizing eroding banks in many sheltered coastal areas. Exceptional results have been achieved in a variety of inter- tidal environments at a fraction of the cost required for comparable structur- al protection. Techniques are available for the efficient propagation of several marsh plants for use in bank stabilization. This report provides guidelines for (a) selecting plants and planting methods, (b) determining seed application rate and plant spacing, (c) determining fertilization
continued
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UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered)
requirements, and (d) estimating labor for planting on a project-by-project balsalsr
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PREFACE
This report is a planting guideline for marsh development and bank Stabilization. It is intended to augment information in Chapter 6 of the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1975).
The report was prepared by Paul L. Knutson, Coastal Ecology Branch, under the general supervision of R.M. Yancey. Illustrations were prepared by the author and L. Martin.
Comments on this publication are invited.
Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963.
OEN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director
CONTENTS
Page CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI)... . 5
I TUINAURODIUGIEMON >. og 6, 010 10 of 0. ol lo. 6 @ 9 6 0 6 B10 6 0 6 0 7 Il SELECTING PLANTS AND PLANTING METHOD. ........ .. 7 III DETERMINING SEED APPLICATION RATE AND PLANT SPACING... 11 Io Seeakbne < J fof aig S55 nee ee Seah akey peMplog es Soe wal ace: eam mo
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APPENDIX
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C MAINTENANCE) OF (PLANTED) ORY SEEDED AREAS 3) 5 sa eneeel
TABLE
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CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows:
—————_— Saas
Multiply by To obtain inches : 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16. 39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters square yards 0. 836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259/50 hectares knots 1.8532 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters millibars 1,OlO7- & 10> ® kilograms per square centimeter ounces BS OS grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.1745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins!
1To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32).
To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15.
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PLANTING GUIDELINES FOR MARSH DEVELOPMENT AND BANK STABILIZATION
by
Paul L. Knutson I. INTRODUCTION
This report contains information which supplements Chapter 6 of the Shore Protection Manual (SPM) (U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1975)!. The objective of the report is to provide guidelines for the establishment of vegetation for marsh develop- ment and bank stabilization in coastal areas.
II. SELECTING PLANTS AND PLANTING METHOD
The appropriate species and planting method may be determined in the following manner.
STEP ONE: Select the description from each of the following categories which best describes the site to be planted.
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
Atlantic coast Gulf coast Pacific coast (southern)
TIDAL ELEVATION
Mean low water (MLW) to mean tide level (MTL) MTL to mean high water (MHW) MHW to estimated highest tide (EHT)
TIDAL RANGE
0.0 to 3.0 feet (1.0 meter) 3.0 feet or greater
SALINITY
0 to 20 parts per thousand 21 to 40 parts per thousand 41 to 60 parts per thousand
1ly.s. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, COASTAL ENGINEERTNG RESEARCH CENTER, Shore Protection Manual, 2d ed., Vols. I, II, and III, Stock No. 008-002- 00077-1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975, 1,160 pp.
FETCH LENGTH
0.0 to 1.0 mile (1.6 kilometers) 1.1 to 5.0 miles (8.0 kilometers) 5.1 to 10.0 miles (16.0 kilometers)
SOIL PROPERTIES
Mostly cohesive (silts and clays) Mostly granular (sand)
Tidal elevations and tidal range can be estimated if detailed surveys
are not available. To estimate tidal elevations, consult local tide tables and make site observations during low water and high water periods. Make these observations during calm periods when waves are low and there are no local storm fronts. Use reference stakes to delineate the tidal zone (MLW and MHW). Consider the midpoint between the high and low stakes to be MTL. Ttdal range is the vertical difference between high and low water. Tide tables can be obtained from private distributors such as sporting goods stores, marinas, and fishing concessions, and from the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Geological Survey.
If specific information is not available, salinity can be estimated using the following general guidelines. Water begins to taste salty at about 3 parts per thousand. Seawater contains about 33 parts per thousand salt. In general, the waters of bays, sounds, and estuaries will have salinities lower than seawater because of the influence of freshwater. Salinity will be less than 20 parts per thousand in waters which are close to tributaries or are far from openings to the ocean. Salinity is likely to be more than 20 parts per thousand near bay mouths and inlet openings. Salinities greater than 40 parts per thousand are likely to be encountered only in areas where circulation is poor, evaporation rate is high, rainfall is low, and temperatures are high. Additional information on local salin- ity regimes is often available from State departments of natural resources, academic institutions, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- tration (NOAA).
Fetch Length is the horizontal distance over which winds may blow across open water to create waves. Consider only the longest fetches.
STEP TWO: Turn to the planting decision key (Fig. 1 if site is located on the Atlantic or gulf coasts; Fig. 2 if on the Pacific coast). Using the appropriate planting decision key and the site description compiled
in STEP ONE, begin at the top of the key and move downward following the appropriate path. The path will terminate in a block which either desig- nates suitable plant species and planting methods or indicates the site
is not appropriate for planting. Information on obtaining plant materials is in Appendix A; a description of each planting method is given in Appendix B; and maintenance requirements are discussed in Appendix C.
BEGIN
Elevation Elevation (MTL to MHW) (MHW to EHT)
Elevation (MLW to MT
Tidal Tidal Gulf Atlantic range range coast coast (>3.0ft) * (<3.0 ft)
Salinity Salinity (cohesive)| | (sandy)
(< 40 %oo) (>40 oo) *
Fetch Fetch Fetch ( >10 mi)] | (5.1 to (1.1 to 10 mi) 5.0 mi)
Salinity (>20 Yoo)
(0.0 to 1.0 mi)
Salinity (<20 %o)
Elevation Elevation (MLW to MTL) KMTL to MH
Gulf coast cordgrass Spartina spartinae sprigs
Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora
Seedlings
Smooth cordgrass
Smooth cordgrass
Saltmeadow cordgrass
Spartina patens sprigs
* Do not plant *%* Least cost planting method
*x*x Least cost but not recommended for dredged material disposal area
Figure 1. Planting decision key, Atlantic and gulf coasts.
©)
BEGIN
Elevation Elevation ‘Elevation (MLW to MTL)* (MTL to MHW) (MHW to EHT)*
Salinity Salinity (<40 %o) (=40 %o)
Fetch x Fetch Fetch (>10 mi) || (5.1 to (1.1 to 10.0 mi) 5.0 mi)
Salinity (>20 Yoo)
Salinity (0.0 to
20 Yo)
California cordgrass Spartina foliosa
California cordgrass
California cordgrass
Seedlings
* Do not plant
** Least cost planting method at
*%* Least cost but not recommended Note. Tidal range not a determining for marsh development on factor on Pacific coast dredged material
Figure 2. Planting decision key, Pacific coast.
III. DETERMINING SEED APPLICATION RATE AND PLANT SPACING 1.. Seeding. The recommended application rate for seed is given by: Seed application rate = Ra x Qs
where Ra is a base application rate of 2 gallons per acre (19 liters per hectare) of seeds for California cordgrass (Spartina foltosa) or
1 gallon per acre (9.5 liters per hectare) of seeds for smooth cordgrass (S. alterntflora), and Qs is the seed quality index for the seed source. Qs is approximated by collecting and examining seed before harvest.
The total number of spikelets examined divided by the number of full spikelets (Fig. 3) is the Qs.
Figure 3. Full spikelet.
Threshing will reduce the volume of harvested material by about 50 percent. Therefore, the volume which must be harvested in anticipation of planting is:
Harvest volume = 2(Ra x Qs) x A where A is the area to be planted in acres. 2. Sprigs, Plugs, and Seedlings.
The Table summarizes recommended plant spacing for marsh development projects (plant cover in three growing seasons) and for bank stabiliza- tion projects (cover in one to two seasons).
Table. Recommended plant spacing. j
; Spacing for marsh Spacing for bank Plant material development (in) stabilization (in)? Smooth cordgrass 36 18 (sprigs, seedlings) California cordgrass 36 18 (sprigs, plugs, seedlings) Gulf coast cordgrass 36 36 (sprigs) Saltmeadow cordgrass 18 18 (sprigs)
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1Minimum width for bank stabilization planting is 10 feet.
The number of plants (sprigs, plugs, or seedlings) required for a given project is determined by:
Plants required = Pa x A
where Pa is plants per unit area, based upon spacing requirements (18- and 36-inch spacing requires 19,400 and 4,840 plants per acre, respectively).
IV. DETERMINING FERTILIZATION REQUIREMENTS
Fertilization treatment is recommended for: (a) all bank stabiliza- tion projects, (b) situations where rapid plant cover is desired, and (c) all sandy planting areas.
dk Seeding.
Apply to surface two parts (by weight) ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate to one part treble-superphosphate. Fertilize with 200 pounds per acre (220 kilograms per hectare) in June and again in July of the first growing season (a total of 400 pounds).
2. Sprigs, Plugs, and Seedlings.
Apply to surface two parts (by weight) ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate to one part treble-superphosphate. Fertilize with 200 pounds per acre (220 kilograms per hectare) at time of planting and again in June (a total of 400 pounds) or side dress (work fertilizer into soil along one side of each plant) (1 ounce per plant), with 8- to 9-month release fertilizer at time of planting. Application rate per unit area for side dressing is dependent upon spacing requirements (18- and 36- inch spacing requires 1,200 and 300 pounds per acre, respectively).
I2
Fertilization and other maintenance requirements are discussed in + Appendix C.
V. ESTIMATING LABOR FOR PLANTING
1. Seeding. Seeding may be accomplished with about 25 manhours of effort per acre. This figure includes harvest, storage, dispersal, and tillage.
2. Sprigs. Sprigs may be excavated, separated, and planted for approximately 1 manhour per 100 plants. Labor per unit area is depend- ent upon plant spacing (18- and 36-inch spacing requires 200 and 50 manhours per acre, respectively).
3. Seedlings. Nursery seedlings will require about 5 manhours per 100 plants to prepare and plant. Labor requirements are: 18- and 36- inch spacing requires 1,000 and 250 manhours per acre, respectively.
4. Plugs. Plugs will require about 10 manhours per 100 plants to prepare and plant. Labor requirements are: 18- and 36-inch spacing requires 1,850 and 450 manhours per acre, respectively.
VI. SAMPLE DESIGN PROBLEMS
The following examples demonstrate the use of the guidelines pre- sented.
Soe 868828885508 De POM loo oo oo oe aka ee GIVEN: Type of project, marsh development; geographical area, Atlantic
coast; tidal elevation, MTL to MHW; salinity, 15 parts per thousand; fetch length, 0.0 to 1.0 mile; seed quality index (Qs) = 2.
FIND: Plant and planting method. SOLUTION: Refer to Section II and use Figure 1. The path compatible with this project terminates in a block indicating that smooth cord-
grass seedlings, sprigs, or seeds are Suitable. (Seeds are designated as the lowest cost method. )
FIND: Seed application rate. SOLUTION: Refer to Section III. Seed application rate = Ra x Qs.
Base application rate (Ra) for smooth cordgrass is 1 gallon per acre (9.5 liters per hectare).
Qs is given as 2.
Therefore, seed application rate = 2 gallons per acre. xk kk kok Ok & kX & * * EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2 * * * * * * * * * * KK Ok X GIVEN: Type of project, bank stabilization; size, 20-foot width and 435-foot length (0.2 acre); geographical area, Pacific coast; plant material, California cordgrass sprigs; plant spacing, 18 inches; fertilizer, top dressing. FIND: Fertilization required. SOLUTION: Refer to Section IV. Application rate for top dressing is 400 pounds per acre. Total fertilizer required for 0.1 acre is 40 pounds. FIND: Labor requirements for planting. SOLUTION: Refer to Section V. Labor requirement per unit area for sprigs spaced 18 inches apart is
200 manhours per acre. Therefore, labor required for this project (0.2 acre) is 40 manhours.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DODD, J.D., and WEBB, J.W., "Establishment of Vegetation for Shoreline Stabilization in Galveston Bay,' MP 6-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engi- neers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr.1975.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN INC., ''Scope of Services Available - Plant Material Costs - Vegetative Establishment Costs - Consultation Rates - Specifi- cations for Plant Establishment - Guidelines for Site Suitability," Environmental Concern Inc., St. Michaels, Md., 1976.
GARBISCH, E.W., Jr., WOLLER, P.B. and McCALLUM, R.J., "Salt Marsh Estab- lishment and Development," TM-52, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., June 1975.
KNUTSON, P.L., ''Development of Intertidal Marshlands upon Dredged Material in San Francisco Bay,'' Proceedings of the WODCON VII Conference, July 1976.
U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, SAN FRANCISCO, "'San Francisco Bay and Estuary, Dredge Disposal Study, Appendix K - Marsh Development,' Apr. 1976.
WEBB, J.W., and DODD, J.D., 'Vegetation Establishment and Shoreline Stabilization: Galveston Bay, Texas,"' TP 76-13, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976.
WENTZ, W.A., SMITH, R.L., and KADLEC, J.A., "State-of-the-Art Survey and Evaluation of Marsh Plant Establishment Techniques: Induced and Natural ,'' CR D-74-9, U.S Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss., Dec. 1974.
WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.D., and BROOME, S.W., "Propagation of Spartina alterniflora for Substrate Stabilization and Salt Marsh Development,'' TM-46, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1974.
WOODHOUSE, W.W., Jr., SENECA, E.B., and BROOME, S.W., ''Propagation and Use of Spartina alterniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement," TR 76-2, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Aug. 1976
ivi i in mone ot: f
APPENDIX A
OBTAINING PLANT MATERIALS
Few companies specialize in the sale of salt marsh plants. Informa- tion concerning local suppliers may be obtained from the State agent of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service located in State capitals. The following are known commercial distributors of salt marsh plants:
Horticultural Systems Inc. San Francisco Bay Marine Research Center POs Bor 3 8 Middle Road Bradenton, Florida 33506 Lafayette, California 94549
(415) 332-5100 Environmental Concern Inc. PEO >5 lope 12 St. Michaels, Maryland 21663 (301) 745-9620
Complete taxonsomic descriptions of the plants discussed in this report may be found in Hitchcock (1971):
Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterntflora) California cordgrass (Spartina foltosa) Gulf coast cordgrass (Spartina spartinae) Saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens)
In addition, Figure A-1 provides simplified illustrations of these plants. Confusion in recognizing these three species is not likely. California cordgrass is found only on the Pacific coast; smooth cordgrass is common only on the gulf and Atlantic coasts; Gulf coast cordgrass is limited
to the gulf. Where smooth cordgrass and Gulf coast cordgrass occur together, each can be distinguished by their characteristic habits.
Smooth cordgrass will be found forming nearly homogeneous stands within the intertidal zone. Gulf coast cordgrass, on the other hand, will be found in the high intertidal zone and on coastal uplands growing in clumps or tufts in association with other plant varieties.
2HITCHCOCK, A.S., Manual of Grasses of the United States, 2d ed., 2 Vols., Dover, New York, 1971.
Smooth, Gulf Coast, and California Cordgrasses
Growth habit Seed head Stem and leaf
Figure A-1l. Plant identification.
APPENDIX B
DESCRIPTION OF PLANTING METHODS
ilo Siee Preparation.
Planting areas should be sloped to 1 on 15 or less for seeding pro- jects. Areas to be planted with sprigs, plugs, and nursery seedlings should be sloped as gradual as practicable.
Bo Sseechijnes,
Seeding is recommended for only smooth cordgrass and California cordgrass. Methods for planting these are similar. The seeds are ready for harvest as early as September in northern latitudes and as late as November in southern areas. Seed-producing stands should be examined periodically during appropriate months. When seeds are easily dislodged by grasping the seed head, harvesting should begin. To harvest, clip seed head from adult plant. After harvesting, store collected material 2 weeks in moist condition, thresh, and store in cold (39° Fahrenheit, 4° Celsius), brackish water. Broadcast at low water during late winter or spring (February through April in southern latitudes (south of latitude 37° N.) and March through May in northern latitudes. Cover seeds with one-half inch or less of tillage. Standard agricultural equipment may be used to harvest and broadcast seed. Generally, such equipment re- quires modification to achieve mobility in marsh substrates.
3. Planting Sprigs.
A sprigging technique can be used to plant all of the species dis- cussed. A sprig is a part of a plant consisting of at least one node (joint of a stem from which the leaves arise) with attached stems and roots. To obtain sprigs, dig plants from existing marshes or "nurseries" established for this purpose and separate them. (CAUTION.--this activity is potentially damaging to existing, natural marshes. Avoid disruption of areas subject to erosion.) Obtaining and separating sprigs is much more efficient in sandy substrates and in young stands where dense root systems have not yet formed. Sprigs must be kept moist until planting and may be heeled-in (base of the plant covered with sediment but leaves and stems exposed) for several days in an intertidal area. (Do not allow plants to overheat by covering or keeping in closed containers.) To. plant, open a hole 4 to 6 inches in depth, insert the sprig, and firm the soil. Early spring is optimal for planting, although moderate success can be obtained in other seasons. A modified tobacco planter may be used to increase planting efficiency on sandy sediments.
4. Planting Plugs. Plugs may be used to plant California cordgrass. A plug is,a root-
SOil mass, 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters) in diameter and 6 to 8
19
inches (15 to 20 centimeters) deep which contains roots and a number of stems. Plugs can be excavated from existing marshes and trans- planted intact. Collect plugs in cohesive sediments only. An intact root-soil sediment mass cannot be maintained in sandy sediments.
Plugs may be planted during any season (except in areas with ice forma- tion) though spring is preferable. Caution against disrupting natural marshes also applies here.
5. Planting Nursery Seedlings.
Smooth cordgrass and California cordgrass may be planted using nursery seedlings rooted in peat moss pots. Seedlings have a well- developed, intact root-soil mass for planting in either cohesive or sandy sediments. Seedlings have several advantages. Nursery stock can be (a) held indefinitely in the event of construction delays, (b) planted in most any season, though spring is preferred, and (c) cultivated with a minimum of disturbance to existing marshes. To prepare nursery seedlings, collect and store seed as discussed in Section II. Seeds may be stored up to 8 months. Remove seeds from storage and scatter over the surface of 3- to 5-inch-diameter peat moss pots filled with sand. Apply approxi- mately 10 seeds per pot, scarify lightly, irrigate with tapwater, and apply 10-10-10 fertilizer at 0.25 ounce per square foot after seeds have germinated.
Seedlings should be grown for at least 3 months before planting. Maintain salinity in the solution comparable to that which will be encountered at the planting site. Planting of both plugs and seedlings is more efficient if holes are opened with an auger.
20
APPENDIX C
MAINTENANCE OF PLANTED OR SEEDED AREAS 1. Debris Removal.
Debris such as wood, styrofoam, algae, and dislodged submerged plants accumulate in the high marsh forming a strand line. This material may smother and damage plantings particularly during the first two growing seasons. This litter should be removed in both the fall and the spring.
2. Fertilization.
If plant cover and development are inferior to that desired by the second growing season, fertilize again at rate given in Section IV for seeded areas.
3. Waterfowl Control.
Canadian and Snow geese are fond of the tender roots and rhizomes of marsh plants and may destroy a planted area before establishment. Rope fences erected on the seaward edge of planted areas have been used suc- cessfully to exclude waterfowl during the first few growing seasons.
The fences consist of wood, metal, or plastic pickets strung with 1/8-inch nylon rope. The ropes are spaced at 6-inch intervals from the sediment surface to an elevation above MHW.
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£9 Bol, “Ot earecn’ £0201
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