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PLANT MATERIALS

OF

DECORATIVE GARDENING
*

THE WOODY PLANTS

BY

WILLIAM TRELEASE

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

URBANA
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
1Q17

i FR RI a 2 Do by oa
ey Copyright, IQI7 ~
ee ‘ by "Cae

ee William Trelease ©

: CONTENTS

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MSRRREDEL YS (TCE See en Oe ee be en eas
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Keys To GENERA

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MMEPMOPR OR RIOHS oid. 2 iat oe Dk ete eee
UL) GLA EIS GS: et Bee Re aia et SRR Rao eB MR SSDS ANG RELI ALE Cg cal ee oe
er CORALS Ags cee Ss ul ee le ae a

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Pe.

INTRODUCTION, 5

INTRODUCTION.

It has become the practice of gardeners to speak of the
plants used for decorative purposes as the plant materials of
their art. These materials fall rather naturally into three
classes: the woody plants used in landscape architecture and
street planting, the herbs used for bedding and border planting,
pools, etc., and the grasses of lawns.

The present little volume is an attempt to make it possible
for any careful observer to learn the generic and usually the
specific name of any hardy tree, shrub or woody climber that
he is likely to find cultivated in the eastern United States—apart
from the extreme south—or in northern Europe, anywhere except
on the more pretentious estates, or in nurseries or botanical
establishments. It accounts for 247 genera and 782 species, with
some 375 minor forms, or over I150 distinct kinds. These per-
tain to 83 natural families.

For a few hopelessly complicated genera, such as the haws,
cotoneasters, mockoranges and roses, only a few of. the most
easily recognized species have been admitted. Except for these,
an effort has been made to include all but the rarer or newer
species. By way of compensation for omissions, the common
trees and shrubs of the orchard may be traced to their species,
and also the commoner native shrubs and cover plants.

It is assumed that the terms usually applied to the parts of
plants are understood or will be looked up in the glossary by
anyone who wishes to use the keys, and that he will quickly
learn to make a small and not necessarily expensive pocket lens
of about twelve-diameter magnification his inseparable compan-
ion and helper: no further equipment is necessary except a good
store of care, patient interest, and common sense.

To keep the book inexpensive, and of a size to fit the pocket,
identifications are provided for in concise keys. As a rule these

6 INTRODUCTION,

should lead to reasonably certain conclusions: but no key in itself
is to be regarded as final, and determinations should be checked
up by reference to Bailey’s Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture,
in which are to be found full descriptions and. references to
excellent illustrations. To facilitate this use, technical consid-
erations are waived and the names here used for genera and
species are conformed to the Cyclopedia: but where native
genera are differently named in currently used Manuals, these
names are added as synonyms.

. The keys do not bring together the names of genera that
are related; but their division into sections dealing respectively
with Trees, Shrubs, Undershrubs and Cover Plants, and Climb-
ers, gives them a certain comparative value in addition to con-
venience of reference; and this is increased by the grouping in
various places of evergreen and deciduous, armed and spineless
forms, etc., and by a division of the undershrubs according to
their habit of growth.

The relationships of the genera and the relative landscape
or other importance of families are to be seen at a glance when
reference is made to the systematic part of the book. An inno-
vation that it is hoped may prove useful, and that affords sug-
gestions for further observation on dependable though rarely-
used characters, is to be found in the brief descriptions of the
genera, in which more space is given to wood, bud, leaf-scar,
foliage and inflorescence than to the more transient details of
flower and fruit on which botanical classification largely rests.

Though the manuscript has been subjected to critical use
by individuals and classes, it is probable that errors have been
overlooked, or introduced in the effort to make betterments.
For these, apologies are tendered; but the hope is entertained
that its shortcomings may be outweighed by a general useful-
ness of the little handbook, which is intended to meet a need
that my own experience as a teacher shows to be very real now
that plant materials are so much studied and used.

Urbana, Illinois, June 30, 1917.

UsING THE KEYS.

NI

SUSING THE KEYS.

The determination keys are essentially “dichotomous.” At
each point it is necessary to decide between two—rarely three
or four—very distinctly contrasted characters, and in each case
these contrasts are grouped under a single number in the key.
The first few choices are between differences that can be seen
without touching the plant. Since poison ivy, poison oak and
poison sumach are very poisonous to the touch, it is advisable
to have the first two, which are common everywhere, pointed out
by someone who knows them, and to regard anything with com-
pound leaves as suspicious until these three are well known. A
few examples will show the simplicity of using a key, and the
directness with which it leads to the name of a plant.

Wishing to become acquainted with one of the poisonous
species as quickly as possible, I go to a “vine”-covered fence-
post and without touching the plant am able to see readily that
it is thin-leaved, therefore probably deciduous; with one leaf at
a node, the leaves therefore alternate; and that each leaf is
compound,—made up of three rather large wavy-margined leaf-
lets coming from the end of the leaf-stalk, and therefore digi-
tate, or palmate. Turning to the Synopsis of Groups (p. 10),
I find that it is to be sought in Key D on p. 38. In this key,
beginning —as always— with no. I, the characters that I have
seen already take me through the key by the following refer-
ee —— ty 5, tO.7 > N07, to 10; no. 10, ta 11> no. it, to 23.——
with a caution that this group contains poisonous species; no. 23
compels me to look at the plant a little more closely, still with-
out touching it, and I see that it does not support itself by
coiling about the post, and that it has no tendrils though it, has
fastened itself by short roots coming from between the nodes.
The conclusion is inevitable that it belongs to the genus Rhus.
In the key to species of this genus (p. 117), I find, under no. 1,

§ USING THE KEYS,

that there are three species with only 3 leaflets to each of the
compound leaves; although the characteristic white fruit may
not be in evidence, my observation that it is a climber, leading
through the sequence I to 2; 2 to 3, satisfies me that I have
seen the poison ivy, Rhus radicans, in one of its protean forms.
Later I may chance to find it in the grass. In this guise, I
should trace: it through Key C (p. 34) as an underbrush, coming
to the’ same result by the steps 1 to 15; 15 t0 36; 3a.to 340;
39 to 54; 54 to 55. In its bushy southern form, and with more
lobed leaves, I should trace the scarcely separable poison oak,
R. Toxicodendron, through Key B (p.19) by the steps I to 33;
33 to 61; 61 to 62; 62 to 149; 149 to 150; 150 to 151, where |
get a cautionary signal; 151 to 152. In addition to learning
this dangerous plant, I may have satished myself incidentally
that the harmless Virginia creeper can be distinguished from
it by having 5 leaflets in each leaf, and by climbing by tendrils
opposite the leaves.

An entomologist comes to me with a branch of-a tree badly
infested with scale insects. He thinks that he knows the tree,
but wishes to be sure of it because the owner and his neighbors
can not say what it is. The Synopsis of Groups leads me to
Key A (p. 11). It is obviously deciduous, not at all prickly or
spiny, with rounded twigs, opposite leaves that are rather large
and pinnately compound with five or seven somewhat toothed
short-stalked leaflets, green on both sides. Through Key A, I
go by the successive steps I to 26; 26 to 39; 39 to 104; 104 to
112. Here I cut the twig cleanly across midway between two
nodes and find that the pith is of moderate diameter as com-
pared with elder-pith; and the succeeding steps are 112 to 113,
and 113 to 114, where I find that the scars from which last
year’s leaves have fallen are squared off below this year’s twigs
or any undeveloped buds of last season, so that I am convinced
that it is a Fraxinus. In the key to the species of ash (p. 158)
I go successively ‘from 1 to 2; 2 tO. 3; 3 tO 10; abe mere 1O
14, where I find it to be Fraxinus lanceolata. Reference to the
Cyclopedia gives fuller information about the tree.

UsING tHE Keys. 9

Under some shrubbery, I see very often a trailing little
evergreen with lanceolate or elliptical entire simple leaves, two
at a node (opposite); and its single large blue flowers attract
attention early in the spring. The Synopsis of Groups refers
me to ‘Key C (p. 34) where, by the successive steps I to 15, 15
fO 36545910 39, 39 10 40, 40 to 42, 42 ta 40, 40 to 50, 50<t0 51,
I reach the conclusion that it is a Vinca. Reference to the ac-
count of this genus (p. 165) shows that it is the periwinkle or
running “myrtle,” Vinca minor. .

Of late years a gigantic twiner, woody only at base, has come
into extensive use. Its alternate compound leaves with three
large lobed leaflets enable me to trace it through Key D (p. 38),
by the steps I to 7, 7 to 10, 10 to II, I1 to 23, 23 to 26, and 26 to
27, where I see that it is a Pueraria, and reference to p. III
shows that it is the Kudzu vine, P. hirsuta.

Finally, to take a more complicated case, I gather a shoot
of a very slender and graceful deciduous shrub under my win-
dow and note that it has alternate 5-ranked simple but some-
what lobed glabrous rather pointed leaves, with a single C-
shaped woody bundle showing when I snap the leaf-stalk off at
its base; and the partly ripened fruits, earlier a mass of small
white flowers, clustered on short twigs, consist of several small
seed-like “akenes” in each persistent calyx. The Synopsis of
Groups refers me.to Key B (p. 19) where I trace it from I to
at. 34 (6.61; 61 to.62; 62 to 63,63 to 65; 65 to. 66; 66: to’ 190;
eae to. 140 -T4h tO! 1420 14s? ta", 149 2 143; to 147) Tp ta, TAB;
where I conclude that it is a Spiraea. In the key to species of
this genus (p. 89) I follow it from 1 to 8; 8 to Io; and Io to Ii,
where I am satisfied that it is the now very popular betterment
of the “bridal wreath,” & S. Vanhouttet. The Cyclopedia tells
me that this is a hybrid of its fore-runner, S. trilobata, with
S. cantoniensis, and incidentally I learn something of the num-
ber of species of this attractive genus that the larger collections
may include, and of their scientific classification.

10 SYNOPSIS OF GROUPS,

SYNOPSIS OF GROUETS:

Trees, as usually grown, for groves, avenues and specimens.
Key: As tpn,
Bushes, as usually grown, for blocking-out, shrubberies, speci-
mens and hedges,—including such small trees as sumach and
trees that are cut back in hedges or for the bright color of
their young shoots in winter. Dwarfed evergreens are to be

sought in the preceding key. Key B (p. Ig).
Small undershrubs, as well as carpeting plants, and tufted ever-
greens used for covering rock-work, etc. Key C (p. 34).

Woody climbers and scrambling plants used on walls, pergolas,
etc., and occasionally for covering rock-work. Key D (p. 38),

ine

12.

TREES, 11

Xe USUALBDY! SEEN AS ERENS.

. Evergreen: unarmed except as the simple leaves may be

pungently pointed or toothed. 2.
Deciduous. 26,
Evergreen Trees—Unarmed.

. Foliage (“phylloid shoots”) needle-hke, in ter-

minal whorls on short spurs sheathed with scales. 3.
Leaves not in scale-sheathed clusters. 4.

. Needles 1-5, angular, in a rather erect cluster. Pinus.

Needles numerous, flat in a spreading tuft. Sciadopitys.

. Leaves alternate or clustered. 5.

Leaves opposite, small or very narrow. 18.
Leaves whorled, 3 at a node. Juniperus.
Leaves alternate.

. Leaves small or very narrow. 6.

~

Leaves relatively large or broad. 15.

. Leaves 4-sided. 7.

Leaves not 4-sided, or if so neither clustered
nor from raised bases. 9.

. Leaves often clustered on short spurs. Cedrus.
Leaves not clustered on spurs. 8.
Leaves green, not disarticulating, 4-ranked. Cryptomeria.
Leaves white-lined or glaucous, disarticulating from
angular bases. Picea.

. Leaves green on both sides. Io.

Leaves white-lined beneath. 11.

. Fruit fleshy: leaves elongated, narrowed at base. Taxus.

Fruit a cone: leaves short and sharp, sessile. Sequoia.
Leaves decurrent in ridges on the twigs. 12.

Leaves not or little decurrent. 14.

Leaves mostly serrulate above: fruit a small cone. Tsuga.
Leaves entire. 13.

I2

13.

18.

10.

22.

23.

to
SI

TREES,
Leaves sessile, 4-ranked: fruit a cone. Sequoia.
Leaves elongated, short-stalked: fruit, fleshy. Torreya.
. Leaf-scars not at all raised: buds resinous. Abies.
Leaf-scars slightly raised: buds not resinous. Pseudotsuga.
. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. Magnolia.
Stipule-scars not encircling the twig. 16.
. Leaves glaucous beneath. Persea.
Leaves not glaucous. 17.
. Leaves with nectar-glands beneath. Prunus.
Leaves without nectar-glands, usually pungent. Mex...

Leaves opposite.

Leaves spreading (juvenile forms). 1Io.-

Leaves closely appressed. 20.

Leaves very stiff: fruit a cone. Sequoia.
Leaves stiff: fruit berry-like. Juniperus.
Leaves flexible. Chamaecyparis or Thuja (““Retinispora”).

. Internodes not flattened: leaves alike. 21,

Internodes flattened: leaves on the side flat, those
on the edges deeply V-grooved. 23.

. Foliage-sprays not fan-like: fruit fleshy. Juniperus.
Foliage-sprays fan-like: fruit a cone. 22.
Seeds 2-3 under each cone-scale. Chamaecyparis.
Seeds numerous under each scale. Cupressus.
Internodes distinctly longer than broad. Libocedrus.

Internodes about as long as broad. 24,

. Foliage-sprays slightly fan-shaped: internodes
narrow (I-1.5 mm.). - Chamaecyparis.
Foliage-sprays distinctly fan-like. 25.
. Internodes moderate (2-4 mm.) : seeds 2. Thuja.
Internodes broad (4-8 mm.): seeds numerous. Thujopsis.

. Armed with at least some spines or prickles. 27.

Unarmed. 3090.
Deciduous Trees—Armed.,

. Leaves alternate, never 4-ranked. 28.

Leaves opposite. 38.

28.

TREES. ; : 13

Leaves alternate.
With prickles. 20.
With thorns occupying the place of stipules. 31.
With pungent twigs or spurs. 33.

29. Leaves digitately lobed or digitate. Acanthopanax.
Leaves once pinnate. 30,
Leaves bipinnate. Aralia.

30. Armed only when young. Ailanthus.
Older branches armed. Zanthoxylum.

31. Leaves pinnately compound: thorns detachable. Robinia.
Leaves simple: thorns firm. 32.

32. Glabrous: fruit dry, winged. Paliurus.
Pubescent: fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Zizyphus.

33. Leaves simple. 34.
Leaves unequally pinnate or bipinnate. Gleditsia.

34. With silvery or brown peltate scales. Elaeagnus.
Not’scurfy. 35.

35. Sap milky: fruit like a great mulberry. Maclura.
Sap not milky. 36.

36. Leaves with nectar-glands on petiole or base. Prunus.
Leaves without nectar-glands. 37.

37. Pome with papery core: bud-scales thin. Pyrus.
Core of fruit bony: bud-scales fleshy. Crataegus.

Leaves opposite.

38. With silvery or brown peltate scales. Shepherdia.

Not scurfy: spine short, terminal. Rhamnus.
Deciduous Trees—Unarmed.
39. Leaves alternate or clustered on alternate spurs. 40.

40.

Leaves opposite, or 4-ranked if separated. 104.

Leaves whorled, 3 at a node, large. Catalpa.
Leaves alternate.

Leaves small and very narrow: fruit a cone. 41.

Leaves comparatively large: fruit not a cone. 43.

14

TREES.
Simple.
. Leaves on slender deciduous twigs. Taxodium.
Leaves clustered on short stout spurs. 42.
. Scales of cone persistent. Larix.
Scales of cone deciduous. Pseudolarix.
. Leaves fan-shaped, veined from the base. Ginkgo.

Leaves not fan-shaped, netted-veined. 41.

. Leaves simple. 45.

Leaves compound. 88.

. Stipule-scars encircling the twigs: buds net sharp. 46.

Stipule-scars short, or else buds pungent. 40,

. Leaves entire: sap not milky. Magnolia.
Leaves lobed. 47.

. Buds flattened or 2-edged: sap not millcy.. Liriodendron.
Buds not flattened. 48.

. Sap not milky: buds fluted. Platanus.
Sap milky: buds not fluted. Ficus.

. Buds with a single scale, in front. Salix.
Buds naked or with several scales. 50.

. Buds fusiform, hard, very long and sprcad:ng. Fagus.
Buds not long and spreading. 51.

. Mucilaginous and aromatic: twigs green. Sassafras.
Silvery- or brown-scurfy. Elaeagnus.

Not scurfy or very mucilaginous. 52.

. Leaves 2-ranked, at least on spreading branches. 53.

Leaves in more than 2 ranks. 67.

. Leaves palmately nerved. 54.

Leaves pinnately veined. 58.

. Sap milky: hairs not star-shaped. 55.

Sap neither milky nor flowing freely. 56.

. Twigs and leaves hairy. Broussonetia.
At most downy or velvety or rough. Morus.
. Twigs moderate: pith continuous. 57.
Twigs very slender: pith often chambered. Celtis.
. Leaves entire, glabrate. Cercis.

Leaves serrate: sometimes with stellate hairs. Tilia.

TREES. 15

. Pith chambered: fruit fleshy: calyx large. Diospyros.
Pith continuous. 59.
. Buds naked. Rhamnus.

Buds scaly. 60.

6c. Bud-scales several, 2-ranked. 61.
Bud-scales in more than 2 ranks. 62.
61. Fruits thin and winged. Ulmus.
Fruit not winged, tuberculate: leaves small. Planera.
62. End-bud present. 63.
End-bud often absent: pith 5-sided: twigs stout. Castanea.
End-bud always absent: twigs slender. 64
63. Buds elongated: pith 5-sided: fruit berry-like. Amelanchier.
Buds short: pith 3-sided: fruit dry. Betula.
64. Bud-scales striate. 65.
Bud-scales not striate. 66.
65. Bark rough: fruit hop-like. Ostrya.
Bark cherry-like or white or papery. Betula.
66. Fruit ribbed, with hastate bract. Carpinus.
Fruit not ribbed: leaves rough. ; Zelkova.
67. Pith rather large, or star-shaped. 68.
Pith not star-shaped, or if so, buds stalked. 7o.
68. Buds with lower scales at the side. 69. .
Buds often gummy, with lowest scale in front. Populus.
69. Leaves entire or pinnately lobed. Quercus.
Leaves palmately lobed. Liquidambar.
70. Buds stalked, or developing the first season. 7I.
Buds not stalked. 72.
71, Leaves palmately lobed. Liquidambar.
Leaves pinnately toothed or lobed. Alnus.
72, Leaves with nectar-glands at base or on petiole. 73.
Leaves without nectar-glands. 75.
-3. Twigs green or red: leaves drooping. Prunus (Amygdalus).
Twigs duller. 74.
74, Leaves rounded: fruit nearly sessile. Prunus (Armeniaca)
Leaves rather lanceolate: flowers stalked. Prunus.
70%, Pith chambered. 76.

Pith continuous. 73

TREES.

. Leaves thin, flat. 77.

Leaves firm, revolute: fruit fleshy.

. Fruit dry, winged.

Fruit fleshy.

. Buds naked.

Buds scaly. 79.

7G. Leaves not lobed. 80.

. Pith with firmer plates.

Leaves lobed. 87.

. Leaves very woolly beneath, entire.

Leaves not woolly, or if so, toothed. 8&1.

. Leaves firm and glossy. 82.

Leaves thin and dull. 83.

Pith without firmer diaphragms,

. Leaves whitened beneath.
Leaves not whitened unléss by tomentum.
. Without end-bud.

With a terminal bud. 85.

. Buds elongated. 8&6. ;

Buds _ short.

. Buds woolly.

Buds not woolly.

. Leaves pinnately lobed.

Leaves palmately lobed.
Compound.

. Leaves only once compound. &o.

Leaves often or always bipinnate. 103.

. Leaflets 3, close together.

Leaflets several, distinctly pinnate. go.

Symplocos.
Halesia.
Diospyros.
Rhamnus.

Cydonia.

Nyssa.
Oxydendrum.
Cornus.

84.

Prunus.

Pyrus.

. Sorbus.
Amelanchier.
Sorbus.
Liquidambar.

Laburnum

. Twigs stout, with large continuous colored pith. 91.

Twigs moderate, or pith chambered or pale. 93.
. Leaves with nectar glands: end-bud deciduous. Ailanthus.
Leaves not gland-bearing. 92.
. End-bud present. Cedrela.
- End-bud absent. Gleditsia.
. Pith chambered, with thin brown plates. 94.

Pith continuous or at most occasionally fissured. 95.

109g.

TREES. 17

. Buds solitary. Pterocarya.
Buds superposed. Juglans.
. Buds concealed by a membrane after leaf-fall. Robinia.

Buds quickly exposed. 96.

. Leaf-scar nearly encircling the bud. 97.

Leaf-scar not surrounding the bud. 98.

7, Leaflets small (2 K 4 cm.). Sophora.

Leaflets large (often 5 X I0 cm.). Cladrastis.

. Leaf-scars large, shield-shaped: buds superposed. 99.

Leaf-scars narrow or small. 100.

. End-bud present: buds ovoid. Carya.
End-bud deciduous: buds half-round, Sapindus.
. Leaflets coarsely toothed and lobed. Koelreuteria.
Leaflets only toothed. Ior.
Leaflets entire. Cladrastis (Maackia).
. Leaves abruptly pinnate: buds very small. Gleditsia.
Leaves odd-pinnate: buds rather large. Sorbus.
. Leaflets entire or slightly crenate or serrate. 103.
Leaflets distinctly serrate: buds hairy. Melia.
. Twigs moderate: pith small. Gleditsia.
Twigs stout: pith large, chocolate colored. Gymnocladus.

Leaves opposite.

. Leaves simple. 105.

Leaves pinnately compound. 112.

Leaves palmately compound. Aesculus.
Simple.
. Leaves not uniformly lobed. 106.
Leaves regularly palmately lobed. Acer.
. Leaves very large, cordate: sap not milky. Paulownia.

Leaves not very large. 107.

. Leaves round-cordate, often separated. Cercidiphyllum.

Leaves not heart-shaped. 108.

. Leaves all in opposite pairs. 109.

Leaves often alternate, or else sap milky. I10,
Leaf-scars small: leaves with twinned hairs, Cornus.
Leaf-scars large: without twinned hairs. Fraxinus,

18

110.

iD,

I12.

Tag.

14.

TREES.

Flowers showy,

Flowers in catkins. ITT.

Sap milky: leaves broad.

Sap not milky: leaves rather narrow.
Compound,

Pith large: fruit a small berry.

Pith moderate. 113.

Leaflets at most finely toothed. 114.

Leaflets often coarsely toothed or lobed.

Leaf-scars encircling the buds.
Leaf-scars not encircling the buds,

Lagerstroemia.

Broussonetia.
Salix.

Sambucus.
Acer (Negundo).

Phellodendron.
Fraxinus.

t

OL

PST

ET

[2.

nS.

SHRUBS. 19

BASU alLy shin As SHRUBS,

. Evergreen. 2.

Deciduous. 33.
Spiny. 3.
Unarmed or the leaves pointed or toothed. 4
Evergreen Shrubs—Armed.,

Leaves simple. Pyracantha.
Leaves compound, of 3 leaflets. Triphasia.

Evergreen Shrubs—Unarmed.
Leaves alternate or in alternate clusters. 5.
Leaves opposite, or separated in 4 ranks. 24.
Leaves whorled, 3 at a node. 31.

Leaves alternate.

. Leaves simple. 6.

Leaves compound, pungently toothed. Mahonia.
Stipule-scars encircling the twig. Magnolia.
Stipule-scars not encircling the twig. 7.

. Leaves with minute resin-glands. 8.

Leaves not resinous-dotted. 9.

. Lzaves toothed. Myrica.
Leaves ciliate. Andromeda.
. Leaves essentially entire. Io.

Leaves evidently toothed or,crenate. 21.

. Leaves small (scarcely 25 mm. long). It.

Leaves finally distinctly larger. 12.

Leaves flat: bark rather fleshy. Daphne.
Leaves thick, glabrous: bark thin. Cliftonia.
Leaves revolute, rather woolly beneath. Cotoneaster.
Twigs slender. 13.

Twigs stout: leaves crowded above. Rhododendron.
Leaves rather thin, flat, ciliate. Rhododendron (Azalea).

Leaves firm, not ciliate. 14.

14.

cs.

. Flowers and dry fruit in racemes.
Flowers and red or yellow fleshy fruit axillary.
20. Leaves very veiny, black-dotted beneath.

. Leaves entire.
. Leaves

. Leaves

. Leaves

SHRUBS,
Leaves with translucent glands.
Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 15.
Leaves with submarginal nerves below.
Leaves not at all 3-nerved. 16,
. Leaves nearly flat. 17.
Leaves revolute.
Scurfy below.
Not scurfy.
7 Bark «thin. 18.
Bark rather fleshy: flowers not in racemes.
LPAVES TOICK, 10:

Leaves thin, very veiny.
20.

Leaves not veiny or dotted.

. Leaves not closely serrate.

Leaves closely serrate. 22.

. Leaves appressed-hairy: flowers in racemes.

Leaves glabrous. 23.

. Bristly-glandular: flowers small.

Not bristly: flowers large.
Leaves opposite.

. Leaves small and very narrow.

Leaves relatively large or broad.
26.

toothed, firm. 209.

thin, somewhat dotted beneath.
iets 27:

small, green: twigs 4-ridged.
larger, or else white beneath.

25,
Leaves
Leaves

Leaves 28.

. Leaves revolute,

Leaves inrolled at base.
not pungent. 30.

Leaves pungently toothed, as in holly.

Skimmia.

Pieris.

Lyonia.
Kalmia.

Daphne.
Cyrilla.
Tlex.
Pieris.
Cliftonia.
Tlex.

Leucothoe.

Gaultheria.
Gardenia.

Calluna.

Ligustrum.
Buxus.

Kalmia.
Gardenia.

Osmanthus.

30.

31.
32.

33.

34-

35.

36.

37:
38.

39

4O.

4I.

42.

43.

SHRUBS, ; 21

Leaves dentate. Aucuba.
Leaves crenate. Evonymus.
Leaves serrate. Viburnum.
, Leaves whorled.

Leaves very small, dagger-like. - Juniperus.
Leaves large, not dagger-like. 32. .

Leaves revolute. Kalmia.
Leaves inrolled at base. Gardenia.

At least with some prickles or spines. 34.
Unarmed, though sometimes harshly bristly. 61,
Deciduous Shrubs—Armed.
Leaves alternate or in alternate clusters. 35.
Leaves opposite, or separated in 4 ranks. 58.
Leaves alternate.
With prickles only. 36.
With pungent stipules (at the side of the leaf-base),
sometimes also with prickles. 41.
With pungent leaves (standing below the buds or
leafy spurs). 46.
With pungent twigs or spurs (above the leaf). 48.
Leaves simple, lobed. Ribes.
Leaves compound. 37.
Leaves digitate or appearing so. 38.
Leaves pinnate. 309. :

Leaflets sessile, glabrous. Acanthopanax.
Leaflets stalked, usually hairy and sharp-toothed. Rubus.
Leaves once-pinnate. 40.

Leaves bipinnate. Aralia.
Leaves disarticulating from the stem, Rosa.
Petioles breaking above the base. Rubus.
Leaves simple. 42.

Leaves compound. 43.

Fruit dry, winged. Paliurus.
Fruit fleshy. Zizyphus.
Leaves with translucent dots, aromatic. Zanthoxylum.

Leaves not aromatic. 44.

59.

60.

SHRUBS.

. Leaves with terminal leaflet. Robinia.
Leaves without terminal leaflet. 45.

. Leaflets blunt or notched. Caragana.
Leaflets acute. Halimodendron.

. Leaves appearing simple, often clustered on short spurs

above a I- or 3-pronged spine. Berberis.

Leaves distinctly compound, with pungent axis. 47.

. Leaflets acute or bristle-tipped. Halimodendron.
Leaflets blunt or notched. Caragana.

. Scurfy with silvery or brown scales. 49.

Not scurfy. 50.

. Leaves narrow, nearly linear. Hippophae.
Leaves lanceolate or elliptical. Elaeagnus.
Veap miley. si: ?

Sap not milky. 52. th

. Leaves narrow (under 25 mm.): fruit small. Bumelia.
Leaves broader: fruit like a gigantic mulberry. Maclura.
. With nectar-glands on petiole or leaf-base. Prunus.

Without nectar-glands. 53.
Twigs distinctly angled. 54.
Twigs rounded: fruit a pome. 56.

. Leaves as well as twigs pungent. Ulex.
Leaves not pungent. 55.
. Leaves minute (under I cm.): twigs green. Cytisus.
Leaves larger: twigs whitish. Lycium.
. Core of fruit papery: fruit large: bud-scales thin. 57.
Core bony: fruit small: buds with fleshy scales. Crataegus.
. Glabrous. Chaenomeles.
More or less woolly. Pyrus.
Leaves opposite.
Scurfy with silvery or brown scales. Shepherdia.
Not scurfy. 509. , ’
Spines short, between the uppermost buds. Rhamnus.
Spines spur-like. 60. d :
Leaves rounded at base. Viburnum.

Leaves acute at both ends. Forestiera.

61.

=a

SHRUBS. : 23

Deciduous Shrubs—Unarmed.
Leaves alternate or in alternate clusters. 62.
Leaves opposite or, if separated, in 4 ranks. 174.
Leaves whorled. 234.

‘ Leaves alternate.
Leaves simple or appearing so. 63. -
Leaves distinctly compound. 149.
Simple.

. Leaves extremely small or very narrow. 64.

Leaves relatively large or broad. 65.

. Leaves almost scale-like, overlapping. Tamarix.
Leaves elongated, separated. Spiraea.
. Stipule-scars encircling the twig: buds large. Magnolia.

Stipule-scars not encircling the twig. 66.

. Leaves entire or minutely ciliate or serrulate. 67.

Leaves distinctly crenate or toothed. 97.
Leaves lobed. 139.
Entire.

. Buds naked, or very brown-hairy, 2-ranked, Asimina.

Buds with scales, not very hairy. 68.

. Aromatic. 609.

Not markedly aromatic. 71.
With abundant gummy sap when the twigs are cut. Cotinus.
Not gummy. 70.

. Leaves mucilaginous, mostly lobed: twigs green. Sassafras.
Leaves not mucilaginous, never lobed. Benzoin.
. Lower leaves often opposite. Lagerstroemia.

Leaves all alternate, or clustered above. 72.

. Leaves palmately nerved, 2-ranked, rather large. 73.

Leaves pinnately veined. 74.

. Leaves nearly round: buds small. Cercis.
Leaves elliptical: buds long. _ Corylopsis.
Buds with a single scale: no end-bud. Salix.

Bud-scales several. 75.

. Twigs constricted at winter-nodes: bark tough. Dirca.

Twigs not constricted, or bark not very tough. 76.

24 SHRUBS.

76. Leaves with twinned hairs beneath. Cornus.
Leaves resinous beneath. . Gaylussacia.
Leaves neither resinous nor with twinned hairs. 77.

77. Leaves with silvery or brown scales, Elaeagnus.

go.

QT.

Leaves hairy or ciliate or stellate-scurfy. 78.
Leaves essentially glabrous when mature. 84.
Leaves woolly or scurfy beneath. 7y.

Leaves not woolly. 8r1.

Leaves rather large, or else fruit dry. &o.

Leaves moderate: berry-like fruit small. Vaccinium.

Leaves and berry-like fruit both small. Cotoneaster.

Leaves round-elliptical, woolly beneath. Cydonia.

Leaves and twigs for a time stellate-scurfy. Styrax.
. Twigs coarse, hairy: bundle-traces 3. Leitneria.

Twigs rather slender: bundle-trace 1. 82,

. Buds pressed into grooves in the stem. Lyonia.

Buds not in grooves. 83.

. Leaves very raised-veiny. Vaccinium.

Leaves not raised-veiny. Rhododendron (Azalea; Rhodora).

. Leaves lanceolate. 85.

Leaves obovate or elliptical or oblong. QI.

. Twigs green, distinctly angled. Genista.

Twigs not green. 86.
Leaves crowded at tip. Daphne.
Leaves scattered. 87.

. With stellate hairs when young. Styrax.
Without star-shaped hairs. 88.

. Fruit dry: bark shredding. Pieris.
Fruit fleshy. 8o.
Leaf-scars concave at top. Pyrularia.
Leaf-scars not concave. 90.
Fruit short-stalked, red. Tlex.
Fruit long-stalked, blue. Vaccinium.
Leaves green on both sides. 92.

Leaves pale or whitened beneath. 96.

SHRUBS, 25

. Leaves crowded at ends of the twigs. Enkianthus.
Leaves scattered. 93.

. Leaves very veiny. Vaccinium.
Leaves not very veiny. 95.

. Leaves acute at both ends. Styrax.
Leaves rounded at both ends. , Andrachne.

. Bundle-trace one. 96.
Bundle-traces 3: fruit hard, star-shaped. Exochorda.

. Twigs fluted: fruit dry. Securinega,
Twigs not fluted: fruit berry-like. Nemopanthus.

Toothed.
. With minute but conspicuous resin-glands. Myrica.

Leaves at most microscopically glandular. 08.

. Leaves palmately nerved or triple-nerved. 99.

Leaves pinnately veined. 102.

. Pith chambered: fully lignified. Celtis.
Pith continuous: often dying back in winter. 100.

. Leaves small (scarcely 5 cm. long). Spiraea.
Leaves distinctly larger. I0olI.

. Leaves elliptical-ovate, finely toothed. Ceanothus.
Leaves rounded, coarsely toothed. Vitis.

. Buds evidently stalked, or developing the first year

or producing clusters of flowers. I12.
Buds not stalked. 107.

. Leaves 2-ranked. 104.

Leaves more than 2-ranked. 105.

. Leaves entire below, crenate above. Fothergilla.
Leaves crenate throughout. Hamamelis.
Leaves sharply serrate. Stachyurus.

. Bundle-trace 1: usually branching the first year. 106.
Bundle-traces 3: buds distinctly stalked. Alnus.

. Flowers on glabrate leafy shoots. Styrax.
Flowers in woolly racemes. Clethra.

. Pith rather large, star-shaped. 108.

Pith small if grooved. 109.

108.

SHRUBS.

Buds crowded above, with several scales.

Quercus.

Buds not crowded above, with 2 exposed scales. Castanea.

Leaves in more than 2 ranks. 115,

. Twigs often bristly: fruit a nut in a husk.

Twigs not bristly. 111.

. Pith 3-sided, small: flowers in catkins.

Pith not 3-sided. 112,

. Buds short.

Fruit fleshy: twigs not green.
Fruit dry. AT.
Buds elongated (5 mm.): fruit berry-like.

. Twigs bright green: leaves sharply toothed.

Twigs duller. 114.
Leaves entire below, crenate above.
Leaves crenate throughout.

. Twigs rather coarse: not stellate-pubescent.

Twigs slender. 116.
Stellate-roughened: buds superposed.
Without stellate hairs: buds solitary. I17.

. With nectar-glands on petiole or leaf-base.

Without nectar-glands. 118.

. Pith chambered. 1109.

Pith continuous. 126.
Leaves thin and flat.
Leaves firm, revolute.

. Leaves appearing entire except under the lens.
Leaves distinctly, if finely, crenate or toothed.
. Buds pressed in grooves in the stem.

Buds not in grooves. 122.

. Branches long and _ slender.

Branches not wand-like.

. Leaves with dark glands on the midrib above.

Leaves without such glands. 124.

. Bud-scale solitary: flowers in catkins,

Bud-scales several. 125.

. Leaves, at least on some shoots, 2-ranked. 110.

Corylus.

Betula.

Photinia.

Amelanchier.
Kerria.

Fothergilla.
Hamamelis.
Corylus.

Styrax.

Prunus.

Halesia.
Symplocos.
rs be
123.

Lyonia.

Spiraea.
Leucothoe.

Aronia.

Salix.

140.

141.

SHRUBS, 27

. Leaves rather woolly beneath. 126,

Leaves not woolly. 131.

. Twigs with star-shaped hairs. Clethra.
Twigs not stellate-hairy. 127.

. Twigs rather woolly: buds often superposed. Ilex.
Twigs not woolly: buds not superposed. 128.

. Leaves rather large: bundle traces 3. Pyrus.
Leaves smaller. 129. ;

. Bundle-traces 3. Photinia.
Bundle-trace I. 130.

. Fruit fleshy. Ilex.
Fruit of several akenes in each calyx. Spiraea.

. Buds and petioles with long straight hairs. Stewartia.

Not long-hairy. 132.

. Leaves rather fleshy: bundle-traces 5. © Baccharis.

Leaves not succulent: bundle-traces fewer. 133.

. Leaves green on both sides. 134.

Leaves pale or white beneath: fruit dry. 137.

. Fruit fleshy. 136.

Fruit of several akenes in each calyx. Spiraea.
Fruit of small dehiscing capsules. 135.
. Leaves crowded at end: fruit stalks long. Enkianthus.
Leaves scattered: fruit nearly sessile. Itea.
. Fruit crowned. with the sepals. Photinia.
Fruit not bearing the sepals. Tlex.
. Fruit hard, star-shaped: bundle-traces 3. Exorchorda.
Fruit of small follicles: bundle-trace 1. 138.
. Stamens short: follicles glabrous. Spiraea.
Stamens showy: follicles silky. Neviusia.
Lobed.
. Foliage aromatic. 140,
Not strikingly aromatic. 141. =
Leaves long and narrow, glandular-dotted. Myrica.
Leaves broad, mucilaginous. Sassafras.
With nectar-glands on petiole or leaf-base. Prunus.

Without such nectar-glands. 142,

28

142,
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.

148.

140.
150.

I5I.

152.

SHRUBS,

Twigs bristly. Rubus.
Twigs not bristly. 143.

Leaves palmately nerved. 144.

Leaves pinnately veined. 147.

Leaves acute. 145.

Leaves often obtuse: fruit berry-like. Ribes.

Twigs at first velvety: flowers large. Hibiscus.

Twigs glabrous: flowers small. 146.

Bark splitting early: fruit fleshy, Ribes.

Bark splitting late: fruit dry. Physocarpus.

Twigs rather stout: leaves large and woolly. Pyrus.

Twigs slender: leaves rather small. 148.

Leaves 2-ranked: buds superposed. Stephanandra.

Leaves more than 2-ranked: buds not superposed. Spiraea.
Compound.

YaS~ Learn the characters of poison ivy (152) and
poison sumach (159).

Leaves once compound. 150.

Leaves often or always bipinnate. 160.

Leaves digitate or appearing so. I5I1.

Leaves distinctly pinnate. 156.

CAuTION.—Sap milky or resinous, abundant: leaf-
lets 3, often coarsely toothed or lobed. 152.

Sap not milky. 153.

POISONOUS.—Often climbing or with aerial
roots: glabrate: fruit white. Rhus GN och leak
Low-bushy, very aromatic: fruit red. Rhus.
. Leaves with pellucid dots. Ptelea.

Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 154.

. Leaflets entire. 155.
Leaflets toothed, acute. Rubus.
. Leaflets 3. Laburnum.
Leaflets more than 3. Caragana.

. CautTion.—Leaflets entire. 157.

Leaflets often toothed. 163.

. Leaflets pellucid-glandular, small. Amorpha.

Leaflets without translucent dots. 158.

SHRUBS, ; 29

158. Bristly or with sticky glands. Robinia.
Neither bristly nor sticky. 159.

159. VERY POISONOUS.—Sap milky. Rhus (Toxicodendron).
Sap not milky, 160,

160. Leaves with terminal leaflet. 161.

Leaves without terminal leaflet. Caragana.

161. Leaflets short and broad. 162.

Leaflets narrow, silky: plant low. Potentilla.

162. Leaflets very small (under I cm.), sessile. Calophaca.
Leaflets larger (1.5 cm.), distinctly stalked. Colutea.

163. Leaves with nectar-glands on the teeth. Ailanthus.
Without nectar-glands. 164.

164. Leaf-scar nearly encircling the bud. Rhus.
Leaf-scar not encircling the bud. 165.

165. Rachis or axis of the leaf broadly winged. Rhus.
Rachis not winged between the leaflets. 166.

166. Leaf-scars narrow, half encircling the twig. 167.
Leaf-scars broad. 168.

167. More or less tree-like: buds large. Sorbus.
Bushy: buds small. Rosa.

168. Leaf-scars elevated: large shrub. Xanthoceras.
Leaf-scars scarcely raised: low shrub. Sorbaria.

169. Aromatic, with glandular hairs: small. Chamaebatiaria.
Not aromatic, or else large. 170.

170. Leaf-scar nearly encircling the bud. Rhus.
Leaf-scar not encircling the bud. 171.

171. Stem very stout: buds large. Paeonia.
Stem and buds moderate. 172.

172. Leaf-scars nearly encircling the twig. Zanthorhiza.
Leaf-scars not encircling the twig. 173.

173. Very slender, often with tendrils. Ampelopsis.
Stouter: leaflets small. Gleditsia.
Coarse: leaflets moderately large. Rhus.

Leaves opposite.

174. Leaves simple. 175.

Leaves compound. 226,

30

190.

IOI.

SHRUBS,

Simple,

. Leaves entire. 176.

Leaves, or most of them, toothed. 195.
Leaves lobed. 218.
Entire.

. Leaves with translucent oil-glands.

Leaves not pellucid-dotted. 177.

. Very aromatic when crushed.

Not noticeably aromatic. 178.

. Leaves very large, cordate: pith excavated.

Hypericum.
Calycanthus.

Paulownia.

Leaves moderately small or else pith continuous. 179.

Leayes at most paler green beneath. 1092,

. Pith chambered or excavated: twigs slender. 180.
Pith continuous. 181.

. Buds solitary or collateral. Symphoricarpos.
Buds often superposed. Lonicera.

. Leaves long, narrow and willow-like. Chilopsis.
Leaves not willow-like. 182,

. Half-woody: often dying bzck in winter. 183.
Fully lignified. 184.

. Leaves glossy. Fontanesia.
Leaves dull. Clerodendron.

4. Leaves white beneath, with appressed twin-hairs. Cornus.
Leaves without twinned hairs. 185.

. Leaves rather small (scarcely 25 mm. wide). 186.
Leaves distinctly larger. Io1.

. Leaves microscopically dotted beneath, Ligustrum.
Leaves not dotted. 187. :

. Leaves obtuse, nearly as broad as long. Symphoricarpos.
Leaves acute, more elorgated. 188.

. Some stellate hairs on twigs or leaves. Deutzia.
Without star-shaped hairs. T1éo.

. Leaves separated, in 4 ranks. Rhamnus.,
Leaves in opposite pairs. Igo.
Leaves small (scarcely 2 cm. long), rough. Fendlera.
Leaves distinctly larger. Cornus.
Leaves whitened beneath, rough-ciliate. Syringa.

102.
193.

194.

SHRUBS, 31

Buds sunken: flowers in a round head. Cephalanthus.
Buds evident: flowers not in heads. 193.
Bud-scales hard-pointed: fruit a drupe. Chionanthus.

Bud-scales not hard-pointed, or else fruit dry. 194.
Leaves microscopically dotted beneath: fruit dry. Syringa.

Leaves sometimes scurfy: fruit fleshy. Viburnum.
Toothed.

. Buds naked. 166.
Buds with a single scale, in front. Salix.
Buds with several scales, or else concealed. 197.

. Buds solitary: twigs firm. Viburnum.
Buds superposed: twigs slender or soft. Calhcarpa.

. Twigs with 2 conspicuous hairy lines. Diervilla.
Twigs without hairy lines. 108.

. Leaves narrow and willow-like, often whorled. Chilopsis.

Leaves not willow-like. Igo.

. Pith hollowed, or with firmer diaphragms. 200,

Pith homogeneous, rarely spongy. 206.

. Buds solitary over each leaf. 201.

Buds finally clustered: hairs not stellate. Forsythia.

. Glabrous. 202,

More or less hairy. 203.

. Fully lignified: twigs with 4 lines or angles. Forsythia.
Half-wooded and tender. Leycesteria.
. Hairs star- or shield-shaped. 204.

Hairs not star-shaped.~ 205.

. Buds naked. Viburnum.
Buds scaly. Deutzia.
. Most leaves entire. Symphoricarpos.
Leaves regularly but shallowy toothed. Abelia.
. Buds concealed after leaf-fall. Philadelphus.

Buds exposed. 207.

. Partly woody, or regularly dying back in winter. 208.

Fully lignified. 212.

. Leaves glossy. Fontanesia. |

Leaves rather dull. 200.

SHRUBS,

. Twigs very slender. Caryopteris.
Twigs stouter. 210,

. Twigs 4-sided or winged. Buddleia.
Twigs 2-lined. Diervilla.

. Leaf-scars raised: bundle-traces 9. Clerodendron.
Leaf-scars not raised: bundle-traces 3 or 5. Hydrangea.

. With a few or coarse branches, Hydrangea.

Bushy or with slender branches. 213.

. Leaf-scars ciliate: buds often several. Rhodotypos.

Leaf-scars not ciliate, or else buds solitary.. 214.

. Bundle-traces 3 or more. 215.

Bundle trace one. 217.

. Leaves with some simple appressed hairs. Hydrangea.

Leaves and twigs with some small stellate hairs. Deutzia.
Without such hairs. 216.

Leaves woolly beneath: bark quickly peeling. Jamesia.

Leaves not woolly. Viburnum.

. Buds solitary: pith often spongy, Evonymus.

Buds superposed. Forestiera.
Lobed.

With nectar-glands on the petiole. Viburnum.

Without nectar-glands. 210.

. Leaves very large, cordate: typically a tree. Paulownia,

Leaves not very large. 220.

. Pith chambered or excavated. 221.

Pith continuous. 222.

. Buds clustered: pith chambered. Forsythia.
Buds solitary: pith excavated. Symphoricarpos.
. Bundle traces 3. 223.
Bundle traces 5-7: twigs rather stout. Hydrangea.
. Leaves pinnately lobed: twigs slender. Syringa.

Leaves palmately lobed. 224.

. Buds stalked, or with 2 evident scales. Acer.

Buds sessile, with 4 or more scales. 225,

. Bud-scales 6 or 8. Acer.

Bud-scales 4, Viburnum,

. Leaves digitate.

. Leaflets three.

. Leaflets finely toothed.

SHRUBS.

Compound.
ae

Leaves pinnate. 230.

. Aromatic: leaflets 5-7.

228.
229.
Leaflets more than 3.

Not aromatic.

. Twigs slender: tender.

Twigs stouter: hardy.
Agi.

33

Vitex.

Aesculus.
Jasminum.
Forsythia.

Leaflets very coarsely toothed, or else lobed. 232.

. Pith large: fruit of small berries. Sambucus.
Pith not very large: fruit bladdery. Staphylea.

2. Twigs very glaucous. Acer.
Twigs not glaucous. 233.

. Pith large: fruit of small berries. Sambucus.
Pith not very large: fruit a large pod. Campsis.

Leaves whorled,

. Twigs with distinct hairy lines. Diervilla.
Twigs without hairy lines. 235. .

. Rough with star-shaped hairs. Deutzia.
Without stellate hairs. 236.

. Leaves narrow and willow-like. Chilopsis.
Leaves not willow-like. 237.

. Buds concealed after leaf-fall. Philadelphus.
Buds not covered by a membrane. 238.

. Leaves glabrous except for the rough veins: buds

sunken: flowers in a small head. Cephalanthus.

Leaves rough or hairy: buds evident. 2309.

. White beneath, with appressed twinned hairs. Cornus.
Without twin-hairs. 240.

. Leaves rough-hairy: bundle-traces 3 or 5. Hydrangea.
Leaves soft-pubescent: bundle-traces 9. Clerodendron.

34

UN .ERSHRUBS.

C. UNDERSHRUBS, BOG PLANTS OR ROCKERY PLANTS

Ts

14.

15.

Forming cushions or mats: essentially evergreen. 2.
Not growing in dense mats. 15. ,

Matted Plants.

. Leaves simple. 3.

Leaves digitately compound, of 3 leaflets. 14.

. Leaves brown-scurfy, elliptical. Rhododendron.
Leaves not scurfy. 4. 2
. Leaves white-hairy beneath, crenate. Dryas..

Leaves not woolly, entire. 5.

. Leaves crowded close to the ground. 6.

Leaves on more or less elongated stems. 7.

. Leaves fleshy. Sedum.
Leaves not fleshy. Silene.

. Leaves widened upwards. Diapensia.
Leaves not widened upwards. 8.

. Leaves revolute. Empetrum.

Leaves not revolute. 9.

. Leaves veinless, crowded. Io.

Leaves veined. 12.

. Leaves needle-shaped: moss-like. Cassiope.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong: more open. 11.

. Leaves. oblong. Phyllodoce.
Leaves lanceolate. Phlox.

. Leaves elliptical or obovate, dotted beneath. Vaccinium.
Leaves rather lanceolate, not dotted. 13.

. Stems nearly herbaceous: leaves bristle-tipped. Phlox.
Stems woody: leaves not bristle-tipped. Pyxidanthera.
Stipules small. Potentilla.
Stipules elongated along the leaf-stalk. Sibbaldia.

Loosely low-bushy: leaves simple. 16.
Neither matted nor bushy. 38.

UNDERSHRUBS. 35
Bushy Plants.
16. Evergreen. 17. ;
Deciduous. 34.
Evergreen Undershrubs.

17. Leaves distinctly alternate. 18.

Leaves partly or wholly opposite, or overlapping. 26.
Leaves, or many of them, evidently whorled. 33.

18. Leaves scurfy beneath. Chamaedaphne.
Leaves not scurfy. 19.

19. Leaves very narrow or small (scarcely Io mm, long). 20.
Leaves larger. 21.

20. Leaves not grooved: fruit dry. Phyllodoce.
Leaves grooved above and beneath. Empetrum.
Leaves narrowly grooved beneath. Corema.

21. Leaves strongly or closely revolute. 22.

Leaves slightly or openly revolute. 23.

22. Leaves brown-woolly beneath. Ledum.
Leaves not woolly, but sometimes whitened. Andromeda.

23. Leaves essentially entire. 24.

Leaves distinctly serrulate. 25.

24. Leaves not widened upwards. Kalmia.
Leaves widened upwards. Arctostaphylos.

25. Leaves dotted beneath. Vaccinium.
Leaves not dotted. Gaylussacia.

26. Moss-like. Cassiope.
Not moss-like. 27.

27. Leaves very small, overlapping. 28.

Leaves larger, not overlapping. 209.

28. Gray-pubescent. Hudsonia.
Not canescent, Calluna.

29. Leaves essentially entire. 30.

Leaves distinctly toothed, flat. Pachistima.

30. Leaves revolute, small. 31.

Leaves not revolute, over 50 mm. long. Gardenia.

31. Leaves black-dotted beneath, often alternate. Leiophyllum.
Leaves not dotted. Loiseleuria.

36

32.

33.

34.

35.

39.

40.

As

UNDERSHRUBS.

Leaves rather broad. Kalmia.
Leaves narrow and small. 33.
Leaf-whorls densely crowded. Erica.
Leaf-whorls separated, some leaves alternate. Corema.

Deciduous Undershrubs.
Leaves opposite, with pellucid dots. Ascyrum.
Leaves alternate. 35.
Leaves conspicuously resinous-glandular. Gaylussacia.
Leaves scurfy. Chamaedaphne.
Leaves neither resin-dotted nor scurfy. 39.
Leaves very sparingly scurfy beneath. Menziesia.

Leaves not at all scurfy. 37.

. Leaves curly-hairy and resinous. Rhododendron (Rhodora).

Not resinous or woolly, when mature. Vaccinium.

. With trailing leafy stems. 309.

Forming single few-leaved stems or tufts. 57.
Trailing Plants.
Evergreen. 40.
Deciduous. 54.
Prickly: leaves compound. 41.
Unarmed: leaves simple. 42.
Evergreen Trailers—Armed.
Leaves digitate: petiole breaking above base. Rubus.
Leaves pinnate: leaf-scar on the stem. Rosa.
Evergreen Trailers—Unarmed.

. Leaves alternate. 43.

Leaves opposite or whorled, net minute. 49.
Leaves 4- or 6-ranked, minute. 53.

. Aromatic, wintergreen-flavored. Gaultheria.
Acrid: leaves fleshy, scale-like. ' Sedum.
Not aromatic or very acrid. 44.

. Leaves characteristically lobed. Hedera.
Leaves not lobed. 45.

. Leaves revolute. 46.

Leaves not revolute. 47.
. Leaves short-elliptical, rough. Chiogenes.

Leaves elongated and narrow. Daphne.

61.

62.

. UNDERSHRUBS, (37

. Leaves white beneath, Vaccinium.
Leaves green beneath. 48, .

. Leaves numerous, small. Cotoneaster.
Leaves larger, cordate. Epigaea.

. Leaves entire. 50.

Leaves crenate. 52.

. Leaves small (scarcely 20 mm. long).

Round-ovate. Mitchella.
Oblanceolate. Fyxidanthera.
Leaves larger, lanceolate or elongated-ovate. 51.
. Glabrous: leaves dark green. Vinca.
Pubescent: leaves often pale-veiny. Lonicera.
. Leaves round-oval, small. Linnaea.
Leaves elliptical to obovate. Evonymus.
. Very slender and delicate. Selaginella.
Stouter: leaves relatively narrow. Lycopodium.
Deciduous Trailers.
. Armed: leaves compound. Rubus.

CAuTION. Unarmed. 55.

. Leaves opposite. 56.

POISONOUS. Leaves compound. Rhus (Toxicodendron).

. Leaves entire. Lonicera.

Leaves toothed. Evonymus.
Simple Shoots or Leafy Tufts.

. Aromatic. 58.

Not aromatic. 59.

. Leaves lanceolate, bitter. Chimaphila.
Leaves elliptical, wintergreen-flavored. Gaultheria.

. Leaves veinless, very narrow. Lycopodium.
Leaves veiny, broader. 60.

. Leaves cordate, bronzing in winter. Azalea,
Leaves not heart-shaped, or if so, not bronzing. 61.
Leaves serrate. Moneses.
Leaves often coarsely dentate, large. Pachysandra.
Leaves crenate or entire. 62.
Leaves partly or wholly from the ground. Pyrola.

Leaves at end of a short stem. Cornus.

38

10.

1 is

[2.

CLIMBERS,

D. SCRAMBLING OR CLIMBING WOODY PLANTS.

. Evergreen. 2.

Deciduous. 7.

. With prickles. 3.
Unarmed. 4.
Evergreen Climbers—Armed.
. Scrambling: leaves pinnate. Rosa.
With tendrils on the petiole: leaves simple. Smilax.
Evergreen Climbers—Unarmed. .
. Leaves alternate, typically lobed: climbing by roots. Hedera.

Leaves opposite or whorled, not lobed. 5.

. Climbing by roots: leaves small. Evonymus.
Climbing by leaf-tendrils. Bignonia.
Twining. 6,

. Leaves sessile, the upper united in pairs. Lonicera.
Leaves stalked, sometimes whorled. Gelsemium.

. With spines or prickles: scrambling. 8.

Unarmed. Io.
Deciduous Climbers—Armed,

. With detachable prickles: leaves compound. 9.

With pungent branch spurs: leaves simple. Lycium.
. Leaves digitate, breaking away above base. Rubus.
Leaves clearly pinnzte, leaving low leaf-scars. Rosa.

Deciduous Climbers—Unarmed.
Leaves alternate. II.
Leaves opposite. 28.

Leaves alternate.

Leaves simple. 12.
CAuTION.—Leaves compound. 23.
Twining: without tendrils. 13.
With tendrils: leaves palmately nerved. 20.

CLIMBERS. 39

Simple.

. Leaves neither toothed, angled, nor lobed. 14.

Leaves crenate or finely toothed. 15.
Leaves rounded or angular or short-lobed. Menispermum.
Leaves, or many of them, deeply or hastately lobed. 18.

. Leaves very large, cordate. Aristolochia.
Leaves moderate: stem slender. Cocculus.

. Pith excavated or chambered. Actinidia.
Pith continuous. 16,

. Fruit opening: seeds with red aril. Celastrus.
Fruit indehiscent. 17.

. Leaves large (8-12 cm. long), Actinidia.
Leaves smaller (scarcely 6 cm.). Berchemia.

. Lower lobes nearly separated. Solanum.
Lower lobes not severed from the rest. 19.

. Leaves thin, with deep sinuses. ~ Calycocarpum.
Leaves firm, hastate or unlobed. Cocculus.

. Tendrils few, without suckers: fruit cluster forked. 21.

Tendrils abundant. 22.

. Leaves thin, broadly ovate. Ampelopsis.
Leaves rather fleshy, Cissus.
. Fruit in open forked clusters. Parthenocissus.
Fruit in pyramidal clusters. Vitis.

; Compound.

. POISONOUS. With aerial roots but no tendrils,

or scrambling, Rhus (Toxicodendron).
With tendrils, and sometimes also aerial roots. 24.
Twining. 26.

. Leaves once compound. 25.

Leaves bipinnate. Ampelopsis.
. Leaves thin. Parthenocissus.

Leaves fleshy, Cissus.
. Leaflets 3 or 5, digitate or nearly so. 27.

Leaflets more than’s, clearly pinnate. Wisteria.
. Leaflets 5, elongated. Akebia.

Leaflets 3, large and broad. Pueraria.

40

30.

31.

CLIMBERS.

Leaves opposite.

. Leaves simple. 28.

Leaves compound. 32.
Simple.

. Scrambling: pith chambered.

Climbing by the leaf-stalks.

Climbing by aerial roots. 30.

Twining. 31.

Leaves nearly entire.

Leaves distinctly serrate.

Leaves distinctly dentate.

Sap not milky: pith excavated.

Sap milky: pith continuous.
Compound.

. Twining or scrambling. 33.

With tendrils or climbing roots. 34.

. Twigs 4-lined: scrambling.

Twigs rounded: twining.

. Climbing by aerial roots.

Climbing by tendrils. 35.

. Tendrils ending the leaves.
The leafstalks prehensile and coiling.

Forsythia.
Clematis.

Decumaria.
Hydrangea.
Schizophragma.
Lonicera.
Periploca.

Forsythia.
Jasminum.
Campsis.

Bignonia.
Clematis.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE PLANT MATE-
RIALS WITH: KEYS ‘TO SPECIES ‘UNDER
EACH GENUS.

LYCOPODIACEAE. 43

Division PTERIDOPHYTA. ‘Fernworts.

Family LYCOPODIACEAE. Clubmoss Family.

A small family of small herbaceous plants of little use.
Wild species are gathered for Christmas decorations; a few
are grown in plant houses; and the following are sometimes
used for ground-covers in shady places.

Lycoroptum. Club Moss. Ground Pine.
Low often creeping evergreen flowerless herbs with over-
lapping I-nerved small leaves; and microscopic spores of one
sort in axillary small or spiked sporangia.

1. Leaves 4-ranked on fan-like branches, L. complanatum.
Leaves alternate, not on fan-like branches. 2.

2. Spore-cases not in spikes. L. lucidulum.
Spore-cases in terminal spikes. 3.

3. Spikes nearly sessile: plants tree-shaped. L. obscurum,
Spikes long-stalked, usually paired. L. clavatum.

Family SELAGINELLACEAE.
A small family, mainly of the tropics, of similar use to the
Lycopodiaceae,

SELAGINELLA,

Small evergreen flowerless herbs with small 4- or 6-ranked
I-nerved leaves and small scores of two kinds (megalospores
visible to the naked eye, and much smaller microspores) in small
axillary oi spiked sporangia.

Upper and lower leaves smaller than the lateral. S. ‘apust

44 GINKGOACEAE,
Division SPERMATOPHYTA. Flowering Plants.
Subdivision GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked-Seed Plants.

Family GINKGOACEAE. Ginkgo Family.
A very ancient tree family, consisting of only the following
genus of a single species, cee known except as cultivated.

GinKco, Maidenhair Tree.

Rather large conical or irregularly branched dacidicue: tree
with pale soft ductless wood without resin-passages, with. very
fine medullary rays; moderately stout often zig-zag rounded
twigs; small angular spongy or fissured pith; alternate low small
half-round leaf-scars with 2 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars;
round-ovoid rather small solitary sessile buds often developing
the first year; rather large fan-shaped simple long-stalked leaves, ©
many-veined from the base, mostly clustered on short spurs;
dioecious inconspicuous naked flowers, the staminate in catkins;
and rather large yellowish ill-scented drupe-like fruits.

1. Leaves green. 2.

Leaves variegated. G. biloba variegata.
2. Weeping. G. biloba pendula.
Not weeping. 3.
3. Leaves short-lobed. G. biloba.
Leaves deeply cut. G. biloba laciniata.

Family TAXACEAE. Yew Family.
A small family of trees and shrubs, of no great use except as
cultivated for evergreen specimens or masses: the wood of
classic use in archery.

Taxus... Yew.

Evergreen shrubs or trees with rather hard reddish ductless
wood without resin-passages, with spirally marked tracheides;
terete rather slender twigs; alternate minute low crescent-shaped
leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; narrowly
lanceolate often falcate small entire pointed leaves; rounded buds
with numerous scales; monoecious cone-like naked flowers; and
solitary bony seeds each in a fleshy cup-like red or orange aril.

PINACEAE., 45

1. Leaves abruptly contracted to the sharp tip. 2.
Leaves rather gradually acute. 3. |
2. Tree or tall shrub. T. cuspidata.
Low compact shrub. T. cuspidata nana.
3. Leaves normally dark green. 4.
Leaves rather yellowish green: very low shrub. T. canadensis.
Ase rees; 75.
Low and trailing. T. baccata procumbens.
5. Round-topped. 6.
Fyramidal. 8.
6. [eaves green. 7.

Leaves yellow. T. baccata aurea.
Leaves whitish-striped. T. baccata argentea.
7. Fruit red. "Er, "paceata:
Fruit yellow. T. baccata fuctu-luteo.
8. Leaves green. T. baccata fastigiata.
Leaves yellow. ' TT. baccata fastigiata variegata.

TorreEYA, California Nutmeg.

Evergreen trees with yellowish ductless soft wood without
resin-passages; rather slender twigs; alternate somewhat raised
transversely elliptical small leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace ;
no stipule-scars; ovoid buds with several keeled scales; linear
mucronate flat leaves, white-lined beneath; monoecious catkin- or
cone-like naked flowers; and rather large drupe-like fruits.

1. Leaves (25-30 mm.) and bud-scales long. T. californica.
Leaves (scarcely 25 mm.) and bud-scales short. 2.

2. Buds light brown: pale lines of leaves broad. T. taxifolia.
Buds red-brown: pale lines of leaves narrow. T. nucifera.

Family PINACEAE. Conifer Family.

An ancient family of relatively few chiefly evergreen genera
and species, but these widespread and often very numerous in
individuals forming conifer forests of large extent and furnish-
ing the principal “soft woods” of temperate regions. Largely
employed for windbreaks and evergreen effects; characteristically
trees, but likely to occur in shrubby form.

46 PINACEAE,

PicEA, Spruce.

Conical evergreen trees with rather soft yellowish-white
ductless wood with scattered resin-passages (exceptionally
brown and with transversely clustered passages); moderate
fluted often hairy twigs; small homogeneous pith; 5-ranked
usually 4-sided needle-like leaves on raised bases bearing the
angled leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars;
ovoid scaly more or less resinous buds; monoecious catkin-like
or cone-like naked flowers; and pendent cones with persistent
thin scales each covering 2 winged seeds.

1. Leaves small (scarcely 15 mm.), green, blunt. P. orientalis.
Leaves mostly longer (20-25 mm.), acute. 2.

2. Leaves green. 3.
Leaves pale or whitened. 4.

3. Not weeping. P. excelsa.
Weeping. P. excelsa pendula.
4. Leaves merely pale. 5.
Leaves very glaucous. P. pungens.
5. Odor balsamic: cones large (10-18 cm.). P. excelsa.
Odor fetid: cones small (scarcely 5 cm.). P. canadensis.

Tsuca. Hemlock Spruce.

Evergreen percurrent trees with ductless brownish wood
without resin-passages; slender fluted twigs; small continuous
pith; alternate somewhat raised minute half-round leaf-scars
with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; sessile ovoid buds
with several exposed scales; very small oblong or lanceolate
sometimes serrulate short-petioled flat leaves whitened beneath ;
monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and small ovoid
cones, each thin scale covering 2 winged seeds.

i, frees: 2.

Prostrate shrub, T. canadensis nana.
2. Not weeping. 3.
Weeping. T. canadensis pendula.

3. Conical or oblong. 4.
Round-topped. T. canadensis globosa.

PINACEAE, 47

4. Green. T. canadensis.
Whitish on the young growth. T. canadensis albo-spica.

PseupotsuGaA, Douglas Fir.

Percurrent evergreen, often of very large size, with rather
soft often reddish ductless wood with transversely clustered
resin passages; moderate fluted glabrate twigs; small homo-
geneous pith; 5-ranked round slightly raised leaf-scars with a
single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid scaly dry buds; flat
linear entire leaves, white-lined beneath; monoecious catkin-like
or cone-like naked flowers; and moderate-sized spreading cones
with persistent thin scales, each covering 2 winged seeds.

Cones with long-protruding bract-points. P. mucronata.

ABlESs, Fir.

Percurrent spire-like evergreen trees with flaking bark in
age, sometimes resinous-blistered; pale soft ductless wood ex-
ceptionally with a few resin passages; slender terete twigs, small
pale homogeneous pith; elliptical unraised leaf-scars with a
single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid scaly resinous buds
largely clustered near the end; small alternate oblong mostly
blunt or notched flat entire leaves white and stomatiferous be-
neath, with 2 resin-passages; monoecious catkin-like or cone-like
naked flowers; and erect cones with 2 winged seeds under each
of the deciduous scales.

1. Leaves flat or grooved, green above, whitened beneath. 2.
Leaves blue or glaucous, often 4-sided. 6.
2. Leaves mostly blunt or notched. 3.
Leaves typically pointed: twigs pubescent. A. Veitchii.
3. Cones green or purple. 4.
Cones orange-brown. 5.

4. Cones 10 cm.: bracts shorter than scales. A. balsamea.
Cones nearly 15 cm. long: bracts longer than scales. A. Picea.
5. Bracts longer than scales. A. Nordmanniana.
Bracts shorter than scales. A. cilicica.
6. Bracts longer than scales, recurved. A. nobilis.

Bracts shorter than scales. A. concolor.

48 PINACEAE,

Larix. Larch: « Tamiaeade

Percurrent deciduous trees with reddish or brown soft wood
with few resin passages; slender deeply fluted twigs; small pale
homogeneous pith; small alternate raised crescent-shaped or
transverse leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; soli-
tary sessile round buds with a number of exposed scales; flat
entire narrow green leaves clustered on short spurs; monoecious
catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and round-ovoid drooping
cones with persistent thin scales each covering 2 winged seeds.
I. Cones 15-40 mm. long: scales usually downy. 2.

Cones 10-15 mm. long: scales glabrous. L. laricina.
2. Branches rather spreading. L. decidua.
Branches distinctly drooping. L. decidua pendula.

Ceprus. Cedar.

Evergreen openly branched trees with yellowish soft ductless
wood without resin-passages; fluted rather slender twigs; small
continuous pith; alternate raised 4-sided small leaf-scars with a
single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round or ovoid scaly not
resinous buds; 4-angled needle-like leaves often crowded on
short spurs; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and
cones with thin scales each covering 2 winged seeds.

1. Branches not drooping: cones flat or hollowed at tip. 2.
Branches drooping: cones rounded at tip. 6.

Broad and flat-topped. 3.

Conical or oblong. 5.

iS

3) Trees... 4
Shrubby. C. Libani nana.
4. Leaves green. C, Libani.
Leaves glaucous. C, Libani glauca.
5. Conical. C. atlantica.
Narrowly oblong. C. atlantica fastigiata.
6. Of erect growth. 7.
Very spreading or prostrate. C. Deodara pendula.
7. Narrowly oblong. C, Deodara fastigiata.

Rather conical. 8.

PINACEAE. 49

8. Leaves green. C. Deodara viridis.
Leaves bluish or glaucous. 9.
Leaves yellow. C. Deodara aurea.
g. Leaves not whorled. Io.
Leaves whorled below. C. Deodara verticillata.
10. Leaves merely blue-green. C. Deodara.
Leaves very glaucous. II.
11. Glaucous throughout. C. Deodara argentea.
Becoming white at the tips. C. Deodara albo-spica.

Pinus. Pine.

Conical or openly branched evergreen trees with soft and
white or hard and yellow ductless abundantly resinous wood:
moderate roundish twigs; small homogeneous pith; 5-ranked
spurs crowned by tufts of usually 2, 3 or 5 elongated needle-like
“leaves” or phylloid shoots; round spur-scars; narrowly crescent-
shaped scale-scars; no stipule-scars; ovoid sessile buds with
sometimes resinous scales; monoecious naked catkin-like or cone-
like naked flowers; and cones with 2 usually thin-winged seeds
above each of the mostly thickened scales.

1. Needles 2 in a cluster. 2.

Needles prevailingly 3 in a cluster. 15.

Needles 5 in a cluster. 16.

Branches orange or red. 3.

Branches grayish or black. 9.

3. Needles short (4-8 cm.), bluish: bark orange. 4.
Needles long (10-15 cm.), green.” I4.

4. Shrubs. 5.

to

Trees: 6.

5. Conical P. sylvestris columnaris.
Rounded. P. sylvestris pumila.

6. Conical. P. sylvestris fastigiata.
Rather weeping. P. sylvestris pendula.
Neither conical nor weeping. 7.

7. Needles very glaucous. P. sylvestris argentea.

Needles only slightly glaucous. 8.

50 PINACEAE.

8. Needles blue-green. P. sylvestris.
Needles yellow when young. P. sylvestris aurea.

9g. Needles rather short (under 8 cm.). Io.
Needles rather long (over 9 cm.), dull. 12.

10. Twigs glaucous. P. viginiana.
Twigs not glaucous. II.

ai.. Tree. P. montana.
Round shrub. P. montana Mughus.

ra.oTrees, 13,
Shrub. - P. nigra pygmaea.

13. Pyramidal. P. nigra.
Round-topped. P. nigra austriaca.

14. Bark orange. P. nigra cebennensis.
Bark rather red: needles glossy. P. resiriosa.

15. Needles moderately long (under 15 cm.). P. rigida.
Needles very long (over 15 cm.). P. Taeda.

16. Twigs glabrate. 17.

Twigs tomentos:. P. Cembra.
Ty LCE. 1G;

Dwarfed. Io.

18. With spreading branches. P.’ otrobtis,
With ascending branches. P. Strobus fastigiata.

19. Needles very glaucous, P. Strobus alba.
Not very glaucous, 20.

20. Bush-like. P. Strobus brevifolia.
Umbrella-shaped. P. Strobus umbraculifera.
Prostrate. P. Strobus prostrata.

ScrApopitys. Umbrella Pine.

Evergreen percurrent trees with ductless soft white wood
without resin passages; moderate fluted buff twigs swollen at
intervals; continuous pith; no stipule scars; alternate persistent
ciliate scales whorled at the swollen nodes and each then with
a long linear phylloid shoot in its axil; monoecious catkin- or
cone-like naked flowers; and .cones with several-seeded scales.
“Leaves” green, grooved, revolute. S. verticillata.

PINACEAE. 5!

SEQUOIA,

Evergreen percurrent trees branching from pits in the thick
bark, with ductless soft red wood without resin passages; alter-
nate crowded decurrent scale-like but hard or flat entire small
leaves; no stipule-scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked
flowers; and moderately small ellipsoid cones with thick-tipped
scales, each covering several seeds.

Buds naked: leaves scale-like, green (Big Tree). S. gigantea.
Buds scaly: some leaves flat and spreading, these white-
lined beneath. \ (Redwood). S. sempervirens.
CRYPTOMERIA,

Evergreen trees with reddish soft ductless wood without
resin-passages; angular twigs; small pointed 4-angled entire de-
current alternate overlapping persistent. leaves; no stipule-scars;
mcnoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and small round-
ish cones with thickened scales, each covering several winged
seeds.

t.. frees. “2.

Shrubs. 3.
2. Leaves soft, mostly straight. C. japonica.
Leaves stiff, upcurved. C, japonica araucarioides.
3. Leaves not coiled. C. japonica nana.
Leaves coiled. C. japonica spiralis.

TAxopium, Bald Cypress.

Deciduous percurrent conical (or in the swamps broad-
topped) trees with rather soft white or brownish ductless wood
without resin passages; slender’ twigs with very minute low
crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace, and numer-
ous round scars from which foliar shoots have fallen; very small
alternate lanceolate entire leaves mostly on deciduous foliar-
shoots and so simulating pinnately compound leaves; no stipule-
scars; round-ovoid buds with numerous scales; monoecious
catkin-like or cone-like naked flowers; and rather small globose
cones with thick scales each covering 2 winged seeds.

52 PINACEAE,

1. Leaves very short and scale-like, alternately appressed
on the stem. (Glyptostrobus). T. distichum imbricatum.
Leaves lanceolate, chiefly on flattened deciduous sprays. 2.
2. Trees. 3.

Dwarf. T. distichum nanum.
3. Branches spreading. T. distichum.
Branches ascending. T. distichum pyramidatum.
Branches erect. T. distichum fastigiatum.

TuuyjyaA. Arbor Vitae.

Evergreen shrubs or trees with rather soft brownish ductless
wood without resin-passages; rather slender twigs; 4-ranked:
minute scale-like leaves on finally deciduous fan-like foliar-
shoots; no stipule-scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked
flowers; and small cones with 2 winged seeds under each of the
rather thin scales.

1. Leaves closely appressed. 2.

Leaves spreading. (Retinospora forms). 13.
2. Foliar-shoots mostly horizontal. 3.

Foliar-shoots vertical. 0.

3. Oblong or conical. 4.
Round-topped. 8.
4. Leaves green. 5.

Leaves wholly or partly yellow. T. occidentalis lutea.
Leaves tipped or variegated with white. 7.

Bie a al T. occidentalis.
Dyyvari.J6. .

6. Irregular in shape. T. occidentalis cristata.
Compactly conical. T. occidentalis conica densa.

7 .Leaves tipped with white. T. occidentalis alba.
Leaves variegated with white. T. occidentalis argentea.

8. Leaves green. T. occidentalis globosa.
Leaves entirely yellow when young. T. occidentalis aurea.

9. Oblong or conical. 10.
Round-topped. 12,
1c, Leaves green. II.
Leaves variegated with yellow. . T. orientalis aureo-variegata.

PINACEAE, 53"

t1. Rather oblong. T. orientalis.

Very conical. T. orientalis pyramidalis.

12. Leaves green. T. orientalis Sieboldii.

Leaves yellow. T. orientalis aurea.

13. Leaves rather soft. T. occidentalis ericoides.

Leaves stiff. T. orientalis decussata.
THUJOPSIS.

Evergreen shrubs or conical trees resembling Thuja, but
with several instead of 2 seeds under each scale of the cones.
1. Foliage green. 2.

Tip of foliage-sprays white. T. dolabrata variegata.
2g Tall, T. dolabrata.
Dwarf. T. dolabrata nana.

CuPRESSUS. Cypress.

Evergreen trees with rather soft mostly brownish wood with-
out resin passages; opposite appressed scale-like overlapping
small persistent decurrent leaves on rather fan-like finally de-
ciduous foliage sprays; no stipule-scars; monoecious catkin- or
cone-like naked flowers; and small round rather fleshy-scaled
cones with numerous wingless seeds under each scale.

1. Leaves with prominent resin-blisters on the back. 2.
Leaves usually without evident glands, glaucous. C. arizonica.
2. Conical: cones scarcely 25 mm. in diameter. C. Macnabiana.
Narrowly fastigiate: cones often larger. C. sempervirens.

CHAMAECYPARIS, White Cedar. Retinospora.

Evergreen shrubs or trees with dtctless pale or brownish
soft wood without resin-passages; opposite crowded very small
leaves spreading or in maturity closely appressed on rather in-
definitely fan-shaped finally deciduous foliage-sprays; no stipule-
scars; monoecious catkin- or cone-like naked flowers; and small
subglobose cones with 2 or 3 wingless seeds under each thick-
tipped scale.
1. Leaves closely appressed. 2.

Leaves spreading (‘“Retinispora’’). 5.

54 GRAMINEAE,

2. Leaves white-lined beneath, somewhat flattened. 3.
Leaves without white lines. 4.

3. Green. C. pisifera.
Yellow. C. pisifera aurea.

4. Green, C. thyoides.
Glaucous. C. thyoides glauca.
Partly yellow. C. thyoides variegata.

5. Branchlets long and slender. C. pisifera filifera.
Branchlets not elongated. 6.

6. Dense and heath-like. C. thyoides ericoides.

Not heath-like. 7.
. Leaves short, little spreading. 8.

NI

Leaves widely spreading. C. pisifera squarrosa.
8. Green. C. pisifera plumosa.
White-tipped. C. pisifera plumosa argentea.
Yellow, when young. C. pisifera plumosa aurea.

JUNIPERUS. Juniper. Savin. Red Cedar.

Evergreen shrubs or trees with brown or red ductless wood
without resin-passages; slender twigs ultimately falling with
their small scale- or dagger-like opposite or whorled leaves,—in
some species spreading on young or abnormal growth and closely
appressed on characteristic plants; small usually cone- or catkin-
like monoecious naked flowers; and small drupe- or berry-like
few-seeded fruit.
1. Leaves in whorls of three. (Juniper). J. communis.

Leaves opposite. 2.

2. Fruits on straight stalks. 3.

Fruits on curved stalks. (Savin). J. sabina.
3. Fruit several-seeded. J. chinensis.
Fruit I- or 2-seeded. (Red Cedar). J. virginiana.

Subdivision ANGIOSPERMAE. Enclosed-Seed Plants.

Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE, “Endogens.”

Family GRAMINEAE. Grass Family.
A very large widespread and highly important family of
rarely woody plants, furnishing the principal grains and sugar of

LILIACEAE, — 55

the world, indispensable for the maintenance of lawns, etc.
Several large species are frequently used in massed planting and
some few of these, not easily defined, with woody switch-like
stems, constitute the bamboos of temperate borders.

Family LILIACEAE. Lily Family.

A large family, chiefly of herbs, comprising many of the
“Dutch bulbs,” “‘smilax,” “asparagus fern’ and other green-
house and bedding plants, onions, asparagus, of the vegetable
garden, and the dracaenas, yuccas, etc., of warm regions.

SMmILAx. Greenbrier.

Mostly deciduous woody plants climbing by stipular tendrils,
with “ endogenous” wood lacking pith and medullary rays;
moderately slender green often striate or angled mostly prickly
stems; alternate raised ragged petiole-bases rather than leaf-
scars; conical buds with a single exposed scale; ovate to
oblong entire or somewhat prickly-toothed or lobed leaves with
tendrils on their petioles; small dioecious greenish polypetalous
flowers in stalked axillary clusters; and small few-seeded dark
berries.

1. Leaves whitened beneath. 2.
Leaves not whitened beneath. 3.

2. Leaves ovate. S. glauca.
Leaves oblong. ~ S. laurifolia.
3. Leaves not lobed. 4.
Leaves often halberd-shaped or 3-lobed. S. Bona-nox.
4. Fruit black. ~S. rotundifolia.
Fruit red. S. Walteri.

Class DICOTYLEDONEAE:; |“Exogens.”

Family SALICACEAE, Willow Family.

A small family of deciduous trees and shrubs, chiefly of
temperate or cold regions, yielding the “osiers” used in basketry
and some lumber of inferior quality. Some of the poplars greatly
abused in street planting,

56

SALICACEAE,

Porpu.Lus. Polar. Aspen.
Deciduous trees often very rough-barked when old, with

rather soft white or browning wood with minute scattered ducts
and very fine medullary rays; moderate rounded or acutely 5-
angled twigs; 5-angled continuous brown pith; somewhat raised
rather 3-lobed large leaf-scars with 3 large bundle-traces; nar-
row stipule-scars; large buds, the terminal angularly ovoid, the
lateral often falcately spreading, with several scales of which
the lowermost is in front, immediately over the leaf-scar; small
dioecious naked flowers in catkins; and small ovoid capsules
with numerous cottony seeds.

Te

wo

10.

ia

Buds plump, not resinous or gummy. 2.
Buds elongated, more or less balsamiferous. 9.
Leaves white- or gray-woolly beneath: petioles.

little flattened. (White Poplars). 3.
Leaves not woolly: petioles much flattened. (Aspens). 6.
Leaves gray beneath. P.. canescens.
Leaves white beneath. 4.

. Tree rounded or oblong. 5.

Tree pyramidal. P. alba Bolleana.
Leaves coarsely toothed rather than lobed. Po alia,
Leaves deeply lobed. P. alba nivea.
Leaves glabrate and nearly entire. P. tremuloides.
Leaves somewhat pubescent, coarsely toothed. 7.

Buds gray-pubescent. P. grandidentata.
Buds glabrate. 8.

Not weeping. P. Tremula.
With hanging branches. P. Tremula pendula.

Leaves pale beneath: petioles little flattened: buds mostly
very balsamiferous. (Balsams). 10.

Leaves green beneath: petioles much flattened: buds less
balsamiferous. (Cottonwoods). 14.

Leaves deeply heart-shaped, broad. P. candicans.

Leaves scarcely heart-shaped. It.

Leaves elliptical or ovate. 12.

Leaves lanceolate. 13.

S ALICACEAE, 57

12. Leaves flat. P. balsamifera.
Leaves wavy. P. laurifolia.

13. Twigs sharply angled. P. Lindleyana.
Twigs not angled. P. fortissima.

14. Tree round-topped. 18.
Tree oblong. x P. Eugenei.
Tree pyramidal. P. migra: itahca:

15. Leaves rather cuneate and attenuate. P. nigra.
Leaves deltoid. 16.

16. Buds glabrous. P. deltoides monilifera.
Buds velvety. P. Sargentii.

SALIX. Willow. Osier.
Deciduous shrubs or trees with light brown wood with
numerous minute scattered ducts and very fine medullary rays;
round continuous pale pith; chiefly alternate sessile appressed
oblong buds with a single exposed scale standing directly over
the leaf-scar, the end-bud lacking; shallow U-shaped or trans-
verse low leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; small if any stipule-
scars; usually narrow rather small short-petioled leaves; dioeci-
ous naked flowers in catkins; and small flask-shaped stalked
capsules with numerous cottony seeds.

1. Leaves green and glabrate on both sides, narrow. S. nigra.

Leaves whitened beneath. 2.

2. Leaves woolly beneath. 3.
Leaves finally glabrous, or else silky beneath. 5.

3. Leaves narrow, revolute. S. incana.
Leaves broad, often crisped: catkins large. 4.

4. Not weeping. S. caprea.
Weeping. | S. caprea pendula.

5. Leaves broad, veiny beneath. 6.
Leaves narrow or elongated. 7.

6. Young catkins large, (Pussy Willow). S. discolor.
Catkins small and slender. S. cordata.

7. Leaves glabrous, little whitened beneath. S. fragilis.

Leaves silky or else distinctly white beneath. 8.

g MYRICACEAE,

on

8. Leaves white-silky on both faces. S.>.alha.
Leaves glabrate above. 09.

9. Twigs golden yellow. S. vitellina.
Twigs green: habit weeping. S. babylonica.

Family MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family.
A small family of shrubs or small trees with aromatic
foliage, the wax which encrusts the fruit of some species used
in a small way for making candles.

MyricA. Bayberry.

Deciduous mostly aromatic shrubs or small trees with red-
dish rather hard wood with minute scattered ducts and fine
medullary rays; slender twigs; continuous irregular pith; alter-
nate half-round low small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no
stipule-scars; round sessile buds with about 3 exposed scales;
oblong entire or coarsely few-toothed or deeply and regularly
lobed leaves with golden glands beneath; small naked imperfect
flowers in short catkins; and small rounded aggregates of dry
fruits often very waxen.

1. Leaves elongated, deeply lobed. (Sweetfern). M. asplenifolia.
Leaves short, toothed toward the end or entire. 2.

2. Leaves much narrowed at base: low shrub, 3.
Leaves oblanceolate. 4.

3. Leaves pubescent beneath. M. Gale.
Leaves glabrate. M. Gale subglabra.
4. Leaves characteristically obtuse: shrubby. M. carolinensis.
Leaves more acute: rather tree-like. M. cerifera.

Family LEITNERIACEAE. Corkwood Family.
A family consisting of only the following genus with a
single species of no decorative value but sometimes grown as
a curiosity because of its extremely light wood.

LEITNERIA. Corkwood.
Deciduous little-branched swamp shrubs with rather stout
terete twigs; very light pale wood with moderate ducts in short
subtangential series and very fine medullary rays; rounded con-

JUGLANDACEAE, 59

tinuous white pith; alternate little raised half-elliptical or tri-
angular leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid
sessile buds with several exposed scales; moderate entire petioled
leaves; dioecious apetalous flowers in catkins; and dry drupe-
like wrinkled fruit.

Leaves lance-elliptical, hairy beneath. L. floridana.

Family JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family.
A small widespread family furnishing most of the nuts of
commerce and the important hard woods hickory and walnut;
sometimes planted for shade trees.

Juctans, Walnut, Butternut.

Deciduous mostly large trees with brown wood with mod-
erate fairly uniform diffused ducts and fine medullary rays with
tangential bands of wood parenchyma; stout roundish twigs;
rather heart-shaped triangular or 3-lobed large leaf-scars with 3
crescent-shaped or compound bundle-traces; no stipule-scars;
superposed buds with several, sometimes lobed, scales; large odd-
pinnate leaves; small monoecious apetalous flowers in catkins;
and large nuts with hard shell enclosed by an indehiscent fleshy
pericarp.

1. Leaf-scars with a downy cross-line at top: 2.
Leaf-scars without a downy ridge at top, notched. 3.

2. Twigs moderate: leaf-scars not notched. J. cinerea.
Twigs stout: leaf-scars notched. (Japanese). J. Sieboldiana.
3. End buds elongated: nuts small. J. rupestris.
End buds scarcely longer than thick: nuts large.
4. Buds ashen-pubescent. (Black walnut). J nigra.
Buds glabrate. (European walnut). J. regia.
PTEROCARYA,

Deciduous trees with pale wood with rather sparse and small
diffused ducts and fine medullary rays with wood-parenchyma
cross-lines; moderately stout terete twigs; somewhat 5-sided
brownish chambered pith; alternate somewhat raised obtusely tri-
angular or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 compound bundle-traces ;
no stipule-scars; scaly and solitary, or naked and superposed

60 JUGLANDACEAE,

buds, the uppermost sometimes long-stalked; large odd-pinnate
leaves with toothed leaflets; inconspicuous monoecious apetalous
flowers in catkins; and variously winged nut-like fruits.

1. Buds naked. 2.

Buds scaly. P. rhoifolia.
2. Rachis of leaves winged. P. stenoptera.
Rachis not winged. P. fraxinifolia.

CaryA. Hickory.

Rather large deciduous trees with mostly rough bark; hard
finally often reddish or brownish wood with the ducts crowded
and large in the spring growth but usually smaller or sparser
later in the season, and very fine medullary rays connected by
equally heavy cross-lines of wood parenchyma; mostly stout ter-
ete twigs; rather large roundish essentially homogeneous some-
times dark pith; alternate low shield-shaped large leaf-scars
with 3 more or less confluent groups of bundle-traces; no stipule
scars; alternate ovoid often superposed rather large buds some-
times stalked or developing the first season; large odd-pinnate
leaves; small green monoecious apetalous flowers in catkins or
small clusters; and rather large nuts with loose usually de-
hiscent husk. (Hicoria).

1. Bud-scales in pairs, sometimes developing into small leaves:
lateral buds often stalked. (Pecans and Bitternuts). 2.
Bud-scales not in opposite pairs. 3.
. Twigs and buds with yellow glands: nut scarcely elongated,
mamillated, very thin-shelled, very bitter. C. cordiformis.
Twigs scarcely glandular: nut longer than thick, rather firm-
shelled, not bitter. (Pecan). C. Pecan.
3. Terminal bud small (scarcely 10 mm. long). (Pignuts). 4.
Terminal bud large (usually over 10 mm.). (Hickories). 5.
4. Leaves glabrate: bark not deeply fissured. C. ovalis.
Leaves hairy: bark deeply fissured into squares. C. villosa.
5. Outer bud-scales falling: not shaggy. (Mocker nut). C. alba.
Outer scales persistent, pointed: bark shaggy. 6.
6. Twigs buff or orange: leaflets 7-9. (King nut). C, laciniosa.
Twigs gray or reddish: leaflets usually five. 7. .

NY

BETULACEAE, 61

7. Twigs glabrate. (Shagbark hickory). C. ovata.
Twigs persistently hairy. C. ovata hirsuta.

Family BETULACEAE. Birch Family.
A small family chiefly of cold regions, furnishing some im-
portant lumber and the hazel nuts and filberts of commerce;.
much planted for single tree effect.

CoryLus. Hazel. Filbert.

Deciduous shrubs with light brown wood with minute ducts
in radial or flame-like patterns and very fine medullary rays;
moderately slender rounded often bristly twigs; roundish homo-
geneous pale pith; alternate low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with
3 often compound bundle-traces ; narrow stipule-scars ; ovoid buds
with half-a-dozen exposed scales; rather large broad but pin-
nately veined stalked simple leaves; inconspicuous monoecious
apetalous flowers in catkins; and light brown hard-shelled rather
small nuts in green or membranaceous husks.

1. Husk of 2 nearly or quite separate bracts. 2.
Husk tubular, 8.

2. Husk bur-like. — C. ferox:
Husk unarmed. 3.
3. Husk parted into linear divisions. C. colurna.

Husks with broader divisions. 4.

4. Husk open, hardly longer than the short nut. 5.
Husk closely applied to and surpassing the nut. C. americana.

5. Leaves laciniate. C. Avellana laciniata.
Leaves not deeply parted. 6.

6. Rather upright. 7.

Branches drooping. C. Avellana pendula.
7. Leaves green. (European hazel). C. Avellana.

Leaves yellow. C. Avellana aurea.

Leaves purple. C. Avellana atropurpurea.
8. Husk merely pubescent: nut elongated. 9.

Husk’ bristly. Cy Ost aad,
g. Leaves green. (Filbert). C. maxima.

Leaves purple. C. maxima purpurea.

62 ; BETULACEAE,

OstryA. Hop Hornbeam.

Deciduous small trees with scaly bark: somewhat reddish hard
wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender
somewhat zig-zag terete twigs; roundish homogeneous pale pith;
alternate 2-ranked somewhat raised small crescent-shaped leaf
scars with 3 bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars; elongated ovoid
moderate solitary sessile buds with several spirally placed finely
ridged scales, the end bud lacking; simple serrate petioled mod-
erate leaves; inconspicuous monoecious apetalous flowers in small
catkins; and small seed-like fruits, each subtended by a larger thin
scale, aggregated in a hop-like cluster.

Twigs from villous and glandular, glabrescent. Q. virginaza.

CARPINUS. Hornbeam. Blue Beech.
Deciduous small trees with fluted trunks; smooth gray bark;
pale hard wood with minute diffused ducts and extremely fine
medullary rays; slender zig-zag terete twigs; rather round homo-
geneous pale pith; alternate 2-ranked low small crescent-shaped
leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars; elongated-
ovoid rather small solitary sessile buds with several spirally
placed smooth scales, the end bud lacking ; simple doubly ser-
rate petioled moderate leaves; inconspicuous monoecious apetal-
ous flowers in small catkins; and small ribbed seed-like fruits,.
each subtended by a hastate bract.
1. Buds small (3 mm.), dark, for a time hairy. C. caroliniana.
Buds large (5 mm.), light brown, glabrous. 2.
2. Tree round-topped. 3.

Tree conical. C. Betulus pyramidalis.
3. Leaves green. 4.

Leaves for a time purple. C. Betulus purpurea.
4, Leaves merely toothed. C. Betulus.

Leaves cut or lobed. C. Betulus incisa.

BETULA, Birch.
Deciduous trees or occasionally shrubs often with papery-
flaking or white bark with transversely elongated lenticels; pale
or reddish often hard wood with minute diffused ducts and very

BETULACEAE, 63

fine medullary rays; mostly very slender terete twigs; small
3-sided or flattened homogeneous greenish pith; alternate, often
2-ranked low rather crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces, short narrow evanescent stipule-scars; ovoid or oblong
sessile solitary buds, the terminal sometimes absent and the lat-
eral rather appressed with about 6 alternate exposed scales;
simple usually toothed petioled leaves; small imperfect incon-
spicuous apetalous flowers in catkins; and small 2-winged
fruits in cone-like catkins with deciduous 3-lobed scales.
Pephiewhis.. 2.

Trees: 4.
2. Leaves glabrous. 3.

Leaves pubescent, dentate. B. pumila.
3. Twigs glandular-warty. B. glandulosa.

Twigs not glandular-roughened. B. nana.
4. Bark cherry-like, wintergreen-flavored. B. lenta.

Bark flaking, or white or yellowish. 5.
5. Bark gray or yellow or orange. 6.
Bark white. 7.

6. Leaves ovate: bark gray or yellowish. B. lutea.
Leaves rhombic: bark orange. B. nigra.
7, Leaves triangular, B. populifolia.

Leaves ovate. 8.
8. Bark mostly flaking: leaves large (4-12 cm.). B. papyrifera.
Bark not flaking: leaves small (2-6 cm. long). 9.
go. Leaves green. I0.
Leaves purple. B. pendula purpurea.
1c. Leaves not lobed. 11.
Leaves lobed or cut. 12.

11. Scarcely weeping or pyramidal. B. pendula.
Weeping. B. pendula tristis.
Narrowly conical. B. pendula fastigiata.

12. Scarcely weeping. B. pendula dalecarlica.
Weeping. B. pendula gracilis.

Anus. Alder,
Rather ovoid much branched deciduous tree, or more often
seen as shrubs, with rather smooth bark; brownish rather hard

64 FAGACEAE,

wood with minute diffused ducts and occasional thick medullary
rays accompanying the prevalent very fine ones; rather slender
often 3-sides twigs with 3-sided or flattened homogeneous pith;
alternate crescent-shaped or half round somewhat raised leaf
scars with 3 bundle-traces (or the lowermost broken into a sec-
ondary group) in a single series; 3-ranked stalked plump buds
with about 3 exposed scales; rounded or ovate or somewhat lan-
ceolate denticulate or once or twice serrate petioled simple
leaves; small monoecious apetalous flowers in catkins or cone-
like clusters often evident in winter; and minute nutlets in a
woody cone.

1. Leaves doubly serrate. 2.

Leaves simply toothed, or lobed. 3.

2. Leaves glaucous beneath. A. tinctoria.
Leaves green beneath. A. rugosa.
3. Leaves obtuse. 4.
Leaves pointed. A. japonica.

4. Leaves dentate or lobed, rather acute-based. 5.
Leaves closely serrulate, very round-based. A. Mitchelliana.
5. Leaves lobed. A. glutinosa laciniata.
Leaves merely dentate. 6.
6. Leaves green. 7.

Leaves yellow. A. glutinosa aurea.
7. Leaves not red-veined. A. glutinosa.
Leaves red-veined. A. glutinosa rubrinervia.

Family FAGACEAE. Beech Family.

A widespread family, especially in temperate regions, com-
prising few genera but numerous species; the source of such
“hard-woods” as beach and oak, the chestnuts of commerce, and
much used for single tree effects and occasionally as street
trees,

Facus. Beech.

Finally large deciduous trees with normally smooth light
gray bark; brownish rather hard wood with minute diffused
ducts and fine medullary rays with frequent much heavier in-
tervening rays; terete moderately slender rather zig-zag twigs;

FacAceAE; 65

Father 3-sided homogeneous pith; alternate 2-ranked somewhat
raised crescent-shaped lteaf-scars with 3 simplé or compound btin-
dle-traces ; narroW stipule-scars nearly meeting arotind the twig;
fusiform ptingent long and obliquely spreading buds with many
Scales; rather low- toothed moderate stalked leaves often clus-
tered on spufs ; Small mofioeciOus dpetalou§ flowers in &talked
head-like axillaty catkins; and small 3-sidéd br€wn juts solitaty
iti bristly dehiscent htisks,

1. Leaves rather blunt, minutely toothed. 2.

Leaves sharply toothed. (American beech). F. grandifolia.

Leaves lobed. 5. .
. Round-topped. 3.

b>

Pyramidal. F. sylvatica pyramidalis.
Weeping. 4.

3. Leaves green. (European beech). F. sylvatica.
Leaves yellow. F. sylvatica Zlatia.
Leaves purple. F. sylvatica purpurea.

4. Leaves purple. F. sylvatica purpurea pendula.
Leaves green. F. sylvatica pendula.

5. Bark dark, rough. F. sylvatica quercoides.
Bark gray, smooth. 6,

6. Leaves rather sinuate. F. sylvatica quercifolia.
Leaves moderately incised, F. sylvatica incisa.
Leaves very deeply: incised. _ F. sylvatica heterophylla.

CasTANEA, Chestnut.

Deciduous shrubs or mostly trees with fissured gray bark;
rather soft brown wood with very large ducts crowded in the
spring growth and minute ducts in flame-shaped patterns in the
summer growth, and very fine medullary rays; moderately stout
usually fluted moderate twigs; angled homogeneous pale pith;
alternate moderate crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars
with a number of bundle-traces scattered or unequally clustered
in 3 groups; unequal stipule-scars; ovoid solitary sessile buds—
the terminal sometimes absent, with about 2 exposed scales;
simple rather large stalked sharply serrate leaves; small
monoecious apetalous flowers, the staminate in catkins, and

66 FAGACEAE,

brown thin- shelled nuts, I or several in a prickly dehiscent bur.
1. Mature leaves essentially glabrous beneath. 2.
Mature leaves pubescent beneath, or petioles pubescent. 4.
2. Young leaves glabrate, acute at base. (American). C. dentata.
Young leaves stellate-tomentose beneath. 3.

3. Leaves acute at base. (European chestnut). Gy sativa!
Leaves rounded or subcordate at base. (Japanese). C. crenata.
4. Petiole villous: nuts several in the bur. C. mollissima.
Petiole not villous: nut solitary. (Chinquapin). C. pumila.

Quercus. Oak.

In our region deciduous trees, or exceptionally shrubs, with
yellowish or red-brown hard ring-porous wood with the smal-
ler ducts radially arranged, fine medullary rays, with transverse
bands of wood parenchyma and frequent very heavy interven-
ing rays; slender or moderate usually fluted twigs; moderate
5-angled continuous pith; alternate rather small half-round
somewhat raised leaf-scars with half a dozen scattered bundle-
traces; minute stipule-scars or filiform persistent stipules; ses-
sile ovoid or conical buds crowded toward the tip, with a con-
siderable number of scales; entire or toothed or mostly pin-
nately lobed petioled leaves; monoecious small apetalous flowers,
in catkins or axillary; and nut-like fruit with a scaly cup at the
base.

1. Leaves entire. 2.

Leaves coarsely toothed. 3.

Leaves distinctly lobed. 5.

2. Leaves narrow (under 25 mm. wide. glabrous. Q. Phellos.

Leaves broad (often 50 mm.), downy beneath. Q. imbricaria.
3. Shrub: leaves sharp-toothed, downy beneath. Q. prinoides.

Trees: leaves downy beneath. 4.

4. Leaves with sharp teeth: fruit sessile. Q. Muhlenbergii.

Leaves with blunt teeth: fruit long-stalked. Q. bicolor.
5. Lobes blunt, never bristle-tipped. 6.

_ Lobes acute, ending in bristles. Io.
6. Leaves pubescent beneath: twigs buff. Q. macrocarpa.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 7.

MorAcEAE, 67

7. Buds conical or pyramidal, gray-pubescent. 8.
Buds round or ovoid: entirely glabrous. . Q. alba.
8. Leaves auricled at base, glabrous. 9.
Leaves not auricled, midrib sometimes hairy. Q. sessiliflora.
9g. Round-topped. Q. Robur.
Columnar. Q. Robur fastigiata.
10 Buds essentially glabrous. II.
Buds pubescent: lobes of leaves widened upwards. 13.
11. Buds large (often 4X7 mm.). 12.

Buds small (scarcely 3X4 mm.). Q. palustris.
12. Lobes of leaves narrowed upward, dull. Q. rubra.
Lobes of leaves widened upward, glossy. © Q. coccinea.

Family MORACEAE. Mulberry Family.

A family of few genera and, except for the tropical figs,
few species, with milky juice: constituting the principal source
of India rubber and producing the edible mulberries and figs.
The Osage orange is extensively used for hedges.

MacturaA. Osage Orange. “Hedge.”

Deciduous milky-juiced small trees with rough-ridged bark,
that of the roots peeling in light orange flakes; hard light brown
wood with the vernal ducts larger and crowded and those of
summer in a wavy tangential pattern; somewhat raised half-
round or 3-sided leaf-scars with bundle-traces. aggregated in a
broken ellipse; no stipule scars; subglobose buds with several
exposed scales, usually producing a spine from the axil of one;
moderate petioled leaves often clustered on short spurs; dioeci-
ous apetalous flowers in stalked catkins or heads; and very large
aggregate green fruit with fleshy sepals and seed-like akenes.
(Toxylon).

Leaves lance-ovate: fruit 5-10 cm. M. pomifera.

BroussoNeTIA. Paper Mulberry.

Deciduous trees with rather smooth mottled bark; milky
sap; yellowish white soft wood with numerous rather large
ducts in the spring growth and smaller diffused ones in the
later growth, marked tangential pattern of wood parenchyma in

68 } MoRACEAE,

the autumn growth, and distinct medullary rays; moderate terete
twigs; round homogeneous pale pith; alternate or exceptionally
opposite half-round or elliptical leaf-scars with a sometimes very
indistinct crescent-shaped bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid
appressed sessile solitary buds, the terminal small, with 2 or 3
exposed scales; ovate toothed or lobed rather large petioled
leaves; dioecious inconspicuous apetalous flowers in catkins or
small heads; and small aggregated drupelets.

I. Leaves alternate. 2.

Leaves uniformly opposite. B. papyrifera contraria.
2. Leaves flat. 3.
Leaves concave. B. papyrifera cucullata.

3. Leaves at most with few coarse lobes. 4.
Leaves dissected into narrow divisions. B. papyrifera dissecta.
4. Fruit red. B. papyrifera.
Fruit white. B. papyrifera leucocarpa.

Morus. Mulberry.

Deciduous trees with gray-brown bark; milky sap; brown
rather soft wood with small ducts somewhat larger and crowded
in the late vernal growth and distinct medullary rays connected
by transverse lines of wood parenchyma; rather slender terete
twigs; roundish continuous pale pith; alternate often 2-ranked
half-round somewhat raised leaf-scars with 7 or more bundle-
traces scattered or in an ellipse; unequal stipule scars; no end
bud, the ovoid sessile lateral buds with about 6 exposed scales;
broadly ovate serrate or deeply and unequally lobed petioled
leaves; small imperfect apetalous flowers in catkin- or head-like
clusters, and rather small aggregate fruits with fleshy sepals.
1. Buds spreading: scales dark-margined: leaves rough above. 2.

Buds appressed, uniformly colored: leaves nearly smooth. 3.
2. Leaves dull, not very pubescent. (Red mulberry). M. rubra.
Leaves glossy above, tomentose beneath. M. rubra tomentosa.
3. Leaves rather exceptionally lobed. (White mulberry). M. alba.
Leaves mostly lobed. 4.
4. Leaves cuneate, toothed, white-veined. M. alba nervosa.
Leaves rather regularly lobed. 5.

ULMACEAE, 69

5. Not weeping. (Tartarian mulberry). M. alba tatarica.
Weeping. (Teas’ mulberry). M. alba pendula,
Ficus. Fig.

Deciduous shrubs or trees (of large size and unusual habit
in the tropics, or with persistent leaves and sometimes climbing
by roots as in forms cultivated under glass), with milky sap;
rather stout terete twigs; round continuous pith diaphragmed
at the nodes; alternate somewhat raised rather large rounded
leaf-scars with 3 compound bundle-traces; narrow stipule-scars
encircling the twigs; rounded subsessile solitary buds, with half-
a-dozen or so scales when fertile, the vegetative buds pointed
and with 1 scale; simple mostly long-stalked leaves; minute
imperfect apetalous flowers concealed in the large hollow recep-
tacle; and fleshy hypanthium containing numerous small seed-
like akenes.

Leaves palmately nerved, often deeply lobed. Be OBATICd:

Family ULMACEAE. Elm Family.
A rather small family of little economic value except that
some of the elms furnish the finest of shade- and street-trees,
and lumber' is obtained from elms and hackberry.

Utmus. Elm.

Deciduous often very deliquescent trees with pale or usually
brown tough wood with small ducts usually larger and more
crowded in spring but minute and in tangential patterns in
autumn, and fine medullary rays; slender terete or winged twigs;
small rounded continuous pith; alternate 2-ranked half-round
or half-elliptical somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; transverse stipule scars; sessile ovoid buds with a number
of 2-ranked scales, the terminal absent; short-petioled oblique
toothed moderate leaves; small perfect apetalous clustered
flowers appearing before the foliage; and round samaras.

1. Leaves once-serrate, small (scarcely 5 cm. long). 2.

Leaves doubly serrate. 3.

2. Not weeping. U. pumila.

Weeping. U. pumila pendula.

-70 ULMACEAE,

3. Twigs not corky-winged. 4.
Twigs often warty or corky-winged. 12.
4. Buds glabrous. 5.
Buds pubescent. 9.
5. Flowers stalked: fruit glabrous except the edge. 6.

Flowers nearly sessile: fruit pubescent. U. campestris.
6; Trees.) 7.

Shrub. U. americana nana.
7. Leaves green. 8.

Leaves yellow. U. americana aurea.
8. Not weeping. (White elm). U. americana.

Somewhat weeping. U. americana pendula.
9. Twigs bristly: buds red-hairy. (Slippery elm). U. fulva.

Twigs and buds soft-pubescent. Io.
10. Leaves green. II.

Leaves purple. U. glabra atropurpurea.
Ir. Not weeping. (Scotch elm). U. glabra.

Weeping. U. glabra camperdownii.
12. Flowers slender-stalked. 13.

Flowers nearly sessile. Forms of U. campestris.
13. Buds glabrous: corky wings thin. U. alata.

Buds pubescent: twigs coarsely corky. U. racemosa.

PLANERA. Planer Tree.

Deciduous small trees with somewhat brownish wood with
minute ducts sometimes in evident tangential lines, and fine
medullary rays; slender terete zig-zag twigs; small rounded con-
tinuous pith; alternate 2-ranked half-round somewhat raised
leaf-scars; sessile round-ovoid buds with several 2-ranked
scales, the end-bud absent; short-petioled sometimes oblique
rather small and thick toothed leaves; small perfect apetalous
clustered flowers appearing before the foliage; and small rounded
blunt-spiny fruit.

Leaves ovate, unequally biserrate. P. aquatica.

ZELKOVA,
Deciduous rather small trees with slender twigs; small pith;
alternate 2-ranked scarcely raised half-elliptical leaf-scars with

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 71

3 bundle-traces; minute transverse stipule scars; ovoid sessile
often collaterally multiple buds with half-a-dozen exposed scales
in several ranks; short-petioled oblique toothed rather small
leaves; incorspicuous often imperfect apetalous flowers; and
small drupe-like fruits.

1. Leaves large (4 X 8 cm.), acuminate. Z. serrata.
Leaves smaller (scarcely 3 K 6 cm.), not acuminate. 2.

2. Leaves lanceolate, rather long (4-5 cm.). Z. Dayidit.
Leaves elliptical or ovate, short (3-4 cm.). Z. ulmoides.

CeLtis. Hackberry.

Rather ovoid much branched deciduous trees, or occasion-
ally shrubs, with variously roughened or warty bark; hard pale
or red-brown wood with a‘vernal zone of medium-sized ducts
and smaller summer ducts in a wavy transverse pattern, and fine
medullary rays; slender sometimes grooved sympodial zig-zag
twigs with somewhat angular pzle pith chambered in places; alter-
nate 2-ranked appressed small buds with several 2-ranked scales;
crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; minute stipule-
scars; ovate lanceolate truncately or cordately oblique moderate-
sized often serrate simple leaves; small monoecious greenish
apetalous flowers solitary or few together; and small sugary
drupes with reticulate or pitted stone.

Ba Trees): 2.

Shrubs: buds small. C. pumila.
2. Leaves entire and glabrous: buds small. CC. mississippiensis.
Leaves toothed or p:tbescent: buds larger. C. occidentalis.

Family ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family.

A rather small family, chiefly of herbs, of little use except
that species of Aristolochia (e.g. the goose-flower) are often
grown under-glass for their large or peculiar, usually ill-scented,
flowers.

ARISTOLOCHIA. Dutchman’s Pipe.
Woody twiners (as here considered) with brown wood with
large diffused ducts and broad wedge-shaped medullary rays; for
a time green sympodial stems~swollen at the nodes; pale

72 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

homogeneous roundish pith; rounded alternate superposed few-
scaled small buds encircled by the leaf-scar; U-shaped leaf-
scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; simple large cor-
date leaves; axillary perfect pipe-shaped apetalous epigynous
flowers, green with brown or lurid throat; and rather large
hanging basket-like capsules with flat seeds.

Glabrate: flower with smooth segments. A. macrophylla.
Velvety: flower with rugose segments. A. tomentosa.

Family CARYOPHYLLACEAE, Pink Family.

A rather large family of herbaceous plants much used in
flower-gardening and including the “carnation” of florists: the
following and some other dense-growing species encase
employed in rock-gardens.

SILENE. Moss Campion.

Mostly perennial herbs with opposite sessile leaves; no
stipules; mostly perfect “pink”-like polypetalous flowers with 3
carpels; and I- or partly 3-celled many-seeded capsules dehisc-
ing at the top.

Low, matted, with crowded linear leaves. 5! acaulis,

Family CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE.
An Asiatic family including only the following genus with
a single species, forming an attractive small tree-—Sometimes
merged in the Trochodendraceae.

CERCIDIPHYLLUM,

Deciduous trees with slender twigs widened at the nodes;
close-grained wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medul-
lary rays; somewhat angular continuous small pith; opposite or
obliquely opposite raised half-elliptical or somewhat 3-lobed leaf-
scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; appressed oblong
sessile buds with 1 or 2 exposed scales; palmately nerved
petioled rather crenate round-cordate leaves; small dioecious
apetalous solitary flowers; and oblong many-seeded capsules.
Leaves glabrous. C. japonicum.
Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. C. japonicum sinense.

: 9° RANUNCULACEAE, : \ 73

Family RANUNCULACEAE, Buttercup Family.
A large family, chiefly herbaceous, of no great economic
use but often becoming troublesome weeds; the paeonies and
virgin’s bowers are largely planted.

PAEONIA, Paeony.

Usually herbs and not evergreen, with alternate pinnately
parted large leaves; large white or red polypetalous perfect
flowers; and fruit of several often large follicles each with
several large seeds.

Not woody: ovaries not sheathed.. Herbaceous paeonies.
Soft-woody: ovaries sheathed at base. P. suffruticosa.

CLEMATIS. Virgin’s Bower.

More or less woody plants mostly climbing by their per-
sistent leaf-stalks, with 6-sided or ribbed slender stems; soft
wood with large crowded vernal ducts, few and minute summer
ducts, and coarse wedge-shaped medullary rays; relatively. large
roundish homogeneous pale pith; opposite mostly pinnate stalked
leaves with the leaflets not falling from a distinct scar when
deciduous; axillary solitary or clustered usually perfect often
very large apetalous flowers with corolla-like calyx; and large
akenes with long often feathery style.

1. Leaves simple. 2.

Leaves compound. 6.
2. Leaves entire. 3.

Leaves toothed: not climbing. C. Fremontii.
3. Flowers creamy: not climbing. C. ochroleuca.
Flowrs blue or purple. 4.
4. Not climbing: flowers small, urn-shaped. CC. integrifolia.
Climbing: flowers large and open. C. lanuginosa.

5. Leaflets entire. 6.
Leaflets. toothed. 12.
6. Flowers urn-shaped, small. 7.
Flowers open. 9.
. Styles hairy in fruit. 8.
Styles not feathery. , C crispa.

NI

74 LARDIZABALACEAE.

8. Flowers bluish or purple. C. Viorna.
Flowers red. ; C. texensis.
c. Styles feathery in fruit. Io.
Styles without hairs. C. Viticella.
10. Flowers small (scarcely 2 cm.), fragrant. C. paniculata.
Flowers large (some 8 cm.). II.
11. Flowers longer than their stalks. C. lanuginosa.
Flowers shorter than their stalks. C. patens.
12. Leaves only once compound. 13.
Leaves often bipinnate, half-evergreen. C. Flammula.
13. Leaflets only 3: flowers dioecious. C. virginiana.
Leaflets often more than 3: flowers perfect. C. Vitalba.

ZANTHORHIZA. Yellowroot.

Small simple shrubs with rather slender soft-wooded stems;
somewhat angular continuous pale pith; narrow transverse low
leaf-scars with about 7 bundle-traces; no stipule scars; solitary
buds with few exposed scales; long-stalked pinnate leaves clust-
ered at end of the season’s growth; small flowers in openly
branched racemes; and small-seeded follicles.

Leaflets incisely serrate or parted. Z. apiifolia.

Family LARDIZABALACEAE.
A small family, often included in Berberidaceae, of no great
use except for the effective climber here considered.

AKEBIA,

Deciduous woody twining plants with rather slender green
stems; roundish homogeneous pith; alternate much raised cres-
cent-shaped leaf-scars. with several irregularly placed bundle-
traces at point of breakage, but reduced to 3 in a single series
near the stem; no stipule-scars; acute ovoid sessile divergent
buds with a dozen exposed scales; long-petioled digitate leaves
of 5 stalked leaflets; rather small functionally dioecious lurid
polypetalous flowers racemed from the nodes; and rather large
dehiscent fruit with numerous small seeds immersed in the
- placental pulp.

Leaflets 5, nearly entire, notched at apex. A. quinata.

- RERBERIDACEAE, 75

Family BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family.

A small family some shrubs of which are much used in
landscape work. The common barberry is often viewed with
disfavor because, if infected with the cluster-cup fungus
(Aecidium), it spreads black rust (Puccinia) to wheat. ;

BERBERIS. Barberry.

Deciduous or in other species evergreen shrubs with hard
yellow wood with minute diffused ducts slightly larger in spring,
and fine medullary rays; slender angular monopodial branches
with roundish homogeneous pith; alternate 5-ranked ovoid buds
with several scales; crescent-shaped raised leaf-scars typically
with 3 bundle-traces; rather small apparently simple (uni-
foliolately compound) leaves often clustered on spurs or re-
placed by I- to 3-pronged spines on shoots; small perfect poly-
petalous yellow flowers clustered in the axils or racemed; and
small ellipsoid or oblong usually 1-seeded berries.

1. Leaves entire: flowers or fruits usually solitary on
a stalk. (Japanese barberry). B. Thunbergti.
Leaves distinctly toothed. 2.
2. Leaves green. 3.
Leaves purple. 4.
Leaves variegated. 5.

3. Fruit red or purplish. (Common barberry). B. vulgaris.
Fruit yellow. B. vulgaris lutea.
Fruit white. B. vulgaris alba.

4. Leaves of ordinary size (2 X 4 cm.). B. vulgaris atropurpurea.
Leaves distinctly larger. B. vulgaris macrophylla.

5. Leaves white-marked. B. vulgaris albo-variegata.
Leaves yellow-bordered. B. vulgaris aureo-marginata.

MAHONIA,

Evergreen shrubs with rather hard wood with minute ducts
in flame-like pattern, and unequal coarse wedge-shaped medul-
lary rays; rounded continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised
U-shaped leaf-scars with some 15 bundle-traces; no stipule-
scars; ovoid terminal buds with numerous rather persistent hard
pointed scales; odd-pinnate leaves with veiny pungent toothed

|: MENISPERMACEAE,

and often crisped leaflets; small perfect polypetalous yellowish
racemed flowers; and blue glaucous small one-seeded berries.—
Often placed in Berberis.
1. Leaves distinctly stalked: leaflets about five. 2.

Leaves nearly sessile: leaflets about nine. 6.
2. Rather tall. 3.

Dwarf and spreading. M. repens.
3. Leaves glossy bright green. M. Aquifolium.
Leaves becoming yellow. M. Aquifolium lutescens.
Leaves mottled with red. M. Aquifolium amabilis.
Leaves spotted. 4.
4. Variegation white. M. Aquifolium albo-variegata.
Variegation yellow, 5. ;
5. Spots large and scattered. M. Aquifolium aureo-variegata. ©
Spots small and numerous. M. Aquifolium aucubifolia.
6. Leaflets gray-green. M. pinnata.
Leaflets bright green. M. pinnata Wagneri.

Family MENISPERMACEAE. Maoudeed Family.
A small family of climbing plants, of little general use.

CALYCOCARPUM. Cupseed.

Half woody twining plants with slender rather fluted green
stems; rounded homogeneous pith; alternate somewhat raised
small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; small often
superposed buds; no _ stipule-scars; rather large long-stalked
palmately lobed leaves with rounded sinuses; small imperfect
rolyretalous flowers in stalked axillary clusters; and berry-like
drupe with a large cup-like stone.

Lobes acuminate, sinuses part-elliptical. Ce Lyon:

CoccuLtus. Carolina Moonseeu.

Half-woody twining plants with somewhat fluted stems;
rovnded homogeneous pith; alternate slightly raised small round-
ish leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; small hairy
sometimes superposed buds; rather large long-stalked palmately
nerved ovate or sometimes elongated often cordate or hastate
leaves, small imperfect polypetalous flowers in axillary racemes

a

MAGNOLIACEAE, 77

or panicles; and berry-like drupe with ring-like transversely
ridged stone.

Leaves glabrescent above: fruit red. Tender. C. carolinus.
Leaves pubescent: fruit blue-black. Hardy. C. trilobus.

MENISPERMUM. Moonseed.

Half-woody twining plants with somewhat fluted green
stems; rather large homogeneous pale pith; alternate round leaf-
scars with a raised border and numerous bundle-traces in a
single series; no stipule-scars; rounded often superposed buds;
rather large long-stalked palmately veined angled or very shal-
lowly lobed leaves; small dioecious polypetalous flowers in long-
stalked axillary clusters; and berry-like drupe with ring-like dor-
sally keeled stone.

Leaves obtusely angled or shallow-lobed. M. canadense.

Family MAGNOLIACEAE. Magnolia Family.
A rather small family, usually shrubby but including some
trees of large size such as the tulip tree which furnishes “poplar”
lumber, etc.: much used in landscape work.

LiRIODENDRON. Tulip Tree.

Large rather percurrent deciduous trees with intricately
fissured bark; pale soft wood with very minute diffused ducts
and extremely fine medullary rays; moderate terete twigs;
roundish light brown pith with firmer diaphragms; alternate
somewhat raised nearly round leaf-scars with about a dozen
scattered bundle-traces; very narrow stipule-scars encircling the
twigs; solitary sometimes stalked flattened or 2-edged buds with
2 valvate scales; rather large simple truncate or deeply notched
stalked leaves with 2 or more lateral lobes; large green and
yellow perfect polypetalous terminal flowers; and a cone-like
fruit, the indehiscent 1-seeded winged carpels falling away from
a persistent spike-like axis.

1. Leaves not lobed at base. L. Tulipifera integrifolium.
Leaves with 2 or 4 basal lobes. 2.
2. Lobes 2, obtuse. L, Tulipifera obtusilobum.

Lobes often 4, acute. 3.

78 MAGNOLIACEAE, ”

3. Tree narrowly pyramidal. T. Tulipifera pyramidale.
Tree broad-topped. 4.
4. Leaves unvariegated. L. Tulipifera.
Leaves yellow-margined. L. Tulipifera aureo-maginatum.
MAGNOLIA.

Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or usually trees with pale
or yeilow rather soft wood with minute diffused ducts and fine
medullary rays; often stout terete twigs; pale continuous
rounded pith; alternate low half-elliptical or U-shaped leaf-
scars with some IO or more bundle-traces in a single series or
scattered; linear stipule-scars encircling the stem; sessile ovoid
or fusiform rather large buds with a single exposed scale bear-
ing a petiole-scar above its base; elliptical to obovate entire
petioled leaves; large showy solitary open polypetalous flowers;
and small leathery aggregated capsules from which the red-
arillate solitary seeds finally hang on threads.

1. Evergreen: pith with firmer plates. 2.

Deciduous: pith homogeneous. 3.

2. Leaves heavy, green or rusty beneath. M. grandiflora.

Leaves thin, glaucous beneath. (Sweet bay). M. glauca.
3. Twigs swollen: leaves clustered at end. 4.

Twigs not swollen: leaves spaced: buds silky. 6.

4. Twigs and buds hairy. M. macrophylla.
Twigs and buds glabrous. 5.

5. Leaves not auricled. M. tripetala.
Leaves auricled at base. M. Fraseri.

6. Rather large trees, flowering when in leaf. 7.
Smaller, flowering before the leaves appear. 8.
7, Flowers yellowish green. (Cucumber tree). M. acuminata.
Flowers orange-yellow. M. acuminata cordata.
8. Petals numerous. 9.
* Petals six to nine. 10.
9. Flowers white. ; M. stellata.
Flowers rosy. M. stellata rosea.
10. Flowers white or lemon-shaded. 11.
Flowers carmine or purplish shaded. 12.

CALYCANTHACEAE. : 79

11. Sepals very narrow. : M. Kobus.
Sepals resembling the petals. M. denudata.

12. Flowers white with light tinging. x M. Soulangeana.
Flowers deep-shaded without. 13.

13. Flowers cup-shaped, early. M. obovata.
Flowers pear-shaped, often continuing. x M. Lennei.

Family CALYCANTHACEAE. Carolina Allspice Family.
A small family of shrubs, of no ‘great use but attractive be-
cause of their fragrant flowers.

CALYCANTHUS. Strawberry Shrub.

Deciduous shrubs with moderate aromatic often 4-lined twigs
widened at the nodes; round or 6-sided homogeneous pale pith;
opposite elevated crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces ;
no stipule-scars; ovoid sessile sometimes superposed buds, the
terminal usually absent, with about 4 opposite scales; simple en-
tire short-stalked moderate leaves; moderate lurid axillary
flowers often strawberry-scented, with many distinct petals; and
pear-shaped dry hypanthium enclosing large seedlike akenes.

(Butneria).

I. Leaves very hairy beneath. C. floridus.
Leaves nearly or quite glabrous. 2.

2. Leaves green beneath. C. fertilis.
Leaves whitened beneath. C. fertilis glaucus.

Family ANNONACEAE. Custard Apple Family.
A rather small family of shrubs or small trees, chiefly of the
tropics, yielding such fruits as sour-sop, cherimoya, etc. The name
papaw properly belongs to the “papaya” of the tropics (Carica).

ASIMINA. “Papaw.”

Deciduous shrubs or very small trees with rather smooth dark
gray bark; greenish soft wood with a zone of moderate ducts in
the spring growth and decreasingly smaller ones diffused through
the remainder, and distinct medullary rays; rather slender terete
twigs; rounded continuous pale pith with firmer diaphragms;
alternate half-round or broadly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with

80 LAURACEAE,

about 5 bundle-traces in a single series; no stipule-scars; more
or less stalked brown-silky buds, the terminal naked and elongated,
the lateral often superposed with the upper globose and early
losing its few outer scales and becoming brown-silky; simple
large short-stalked! leaves; perfect lurid large mostly solitary
polypetalous flowers; and large oblong fleshy fruit with several
large brown seeds.

Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, acuminate. A. triloba.

Family LAURACEAE., Laurel Family.
A family of moderate size, chiefly tropical, including the
classic laurel or bay tree, and furnishing cinnamon, camphor, the
alligator pear, etc.: little used in out-of-door planting.

BENZOIN. Spice Bush.

Deciduous aromatic shrubs with pale wood with minute
diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender terete twigs with
rounded homogeneous pith; alternate rather appressed superposed
ovoid buds with about 3 exposed scales,—the uppermost one or
two early developing into small clusters of rounded flower-buds ;
rather elliptical moderate entire leaves; low crescent-shaped leaf
scars with 3 bundle-traces; small yellow polygamous apetalous
flowers in nearly sessile lateral clusters; and red spicy drupes.
Glabrate. B. aestivale.
Pubescent. B. melissaefolium.

SASSAFRAS.

Deciduous finally large aromatic trees with rather soft brown
ring-porous wood with the small autumnal ducts in more or less
evident tangential series; rather slender green rounded twigs;
continuous roundish pith; alternate low crescent-shaped small
leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule scars; rounded few-
scaled buds often developing the first season; petioled entire or
varyingly lobed moderate mucilaginous leaves; small yellowish
dioecious apetalous flowers clustered in the axils; and blue drupes
in red cup-like bases.

Leaves and young twigs pubescent. S. variifolium.
Soon glabrate: twigs often glaucous. S. variifolium albidum,

CRASSULACEAE. 81

Family CRASSULACEAE. Stonecrop Family.
A rather small family of succulent herbs, some in rockeries.

SEDUM. Stonecrop.

Perennial herbs with simple fleshy leaves alternate or crowded
in whorls; no stipules; small usually perfect polypetalous
flowers; and several small follicles from each flower.

1. Leaves scarcely broader than thick. 2.
Leaves distinctly flattened. 3.
2. Leaves short, overlapping: flowers yellow. S: acre:
Leaves elongated, spaced. S. pulchellum.
3. Leaves at least partly in whorls of three. 4.
Leaves not whorled. 5.

4. Leaves entire, some in rosettes. S. ternatum.
Leaves crenate, not in rosettes. S. Sieboldii.
5. Low: some leaves in rosettes: flowers white. S. Nevii.
Erect: without rosettes: flowers purplish. S. purpureum.

Family SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family.

A moderate-sized family including many perennial herbs used
in gardening; the source of gooseberries and garden “currants”
(real currants being the small seedless Corinthian grapes often
used in pastry) ; and comprising several of the most showy shrubs
employed in landscape work.

PHILADELPHUS. “Syringa.” Mock Orange.

Deciduous shrubs with often exfoliating brown bark; white
firm wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays;
moderate or slender more or less 6-sided twigs; rounded or 6-
sided continuous pith; opposite (exceptionally in whorls of 3)
raised membranous leaf-scars usually concealing the buds, with 3
prominent bundle-traces; ovoid sessile buds with few evident
scales; lanceolate or ovate petioled mostly remotely denticulate or
toothed simple leaves; rather large perfect polypetalous white or
creamy stalked flowers, a few from each upper axil or sub-
panicled; and’ few-seeded small turbinate inferior capsules long
surmounted by the calyx segments.

iS

ON

N

SAXIFRAGACEAE. ,

. Leaves small (scarcely 4 cm. long).: 2.

Leaves mostly large (over 5 cm. long). 3. ;
Leaves pubescent. P. hirsutus.
Leaves glabrate. P. brachybotrys.

. Bark distinctly and early flaking away. 4.

Bark tardily flaking: flowers scarcely fragrant. II.
Flowers very fragrant. 5.

Flowers not, or little, fragrant, white. 9.

Flowers creamy. (P. coronarius). 6.

Flowers white. ( P. Lemoinei). 8.

Leaves green. 7.

Leaves yellow. P. coronarius aureus.
Leaves pale-margined. P. coronarius argenteo-marginatus.

. Flowers single. P. coronarius.
Flowers double. P. coronarius flore plena.-
Flowers single. x P. Lemoinei.
Flowers double P. Lemoinei flore plena.
Flowers 1-5 on a shoot. (P. inodorus). To.
Flowers 5-9 on a shoot. x P. Zeyheri.
Flowers and leaves rather small. P. inodorus.
Flowers (50 mm.) and leaves large. P. inodorus grandiflorus.

. Bark brown: calyx glabrous. P. Lewisii.
Bark gray: calyx pubescent. (P. pubescens). 12.

. Flowers single. P. pubescens.
Flowers double. P. pubescens flore plena.

DEUTZIA,

Deciduous shrubs, sometimes small, with monopodial branches

with roundish pale spongy or excavated pith; opposite or some-
times whorled moderately small buds with several exposed
scales; low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; ovate
or lanceolate serrate simple leaves; rather small but showy white
‘or rosy-tinted perfect polypetalous flowers in small panicles; and
several-celled small capsules with minute seeds.

iI

Leaves glabrate beneath: sepals persistent. 2.
Leaves stellate pubescent on both faces. 7.

2. Flowers in racemes, white. 3.

Flowers panicled. 4.

EE a ae

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 83

3. Leaves’ green. D. gracilis.
Leaves yellow. D. gracilis aurea.
Leaves white-dotted. D. gracilis albo-marmorata.

4. Flowers white. D. rosea multiflora.
Flowers more or less rosy. 5.

5. Flowers carmine on, the outside. D. rosea carminea.
Flowers pinkish. 6.

6. Colored within and without. D. rosea.
White within. D. rosea eximia.

7, Leaves green. 8.

Leaves white-blotched or dotted. II.
8. Flowers white. 9.

Flowers rosy without, 10.

g. Flowers single. D. scabra.

Flowers double. D. scabra candidissima.

1c. Flowers single. D. scabra Watereri.

- Flowers double D. scabra plena.

11. Leaves blotched. D. scabra marmorata.

Leaves white dotted. D. scabra punctata.
DECUMARIA,

Deciduous woody plants climbing by aerial roots, with mod-
erately slender more or less angled or compressed twigs; angu-
lar spongy pith; opposite somewhat raised U-shaped leaf scars
at first half-round by a deciduous membrane, with 3 bundle-
traces; no stipule scars; conical hairy superposed buds with
indistinct scales; moderately large ovate petioled leaves; small
perfect polypetalous white flowers in terminal corymbs; and
small top-shaped ribbed capsules.

Leaves glabrous, sometimes serrate above. - D. barbara.

SCHIZOPHRAGMA.

Deciduous shrubs climbing by aerial roots, with moderately
slender terete twigs; round continuous pith; opposite low broad-
ly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-
scars; rather large petioled leaves; small white perfect poly-
petalous flowers in broad terminal clusters surrounded by neutral

84 SAXIFRAGACEAE,

flowers with a single large sepal; and small inferior many-
seeded capsules.
Leaves round-ovate, toothed. . S. hydrangeoides.

HYDRANGEA,

Deciduous shrubs usually sparingly. or coarsely branched,
exceptionally climbing by aerial roots, often with shredding
bark, with nearly terete twigs; relatively large round homogene-
ous pale pith; low crescent-shaped to half-round or triangular
leaf-scars, opposite or in whorls of three, with 3 or in some
cases 5 or 7 bundle-traces in a single series; no stipule-scars ;
oblong solitary subsessile buds usually with several pairs of
scales; rather large simple toothed or lobed stalked leaves;
small perfect polypetalous flowers in compound terminal clusters, .
often surrounded by showy sterile ones; and small inferior

capsules.

1. Climbing by roots. H. petiolaris.
Not climbing. 2.

2. Leaves lobed. H. quercifolia.

Leaves not lobed. 3.

3. Flower-clusters pyramidal. 4.
Flower-clusters broad. 6.

4. With many fertile small flowers. 5.

Most flowers large and sterile. H. paniculata grandiflora.

5. Flowering in late summer, H. paniculata.

Flowering in early summer. H. paniculata praecox.

6. Leaves glabrous beneath. H. arborescens.
Leaves pale-pubescent beneath. 7.

7, Leaves thin, grayish beneath. H. cinerea.

Leaves firm, white beneath. H. radiata.
FENDLERA,

Deciduous shrubs with slender often short fluted twigs;
somewhat angled pale homogeneous pith; opposite raised cre-
nately U-shaped leaf-scars, connected by transverse lines, with
3 bundle traces; no stipule-scars; sessile ovoid buds with several
indistinct scales; small sessile entire leaves; moderately small

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 85

perfect polypetalous white flowers terminating the branchlets;

and half-inferior pointed ovoid many-seeded capsules dehiscing

part-way from the top.

Leaves ovate to oblong, rough, often 3-nerved, F, rupicola,
!

JAMESIA,

Deciduous shrubs with flaking bark; rather slender roundish
twigs; rather large rounded continuous brownish pith; opposite
low narrow U-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-
scars; simple rather small leaves with their dilated petioles
meeting around the stem; perfect polypetalous moderately small
white flowers in small terminal clusters; and ovoid beaked
small-seeded inferior capsules.

Leaves ovate, serrate, woolly beneath. J. americana.

Rises. Currant. Gooseberry.

Deciduous often prickly shrubs with soft brownish wood
with minute ducts in more or less evident tangential rows and
rather heavy medullary rays; terete or somewhat angled mod-
erate twigs; roundish continuous colored pith; alternate trans-
verse or openly U-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3
bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovate or round somewhat lobed
and toothed moderate or small leaves; small perfect polypetalous
flowers, with cup- or salver-shaped calyx, clustered or racemed
from the axils; and small inferior several-seeded berries.

1. Leaves with prominent sessile resin-glands. R. americanum.
Leaves without resin-glands. 2.
2. Leaves truncate or cuneate at base: calyx-tube long
and slender. (Golden Currants). 3.
Leaves not cuneate: calyx-tube shorter. 4.
3. Calyx-tube twice as long as sepals. R. odoratum.
Calyx-tube little longer than sepals. R. aureum.
4. Prickly at least at the nodes: leaves pubescent. 5.
Stems not prickly: leaves glabrescent. 7.
. Petioles pubescent and also with gland-tipped hairs:
fruit usually prickly. R. Cynosbati.
Petioles gray-pubescent, scarcely glandular. 5.

un

86 HAMAMELIDACEAE,

6. Fruit bristly. R. Grossularia.
Fruit neither bristly nor prickly. R. oxyacanthoides.
7. Petiole shorter than blade: buds glabrous. R. alpinum.
Petiole longer than blade: buds pubescent. R. vulgare.

Family HAMAMELIDACEAEF. Witch Hazel Family.
A small family including such trees as Liquidambar, which
yields the valuable sweet-gum lumber; chiefly shrubs.

CoRYLOPSIS.
Deciduous shrubs with slender or moderate rounded zig-zag
twigs; roundish homogeneous pale pith; alternate 2-ranked
somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 separated or
transversely aggregated bundle-traces; elongated stipule-scars ;
large scaly buds; rather large ovate stalked bristly-toothed, sub-
palmately nerved leaves; racemed perfect polypetalous yellow
flowers appearing before the leaves; and partly inferior dry fruit.
Flowers 2 or 3 in a raceme. C. pauciflora.
Flowers about 8 in a raceme. C. spicata.

HAMAMELIS, Witch Hazel.

Deciduous shrubs with rather slender rounded somewhat
zig-zag twigs; somewhat angular homogeneous pale pith; alter-
nate 2-ranked somewhat raised crescent-shaped or half-round
leaf-scars with 1 aggregate bundle-trace; triangular stipule-
scars; frequently superposed buds, naked or the lateral stalked
or quickly developing into small clusters of globose flower-buds ;
rather large roundish stalked crenate subpalmately nerved
leaves; small lateral clusters of perfect flowers with long fringe-
like distinct yellow petals; and ovoid small hard fruits, 2-lobed
with notched valves, above the adherent calyx-rim,

1. Leaves tomentose beneath. H. mollis.
Leaves not tomentose, 2.

2. Flowering in autumn, with ripe fruits. H. virginiana.
Flowering in winter or spring. 3.

3. Calyx attached to the lower half of fruit. H. vernalis.

Calyx attached to the lower third of fruit. H. japonica.

; ; ' PLATANACEAE. , 87

FOTHERGILLA. Dwarf Alder.

Deciduous shrubs with rather slender rounded somewhat
zig-zag twigs; somewhat angular homogeneous pale pith; alter-
nate 2-ranked little-raised half-round leaf-scars with 1 bundle-
trace; triangular stipule-scars; ovoid sessile buds with a pair of
stipular scales; rather large roundish stalked leaves subpalm-
ately nerved, and toothed above the middle; small perfect pale
flowers in terminal spikes; and globose small hard fruits, 4-
lobed above the adherent calyx-rim.

1. Leaves somewhat glaucous beneath, glabrate. F. major.
Leaves merely paler green beneath. 2.

2. Leaves large (50 mm.), glabrate. F. monticola.
Leaves rather small (scarcely 25 mm.). 3.

3. Leaves sparingly stellate-hairy above, obovate. F. Gardeni.
Leaves downy above, ovate-cordate. F. parvifolia.

LIQUIDAMBAR: Sweet Gum.

Deciduous rather large resinous trees with rather hard light
brown wood with very numerous minute diffused ducts and
crowded fine medullary rays; rather stout rounded often corky-
ridged twigs; angled homogeneous pale pith; alternate half-
round low leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; obscure stipule-scars ;
ovoid solitary glossy buds with half-a-dozen exposed scales,
frequently becoming stalked or developing the first season;
rather large simple palmately nerved and lobed long-stalked
leaves frequently clustered on spurs; inconspicuous monoecious
apetalous flowers, the staminate in racemed head-like clusters,
and the pistillate in a long-stalked head becoming a bur-like ag-
gregate of inferior dry beaked capsules.

Leaves with hairy tufts beneath. L. Styraciflua.
Leaves without hairy tufts. L. orientalis.

Family PLATANACEAE. Sycamore Family.

A small family comprising a single genus of rather few
species, the common button-ball furnishing the characteristic
wood used for very cheap cigar-boxes: much planted as street
trees,—the oriental plane frequently pollarded into an umbrella
form in Europe.

88 ROSACEAE,

PLATANuS, Sycamore. Buttonball.

Deciduous trees with exfoliating bark while young; light
brown rather firm wood with minute diffused ducts and close
and rather thick medullary: rays; moderate usually elongated
roundish twigs; roundish continuous browning pith; somewhat
raised 2-ranked nearly annular crenulate leaf-scars encircling
the ovoid sessile 1-scaled buds and with about 7 bundle-traces;
narrow stipule-scars encircling the node; no terminal bud;
broadly ovate mostly palmately 3- or 5-lobed and coarsely and
acutely toothed petioled leaves; and small monoecious flowers
and very small dry plumed fruits in large globose long-stalked
aggregates.
I. Fruit aggregates solitary: stipules large toothed. 2.
Fruit aggregates usually 2. P. acerifolia.
Fruit aggregates usually 3 or 4: stipules subentire. 5.

. Tree ovoid. 3.

iS)

Tree oblong. d P. occidentalis pyramidalis.
3. Leaves green. P. occidentalis.
Leaves variegated. 4.
4. Leaves white-blotched. P. occidentalis Suttneri.
Leaves yellow-blotched. P. occidentalis aureo-variegata.
5. Leaves moderately lobed. P. orientalis.
Leaves deeply lobed. P. orientalis digitata.

Family ROSACEAE. Rose Family.

A large and very heterogeneous family yielding the most
important fruits of temperate regions, e.g. strawberries, rasp-
berries, blackberries, apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots, cher-
ries: including many shrubs indispensable in landscape work.

PuHysocarpus. Ninebark.

Deciduous shrubs with exfoliating bark; moderately slen-
der twigs decurrently angled or grooved below the nodes;
roundish continuous pith; alternate raised often 3-lobed leaf-
scars with 3 bundle-traces; decurrent stipule-scars; ovoid sessile
rather spreading buds with about 5 exposed scales; ovate more
or less 3-lobed irregularly crenately toothed petioled leaves ;

RosAcEAE, 89

rather small perfect slender-stalked polypetalous white flowers
in compact round clusters at end of the branches; and dry in-
flated follicles, mostly 3 to a flower. (Opulaster).

1. High-growing. 2.

Dwarf, resembling Ribes, P. opulifolius nanus.
. Fruit glabrous. 3.

Fruit pubescent. 4.

iS)

3. Leaves green. P. opulhfolius.

Leaves yellow. P. opulifolius luteus.

4. Fruits much longer than the sepals. P. intermedius.

Fruits little longer than the sepals. P. amurensis.
STEPHANANDRA,

Deciduous low shrubs with slender terete twigs; round con-
tinuous pith; alternate small low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with .
a single compound bundle-trace; transverse stipule-scars; ses-
sile ovoid often superposed buds with several exposed scales;
ovate petioled lobed or toothed leaves; small perfect polypetalous
white flowers in terminal panicles; and small I- or 2-seeded
capsules, dehiscent below.

Leaves rather small (about 3 cm.), deeply lobed. S. incisa.
Leaves larger (often 7 cm.), less deeply lobed. S. Tanakae.
SPIRAEA,

Deciduous shrubs of small size or with slender wand-like
usually somewhat 5-angled branches, with roundish pale con-
tinuous pith; 5-ranked often pointed divergent buds with sev-
eral scales; small crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars
with a single bundle-trace; mostly lanceolate serrate occasionally
linear and entire or broad and sometimes lobed small leaves
often pale beneath; small white or rosy perfect polypetalous
flowers in axillary clusters or forming elongated panicles or
compound corymbs; and a number of small usually glabrous
follicles in each persistent calyx.

1. Leaves linear, (scarcely 5 mm. wide). S. Thunbergil.

Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. 2.

Leaves ovate or rounded. 8.

go ROSACEAE,

i)

. Leaves small (scarcely 10 X 30 mm.), nerved. X S. arguta.
Leaves distinctly larger, veiny. 3.

3. Leaves rhombic-lanceolate. x S. cantoniensis.
Leaves not rhombic. 4.
4. Flowers in flat corymbs, often pink.. x S. Bumalda.

Flowers in elongated panicles. 5.
5. Tomentose: flowers pink. 6,
Stems and foliage glabrous: flowers white. 7.

6. Fruit glabrous. S. Douglasii.
Fruit pubescent. S. tomentosa.
7. Twigs yellow-brown: inflorescence woolly. S. salicifolia.
Twigs reddish-brown: inflorescence glabrate. S. latifolia. -

8. Pubescent: leaves ovate, minutely serrulate. 9.
Glabrous. Ie.

9g. Flowers single. (Bridal Wreath). S. prunifolia.
Flowers double. S. prunifolia plena.

10. Leaves serrate. x S. multiflora.
Leaves often lobed. 11.

11. Leaves very obtuse. S. trilobata.
Leaves often rather acute. x S. Vanhouttei.

Neviusi1A. Snow Wreath.

Deciduous small shrubs with slender twigs 3-lined below
the nodes; round homogeneous pith; alternate raised small half-
round leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars;
sessile ovoid buds with about 8 exposed scales; rather small
petioled leaves; slender-stalked dioecious apetalous flowers with
elongated white stamens, at ends of the branches; and several
somewhat fleshy pubescent akenes to each persistent calyx.
Leaves ovate, double serrate. N. alabamensis.

SoRBARIA,

Deciduous small shrubs with slender terete twigs; relatively
large continuous roundish brownish pith; alternate little raised
broadly triangular leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule
scars; ovoid buds somewhat contracted at base, with several
scales; odd pinnate leaves with serrate leaflets; perfect moder-

ROSACEAE, gI

ately small polypetalous white flowers in ample panicles; and
small oblong capsules dehiscent at top.
Leaves with rather large leaflets. S. sorbifolia.

CHAMAEBATIARIA,
Deciduous small glandular-pubescent shrubs resembling Sor-
baria but with decompound fern-like foliage.
Leaves bipinnate, with minute leaflets. C. Millefolium.

Pyrrus. Pear. “Apple.

Deciduous trees or shrubs with hard mostly reddish-brown
wood with minute scattered ducts and fine medullary rays;
moderately slender terete twigs sometimes dwarfed or pungent;
roundish continuous pale pith; alternate somewhat raised nar-
rowly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; scarcely
evident if any stipule-scars; ovoid sessile buds with several
often gland-tipped scales; ovate to lanceolate entire or serrate
or lobed petioled leaves; rather large white or pink perfect
polypetalous epigynous flowers clustered on the spurs; and few-
seeded apple- or pear-like fruit with papery core. The apples are
often segregated under the genus Malus.

1.2Leaves nearly glabrate. 2.

Leaves markedly hairy or woolly beneath. 5.

2. Leaves entire or finely serrate, ovate, (Pear). P. communis.

Leaves toothed or rarely lobed. 3.

3. Leaves long-pointed. P. serotina culta.
Leaves at most acute. 4.

4. Leaves ovate or oblong to lanceolate. P. angustifolia.
Leaves broadly ovate. P. spectabilis.

5. Leaves toothed but scarcely lobed. 6.
Leaves often distinctly lobed. 12.
6. Usually seen as shrubs. 7

Trees. 8.
7. Calyx absent from the ripe fruit. P. pulcherrima.
Calyx persistent on the fruit. P. prunifolia Rinki.

8. Fruit very small (scarcely 20 mm.). 9.
Fruit distinctly larger. 10.

92 ROSACEAE,

9. Calyx often persistent on the fruit. P. micromalus.
Calyx absent from fruit. (Siberian crab). FP, paccata.

10. Calyx absent. (Orchard crab). P. baccata&X Malus.
Calyx persistent on the fruit. 11.

11. Leaves not at all lobed. (Apple). P. Malus.
Leaves slightly crenately lobed. x P. Soulardi.

12. Calyx persistent on the fruit. (American crab apples). 13.
Calyx absent from the fruit. Asiatic. P. Sieboldii.

13. Leaves rather hastately few-lobed. P. coronaria.
Leaves not hastate. 14 ‘

14. Flowers single. P. ioensis.
Flowers double. (Bechtel crab). P. ioensis plena.

Aronia. Chokeberry.
Deciduous shrubs with rather slender subterete branches with
roundish homogeneous pith; alternate appressed solitary ovoid
or oblong buds with about 3 exposed scales; rather lanceolate
moderate serrate leaves with slender black glands on the midrib
above; small low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; rather small cymose perfect polypetalous epigynous
flowers; and small red or black berry-like pomes.

1. Leaves glabrate: fruit black. A. melanocagpa.
Leaves pubescent beneath. 2.

2. Fruit black-purple. A. atropurpurea.
Fruit red. . A. arbutifolia.

Sorsus, Mountain Ash. Rowan Tree.

Deciduous small trees with rather soft pale or brown wood
with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; moderate
or rather stout terete twigs; somewhat angled rather large pith;
alternate narrowly crescent-shaped or transverse somewhat
raised leaf-scars with about 5 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars ;
large appressed sessile buds with several scales; alternate odd-
pinnate or simple petioled leaves with serrate blade or leaflets;
perfect small polypetalous epigynous white flowers in compound
terminal corymbs; and small red or orange berry-like pomes.

1. Leaves compound. 2.
Leaves simple. SB UAria.

ROSACEAE, 93

2. Leaves pinnate throughout. 3.

Upper part of leaves not pinnate. x S. hybrida.
3. Buds silky, not glutinous. S. Aucuparia.
Buds very glutinous. S. americana.

CHAENOMELES, Japanese Quince.

Deciduous firm-leaved shrubs, with typically axillary spines;
with roundish rather slender twigs; irregular rounded homogen-
eous pale pith; alternate raised crescent-shaped small leaf-scars
with 3 sometimes compound bundle-traces; small stipule-scars ;
ovoid small solitary sessile buds with about 2 exposed scales;
crenulate to serrate moderate-sized short-stalked leaves; rather
large solitary deep red to pure white perfect epigynous poly-
petalous flowers; and large fragrant many-seeded orange pomes.
—Often placed under Cydonia,

1. Stipules large and leaf-like. 2.

Stipules small. . C. sinensis.
2. Leaves pubescent when young. C. cathayensis.
Leaves glabrous. 3.
3. Twigs glabrate: leaves sharply serrate. C. japonica.
Twigs hairy when young: leaves crenate. C. Maulei.

CypoNniIA. Quince.

Deciduous shrubs or very small trees with light brown firm
wood with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays;
rounded twigs; small roundish homogeneous pale pith; alter--
nate raised crescent-shaped 3-lobed small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; no stipule scars; simple entire stalked moderately large
leaves; rather large perfect epigynous polypetalous whitish
flowers solitary at ends of the branches; and large firm aro-
matic pomes,

1. Leaves not variegated. 2.

Leaves mottled. C. oblonga marmorata.

2. Round- topped. (Common quince). C. oblonga.

Conical. C. oblonga pyramidalis.
PHOTINIA.

Deciduous shrubs with hard wood with minute diffused
ducts and fine medullary rays; rather slender roundish twigs;

04 ROSACEAE,

crenate continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised transverse
or crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-
scars; sessile ovoid pointed buds with several exposed scales;
rather small finely serrate short-petioled lance-oblong leaves;
small perfect polypetalous epigynous white flowers in corymb-
like clusters terminating the spurs; and I- to 2-seeded somewhat
elongated small red pomes bearing the sepals somewhat below
the top, the fruit-stalks with very large lenticels.

Leaves pubescent beneath. P. villosa.
Leaves glabrescent. P. villosa laevis.

CoTONEASTER.

Mostly deciduous shrubs with hard light brown wood with
minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender rounded
twigs; angular homogeneous small pale pith; alternate some- .
what raised small transverse leaf-scars with I or 3 bundle-
traces; narrow stipule-scars or persistent stipules; solitary ob-
long sessile buds with about 4 exposed scales; simple entire
stalked leaves; small perfect epigynous flowers in terminal
corymbs; and small berry-like pomes with incurved sepals.

1. Evergreen: leaves very small, glossy. C. microphylla.
Deciduous or not fully evergreen. 2.

2. Leaves white- or gray-woolly beneath. 3.
Leaves glabrate. 5.

3. Sepals glabrous on the outside. 4.

Sepals gray-fleecy. C. tomentosa.
4. Leaves orbicular. C. racemiflora.
Leaves elliptical- or round-ovate. C. integerrima.
5. Fruit black. C. acutifolia.
Fruit red. C. acuminata.

AMELANCHIER. Shadbush.

Shrubs or trees, usually rather small, with smooth bark;
reddish brown hard wood with minute ducts, more crowded in
spring, and fine medullary rays; slender nearly terete twigs;
somewhat 5-sided pale continuous pith; alternate sometimes 2-
ranked low crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no
stipule-scars; appressed elongated acute buds with about 5 ex-

ROSACEAE, 05

posed scales; moderate serrate petioled leaves; moderate perfect
polypetalous epigynous white flowers; and small berry-like pur-

ple pomes.

1. Leaves always glabrous, closely serrate. A. laevis.
Leaves for a time woolly beneath. 2.

2. Leaves closely serrate (teeth Io to I cm.). A. canadensis.
Leaves more distantly toothed (teeth 5 to I cm.). 3.

3. Leaves rather acute, persistently tomentose. A. sanguinea.
Leaves very obtuse, quickly glabrous. A, alnifolia.

CrATAgEcus. Haw. Red Haw.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees, usually with axillary spines;
hard usually brownish wood with very minute diffused ducts
and fine. medullary rays; rounded twigs; somewhat angular
homogeneous pale pith; alternate not raised crescent-shaped
small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; round-ovoid solitary ses-
sile buds with several fleshy often red scales; simple usually
toothed or lobed stalked leaves frequently clustered on spurs;
moderate perfect epigynous white or rosy flowers usually in
terminal corymbs; and small apple-like fruits with bony core.—
_A hopelessly complex genus, the following common.

1. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obovate, rarely large or lobed. 2.
Leaves elliptical or obovate. 4.
Leaves round or. ovate. 6.

2. Leaves glabrous, glossy above, spines long. C. Crus-galli.
Leaves pubescent beneath. 3.

3. Leaves dull, with strong veins. C. punctata.
Leaves glossy above, fruit often downy. C. tomentosa.

4. Spines curved: nutlets with concave sides. CC. macracantha.
Spines straight: nutlets with flat sides. 5.

5. Spines long: leaves rather thin and dull. C. tomentosa.
Spines short: leaves rather firm or glossy. C. viridis.

6. Leaves deeply lobed. 7.
Leaves at most shallow-lobed. 9.

7. Veins running from midrib both to sinuses and lobes. 8.
Veins running from midrib to lobes only. C. Phaenopyrum.

06 ROSACEAE.

8. Style one. 9:
Styles two or three: fo:

9g. Spiny. I0: é ;
UnhaFmed: €: motiog¥na inermis:

to. Leavés médérately lobed. 11: . are 2:
Léave$ inciséd. | €. monogyria lacifiata.

11. Shrubby, ever-blooming. €. mofiogyria séempefflorens.
Tree-like. 12,

12. Somewhat fastigiate. C. monogyna stricta.

Not fastigiate. 13.
13. Flowers white. 14.
Flowers rosy or red. 15.

14. Flowers single. C. monogyna.
Flowers double. C. monogyna albo-plena..
15. Somewhat weeping. C. monogyna roseo-pendula.

Not weeping. 16.
16. Flowers single. 17.

Flowers double. C. monogyna rubro-plena.
17. Flowers white at center. C. monogyna rosea.

Flowers colored throughout. C. monogyna punicea.
18. Flowers white. 109.
Flowers rosy or red. 20.

19. Fruit bright red. C. Oxyacantha.
Fruit yellow, C. Oxyacantha aurea.
20. Flowers single, white at center. C. Oxyacantha bicolor.
Flowers double, red throughout. C. Oxyacantha Paulii.
21. Leaves scarcely longer than broad. C. rotundifolia.

Leaves distinctly longer than broad. 22.
22. Leaves large, softly hairy beneath. 23.

Leaves glabrate. C. pruinosa.
23. Armed. C. mollis.
Spineless. C. mollis inermis.

PyRACANTHA, Firethorn.
Evergreen shrubs with hard brownish wood with numerous
minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender some-
what fluted twigs often forming spurs or transformed into

ROSACEAE, 97

spines; small continuous pith; alternate slightly-raised crescent-
shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; scarcely evident stipule-
scars; sessile ovoid pointed appressed buds with several exposed
scales; rather small lanceolate slender-petioled leaves; small
perfect corymbed polypetalous epigynous white flowers; and
small typically red pomes with 2-seeded bony core-cavities.
—Often placed in Crataegus.

Leaves acute at both ends, low-crenate. P. coccinea.

RHODOTYPOS,

Deciduous shrubs with slender terete twigs; relatively large
round continuous white pith; opposite somewhat raised triangu-
lar or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars ;
ovoid sessile buds with some 3 pairs of exposed scales; large
thin wrinkled petioled leaves; few relatively large perfect poly-
petalous perigynous white flowers ending the branches; and
fruit of about 5 black drupes in each enlarged calyx. The buds
are often collaterally multiplied, .
Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate. R. kerrioides.

KerriA. “Corchorus.”

Rather small deciduous shrubs with slender angled green
twigs; rounded homogeneous pale pith; alternate 2-ranked some-
what raised triangular or transverse leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; no stipule-scars; solitary sessile ovoid appressed buds
with four or five rather loose ciliate scales; simple, doubly
toothed moderately large short-stalked leaves; perfect rather
large perigynous yellow flowers ending the branches; and sev-
eral small akenes in each persistent calyx.

1. Unvariegated. 2.
Variegated. 3.

2. Flowers single. | K. japonica.
Flowers double. K. japonica flore-pleno.

3. Twigs striped with yellow. K. japonica vittato-ramosa.
Twigs green. 4.

4. Leaves striped with yellow. K. japonica aureo-vittata.

Leaves edged with white, K. japonica argenteo-variegata.

98 ROSACEAE,

ExocHorpA, Pearl Bush.

Deciduous shrubs with brownish wood with minute diffused
ducts, somewhat more crowded in spring, and fine medullary
rays; moderately slender terete twigs; round homogeneous pale
pith; alternate slightly raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3
bundle-traces; no stipule scars; oblong ovoid sessile solitary
erect buds, with about 8 exposed scales; moderate simple entire
or few-toothed rather short-stalked leaves; rather large perfect
polypetalous perigynous green-centered white flowers clustered
at ends of the branches; and small star-shaped bony fruits.
Leaves nearly elliptical, whitened beneath. E. racemosa.

SIBBALDIA,

Small matted perennials, woody only at base, with palmate
trifoliolate long-petioled basal leaves; small perfect polypetalous
yellow flowers in stalked corymbose clusters; and several akenes
in each persistent calyx.

Leaflets cuneate, crenately toothed at end. S. procumbens.

POTENTILLA, Cinquefoil.

Usually perennial herbs; a few deciduous shrubs with
brownish wood with minute diffused ducts, somewhat more
sparse in summer, and fine medullary rays; somewhat angular
brown continuous pith; alternate minute round raised leaf-scars
with a single bundle-trace, flanked by persistent stipules; small
ovoid buds; compound leaves with several rather small leaflets;
perfect open usually yellow polyetalous perigynous flowers with
bractlets on the calyx; and numerous small akenes.

Leaves pinnate: leaflets linear, entire. P. fruticosa.
Leaflets palmate, 3, notched at end. P. tridentata.
DryAs.

Small matted trailing woody evergreens with rather small
alternate slender-stalked simple leaves, white-woolly beneath;
rather large perfect open polypetalous perigynous flowers soli-
tary at ends of long erect stalks; and large clusters of long
feathery-tailed akenes.

ROSACEAE, 99

1. Leaves entire. D. integrifolia.
Leaves crenately serrate. 2.

2. Flowers white: sepals narrow. D. octopetala.
Flowers yellow; sepals ovate. D. Drummondii.

Rusus. Bramble.

Tardily deciduous mostly prickly shrubs with moderately
slender more or less angular twigs; continuous pith of corre-
sponding shape; alternate raised torn petiole-bases rather than
distinct leaf-scars; no stipule-scars; ovoid sometimes superposed
buds with several exposed scales; simple or mostly compound
often toothed petioled leaves; conspicuous perfect usually clus-
tered polypetalous perigynous flowers; and small drupe-like
fruits in a cluster which breaks away from each persistent calyx
with the end of the receptacle (blackberries), or separates from
this, thimble-like (raspberries).

1. Leaves simple: bark shredding: branches bristly,
without prickles. (Flowering raspberries). 2.
Leaves compound: bark not shredding. 4.
2. Flowers white. 3.

Flowers magenta. R. odoratus.
3. Flowers usually solitary. R. deliciosus.
Flowers usually several in a cluster. R. parviflorus.

4. Leaflets 5-15, distinctly pinnate. (Flowering brambles). 5.
Leaflets 3-5, nearly or quite palmate. 6.
5. Flowers single. R. rosaefolius.
Flowers double. R. rosaefolius coronarius.
6. Leaves white beneath: fruit thimble-like. (Rasp-
berries). 7.
Leaves not white: fruit solid. 11.
. Stems with glandular hairs. R. phoenicolasius.
Stems not red-hairy. 8. .
8. Stems with bristles and also somewhat prickly. 9.
Stems prickly but scarcely bristly. 10.
9. Fruit red. R. strigosus.
Fruit amber. . R. strigosus albus.

N

Ico ROSACEAE,

1c. Fruit black. R. occidentalis. |
Fruit amber. R. occidentalis pallidus.
11. Erect or ascending. (Blackberries). 12,
With many trailing stems. (Dewberries). 16.
12. Leaflets not laciniate. .13.
Leaflets deeply cut. R. laciniatus.
13. Leaflets narrow, glabrous: prickles few. R. amabilis.
Leaflets broad, somewhat hairy: prickles many. 14.
14. Flowers in elongated clusters: pedicels with many
dark glandular hairs, and rather short-villous. 15.
Flowers fewer: pedicels long-villous, glandless or

with pale glands. R. argutus.

15. Fruit black. R. allegheniensis.
Fruit amber. R. allegheniensis albinus. -

16. Flowers moderate (about 25 mm.). R. procumbens.

Flowers large (30 mm.). R. procumbens roribaccus.

Rosa. Rose.

Mostly deciduous and prickly shrubs, sometimes trailing or
scrambling: to a considerable height, with rather soft wood with
small diffused ducts, the first in the spring somewhat larger, and
relatively coarse medullary rays; moderately stout usually large
and green terete twigs; rounded continuous pith; alternate low
openly U-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-
scars; ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; odd-pin-
nate leaves with dilated stipule-bearing petioles; large green
usually rosy or white perfect polypetalous perigynous flowers,
mostly clustered at ends of the branches; and fleshy ovoid fruit-
ing receptacle (hypanthium) enclosing a number of large hairy
akenes. Too large and complex a genus for satisfactory brief
analysis: only a very few of the most striking types are noted.

1. Evergreen. 2,

Deciduous. 3.

2. Glabrate, trailing. (Memorial rose). R. Wichuraiana.

Hairy, scrambling, horrid. (Macartney rose) R. bracteata.
3. Climbing or forming fountain-like masses. 4.

Bushy. 6. Pei

ROSACEAE, Ior

4. Leaflets about 7: flowers small, in spring. 5.
Leaflets 5: flowers in summer. (Prairie rose), R. setigera.
5. Flowers white, early. (Polyantha rose). R. multiflora.
Flowers red, in dense clusters, later. (Ramblers).
. R. multiflora platyphylla.
6. Flowers as in the last, through the season. (Baby
rambler ). R. multiflora platyphylla.
Flowers large or not in dense clusters. 7.
7. Foliage not strongly scented. Io.
Foliage heavy-scented, with bristly glands: flowers

double. 8.
Foliage aromatic, not bristly: flowers single.
(Sweetbriers). R. rubiginosa.
8. Prickles uniform: teeth of leaflets glandless.
(Damask rose). R. damascena.
Prickles very unequal: teeth glandularly toothed. 9.
9g. Calyx “mossy”. (Moss roses). R. centifolia muscosa.
Flowers not “mossy”. (Cabbage roses). R. centifolia.
10. Flowers double. (Tea roses). R. odorata.
Flowers single. IT.
11. Flowers yellow, early. (Yellow rose). R. foetida.
Flowers pink: stem and foliage pinkish. R. rubrifolia.

Prunus. Plum. Cherry. ete:

Deciduous or exceptionally evergreen trees or shrubs with
hard usually reddish wood with scattered ducts, the first of the
year sometimes slightly larger and forming a ring of a single
series, and fine medullary rays; rather slender terete twigs some-
times transformed into or ending in spines; rounded continuous
pale pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped or _ half-
round leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; minute often indistinct
stipule-scars; triangular or ovoid sessile buds, the terminal want-
ing in some groups, with several often denticulate exposed scales;
chiefly lanceolate serrate petioled leaves; moderately small white
perfect polypetalous perigynous flowers in axillary tufts or ra-
cemes; and various-sized l-seeded drupes.

1. With scar left by terminal bud. 2.

With terminal bud present. Io.

T02

2
-:

ROSACEAE,

Buds round-ovoid, scarcely longer than thick. 3.
Buds ovoid-conical, distinctly elongated. (Plum). 9.

3. Leaves round-ovate, firm, glabrous: buds dark, with
ciliate scales. (Apricot). P. Armeniaca.

Leaves distinctly longer than broad. (Plum). 4.

4. Buds puberulent, dark red. P. domestica.
Buds glabrous. 5.

5. Scales red-brown, ciliate: leaves small. P. angustifolia.
Bud-scales brown, not ciliate. 6.

6. Buds obtuse: petiole with nectar-glands. P. hortulana.

Buds acute: petiole without glands. 7.

. Leaves green. 8.

Leaves purple. P. cerasifera Pissadii.
. Flowers single. P. cerasifera.
Flowers double. P. cerasifera Plantieriensis.
. Buds red-brown, short (3-4 mm.). P. americana.
Buds blackish or gray, long (4-5 mm.). P. nigra.

+ ‘Buds round-ovoid, <1;

Buds distinctly elongated. 21.

. Fruit hairy, breaking away without a stalk. 12.

‘Fruit glabrous. 17.

. Fruit with dry flesh, splitting. (Almond). 14.

Fruit succulent.. (Peach). 13.

. Flowers single. P., Pessiea,
Flowers double. P. Persica plena.

. Tree, with green or red twigs. P. communis.
Shrubs. 15.

. Bud-scales ciliate: leaves broad. P. triloba.
Bud-scales not ciliate: leaves narrow. 16.

. Flowers single. P.. japonica.
Flowers double. P. japonica plena.

. Fruit breaking from stalk. (Nectarine). P. Persica laevis. -

Fruit with stalk: stone smooth. (Cherries). 18.

. Leaves whitish, revolute: twigs often red. 109.

Leaves green, not revolute. 20.

. Leaves ascending. P. pumila.

Leaves spreading. P. Besseyi.

LEGUMINOSAE, 103

20. Leaves nearly as broad as long, glabrous. P. Mahaleb.
Leaves equally broad: villous. P. tomentosa.
Leaves distinctly elongated. P. pennsylvanica.

21. Flowers and fruit in umbels. (Cherries). 22.
Flowers and fruit in racemes. (Bird-cherries). 24.
22. Tree percurrent: leaves rather drooping. 23

Tree deliquescent: leaves spreading. P. Cerasus.
23. Young leaves hairy. P. avium.
Young leaves glabrate. P. serrulata.
24. Leaves with incurved teeth: buds brown. P. serotina.
Leaves with spreading teeth, relatively short. 25.
25. Buds brown: flowers rather large (15 mm.) P: . Padus;

Buds straw-colored: flowers small (10 mm.). P. virginiana.

Family LEGUMINOSAE. Pea Family.

A very large and heterogeneous widespread family compris-
ing some of the most valuable plants of farm and garden, the
sweet pea of florists, and many of the most useful plant mate-
rials of landscape gardeners, and producing some of the most
costly tropical cabinet woods. ‘Through their power of fixing
atmospheric nitrogen, even weeds of this family enrich poor soil.

GyMNocLADUsS. Kentucky Coffee Tree.

Deciduous large rough-barked trees with hard pinkish wood
with rather large crowded ducts in spring, those of autumn re-
duced in size and number and in a wavy transverse pattern, and
fine medullary rays; stout round twigs with large chocolate-col-
ored continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised large bluntly
heart-shaped leaf-scars with about 5 bundle-traces; small if any
stipule scars; round indistinctly scaly superposed buds sunken in
ciliate craters, the end-bud absent; large abruptly pinnate or bi-
pinnate leaves with entire leaflets; often imperfect pale polypeta-
lous regular flowers with tubular calyx, in terminal panicles; and
large thick-walled legumes with large brown seeds.

Base leaves once pinnate: leaflets bristle-pointed. G. dioica.

Guiepits1A. Honey Locust.
Often large deciduous deliquescent trees mostly with
branched spines above the axils; yellowish or finally reddish hard

104 LEGUMINOSAE,

wood with moderately large ducts crowded in the vernal wood
and passing into smaller ones in more or less evident wavy trans-
verse -parenchyma-patterns later in the season, and moderate
medullary rays replaced at intervals by heavier ones; moderately
stout rounded rather zig-zag twigs somewhat swollen at the
nodes; angular brown homogeneous pith; alternate low more or
less heart-shaped or finally U-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; small rounded sessile superposed more or less concealed
buds with several scales, the end-bud lacking; large pinnate or
bipinnate leaves with rather crenulate smallish leaflets; incon-
spicuous polygamous flowers in lateral clusters; and often very
large sometimes twisted thin legumes.

I. Spines rounded: leaves mostly once-pinnate. 2,

Spines flattened or absent: leaves mostly twice-pinnate. 3.

2. Tree. G. sinensis.
Shrub. G. sinensis nana.

3. Leaves glabrate: pod I- to 3-seeded. G. aquatica.
Leaves with pubescent vein-axils: pods many-seeded. 4.

4. Leaflets obtuse or notched, scarcely 20. G. japonica.
Leaflets rather acute, over twenty. 5.

5. Trees. 6.
Shrub: unarmed. G. triacanthos elegantissima.

6. Unarmed. G. triacanthos inermis.
Armed. 7.

7. Scarcely weeping. e G. triacanthos.
Weeping. G. triacanthos Bujotii.

Cercis. Redbud.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with smoky or brownish
wood with small ducts in wavy patterns or those of the spring
somewhat larger and more crowded, and fine but distinct medul-
lary rays; moderately slender zig-zag roundish twigs; roundish
or angled homogeneous pale or pinkish pith; alternate 2-ranked
raised half-round or 3-angled small leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces or a single crescent-shaped aggregate; stipule vestiges
above the leaf-scar; ovoid superposed lateral buds, the upper-
most often somewhat stalked with several exposed scales and

LEGUMINOSAE. 105

the terminal bud lacking; rather large and heart-shaped slender-
stalked palmately nerved entire leaves; small pink or white
papilionaceous flowers in axillary umbels; and thin several-seeded
legumes.
1. Leaves more or less pointed. 2.
Leaves rounded or notched at apex. 5.
2. Leaves with a narrow translucent margin. C. chinensis.
Leaves without translucent border. 3.
3. Flowers reddish. 4.

Flowers white. C. canadensis alba.
4. Flowers single. C. canadensis.
Flowers double. C. canadensis plena.
5. Flowers reddish. C. Siliquastrum.
Flowers white. C. Siliquastrum alba.

CLaApRASTIS, Yellow wood.

Small or moderate-sized deciduous trees with smooth gray
bark; yellowish moderately hard wood with diffused small ducts
and fine but distinct medullary rays; moderate rather zig-zag
twigs; rather large roundish homogeneous pale pith; alternate
crescent-shaped or horseshoe-shaped low leaf-scars with I or 5
at first protruding bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; sessile solitary
or superposed lateral buds often aggregated in a conical bud-
like group; no end .bud; odd-pinnate leaves with large entire
short-stalked leaflets; rather large white perfect papilionaceous
flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle; and thin few-seeded
legumes.

1. Bundle-trace 1; buds glabrate. C. (Maackia) amurensis.
Bundle-traces 5; buds superposed, silky. 2.
2. Leaves glabrous. 3.

Leaves somewhat pubescent. C, sinensis.
3. Unvariegated, C. lutea.
Variegated with yellow. C, lutea aureo-variegata.

SopHoraA. Pagoda Tree.
Deciduous small trees with firm pale wood with small ducts,
somewhat larger and crowded in spring and in tangential lines
in autumn, and fine medullary rays; somewhat finely fluted

106 LEGUMINOSAE,

rather slender twigs, rounded or bluntly angular continuous pith;
alternate somewhat raised U-shaped leaf-scars partly encircling
the buds, with 3 bundle-traces; minute stipule-scars crowning the
leaf-cushion; small hairy superposed sessile buds with indistinct
scales, the terminal bud lacking; odd-pinnate leaves with stalked
entire leaflets; papilionaceous perfect flowers in supra-axillary
racemes forming a terminal panicle; and torulose pods.

Not weeping. S. japonica.
Weeping. S. japonica pendula.

LABURNUM. Golden Chain.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees with brown wood with small
ducts crowded in spring, wavy anastomosing tangential wood-
parenchyma pattern, and fine medullary rays; moderate fluted

twigs; rounded homogeneous pale pith; alternate somewhat raised -

crescent-shaped or transversely elliptical leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; short stipules persistent at top of the leaf-scar; solitary
sessile round-ovoid buds with 2 or 3 exposed scales; typically en-
tire moderately large nearly sessile leaflets; rather large perfect
papilionaceous yellow flowers in racemes; and_ several-seeded

legumes,

1.. Leaflets lobed. L. anagyroides quercifolium.
Leaflets not lobed. 2,

2. Leaves yellow. L. anagyroides aureum.
Leaves. green. 3:

3. Leaves sessile. L. anagyroides sessilifolium.

Leaves petioled. 4.
4. Leaflets. elliptical. 5.

Leaflets very narrow, L. anagyroides Carlieri.
5. Leaflets flat. 6.

Leaflets concave. L. anagyroides bullatum.
6. Branches rather spreading. L. anagyroides.

Branches distinctly drooping. L. anagyroides pendulum.

_GENISTA, ;Whin.
Small deciduous. shrubs with slender. angular twigs; more
or less angled homogeneous pale pith; alternate small raised
crescent-shaped or 3-lobed leaf-scars:' with .3 bundle-traces; more

LEGUMINOSAE. 107

or less evident persistent stipules; small solitary ovoid buds
usually concealed behind the leaf-cushion; small entire appar-
ently simple subsessile leaves; moderately small yellow
papilionaceous flowers in the upper axils; and small few-seeded
legumes.

I. Spiny. : G. germanica.
Unarmed. 2.

2. Erect: leaves glabrate. (Dyeweed). G. tinctoria.
Prostrate: leaves silky beneath. G. pilosa.

Urex,*.urze!,) “Fuzz.”

Much-branched shrubs with light wood with minute ducts
in an anastomosing flame-like pattern and fine medullary rays;
moderate fluted twigs ending in spines; small continuous pith;
small alternate pungent linear leaves; rounded small buds; yel-
low perfect papilionaceous rather larger flowers distributed
along the branches; and short few-seeded legumes.

Flowers single. U. europaeus.
Flowers double. U. europaeus plenus.

Cytisus. Broom.

Deciduous shrubs with) brown wood with small ducts in
oblique or flame-like patterns and fine medullary rays; rather
slender twigs; roundish or angular homogeneous pale pith;
alternate raised small transversely elliptical or crescent-shaped
leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; scarcely evident stipule-scars;
small rounded or ovoid solitary buds with 2 or 3 exposed scales,
often developirg into short leafy spurs the first season; stalked
rather small digitate leaves with 3 sessile entire leaflets ;- rather
large perfect papilionaceous flowers in axillary or terminal
clusters; and small several-seeded legumes.

1. Twigs prominently angled. C. scoparius.
Twigs scarcely angled. 2.

2. Twigs with appressed hairs. C. nigricans.
Twigs with spreading hairs. 3.

3. Leaflets with appressed hairs beneath. C. leucanthus.

Leaflets with spreading hairs beneath. 4.

108 LEGU MINOSAE,

4. Leaflets scarcely 20 mm. long: flowers axillary. CC. hirsutus.
Leaflets nearly 25 mm. long: flowers in heads. C. supinus.

AmorPHA, False Indigo.

Deciduous shrubs with slender more or less_ sulcate
branches; rather 3-sided homogeneous pith; white wood with
minute ducts, somewhat more crowded ‘in spring and in wavy
tangential lines in summer, and fine medullary rays; alternate
crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; small stipule-scars; appressed small ovoid buds with
about 4 exposed scales; odd-pinnate glandular-punctate leaves;
small papilionaceous more or less violet flowers; and small
glandular pods.

1. Leaves nearly sessile: gray. (Lead plant). A. canescens.
Leaves distinctly stalked. 2.
2. Hairy when young. A. fruticosa.
Glabrous. A. glabra.

WisTErRIA. Wistaria.

Deciduous twining shrubs with rather slender subterete
twigs; moderate somewhat angled continuous pith; alternate
elevated half-round or squarish leaf-scars, short-spurred at base,
with 3 compound bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; sessile round
or ovoid buds with about 3 exposed scales; large odd-pinnate
leaves with short-stalked entire leaflets; perfect showy papil-
ionaceous flowers in terminal panicles; and moniliform legumes
with several large plump seeds.
1. Flowers appearing before the leaves, scentless. 2.

Flowers appearing after the leaves, fragrant. 3

2. Panicles 30 cm. long. W. floribunda.
Panicles 50-90 cm. long. W. floribunda macrobotrys.
3. Panicles short (8-10 cm.), glandless. W. frutescens.

Panicles moderate (15 cm. or more): pedicels and calyx
pubescent and also glandular-papillate. WW. macrostachys.

RopinrA, Locust. Rose Acacia.
Deciduous trees, sometimes with stipular spines, with hard
yellow and brown wood with the larger ducts somewhat crowded

LEGUMINOSAE, 109

in spring and the smaller in tangential waves in the fall
growth, and moderate medullary rays; moderate zig-zag round-
ish twigs; roundish continuous pith; alternate raised leaf-scars,
for a time concealing the small superposed rounded buds and
with 3 bundle-traces; bristle-like or spinescent stipules; no end-
buds; typically odd-pinnate leaves with entire stipellate leaflets;
showy perfect papilionaceous white or rosy flowers in axillary
racemes; and rather small flat few-seeded legumes.

1. Twigs neither glandular nor bristly. 2.

Twigs bristly. 9.

Twigs with sticky glands, not bristly. R. viscosa.
2. Tree round or ovoid. 3.
Tree pyramidal, R. Pseudacacia pyramidalis.

3. Unarmed. 4.
With stipular spines. 5.
4. Branching open. R. Pseudacacia inermis.
Branching compact. R. Pseudacacia umbraculifera.
. Leaves mostly of only 1 leaflet. R. Pseudacacia monophylla.
Leaves distinctly compound. 6. .
6. Weeping R. Pseudacacia pendula.
Not weeping. 7.

on

7. Leaves green. 8.
Leaves yellow. R. Pseudacacia aurea.
8. Flowers white. . R. Pseudacacia.
Flowers rosy. R. dubia.
g. Without sticky glands. R. hispida.
With both glands and bristles. R. neo-mexicana.

CoLuTeA. Bladder Senna.

Deciduous shrubs with more or less shredding bark;
rounded or angular twigs; rather angular homogeneous pale pith ;
alternate small somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with
I or usually 3,5 or 7 bundle-traces inasingle series; more or less
persistent soft stipules above the leaf-scars; round-ovoid soli-
tary sessile small buds with 2-4 exposed scales; odd-pinnate
leaves with moderately small entire short-stalked leaflets; rather

110 LEGU MINOSAE,

large papilionaceous flowers in stalked axillary clusters; and
thin-walled inflated stalked few-seeded legumes.

Leaves flat. . C. arborescens.
Leaves crisped. C. arborescens crispa.
Leaves concave. C. arborescens bullata.

HALIMODENDRON. Salt Tree.

Deciduous armed shrubs with moderate roundish twigs;
roundish pale continuous pith; alternate raised crescent-shaped
leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; minute stipule scars; ovoid sessile
buds with several exposed scales; abruptly pinnate small leaves
with the rachis ending in a spine beyond the few leaflets; rather
large rosy papilionaceous perfect flowers, slender-stalked on
swollen short spurs; and short slender-stalked swollen legumes
with several small rounded seeds.

Leaflets bristle-tipped. H. halodendron.

CARAGANA. Pea Tree.

Deciduous shrubs often with leaf- or stipule-spines; mod-
erate or slender often angled twigs; angled often spongy or
evanescent pale pith; alternate raised small crescent-shaped leaf
scars with 1 bundle-trace, flanked by persistent stipules; ovoid
rather large and appressed solitary sessile buds with several
exposed scales; abruptly pinnate or subdigitate leaves with
rather small entire often mucronate leaflets and prolonged
rachis; perfect moderate-sized yellow papilionaceous flowers
usually in small clusters from axillary spurs; and not greatly
swollen legumes.

1. Stipules and rachis-tip bristle-like: leaves digitate. C. frutex.
Stipules pungent: rachis bristle-like: leaves pinnate. 2.
Rachis pungent-tipped. 3.

2. Leaves short, elliptical-obovate. C. arborescens.
Leaves elongated, linear-spatulate. C. arborescens Lorbergii.

3. Rachis persisting as a spine after fall of leaflets. C. spinosa.
Rachis not persistent: leaflets few. 4.

4. Leaflets distinctly pinnate. _ C. Chamlagu.
Leaflets appearing digitate, narrow. C. pygmaea.

RUTACEAE, III

CALOPHACA,

Deciduous shrubs (or grafted as small standard trees) with
slender terete twigs; small roundish continuous pith; alternate
minute low roundish leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace;
narrow stipule-scars or persistent triangular stipules; small
sessile buds with few loose scales; odd-pinnate leaves: with small
round entire sessile leaflets; rather large perfect papilionaceous
flowers in sparse racemes; and terete pods.

Leaflets about 15: flowers under Io. C. wolgarica.
Leaflets about 20: flowers about 12. C. grandiflora.

PuerAriA. Kudzu Vine.

Herbaceous twining plants, woody and persistent only at
the base, with alternate trifoliolate leaves with very large-lobed
leaflets; and (in warm enough regions) perfect purple papilion-
aceous flowers in axillary spikes, followed by long legumes.
Leaflets rather rhombic-ovate, ciliate. P. hirsuta.

Family RUTACEAE. Rue Family.
A moderate sized family, chiefly important commercially as
producing the Citrus fruits; somewhat used in ornamental
planting.

TripHAsiIA. Limeberry.
Evergreen shrubs with pale hard wood with minute diffused .
ducts and fine medullary rays; rather slender green twigs;
paired axillary spines; no stipule scars; alternate trifoliolate
pellucid-punctate leaves; moderately small perfect polypetalous
white fragrant flowers solitary in the axils; and thick-skinned
red berries with I or more very large seeds.
Glabrous: terminal leaflet enlarged. T. trifohia:

PTELEA. Hop Tree.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with soft wood Mens larger
crowded vernal ducts and small summer ducts in wavy tan-
gential patterns, and fine medullary rays; rather slender round-
ish twigs with round continuous pith; alternate little-raised
finally horseshoe-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no
stipule-scars ; small hairy superposed lateral buds but no end bud;

112 RUTACEAE,

palmately trifoliolate stalked leaves with large nearly entire
pellucid-punctate leaflets; rather small perfect open polypetalous
flowers in compound corymbs; and densely clustered slender-
pedicelled round veiny samaras. |

1. Twigs glabrous. 2.

Twigs finely tomentose. P. trifoliata mollis.
2. Leaves green. P. trifoliata.
Leaves yellow. P. trifoliata aurea.

PHELLODENDRON, Cork Tree.

Small deciduous trees with soft-corky bark; brown wood
with rather large ducts crowded in the spring wood and minute
ducts in wavy tangential lines in summer, and fine medullary
rays; rather stout rounded twigs; crenate continuous white pith;
opposite or alternate, but then 4-ranked, somewhat elevated
horseshoe shaped leaf-scars with 3 simple or compound bundle-
traces; no stipule scars; small hairy edged buds; abruptly pin-
nate leaves with several nearly entire leaflets; small dioecious
greenish flowers in stalked terminal clusters; and black several-
seeded berry-like drupes.

Leaflets lanceolate, slightly crenulate. P. amurense

SKIMMIA,
Evergreen shrubs with alternate subsessile simple pellucid-
glandular leaves; small imperfect polypetalous white flowers in
terminal clusters; and rather small red berry-like fruits.
Leaves oblong or obovate. S. japonica.

ZANTHOXYLUM. Prickly Ash.

Deciduous (or in warm countries evergreen) aromatic shrubs
or small trees with yellowish wood with minute ducts, slightly
smaller and less crowded in summer, and fine medullary rays;
moderate rounded twigs with prickles (sometimes a pair beside
each leaf-scar); rounded continuous pith; alternate somewhat
raised half-round or 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no
stipule-scars; round. red-hairy superposed buds with indistinct
scales; odd-pinnate pellucid-punctate moderate sometimes
prickly leaves; small dioecious polypetalous flowers in axillary

SIMARUBACEAE, 113

clusters or panicled; and small leathery capsules, each with I

or 2 round black seeds.

1. Prickles by leaf-bases large, deltoid-acuminate. Z. Bungei.
Prickles not greatly dilated at base. 2.

2. Flowers panicled: leaflets glossy, falcate, Z. Clava-herculis.
Flowers clustered in the axils. Z. americanum,

Family SIMARUBACEAE. Quassia Family.
A rather small family of little economic importance; chief-
ly known in temperate regions through the too-common use of
the tropical-appearing ailanthus.

AILANTHUS. Tree of Heaven.

Loosely branched deciduous trees with rather smooth
coarsely lenticeled bark; yellowish soft wood with rather large
spring ducts, tangentially disposed summer ducts, and distinct
medullary rays; stout twigs with homogeneous colored pith;
half-round buds with 2 or 4 exposed scales, the place of the
terminal represented by a large scar; alternate odd-pinnate
large leaves with somewhat toothed leaflets bearing nectar-
glands beneath on some of the teeth; small dioecious polypetal-
ous panicled flowers; and elongated somewhat twisted samaras.
1. Twigs prickly. A. Vilmoriniana.

Unarmed. 2.
2. Twigs finely pubescent. 3.

Twigs glabrous, A. glandulosa pendulifolia.
3. Fruit green. ; A. glandulosa.
Fruit red. A. glandulosa erythrocarpa.

Family MELIACEAE. Chinaberry Family.
A small chiefly tropical family producing mahogany, the val-
uable West Indian “cedar” or cigar-box wood; a few forms
used for shade trees,

CeDRELA. False Cedar.

Deciduous rather smooth-barked trees resembling Ailanthus,
with brown mahogany-like wood with large ducts crowded in-
spring but small and fewer in summer, and fine medullary rays;
stout twigs; large round colored homogeneous pith; alternate

114 EUPHORBIACEAE,

large low broadly heart-shaped leaf-scars with 5 bundle-traces;
no stipule-scars; round buds with several exposed scales, the
terminal bud present and broadly conical; large odd-pinnate
leaves with pointed serrate short-stalked glandless leaflets;
small whitish usually perfect polypetalous panicled flowers; and
capsular fruit with winged seeds, .

Leaves merely paler beneath. C. sinensis.
Leaves glaucous beneath. C. serrata.

Me.iA, China Berry.

Deciduous trees with firm brown wood with small ducts
more crowded in spring and somewhat undulately tangentially
lined in summer, and rather fine medullary rays; moderate
terete twigs; round continuous pith; somewhat raised 3-lobed
leaf-scars with 3 compound bundle-traces; rounded sometimes .
superposed buds with few exposed scales; twice or thrice pin-
nate long-petioled leaves with toothed leaflets; perfect poly-
petalous open lilac loosely clustered flowers with monadelphous
stamens; and moderate-sized round yellowish translucent berry-
like drupes.

Tree round topped. M. Azedarach.
Tree umbrella-shaped. M. Azedarach umbraculiformis.

Family EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family.

A very large widespread family, largely herbs, with milky
acrid sap; yielding Brazilian India-rubber, cassava or tapioca,
the principal bread-stuff of the tropics, the source of medicinal
croton oil and castor oil, and including the poinsettia and
“crotons” of florists. The castor bean is much used for tall
temporary foliage masses.

ANDRACHNE,

Deciduous small shrubs with slender fluted twigs; small
3-sided continuous brown pith; alternate small somewhat raised
half-elliptical leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; narrow
stipule-scars or elongated persistent stipules; sessile ovoid buds
with several exposed ciliate scales; rather small simple entire
short-petioled leaves; monoecious polypetalous or apetalous in-

BUXACEAE. 115

conspicuous slender-stalked axillary flowers; and depressed 3-
lobed capsules with six 3-sided pale seeds.
Leaves elliptical, glabrescent. A. phyllanthoides.

SECURINEGA,

Deciduous small shrubs with slender somewhat angled
twigs; relatively large rounded or angular continuous white
pith; alternate small raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a
single bundle trace; no stipule scars; sessile ovoid buds with
several exposed scales; subelliptical slender-petioled leaves; small
imperfect apetalous flowers, clustered in the axils; and small 3-
lobed few-seeded capsules.

Leaves acute at both ends, entire, pale beneath. S. ramiflora.

Family BUXACEAF. Box Family.

A rather small family producing the boxwood formerly much
used in wood-engraving, but otherwise of little use. The box
is the most highly esteemed plant for clipped evergreen hedges
where it endures the climate, and, in tubs, often takes the place
of laurel for formal specimens.

Buxus. Box Tree.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees with hard close-grained
wood; slender 4-sided branches; small roundish homogeneous
pith; opposite small crescent-shaped decurrent leaf-scars with
I transverse bundle-trace; multiple buds with several loose
scales; ovate to obovate sessile small entire leaves; small
-monoecious apetalous nearly sessile flowers in axillary clusters;
and small 3-valved capsules.

1. Leaves broadest at or below the middle: twigs pubescent. 2.
Leaves broadest above the middle: twigs glabrous. 5.
Leaves green. 3.

Leaves variegated. 4.

ts

3. Leaves not glaucous, B. sempervirens
Leaves glaucous beneath. B. sempervirens glauca.
4. Leaves white-bordered. B. sempervirens argentea.
Leaves vellow-bordered. B. sempervirens marginata.

Leaves yellow. B. sempervirens aurea.

116 EMPETRACEAE,

5. Low or prostrate. B. microphylla.
Moderately high. B. japonica.

PACHYSANDRA.

More or less evergreen softwooded perennials with alter-
nate relatively large wing-petioled toothed leaves clustered to-
ward the ends of the short erect shoots; small white or purplish
monoecious apetalous spiked flowers; and small 3-lobed capsules.
Leaves coarsely crenate: flowers at top. P. terminalis.
Leaves crenately lobed: flowers at base. P. procumbens.

Family EMPETRACEAE. Crowberry Family.
A small family of low evergreens, chiefly in cold regions.

EMPETRUM. Crowberry.

Low matted evergreen shrubs with slender twigs; small’
raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with I bundle-trace, usually
in whorls of 3; no stipule-scars; small round sessile solitary
buds with few scales; small narrow crowded entire leaves; in-
conspicuous apetalous polygamous flowers; and relatively large
berry-like fruits.

1. Leaves scarcely reflexed: twigs tomentose. 2.
Lower leaves reflexed: twigs glandular or glabrate. E. nigrum.
2. Leaves rather spreading: fruit opaque. E. atropurpurum.
Leaves ascending: fruit translucent. ° E. Eaimesii.

CorEMA. Broom Crowberry.

Evergreen low shrubs with slender fluted twigs; minute
continuous pith; alternate elevated crescent-shaped minute leaf-
scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small globose
sessile buds with several exposed scales; minute oblong nearly
sessile blunt green leaves; small apetalous polygamous flowers
clustered at ends of the branches; and several-seeded small dry
drupes.

Leaves minutely serrulate, grooved on both faces. C. Conradii.

Family ANACARDIACEAE. Sumach Family.
A small family, chiefly of warm regions, yielding mangoes,
cashew apples and cashew nuts, pistacio nuts, and the lacquer

ANACARDIACEAE, 117

of Japan; notable among the plants of temperate regions as in-
cluding the very poisonous poison ivy and poison sumach,—the
former an attractive but ineradicable climber, and the latter an
unusually beautiful shrub. ‘

Ruus. Sumach.

Deciduous shrubs or straggling small trees with aromatic
resinous or milky sap; soft reddish or greenish wood with small
ducts, decreasingly smaller or in wavy transverse pattérns in
the summer growth, and fine medullary rays; usually stout
roundish or 3- or 5-sided twigs with large pith of similar shape;
alternate somewhat raised triangular or C-shaped large leaf-
scars; roundish sessile buds; pinnate leaves with mostly toothed
or sometimes incised lanceolate leaflets; small often imperfect
polypetalous yellowish flowers in axillary or terminal clusters;
and small often dry drupe-like fruit. The true sumachs are
sometimes separated as Schmaltzia, and the name Toxicodendron
used for the poisinous group.

1. Leaflets three. 2.
Leaflets 5 or more. 4.

2. Fruit red, pubescent. R. canadensis.
POISONOUS. Fruit white, glabrous. 3.
3. Prostrate or climbing by roots: leaflets thin,

scarcely lobed. (Poison ivy).
Bushy: leaflets firm, often deeply lobed.

R. radicans.

(Poison oak). R. VYoxicodendron.
4. POISONOUS. Fruit white, glabrous: leaflets
entire. (Poison sumach). R. Vernix

Fruit red, pubescent. 5.
5. Rachis winged between the leaflets. 6.
Rachis not winged. 7.

6. Leaflets entire, glossy, glabrous beneath. R. copallina.
Leaflets toothed, hairy beneath R. javanica.

Fu ALAUEOUS, a. :
Hairy. 9.

8. Leaflets serrate. R. glabra.

Leaflets deeply cut. R. glabra laciniata.

118 CyYRILLACEAE,

o. Leaflets serrate. R. typhina.
Leaflets deeply cut. R. typhina laciniata.
Leaflets twice-divided. -R. typhina dissecta.

Cotinus. Smoke Tree.

Aromatic-gummy deciduous shrubs or very small trees with
soft yellow wood with crowded moderate ducts in the spring
growth, dotted or transverse groups of minute ducts in the
summer growth, and fine but evident medullary rays; roundish
twigs; alternate raised crescent-shaped or 3-lobed rather small
leaf-scars with 3 or 5 bundle-traces; entire moderately large
slender-stalked simple leaves; inconspicuous polypetalous flow-
ers in terminal panicles; and small dry fruits on feathery slen-
der stalks. Frequently placed under Rhus.

1. Leaves rather round and small (scarcely 8 cm. long). 2.
Leaves elliptical and large (10-16 cm. long). CC. americanus,
2. Not weeping. 3.

Weeping. C. Coggygria pendulus,.
3. Leaves somewhat pubescent. C. Coggygria pubescens,
Leaves glabrous. 4.
4. Hairs of inflorescence pale. C. Coggygria.
Hairs of inflorescence purple. C. Coggygria atropurpureus.

Family CYRILLACEAE.
A small family of no considerable use: the following some-
times found in shrubberies.

CyrittA. Black ti-t.

Subevergreen shrubs or small trees with rather hard brown-
ish wood with minute diffused ducts and fine but evident me-
dullary rays; rather slender 3-angled twigs; alternate somewhat
raised triangular small leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; solitary
sessile small buds with several loose pointed scales: simple mod-
erately small cuneately short-stalked leaves; small colorless per-
fect polypetalous flowers densely clustered in racemes from the
winter nodes; and small ovoid capsules on reflexed pedicels.
Leaves subacuminate, revolute, raised-veiny. C. racemiflora,

AQUIFOLIACEAE, 119

CuirToN1A. Buckwheat Tree.

Evergreen hard-leaved shrubs with rounded smooth-barked
twigs; small rounded homogeneous pink pith; alternate low ob-
tusely triangular leaf-scars with a single simple or compound
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small solitary compressed-ovoid
sessile buds with about 2 scales; moderately small subsessile en-
tire nearly veinless leaves; rather small perfect whitish poly-
petalous flowers in terminal racemes; and small rounded 3-
winged dry fruit.
Leaves slightly revolute, more or less downy. C. monophylla.

Family AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family.
A rather small but widespread family, chiefly of deciduous
shrubs; the larger species yield a fine-grained wood, and many
are attractive through their persistent bright colored fruit.

ILEx. Holly.

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees with white
wood with minute diffused ducts and fine crowded medullary
rays; moderate or slender rather 3-sided twigs; somewhat an-
gular continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped
leaf-scars with a sometimes broken bundle-trace; minute stipule-
scars or persistent stipules; ovoid sessile buds with about 3 ex-
posed scales; simple petioled moderate or small leaves; small
more or less imperfect whitish polypetalous flowers in the axils;
and rather small few-seeded berry-like drupes.

1. Evergreen. 2.
Deciduous. 5.
2. Leaves relatively large, pungently pointed or toothed. 3.

Leaves rather small, not pungent: fruit black. I. glabra.
3. Leaves very glossy. I. Aquifolium.
‘Leaves dull. 4.
4. Fruit red. I. opaca.
Fruit yellow. I. opaca xanthocarpa.
5. Leaves very small (2 cm.). I, crenata.

Leaves moderate. 6.

120 CELASTRACEAE,

6. Leaves sharply serrate: nutlets not ridged. 7.

Leaves crenately toothed: nutlets ribbed. I, decidua.
7, Fruit red. I. verticillata.
Fruit yellow. I, verticiliata chrysocarpa.

NEMOPANTHUS. Mountain Holly.

Deciduous glabrous shrubs with slender terete twigs; small
continuous somewhat 3-sided pith; alternate slightly raised cres-
cent- or shield-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace;
scarcely evident minute stipule-scars; ovoid sessile buds with
about 3 exposed scales; rather small slender-petioled often en-
tire leaves; small whitish polypetalous often imperfect usually
solitary flowers long-pedicelled from the axils; and small red
berry-like drupes with several hard nutlets.

Leaves oblong to elliptical, mucronulate. N. mucronata.

Family CELASTRACEAE. Spindle Tree Family.
A small family of little use apart from their employment
in landscape work, for which their bright seeds render them
attractive.

CELASTRUS. Bittersweet.

Deciduous woody twiners with soft pale wood with (in our
species) rather large ducts in spring and minute scattered sum-
mer ducts, and moderately fine medullary rays; rounded stems;
round homogeneous pale pith; alternate slightly raised decur-
rent half-round leaf-scars with a compound crescent-shaped bun-
dle-trace; no stipule-scars; round sessile solitary buds with sev-
eral exposed scales; large stalked low-crenate leaves; rather
small white perfect polypetalous flowers in axillary clusters;
leathery orange capsules; and brilliant red-arillate seeds.

Fruits few, in short axillary clusters. C. orbiculatus.
Fruits numerous, in terminal clusters. C. scandens.

Evonymus. Burning Bush. Spindle Tree.
Shrubs or small trees with white or yellowish firm wood
with innumerable minute diffused ducts and extremely fine me-
dullary rays; more or less angular or winged moderately slen-

CELASTRACEAE, I2I

der often green twigs; round or angular continuous or spongy
or evanescent pale pith; opposite somewhat raised crescent-
shaped leaf-scars with a crescent-shaped bundle-trace; minute
stipule-scars; usually elongated solitary sessile buds with sev-
eral pairs of rather fleshy scales; medium-sized stalked toothed
or crenate leaves; small whitish or lurid perfect polypetalous
flowers in stalked axillary clusters; and usually pink leathery
capsules with several rather large red-arillate seeds,
1. Creeping, trailing, or climbing. 2.

Bushy or tree-like. 7.
2. Climbing by roots: leaves small (1.5-5 cm.). 3.

Not climbing. 5.

3. Leaves not variegated. E. radicans.
Leaves white-margined. E. radicans argenteo-marginata.
Leaves margined with red. E. radicans roseo-marginata.
Leaves white-veined. 4.

4. Leaves rather large. E. radicans reticulata.
Leaves small (scarcely 1.5 cm.). E. radicans minima.

5. Leaves linear, narrow. Ey, ‘nana:
Leaves obovate, broad. 6.

6. Leaves not variegated. E. obovata.
Leaves variegated. E. obovata variegata.

7. Evergreen. 8,
Deciduous. I5. -

8. Leaves not variegated. 9.
Leaves variegated. 12.

9g. Round-topped. Io.

Conical or oblong. E. japonica columnaris.
10. Leaves green. E. japonica.
Leaves yellow when young. 11.
11. Young leaves light yellow. E. japonica pallens.
Young leaves golden. E. japonica aurea.

12. Variegation marginal. 13.
Variegation median. 14.

13. Margin white. E, japonica albo-marginata.
Margin yellow. E, japonica aureo-marginata.

122 STAPHYLEACEAE,

14. Middle bright yellow. E. japonica medio-picta.
Middle green and yellow. E, japonica viridi-variegata.
15. Twigs with corky wings or warts. 1I6.'
Twigs neither winged nor conspicuously warty. 17.

16. With wings, E, alata.
With prominent warts. ; E. verrucosa.

17. Fruit roughened: petals 5. E. americana.
Fruit smooth: petals four. 18.

18. Carpels nearly separate. E. alata subtriflora.
Fruit merely lobed. 19.

19. Buds long (10 mm.): fruit lobes winged. E. latifolia.

Buds short (5 mm.) : fruit not winged. 20.
20. Flowers whitish, few in a cluster. 21.

Flowers purple, numerous. E. atropurpurea.
21. Fruit pink. 22.

Fruit whitish. E. europaea leucocarpa.

Fruit purple. E. europaea atrorubens.
22. Leaves green. 23.

Leaves purplish. E. europaea atropurpurea.
23, lall: E. europaea.

Very dwarf. E. europaea nana.

PACHISTIMA,

Low evergreen shrubs with minute dark pith; slender 4-
sided or: 4-lined twigs; opposite somewhat raised crescent-
shaped small leaf-scars with 3 more or less distinct bundle-
traces; ovoid buds with about 2 pairs of exposed scales; small
leathery nearly sessile usually serrulate leaves; minute perfect
polypetalous 4-merous greenish or reddish flowers in the axils;
and small capsules with few white-arillate seeds.

Flower-stalks very short. P. procumbens.
Flower-stalks elongated, very slender. P. Canbyi.

Family STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladdernut Family.
A small family of shrubs, of no use except in landscape
planting.

ACERACEAE, 123

STAPHYLEA. Bladdernut.

Deciduous shrubs with soft pale wood with minute diffused
ducts and fine medullary rays; moderate rounded twigs; rather
large continuous pith; opposite half-round somewhat raised
leaf-scars with about 10 bundle-traces in a C- or O-shaped se-
ries; no stipule scars; ovoid sessile buds with 2 or 4 exposed
scales; petioled trifoliolate or odd-pinnate leaves with ovate or
lanceolate crenulate or serrate rather large leaflets; smallish
white polypetalous perfect flowers in stalked clusters; and large
bladder-like 3-celled fruit with few seeds.

1. Leaflets three. 2.

Leaflets usually 5 or 7. S. pinnata.
2. Terminal leaflet very short-stalked. . S. Bumalda.
Terminal leaflet distinctly stalked. S. trifolia.

Family ACERACEAEF. Maple Family.
A rather small family of trees and shrubs yielding impor-
tant cabinet woods, and the source of the much esteemed ma-
ple sugar: containing some of the best shrubs and street trees.

Acer. Maple. Box-elder,

Deciduous shrubs or trees with commonly rough bark in
age; rather brown often hard wood with minute diffused ducts
and rather fine but distinct medullary rays; round homogeneous
pale pith; slender to stout nearly terete twigs; opposite narrow
U-shaped leaf-scars with usually 3 or 5 bundle-traces in a single
series; ovoid or conical buds, occasionally stalked and with 2
valvate outer scales but mostly with several visible pairs of
scales; usually palmately veined and lobed leaves (exceptionally
unlobed, and palmately or pinnately compound in the group
Negundo, etc.); usually imperfect and small often greenish
polypetalous or apetalous flowers variously clustered; and
rather large paired wing-fruits.

t. Buds distinctly stalked, with 2 valvate scales. 2.

Buds essentially sessile. 3.

2. Twigs and buds glabrous. A. pennsylvanicum.

Twigs and buds pubescent: leaves serrate. A. spicatum.

124

NI

ACERACEAE,

. Buds with two scales: leaves many-lobed. 4.

Buds with several exposed scales. 13.

. Pubescent for a time: lobes typically short. 5.

Glabrous: lobes separated fully half-way to base. 7.

. Lobes short. 6. .

Lobes separated nearly to base. A. japonicum Parsonii.
. Leaves green. A. japonicum.
Leaves yellow. A. japonicum aureum.

. Leaves not variegated. 8.

Leaves variegated. II.

. Leaves green. Io.

Leaves purple. A. palmatum atropurpureum.
Leaves red. 9.
. Lobes broad. A. palmatum sanguineum.
Lobes dissected. A. palmatum ornatum.
. Lobes dissected. A. palmatum dissectum.
Lobes broad. A. palmatum.

- Lobes’ broad: ‘12:

Lobes dissected: mottled. A. palmatum Frederici-Guilelmi.

. Leaves mottled. A. palmatum bicolor.

Leaves rosy-margined. A. palmatum roseo-marginatum.

. Leaf-scars. glandular at top: leaves compound.

(Box-elder). 14.
Leaf-scars not glandular: leaves simple. 19,

. Twigs green. 15.

Twigs deep purple. A. Negundo violaceum.

. Leaves not variegated. 16.

Leaves variegated. 17,

. Leaves ‘green. A. Negundo.
Leaves yellow. A. Negundo auratum.,

. Leaves mottled. A. Negundo aureo-maculatum.
Variegation marginal. 18.

. Margin white. A. Negundo argenteo-variegatum.
Margin yellow. A. Negundo aureo-marginatum.

. Buds ovoid or short-conical. 20.

Buds conical, pointed, gray-pubescent. (Sugar ma-
ples). 5o.

20.

als

22.

23.

24.

25.
20.
a7,
28.
20.
30.
aii
32.
33.
34.

35.

ACERACEAE, 125

Buds glabrate, green or red with rather fleshy
scales. 21.
Buds gray-pubescent. 48.
Buds small (scarcely 5 mm.). 22.
Buds large (the terminal 5 mm. or more), solitary. 32.
Buds not becoming multiple. 23.
Buds becoming multiple. 24.
Leaves ovate, scarcely lobed. A. tataricum.
Leaves with a middle and two lateral lobes. A. ginnala.
Bark flaking in age: lobes of leaves widened upwards:
flowers without petals. (Silver maple). 25.
Bark not flaking: lobes of leaves narrowed upwards:
flowers with red petals, fragrant. (Red maple). 31.
Leaves not variegated. 26.

Leaves pale-mottled. A. saccharinum albo-variegatum.
Not weeping. 27.

Weeping: leaves laciniate. A. saccharinum Weirii.
Leaves green. 28.

Leaves yellow. A. saccharinum lutescens.

Leaves with broad lobes. 209.
Leaves laciniate. 30.

Lobes moderately separated. A. saccharinum.
Lobes very erry separated. A. saccharinum tripartitum.
Lobes flat. A. saccharinum’ heterophyllum.
Lobes crisped. A. saccharinum crispum.
Tree round or ovoid. A. rubrum.
Tree oblong-pyramidal. ' A, rubrum columnare.

Leaf-scars meeting: sap milky. (Norway maple). 33.
Leaf-scars not meeting: sap not milky. 43. -
Leaves not variegated. 34.

Leaves variegated. 40.

Leaves green. 35.

Leaves red or purple. 38.

Tree round-topped. 36.

~ Tree oblong. A. platanoides columnare.

36.

Leaves broad-lobed. 37.
Leaves deeply dissected. A. platanoides dissectum.

126 HrppocAsSTANACEAE,

. Lobes moderately separated A. platanoides.
Lobes separated nearly to base. A, platanoides laciniatum.
. Leaves 5-lobed. 39.
Leaves 3-lobed, purple, then green. A. platanoides Stollei.
. Leaves from green becoming red. A. platanoides rubrum.
Leaves red becoming green. A. platanoides Schwedleri.
. Leaves white-mottled. A. platanoides albo-variegatum.

Leaves margined with white or yellow. 41.

41. Margin white, young leaves red. A. platanoides Drummondii.
Margin yellow. 42.

42. Young leaves red. A. platanoides Wittmackii.
Young leaves green. A. platanoides aureo-marginatum.

43. Tree round-topped. (Sycamore maple). 44.

Tree oblong-conical. A. pseudoplatanus nervosum.

44. Leaves not variegated. 45.

Leaves mottled. 46.

45. Leaves green. A. pseudoplatanus.
Leaves yellow. — A. pseudoplatanus Worlei.
Leaves purple. A. pseudoplatanus purpurascens.

46. Leaves green. A. pseudoplatanus bicolor.
Leaves red or purple when young. 47.

47. Uniformly mottled. A. pseudoplatanus albo-variegatum.
With large and small spots. A. pseudoplatanus quadricolor.

48. Leaves glaucous beneath, glabrous. A. monspessulanum,
Leaves green and usually pubescent beneath. 49.

49. Not variegated. A. campestre.
Leaves mottled. A. campestre argenteo-variegatum.

50. Petioles widened at base so as to conceal the buds,

often with stipules. (Black maple). A. nigrum,
Petioles not concealing the buds. 51. |

51. Tree ovoid. (Sugar maple). A. saccharum.

Tree columnar. A. saccharum monumentale.

Family HIPPOCASTANACEAE. Horsechestnut Family.
A small family of little use except for planting, but in-

cluding some excellent shade and street trees.

more or less soft-corky gray or dark bark; pale rather

HIPPOCASTANACEAE,

AESCULUS,

Buckeye.

127

Horsechestnut.

Usually ovoid deciduous trees, but sometimes shrubs, with

soft

wood with minute diffused ducts and extremely fine medullary
rays; stout terete twigs; large somewhat hexagonal homogene-
ous pale pith; large dig:tate leaves; large opposite shield-shaped
leaf-scars with 3 or several bundle-traces in a single series;
ovoid buds, the terminal large, with several pairs of exposed
opposite scales; perfect paniculate showy polypetalous flowers;
and leathery capsules with I or several very large roundish
seeds.
Buds gummy: leaflets subsessile, impressed-veiny.

lie

Ni

Ic.

Um iF

(Horsechestnuts). 2.
(Buckeyes).
. Buds persistently gummy: leaflets often seven. 3.

Buds not gummy.

12,

Bud-scales less persistently gummy, margined :leaf-

lets usually 5.

. Trees. 4.

Shrubs.

. Leaves unvariegated. 5.

Leaves variegated. II.

Leaflets deeply cut. 9.

. Tree with ovoid top. 7.

Tree with round top.
Tree pyramidal.

. Flowers single.

Flowers double. 8.

. Flowers yellowish red.

Flowers white.

. Tree with ovoid top. 10,

Tree rather pyramidal.

Leaflets of usual outline.
Leaflets short and broad.

Variegation yellow.
With white blotches,

b, dels.

carnea.

A. Hippocastanum pumila.

. Leaflets merely toothed. 6.

A. Hippocastanum umbraculifera.
A. Hippocastanum pyramidalis.
A. Hippocastanum.

A. Hippocastanum Schirnhoferi.
A. Hippocastanum Baumannii.

A. Hippocastanum Henkelii.

A. Hippocastanum laciniata.

A. Hippocastanum incisa.

A. Hippocastanum variegata.
A. Hippocastanum Memmingeri.

128 SAPINDACEAE,

12, Fruit warty: bark softly corky. 13.
Fruit not warty. 14,

13. Tree: leaflets mostly 5. (Ohio buckeye). A. glabra.
Shrub: leaflets mostly 7. . A. glabra Buckleyi.
14. Leaflets characteristically five. 15.
Leaflets often 7: shrubs: flowers white. A. parviflora.

15. Petals without marginal glands. 16.
Petals fringed with glands. 17.

16. Flowers yellow: tree. A. octandra.
Flowers red or reddish: shrub. A. georgiana.
17. Petals ciliate and glandular. < A. hybrida.

Petals only glandular. 18,
18. Leaves glabrate: flowers red. 19.

Leaves very pubescent beneath: calyx red. 22.
Ig. Trees. 20.

Shrub. A. Pavia humilis.
20. Leaflets finely toothed. 21.
Leaflets deeply cut-toothed. A. Pavia sublaciniata.
21. Flowers rather bright red. A. Pavia.
Flowers very dark red. A. Pavia atrosanguinea.
22. Tree: petals red or yellow. A. discolor.
Shrubs. 23.
23. Petals bright red. A. discolor mollis.
Petals yellow. A. discolor flavescens.

Family SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family.

A rather small family of little use except in landscape
planting.

XANTHOCERAS,

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with yellow wood; rather
slender terete twigs; relatively large round continuous brown-
ish pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars
with 3 more or less compound bundle-traces; no stipule-scars;
ovoid sessile buds with several exposed scales; odd-pinnate
rather large leaves with sessile leaflets; relatively large showy
polypetalous panicled white flowers; and moderate leathery cap-
sules with several rather large seeds.

Leaflets lanceolate, sharply serrate. X. sorbifolia.

RHAMNACEAE, 120

KOELREUTERIA. Varnish Tree.

Deciduous trees with pale wood with small ducts, -larger
and more crowded in spring, and fine closely but unequally
spaced medullary rays; moderate rounded twigs; roundish con-
tinuous rather large pith; alternate raised or moderate shield-
or crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 sometimes compound bun-
dle-traces; no stipule-scars; sessile broadly ovoid buds with
about 2 exposed pointed scales; odd-pinnate large leaves with
coarsely toothed leaflets; small yellow perfect polypetalous flow-
ers in large panicles; and bladder-like few-seeded fruits.
Leaflets often lobed as well as toothed. K. paniculata.

SAPINDUS. Soapberry.

Usually trees, evergreen or deciduous, with scaly brown
bark; yellowish ring-porous wood with wavy tangential wood-
parenchyma pattern and very fine medullary rays; rather slen-
der somewhat angled twigs; continuous roundish pith; alter-
nate somewhat raised shield-shaped leaf-scars with 3 groups of
aggregated bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; abruptly pinnate
leaves, with oblique falcate entire firm veiny leaflets; super-
posed scaly round buds; inconspicuous polygamous polypetalous
flowers in terminal clusters; and round finally black berries
with hard seeds.

Leaflets acuminate: petals ovate. S. Drummondii.

Family RHAMNACEAE. Buckthorn Family.
A rather small family, yielding the drug cascara sagrada;
the fruit of one Zizyphus is supposed to be the intoxicating
lotus of the ancients: some species are used in shrubbery masses.

BERCHEMIA. Supple-Jack.

Deciduous twiners with tender terete stems with round ho-
mogeneous pith; brownish wood with rather small diffused
ducts and fine medullary rays; alternate small raised elliptical
or crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 elliptical bundle-trace; ap-
pressed ovoid-conical buds with about 2 exposed scales; nearly
entire rather ovate moderate leaves; small more or less polyga-

130 RHAMNACEAE,

mous greenish-white polypetalous flowers in small lateral clus-
ters; and elongated 2-seeded small drupes.

Leaves with about 8 pairs of veins, cordate. B. racemosa.
Leaves with about Io pairs of veins, not cordate. _B, scandens.

CEANOTHUS. New Jersey Tea.

Small deciduous half-shrubs, in the east, with red-brown
wood with minute ducts diminishing in size and number through
the season, and fine medullary rays; slender roundish twigs;
re'atively large roundish homogeneous pale pith; alternate some-
what raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; narrow. stipule-scars; ovoid hairy buds with encircling
linear stipules, mostly developing the first season; simple
stalked serrate palmately-nerved relatively large leaves; small
perfect white or bluish polypetalous flowers in dense terminal -
clusters; and smali rounded few-seeded half-inferior capsule,
the lower half of which persists as a cup.

Leaves ovate. C. americanus.
Leaves elliptical-oblong. C. ovatus.

RHAMNUsS. Buckthorn.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with rather hard usually
brown wood with minute ducts diffused (in Frangula) or in
more or less anastomosing radial patterns; rather slender
roundish twigs, sometimes spine-tipped: small continuous pith;
alternate or opposite transverse or half-round low leaf-scars
with 3 simple or compound bundle-traces; small stipule-scars or
stipules; opposite or 4-ranked scaly buds (or more or less
stalked alternate naked buds in Frangula) ; simple finely toothed
petioled lanceolate leaves; small greenish more or less imper-
fect polypetalous flowers solitary or few in the axils; and
drupe- or berry-like rather small fruit with a papery envelope
to each of the few seeds.

1. Buds scaly: leaves opposite or 4-ranked. 2.
Buds naked: leaves not opposite. (Frangula). 3.

2. Branches often pungently tipped. R. cathartica.
Unarmed. R. lanceolata.

VITACEAE, 131

3. Leaves glabrous, small (50 mm.), 4-ranked. R. Frangula.
Leaves puberulent beneath, longer, 5-ranked.. R. caroliniana.

PALIuRUS. Jerusalem Thorn.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with hard brownish wood;
very slender zig-zag terete twigs; small roundish pith; alternate
2-ranked half-round somewhat raised minute leaf-scars with 3
usually confluent bundle-traces; small stipules some of them
transformed into spines, one of each pair often straight and
the other curved; small sessile ovoid buds with about 3 ex-
posed scales; small elliptical nearly entire petioled leaves; small
yellowish perfect polypetalous flowers in small axillary clus-
ters; and rather large indehiscent hat-shaped dry winged fruit.
Leaves 3-nerved, serrulate or oblique. P. Spina-Christi.

ZIZYPHUS. Jujube.

Deciduous (or in warm countries evergreen) shrubs or
small trees with firm pale wood with minute diffused ducts
and very fine and close, medullary rays; rather slender terete
twigs; more or less angular continuous pith; alternate small
crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with 3 bundle-
traces; rounded buds with several exposed scales; small rounded
stipule-scars or unequal stipular spines: small axillary often
clustered perfect polypetalous flowers; and rather small drupe-
like fruits, .

Leaves glabrous: fruit nearly sessile. Z. sativa.
Leaves woolly beneath: fruit stalked. Z.. }ugaba:

Family VITACEAE. Vine Family.

A rather small family of tendril-climbers, celebrated as the
source of wine and furnishing the market with grapes, raisins
and dried currants: the woodbines or creepers include some of
the best close-clinging climbers.

AMPELOPSIS,
Deciduous close-barked shrubs climbing by coiling tendrils
or in some species nearly or quite without tendrils and bush-
like, with sympodial branches with pale sub-continuous rounded

132 VITACEAE,

pith not diaphragmed at the nodes; alternate leaf-scars; nar-
row stipule-scars; small buds; simple or in one species pinnate
or bipinnate scarcely fleshy leaves; small greenish perfect poly-
petalous flowers in forking clusters opposite the leaves; and
small pale blue or purple large-seeded berries. (Cissus),
1. Leaves simple.” 2.
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. (Pepper vine). © A. arborea.
2. Leaves whitened beneath. A. humulifolia.
Leaves not whitened beneath. 3.
3. Leaves serrate, little lobed: fruit scarcely showy. A. cordata.
Leaves crenately toothed: fruit multicolored. 4.
4. Leaves deeply lobed. (Turquoise berry). A. heterophylla.
Leaves little lobed. . A. heterophylla amurensis.

PARTHENOCISSUS. Virginia Creeper. “Ampelopsis”.

Woody close-barked plants climbing by coiling or more fre-
quently disk-bearing tendrils, with soft brownish wood with
rather large scattered ducts and coarse medullary rays; sym-
podial branches with green or pale continuous or finally cham-
bered or excavated rounded pith not diaphragmed at the swol-
len nodes; alternate rounded buds with mostly 2 or 4 exposed
scales; half-round or round leaf-scars with about 10 bundle-
traces in a ring; elongated stipule-scars; digitate 3- or 5-
foliolate thin leaves, in one species fleshier and often with I
leaflet and so appearing simple; small greenish perfect flowers
in forking clusters opposite the leaves; and small purplish large-
seeded berries. (Psedera). iat
1. Tendrils long, rarely with suckers. : P. vitacea.

Tendrils with abundant suckers. 2.
2. Leaves compound, mostly of 5 leaflets. 3.

Leaves appearing simple, or of 3 broad firm leaflets.

(Boston ivy). P. tricuspidata.
3. Glabrous: leaves pale beneath: tendrils long. (Virginia
creeper ). P. quinquefolia.
Pubescent: tendrils short. 4.
4. Leaves whitened beneath. P. quinquefolia Engelmannii.

Leaves green: with aerial roots. P. quinquefolia Saint Paulii.

VITACEAE, .133

Cissus. “Marine Ivy.”

Woody plants climbing by coiling tendrils, with rather
succulent sympodial branches with pale continuous rounded
pith not diaphragmed at the nodes; alternate short buds;
rounded leaf-scars; no stipule-scars; rather fleshy digitately
2 -foliolate leaves; small greenish perfect polypetalous flowers
in repeatedly forking clusters opposite the leaves; and small
purplish large-seeded berries.

Leaves fleshy, mostly of 3 coarsely toothed leaflets. C. 3 incisa.

Vitis. Vine. Grape.

Decidious sympodial shrubs climbing by coiling branched
tendrils opposite the leaves; with typically shredding brown
bark; soft brown wood with large diffused ducts and coarse
medullary rays; moderate terete twigs; small rounded con-
tinuous brown pith typically with firmer plates at the nodes; al-
ternate somewhat raised roundish or U-shaped leaf-scars with
about 5 bundle-traces; long narrow stipule-scars; round-ovoid
sessile buds with several exposed scales; rather large long-
petioled palmately-veined or lobed leaves; perfect or unisexual
polypetalous small and inconspicuous but fragrant flowers in
large compound panicles opposite the leaves; and small -or
moderate 4- to 6-seeded berries.

1. A tendril or flower-cluster opposite each rusty-woolly

leaf. (Hybrids of, and) V. Labrusca.

No tendril or flower-cluster at each third node. 2.

2. Bark not flaking: pith not firmer at nodes. V. rotundifolia.
Bark flaking: pith with firm plates at the nodes. 3.

3. Twigs angular, persistently gray-pubescent. V. cinerea.
Twigs rounded, glabrate. 4.

4. Leaves woolly beneath when young. 5.
Leaves not woolly, bright green. 6.

5. Leaves green beneath. V. aestivalis.
Leaves whitened beneath. V. bicolor.
6. Leaves scarcely lobed. V. cordifolia

Leaves sharply lobed. 7.

134 TILIACEAE,

7. Climbing: leaves roundish or elongated. 8.

Bushy: leaves rather broader than long. V. rupestris.
8. Nodal diaphragms thin: stem green. V. vulpina.
Diaphragms thick: stem red. . V. rubra.

Family TILIACEAE. Linden Family.

A rather small family furnishing the tough “bass’ formerly
much used for tying plants up, the very important fiber jute,
and the straight-grained basswood or whitewood, and an im-
portant source of honey; much planted as shade and street-
trees, especially in Europe.

Tir1A. Linden, Lime, Basswood.

Deciduous trees with soft pale wood with minute scattered ©
ducts and very fine medullary rays; moderate terete twigs with
large bast-rays in the bark; round continuous pith; 2-ranked
alternate half-elliptical leaf-scars with a number of scattered
bundle-traces; elongated stipule-scars; ovoid sessile green or
red buds with about 3 exposed scales, the terminal bud lacking;
rather large oblique or cordate petioled serrate leaves; rather
small white or creamy polypetalous flowers in axillary corymbs
with large adherent bract; and several small hard indehiscent
round fruits falling with the bracted peduncle.
I, Leaves pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath. 4.

Leaves glabrate except in the vein-axils beneath. 2.
2. Leaves green beneath. 3.

Leaves white beneath. T. cordata.
3. Leaves large (fully Io cm.). T. americana.
Leaves moderate (7 cm.). - T. vulgaris.

4. Leaves green beneath: fruit typically ribbed. 5.
Leaves whitened beneath. 8.
5. Leaves not lobed. 6.
Leaves broad-lobed. T. platyphyllos vitifolia.
Leaves laciniate. T. platyphyllos laciniata.
6. Tree broad-topped. 7. .
Tree rather oblong. T. platyphyllos pyramidalis.

MALVACEAE, 135

7. Twigs gray or greenish. T. platyphyllos.
Twigs yellow. T. platyphyllos aurea.
Twigs red. T. platyphyllos rubra.

8. Leaves abruptly acuminate: fruit ribbed. T. tomentosa.
Leaves gradually pointed, usually very oblique: fruit

not ribbed. T. heterophylla.

Family MALVACEAF. Mallow Family.

A moderate-sized family, chiefly of herbaceous plants, note-
worthy as including the most important fiber plant of the world,
cotton: many species are cultivated for their flowers, and the
following finds too-common use as an incongruous component of
shrubberies.

Hiserscus. Rose of Sharon. Rose Mallow.

Deciduous shrubs with pale wood with minute ducts more
crowded in spring, and rather fine medullary rays connected
by narrow tangential bands of wood-parenchyma; moderate
somewhat angled twigs; rather large continuous pale pith;
alternate somewhat raised transversely elliptical small leaf-scars
with about 4 bundle-traces in an ellipse; small round stipule-
scars; petioled palmately nerved and commonly lobed moderate
leaves; marrow-bracted large perfect polypetalous axillary
flowers with many monadelphous stamens; ovoid capsules; and
curved-ciliate flat seeds.
Leaves cuneate, acutely lobed and crenately toothed. H. syriacus.

Family DILLENIACEAE.
A small unimportant family; the following used as rapid
climbers, one of them, Actinidia polyga:na, a curiosity because
of its attractiveness for cats,

ACTINIDIA,

Woody deciduous twiners with soft brownish wood with
both large and small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays;
rounded often chambered or colored pith; alternate shield-
shaped raised leaf-scars with a U-shaped bundle-trace; small
buds concealed in the swollen nodes; round to oblong petioled

136 TERNSTROEMIACEAE,

entire or serrate rather large leaves; moderately large white
solitary or few often polygamous polypetalous flowers; and
small several-seeded berries.

1. Pith continuous, white. A. polygama.
Pith chambered, colored. 2.

2. Twigs glabrous. A. arguta.
Twigs hairy. A. chinensis.

Family TERNSTROEMIACEAE. Camellia Family
A rather small family chiefly noteworthy as including the
tea plant and camellia.

STEWARTIA,

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with shredding bark;
rather slender terete twigs; small brownish spongy pith; alter-
nate somewhat raised small transverse leaf-scars; no stipule-
scars; moderate or rather large petioled mucronate-serrulate
leaves; large perfect solitary polypetalous flowers; and capsular
fruit with few hard winged seeds.

Leaves small (3 X 6 cm.): stamens purple. S. Malachodenron.
Leaves larger (6 X 10 cm.) : stamens white. S. pentagyna.

Family HYPERICACEAE. St. John’s-wort Family.
A rather small family, chiefly herbs, of little use except
that some are planted for their bright yellow flowers.

Hypericum. St. John’s-wort.

Small commonly herbs or deciduous shrubs or half-shrubs
with flaking bark; angular. stems; small angular mostly green
or brown and excavated pith; low opposite crescent-shaped or
3-angled leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; soli-
tary sessile ovoid or oblong buds with a number of loose
leaves; perfect entire abundantly glandular-pellucid rather small
leaves; perfect showy yellow flowers in terminal corymbs, with
numerous bunched stamens; and small ovoid or conical capsules.

1. Flowers, large (25-50 mm.): leaves broad. H. aureum.
Flowers smaller (scarcely 30 mm.): leaves rather narrow. 2.
2. Stems 2-angled. H. prolificum,

Stems 4-angled. H. Kalmianum.

TAMARICACEAE, 137

AscyruM. St. Peter’s-wort.

Small deciduous shrubs or half-shrubs with flaking bark;
slender 2-edged twigs; small rounded dark excavated pith; op-
posite low small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace;
no stipule-scars; entire pellucid-dotted nearly sessile leaves;
moderate yellow nearly solitary 4-merous perfect polypetalous
flowers; and I-celled ovoid or compressed small capsules.
Leaves narrowed at base. (St. Andrew’s Cross) A. hypericoides.
Leaves broad and rather clasping at base. A. stans.

Family TAMARICACEAE. Tamarisk Family.
A very small family of little use aside from landscape
planting.

TAMARIX. Tamarisk. Salt Cedar.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with reddish wood with
small ducts, sometimes larger and more crowded in spring and
smaller and tangentially seriate in autumn, and rather fine
medullary rays; very slender terete green twigs; relatively large
rounded continuous pale pith; persistent somewhat alternate
raised leaf-bases; no stipule-scars; small round buds; minute
scale-like acute blue-green leaves largely deciduous with the
branched foliar shoots that bear them; very small polypetalous
perfect rosy flowers in spike-like racemes; and small many-
seeded capsules.

Petals 5. T. gallica.
Petals 4. T. parviflora.

Family CISTACEAE. Rock Rose Family.
A small and unimportant family, chiefly of herbs, some of
them bright-flowered.

HupsoniA. Beach Heather.

Low densely branched heath-like evergreen shrubs with
slender roundish twigs; usually alternate scale-like long-per-
sistent leaves; small yellow perfect flowers from the upper
axils; and small 1-celled I- or 2-seeded capsules.

Leaves spreading, rather green: flowers stalked. H. ericoides.
Leaves appressed, very gray: flowers subsessile. H. tomentosa.

138. STACHYURACEAE.,

Family* STACH YURACEAE.
A small and unimportant family.

STACHYURUS,

Deciduous shrubs with slender rounded twigs; relatively
large rather angular continuous pith; alternate somewhat raised
crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; small stipule-
scars; sessile round-ovoid buds with about 3 exposed scales;
rather large petioled leaves; small polypetalous 4-merous
rounded flowers in axillary spikes; and small berry-like fruit.
Leaves ovate or lance-ovate, serrate. S. praecox.

Family THYMELAEACEAE, Mezereon Family.
A small family of little importance apart from landscape
use; one species famed in Asia for its very fragrant flowers.

Dirca. Leatherwood.

Small deciduous shrubs with terete very tough sympodial
twigs abruptly contracted at the end of each year’s growth;
somewhat angled homogeneous pale pith; alternate raised horse-
shoe-shaped leaf-scars with about 5 bundle-traces; no stipule
scars; small solitary sessile round-conical buds nearly sur-
rounded by the leaf-scar; very short-stalked simple entire
moderate leaves; rather small yellowish perfect apetalous flowers
with corolla-like calyx in small clusters from the opening buds;
and 1-seeded fleshy fruit.

Leaves elliptical-obovate, glabrous. D. palustris.

DAPHNE. Mezereon.

Small sometimes evergreen shrubs with tough bark; white
wood with sparse diffused minute ducts and very fine medullary -
rays; rounded twigs; small round or 3-sided homogeneous pith;
alternate low small transversely elliptical leaf-scars with I
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; sometimes superposed sessile
small round-conic buds with several exposed scales; simple
entire small subsessile leaves; small perfect apetalous flowers
with corolla-like calyx, in axillary clusters; and 1-seeded fleshy
fruit.

ELAEAGNACEAE. 130.

1. Evergreen. 2.

Deciduous: bushy. D. Mezereum.
2. Branches glabrous: somewhat bushy. D. Blagayana.
Branches pubescent: trailing. D. Cneorum,

Family ELAEAGNACEAEF, Oleaster Family.
A rather small family of shrubs or small trees with per-
vasively rather than pleasingly fragrant flowers; sometimes
prized in planting because of their silvery foliage.

SHEPHERDIA. Buffalo Berry.

Deciduous brown- or silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees
often with branch-spines, with rather slender twigs; some-
what angular homogeneous pale pith; opposite low crescent-
shaped small leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars;
often clustered more or less stalked buds with 1 or 2 pairs of
exposed scales; entire moderate-sized short-stalked leaves; small
dioecious apetalous flowers subsessile in crowded axillary clus-
ters; and rather small drupe-like fruit. (Lepargyraea).

Twigs coarsely brown-scurfy: leaves elliptical, at most with
stellate hairs above but silvery- and brown-scurfy and

with stellate hairs beneath. S. canadensis.
Twigs and both faces of the oblong leaves with fine silvery
scales. S. argentea.

ELAEAGNUsS. Oleaster.

Deciduous brown- or silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees,
often with branch-spines, with rather slender twigs ; somewhat an-
gular homogeneous pale pith; alternate low crescent-shaped small
leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; entire moderate-
sized stalked leaves; solitary sessile small ovoid buds with
several scales; small bell-shaped fragrant perfect stalked apetal-
ous flowers with corolla-like calyx, in small axillary clusters;
and rather small drupe-like fruits. -

1. Scurf silvery, even on young buds. 2.
Scurf in part brown. 4.
2. Adult leaves with few if any scales above. 3.
Leaves scurfy on both faces, narrow. E. angustifolia spinosa.

140: LYTHRACEAE, .

3. Leaves with scales beneath. (Russian Olive). E. angustifolia.
Leaves with only star-shaped hairs. E. angustifolia orientalis.
4. Leaves glabrate and green above. E. multiflora.
Leaves silvery on both faces. FE, argentea.

HipropHAgr. Sea Buckthorn,

Deciduous armed shrubs with brown wood with moderately
coarse ducts, more crowded in spring and fewer and with inter-
spersed very minute ducts in summer, and very fine medullary
rays; rather slender rounded twigs commonly ending in sharp
spines; round continuous brownish pith; alternate slightly raised
small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no
stipule-scars; round sessile buds with few exposed scales; nar-
row short-petioled leaves; small imperfect yellowish apetalous
flowers in lateral clusters; and small red berry-like drupes.
Twigs rusty-scurfy: leaves silvery-scurfy below. H. rhamnoides.

Family LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family.

A rather small and unimportant family, mostly of herbs,
including the cigar plant and a few other species of Cuphea
grown under glass or in bedding, and the following very at-
tractive tree of the South.

LAGERSTROEMIA, Crape Myrtle.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with shredding bark; pale
or brownish wood with small scattered ducts, tangential wood-
parenchyma pattern, and. very delicate medullary rays; mod-
erately slender twigs decurrently angled below the leaves;
small brown continuous pith; alternate (or the lower
opposite) small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace;
no stipule-scars; appressed pointed buds with about 2 exposed
scales; small obovate subsessile entire leaves; rather large per-
fect flowers with distinct crisped rounded long-clawed petals;
and small round capsules, with winged seeds.

Flowers pink. L. indica.
Flowers purplish. L. indica violacea.
Flowers white. L. indica alba.

CoRNACEAE, 141

Family CORNACEAE. Dogwood Family.
A rather small family, chiefly of shrubs; the dogwoods
much used in massed planting.

Cornus. Dogwood. Cornel.

Deciduous shrubs, or a few undershrubs or small trees, the
latter with rather hard pale or brownish wood with minute dif-
fused ducts and fine but mostly evident medullary rays; roundish
often bright-colored twigs usually compressed at the nodes;
roundish homogeneous pale pith; opposite or in one case alter-
nate low or exceptionally raised U-shaped leaf-scars connected
by a transverse line, with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule scars;
usually solitary appressed elongated buds, often stalked or de-
veloping the first season, with 2 valvate scales; simple entire
stalked exceptionally alternate or whorled leaves often whitened
beneath and with very characteristic closely appressed twinned
hairs; small perfect polypetalous flowers either in an involucrate
head or an open corymb; and small white or red or blue in-
ferior drupes.

1. Low undershrubs, (Bunchberries). 2.
‘Shrubs or occasionally small trees. (Dogwoods). 3.

2. Leaves opposite. C. suecica..
Leaves whorled, C. canadensis.
3. Leaves irregularly alternate. C. alternifolia.

Leaves opposite. 4.

4. Leaves at most lighter green beneath. 5.
Leaves whitened beneath. 8.

5. Twigs and often lower surface of leaves woolly. 6.
Twigs and leaves not woolly. 7.

6. Lower surface silky, not granular. C. Amomum.
Leaves hairy and granular beneath. C. obliqua.
Leaves mostly woolly, not granular. C, sanguinea.

7. Veins incurving to the leaf-tip; flowers crowded. C. mas.
Veins not curving into the tip: flowers in cymes. C. femina,

8. Flowers in flower-like heads: fruit red. C. florida.

Flowers cymose: fruit white to blue. o9.
9g. Leaves loosely hairy or woolly beneath, Io.
Leaves not woolly. 12.

142 NYSSACEAE,

10. Leaves rough above: twigs rough-hairy. C. asperifolia.
Leaves smooth above. II,

11. Leaves rather lanceolate. C. Baileyi.
Leaves rounded, acuminate: twigs greenish. C. rugosa.

12. Twigs rather gray. C. racemosa.
Twigs yellow. C. stolonifera flaviramea.

Twigs very red or purple. 13.
13. Twigs red. 14.
Twigs purple. C. alba Kesselringii.
14. Rather erect: leaves impressed-veiny: lateral buds distinctly
stalked and elongated (5-8 mm. including stalk): twigs

very bright red. C. alba sibirica.
Drooping and rooting: lateral buds nearly sessile; short
(3 mm.) : twigs rather purplish. C. stolonifera.
AUCUBA, -

Evergreen shrubs with moderate twigs; alternate moder-
ate glossy leaves; small dioecious 4-merous polypetalous pani-
cled flowers; and typically red 1-seeded drupes.

1. Not variegated. A. japonica.
Yellow-margined. A. japonica limbata.
Yellow-mottled. 2.

2. Mottling rather uniform and fine. A. japonica variegata.
Central yellow spot large. 3.

3. Without smaller spots. A. japonica bicolor.
With scattered smaller spots. A. japonica latimaculata.

Family NYSSACEAE. Tupelo Family.
A very small family yielding the important tupelo-gum or
black-gum lumber; the following one of the best of autumn
coloring trees.

Nyssa. Tupelo. |
Deciduous moderate-sized trees with pale close wood with
minute diffused ducts and very close fine medullary rays;
moderately slender or rather stout terete twigs; rounded con-
tinuous pith with firmer diaphragms; alternate somewhat raised
broadly crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no

ARALIACEAE, 143

stipule-scars; rounded or ovoid sometimes superposed buds with
several exposed scales; moderately large petioled leaves; some-
times imperfect small polypetalous or apetalous flowers axil-
lary or in stalked head-like clusters; and rather small sometimes
very sour blue or black inferior drupes.

Leaves glossy, entire, (Pepperidge). N. sylvatica.

Family ARALIACEAE. Aralia Family.

A rather small family of little use except for plantations.
The ivy is traditionally the best climbing plant where it can
endure the climate.

ACANTHOPANAX.

Deciduous shrubs or stiff sparingly branched trees with
more or less prickly bark; pale soft wood with a single ring of
large ducts each year and tangential wavy wood-parenchyma
bands; rounded homogeneous pale pith; alternate ovoid buds
with several scales; crescent-shaped or linear leaf scars with 5
or more bundle-traces; digitate or palmately lobed moderate-
sized leaves, often clustered on spurs; small often monoecious
greenish polypetalous flowers in umbels or panicles; and small
berry-like fruit crowned by the calyx-teeth.

i. Leaves simple: a tfee. A. ricinifolius.
Leaves digitately compound: shrubs.

2. Leaves green. . A. pentaphyllus.
Variegated. A. pentaphyllus variegatus.

ArALIA. Hercules’ Club.

Deciduous large coarse shrubs or arborescent (herbaceous
in other species), with very stout prickles; brownish zoned wood
with small ducts, more crowded in the spring growth and slightly
tangentially seriate later, and fine but distinct medullary rays;
large crenate homogeneous pale pith; very stout terete twigs;
alternate large U-shaped or linear leaf-scars half encircling the
stem, with numerous bundle-traces in a single series; no stipule-
scars; rounded buds with few pointed scales; very large decom-
pound leaves; small white polypetalous perfect flowers in large
showy panicles; and small inferior berries.

144 CLETHRACEAE.

Leaves prickly: leaflets stalked, whitened and glabrate
beneath, with upcurved veins, (Tear blanket). A. spinosa.
Leaves nearly unarmed: leaflets nearly sessile, pubescent,
with straight veins, (Dimorphanthus). A chinensis.

HeEpERA. Ivy.

Evergreen shrubs, climbing by aerial roots, with pale wood
with minute ducts rather crowded in spring and tangentially
seriate in summer, and very coarse medullary rays interspersed
between the more numerous finer ones; moderate roundish twigs;
rounded spongy pale pith; alternate somewhat raised U-
shaped leaf-scars with 5 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid
sessile buds with several exposed scales; broadly ovate palmately
lobed (or, on fruiting plants and capable of being propagated
separately as a bush, lanceolate and unlobed) moderate leaves;
small perfect greenish polypetalous flowers in panicled umbels;
and few-seeded inferior berries.

Leaves of young plants usually 5-lobed, pale-veined. H. Helix.

Family CLETHRACEAE. Pepperbush Family.
A very small family of no considerable importance: the
following rather effective in shrubberies.

| CLETHRA, Pepper bush. White Alder.

Usually deciduous shrubs with flaking bark; brownish wood
with minute diffused ducts and close relatively heavy medullary
rays; moderate angled twigs; angled homogeneous pale pith;
alternate low crescent- or shield-shaped small leaf-scars with 1
bundle-trace; small hairy buds stalked or usually developing the
first season; moderately large toothed short-stalked leaves; small
perfect cup-shaped polypetalous flowers in elongated terminal
clusters; and small rounded capsules.

1. Leaves scarcely widened upwards. C. acuminata.
Leaves widest above the middle: stamens glabrous. 2.

2. Leaves glabrate. 3.
Leaves persistently stellate-hairy beneath. C. tomentosa.

3. Flowers white. C, alnifolia.
Flowers rosy. C. alnifolia rosea.

PYROLACEAE, 145

Family PYROLACEAE. Shin-leaf Family.
A small family of evergreen herbs of no economic value
but sometimes effective as undershrubs and among the most
attractive of the small plants of the woods.

CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissewa.

Scarcely woody evergreens with short simple erect stems;
few rather lanceolate toothed moderate-sized more or less clus-
tered firm subsessile leaves; 1 or few saucer-shaped polypetal-
ous pale flowers on a terminal stalk, rather large for the size
of the plant; and depressed 5-lobed capsules.

Leaves oblanceolate, green, (Prince’s pine). C. umbellata.
Leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate, white-veined. C. maculata.

MoneEses. One-flowered Shin-leaf.

Small perennial low evergreen with several small crenate
wing-petioled leaves clustered at end of short erect herbaceous
stems; perfect white or rosy open polypetalous flowers solitary
on a terminal scape; and subglobose-depressed many-seeded
capsules.

Leaves round-ovate or obovate, cuneate. M. uniflora.

Pyros, Shin-leaf.

Evergreen perennial herbs with mostly several clustered
long-stalked nearly entire almost basal leaves; relatively large
whitish polypetalous perfect open flowers in a long-stalked ra-
ceme; and depressed small many-seeded capsules dehiscing from
the base.

1. Leaves distributed on the stem, small. : P. secunda.
Leaves basal. 2.
z. Often broader than long. 3.

Mostly longer than broad, dull. P. elliptica.
3. Small (2-3 cm.): flowers greenish. P. chlorantha,
Large (4 cm.): glossy. 4.
4. Flowers rosy. P. asarifolia.

Flowers white. P. americana.

146 ERICACEAE,

Family ERICACEAE. Heath Family.

A large family, chiefly shrubs, producing the blueberries,
huckleberries and cranberries of the market and the “brierwood”
(bois de bruyére) of which tobacco pipes are made. The Cape
heaths and Ghent azaleas are among the most popular of winter-
blooming woody plants handled by florists; and the rhododen-
drons are among the most showy open-air shrubs.

Lepum. Labrador Tea.

Small evergreen bog-shrubs with slender terete twigs;
somewhat 3-sided brown continuous pith; alternate minute cres-
cent-shaped or 2-lobed leaf-scars with a single bundle trace; no
stipule-scars; minute round sessile lateral buds and larger ovoid
terminal buds with several exposed scales; elliptical-oblong
leaves, revolute and rusty-tomentose beneath in the eastern ©
species; small open perfect nearly polypetalous white flowers in
short terminal clusters; and small many-seeded capsules dehiscent
at the base.

Leaves subelliptical, rather broad. L. groenlandicum.
Leaves linear, narrow. L. palustre.

RHODODENDRON.

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees with hard
brownish wood with minute ducts, rather more crowded in
spring, and fine medullary rays; rounded slender or stout twigs;
rounded or angular continuous pith; alternate crescent-shaped
‘or transverse leaf-scars with I bundle-trace; no stipule-scars;
ovoid sometimes very large buds with a number of exposed
scales; entire or ciliate lanceolate petioled leaves; perfect showy
clustered mostly gamopetalous flowers; and small more or less
elongated capsules. Azalea and Rhodora are considered sep-
arate genera sometimes.

1. Leaves thick, evergreen. (Rhododendron). 2.

Leaves thin, mostly deciduous. (Azalea; Rhodora). 4.

2. Leaves tapering to apex and base: pedicels glandular. 3.

Leaves rounded at ends: pedicels downy. R. catawh-=:<e.

ERICACEAE, 147

3. Flowers rosy-white, spotted. R. maximum.
Flowers white. R. maximum album.
Flowers purplish. R. maximum purpureum.

4. Bud-scales two to four. 5.
Bud-scales many. 6.
. Leaves deciduous, R. indicum.
Leaves evergreen. B. indicum Simsii.
6. Corolla glabrous, with very short tube. 7.
Corolla pubescent, funnel-shaped. (Azalea). 8.
. Corolla evidently 2-lipped. (Rhodora). R. canadense.
Corolla scarcely 2-lipped, upper lobes spotted. R. Vaseyi.
8. Corolla not glandular, yellow to flame-color. R. sinense.
Corolla glandular-pubescent. 9.
9. Flowers white or rosy. Io.
Flowers yellow or flame-colored. 12.

on

a |

10. Twigs glabrate. R. arborescens.
Twigs pubescent or rough-hairy. II.
11. Buds glabrous. R. viscosum.
- Buds pubescent. R. nudiflorum.
12. Twigs glabrous or with stiff hairs. Hardy. 13.
Twigs pubescent. Tender. R. gandavense.
13. Yellow predominating in flowers. R. calendulaceum.
Orange predominating. R. calendulaceum croceum.
MENZIESIA.

Deciduous shrubs with shredding bark; rather soft wood
with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender
subterete twigs; 3-sided brownish continuous pith; alternate
somewhat raised triangular or shield-shaped leaf-scars with a
single bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small round buds with
several exposed scales, or the upper ovoid and larger; lance-
elliptical moderately small entire short-petioled leaves clustered
at end; relatively large urn-shaped gamopetalous perfect flowers
loosely clustered above; and small ovoid capsules.

Leaves rough-hairy above: capsules glandular. M. pilosa.
Leaves! smooth: capsules glabrate. M. glabella.

148 ERICACEAE,

LEIOPHYLLUM. Sand Myrtle.

Small evergreen shrubs with shredding bark; slender sub-
terete twigs; minute continuous 3-sided pith; sub-opposite
minute crescent-shaped raised leaf-scars with a single
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; minute appressed pointed buds
with indistinct scales; small elliptical glabrous entire leaves;
small cup-shaped perfect white polypetalous flowers clustered at
ends of the branches; and small many-seeded capsules dehis-
cent from the top.

Leaves revolute, on appressed petioles. L. buxifolium.

LOISELEURIA.

Low matted evergreen shrubs with small opposite crescent-
shaped raised leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no stipule
scars; small appressed buds with indistinct scales; small ellipti-
cal glabrous entire leaves; few small cup-shaped gamopetalous
perfect white or rosy flowers with 5 stamens; and small many-
seeded capsules dehiscent from the top.

Leaves revolute, on divergent petioles. L. procumbens.

KaAtmi1A. American Laurel,

Evergreen shrubs with hard brownish wood with minute
‘diffused pores and rather fine unequal medullary rays; somewhat
angular continuous pith; moderate or slender twigs; crescent-
or shield-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; small
buds with about 2 exposed scales; no stipule-scars; simple leaves
rather crowded at end of the season’s growth; wheel-shaped
gamopetalous flowers with the anthers at first held in pockets
in the corolla; and small capsules.

1. Leaves large (8-10 cm. long), alternate. K. latifolia.
Leaves smaller (scarcely 6 cm.), opposite or whorled. 2.

2. Twigs rounded: leaves stalked. K. angustifolia.
Twigs 2-edged: leaves nearly stalkless. K. Polifolia.

PHyLiopoce. Mountain Heath.
Small matted evergreen shrubs with alternate raised minute
crescent-shaped leaf-scars decurrent on the twigs as ridges; a
single minute bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small sessile oblong

ERICACEAE, 149

flat leaves; small purplish gamopetalous urn-shaped slender-
stalked terminal flowers; and small roundish many-seeded cap-
sules.

Leaves minutely serrulate, obtuse. P. caerulea.

CASSIOPE,

Moss-like trailing evergreen shrubs with slender subterete
twigs; more or less flattened spongy pale pith; opposite raised
crescent-shaped minute leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no
stipule-scars; minute buds usually developing the first season;
small sessile overlapping leaves; rather small slender-stalked
pale deeply parted cup-shaped gamopetalous flowers at end of
the branches; and round-ovoid small capsules.

Leaves linear, acute, upcurved. C. hypnoides.

LEUCOTHOE,

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs with brown wood with
minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender more or
less 3-sided twigs; small somewhat 3-sided continuous pith;
alternate small somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with
a single bundle-trace; no stipule scars; small round buds with
several exposed scales; lance-elliptical short-petioled serrulate
leaves; perfect urn-shaped gamopetalous white flowers in one-
sided racemes; and small depressed-globose many-seeded cap-
sules,

I. Evergreen. 2.
Deciduous. 3.

2, Leaves acute or short-acuminate. L.. axillaris.
Leaves long-acuminate. L. Catesbaei.
3. Racemes strongly recurving. L. recurva.
Racemes not recurved. L.. )racemdsae

ANDROMEDA, Bog Rosemary.

Evergreen small shrubs with rather shredding bark; few
slender subterete branches; roundish brown homogeneous large-
celled pith; alternate at first raised crescent-shaped small leaf-
scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small ovoid sessile
solitary buds with 2 exposed scales; entire mostly very revolute

150 ERICACEAE,

narrow leaves; few small pink or white perfect urceolate gam-
opetalous flowers in terminal umbels; and subglobose small
many-seeded capsules.

Leaves glabrous: capsules brown, globose. A. Polifolia.
Leaves white-tomentulose beneath: capsules
glaucous. A. glaucophylla.
LYONIA,

Shrubs with brown or gray smooth or fissured bark; slender
3-angled twigs; somewhat angular homogeneous pith; alternate
low crescent-shaped or half-round leaf-scars with 1 bundle-
trace; no stipule-scars; solitary sessile round-ovoid buds with
about 2 exposed scales; small pale perfect urn-shaped gam-
opetalous flowers in axillary or. panicled racemes; and small
rounded many-seeded capsules. .

Evergreen. L. ferruginea.
Deciduous. L. ligustrina.

Pieris, Stagger Bush. |

Evergreen or deciduous shrubs sometimes with shredding
bark; rather slender roundish or 3-sided twigs; 3-sided con-
tinuous pith; alternate raised half-round small leaf-scars with
a single bundle trace; no stipule-scars; sessile ovoid buds with
several exposed scales; lance-elliptical entire or ciliate-serrulate
short-petioled leaves; rather small white gamopetalous urceolate
perfect flowers in axillary racemes or forming a_ terminal
panicle; and small round or flask-shaped many-seeded capsules.
(Lyonia, Xolisma).
1. Evergreen: buds compressed, acute. 2.

Deciduous: buds blunt, with about 5 scales. P. Mariana.
2. Twigs and petioles sparsely hairy. P. floribunda.
Glabrous, P. nitida.

CHAMAEDAPHNE, Cassandra. Leather Leaf.

Rather small evergreen shrubs with somewhat shredding
bark; slender 3-sided twigs; minute 3-sided or flattened homo-
geneous pale pith; alternate low roundish margined leaf-scars
with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars, small rounded buds with

ERICACEAE, | 151

several ciliate scales; elliptical rather small leathery entire nar-
rowly revolute subsessile leaves, peltate-scurfy beneath; pale
perfect urceolate short-stalked gamopetalous flowers solitary
in the axils of the reduced upper leaves; and depressed-globose
small capsules.
1. Leaves oblong, not crisped. 2.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, crisped. CC. calyculata angustifolia.
2. Over 30 cm. high; branches rather ascending. C. calyculata.
Scarcely 30 cm. high: branches horizontal. C. calyculata nana.

ENKIANTHUS.

Deciduous shrubs with rather slender terete twigs swollen
and leafy at tip; somewhat angled brownish continuous pith;
alternate crescent-shaped small little-raised leaf-scars with a
single bundle-trace; no stipule scars; ovoid scaly terminal buds;
moderately small obovate oblanceolate petioled entire or ser-
rulate leaves; rather small bell- or cup-shaped gamopetalous
perfect flowers in terminal racemes; and small oblong. capsules
erect on long slender drooping pedicels.

Flowers white: pedicels glabrous. E. perulatus.
Flowers red: pedicels loosely hairy. E. campanulatus.

OXYDENDRUM. Sourwood.

Deciduous small trees with rather soft wood with. numer-
ous small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; rather slen-
der rounded or 3-sided twigs; roundish continuous pale pith;
alternate somewhat raised half-round leaf-scars with a single
large bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; roundish buds with about
3 exposed scales; moderate petioled entire or serrulate acid
leaves; perfect small urn-shaped white gamopetalous flowers,
one-sided on the branches of loose terminal panicles; and
small oblong many-seeded capsules erect on the pedicels.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. . O. arboreum.,

EpicagEA. Trailing Arbutus.
Evergreen small trailing half-shrubs with rather flaking
bark; moderately slender brown bristly terete twigs; roundish
spongy pith; alternate moderate-sized firm somewhat revolute

152 ERICACEAE,

entira leaves on bristly stalks; more or less imperfect rela-
tively large fragrant pinkish funnel-shaped gamopetalous flow-
ers crowded at the ends of the shoots; and round many-seeded
capsules—infrequently seen.

Leaves elliptical or ovate, often cordate. E. repens.

GAULTHERIA. Wintergreen.

Underground trailing plants with erect scarcely woody
short stems few-leaved at top; or shrubs with rather 3-sided
branches; alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped or sub-
elliptical leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid
solitary buds with several pairs of scales; slightly revolute
more or less toothed short-stalked leaves; pinkish urceolate
perfect flowers in terminal racemes or axillary; and thin-walled
capsules in fleshy berry-like calyx.

1. Erect stems short and simple, few-leaved. G. procumbens.
Bushy. 2,
2. Leaves round or cordate at base: fruit blackish. G. Shallon.
Leaves cuneate: fruit blue. G. Veitchiana.

Erica. Heath.

Usually delicate evergreen shrubs with brown close wood
with minute diffused ducts, sometimes sparser in autumn, and
fine medullary rays; slender twigs with raised round leaf-scars
with I bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small solitary buds; small
narrow spreading short-stalked leaves decurrent as_ raised
ridges on the stem; small perfect urn-shaped mostly pinkish
gamopetalous flowers crowded at the ends of the branches; and
small roundish capsules with small seeds.

1. Leaves bristly, in whorls of 4. E. Tetralix.
Leaves not bristly. 2.

2. Leaves in whorls of 4: stamens protruding. E) ‘carnea:
Leaves in whorls of 3: stamens not protruding. E. cinerea.

CALLUNA. Heather.
Delicate small evergreen shrubs with slender terete twigs;
minute angular homogeneous pith; opposite roundish minute
leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; very small

ERICACEAE. 153

acutely auricled sessile entire overlapping leaves; minute rounded
solitary buds with few scales, generally developing the first
season; small perfect deeply parted white or reddish gamo-
petalous flowers along the branches in a feathery tuft, drying
on the stem; and small rounded 4-celled capsules.
1. Neither matted nor prostrate. 2.
With spreading or prostrate branches. C. vulgaris prostrata.
Forming low dense mats. C. vulgaris nana.
2. Gray-woolly. C. vulgaris hirsuta.
Not gray-woolly.3.
3. Flowers white. 4.
Flowers pink or red. 5.

4. Flowering in early autumn. C. vulgaris alba.
Flowering very late. C. vulgaris Searlei.
5. Flowers pink or rosy. 6.
Flowers carmine. C, vulgaris rubra.
6. Flowers single. C. vulgaris.
Flowers double. C. vulgaris plena.

CHIOGENES. Moxie Plum.

Delicate trailing evergreen shrubs with very slender sub-
terete twigs, minute roundish homogeneous pith; alternate low
half-round or crescent-shaped minute leaf-scars with a single
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; minute flattened buds; small
broad pointed subsessile leaves; small pale perfect cup-shaped
gamopetalous flowers solitary in the axils; and berry-like fruit.
Stem rough: leaves glabrous above, revolute. C. hispidula.

Gay.ussaActA, Huckleberry.

Rather small mostly deciduous shrubs with roundish slender
twigs; roundish homogeneous pale pith; alternate small low
crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no_ stipule-
scars; solitary small sessile ovoid buds with about 3 exposed
scales; simple usually entire and resinous-dotted rather small
short-stalked leaves; small perfect often reddish urn-shaped
gamopetalous flowers; and berry-like fruit with the seeds en-
closed singly in core-like small shells.

154 ERICACEAE.

1. Evergreen: leaves toothed: not resinous. G. brachycera.
Deciduous: leaves entire. 2.
2. Glandular-pubescent: leaves green beneath. G. dumosa.

Not glandular-pubescent. 3.
3. Leaves sticky-resinous, not glaucous. 4.

Leaves pubescent and glaucous beneath. G. frondosa.
4. Fruit black, not glaucous. G. baccata.
Fruit blue, glaucous. G. baccata glaucocarpa.
Fruit white or pink. G. baccata leucocarpa.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Bearberry. Manzanita.

Evergreen or deciduous low shrubs (as here considered)
with flaking bark; rather slender and angled twigs; somewhat
3-sided homogeneous pith; alternate somewhat raised crescent-
shaped leaf-scars with I bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; com-
pressed ovoid small solitary buds with 2-4 exposed scales;
small simple entire (in some other species toothed) short-peti-
oled leaves; small perfect pink or white urceolate gamopetalous
flowers in small racemes; and rather small red or black berries.
Trailing: leaves spatulate, glabrate. A. Uva-ursi.
Bushy: leaves ovate or elliptical, tomentose. A. tomentosa.

VAccINIUM, Blueberry.

Usually deciduous shrubs with rather hard brownish wood
with minute diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; slender
angled twigs; small angular continuous pith; alternate raised
small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no
stipule-scars; small ovoid buds with about 2 exposed scales;
characteristically oblanceolate rather small petioled leaves; per-
fect open or bell-shaped gamopetalous whitish flowers; and
rather -small inferior berries with small seeds.—The first two
species (Cranberries) are often separated, as Oxycoccus.

1. Evergreen: leaves small (under 2.5 cm. long). 2.

Deciduous: fruit black or glaucous. 5.

2. Trailing slender vines: leaves very small (1 cm.):
flowers open: fruit red. 3.
Erect, more or less matted low shrubs. 4,

DIAPENSIACEAE. 155

3. Leaves white beneath: fruit under 10 mm. VV. Oxycoccos.

Leaves less whitened: fruit over 10 mm. V. macrocarpon.
4. Leaves pointed, serrulate, fruit blackish. V. Myrsinites.
Leaves blunt or notched, entire: fruit red. V. Vitis-Idaea.
5. Leaves blunt, small (1.5 cm.): plant low. V. uliginosum.
Leaves acute, or else plants distinctly larger. 6.
6. Leaves glossy, narrowly revolute, veiny. V. arboreum.

Leaves dull or else not revolute. 7.
7. Leaves small (scarcely 4 cm.) : twigs granular. 8.
Leaves larger (often 5 or 6 cm. long). 9.

8. Loosely villous. V. canadense.
Glabrous, or crisp-pubescent in lines. V. pennsylvanicum.
9. Twigs somewhat granular or wrinkled. 10.
Twigs not granular: leaves veiny beneath. V. stamineum.
10. Tall: rather persistently hairy. V. corymbosum.
Dwarf: twigs and leaves glabrescent. V. vacillans.

Family DIAPENSIACEAE.
An insignificant small family. Galax leaves are among the
autumnal commodities of florists.

DIAPENSIA.

Evergreen matted low alpine plants with small subopposite
crowded sessile glabrous oblong-spatulate entire leaves; no sti-
pules; perfect white bell-shaped gamopetalous flowers, large for
the plant, solitary on slender scape-like peduncles; and ovoid
leathery capsules with small seeds.

Leaves revolute, outcurved. D. lapponica.

GALAX,

Evergreen acaulescent herbs with clustered long-stalked
rounded moderate glossy firm leaves bronzing in winter; small
and inconspicuous perfect gamopetalous racemed flowers; and
small capsules.

‘Leaves wavy-margined, blunt, cordate. G. aphylla.

PYXIDANTHERA, Pyxie.
Low trailing deciduous suffruticose plants with crowded or
alternate small sessile entire leaves; numerous small white or

156 SAPOTACEAE,

rosy open nearly sessile bell-shaped gamopetalous flowers; and
small rounded many-seeded capsules.
Leaves oblanceolate, pointed. P. barbulata.

Family SAPOTACEAE. Sapodilla Family.
A chiefly tropical family members of which yield gutta
percha, a number of tropical fruits, chicle, etc.: scarcely useful
in planting.

BuMELIA. False Buckthorn.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees armed with axillary more
or less leafy thorns; with pale hard wood with occasional small
ducts along the beginning of the season’s growth, very numer-
ous minute ducts forming a coarse netted pattern in the sum-
mer wood, and very fine medullary rays; moderate roundish
twigs, woolly when young; roundish homogeneous pale pith;
alternate somewhat raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3
bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; small ovoid sessile solitary buds
with several exposed scales; simple rather oblanceolate moder-
ate short-stalked leaves often clustered on short spurs; small
perfect gamopetalous long-stalked flowers clustered on the spurs,
and small 1-seeded berry-like fruit.

Leaves raised-veiny beneath, glabrous, like flowers. B. lycioides.
Leaves hairy beneath, like flowers and pedicels. B. lanuginosa.

Family ERBENACEAE. Ebony Family.
A chiefly tropical family yielding ebony and other hard
woods, the Japanese persimmon, etc.: scarcely of decorative use.

Diospyros. Persimmon.

Deciduous shrubs or moderate-sized trees with hard brown-
ish or blackening wood with small diffused ducts, numerous fine
transverse lines of wood-parenchyma and very fine medullary
rays; rather slender roundish twigs; somewhat angled
spongy pith; alternate often 2-ranked somewhat raised half-
round leaf-scars with 1 crescent-shaped bundle-trace; no stipule-
scars; solitary sessile ovoid buds with about 3 exposed scales;
rather large simple entire stalked leaves; small cup-shaped pale

SYMPLOCACEAE, 157

axillary polygamous gamopetalous flowers; and large fleshy
fruit with enlarged sepals at the base and containing several
large seeds.

Loosely hairy: leaves often cordate. D. virginiana.

Family SYMPLOCACEAE.
An unimportant small family.

Symptocos. Sweet Leaf.

Deciduous or subevergreen shrubs or small trees with pale
wood with minute scattered ducts and very fine medullary rays;
slender or rather stout terete twigs; roundish pith with firmer
diaphragms; alternate low half-round leaf-scars with a single
curved bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round superposed buds
with several exposed scales; moderately small short-petioled
leaves; small perfect somewhat gamopetalous yellow flowers
crowded in axillary racemes; and dry mostly 1-seeded drupes.
Leaves deciduous, thin, serrate. S. paniculata.
Leaves half-evergreen, firm, entire. S. tinctoria.

Family STYRACACEAE. Storax Family.
A small and unimportant family except for the following
decorative shrubs or small trees.

HAtesiA. Silver Bell.

Deciduous small trees with thin shredding bark; brownish
wood with minute diffused ducts and very fine medullary rays;
moderate roundish twigs; roundish chambered rather small pith;
alternate somewhat raised half-round leaf-scars with a single
large but rather indefinite curved bundle-trace; no stipule-scars;
sessile ovoid sometimes superposed buds with several exposed
scales; rather large petioled leaves; perfect gamopetalous fun-
nel- or bell-shaped rather large white flowers, slender-pedicelled
at the nodes; and hard indehiscent winged fruits.

I. Fruit 4-winged. 2.
Fruit 2-winged. H. diptera.

2. Corolla tapered at the base. H. carolina.
Corolla bell-shaped. H. carolina Meehani.

158 OLEACEAE,

STYRAX,

Shrubs or small trees with pale wood with small crowded
vernal ducts, minute summer ducts, and very fine medullary
rays; rather slender terete twigs; small rounded continuous
pith; alternate small somewhat raised half-round leaf-scars with
a single curved bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid appressed
superposed buds with a single exposed scale; moderate short-
petioled nearly entire leaves; rather small perfect bell-shaped
gamopetalous flowers in eas racemes; and dry few-seeded
small fruit.

1. Leaves tomentose beneath. S. grandifolia.
Leaves glabrate beneath. 2.

2. Pedicels for a time somewhat scurfy. S. americana.
Pedicels glabrous. S. japonica. .

Family OLEACEAE. Olive Family.
A moderate-sized family yielding the pickled olives and
olive-oil of commerce, ash lumber, etc., and including a number
of the most prized decorative shrubs.

FRAXINUS. Ash.

Deciduous rather large trees with hard white or brownish
wood with a crowded vernal zone of moderately large ducts,
fewer and smaller ducts in a more or less marked transverse
wavy pattern in the summer wood, and numerous fine medullary
rays; rather stout more or less compressed twigs; elliptical or
6-sided rather large pale homogeneous pith; opposite large low
shield-shaped or half-round leaf-scars with many bundle-traces in
a single aggregate series; no stipule-scars; sessile often super-
posed rounded buds with 1 or 2 exposed pairs of scales; nor-
mally odd-pinnate large stalked leaves; small mostly imperfect
and apetalous flowers in lateral clusters; and winged fruits.

1. Twigs acutely 4-angled, or 4-winged: buds gray:
fruit broad, winged all around. F. quadrangulata.
‘Twigs not acutely angled. 2.

10.

HE.

12.

lise

14.

OLEACEAE. 159

. Buds blue-black: leaflets sessile: fruit broad, winged

all around. (European ash). 3.
Buds brown: leaflets stalked: fruit narrow, winged
principally at the end. It.

. Leaves of a single leaflet. F. excelsior monophylla.
Leaves pinnate. 4.

. Leaflets deeply cut. F. excelsior asplenifolia.
Leaflets not deeply cut. 5.

. Dwarf and shrubby. F. excelsior nana.
Trees. 6.

. Weeping. 7.
Not weeping. 8.

. Twigs gray. - F, excelsior pendula.
Twigs yellow. F. excelsior aurea pendula.

. Twigs yellow. F. excelsior aurea.
Twigs gray. 9.

. Leaves green. F. excelsior.
Leaves variegated. 10.
Leaves with white center. F. excelsior albo-variegata.
Leaves with white margin. F. excelsior albo-marginata.

Leaves whitened beneath: fruit rather stout, scarcely
wing-margined: leaf-scars concave at top. 12.
Leaves merely lighter green beneath: fruit slender,
the narrow.wing continuing to the base: scar-
margin not concave. 14.
Glabrous. 13.
More or less velvety. F. americana Biltmoreana.
Leaves uniformly green above. (White ash). F. americana.
Leaves white-margined. F. americana albo-marginata.
Glabrous or nearly so. (Green ash). F. lanceolata.
Twigs velvety. (Red ash). F. pennsylvanica.

FONTANESIA,
Deciduous shrubs with slender 4-angled twigs; round ho-

mogeneous pale pith; opposite or obliquely opposite raised small
crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-scars ;

160 OLEACEAE,

alternate round-ovoid solitary sessile buds usually with 2 or 3
pairs of exposed scales; simple glossy moderately small short-
stalked leaves; small whitish perfect flowers clustered at the
ends of the branches; and rather small winged hard fruits.

Leaves quite entire. . F. Fortunei.
Leaves rough-margined or minutely toothed. F. phillyraeoides.

ForsytTH1A. Golden Bell.

Deciduous shrubs with moderately slender elongated some-
times scrambling or rooting branches, often green until autumn;
with roundish excavated or chambered pale pith; opposite or
occasionally whorled somewhat spreading narrowly ovoid buds,
superposed and generally branching collaterally so as to form
axillary clusters in autumn, with several exposed scales; rather
raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; lan- -
ceolate to ovate slightly fleshy mostly serrate leaves, simple or
in the broader forms digitately 3-lobed or 3-foliolate ; showy yel-
low short-tubed perfect gamopetalous flowers in axillary clus-
ters; and small 2-celled capsules with winged seeds.

1. Leaves elongated: pith chambered. 2.
Leaves broad, often 3-lobed or 3-foliolate, toothed. 4.
2. Leaves neither lobed nor divided, entire below. 3.
Leaves in part lobed or divided, on shoots. F. intermedia.

3. Leaves green. F. viridissima.

Leaves variegated with white. F. viridissima variegata.
4. Essentially glabrous. 5.

Leaves downy, at least beneath. F. suspensa pubescens.
5.. Bushy or spreading. 6.

Scrambling, or spreading and drooping. F. suspensa.
6. Shoots rather stout and upright. 7.

Shoots slender, rooting at the end. F. suspensa Sieboldii.
7. Leaves rarely of 3 leaflets: pith for a time cham-

bered near the nodes. x F. intermedia.

Leaves frequently 3-foliolate: pith entirely excavated
except at the nodes. 8.
&. Shoots and foliage green. 9.
Shoots and young foliage purplish. F. suspensa atrocaulis.

OLEACEAE, 161

9g. Leaves green: growth rather erect. F. suspensa Fortunei.,
Leaves variegated with yellow. F. suspensa variegata.

SyrincA, Lilac.

Deciduous shrubs with pale wood with small ducts, some-
what larger and more crowded in spring, and fine but distinct
medullary rays; round twigs somewhat compressed or fluted
beneath the nodes or rather 4-angled; roundish continuous pith;
opposite crescent-shaped somewhat raised leaf-scars with a
transverse compound bundle-trace; ovoid sessile buds, the ter-
minal usually wanting, with several pairs of scales; rather ovate
petioled leaves, entire or pinnately lobed or dissected; small
salver- or funnel-shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers in ample
panicles; and 2-valved oblong flattened few-seeded capsules.

1. Leaves rough-margined, whitened beneath, buds large,

with brown scales: twigs warty. S. villosa.

Leaves scarcely rough-margined. 2. .

2. Leaves pale beneath: calyx white. S. amurensis.
Leaves green beneath. 3.

3. Leaves cordate: buds round-ovoid, green. S. vulgaris.
Leaves acute at base: buds pointed, brown. 4.

4. Leaves not lobed. S. persica.
Leaves, in part, pinnately lobed. S. persica laciniata.

FoRESTIERA. Swamp Privet.

Deciduous, shrubs or small trees with rather hard white
wood with minute diffused ducts and very fine medullary rays;
more or less 4-sided often pungent twigs; roundish homogene-
ous pith; opposite somewhat raised small transversely elliptical
or lens-shaped leaf-scars with 1 rather large bundle-trace; no
stipule-scars; superposed rounded sessile buds with 2 or 3 pairs
of-exposed scales; simple stalked rather low-toothed leaves often
clustered on spurs; small imperfect yellowish flowers in nearly
sessile lateral clusters; and rather small drupes pointed at both
ends. (Adelia),

Twigs glabrous. . F. acuminata.
Twigs pubescent. F. ligustrina.

162 OLEACEAE,

CHIONANTHUS. Fringe Tree.

Large shrubs with white wood with about 1 ring of small
vernal ducts, broad radial or flame-shaped wood-parenchyma
pattern in summer, and very fine medullary rays; more or less
4-sided or 4-lined rather stout warty twigs; compressed or an-
gled homogeneous pale pith; opposite raised and often decur-
rent crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a crescent-shaped aggregate
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; round-ovoid solitary sessile buds
with a number of pungently pointed exposed scales; simple
‘rather large petioled entire leaves; perfect or polygamous 4-
merous flowers with long white nearly separate corolla lobes, in
more or less leafy axillary clusters; and purple drupes.

Leaves acuminate, glabrate. C. virginica.
Leaves not acuminate: petioles hairy. C. retusa.

OsMANTHUS. Fragrant Olive.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees with pinkish close wood
with few uniform minute ducts in a flame-like pattern and very
fine medullary rays; rather slender somewhat compressed twigs;
roundish continuous pith; opposite rather small shield-shaped
slightly raised leaf-scars with a crescent-shaped compound bun-
dle-trace; no stipule-scars; spreading ovoid or conical sessile
buds, sometimes superposed, with 2 exposed scales; rather large
leathery lanceolate petioled leaves; small sometimes imperfect
openly conical gamopetalous white flowers in small a pani-
cles; and small 1-seeded drupes.

Veins pointed at both ends and entire. O. americanus.
Leaves blunt at base, serrulate: petiole channeled. O. fragrans.

LicustTrRuM. Privet.

Deciduous or half-evergreen shrubs with pale or smoky
wood with small diffused ducts and fine medullary rays; rather
slender roundish or compressed twigs; roundish homogeneous
pale pith; somewhat raised opposite roundish or transversely
elliptical leaf-scars with one compound bundle-trace; no stipule-
scars; solitary sessile ovoid buds with about 2 pairs of exposed
scales; simple entire very short-stalked moderately small leaves;

LOGANIACEAE, 163

perfect small white shortly salver-shaped gamopetalous flowers
in terminal panicles; and berry-like usually black fruit.
1. Leaves: glabrate: fruit glossy, rather large (8 mm.)
in clusters protruding beyond the branches. 2.
Leaves often pubescent beneath, at least on the mid-
rib: fruit dull, rather small (5 mm.), in small
clusters surpassed by the shoots. .3.

2. Twigs glabrous: fruit round. L. ovalifolium.
Twigs puberulent: fruit rather ovoid. L. vulgare.

3. Habit erect: calyx glabrate. L. amurense.
Habit spreading: calyx usually puberulent. 4.

4. Tall, with curving branches. L. Ibota.
Dwarf, with horizontal branches. L. Ibota Regelianum.

JASMINUM. Jessamine.

Shrubs, sometimes scrambling, with white wood with small
ducts crowded in spring but sparser and much smaller in sum-
mer, and fine medullary rays; slender mostly angled twigs;
round chambered pith; opposite or alternate but 4-ranked some-
what raised small crescent-shaped leaf-scars with a single bun-
dle-trace; no stipule-scars; round or ovoid or spindle-shaped
sessile buds; odd-pinnate or by reduction apparently simple
petioled leaves; fragrant salver-shaped gamopetalous perfect
flowers in axillary clusters; and 2-seeded berries.

1. Leaves evidently compound. 2.

Leaves 1-foliolate, appearing simple. J. pubescens.
2. Leaves opposite. 3.

Leaves alternate. J. humile.
3. Flowers white. 4. —

Flowers yellow. J. nudiflorum.
4. Bushy. J. grandiflorum.

Scrambling. J. officinale.

Family LOGANIACEAE. Strychnine Family.
A moderate chiefly tropical. family, mainly notable as af-
-fording the poison strychnine: the following attractive climber
medicinal.

164 APOCYNACEAE.

GELSEMIUM. Carolina Jessamine.

Evergreen twining woody plants with slender twigs some-
what square at the nodes; roundish continuous white pith; op-
posite elevated crescent-shaped or half-round leaf-scars with a
large bundle-trace; small stipule-scars; sessile buds with several
pairs of pointed scales; rather small short-petioled entire leaves;
openly funnel-shaped rather large fragrant yellow gamopetalous
perfect flowers solitary on short scaly axillary shoots; moderate
thin-walled capsules; and relatively large winged seeds.

Leaves lanceolate, very acute. G. sempervirens.

BupDDLEIA,
Deciduous half-shrubs with soft wood with minute diffused.
ducts and fine medullary rays; slender squarish twigs; 4-sided
homogeneous pale pith; opposite low half-round or triangular
leaf-scars with I bundle-trace; narrow stipule-scars; sessile
ovoid acute somewhat spreading superposed buds with usually 2
exposed scales; simple toothed short-stalked moderate leaves;
small mostly lavender perfect funnel-shaped gamopetalous flow-
ers in clusters ending the branches; and small ovoid capsules
with minute seeds.
1. Branches rather erect. 2.
Branches spreading or drooping. 3.
2. Flower clusters straight. B. Lindleyana.
Flower clusters drooping. x B. intermedia insignis.
3. Leaves white- or yellow-tomentose beneath. B. Davidii.
Leaves glabrate or finely gray-tomentose. 4.
4. Flowers lilac, in clusters scarcely 20 cm. long. B. japonica.
Flowers violet, in longer clusters (25-30 cm.). & B. intermedia.

Family APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family.
A moderate widespread family, members of which yield Af-
rican India rubber: one Vinca is ‘ese used in pease and
another for window-boxes.

Vinca. Periwinkle.
Evergreen trailing herbs with opposite petioled rather small
leaves; rather large perfect funnel- or salver-shaped stalked

ASCLEPIADACEAE, 165

gamopetalous flowers; and paired cylindrical follicles which are
infrequently seen.

Leaves lanceolate: flowers blue. (Running “myrtle”). V. minor.

Family ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family.

A moderate-sized family, chiefly of herbs with milky sap,
some of which are used in hardy perennial planting. Hoya, the
waxflower, and Stapelia, the star-“cactus”, are frequent in green-
houses.

PeripLocA. Silk Vine.

Deciduous twining woody plants with milky sap; round
stems; opposite raised round leaf-scars with a single curved
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; small hairy buds with few scales;
moderate entire petioled leaves; rather large perfect purplish
gamopetalous flowers in sparse stalked axillary clusters; slender
paired follicles; and small winged seeds.

Leaves ovate, round-based, acuminate. P, @tacea.
Leaves lanceolate. P. graeca angustifolia.

Family POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family.

A rather small family of herbs, much used as hardy peren-
nials.

PHLOX.

Mostly perennial herbs with opposite leaves; gamopetalous
salver-shaped white or reddish perfect flowers in sometimes
panicled cymes; and small 2-seeded capsules. The following
somewhat woody evergreen matted species with small linear
leaves is used for rockeries, etc.

Flowers bluish or pink. (Ground pink). P. subulata.
Flowers white. P. subulata alba.

Family VERBENACEAE. Verbena Family.

A moderately small family, chiefly of woody species in the
tropics, yielding tle teak lumber used in ship-building. Among
bedding plants Verbena and Lantana are familiar examples—the
latter a bad weed in Hawaii, and one Clerodendron is a very ef-
fective greenhouse climber,

166 VERBENACEAE,

CLERODENDRON,

Deciduous half-woody plants with rather stout terete or
compressed twigs; large round or squarish continuous white
pith; opposite somewhat raised subelliptical leaf-scars, some-
times in whorls of 3, with about 10 small bundle-traces in a
single U-shaped group; no stipule-scars; conical superposed ses-
sile buds; rather large ovate long-petioled often serrate leaves;
perfect salver-shaped flowers in clustered axillary corymbs with
showy calyx and gamopetalous corolla; and drupe-like fruit.
Leaves acuminate: corolla white. C. trichotomum.

CARYOPTERIS.

Deciduous small shrubs with slender rounded twigs; rounded
homogeneous pale pith; opposite low crescent-shaped or half-
round small leaf-scars with I transverse bundle-trace; no sti-
pule-scars; small ovoid sessile solitary buds with about 4 ex-
posed scales; petioled coarsely, toothed leaves; small funnel-
shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers in dense stalked axillary
clusters; and small dry fruit of 4 nutlets.
Flowers lavender to violet. C. incana.
Flowers white. C. incana candida.

CALLICARPA. French Mulberry. |

Deciduous small shrubs or half-shrubs with slender nearly
terete twigs; rounded homogeneous pale pith; opposite low
crescent-shaped leaf-scars with I bundle-trace; no stipule-scars ;
oblong acute sessile superposed somewhat spreading naked buds;
simple toothed or lobed very short-stalked leaves; small usually
pink salver-shaped gamopetalous flowers in dense short-stalked
axillary clusters; and small often purplish berry-like drupes with
2-4 seed-like kernels.
1. Leaves woolly beneath. 2.

Leaves not woolly. 3.

2. Fruit violet. C. americana.
Fruit white. C. americana alba.

3. Leaves rather coarse-toothed. C. purpurea.
Leaves serrulate. 4.

SOLANACEAE, 167

4. Fruit violet. C. japonica.
Fruit white. C. japonica leucocarpa.

Vitex. Chaste Tree.

Deciduous shrubs or half-shrubs with soft brown wood
with small ducts, large and crowded in spring but decreasing
and diffused in summer, and fine medullary rays; rather slender
4-sided or 4-lined twigs; relatively large continuous white pith;
opposite low crescent-shaped small leaf-scars with a single curved
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; rounded. sessile superposed to-
mentose buds with indistinct scales; digitate slender-petioled
leaves; rather small perfect typically tubular gamopetalous flow-
ers crowded in the axils; and small 4-celled drupe-like or finally
dry peppery-aromatic fruits.

1. Leaflets entire or low-serrate. 2.

Leaflets deeply pinnatifid, V. Negundo incisa.
2. Flowers lavender. V. Agnus-Castus.
Flowers blue. V. Agnus-Castus caerulea.
Flowers white. V. Agnus-Castus alba.

Family SOLANACEAE. Potato Family.

A large widespread family, chiefly of herbs, containing such
important species as potato, tomato, egg-plant, capsicum, tobacco,
nightshade and henbane. Schizanthus, Petunia, etc., are much
grown for their flowers.

Lyctum. Matrimony Vine.

Deciduous spreading or scrambling shrubs with pale bark;
slender often spiny angled twigs; somewhat 3-sided continuous
pale pith; alternate raised crescent-shaped leaf-scars with I
bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; more or less multiple sessile buds
with few exposed scales; simple moderately small lanceolate
entire cuneately subsessile leaves; moderate shortly funnel-form
perfect gamopetalous axillary flowers; and orange berries.
Leaves gray-green: fruit above 10 mm. long. L. halimifolium,
Leaves bright green: fruit 20 mm. long. L. chinense.

168 ScROPHULARIACEAE,

SOLANUM.
Usually herbs, (potato, egg plant, etc.) ; the following (bit-
tersweet) a soft-wooded perennial twining climber with alternate
leaves; wheel-shaped perfect violet flowers in stalked clusters
from above the axils; and ovoid red berries.
Leaves cordate or hastately lobed or divided. S. Dulcamara.

Family SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family.

A large family, chiefly herbaceous, including foxglove, snap-
dragon, etc., of the gardens, and such common weeds as mullein
and speedwell. The following is a street tree as far north as
Brooklyn.

PAULOWNIA,

Deciduous medium-sized trees with rather soft brownish
wood with small ducts, more or less crowded in spring and tan-
gentially seriate in summer, and fine medullary rays; stout round-
ish twigs flattened at the nodes; roundish large pith, chambered,
or excavated between the nodes; opposite somewhat raised large
subelliptical leaf-scars with numerous bundle-traces in a single
series; no stipule-scars; rounded mostly superposed buds with
several exposed scales; large ovate petioled leaves; violet gamo-
petalous 2-lipped large flowers in terminal panicles; and ovoid
capsules with winged seeds.

Leaves cordate, pubescent. (Imperial tree). P. tomentosa.

Family BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia Family.
A rather small warm-region family including many woody
climbers, frequent in conservatories, and some trees; occasionally
yielding valuable timber, such as primavera.

BIGNONIA. Cross Vine.

More or less evergreen woody plants, climbing by leaf tendrils;
with brownish soft wood with large crowded ducts in spring,
minute scattered ducts in autumn, and unequal medullary rays
of which 4, consisting of brown bast, may be conspicuous in the
form of a cross; rather slender twigs square or somewhat flat-
tened at the nodes; rounded mostly excavated pith; opposite half-
round somewhat raised leaf-scars with 1 bundle-trace; no stipule-

BIGNONIACEAE. . 169

scars; ovoid sessile not superposed buds with several pairs of
loose scales; compound leaves with terminal tendrils; large per-
fect gamopetalous flowers; and large flattened capsules with
winged seeds.

1. Tendrils ending in disks. 2.

Tendrils claw-like, without disks. B. Unguis-cati.
2. Flowers reddish. B. capreolata.
Flowers purplish. B. capreolata atrosanguinea.

CAmpesis, Trumpet Creeper.

Decidtious woody plants, climbing by aerial roots, with mod-
erate roundish twigs; round continuous or evanescent pith; op-
posite somewhat raised half-round or round leaf-scars with a
U-shaped compound bundle-trace; no stipule-scars; ovoid sessile
buds with several pairs of scales; odd-pinnate leaves with toothed
leaflets; large perfect trumpet-shaped gamopetalous flowers; and
compressed pods with numerous winged seeds. (Tecoma).

1. Shrubby. C. radicans speciosa.
Climbing. 3.

2, Flowers orange-red. C. radicans.
Flowers scarlet. C. radicans atropurpurea.

CATALPA. Indian Bean.

Small or medium-sized trees with rough gray bark; brown
rather soft but durable wood with moderately large ducts slightly
more crowded in the spring growth and in more or less evident
transverse lines later in the season, and fine medullary rays;
stout roundish twigs; large round homogeneous pale pith; large
elliptical more or less raised or cup-shaped leaf-scars usually
in whorls of 3 of which in successive whorls two are regularly
larger and smaller, with numerous bundle-traces confluent in an
ellipse; no stipule-scars; rather small rounded solitary sessile buds
with several exposed scales, the terminal bud wanting; simple
long-stalked large ovate often cordate entire or angled rather
than lobed leaves; large spotted whitish funnel-shaped perfect
gamopetalous flowers; and long cylindrical 2-valved_ capsules
with flat seeds long-ciliate from the ends,

170 RUBIACEAE,

1. Flowers and fruit in racemes. C. Bungei.
Flowers and fruit in panicles. 2,
2. Pods about 5 mm. in diameter: leaves mostly angled:
twigs hairy. 3.
Pods about 8 mm. in diameter: seeds pointed: leaves rarely
angled: twigs glabrous. 5. .
Pods fully 10 mm. in diameter: seeds obliquely truncate:

leaves often angled. (Warder’s catalpa). C. speciosa.

3. Mature leaves glabrous. (Japanese catalpa). C. ovata.
Mature leaves pubescent. (Teas’ catalpa). 4.

4. Leaves green. x C. hybrida.

Leaves purple while young. x C. hybrida purpurea,

. Tree. °C Common “catalpa) 71

Shrub, or usually grafted as a standard. C. bignonioides nana.
6. Leaves green. C. bignonioides.
Leaves yellow. C. bignonioides aurea.

Gt

CuiLopsis. Desert Willow.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees with soft dark brown wood
with diffused rather large ducts and fine but evident pale medul-
lary rays; slender somewhat angled twigs; small angled pale
homogeneous pith; whorled or opposite or even scattered raised
crescent-shaped small leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no
stipule scars; small compressed roundish buds with 2 nearly
valvate outer scales; simple subsessile willow-like leaves; rather
large trumpet-shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers in terminal
racemes; and long slender cylindrical 2-valved capsules and thin
winged seeds, long-ciliate especially at the ends.

Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, entire. C. saligna.

Family RUBIACEAE. Coffee Family.
A large heterogeneous family, largely of the tropics, yielding
coffee, quinine, ipecac, etc. Bouvardias are among the useful
bright-flowered species grown under glass.

CEPHALANTHUS. Button Bush.
Deciduous shrubs with moderately slender roundish twigs;
rather 4-sided homogeneous pale brown pith; low half-round

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 17

small leaf-scars with a single crescent-shaped bundle-trace, op-
posite or in whorls of 3 with a narrow connecting stipular line;
small often superposed buds nearly concealed in the bark, the
terminal wanting; simple rather large and long-stalked entire
leaves; small funnel-shaped perfect gamopetalous white flowers
in dense long-stalked terminal and axillary heads; and similar
aggregates of inversely pyramidal small hard fruits.

Leaves broad, elliptical-ovate. C. occidentalis.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate. C. occidentalis angustifolia.

GARDENIA. Cape Jessamine.

Evergreen shrubs with pale or brownish wood with minute
diffused ducts and very fine medullary rays; moderate square
twigs; somewhat angled continuous pith; opposite slightly raised
half-round leaf-scars, connected by transverse stipule-scars; ses-
sile stipule-sheathed pointed buds; moderate cuneate-obovate en-
tire leaves; and large solitary perfect funnel-shaped gamopetalous
fragrant white flowers, with 1-celled ovary,—the calyx tubular, not
ribbed and with long teeth in the following.
Flowers single. C, jasminoides.
Flowers double. C. jasminoides plena.

MITCHELLA. Partridge Berry.

Small evergreen nearly herbaceous trailing plants with small
opposite petioled leaves with intervening connate stipules; tubular
funnel-shaped or salver-shaped rather small perfect flowers paired
at end of slender axillary stalk; and rather small red twinned
inferior berries with a few large seeds.

Leaves round-ovate, very obtuse, glabrous. M. repens,

Family CAPRIFOLIACEAE. . Honeysuckle Family.
A moderate sized family of no great use apart from garden-
ing, but containing some of the most used and most prized plant
materials of the landscape gardener.

SAmBucus, Elder.
Deciduous shrubs or straggling small trees with soft pale
wood with minute ducts, diffused or in a somewhat evident tan-

172 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

gential pattern, and rather fine medullary rays; stout terete twigs
often with large lenticels; large continuous rounded pith; opposite
rather large somewhat crescent-shaped leaf-scars with 3-5 bundle-
traces; no stipule-scars; ovoid often superposed or collaterally
multiplied buds with several pairs of scales; pinnate leaves with
toothed or sometimes incised leaflets; small perfect gamopetalous
wheel-shaped white flowers in large showy clusters; and small
normally black or red inferior 3-seeded berries.

4) Path, browne .fsuit ced: 2:

Pith white: fruit typically black. 6.

2. Petioles downy. (American red-berried elder). S. pubens.
Petioles glabrous. (European red-berried elder). 3.
. Leaves green, 4.

Leaves yellow. 5.

&o

4. Leaves not laciniate. S. racemosa.
Leaves laciniate. S. racemosa plumosa.
5. Leaves not laciniate. S. racemosa aurea.
Leaves laciniate. S. racemosa plumosa aurea.

6. Leaves rather firm: fruit small (3 mm.) European. 7.
Leaves rather thin: fruit larger (4-5 mm.). American. 10.
7. Leaves green. 8.
Leaves partly or wholly yellow or white. 9.

8. Leaves not laciniate. S. nigra.
Leaves laciniate. S. nigra laciniata.
9g. Leaves whitish. S. nigra argentea.
Leaves entirely yellow. S. nigra aurea.
Leaves variegated with yellow. S. nigra variegata.

10. Leaves green. II.
Leaves yellow or variegated. 14.
11. Leaves not laciniate. 12.

Leaves laciniate. S. canadensis laciniata.
12. Leaves glabrescent. 13.

Leaves soft-pubescent. S. canadensis submollis.
13. Fruit nearly black. S. canadensis.

Fruit greenish. S. canadensis chlorocarpa.
14. Leaves solidly yellow. S. canadensis aurea.

Leaves with yellowish variegation. S. canadensis variegata.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 173

VisurNum, Arrow Wood.
Usually deciduous shrubs or small trees with pale or brown

wood with minute ducts and very fine medullary rays; slender
or moderately stout terete or 6-sided twigs with continuous pith
of corresponding shape; opposite somewhat raised crescent-shaped
leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-scars; oblong more or
less stalked appressed buds with 2 valvate or connate exposed
scales (naked in one group) ; lanceolate to ovate entire or toothed
or lobed petioled leaves; small perfect wheel-shaped gamopetalous
5-merous white flowers (sometimes larger and neutral in the
margin or throughout,) in terminal corymbs; and rather small
often flattened inferior drupes.

i,

2.

y EA Oe

12,

Buds naked: young growth very stellate-scurfy. 2.

Buds scaly. 4.

Flowers salver-shaped, early, fragrant. V. Carlesii.
Flowers wheel-shaped, later. 3.

. Leaves very large, thin, cross-veined beneath. VV. alnifolium,

Leaves moderate (scarcely 8XIo cm.), firmer. V. Lantana.

. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. 5.

Leaves palmately veined and often lobed. 15.

. Very stellate-pubescent: leaves impressed-veiny. 6.

Neither very pubescent nor impressed-veiny. 8.

. Some of the flowers fertile. 7.

All of the flowers showy and sterile. V.tomentosum plenum.

. Leaves elliptical-ovate. V. tomentosum.,

Leaves lanceolate. V. tomentosum lanceolatum.

. Veins distinct to the coarsely toothed margin. 9.

Veins looping or vanishing short of the margin. II.

. Leaves glabrate: petiole rather long: no stipules. V. dentatum.

Leaves rather persistently pubescent beneath, with stipules. 10.

. Stipules much shorter than the petiole. V. molle.
Stipules longer than the very short petiole. V. pubescens.
Leaves entire, revolute, dotted beneath. V. nudum.
Leaves more or less finely toothed. 12.

Leaves dotted beneath. V. cassinoides.

Leaves not dotted. 13.

174

. Buds, petioles etc. very red-scurfy. V. rufidulum.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, '

Buds etc. rather gray-brown, glabrescent, 14.

. Leaves small (about 4X6 cm.), scarcely taper-pointed :

twigs often stiff and spreading. . V. prunifolium.
Leaves larger (about 5X8 cm.), acuminate. V. Lentago.

. Petiole without nectar-glands. 16.

Several nectar-glands on petiole. 17.

. Pubescent: glandless: with stipules. V. acerifolium.

Glabrate: lower teeth glandular: no stipules. V. pauciflorum.

. Glands large (about I mm. in diameter). 18.

Glands small (about .5 mm.). V. americanum.
. Some flowers fertile. 109.
Flowers all showy and sterile. (Snowball). V. Opulus.
. Dwarf. V. Opulus nanum.
Tall shrubs. 20.
. Sterile flowers large (25 mm.), V. Sargentii.
Sterile flowers rather small (15-20 mm.). 21.
. Fruit red. V. Opulus.
Fruit yellow. V. Opulus xanthocarpum.
SY MPHORICARPOS.

Deciduous small shrubs with slender terete twigs ; small Peed

continuous or evanescent pith; opposite somewhat raised crescent-
shaped leaf-scars with a single bundle-trace; no _stipule-scars;
ovoid buds with about 2 pairs of exposed scales; simple entire
or exceptionally lobed ovate petioled leaves; small white or rosy
bell-shaped perfect gamopetalous flowers, hairy within; and white

or
i

red inferior berries.

Pith continuous :. leaves small (scarcely 40 mm.), white
beneath: fruit red. 2.

Pith excavated: leaves larger: fruit white. (Snowberry). 3.

. Leaves unvariegated. (Coral berry). S. orbiculatus.

Leaves variegated. S. orbiculatus variegatus.

. Leaves often deeply lobed, glabrate: fruit late. X S. Heyeri.

Leaves very rarely a little lobed. 4.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 175

4. Flowers and fruit in continuous spikes: stamens pro-
truding. (Wolfberry). S. occidentalis.
Flowers in interrupted spikes: stamens not protruding. 5.
5. Leaves hairy beneath. (Snowberry). 6.

Leaves glabrous. S. albus laevigatus.
6. Leaves not whitened beneath. S. albus.
Leaves whitened beneath. S. albus pauciflorus.

LINNAEA. Twin Flower.

Delicate evergreen woody trailing plants with ireapent short
erect branches bearing few small opposite stalked crenate leaves;
small funnel-shaped perfect gamopetalous fragrant white ane
rosy flowers usually paired at the end of a slender terminal
peduncle; and small 1-seeded capsules.

Basal tube of corolla shorter than calyx. L. borealis.
Slender corolla tube longer than calyx. L. borealis americana.
ABELIA,

Deciduous or partly evergreen shrubs with. slender more or
less square twigs with excavated pith; opposite low U-shaped
leaf-scars, connected by a cross line, with 3 bundle-traces; small
somewhat spreading solitary ovoid sessile buds with several pairs
of loose scales, often developing into branches the first season;
small ovate slightly toothed subsessile leaves: perfect funnel-
shaped gamopetalous flowers in axillary or terminal leafy
clusters; and small dry inferior berries.

I. Flowers in terminal panicles. 2.
Flowers in small lateral clusters: leaves deciduous. 3.
2. Leaves half-evergreen: flowers 20 mm. long. X A. Saleen

Leaves deciduous: flowers 15 mm. long. A. chinensis.
3. Flowers 15 mm. long. A. Engleriana.
Flowers 25 mm. long. A. Graebneriana.

LonicerA. Honeysuckle.
Deciduous or partly evergreen shrubs or woody twiners with
white or yellowish brown wood with small ducts, those of the

176 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

spring sometimes more crowded or somewhat larger, and fine
medullary rays; rather slender round or squarish twigs; more or
less angled sometimes evanescent pith; somewhat raised opposite
crescent-shaped or 3-angled leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no
stipule-scars; ovoid or conical sessile buds often superposed and
the lowermost then largest; simple entire short-stalked or sessile
moderate leaves; perfect tubular moderate-sized sometimes very
fragrant flowers often in axillary pairs; and berry-like fruit.
tL. Btshy: 2.
Twining or trailing. 6.
2. Pith continuous: no end-bud: flowering before leaves. 3.
Pith excavated. 4.

3. Twigs retrorsely bristly. L. Standishii.
Twigs glabrate. L. fragrantissima.

4. Twigs glabrate. Ly tatarica,
Twigs pubescent. 5.

5. Lower surface of leaves short-pubescent. L. Xylosteum.
Leaves with rather long hairs beneath. L. Morrowii.

6. Upper leaves’ joined in pairs. 7.
Leaves not united by their bases. 9.

7. Corolla nearly regular, with short lobes: partly evergreen. 8.
Corolla deeply 2-lipped. L. Caprifolium.
8. Flowers bright red. L. sempervirens.
Flowers bright yellow. L. sempervirens flava.
g. Very glaucous. L. Periclymenum.

Little if at all glaucous. Io,
10. Leaves not variegated. II.

Leaves golden-veined. L. japonica aureo-reticulata.
11. Flowering in summer. L. japonica.
Flowering in autumn. L. japonica Halliana.

DieERVILLA. Bush Honeysuckle.

Deciduous shrubs with rather stout twigs with 2 or 3 often
hairy longitudinal lines; roundish homogeneous pale pith; rather
low triangular leaf-scars, opposite or in whorls of 3, with 3-
bundle-traces and with transverse or decurrent lines from their
angles; no stipule-scars; oblong mostly appressed solitary sessile

COMPOSITAE. 177

buds with several pairs of rather loose pointed scales; simple

short-stalked toothed leaves; moderate or rather large perfect

funnel-shaped gamopetalous flowers in axillary clusters; and

narrow inferior capsules with small seeds.

1. Flowers small (scarcely 15 mm. long), yellow. (Diervilla). 2.
Flowers distinctly larger, white to deep red. (Weigelia). 3.

2. Twigs rounded: leaves distinctly petioled. D. Lonicera.
Twigs 4-angled: leaves nearly sessile. D. sessilifolia.
3. Calyx-tube nearly as long as the lobes. D. florida.

Sepals narrow, parted to the base.
D. japonica, floribunda, and X D. hybrida.

LEYCESTERIA,

Deciduous shrubs or half shrubs with excavated pith; op-
posite simple leaves; moderately small gamopetalous perfect
flowers in nodding leafy terminal clusters; and small red inferior
few-seeded berries.

Leaves ovate or lance-ovate: flowers purplish. L. formosa.

Family COMPOSITAE. Sunflower Family.

The largest family of plants, widespread and of much flori-
cultural value, including the chrysanthemum of florists and many
bedding plants: rarely woody. Cocklebur, dog-fennel, dandelion,
thistle, white weeds, etc., are familiar examples of composite
weeds; and artichoke, oyster-plant and chicory are grown in the
garden.

BaAccHArtis. Groundsel Tree.

Deciduous shrubs with moderately slender sharply angled
twigs with resin-passages in the bark; somewhat angular pale
brownish homogeneous pith; alternate somewhat raised shallowly
U-shaped 3-lobed leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces; no stipule-
scars; round-ovoid solitary sessile buds, with several scales,
heavily coated with resin; simple cuneately stalked toothed leaves;
minute perfect gamopetalous flowers in small green-involucrate
heads mostly clustered toward the ends of the branches; and
minute akenes with long rather tawny pappus.

Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, moderately large. B. halimifolia.

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GLOSSARY. ; 179

GLOSSARY.

Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate without a terminal leaflet.
Acaulescent. With basal or radical leaves, as in dandelion.
Acrid. Biting to the taste and often blistering the skin.
Acuminate. With “line-of-beauty” curve; contrasted with acute.
Acute. Tapered to the point.

Aerial roots. Those produced above ground, like the braces of
Indian corn or the climbing organs of poison ivy, trumpet
ereeper, ete.

Aggregated. Grouped into a unit, like the partial fruits of a
mulberry, the bundle-traces of hickory, etc.

Alternate. As applied to leaves, one at each node. Occasionally
(crape myrtle) leaves are both alternate and opposite, and in
the desert willow they may be whorled as well.

Anastomosing. Forming a network, as in veins.

Anther. The pollen-sac of a stamen.

Angiosperms. Plants that mature their seeds within the pistil.

Annular. Like a ring.

Annuals. Plants that live for one season only.

Apetalous. Without corolla, but with calyx. When only one set
of floral leaves is present it is assumed to be the calyx even
though of bright color and delicate texture, as in clematis.

Appressed. Not spreading, as applied to buds, leaves or hairs.

Aril, An appendage of the seed, like that of the bittersweet.

Armed. With spines or prickles.

Aromatic. Fragrantly scented, at least when broken or crushed.

Attenuate. Drawn out into a point, as applied to leaves or scales.

Auricled. With small projections at base (leaf of English oak).

Axil, The angle above a leaf: the point on a stem above the leaf-
scar: the angle between two nerves or veins of a leaf.

Axillary. In an axil.

Balsamic. Of the fragrance or consistency of Canada balsam, etc.’

180 GLOSSARY,

Basal, or radical. Leaves that are clustered near the ground.

Berry. A fleshy fruit, usually small.

Bipinnate. Twice, or doubly, pinnate. —

Bladdery. Thin-walled and much larger than the seeds (fruit of
the bladder-nut).

Blistered. With elevations filled with resin (bark of fir).

Bract. A modified leaf of the inflorescence. Several bracts form
an involucre. The seed-scales of cones in Pinaceae are in the
axils of bracts.

Branch. One of the coarser divisions of a trunk or main stem:
loosely, any division of the stem.

Bristly. With stiff hairs.

Bronzing. Turning bronze- or copper-color.

Bud. The undeveloped end or branch of a stem; usually referring
to the stage in which the growing tips pass the winter or dry
season; also applied to undeveloped flowers or flower-clusters.
Winter-buds are usually scaly or protected by specialized re-
duced leaves or their parts, but sometimes naked when their
outer envelopes develop into leaves in the spring. Though
normally one occurs in each leaf-axil, this is accompanied by .
an accessory bud at each side (collateral) often in oak, silver
maple, etc.: or several buds may occur one above the other
(superposed) in ash, walnut, Kentucky coffee tree, etc., with
the uppermost of the series largest; or in honeysuckle, where
the lowermost is largest.

Bunched. Polyadelphous or in several tufts (stamens of linden).

Bundle-traces. The broken ends—as seen on the leaf-scar—of
woody strands passing from the stem into a leaf: often simple
and definite in number and position (1 in rhododendron, 3 in
elm); sometimes broken or aggregated in similarly placed
groups (buckeye, hickory), or consolidated in a crescent- or
U-shaped or elliptical series (ash) ; less commonly numerous
and irregularly scattered (oak).

Calyx. The outer set of leaves of a flower.

Canescent. Ash-colored, with fine close hairs.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit (rose-of-Sharon, mock-orange).

Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil.

GLOSSARY, 181

Carpeting plants. Very low plants, trailing on the ground.
Catkin. The simple elongated flower-cluster of willows, etc.
Chambered. With cavities separated by walls or plates.

Ciliate. Hairy on the margin, like the eyelids.

Clasping. Applied to leaves when their bases grow part-way
around the stem, or embrace it by outgrowths.

Class. A natural group of plants consisting of families. The
present tendency is to recognize an intermediate assemblage
of families, the order. Class names end in eae.

Claw. The slender base of a petal like that of carnation.
Clustered. As applied to leaves etc., crowded so as not to be
evidently alternate or opposite or whorled on the stem.

Collateral. Standing side by side.

Colored. Usually meaning of some color other than white in
flowers and pith, or than green in leaves.

Compound. Of several distinct leaf-like parts or leaflets, as ap-
plied to leaves; branched, as applied to the inflorescence;
consisting of several in a group, as applied to bundle-traces ;
of several united carpels, as applied to the pistil.

Cone. The characteristic scaly fruit of pine, hemlock, etc.

Conifer. A member of the Family Coniferae.

Connate. Grown together (ovaries of partridge-berry).

Continuous. Without interruption; applied to pith of elder, for
instance, in contrast with that of honeysuckle which is ex-
cavated or hollowed out, or that of walnut which is cham-
bered between persistent plates.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Corymb. A flat-topped or round-topped flower cluster like that of
viburnum.

Crenate. Scalloped, applied to leaves with rounded teeth.

Crenulate. Minutely crenate.

Crisped. Wavy on the margin, like dock leaves; short and curly,
‘when applied to pubescence.

Cryptogams. Flowerless or spore-plants.

Cuneate. Tapering to the base, or wedge-shaped, as applied to
leaves.

182 GLOSSARY,

Cyme. A (frequently flat or convex) flower-cluster with the
terminal or central flower of each of its divisions opening
first. Many so-called corymbs and panicles are really cymes.

Cymose. In cymes.

Deciduous. Falling in winter, or drying early if remaining at-
tached for a time, as applied to leaves; falling away, like
the end-bud of linden, the flower-cluster of lilac, or the
calyx of a crab apple.

Decompound. Repeatedly compound.

Decurrent. Continued down the stem in a ridge or wing, as
applied to leaves.

Dehiscent. Opening to discharge the seeds, as applied to fruits.

Deliquescent. Breaking up into fine branches (American elm).

Deltoid. Shaped like an equilateral triangle.

Dentate. Toothed; contrasted with serrate or saw-toothed.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Depressed. Shortened, as applied to round or ovoid fruits, etc.

Diaphragms, Firmer plates across the pith, either at the nodes
(grape) or at intervals between them (sweet bay, tupelo)..

Dicotyledons. Angiosperms with two seed-leaves.

Diffused. The same as scattered, when applied to ducts seen* in
cross section of wood.

Digitate. Spreading from one point, like the leaflets of a horse-
chestnut leaf, the lobes or veins of a maple leaf, etc. When
unqualified, it means digitately or palmately compound, if
applied to leaves.

Dioecious. Imperfect flowers, the sexes on’ separate individuals,
as in poplar.

Disarticulating. Falling away so as to leave a clean-cut scar,
as most leaves and many fruits finally do. .

Discoid. The same as chambered, when applied to pith.

Disk. The same as sucker, for tendrils.

Dissected. Divided into numerous narrow lobes.

Divergent. The same as spreading.

Division. One of the main groups under which plants are clas-
sified; often called phylum. For the higher plants, the
names of divisions end in phyta.

GLOSSARY. 183

Dotted. As here used, referring to the presence of lighter or
darker spots or of rather regularly and closely placed
blackened hairs or glands, usually on the under side of
a leaf.

Double. With more than the normal number of petals, as
applied to flowers. Double poinsettias have their bracts
increased: double hydrangeas, their neutral flowers.

Downy. Pubescent, with the hairs short, soft and spreading.

Drooping. Hanging from the base so as to suggest wilting,
like the leaves of peach and sweet cherry.

Drupe. A “stone-fruit”, typically with the outer part succulent
and one hard kernel (plum): but the flesh may be thin and
dry (almond), or may contain several stones (holly). In a
huckleberry the stones are small and seed-like, but their
presence is shown by the crackling sound when they are
broken between the teeth,—quite different from the be-
haviour of a blueberry.

Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.

Ducts or vessels. The water-passages in wood: appearing as
pores in cross-section. When larger or crowded in the
spring-growth, they make the wood “ring-porous” (oak) ;
when uniform in size and disposition, they render it “dif-
fused-porous” (walnut). The smaller ducts are often
arranged in flame-like radiating patterns (oak), or wavy
tangential patterns (elm).

Dull. Not glossy; not brightly colored.

Ellipsoid. Shaped like a foot-ball, as applied to fruits, ete.

End-bud. The characteristic growing tip of a stem or its branch:
sometimes replaced by a flower (magnolia) or cluster of
flowers (horse-chestnut) and then not found in winter; and
sometime regularly cast off during the growing season
(linden) or dying back before winter (willow).

_Endogens. Inside-growing plants,—forming new wood, if at
all, as new threads between the old (Smilax, palms etc.).

Entire. With the margin neither toothed nor lobed, as applied
to leaves and leaflets. |

184 ae GLOSSARY.

Epigynous. With calyx, corolla and stamens apparently origi-
nating from the upper part of the ovary, as in the apple.

Evanescent. Quickly disappearing.

Evergreen. Holding green foliage through the winter.

Excavated. Hollowed between nodes, as applied to pith.

Exfoliating. Peeling away (papery bark of canoe birch).

Falcate. Sickle-shaped, curved to one side.

Family. A natural group of plants comprising one or more
genera. Family names are usually derived from the name
of one of their genera, and then end in aceae.

Fastigiate. With upright branches (Lombardy poplar). .

Filiform. Long and slender or thread-like, as applied to twigs,
petioles or flower-stalks.

Fissured. Torn lengthwise, as applied to bark or pith.

Flaking. The same as shredding, with shorter fragments.

Flame-shaped. Wavily branching from the pith toward the
bark, as applied to duct-pattern of such woods as chestnut
and oak, seen in cross-section. '

Fleshy or succulent. Employed in contrast with membrana-
ceous, leathery, etc., for leaves: in contrast with hard, for
stems in some cases; and in contrast with dry when ripe,
for fruits.

Flower-scar. The scar from which a flower has fallen.

Fluted. Ridged lengthwise (sycamore bud, young oak twig).

Foliage sprays. Twigs which finally fall away carrying the
small leaves. with them; sometimes at end of the first
season (bald cypress, tamarisk), sometimes after several
years (arbor vitae).

Foliar shoots. The same as foliage sprays.

Follicle. A small dry fruit opening down one edge.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped: rounded in cross-section and tapered
to base and apex.

Gamopetalous. With the petals grown together, as in a mor-
ning glory, or at least at the base.

Genus. A natural group of plants comprising one or more
species. Generic names of trees ending in us are feminine.

Glabrate. Nearly glabrous.

GLOSSARY. 185

Glabrescent. Becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Not hairy.

Gland. A secreting organ: as here used, secreting nectar
(petiole of cherry), aromatic oil (sweetbrier foliage), or
balsam (cottonwood and horse-chestnut buds); sometimes
‘containing resin or essential oils, either on the surface
(bayberry) or within the substance of a leaf, etc. (orange).

Glaucous. With a white or bluish bloom, like a plum.

Globose. Shaped like a globe: spherical.

Glutinous. Sticky, with resin or gum.

Granular. Minutely or microscopically roughened.

Gummy. Much the same as resinous, as applied to buds.

Gymnosperms. Naked-seeded flowering plants, like cycads and
conifers: contrasted with Angiosperms.

Habit. General appearance, or mode of growth.

Halberd-shaped. The same as hastate.

Hard-wood. Technically, the lumber derived from Angiosperms.

Hastate. Elongated, with two spreading lobes at base
(leaves of red sorrel, bracts of blue beech).

Head. A round or flat cluster of sessile flowers.

Herbaceous. Not woody.

Homogeneous. Continuous and without firmer cross-plates or
diaphragms, as applied to pith.

Horizontal. With the broad faces parallel to the earth, as
applied to the foliage sprays.

Horrid. Used in the classic sense.

Hybrid. Offspring resulting from the egg of one species being
fertilized by the sperm of another: less properly, the result
of crossing one variety with another. Names of hybrids
are prefixed by X; or a compound name is formed by com-
bination of the specific names of the parents, separated
by X.

Hypanthium, A hollow fruiting receptacle (rose, fig).

Hypogynous. Arising from the receptacle below the pistil, as
applied to calyx, corolla or stamens.

Imperfect. Lacking stamens or pistil, as applied to flowers.

Incised. Toothed or lobed, with acute sinuses as if cut.

186 GLOSSARY.

Indehiscent. Not opening, as applied to fruits.

Inferior, As applied to the ovary of an epigynous flower, with
the calyx or other floral parts apparently coming from the
top of the ovary (apple, blueberry, etc.).

Inflated. Loose and membranous about the seeds, as applied to
fruits.

Inflorescence. The cluster of flowers.

Internode. The part of a stem between two nodes.

Involucrate. With a surrounding cluster of modified leaves,
showy in poinsettia, green in sunflower, etc.

Junctures. The same.as winter-nodes.

Laciniate. Incised, with narrow divisions.

Lanceolate. Lance-shaped: applied to elongated pointed leaves
widest at or somewhere below the middle.

Leaf-cushion. The raised base from which the leaf-stalk fin-
ally breaks away, in many Leguminosae etc.

Leaf-scar. The point from which a leaf has fallen: within it
may be seen one or more bundle-traces, where the woody
strands of the leaf-stalk have been broken—usually at the
very base of the petiole, but occasionally above it (flowering
dogwood, where the remainder falls later) or within the
leaf-cushion (mock-orange, locust), so that the axillary
buds are covered by a membrane.

Leaflet. One of the separate parts of a compound leaf.

Legume. The characteristic fruit of the pea family.

Lenticels. The wart-like prominences on the bark of young
twigs; very conspicuous on elder etc.; forming long cross-
lines on young branches of cherry and paper birch.

Lignified. Woody.

Linear. Narrow and elongated, with nearly parallel sides.

Lobed. Divided rather deeply, as applied to leaves—the seg-
ments too long to be called teeth but not separated as
leaflets.

Mamillated. With rounded breast-like elevations.

Matted. Growing densely, so as to form a low close cover to
the ground, or in very compact tufts.

GLOSSARY. 187

Medullary rays. The plates radiating from pith to bark in ex-
ogenous stems: appearing as lines, sometimes heavy (oak),
in cross section.

Megalospores. The large or female spores of fernworts. -

Membranaceous. Thin and dry, in contrast with green and
leaf-like, as applied to scales or bracts.

-merous. Parted. A suffix used to indicate the number of
sepals, petals etc. in the flower; as trimerous (3-merous),
tetramerous (4-merous), pentamerous (5-merous).

Microspores. The small or male spores of fernworts.

Midrib. The strong main vein running from base to apex in a
pinnately veined leaf, like that of chestnut or apple.

Milky. Colored, usually white, when applied to the sap of trees.

Monadelphous. Stamens united by their lower part into a ring
or tube, as in hollyhock.

Monocotyledons. Angiosperms with a single seed-leaf (smilax).

Monoecious. Imperfect flowers, the sexes on one individual
(oak).

Monopodial. Continuing the growth from a terminal bud, as
applied to twigs: in contrast with sympodial.

Moss-like. Used loosely to indicate a compact or matted habit
of growth associated with small overlapping leaves.

Mucilaginous. Exemplified by the bark of slippery elm, the
leaves of sassafras, etc., when chewed.

Mucronate. With a short stiff abrupt point.

Mucronulate. Minutely mucronate.

Naked. Without calyx or corolla, as applied to flowers: without
specialized protecting scales, as applied to buds. ,

Nectar-glands. Glands that secrete a sugary fluid; as in many
flowers, on the leaf-stalk of the plum, on the calyx of paeony
and trumpet-creeper, in the angles between the midrib and
principal veins of the lower side of a catalpa leaf, on the
teeth of an ailanthus leaf, etc. Ants frequently point the
way to them.

Needle. A common name for the phylloid shoot or “leaf” of
pines.

Needle-like. Long, slender, and about as thick as broad.

188 GLOSSARY.

Nerved. Usually applied to leaves or scales when the principal
woody bundles in them are prominent and run from the base
(palmately) and not from a midrib (pinnately): these are
usually called veins in other cases, especially when they
anastomose and from a fine network or reticulation.

Neutral. Lacking both stamens and pistil (flowers of snowball).

Nodding. Bending over: applied to the inflorescence and to
flower stalks.

Nodes. The points of the stem from which leaves come: these
are alternate when solitary at a node; opposite when two
come from a node; and whorled when several come from a
node. Fascicled or clustered leaves (barberry) usually
come from short axillary branches.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, but with the greatest breadth above
the middle.

Oblique. Unequal-sided at base (leaves of elm or begonia).

Obliquely opposite. Applied to opposite leaves when one of a
pair stands more or less higher on the stem than the other.

Oblong. Relatively longer and narrower than elliptical and with
more parallel margins than lanceolate, and much broader
than linear, as applied to leaves. ;

Obovate. Inverted ovate, broadest above the middle.

Obtuse. Blunt, in contrast with acute.

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate with a terminal leaflet.

Opposite. As applied to leaves, two at each node: the succes-
sive pairs “decussate”, so that the leaves are in four ranks
on the stem. Sometimes (buckthorn) the leaves of a pair
are separated so as to appear alternate but in four ranks.
Plants with whorled leaves (deutzia) frequently have them
opposite as well.

Order. A natural group of plants consisting of related genera.
Ordinal names usually end in ales.

Ovate. Like the longitudinal section of an egg, the greatest
width below the middle, as applied to leaves.

Ovoid. Egg-shaped, as applied to solid objects like fruits.

Palmate. The same as digitate.

Panicle. A compound or branched raceme.

GLOSSARY. 189

Papilionaceous. The sweet-pea type of flower.

Pappus. The plume of a Composite akene (dandelion etc.).

Parted. More deeply divided than lobed, but not compound, as
applied to leaves.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.

Peeling. Much the same as flaking or shredding.

Pellucid-dotted or glandular. Applied to leaves etc. which con-
tain internal oil-glands (orange, wafer-ash, etc.).

Peltate. Attached to a stalk at some distance from the margin,
like the leaf of an Egyptian “lotus”, the scales on leaves of
the Russian “olive,” etc.

Pendent. Hanging, like the cone of spruce: that of fir is erect.

Percurrent. With the main trunk continued through the top,
hence usually conical or spire-like (spruce), as applied to
trees: in extreme contrast with deliquescent.

Perennials. Plants that live for a number of years.

Perfect. With both stamens and pistil, as applied to flowers.

Pericarp. The outer part of the fruit.

Perigynous. With sepals, petals and stamens around the edge
of a cup surrounding but free from the pistil or pistils, as in
the cherry and rose: contrasted with epigynous and hy-
pogynous.

Persistent. Not deciduous, as applied to leaves.

Petals. The inner floral leaves, forming the corolla.

Petiole. The leaf-stalk.

Phanerogams. Flowering- or seed-plants.

Phylloid shoots. The foliage of pines; morphologically con-
sidered as modified branches of the stem, rather than leaves.

Phylum. The same as division.

Pinnate. Distributed along an axis, like the plume of a feather
on the quill (leaflets of an elder leaf, the lobes or veins of
an oak leaf, etc.). When unqualified it means pinnately
compound, if applied to leaves. When the leaflets of a pin-
nate leaf are again pinnate, the leaf is bipinnate or twice
pinnate. Unequally pinnate or bipinnate leaves vary greatly
in their compoundness, often in the same leaf (honey
locust).

190 GLOSSARY.

Pistil. The part of a flower that produces ovules and seeds.

Pistillate. Flowers that have pistils but no stamens.

Pith. The central part of a stem, surrounded by the woody
cylinder: usually continuous and of uniform’ texture, but
sometimes with firmer plates or diaphragms at the nodes
(grape) or at intervals between them (sour gum, sweet
bay); in some genera disappearing or excavated (honey-
suckle), or chambered between persistent thin plates (golden
bell, walnut).

Placenta. The part of the pistil to which seeds are attached.

Polygamous. With both perfect and imperfect flowers (maple).

Polypetalous. With petals not grown together, as in a rose.

Pome. An apple-fruit, the fleshy pulp crowned by the calyx or
other vestiges of the flower, and separated from the seeds
by a papery (apple) or bony (red haw) core.

Prickle. A pungent outgrowth of the cortex or bark of a stem,
or of the surface of a leaf: contrasted with spines, which
are modified forms of leaf or stem.

Prostrate. Low and spreading, as applied to shrubs: trailing.

Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. With hairs.

Pungent. With sharp hard point.

Raceme. A simple flower-cluster (wild cherry).

Rachis. The axis of a pinnate leaf etc.; sometimes continued
as a spine or bristle (pea tree).

‘Radiate. The same as digitate.

Raised. Lying wholly or in part above the general surface of the
twig, as applied to leaf-scars.

Ranks. As applied to leaves, the longitudinal lines on the stem
in which foliage is arranged: usually 2, 3, 5 or 8 for alter-
nate leaves; and 4 for opposite or obliquely opposite leaves.

Receptacle. The part of a stem that bears the parts of a flower,
or that bears the flowers in a condensed inflorescence like
that of sunflower or fig.

Reflexed.. Bent downward or backward.

GLOSSARY, IQI

Resin-passages. Intercellular spaces in the wood of conifers:
appearing as pores in cross section, and so capable of being
mistaken for ducts—which are absent from such wood.

Resinous. With copious resin (wood of pine, buds of fir, etc.).

Reticulate. Netted, like the finer veins of an oak leaf or the
ridges on the stone of a hackberry fruit.

Retrorse. Turned backward or downward.

Revolute. With the margin rolled back, as applied to leaves.

Rhombic. Four-sided with the opposed sides parallel, but not
rectangular: diamond-shaped.

Ribbed. With longitudinal ridges more prominent than is in-
dicated by striate, and more distinct and clearly isolated than
fluted indicates.

Ring-porous. Wood in which each year’s layer is marked by
large or crowded ducts in the spring growth: contrasted
with diffused-porous.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Salver-shaped. With a slender tube and spreading border, like
the corolla of phlox.

Samara. A winged fruit (ash, maple, elm, ailanthus).

Sap. As here used, the fluid that flows from a freshly cut twig
or leaf-stalk.

Scale. As usually employed, a reduced leaf: also one of the
parts of the cone of the pine etc., or of a winter bud; or of
the scurf on a leaf or twig, etc.

Scaly. Detaching in flakes (white oak), as applied to bark:
with finally hard and dry sometimes woolly or varnished
leaves or stipules, as applied to winter-buds.

Scape. A flower-stalk coming from a cluster of basal leaves
(hyacinth).

Scattered. Not in any of the usual definite groups, as applied to
leaves, ducts, bundle-traces, etc.

Scrambling plants. Imperfect climbers, lacking aerial roots and
tendrils and not twining, but sometimes aided by prickles
(rose) or short strong hairs (hop).

Scurfy. With scale-like pubescence rather than hairs.

Seed. The ripened ovule, containing an embryo plant.

192 GLOSSARY.

Segment. One of the parts of a gamopetalous corolla or gamo-
sepalous calyx: one of the parts of a lobed leaf.

Sepals. The outer, or only, series of floral leaves, constituting
the calyx; sometimes (clematis) petal-like.

Seriate. In lines or series, as applied to ducts in cross section
of wood.

Serrate. Toothed, with the teeth pointing in one directign like
those of a saw: double serrate leaves have such teeth again
serrate: contrasted with crenate and dentate.

Serrulate. Very finely serrate.

Sessile. Not stalked.

Shaling. Scaly, in large flakes (bark of shag-bark hickory).

Shredding. Falling away in shreds (bark of the grape vine). —

Simple. Of a single leaflet, as applied to leaves: unbranched, |
as applied to stem or inflorescence.

Single. With the normal number of showy parts, as applied to
flowers: contrasted with double.

Sinus. The notch between two lobes.

Smooth. Not roughened: frequently, but less accurately, also
used in the sense of glabrous.

Soft-wood. Technically the lumber derived from conifers.

Solitary. Applied to buds when only one occurs at a node: -°

contrasted with the cases in which there are more than one,
either collateral or side by side (oak, maple), or superposed
one above the other (walnut, honeysuckle). pe
Spatulate. Oblong with the upper part rather abruptly widened.
Species. A natural group of plants composed of individuals;
often comprising several minor forms,—subspecies or var-
ieties. Specific names, when not substantives in apposition
(Acer Negundo) or in the genitive (Viburnum Carlesii),
agree in number and gender with the name of the genus
(Quercus alba, Calycanthus floridus, Viburnum nudum).
Spermatophytes. Seed- or flowering-plants.
Spike. A simple elongated compact cluster of flowers or
sporangia.

GLossaRY, 193

Spine. A pungent specialized form of the leaf (barberry) or
its stipules (locust) or tip (pea tree), or of a twig (haw-
thorn, wild crab).

_Spinescent. Turning into spines, like the stipules of locust.

Sporangium. A _ spore-case.

Spores. As here used, the dust-like bodies by which flowerless
plants or cryptogams are multiplied.

Spreading. Used in contrast with appressed or closely applied
to the stem, for some leaves and buds; or to closely applied
to the leaf or twig etc., for some hairs.

Spring wood. That formed at the beginning of each year’s
layer: often marked by thé crowding or large size of its
ducts, when the wood is spoken of as ring-porous.

Spur. A short- or dwarf-branch of the stem: also applied to a
spur-like outgrowth of the flower, the angle of a wistaria
leaf-scar, etc.

Spur-scar. The scar from which a dwarf-shoot has fallen
- (pine).

Stalked. As applied to buds, indicates that the scales are
‘clustered at an observable distance from the point where
the bud originates on the stem (alder).

Staminate. Flowers that have stamens but no pistil: male
flowers. :

Standard. In horticulture, a small tree produced by grafting a
low-growing form on a trunk of the desired height.

Star-shaped. With several points rather symmetrically oriented
about a common center, as in a sweet-gum leaf and the
scales on the leaves of deutzia.

Stellate. The same as star-shaped, when applied to hairs.

Sterigmata. The raised bases from which some small evergreen
leaves finally fall (spruce). |

Sterile. Not producing fruit,—neutral or staminate, as applied
to flowers.

Stipellate. With stipule-like bodies at base of a leaflet.

Stipular. Pertaining to or derived from stipules.

194 GLOSSARY.

Stipules. The small basal outgrowths of a leaf: sometimes
attached to its stalk (rose); occasionally more than 2
(viburnum) ; exceptionally hardened into spines (locust) :
usually small or falling early in the season.

Stipule-scars. Scars on the twigs, from which stipules have

_ fallen: sometimes forming a narrow line around the node
(magnolia), but usually short and small.

Stomatiferous. Bearing stomata or “breathing pores.”

Stone. The hard inner part of a drupe.

Striate. Striped, usually by alternating ridges and grooves.

Style. The prolonged apex of a pistil or carpel.

Sub-. Often used as a prefix in the sense of nearly, as in sub-
globose, subglabrous, subsessile, submarginal.

‘Succulent. Fleshy (leaf of aloe or stonecrop, stem of cactus).

‘Suckers. Adhering disks on tendrils (Boston ivy).

‘Sulcate. Grooved.

‘Summer wood. That formed in summer of each year, hence the
outer part of the annual layer: often with the fine ducts in
a characteristic grouping when seen in cross section.

‘Sunken. In depressions (buds of button-bush and coffee-tree).

-Superposed. One above another (buds of honeysuckle and

4... Walnut).

‘Supra-axillary. Above rather than in the axil.

.Sympodial. Continuing the growth by development of an axil-
Jary bud and not a terminal bud, either internode after inter-
node (grape), or season after season (elm), as applied to
twigs.

“Tangential. At right angles to the medullary rays, as applied to
the duct pattern of stitch woods as elm: contrasted with
radial.

Tendril. A leaf (clematis) or stem (grape) modifled to form
a specialized climbing organ.

Terete. Round in cross-section, as applied to twigs etc.

Thorn. The same as spine: a pungent modification of leaf or
twig; contrasted with prickles or superficial pungent out-
growths.

GLOSSARY, 195

Tomentum. Woolly pubescence.

Toothed. With the margin cut in, but not deeply enough for
lobing, as applied to leaves.

Torulose. Constricted between swollen parts (fruit of radish).

Tracheae. The same as ducts.

Tracheides. Short wood-cells, replacing ducts or tracheae in
conifers as water channels: characteristically marked by
microscopic bordered pits, spiral thickening, etc., like the
ducts.

Trailing. With elongated stems spreading on the ground.

Translucent. The same as pellucid.

Trifoliolate. Of three leaflets, as applied to compound leaves.

Triple-nerved. With three palmate nerves, or with two strong
branches from the lower part of the midrib.

Truncate. Cut off rather abruptly, as applied to base or apex
of a leaf.

Trunk. The main stem of a tree.

Tuberculate. Warty with rounded prominences (twigs of elder

etc.).

Tubular. Cylindrical, without a spreading border, as applied to
calyx or corolla: here used rather loosely.

Turbinate. Top-shaped or inversely conical.

Twigs. The finer or finest branches of a stem.

Twining. Coiling -about a support like the stem of morning-
glory: some tendrils also twine about supports.

Twinned fruits. Formed from connate ovaries surmounted by
separate calyxes and corollas (partridge berry).

Twinned hairs. Characteristic hairs of dogwood; a simple
form of stellate pubescence with only two rays, in a straight
line.

Umbel. A flat- or round-topped flower-cluster with the stalks
rising from one point, as in the carrot.

Unarmed. With neither spines nor prickles. Some herbs and
tropical woody plants (nettles) are protected by stinging
hairs.

196 GLOSSARY.

Undershrub. A woody plant forming the ground-covering
under or between trees and larger shrubs : here made to in-
clude evergreen herbs.

Urceolate. Urn-shaped (flowers of heath).

Valvate. With the edges meeting but not overlapping, as applied
to sepals, bud-scales, etc.

Variegated. Striped or margined or mottled with some color
other than green, as applied to leaves.,

Variety. A subdivision of a species. When written trinomially,
as in this book, varietal names that are adjectives agree in
number and gender with the generic name: when prefixed
by the abbreviation var., they are feminine.

Veins. The woody bundles in a leaf.

Velvety. Essentially the same as downy.

Vernal. The same as spring, as applied to wood.

Vertical. With edges vertical, as applied to foliage-sprays.

Villous. With long spreading hairs. —

Vine. A slender-stemmed climbing or trailing plant: classically,
the grape vine.

Weeping. Conspicuously drooping or pendent, as applied to
branches and twigs.

Whorl. <A group of 3 or more branches, flowers, or leaves,
coming from one point on the stem. Whorled. leaves are
frequently found in place of opposite leaves (deutzia,
hydrangea), but rarely replace alternate leaves (desert wil-
low).

Winged. With thin border or appendage (fruit of elm or
maple, twigs of some species of spindle tree, etc.).

Winter-node. The point at which a winter bud has existed:
usually marked by crowded narrow scars corresponding to
the fallen scales after the bud has developed.

Wood-parenchyma. Tissue that accompanies ducts and trache-

_. ides in the wood.

Woolly. Pubescent with long curving tangled hairs.

Abelia 175

Abies 147

Acacia, Rose 108
Acanthopanax 143
Acer 123
Aceraceae 123
Actinidia 135
Adelia 161
Aecidium 75
Aesculus 127
Ailanthus 113
Akebia 74

Alder 63

Alder, Dwarf 87
Alder, White 144
Alligator pear 80
Allspice, Carolina 79
Almond 102

Alnus 63
Amelanchier 94
American laurel 148
Amorpha 108
Ampelopsis 131, 132
Anacardiaceae 116
Andrachne 114
Andromeda 149
Angiospermae 54
Annonaceae 79

Apocynaceae 164
Apple 88, 91

INDEX.

INDEX

Apricot 88, 102
Aquifoliaceae I19
Aralia 143
Araliaceae 143
Arbor vitae 52
Arbutus, Trailing 151
Arctostaphylos 154
Aristolochia 71
Aristolochiaceae 71
Aronia 92

Arrow wood 173

| Artichoke 177

Asclepiadaceae 165
Ascyrum 137
Ash 8, 158

| Ash, Mountain 92

Ash, Prickly 112
Ash, Wafer III
Asimina 70
Asparagus 55
Aspen 56
Aucuba 142
Azalea 146, 147

Baccharis 177
Bald cypress 51
Balsam poplar 56
Bamboo 55
Barberry 75
Basswood 134

107

Bay 80
Bay, Sweet 78

| Bayberry 58
| Beach heather 137

Bead tree 113
Bean, Indian 169
Bearberry 154
Beech 64

Beech, Blue 62
Bell, Golden 160
Bell, Silver 157
Benzoin 80
Berberidaceae 75
Berberis 75
Berchemia 129
Berry, Bear 154
Berry, Buffalo 139
Berry, Bunch 141
Berry, Coral 174
Berry, Crow 116
Berry, Partridge 171
Berry, Snow 174
Berry, Turquoise 132
Berry, Wolf 175
Betula 62
Betulaceae 61

Big tree 51
Bignonia 168
Bignoniaceae 168
Birch 62

198

Birthwort family 71
Bitternut 60
Bittersweet 120, 168
Black ti-ti 118
Blackberry 88, 89
Bladder senna 109
Bladdernut 123
Blue beech 62
Blueberry 146, 154
Bog rosemary 149
Boston ivy 132
Bouvardia 170
Box elder 123, 124
Box tree II5
Bramble 99
Bridal wreath 9, 90
Brierwood 146
Broom 107
Broom crowberry
116
Broussonetia 67
Buckeye 127
Buckthorn 130

Buckthorn, False 156

Buckthorn, Sea 140
Buckwheat tree I19
Buddleia 164
Buffalo berry 139
Bulbs 55

Bumelia 156
Bunchberry 141
Burning bush 120

INDEX.

Buttonbush 170
Buxaceae 115
Buxus 115

California nutmeg 45

Callicarpa 166
Calluna 152
Calophaca III
Calycanthaceae 79
Calycanthus 79
Calycocarpum 76
Camellia family 136
Camphor 80
Campion, Moss 72
Campsis 169
Cape jessamine I7I
Caprifoliaceae 171
Capsicum 167
Caragana II0
Carica: :70
Carnation 72
Carolina allspice
family 79
Carolina jessamine
164
Carolina moonseed
76
Carpinus 62
Carya 60
Caryophyllaceae 72
Caryopteris 166
Cascara sagrada 129

Bush honeysuckle 176) Cashew 116

Butneria 79

Cassandra 150

Buttercup family 73 | Cassava 114

Butternut 590
Buttonball 88

Cassiope 149
Castanea 65

Castor bean 114
Catalpa 169

Cat vine 135
Ceanothus 130
Cedar 48

Cedar, False 113
Cedar, Red 54
Cedar, Salt 137
Cedar, White 53
Cedrela 113
Cedrus 48
Celastraceae 120
Celastrus 120
Celtis 71
Cephalanthus 170
Cercidiphyllaceae 72
Cercidiphyllum 72
Cercis 104
Chaenomeles 93
Chain, Golden 106
Chamaebatiaria 91
Chamaecyparis 53
Chamaedaphne 150
Chaste tree 167
Cherimova 79
Cherry 88, Ior
Chestnut 65
Chicle 156
Chicory 177
Chilopsis 170
Chimaphila 145
Chinaberry 113
Chinquapin 66
Chiogenes 153
Chionanthus 162
Chokeberry 92
Chrysanthemum 177

Cigar-box wood 88,
113
Cinnamon 80
Cinquefoil 98
Cissus 132
Cistaceae 137
Citrus III
Cladrastis 105
Clematis 73
Clerodendron 165.
166
Clethra 144
Clethraceae 144
Cliftonia 119
Clubmoss 43
Cocklebur 177
Cocculus 76
Coffee 170
Coffee, Kentucky 103
Colutea 109
Compositae 177
Conifer family 45
Coralberry 174
Corchorus 97
Corema 116
Cork tree I12
Corkwood 58
Cornaceae I4I
Cornel 141
Cornus I4I
Corylopsis 8&6
Corylus 61
Cotinus 118
Cotoneaster 94
Cottonwood 56
Crab apple 92
Cranberry 146, 154

INDEX.

Crape myrtle 140
Crassulaceae 81
Crataegus 95, 97
Creeper, Trumpet 169
Creeper, Virginia 132
Cross vine 168
Croton 114
Crowberry 116
Crowberry, Broom
116
Cryptomeria 51

‘Cucumber tree 78

Cupressus 53
Cupseed 76
Currant 81, 85, 131
Custard apple family
79
Cydonia 93
Cypress 53
Cypress, Bald 51
Cyrilla 118
Cyrillaceae 118
Cytisus 107

Dandelion 177
Daphne 138
Decumaria 83
Desert willow 170
Deutzia 82
Dewberry 100
Diapensia 155
Diapensiaceae 155
Dicotyledoneae 55
Diervilla 176
Dilleniaceae 135
Dimorphanthus 144
Diospyros 156

TOY)

Dirca 138

Dog fennel 177
Dogbane family 164
Dogwood 141
Douglas fir 47
Dracaena 55

Dryas 98
Dutchman’s pipe 71
Dwarf alder 87
Dyeweed 107

Ebenaceae 156
Ebony 156
Egg plant 167, 168
Elaeagnaceae 139
Elaeagnus 139
Elder 171
Elder, Box 123, 124
Elm 69
Empetraceae 116
Empetrum 116
Enclosed seed plants
54
Endogens 54
Enkianthus 151
Epigaea 151
Erica 152
Ericaceae 146
Euphorbiaceae 114
Evonymus 120
Exochorda 98
Exogens 55

Fagaceae 64

Fagus 64

False bittersweet 268
False buckthorn 156

200

False cedar 113
False indigo 108
Fendlera 84

Fern, Sweet 100
Fernworts 43
Ficus 69

Fig 69

Figwort family 168
Filbert 61

Fir 47

Fir, Douglas 47
Firethorn 96
Flowering plants 44
Fontanesia 159
Forestiera 161
Forsythia 160
Fothergilla 87
Foxglove 168
Frangula 130
Fraxinus 8, 158
Fragrant olive 162
French mulberry 166
Fringe tree 162
Furze 107

Galax 155
Gardenia 171
Gaultheria 152
Gaylussacia 153
Gelsemium 164
Genista 106
Ginkgo 44
Ginkgoaceae 44
Gleditsia 103
Glyptostrobus 52
Golden bell 160
Golden chain 106

~

INDEX,

Goose flower 71

| Gooseberry 81, 85

| Gramineae 54
Grape 81, 131, 133

| Grass family 54
_Greenbrier 55
Ground pine 43
Ground pink 165
Groundsel tree 177
Gum, Black 142
Gum, Sour 142
Gum, Sweet 8&6, 87
Gum, Tupelo 142
Guttapercha 156
Gymnocladus 103
Gymnospermae 44
Hackberry 69, 71
Halesia 157
Halimodendron 110
| Hamamelidaceae 86
-Hamamelis 86
Haw 95

Hazel 61

Hazel, Witch 86
Heath 146, 152
Heath, Mountain 148
Heather 152

| Heather, Beech 137
| Hedera 144

Hedge 67

Hemlock 46

| Henbane 167
Hercules’ Club 143
| Hibiscus 135
Hickory 60
Hippocastanaceae 126

Hippophae 140
Holly 119
Holly, Mountain 120
"Honey locust 103
‘Honeysuckle 175
Honeysuckle, Bush
176
Hop hornbeam 62
Hop tree III
Hornbeam 62
Hornbeam, Hop 62
Horsechestnut 127
Huckleberry 146
Hudsonia 137
Hydrangea 84
Hypericaceae 136
Hypericum 136

Ilex 119

Imperial tree 168
India rubber 67, 114
Indian bean 169
Indigo, False 108
Ipecac 170

Ivy 144

Ivy, Boston 132

{vy, Marine 133
Ivy, Poison 117

Jamesia 8
Japanese quince 93
Jasminum 163
Jerusalem thorn 13}
Jessamine 163
Jessamine, Cape 171
Jessamine, Carolina
‘164

Judas tree 104
Juglandaceae 59
Juglans 59
Jujube 131
Juniper 54
Juniperus 54

Kalmia 148

Kentucky coffee
tree 103

Kerria 97

Kingnut 60

Koelreuteria 129

Kudzu vine 9, III

Labrador tea 146
Laburnum 106
Lacquer 116
Lagerstroemia 140
Lantana 165
‘Larch 48
Lardizabalaceae 74
Larix 48
Lauraceae 80
Laurel 80
Laurel, American
148
Lead plant 108
Leatherleaf 150
Leatherwood 138
Ledum 146
Leguminosae 103
Leiophyllum 148
' Leitneria 58
Leitneriaceae 58
Lepargyraea 139
Leucothée 149

INDEX,

Leycesteria I77
Ligustrum 162
Lilac 161
Liliaceae 55
Lily family 55
Lime 134
Limeberry III
Linden 134
Linnaea 175
Liquidambar 87
Liriodendron 77
Locust 108
Locust, Honey 103
Loganiaceae 163
Loiseleuria 148
Lonicera 175
Loosestrife family
140
Lotus 129
Lycium 167
Lycopodiaceae 43
Lycopodium 43
Lyonia 150
Lythraceae 140

Maclura 67
Magnolia 78
-Magnoliaceae 77
Mahogany 113
Mahonia 75
Maidenhair tree 44
Mallow, Rose 135
Mallow family 135
Malus 91
Malvaceae 135
Mango 116

| Manzanita 154

201

Maple 123

Marine ivy 133
Matrimony vine 167
Melia 114
Meliaceae 113
Menispermaceae 76
Menispermum 77
Menziesia 147
Mezereon 138
Milkweed family 165
Mitchella 171

Mock orange 81
Mockernut 60
Moneses 145
Monocotyledoneae 54
Moonseed 77
Moonseed, Carolina 7
Moraceae 67

Morus 68

| Moss campion 72

Mountain ash 92
Mountain heath 148
Mountain holly 120
Moxie plum 153
Mulberry 68
Mulberry, French 166
Mulberry, Paper 67
Mullein 168
Myrica 58
Myricaceae 58
Myrtle, Crape 140
Myrtle, Running 9,
165
Myrtle, Sand 148

Naked seed plants 44
Nectarine 102

202

|

Negundo 123
Nemopanthus 120
Nevitsia 90

New Jersey tea 130
Nightshade 167
Ninebark 89

Nutmeg, California
45

Nyssa 142
Nyssaceae 142

Oak 66

Oak, Poison 117
Oleaceae 158
Oleaster 139

Olive 158

Olive, Fragrant 162
Olive, Russian 140

One-flowered shin-
leaf 145
Onion 55
Opulaster 89
Orange, Mock 81
Orange, Osage 67
Osage orange 67
Osier 51
Osmanthus 162
Ostrya 62
Oxycoccus 154
Oxydendrum I51
Oyster plant 177

Pachistima 122
Pachysandra 116
Paeonia 73
Paeony 73
Pagoda tree 105

INDEX.

Paliurus 131
Papaw 79

Papaya 79

Paper mulberry 67
Parthenocissus 132
Partridge berry 171
Paulownia 168
Peach 88, 102
Pea, Sweet 103
Pea family 103
Pea tree I10

Pear 88, QI

Pear, Alligator 80
Pearlbush 98
Pecan 60
Pepperbush 144
Pepperidge 143
Peppervine 132
Periploca 165
Periwinkle 9, 164
Persimmon 156
Petunia 167
Phellodendron 112
Philadelphus 81
Phlox 165
Photinia 93

‘Phyllodoce 148

Physocarpus 88

-Picea 46

Pieris 150

Pignut 60
Pinaceae 45

Pine 49

Pine, Ground 43
Pine, Prince’s 145
Pine, Umbrella 50
Pink, Ground 165

Pink family 72
Pinus 49
Pipsissewa 145
Pistacio 116
Planera 70
Planer tree 70
Platanaceae 88
Platanus 88

Plum 88, Io1
Plum, Moxie 153
Poinsettia 114
Poison ivy 8, I17
Poison oak 117
Poison sumach 117
Polemoniaceae 165
Poplar 56, 77

| Populus 56

Potato family 167
Potentilla 98
Prickly ash 112
Primavera 168
Prince’s pine 145

| Privet 162

Privet, Swamp I61
Prunus I01
Psedera 132
Pseudotsuga 47
Ptelea III
Pteridophyta 43
Pterocarya 59
Puccinia 75
Pueraria 9, III
Pussy willow 57
Pyracantha 96
Pyrola 145
Pyrolaceae 145
Pyrus QI

Pyxidanthera 155
Pyxie 155

Quassia family 113
Quercus 66

Quince, 93 |
Quince, Japanese 93 |
Quinine 170 )

Ramblers Io1
Ranunculaceae 73
Raspberry 88, 99
Red cedar 54

Red haw 95
‘Redbud 104
Redwood 51
Retinispora 53
Retinospora 52, 53
Rhamnaceae 129
Rhamnus 130
Rhododendron 146
Rhodora 146, 147
Rhodotypos 97
Rhus 7, 117, 118
Ribes 85
Robinia 108
Rockrose family 137
Rosa 100
Rosaceae 88

Rose 100

Rose acacia 108
Rose mallow 135
Rose of Sharon 135
Rosemary, Bog 149
Rowan tree 92
Rubiaceae 170

Rubus 99

INDEX.

Rue family 111

Running myrtle 9,
165;

Russian olive 140

Rutaceae III

Saint Andrew’s
cross 137

| Saint John’s wort 137
| Salicaceae 55

Salix: 57

Salt cedar 137

Salt tree I10
Sambucus 171

Sand myrtle 148
Sapindaceae 128
Sapindus 129
Sapodilla family 156
Sapotaceae 156
Sassafras 80

Savin 54
Saxifragaceae 81
Saxifrage family 81

| Schizanthus 167

Schizophragma 83
Schmaltzia 117
Sciadopitys 50
Scrophulariaceae 168
Sea buckthorn 140
Securinega II5
Sedum 81

Seed plants 44
Selaginella 43
Selaginellaceae 43
Senna, Bladder 109
Sequoia 51
Serviceberry 94

203

! Shadbush 94
Shagbark 61
Shepherdia 139
Shinleaf 145
Sibbaldia 98
Silene 72

Silk vine 65
Silver bell 157
Simarubaceae 113
Skimmia I12
Smilax 55

Smoke tree 118
Snapdragon 168
Snowball 174
Snowberry 174
Snowwreath 9o
Soapberry 12c
Solanaceae 147
Solanum 168
Sophora 105
Sorbaria 90
Sorbus 92

Sour gum 142
Soursop 79
Sourwood I51
Speedwell 168
Spermatophyta 44
Spicebush 80
Spindle tree 120
Spiraea 9, &9
Spruce 46

Spruce, Hemlock 46
Spurge family 114
Stachyuraceae 138
| Stachyurus 138

| Staggerbush 150
Staphylea 123

204

Staphyleaceae 122
Stephanandra &9
Stewartia 136
Stonecrop 81
Storax family 157
Strawberry 88
Strawberry shrub 79
Strychnine family 163
Styracaceae 157
Styrax 158

Sumach I1I7
Sunflower family 177
Supple Jack 12¢
Swamp privet 161
Sweet bay 78

Sweet pea 103
Sweetbrier Io1
Sweetfern 58
Sweetgum 86, 87
Sweetleaf 157
Sycamore 88
Symphoricarpos 174
Symplocaceae 157
Symplocos 157
Syringa 81, 161

Tamarack 48
Tamaricaceae 137
Tamarisk 137
‘Tamarix 3y7
Tapioca 114
Taxaceae 44
Taxodium 51
Taxus 44
Tecoma 169

Tea 136

Tea, Labrador 146
Tea, New Jersey 130

INDEX.

Tear blanket 144

Vine 133

Ternstroemiaceae 136) Virginia creeper 8,

Thistle 177

Thorn, Jerusalem 131) Virgin’s bower

Thuja 52
Thujopsis 53

Thymelaeaceae 138
Ti ti, Black gas
Tha. 134

Tiliaceae 134
Tobacco 167
Tomato 167
Torreya 45
Toxicodendron 117
Toxylon 67
Trailing arbutus I51
Tree of Heaven 113
Triphasia III

132

73
Vitaceae 131
Vitex 167

Vitis 133

Wafer ash III
Walnut 590
Weigelia 177
Wheat rust 75
Whin 106

White alder 144
White cedar 53 _
Whiteweed 177
Willow 57
Willow, Desert 170
Wintergreen 152

Trochodendraceae 72, Wistaria 108
Trumpet creeper 169 Wisteria 108

Tsuga 46

Tulip tree 77
Tumion 45

Tupelo 142
Turquoise berry 132
Twinflower 175

Ulex 107
Ulmaceae 69
Ulmus 69
Umbrella pine 50

Vaccinium 154
Varnish tree 129
Verbena 165
Verbenaceae 165
Viburnum 173
Vinca 9, 164

Witch hazel 86
Wolfberry 175
Woodbine 131
Wreath, Bridal 9, 90
Wreath, Snow 90

Xanthoceras 128
Xolisma 150

Yellowroot 74
Yellowwood 105
Yew 44

Yacca (ss

Zanthorhiza 74
Zanthoxylum 112
Zelkova 70
Zizyphus 129, 131

* “*

+)

Ti