ANDBOOK OF PLANTS AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE k-^L#r '%,3! • I fmmi i ( 1 WUimt I W I nil Hit mmw. immmmmm^ HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. BY PETER HENDERSON, AUTHOR OF "GARDENING FOR PROFIT," "PRACTICAL FLORICULTURE," "GARDENING FOR PLEASURE," ETC., ETC., AND JOINT AUTHOR OF "HOW THE FARM PAYS." NEW EDITION. NEW YORK : PUBLISHED BY PETER HENDERSON & COMPANY, 35 AND 37 CORTLANDT STREET. 1910. Entered according to Act-of Congress, In the year 1890, by PETER HENDERSON & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. G» Press of JOHN 0. KANKIN Co., New York. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. LTHOUGH I have every reason to be satisfied with the flattering reception given to the first edition of the HANDBOOK OF PLANTS, issued in 1881, yet I ^C % have ever believed that its scope was too limited; that the requirements ^^} of the thousands of amateurs, young florists and gardeners, needed some- thing having a wider range. To meet that want there is not only added in the present edition all the new genera of any importance up to date, but there is specified in many instances the more important and useful species and varieties of the genera described, together with brief instructions for propagation and culture. The botanical and technical terms, and a very full list of the best-known English or popular names, are also given, and great care has been exercised to have all the generic names accentuated according to the latest authorities. Nearly one thousand engravings of the various plants described in the body of this work are shown. The natural system of arrange- ment being now generally used, is adopted in the descriptions instead of the Linnaean or artificial system. Very full instructions are given for the culture and forcing of all Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables of importance, such as Grape Vines, Strawberries, Koses, Bulbs of all kinds, Celery, Cauliflower, Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, etc. ; in short, I believe that there is sufficient matter given on all gardening subjects to allow me to claim for this book that it is an Gardener's Dictionary. A series of tables and memoranda on horticultural and agricultural subjects, such as Seeds, Crops, Stock, Forestry, Measures, Weights, Temperature, etc., is also added, which, together with a carefully compiled glossary of the technical terms used in describing plants, and a monthly calendar of operations for the green-house and window garden, flower, fruit and kitchen garden, will undoubtedly render this edition valuable as a book of reference. The name of the book will now be " THE HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AND GENERAL HORTI- CULTURE," and I believe that for all practical purposes it will be better adapted to the wants of American horticulturists than any of the more costly British works on garden- ing, and at one-third of their cost; for though from a foreign standpoint these are all they claim to be, yet for the American climate much of the information, and especially the gardening instructions, are not only useless, but actually misleading. In the first edition of this work I was largely indebted to the following books as authorities : London's Encyclopaedia of Plants; Paxton's Botanical Dictionary; Paxton's Magazine of Botany; Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary; Mclntosh's Book of the Garden; Khind's Vegetable Kingdom ; Lindley's Treasury of Botany ; Orchid Grower's Manual ; Miller's Gardener's Diction- ary ; Gerarde's Herbal (1597) ; Parkinson's Garden of Pleasant Flowers (1629) ; Dodoen's Plants (1587); Gray's Manual of Botany; Chapman's Southern Flora; American Agriculturist, of New York ; The Gardener's Monthly, of Philadelphia, Pa. ; and The Garden, London, England. In addition to the above, I am indebted for plants of late introduction to — Nicholson's Dictionary of Gardening, The Garden Oracle, Kobinson's English Flower Garden, The Gardener's Chronicle, Journal of Horticulture (London), and the various American horticultural journals. In compiling this edition, I have been most ably assisted by Mr. WM. J. DAVIDSON, of Brooklyn, N. T. , who not only is a thorough botanist, but is perhaps the peer of any man in the United States to-day in his all-round knowledge of garden work. PETER HENDERSON. JERSEY CITY, N. J., January, 1890. INDEX Although this work is alphabetically arranged, yet as a quicker means of looking up cultural directions of important plants and matters pertaining to general horticulture, we give the follow- ing Index : PAGE Alfalfa 15 Alpine Plants ; 17 Annuals 24 Asparagus 35 Avenues 39 Bark 42 Bedding 4 46 Binding Plants 50 Blackberry 384 Blight 51 Bonlers, Flower 53 Bouquets, etc 54 Budding 59 Cauliflower 75 Celery 76 Cisterns 88 Club Boot 92 Coffee 94 Cold Frames and Pits 96 Color in Flowers 97 Conservatory 100 Coral Tree 144 Cotton Plant 172 Cranberry 294 Cultivator Ill Damping off 120 Designs 123 Draining 133 Egg Plant 137 Ferns 152 Fertilizers 153 Florists' Flowers 156 Forcing Fruits, Flowers and Vege- tables 156 Fountains 157 Frozen Plants 159 Gas Lime and Gas Tar 163 Ginkgo Tree 390 Gladiolus 166 Glass and Glazing 167 Grafting 173 Grape Vine 482 Grasses 173 and 174 Green-house 176 Hand Glass ... 180 Hanging Baskets 180 Heating by Flues, Hot-beds, not Water, etc 181-183 Hedges 184 Herbaceous Plants.. 186 PAGE Herbarium 188 Horse-radish 193 Hybridization 197 Immortelles 185 Insecticides 201 Insects 202 Johnson Grass 210 Lawn 219 Lilies 225 Lily of the Valley 101 Magnolia 238 Manures 242 Marker 244 Mildew 253 Moles 256 Mulching 200 Mushrooms 261 Narcissus 269 Orchard 286 Orchid Culture 287 Ornamental Planting 290 Paper Plants 302 Parlor Gardening 303 Pearl Millet 309 Pitcher Plants 273 Planting 330 Planting, Evil of Deep 330 Plant Protectors 331 Plan's in Rooms 331 Plants for Shady Places 331 Plants for Sea Side 404 Plant Stove 331 Plants, Unhealthy 332 Poisonous Plants 337 Potting 344 Propagation by Cuttings 350 Propagation by Layering . 352 Propagation by Seeds, etc 349 Pruning 353 Rake.useof 363 Raspberry 384 Rhubarb 3fi7 Rock Garden 373 Rock Work 374 Rollers 376 Roman Hyacinth 195 Rose 376 Rose, culture of the 380 Rotation of Crops 383 Rust 386 PAOD Rustic Work 386 Sainfoin 288 Screens 403 Sea Kale 403 Seeds, where grown 405 Shading 411 Soil 417 Sorghum 419 Sowing, use of the feet in 422 Smilax 267 Strawberry 436 Strawberry Forcing 436 Stock Gilliflower 245 Subsoiling 440 Sub-tropical Garden 440 Table, Stage and Bench 444 Temperature 448 Transplanting 468 Trenching 460 Tuberose 338 Vases 474 Ventilating 474 Violets 480 Walks 487 Wardian Case 488 Water Cress 270 Waterf all 489 Watering 489 Water Lilies 278 and 478 Water Plants 490 Weeds 492 Winter Flowering Plants 495 Working Roots 497 Glossary 604-510 Calendar of Garden Operations (Monthly) 511-618 Tables on Temperature 619 Soil, Memoranda on 520 Manures, " 620 Fertilizers, " 520 Crops, " 521 Seeds, " 521 Stock, " 522 Forestry, " ... 523 Masonry, etc., ' 523 Weights and Measures 624 Foreign Money 625 Measuring Trees and other Mis- cellaneous Information 636 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. AAB A aron's Beard. Hypericum calytinum. _£A_aron's Club. Verbascum Thapsus. Aba'ca, a popular name given to one of the Musas or Bananas of the Philippine Islands, which yields Manilla hemp. Abe'le. The White Poplar, Populus alba, of Eu- rope ; a tree that has been extensively planted as an ornamental tree, but discarded because of its tendency to sucker and spread beyond control. Abe'lia. After Dr. Abel, physician to the embas- sage of Lord Amherst to China. Nat. Ord. CaprifoliacecB. A small genus of green-house shrubs, found in India, China, Mexico, and Japan. They are of a slender branching habit, bearing opposite leaves and terminal bunches of tubular rose- colored or dark crimson flowers. A. rupestris, a native of China, is of dwarf habit, and flow- ers profusely in autumn or winter. The flowers are in compact clusters, very fragrant. A. rupestris grandiftora, a seedling of Italian origin, has larger flowers, and the whole plant is more robust. A. floribun'l't, a Mexican species, has dark-colored flowers, produced from the axils of the leaves. All the species are increased by cuttings. Introduced in 1844. Abelmo'schus esculentus. The modern botan- ical name for Okra. See Hibiscus. Abe'ria. A genus of Flacourtiacece, consisting of a few species, mostly natives of tropical Af- rica, the Cape, and Ceylon. The fruits of A. Caffra, the Kei apple of the Cape, are of a golden-yellow color, about the size of a small apple, and are used by the natives for making a preserve. They are so exceedingly acid when fresh, that the Dutch settlers prepare them for their table as a pickle, without vin- egar. The plant is also much grown for hedges ; being densely clothed with strong, dry spines, it forms an impenetrable fence. Aberrant. Something which differs from the customary or usual structure, or deviates from the natural or direct way. Also, a group of plants which stands intermediate, as it were, between two other groups; e. g., Fuma- riacece, which are by some regarded as an aberrant group of Papaveracece. A'bies. Spruce, Fir. The classical Latin name, Nat. Ord. Coniferce. An extensive genus of hardy evergreen trees. Most of the species are ornamental, and are ABE extensively planted for hedges around large grounds, or for single specimens on the lawn. A. excelsa, the Norway Spruce, is the most commonly planted, and is one of the most graceful and popular species. A. alba is the White Spruce; .A. balsamea, the Balsam Fir; and A. nigra, the Black or Double Spruce. The correct name of A. Canadensis, the Hem- lock Spruce, is Tsuga Canadensis, which see. A. Douglasii, syn. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, is a noble species, common west of the Eocky Mountains. It attains a height of two hun- dred feet, and a diameter of ten feet, and is entitled to a place among the "great trees" of California. Abnormal. Opposed to the usual structure. Thus, stamens standing opposite to petals are abnormal, it being usual for stamens to be alternate with petals if equal to them in num- ber. Leaves growing in pairs from the same side of a stem, as in Atropa Belladonna, and flower stalks adherent to the midrib of a bract, as in Tilia, are also abnormal. Abo'bra. Its Brazilian name. Nat. Ord. Cu- curbitacece. A. viridiflora is a very pretty climber, suita- ble for planting out during summer. Foliage dark green and glossy ; flowers insignificant, but the small scarlet fruit makes the plant very effective. Eoot tuberous, perennial. Keep during winter like the Dahlia. Abortive. Imperfectly developed ; as abortive stamens, which consist of a filament only ; abortive petals, which are mere bristles or scales. Abro'ma. From a, privative, and broma, food ; unfit to be eaten. Nat. Ord. Sterculiacem. Handsome, free-flowering species of easy culture, growing readily in common loam, and propagated by seeds or offsets. The flowers are in terminal or axillary clusters, yellow or purple. A. sinuosa, from Madagascar, intro- duced in 1884, is a very pretty plant of slender habit. The bark of A. augusta, a native of the East Indies, furnishes a very strong white fiber, used in the manufacture of cordage that is not liable to be weakened by exposure to wet. Of easy culture ; propagated by seeds or cuttings. Introduced to cultivation in 1770. Abro'nia. Sand Verbena. From abros, deli- cate ; referring to its involucrum. Nat. Ord. Nyctaginacece. These charming annuals are natives of Cal- ifornia. A. umbellata, introduced in 1826, is a HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ABB handsome trailing plant, well adapted for rock-work, suspended baskets, or beds, flow- ering freely during the autumn months. Flowers in trusses, like the Verbena, of a rosy-lilac color, very fragrant. They succeed well also in the garden border. Seed should be sown as soon as the ground is in order. They may with profit be started in a hot- bed or frame, and transplanted to any desired sit- uation. A'brus. Wild Liquorice. From dbros, soft ; in allusion to the delicacy of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A. precatorius, the only species, is found in India, the West Indies, and the Mauritius. It is chiefly remarkable for its small, egg-shaped seeds, which are of a brilliant scarlet color, with a black mark, indicating the place where they were attached to the pod. These seeds are much used for necklaces and other orna- mental purposes, and are employed in India as a standard of weight, under the name of Eati. The weight of the Koh-i-nopr diamond is known to have been ascertained in this way. The specific name is from precatorius, prayer, the seeds being used for rosaries. Absinth. See Artemisia absinthium. Abu'tilon. Chinese Bell-flower. Arabic name for a plant like a Mallow. Nat. Ord. Malvacece. A highly interesting genus of free-growing and free-flowering shrubs, excellent both for the green-house and for garden decoration in summer. They produce white, rose, yellow, or orange-colored flowers, all except the white being veined or striped with red and crimson. They grow rapidly when planted in sandy loam, and are readily propagated by cuttings. Aca'cia. From akazo, to sharpen, on account of the prickliness of the species first noticed. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. An extensive group of really handsome plants, many of them assuming in their native positions the character of timber trees; but with us are easily accommodated in a good conservatory, where their bright yellow flow- ers, produced in winter and early spring, are highly ornamental. The species best deserv- ing of cultivation are all natives of Australia, New South Wales, and other temperate re- gions, and are among the hardiest and most easily cultivated of green-house plants. They succeed best when planted out in the green- house, but may be satisfactorily managed in pots, if grown in a sandy loam. Cuttings may be struck in a gentle heat under glass, though young plants are more easily obtained from seed. Acae'na. From Akaina, a thorn ; in allusion to the thorns or bristles on the calyx or fruit. Nat. Ord. Rosacece. A small genus, natives of Australia and Tas- mania. A. microphylla is a dwarf-growing plant, with dark brown pinnately-divided leaves, growing freely in light soil ; flowers in globular heads in August and September. It is chiefly remarkable for the crimson-colored spines that protrude from the angles of the calyx. Propagation by cuttings. Introduced 1854. Syn. A. Novce Zealandice. Aca'lypha. From akalos, unpleasant, and aphe, touch. Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacece. This genus comprises over two hundred species, widely distributed over the warmer ACA regions, several being extra-tropical Ameri- can. A. tricolor is a handsome green-house shrub with coppery-green foliage, curiously blotched, mottled, and splashed with red and crimson. It is a native of the New Hebrides. Introduced in 1866. A. Macafeeana, A. Mar- ginata, and others of the hybridized varieties, when well grown have highly-colored leaves, and as they stand the sun well, are desirable for vases, rustic designs, or garden decora- tions. They are increased by cuttings. Acantha'ceae. A large order of soft-wooded herbaceous plants with monopetalous axillary flowers. In tropical regions they are very common, constituting a large part of the herb- age. One genus, however, the Acanthus, is found in Greece, and two, Dianthera and Rwllia, are natives of this country. The greater part are mere weeds, but some are plants of great beauty, especially the species of Justicia, Aphelandra, Cyrtanlhera, and Ruellia. For the most part they are mucilag- inous and slightly bitter, and some are used in dyeing. Acaiitholi'mon. From Acanthos, a spine, and limon, sea-lavender; referring to its leaves and bracts. Nat. Ord. Plumbaginacece. A. glumaceum, the only species of interest, is a dense, tufty, prostrate plant, with needle- shaped leaves and pink flowers, closely re- lated to Statice, and formerly grown under the name of S. Ararati; it is well adapted for rock-work ; blooms in July and August. Na- tive of Armenia. Introduced in 1851. Acanthopa'nax. From acanthos, a spine, and Panax ; alluding to the spiny stems andPanax- like aspect of the plants. Nat. Ord. Araliac&.e. A genus of green-house shrubs, natives of Japan, China, and tropical Asia, differing bo- tanically from Aralia, from which genus they are removed. There are about eight species, of which the most desirable are A. ricinifolia (syn. Aralia Maximowiczii) and A. spinosum, better known as Aralia pentaphylla. Acanthophip'pium. A genus of terrestrial or- chids allied to Bletia, with large fleshy, tubu- lar flowers growing almost at the base of the leaves. The flowers are rather pretty and fragrant, remaining a long time in bloom. There are, however, so many more desirable orchids that they are rarely seen in collections of these popular plants. Acanthophce'nix. A genus of Palms, estab- lished for two species, closely allied to Areca, from the Mascaren Islands. They do not ap- pear to differ from that genus except in habit. The stems are shorter, and the petiole and midrib of the leaves are armed with long fili- form prickles. Introduced in 1 868. Acanthorhi'za. A small genus of Palms, closely allied to Chamoerops, from which, how- ever, they differ in having their leaves divided into broad segments, and the peculiar spiny roots which surround the base of the stem. These plants are very ornamental, either for the conservatory or the sub-tropical garden. Acan'thus. From akanthos, a spine ; some of the species being spiny. Nat. Ord. Acan- thacece. A group of stately ornamental perennial plants, mostly hardy, remarkable for their vig- orous growth and beautiful foliage. It is con- ADONIS .ESTIVALIS. AGKOSTEMMA CORONAKIA. ACBOCLINIUM. 2ETHIOKEMA. ADONIS VEBNALIS. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. ACA ; jectured that the leaf of A. spinosus furnished the model for the decoration of the capitals of the columns in the Corinthian style of archi- tecture. Propagated by seeds or division of the roots. Acaulescent. With apparently no stem. Accessory. Something additional, not usually present. Acclimatize. To accustom a plant to live in the open air without protection, in a country where it is not indigenous. We give the meaning attached to the term, though we question the popular belief. Plants may be- come acclimatized in the course of ages, but not perceptibly in any one generation. It is true we can temporarily and gradually harden off a plant so that it will stand a great degree of cold, but the product of that plant, whether from cuttings or seeds, will not be hardier than the original individual. Accumbent. Lying against anything ; used in opposition to incumbent, or lying upon some- thing ; a term employed in describing the em- bryo of Crucifers. A'cer. Maple. From acer, hard, or sharp ; the wood is extremely hard, and was formerly much used for making pikes and lances. Nat. Ord. AceracecB. A genus comprised for the most part of handsome deciduous shrifbs and trees, well adapted for forming shrubberies, and used ex- tensively as shade trees. Several of the spe- cies produce very valuable timber. Sugar is one of the constituent parts of the sap in all of the species, and in this country large quan- tities of excellent sugar and syrup are manu- factured from the sap of the Sugar Maple, A. Saccharatum. The beautiful varieties of A. tfaponicum and A. palmatum, introduced by Mr. Thomas Hogg from Japan, form strikingly handsome objects for lawn decoration. The leaves of some of them are beautifully dis- sected, rivalling fern fronds in beauty, while many others have the richest tints of yellow, pink, red and brown, giving them during the entire summer a rich autumnal appearance. They are perfectly hardy, and are increased by grafting on a dwarf Japanese species. .A. negundo, or Box Elder, is now called Negundo aceroides, or N. fraxinifolium, which see. Acera'cese. A natural order of trees and shrubs inhabiting Europe, the temperate parts of Asia, the north of India, and North America. The order is unknown in Africa and the southern hemisphere. The bark of some is astringent, and yields reddish-brown and yellow colors. The order only contains three genera, and rather more than fifty species, of which the Maple and Sycamore are well-known repre- sentatives. A'ceras. Man Orchis. From a, without, and Keras, a horn ; the lip having no spur. A very interesting genus of terrestrial orchids, the most singular of which is the Green Man Orchis, indigenous to dry, chalky pastures in the southeast of England. Acera'tes. Green Milkweed. A genus of Ascle- pediacece, natives of America and Mexico. The leaves of A. Viridiflora, one of the most com- mon species, are singularly variable in form, ranging from obovate to lanceolate, or linear. ACI Acerose. Needle pointed ; fine and slender, with a sharp point. Acha'nia Malvaviscua. A synonym of Malva- viscus arboreus, which see. Achille'a. Yarrow. Named in honor of Achilles, a pupil of Chiron, who first used it in medi- cine. Nat. Ord. Composites. Free-flowering, hardy herbaceous plants, particularly suited to plant among rock-work, or in situations refused by more tender plants. They are chiefly European plants, and the pre- vailing colors of the flowers are yellow and white. A. millefolium, or Milfoil, the common Yarrow, is common on our roadsides and neg- lected fields. A. tomentosa, of dense habit, is one of the best and brightest yellow flowers for the herbaceous border, or rock-garden. A. Ptarmica flore-pleno is another most useful hardy perennial, producing a wealth of its double white flowers all summer. It is also very useful for cutting. Called erroneously by some A. alba flora-plena. Achime'nes. From cheimaino, to suffer from cold, and a prefixed as an augmentive ; allud- ing to the tenderness of the genus. Nat. Ord. Oesneracece. One of the finest of modern introductions, the whole of the species being splendid sum- mer ornaments of the greon-house or conserv- atory. Flowers of all shades, from white to crimson. The scaly bulbs or tubers require to be kept perfectly dormant in winter, and about January to be potted in light loam and leaf-mould, plunged into a moderate hot-bed, and encouraged with a warm, genial atmos- phere. When they have attained a few inches in height they may be placed several together in a shallow pan, or repotted separately, and by the end of April gradually inured to the temperature of the green-house, where they afford a blaze of beauty the whole of the sum- mer. They are mostly natives of Mexico and Guatemala, though a few have been received from the West Indies. Achyra'nthes. From achuron,cha.ff, and anthos, a flower; in allusion to the chaff}7 nature of the floral leaves. Nat. Ord. Amaranthacece. Most of this genus are of but little value. Some of the species are very beautiful, and largely employed in ribbon-gardening, or any situation where plants need to be "trained," as they can be made to grow in any desired shape or form. They require the full sunshine to develop their intense color. Propagated by cuttings. Syns. Ireaine and Chamissoa. Acine'ta. From dkineta, immovable ; the lip being jointless. Nat. Ord. Orchidarcm. A small genus of curious epiphytal Orchids from Mexico. Flowers yellow, crimson and yellow, and chocolate and crimson, borne on slender spikes about one foot long. They are of easy culture, requiring a house of medium temperature, and to be grown in baskets of moss. Introduced in 1837. Aciphy'lla. From ake, a point, and phyllon, & leaf; referring to the sharply-pointed seg- ments of the leaf. A remarkable genus of Umbelliferce, differing only by its curious habit and spinescent char- acter from lAgusticum. A. Colensoi, a native of New Zealand, forms a circular bush five or six feet in diameter, of bayonet-like spines, having flowering stems six to nine feet high, HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ACI covered with very long spinous leaflets. Two species are known, both of which are called Spear Grass and Wild Spaniard by the settlers. Propagated by seeds or divisions in spring. Introduced in 1875. A'cis. After Ads, a Sicilian shepherd. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacece. A genus of hardy bulbs closely allied to the Snowflake ; propagated readily by offsets. They should have a sandy soil, and not be often divided. Acme'na. A small genus of green-house ever- green shrubs of the Nat. Ord. Myrtacece. A. ovata has ovate leaves, which, along with the stems and petioles, are dark purple, giving the plants when making new growth a very strik- ing appearance. Acni'da. Water Hemp. Taken from a, priva- tive, and knide, nettle ; the plant being like a Nettle, but without stings. Nat. Ord. Cheno- podiacecB. A . cannabina, the only species, is a coarse- growing, uninteresting plant, common in salt marshes on the coast from Massachusetts to the Carolinas. Aconite. See Aconitum. Aconite, Winter. A popular name for Eranthis hyemalis. Aconitum. Aconite, Monkshood, Wolfsbane. From Acone, a town in Bithynia, where found. Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceaz. Herbaceous perennials, chiefly natives of Europe, but partly of North America and Ja- pan. They are all hardy, and are generally tall-growing, handsome, plants, producing abundance of dark blue, purple or yellow flow- ers. They grow freely, and are good plants for the open border. They are readily in- creased by division of the roots, which are generally tuberous, or by seeds. All the spe- cies are more or less poisonous, the poison being strongest in the root. Like all plants which grow with tall, erect stems, and pro- duce their flowers in terminal spikes, they are only suitable for growing in borders in large gardens, or for clumps on a lawn. The species may be divided into two kinds : those with the helmet like a monk's cowl, which are called Monkshood, and those which have an elon- gated conical helmet, and are called Wolfs- bane. Aco'ntias. A small genus of plants so named in allusion to the spots on the stem, which re- semble those of a species of serpent, so called. The genus belongs to the Caladium tribe of the Arum family, and require the same treatment. Natives of Brazil. Syn. Xan- thosma. Acorus. Sweet Flag, Calamus. From a, priva- tive, and kore, the pupil of the eye ; referring to its medicinal qualities. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. A well-known genus of marsh plants, natives of the United States, Europe and Asia. A. calamus is the Sweet Flag, esteemed for its medicinal virtues. A. gramineus variegatus is a pretty species, with white-striped leaves forming handsome little tufts, very useful for hanging baskets, vases, &c., as well as for cutting. Acotyledona. Plants having no cotyledons or seed-lobes, as in Cuscuta. In systematic bot- any applied to spore-bearing plants which do ACK not produce cotyledons, as Ferns and Mosses ; also to spores themselves, which are embryos, without cotyledons. Acrade'nia. Nat. Ord. Rutacece. A neat, compact, evergreen green-house plant, introduced from Tasmania in 1845. A. FranklinicR has pure white flowers, produced in great profusion in terminal clusters. Leaves fragrant, opposite, and trifoliate. Acrocli'nium. From akros, top, and Mine, a bed ; referring to the open flowers. Nat. Ord. Composite. This interesting annual is one of the most valuable of the class known as Everlasting Flowers, and is grown extensively for winter bouquets. The seeds should be started in the hot-bed and transplanted where they are to grow. Flowers should be picked as they be- gin to expand, and carefully dried in the shade. Introduced from Western Australia in 1854. Acroco'mia. From akros, top, and /come, a tuft ; referring to the way the leaves are produced. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. A genus of gigantic Palms, natives of South America and the West Indies. Some of the species grow to the height of forty feet, with leaves fifteen feet in length, giving to the coun- tries they inhabit a feature of exquisite grand- eur. The young leaves are eaten as a vege- table, and the fruit, root, and stems are ap- plied to various economic purposes. Some of the species are found in our green-houses, but are too large for general hot-house culture. A'crogens. Plants increasing at the summit, as Ferns, etc. Acrony'chia. From akron, tuft or summit, and onux, a claw, on account of the original spe- cies having an incurved point at the top of the petals. Nat. Ord. Rutacece. A Cunninghami, the only described species, is a tall handsome shrub, bearing clusters of white flowers of an exquisite odor, resembling orange blossoms, combined with the aromatic warmth of ginger. The leaves abound in a resinous or oily fluid of a powerful turpentine- like odor. It requires to be grown in a warm house, and is propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1838 from Moreton Bay. Acrope'ra. From acros, the extremity and pera, a small sack ; because of the saccate ap- pendage at the apex of the labellum. Nat. Ord. OrchidacecB. A small genus of interesting plants from Mexico and Central America, producing their curious flowers plentifully in pendant bunches. A. Loddigesii is one of the more common spe- cies, and is a free-flowering plant of easy cul- ture. None of the species take a very high rank among Orchids. This genus is included under Gongora, by some botanists. Acro'phorus. From akros, summit, andphoreo, to bear. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A small genus of handsome green-house Ferns from Borneo and New Zealand. They are closely allied to Davallia and require the same treatment. Acrophy'llum. From akros, summit, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the way in which the leaves are produced at the summit of the branches above the flowers. Nat. Ord. Cunoniacece. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. ACR A small genus of very handsome green-house plants, that flower profusely in the spring. The flowers are small, white tinged with red, produced in dense whorls round the upper part of the stem and branches. They are na- tives of New Holland, introduced in 1836. Propagated by cuttings. Acro'pteris. Fromafcros, a summit, and pteris, a Fern. Nat. Ord. Polypodiocece. This beautiful Fern, allied to Asplenium, is a green-house variety, readily propagated by division of the roots. It requires a light, loamy soil, with a liberal mixture of sand and leaf mould. A native of New Holland. Acros'tichum. Supposed to refer to the begin- ning of a verse, ou account of the back sur- faces of the leaves being so lined as to resem- ble in some degree the commencement of lines in poetry. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. An interesting genus of tropical Ferns, that succeed well in a mixture of loam and leaf mould. The species having long fronds, are admirably adapted for growing on blocks or in hanging baskets, and the dwarfer sorts do well in Wardian cases. Increased by division of roots, or by seed. First introduced from the West Indies in 1792. According to some botanists the genus now includes Aconiopteris, Chrysodium, Egenolphia, Elaphoglossum, (jym- nopteris, Olfersia, Polybotrya, Rhipidopteris, Soromanes, Sttnochlcena and Stenosemia. Actae'a. Baneberry. From aktara, the Elm ; resemblance of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Ranun- culacece. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, of but little beauty; common in rich woods in the Northern States. The berries are poisonous. Actini'dia. From actin, a ray ; the styles radi- ate like the spokes of a wheel. Nat. Crd. TernstrcemiacecB. A genus of ornamental, hardy, deciduous, climbing shrubs, with en- tire leaves and axillary corymbs of white flowers. A. polygama is a vigorous and ele- gant perfectly hardy climber, with white sweet-scented flowers much resembling the Hawthorn, followed by bunches of edible berries. It was introduced from Japan in 1870, and is propagated by seeds, lasers or cuttings. A'ctino'meris. From aktin, a ray, and meris, a part referring to the radiated aspect of the plants. Nat. Ord. Composites. Hardy orna- mental plants, allied to Helianthus, with yel- low Coreopsis-like flower heads ; natives of this country, sometimes cultivated, A'ctinio'pteris. From aktin, a ray, and pteris, a Fern ; the fronds are radiately cut into nar- row segments. Nat. Ord. Filices. A small genus of neat and distinct Stove Ferns. The fronds of A. radiata, grow three to five inches high, divided inwards from the margin and is a perfect miniature of the Fan Palm, Livis- tona Chinensis. Aculeate. Furnished with prickles, as dis- tinguished from spines. Acuminate. A term applied to leaves or other flat bodies which narrow gradually till they form a long termination. If the narrowing takes place toward the base, it is so stated, as, acuminate at the base ; if toward the point, the term is used without qualification. Acute. Sharp pointed. ADD A'da. A complimentary name. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A. aurantiaca, the only species, is a beauti- ful epiphytal Orchid, found in high latitudes in New Grenada. It has broad, evergreen foli- age, and long terminal nodding racemes of orange-scarlet flowers, lasting a long time in perfection. It is a free-growing plant, and should have a cool, airy situation in the Orchid-house. It is increased by division. Introduced in 1844. Adam and Eve. See Aplectrum. Ada'mia. Named in honor of John Adam, some time Governor General of India. Nat. Ord. Saxifragacece. A small genus of green-house evergreen shrubs, natives of China and the East Indies. A. versicolor, one of the most beautiful of the few known species, is a native of China, and forms a dwarf smooth-branched shrub, fur- nished with large opposite leaves, resembling those of Hydrangea japonica. The flowers are produced in a pyramidal panicle nearly a foot in diameter, whitish while in bud, but grad- ually change to purple and violet. Propa- gated by cuttings. Introduced in 1844. Adam's Apple. The fruit of Musa paradisiaca. Adam's Needle. See Yucca. Adam's Needle and Thread. Yucca filamentosa. Adanso'nia. Baobab Tree. Named in honor of Michel Adanson, a famous French botanist and author, born in 1727. Nat. Ord. SterculiacecK. A. digitata (called Monkey Bread) is a native of Western Africa, and is also accredited to Egypt and Abyssinia. Previous to the dis- covery of the Sequoia in California, the Adan- sonia, or Baobab, as it is popularly called, was considered the largest tree in the world, some specimens being found thirty feet in diameter. At the height of twenty feet, the trunks sepa- rate into branches forty to fifty feet long and the size of great trees, with their remote branches touching the ground. The roots for a long distance are exposed, some of them measuring more than a hundred feet in length on the surface. How much longer they are, unexposed, could not readily be ascertained. The fruit is gourd-shaped, and is from nine to twelve inches long, and about four in diameter. The pulp is farinaceous and fibrous, and when ripe has a refreshing, acid taste. Eaten with sugar it is both pleasant and wholesome. The negroes on the western coast apply the trunks of these trees to a very extraordinary purpose. The tree is liable to be attacked by a fungus, which, vegetating in the woody part, without changing the color or appearance, destroys life, and renders the part so attacked as soft as the pith of trees in general. Such trunks are then hollowed into chambers, and within these are suspended the dead bodies of those to whom are refused the honor of burial. There they become mummies, perfectly dry, and well preserved, without further prepara- tion or embalming, and are known by the name giuriots. Adder's Mouth. The common name of the Mi- crostylis, a small bulbous plant, common in moist woods southward. Adder's Tongue. A name applied to the Ery- thronium Americanum, and also to the Fern, Ophioglossum vulgatum. 10 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OP PLANTS ADE Adena'ndra. From aden, a gland, and aner, the stamen or male organ ; referring to the aspect of the anthers. Nat. Ord. Rutacew. A somewhat extensive gen us of green-house evergreen shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. Some of them are cultivated for their large terminal corymbs of bright pink flowers, which are produced in June. All the species are in- creased by cuttings of the young wood. Intro- duced in 1812. Adenanthe'ra. The name is derived from aden, a gland, and anthera, an anther, in allusion to a gland on each anther. Nat. Ord. Legumi- nosce. A small genus of handsome tropical ever- green trees. A. pavonia grows to a great size in the East Indies, and yields a solid, useful timber, called Red Sandal wood. A dye is obtained by simply rubbing the wood against a wet stone ; and this is used by the Brahmins for marking their foreheads after religious bathing. The seeds are of a bright scarlet color, and are used by the jewellers in the East as weights, each seed weighing uniformly four grains. Adena'iithos. From aden, a gland, and anthos, a flower ; referring to the glands on the flow- ers. Nat. Ord. ProteacecB. Ornamental evergreen pilose shrubs with red flowers, natives of New Holland. Prop- agated by cuttings. First introduced iu 1824. Adenoca'rpus. From aden, a gland, and karpos, fruit; referring to the glands on the fruit. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. This genus is allied to Cytisus, and furnishes some remarkably handsome plants because of their profuse racemes of yellow flowers. A. hispanicus is a low, compact, rigid bush, re- markable for the number of its short lateral branches. It is very common on the hillsides of Southern Europe. A. decorticans is a beau- tiful evergreen shrub with bright yellow flow- ers, having the general appearance of Furze. It was introduced from Spain in 1883. Adeno'phora. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, allied to Campanula. The flowers are bell-shaped, and produced in branching panicles. They are readily increased by seeds, but will not bear division, and dislike being removed. Flowers blue. Native of Siberia. Ade'smia. An extensive genus of South Amer- ican plants, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Legu- minosce. They are mostly plants of but little interest. A. balsamifera, a Chilian species, called Jarilla, is a plant of great beauty when in flower. It yields a balsam which has a very pleasant odor, perceptible at a great distance. Adha'toda. Native name. Nat. Ord. Acan- thacece. A small genus of green-house shrubs, na- tives of India. The few species composing this genus were formerly included in Justida. One of the more common species, A. vasica, was formerly called Justida Adhatoda. A. cydonicefolia produces its flowers in panicles at the point of every branch. They are of a rich purple color, the large lower lip having a white stripe in the centre. It is very showy when in bloom, and makes an excellent plant for training up pillars or rafters. They bear a close resemblance to the Justicias, and re- quire the same treatment. ADL Adia'nteae. A section of polypodiaceous Ferns, in which the receptacles to which the spore cases are attached are placed on the under surface of the indusium itself, so that the fructification is, as it were, upside down, and is hence said to be resupinate. Adi'anto'psis. From adiantum and opsis, like ; resembling the Maiden-hair. Nat. Ord. Poly- podiacecB. A small genus of elegant little Ferns from South America, the West Indies, and Africa. A. radiata, one of the best known species, is common in the West Indies. The fronds rise about a foot high from a tufted crown, and radiate in a regular manner from a common center. The species are often seen in cultiva- tion, on account of their small size and elegant character. Propagated from seed. Some au- thorities now place this genus under Cheil- anthes. Adia'ntum. Maiden-hair Fern. From adiantos, dry ; the smooth foliage repelling rain-drops. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. Of this extensive and much-admired genus of Ferns, this country furnishes but one va- riety, A. pedatum, our common Maiden-hair, which grows in moist woods in nearly every section. Taken up in early spring and trans- planted into shady corners of our gardens, it grows readily, and is indispensable in the nat- ural arrangement of flowers in vases or bas- kets. Some of the exotic species of this genus may safely be pronounced the most beautiful Ferns known, which is a very broad assertion, in view of the very many rare and beautiful plants to be found in this natural order. All doubts, however, of the truth of the assertion will be removed when we see a well-grown plant of A. Farleyense in the fern-house. This interesting plant is a native of Barbadoes, whence it was introduced in 1864. It is the most distinct and beautiful of all the Maiden- hair Ferns, and the most difficult to grow to perfection. It requires a warm, moist atmos- phere. A. yracillimum and A. cuneatum are magnificent plants, and are grown in large numbers, the young plants, as well as the cut fronds, being used extensively in floral decora- tion. There are many other rare species under cultivation. The growing of this genus from spores has for a long time been practiced, and the several species, with the exception of Far- leyense, have been increased at a rapid rate in this way. But getting new varieties from spores, after hybridizing some of the finer spe- cies, is a new and unexpected result that has been achieved in a most astonishing and satis- factory manner by F. Roenbeck, of Bayonne, N. J. , who has not only given us several varie- ties, but one, A. Roenbeckii, which bears his name, that is, without exception, the most useful as well as the most graceful of any yet introduced. The fronds are erect, with a me- tallic luster, combined with the delicacy and grace of the finer species. It is well adapted for specimen culture, and is particularly useful in the arrangement of cut flowers, and when so used looks like a lace veil hung over the flowers. This variety was first exhibited in 1876. Adlu'mia. Mountain Fringe. Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adlum, an American au- thor. Nat. Ord. Fumariacece. AGBOSTIS VULGABI8 (BED TOP GBA8S) #L J$8 AOAPANTHTJ8 UMBELLATU8, 14 AGBOSTIS NEBULO8A. AGBOSTEMMA. AGEBATUM MEXirANTJM. AGAVE AMBBICANA (CENTUBY PLANT). ALOPECtTBUB PRATEN8IS (MEADOW FOX TAIL GRASS.) ALFALFA OB LUCERNE (MEDIOAGO.) AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 11 ADN This beautiful climber is a hardy biennial, growing in moist woods in New York and the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia. It is com- monly called Fumitory, Alleghany Vine, and various other local names. It grows readily from seed, which should be sown in May, near a trellis or arbor. The plants will flower freely, without further care, the following season. Adnate. Grown to anything by the whole sur- face ; when an ovary is united to the side of the calyx, it is adnate. Ado'nis. Name of classical derivation. Nat. Ord. Ranunculacece. Herbaceous plants with showy flowers, na- tives of Europe, and of easy culture in any eoil. The most ornamental species are A. ver- nalis, the spring-flowering Adonis, a perennial with bright yellow flowers, which is quite hardy, and is easily increased by division of the root; and A. autumnalis, the common an- nual Flos Adonis, or Pheasant's Eye, with dark crimson flowers. The annual kinds should be sown in autumn, as they will stand the winter in the open air ; or in February or March, as they are a long time in coming up. Adventitious. A term used to denote some part or organ that is developed in an unusual position ; as the leaf- buds that appear on va- rious parts of the surface of the stem, instead of being confined, as is generally the case, to the axils of the leaves. Applied also to roots, etc. ; for example, the Ivy throws out adventi- tious roots from along the stems, by which it clings to walls or trees for support. Adverse. Opposite. JE'chmea. From aichme, a point ; in reference to the rigid points on the calices, or flower en- velopes. Nat. Ord. Bromeliacece. A small genus of tropical pl.mts, often epi- phytal, growing on the trunks of trees in the dense forests. They have strap, or sword- shaped, leaves, and produce panicles of bril- liant scarlet flowers. Propagated by division of the suckers or offsets. First introduced in 1844. JEgi'ceras. From aix, a goat, and keros, a horn ; alluding to the shape of the fruit. Nat. Ord. Myrsinacece. Small trees with obovate entire leaves and white fragrant Ilo wers. j3S. fragrans is a stout green-house evergreen milky shrub, flowering in April. Introduced from New Holland in 1824. 2B'gilops. Goat's eye. Supposed to be useful for a disease of one corner of the eye ; hence the name. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of grasses allied to Triticum, or Wheat grass. It occurs wild in the South of Europe and parts of Asia. It has been held that the seeds of this plant may be changed into wheat by cultivation ; and that the ancient worship of Ceres, which considered the fields of Enna and of Trinacoria as the cradles of agriculture, had its origin in this transforma- tion of the native grass. Professor Latopie, of Bordeaux, affirms that, having cultivated the seed of the jiEgilops, the plant has changed its generic character, and has made approaches to that of wheat. Other specific botanists have made the same assertion, giving the re- sults of their various experiments. It is, how- ever, but just to say that but little credit has been given to these statements. We prefer to believe wheat to have been a special creation, rather than to have evolved from an inferior species. .ffi'gle. Bengal Quince. From dEgle one of the Hesperides. Nat. Ord. Rulacece. JE. Marmelos, the only species, is a native of the East Indies, where it is highly esteemed for the fragrance of its orange-like flowers, and for its delicious fruit, which also, possesses an aperient quality which is particularly ser- viceable in habitual costiveness. Not only the fruit, but other portions of the plant are used for medicinal purposes; and a yellow dye is prepared from the rind of the fruit. JEjgopo'dium. Gout weed. Bishop-weed. An umbelliferous plant with smooth thrice ternate leaves and white flowers, propagating itself by creeping root-stocks, which, like our native bind weed are singularly vivacious, so that when once it gets established, it is very diffi- cult to eradicate. A great pest in British and Continental gardens. A very pretty varie- gated variety is in cultivation, as a border plant. Aeration. The exposure of the soil to the free action of the air, as essential to the growth of plants. Aerial. Plants or parts of plants which grow entirely above the surface of the earth or water. Ae'rides. From aer, tne air ; in reference to the power they have of living on air. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A splendid genus of East Indian epiphytal Orchids, remarkable for their beautiful white, pink, or rose-colored, fragrant flowers, and for their rich evergreen foliage. The general ap- pearance of these plants, their wonderful tenac- ity of life, the remarkable property they pos- sess of imbibing the whole of their nutriment from the atmosphere, without the intervention of any kind of earth, and the elegance and rich perfume of their flowers, combine to make them objects of universal admiration. They- require to be grown in a high temperature and a very moist atmosphere. The more popular species are of quite recent introduction. .a-Jschyna'nthus. From aischuno, to be ashamed, and anthos, a flower. Nat. Ord. Gesneracece. A beautiful genus of tropical epiphytal plants. The species are chiefly found in tropical Asia and the East Indies, and may properly be classed with the most gorgeous green-house plants. They have mostly pendant stems, op- posite fleshy leaves, and scarlet or orange-scar- let flowers. One of the finer species, JE. spec- iosus is a native of Java. It is of sub-erect habit, with fascicles of about twenty erect, long-tubed flowers, of rich orange-yellow below and passing into scarlet at the top, with yel- low and black markings. JE. grandiftorus, has orange-scarlet flowers with a band of bright scarlet round the entrance of the tube. ^. longiflorus, with bright crimson and &. Lobbianu&, with scarlet flowers, both intro- duced from Java, are of the same general habit. All the species are admirably adapted for hanging baskets, and require to be grown in considerable heat and moisture. First in- troduced in 1845. 12 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS JE'sculus. Horse Chestnut, Buckeye. From esca, nourishment; referring to the ground flour from the kernels of some species. Nat. Ord. Sapindacece. A genus of hardy ornamental deciduous trees, too well known to need description. JE.Hippocastanum, the common Horse Chest- nut, is a native of Asia, introduced into our nurseries from Europe at an early day. ££. glabra (Buckeye) is a large growing tree, com- mon South and West, particularly in Ohio, whence the name Buckeye State. ^E, fiava, the Sweet Buckeye, and JE. pavia, the Red Buckeye, are shrubs or small trees, natives of Virginia, and West and South. <3Z. Californica is a beautiful, large, spreading shrub, the most ornamental of the whole genus. Its flowers are rose-colored, in racemes about six inches long, and are produced in great abundance from June till July. All the species are prop- agated by seeds. See Pavia. ^Estivation. The manner of folding the calyx and corolla in the flower bud. JEthioiie'ma. From aitho, to scorch, and nema, a filament ; in reference to some burnt appear- ance in the stamens. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. This is a beautiful genus of the Arabis family, but differs from the greater number of the Crucifers in light elegant habit and wiry stems, and usually glaucous leaves. They are mostly found on sunny mountains near the Mediter- ranean, particularly eastward, and are especi- ally valuable for gardens, forming stronger and more free-flowering tufts in cultivation than in a wild state. &. grandiftorum forms % spreading bush about a foot high, from which, spring numerous racemes of pink and lilac flowers. It is a true perennial, growing well in the ordinary border, but from its prostrate, spreading habit, it is best adapted for the rock- garden, when the roots may descend into deep earth, and the stems fall gracefully over the rocks. The species are easily raised from seed, and thrive well in ordinary sandy loam. The best known kinds are JE. coridifolium, pul- chellum, and grandiftorum. .ZEthu'sa. Fool's Parsley. The name alludes to the acridity of the plants, and is derived from aithusso, to heat or make hot. Nat. Ord. Urn- belliferce. Quite a hardy species of little beauty. The stem and leaves of J£. Cynapium, are poison- ous and contain a peculiar alkali called Cynopia. African Almond. Brabeium Stellatifolium. African Lily. See Agapanthus. African Lotus. Zizyphus Lotus. African Marigold. See Tagetes erecta. African Oak and Teak. Vitex Doniana. Aga'lmyla. From agalma, an ornament, and hute, a forest. Nat. Ord. Gesneracece. A small genus of beautiful green-house or hot- house plants from the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. A. staminea is a very handsome plant, epiphytal in habit, creeping and rooting on the trunks of trees. It has very strong stems, large, fleshy, Gloxinia-like leaves, and axillary fascicles of from twelve to fifteen flowers each, tubular-shaped, two inches long, bright scarlet. Propagated by cuttings. Agami'sia. From aganos, desirable ; in reference to the beauty of these neat little plants. Nat. AGA Ord. Orchidacecs. A. pulchella is a very pretty and rare orchid, a native of Demarara. It blossoms at different times of the year and lasts two or three weeks in perfection. The flowers are white, with a blotch of yellow in the centre of the lip. A. c&rulea, introduced from Brazil in 1876, has beautiful dark-blue flowers, the lip blotched with violet. They require a warm, moist temperature, and suc- ceed best when grown on blocks of wood or cork. Aganos'ma. From aganos, mild, and osme, scent of flowers. Nat. Ord. Apocynacece. A genus of shrubby climbing plants, with opposite leaves, and terminal corymbs of large funnel- shaped white, yellow, or purple flowers. Na- tives of India, they require a warm green- house and thrive best in a compost of loam, leaf-mould and sand. Propagated by cuttings. Agapan'thus. From agape, love, and anthos, a flower. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. The Blue African Lily, A. umbellatus, is a noble plant, with thick, fleshy roots, and re- tains its leaves all the winter. There is a variety with striped leaves. A. albidus has white flowers, but it does not differ from the common kind in any other respect. The Afri- can Lilies all require a loamy soil, enriched with rotted manure, and they should be fully exposed to the light. The plants are always large before they flower ; and when the flower- stalks appear, the plant should be in a large pot, so that the roots may have plenty of room. They should be abundantly supplied with water, taking care, however, not to let any remain in a stagnant state about the roots. Thus treated, this plant will frequent- ly send up a flower-stalk above three feet high, crowned with twenty or thirty flowers, which will open in succession. It flowers in sum- mer, and forms a noble ornament to an archi- tectural terrace, and is also a fine object on a lawn. Agape'tes. From agapetos, beloved, in refer- ence to the showy character of the plant. Nat. Ord. Vacciniacece. A genus of evergreen shrubs with alternate leathery leaves. Na- tives of India. Several species are in cultiva- tion, one of the best of which A. buxifolia, has beautiful bright red flowers about an inch long. It forms an interesting and effective green-house plant. Aga'ricus. Mushrooms. Derived from Agaria, the name of a town in Sarmatia. Nat. Ord. Fungi. This, the most extensive genus in the veg- etable kingdom, is divided into several groups. Some of the species are very beauti- ful in form and color. Many of them are poisonous and some of the species virulently so, while others notably A. campestris the common field Mushroom is not only edible, but is esteemed a great delicacy. See Mush- room. Agathae'a. Blue Daisy. From agathos, excel- lent ; in reference to the beauty of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Composite. A. cwlestis, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, is a neat green-house plant, somewhat resembling the Gazania in foliage and shape of flower. As it blooms profusely, and the color is a rare and beautiful shade of blue, which contrasts rinely with the golden yellow AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 13 AGA disk, it is much valued as an ingredient in winter bouquets. It is a neat plant, and the peculiar color (mazarine blue) is very unusual in this class of plants. Propagated by cut- tings. A'gathophy'Uum. Madagascar Nutmeg. From agathos, pleasant, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. Ord. Lauraceoz. A. aromaticum is a warm green-house evergreen shrub of economic value only. The fruit is aromatic, but en- closes a kernel of an acrid, caustic taste, known as Madagascar Clove Nutmeg. Aga've. American Aloe. Century Plant. From agauos, admirable, referring to the stately form in which some of them flower. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidactce. This genus is described by B. S. Wil- liams as follows: "They are noble, mas- sive growing plants, and form magnificent ornaments in the green-house or conserva- tory; whilst, from their slow growth they do not rapidly get too large, even for a small green-house. Indeed some of the real gems of this genus are neat, compact-growing plants, seldom exceeding two feet in height. Besides being fine ornamental plants for in- door decoration, the larger growing kinds are unquestionably the finest objects for the em- bellishment of terrace walks, or surmounting nights of steps in the open air during the sum- mer season, and also for plunging in rock- work, or about any rustic nooks in the pleas- ure grounds, as, in such situations, they are quite in keeping, and thrive admirably. As is well known, they attain maturity very slowly ; but when this condition is reached, the plant sends up a flower-spike, and after perfecting this, dies." A number of the dwarfer growing species, such as A. applanata, A. attenuata, A. Celsiana, A.Jllifera, A. Salmiana. A. Victories Regina, and many others, are much used in sub-tropical gardening, and for bedding out on lawns, et\, during summer.' A. Americana, is a splendid decorative plant, a native of South America introduced to cul- tivation in 1640. The varieties with striped foliage are considered the most desirable as ornamental plants. It was at one time a pre- vailing idea that this plant only flowered once in a hundred years ; but this is found now to be a popular error. If given sufficient heat, it will flower when ten or twelve years old. The flower stem rises from the center of the plant to a height of about thirty feet, bearing an immense number of yellowish-green flowers, after perfecting which the plant perishes. New plants are formed around the base of the old one in the form of suckers. It furnishes a variety of products ; the plants form impen- etrable fences; the leaves furnish fibers of various qualities, from that used in the finest thread to that in the strongest rope cables; the juice, when the watery part is evaporated, forms a good soap, and will mix and form a lather with salt water as well as fresh ; a very intoxicating drink is also made from the juice, as well as other preparations of a similar nature ; the leaves are made into razor- strops, and are also used in scouring all sorts of culinary utensils. Over one hundred spe- cies have been described, but according to Bentham and Hooker, not over fifty are suf- ficiently distinct to rank as such. 'They are AGR distributed over South America, Mexico, and the Southern States. Agera'tum. From a not, and geras, old ; in reference to the flowers being always clear. Nat. Ord. Compositce. A. Mexicanum, the type of this genus is a well known occupant of our flower borders. It bears a profusion of lilac- blue flowers all season, and is very useful for cutting. Several very dwarf varieties of it have originated under cultivation which are very useful in ribbon and carpet bedding. A variegated form is also cultivated for its pretty foliage. Syn. Ccelestina. Agglomerate. Collected into a heap or head. Aglai'a. From Aglaia, one of the Graces. Nat. Ord. Meliacece. A genus of evergreen trees or shrubs, hav- ing very small flowers, borne in axillary pani- cles. The leaves are showy and finely divided. It contains about nineteen species, natives of China, and the Malay and Pacific Islands. A. odorata has small yellow flowers, very sweet- scented, said to be used by the Chinese to scent their teas. Aglanio'rpha. From aglaos, beautiful, and mor- pha, a form. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A. Meyeniana, the only species, is a beauti- ful herbaceous Fern, a native of the Philip- pine Islands. It is propagated by division or from spores, and requires the same treatment as Polypodium, under which genus it is in- cluded by some authors. Aglaone'ma. From aglaos, bright, and nema, a. thread ; supposed to refer to the shining sta- mens. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. A genus of stove-house plants, allied to Arum, with entire leaves and white fragrant flowers. Agnes, St., Flower. See Leucqjum. Agno'stus. A synonym of Stenocarpus, which see. Ago'iiis. From agon, a gathering, a collection ; in allusion to the number of the seeds. Nat. Ord. Myrtacew. A genus of evergreen shrubs or small trees, natives of Western Australia. The flowers are white, rather small, in dense globose axil- lary, or terminal heads. The species are still rare in cultivation, and will undoubtedly prove hardy south of Washington. Propagated by cuttings. Agrimo'nia. Agrimony. A corruption of Arge- mone. Nat. Ord. Rosacece. A small genus of yellow-flowered, weedy plants, common throughout the United States. The larger flowered, or common Agrimony, is a native of Europe, but has become pretty generally naturalized. They are plants of but little interest. Agroste'mma. Rose Campion. From agros, a field, and strmma, a crown ; referring to the beauty of the flower. Nat. Ord. Caryophyl- lacecB. A. coronaria is a hardy perennial, introduced from Russia in 1834. Suitable for border plants, their showy white and red flowers con- trasting finely with shrubbery. Propagated by division of roots or by seeds. A . cozli-rosea, or Rose of Heaven, is a favorite annual spe- cies, with delicate rose, white or purple flow- ers. It should be grown in groups. 14 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AGE Agro'stis. Bent Grass, Bed Top. This is the Greek name for all grasses, from agros, a field. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A well-known genus of grasses, including .A. comma, the Rhode Island Bent Grass; A. stolonifera, the Creeping Bent Grass, and A. vulgaris, the common Red Top. These species have all been introduced from Europe, but are now thoroughly naturalized in this country. A. pulchella and A. nebulosa are both very del- icate, feather-like annual grasses, valuable for bouquet-making and for winter decorative purposes. Ague Root. A common name for Aletrisfarinosa. Ague Tree. Laurus Sassafras. Ague Weed, Indian. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Aila'ntus. From ailanto, Tree of Heaven, refer- ring to its lofty growth. Nat. Ord. Xantho- xylacece. Deciduous trees of rapid growth, natives of China. They were at one time extensively planted as street trees, and should not now be so generally discarded, as they will thrive well in cities and barren soils, making a beautiful shade tree, as well as valuable timber. The only objection that has ever been made to them is the unpleasant odor of their flowers. That objection can be easily avoided. This tree is dioecious, and is rapidly increased by root-cuttings. By taking cuttings from the female plant, the flowers of which are inodor- ous, they can be increased to any extent. Ai'ra. Hair Grass. The Hair Grass is named from the Greek, and signifies to destroy ; but why it has received this unwelcome nume is apparently uncertain. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. There are several species common to this country and Europe. A . ccespitosa is typical of the genus, a very handsome Grass, the flowers of which are well adapted for decoration, being very graceful. It will flourish in almost any situation, but prefers damp fields, where it forms large tufts, known as "hassocks," and as it is not-eaten by cattle except when nothing else can be procured, a field in which it abounds has a singularly unsightly, and to farmers un- welcome appearance. Air Plants. These are plants that grow on trees, or other objects, and not in the earth, deriving their nutriment from the atmosphere. The term was formerly, and is still to some extent, applied to epiphytal Orchids. There are, however, many other families of air plants. The class is to be distinguished from the various parasites that have no roots in the earth, but derive their nourishment di- rectly from the plants on which they grow. Aito'nia. In honor of W. Aiton, once Head Gardener at Kevv. Nat. Ord. Meliacece. A small and interesting evergreen shrub from the Cape of Good Hope, bearing pink flowers. Introduced in 1777. A'jax. A subdivision of the genus Narcissus, including the common Daffodil, and other spe- cies having a long trumpet-shaped coronet to the flowers. Aju'ga. Bugle. From a, privative, and zugon, a yoke ; in reference to the calyx being one- leaved. Nat. Ord. Labiatce. A small genus of hardy annual and peren- nial herbaceous plants. .A. reptans (common Bugle) has been introduced into the garden, ALE and given a position in massing and ribbon borders of plants for its dark-colored foliage. The species were at one time highly esteemed for the medicinal properties they were sup- posed to possess. "Ruellus writeth that they commonly said in France, howe he needeth neither physician nor surgeon that hathe Bugle and Sanicle, for it not only cureth woundes, being inwardly taken, but also applied to them outwardly." — Gerarde. They aie propagated readily from seed. Akaz'za. The name of an ordeal poison used in the Gaboon country, supposed to be the product of a species of Strychnos. Ake'bia. The name it bears in Japan. Nat. Ord. Lardizabalaceee. A. quinata was introduced from China, in 1844, by 'Robert Fortune. It is a hardy climber, of rapid growth, suitable for large arbors or trellises, in sunny or shady situa- tions. It will twine around old trees, com- pletely covering the branches, from which it will hang in graceful festoons. The color of the flower is dark brown, and it is very sweet- scented. In a light, rich soil it will grow to the height of thirty feet. It is propagated readily by layering or cuttings. Alatus. Furnished with a thin wing or expan- sion. Albi'zzia. Named after an Italian. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A small genus of ornamental green-house plants, very like Acacias, to which they are often referred. The plant so well known as Acacia lophantha is placed under this genus. Albu'ca. From albus, white, referring to the prevalence of wnite flowers in the genus (not a very happy allusion, though, because the flowers are mostly green). Nat. Ord. Liliacece. This is a genus of but little beauty, closely allied to the Ornithogalum, introduced from the Cape of Good Hope about 1750. They are tender bulbous plants, easily cultivated in the green-house, grown in pots in light, sandy soil. They flower in May and June. Albumen. The matter that is interposed be- tween the skin of a seed and the embryo. It is of a farinaceous, oily or horny con- sistency, and surrounds the embryo wholly or in part, and affords nourishment to the young plant during the earliest stages of germination. Alburnum. The white and softer part of wood, between the inner bark and heart-wood, com- monly known as sap-wood; the young wood before it comes to a proper consistence. Alchemi'Ua. A genus of herbaceous annual or perennial plants, belonging to the natural or- der Rosacece. All the species have lobed leaves and inconspicuous yellow or greenish flowers. A. vulgaris, the common Lady's Mantle, is fre- quent in English woods and wet pastures. Aider. See Alnus. Alder, Black. The popular name for Prinos verticillata. Alder, Red. Cunonia Capensis. Alder, White. The popular name for Clethra alnifolia. Ale-cost. An old English name for Pyrethrum Tanacetum, commonly known as Salsamita vul- garis, the Costmary of Gardens. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 15 ALF Ale'tris. Colic-root. Star-grass. From aletron, meal ; referring to the powdery appearance of the whole plant. Nat. Ord. Hamodoracece,. There are but two species included in this genus, both natives of the United States, and pretty generally distributed. A. farinosa is highly esteemed for its medicinal properties, and is a very pretty plant for the border. It is a herbaceous perennial, the leaves growing in a close tuft, from which arises a flower-stem from one to three feet high, terminating in a spiked raceme of small, white, oblong, bell- shaped flowers. Propagated by division or by seeds. Aleuri'tss. From the Greek word, signifying flour, all the parts of the plant seeming to be dusted with it. Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacece. A. triloba is a handsome evergreen tree, with small white clustered flowers. It is a native of the Moluccas and the Southern Pacific Islands, andis commonly cultivated in tropical countries for the sake of its nuts, which, when dried, are stuck on a reed and used as candles, and as an article of food in New Georgia. It is of easy culture, and is propagated freely by cut- tings. Aleurito'pteris. A genus of Ferns, now joined with Cheilanthes. Alfalfa or Lucerne (Medicago Sativa). Though this has been a favorite forage plant in some parts of the Old World for hundreds of years, it is not surprising that in a country so wide- spread and diversified as the United States, a crop that is so valued in some localities is un- known in others. The great value of Alfalfa is in its enormous yield of sweet and nutritious forage, which is highly relished by stock either when green or cured into hay. It will grow and yield abun- dantly in hot, dry sections, and on poor, light and sandy land, where no grasses can be grown, for it sends its roots down to enormous depths, they having been found in sandy soil 13 feet long ; consequently it con- sumes food, moisture, and the leach of fer- tilizers from depths entirely beyond the action of drought or heat, and which have been for years beyond the reach of ordinary plants. Alfalfa greatly enriches the soil even more than ordinary Clovers, as it derives a very large portion of nutritive material from the atmosphere. It aerates the land to a great depth, and a large portion of its great fleshy roots, equalling small carrots in size, annually decay from the outside and keep growing larger from the center, and are constantly increasing the fertility of the ground. Alfalfa is not considered perfectly hai'dy in our more Northern States, yet experiments made by some of our Northern Agricultural Experimental Stations prove it of more value North than previously supposed. The soil best suited for the growth of Alfalfa is that which is deep and sandy ; hence the soil of Florida and many other portions of the cotton belt is eminently fitted for its culture. When Alfalfa is to be grown on a large scale, to get at the best results, the ground chosen should be high and level, or if not high, such as is entirely free from under water. Drainage must be as nearly perfect as possible — either naturally or artificially. This in fact is a primary necessity for every crop — unless it be such as is aquatic or sub-aquatic. ALF Deep plowing, thorough harrowing and level- ing with that valuable implement, the "smooth- ing harrow," to get a smooth and level surface, are the next operations. This should be done in the Southern States from 1st to 20th October — or at such season in the fall as would be soon enough to ensure a growth of four or five inches before the season of growth stops. Draw out lines on the prepared land twenty inches apart (if for horse culture, but if for hand culture fourteen inches), and two or three inches deep. These lines are best made by what market gardeners call a "marker," which is made by nailing six tooth-shaped pickets six or eight inches long at the required distance apart to a three by four inch joist, to which a handle is attached — which makes the marker or drag. The first tooth is set against a garden line drawn tight across the field, the marker is dragged back- wards by the workman, each tooth marking a line ; thns the six teeth mark six lines, if the line is set each time ; but it is best to place the end tooth of the marker in a line already made, so that in this way only five lines are marked at once, but it is quicker to do this than move the line. The lines being marked out, the seed is sown by hand or by seed-drill, at the rate of eight to twelve pounds per acre. After sowing — and this rule applies to all seeds if sown by hand — the seed must be trodden in by walking on the lines, so as to press the seed down into the drills. After treading in, the ground must be levelled by raking with a wooden or steel rake along the lines length- ways— not across. That done, it would be ad- vantageous to use a roller over the land so as to smooth the surface and further firm the seed, but this is not indispensable. When seeds are drilled in by machine, the wheel presses down the soil on the seed, so that treading in with the feet is not necessary. After the seeds germinate so as to show the rows, which will be in from two to four weeks, according to the weather, the ground must be hoed between, and this is best done by some light wheel-hoe, if by hand, such as the "Planet, Jr." On light sandy soil, such as in Florida, a man could with ease run over two or three acres per day. The labor entailed in this method of sowing Alfalfa in drills is somewhat greater than when sown broadcast in the usual way of grasses and clover, but there is no question that it is by far the best and most profitable plan, for it must be remem- bered that the plant is a hardy perennial, and is good for a crop for eight to ten years. More- over, the sowing in drills admits of the crop being easily fertilized, if it is found necessary to do so ; as all that is necessary is to sow bone dust, superphosphates, or other concentrated fertilizer between the rows, and then stir it into the soil by the use of the wheel-hoe. Because Alfalfa flourishes on poor and worn out lands, it should not be thought unadapted to good soils. In the latter, its yield almost exceeds belief. At the New Jersey State farm, seed of it sown, April 28th, in drills, and the plants cultivated, had grown forty inches tall, when cut on July 7th, 70 days from sow- ing, yielding (green) 7%, tons per acre ; the second cutting made on August 18th,. yielded (green) 8%, tons per acre ; the third cutting was made September 27th, and yielded (green) 4^ tons per acre; a total of 20 tons of green 16 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ALG fodder per acre the first year sown, which would equal at least five tons of cured hay. If sown on light, dry soils during a dry spell, or if sown broadcast, not much, if any, crop can be expected the first year, as the roots have to get a vigorous hold of the soil ; the second year it can (if sown under such conditions) be cut two or three times, but it is not until the third year that it develops into full vigor, and after that it yields magnificent crops for ten or fifteen years. Alfalfa will not flourish on land where water stands a short distance below the surface, nor in heavy, sticky clays. It attains its highest perfection on mellow, well-drained or rolling land where water readily passes away. A'lgae. A large and important tribe of Crypto- gamia, the greater part of which live either in salt or fresh water. They are related on the one hand to Funguses, and on the other to Lichens their distinctive characters being more easily derived from their respective habits, than from differences of structure. Some of the species, as the Dulse and Pepper Dulse, are edible and are used in Britain as a condiment, while the Carrageen or Irish Moss, besides its value in cattle-feeding when boiled and mixed with other nutritious matters, forms an excellent dessert something like curds when boiled in milk. Algce, best known as "Sea weed," have long been used as manure by the farmei's along the coasts of Long Island, New England, etc., im- mense quantities being thrown ashore in the fall of the year. It is generally composted with barn yard manure and is often used as a covering for Strawberries and Asparagus for winter. Algaro'ba Bean, or Carob. The fruit of Cer- atonia Siliqua, which see. Alha'gi. The Arabic name of the plant. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A small genus of shrubby plants, with simple leaves and spiny flower-stalks, inhabit- ing Southern Asia and Western Africa. A manna-like substance is produced from some of these plants in Persia and Bokhara, and is collected by merely shaking the branches. The secretion is supposed by some to be iden- tical with the Manna by which the Israelites were miraculously fed. Ali'sma. Water Plantain. A. Plantago var. Americana, is a native aquatic with small white or rose-colored flowers, arranged in a loose, compound, many-flowered panicle. Alisma'ceae. A small order of aquatic or marsh plants, with three-petaled flowers, on leafless scapes, and simple, radical leaves. The genera best known are Alisma, Butomus and Sagit- taria. A'lkanet, or Hoary Puccoon. The common name of Lithospermum canescens ; also, a name applied to the roots of Anchusa tinctoria, ex- tensively used as a dye, which is also called "alkanet." Allama'nda. Named in honor of Dr. Allamand, of Leyden. Nat. Ord. Apocynacece. This genus consists principally of handsome climbing green-house shrubs. A. Schottii, a native of Brazil, produces immense numbers of large, funnel-shaped flowers, which are of a full yellow, with a deeper yellow throat. A. ALO nobilis, A. Chelsom and other species are all most desirable flowering plants for green- house decoration. They delight in a warm, moist situation, and should have a light, fibrous soil. Propagated by cuttings. First introduced from Brazil in 1846. Allanto'dia. From allantos, a sausage ; in refer- ence to the cylindrical form of the indusium. A genus of Ferns now reduced to one species, A. Brunoniana, which is a very pretty plant, with fronds one to two feet in length. It is a native of the Himalayas, at an elevation of 6,000 feet, and is of easy culture in the green- house. Syn. Aspleniurn Javanicum. Alleghany Vine. See Adlumia. Ail-Heal. Valeriana qfficinalis. Alligator Apple. See Anona palustris. Alligator Pear. See Persea gratissima. Alligator Wood. The timber of Guarea grandi- folia, a West Indian tree. A'llium. From the Celtic all, meaning hot or burning ; referring to the well-known qualities of the genus. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. Of the one hundred and fifty species of this tribe, but few are considered ornamental ; in- deed, the family, probably from prejudice, has been much neglected, where many far less showy plants have found favor. A. Moly pro- duces large trusses of golden yellow flowers in June. A. Neapolitanum is a fine species, bearing pure white flowers in a large umbel. The former is perfectly hardy, and worthy a place in the garden. The latter is tender, re- quiring the protection of the green-house. Propagated readily by offsets. The various species of Allium, as Onion, Leek, Garlic, Chives, etc., are described under their respective names. Allople'ctus. A small genus of interesting green-house shrubs, belonging to the ordei Gesneracece, and requiring the same treatment. Alloso'rus. From allos, diverse, and soros, a heap ; in allusion to the changing of the sori. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A small genus of very beautiful dwarf Ferns. A. crispus, a British Fern, sometimes called the Mountain Parsley Fern, is a beautiful plant for rockeries. Two or three exotic spe- cies are favorites in the green-house. They are propagated from spores. Allspice. Carolina. Calycanthus floridus. Allspice-Tree. See Pimenta. Almond. See Amygdatus communis. Almond, Double-Flowering, Dwarf. Amyg- dalus nana, which see. Almond, Earth or Chufa. Cyperus esculentus. Al'nus. The Alder. From al, near, and Ian, the bank of a river ; in reference to the situation where the Alder delights to grow. Nat. Ord. Betulacece. An extensive genus of shrubs or small trees common throughout North America and Europe. The principal use of the Alder is for charcoal, which is highly valued in the manu- facture of gunpowder. Aloca'sia. A slight alteration of Colocasia. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. This name is applied to a section of the genus Colocasia; by some considered a distinct genus. Natives of India, the Indian Archi- AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 17 ALO pelago, &c. A. metallica is a magnificent spe- cies from Borneo, producing very large oval leaves, having a rich bronze-colored surface, making it a conspicuous ornament for the hot- house. The leaves look like large polished metal shields. Many other species, some of them of great beauty, with large and hand- somely vai'iegated, usually peltate, leaves, are highly-prized occupants of our plant stoves. Aloe. From alloeh, its Arabic name. Nat. Ord. LiliacecK. The name Aloe is so frequently applied in conversation to the American Aloe, or Agave, that many persons are not aware that the true Aloe is not only quite a different genus, but belongs to a different natural order, the Amer- ican Aloe being one of the Amaryllis tribe, while the true Aloe belongs to the Lily tribe. The qualities of the two plants are also essen- tially different, the American Aloe abounding in starchy, nourishing matter, while every part of the true Aloe is purgative. The true Aloe also flowers every year, and the flowers are tube-shaped, and produced on a spike ; while each plant of the American Aloe flowers but once, sending up an enormous flower-stem with candelabra-like branches and cup-shaped flowers. The true Aloes are succulent plants, natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and grow best in this country in green-houses or rooms, in alight, sandy soil. To this, when the plants are wanted to attain a large size, may be added a little leaf-mould. When grown in rooms, a poor soil is, however, preferable, as it keeps the plants of a smaller artd more manageable size, and makes them less easily affected by changes of temperature. The colors of the flowers will also be richer when the plants are grown in poor soil. The drug called aloes is made principally from the pulp of the fleshy leaf of the A. socotrina, the flowers of which are red, tipped with green ; but it is also made from several other species. A'loe, Partridge-Breast. Aloe variegata. A'loe, Pearl. Aloe margaritifera. A'loes-Wood. See Aquilaria. Alo'na. From nola, a little bell (letters trans- posed) ; in allusion to the shape of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Nolanacece. A genus of pretty evergreen shrubs, A. Cm- lestis, has pale-blue, large flowers ; an excel- lent plant for growing out-of-doors during summer. Propagated by cuttings. Intro- duced from Chili in 1845. Alonso'a. The Mask Flower. Named after Za- nomi Alonso, a Spaniard, by the authors of Flora Peruviana. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacece. The species are low under-shrubs, or herba- ceous plants, natives of Peru, and two of them — A. indsifolia and A. linearis — are very orna- mental, either in the green-house or grown as annuals in the open border during summer. They thrive well in any light, rich soil, and are readily increased by seeds or cuttings. They are very desirable for.flower-gardens, on account of the brilliant scarlet of their flow- ers ; and where there is no green-house, the plants should be raised from seeds sown on a hot-bed in February, or struck from cuttings early in spring, and brought forward in a frame or pit, and turned out into the open air in May. Alopecu'rus. The generic name of the Foxtail Grass ALS Aloy'sia. Lemon Verbena. Named in honor of Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain. Nat. Ord. Ver- benacecB. The only known species of this genus is A. citriodora, introduced from Chili in 1784, and formerly called Verbena triphylla, or the Lemon- scented Verbena. Under this name it is gen- erally sold, and is a universal favorite, readily propagated from cuttings, and planted in the open border in May. If taken up after a light frost and put in a cold frame or cool cellar during winter, the plants will keep well ; and, planted out in spring again, they make large and pleasing shrubs. The leaves, when dried, will retain their odor for many years. Syn. Lippia citriodora. Alphabet-plant. Spilanthes acmella. A'lpine. Strictly speaking, this term refers to the higher part of the Alps, in contradistinc- tion to "mountainous," which designates the middle portion of the higher Alps, or tops of inferior mountains. Plants found In very high elevations are called Alpine Plants. Alpine Azalea. The popular name for Loisleu- ria procumbens. A'lpine Plants. This very interesting class con- sists mostly of plants nativesof high elevations, and, although they are naturally exposed to the full influence of the sun and wind, they require in our hot, dry summers shade and and shelter more than exposure. Wherever a Rock Garden or Rockery is constructed, a portion of it should be devoted to the culture of Alpines, for as a rule they flourish better on a properly-constructed Rockery than in any other position, because thorough drainage is effected, and the long, fine roots can run down in the crevices where the soil is cool and moist. It should, however, be so arranged that all aspects are secured, shady and sunny, fully, or in a degree only. Many Alpines are easily grown in the ordinary border in a sheltered, well-drained situation. Excavate to the depth of eighteen inches, put in a layer of stones or rubble six inches deep, and fill up with a mixture of good fibrous loam and leaf- mould, adding sand enough to keep it porous. When the desired subjects are firmly planted, the surface may be covered with small stones or rough gravel, which, while allowing the rain to penetrate the soil, checks evaporation, keeping it moist and cool, as well as giving the surface an appearance more in keeping with the plants. Alpi'iiia. In memory of Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist. Nat. Ord. Zingiberacece. A genus of tropical herbaceous perennials, mostly natives of the East Indies, requiring to be grown in great heat and moisture. A. vitlata is an ornamental-leaved species of small growth. The plant throws up numerous stems from the underground rhizomes, bear- ing lance-shaped leaves, pale green in color, striped with creamy white. A. alba bears a fruit known as Ovoid China Cardamoms ; others, as A. nutans, are remarkable for the exceeding beauty of their flowers. They are increased by division of their roots. Alseuo'smia. From alsos, a grove, and euosmia, a grateful odor ; alluding to the powerful fra- grance of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Caprifoliaceae,. A small genus of highly-glabrous shrubs, with greenish or red flowers, and generally 18 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ALS alternate leaves. A. Macrophylla, the only species yet introduced to cultivation, has small, very fragrant, dull-red flowers, some- times streaked with white. It forms a neat green-house shrub, and is propagated by cut- tings of the half-ripened wood. Introduced from New Zealand in 1884. Alsike. See Trifolium hybridum. Also'phila. From alsos, a grove, and phileo, to love ; in reference to the situation best suited to the plants. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. This genus contains some of our most beau- tiful green-house Tree Ferns A. Australia, the type, is a native of Australia, and one of the most ornamental of the order. In the or- dinary green-house it thrives finely, produc- ing its graceful fronds from three to four feet long and one and a half wide. There are sev- eral species, all tropical, and all worthy a place in the fern- house. They are increased by division or from spores. Introduced in 1833. Alstrceme'ria. In honor of Baron Alstrozmer, a Swedish botanist. Nat. Ord.Amaryllidacece. This is a genus of tuberous-rooted plants, with beautiful flowers, natives of South Amer- ica, and capable of being grown to a high de- gree of perfection in the hot-house, green- house or open air, according to the species. The soil which suits all the Alstro?merias is a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould, or well-rotted manure. Of all the hot-house species, A. Ligtu, with white and scarlet flow- ers, is the most difficult tc flower ; but by giv- ing it abundance ot water during the summer, and a strong heat in December, it will flower in February : and one plant will scent a whole house with fragrance like that of Mignonette. A. edulis is another hot house species, which climbs to the height of ten or twelve feet, and, like all other climbers, thrives best when turned out into the open border. Propagation is effected by separation of the tubers, or by seeds ; the latter is apt to produce hew varieties, as they are by no means constant from seed. Alternanthe'ra. Alluding to the anthers being alternately fertile arid barren. Nat. Ord. Amaranthacece. This useful little green-house perennial for ribbon beds and edgings is a native of Buenos Ayres, introduced in 1732. Propagated read- ily from cuttings. The variegated-leaved varieties, of which new and striking sorts are constantly being introduced, alone are culti- tivated, the flowers being inconspicuous. A recent variety, A. paronychioides major, is now known as the Rainbow-plant. Alternate. Placed on opposite sides of an axis, on a different level, as in alternate leaves. Althae'a. Marsh Mallow. From altheo, to cure ; in reference to its medicinal qualities. Nat. Ord. Malvacece. There are many annuals in this family, some of them of much merit. The Marsh Mallows are hardy perennials, and formerly much used as border plants. A. rosea, the common Hollyhock, is one of our most splen- did ornamental biennials. It grows to the height of from five to eight leet, and there are varieties of almost every color, including white, and purple so deep as to be almost AMA black. The seeds of the Hollyhock, should be sown in March or April. When the plants come up, they should be thinned out, and then suffered to remain till September, when they should be transplanted to the place where they are to flower. Introduced from China in 1573. The hardy shrub commonly known as Althaea, is Hibiscus Syriacv&. Alum Root. The common name of Heuchera Americana, the roots of which are very as- tringent. Aly'ssum. Derived from o, privative, and lyssa, rage ; from a notion among the ancients that the plant possessed the power of allaying an- ger. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. Dwarf hardy perennials, or sub-shrubby plants, with cruciferous flowers. A. saxatile is very suitable for rock-work, or the front part of a flower border, and forms a beautiful spring-blooming bed in the flower garden. Flowers produced in large clusters, of a deep, pure yellow. It is increased by cuttings and seeds. The herbaceous species are propa- gated by division, the sub-shrubby ones by cuttings. Vigorous two-year-old plants ai-e the best for flowering; the others are unim- portant. The plant commonly called Sweet Alyssum is not of this genus; it is Koniga maritima, which see. Amarabo'ya. The native name. Nat. Ord. Melastornacece. A small genus (three species) of evergreen shrubs, natives of New Grenada The branches are thi^k, bluntly four-angled, with large, prominently nerved leaves, green above and reddish-carmine beneath. The white or carmine flowers are borne in terminal cymes, and are very showy. Introduced in 1887. Amarantha'ceae. An extensive order of herbs or (rarely) shrubs with inconspicuous apetal- ous flowers, almost in all cases of a scarious or shrivelled texture. The majority of this order are weeds, though many of the species of Amaranthu8 and Gomphrena (Globe Ama- ranth) are beautiful border plants and are well known. Amaranth Globe. See Gomphrena. Amara'nthus. Amaranth. Derived from a, not, and miaraino, to wither ; in reference to the length of time some flowers retain their color. Nat. Ord. Amaranthaceoz. Ornamental foliaged plants, of an extremely graceful and interesting character, producing a striking effect, whether grown for the deco- ration of the conservatory or the out-door flower garden. If the seeds are sown early in a warm hot-bed and planted out the last of May or in June, in rich soil, they make ex- ceedingly handsome specimens for the center of beds, or mixed flower or shrubbery bor- ders. Most of the varieties are natives of the East Indies, and were introduced into Eng- land about 1600. The well-known A. tricolor, or "Joseph's Coat," is one of the most beautiful of ornamental-leaved plants. A. caudatus, "Love lies Bleeding," is another showy spe- cies, and A. salicifolius, "The Fountain Plant," makes a lovely specimen for lawn decoration or for the centre of a " foliage bed." Amaryllida'ceee. A large Natural Order, con- sisting for the most part of bulbous plants, but occasionally forming a tall, cylindrical, woody stem, as in the genus Agave. They AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 19 differ from Irises in having six introrse sta- mens, and from Liliaceous plants in their ovary being inferior. A few species of Nar- cissus and Galanthus are found in the north of Europe and the same parallels. As we pro- ceed south they increase. Pancratium ap- pears on the shores of the Mediterranean, and on our own Southern coasts ; Crinum and Pancratium in the West and East Indies ; Hcemaidhus is found for the first time, with some of the latter, on the Gold Coast ; Hip- peastra show themselves in countless num- bers in Brazil and across the whole continent of South America ; and, finally, at the Cape of Good Hope the maximum ot the order is be- held in all the beauty of Hatmanthus, Crinum, Olivia, Cyrtanthus and Brunsvigia. A few are found in New Holland, the most remarkable of which is Doryanthes. Poisonous properties occur in the viscid juice of the bulbs of Bu- phane toxicaria and Hippeastrum; those of Leucqjum vernum, the Snowdrop, and Daffodil and other kinds of Narcissus, are emetic. Nevertheless, the Agave, or American Aloe, as it is called, has an insipid, sweet juice. Others are detergent, and a few yield a kind of arrow-root. Between 300 and 400 species are known. Amaryllis. The name of a nymph celebrated by the poet Virgil. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacece. Bulbous plants, chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope and South America, but which have been increased in number tenfold by hy- brids and varieties raised in England and on the Continent. All the kinds are eminently ornamental, and they are all of easy culture, the great secret being to give them alternately a season of excitement and a season of re- pose. To do this effectually, the plants should be abundantly supplied with water and heat, and placed near the glass when they are coming into flower, and water should be withheld from them by degrees when they have done flowering, till they have entirely ceased growing, when they should be kept quite dry and in a state of rest. When in this state they may be placed in any obscure part of a green-house where it is dry, and of a tem- perature not under forty or fifty degrees. If kept in such a situation during winter, some kinds may be turned out into a warm border in spring, where they will flower ; and if the season be fine, they will renew their bulbs in time to be taken up before the approach of frost. The chief value of these plants, how- ever, is to produce flowers in the winter sea- son which they readily do if they are kept dry and dormant during the latter part of the summer and autumn. Indeed, by having a large stock of these bulbs, a regular succes- sion of flowers may be procured during every month in the year. When the dormant bulbs are intended to be brought into flower, they should be freshly potted in sandy loam and leaf-mould, and put in a hot-house or hot- bed, the heat beginning at fifty degrees, and ascending to sixty or seventy degrees; and when the leaves appear, they should be abundantly supplied with water. Where seeds are wanted the watering must be con- tinued, though somewhat less abundantly, after the flowers have faded, till the seeds are ripe; and when these are gathered, they ought to be sown im mediately in light, sandy loam, AMH and placed in a frame, or near the glass, in a moist part of the hot-house. If the young plants are potted off as soon as they are an inch or two in height, and shifted frequently in the course of the growing season, they will attain a flowering size in from fifteen to twenty months. The pots in which these and all other bulbs are grown ought to be thoroughly drained by a handful or more of potsherds (broken pots) laid in the bottom of each pot, and covered with turfy loam, and tne mould used should also be turfy, in order the more freely to admit the passage of water. Our long and warm summers enable us to culti- vate many of these beautiful bulbs in the open air, merely protecting the roots in the winter in the same manner as those of the Dahlia. See Hippeastrum. Amary'llis formosissima. A synonym of Spre- kelia, which see. Amaso'iiia. Named in honor of Thomas Ama- son, an American traveller. Nat. Ord. Ver- benacece. A genus of South American shrubs found chiefly in Brazil ; closely allied to Cler- odendron, from which they differ chiefly in habit. A. calycina, better known as A. puni- cea, is particularly striking, in having a series of the richest Poinsettia-like, vermilion-crim- son, spreading bracts, arranged along the en- tire length of the racemes, which are a foot long. These bracts are four inches in length, and remain in perfection fully two months. Syn. Taligalea. Ambro'sia. The botanical name "of Ragweed, Bitterweed, etc. Amela'nchier. June Berry, Shad Berry, Ser- vice Berry. From Amelanchier, the popular name of one of the species in Savoy. Nat. Ord. RosaceoB. A. Canadensis (the only American species) and its numerous varieties are low trees, com- mon in the woods in the Northern States, re- markable for their numerous white flowers, which appear about the middle of April, com- pletely covering the tree before the foliage or flowers of the neighboring trees have com- menced their growth. The foliage resembles that of the Pear, and changes to a bright yel- low in autumn. The fruit is a dark-purple berry, ripe in July or August, and has an • agreeable flavor. American Aloe. Agave Americana, which see. American Centaury. The popular name for Sabbatia. American Columbo. See Frasera Carolinensis. American Cowslip. See Dodecatheon Meadia. American Cranberry. See Oxycoccus macro- carpus. American Cress. Barbarea prcecox. American Frog's Bit. Limnobium spongia. American Ivy. Ampelopsis quinquefolia. American Pitcher Plant. See Sarracenia. American "Wood Lily. See Trillium. Amhe'rstia. In honor of the Rt. Hon. Countess Amherst and her daughter Lady Sarah Amherst ; the zealous friends and promoters of every branch of natural history, but espe- cially of Botany. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A. nobilis, the only species is an East Indian tree, said to be one of the most magnificent 20 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AMI blooming trees in existence, bearing in Spring large racemes of vermilion-colored flowers diversified with three yellow spots. The Burmanese name of the plant is Thoca, and handfuls of the flowers are offered before the images of Buddha. The tree is to be found in some of the larger English collections ; but requiring so much space it is rarely grown. Ami'cia. This pretty Leguminous green-house perennial is valuable on account of its flower- ing late in the fall. Flowers yellow splashed with purple, branches and petioles pubescent. Introduced from Mexico in 1826. Ammo'bium. From ammos, sand, and bio, to live ; in reference to the sandy soil in which it thrives. Nat. Ord. Compositoe. Pretty annuals of hardy character from New Holland, producing white everlasting flowers. The seed may be sown in the open border, in almost any situation, between the middle of March and the end of May. Ammobro'ma. From ammos, sand, and bromos, food; a name given by Dr. Toirey to a leaf- less plant of parasitic habit, native of Northern Mexico. The plant has the habit of an Oro- banche, the scaly roots being buried in the sand, its roots parasitic on the roots of an unknown plant. Colonel Grey, the original discoverer of this plant met with it in the country of the Papigo Indians, a barren, sandy waste, where rain scarcely ever falls but "where Nature has provided for the sustenance of man, one of the most nutritious and palatable of vege- tables." The plant is roasted upon hot coals, and ground with mesquit beans and resem- bles in taste the sweet potato, " but is far more delicate." Ammo'charis. A genus of AmaryllidacecB, usu- ally included in Brunsvigia. Ammo'phila. Beach Grass. From ammos, sand, and phileo, to love ; in allusion to its native habitat. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of coarse growing, reed-like grasses common on the sea-shores of this country and Europe. A. arundinacea, Syn. Calamagrostis Arenaria, is the best known species; as an agricultural grass it is of no value, but its value as a natural sand-builder cannot be over- estimated ; many thousand acres of land on various parts of our coast are preserved from being overwhelmed with the drifting sand solely by its agency. It seems to have been provided for this special purpose, having very strong rhizomes, or creeping roots, from 30 to 40 feet long, with many small tubers, about the size of peas, which prevent the drifting of the sand from the action of the wind and waves thus forming a barrier against the en- croachments of the ocean. In speaking of the importance of this grass in protecting our coasts, Flint, in his book on grasses says, — "The town of Provincetown, once called Cape Cod, where the pilgrims first landed, and its harbor, still called the harbor of Cape Cod, — one of the best and most im- portant in the United States, sufficient in depth for ships of the largest size, and in ex- tent to anchor three thousand vessels at once, owe their preservation to this grass. To an inhabitant of an inland country, it is difficult to conceive the extent and the violence with which the sands at the extremity of Cape Cod are thrown up from the depths of the sea, and AMO left on the beach in thousands of tons, by every drifting storm, These sand-hills when dried by the sun, are hurled by the winds into the harbor and upon the town. Beach grass is said to have been cultivated here as early as 1812. Before that time, when the sand drifted down upon the dwelling-houses — as it did whenever the beach was broken — to save them from burial, the only resort was to wheeling it off with barrows. Thus tons were removed every year from places that are now perfectly secure from the drifting of sand. Indeed, were it not for the window-glass in some of the oldest houses in these localities, you would be ready to deny this statement; but the sand has blown with such force and so long against this glass, as to make it perfectly ground." Congress appropriated, between the years of 1826 and 1839, about twenty-eight thousand dollars, which were expended in setting out beach-grass near the village of Provincetown, for the protection of the harbor. Other ap- propriations have since been made, which, to- gether with the efforts of the town committee, whose duty it is to enter any man's enclosure, summer or winter, and set out the grass, if the sand is uncovered and movable. By this means they are now rid of sand-storms, which were once the terror of the place, and the coast appears a fertile meadow. Amo'mum. From a, not, and momos, impurity ; in reference to its supposed quality of counter- acting poison. Nat. Ord. ZingiberacecB. This genus of aromatic herbs furnishes the Grains of Paradise and the Cardamom Seeds, which are aromatic and stimulant. The plants grow readily in the green-house, and are prop- agated by division of the root. Introduced in 1820 from the East Indies. Amo'rpha. False Indigo. From a, not, and morpha, form ; in reference to the irregularity of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A small genus of large, spreading shrubs, natives of North America. The leaves are compound, resembling the Locust, only the leaflets are finer. The flowers are dark-purple or violet, spangled with yellow, disposed in long panicles on the tops of the branches. A. fntti- cosa is a very ornamental shrub for the 1 iwn, and is readily propagated from suckers, which are produced in abundance. A. canescrns is a small-growing species, common in the Western and Southern States. It has received the local name of Lead Plant, on account of the white, hairy down with which it is covered. Amo'rphopha'llus. From amorphos, disfigured, andphallos, a mace ; form of spadix. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. These plants were formerly in the genua Arum, from which they are distinguished by their spreading spathes. They are natives of India and other parts of tropical Asia, where they are cultivated for the abundance of starch that is found in their root-stocks. Most varie- ties are ornamental plants for the green-house or garden. A. Rivieri, called the Umbrella Plant, is particularly so, having large, solitary decompound leaves three to five feet in diam- eter, on a thick, tall, marbled stem, very orna- mental, either as a solitary plant or in groups on the lawn. After planting, the first appear- ance is the flower stalk, which rises to the AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA, AMMOBICM. AMARYLLIS FORMOSISSIMA. AMARYLLIS VITTATA HYBK1D>. ANEMONE COBONAKIA. ANEMONE JAPONICA. AMABANTHTJ3 GIBBOSUS. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 21 AMO height of two feet. As it expands, the fetor it exhales is overpowering and sickening, and so perfectly resembles that of carrion as to in- duce flies to cover the club of the spadix with their eggs. Propagated by offsets. Amorphous. Without definite form. Ampelo'psis. Woodbine. From ampelos, a vine, and opsis, resemblance : in reference to its re- semblance to the Grape vine. Nat. Ord. Vita- cece. A. quinquefplia is well known by its common names of Virginia Creeper and Five-leaved Ivy. Its flowers have no beauty, but it is worth cultivating as an ornamental plant, from the brilliant scarlet and orange which its leaves assume in autumn, and which look particularly well at that season, when in- termingled with those of the common Ivy, from the fine contrast they afford. The plant is of very rapid growth in any kind of soil, and it is propagated by layers or cuttings. The Virginia Creeper is one of our finest indig- enous climbei-s. It grows very rapidly, at- taches itself firmly to wood or stone buildings, or to the trunks of old trees, and soon covers these objects with a fine mantle of rich foliage. Nothing can bo more admirably adapted than this plant for concealing and disguising the unsightly stone fences which are so common, and so great a deformity in many parts of the country. A. tricuspidata (syn. A. Veitchii), with its sub- variety A. t. Royalii, is one of the most valuable of hardy climbing plants, and is now planted in immense quantities. It was first extensively used in this country in Boston, Mass., where it is now to be seen covering some of the finest public and private build- ings in the city. It clings with great tenacity to wood, as well as brick or stone, and in summer the leaves lapping over each other resemble a coat of mail, and form a dense sheet of rich, glossy green, changing in au- tumn to the most gorgeous shades of crimson, scarlet and yellow. It is also used largely on rocky and shaly railroad cuts and embank- ments, where its clinging tendency helps greatly to keep the rocks from dropping on to the track. Jt is perfectly hardy, and is prop- agated by cuttings, layers, or most generally from seeds. Introduced from Japan in 1868. Ampely'gonum. The name is an allusion to the grape-like fruit. Nat. Ord. Polygonace.ee,. This interesting species from China is one from which the finest quality of indigo is ob- tained. It is an herbaceous perennial, obtained readily from seed. Amphicarpee'a. Hog Pea Nut. From amphi, both, and Karpos, a fruit; in allusion to the two kinds of pods ; those of the upper flowers being scimitar-shaped, three to four-seeded ; those of the lower, pear-shaped, fleshy, usu- ally ripening but one seed. These lower pods bury themselves in the ground after fertiliza- tion. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. Ornamental annuals, with herbaceous twin- ing stems, of easy culture. Allied to Wistaria. Amphi'come. From amphi, around, and Kome, hair ; in allusion to the structure of the seeds. Nat. Ord. Bignonmceoe. This genus consists of two species of very elegant perennial herbs, natives of the temper- ANA ate regions of North-western India. A. Emodi is a remarkably handsome plant, and well de- serves a place in choice collections. It ia about one foot high, and the flowers, which are large for the plant, stand erect when ex- panded. The fruits are about the length and thickness of a small quill, and their seeds are provided with a tuft of hairs at each end, a circumstance which gave rise to the name. Amplexicaul. Stem-clasping ; as when the base of the leaf surrounds the stem, as in Oestrum auriculatum, Lonicera, etc. Aniso'nia. In memory of Charles Amson, a cel- ebrated traveler. Nat. Ord. Apocynacece. A small genus of herbaceous perennial plants, with beautiful blue flowers produced in ter- minal panicled clusters. The several species are natives of the United States. A. Tabernw- montana, one of the more beautiful species, is common on low grounds in the Southern and Western States. Amy'gdalus. Almond. From amysso, to lacer- ate ; in reference to the fissured channels in the stone of the fruit ; but some suppose from a Hebrew word signifying vigilant, as its early flowers announce the return of spring. Nat. Ord. Rosacece. A. nana is the common Flowering Almond of gardens, of which there are several varie- ties, the double white and double pink alone being desirable. Native of Russia. Intro- duced in 1683. Propagated readily by suck- ers. A. communia bears the sweet, and A. am- arua the bitter Almonds of commerce. They are supposed to be natives of Western Asia, and are mentioned in sacred history as among the best fruits of the land of Canaan. The Almond is plentiful in China, in most Eastern countries, and also in Barbary. It is exten- sively cultivated in Italy,. Spain and the South of France. The several varieties, such as hard, soft or paper shelled, have all originated from -A. communis. Amyrida'ceae. With the appearance of Oranges, and sometimes with the dotted leaves of that order, these plants differ in their fruit, form- ing a shell whose husk eventually splits into valve-like segments. The tropics of India, Africa and America exclusively produce the species. Their resinous juice is of great importance, forming an ingredient of frankin- cense and other preparations demanding a fragrant combustible matter. Anacanthous. Spineless. Aiiacardia'ceee. When trees or bushes have a resinous, milky, often caustic juice, dotless leaves, and small, inconspicuous flowers, with an ovary containing a single ovule, suspended at the end of an erect cord, it is pretly certain that they belong to this order, of which more than 400 species are described, inhabiting the tropics both north and south of the equator, but not known to occur in Australia. Pistacia and some kinds of Rhus inhabit temperate latitudes. Among the products of the order are the Mango truit, and that called in the West Indies the Hog Plum ; the nuts named Pistachios and Cashews, the Black Varnish of Burmah and elsewhere, Mastic, Fustic, etc. These varnishes are extremely acrid, and pro- duce dangerous consequences to persons who use them incautiously. HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS Anaca'rdium. From ana, like, and kardia, the heart; in reference to the form of the nut. Nat. Ord. Anacardiacece. Ornamental evergreen trees, natives of the East and West Indies, remarkable for their beautiful, fragrant flowers, and for their fruit, known as the Cashew-nut. The trees are too large for introduction into the greeii-house. Anacy'clus. A genus of Composites comprising . about ten species of hardy or half-hardy annual herbs, natives of Southern Europe and North- ern Africa. A. radiatus purpureus, a very pretty and free-flowering hardy annual, is the only species in general cultivation, and thrives well under ordinary cultivation. Anaga'llis. Pimpernel. From anagelao, to laugh ; fabled to possess a virtue to remove sadness. Nat. Ord. Primulacece. A genus of pretty dwarf annual and biennial plants. The former have given place to the many seminal improvements of the the latter, insomuch as to be rarely met with. They are universal favorites for planting in the beds of the flower garden, where their numerous blue or red flowers, expanded when- ever the sun shines, are very effective. They are propagated by seeds or cuttings. When seed is desired, the branch or plant on which it is growing should be taken entire, a little before the autumn frosts begin, and hung up in a dry, sunny place, such as before the windows of a shed, allowing the pods to remain upon it until wanted in the spring for sowing as it requires a long time to become properly ripened; afterwards it vegetates freely if sown in a gentle hot-bed. The garden varieties are hybrids. The species under cultivation were introduced from Southern Europe in 1830. A. arvensis, the common Pimpernel, is plenty in waste, sandy places in the United States, having been introduced from Europe and become thoroughly natural- ized. Analogy. Eesemblance to a thing in form, but not in function, or in function, but not in form. Corresponding with a thing in many points, but differing in more, or in points of more importance. Thus the flowers of Potent- ilia and Ranunculus are analogous. Anami'rta. A genus of plants inhabiting Ceylon, Malabar, and the Eastern Isles of India, and belonging to the natural order Menispermacece. The mo.st important, if not the only plant of this genus, is the A. cocculus, the plant which produces the seeds known as Cocculus Indicus, whicli were formerly used in the adulteration of malt liquors; it is also .used to poison fish. It is a climbing plant, with ash-colored corky bark ; not in cultivation. Anana'ssa Pineapple. From nanas, the Guiana name. Nat. Ord. Bromeliacece. A. saliva, the common Pineapple, is universally acknowledged to be one of the most delicious fruits in existence. More than three hundred years ago it was described by Jean de Lery, a Huguenot priest, as being of such excellence, that the gods might luxuriate upon it, and that it should only be gathered by the hand of Venus. It is a native of Brazil, and was first introduced into Europe in 1555, having been sent there by Andre Thevet, a monk, from Peru. The plant is perennial, not unlike the Aloe, but the AND leaves are much thinner, and of a hard fibrous texture, with numerous short, sharp spines on the edges; the variegated form is highly prized as one of the most valuable plants for decorative purposes. The fruit varies like most other species, there now being nearly fifty varieties in cultivation. Anasta'tica. From anastatis, resurrection, in reference to its hygroiuelrioal property. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. An annual plant, indigenous to the Egyptian deserts, and called the Kobe of Jericho. When full grown it contracts its rigid branches into a round ball, and is then tossed about by the wind. When it alights in water, or damp ground, the branches relax and open out, as if its life were renewed ; hence its name of Resurrection Plant. Among the superstitious tales told of it is, that "it first bloomed on Christmas Eve, to salute the birth of the Redeemer, and paid homage to His resurrec- tion by remaining expanded until Easter. " This curious annual can readily be grown from seed, but will not stand the severity of our winters ; they can, however, be taken up and kept dry in a house. When wanted to expand, put them in a saucer of water. Aiiceps. Two edged, as the stem of an Iris. Ancho'manes. A remarkable and beautiful stove aroid allied to Amorphophallus. A. Hookeri, has a pale purple spathe appearing before the leaf which when fully developed is much divided and toothed. Introduced from Fernando, Po., in 1832. A'nchovy Pear. See Grias. Anchu'sa From anchousa, a cosmetic paint made from one of the species ; used for stain- ing the skin. Nat. Ord. Boraginacece. Hardy herbaceous plants, suitable for deep shrubbery borders or any unfrequented place. Most of the species have purple flowers. Ancylo'gyne. From ankylos, curved, and gyne, a female ; the pistil is curved. Nat. Ord. Acanthacece. A small genus of tropical under-shrubs, with terminal spikes or racemes of showy flowers. A. longiflora. from Guayaquil, is a valuable species for the green-house. It produces large, drooping panicles of rich purple, tubulose flowers, two inches long, and of a most attractive character. Propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1866. Andrew's (St.) Cross. Ascyrum Crux Andreas,. Andro'gynous. Producing male and female flowers on the same plant, or on the same spike or head. Andro'meda Kill Calf. A classical name, after the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope, king and queen of ^Ethiopia. Nat. Ord. Ericaceae. A. Mariana, Stagger-bush, so common on the plains of Long Island, is a beautiful represen- tative of this genus, one much sought after in Europe, where it is considered one of the finest American plants. They are beautiful shrubs, growing about two feet high, with leaves similar to those of the privet ; flowers white, in spikes or racemes three to eight inches long, produced in June. They are conspicuous throughout the season on account of their form and foliage. The foliage is said to poison lambs and calves. AND GENEKAL HORTICULTURE. AND Andropo'gon. Beard grass. A genus of grasses of but little value, either for agricultural purposes, or as objects of interest in the garden. They have the widest geographical range ; several of the species are common on our coasts, growing in dry sandy soils. Andro'sace. From aner, a man, and sakos, a buckler, in reference to the resemblance of the anther to an ancient buckler. Nat. Ord. Primulaceo}. The species forming this genus (which is nearly allied to the Primula) are elegant little plants from the Alps. They consist of annuals, biennials, and perennials, all perfectly hardy, and well adapted for rock-work on partially exposed spots. Propagated by cuttings, or from seeds. Aneile'ma. A genus of green-house perennials belonging to the Nat. Ord. CommelynacecB. They are generally of a trailing or creeping habit and are useful for hanging baskets, etc. Natives of New Holland and China. Flowers blue. Ane'mia. From aneimon, naked; in reference to the naked inflorescence. Nat. Ord. Poly- podiacece. An extensive genus of tropical Ferns. There are numerous species in the West Indies and South America, some of which are of an ornamental character, and are much prized in collections. A. adiantifolia is one of the most beautiful. The genus is more interesting to the botanist than the florist. Propagated by spores or division. Anemidi'ctyon. Included now with the genus Anemia. Anemo'ne. Wind Flower. From anemos, the wind ; inhabiting exposed places. Nat. Ord. Ranunculace-cB. The species are showy flowering plants, valued for their hardy nature, and also because they will flower at any required season, accord- ing to the time the roots are kept out of the ground. The roots of A. coronaria are solid, flattened masses, closely resembling ginger. They should be planted in the garden as early in the spring as possible, in very rich soil and in partial shade. When the tops are dead, take up and store in a dry, airy place, or in boxes of dry sand until the planting season. For indoor cultivation they can be planted at any time in very rich soil in pots or boxes. The prevailing colors are red, white and blue ; flowers double or semi-double. A. Japonica is one of the most beautiful of garden flowers giving a profusion of bloom from August till November, and even later if protected. The flowers of A. Japonica alba are two to three inches across, pure white, with a centre of deep lemon-colored stamens, and are invaluable for cutting. Introduced from Japan in 1844. One of the earliest spring flowers is A. nemorosa, the white Wind Flower of our woods. A. pulsatilla and its varieties, with whitish, violet and purple flowers, are known in English gardens as Pasque Flowers. Ane'thum. See Dill. Angels' Eyes. Veronica Chamcedrys. Angels' Trumpets. A popular name for the flowers of Brugmansia auaveolens. Ange'lica. The name was given in reference to ANI the supposed angelic medicinal virtues of some species. Nat. Ord. Umbelliferce. One of the species, A. Curtisii, is common in moist places, from Pennsylvania southward. The "intrinsic virtues" that it was once supposed to possess are entirely lost, its great virtue now consisting in its efficacy as a trap for earwigs. If the stem be cut in short pieces and thrown among plants, those pests will creep into the hollow stems, and their de- struction is simple and easy. Ange'lica-tree. See Aralia spinosa. Angelo'nia. From angelon, its local name in South America. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacece. A genus of very handsome herbaceous perennials, growing from one to three feet high, and producing dense terminal racemes of deep violet colored and blue flowers. Natives of South America ; propagated by cut- tings of the young shoots. Introduced in 1846. Angio'pteris. From aggeion, a vessel, and pteris, a wing. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A small genus of noble tropical ferns, com- mon in Ceylon, India and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. It is a remarkably hand- some genus, but the plants are too large to be of use in the green-house. Aiigree'cum. From angurek, the Malayan name for air plants. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. An extensive genus of tropical Orchids, embracing a number of classes that are mere weeds and a few very rare and beautiful spe- cies. Among the latter is A. sesquipedale, a magnificent plant, a native of Madagascar, where it grows in great profusion, covering trees from top to bottom. The stems are three to four feet high, the foliage about a foot long, dark, shining green ; flowers six inches in diameter, ivory white, with a tail from ten to eighteen inches long. Unlike many of this order, the plants flower when quite small. The flowers have a powerful fra- grance, particularly at night. There are about forty species, nearly all natives of tropical or South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Angulo'a. In honor of Angulo, a Spanish natur- alist. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A small genus of very remarkable terrestrial Orchids, inhabiting the forests of tropical America. They have broad, ribbed leaves, short, leafy scapes, bearing a single large, fleshy flower, white, yellow, or spotted with crimson, on a pale yellow ground. There are several of the species under cultivation. They are increased by division. Introduced in 1845. Angu'ria. One of the Greek names for the Cucumber. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacece. A genus of climbing plants allied to Momor- dica. They have a somewhat four-angled fruit, and some of the species are well worth cultivating. Natives of South America. Anigoza'nthus. From anoigo, to expand, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the branching expansion of the flower-stalks. A curious and handsome genus of Hcemodo- racece from the Swan River district of Austra- lia, including some very distinct and peculiar species. They are perennial tufted-growing plants, with erect stems, clothed with short, thick, persistent, velvety down, which, as it contrasts with the rather large, yellow or dark purple flowers, makes them desirable plants for green-house decoration. HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ANI Animated Oats. See Avena. Anise. Pimpinella anisum. Aniseed Tree. See Illicium. Annuals. These include all plants which spring from the seed, flower and die within the course of a year. Many, however, which are not strictly of annual duration, but which are sown every year, in preference to housing the roots over winter, are generally classed under the head of Annuals. To produce the best results where such seeds are to be sown in the open border, the soil should be enriched with stable manure or other fertilizer, just as for a crop of vegetables or fruits ; thoroughly dug, and raked level and smooth. The location for nearly all kinds of Annual flowers should be free from shade, though many sorts will suc- ceed well where they get sunlight for half the day only. Hardy Annuals are those which require no artificial aid to enable them to develop, but grow and flower freely in the open air. All such may be sown in the open ground as soon as the soil is dry enough in spring to work. Tedder Annuals are generally of tropical origin, and should not be sown in the vicinity of New York until the first week in May. Indeed, the best rule for all sections of the country, from Maine to Florida, is not to sow the tender kinds until such time as the farmers begin to plant Corn, Melons and Cucumbers. Many seeds of Annuals may be sown thickly and transplanted, thinning them out sufficiently to allow the plants to develop and exhibit their true character. Successive sowings of many of the showy species will be found to prolong their flowering season. They are usually sown in rows from six to twenty- four inches apart, or in circular patches of from one to two feet in diameter, each circle being from one to two feet apart, according to the growth of the variety. But whether sown in rows or in circular patches, the soil should be first loosened, so that the seed may be cov- ered from one quarter of an inch to one inch in depth. After the seed is sown, shake over it fine soil, sufficient to cover the seeds, lighter or heavier according to their size. It is a good plan to place a label in the centre of each circular patch or at the end of each row, so as to mark where the seed has been sown, for in nearly all soils there are the seeds of weeds, which spring up often quicker than the flower seeds do ; therefore it is necessary to know exactly where the seeds have been sown, so that the weeds can be pulled out or hoed up, and not crowd and smother the young seed- lings. Some of the more tender Annuals require to be started in the green-house or hot-bed, and, after being potted off into small pots, and gradually hardened off, planted out where they are to remain. Annular. Having a ring-like form. Anoe'ctochi'lus. From anoiktos, open, andctei- los, a lip ; the apex spreading. Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae. These admired little plants have small, white, rather inconspicuous flowers, but the want of beauty here is fully compensated for, in the rich and lovely markings of the leaves, which are covered with a gold network on a choco- late-colored or olive-green velvet like ground. They should be potted in a mixture of leaf- mould, sphagnum and silver sand, and a bell- ANO glass kept continually over them, in the warmest part of the hot-house, in order to assimilate their present condition with their native one in the hot, humid jungles of the East, whence they have been derived. First introduced from Java in 1836. Anomalous. Irregular, unusual, contrary to rule ; as where a plant is very unlike the great majority of those to which it is most nearly allied. Anomathe'ca. From anomos, singular, and theca, a capsule or seed pod. Nat. Ord. Irid- acece. Interesting little bulbous-rooted plants from the Cape of Good Hope. A. cruenta is useful for planting in masses, as it produces its blood-colored flowers in great profusion. They may be increased to almost any extent from seed, and the young plants will bloom the same season if sown in a gentle heat about the early part of March, and afterward removed to the open air. Ano'na. Custard Apple. From Menona, its Banda name. Nat. Ord. Anonacece. A South American and West Indian genus of shrubs and trees, where several of the species are cultivated for the sake of their fruits. A. muricata, the rough Custard Apple, is a middle- sized tree, growing abundantly on the savan- nahs in Jamaica, and bearing a large, oval fruit of a greenish yellow color, covered with small knobs on the outside, and containing a white pulp, having a flavor compounded of sweet and acid, and very cooling and agree- able. It is, however, too common to be much esteemed by the wealthier people, though it is much sought after and relished by the negroes. The odor and taste of the whole plant is simi- lar to that of the black currant. This fruit is called by the natives Sour-sop. A. squamoaa is a low-growing tree or shrub, common in both the East and West Indies. The fruit is nearly the size of the head of an artichoke, scaly, and of a greenish yellow color. The rind is strong and thick ; but the pulp is deli- cious, having the odor of rose-water, and tast- ing like clotted cream mixed with sugar. It is, like many other fruits, said to have a much finer flavor in the Indian Archipelago than in the West Indies. The local name for this fruit is Sweet-sop. A. cherimolia, a South American species, is known as the Cherimoyer in Peru, where it is accounted one of their best fruits. The tree which produces this fruit has a trunk about ten feet high ; the leaves are oval, and pointed at both ends ; the flowers are solitary, very fragrant, and of a greenish color; the fruit is large, heart-shaped, rough on the out- side, and greyish-brown, or nearly black, when ripe. The flesh, in which the seeds are con- tained, is soft, sweet and pleasant, and highly esteemed both by natives and foreigners. A. palustris yields the Alligator Apple, which fruit is shining and smooth in appearance, sweet and not unpleasant to the taste ; but it is a strong narcotic, and therefore not generally eaten. The wood of the Alligator Apple tree is so soft and compressible, that the people of Jamaica call it cork- wood, and employ it for stoppers. Ano'pterus. From ano, upward, and pteron, a wing ; in reference to the seeds, which are winged at the apex. Nat. Ord. SaxifragacecB. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 25 ANS A. glandulosa, the only species introduced into our green-houses, is a very beautiful shrub, remarkable for its large, handsome leaves, and axillary panicles or spikes of large white and pink flowers. Introduced from Van Diemen's Land in 1846. Propagated by cut- tings. Anse'llia. In honor of Mr. Ansell, the botanical collector who accompanied the ill-fated Niger expedition. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids. A. Afri- cana is a very beautiful plant, found growing on oil-palm trees in the island of Fernando Po. It has a tall stem resembling the sugar cane ; broad, strap-shaped leaves, and large, drooping panicles of greenish flowers, blotched with purple. The plant flowers in January, and keeps in perfection for several months. Propagated by division. Introduced in 1844. Antenna'ria. From antennce, feelers ; in refer- ence to the downy heads of the seeds. Nat. Ord. Composites. A genus of herbaceous perennials, widely disseminated throughout this country and Europe. Some of the species are used as bed- ding plants. A. Margaritacea, a native spe- cies, popularly known as Pearly Everlasting, is a favorite garden plant in Europe Anterior. Placed in front, or outwards. A'nthemis. Chamomile. From anthemon, a flower ; in reference to the great number of flowers produced. Nat. Ord. Compos itce. The genus of plants to which the Chamomile belongs, the flowers of which are much valued as a tonic, and for other medicinal properties. A. tinctoria furnishes a yellow dye. A. Pyre- thrum, the Pellitory of Spain, is a pretty little perennial, with large white flowers, stained with lilac on the back. Miller raised this plant in a rather curious way in 1732, finding its seeds among some Malaga raisins to which they had adhered. Anthe'ricum. From anthos, a flower, and herkos, a hedge ; in reference to the tall flower stems. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. A. Liliastrum, a very pretty hardy herbaceous plant, has broadish grassy leaves, and a flower stalk one and a half to two feet high, bearing many large, pure white, sweet-scented flow- ers, marked on each segment with a green dot. This is commonly called St. Bruno's Lily. A. vittatum variegatum, a species of recent intro- duction, from the Cape of Good Hope, has foliage of a bright grassy green color, beauti- fully striped and margined with creamy white. In variegation and habit it closely resembles Pandanus Veitchii, but is of more rapid growth and easy of cultivation. It has a hardy con- stitution, not as against cold, but as against the dry atmosphere and gases of the drawing- room, which makes it a valuable plant for the conservatory or for filling in baskets, jardin- ieres, or rustic designs. The method of prop- agating this species is both interesting and peculiar. Buds or short shoots are formed on the flower stems, which, put in as cuttings in the ordinary way, root rapidly. It is also propagated by seeds or division of 'roots. In- troduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1824. Antheri'dia. The reproductive organs in crypto- gamic plants, analogous to anthers in flower- ing plants. ANT Antholy'za. From anthos, a flower, and ^a^^, rage ; in reference to the opening of the flower like the mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. Ord. Iridacece. A pretty genus of Cape bulbs, like the Ano- matheca, but of stronger habit. They should be grown in light, rich earth, and have the protection of a frame, or some other cover- ing, in winter, to exclude frost. Scarlet and orange are the prevailing colors of the flowers. Introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1759. Propagated by offsets. Anthospe'rmum. Amber Tree. From anthos, a flower, and sperma, a seed. Nat. Ord. Rubi- acece. An ornamental evergreen shrub, from the Cape of Good Hope. A. dZthopicum is an inter- esting plant, with verticillate spikes of green and white flowers, thriving best in peat, loam and sand. Increased by cuttings. Anthoxa'nthum. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. From anthos, a flower, and xanthus, yellow. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A small genus of grasses found in nearly all the temperate portions of the globe. A. odor- atum, the best known species, is a native of Europe, but has become thoroughly natural- ized in this country, so much so that it is gen- erally supposed indigenous. This is one of the earliest spring grasses, as well as one of the latest in autumn, and is almost the only grass that is fragrant. It possesses a property said to be peculiar to this species, known as coumarin, which not only gives it its aromatic odor, but imparts it to other grasses with which it is cured. Professor Johnstone says the fragrant resinous principle which occurs in this grass is the same which gives fragrance to the Tonka Bean, to the Faham Tea of the ' Mauritius, and to the Melilotus Alba. The vapor of coumarin is stated to act powerfully on the brain, and it is supposed by many that hay fever, to which many persons are liable, may be owing to the presence of this substance in unusual quantities during the period of hay-making. This grass possesses but little value of itself, as its nutritive properties are slight; nor is it much relished by stock of any kind. A slight mixture of it with other grasses is sometimes used because of its early growth. Anthri'scus. Chervil. Derivation of name uncertain, but said to have been given by Pliny. Nat. Ord. Umbdliferce. A small genus of mostly uninteresting plants, common throughout Europe. There are but two species under cultivation. A. cerefolium, the common Chervil, an annual plant indigenous to various parts of Europe, is sometimes naturalized in and around old gar- dens. It rises to nearly two feet in height, the leaves are of a very delicate texture, three times divided, and the flowers, which are of a whitish color, appear in June. The tender leaves are much used in soups and salads, and those of a curled variety in garnishing. It is easily grown from seed, which should be sown early in May. A. bulboaus (syn. Chazrophyllum bulbosum), the tuberous-rooted Chervil, is a native of France, where it is cultivated to some extent as a vegetable. In size and shape the root attains the size of a small carrot. It is outwardly of a grey color, but when cut the flesh is white, mealy, and by no means 26 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ANT unpleasant to the taste. "When boiled the flavor is intermediate between that of the chestnut and potato, in consequence of which it has been recommended by English horti- culturists for cultivation as a substitute for the latter root. Anthu'rium. From anthos, a flower, and oura, a tail ; referring to the inflorescence. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. This very large genus of stove and green- house plants, natives of Central and Tropical America, for the most part growing upon trees or in their forks, is remarkable both for the peculiar inflorescence, and often noble and beautifully veined and colored leaves, and is distinguished in structure from all the Europe- an members of the family in the flowers being hermaphrodite. Of tnose species most admired for their flowers, A. Andreanum and A. Scherzerianum, are the most noticeable. The singular form and intense coloring of the flowers, together with the gracefully-curved foliage, and long duration of the flowers, render them most valuable plants for the decoration of the warm green-house. A. Splendidum, A. Regale, A. Crystallinum, and many other beautiful species are grown for their magnif- icent foliage and are indispensable in a collection of stove plants. Anthy'llis. From anthos, a flower, and ioulos, down ; literally downy flower. Nat. Ord. LeguminoscB. A genus of trailing herbs or shrubs, annuals and perennials. About twenty species are known, chiefly from the countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, most of which are uninteresting plants. A. vulneraria, is a native of Great Britain, and is frequently met in dry pastures near the sea. The leaves are large, of a bluish tinge and downy. The flowers are yellow, and grow in crowded heads, mostly in pairs. Its popular name is Kidney Vetch, or Lady's Fingers. A. Barba- Jovis, is an evergreen shrub, a native of the South of Europe. It has pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers, and the whole plant has a silvery appearance, from which it has derived its name of Jupiter's Beard and the Silver- bush. This is a very handsome shrub, but not hardy north of the Carolinas. Antia'ris. Upas Tree. From antja, its Java name. Nat. Ord. Artocarpacece. A. toxicaria is the fabled Upas Tree of Java, which furnishes a deadly poison in the form of a milky juice that exudes when slightly bruised or cut. The exaggerated accounts, that no other plants, or animals, or birds could live near the tree ; that the death penalty was satisfied if the criminal would cut from the tree a branch or collect some of its juices, were effectually dispelled by Mr. Davidson, author of Trade and Travel in tlie Far East, who, with a number of friends, climbed up into the tree, took lunch, smoked their cigars, and enjoyed a few hours socially in its branches. The Upas has undoubtedly derived its evil reputation chiefly from its having been found growing in the celebrated valley of Java, where, through volcanic agency, there is a constant evolution of carbonic acid gas, fatal to air-breathing animals, and where both man and beast frequently fall victims to this invisible danger. "As if to prove the saying that reality is more strange than fiction, at ANT least in botany, the very nearest plant in affinity, to this deadly poisonous tree, is the Cow Tree of South America, whose milky juice is as wholesome as that of an ' Alderney,' and that the Bread Fruit Tree is also closely allied to the Upas." Antigo'non. From anti, against or opposite, and (jonia, an angle. A splendid genus ol green-house climbing plants, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Polygonacece. A. Ipptopus, a native of Nicaragua, is a magnificent climber for the stove-house, rival- ling the Bougainvillea in the color and abund- ance of its flowers. The chief attraction of the flowers is afforded by the sepals, which are half an inch long, of a bright rose color. A& the flowers are produced in such great pro- fusion, the plant in its season of flowering presents a brilliant and extremely showy appearance. Its discoverer, Dr. Seeman, writes respecting it : "I am well acquainted with the contents of our gardens and the vegetation of most parts of the world, but I have no hesita- tion in giving it as my deliberate opinion that there is no more graceful or beautiful climber than Antigonon leptopus." Antigra'mme. From anti, like, and gramma. writing. Alluding to the arrangement of the sori. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. This genus is composed of two species of tender ferns, natives of Brazil. A. Brasilie-nsis, is a simple-fronded Fern, with something of the habit of the Bird's-nest Fern, Asplenium Nidus, but, in a mature state of a glaucous opaque green-color, and remarkable in the young plants, for having a broad band of silvery-gray on each side of the central midrib of the frond, giving it a variegated appearance. Propagated by seeds. Introduced in 1780. This genus is now included under Scolopen- drium, by some authors. Antirrhi'num. Snapdragon. Derived from anti, similar, and rhin, nose. The flowers of most of the species resemble the snout of some animal. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacece. Annual and perennial plants, natives of the middle and south of Europe, and of which one species, A. majus, the common Snapdragon, is in every garden. There are many varieties of this species, the finest of which, A. m. cary- ophylloides, has the flowers striped like those of a flaked Carnation. All the species of Snap- dragon grow in any soil that is tolerably dry, and they are readily increased by cuttings ; for though they produce abundance of seeds, yet the varieties can only be perpetuated with certainty by the former mode of propa- gation. The beautiful carnation-like variety will, indeed, very seldom produce striped flow- ers two years in succession from the same root ; and thus a person who has purchased a plant with beautifully-striped flowers will gen- erally have the mortification, the second year, of finding it produce nothing but flowers of the common Snap-dragon, unless cuttings have been made from the young shoots of the plant, and the old root thrown away. As this plant, in its wild state, is very commonly found growing on the tops of old walls, it may be considered as one of the most ornamental plants for placing in such a situation. Ants. See Insects. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 27 AOT Ao'tua. From a, not, and ous, ear ; the ear-like appendages to the calyx are wanting. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A somewhat extensive genus of small ever- green shrubs from New Holland. They are slender plants, with heath-like leaves, arranged in whorls around the stem. The flowers are pea-shaped, bright yellow, on short stalks. A. gracillima, a native of West Aus- tralia, is a favorite species for the green-house. It is a slender shrub, with copious yellow flowers, which are so thickly set on the stems as to hide the leaves from view. Botanists report several very beautiful species not yet in cultivation. Propagated by seeds or cut- tings. Introduced in 1844. Apetalous. Without petals. Aphela'ndra. From apheles, simple, and aner, a male ; the anthers being one-celled. Nat. Ord. Acanthacece. A small genus of dwarf shrubs from tropical America, allied to the Justicia. A. cristata is a remarkably handsome hot-house plant, pro- ducing large spikes of orange-scarlet flowers. A. aurantiaca has no less handsome flowers of light orange color, and grows freely in the green-house. A. Margaritas has bright orange or apricot-colored flowers, growing in short, terminal spikes. The leaves are barred with white on each side of the midrib ; underneath they are of a clear, rose color ; a very showy species, introduced from Central America in 1884. They are increased by cuttings. Aphele'xis. From apheles, simple, and exis, habit. Nat. Ord. Compositce. Green-house evergreen shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope, having much resemblance to that class of everlasting flowers known as Helichrysum. The genus is composed of five species, all of them having very small leaves, which are closely pressed to the stem like those of club- moss. The flowers are solitary, of a pink or yellow color, in small clusters of two or three. A. humilis and its varieties are most showy and valuable green-house plants. When in bloom they remain in per- fection for six or seven weeks. Propagated by cuttings, or from seeds. Introduced in 1796. Aphides. See Insects. Aphylla'nthes. Its stems are like a rush, and bear on their summits a little tuft of flowers ; hence the name, from aphyllos, leafless, and anthos, a flower. Nat. Ord. Liliaceai. A small genus of hardy, herbaceous, rush- like perennials, common in Southern Europe. The flower scape is very slender and grass- like and bears a cluster of small blue flowers, that are of but short duration. This plant is of considerable interest to the botanist, but not of the slightest use to the florist or gar- dener. Aphy'llon. Naked Broom Ilape. A genus of Orobanchacece, comprising two species, both natives of this country. They are character- ized by their solitary bractless flowers, regu- larly five-cleft calyx, and almost regular corolla. The flowers are perfect, purplish, on long, naked scapes or peduncles. The plants are brownish or yellowish. Aphyllous. Destitute of leaves. It sometimes signifies their partial or imperfect produc- tion. APO Api'cra. A division of succulents allied to the Aloe, and comprising along with Haworthia a group of species of very different aspect from the great cylindrical or tubular-flowered Aloes more commonly associated with the name. The present are dwarf or stemless plants, with very crowded leaves and slender flower scapes, bearing erect greenish-white flowers. Apiculate. Terminated in a little point. A'pios, From apion, a pear , in reference to the form of the roots. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A. tuberosa, the only species, is found in the woods and hedges from Massachusetts to the Carolinas. It is an elegant climbing plant, allied to the Wistaria. It bears large clusters of brownish-purple, sweet-scented flowers in July. Readily propagated by division of tubers, which are edible. Commonly known as Ground-nut, and erroneously as Tuberous Wistaria. A'pium. From apon, Celtic for water ; in refer- ence to the habitat of the genus. Nat. Ord. Umbettiferce. Though this genus contains but a few spe- cies, two of our best known vegetables belong to it, viz.: The "Celery," A. graveolens, and "Parsley," A. petroselinum, for culture of which, see under their respective names. Aple'ctrum. Putty Root. Adam and Eve. From a, not, and plektron, a spur; the flower without spurs. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A. hyemale, the only species, is a hardy bulbous Orchid. The flowers are produced in summer in a raceme a foot or more high, and are of a dingy color, more curious than beau- tiful. The plant is occasionally found in the Northern and Eastern States. Aplopa'ppus. A synonym of Haplopappus, a genus of Compositce, of but little interest. Apocyna'ceae. A large natural order of trees, shrubs and herbs, with simple, opposite, some- times alternate or whorled leaves. Most of the species inhabit tropical countries ; the northern forms are the Vinca or Periwinkle, Nerium or Oleander, and a few more. In gen- eral the species form a poisonous, acrid, milky secretion, which renders them dangerous ; but others are mild enough in their action to be useful in medicine, and in a few cases the milk is bland enough to form a palatable beverage. Well-known genera belonging to this order are Allamanda, Nerium, Taberncemontana, and Vinca. About 600 species are known, distri- buted through about 100 genera. Apo'cynum. Indian Hemp. From apo, from, and kyon, a dog ; poisonous to dogs. Nat. Ord. Apocynacece. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, in- digenous throughout the United States. A. cannabinum is commonly called Indian Hemp, from the fact of the Indians using the fibrous bark as a substitute for hemp in making their fishing-nets, mats, clothing, and various other articles for which tho true Hemp is generally used. A. androscemifolium is termed by Eng- lish botanists the "Fly Trap of North Amer- ica," and is cultivated as an object of curiosity. They do not class it as insectiverous further than that its flowers catch and kill the flies, but do not feed upon them. None of the spe- cies possesses sufficient beauty to warrant its introduction into the garden. HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS APO Aponoge'ton. Water Hawthorn. The name is derived from the Celtic apon, water, and the Greek word geiton, near ; the species growing in water. Nat. Ord. Naiadacece. A genus of interesting aquatics, inhabiting the waters of the Cape of Good Hope, the East Indies and Australia. A. distachyon is a handsome aquatic plant, remarkable for its floating branched spikes of small fragrant white flowers. This species is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, but will flourish in a lake or stream if planted at a depth of about two feet of water. In appearance it resembles a Pondweed (Potamogetori), except that it is of a clear green color, without any tinge of brown. The leaves float on the surface of the water, are oblong, about 18 inches long when full grown, flat, and have three distinct veins run- ning parallel with the main rib. A charming variety, with rose-tinted flowers, is also in cul- tivation, having been introduced in 1885. Appendiculate. Having appendages. Applanate. Flattened out. Apple. Pyrua Malus. The history of the Apple shares obscurity with all the fruits, vegetables, and flowers that were in cultivation before any records were kept ; consequently speculation must take the place of facts in connection with the early history of this valuable fruit. The general opinion is that the origin of the culti- vated Apple is the wild Crab, which is found indigenous in nearly all parts of Europe, as well as in most parts of the United States. The Apple can only be grown in small gardens as a dwarf, either kept in a bush form or trained as a pyramid or other shape. Two sorts of dwarfing stocks are used by nursery- men, the Doucin and the Paradise. Trees upon the Doucin will ultimately grow quite large ; and as the Paradise is the only stock which makes really dwarf trees, the amateur who wishes to grow dwarf apple-trees should make sure that they are worked on Paradise stocks. Of course, trees of this kind are not advised as a source of profit; but there can scarcely be a handsomer object in the garden than a bush six feet high, and about the same through, loaded with enormous apples. The following sorts are recommended for garden culture. (For descriptions, see nursery cata- logues.) Baldwin, Gravenstein, Bhode Island Greening, King of Tompkins County, Maiden's Blush, Esopus Spitzenberg, Early Harvest, Northern Spy, Porter, Fall Pippin, Stump, Hubbardston Nonsuch and Jonathan, etc. Apple, Adam's. Citrus Limetta. Alligator. Anona palustris. Balsam. Momordica Balsamina. Beef. Sapota rugosa. Bitter. Cucumis (Citrullus) Colocynthis. Cherry. Pyrus baccata. Chinese. Pyrus (Malus) Spectabilis. Dead Sea or of Sodom. The fruit of Solanum Sodomeum, also applied to the galls of Quercus infectoria. Devil's. Mandragora qfflcinalis. Elephant's. Feronia elephantum. Golden, jfflgle marmelos, and Spondias lutea. Kangaroo. Solanum laciniatum. Love. Lycopersicum esculentum, or Tomato. May. Passijlora incarnata, also Podophyllum peltatum. Mamme. Mammea Americana. Monkey. Clusia flava. AQU . Apple. N. American Crab. Pyrus Coronaria. Oak. A gall produced by insects on the leaves and twigs of the Oak. Of Jerusalem. Momordica Balsamina. Of Paradise. Citrus medica. A fruit used by the Jews at the feast of Tabernacles. Of Scripture. Probably the Apricot, Prunus Armeniaca, or the Quince, Cydonia vulgaris. Of the Earth. An old name for Aristolochia rotunda and Cyclamen. Oregon Crab. Pyrus rivularis. Paradise. Pyrus malus prcecox, much used for grafting and budding superior sorts upon. Eose. The various species of Eugenia. Sugar. Anona squamosa. Thorn. Datura Stramonium. Wild Balsam. Echinocystis lobata. Wild Star. Chrysophyllum olivceforme. Apple-Berry. Australian. The genus Billar- diera, which see. Apple-Mint. Mentha rotundifolia. Apple-Scented Geranium. Pelargonium odor- ata. Apple-Tree of Australia. Eucalyptus Stuartiana. Apple-Tree of New South "Wales. Angophora subvelutina. Apple-Tree of Victoria. Angophora lanceolata. Apple-Wood. Feronia elephantum. Apricot. Prunus Armeniaca. The Apricot is a native of Central Asia, China, Japan, Armenia, and Arabia. In all these countries it is found in its native state, and is also exten- sively cultivated. The difference in the quality of this fruit in its wild and cultivated states is not so great as in most other fruits, nature having left less work for man to do in order to enjoy it in its highest condition. The fruit or pulp of the wild Apricot, however, does not compare with many of the cultivated varieties that have resulted from selections, yet it is a fair and wholesome fruit. The Apricot is extensively grown in China and Japan, and the natives employ it variously in the arts. The Persians also grow this fruit extensively ; so highly do they esteem it that they call it the "Seed of the Sun." The Apricot was introduced into England in 1524 by Woolf , the gardener to Henry VIII. Parkinson (1629) mentions eight varieties. Since then many varieties have been added to the list which is by no means so extensive as that of other kinds of fruit. The ravages of the Curculio prevent the cultivation of this excellent fruit in some parts of this country; but for that pest it could be produced in the greatest abundance at a very low price. Apterous. Without wings. Aqua'tic Plants. The culture of Aquatic Plants is most interesting, and is yearly becoming better understood. Many of the more tender sorts can be protected during winter, and give quantities of flowers during the summer and autumn months (see Nymphcea). A number of species of the following genera are well worthy of attention. Aponogeton, Butomus, Cyperus, Damasonium, Calla, Hottonia, Lim- nocharis, Menyanthes, Nelumbium, Nuphar, Nymphcea, Ouvirandra, Pistia, Ppntederia, Polygonum, Sagittaria, Salvinia, Thalia, Trapa, Typha, Villarsia, Victoria, etc. Aqua'ticus. Living in water. Aquatilis. Living under water. ANTHOXANTHUM (SWEET VERNAL GRASS) ANTIKHHISUM ABECA BAUERI. ABECA SAPIDA. ABBHENATHERUM (TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS). 2g AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 29 AQU Aquifo'lia'ceae. The common Holly Tree Ilex Aquilfolium, is the type of this small natural order of shrubs and trees. The species may be said to possess in general, emetic qualities, variously modified in various instances. Bird- lime is obtained from the bark of the common Holly, and the beautiful white wood is much esteemed by cabinet-makers for inlaying. A decoction of Ilex vomitoria, called Black Drink, was used by the Creek Indians at the opening of their Councils, and it acts as a mild emetic. But the most celebrated pro- duct of the order is Mate, or Paraguay Tea, the dried leaves of Ilex Paraguariensis, which see. There are about 150 species, and the follow- ing genera Syronia, Ilex, and Nemopanthes. The order is sometimes known as Illicinece. Aquila'ria. Eagle Wood. From aquila, an eagle ; locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca, where it abounds. Nat. Ord. Aquilariacece. A small genus of tropical evergreen shrubs and trees. A. Agallocha, a large tree inhabit- ing Silket, and provided with alternate lanceo- late leaves, furnishes an odoriferous wood called Aloes-wood, or Eagle-wood. The wood contains an abundance of resin, and an essential oil, which is separated and highly esteemed as a perfume. The Orientals burn it in their temples for the sake of its slight fragrance, on which account it was used in the palace of Napoleon the First. Aquile'gia. Columbine. From aquila, an eagle ; alluding to the form of the petal. Nat. Ord. RanunculacecB. Perennial herbaceous plants growing from one to three feet high, of which several species are very ornamental, especially, A. vulgaris, and its varieties. A. Canadensis is the wild Columbine of the United States. A. chry- santha, from the Rocky Mountains, has canary-colored flowers, contrasting finely with the blue A. alpina and A. ccerulea. There are also many beautiful hybrids, as well as species in cultivation. They* are of easy cultivation and are propagated by seeds, or by division of the root. A'rabis. Rock Cress. From Arabia ; probably in reference to the dry situations where many of the species grow. Nat. Ord. Crueiferce. An extensive genus of annual or perennial herbaceous plants, bearing white or, rarely, purple flowers. A. alpina has white flowers, which, in its native country, appear in March ; and A. albida flowers the greater part of the year, commencing in mild winters in January, and producing its large tufts of white blossoms till October. Some of the species and vari- eties, such as A. verna, A. alpina nana, and A. bellidifolia, do not grow above three inches high, and are admirable plants for rock- work. Ara'ceae or Aro'ideae. An extensive genus of herbaceous plants with numerous unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers, closely packed upon a spadix, shielded when young by the hooded leaf called a spathe, as is seen in the common Indian Turnip, Ariscema triphyllum. They are common in tropical countries, but rare in those with a cold or temperate climate. Most1 of them have tuberous rhizomes, but some acquire the stature of small trees, the most interesting of which is the Dumb Cane a species of Dieffenbachia, others as Philo- dendron and Monstera have scrambling stems ARA by which they attach themselves to the trunks of trees. The tuberous species all contain starch in such abundance that it may be separated in the form of arrow-root, and used as food, only however, after very careful washing to remove the acrid juices; and the Colocasias are grown as an article of food in hot countries as common field crops. Scarcely more than 200 species are known, Caladium, Richardia, Arum, Amorphophallus, etc., are examples of this order. A'rachis. Peanut. From a, privative, and rachis, a branch ; a branchless plant. Nat. Ord. Leguminosca. A. hypogcea (underground), the only species, is the Peanut of our shops. It is a native of the West Indies and Western Africa, but has become generally cultivated in all warm climates as an article of food, to be eaten like other nuts, or as food for swine. It is also largely cultivated in the East Indies and Cochin China for the oil obtained from the seeds, which is thin and of a straw color, resembling the finer kinds of olive oil. It is said to be of a superior quality, and for table use preferable to the best olive oil. It is free from stearine, and is used by watchmakers and others for delicate machinery. The plant is an annual, of a trailing habit, with yellow, pea- shaped flowers, produced from the axils of the leaves in bunches of five or seven, close to or even under the ground. They should be grown in a light, sandy soil, and the stems ^covered lightly with earth when in flower, as the seeds are only ripened under ground. The peanut is profitably grown in nearly all of the Southern States. A'rachnis. Name from the Greek: a spider. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A small genus of very curious and interest- ing epiphytal orchids from Java; deriving their name from their extraordinary resem- blance to a spider. A. moschifera, the best known species, is a very peculiar plant, some- what like a Renanthera in habit. The flowers are large, creamy white, or lemon-color, with purple spots ; they are delicately scented with musk, and continue in perfection a long time. Arachnoid. Resembling a cob-web in appear- ance. Ara'lia. A name of unknown meaning. Nat. Ord. AraliaccB. This genus consists of trees, herbs and shrubs, mostly of an ornamental character, but of no value as flowering plants. The roots, of A. nudicaulis, one of our native species is largely sold for sarsaparilla. A. racemosa, is our beautiful Spikenard, much esteemed for its medicinal properties. A. spinosa, one of our native shrubs or low trees, is common in cultivation, and is known as the Angelica Tree and Hercules Club. A. papyri/era, which assumes a tree form, grows in great quantities in the deep, swampy forests of the island of Formosa. The stems of this species are filled with pith of a very fine texture, from which is manufactured the celebrated rice paper of the Chinese, which is chiefly used in making artifi- cial flowers. A. Sieboldi (Syn. Fatsiajaponica) has large leathery, deep green leaves and is much used in sub-tropical and window gar- dening ; a very beautiful variegated variety of this species is in cultivation. The vari- ous species with much divided leaves in- 30 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ARA troduced from the South Sea Islands, such as A. Veitchii, A. reticulata, A. gracillima, etc., are extremely beautiful and admirably suited for the warm green-house and for table decoration. Ara'lia'ceae. These form a small natural order closely approaching Umbellifers, from which they in reality differ in little, except in their fruit. They are also more generally arbores- cent, many of them being trees or large shrubs, and very few herbs. Several are conspicuous for their broad, noble foliage. The species are found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, and in some of the coldest, as in Canada, the northwest coast of America, and Japan. Aralia polaria even occurs in Lord Auckland's Islands, in 50>£ ° south latitude. Hedera, Panax and Aralia, are examples of this order. Arauca'ria. From araucanoa, its name among the people in whose country the Araucaria imbricata grows in Chili. Nat. Ord. Coniferce. The genus consists of lofty evergreen trees, none of which will bear the open air of the climate of the Northern States. The most beautiful of the species is A. excelsa, from Norfolk Island, where it is known as Norfolk Island Pine. It grows to the height of 200 feet. Its symmetrical growth and deep green, finely-cut foliage give it a fern-like appear- ance. All the species are fine ornaments for the lawn during summer, but require the protec- tion of the green-house during winter. Propagation can be effected by cuttings, though a slow and uncertain process. They gr»w readily from seed. Arauja, is given by Bentham and Hooker as the correct name of the genus Physianthus. Arborescent. Having a tendency to become a tree. Arboretum. A collection of hardy trees formed for pleasure or instruction, and which, when well managed, is a source of much interesting study. They afford shelter, improve the local climate, renovate bad soils, etc., and also by concealing or hiding disagreeable objects, heighten the effect of agreeable ones, create beauty, and add value. A properly arranged Arboretum should be constructed with a view to picturesque beauty and not systematically, as is usually the case in Botanic Gardens, although scientific purposes are best served by a systematic arrangement. Arbor Vitae. A common name for Thuja. A'rbutus. Strawberry-tree. From arboise, a Celtic word for rough fruit. Nat. Ord. Ericacece. A genus of evergreen shrubs or low growing trees, numbering about twenty species, natives of southern Europe, the Canary Islands, Chili, and in some parts of this country. A. unedo is called the strawberry-tree from its fruit resembling a strawberry at a distance. It is a small tree from ten to twenty feet high. Flowers numerous, Avhite, appearing in September or October. Fruit scarlet, ripen- ing the second year. This fine evergreen is common in southern Europe, and is also met about the lakes of Killarney, in Ireland. The fruit of this species, when eaten in quantites is said to be narcotic. A wine is made from it in Corsica, but it has the same property as the fruit. In Spain both a sugar and a spirit are AKE obtained from it. The bark and leaves of the same plant are used as astringents; in some parts of Greece they are employed in tanning leather. It is cultivated, where the climate will permit, as an ornamental shrub, and as it ripens its fruit the second year, it is particularly beautiful in October and Novem- ber, being covered at the same time with blossoms and ripe fruit. Archange'lica. From arche, chief, and angelica, from its supposed virtues. Nat. Ord. Umbelli- ferce. A genus of mostly useless biennial plants; a few of the species are natives of this country. A. ojficinalis, is the Angelica, formerly much used in domestic medicine. Archego'nium. The female organ in ferns, etc. Analogous with the ovary in flowering plants. Archill or Orchill. A coloring matter obtained from various species of Lichens, especially Rocella tinctoria. A'rctium. A name that is now employed by some botanists for the genus Lappa, Burdock. Arctosta'phyloa. Bearberry. From arktos, a bear, and staphyle, a berry ; the Greek of the popular name. Nat. Ord. Ericacece. A small genus of fruit-bearing shrubs, com- mon in our Northern and Eastern States. The whole plant of A. Uva-ursi is astringent, and has been used for tanning leather. The berries of the several species are a favorite food of game birds. Arcto'tis. Derived from arktos, a bear, and ous, an ear ; shaggy fruit. Nat. Ord. Composite. This genus consists of annuals, biennials, and green-house perennials. The annuals should be started in the hot-bed early, as they require a long season to develop their showy flowers, which are sulphur and orange. They grow freely in ordinary soil, and keep ia bloom until killed by frost. Introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1774. Arcuate. Curved or bent like a bow ; forming an arch. Ardi'sia. From ardis, a spear head ; in refer- ence to the sharp-pointed divisions of the flower. Nat. Ord. Myrsinacece. . Handsome green-house plants from the East Indies, producing either red or white flowers. A. crenulata is admired alike for its white flowers and vermilion berries, being constantly covered with either one or the other, or both. Propagated by seeds in the green-house. Plants usually fruit when one year old, and are invaluable plants for winter decoration. There is also a pretty white-fruited variety. Ardui'na. A genus of Apocynacece, consisting of shrubs with a milky juice. Natives of Asia, Africa and tropical Australia. A. bispin- osa is a pretty, close-growing green-house shrub, with small, box-like leaves and white, sweet-scented flowers. A. grandiflora is a native of Natal, where the fruits are much valued, and known as the Natal Plum. They have an agreeable sub-acid flavor, and are used to make an excellent preserve. Are'ca. Called areec in Malabar, when an old tree. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. An extensive genus of lofty, magnificent Palms, natives of the East and West Indies and South America. The most prominent of the species is A. olerawa, the Cabbage Palm. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 31 ARE This is one of the most beautiful and stately of the Palm tribe, and is called in some of the tropical islands the Royal Palmetto. The stem of a full-sized tree at the base is seven feet in circumference, and it rises to the enormous height of one hundred and thirty feet. A noted traveler, in his description of this tree, says : " Near the base, the trunk is of a brown color, hard, woody, and jointed, with a pith inside like the elder. The upper part of the trunk, from whence the foliage springs, resembles a well-turned, finely-polished bal- uster, of a lively green color, gently swelling from its pedestal, and diminishing gradually to the top, where it expands into branches, waving like plumes of ostrich feathers. These are decorated with numerous leaflets, some of which are about three feet long, and an inch and a half broad, tapering into a sharp point. The leaflets gradually decrease in size as they approach the extremities of the branches. This lofty, regular group of foliage, impelled by the most gentle gale, and constantly wav- ing in feathery elegance, is an object of beauty which cannot be imagined by an inhabitant of temperate climes, unused to the magnificent vegetation of a tropical sun. Within the leaves, which constitute the summit of the trunk, the portion called the cabbage lies con- cealed. This substance is white, about two feet long, of cylindrical form, and the thick- ness of a man's arm. It is composed of longi- tudinal flakes like ribbons, and so compact as to form a solid, crisp body. When eaten raw, it tastes somewhat like the almond, but more tender and delicious. When cut into slices and boiled, it is served up with meat as a vegetable. To obtain this great delicacy- growing on the very summit of such a stately trunk — the noble tree must be felled to the ground. In the place where the cabbage grew, a species of beetle generally deposits its eggs, from which, in due time, grubs are hatched, that have received the name of Palm-tree Worms. They are about the size of a man's thumb, very fat and esteemed a great lux- ury. They are fried with a little butter and salt, and their flavor partakes of all the spices of India." A. catechu, is a handsome tree cul- tivated in all the warmer parts of Asia for its fruits, known as Areca or Betel nuts. These nuts are cut into narrow pieces, which are rolled up with a little lime in the leaves of the Betel pepper. The pellet is then chewed, and is hot and acrid, but possesses aromatic and astringent properties, and is considered bene- ficial rather than otherwise. The natives are so addicted to the practice that they would rather go without food than their favorite Areca nuts. Arena'ria. Sandwort. From arena, sand ; in reference to the sandy soil in which the plants grow. Nat. Ord. Caryophyllacece. A large genus of diminutive weeds, usually found growing on sandy soils. Are'nga. Name not explained. Nat. Ord. Pal- maceoz. A. saccharifera, is a very useful and inter- esting Palm, a native of the Asiatic islands. In its native country the fibres attached to the petioles are twisted into ropes, the me- dulla of the trunk is used as sago, and the saccharine juice forms excellent sugar. It is said that this species alone will supply all the ARI actual needs of the native: food, clothing, and a simple hut made from the leaves, are all supplied from this species, and are all that a native's necessities require. Known also as Saguerus saccharifer. Areolate. Divided off into distinct spaces, usu- ally more or less angular. The skin of a plant is areolate. Arethu'sa. A classical name, after one of Diana's nymphs. Nat. Ord. Orchidacem. A. bulbosa is a beautiful species found growing in damp places and bogs, Virginia to Maine, and northward. The flowers are a bright rose-purple, from one to two inches long. One of the prettiest of our native Orchids. Arga'nia. From argam, its aboriginal name. Nat. Ord. Sapotacece. A. Sideroxylon, the Argal tree ; or Iron Wood, is a remarkable evergreen tree, a native of Morocco. It has a spiny trunk of con- siderable size, but of low stature. It gives off branches at a few feet from the ground, which incline downwards until they rest upon the earth; at length, at a considerable distance from the trunk, they ascend, and again reach out to a long distance. A tree mentioned in the Journal of Botany, measured sixteen feet only in height, while its circumference was 220 feet. The wood is very hard, and so heavy as to sink in water. Argemo'ne. Prickly Poppy. From argema, a cataract of the eye ; in reference to its medi- cinal qualities. Nat. Ord. Papaveracece. Highly ornamental hardy annuals and peren- nials from Mexico, with large flowers like those of the Poppy, and of the easiest culture. The plants, spreading widely, require a good deal of room to look handsome. The seed of A. Mexicana is the Fico del Inferno (Infernal Fig) of the Spaniards ; a purgative and power- ful narcotic, especially if smoked with tobacco. Argenteus. Silvery, a pale color resembling silver. Argyre'ia. Named in reference to the white, silvery texture of the leaves, from argyreioa, silvery. Nat. Ord. Convolvulacece. A fine genus of strong-growing climbers from the East Indies. They are only adapted for the green-house, and require a long time, with liberal pot room, to bring them into flower. A. cuneata is a dwarf-growing, free- flowering species, colors white and purple, resembling the Ipomcza. Propagated by cut- tings. Introduced in 1822. Aril, Arillus. A fleshy growth which rises up from the placenta and encompasses the seed, like the Mace surrounding the Nutmeg, and the red sac the Euonymus. Arisae'ma. Indian Turnip. Dragon Arum. From aron, Arum, and sana, a standard; in reference to the close affinity to Arum. Nat. Ord. AroidecB. A genus of hardy tuberous-rooted peren- nials. Two of the species, A. triphyllum, the Indian Turnip, and A. Dracontium, the Green Dragon or Dragon Root, are common in moist woods and along streams in most parts of the United States. They bear cultivation well, and make beautiful plants for a shady border. The flowers are popularly known as Jack-in- the-Pulpit. These are succeeded by a cluster of scarlet berries, that make a showy appear- 32 HENDEKSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AKI ance until winter. The biting, acrid properties of this genus are such that the smallest por- tion chewed, either of leaves or root, produces a feeling as if the tongue were pierced with needles. Aristate. Having a beard or awn, as the glumes of barley. Ari'stea. From arista, a point or beard; in reference to the rigid points of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Iridacece. A genus of tender herbaceous perennials from the Cape of Good Hope, embracing about fifteen species. They vary in height from three inches to three feet and produce their interesting blue flowers all summer. Easily propagated by division or seeds. Aristi'da. From arista, a beard or awn. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of harsh perennial grasses, com- mon on dry, barren soils throughout the United States. A. dichotoma is commonly known as Poverty Grass, as it is a sure indication of poor and barren soil. A. stricta is the Southern Wiregrass. Ari'stolo'chia. Birthwort. From aristos, best, and locheia, parturition, its supposed medi- cinal character. Nat. Ord. Aristolochiacece. A genus of climbing plants natives princi- pally of South America, a few species being found in North America, Europe and India. Most of them extend their branches a long distance, though some are to be found that are neat and compact in their growth. The flowers of all are extremely curious, generally of some lurid color, and bearing a resemblance to the expanded mouth of a horn. The larger ones have, not inaptly, been compared to the ear of an elephant, while others are distinguished by a long, pendant pouch. The tender species require either the hot-house or green-house, and a few are sufficiently robust to bear ex- posure to our winters. They grow freely in rich loam and leaf mould. A. sipho (Dutch- man's Pipe) is a native of the Southern States, and one of the best climbers for covering walls or trellises; under favorable circum- stances it will grow twenty feet in a season. The foliage is large, of a deep, rich green ; it is propagated by seed, layers, or cuttings, and is perfectly hardy. A. serpentaria, the Virginian Snake Hoot, is well known for its aromatic-stimulant root, and is used in medi- cine. Ari'stolochia'ceae. In the tropical parts of both hemispheres, and occasionally beyond those limits, occurs a race of plants with singularly inflated, irregular flowers, consisting of a calyx only, of a dull, dingy color, varying from yellow to shades of chocolate, purple, or brown, and often emitting an offensive odor. A hot summer appears to be one condition of their existence, with a few exceptions, the most striking of which are the Asarums, little stemless plants, natives of Europe and North America. Aristote'lia. A genus of evergreen shrubs of the Nat. Ord. Tiliactce. A. Macqui is esteemed for its handsome foliage. The berries are purple, becoming black with age and are edible. The wood is used in Chili for making musical instruments, its tough bark forming the strings. The varie- gated form is a very ornamental plant. AKE Arme'niaca. The Apricot. Prunus Armeniaca. Arme'ria. Thrift. The Latin name for the Sweet William. Nat. Ord. Plumbaginacece. A genus of highly ornamental, hardy herba- ceous plants, of dwarf habit, with flowers of various shades between pink and purple, pro- duced on the majority of the species in great profusion. The common Thrift, A. vulgaris, is a well-known substitute for Box as an edging to flower borders. They grow with freedom in almost any soil, and without regard to situ- ation, except that the drip of trees is injurious to most of them. Propagated by division. Exceedingly common on the rocky sea coasta of Britain. Several pretty varieties have been introduced into cultivation, especially a gar- den variety called Crimson Gem, with large heads of bright crimson-pink flowers, and tufted habit. Arne'bia. Handsome, hardy herbaceous per- ennials of the Nat. Ord. Boraginacece ; allied to Lithospcrmum. A. echioiaes is one of the showiest hardy plants for the herbaceous border or rock- garden. Flowers bright primrose yellow, with a purplish spot, borne in large terminal spikes. A'rnica. From arnakis, a lamb's skin ; in ref- erence to the texture of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Composites. A small genus of hardy, dwarf herbaceous plants. Some of the species are common in this country, though not of special interest. A. montana is a native of the mountainous dis- tricts of Northern and Middle Europe. The tincture of Arnica is prepared from this species ; was first introduced by the homtfv opathists, and soon after came into general use, and is considered invaluable for wounds or bruises. Arno'tto, or Ana'tto. See Bixa Orellano. Aromatic Wlntergreen. See Gaultheria. Aroni'cum. From arnikis, a lamb's skin ; in ref- ence to the softness of the flower-heads. Nat. Ord. Composites. A small genus of pretty herbaceous peren- nials, inhabiting Central Europe and Asia. They have flower stalks varying from three inches to two feet high, with terminal heads of bright, yellow flowers. A. Clusii, a pretty little Alpine species growing from three to five inches high, is well adapted for a border plant or for rock- work. They are increased by division, or from seed. Syn. Doronicum Cluxii., From arpe, a scimitar, and phyllon, a leaf ; the leaf is sword-shaped. Arpophy'llum. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A small genus of handsome Orchids from Mexico and New Grenada. They are of grace- ful habit, easy of culture, and the flowers last long in perfection. They are increased by division, and should be grown rapidly to pro- duce large bulbs, as small ones do not flower. Arrhena'therum. Oat-grass. From arrhen, a male, and anther, a point ; on account of awns on the male spikes. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A small genus of strong growing grasses, occasionally cultivated in this country as a pasture grass and for hay ; it is not supposed to be very rich in nutritive matter, but is considered valuable in mixture with other grasses for moist meadows, as it produces a AND GENEEAL HOETICULTUEE. 33 AKE plentiful supply of early foliage, which is eaten with avidity by cattle. It is a trouble- some grass with other crops. Arrow Cane. Gynerium saggitatum. Arrow Grass. Triglochin palustre. Arrow-head. Chinese. Sagittaria Chinensis, Common. Sagittaria sagittcefolia. Arrow Poison. Gaboon or Trop. Africa. Stro- phanthus hispidus. Guiana, Curari or Curali. Strychnos toxifera. Javanese. Strychnos Tiente. Malay. Antiaris toxicaria. Arrow-root. A pure kind of starch employed for dietary and other purposes, obtained from various sources, the principal of which are the following : American. Zea mays. Bermuda. Maranta arundinacea. Brazilian or Tapioca Manihot utilissima Chinese. Nelumbium speciosum. E. Indian. Curcuma angustifolia, and other species. English. Solanum tuberosum. Mexican. Dion edule. Portland. Arum maculatum. Arrow-wood. American. Viburnum dentatum. California!!. Viburnum ellipticum. British Columbian. Spiraea Douglassi, S. opulifolia. Artane'ma. An interesting genus of plants belonging to the Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacece. A. ftmbriatum (closely allied to Torenia) is a handsome evergreen shrub with large funnel-shaped, fringed, blue flowers, bloom- ing from June to November. It was intro- duced from Moreton Bay, New Holland, in 1830, and is readily increased by cuttings or seeds. Art'anthe. Derivation of name not given. Nat. Ord. Piperacece. A small genus belonging to the Pepper family. They are woody plants, with jointed stems, rough leaves, and spikes of flowers opposite the leaves. A. elongata furnishes one of the articles known by the Peruvians as Matico, and which is used by them for the same purpose as Cubebs, the produce of a nearly-allied plant ; but its chief value is the power it has of staunching blood. The un- der-surface of the leaf is rough, traversed by a network of projecting veins, and covered with hairs ; hence its effect in stopping hem- orrhage is probably mechanical, like that of lint, cobweb, and other commonly used ap- pliances. The species are not esteemed valu- able a? flowering plants. Placed by some authors under Piper. Artemi'sia. Wormwood. From Artemis, one of the names of Diana. Nat. Ord. Composites. Shrubby or herbaceous plants with their leaves usually muchdiyided and frequently of a grey color. The genus is widely distributed over the temperate regions of the globe and most of them are remarkable for their strong odor and bitter taste. In certain parts of the West, as Utah, Texas, New Mexico, etc., there are large tracts almost entirely destitute of other vegetation than that afforded by various kinds of Artemisia which cover vast plains, and give them an universal greyish green hue. They are unfortunately of no value for forage. AET This genus contains amongst others the well known Southern wood or Old Man, A. Abro- tanum, the finely divided leaves of which have a fragrant aromatic odor. A. Absinthium,thQ common Wormwood, possesses aromatic, bitter, and tonic properties and was formerly much used as a vernyfuge ; it is also in con- nection with several species growing in Switz- erland and used in the manufacture of the bitter aromatic tonic " Extrait d' Absinthe." The Tarragon, A. Dracunculus, differs from the majority of its fellows, in that its leaves are undivided, they are narrow, of a bright green color and possess a peculiar aromatic flavor much valued in Salads, etc. Native of Siberia. The Chinese Chrysanthemums are fre- quently miscalled Artemisias. Arthropo'dium. From arthron, a joint, and pous, a foot; the foot-stalks of the flowers being jointed. A genus of Australian and New Zealand Liliacece allied to Anthericum, with grass-like leaves, and purplish or white flow- ers in loose racemes. Arthroste'mma. From arthron, a joint, and stemon, a stamen, in reference to the stamens being jointed. Stove or green-house, ever- green shrubs, from Central America, belong- ing to the Nat. Ord. Melastomacece. Some of the species are very handsome, with rose or lilac flowers, resembling the Ehexias. Propagated by cuttings. A'rtichoke. The Cynara scolymus, the Globe Artichoke of gardens, is a hardy perennial, growing from three to four feet in height, with numerous branches. The leaves meas- ure from three to four feet in length, pinnati- fld, or cut in deep, horizontal, convex seg- ments, which are covered with an ash-colored down, the whole plant resembling a large Thistle. The portion eaten is the under side of the head, before the flower opens. The whole head is removed and boiled, the leaves laid aside, and the bottom eaten, dipped in butter, with a little pepper and salt. The Artichoke is a supposed native of the south of Europe. The first account of its cultivation was in Italy, in 1473, and from that period, when it was said to be very scarce, it has steadily grown in favor, and its cultivation extended. The artichoke thrives best in a light, very rich, moist soil. One containing a large proportion of saline properties suits it best. Propagated by seeds or by suckers from established plants. The Jerusalem Arti- choke is in no sense a true Artichoke, but the tuberous root of a species of Sunflower, Heli- anthus tuberosus, a native of the north- western States, the north-western British Possessions and Canada. Its nativity has generally been credited to Brazil, without any good author- ity; on the contrary, there is abundant proof that it abounds in a wild state in the localities above-named. Its cultivation is now strongly recommended on dry soils, liable to excessive droughts. It is said that 1,500 bushels per acre can be produced, upon which swine will thrive finely, the tubers furnishing sufficient water to allay thirst. They also furnish excel- lent food for sheep. Some agriculturists claim that the tops, cut and properly cured, form an excellent hay, with a yield of five or six tons to the acre. Articulated. Jointed, having joints. 34 HENDEKSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ART Artillery Plant. See Pilea aerpillifolia and P. herniaricefolia. Artocarpa'ceae. A group of apetalous trees, not unlike the Plane-trees of Europe ; but for the most part inhabiting the tropics. They abound in a milky juice, and have, for the most part, their female flowers collected into fleshy masses or heads. Moreover, they have great sheathing, convolute stipules, like those of a Fig-tree. This natural order presents strange anomalies : the invaluable Bread-fruit tree of the tropics, the useful Cow-tree of Caraccas, and the virulent poison of the Upas-tree of Java, side by side. The more important genera are Artocarpus and Antiarte. Artoca'rpus. Bread Fruit. From artos, bread, and carpos, fruit ; the fruit baked resembles bread. Nat. Ord. Artocarpacece. A. incisa, the Bread-fruit, originally found in the southeastern parts of Asia and the islands of the Pacific, though now intro- duced into the West Indies and South Amer- ica, is one of the most interesting as well as singular productions of the vegetable king- dom. The Bread-fruit is a beautiful as well as a useful tree. The trunk rises to the height of about forty feet, and, in a full-grown tree, is from twelve to fifteen inches in diam- eter ; the branches come out in a horizontal manner, the lower ones about ten feet from the ground, and they become shorter and shorter until they reach the top, giving the tree an appearance of perfect symmetry. The leaves are of a lively green, divided into seven or nine lobes, from eighteen inches to two feet long. The fruit is about nine inches long, heart-shaped, of a greenish color, and marked with hexagonal warts in clusters. The pulp is white, partly farinaceous and partly fibrous; but when quite ripe it becomes yellow and juicy. The Bread-fruit furnishes the chief sustenance of the inhabitants of the Society and South Sea Islands, and is used to a con- siderable extent in the West Indies. It is usually cut into pieces, and roasted or baked in ovens on the ground heated by hot stones. Arum. From aron; supposed to be an ancient Egyptian word. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. There are several interesting species con- tained in this genus which may be accounted pretty additions to the collections of the hot- house and green-house, though the flowers possess a disagreeable odor. In contrast with the other species is A. Palestinum, that has flowers of deep crimson, with a delicious fra- grance not unlike the Violet. In shape it resembles the Calla Lily, Richardia ^thiopica ; in fact, when it was introduced, in 1876, into the United States, it was under the name of "Crimson Calla." Numerous offsets are annually produced, by which the species are extended. A. Sanctum, the Black Calla, a late introduction (1887) from the Holy Land, is described as "producing large, sweet-scented flowers, rising above the leaves on a slender but vigorous stalk, of a brown-red color at the lower part and green at the upper end. The spathe is from fourteen to eighteen inches long and four inches wide, of a brilliant dark purple color and green underneath. The spadix is about ten inches long, velvet-like, and quite black. The whole plant is most stately and elegant in appearance." A. Dra- cunculua, the Dragon Arum, deserves a place ASA in the flower garden forits large, very remark- able flowers. This species requires the same treatment as the Gladiolus. The roots of all this natural order, when green, contain a milky fluid, which is exceedingly acrid, exciting a painful sensation of burning heat in the tongue and mouth. When cut in slices and applied to the skin, it will very quickly produce a blister. This same active principle is not confined to the roots of the various genera and species, but is found in the leaves as well. A piece of the Calla leaf, not larger than a pin's head, if taken into the mouth, will produce violent and painful burnings. Some of the species yield an excellent quality of Arrow-root. Arum Lily. Richardia ^thiopica. Spotted Leaved. Richardia maculata. Yellow. Richardia hastata. Arundina'ria. An alteration of the word Arundo, to which this genus may be compared in refer- ence to its large size. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of grasses of a shrubby or arbo- rescent nature, with strong-jointed stems, resembling those of the Bamboo cane. They are mostly from the warmer parts of the globe, and in some instances attain a great size. A. falcata is one of the hardiest kinds, and is very ornamental in the sub-tropical garden. This species will endure the winter without protection, from Washington, southward. A. Schomburgkii, a native of Guiana, is an import- ant species. The canes grow sixteen feet high, with a diameter at the base of from twelve to eighteen inches. It is this plant that chiefly furnishes the native Indians with the tubes from which they blow their poisonous arrows, which act with such fatal effect on their vic- tims. A. gigantea and A. tecta, two species found in the Southern and Western States, from Florida to Indiana, form canes from ten to twenty feet high and are now much used by florists for plant stakes, the toughest and best of which come from Indiana. Aru'ndo. Reed. A word of doubtful deriva- tion, perhaps from the Latin word arundo, a reed. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A. Donax is a splendid Bamboo-looking reed, rather tender in severe winters, but which, if the season be favorable, will grow, in rich soil kept moist, to the height of ten or twelve feet in one year, producing a fine oriental appear- ance when standing singly on a lawn or near water. This variety is a native of Southern Europe, introduced in 1648, and for many years has been an inmate of our flower gar- dens. A. Donax variegata, a variety with leaves beautifully striped in different colors, similar to those of the commos Ribbon-grass of our gardens, is one of the most beautiful plants for the sub-tropical garden. It re- quires, however, the protection of the green- house during winter in our Northern States. It is propagated by division of the roots, and will succeed in ordinary garden soil. Asafce'tida plant. Narthex asaf&tida. Asafce'tida plant, Persian. Ferula Persica. Asaraba'cca. A common name for Asarum Europceum. A'sanim. Wild Ginger. From a, private, and saron, feminine ; the application of the term unexplained. -Nat. Ord. Aristolochiacece. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 35 ASC A genus of rather curious hardy herbaceous perennials, common in most parts of the United States, usually in rich, moist woods. They are highly esteemed for their medicinal properties. A. Canadense is the Canada Snake- root or Wild Ginger. It is recognized by its single pair of broad, kidney-shaped leaves, and a single large, brownish-purple flower on a short peduncle, sometimes nearly buried. The roots are pungent and aromatic. Ascending. Directed upwards ; as the stem, which is the ascending axis. Ascle'piada'ceae. The very large natural order which bears this name is known by its pollen being collected in the form of waxy masses or bags, derived from the separable inner lining of the anther cells, and by the fruit consisting most commonly of a pair of divaricating in- flated seed-pods. Fully 1,000 species are known, for the most part inhabiting the tropics of the Old and New Worlds. They vary extremely in appearance, many being leafless succulents, like Stapelia; others (and they are more numerous) consisting of twiners like Hoya; while another portion consists of upright herbaceous plants, such as Asclepias and Vincetoxicum ; a few are tropical trees. As a general rule the species are poisonous ; an acrid milk which pervades all their parts being eminently emetic and purgative. The genera Stapelia, Hoya, Ascle- pias, Vincetoxicum, Ceropegia and Periploca, are good examples of the order. Ascle'pias. Milkweed. The Greek name of the jfisculapius of the Latins. Nat. Ord. Ascle- piadacccB. An extensive genus of tall-growing plants, mostly of a hardy herbaceous character, remarkable for their curious flowers and the silky substance which fills the seed-pod. The most ornamental native species is A. tuberosa, which has fine orange-colored flowers but is somewhat difficult to cultivate. A. Mexicana, white, and A. Curassavica, orange-scarlet, both tender species, are excellent plants for the mixed border in summer; the former is especially valuable for cut flowers. They are all easily raised from seeds. A'scyrum. From a, without, and skyros, hard ; that is to say, a plant that is soft to the touch. Nat. Ord. Hypericacece. A genus of elegant little herbs and sub- shrubs numbering five species, all of them American with a distribution from the North- ern States to New Grenada. A. Crux Andrece, is called St. Andrew's Cross from the circum- ference of the four pale yellow petals approach- ing each other in pairs, they appear like a cross with equal arms. Collectively they are called St. John's-worts. Ash. American Black or Water. Fraxinus sambucifolia. Black Mountain. Eucalyptus Leucoxylon. Blue. Fraxinus quadrangulata. Cape. Ekebergia Capensis. Carolina Water. Fraxinus platycarpa. Chinese. Fraxinus Chinensis. Common. Fraxinus excelsior. Flowering. Fraxinus Ornus. Gray. Fraxinus Americana var. cinerea. Ground. ^Bgopodtum podograria, and Angelica syloestris. Hoop. Celtis crassifolia. ASP Ash. Jerusalem. Isatis tinctoria, or Reseda luteola. Manna. Fraxinus Ornus var. rotundifolia. Mountain or Wild. English. Pyrus aucuparia. Mountain. N. American. Pyrus Americana. Northern Prickly. Xanthoxylum Americanum. Oregon. Fraxinus Oregana. Poison. Rhus Venenata. Prickly. Xanthoxylum fraxineum. Red American. Fraxinus pubescens. Southern Prickly. Xanthoxylum Carolinianum. Wafer. Ptelea trifoliata. Water. Fraxinus sambucifolia. White. Fraxinus Americana var. alba. Ash-keys, or Ash Candles. The fruit of Fraxi- nus excelsior. Ash-leaved Maple. Acer Negundo. Asiatic Poison Bulb. Crinum Asiaticum. Asi'mina. Papaw. Named from Asiminier of the French colonists. Nat. Ord. AnonacecB. A. triloba, the only species, is a low-grow- ing tree or shrub, common in the Western and Southern States, where it is popularly known as Papaw. The fruit is from three to four inches long, yellowish, and when fully ripe is by many highly esteemed. Aspa'ragus. From a, intensive, and spar- asso, to tear; in reference to the strong prickles of some species. Nat. Ord. LiliacecB. Of this extensive genus of hardy herbaceous and green-house plants, the common garden Asparagus, A. ojficinalis, is the best known species. There are, however, several green- house climbing species, natives of Southern Africa, that have of late years been cultivated for decorative purposes, and well deserve a place in every collection, however small. Of these A. tenuissimus is the most largely cul- tivated as it is easily increased by cuttings, and its foliage is remarkable for its extreme slenderness, and delicate appearance. A. plu- mosus, and its variety A. p. nanus, are most elegant plants, with smooth stems, and grace- fully arching, fine filmy foliage, rivalling the delicate beauty of the finest Maiden-hair Ferns, while their cut sprays have the advantage of much greater persistency than any fern, re- taining their freshness in water from three to four weeks. They also form excellent plants for the green-house, when trained in pots, and are invaluable for cutting. They are un- fortunately slow of propagation being in- creased only by seeds, or by division. They were introduced to cultivation in 1876. The Garden Asparagus, A. officinalte, is a native of Great Britain, Russia, and Poland. In many other parts of Europe it is found growing wild, but is probably an escape In many localities, and is perfectly naturalized, as it is sparingly on our own coasts. The Aspar- agus is one of the oldest as well as one of the most delicious of our garden vegetables. It was cultivated in the time of Cato the Elder, 200 years B. C. ; and Pliny mentions a sort that grew in his time near Ravenna, of which three heads would weigh a pound. From these accounts it would appear that there Is nothing new under the sun in the line of Asparagus. Many of our best gardeners con- tend that adaptation of soil, together with thorough cultivation, alone explains the difference in this vegetable, as offered in our markets, but we feel satisfied that there are 36 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OP PLANTS ASP varieties in Asparagus, as well as in other vegetables, and such selections as Conover's Colossal, and the Palmetto, are undoubted improvements on the original sort. Its value and importance as a Vegetable can hardly be over-estimated, it is extensively grown and when properly managed produces a lucrative crop. The preparation of the Asparagus bed should be made with more care than for most vegetables, from the fact that it is a perma- nent crop, which ought to yield as well at the end of twenty-five as of five years, if the soil has been well prepared. The Asparagus bed, to start with, should be on ground thor- oughly drained, either naturally or artificially, and if choice can be had, on a rather light, sandy loam. This should be trenched and mixed with sufficient manure to form a coat- ing at least six inches thick over the bed. This manure should be worked into the soil by trenching to the depth of two feet, as the roots of the plant will reach quite that depth in a few years. In setting, the crowns of the plants should be placed at least three inches below the surface. Asparagus may be planted either in the spring or the fall. If in the spring, it should be done as early as the ground is dry enough to work ; and if in the fall, just as soon as the plants can be had, which is usually in the early part of October. We prefer fall planting on light, well-drained soils, for the reason that, if it is done then, young roots are formed which are ready to grow on the approach of spring ; but if the planting is done in March, April, or May, this formation of new roots has to take place then, and causes a corresponding delay in growth. Plants are sold by market gardeners and seeds- men ; and as it will save a year or two to pur- chase them, it is not worth while to raise them from seed in a private garden. The edible portion is the undeveloped stems, which, if cut away as soon as they appear, are followed by others, which start from the crown of the plant. The cutting, if continued too long, would finally exhaust the root; hence it is customary to stop cutting as soon as early peas become plenty, and allow the remaining shoots to grow during the rest of the season, .and thus accumulate sufficient strength in the plant to allow it to produce another crop of shoots the next season. The surface of the Asparagus bed should have a top dressing of three or four inches of rough stable manure eveiy fall (November), which should be lightly forked into the bed in the spring. The variety mostly grown is the Colossal, although the new French variety, known as the Palmetto, is likely to supersede it, its merit being that the shoots grow more uniformly large than the Colossal. In some localities Asparagus is attacked by an insect called the Asparagus Beetle. The best method of getting rid of this pest, that we have found, is to coop up a hen, and let the chickens eat the insects and their eggs. Asparagus can also be forced to advantage if brought into market before March. By that time Florida begins to supply our mar- kets in quantity, and the price depreciates. Strong, healthy young plants, three to four years old, are best suited for this purpose, and should be sown yearly and grown on in succession, on the surface plan ; that is, not ASP planted deep in the ground as for permanent beds. The general management for forcing is similar to that required for Rhubarb. See article on " Forcing Vegetables." Aspa'ragus, Bath or Prussian, consists of the spikes when about eight inches long, of Ornithogalum Pyrenaicum which grows abund- antly enough in hedges and pastures in that locality (Bath, England), to be worth gather- ing for sale. Aspa'ragus of the Cossacks. Typha latifolia. Aspa'sia. From aspazomai, I embrace ; the column embraced by the labellum. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids from Central and South America. One of the more important species, A. epidendroidcs, has yellow and brown sepals, the petals light purple, the lip white, with purple in the centre. The species should be grown in baskets, or on blocks of wood or cork, with plenty of moss. They do not require a high temperature, but need plenty of air. Increased by division. Introduced in 1833. A'spen. See Populus tremula. A'spera. Bough, with hairs or points. Aspe'rula. The diminutive of a#per, rough ; in reference to the rough leaves. Nat. Ord. Rubiacece. Pretty, dwarf, hardy plants, chiefly natives of the European Continent, well adapted for shaded situations among trees. A. odorata, the common Woodruff, is esteemed for its delightful scent. This pretty little plant, when wilted, has the odor of new-mown hay, and when kept among clothes, it not only imparts an agreeable perfume to them, but preserves them from insects. Asphalt. Artificial Asphalt is used very gen- erally for foot-paths in gardens, etc. One of the best methods is the following : Lime rubbish, two parts ; coal ashes, one part, (both must be very dry and sifted very fine) ; mix them and leave a hole in the middle of the heap, wherein pour boiling hot coal-tar; mix well together. When as stiff as mortar, lay it down three inches thick, on a dry and previ- ously well-leveled surface, sprinkle with dry sifted sand and roll thoroughly with a heavy roller. Only just enough tar to last about ten minutes must be taken from the furnace at one time, as, if it be not boiling, the walks will become soft under the action of very hot sun. This may be repeated every three years. It is imperative that the surface, lime, coal ashes, and sand, be perfectly dry, and that the days selected for the operation be very fine, the hotter the better. Aspho'delus. Asphodel. From a, privative, and sphallo, to supplant ; the stately flowers not easily surpassed. Nat. Ord. LiliacecB. Showy plants suitable for the open border, with white or yellow flowers. They may be grown in any soil, and are readily increased by separation of the roots. Most varieties are from the south of Europe, have long been in cultivation in our gardens, and are perfectly hardy. Aspi'dieee. A section of polypodineous Ferns, in which the sori are punctiform or dot-like, find covered either by reniform or peltate indusia. ARTICHOKE (GLOBE). ABUM SANCTUM (BLACK CALLA). ASTILBE JAPONICA. A*TER (SCARLET TRIUMPH). A8TEB (CBOWN). 4SPABAGUS TENOT8SIMUS. ASTER (MINIATURE BOUQUET) AVENA FLAVESCENS (YELLOW OAT GBASa.) 37 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 37 ASP Aspidi'stra. From aspidiseon, a little round shield ; the form of the flower. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. A small genus found in China and Japan, remarkable for producing their flowers under the surface of the earth. They are useful house plants, and are propagated by suckers. The foliage of A. elatior variegata (green with broad stripes of white) contrasts finely with ornamental-foliaged plants. For the produc- tion of well-marked plants, the pots in which they are grown should be small, and the soil liberally mixed with sand. Introduced in 1835. Aspi'dium. Shield Fern, Wood Fern. From aspidion, a little buckler ; the shape of the indusium. Nat. Ord. Polypodiaceai. An extensive genus of hardy and green- house Ferns. Many of the species are com- mon in moist, shady places throughout the United States. The green-house varieties are mostly from the West Indies. All the species are of easy culture. Many of them are deservedly popular in the fern-house or shady border. Asple'nieee. A section of polypodineous Ferns, in which the simple linear or oblong sori are parallel with the veins, and oblique to the midrib, produced on one side of the veins, and covered by indusia of the same form. Asple'nium. Spleenwort. From a, privative, and splen, spleen ; referring to its supposed medicinal properties. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. This genus, as established by Linnasus, was a very extensive one, and the species exceed- ingly varied. So much confusion existed in regard to it, that modern botanists have divided and sub-divided it ; yet it contains a large number of hardy and tropical species, many of which are exceedingly beautiful and interesting, and are commonly found in our green-houses. Some of the species have the very singular property of bearing little buds on their surface, from which young plants are formed. It is not an uncommon thing to see fifteen or twenty of these young plants, all perfectly developed, from one to two inches high, on a single frond. They are popularly known as bulb-bearing Ferns. Several of the species are indigenous throughout the United States, and there is scarcely a country in which some of the species may not be found. Aste'lma. Strawberry Everlasting. From a, not, and stelma, a crown ; in reference to the construction of the fruit. Green-house ever- green shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope. The bracts of the flowers of A. eximium are of a rich rosy tint, and are incurved so as to form close heads, bearing some resemblance to Strawberries. It has been long introduced but is comparatively rare in cultivation. A'ster. Star-wort. Michaelmas Daisy. From aster, a star. Nat. Ord. Composite. There are upward of one hundred and fifty species included in this genus, chiefly hardy herbaceous plants, useful for ornamenting the flower borders in the autumn ; generally at- taining a height of from two to four feet, and producing white, purple or blue flowers. They are easily increased by separating the old stools. The well-known German and China Asters are now classed under Callistephus. ATA The sweet, musk-scented plant known as Aster Argophyllus is now placed under Eurybia, which see. Asti'lbe. From a, privative, and stilbe, bright- ness; flowers not very striking. Nat. Ord. SaxifragacecB. A. Japonica, sometimes called SpirceaJaponi- ca, Hoteia Japonica and A. barbata, is a native of Japan, and a perfectly hardy herbaceous plant. The dark green cut leaves form a handsome tuft, from which arise numerous crowded panicles of feathery white flowers. Excellent for forcing in pots, and fine for cutting. There is a variety with variegated foliage, green and yellow, not so vigorous in habit, but in all other respects similar. Propagated by divi- sion. See Spiraea. Astra'galus. Milk Vetch. The ancient Greek name for some leguminous plant. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. An extensive genus of hardy annuals, per- ennials, and deciduous trees and shrubs. Many of the species are beautiful plants for the flower garden. They are vigorous growers, and succeed in a well-drained, sandy soil. The genus is widely distributed, there being scarcely a country where it is not indig- enous. The flowers are pea-shaped, and mostly yellow or purple. Several of our na- tive species produce a fruit resembling green plums, that are edible. On the prairies they are called Ground Plums. A. mollissimun, popularly known as "Loco, "or "Crazy Weed," is the notorious cattle-poisoning weed of Colorado and California. Cattle and horses eating it show many of the symptoms of drunkenness, and under certain circum- stances the results are fatal. The gum-like substance called Tragacanth is the produce of several species growing in Persia, Asia Minor, and Kurdistan. The gum exudes naturally from the bark in the same way that gum exudes from the bark of Cherry or Plum trees. While many of the species are useful or ornamental, by far the larger number are troublesome weeds. Astra'ntia. A genus of Umbelliferce. Native of Europe and Western Asia, containing ten or twelve species. They are hardy herbaceous perennials, with black aromatic roots, and generally white or pink flowers. A. Carniola and A. Major are the most distinct and orna- mental species, easily increased by root divi- sion. Astroca'ryum. From astron, a star, and karyon, a nut ; referring to the distribution of the fruit. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. A small genus of Palms allied to Cocoa, chiefly natives of the Upper Amazon. They have large pinnate leaves, and are armed with spines, sometimes a foot long, and exceedingly sharp. The fruit of some of the species fur- nishes food for cattle and swine. The young leaves of A. vulgare yield a fine thread, from which the best hammocks are woven. Ata'ccia. Malay name. Nat. Ord. TaccacecB. There are few more remarkable-looking plants than A. cristata, sometimes met in the gardens under the incorrect name of Tacca integrifolia. It has a short, conical, under- ground caudex, or rhizome, and produces from this eaudex three or four large, oblong, acuminate, purplish-green stalked leaves. 38 HENDEESON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ATA The scape is about as long as the leaves, erect, stout, angled, dark purple, terminated by a large four-leaved involucre, of which the two outer leaflets are dark purple, and the two inner much larger, placed side by side, green with a deep purple base and stalk. The species are remarkable for their curious struc- ture, but are of no value as flowering plants, or for economic purposes. Atama'sco Lily. See Zephyranthes. Athaiia'sia. Ornamental green-house ever- green shrubs, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Composites. They have yellow flowers, lasting a long time in perfection. Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Atherospe'rma. Plume Nutmeg. From ather, an awn, and sperma, a seed ; the seed awned. Nat. Ord. Monimiacece. A beautiful green-house evergreen tree, with the aspect of a stately conifer. Flowers white, in panicles, the leaves being strongly musk-scented. A native of New Holland, readily propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1824. Athy'rium. A small genus of ferns, until re- cently included in Asplenium. A. Goringianum pictum is a beautiful half-hardy deciduous va- riety from Japan. Atlee Gall. A gall nut produced abundantly by Tamarix oriental-is, which is called Atle by the Egyptians. It is filled with a deep scarlet liquid. Atra'gene. A genus of ornamental, hardy, climbing, deciduous shrubs, closely allied to Clematis, and belonging to Nat. Ord. Ranun- culacece. They occur in the temperate regions of the Old and New Continent. A. Americana (Syn. Clematis verticillaris) is found in Western New England, Virginia and Wisconsin. A. alpina, blue, and its white variety, are not uncommon in cultivation. Atrapha'xis. A genus of Polygonacece. Natives of Asia and the Cape of Good Hope, consist- ing of low shrubs with rigid, much branched, often spiny steins. A few species are culti- vated as green-house plants, but the most in- teresting, A. Spinosa, is perfectly hardy and forms a dense shrub, which when covered with flowers is very showy. It is an excellent plant for the rock-garden, growing well in any situation. Syn. Tragopyron. A'triplex. Orache, Mountain Spinach. From ater, black, and plexus, woven together; on account of the dark color and habit of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacece. A. hortensis, the only species of interest, is a tall-growing, hardy plant, annual, known in our gardens as Orache. It is but little grown in this country, but very popular in France. It is a native of Tartary, introduced into France in 1548. It grows freely with ordinary garden culture. Seeds are sown in both spring and fall to secure a succession. A'tropa. Deadly Nightshade. Named after Atropos, one of the Three Fates. Nat. Ord. Solanacece. A small genus of hardy herbaceous perennials and evergreen shrubs, remarkable for their poi- sonous properties. A. Belladonna, one of the best known species, is a hardy herbaceous plant, indigenous to shady grounds and waste AUC places in Southern Europe and Western Asia, also in Great Britain. The root is thick, whitish and perennial, sending forth annually a strong, branched, purple-colored stem, from three to five feet high. The leaves are of un- equal size, and are entire, oval-pointed, stand- ing in pairs on very short footstalks. The flowers are large, bell-shaped, pendant, and of a brown purple hue ; appearing in June or July, arid are succeeded by round, purple ber- ries, which ripen in September. All parts of the plant are poisonous. It is supposed to have been the plant which produced such re- markable and fatal effects on the Romans dur- ing their retreat from the Parthians, under Mark Antony, as recorded in Plutarch's Life of Antony. Buchanan relates the' de- struction of the army of Sweno the Dane, when it invaded Scotland, by the berries of this plant. They were mixed with the drink which the Scots, according to the terms of the truce, were to supply to the Danes, which so intoxicated them that the Scots killed a greater part of Sweno's army while asleep. 'The extract of Belladonna is exten- sively used in the Homoeopathic practice of medicine, in cases of fever, and also as a diur- etic. Dr. Milno remarks, that nature has been more parsimonious in her warnings in respect to this plant, than to others of the same natural family. Neither the smell nor the taste is offensive, and if the color of the flowers proves in some degree a repellant, that of the fruit, on the other hand, is in an equal degree, at least, attractive and inviting. Attale'a. From attains, magnificent ; in reference to the beauty of these Palms. Nat. Ord. Pal- macece. A genus of very beautiful Palms allied to Cocos. With one or two exceptions, they are natives of Brazil. A. funifera yields a black fiber resembling whalebone, an article of con- siderable commercial value as a material for making brooms and brushes. It is popularly known as Piassaba Palm. The nuts of this species are very hard, about four inches long, finely mottled, dark and light brown, and are highly esteemed for turning into knobs, um- brella handles, and various other purposes. A. Cohune furnishes Cohoun nuts, from which is extracted Cohoun oil, used for burning, for which purpose it is superior to cocoanut oil. The species are too large for green-house cultivation. Attenuated. Tapering gradually to a point. Aubergine, Egg Plant. Solanum melongena var. ovigerum. Aubrie'tia. Named after M. Aubriet, a French botanical draughtsman. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. A genus of pretty little plants, generally about three inches high, admirably adapted for pots or miniature rock-work ; the flowers are purple, and appear in March. They are readily propagated by division. Natives of the South of Europe, introduced in 1710. Au'cuba. The name of the shrub in Japan. Nat. Ord. Cornacece. A genus of hardy evergreen shrubs from Japan, useful, and highly prized for their vigorous habit, rapid growth, and capability of enduring, and even thriving in, the atmos- phere of cities. The flowers are inconspicu- ous, but since the introduction of the male AND GEN Ell AL HORTICULTURE. 39 AUR or pollen-bearing plant, by Robert Fortune, to England in 1861, we have been enabled to secure the beautiful coral-red berries, which are borne in profusion, and render the bushes exceedingly ornamental. The conspicuously marked foliage of A. Japonica variegata, which is green and yellow, admirably adapts it for the shrubbery border, or as a single plant upon the lawn. This variety is not usually hardy north of Washington. Propagated by cut- tings, which root freely in sand. Introduced in 1783. Aurantia'ceee. The Orange, Lemon, and simi- lar fruits are produced by trees belonging to this natural order. They are all bushy or woody plants, having the leaves filied with transparent oil cy&ts, giving them a dotted appearance, and a fruit more or less pulpy. Less than 100 species are known. The genera are almost exclusively found in the East In- dies, whence they have, in some cases, spread over the rest of the tropics. Aureus. Of a bright golden color, composed of yellow with a small portion of red. Auricle. An ear. Auricomus. A head or tuft, like hair, of a golden color. Auricula. See Primula auricula. Auriculate. Auriclcd. Having ear-like ap- pendages, as in the case of many leaves, as in Jasminum auriculatum. Auriculately-sagittate. Eared at the base, so as to give the leaf the appearance of the head of an arrow. Austra'lis (Southern). This term is frequent- ly applied to plants which grow in warm climates, without regard to their being strictly confined to the southern hemisphere. Autumn Bell Flower. Gentiana Pneumon- anthe. Ave'na. Oat. A name of obscure origin. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of grasses of which the common Oat, A. sativa, is the best known, and which is invaluable in agricultural econ- omy. There are several species of Oats, and a vast number of varieties. The nativity of the Oat is accredited to Mesopotamia; this is, however, a matter of conjecture. The quality and appearance of the Oat vary greatly when grown on different soils and in different climates. The justly celebrated Norway Oat loses its distinctive character when grown in the warm, dry climate of the Middle New England States, and seed has consequently to be imported every season, in order to keep the crop up to the high . standard claimed for it. The Naked or Hull-less Oat is A. nuda, found growing wild in many parts of Europe, and considered merely a degeneration of the common Oat. A very fine variety of this species has been introduced from China, but its merits as a farm crop have not been fully tested. A. sterilis, a native of the South of Europe, is the Animated Oat of the gardens. The "animation" is produced by the contraction and expansion of the awns, which cause the seed to crawl a short dis- tance. Moisture from dews is sufficient to produce this slight motion. Avens. Geum urbanum. AZA Avenues in Landscape Gardening. In forming an avenue, a gradual winding line should above all be obtained, which must in no way interfere with the view from the house. An old authority on thia subject says that " there never should be any deviation from a straight line unless for some real or apparent cause," so in a winding or curved line a tree, rock or building must be placed at the bends as a reason for going around such obstacles. Twelve to fifteen feet is the width usually allowed for the road, but this depends upon individual taste; this remark also applies to planting in double rows, the trees forming a series of triangles ; or in single rows. The distance across the road from one row of trees to those opposite should be at least twenty-five feet. The Lime or Linden tree is extensively used for avenues, on account of its regular growth and the shade it affords. The American and English Elms are also valuable trees for this purpose. The Horse Chesnut in sheltered spots, is very ornamental, and the various species of Maples and Planes, are unsurpassed for this purpose. The Spruce and other Firs are also much used and are eminently suited for avenue planting. Groups of shrubs and herbaceous plants may be introduced between the trees, and so re- move any bareness that may occur. Avocado Pear. Persea gratissima. Awl Tree. Morinda citrifolia. Awl- wort. Subularia aquatica. Axil, Axilla. The angle formed by the union of the leaf and stem or other organs ; the point on the stem from which a leaf proceeds. Aza'lea. From azaleas, dry ; in reference to the habitation of the plant. Nat. Ord. Ericaceae,. Beautiful flowering plants, natives of North America, Turkey, and China. The American or Hardy Azaleas, A. calendulacea, A. nudiflora and A. viscosa, with hosts of garden varieties bred from them, are inhabitants of all our best shrubberies, and havo been so wonder- fully improved by seedling culture as to throw into the shade the original species; there can now be selected twenty or thirty varieties better than the very best of the original species. Every year, too, adds to the diversity of sorts and to the size of the flowers which is one of the characteristics of the improved kinds. In many places they thrive in the common soil of the garden, but, in general, they require leaf mould to be dug in with the natural soil ; and where there is to be any quantity grown, or a nursery of them made, beds of leaf mould, or composts of the greatest part of this, must be made up. They are raised from seed sown in beds in the open air, but from its extreme diminutive- ness, many prefer sowing in pans and wide- mouthed pots. When they are large enough, they should be planted out in beds six inches apart. The second year every alternate plant may be taken out and planted elsewhere, to make room ; and as they increase in size they should have moro room. They are propa- gated chiefly by grafting and by layers, but cut- tings of the last year's wood will root readily in sand. A. Pontica is a native of Turkey. A. Indica (the Chinese Azalea) and its varieties are those we meet with in the green-house. The florists' catalogues abound with rare 40 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AZA sorts, the results of careful and skillful cross-fertilization. We are largely indebted for our finer sorts to the nurserymen at Ghent, Belgium. They are increased easily In spring by cuttings of the half-ripened young shoots. Aza'ra. Named after J. N. Azara, a Spanish promoter of botany. Nat. Ord. Flacourtiacece. A genus of evergreen shrubs, natives of Chili. A. Gilliesii, is the most desirable species. Its leaves are evergreen, somewhat resembling the Holly; flowers yellow, pro- BAL duced in axillary clusters. Propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1844. Azo'lla. A very curious genus of aquatic cryp- togamous plants found floating upon the water, forming green or reddish patches, throwing down rootlets on the under side, amongst which are situated, principally in the axils of the leaves, the organs of fructifi- cation. The species occur in Australia, and New Zealand. The only native species, A. Caroliniana, is found in still water, from New York to Wisconsin, and southward. B. Babla'na. From babfaner, the Dutch for baboon; in reference to the bulbs being eaten by baboons. Nat. Ord. Iridacece. A genus of Cape plants, with solid bulbs or corms, which are eaten by the Hottentots, and which, when roasted, are said to resemble chestnuts. All the species have showy flow- ers, of various colors, blue predominating. Some of the varieties are finely variegated. They succeed in very sandy loam, and may be grown either in pots for ornamenting the green-house, or planted in a cold frame, where, if protected from frost in winter, they may be allowed to remain altogether. They increase rapidly by offsets. Introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1757. Babingto'nia. Named in compliment to Charles Babington, of Cambridge, England, a distin- guished botanist. Nat. Ord. Myrtacece. B. camphorosmce, the only species of import- ance in this genus, is a graceful green-house shrub from New Holland. It is of easy culti- vation, and produces flowers freely during the summer months, in terminal clusters, color white or pinkish. The branches have a droop- ing habit, giving the plant a graceful outline. Propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1842. Baby's Breath. See Muscari; also a local name for Oypsophila paniculata. Baccate. Having a pulpy or succulent texture ; berried, fleshy. Bac'charis. Groundsel-tree. From Bacchus, the god of wine ; referring to the spicy odor of the roots. The ancients sometimes boiled down their wines and mixed them with such spices. Nat. Ord. Compoaitce. This genus consists of upward of 200 spe- cies, all South American except three, two of which are found from Massachusetts south- ward, and the third in California. They are tall-growing shrubs, and distinguished from their allies by having the male flowers on one plant and the females on another. The fertile plant of the native B. halimifolia is very con- spicuous in the autumn by its very long and white pappus. There is a singular and remark- able fact in relation to one of the species, B. Douglassi, which is found in California and in Chili, without being found in any intervening place. The medicinal properties of some of the South American species are highly esteemed for fevers and rheumatism. Bachelor's Buttons. A garden name given to the flowers of Centaurea Cyanus, Globe Ama- ranthus, and to the double-flowering buttercup, Ranunculus acris, ft. pi. Ba'ctris. From baktron, a cane ; the young stems being used for walking sticks. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. A genus comprising several species of slender-growing palms, inhabiting the West Indies, Central and South America. They do not rank with the handsomest of palms, although when young they are of an orna- mental character. B. integrifolia, a native of Eio Negro, is an elegant species, with a slender reed-like stem, producing a small crown of dark-green leaves.densely armed with long, -flat, black spines. It can be used with beautiful effect for table decoration. B. Mar- aja, the Marajah Palm of Brazil, grows upon the banks of the Amazon and other rivers. It is the largest species of the genus, its trunk attaining the height of fifty feet. It is thickly armed with spines, and has a succulent, rather acid but agreeably-tasted fruit, from which a vinous beverage is prepared. B. minor, has a stem from twelve to fifteen feet high, and seldom more than an inch in diameter. Its stems are very smooth, and are used for walking-sticks. Bae'ria. In honor of Professor Baer of the University of Dorpat. Nat Ord. Composite. A genus of bright yellow Californian annu- als, with solitary terminal flowers about one inch across. They are pretty and desirable, B. chrysostoma being of dwarf, slender, erect habit, and very showy. Propagated by seeds sown in spring. Bahi'a. Name probably from the port of Bahia in South America. Nat. Ord. Compositce. B. lanata, the only described species, is an ornamental, hardy herbaceous perennial, much branched from the base of the stem, and having a greyish appearance. It produces its large yellow flower heads in great pro- fusion, and is readily increased by seeds or division. Bala'ntium. A name proposed for a genus of Ferns, now considered synonymous with Dick- sonia. Bald Cypress. See Taxodium distichum. Balloon Vine. See Cardiospermum. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 41 BAL Ballo'ta. Fetid Horehound. From ballo, to reject ; in allusion to its offensive odor. Nat. Ord. Labiatce. A small genus of mere weeds, occasionally met with in the Eastern States, having found their way from Europe, where they are natives. Ball Thistle. Another name for Globe Thistle. Balm. Melissa qfficinalis. A perennial herb often used in the manufacture of a drink for sick persons, and sometimes employed for culinary purposes. Bee. Monarda didyma. Field. Calamintha nepeta. Indian. Trillium pendulum. Of Gilead. Cedronella triphylla. Of Gilead Tree. Balsamodendron Gileadense, and Populus balsamifera var. candicans. Of Heaven. Oreodapime Californica. Balmony . One of the popular names of Chelone glabra. Balsam. Ladies' Slipper. Impatiens Balsamina. A well-known, tender annual, a native of India. It is one of the showiest and most popular of summer flowers, blooming as it does till the advent of frost. Numerous hand- some varieties are grown, the prevailing colors of which are red and white, the former extend- ing to every shade of purple, crimson, scarlet, rose, lilac, and carnation or flesh-color; but some of the most superb sorts are elegantly spotted with white. The spotted varieties form a class by themselves, and are justly regarded as among the most brilliant orna- ments of the garden ; there are the crimson, scarlet, rose, purple, and violet-spotted. Another class is striped, after the manner of Carnations, with purple, crimson, rose, scarlet on pure white grounds, some with one color, others with two or more colors, and some are curiously mottled and striped. The most improved varieties are very double, and styled Camellia-flowered by the French. Some of the flowers are almost as perfect and as double as those of the Camellia, and nearly as regular in shape. The Germans call them Eose- flowered, as many of them approach the per- fection of that flower in shape and fullness. There is a class of Dwarf Balsams that do not grow over a foot high, but very full and bushy in habit. They do not produce flowers so double as the Camellia or Rose-flowered varieties, but are desirable for the garden. They should not be planted with the tall varieties, which attain the height of two or three feet, when properly cultivated. The only way to propagate the Balsam is from seeds, which do not always produce kinds exactly the same as the parent, but approach very near, when great care has been taken to keep the different varieties by themselves, as is now practiced by those who make a busi- ness of raising the seed. Careful growers of Balsams, who wish to raise prize flowers, never use seed less than three years old ; and they are particular in saving it from the most double and handsomest flowers, the best being those which have their colors distinctly marked, like a Carnation. Introduced from the East Indies in 1596. Balsam. A name given to various gum-resinous or oleo-resinous substances. Bayee Balsam, a product of Balsamodendron pubescens. BAM Canadian Balsam, a product of Abies balsamea. Carpathian Balsam, a product of Pinus Gem- bra. Copalm Balsam, a product of Liquidam- bar styraciflua. Hungarian Balsam, an oleo- resinous product of Pinus Pumilio. Balsam of Acouchi, a product of Idea Aracouchini. Balsam of Copaiva, an acrid production of various species of Copaifera. Balsam of Maria, a product of Verticillaria acuminata. Balsam of Peru, a product of Myrospermum Peruiferum. Balsam of Quinquino, a product of Myrospermum pubescens, sold as White Balsam. Balsam of Tolu, a product of Myrospermum toluiferum. Balsam of Umiri, a product of Humirium floribundum. Tara- acoari Balsam, a product of a Brazilian species of Caraipa. White Balsam, the same as the Balsam of Quinquino above. Balsam Apple and Balsam Pear. See Momordica. Balsam Fir. See Abies. Balsami'neae. A tribe of plants belonging to the order Geraniacece, sepals and petals all colored, consisting of six segments one of them ending below in a conical spur. The best known genus is Impatiens. Balsa'mita. A genus of Compositor, of but little interest, only that it contains the well known Costmary, or Alecost, B. vulgaris, a native of Italy ; although common in eveiy village garden in Britain and on the continent it is almost entirely discarded for culinary pur- poses, and even in France it is only used occasionally to mix in salads. This plant is the Pyrethrum tanacetum of Linneeus. Balsa'mode'iidron. From balsamon, an old Greek name for balm or balsam, and dendron, a tree. Nat. Ord. Burseracea. A genus of balsam-bearing trees with small green, often uni-sexual flowers. B. myrrha is supposed to yield some of the gum resin known as myrrh, others produce Balm of Gilead, or Balm of Mecca; a gum resin obtained by incision into the bark, and con- sidered by the ancients as a panacea for almost all the ills that flesh is heir to. Balsam Tree. A common name for Balsam- odendron, and Clusia. Canada. Abies balsamea and Pinus Froseri. Copalm. Liquidambar Styraciflua. Florida. Amyris Floridana. Hungarian. Pinus Pumilio. Jamaica. Clusiafiava. Balsam "Weed. A popular name for Gnaphal- ium polycephalum, a native plant used in the manufacture of paper. Bamboo. Australian. Poa ramigera. Blow-pipe. Arundinaria Schomburgkii. Common. Bambuua arundinacea. Fortune's. Bambusa Fortunei. Metake. Bambusa Japonica. Sacred. Nandina domestica. Bambu'sa. Bamboo Cane. From bambu, Its Indian name. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of gigantic reeds, common through- out Southern China and Japan. B. arundi- nacea is the species of greatest importance. When growing it has the appearance of an immense sheaf of wheat standing on end. It grows in large tufts or clumps, some of them upwards of sixty feet in height, and the quantity of canes which they yield is simply HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BAN enormous. The cane is porous in the center and partly hollow. Externally the epidermis is composed of a hard wood, into which silex enters so largely that it will strike fire with a steel like a piece of flint. Although this plant grows spontaneously and most profusely in nearly all the immense southern districts of the Chinese Empire, yet the Chinese give the cultivation of this reed great care and atten- tion. They have treatises and whole volumes solely on this subject, laying down rules derived from experience, and showing the proper soils, the best kinds of water, and the seasons for planting and transplanting the useful production. The variety of pur- poses to which the Bamboo is applied is almost endless. The Chinese use it, in one way or other, for nearly everything they require. The sails of their ships, as well as the masts and rigging, consist chiefly of Bamboo, manufactured in different ways. Almost every article of furniture in their houses, including mats, screens, chairs, tables, bedsteads, and bedding, are made of the same material ; and in some sections entire dwell- ings are constructed of Bamboo. Fine paper is made from the fiber of this plant. In short, scarcely anything is to be found in China either upon land or water, into the composition of •which Bamboo does not enter. The same extensive use is also made of this reed in Japan, Java, Sumatra, Siam, and other East- ern countries. Bana'na or Plantain Tree. Mu&a Sapientum. Abyssinian. Musa Ensete. Dwarf Chinese. Musa Cavendishii. Banded Rush. See Scirpus. Bane-berry, See Actcea spicata. Bane-wort. Atropa belladonna. Bauiste'ria. A name applied to a genus of the natural family, Malphighiacece, consisting of trees or shrubs, frequently climbing. They are natives of Brazil and the West Indies. Several are in cultivation for the sake of their pretty, yellow flowers and in some instances, fine foliage. Propagated by cuttings. Ba'nksia. A genus of Proteacece, established by the younger Linnaeus in honor of Sir Joseph Banks. Green-house evergreens principally grown for the beauty of their foliage, which is remarkable for its harsh, rigid coriaceous character. The leaves are generally dark green on the upper surface and clothed with a white or rufous down beneath, their margins being either deeply serrated or spinous, rarely entire. This genus is peculiar to Australia and contains upwards of fifty species. Banner Plant. The genus Anthurium. Banyan Tree. See Ficus indica. Baobab Tree. See Adansonia^digitata. Ba'phia. Camwood. Barwood. From baphe, a dye, referring to the use of the wood in dyeing. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. B. nitida, the only species, produces the Camwood or Barwood of commerce. It is an evergreen tree, growing to the height of fifty feet, with shining green leaves, composed of two pairs of leaflets and an odd one. Its flowers are yellow, and bear some resemblance to the common laburnum. It is a native of Sierra Leone, and forms an important article of commerce. BAR The native women on the west coast of Africa use the pounded wood for painting their bodies ; amulets are also made of it, and it is used in their Fetish ceremonies. Introduced in 1793. Bapti'sia. From bapto, to dye ; some of the species possessing dyeing properties. Nat. Ord. LeguminosoB. This genus of native plants (commonly called False Indigo) are rather pretty for the border. Flowers are white, blue or yellow. They grow in any good garden soil, and are increased by division. Barbace'nia. Named after M. Barbacena, a Governor of Minas Geraes. Nat. Ord. AmaryllidacecB. Very pretty and singular herbaceous perennials. B. purpurea, has flowers of moderate size, of the richest velvety purple imaginable, leaves narrow, long, and droop- ing in the way of Pandanus graminifolius. "Lindley" says that they are capable of existing in a dry, hot air, without contact with the earth, on which account they are favorites in South American gardens, where, with Orchids and Bromeliads, they are sus- pended in the dwelling houses, or hung to the balustrades of the balconies, in which situa- tion, they flower abundantly, filling the air with their fragrance. Barbadoes Cherry. MalpigMa glabra. Barbadoes Gooseberry. See Pereskia. Barbadoes Lily. Hippeastrum equestris. Barbadoes Pride. Adenanthera Pavonina. Barbare'a. "Winter Cress. So named on ac- count of its having been formerly called the Herb of St. Barbara. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. B. vulgaris is a hardy herbaceous plant, in early days esteemed as a salad. It closely resembles the common Water Cress, but grows on dry soils. Its use is now discarded. It is a native of Europe, and has become naturalized in some parts of this country. Barbate. Having long, soft hairs in one or more tufts. Barberry. See Berberis. Barbs. Hooked hairs. Barcla'ya. A singular genus of East Indian aquatics, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Nymphce- acece. They bear but little resemblance to the ordinary water-lilies,though botanically allied. As botanical specimens they are very interest- ing ; as flowering plants they are not likely to occupy a very prominent place in the list of ornamental plants. Bark. All the outer integuments of a plant beyond, the wood, and formed of tissue parallel with it. It is also the officinal name given to the cortical layers of various plants, used chiefly for medicinal and tanning pur- poses. The name is, par excellence, applied to the Peruvian or Cinchona barks, the source of Quinine. Of these there are many varie- ties, namely : Calisaya Bark, Royal Yellow, Cinchona Calisaya; Light Calisaya, C. Bolivi- ana, C. scrobiculata; Peruvian Calisaya, C. scrobiculata (Delondriana) ; Carabaya Ash, Jaen, C. ovata ; Dark Jaen. C. mllosa ; Hard Carthagena, C. cordifolia , Woody Carthagena, C. Condaminea ; Spongy Carthagena, Coquetta, Bogota, C. lancifolia, (Condaminea); Crown, AND GENEKAL HORTICULTURE. 43 BAR C. Calisaya; Select Crown, C. chahuanguera ; Ashy Crown, C. macroculyx, C. rotundifolia ; Fine Crown, C. crispa; Loxa Crown, C. Con- daminea; Wiry Crown, C. hirsuta; Cinnamon, C. coccinea; Cusco, Ariza, C. pubescens; Red Cusco, St. Ann's, C. scrobiculata ; Huanuco, Gray, C. micrantha, C. glandulifera, C nitida; Original Loja, C. uritusinga; Negrilla, C. heterophylla ; Red, C. conglomerate!,; Genuine Red, C. succirubra; Spurious Red, C. magni- folia. The principal sorts are sometimes classed thus : Gray Barks : Crown or Loxa, C. condaminea, C. scrobiculata, C. macrocalyx ; Lima, Huanuco, Silver, C. micrantha, C. lan- ceolata, C. glandulifera, and probably C. pur- purea. Red Barks : C. nitida. Yellow Barks : C. Calisaya, C. micrantha, C. Condaminea, C. lancifolia. Rusty Barks : C. hirsuta, C. micrantha, C. ovilafolia, and probably C. pur- purea. White Barks : C. ovata, C. pubescens, C. cordifolia. For a complete account of the medicinal Cinchona Barks, see Mr. Howard's splendid volume, entitled, " The Nueva Quinologia of Pavon." The following Barks are also employed offi- cinally or economically : Alcornoco or Alcor- noque, the astringent bark of several species of Byrsonima, or, according to some authori- ties, of Bowdichia mrgillioides. Angostura Bark, the febrifugal bark of Galipea Cusparia or G. officinalis. Babul Bark, the astringent bark of Acacia Arabica. Bastard Cabbage Bark, the bark of Andira inermis; the same as Worm Bark. Bastard Jesuit's Bark, the bark of Ivafrutescens. Bonace Bark, the bark of Daphne, tinifolia. Canella Bark, the stimu- lant aromatic bark of Canellaalba. Caribsean Bark, the astringent bark of Exostemma cari- bceum. Cascarilla or Sweet Wood Bark, the aromatic bark of Croton Cascarilla and C. pseudo-China. China Bark, the febrifugal bark. of Buena hexandra. Conessi Bark, the astringent bark of Wrightia antidysenterica. Culilawan Bark, the aromatic stimulant bark of Cinnamomum Culilawan. Eleuthera Bark, the aromatic bark of Croton Cascarilla. False Angostura Bark, the bark of Strychnos nux- vomica. French Guiana Bark, the febrifugal bark of Portlandia hexandra. Hemlock Bark, the astringent bark of Tsuga Canadensis, used for tanning leather. Jesuit's Bark, the same as Peruvian Bark. Juribali Bark, an astrin- gent bark of Demerara, supposed to be the produce of some Cedrelaceous plant. Me- lambo Bark, the aromatic febrifugal bark of some species of Galipea, or one of its allies. Mesereum Bark, the acrid, irritant bark of Daphne Mezereum. Monesia Bark, the bark of some South American Sapotacece. Muruxi Bark, the astringent bark of Byrsonimaspicata, used by the Brazilian tanners. Niepa Bark,the febrifugal bark of Samadera Indica. Ordeal, Sassy, or Saucy Bark, is the poisonous bark of ErythrophlcBum guineense, of Sierra Leone. Panococco Bark, the sudorific bark of Swartzia tomentosa. Quercitron Bark, the yellow dye bark of Quercus tincloria. Quillai Bark, the bark of Quillaia saponaria, used as a substi- tute for soap. Sassafras Bark, is the aromatic bark of Atherosperma moschata. Stringy Bark of Tasmania, Eucalyptus gigantea. Sweet Wood Bark, the same as Cascarilla Bark. Nine Bark, an American name for Spiraea opuhfolia. White Wood Bark, the same as Canella Bark. Winter's Bark, the tonic aromatic bark of BAR Drymis Winteri. Worm Bark, the bark of Andira inermis, formerly used as an anthel- mintic. There are other barks, but these are the principal ones having a commercial or medicinal value. Barke'ria. After the late Mr. Barker, of Bir- mingham, Eng., an ardent cultivator of Orchids. Nat. Ord. OrchidacecB. A small genus of very beautiful epiphytal Orchids, natives of Mexico and Central America. They closely resemble the well- known genus Epidendrum. B. spectabilis, called in Guatemala, Flor de Isabel, is the finest species. It is one of the votive offer- ings of the Catholics in that country. The plants should be grown in baskets of moss in a warm house. They are increased by division. Introduced in 1843. Barle'ria. After the Rev. J. Barrelier, of Paris. Nat. Ord. Acanihace.ee,. A large genus of herbs and shrubs, natives of the tropical regions of both the Old and the New Worlds. The flowers are purple, yellow, orange, or white, produced in axillary or terminal spikes or heads. But few of the species have been introduced into the garden or green-house. B. cristata, a native of the East Indies, is a pretty little hot-house ever- green plant, bearing its purplish-lilac flowers in great profusion in summer, making it a desirable border plant. It is propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1796. Barley. The common name for Hordeum vul- gare, which see . Barna'rdia. Name in honor of E. Barnard, F. L. 8. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. A small genus of half-hardy bulbs from China and Japan. The flowers are pale blue, similar to the Scilla, and from the resemblance the finest species has been called B. Hcillioides. They require to be grown in a frame. Pro- pagated by offsets. Introduced in 1819. Barnyard Grass. The common name for Pani- cum Crus-galii Baro'sma. From barys, heavy, and osme, odor ; referring to the powerful scent of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Rutacece. A genus of evergreen, green-house shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope, where the leaves are used by the Hottentots to perfume themselves with. The Bucku leaves of com- merce, which are much used in medicine as a stimulant and tonic, are produced from sev- eral of the species. Barren Flowers. The staminate, or male flowers of many plants, are popularly known as Barren flowers, and are generally produced, as in the case of cucumbers, melons, etc., by monoecious plants, that is, those having male and female organs in different flowers, but on the same plant. A good example of Barren flowers is seen in the ray-florets of many com- posite plants, such as the Thistle or Aster, which are frequently really neuter, having neither male nor female organs. Barringto'nia. Named after the Hon. Dainea Barrington. Nat. Ord. Myrtacece. This genus consists of tropical evergreen trees, some of which are of large dimensions. They are found in many parts of India, but in the greatest numbers in the Malayan penin- sula and the islands of the India Ocean ; two species are found in N. Australia, and one on 44 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BAB the banks of the Zambesi River, in East Africa. Without exception they are beautiful objects when in flower. B. apeciosa, a native of the Moluccas, and one of the handsomest of the genus, attains a height of fifty feet, with a circumference of from ten to fifteen feet ; it is generally found near the sea. From its seeds a lamp-oil is expressed ; mixed with bait they are used to inebriate fish in order to facilitate their cap- ture. The roots, bark, and seeds of the sev- eral species are much used in medicine by the native practitioners. Syn. Stravadium. Barringto'nia'ceee. A small order, now placed as a tribe of Myrtacece. Barto'nia. Named after Dr. Barton, one of our distinguished botanists. Nat. Ord. Loasacece. B. aurea, a native of California, is a splendid annual, with golden yellow flowers, which have quite a metallic luster when the sun shines upon them. The seed-pod is curiously twisted. Like all the California annuals, it is very apt to die off if the roots become at all withered by drought, or if the collar of the plant be exposed to the full heat of the sun ; and thus it does best when grown in masses, so that the ground may be quite covered with its leaves. It succeeds best in a moist situation. Introduced in 1834. Bar-wood. Baphia nitida. Basal. Situated at the base of anything, or at- tached to the base of any organ or part. Base'lla. Malabar Nightshade. Its Malabar name. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacece. A genus of climbing plants, mostly biennial. B alba and B. cordifolia are grown in the East Indies as pot-herbs, and are used as a sub- stitute for Spinach. Some of them are also grown in France, to furnish the Paris market with summer Spinach, and they are grown for the same purpose in China. B. rubra, a va- riety of B. cordifolia, yields a rich purple dye. Some of the species have tuberous roots. B. alba is suitable for a suspended pot or basket, being quite pretty when in bloom. B. lucida, when in fruit, is a very interesting plant. Propagated by division and by seed. Basella'ceae. A series of usually herbaceous climbers, and considered a tribe of Chenopo- diacece. Basil, Sweet. Ocimum Basilicum. Which see. Basil, Wild. The genus Pycnanthemum. Basil Thyme. Common name for Calamintha Acinos. Ba'ssia. Butter Tree. Named after M. Bassi, Curator of the Botanic Garden at Boulogne. Nat. Ord. Sapotacece. Tall trees, natives of the hottest parts of the East Indies and Africa ; the leaves are al- ternate, produced in terminal tufts. The trees are of considerable importance in their native countries. B. butryacea yields a thick, oil-like butter from its fruit. It makes good soap, and is adapted for burning. From the juice of the flowers a kind of sugar is pre- pared. The flowers of B. latifolia, the Mah- wah Tree, are used as an article of food in India, and when dried keep good a long time. A good sized tree will continue to shed its blossoms for fifteen days, at the rate of one hundred pounds per day, which weight is reduced one-half in the process of drying. BAU A maund (eighty pounds) of dried Mahwah will furnish a fortnight's food to a family of two parents and three children. It is gener- ally eaten with the seeds of the Sal Tree (Shorea robvgta) ; a small quantity of rice being sometimes added. The fruit of the Illupie Tree, B. longifolia, yields oil for lamps and various other purposes ; it is also used for food. B. Parkii is the Shea Tree, or But- ter Tree, mentioned by Mungo Park in his travels. Some of the species furnish a very valuable timber for the mechanic arts. Bass-wood or Whitewood. Tilia Americana. Bast. A strong woody fibre, much used in some places for making brooms, brushes, etc., obtained from the leaf stalks of Attalea funifera and of Leopoldinia Piassaba. Also the inner bark of the Lime Tree, of which the Russian mats used in gardens are made. Cuba Bast is the fibrous inner bark of Paritium elatum, much used for tying up cigars, and by gardeners for tying up plants, etc., as is also the bast of the Lime Tree. Raphia, however, is now fast superseding these materials among gardeners for tying purposes. See Raphia. Bastard, or False Acacia. Robinia Pseudo- acacia. Bastard Pennyroyal. See Trichostema dichoto- mum. Bata'tas. Its Indian name. Nat. Ord. Convol- A somewhat extensive genus of tuberous- rooted climbing plants, tender or half-hardy. Some of the species are handsome green- house climbers, with large, purple, showy flowers. As the flowers fade quickly and have no commercial value, the species are rarely cultivated. The most interesting species is B. edulis, the well-known Sweet Potato, for description of which see Potato. The several species are natives of Mexico, South America and the East Indies. Batema'nnia. In compliment to James Bate- man, a celebrated English collector and culti- vator of Orchids, and author of the " Orchid- acese of Mexico and Guatemala." Nat. Ord. OrchidacecB. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, most of which have small, inconspicuous flowers. Batemannia Burtii is a very rare and showy plant, from Costa Rica, with flowers three inches in diameter, of a reddish brown, with yellow spots, lip white and dark purple. They require to be grown in a house with moderate heat, and to be watered with great caution. Introduced in 1872. Baue'ra. Named after two brothers, German botanical draughtsmen. Nat. Ord. Saxifra- gacece. A genus of small green-house shrubs, natives of New Zealand and Australia. Their pale red or pink flowers are produced in the axils of the leaves in great profusion. They form very neat, pretty green-house ever- green plants, flowering nearly the whole year through. Easily increased by cuttings. Bauhi'nia. Named after the brothers John and Casper Bauhin, botanists in the sixteenth cen- tury. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. The numerous species that compose this genus are extensively diffused throughout the BABTONIA. BESSEBA ELEGANS. BKLLIS (DOUBLE DAISY). BAEBACENIA. BEGONIA COBALLINA. BEGONIA ABGYB08TYGMA. BEGONIA (SINGLE XUBESOUS,. BEGONIA DIADEMATA. BEGONIA METALJJCA. BEGONIA BEX VAB. 45 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 45 BAY tropics, particularly in Brazil and India. They are generally climbers, frequently at- taining a gigantic size ; some few, however, form trees, or large shrubs. B. tomentosa is a native of Ceylon, where it forms a small tree, growing about fifteen feet high, and having pale, yellow flowers, spotted with crimson, which has given rise to the superstitious idea that they were sprinkled with the blood of St. Thomas, hence the tree is called St. Thomas' Tree. B. Vahlii is the Maloo climber of India, a plant whose gigantic shrubby stems often attain a length of 300 feet, and climb over the tops of the highest trees in the forest, twist- ing so tightly round their stems that they not unfrequently strangle and cause death, the stems ultimately decaying and leaving a sheath of climbers standing in their place. The young shoots and leaves are covered with a rust-colored scurf, and are furnished with tendrils. The leaves are very large, often more than a foot in diameter, composed of two oval-shaped lobes joined together for about half their length, and heart-shaped at the base. The flowers are snowy-white, and arranged in racemes. The exceeding tough fibrous bark of this species is employed in India for making ropes, \\hich, from their great strength, are used in the construction of the suspension bridges across the River Jumna. The bark of another Indian species is used for making the slow-matches used with native guns. Bay-berry. See Myrica cerifera. Bay Oak. Quercus sessiliflora. Bay Rose. Epilobium angustifolium. Bay Tree. Magnolia glauca. Bay Tree. Poison, llllcum Floridanum, Bay Tree. Rose. Nerium Oleander. Bay Tree. Sweet. Lauras nobilis. Beach Grass. See Ammophila. Beach Pea. The common name of Lathyrus maritimus, a species growing plentifully in New Jersey and northward. Bead Tree. See Ormosia. Bean. Phaseolus. The varieties of our com- mon Garden or Bush Bean have their origin in P. vulgaris, which is supposed to be a native of the East Indies, though there are none of the species found wild that in any way resem- bles the varieties under cultivation. The earliest notice that we have of the Kidney Bean is that given by Pliny, who calls them Phaseoli, and says the pod is to be eaten with the seed. "According to Diodorus Siculus, the Egyptians were the first to cultivate it, and to make it an article of common diet, yet they conceived religious notions concerning it which made them at length refrain from eating it. Their priests dared not either touch it or look at it. Pythagoras, who was educated among the Egyptians, derived from them theirveneration for the bean, andforbade his disciples to eat it. He taught that it was created at the same time and of the same elements as man; that it was animated and had a soul, which, like a human soul, suffered the vicissitudes of transmigration. Aristotle explains the prohibition of Pythagoras sym- bolically. He says, that beans being tho ordinary means of voting on public matters, the white bean meaning an affirmative, and BEA the black a negative, therefore Pythagoras meant to forbid his disciples to meddle with political government. The Roman priests affirmed that the bean blossom contained in- fernal letters, referring to the dark stains on the wings, and it is probable that all the superstitions on the subject sprang from the fruit."— -Am. Ency. This species was first cultivated in England in 1509, having been in- troduced from the Netherlands. Many varie- ties were known to Gerarde in 1590. The running or Pole Beans are of the species P. multiflorus, introduced from South America in 1663. (See Phaseolus.) The English Bean, so called by our seedsmen, and commonly known as Broad Windsor, is Faba vulgaris var. macrosperma, a genus that has been under cultivation as long as we have any records of gardening. It is supposed to have originated in Egypt, from the fact that the early Greek writers mention receiving it thence. Of this class there are many varieties, none of which succeed well with us. Bean. The common name for Faba. Bog Bean, the Buckbean, MenyantJies trifoliata. Cujumary Bean, the tonic seed of Aydendron Cujumary. Egyptian or Pythagorean Bean, the fruit of Nelumbium speciosum. French or Bush Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Haricot Bean, the seed of Phaseolus vulgaris. Honey Bean, the seed-pods of Gleditschia triacanthos. In- dian Bean, an American name for Catalpa. Kidney Bean, the common name for Phaseolus, especially for those kinds cultivated as escu- lents. Lima Bean, the popular name for Phaseolus lunatus, of which the Sieva or Southern Lima and its dwarf variety Hender- son's Bush Lima Bean are evidently varieties. Locust Bean, the pod of Ceratonia siliqua. Molucca Bean, tho seed of Guilandina Bondu- cella. Ordeal Bean of Old Calabar, the seeds of Physostigma venenatum. Ox-eye Bean, the seed of Mucuna urens. Pichurini Bean, a com- mercial name for the cotyledons of Nectandra Puchury. Sacred Bean, the common name for Nelumbium. Sahuca Bean, the seeds of Soja hispida. St. Ignatius's Bean, the seed of Strychnos multiftora; also a Brazilian name for the seeds of Fevillea cordifolia. Scarlet Run- ner Bean, the seed of Phaseolus multiflorus. Smoking Bean, the seed-pods of Catalpa big- nonioides. Tonga or Tonquin Bean, the seed of Dipterix odorata. Underground Bean, Arachis hypogcea, commonly called Pea-nuts. Water Bean, an English name for the family of NelumbiacecB. Wild Bean, a common name for Apios. Algaroba Bean is Ceratonia, sili- qua. Asparagus Bean, or Yard Long, Dolichos sesquipedalis. HibbertBean, Phaseolus lunatus (same as Lima Bean). Horse or Field Bean, Faba vulgaris var. equina. Horse-eye Bean, Mucuna urens. Inga Bean, the pod of the Bastard Cassia. Malacca Bean is the seed of Semecarpus anacardium. Mesquit Bean, the seed of Prosopis glandulosa. Pigeon Bean is the small-seeded field Bean. Ram's Horn Bean is Dolichos bicontortis. Red Bean is Vigna unguiculata. Sea Bean, Florida Bean, a common name for the seed of Entada scandens and of Ormosia dasycarpa. Seaside Bean is Canavalia obtusifolia and Vigna luteola. Sugar Bean, Phaseolus saccharatus and P. lunatus. Sword Bean is Entada scan- dens and Canavalia gladiata. Tick Bean is the HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BEA common field Bean, Faba vulgar is. Tree Bean of Australia is Bauhinia Hookerii. Yam Bean is Dolichos tuberosus. Year Bean is Phaseolus vulgaris. Vanilla Bean is Vanilla planifolia, etc. Bearberry. See Arctostaphylos. Californian. Rhamnus Purshianus. Beard Grass. See Andropogon and Polypogon. Beard-tongue. A popular name of the genus Pentstemon. Bear Grass. See Yucca. Bear's Foot. Helleborus foztidus, H. viridis, H. niger, Aconitum 'napellus and Alchemilla vul- garis. Beato'nia. Named in honor of Donald Beaton, a celebrated Scotch gardener and writer. Nat. Ord. IridacecB. A small genus of Mexican bulbs, allied to the Tigridia, and requiring the same treat- ment. Flowers purple, growing in pairs or singly on a stem about a foot high. Intro- duced in 1841. Propagated by offsets. Beauca'rnea. A commemorative name. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. A name given to a genus of Agave-like lili- aceous plants, formerly described under the name Pincenectitia. The few known species are Mexican plants, with arborescent stems, remarkable for the large bulbiform swelling which, from the earliest stages of its growth, forms at its base ; these support a spreading terminal crown of long narrow leaves. B. re- curvata, is a noble conservatory plant when it has formed a large stem and full head of leaves ; its flowers from 4,000 to 5,000 in number, are white, small, and fragrant, borne in a large terminal panicle, three or more feet in height. Beaucarneas are grown principally for the beauty of their foliage and are grotesque, graceful, and extremely curious in habit and form. They are also excellent subjects for sub-tropical or lawn decoration in summer. Propagated chiefly by imported seeds. Beaufo'rtia. Named after Mary, Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. Ord. Myrtacece. A small genus of very desirable green-house plants from New Holland. They should be grown in loam and sand in about equal quantities, and in a cool part of the green- house will flower splendidly. The flowers are scarlet, pink, or red. Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood. Beaumo'ntia. Named after Mrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall, Eng. Nat. Ord. Apocynacece. This genus of green-house twiners has but few species, all natives of the East Indies. B. grandiftora is remarkable for its handsome flowers which are pure white, borne in ter- minal or axillary corymbs. The plant is diffi- cult of propagation, which is effected by cuttings. Great age is required to bring it into flower. When a large plant is obtained and grown under favorable circumstances, it has but few rivals. Introduced in 1820. Beaver Poison. A common name applied to Cicuta maculata. Beaver Tree or Beaver Wood. Magnolia glauca. Bedding. This term is used by florists, mostly when plants are set out in what is known as the "Carpet," "Ribbon Line," or "Massing in Color " style of decorative planting. The BEG " Carpet Style " is that produced by planting low-growing plants of different colors and forms of leaves, to form carpet-like pat- terns. They must be such plants as present a smooth, well defined color, and not exceed- ing three or four inches in height. To pro- duce the proper effect by this style of planting the plants must be set close enough to form a mass, covering the soil completely up, or the effect will not be so good. Bedding in "ribbon lines " is usually done along margins of drives or walks, in widths from one to ten feet, as desired, the plants used being such as to give the most pleasing contrast in color. The plants usually selected are such as will either form a slope to the walk by planting the highest at the back with the lowest growing in front, or else, if the line is a wide one, such as, by placing the highest plants in the center and the others on each side, will slope to each side of the line. But to keep the lines of color well defined and smooth, the plants must be carefully pinched back, so as to keep each line to its proper height. Bedding by "massing • in color" is on the same principle, only that, instead of the plants being planted in lines, they are set in contrasting masses of different colors, in any number of shades desired, though the effect is most marked when but few colors are used in one bed. Large beds are often formed of one color, such as scarlet, maroon, blue, pink, or yellow, which, seen at a distance, in contrast with the green of the lawn, is by many more admired than when the colors are placed together. Bed Straw. One of the common names of the genus Galium. Bee Balm. Mellissa offidnalis. Bee Flower, or Bee Orchis. Ophrys Apifera. Bee Larkspur. Delphinium grandiflorum. Beech. American. See Fagus ferruginea. Blue. Carpinus Americana. Common. See Fagus sylvatica. Beech-drops or Cancer Root. A common name of Epiphegus Virginica, a parasite that grows on the roots of Beech trees. Beech Fern. Polypodium Phegopteris. Beech Horn, or Horst. Carpinus Betulus. Beef Steak Plant. Saxifraga Sarmentosa, and Begonia Evansiana. Beef "Wood. The genus Casuarina. Beet, Chard, Sea-Kale, or Spinach. Beta Braziliense, and B. Cicla. Beet. Red. Beta vulgaris, which see. Befa'rla. In memory of M. Bejar, a Spanish botanist. Nat. Ord. Ericaceae. A genus of green-house evergreen shrubs, found in the Alpine districts of Peru and Mexico. They are mostly, extremely beauti- ful plants, and grow at a great height in the mountainous districts, often at the very extreme of vegetation. The genus is nearly related to Rhododendron; it is rarely culti- vated. Syn. Bejaria. Beggar's Lice. A common name of Cynoglossum Morisoni. Beggar's Ticks. The common name of a very disagreeable weed, Bidens chrysanthemoides. It has received this distinctive name because the fruit adheres to anything with which it comes in contact. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 47 BEG Bego'nia. Named in honor of M. Begon, a French patron of botany. Nat. Ord. Bego- niacece. All the species of Begonia are interesting and beautiful winter ornaments of the hot- house or green-house, of the simplest culture in any rich soil if allowed an abundant supply of water. Cuttings may be struck without trouble. B. Rex, the type of the large-leaved sorts, and the most ornamental of the species, is best propagated by cutting the leaves in sections, each being so cut as to form a junc- tion of the ribs at the lower end of the cutting. These should be laid in a damp, warm place, or on the propagating bench with good bottom heat ; or a leaf, or a portion of one, may be laid flat in any shady place in the house. Within the last twenty-five years a new race of tuberous-rooted sorts has been introduced from the oouth American Andes, of which B. rosmflora, B. Veitchii, B. octopetala and B. Boliviensis are typical species, from which, by cross-fertilization and selection a large num- ber of beautiful and almost hardy kinds have been raised. This is shown in the size, sub- stance, and rich colors of the flowers of the majority of the plants of this race. They are equally valuable for the green-house or for out-door decoration in summer. The tubers should be kept warm and dry during the winter, from November to April, when they may be started into growth. Bego'nia'ceee. A natural order, comprising a large number of useful and ornamental garden plants. The only genera are Begonia and Begoniella. The species are common in the East and West Indies, and South America, and a few are found in Madagascar, and South Africa. They are said to possess bitter and astringent qualities. Bellado'nna. See Atropa Belladonna. Bellado'nna Lily. A common name for Ama- ryllis Belladonna. Belleva'lia. In memory of P. R. Belleval, a' French botanist. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. A small genus of bulbous plants found in the Mediterranean region and in temperate Asia. They are perfectly hardy, growing freely under the same conditions in which the Grape Hyacinth, Muscari, is grown, and the finer species of which they closely resemble. Introduced in 1844. Bell-flower. See Campanula. Be'llis. The Daisy. From bellus, pretty; re- ferring to the flowers. Nat. Ord. Compositce. Well-known perennials, of which B.perennis, the common Daisy, has been in cultivation in the British and Continental gardens from time immemorial. The most beautiful varieties are the large double, the large quilled, and the Hen-and-Chickens; but there are many others. In Germany numerous curious varie- ties have been raised by saving the seed of the handsomest kinds. Each sort is much improved by being taken up, divided, and re- planted every autumn. They are all admira- ble plants for making edgings to borders, and they are well suited for growing in pots, though at present they are almost neglected. They thrive best in a loamy soil, richly man- ured, which should be dug over and well broken before planting, and they will bear transplanting even when in flower, provided BER they are taken up with a portion of soil at- tached. These pretty plants are seldom seen in our gardens in as great abundance as they deserve to be, which is owing, no doubt, to their being very impatient of our hot sum- mers. They should therefore be grown in a shady and rather cool border. Be'llium. A genus of pretty dwarf free-flower- ing plants, nearly related to the common Daisy, Bellis perennia, and requiring similar treatment. Excellent plants for rockwork or a similar situation. Bell Pepper. See Capsicum. Bellwort. See Utricularia grandi&ora. Bellworts. The English popular name for the Nat. Ord. Campanulacece. Belope'rone. A considerable genus of Acan- thacece, from Tropical America, containing many species of beautiful shrubs with large purple or blue flowers borne on terminal spikes ; nearly allied to Justida, and requiring the same treatment. Beiie. See Sesamum. Bengal Quince. See Mgle. Benjamin Bush. A popular namo of Lindera Benzoin, which is also called Spice Bush. Bent Grass. See Agrostis. Bentha'mia. Named after Mr. Bentham, a dis- tinguished English botanist. Nat. Ord. Cor- nacece. A small genus of half-hardy evergreen shrubs, natives of northern India. The fruit makes it a conspicuous plant forthe lawn. It is of a yellowish white color, about the size of a Raspberry, but not edible. B. Japonica, very much resembles the flowering Dogwood, blooming two months later in the season. Propagated from seeds or by cuttings. Benzoin. A genus of native shrubs now known as Lindera, which see. Berberida'ceee. A natural order of shrubs or hardy perennials, with terminal or axillary flowers, usually racemose, with alternate, compound leaves. These plants are found in South America as far as the Straits of Magel- lan, and in the mountainous parts of the northern hemisphere. They are common in the northern provinces of India, but none are found in Africa, Australia, or the South Sea Islands. The fruit of some of the species is used as a preserve, and is sometimes eaten in a fresh or dried state. They possess acid, bitter, and astringent qualities, and oxalic acid occurs in some. The stem and bark of several species are used in dyeing yellow. The astringent substance called Lycium by Dioscorides is supposed to be furnished by the root of various species of Berberry, and a similar preparation is much used in India as a febrifuge. The pinnate-leaved Berberries form the sub-genus Mahonia. The order con- tains twelve genera and a hundred and ten species, among which are Berberis, Leontice, Epimedium, Nandina, Jeffersonia, etc. Berberido'psis. From Berberis, and opts, like ; resembling the Barberry. Nat. Ord. Berberi- dacecB. A small genus of half-hardy evergreen shrubs, natives of Chili. B. corallina is a handsome shrub of sub-scandent habit, thick, 48 HENDEKSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BEK leathery leaves, and drooping, many-flowered racemes of long-stalked, crimson-scarlet flowers. This species is perfectly hardy south of Washington, and is a shrub of re- markable beauty. Propagated by cuttings or from seed. Introduced in 1862. Be'rberis. The Barberry. From berberys, its Arabian name. Nat. Ord. Berberidacece. There are several varieties of the common Barberry, all of which are ornamental shrubs, easily propagated by cuttings or layers, and well adapted for a large lawn, especially the purple-leaved variety. They thrive best in rather a light, sandy soil. The fruit is acid and highly esteemed for preserving, and for this purpose the seedless variety, B. vulgarlt asperina, is mostly preferred. This variety is a native of Europe. B. Darwinii, introduced from Chili in 1849, is one of the most beautiful of the genus. It forms a densely spreading bush with very numerous racemes of bright orange colored flowers. Berche'mia. Named after M. Berchem, a French botanist. Nat. Ord. Rhamnacece. B. volubilis is a common climbing shrub in the swamps of Virginia and the Carolinas, where it is popularly known as Supple-Jack, because of its lithe, tough stems. In foreign countries it is cultivated as an ornamental climber, but in dry soils it rarely grows more than eight or ten feet in height. Berkhey'a. See Stobcza. Bergamot A common name for Mentha citrata. American Wild. Monardafistulosa. Medicinal. Citrus Bergamia var. vulgaris. Bermuda Grass. See Cynodon Dactylon. Bermuda Lily. See Lilium Harrisii. Bertholle'tia. Brazil Nut. Named after L. C. Bertholtet, a distinguished chemist. Nat. Ord. MyrtacecB. B. excelsa, the tree that bears the Brazil Nuts of commerce, is the only species of this genus, and is one of the most majestic trees in the Brazilian forests. It often attains a height of 150 feet, and has a diameter of from three to four feet at the base. It is found in the greatest abundance in the forests on the banks of the Amazon, and it is also common in Central America, and in several of the States of South America. The nuts are incased in a shell from four to six inches in diameter, which is extremely hard. Each shell contains about twenty nuts. So enormous is the weight of this fruit, that at the period when it falls the natives dare not enter the forests without covering their heads and shoulders with a strong buckler of wood. The time for collect- ing these nuts is in winter, when the Indians, in great numbers, ascend the rivers to obtain their harvest of nuts, upon which they depend for the year's subsistence. When the nuts are spread on the ground all the animals of the forest surround them and dispute their pos- session. The Indians say it is the feast of the animals as well as themselves, but they are angry with their rivalry. The gathering of the nuts is celebrated with rejoicings, like the "Harvest Home" of Old England. About once in live years another species or variety is seen in small quantities in a few of the fruit stores of New York. It is of a lighter color, much less angular, less oily, and very much finer in quality than the common Brazil Nut. BET It is called the Paradise Nut, and is quite dis- tinct. It is said to grow in the interior of the country, and is gathered by the Indians, and brought to the coast, which they visit at long intervals for the purpose of trade. Bertolo'nia. In honor of A. Bertoloni, an Italian botanist. Nat. Ord. MelastomacecB. A genus of very pretty trailing or creeping plants, natives of the dense forests of Brazil. B. maculata, typical of the genus, is an exceed- ingly beautiful hot-house creeper. The leaves are spotted on the surface, and purple under- neath. It requires a warm, moist atmosphere, and is readily increased by cuttings. Intro- duced in 1848. Beschorne'ria. A genus of Agave-like Amaryl- lidaceous plants, allied to Littcea, and Four- croya. B. tubiflora, and B. yuccoides, are highly ornamental species, very useful for lawn decoration in summer. Besle'ria. Erect, dwarf, branching plants, bear- ing yellow, white, or purple flowers and scar- let or purple berries, introduced from tropical America and belonging to the Nat. Ord. Ges- neracece. They are very pretty stove shrubs, requir- ing a moist, warm atmosphere, and are readily increased by cuttings. Besse'ra. Named after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at Brody. Nat. Ord. LiliacecB. A small genus of very beautiful Mexican bulbs, allied to the Squills. The flowers are scarlet, purple, or white, produced on slender scapes about a foot high. They may be grown in a frame, like half-hardy bulbs, but it is less trouble to treat them the same as the Tigridia. The bulbs must be kept warm and dry during the winter, if taken up Propa- gated by offsets. Introduced in 1846. Be'ta. Beet. From bett, the Celtic word for red; in reference to the red color of the Beet. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacece. The several species included in this genus are natives of Em-ope, Northern Africa, and Western Asia. Four of the species are culti- vated as esculents ; the others are of no par- ticular interest. B. vulgaris, the parent of our garden varieties, is a native of Egypt and along the whole sea-coast of the Mediterranean, and is now found growing wild in those locali- ties. The Beet has been highly esteemed as a garden vegetable for more than 2,000 years, and is specially noticed by all the early writers on plants. The roots of the Beet have been much improved by cultivation, both as regards size and quality, and long ago they arrived at that state of perfection beyond which pro- gress in the line of improvement must, of necessity, be slow. The several varieties of Mangel-wurzel and Sugar Beet, now grown so extensively in Europe, belong to the species B. vulgaris var. macrorhiza. The Chard Beet, or Swiss Chard, is B. cycla, a native of Portugal, first introduced into English gar- dens in 1670. It is extensively cultivated in the gardens of Europe, and forms one of the principal vegetables of the laboring class, the leaves only being used. They are stripped off and boiled as a substitute for Spinach. The rib of the leaf, which is strong and fleshy, is sometimes dressed as Aspar- agus. Sea Beet is B. maritima, a species of easy culture, used for greens only, and one of AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. BET tne best plants under cultivation for that use. It is a native of the British coasts. The Chilian Beet, B. Chiliensia, a species of recent introduction, a native of Chili, as its name implies, is becoming popular for orna- mental gardening, particularly for large rib- bon borders, the two varieties, one with bright yellow, the other with crimson foliage, contrasting finely with other plants. Betony. The common name of Stachys Be- tonica. Be'tula. Birch. From its Celtic name, betu. Nat. Ord. Betulacece. An extensive genus of deciduous trees, com- mon in all the cold and inhospitable climates. Some of the species are the last trees found as we approach the snow in the most elevated districts. ThI - genus is largely represented in our Nortnern States by B. alba, the com- mon White Bircrh. which, from the tremulous habit of the foliage, is in some localities called Poplar Birch. This species is remarkable for its elegance. It seldom divides the main stem, which extends to the summit of the tree, giving out from all parts numerous slender branches, forming a very neat and beautiful spray of a dark chocolate color, contrasting finely with the whiteness of the trunk. When grown as a single specimen, this tree assumes a beautiful pyramidal form, making a moder- ate-sized tree of great beauty. B. lenta is the Black or Cherry Birch, so named from its resemblance to the American Black Cherries. The bark of the young twigs of this species has a sweet, aromatic taste. The wood is dark rose color, fine-grained, and much used in fine cabinet work. There are several other native species common in our Northern States, all interesting, mostly low-growing trees or large shrubs. Beurre'. A general name applied to a class of dessert Pears, which have their flesh of what Is called a buttery texture, as the name itself indicates. Bi. In compounds signifies twice ; as Bicolor, two-colored ; Bidentate, with two teeth. Bidens. The botanical name of the well-known Beggar's Ticks. Bidwi'llia. Named after Mr. Bidwill, of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of bulbs. Nat. Ord. LiliacecB. A small genus of Australian and Peruvian bulbs, allied to Anthericum. The flowers are white, borne in racemes, and differing but little from the Asphodelus. Propagated by offsets. Biennial. Lasting two years. A biennial plant requires two years to form its flowers and fruit ; growing one year, and flowering, fruit- ing and dying the next. This, however, is not true of all climates. Many plants that are classed as biennials in England, when sown in the southern parts of the United States, or in a hot-bed in March, at the North, and planted out in summer, will flower, seed, and die just as many annuals do. Bifrena'ria. From bis, twice, and frcBnum, a strap ; in reference to the double strap, or band, by means of which the pollen masses are connected with their gland. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A genus of pretty orchids, closely allied to Maxillaria, differing very slightly from that BIL genus, and succeeding well under the same treatment. B. Harrisonice, a very beautiful white species, with a purple lip, is known in cultivation under the following synonyms : Colax, Dendrobium, Lycaste, and Maxillaria Harrisonice. Bigno'nia. Trumpet Creeper. Named after Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacece. An extensive genus of highly ornamental plants, and the type of an order equally beauti- ful. Most of the species are hot-house climbers, though a few assume a more arbo- rescent character. B. capreolata, a native of Florida, is sufficiently hardy to withstand our severest weather when trained against a wall. The flowers of all are large and showy, pro- duced in panicles, and are of various colors, red, blue, white, or yellow. They should be grown in rich loam, in a sunny position, or they will not flower well. Introduced in 1820. B. radicana, is a synonym of Tecoma radicans, which see. B. Venusta, one of the most beautiful of the genus, is particularly suited for large green- houses, for training on rafters, or festooning between pillars, etc. Producing its rich, orange-red flowers in clusters, in great pro- fusion, during the winter months, makes it still more desirable. B. magnifica, with flow- ers varying from delicate mauve to rich pur- plish crimson, introduced from Columbia in 1879, is another very handsome and showy species, flowering in summer. Bignonia'ceae. A large order of trees, or twin- ing shrubby plants, with usually opposite compound leaves, and showy, often trumpet- shaped flowers. The plants are found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres, but most largely in the eastern. In America they extend from Pennsylvania in the North to Chill in the South. Some yield dyes, and others supply timber. There are forty-six genera, and r»ver 150 known species. Bignonia, Catalpa, Tecoma and Eccromocarpua are rep- resentative genera. Big-Root. See Megarrhiza. Billardie'ra. Apple Berry. Named after Labil- lardiere, a French botanist. Nat. Ord. Pittos- poracecB. A small genus of green-house evergreen climbers, natives of Australia and Tasmania. The species are not remarkable for beauty of plant or flower, but are highly esteemed for their sub-acid fruit, which is pleasant and wholesome. The fruit is a small berry, either blue or amber-colored. Propagated by cut- tings. Billbe'rgia. Named after Billberg, a Swedish botanist. Nat. Ord. BromeliacecB. These are handsome plants when well grown. The colors of the flowers are at once rich, vivid, and delicate, and are usually contrasted in the highest manner by the equally bright tints of the colored bracts. They should be grown in pots of rich loam, in a warm green- house, or plunged into an active hot-bed until the growth is completed, when a cooler and drier place, as on a shelf of the hot-house, will induce them to flower freely. Propagated by suckers. Introduced from Brazil in 1825. Billberry. See Vaccinium. Bilstead. A common name of the Liquidambar. 50 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS Binding Plants. A name that may be given to such plants, the roots of which are useful for binding the soil on the banks of reservoirs, aqueducts, etc., as well as the loose sand- banks on exposed shores or wastes. Various species of Willows, Raspberries, Blackberries, Vacciniums, and with strong spreading roots, are useful for the former. Alsike Clover is also well suited for this purpose, its long, fibrous roots holding the soil well together. The Bermuda Grass, Cynodon Dactylon, is also exceedingly valuable anywhere south of Virginia, and with Ammophila or Catomagrostis arenaria, is invaluable for binding loose sand on exposed sea-shores and water-courses. (See Ammophila). Ampelopsis Veitchii, the Japan or Boston Ivy, has also been found useful for planting on railroad cuttings and embank- ments to prevent loose rocks from falling on the tracks.. Bindweed. A popular name for Convolvulus arvensis. Birch. See Betula. Bird Cherry. See Cerasus Padua. Bird of Paradise. A name applied to the flowers of the Strelitzia Regince, from their supposed resemblance. Bird Pepper. Capsicum baccatum. Bird's Bill. Trigonella ornithorrhynchus. Bird's Foot, or Bird's Foot Trefoil. Lotus corn- iculatus. Bird's-nest. Daucus Carota, or Wild Carrot. Bird's-nest Pern. Asplenium Nidus. Birth-root. Trillium erectum. Birth-wort. The genus Aristolochia. Bishop's Cap, or Mitre- wort. The genus Mitella. Bishop's- wort. Stachys Betonica. Bishop-weed. See ^Jgopodium podograria. Bismarkia. In honor of the German statesman. An imperfectly-known genus of Palmacece, of which B. nobilis is the only species. It is a very ornamental plant, with the appearance and habit of a Pritchardia. Introduced from Madagascar in 1886. Bitter Almond. Amygdalus communis. Bitter Apple. Cucumis Colocynthis. Bitter Cress. The genus Cardamine. Bitter Nut, or Swamp Hickory. Carya amara. Bitter Root. Lewisia rediviva. Bitter Sweet. A popular name for Celastrus scandens; also applied to Solanum Dulcamara. Bitter Vetch. The genus Orobus. Bitter Weed. Ambrosia artemisicefolia. Bi'xa. Arnatto. Its native South American name. Nat. Ord. Flacourtiacece. South American trees, or shrubs, B. Orel- lina, commonly known as the Arnatto tree, is a native of tropical America, the West Indies, Sumatra, and Java, and is much valued because of the coloring matter which is pro- cured from the pulp that surrounds the seeds, and which is an important article of com- merce. It seldom attains to more than twelve feet in height. The leaves are of a deeper green on one side than on the other, and are divided by fibres of a reddish-brown color; they are four inches long, broad at the base, BLA and tend to a sharp point. The stem has likewise fibres, which, in Jamacia, are con- verted into serviceable ropes. The tree pro- duces oblong, bristled pods, somewhat re- sembling those of a chestnut. These, at first, are of a beautiful rose-color; but, as they ripen, change to a dark-brown, and bursting open, display a splendid crimson farina, or pulp, in which are contained thirty or forty seeds, in shape similar to raisin stones. This pulp is separated by throwing the freshly- gathered seeds into a tub of water, and stir- ring them until the red matter is detached, when it is strained off and evaporated to the consistency of putty. In this state it is made up into rolls, and is ready for market. This drug is used in coloring cheese, butter, and for inferior chocolates. It is also used by silk- dyers ; and by varnish-makers, for imparting a rich orange tint to some kinds of varnish. Bixi'iieae, or Bixa'ceae. A name sometimes given to the order Flacourtiacece, which see. Black Alder, or Winter-berry. Prinos Verti- cillata. Black-berry. See Rubus. Black -berry Lily . See Pardanthus. Black Biad-weed. Polygonum Convolvulus. Black Bryony. See Tamus. Black Gum, or Sour Gum. Nyssa multiftora. Black Haw. Viburnum prunifolium. Black Horehound. Balotta nigra. Black Jack, or Barren Oak. Quercus nigra. Black Moss, or Florida Moss. Tillandsia uaneoides. Black Mustard. See Sinapis nigra. Black Oat Grass. Stipa avenacea. Black Oyster Plant. See Scorzonera His- panica. Black Pepper. See Piper nigrum. Black Snake Root. Sanicula Marilandica. Black Thorn. Prunus spinosa, also Cratcegus tomentosa. Black Varnish Tree. Melanorrh&a usitatissima. Bladder-wort. The genus Utricularia. Bladder Catch-fly. Silene inflata. Bladder Nut. Staphylea trifoliata, and S. pin- nata. Bladder Senna. Colutea herbacea, and C. ar- borescens. Blanching. This process is effected for the purpose of obtaining crispness, and for con- verting what would, under ordinary circum- stances, be a dangerous plant — in the case of Celery especially so — into a highly popular deli- cacy. Blanching can only be accomplished by entirely excluding the light from the plants, thus depriving the coloring matters of their power to decompose water and carbonic acid gas. Blandfo'rdia. Named in honor of George, Mar- quis of Blandford. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. Beautiful green-house bulbs from New South Wales. They should be grown in large pots filled with leaf mould, loam and sand, placed in the green-house, and, if properly attended to with water, will flower freely. The flowers are crimson or orange. Introduced In 1812. Propagated by seeds and offsets. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 51 BLA Blazing Star. A common name of Liatris squar- rosa. and also given to Chamcelirium luteum. Ble'chuum. From blechnon, a Greek name for a Fern. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A considerable genus of Ferns of the same group as Lomaria, the distinction between the two consisting in the fructification of T,om- aria being marginal, and that of Blechnum being within the margin. The genus contains a considerable number of species, which are abundant in tropical countries ; South America and the West Indian Islands having contrib- uted the greatest number. Bleeding Heart. The popular name of Didytra (Diclytra, Dicentra) sptctabilis. Blephi'lia. A genus of uninteresting herbs, nearly allied to Monarda, Horse-mint, common in the southern and western States. Blessed Thistle. Cnicus benedictus. A genus of Thistles, natives of the Levant and Persia. Naturalized and common en the roadsides in the southern States; now called by some authors, Carbenia benedicta. Ble'tia. Named after a Spanish botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. Ord. OrchidaceM. Pretty, tuberous-rooted, terrestrial Orchids, which produce large spikes of shaded purple flowers and require to be grown in pots of u- brous loam and leaf mould. A somewhat high temperature, say 70° or 75°, with plenty of moisture while they are growing, and a consid- erable reduction of both as soon as it is com- pleted, is necessary to cultivate them in per- fection. They are increased by means of offsets. Introduced from Mexico in 1822. B. Tankervillice, is now included under Phaius, which see. Bli'ghia. Named in honor of Capt. Bligh, who first carried the bread-fruit to the West Indies. Nat. Ord. Sapindacece. This is called the Akee Tree, and is a plant much esteemed in Africa and the West Indies on account of its fruit, which is as large as a goose's egg, and of a reddish or yellow color. This fruit contains several large seeds, the coating of which is eaten ; it is said to possess an agreeable sub-acid taste, very grateful to the palate. Syn. Cupania. Blight. As used by cultivators this term is of vague significance. It is applied to those diseases of grain, etc., which usually depend upon the presence of parasitic Fungi. The Pear Blight so destructive to pear trees for many years past, is now generally believed to be owing to the presence of a Fungus, though not a few still believe that it is to be attributed to a diseased condition of the sap. There have been several theories put forth to account for this destructive disease, and the subject still remains more or less a mystery. Insects have also been charged with producing the disease ; but whatever the cause, all know the results to be only too fatal, and, thus far, without remedy. Blight is not confined to the field and the orchard, but also finds its way to plants in the garden. If Fungi are not the cause of the disease, they may be said to be always present as a result. Blind Shoots. A term given to such shoots as do not show flower buds. Blood Flower. The common name for Hce- manthus. West Indian. Asclepiaa curassavica. B(E Blood Hoot. See Sanguinaria Canadenae. Blood Wood. Australian. Eucalyptus corym- bosa. E. Indian. Lag&rstrozmia Regince.. Blue Bells. Campanula rotundifolia, and Scillat nutana. Blue-berry. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, etc. Blue-bottle. Centaurea cyanus. Blue Cohosh. A popular name of Caulophyllum thalictroides, also called the Pappoose root. Blue Curls. A popular name for the genus Trichostema. Blue Daisy. Agathea cadestis and Aster Tripo- Kwt. Blue-eyed Grass. Sisyrinchium Bermudianum. Blue Flag. Iris versicolor. Blue Grass. Kentucky. See Poci pratensis. Blue Gum. See Eucalyptus globulus. Blue Palmetto. See Rhapidophyllum. Blue Pea. See Clitoria tematea. Blue Tangle. Dangleberry, Huckleberry. Oay- lusaacMfrondo&a. Bluets. Common name for Hountonia cceruka ; also the French name for Centaurea Cyanus. Blue Weed, or Viper's Bugloss. Echium vul- gare. Blumenba'chia. In honor of Dr. Blumenbach, of Gottingen, a distinguished comparative anatomist. Nat. Ord. Loa&acece. Elegant branched climbing or trailing, an- nual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with large white or yellow flowers, and generally covered with stinging hairs, which are very objection- able. Bocco;nia. Named after P. Bocconi, M.D., a Sicilian. Nat. Ord. PapaveracecB. B. cordata, the only species adapted for the border, is a handsome, hardy herbaceous plant, a small clump or single specimen of which would take high rank among ornamen- tal-leaved plants, but unfortunately, it refuses to be kept within bounds, and will, when once established, not only take possession of the border, but the lawn as well ; and for this reason, notwithstanding its great beauty, it should not be planted on the lawn. Syns. B. japonica and Macleaya yedo&nsis. Bcehme'ria. Ramee or Ramie. In memory of George Rudolph Boehmer, a German botanist. Nat. Ord. UrticacecB. A genus of herbaceous plants or shrubs, allied to the true Nettles, but differing from them in not having stinging hairs. Tho most interesting species is B. nivea, the Chinese Grass-cloth Plant. It is a small, shrubby plant, about three or four feet high, throwing up numerous straight shoots, which are about as thick as the little finger, and covered with soft short hairs. Its leaves grow on long hairy footstalks, and are broadly heart- shaped, about six inches long and four broad. They are of a deep green color on the upper side, but covered on the under side with a dense coating of white down, which gives them an appearance like that of frosted silver. The beautiful fabric known as Grass-cloth, which rivals the finest cambric in softness of texture, is manufactured from the fiber ob- tained from the inner bark of this plant. The Chinese bestow an immense amount of care 52 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BOG and labor upon its cultivation and the prep- aration of its fiber. They obtain three crops of its stems annually, the second being con- sidered the best. To obtain the fiber, the bark is stripped off in two long pieces and carefully scraped with a knife, so as to get rid of all useless matter, after which it is softened and separated into fine filaments either by steeping it in hot water or holding it over steam. This plant has been introduced into the Southern States, where it grows freely ; but the difficulty in separating the fiber so as to make its production profitable, has yet to be overcome. Bog Asphodel. See Narthedum. Bog Moss. See Sphagnum. Bog Myrtle. Myrica Gale. Bog Rush. Jancus. Common in all marshy grounds or swamps. Boilers, G-reenhouse. See Heating. Bokhara Clover. One of the popular names of Melilotua Alba; an excellent Bee-food plant all season. Bolbophy'Uum. From bolbos, a bulb, and phyl- lon, a leaf; referring to the leaves issuing from the apex of the pseudo-bulbs. Nat Ord. A genus of dwarf epiphytal Orchids from Africa and the East Indies, more curious than beautiful. Flowers large, single or in pairs ; color, yellow or white, with purple spots or stripes. Not often seen in collections. Syn. Bulbophyllum. Bo'llea. Derivation of name net given. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, consist- ing of only two species, natives of New Gren- ada. They are showy plants, with radical foliage, from the base of which the flowers are produced on single scapes. The flowers are shaded pink, with a bright yellow lip. They require to be grown in pots of Moss, in rather a warm house, and are increased by division. Placed by some authors under Zygopetalum. Bolto'nia. A genus of three species belonging to the Composite family, and peculiar to North America, where they extend from Canada to the Southern States. They produce an abun- dance of flower heads with whitish or purplish rays, very much like the Asters to which genus they might at first glance be referred. They are well worth a place in the mixed border. Boma'rea. Derivation of name not given. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaczce. A somewhat extensive genus of tuberous- rooted plants, formerly included in the genus Alstrozmeria, and differing only in the fruit. The species abound in the Peruvian Andes, and are common in other high elevations in South America. B. edulis is a West Indian species, the roots of which are eaten like those of the Jerusalem Artichoke. For culture and propagation see Alstrozmeria. Bo'mbax. Silk Cotton Tree. From bombax, cotton ; in reference to the woolly hairs which envelop the seed, like those of the Cotton- plant. Nat. Ord. Sterculiacew. A genus of tall growing trees, that abound in South America and the East and West Indies. B. Ceiba, a typical species, has a spiny trunk, and is one of the tallest trees of BOB both Indies, but the wood is very light and not much valued except for canoes. Their trunks are so large, that when hollowed out they make very large ones, so that in the West Indies they frequently carry from fifteen to twenty hogsheads of sugar, of from six to twelve hundred pounds each. The cotton which is enclosed in the seed-vessels is seldom used, except by the poorer inhabitant, to stuff pil- lows or chairs ; and it is generally thought unwholesome to lie upon. Bonapa'rtea. Named in honor of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nat. Ord'. Bromeliacrce. A genus remarkable for the gracefulness of their long, rush-like leaves. They are well adapted for growing in vases out of doors in summer. They require a warm house in winter. Propagated by seeds. Introduced from Mexico in 1828. B. juncea has been placed under the genus Agave, as A. geminiflora, by some botanists. Bone Dust. One of the safest and best of con- centrated fertilizers. When u&ed broadcast, it should be sown on the soil after digging or plowing, just thick enough to cover it with a thin layer, about as thickly as sawdust or sand is used on a floor. If used on dug ground, it should be well chopped and mixed through the soil, so as to mix it to a depth of five or six inches. If on ground that has been plowed, a thorough harrowing will mix it to the required depth. This thickness will re- quire at the rate of from fifteen hundred to twenty-five hundred pounds per acre. If to be used in drills or "hills," or only where seed are to be sown or plants planted, and not over the whole gi'ound, it will take only about from one hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds per acre, which should be mixed in the .soil in the same manner. Boneset. See Eupatorium. Bonne'tia. Named after C. Bonnet, a disting- uished naturalist. Nat. Ord. TernstromiacecB. A small genus of Brazilian and Peruvian shrubs or low growing trees, the flowers of which are mostly white, nearly as large as those of a Camellia and are produced singly and in panicles. The leaves of B. paniculata, have an agreeable aromatic smell when bruised. Bonus Henricus, Good King Henry. Cheno- podium Bonus Henricus. > Boraginaceae. A large order of herbs or shrubs, having spirally coiled inflorescence, round stems and alternate rough leaves. The fruit consists of distinct seeds without albumen. The plants are principally natives of northern temperate regions. They are found in southern Europe, the Levant, and Central Asia. In high northern latitudes they are less frequent, and nearly dis- appear within the tropics. The plants abound in mucilaginous and demulcent quali- ties. Some yield dyes, as Alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria). The common Borage (Borago officinalis), when steeped in water, imparts coolness to it, and is used in the beverage called cold tankard. The leaves of Mtrtensia maritima have the taste of Oysters, whence the common name of Oyster Plant. The species of Myoaotis are universally prized under the name of Forget-me-not. There are fifty- eight known genera of this order, and over BRUSSELS SPROUTS. BONAPABTXA. BORASSU8 (PALMYRA. PALM.) BOUVABDIAS. BORECOLE (BROWN CURLED KALE BORECOLE (DWABF GREEN CURLED SCOTCH KALE) BRTJGMANSIA StTAVEOLENS. BBACHYCOME. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 53 BOR six hundred species. Myosotis, Borago, Cynoglossum, Lithospermum, Cerinthe, Symphy- tum, and Anchusa, are examples of this order. Bora'go. Borage. Altered from cor, heart, and ago, to affect ; referring to the cordial quali- ities of the. herbs. Nat. Ord. Boraginacece. Hardy annual and perennial herbs, common throughout Europe. The leaves of B. officinalis are sometimes used in salads or boiled as spinach. The spikes of flowers are aromatic, and sometimes used in cooling drinks. All the species are easily cultivated and are admir- ably adapted for naturalizing in dry, stony places. They also afford excellent food for bees during the whole season. Bora'ssus. Palmyra Palm. Linnseus applied this name to the spathe of the date-palm. Nat. Ord. Palmacce. A genus of magnificent Palms, consisting of two species only, which have a wide geo- graphical distribution, ranging from the north-eastern parts of Arabia, through the Indian Ocean, and the southern parts of Hindostan, to the Bay of Bengal. The number of Palmyras in the Jaffua peninsula and adjacent islands alone has been estimated at nearly six million and a half, being at the rate of thirty-two trees for each of the popu- lation. The utility of the plant is commensu- rate with its extended dispersion, a providen- tial arrangement in the economy of nature, of which the food-plants afford many instructive examples. This plant is believed to yield one- fourth part of the food of about 250,000 in- habitants of the northern provinces of Ceylon, while it forms the chief support of six or seven millions of the people of India and other parts of Asia ; thus, remarks Seeman in his History of Palms, " proving itself one of the most important plants on earth, rival- ing the date-tree, and ranking only below the cocoa-nut palm in usefulness." The fronds give shelter to scores of animals by night and day, besides affording a refreshing supply of moisture, the grooves of the petioles and the construction of the leaves being peculiarly suitable for conveying and retain- ing rain. The same causes attract orchids and other epiphytes, and ferns, which find their conditions of growth on the stem ; and various species of the fig, including the true banyan-tree, are found in living embrace with the Palmyra. In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta a banyan sprang from the crown of a palm where the seed had been deposited by a bird, and, sending its roots down to the earth through the palm-stem, destroyed and replaced it. But in the region of the Palmyra, the banyan often becomes the foster-mother of that beautiful and serviceable plant. One of the largest banyans of Ceylon, the resort of pleasure parties from Jaffua, has two or three Palmyras growing in it, the united trees cover- ing one and one-twelfth acres of ground. The cocoa palm is celebrated for its 365 uses ; a poem in the Tamil language extols the Palmyra for 800 purposes to which it can be applied, without exhausting the catalogue. The roots yield a medicine ; the young plants are used lor food, prepared in various ways ; the wood serves innumerable purposes, in building and furnishing houses, and for the manufacture of umbrella handles, walking-canes, fancy boxes, BOR and for hundreds of other small articles; fields are fenced with the mid-rib of its leaves, the decayed .leaves furnish good manure for the soil ; mats are made of the leaves, and are used instead of carpets on the floors, for ceilings, for drying coffee upon ; baskets, bags, hats, caps, fans, in short, everything manu- factured of wood or straw, is also produced from some part or parts of this palm. The plants reach maturity about the twelfth or fifteenth year. Then they yield a toddy, "a beverage almost as famous for its use as for its abuse." The fruit of this palm is sometimes eaten raw, but more generally roasted, and is in great repute by the natives, who assemble together under the shade of a tree, light a fire, squat around it, sucking the pulp out of the fibres of the roasted fruits, tearing them asunder with nails and teeth in the most approved style, and presenting a truly oriental spectacle of gustative enjoyment. A full grown Palmyra is from sixty to seventy feet high : the trunk at the bottom is about five and a half feet, and at the top, two and a half feet in circumference. Borders. Flower. A flower-border is generally a continuous bed of greater length than width, skirting a shrubbery or fence, and containing plants of a mixed character. It should be thoroughly drained, well manured, and raised slightly above the surrounding level. No rules can be laid down as to the arrangement of the plants, which of course depends on indi- vidual taste ; all formal lines, however, should be avoided, the taller plants either singly or in groups forming the back-ground, with the dwarfer subjects in front. As the object should be to obtain a continuous succession of bloom, the best results will be obtained when the border is made up mainly, of herbaceous perennials as permanent occupants, with a liberal admixture of hardy spring-blooming bulbs, such as Narcissus, Snow-drops, Tulips, Scillas, etc., assisted by quantities of summer blooming plants, Lantanas, Geraniums, Dahlias, Heliotrope, etc. Many sorts of hardy annuals are useful to fill up vacant places, and assist largely to keep up a succession of bloom till frost comes. See Herbaceous Plants. Borbo'nia. A genus of ornamental green- house evergreen shrubs belonging to the pea- flowered section of Leguminosce, and num- bering some thirteen species, all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers are gener- ally yellow, borne in terminal heads. They require cool green-house treatment and are propagated by cuttings. Borecole. Kale. Brassica oleracea fiiribriata. The chief characteristic of the Borecoles or Kales consists in their not producing heads like the Cabbage, or eatable flowers like the Cauliflower or Broccoli, and by their beauti- fully cut and curled leaves, which are of a green or purple color, or variegated with red, green, or yellow. Several of the sub- varieties are known in our markets, and ex- tensively grown by market gardeners, the most popular being the dwarf green curled Scotch, the brown or purple German curled ; and for early spring use, the Siberian Kale or "Sprouts." The Borecole is a native of the British coasts and the north of Europe. The garden varieties are not many removes from the species. 54 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BOR Boro'nia. Named after Boroni, an Italian attendant of Dr. Sibthorp. Nat. Ord. Rutaeece. A genus of elegant green-house shrubs from New Holland. The flowers are pink or whitish. They are very elegant and useful shrubs, requiring the same treatment as ordinary hard-wooded gref;n-house plants, being much aided by a little extra heat in spring when starting into growth. Propa- gated by cuttings. Bossiae'a. Named after M. Bossier Lamartiniere, a French botanist, who accompanied the unfortunate La Peyrouse round the world. Elegant Australian green-house shrubs of the Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. Flowers yellow or yellow and purple, B. linophylla, B. rotundifolia, B. cinerea (Syn. B. tenuicaulis), and others of the genus are highly ornamental, and no green-house collection of any pretensions is to be found without some of them. Propagation by cuttings or seeds. Boswe'llia. Olibanum Tree. Ornamental and economic evergreen trees of the Nat. Ord. Burseracece. These trees are remarkable as furnishing a gum-resin. B. glabra is used in India in place of pitch ; B. thurifera, known also as B. eerrata, a very common tree in Coromandel, furnishes the resin known as Indian Olibanum, which is supposed to have been the Frankin- cense of the Ancients, and is still employed for its grateful perfumes as incense in the Roman Catholic churches. Botry'chium. Moonwort. From bolrys, a bunch ; in reference to the bunch-like form of the fructification forming a separate branch on frond. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A genus of hardy ferns, composed of about a dozen species, found in nearly all countries except Africa. B. lunaria, Moonwort, is found rarely in the North and West. B. Vir- ginica is a very beautiful and ornamental native species, easily transplanted to the hardy fernery. Many of the other species are common in rich woods. Bottle-brush. Equisetum sylvaticum, E. arvense, and Hippuris vulga/r'is. Bottle-brush Flowers. The flowers of Beau- fortia splendens, Melaleuca hypericifolia, Metro- Kiderosjloribunda, and some species of Callis- tvmon. Bottle-gourd. Lagenaria vulgaris. Bottle-grass. One of the common names of Setaria. Bottle-tree, Australian. Brachychiton (Dela- bechea) rupestria. Bougainvi'llea. Named after the French navi- gator De Bougainville. Nat. Ord. Nyctagi- Gorgeous warm green-house or conserva- tory plants, comprising some of the most showy climbers in cultivation. Their beauty lies in the showy rose-colored bracts which envelop the small greenish flowers. Those of B. spectabilis, are singularly handsome. J5. glabra may be grown in pots but the other species require moro room and are best planted out in the green-house border. Na- tives of South America ; easily increased by cuttings. Bouncing Bet. A popular name of Saponaria ojfficinalia. BOU Bouquets, Baskets of Flowers, etc. Bouquet making is (or at least ought to be) the art of arranging cut flowers. Many people decry the artificial arrangement of flowers, but how shall we otherwise use them to advantage? The moment we begin to tie them together we leave nature, and ought to do so only to study art. In their simplest arrangement, form and color must be studied to produce the best effect, and whoever best accomplishes this, will surely succeed in displaying his flowers to the best advantage. Probably the simplest, easiest, and com- monly the most desirable, method of using cut flowers is arranging them in vases. The more loosely and unconfused, the better. Crowding is particularly to be avoided, and to- accomplish this readily a good base of greens is required, to keep the flowers apart. This filling up is a very important part in all bouquet making, and the neglect of it is the greatest stumbling-block of the uninitiated. Spiked and drooping flowers, with branches- and sprays of delicate green, are indispensable to the grace and beauty of a vase bouquet. To preserve the individuality of flowers, which is of the greatest importance, the placing of those of similar size and form together ought to be avoided. Thus Heliotrope, Stevia, Eupa- torium, or Alyssum, when combined, lose their distinctive beauty ; but, if placed in j uxta- position to larger flowers, and those of other forms, their beauty is heightened by contrast. It may be stated as a rule, that small flowers- should never be massed together. Large flowers with green leaves or branches may be used to advantage alone, but a judicious con- trast of forms is most effective. Some years ago, Bouquets were Invariably arranged in the formal style, the colors being used in consecutive rings, or alternating with each other in geometrical forms. Taste, or fashion, if you will, has changed for the better, and closely-made, mushroom-like bouquets, are now the exception rather than the rule. The flowers are now arranged quite loosely, plenty of Maiden-hair Fern and Smilax being used so as to show off each flower distinctly. Indeed the modern Bouquet, especially if composed of roses, looks as if the flowers had been picked up and tied together without any thought of, or attempt at ar- rangement. In these bunches, one color is usually chosen, with a bunch of Violets, Heli- otrope, Mignonette or other sweet smelling flowers, tied on one side as a contrast, and to add fragrance to the arrangement. For extra occasions, Bouquets are made of Orchid blos- soms, generally two or more sorts that har- monize in color, being used, aided by a liberal admixture of Fern fronds or sprays of the beautiful filmy South African Asparagus. Bouquets of Lily of the Valley, forced White Lilacs, Violets, etc., are often used, either alone or in combination with one or two other flowers, the colors generally massed, however, rather than mixed, fashion now leaning to- wards simplicity and naturalness of arrange- ment. Baskets and Plateaus of flowers are also arranged on the same principles, groups of different flowers or of the same flower in different shades being used in preference lo- an admixture of color. Bourbon Palm. See Livistona. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE 55 BOU Boussinga'ultia. Madeira Vine. Named in honor of J. B. Bvussingault, a celebrated nat- uralist and traveler. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiaeece. The only species, B. baselloides, is an ele- gant climbing tuberous-rooted plant from the Andes, a rapid grower and profuse bloomer. The flowers are nearly white and deliciously fragrant. It grows readily in any garden soil, and is readily increased by divi- sion or by seed. Introduced in 1836. Bouva'rdia. Named after Dr. Bouvard, curator of the Botanic Garden, Paris. Nat. Ord. Cinchanacece. Green-house evergreen shrubs, introduced from Mexico. They are amongst the most im- portant plants cultivated for winter flowers, owing to the yearly increasing variety of color, and their excellent adaptation forthat purpose. They are also effective as bedding plants for the flower garden, beginning to bloom in August and continuing until frost. Many very superior varieties have originated in this country, notably the pure white free-growing and free-flowering B. Davisoni, and the rich crimson B. elegans, both sports from B. Hogarth, a brilliant scarlet variety; the double white B. Alfred Neuner, and double red B. Pres. Garfield, with many other excellent free-flowering sorts. Propagated by root cut- tings, or by cuttings of young wood in sand. Bowe'nia. In honor of W. G. Bowen, a gover- nor of Queensland. A remarkable genus of Cycadacece, consist- ing of but one species, which was discovered in Australia in 1819. The species is described in the Botanical Magazine as follows: "The most prominent character of Bowenia is the compound leaf, its general characters (all but shape), texture and venation; the leaflets do not differ from those of Macrozamia, and are so very similar to those of the West Indian Zamia that it is difficult to distinguish them generically, except that in Bowenia the leaflet is decurrent by the petiole, and not articulated with rachis." The fern-like aspect presented by this plant is very remarkable and interest- ing, giving it a prominent position among green-house plants. Propagated by seeds or from suckers. Box. The common name of Buxus sempervirens, a plant at one time much used for edgings in ornamental gardening. It is a native of Europe and Asia, and is readily increased by cuttings. Boxberry. A name sometimes applied to the Wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens. Box Elder. See Negundo. Boxes for Seeds. Seeds, particularly flower seeds, when sown under glass, do much better when sown in shallow boxes than in flower-pots. A convenient size is the ordinary soap box, cut into four, making a depth of from one and a half to two inches. Or, what is even more convenient, the shallow boxes in which tin is imported. These are filled nearly full with finely-sifted soil, which is made as level and smooth as possible. On this smooth surface the seeds are sown, and then pressed down level into the soil, and over the seeds is sifted dry moss, leaf mould, or cocoanut fiber (which has been run through a sieve as fine as mosquito wire), in quantity enough to fairly cover the seeds. This, from BRA its spongy nature, retains moisture, while its lightness offers but little resistance to the tender seed germ. The same style of box is used for "pricking off." See "propagation." Box Thorn. See Lycium barbarum, Box-wood. West Indian. Vitex umbrosa Brabei'um. African Almond. From brabeion, a sceptre, in reference to the racemosed flowers. Nat. Ord. Proteacecs. An ornamental green-house evergreen, with white, sweet-scented flowers, disposed in elegant, axillary, spiked racemes. Its seeds are called Wild Chestnuts and Wild Almonds, and are both roasted and eaten, and used as a substitute for coffee. Introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1751. Brachychi'ton. From brachys, short, and chiton, a tunic ; plant covered with imbricated hairs and scales. Nat. Ord. SterculiacecB. A genus of tropical and sub-tropical trees from Australia. B. a/xrifolium is called the Flame Tree about Illawarra, on account of its bright scarlet flowe rs, which make the tree a conspicuous object at a distance. B. Bidwillii, a native of the Wide Bay district, has bright crimson flowers, produced in axillary bunches. B. Delabechia, Syn. Delabechia rupestris, is a very interesting species, popu- larly known as the Bottle Tree of Australia. Brachyco'me. From brachys, short, and kome, hair. Nat. Ord. Compositce. This beautiful annual is found on the banks 01 the Swan River, in Australia, and has there the very appropriate name of Swan River Daisy, as the flower closely resembles the Daisy. The plant grows from six to ten inches high, and has a closely compact branching habit, producing an abundance of flowers. It is well adapted for small beds or rockeries. Propagated by seeds. Intro- duced in 1840. Brachyse'ma. From brachys, short, and sema, standard ; the flowers having the standard petal short. Nat. Ord. Lcguminosoe. A genus of handsome green-house shrubs, mostly climbing, from Australia. B. aphyllum is, as its name would imply, a leafless plant, the branches being singularly compressed and winged, so as to perform the functions of leaves. Small brown scales are found scat- tered over these branches, and from these the flowers grow. They are single, large, and of a bright blood-red color. B. lanceolatum is a very handsome species, and well adapted for the green-house, flowering, as it does, in winter or the early spring moni hs. Its leaves are ovate or lanceolate in form, with a glossy upper surface, and covered with a silvery pubesence underneath. The flowers are in axillary clusters, large and rich scarlet. Bracteee or Bracts. The leaves placed imme- diately below a calyx, if they are at all altered from their usual form. Bracted Bindweed. See Calystegia.. Bra'hea. Named after Tycho Brache, the cele- brated astronomer. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. A genus of medium-sized Palms, with fan- like leaves and spiny leaf-stalks. B.filamen- tosa, a native of Lower California, is largely cultivated in our green-houses for decorative purposes. It is of graceful habit and rapid growth, succeeding well with but little care in 56 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BRA the green-house. This species Is also known as Prtichardia fill/era. It is now said that B. Jilamentosa is neither a Brahea nor a Pritch- ardia, and it is therefore proposed to caii it Washingtonia, which see. Young plants are obtained from seed. B. edulis is now placed under Erythea, which see. Brahmin's Beads. An Indian name for the corrugated seeds of Elceocarpus, which are used by the Brahmins, for necklaces, etc. Brai'nea. After J. C. Braine, of Hong Kong. Nat. Ord. PolypodiacecB. B. insignia, the only known species, is a very handsome dwarf Tree Fern, a native of Hong Kong. The stem is from three to four feet high ; the fronds about three feet long, finely pinnate, giving the plant an elegant outline. Sir W. J. Hooker says : " We have here a very remarkable, and, if I may say so, a new form among the Ferns." Brake or Bracken. The popular name of Pteris aquilina, one of our common strong- growing Ferns. Bramble. See Rubus. Brassavo'la. Named after A. M. Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat. Ord. Orchidacur,. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, belong- - ing exclusively to tropical America. But few of the species have merits that entitle them to a place in general collections. The few are of easy culture, and produce flowers nearly six inches across, white, or creamy white, spotted with chocolate. The plants are all dwarf, with very short flower stems. They are usually grown on a block, in a rather high temperature, and are increased by division. Introduced in 1840. Bra'ssia. Named after Mr. Brass, a traveler and botanical collector. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. This genus of Orchids is nearly allied to Oncidium, but not so popular because of their dull-colored flowers. Some of the species are highly valued by growers, as they pro- duce, with but little care and trouble, an abundance of flowers from June to August. Flowers mostly yellow, or greenish white spotted with brown. Introduced in 1844. Bra'ssica. Cabbage. From bresic, the Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. Ord. Cruciferaz.. From this genus which is found throughout Europe, more particularly in Great Britain, there has been produced a greater variety of culinary vegetables than from any other. It comprehends Cabbage, Cauliflower, Turnip, Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts and Kohl Rabi, each of which will be noticed under its popular name. Brassica'ceae. A sub-order or tribe of Cruci- fercB. Bravo'a. Named after Bravo, a Mexican botanist. Nat. Ord. AmaryllidacecB. This genus consists of but a single species, B. geminiftora, a graceful little tuberous-rooted plant, native of Mexico. It has a small tuft of narrow leaves, from which arises a flower spike about a foot high, with a ter- minal cluster of small, crimson, Amaryllis-like flowers, in July. It will flower in the open border, but requires the protection of tbe green-house during winter. Propagated by division. BRO Brazilian Tea. Hex Paraguarienste and Sta- chytarpheta Jamaicensis. Brazil Kut. See Bertholletia. Brazil Wood. See Cwsalpinia. Bread Fruit. See Artocarpus. Bread Nut. See Brosimum. Bre'dia. A g^nus of Melastomacece, consisting of two species of shrubby plants from Japan and China, with unequal foliage, and terminal cymes of rose-colored flowers. B. hirsuta is a very showy plant with rosy-pink flowers, one- half inch across, and is increased readily by cuttings or from seeds. It is a native of Japan and was introduced in 1870. Bre'xia. From "brexis, rain ; in reference to the protection from rain given by the large leaves of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Saxir fraga^cecB. A small genus of very handsome evergreen trees, natives of Madagascar. The flowers are of a leathery texture, greenish color, and produced in axillary umbels. They have alternate leathery leaves, furnished with spiny teeth. The plants are readily increased by cuttings, but are too large for ordinary cultiva- tion in the green-house. Briar-root. A corruption of the French " Bruyere " of which pipes are made, Erica arborea. Bridal-Wreath. A popular name for Spiraea prunifoliafl. pi. Brimstone (Vegetable). The inflammable spores of Lycopodium clavatum and L. Selago, some- times employed in the manufacture of fire- works. Bristle Fern. Trichomanes radicans. Bristly. Covered with stiff hairs. Bristly Foxtail Grass. See Setaria. Bri'za. Quaking Grass. From brizo, to nod ; on account of the quaking character of the spike. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A handsome genus of grasses, some of which are cultivated in the garden as orna- mental plants. When dried they are highly esteemed for bouquets of dried flowers and grasses. The kinds usually grown are B. media, a perennial, and B. maxima, a larger species, an annual from the south of Europe. It is of easy culture, requiring only to be sown where it is wanted to be grown, in the open border, as early in spring as the ground can be prepared. Brizopy'rum. Spike Grass. Name compound- ed of briza, the quaking grass, and pyros, wheat. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. B. Spicatum, the best known species, is a salt marsh grass, with creeping rootstocks, stems from ten to eighteen inches high, in tufts. It has no agricultural value. Broccoli. Brassicaoleraceabotrytia. This vege- table somewhat resembles the Cauliflower, from which it is supposed to have originated, although there is nothing definitely known as to its origin. It is, however, more recent than most others of the genus. Miller says it was introduced into England from Italy in 1724, two varieties, white and purple, from which all the present garden varieties have been produced. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 57 BRO Brodiae'a. Named after J. J. Brodie, a Scotch cryptogamist. Nat. Ord. Liliacecs. Very curious little bulbous-rooted plants. B. Californica, with blue and white flowers, is easily cultivated in sandy loam with the con- venience of a green-house or cold frame. Increase is sparingly effected by offsets. Intro- duced in 1843. Brome Grass. See Bromus. Bromelia'ceee. The Pine-apple family. A natural order, consisting of short-stemmed plants, with rigid, channeled, and often scurfy and spiny leaves and showy flowers. They are natives of the American continent and islands, whence they have been distributed to Africa and the East Indies. Ananassa saliva, the Pine-apple or Ananas, is one of the best known and most delicious of this or any other order. The fruit is composed of the pistils and bracts of several flowers united into a succulent mass, and crowned by a series of green leaves. The fibers of the plant are used in manufactures. The Pine-apple is grown under glass very successfully in Europe, but the fine condition in which they are received here from Jamaica and other places, makes their culture under glass here unneces- sary. Some of the Bromeliads grow attached to the branches of trees, and are called Air Plants, the best known here being Tillandsia usneoides, the Tree Beard of South America. Under the name of Florida Moss it is very largely used for decorative purposes. It is also used for stuffing cushions, etc., under the name of Spanish Moss, Black Moss, or Long Moss. There are twenty-eight known genera, and 176 species of this order. Brom- elia, Ananassa, Bilbergia, ^chmea, and Til- landsia, are examples of the order. The bracts of some of the species are exceedingly beautiful. Bro'mus. Brome Grass. So called from bro- mos, the Greek name for a wild oat. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of poor, coarse-growing grasses, of little use in agriculture, and of little beauty. This is the pest of the farmer, to which he applies a significant and a justly proper name, Cheat or Chess. However much it may cheat the farmer by crowding out Wheat and Rye, we cannot excuse him for cheating him- self with the absurd delusion, so widely preva- lent, that his Wheat has turned into Chess, from some cause which cannot be explained. The species are annuals, and the seed will remain a long time in the ground, and germi- nate only when the conditions of growth are favorable. It is a native of Europe, though naturalized in many places in this country. B. Schroederi, Rescue Grass, or Australian Prairie Grass, is a valuable forage grass, remarkable for the rapidity of its growth and its productiveness. As soon as the first cut- ting is made a new growth shoots up, and this can be repeated sometimes four or five times during the season, providing it is cut before the seed matures. It thrives in almost any soil, but is better adapted to that which is wet or moist. Brongnia'rtia. Named in honor of Brongniart, a French botanist. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A valuable and rather scarce plant, having flesh-colored flowers. It should be treated as BRO a green-house shrub, potting it In loam and sand. A native of New Spain, introduced in 1627. Brook Lime. Veronica Becabunga. American. Veronica Americana,. Brook- Mint. Mentha hirsuta. Brook Weed or Water Pimpernel. The popu- lar name of Samolus, a common plant in wet or marshy places. Broom. A name applied to Cytisus or Sciroth- amnus scoparius, and also to Lygeum Spartum, African Broom is a common name for Aspa- lathus. Butcher's Broom is Ruscus a5 species. Capparis, Cleome, Polanisia, and CratcBoa, are examples of the genera. Ca'pparis. Caper-tree. From kabar, the Arabic name for Capers. Nat. Ord. Capparidacece. An extensive genus of tender or half-hardy climbing or trailing plants. The best known of the species is C. spinosa, a native of the south of Europe. In habit it resembles the common bramble. The Capers are the buds, which are gathered just before expanding, and pickled. In Italy the unripe fruit is some- times pickled in vinegar in the same manner as the buds. Capers are chiefly imported from Sicily, though they are extensively grown in the south of France. CAR Caprifolia'ceae. A natural order of shrubs or herbs, often twining, natives of the northern parts of Europe, Asia and America, found sparingly in northern Africa, and unknown in the southern hemisphere. Some are astrin- gent, and others have emetic and purgative qualities. Many have showy and fragrant flowers. The common Honeysuckle (Lonicera) is one of the most esteemed of our climbing or twining plants. Among other plants of the order may be mentioned the Snowball or Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus), the Snow- berry (Symphoricarpus racemosus), the Elder (Sambucus nigra), and the Laurustinus (Vi- burnum Tinus), as well as Linncea borealis. The black berries of the species of Viburnum found on the Himalaya Mountains are eatable and agreeable. Capse'lla. A common weed belonging to Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. C. Bursa-pastoris, Shepherd's Purse, a native of Europe, is so called from the resemblance of its pods to some ancient form of purse. It has accompanied Europeans in all their migrations, and established itself wherever they have settled. It is a troublesome weed, hence its utilitarian popular name, " Pick- pocket," is more appropriate perhaps, than the sentimental one "Shepherd's Purse." Ca'psicum. Chili Pepper. From kapto, to bite; referring to its pungency. Nat. Ord. Solanacece. An extensive genus of tender annual and biennial plants, natives of the East and West Indies, China, Brazil and Egypt. C. annuum is the common garden pepper, a native of India, from which many varieties have origi- nated. C. frutescens, a native of Chili, is the species that furnishes the Cayenne Pepper of commerce, and is also used in the preparation known as Pepper Sauce. C. grossum, a native of India, is the Bell Pepper of our gardens. Capsule. A dry dehiscent seed vessel or fruit. Caraga'na. Siberian Pea-tree. So called from Carachana,, its name in Tartary. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. An Asiatic genus of shrubs or low growing trees. One of the best known of the species is, C. Arborescens, the Siberian Pea-tree, a low sized shrubby tree, with numerous yellow, tapering twigs, and very small, pinnate leaves of the same character as those of the Acacias, but much smaller and of a rare golden-green color ; the flowers are small, yellow, and pro- duced singly or in clusters, at the axils of the leaves. It is a tree of marked beauty in early summer, by the contrast it presents with shrubs of dark and less delicate foliage. C. Chamlagu, a Chinese species, is a low spread- ing shrub, two to four feet high, with branches at first upright and then decumbent. Loudon says: "When grafted on C. arborescens, it forms a singularly picturesque pendulous tree ; beautiful not only when it is in leaf or in flower, but from the graceful lines formed by its branches, even in the midst of winter, when they are completely stripped of their leaves." The flowers are produced freely in large clusters, yellow or reddish, in May or June. Carageen or Carrageen. Irish Moss. A name given in Ireland to Chondrus criapus and some other allied Algae,. Vast quantities are col- AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 71 CAR lected for sale, and supply a useful article for feeding cattle, and making jelly for invalids. Its decided sea taste and odor are against its being a perfect substitute for isinglass. There is no doubt, however, that in the sick chamber it is a far better substitute than gelatine, as fchat has very small, if any nutri- tive qualities, a fact not perhaps sufficiently known. Caragua'ta, A genus of Bromeliacece, closely allied to Tillandsia; stove-house epiphytes. Their bright scarlet bracts are very showy when in bloom. Caraway. See Garum. Carcinodes. A term applie 1 to what is com- monly called Canker in trees, which may be characterized as a slow decay, and in regard to which the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, an excellent authority, says : " The appearances are very different in different plants, and the causes different. The same plant, as the Apple, may even exhibit three or four different kinds of Canker. One form arises from the attack of the Woolly Aphis; a second from the devel- opmont of bundles of adventitious roots, whose tips decay and harbor moisture, and contaminate the subjacent tissues; a third exhibits itseli svithoutau.) apparent uuutsu, in the form of broad, dark, or even black patches, spreading in every direction ; while a fourth shows pale, depressed streaks, which soon become confluent, and eventually kill, first the bark, and then, as a necessary conse- quence, tho underlying wood. The only remedy is to cut out completely the affected parts, and that is not always efficacious. The Canker of the Plum and Apricot is brought on by gumming. In many cases Canker arises doubtless from the roots penetrating into some ungenial soil, which vitiates the Juices and induces death to the weaker cells, from which it spreads to surrounding tissue. The rugged appearance is generally due to a struggle between the vital powers of the plant and the diseased action." Cardami'ne. Ladies' Smock. Cuckoo Flower. From kardamine, a diminutive of kardamon, cress ; referring to the acrid flavor. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, common in many parts of the United States, Europe, and northern Asia. C. pratensis, popularly known as Ladies' Smock or Cuckoo Flower, is a very pretty meadow plant, with large lilac flowers, common in Europe, but a rather rare plant in this coun- try. A double variety of this species, some- times found growing wild, is remarkably proliferous, the leaflets producing new plants where they come in contact with the ground, and the flowers, when they wither sending up a stalked flower-bud from their centers. The leaves of some of the species are used in salads. Ca'rdamon. See Amomum. Cardinal Flower. See Lobelia cardinalis. Cardiospe'rmum. Balloon Vine. From kar- dia, a heart, and sperma, seed ; in allusion to the shape of the seeds. Nat. Ord. Sapin- dacece. Of this small genus only one species is grown as an ornamental plant, viz., C. Hali- cacabum, which is a rapid-growing, handsome CAR climber, remarkable for an inflated mem- branous capsule, from which it receives its common name, Balloon Vine. It grows readily from seed. Introduced from India in 1504. Cardoon. See Cynara. Ca'rduus. Thistle. From ard, the Celtic word for a prickle or sharp point ; referring to the spines of the Thistle. Nat. Ord. Compositce. Some of the species are very ornamental, though many of them are tall, robust-growing plants, which require a great deal of room and are too large for a small garden. C. Marianus (Syn. Silybum Marianum) the Holy Thistle, is well marked by the white veins on its large, shining leaves, fabled to have been produced by a portion of the milk of the Vir- gin Mary having fallen on them. They are annuals, growing freely from seed. Ca'rex. From careo, to want ; the upper spikes being without seeds. Nat. Ord. Cyperacece. This genus includes more than 1,000 species, widely distributed over the temperate and Arctic regions. They are all perennial grasses ; a few species are handsome plants for the green-house, and useful for basket work and aquariums. They are usually found growing in bogs, marshes, or moist woods, where they yield a very inferior quality of grass. C. Fraseri is the handsomest species of the genus, resembling at a short distance, when in flower, one of the Liliacece. The leaves of several of the species are used for seating chairs, and various other purposes for which we use the common Flag. There are more than 300 species in this country, all of which are without interest except to the botanist. Caricature Plant. See Graptophyllum. Carinate. Keel-shaped. Carludo'vica. Named after Charles IV. of Spain, and Louisa, his queen. Nat. Ord. CydanthacecB. A genus of low-growing, palm-like, stove- house plants. Some of them have long, climbing stems, sending out aerial roots, which fasten upon the trunks of trees or hang down like ropes, while others are stemless and form dense thickets. C. palmata is one of the more interesting species. Its leaves are shaped and plaited like a fan, and are borne on long, slender stocks. Thoy are of tolerably large size, and deeply cut into four or five divisions, each of which is again cut. It is from the leaves of this species that the well-known Panama hats are made. The leaves are cut when young, and the stiff par- allel veins removed, after which they aro &lit into shreds, but not separated at the stalk end, and immersed in boiling water for a short time, and then bleached in the sun. This species is also exceedingly useful for any orna- mental or decorative purpose. C. plicata is a very interesting climbing species, with foli- age similar to that of C. palmata, but with much shorter leaf-stalks. There are several other species useful for decorative purposes, and valuable from the fact that they will suc- ceed in any out-of-the-way corner, where most other plants would perish. This genus is common throughout the shady thickets of Panama, and along the coast of New Grenada and Ecuador. They are increased from suckers or from seed. Carnation. See Dianthua cnryophyllus. 72 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CAE Carneus. Pale red, or flesh-color. Carnivorous Plants. A term applied to Dioncea mvsdpula, Darlingtonia Californica, the Dro- seras, and other insect-catching plants, on the supposition that they feed on the insects which they entrap. Carob Tree. See Ceratonia. Carolina Allspice. A popular name of the Calycanihus, or Sweet-scented Shrub. Carolina Jasmine. See Gelsemium. Carpel. A division of the ovary; one of the rolled-up leaves of which the pistil is com- posed, whether they are combined or distinct; the small parts of which compound fruits are formed. Carpente'ria. Named after the late Professor Carpenter of Louisiana. Nat. Ord. Saxifrag- aceoe. An ornamental, hardy, tall-growing shrub with pure white flowers, and broadly-lanceolate pinnately-veined leaves, whitened beneath, with a minute and close pubescence. Intro- duced to cultivation from the Sierra Nevadas, California, in 1880. Carpi'nus. Hornbeam, Iron Wood. From the Celtic car, wood, and pinda, head ; the wood being used for the yokes of cattle. Nat. Ord. Corylacece. C. Americana, the only representative of this genus in our woods, is a low-growing tree of compact form, and a very rigid trunk. It is particularly handsome in autumn, because of its richly-colored foliage. It is found in nearly all parts of the country, but is not plentiful in any section. The wood of this tree is exceedingly hard and close-grained, and is well suited for any work requiring great hardness and strength. Carpoly'za. From karpos, fruit, and lyssa, rage ; in reference to the three-celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening like the mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. Ord. AmaryllidacecB. A genus of South African bulbs, the only species being C. spirals, which is a very pretty little plant. The leaves and flower scape are twisted, from which fact it derives its specific name. The flowers are white, sepals pink, tipped with green. It requires protection in winter, or may be kept dry and grown in pots, starting them about the first of February. They are propagated by offsets. Introduced in 1791. Carrion Flower. Coproamanthus herbacev&, Smilax herbacea, and the genus Stapelia. Carrot. Daucus carota. The wild Carrot, indig- enous to Great Britain and many other parts of Europe, and so extensively naturalized in this country as to become one of the most troublesome pests of the farmer, has generally been supposed to be the parent of the many varieties of the common garden Carrot, which has been under cultivation from time im- memorial. Dioscorides describes accurately the Carrot, both as a wild plant and as culti- vated as an esculent root. The parentage was not questioned until Miller, the celebrated English gardener and botanist, undertook to improve the wild Carrot by cultivation, and signally failed in his many and varied attempts. Others have experimented at dif- ferent times, with no better success. The prevailing opinion now is that the garden CAE Carrot is a distinct species, or was obtained under circumstances entirely different or unknown at the present day. The carrot was introduced into England, in about its present form, by the Dutch, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and soon thereafter became a favor- ite vegetable, and a useful as well as a profit- able field crop. Careful selection has gradually improved the quality in certain respects, of the Carrot, during the past hundred years, and good cultivation is now required to keep the varieties up to their proper standard. Cartha'mus. Safflower. From quartom, to paint, in Arabic ; the flowers yield a fine color. Nat. Ord. Composite. This genus consists of two species only, annual plants, found in Caucasus and Egypt. C. tinctorius, the Saffron Thistle, is extensively cultivated in India, China, and other parts of Asia, for the coloring matter which its flowers yield. These flowers contain two kinds of coloring matter — the one yellow, which is soluble in water, the other red, which being of a resinous nature, is insolu- able in water, but is soluble in alkaline carbon- ates. The fruit is never converted to any use, as it dyes only dull shades of color ; the other isabeautiful rose-red, capable of dyeing every shade, from the palest rose to a cherry-red. It is chiefly used for dyeing silk, affording various shades of pink, rose crimson and scarlet. Mixed with finely-powdered talc it forms the well-known substance called rouge. In France this species is grown for the beauty of its flowers, and in Spain it is grown in gardens to color soups, olives and other dishes. It is readily grown from seed, which should be started in the hot-bed or green- house. Ca'rum. Caraway. From Caria, in Asia Minor, where it was first discovered. Nat. Ord. Umbelliferce. A small genus of hardy biennials, but one species of which, C. Carui, is of any special interest. This is a native of Europe, and pro- duces the Caraway seeds which contain an aromatic volatile oil, and are used in flavoring. The plants are of the simplest culture, requir- ing only to sow the seeds where the plants are wanted to grow. Ca'rya. Hickory. The Greek name for the Walnut. Nat. Ord. JuglandacecB. A well-known genus of hardy deciduous trees, confined wholly to North America. C. alba is the common Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory, so called on account of the rough, shaggy bark of the trees, peeling off in long, narrow strips from large trees. This species furnishes the best Hickory nuts. C. olivcefor- mis is the Pecan-nut tree, common from Illi- nois southward. It is a large and beautiful tree. Its delicious nuts are well-known. C. porcina is the Pig-nut, one of the most valu- able as a timber tree, but the fruit is worth- less. C. amara is the Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory-nut. C. sulcata is the Western Shell- bark Hickory, remarkable for the size of the nut which has a very thick shell, but is of excel- lent quality. C. tomentosa, common in the West and South, bears the largest nuts of any of the species, the size, however, being at tha expense of the quality. The timber of all the species is valuable for any purpose where strength and elasticity are required. AND GENERAL HOETICULTUKE. 73 CAR Caryoph'yllaceee. An extensive order of herbs, with stems swollen at the joints, the flowers terminal, solitary, or disposed in racemes, panicles or corymbs ; the leaves entire and opposite. The plants of this order are natives principally of temperate and cold regions. They inhabit mountains, rocks, hedges and waste places. Humboldt says that Clove- worts constitute a twenty-secondth part of the flowering plants of France, one twenty- seventh of those of Germany, one seventeenth of Lapland, and one seventy-secondth of North America. There are some very showy flowers in the order, such as the well-known and popular Pinks and Carnations ; but the greater number are mere weeds. The Clove Pink (Dianthus Caryvphyllus) is the origin of all the cultivated varieties of Carnations, as Picotees, Bizarres and Flakes. The common Chickweed (Stellaria media) and Spurry (Sper- gula arvensis), the latter used as fodder for sheep, are other examples. There are about sixty genera and 1,100 species. Dianthus, Silene, Lychnis, Cerastium, Arenaria, Alsine, Saponaria, are examples of this order. Caryophy'llus. Clove-tree. From kartion, a nut, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the appearance of the flower-buds. Nat. Ord. MyrtacecB. C. aromaticua, the tree producing the well- known spice called Cloves, is a handsome evergreen, rising from fifteen to thirty feet, with large elliptic leaves and purplish flowers, arranged in terminal heads on short-jointed stalks. It is a native of the Molucca Islands, where it is not only cultivated for its great commercial value, but also as an ornamental tree. The whole tree is highly aromatic, and the foot-stalks of the leaves have nearly the same pungency as the calyxes of the flowers. A. celebrated writer who had visited the islands, says : " Clove-trees as an avenue to a residence are perhaps unrivalled — their noble height, the beauty of their form, the luxuri- ance of their foliage, and, above all, the spicy fragrance with which they perfume the air, produce, on driving through a long line of them, a degree of exquisite pleasure only to be enjoyed in the clear, light atmosphere of those latitudes." Caryo'pteris. From karuon, a nut, and pteron, a wing; the fruit is winged. Nat. Ord. Ver- benacece. C. Mastacanthus, the best known species, is a hardy herbaceous plant, of easy culture, blooming in autumn. The flowers are light azuro-blue in color, and are borne in axillary globoso heads. It grows about two feet high, and was introduced from China in 1844. Caryo'ta. Toddy Palm. The old Greek name used by Dioscorides ; the Greeks first applied this name to their cultivated Date. Nat. Ord. PalmacecB. C. urens, commonly called Fish-tail Palm, is the most prominent species of this genus. It is a beautiful tree, growing from sixty to eighty feet high, with a trunk a foot in diam- eter, producing many pendulous spikes of flowers, which are succeeded by strings of suc- culent globular berries, dark red when ripe, and are very sharp and acrid in taste. In Ceylon it yields a sort of liquor, sweet, whole- some, and no stronger than water. It is taken from the tree two or three times a day, each CAS yield from a large tree being from three to four gallons. When boiled down it makes a coarse brown sugar called jaggory. When the tree has come to maturity there comes out a bud from the top ; that bud the natives cut and prepare by putting salt, pepper, lemons, garlic, leaves, etc., over it, which keeps it from ripening. They daily cut off a thin slice from the end, and the liquor drops into a ves- sel, which they set to catch it. The buds are most delicious to the taste, resembling wal- nuts or almonds. The species are natives of the Indies, and are grown in the green-house, where they succeed well with the same treat- ment which other tropical Palms require. Cascari'lla Bark. See Croton. Cashew-Nut. See Anacardium. Cassa'ndra. Leather-leaf. C. Calyculata, the only known species, sometimes included under Andromeda, is generally distributed through- out the northern hemisphere. It is a low, much-branched shrub belonging to the Nat. Ord. Ericaceae, and produces its pretty white flowers on one-sided racemes, early in spring. Cassava Bread, or Cassava Meal. See Mani- hot utili&sima. Ca'ssia. Senna. From the Greek name of a plant, Kassian, of the Bible. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous and green-house perennials, found scattered over nearly all parts of the globe. Many of the species are well known, and considered of great importance for their medicinal proper- ties. The leaflets of several of the species constitute what is known in medicine as Senna leaves. Those from C. acutifolia and C. obovata, African and East Indian species, are the most highly esteemed. The leaves of C. Marilandica, wild Senna, a native of the Middle and Southern States, have, to some extent, the same properties, and are some- times used as a substitute for the officinal Senna. This species may be justly regarded as one of our most valued plants for the border. It grows from three to four feet high ; foliage a beautiful deep green, not unlike the finer Acacias; flowers bright yellow, produced in short axillary racemes, continuing a longtime in succession. Some of the roadsides of Long Island are bordered with this plant, and no public park, with all that art can bestow upon its drives in the way of ornamentation, can compare in simplicity and beauty with these roadsides. C. nictitans, Wild Sensitive Plant, another native species, is a very beau- tiful hardy annual, common on our roadsides, growing about six inches high, and in appear- ance almost identical with the Sensitive Plant, Mimosa pudica, and well worth cultivating for its beautiful foliage. C. chamcecrista, com- monly known as Partridge Pea, is a very pretty species, common in the Southern States. Cassi'nia. Named after M. Henri Cassini, an eminent French botanist. Nat. Ord. Com- positce. A very handsome genus of shrubby plants or herbaceous perennials, natives of Australia and New Zealand. C. Vauviliersii produces numerous small white flowers in compact HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CAS clusters, which though pretty, are not enough to recommend the plant for general culture ; but its golden coat which suffuses the back of the leaves, and still more densely the entire young stems, will always make it an object of interest. It is perfectly hardy, and is readily increased by cuttings. Casta'nea. Chestnut. From a town of that name in Thessaly. Nat. Ord. Corylacece. The Chestnut Tree is well known because of the nuts, which are universally esteemed. There are two species indigenous to this country, the common Chestnut, C. ves- ca, found throughout the States, and C. pumila, a low-growing tree or shrub, common south- ward, which produces a smaller nut, known as the Chinquapin. The Spanish Chestnut, a variety of C. vesca, differing from our native Chestnut mainly in the size of the fruit, is a native of Asia Minor, introduced at a very early date. This tree grows to an immense size. A tree near Queens, L. I., planted nearly one hundred years ago, has a trunk almost twelve feet in circumference, and is about fifty feet high, with immense spreading branches. It is one of the noblest shade trees to be found in this country. A species of late introduction from Japan promises to become one of our most useful as well as most ornamental trees, or, more properly, tall shrubs. The fruit of this species was received in New York a few years since in a consignment of goods from Japan. The merchant receiving the same, seeing the nuts were of such excellent quality, fully equal to those of our native species, and as large as the Spanish Chestnut, attempted the growing of them, and with remarkable success. In five years they commenced to fruit, and are now bearing profusely. The shrub is of an orna- mental character, suitable for the lawn. The fruit or nuts are borne within two feet of the ground. Those who have had a favorable opportunity to judge of its character, predict its early adoption as a hedge plant, for which purpose it seems well adapted. In addition to its value as an ornamental hedge, it would undoubtedly prove valuable for its yield of nuts. Castille'ja. Painted-Cup. Named in honor of Don Castillfja, a Spanish botanist. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacece. This genus consists of about forty species, nearly all of which are American, a few being found in northern Asia. They are remarkable for their brightly colored floral leaves or bracts, the most of which are more showy than' the flowers, which are commonly yellowish or greenish. C. indivisa, a beautiful perennial species, has recently been introduced into our gardens from Europe, although it is a native of Colorado. It is one of our most desirable hardy plants, producing its brilliant scarlet bracts in great profusion. This species is so entirely distinct from most other plants, and at the same time so showy, and can be grown with as little difficulty as most other herbaceous plants, that we cannot but consider it a great acquisition. Castillo'a. A Mexican tree belonging to the Nat. Ord. Urticacece, and having male and female flowers alternating one with the other, on the same branch. C. elastica, contains a milky juice yielding Caoutchouc. CAT Castor Oil Bean. See Ricinus. Casuari'na. Beef-wood. Supposed to be named from the resemblance the leaves bear to the feathers of the Cassowary. Nat. Ord. Casuri- nacece. A genus of very curious trees, constituting of themselves a distinct family. They have very much the appearance of gigantic Horse- tails (EquLtetacece), being trees with thread- like, jointed, furrowed branches, without leaves. The flowers are not of a showy char- acter. These plants are met most abundantly in tropical Australia, and occasionally in the Indian Islands, New Caledonia, etc. In Aus- tralia, from their somber appearance, they are planted in cemeteries. The timber fur- nished by these trees is valuable for its ex- treme hardness and its red color, it is called in the islands Beef-wood. The several species are highly esteemed for their uses in the me- chanic and useful arts. A few of them have been introduced into green-houses for their singular appearance. Cata'lpa. Indian Bean. Cigar Tree. The Indian name of the first discovered species. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacece. A small gen us of ornamental trees, natives of North America, the West Indies, Japan and China. C. bignonioides (syn. Syringoefolia), a native of the Southern States, and one of the most beautiful shade trees, has bright, yellow- ish-green, heart-shaped leaves, and is remark- able for its numerous loose panicles of white flowers, spotted with orange and purple. C. 6. aurea, a golden-leaved variety, is slower growing than the parent and is golden over the entire leaf on the young growths in June, and the second growth in August and September. C. speciosa, the Western Catalpa, cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas, has white flowers, in rather large pan- icles and in general appearance is similar to C. bignonioides, but may be easily distin- guished from that species by its much larger flower, fruit, and seed. C. Bungcii, generally known as C. Kcempferi, is probably a small form of C. bignonioides, and is a remarkable shrub, growing from six to eight feet high, with a diameter fiom eight to ten feet. The trees when young make a rapid growth, and are particularly valuable for lawn or street decoration, being, so far, entirely exempt from the ravages of insects and caterpillars. Catana'nche. From katanangke., a strong in- centive ; in reference to an ancient custom among the Greek women of using it in love potions. Nat. Ord. Composites. A small genus of annuals and hardy her- baceous perennials. C. ccendea, a perennial species, with slender stalks, long, narrow leaves, and large heads of sky-blue flowers, is a native of the south of Europe. From this species several varieties have been pro- duced with white and double flowers, all very desirable for the open border and for cuttings. They are increased by division or from seeds. C. lutea, an annual species with yellow flowers, is a native of Candia. Catase'tum. From kata, downward, and seta, a bristle ; referring to the position of the two horns of the column. Nat. Ord. Orchidaceaz. An extensive genus of strong and rapid growing, terrestrial orchids; common in the AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 75 CAT tropical portions of South America. The flowers of this genus are remarkable for sin- gularity of form, and some are very beautiful, and have a delicious fragrance. The same plant not unfrequently produces what would seemingly appear to be totally different flowers, it has a decided propensity to ' ' sport. ' ' The singular shape of their flowers, and other marked characteristics, entitle them a place in every collection. When at rest they should be kept cool and dry ; in a growing state, they require strong heat and copious waterings. Increased by division. Cat-brier. See Smilax. Catchfly. See Silene. Lobels'. See Silene armeria. Ca'techu Tree. Acacia (Mimosa) Catechu. Caterpillars. Scorpiurus vermiculatus. Catkin. A deciduous spike, consisting of uni- sexual apetalous flowers. The flowers of the Willow, Hazel, etc., are Catkins. Cat-Mint and Catnip. See Nepeta. Cat-Tail. One of the popular names of Pearl Millet ; also applied to Equisetum, Hippuris, and a few other plants. Cat-Tail Flag. See Typha. Cat's Tail Grass. One of the common names of the genus Phleum, Timothy or Herd's Grass. Cattle-poison Plant. W. Australia. Several species of Gastrolobiums. Cattle'ya. Named after Mr. Cattley, a dis- tinguished patron of botany. Nat. Ord. OrchidacecB. What the Rose and Carnation are among garden plants, the Cattleya is among Orchids, pre-eminently beautiful. Not a species but possesses claims of the strongest nature on the culturist's attention, either for its delicate loveliness or the rich and vivid coloring of its large and handsome flowers. They are na- tives of the temperate parts of South America, and in cultivation are found to succeed in a lower temperature than is necessary for the majority of plants of the same order. They will grow either on cork, blocks of wood, or in pots of sphagnum, carefully drained and moderately watered at all times ; indeed, the damp atmosphere of the house is nearly suffi- cient for them through the winter ; and if about fifty degrees of heat is steadily main- tained through this period, with an increase of about ten degrees in summer, the plants will be found to grow vigorously, and conse- quently flower in perfection. The colors of the flowers run through all the shades of white, rose, rosy-lilac, crimson and carmine, nor is even yellow absent. Where all are beautiful it is scarcely necessary to select. The following, however, should be in every col- lection. C. citrina, crispa, Harrisonice, inter- media, labiata, Loddigesii. Percivilleana, Skin- neri, Mossice and Triance, with their numerous varieties, and many others. All the Cattleyas are increased by division. See Orchids. Caudate. Tailed ; having a process like a tail. Caudex. The axis of a plant, consisting of the stem and root. Applied also to the trunk of Palms and Tree Ferns. Caudex repens is a creeping stem, or what is now called a rhizome. Caudex descendens is the root. CED Caulescent. Acquiring a stem. Cauliflower. Brassica oleracea cauliflora. The Cauliflower is the most delicate and delicious of the genus Brassica. Its early history is entirely unknown, but it is supposed to have originated in Italy. It is mentioned by Gerarde in 1597, as then very rare in England, and it was not brought to any degree of per- fection, or grown for the market, until about 1700. From that period until the present, there has been a slow, but marked and steady improvement in the size and quality of this vegetable. To the English and Dutch gar- deners we are chiefly indebted for the per- fection the Cauliflower has attained. Heads of immense size are now grown for the market ; it being by no means uncommon to see a head perfectly sound and smooth, fully ten inches in diameter, and, contrary to the usual rule, size is not obtained at the expense of quality, the larger, if differing at all, being more tender and delicious. The varieties of the Cauliflower are numerous. In this work we cannot point out the best, as locality and se- lection cause variations more marked than even the varieties. The most popular in the United States at this time are Snowball and Erfurt for early, and Algiers for late. For the perfection of the Cauliflower a deep, rich, loamy soil is required, a low, moist situation being preferable ; it will not succeed in dry ground. Where irrigation can be employed, the greatest benefits will be derived ; in fact, a large crop will be secured with irrigation, when without it the result would be total fail- ure. Culture nearly the same as for cabbage, which see. Caulophy'llum. The generic name of the plant commonly known as Blue Cohosh, sometimes called Pappoose-root. Cayenne Pepper. See Capsicum. Ceano'thus. Red Root, New Jersey Tea. An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably mis- spelled. Nat. Ord. Rhamnacece. A genus of low-growing shrubs, one of the most conspicuous and best known being C. Americanus, a species common in dry wood- lands. This shrub attained considerable notoriety during the American Revolution, on account of its leaves being dried and used as a substitute for tea, a practice not yet wholly discontinued. The roots are used in dyeing wool of a Nankeen or cinnamon color. There are species from Mexico and South America, that have lately been introduced into the green-house, and regarded with favor. Their season of flowering is too short to warrant very general cultivation. Cecro'pia. Snake wood. A genus of orna- mental, evergreen, soft-wooded, milky trees, natives of South America, and belonging to the Nat. Ord. Urticacece. C. peltata, the Trumpet Tree of the West Indies and South America, so called be- cause its hollow branches are used for musi- cal instruments, is the only species of interest. Cedar. See Juniperus. Barbadoes and Bermuda. Juniperus Bermu* diana. Red Californian. Libocedrus decurreus. Red Virginian. See Juniperus. 76 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CED Cedar-Apples. The Pennsylvanian name for the curious excrescences on Juniperus Virgini- anus, caused by a fungus. Cedar of Lebanon. See Cedrus. Cedre'lese. Formerly regarded as a distinct order, now included as a tribe of the Nat. Ord. MeliacecB. Cedrone'lla. Supposed to be derived from kedron, the cedar, because of its fragrant resinous scent. Nat. Ord. Labiatce. A small genus of sweet-scented perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with pale, purplish flowers in spikes or terminal racemes ; natives of North America and the Canary Isles. C. cardata, a neat little alpine plant with a leaf somewhat like the Ground Ivy, and a lilac, slightly dotted, flower somewhat like that of the Salvia, is very dwarf and pretty, and will probably prove a desirable plant for rockwork. Cedron Tree. See Simaba. Ce'drus. The Cedar. From Latin Cedrus, Greek Kedros ; a name for a coniferous tree in the time of Homer. Nat. Ord. Coniferce. This genus consists of a few species that have been separated from Abies and Juniper- us, their characteristics being their evergreen leaves, disposed in bundles, or fasicles, and their upright cones. The Cedar of Lebanon is one of the most prominent species, so often mentioned in Sacred History. It is one of the most beautiful evergreen trees for lawn decoration, though rarely met with. There is a noble specimen on the grounds of "W. F. D. Manice, at Queens, L. I. It is upwards of thirty feet high, with a trunk four and a half feet in circumference. There was a still larger speci- men a few years since on the grounds of the late Geo. C. Thorburn, at Astoria, L. I. C. Deodara, the Deodar or Indian Cedar, is of vigorous pyramidal form with light silvery glaucous-green foliage, very graceful and drooping. It is a most charming evergreen, not entirely hardy, north of Philadelphia, but one of the most beautiful ornamental trees in the Southern States. Celandine. The popular name of the genus Chelidonium, which see. Celastra'ceae. This natural order consists of shrubs, or small trees, natives of the warmer parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, and far more abundant beyond the tropics than within them. There are thirty-five known genera, and over two hundred and fifty species. Celastrus, Euonymus, and Elceodendron, are examples of this order. Cela'strus. Staff Tree, Bitter Sweet. From kelas, the latter season ; referring to the fruit hanging on the trees all winter. Nat. Ord. Celastracece. This genus, consists of trees, shrubs, and climbers. One native species, C. scandens, is a handsome twining shrub, remarkable for its orange-colored capsules, and the scarlet coating of the fruit. It is planted as an ornamental climber, and is known by its pop- ular name of Bitter Sweet. Propagated by seeds and suckers. Celeriac or Turnip-Rooted Celery. Apium graveolens var. rapaceum. A very distinct variety of Celery, the peculiarity of which consists in the root, which closely resembles CEL that of a turnip, and is the part eaten. It is more hardy than the common Celery, and can be preserved for use much later in the spring. It is but little grown except in France and Germany, where it is employed as a vegetable and as a salad. It is usually boiled until tender, and then slightly pickled in vinegar. Ce'lery. Apium graveolens. Celery is a native of England, and is found in its wild state in marshy places and ditches near the coast. It is a biennial. There are in its wild state two kinds, the red and the white -stalked, of both of which there are numerous garden varieties, the cultivation of which is carried on to a very great extent, both here and in Europe. As it is a crop of vast importance we give in a con- densed form such information regarding its cultivation, as will enable anyone to succeed in its cultivation. The seeds are sown on a well-pulverized, rich border, in the open ground, as early in the season as the ground can be worked. (For instructions in sowing, see article headed "Sowing and Planting, Use of the Feet in.") The bed is kept clear of weeds until July, when the plants are set out for the crop. But as the seedling plants are rather trouble- some to raise, when for private use only, and as they can usually be purchased cheaper than they can be raised on a small scale, it is scarcely worth while to sow the seed. But when wanted in quantity, the plants should al- ways be raised by the grower, as Celery plants are not only difficult to transplant, but are usually too expensive to buy when the crop is grown to sell. The European plan is, to make a trench six or eight inches deep in which to plant Celery ; but our violent rain storms in summer soon showed us that this plan was not a good one here, so we set about planting on the level surface of the ground, just as we do with all vegetables. Celery re- quires an abundance of manure, which, as usual with all other crops, must be well mixed and incorporated with the soil before the Celery is set out. When the ground is well prepared, we stretch a line to the dis- tance required, and beat it slightly with a spade, so that it leaves a mark to show where to place the plants. These are set out at distances of six inches between the plants, and usually four feet between the rows, when the Celery is to bo " banked" up for early or fall use ; but when grown for winter use, from two to three feet between the rows is suffi- cient. Great care must be taken, in putting out the Celery to see that the plant is set just to the depth of the roots ; if much deeper, the " heart " might be too much covered up which would impede the growth. It is also important that the soil be well packed to the roots in planting, and this we do by returning on each row, after planting, and pressing the soil against each plant firmly with the feet ; and if the operation can be done in the evening, and the plants copiously watered, no further at- tention will be required. Planting may be done any time from the 15th of June to the first week in August. After planting, nothing is to be done but keep the crop clear of weeds until September ; by that time the handling process is to be begun, which consists in drawing the earth to each CELEBY (STOKING IN TBEHCHE8 FOB WINTEB). CEHEU8 GEANDIFLOBUS. CELO6IA JAPONICA. CENTAUBEA CLKMENTEI. CENTBANTHU8 MACBOSIPHON. CEIA36IA CBISTATA. CELO6IA PLUMO8A. OENTAUBEA CTANIT*. 77 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 77 CEL side of the Celery, and pressing it tightly to it, so as to give the leaves an upward growth preparatory to blanching for use. Supposing this handling process is done by the middle of September, by the first week in October it is ready for " banking up," which is done by digging the soil from between the rows, and laying or banking it up with the spade on each side of the row of Celery. After being so banked up in October, it will be ready for use in three or four weeks, if wanted at that time. But if, as in most cases, it is needed for winter use only, and is to be put away in trenches, or in the cellar, as will hereafter be described, all that it requires is the operation of " handling." If the Celery is to be left in the open ground where it was grown, then a heavy bank must be made on each side of the rows, and as cold weather approaches — say in this latitude by the middle of November — an additional covering of at least a foot of leaves or litter must be closely packed against the bank, to protect it from frost ; but it is not safe to leave it in the banks where it grows, in any section of the country where the tem- perature gets lower than 10 degrees above zero. Perhaps the best way to keep Celery for family use is in a cool cellar. This can be done by storing it in narrow boxes, of a depth a little less than the height of the Celery. A few inches of sand or soil are placed in the bottom of the box, and the Celery is packed upright, the roots being placed on the sand at the bottom; but no sand or anything else must be put between the stalks of the Celery, all that is needed being the damp sand on the bottom of the box, the meaning of which is, that before Celery will blanch or whiten, it must first start at the root ; hence the neces- sity of placing the roots on an inch or so of damp sand. Boxes thus packed and placed in a cool cellar in November, will be blanched fit for use during January, February, and March, though for succession it will be better to put it in the boxes, from the open ground, at three different times, say October 25th, November 10th, and November 20th. Or if the boxes are not at hand, the Celery may be put away on the floor of the cellar, in strips of eight or nine inches wide, divided by boards of a width equal to the height of the Celery. That is, if the Celery is two feet high, the boards separating it must be about the same height. The reason for dividing the Celery in these narrow strips by boards is to prevent heating, which would take place if placed together in too thick masses. The dates above given apply, of course, to the latitude of New York ; if further south, do the work later ; if further north, earlier. If one has no suitable cellar, the Celery can be very readily preserved in the manner followed by market gardeners. Thus, after ithas been " handled " orstraight- ened up, as before described, what is intended for use by Christmas should be dug up about October 25th ; that to be used in January and February, by November lOtn ; and that for March use, by November 20th, which latter date is as late as it can be risked here. Al- though it will stand quite a sharp frost, the •weather by the end of November is often severe enough to kill it, or so freeze it in the ground that it cannot be dug up. The ground in which it is to be preserved for winter use CEL must be as dry as possible, and so arranged that no water can remain in the trench. Dig a trench as narrow as possible (if it should not be wider than ten inches), and of a depth equal to the height of the Celery; that is, if the plant of Celery be eighteen inches high, the trench should be dug eighteen inches deep. The Celery is then packed exactly in the manner described for storing in boxes to be placed in the cellar; that is, stand it as near upright as possible, and pack as closely together as can be done without bruis- ing it ; no soil or sand must be put between the stalks. As the weather becomes cold, the trenches should be gradually covered with leaves or litter to the thickness of six or eight inches, which will be enough to prevent severe freezing, and enable the roots to be taken out easily when wanted. Another method now practised by the market gardeners of New Jersey is as follows : before the approach of very cold weather — say the middle of Decem- ber— the Celery in the trenches is pressed somewhat closely together by passing a spade down deeply alongside of the trench on each side, but about three or four inches from the Celery. It is best done by two men, so that they press against each other, thus firming the top of the Celery in the trench until it is compact enough to sustain a weight of three or four inches of soil, which is taken from the sides of the trench and spread over the Celery. This earth covering keeps it rather fresher than the covering of litter, though on the ap- proach of cold weather the earth covering is not sufficient, and a covering of six or seven inches of leaves must yet be placed over the earth covering. From 200 to 500 roots are usually required for the use of an ordinary family. The vari- eties we recommend are the Golden Dwarf, Sandringham, Golden Self-blanching, White Walnut, White Plume, and London Red. The peculiarity of the variety known as "White Plume" is that naturally its stalks and portions of its inner leaves are white, so that by closing the stalks, either by tying them up with matting, or by simply drawing the soil up against the plants and pressing it together with the hands, and again drawing up the soil with the hoe or plough, so as to keep the soil that has been squeezed against the Celery in its place, completes the work of blanching ; while it is well-known that in all other kinds of Celery, in addition to this, the slow and troublesome process of "banking" with the spade is a necessity. Another great merit of the "White Plume" Celery is that it far exceeds any known vegetable as an ornament for the table, the inner leaves being disposed somewhat like an ostrich feather, as to suggest the name we have given it of "White Plume." It is well known that one- half the value of a Celery, particularly in our best hotels and restaurants, is held to be its value as a table ornament, and for this purpose this new variety is admirably fitted. In addition to this, its eating qualities are equal to the very best of the older sorts, being crisp, solid and having a peculiar nutty flavor, peculiar to the "Walnut" and some of the red sorts ; altogether we cannot find words sufficient to describe its many merits as it deserves. The great bugbear in the cultiva- tion of Celery, by those engaged in growing it 78 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS GEL for market, has been the labor entailed in the "banking" to whiten or blanch it; and with the unskilled amateur growing a few hundred for private use, the troublesome process of " banking " has usually been detriment suffi- cient to prevent him from trying. In the first week of October, of 1882, the Celery banks in Hudson Co., N. J., must have cost at least $10,000 in labor to erect ; but a rain storm of twenty-four hour's duration washed the banks down and destroyed the work of weeks. Had this new Celery been under process of blanch- ing, no high banks would have been needed and the storm would have been nearly harm- less, as the "wash" would have done but a trifling injury. But absolute perfection is hardly to be expected in anything, and the "White Plume" Celery has one drawback; the very qualities that make its culture so simple in the fall and early winter months, unfits it for a late Celery that will keep until spring, as its tenderness of structure causes it to rot quicker than the old green kinds ; but, to be used during the months of October, November, December and the early part of January, we advise it to be grown, if quality and the saving of labor is a consider- ation. It is equally as hardy against frost as the other kinds; in size and weight it is very similar to those popular kinds: the " Golden Dwarf " and "Half Dwarf" — in fact it originated in what is known as a "sport" from the " Half Dwarf ; " that is, a single plant showed the whiteness of stem and peculiar feathery leaves, which fortunately, permanent- ly reproduced itself from seed and gave us this entirely new type of Celery. Its culture is in all respects the same as that directed for the other sorts, with the exception that we are saved the trouble of high "banking." It is also we think, the earliest Celery in cultivation, and though fit to use long before other sorts, is found to keep nearly as well as the best of the older kinds, except perhaps the red which though comparatively new in cultivation in this country is fully equal if not superior in flavor and crispness to the white, and is de- cidedly more hardy and a much better keeper. A new variety known as the "Bouquet" Celery, with beautiful feathery foliage, intro- duced in 1888, is very useful for table decoration, as well as for all purposes for which Celery is used, as it is equally as good as any of the others. We are often asked for the cause of and remedy for Celery rusting or burning. The cause, we think, is the condition of the weather, which destroys the tender fibers, or what are called the working roots of the plant, for we find it is usually worse in seasons of extreme drought or moisture, particularly in warm weather. We know of no remedy, nor do we believe there is any. We may say, however that it is less liable to appear on new, fresh soils, that are free from acids or sourness, than on old soils that have been surfeited with manure, and have had no rest. Although, under ordinary conditions, if proper varieties of Celery are used, the crop should never be pithy or hollow, yet we have found that now and then even the most solid kinds of Celery have become more or less hollow when planted in soft, loose soils, such as reclaimed peat bogs, where the soil is mostly CEN composed of leaf mould. In fact, on heavy or clayey soils the Celery will be specifically heavier than on lighter soils. Cells. Cavities in the interior of a plant. The cells of tissue are those which form the interior of the elementary vesicles. Cells of the stem, air-cells, etc., are spaces organically formed by a peculiar building up of tissue for various vital purposes. Cellular System. That part of the plant which consists of cells or elementary vesicles. Celo'sia. From keloa, burnt; in reference to the burnt-like appearance of the flowers of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Amaranthacece. These are ornamental or curious plants. Only one or two species, however, are regarded as sufficiently ornamental to be included in ordinary collections. One of these, C. cristata, the common Cockscomb, is almost universally grown. To be grown well, the seed should be sown in March, in the green- house or hot-bed. As soon as the young plants can be handled safely, they should be placed singly in small pots, filled with the same kind of soil in which they are started. In these they should remain until symptoms of flowering appear, when they may be changed into larger pots or turned out' into the border, where they should have a rich soil, such as loam and rotten manure, in equal parts ; then, with a liberal supply of liquid manure, flower-heads of enormous size will be obtained. It is on this account that small pots are recommended for the young plants up till the appearance of the flowers ; for if the roots be allowed much space at this period, the stem naturally increases in height without a compensating increase in the size of the " comb." This species was introduced from Asia in 1570, and from it florists have produced a great number of varieties. The other species differ from C. criatata in having large plumes of inflorescence, which form pyramidal masses of color. Many sorts have a graceful pendant habit, which renders them objects of great beauty. When well grown they are excellent subjects for table decora- tion, and also for the green-house, or for cut- ting during the autumn and early winter months. Ce'lsia. A small genus of Scrophulariads, con- sisting of hardy or half-hardy annuals or biennials. C. cretica. a hardy biennial, is the best known and by far the showiest of the species. As cultivated, it grows three to four feet in height, with a long terminal spike of large yellow blossoms, each of which arises from the axil of a small leaf or bract. A rative of Crete. Introduced in 1752. Ce'ltis. Nettle Tree, Hack-berry, Sugar- berry. An ancient name for the Lotus. The fruit of the European Nettle Tree is supposed to have been the food of the Lotophagi. Nat. Ord. Urticacem. A genus of hardy deciduous, low, or medi- um-sized trees, of an ornamental character. Several of the species and their varieties are common in the Southern and Western States, where they have received the various popular names above given. Ce'nchrus. Bur Grass, Hedge-hog Grass. From Kegchros, the Oriental name of the Millet. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 79 CEN C. tribuloides, the only species, is common on the sandy hills on the coast, or near salt •water ; also near the great northern lakes. It is regarded as a troublesome weed, on account of its prickly burrs. Centa'urea. The classical name of a plant fabled by Ovid to have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron made by the arrow of Hercules. Nat. Ord. Compositce. An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous perennial and annual plants, varying in height from one to five feet, and of nearly every shade of color from yellow to red, blue, or deep purple. As they continue to bloom for a long time, they are well suited for the margin of borders in the flower garden, and some of the dwarf species may be even admitted into beds. The perennial kinds grow in almost any description of soil, nor are the annuals more particular ; they merely require to be sown where they are to remain, being afterward thinned to the proper distances from each other. Centaurea cyanuft, a native of Britain, is the Blue Bottle or Ragged Sailor of our gar- dens. C. candidissima and C. gymnocarpa are natives of the Levant, and are most valuable border plants, their leaves being heavily clothed on both sides with a white, downy covering, which gives them a striking aspect. Propagated by seed sown in January or Feb- ruary in a hot-bed. Centauri'dium. Origin of name unknown. Nat. Ord. Compositce. The only species of this is C. Drummondi, a Texas plant, free-flowering, and succeeding well in a light soil. Color bright orange. A hardy annual, growing freely from seed. Syn. Xanthisma Texana. Ce'ntaury. Erythrcea centaurium. Centaury. American. A common name for the genus Sabattia. Centrade'nia. From kentron, a spur, and aden, a gland ; having spur-like glandular append- ages to its anthers. Nat. Ord. Melastomacece. Tropical undershmbs and herbaceous per- ennials, C. rosea and grandifolia, natives of Mexico, are moderate-sized, dwarf, spreading plants of easy growth, producing freely in spring close heads of pinkish-white flowers. They require the same treatment as the Fuchsia, and are increased from cuttings. Centra'nthus. Bed Valerian. From kentron, a spur, and anthos, a flower; referring to the spur-like process at the base of the flower. Nat. Ord. Valerianacece. A small genus of hardy annuals from Gre- nada, and herbaceous perennials from the south of Europe. They are mostly of com- pact habit, free-flowering, and very pretty. The annuals are well adapted for rock-work or ribbon borders, and grow freely in common garden soil. Introduced in 1849. Centroclinium. A synonym for Onoseris, which see. Centropo'gon. From Jtentron, a spur, andpogon, a beard; in reference to the fringe which envelops the stigma. Nat. Ord. Lobeliacece. A small genus of very handsome herbaceous perennials from Surinam and Guatemala. One of the species bears edible fruit. C. tovaricnxis is a very beautiful plant for the green-house, having rosy-crimson flowers, similar in form CEP to the Lobelias, but of larger size, produced singly on short axillary peduncles. The most popular member of this genus is a hybrid between C. fastuosua and Syphocampyloa betu- Icefolius, and known as C. Lucycmus. It has pretty rosy-carmine, tubular flowers, and from its flowering naturally during the dead of winter it is a most desirable plant. Raised by M. Desponds, of Marseilles, in 1856. They are increased by division or from seed. Centrose'ma. Spurred Butterfly Pea. A genus of Leguminosce, consisting of hardy and green- house twining perennial plants, with one exception confined almost exclusively to South America, and mostly to Brazil. The leaves are made up of three leaflets, rarely five or seven, the leaflets opposite and the terminal one rather distant. Some of the species pro- duce large arid elegant pea-like flowers, singly or in axillary racemes ; colors, white, violet, rose or blue. C. Virginianum is widely distrib- uted, the species being common in dry, sandy woods from Maryland southward, also in Brazil and West Africa. All the species are increased readily from seed. Included by many botanists with Kennedya. Centroste'mma. A genus of tropical climbing Shrubs, closely allied to Hoya. Century -plant. See Agave Americana. Cephae'lis. From kephale, a head ; in reference to the arrangement of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Rubiacece. Shrubs, rarely perennial herbs, mostly na- tives of Tropical America. C. Ipecacuanha pro- ducing the true Ipecacuanha belongs to this genus, and is a native of Brazil. It is a most ornamental and deciduous shrub, the root of which has been long used in medicine. It is in cultivation, and was introduced in 1839. Cephala'nthus. Button Bush. From kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower ; The flowers are disposed in globular heads. Nat. Ord. Rubi- acece. A small genus of hardy deciduous shrubs confined to North America, and common in marshy places from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts, and from Maine to Florida. C. occidenlalis, is a handsome bushy shrub, bearing numerous creamy white flowers, in round heads. Cephalota'xus. A small genus of Japanese Coniferee, resembling the Yew in general ap- pearance. C. Fortunei, the best known species, is a tree of medium size, rounded form, dark green foliage, and long, slender, drooping branches. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. Cephalo'tus. New Holland Pitcher Plant. From kephalotes, headed ; the filaments of its stamens are capitate. Nat. Ord. Saxifraga- cece. C. follicularis, the only species, is a native of swampy places in King George's Sound. It has a very short or contracted stem, with spoon-shaped stalked leaves, among which are mingled small pitcher-like bodies, placed on short, stout stalks, and closed at the top with lid < like the true Pitcher Plants (Nepen- thes). These pitchers are of a green color, spotted with yellow or brown, and provided with hairs. The flowers are white, small, and produced on a long spike. Propagated by offsets. Introduced in 1822. 80 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CER Ceraceous. Wax-like. Cera'stium. Mouse-ear Chickweed. From keraa, a horn ; because many of the species have capsules like an ox's horn. Nat. Ord. Caryophyllocece. Of this somewhat extensive genus only a few of the species are worthy of cultivation, but none of the annuals. Some of the hardy trailing species are quite ornamental when used for edgings or rock-work. C. tomentosum has greyish-white foliage, and is largely em- ployed as an edging to summer flower beds, and as a ground-work in carpet bedding. Pro- pagated by division of the roots or by seeds. Cera'sus. Cherry. From Cerasus, a town of Pontus, in Asia, whence the Cherry was brought to Eome by Lucullus. Nat. Ord. RosacecB. A genus of hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, the species and varieties including some of our most ornamental trees for the lawn, as well as highly prized fruit trees for the orchard. The numerous varieties of cul- tivated Cherries are supposed to have origin- ated from C. avium and C. vulgaris. Those belonging to C. avium are best represented by the Bigarreau and Black Heart varieties; those of C. vulgaris by the May Duke and Morello. Both of these species appear to be natives of Europe, although Pliny states that there were no Cherries in Italy before the victory obtained over Mithridates by Lucul- lus, who was, according to the above author, the first who brought them to Rome from Cerosante about sixty-eight years before the Christian era. It is also stated by the same authority, that " in less than 120 years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain beyond the ocean." Theophrastus, 300 years B. C., mentions the Cherry as being common in Greece, from which some writers contend that the name of the city was de- rived from the tree, instead of the tree from the town or city. The Cherry-tree begins to bear usually in two or three years after plant- ing trees of the size sold at the nurseries, and continues to enlarge in growth and pro- ductiveness annually, until it often attains a larger size than most of our fruit-trees. It grows freely in almost any soil that is free from moisture, preferring, however, like most other fruits, a deep loamy soil. The tree may be trained as desired, either in pyramidal form or with a round top, by pruning and directing the shoots. They are now worked extensively on the Mahaleb stock. Many varieties being found to be more hardy on it, and it is adapted to a greater variety of soil. The following are good varieties (for descrip- tion see nursery catalogues) : Black Tartarian, Coe's Transparent, Downer's Late, May Duke, Kirtland's Mary, Rockport, Yellow Spanish, Late Duke, and Morello. The well-known Wild Cherry of our woods is C. serotina. The common double Cherry and the French double Cherry deserve a place in every garden ; and equally so do the Chinese Cherry, C. pseudo-cerasus ; the All-Saints' Cherry, C. semperflorens ; the Bird Cherry, C. padus; and the Virginian Bird or Choke Cherry, C. Virginiana. Cerato'nia. Carob Tree. From keraa, a horn ; in reference to the shape of the seed-pod. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. CER C. siliqua, the only species, is a tree of medium size, growing extensively in the south of Europe, particularly in some of the Spanish provinces, and produces a fruit known as the Algoroba or Carob Bean, which is an import- ant article of commerce. It is chiefly used for the feeding of cattle, but is largely used by the poor for food when there is a scarcity of grain. This is generally considered the Locust Tree of Scripture ; and in Spain, where the seeds are eaten, it is called St. John's Bread. Under this name the pods are often sold on the streets in New York. It is now generally supposed that the shells of the Carob pod were the husks that the prodigal son desired to partake of with the swine. Cerato'pteris. A peculiar genus of tropical aquatic Ferns, found growing in quiet waters. The fronds are much divided, membranaceous, and succulent, the sterile ones being more foliaceous and less divided, with evident reticulated veins. C. thalictroides is the only species, and when well grown in water, forms a handsome plant and is not inaptly called the Floating Stag's-horn Fern. Ceratoste'ma. From keras, a horn, and sterna, a stamen ; the anthers are spurred. Nat. Ord. Vacciniacece. A small genus of very pretty green-house evergreen shrubs, natives of Peru. The flowers are tubular, of orange, crimson, or scarlet color, produced in terminal clusters in May. Propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1846. Ceratosti'gma plumbaginoides. This is now given as the correct name of Valoradia plum- baginoides, better known in cultivation as Plumbago Larpentce. Ceratoza'mia. A genus of Cycadacece, deriving its name from the presence of two horns on the scales of its Zamia-like fruit. C.fusco- viridis is a magnificent plant of recent intro- duction from Mexico. It is a tree of moderate size, with leaves from three to four feet long, broadly pinnate, and of a fine arching habit. The young leaves are of a rich, bronzy, choco- late color, gradually changing to olive green, and ultimately developing into deep green. Young plants are obtained by suckers or from seed. Cercidiphy'llum Japcmicum. A late and valu- able introduction from Japan. The leaves are medium sized, heart-shaped and purple when young, like those of the Judas Tree. The flowers are inconspicuous. The shape of the tree is pyramidal, bark smooth and as a whole, is a stately and beautiful object. Ce'rcis. Judas Tree. From kerkis, a shuttle- cock ; the name given by Theophrastus. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A genus of handsome, low-growing trees, with singular leaves and very showy flowers. The flowers have an agreeable acid taste, and are frequently used by the French in salads, or made into fritters with batter, and the flower buds are pickled in vinegar. It is an orna- mental tree in spring as the flowers completely clothe the branches and even the upper part of the trunk with purple before the leaves appear. C. siliquastrum is a native of the south of Europe, and of which Gerarde, in com- pliance with the popular notions of his time. says : " This is the tree whereon Judas did AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 81 CER hang himself ; and not upon the Elder Tree, as it is said." (Herbal, 1596.) C. Canadensis, a native species, is common on the banks of streams from Canada to Louisiana. C. Japon- ica, from Japan, is a very dwarf tree or shrub, with bright rosy-pink flowers, much larger than C. Canadensis, and exceedingly beautiful in early spring. Ce'reus. Torch Thistle. From cereus, waxy ; referring to the shoots of some of the species being easily bent. Nat. Ord. Cactacece. An extensive genus, the species of which are remarkable for their singularity of form, and for the beauty of their flowers. Few classes present greater contrasts. Some are round, some angular, some smooth, and others fluted. Some are climbers or creepers, while others grow like huge trees, attaining a height of sixty feet, with a diameter of two or three feet. The night-blooming section is very interesting and beautiful, C. grandiftorus, the type, usually requires age to flower well. A strong plant will frequently have six to ten exceedingly large and beautiful sweet-scented flowers open in an evening. They are very transient, lasting only a few hours, neither do they open again when once closed. They begin to open between six and eight o'clock in the evening, are fully expanded by eleven, and by three or four in the morning they are closed; but during their short continu- ance there is scarcely any flower of greater beauty, or that makes a more magnificent appearance. The flowers of the night-bloom- ing section vary in size from six to fourteen inches in diameter, according to the species, C. MacDonaldi, being the largest, and some- times measuring fourteen to sixteen inches. The sepals in some are brown, in others brownish-yellow, and in others again pinkish- brown. The petals in some are pale, yellow- ish-white, and in others pure white. The stamen are usually a bright yellow. Some are sweet-scented, others the reverse, while some are odorless, but all are beautiful. The flowers of the day-blooming section are usually small, but very bright and pretty. For other night-blooming kinds, see Phyllo- cactus. Ceriferous. Bearing, or producing wax. Ceri'nthe. Honeywort. From keros, wax, and anthos, a flower; referring to its being a favorite flower with bees. Nat. Ord. Boragin- acece. A small genus of hardy annuals, common in Central Europe. One species, a native of the south of France, is a hardy perennial. The annuals have long been cultivated in gardens, under the name of Honeywort. They have tubular, yellow flowers, in one-sided droop- ing racemes. They sow themselves when once planted, and require but little care. Cernuous. Inclining a little from the per- pendicular; generally applied to drooping flowers. Cerope'gia. A genus of Asclepediacece, contain- ing over fifty species, usually twining, some- times erect perennial plants, often with tuberous roots ; remarkable for the peculiar shape and marking of the flowers. C. elegans, has been long in cultivation, but is surpassed by C. Gardnerii, with creamy white and purple flowers, and C. Thwaitesii, with yellow flowers CHA beautifully sprinkled with dark blood-red spots. The two latter are comparatively late introductions from Ceylon, and are elegant green-house twiners. Cero'xylon. Wax Palm. From keros, wax, and xylon, wood ; the trunk being coated with wax. Nat. Ord. Palmacew. A small genus of Palms, consisting of three species, two of which are handsome trees of great size. C. andicola, the Wax Palm of New Grenada, was discovered by the cele- brated traveler, Humboldt, who describes the tree as attaining the prodigious height of 160 feet, while it differs from other species of Palms in flourishing under a much colder temperature, it being found on elevated moun- tains, extending as high as the lower limit of perpetual snow. Its tall trunk is covered with a thin coating of a whitish waxy sub- stance, giving it a marbled appearance. This substance, which forms an article of com- merce, consists of two parts resin and one of wax and is obtained by scraping the trunk. It is mixed with tallow and made into candles, which are of superior quality. The trunk yields a valuable timber, used for building purposes, and the leaves are used for thatch- ing roofs. Propagated from seed. Ce'strum. From Kestron, an ancient Greek name. Nat. Ord. Solanacew. Green-house shrubs, natives of the East Indies and South America. C. Parqui, syn. C. nocturnum, frequently called the Night- Blooming Jasmine, is a much esteemed species, which flowers abundantly all sum- mer, if planted in the open air in May, and tills the whole garden with its fragrance at night, though perfectly inodorous during the day. It should be taken up in autumn, and if kept in a box or pot, rather dry, may be easily preserved in a warm cellar until spring. C. aurantiacum, with large panicles of orange- colored flowers, is an excellent plant for early winter green-house decoration. Some au- thors include Habrothamnus under this genus. Ce'terach. From Chetherak, the Arabic name. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A small genus of Ferns, somewhat resem- bling the Aspleniums. C. ojftcinarum, the Scale Fern, is an interesting species, suitable for rock- work, but impatient of much water, as are all of the species. Both the hardy and green-house species are valuable in collec- tions. They are natives of Great Britain and the Canary Islands. Chasno'stoma. A considerable genus of herbs and under-shrubs, belonging to Scrophula- riacece, and natives of South Africa. C. hispida is a dwarf shrubby species with white axillary flowers produced in great abundance all the season. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. Cheerophy'llum Bulbosum. Bulbous rooted Chervil. See Anthriscus. Cheerophy'llum Sativum. A synonym of An- thriscus cerefolium (Chervil). Chain Fern. See Woodwardia. Chamaeba'tia. From chamai, on the ground, dwarf, and batos, a bramble ; referring to its low growth and bramble-like flowers. Nat. Ord. Rosacece. C. foliosa, the only representative of this genus, is a beautiful Californian shrub, about three feet high. The leaves are very finely 82 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CHA divided, resembling those of the Millfoil (Achillea), but of a much harsher texture, and having a pleasant balsamic odor. The flowers are white, in terminal cymes, very much like those of the Hawthorn. Chamaecla'don. From chamai, dwarf, and kladon, & branch ; in allusion to the habit of the species. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. A genus of stove-house plants, natives of tropical Asia, and the Malayan Archipelago. C. metallicum, the only species yet in cultiva- tion is a grand arad, of close tufted growth, with ovate leaves of a rich, deep bronzy-green color. Introduced from Borneo in 1884. Chamsecy'paris. From chamai, dwarf, and kuparissos, Cypress; The Bastard, or Dwarf Cypress. White Cedars. Nat. Ord. Coniferce. A genus ranking extremely close to Cu- pressus, the principal distinction between the two, being the more numerous ovules beneath the fertile scales of the latter. Like most of the other genera belonging to this order this one is overloaded with synonyms, scarcely any two authorities agreeing as to the correct generic name. Many species of Cupressus, and Retinoapora, are placed under this genus by some botanists. Chamaedo'rea. From chamai, dwarf, and dorea, a gift ; referring to the nuts of this Palm being easily reached. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. A genus of Palms containing about forty species, common in Mexico and South America. C. Ernesti-Augu&ti is a small species, a native of New Grenada. It grows from four to five feet high, with wedge-shaped leaves about two feet long. The female flower spikes of this species, which are very beautiful, are about a foot long, cylindrical, and -undivided. At first they are of a dark green color, studded with red, bead-like flowers. After these fall away, the spike be- comes a bright coral-red color. Several of the species are interesting green-house plants, and are readily grown from seed. Chamaeli'rium. Devils-bit. C. luteum, the only species, is a Liliaceous plant, nearly allied to Helonias, and is not uncommon in low grounds from western New York to Illinois. It is a smooth herb with a bitter, thick, and ab- ruptly-tuberous root-stock, and a tall, erect stem, terminated by a long spiked raceme of small white bractless flowers. Known popu- larly as Blazing Star. Chamaepe'uce. From chamai, dwarf, and peuke, a pine ; resemblance. Nat. Ord. Composites. A genus of uninteresting plants, annuals, perennials, and biennials, common through- out Europe. Of the entire genus, the only two deserving attention are C. Casabonce, and C. diacantha. Both of these are effective for sub-tropical gardening, growing in compact rosette-like patches and not producing flower stems until the second year. Chamae'rops. From chamai, dwarf, and rhops, a twig ; most of the species being dwarf. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. A genus of low-growing Palms, including several species, some growing as far north as the Carolinas. The Palmetto State furnishes C. Palmetto, hence the name. Many of the species are half-hardy, and all make beautiful plants for lawn decoration. They make a rapid growth in summer if given a rich loam, CHE and liberal applications of liquid manure. They are increased by seed. Chamisso'a. A genus of Amaranthacece, now included in Achyranthes, which see. Chamomile. The popular name of Anthemia nobilis. Chara'ceae. A small natural order of Acrogens, consisting ot two, or at most three, genera. The species are all aquatic, and are found in almost all parts of the world, but they are most common in temperate countries. The species are either monoecious or dkBcious, the two kinds of fruit being often seated close to each other. Cha'ries Heterophylla. Given by some authors as the correct name of Kaulfussia amelloides. Charlock. The common name of Sinapis arven- 8i8, a well-known weed. Cheat, or Chess. See Bromus. Checkerberry. See Gaultheria. Cheila'nthes. Lip Fern. From cheilos, a lip, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the form of the indusium. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. An extensive genus of Ferns, found scat- tered over nearly all parts of the world. There are several species found in most parts of the United States. Some of the tropical species are exceedingly pretty, among which C. fari- nosa, a native of the Island of Luzon, has ivory-black stems, the fronds being dark green above, and of a pure white beneath, caused by a powdery substance, which has given this species the popular name of Silver Fern. Many other species are in cultivation ; C. hirta, lanuginosa, viscosa, Ellisii, and many others being particularly desirable. They are prop- agated from spores, or by division of the roots when just commencing to grow. Cheira'nthus. Wallflower. From cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the custom of carrying the Wallflower in the hand for a nosegay. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce. Well-known herbaceous plants, much prized for the delightful odor of their flowers, which are produced from April to July. C. Cheiri, the common Wallflower, is generally grown, and is a great favorite in English gardens, where it flowers freely. Our climate does not suit it so well as that of England, as it delights in a moist atmosphere. The fine double varieties are increased by cuttings, and should be grown in a cool house, in a strong, rich loam. Most of the species are from southern Europe, and have been grown for centuries. Chelido'nium. Celandine, Swallow-wort. From Chelidon, a swallow ; it is said that the plant flowers at the time of the arrival of the swal- lows, and dries up at their departure. Nat. Ord. PapaveracecB. C. majua, the only species, is a perennial herb, abounding in an acrid, saffron-colored juice. It is a common plant in waste places. Chelo'ne. Shell-flower. From chelone, a tor- toise ; the back of the helmet of the flower being fancifully compared to a tortoise. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacea. Most of the genus are hardy herbaceous perennial plants, common in moist places westward. The flowers are white, rose-color, or purple, their singular beauty entitling them to a place in every collection. They succeed well in ordinary garden soil, and are AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 83 CHE propagated by division of the roots and by seed. Chenopodia'ceee. A natural order of herbs or under-shrubs, generally inconspicuous plants, but including some valuable species used as g3t-herbs. Spinach, Spinacia oleracea, and eet, Beta vulgaris, are examples. There are seventy-four known genera, and over 500 species in this order. Chenopodium. From chen, a goose, and pous, a foot ; in allusion to the shape of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacece. An extensive genus, many of the species being troublesome weeds, the more common being C. album, the Pig- weed ; C. glaucum, Goose-foot ; and C. Ambro- aoides, Mexican Tea. The stems of che Mercury Goose-foot or Good King Henry, are still used in some parts of England as a substitute for Asparagus, while the leaves are used while young instead of Spinach. Cherimoyer. See Anona Cherimolia. Cherokee Rose. See Rosa Icevigata. Cherry. See Cerasus. Barbadoes. Malphigia glabra. Bird. Cerasus padus. Choke. Cerasus Virginiana. Cornelian. Cornus mas. Laurel. Prunus Lauro cerasus. Plum. Prunus cerasifera. Winter. Physalis Alkekpngi. Cherry-Pepper. Capsicum cerasiforme. Chervil. See Anthriscus. Chervil. Tuberous rooted, or Turnip. Choe.ro- phyllum bulbosum. Chess. See Bromus. Chestnut. The common name for Castanea vesca. Earth. Bunium flexuosum and Conopodium denudatum. Horse. &$culus Hippocastanum. Spanish or Sweet. Castanea vesca. Water. Trapa natans. Chestnut-oak. Quercus Prinus, and Q. Castanea. Chick Pea. See Cicer. Chick Weed. Stellaria media. Mouse-ear. Cerastium vulgatum. Water. Montia fontana. Chicory. See Cichoriam Intybus. Chili Pepper. A common name for Capsicum baccatum. Chilo'psis. From cheilos, a lip, and opsis, like ; referring to the irregular lobes of the corolla. Nat. Ord. Bignoniaceoe. C. linearis, the only species, is a native of Mexico ; it is an erect branching shrub, with long alternate leaves, producing beautiful rose-colored flowers in terminal dense spicate racemes. It is but rarely met in green-house collections. It was introduced in 1825, and is propagated by cuttings. Chima'phila. From cheima, winter, and phileo, to love ; these little plants remaining green all winter. Nat. Ord. Ericac&B. A small genus of pretty little native, hardy, trailing, evergreen plants, commonly known as Pipsissewa and Spotted Wintergreen, the latter name being applied to C. maculata, one of our most beautiful native plants with varie- gated foliage. It is common in dry woods CHI throughout the Middle States, but is very diffi- cult of cultivation in the garden. Chimoiia'nthus. Japan Allspice. From cheimon, winter, and anthos, a flower; referring to the time of flowering. Nat. Ord. Calycanthacece. C. fragrans, the only species is a native of Japan, and is remarkable for the fragrance of its flowers, which appear in early spring, be- fore the leaves begin to unfold. It is a slen- der, much branched shrub, with flowers about an inch in diameter, made up of a large number of pale yellow waxy petals, arranged in several rows, either yellowish-red or choco- late-colored, and which last for a long time. In this latitude it requires a sheltered position. China Aster. See Callistephus. Chinese Bell-flower. See Abutilon. Chinese Grass-cloth Plant. See Bozhmeria. Chinese Hawthorn. See Fhotina. Chinese Primrose. See Primula. Chinese Rose. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Chinese Sugar-cane. See Sorghum. Chi'nquapiii. Castanea pumila, the most palat- able of all the Chestnut family ; indigenous to the Middle Atlantic States. Water. See Nelumbium luteum. Chiona'nthus. Fringe Tree. From chion, snow, and anthos, a flower ; in reference to its long racemes of pure white flowers. Nat. Ord. Oleacece. A genus of hardy deciduous shrubs. C. Virginica, one of the best known, and com- monly grown under the popular name of Fringe Tree, is a very ornamental shrub of easy cultivation, particularly adapted for the lawn, not only for its showy flowers in spring, but for its deep green glossy foliage, which, under favorable circumstances, will equal in size that of the Magnolia grandiflora, retain- ing its freshness until late in the autumn. This species is a native of Pennsylvania and southward, and is readily propagated from seeds or cuttings. It succeeds best when grafted on the common ash, being much more vigorous, and will attain a height of twenty- five feet. Chio'nodo'xa. Glory of the Snow. From chion, snow, and doxa, glory; in reference to the plants flowering among the melting snows of their native habitats. A small genus of hardy LiliacecB. C. Lucillce, which has lately been reintroduced, is praised by all as one of the most exquisite of spring flowering plants. It is also valuable for winter blooming in the house and for cut flowers. Native of Asia Minor and Crete. Chionogra'phis. From chion, snow, and graphis, a pencil ; the flower spike being like a, brush of snow. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. A very ornamental herbaceous perennial, with pure white flowers. Introduced from Japan, in 1880. It requires a slight protec- tion outside in winter, and is propagated by seeds or divisions of the roots. Chiri'ta. A small genus of Gesneracece, natives of tropical Asia. The flowers of C. lilacina are very beautiful and are produced in great abundance ; color pale blue with a white throat, ornamented with a large yellow blotch at the base. C. sinenxis is also a very fine species. Culture similar to Gloxinia. 84 HENDEKSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CHI Chiro'nia. A classical name, after Chiron, one of the Centaurs, fabled to be the father of medicine. Nat. Ord. GentianaceoB. Green-house plants of short duration, and, consequently, requiring to be frequently raised from cuttings, which strike freely in sand. C. floribunda, \vith rose-colored flowers, and its variety, with white flowers, are the most desirable, and, with other species, are frequently raised from Cape seeds, the plants being all indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope. Introduced in 1756. Chives. The popular name of Allium Schoeno- prasum, the smallest of the Onion family, though one of the finest flavored. It is a hardy herbaceous perennial, native of Siberia, and of the easiest culture, growing freely in almost any soil or situation. Propagated by division, either in spring or autumn. Chlida'iithus. From chlideios, delicate, and anthos, a flower ; alluding to the delicate tex- ture of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacece. C. fragrans, the only species, a pretty, bulbous-rooted plant, which may be grown in the flower garden during the summer, when its bright yellow flowers are highly interest- ing. In winter it requires the same treatment as the Gladiolus. It is propagated freely by offsets, which should all be removed before planting, to enable the bulb to flower well. Introduced from Buenos Ayres in 1820. Chlo'ris. From chloros, green ; alluding to the color of the herbage. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A very extensive genus of grasses, including a few desirable species for the green-house. Among them is C. radiata, a pretty little annual species, with beautiful one-sided spikes of silky flowers, which give it a very curious appearance. There are several other species under cultivation, all useful for basket and similar work. Chloro'galum. Soap-plant. From chloros, green, and gala, milk ; referring to their green juice. Nat. Ord. LiliacecB. A genus of distinct, hardy bulbs, containing three species, all natives of California. C. pomeridianum has branched, panicled stems, with white, purplish-veined flowers, opening only after mid-day, whence its specific name, meaning "afternoon." The bulbs are some- times used in California as a substitute for soap. Syns. Phalangium pomeridianum, and Ornithogalum divaricatum. Chloro'phora. From chloros, greenish, and phoreo. to bear; alluding to the economic properties of C. tinctoria. Nat. Ord. Urti- cacecB. A small genus of milky trees, consisting of two species, one native of tropical Asia, and the other of tropical Africa. C. tinctoria, the Fustic Tree, yields yellow, brown, olive, and green dyes. Syn. Madura tinctoria. Chlo'rosis. A disease to which plants are sub- ject, and often admitting no cure. It consists in a pallid condition of the plant, in which the tissues are weak and unable to contend against severe changes, and the cells are more or less destitute of chlorophyl. It is distinct from blanching, as it is also from the white color in ornamental-leaved plants, of which, how- ever, it may be a modification. Plants may be affected by chlorosis as soon as the cotyl- edons make their appearance. The best cul- CHO ture will not always restore such plants to health. The most promising remedy is to water them with a very weak solution of sul- phate of iron. An example of this condition is to be found in cases where the variegated leaves of Pelargoniums, etc., run to pure white without any green. In all such cases death is certain to ensue, unless the leaves again become more or less green. Chloro'xylon. Satin-wood. From chloros, greenish-yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. Ord. MeliacecB. C. Swietenia, the Satin-wood tree of the East Indies, attains a large size, and is a valuable timber tree. The wood is very handsome, light-colored, with a satin-like lustre, and sometimes beautifully mottled or curled in the grain, bearing some resemblance to box- wood, but rather deeper in color. The best kind of satin-wood, however, comes from the West Indies, and is the produce of a different tree, of which we have no description. Chocolate. See Theobroma. Choi'sya. Named after M. Choisy, a botanist of Geneva. Nat. Ord. Rutacece. C. ternata, the only species, is a handsome white-flowered, sweet-scented shrub, growing about six feet high, quite hardy in the Southern States. It is a native of Mexico, an evergreen, and will succeed well with ordinary green- house treatment. It is increased by cuttings. Introduced in 1825. Choke-Berry. The popular name of the fruit of the Pyrus arbutifolia, a common shrub from two to ten feet high, found in damp thickets. Choke Cherry. See Cerasus Virginiana. Choko. See Sechium. Chondri'lla. From chondros, a lump ; the plants bear lumps of gummy matter on the stems. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of mostly uninteresting plants al- lied to Lactuca (Lettuce). C.juncea, a native of southern Europe, has escaped from the garden and become naturalized in some of the Southern States. It is a straggling, many- branched plant, and almost destitute of leaves when in flower. There are more than twenty species included in this genus, mostly weedy plants. Chore'tis. From choroa, to unite in chorus ; this genus being an intermediate link between Hymenocallis and Ismene. Nat. Ord. Amarylli- dacece. An interesting genus of half-hardy bulbs from Texas and Mexico, requiring a rest from November until May. They grow freely in a light, sandy soil in the open border, or they may be grown in pots in the green-house, and for this purpose they should be started in March in a cool house, heat and water to be increased with their growth. The flowers are very beautiful, pure white, with a green eye and a greenish stripe. Propagated by division of the bulbs. Chori'zema. Nat. Ord. LeguminoKCB. This interesting green-house plant was first discovered in Western Australia by Labillar- diere. This botanist was attached to the ex- pedition sent by the French Government in search of the lost La Perouse, and on one of his excursions suffered much, with his party, for the want of water. At last they met with CHAM.ECYPAKI8. CHAM^EPEUCE DIACANTHA. CHRYSANTHEMUMS (CHINESE). CHBYSANTHEMUMS (JAPANESE^, CHBY6ANTHEMUM (MBS. ALPHEUS HABDT). CHRYSANTHEMUM (ANEMONE FLOWERED) CINEBAKIA MABITIMA. CHBY8ANTHEMUM (SINGLE ANNUAL). CTNKEABTA AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 85 CHE springs that furnished an ample supply, near which he found this plant, which he named Chorizema, from choros, a dance, and zema, a drink ; in allusion to the joyful feelings of the party on meeting with a supply of water. Of this really beautiful genus there are many species ; the one most commonly met is C. varium, a rapid-growing and free-flowering kind. The flowers are of a bright orange red color, in long terminal racemes, flowering through the winter months. It is readily propagated by cuttings, which should be taken in February, and grown in small pots until the weather is suitable for planting out, as they should be grown in the border during summer. Before there is danger from frost, take up and pot in five-inch pots, in good rich loam and sand. Cut well back, and give it a warm, sunny situation, with liberal watering as soon as the new growth commences. It will begin to bloom in eight to ten weeks. Christmas Rose. Helleborus niger. Christopher Herb. Actcea spicata and Osmunda regalis. Christ's Thorn. Cratcegus Pyracantha and Paliurus aculeatus. Chrysa'iithemum. From chrysos, gold, and anthos, a flower ; alluding to the color of some of the flowers being yellow. Nat. Ord. Composites. A large and important genus of herbaceous or slightly shrubby plants, of which the Ox- eye Daisy of our fields to a well known repre- sentative. Many species have been introduced from various countries of which C. grandi- florum from the Canary Islands, and C. pin- natifidum from Madiera, are of a shrubby habit, and flower during a large portion of the year. C. frutescens is " the Marguerite " or Paris Daisy of the florists, the flowers of which and others of a similar description are largely used in floral decorations. The variety " Etoile d' Or," and the double yellow sort called the '-Golden Marguerite," are also very popular and are good subjects for the flower border in summer. (7. coronarium from the Levant and C. carinatum called also C. tricolor, from Barbary, and their many va- rieties, are very ornamental border annuals. The species, however, which holds so high a rank, and with reason, among florists' flowers is C. »ine,nse the Chinese Chrysanthemum, the value of which as an ornament of the flower- garden, the green-house or conservatory in the autumnal months, is well known and duly appreciated. Their cultivation is exceedingly simple. If wanted to flower only in the open ground, all that is necessary is to plant them in the open border in any good ground, well enriched with manure. If possible, plant them in a warm sheltered spot, particularly in any section north of Baltimore, as, being the latest of all flowers of autumn, a better development will be had if planted in a place sheltered by a fence, hill or shrubbery. As they are usually grown in pots, they can be planted out any time from April to July, though preference may be given to May. They form an average width by October of two feet in diameter, if the tops are pinched off so as to make them bushy ; they should be set out at about two feet apart each way. The "topping" or "pinching" back, as it is called, should not be done CHR later than 1st of August, if much later it might destroy the flowering to some extent. When wanted to be grown for green-house or house culture, the best plan for amateurs is to put each plant when received in a flower pot six, seven or eight inches wide and deep ; plunge these pots to the rims in the open ground, level with the soil, treating exactly the same as recommended for planting in the open border, by pinching, etc. Care should, however, be taken to turn the flower pots round every eight or ten days, so as to prevent the roots getting through the bottom of the pot, the object being to confine the whole roots within the pot. This same plan is the best for amateurs who cultivate any kind of plant to grow in the house or green-house in winter. The large flowers which are seen at the exhibitions are obtained by pinching off all the buds but one on each shoot, just as soon as the buds can be seen; "disbudded," as it is called, in this way, many kinds of Chrysanthemum flowers can be obtained six to nine inches in diameter. This is the method used to obtain all the fine flowers seen at the Exhibitions. It is deceiving, how- ever, to those unacquainted with the plan, because a flower so obtained showing six or seven inches in diameter, if grown with half a dozen flowers on the same spray, would not be half the size. Hence amateurs who have selected special kinds from the cut flower tables at Exhibitions, must not be disappoint- ed at finding them half the size when they flower, unless they use the same process of disbudding to obtain large flowers. The Chrysanthemum is classed by growers into the following sections : Incurved, Ra- nunculus flowered or Exhibition, Recurved or Reflex-flowered, Anemone or Quilled-Aster flowered, Pompone, Small Reflexed or Chusan, Daisy-flowered, Quilled or Pin-feathered Jap- anese, and Large-flowered Japanese, in all of which there are many beautiful varieties. Chrysanthus. Yellow flowered. Chryse'is. A name sometimes given to Esch- scholtzia. Chrysoba'ctron. From chrysos, gold, and bac- tron, a wand ; alluding to the magnificent racemes of C. Rossii. Nat. Ord. lAHaceaz. This is a small genus from the Auckland and Campbell Islands, New Zealand, closely allied to Anthericum. They are found growing in marshy places, and will only succeed well with pot culture. The soil should be a fibrous loam, and the pots in which they are grown should be partly immersed in water. The flowers are bright yellow, produced in racemes, and are very beautiful. Propagated by division of the roots. Introduced in 1848. Chrysoba'lanus. From chrysos, gold, and balanos, an acorn ; in reference to the yellow fruit of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Rosa- cece. A genus of stove or green-house shrubs, with simple leaves and white flowers borne in panicles ; fruit edible. Natives of Florida. Chryso'gonum. From chrysos, gold, and gonu, a knee, or joint ; the flowers are generally produced at the joints of the stem. Nat. Ord. Composite. C. Virginianum, the typical species and probably the only one in cultivation, is found in the Western States from Illinois south- 86 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CHR ward. It is a very pretty, hardy perennial, with yellow flowers, well worth a place in every herbaceous border. Chrysophy'llum. Star Apple. From chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the color of the underside of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Sapotacece. A genus of ornamental leaved evergreen trees. C. imperiale, a very showy and desira- ble species, is best known in cultivation as Theophrasta imperialis. Chryso'psis. From chrysos, gold, and opsis, aspect ; in allusion to the golden blossoms. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of hardy annual or perennial North American plants, a greater portion of the species having all their parts covered with villous or silky hairs. C. Mariana grows about two feet high, and is quite ornamental when in flower. C. villosa, with numerous yellow flower heads half an inch in diameter, is said to be one of the commonest plants on the prairies of the Saskatchawan. Chrysu'rus. From chrysos, gold, and oura, a tail ; alluding to the compact heads of flowers. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A small genus of annual grasses, natives of the south of Europe and north of Africa. C. aurea, the only species of interest, is a very ornamental border plant of free growth, and is very useful for cutting. Native of the south of Europe and north of Africa. Syn. Lamarkia. Chufa, or Earth Almond. Cyperus escukntus. A species of earth-nut used to fatten hogs, not to be confounded with Cocoa or Nut-grass, for though it belongs to the same class, Chufa is eradicated with great ease, and is never a pest. The nuts or tubers are larger and more elongated, and are very sweet and nutritious. Chy'sis. From chysis, melting ; in reference to the fused appearance of the pollen masses. Nat. Ord. OrchidacecB. A genus of very handsome Orchids, natives of Central America. The flowers are mostly white, or ereamy white, heavily tipped with pink, the lip being beautifully marked with carmine and yellow. C. aurea maculata, has golden yellow flowers, with a large orange spot ; lip white, with violet rays. When in a growing state they require liberal heat and moisture, and a cool, dry house when at rest. They are increased by division just as they commence a new growth. Introduced in 1830. Cibo'tium. From kibotion, a small box ; refer- ring to the form of the spore vessels. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacece. A small genus of very interesting Ferns re- lated to Dicksonia. They are large and very handsome, and in some cases arborescent. The fronds are bi-pinnate, and often glaucous beneath. C. Barometz is believed to be the Tartarian Lamb, about which travelers have told so wonderful a tale. This "Lamb "con- sists merely of the decumbent, shaggy caudex of a kind of Fern, which is unquestionably this species. The " traveler's tale " is that on an uncultivated salt plain of vast extent, west of the Volga, grows a wonderful plant, with the appearance of a lamb, having feet, head, and tail distinctly formed, and its skin covered with soft down. The lamb grows upon a stalk about three feet high, the part by which it is CIC sustained being a kind of navel. It turns about and bends to the herbage, which serves for its food, and pines away when the grass dries up and fails. The fact on which this tale is based appears to be, that the caudex of this plant may be made to present a rude ap- pearance of an animal covered with silky, hair-like scales, and if cut into is found to have a soft inside of a reddish, flesh-colored appearance. When the herbage of its native haunts fails through drought, its leaves no doubt die, and both perish from the same cause, and independently of each other. From these appearances, the common people believe that in the deserts of Scythia there exist creatures half animal and half plant. The species are very interesting plants for the green-house, the fructification on the large bi-pinnate fronds being remarkably pretty. They are propagated by division, and by spores. Introduced in 1824. Ci'cer. Chick-pea. Egyptian Pea. From kykis, force or strength ; in reference to its qualities. Nat. Ord. LeguminosoR. A genus of leguminous plants, consisting of annuals, perennials and undershrubs, form- ing one portion of the Vetch tribe. Some of the species are included in the genus Astragalus, by some botanists. (7. arietinum, commonly known as Chick, pea or Egyptian pea, is an annual plant- growing about a foot or more in height, a native of the south of Europe and India, where it is extensively cultivated for its seeds which form one of the pulses known under the name of " Gram," and which are greatly used by the natives as an article of food, being ground into meal, and either eaten in puddings or made into cakes. The leaves of this species consist of from three to seven pairs of leaflets with an odd one at the end, the leaflets being egg-shaped, and having their edges cut into very sharp teeth. Both leaves and stems are covered with glandular hairs containing oxalic acid, which exudes from them in hot weather and hangs in drops, ultimately forming crystals. In Mysore the natives collect the dew from the " Gram " plants by means of muslin cloths, which become saturated with it. The liquid thus obtained, which is very acid, is preserved in bottles for use, and is regarded as a sure medicine in cases of indigestion, being admin- istered in water. It is stated that the boots of a person walking through a dewy Gram field will be entirely destroyed by the pun- gency of this acid given out by the leaves. Cicho'rium. Chicory or Succory. An ancient Egyptian name. Nat. Ord. Composite. C. Intybus, the plant so extensively cultivated in Europe as a substitute for coffee, or for its adulteration, is commonly known as Wild Endive, and is found growing wild in most parts of Europe, being by far the most com- mon in England. It is also naturalized in this country, and is common in neglected fields and along roadsides in neighborhoods long settled. Its flowers are bright blue, produced in great profusion in August and September. The plant grows in its wild state from one to three feet high, but under cultivation it often reaches six feet. The roots are fleshy, not unlike the Dandelion, to which family it belongs. For the adulteration of coffee, the AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 87 CIC root is dried and ground, in which state it closely resembles ground coffee. The use of Chicory is common and undisguised, and many consider a mixture preferable to pure coffee, and buy the two, and mix to suit their own tastes. So great is the demand for it for this purpose, that, notwithstanding its cheap- ness and ease of culture, it is often adulterated by roasted wheat, rye, acorns, carrots, and other articles of a similar nature. The plants are largely cultivated in France for their leaves, which are blanched and used as a salad. A large-leaved variety, called the " Witloof," is much cultivated in Belgium, the plants being taken up in autumn, forced and blanched in a warm, dark place, and used either cooked or as a salad, forming what is called by the French " Barbe de Capucin." C. Edivia is the Endive, which see. Cicu'ta. Cowbane, Water Hemlock. The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock. Nat. Ord. Umbelliferce. A small genus of biennial plants, very com- mon in moist waste places. C. maculata, com- monly known as Spotted Cowbane, somewhat resembles Sweet Cicely, and is often mistaken for it. The root is an active poison in its green state, but loses its virulent qualities when dried. It is a dangerous pest to the farmer, the herbage often proving destructive to cattle, when eaten by them, and many children have lost their lives by eating the roots, which they have mistaken for Cicely. C. virosa, a species common throughout Europe, furnished the poison given to Phocion and Socrates. Cienko'wskia. Named in honor of Professor L. Cienkowsky, a Russian botanist. Nat. Ord. ScitaminecB. C. Kirkii, the only described species, is a handsome and interesting plant, a native of eastern tropical Africa. Its blossoms, which are exceedingly attractive, are produced on a many-flowered scape, and are of a purplish- rose color, with a bifid golden spot in the center. It was introduced from Zanzibar in 1872. Syn. Kcempferia. Ciliae. Somewhat stiffish hairs, which form a fringe on the margin of an organ, as those on the leaf of Sempervivum tectorum. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs. Cimici'fuga. Bug-bane. A genus of Ranun- culacece, allied to Acttea C. racemosa, Black Snake-root. The most showy and best known species is common in rich woods, from Maine to Wisconsin. It has tri-ternate leaves, and a stem three to eight feet high, bearing white flowers in elongated wand-like racemes. Several of the species, also, are natives of eastern Europe and Siberia. Cincho'na. Named after the Countess of Cin- chon, Vice-Queen of Peru, who was cured of a fever in 1638 by this remedy. Nat. Ord. Cin- chonaceoB. This genus yields the well-known Peruvian bark of commerce. It requires the protection of a warm green-house to preserve it in even moderate vigor. It is the type of an extensive and highly interesting order. Cinchona'ceae. A large and important order of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, now re- garded as a division or sub-order of Rubiacece, which see. GIN Cinera'ria. From cineres, ashes ; in reference to the gray down covering the surface of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Compositce. There are upward of fifty species of this genus enumerated, varying in habit from the dwarf herbaceous plant, not rising more than half a foot, to the tall, soft-wooded, suffruti- cose species with a stature of five or six feet. The flowers of most of them are of a pale greenish yellow, though some have white, red, or purple flowers. C. cruenta, introduced from the Canary Islands in 1777, is the species from which all the florist's varieties have ori-inated and which are among the most ornamental and useful plants that can be grown for green-house or conservatory deco- ration. A packet of seeds of a good strain will produce a great variety of colors, and as the plants are of easy culture, and do not re- quire much heat, they should be grown by every one possessing a green-house where frost is excluded during winter; the plants flourishing best in a cool, rather moist atmos- phere. The seeds may be sown from July till September, and potted off separately in a light rich soil, and are best grown in an ordi- nary garden frame or cold pit, facing north, till the advent of frost, when they should be brought into the green-house and repotted at different times, according to their size and forwardness, thus insuring a succession of bloom during the late winter and spring months. As the old plants are very difficult to keep over summer, and seedlings make much more vigorous plants than those sum- mered over, it is better to sow a succession annually of a good strain, and when the plants have flowered throw them away. Through- out the entire existence of the plants they should be guarded from drought, and the at- tacks of green fly, to which they are very sub- ject. Tobacco stems, cut up fine, and placed among the pots on the bench, form an excel- lent preventive for the latter. They should also be fumigated frequently, but not strongly, as although the fly may not be detected at first the plants may be infested beneath the young leaves. All Cinerarias are benefltted by applications of manure water, from the time the flower-heads are formed until they open. C. Maritima, a native of the south of Europe, has silvery gray foliage, downy beneath ; it is much used for vases and hanging-baskets, as well as in ribbon gardening, etc. Cinnabar. Scarlet touched with orange. Cinnamo'mum. Cinnamon. Derived from the Arabic kinamon, cinnamon. Nat. Ord. Laura- cece. A genus of evergreen trees, well known as furnishing the Cinnamon of commerce. C. Zeylanicum is largely cultivated in Ceylon for its bark, which furnishes the best Cinnamon. The bark is stripped off the branches, when it rolls up into quills, the smaller of which are introduced within the larger, and then dried in the sun. The thinner the bark is, as a rule, the finer the quality. C. Cassia furnishes the Cassia bark, which is much like Cinnamon, but thicker, coarser, stronger, less delicate in flavor, and cheaper. It is commonly used in the adulteration of Cinnamon. Both species furnish what are known as Cassia buds, which are something like cloves, and, like them, consist of the unexpanded flower buds. 88 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CIN They possess properties similar to those of the bark. There are several other species of this genus that furnish aromatic barks, which are used in flavoring and in medicine. Cinnamon Fern. The popular name of one of our native Ferns, Osmunda Cinnamomea. Cinnamon Root. A common name for Inula Conyza. Cinnamon Tree. See Cinnamomum. Cinnamon Vine. A name given to Dioscorea batatas. Cinque-foil, or Five-Finger. One of the popu- lar names of Poientilla, which see. Circee'a. Enchanter's Nightshade. A classical name, after Circe, a celebrated enchantress, skilled in poisonous herbs. Nat. Ord. Ona- gracece. A small genus of hardy herbaceous peren- nials, of but little interest ; natives of Europe, and naturalized in many parts of this country. Circinal. Kesembling a circle. Circinate. Bent like the head of a crosier, as in the young leaf of a Fern when it begins to grow. Cirrhope'talum. From cirrhus, a tendril, and petalon, a flower leaf; in reference to the strap-shaped petals. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. An extensive genus of small, very curious epiphytal Orchids, natives of tropical Asia and the South Sea Islands. Their flowers are remarkable for having the lateral sepals pro- longed into narrow streamers. From this peculiar feature, and the fact that they occupy but little room, a few of the species have been introduced into the more general collection of Orchids. Propagated by division. Cirrhose. Either furnished witha tendril, as the Grape-vine or the leaves of Gloriosa superba ; or assuming the form and functions of a ten- dril, as the peduncles of Clematis cirrhosa; or where the tendrils are in some way remark- able, as the Nepenthes. Ci'rsium. Common or Plumed Thistle. From kirsos, a swollen vein ; in reference to being pricked by the spines. Nat Ord. Composites. The Thistle family is too well known to need special mention. Two of the more troublesome species, C. lanceolatum, the com- mon Thistle, and C. arvense,the Canada Thistle, are both natives of Europe, though perfectly naturalized in this country. There are many native species, the most conspicuous being C. muticum, Swamp Thistle, a perennial, common in moist woods and swamps, often growing as high as eight feet. This genus is now placed under Cnicus by some botanists. Cissa'mpelos. A genus of Meni&permacece, with the climbing character of the Ivy, kissos of the Greeks, and the clustered fruit of the vine Ampelos. The most important plant of the genus is the Velvet-leaf, or Caapeba, C. Pareira, a native of the West Indies, Central America, and India. The root of this plant furnishes the "Pareira brava" of the drug- gists, much used in medicine. Ci'ssus. From kissos, ivy ; in reference to their scrambling habit. Nat. Ord. Vitacetz. A genus of climbing plants, allied to Vifis. With a few exceptions, they are plants of but little interest to the florist. One of the species, however, C. discolor, is a plant remarkable for CIS the beauty of its foliage, and its adaptation to the hot-house. This species is a native of Java, and was introduced into England in 1854 by Messrs Rollison and Sons, of Tooting, and is described by Mr. Lowe as follows : " The leaves, which are six inches long and two and a half broad, are colored on the upper surface in the richest manner conceivable, the plant rivaling, in its beautiful foliage, the finest of the Ancectochilus family; the color being a rich green, clouded with white, peach, and dark purplish crimson, and covered with a metallic luster. The under side of the leaf is a rich brownish crimson. No description or painting can do justice to the beauty of these superb leaves when in perfection." This plant is a rapid grower, requiring a very rich soil and humid atmosphere, together with a high temperature, to bring it to perfection. It should be grown in a shaded house, and care should be taken not to syringe the plant, as water on the leaves destroys the metallic luster. It is readily increased by cuttings. The leaves are much valued by florists for their various work in baskets, designs, etc. Cista'ceae. A natural order of shrubs or herbs, often viscid, with simple entire leaves and showy flowers, found chiefly in the south of Europe and the north of Africa, and rarely in North or South America. They are usually resinous, and have a balsamic fragrance. Helianthemum vulgare, the common Kock Rose of England, has remarkably irritable stamens, which in sunny weather move on being touched. There are eight genera and about 190 species in this order ; the best known of which are Cislus, Helianthemum and Hudsonia. Cisterns. The superior value of rain-water for plant cultivation and general garden purposes is often overlooked when building green- houses, as it is frequently conducted to drains when accommodation for its reception should be provided in the shape of cisterns. These are generally constructed with stones or brick, and coated inside with cement. Where the ground will admit of it, an excellent and cheap method is to have the sides of the cis- tern sloped as much as the soil will allow, and coat it one inch thick with a mixture of one part cement to three of gravel, finishing with a thin coating of pure cement. This forms a wall which when dry becomes as hard as iron, and will last for years. The size of cisterns should vary according to their intended use. If they are to furnish a daily supply of water, they need not be so large as for keeping asup- ply for summer only. The average depth of rain which falls in this latitude rarely exceeds six to seven inches for two months. The size of the cistern therefore need riot exceed that of a body of water on the whole roof of the building seven inches deep. To ascertain this amount multiply the length by the breadth of the building, reduce this to inches, and divide the product by 231, and the quotient will be gallons for each inch of depth. Multiplying by seven will give the full amount for two months' rain falling upon the roof; divide by 31 J^, the quotient will be barrels. Cisterns intended only for drawing from in times of drought, to hold all the water that may fall, should be about three times the preceding capacity. Ci'stua Rock Rose. From kiste, a box ; in ref- AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. CIT erence to the form of the seed vessel. Nat. Ord Cistacece. A genus of handsome shrubs, few of which are in cultivation. They are natives of south- ern and western Europe, north Africa, and the Canary Islands. Some of the species are elegant shrubs, having terminal flower stalks bearing one or more flowers, resembling in appearance those of the Dog Rose. They sel- dom last more than a few hours after expand- ing, and do not open except in sunny weather. The flowers are either white or rose-colored, with yellow or purplish marks at their base. Some of the species furnish a gum that is used in Turkey as a perfume and for fumigation ; also. supposed to be a specific for the plague. Propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings. Cithare'xylum. Fiddle-wood. From kithara, a lyre, and xylon, wood ; in reference to the supposed fitness of the wood for musical instruments. Nat. Ord. Verbenacece. A genus of tall-growing trees, common from Florida to Brazil. It furnishes a hard, dur- able wood, suited for various purposes in the mechanic arts. Its supposed use in the man- ufacture of musical instruments is a mistake. One of the species is called by the French Fidele, for its durability in building. The English have corrupted the name to Fiddle- wood, by which name it is popularly known. Citrinous. Lemon-colored. Citron. (Citrus medica.) This is by some sup- posed to be the same species as the Lemon ; it is a native of the forests of the north of India, but is extensively cultivated in south- ern Europe. In its wild state the tree grows to the height of about eight feet, erect and prickly, with long reclining branches, in gen- eral appearance resembling the Lemon. The fruit is from six to nine inches in length, ovate, with a protuberance at the top. There are two rinds, the outer thin, with innumera- ble glands, full of a most fragrant oil; the inner thick, white and fungous ; it is this inner rind which is preserved and much used in confections, cake, etc. Citrone'lla. Oil Plant. Andropogon eitratum. Citru'llus. From Citrus, in allusion to the Orange-like fruits. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacece. A small genus of trailing annual or peren- nial herbs. C. colocynthis furnishes the cathar- tic drug Colocynth, or Bitter Apple. C. vul- garis is the well-known Water Melon, which see. Ci'trus. Orange Tree. Derivation of name unknown. Supposed to refer to Citron, a town in Judea. Nat. Ord. Rutacece. The genus Citrus includes the Orange, Lemon, Lime, Citron, Shaddock, etc., all well deserving cultivation, both for their flowers and their fruit, but of which only a few kinds of Oranges and Lemons are generally grown. When grown for ornamental purposes in green-house or rooms, they all thrive well in a mixture of rich loam with a little rotted dung ; but great care is necessary not to over- pot them, or give them too much water when not in a growing state. The different species and varieties are generally propagated by bud- ding, grafting and inarching on the common Lemon, which grows readily from seed. Oranges are also frequently raised from seed ; out unless they are budded or grafted when CLA about two years old, it will be many years before they flower. Orange Trees may also be propagated by cuttings, which are best from the old wood, struck in sand in a gentle bottom heat, and shaded. Plants raised in this manner flower and fruit much sooner than any others, but they scarcely ever attain a large size. Both the Orange and Lemon are such favorites in this country that scarcely a cottage, where a flower-pot or tub can be put into requisition, is without one or the other of these plants. When placed in unsuitable soil and carelessly watered, they seldom remain long in a good state of health. When they become sickly and yellow they should be turned out of the pots, a large portion of the old soil should be shaken from the roots, and they should be repotted in a mixture of fine loamy soil and rotted manure, with about one- fourth of charcoal dust, or powdered charcoal. There are numerous varieties of Oranges and Lemons grown for the fruit. Our markets were formerly supplied from the south of Europe, the Azores and the West Indies. Until within a few years the " Havana" was the most highly esteemed, but the Florida Orange is now the leading variety in the mar- kets. The cultivation of the Orange in Flor- ida commenced previous to 1820, but was carried on only to a limited extent for some years thereafter. From 1830 to 1835 many large groves were planted, nearly all of which were destroyed by the. extraordinary , frost of the latter year. The previous year there were trees at St. Augustine that pro- duced each 14,000 oranges— a handsome rev- enue from a single tree. The dreaded effects of a frost almost entirely discouraged further plantings for a number of years. The culti- vation of the Orange is now attracting greater attention in Florida than ever before. The Indian River country abounds in plantations that are yielding large and profitable crops. Some of the more scientific growers, from careful experiments and close observation, hold the opinion that frosts as severe as those of 1835 will not injure the trees if the precau- tion be taken to shade the trunks from the sun a short time, until the circulation of the sap is fully restored. Lemons, Limes and Shaddocks are also largely grown In Florida. In some parts of Texas and in California the cultivation of these fruits is being rapidly extended. Cladra'stw Yellow Wood. Name of obscure derivation. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. This genus includes several species, none of which are of special interest, excepting C. tinctoria better known, perhaps, as Virgilia lutea, a native species indigenous in eastern Kentucky and southward. It is a small and handsome tree, with a compact, broadly rounded head, leaves compound like those of the Locust, of a light, pleasing green color, changing in autumn to a warm yellow. The flowers appear in June in pendulous racemes of great beauty, pea-shaped, white and fragrant, and are produced in such profusion as almost to clothe the tree, making it a beautiful object for the lawn. It is perfectly hardy, though of slow growth, and commences to flower when only a small shrub. Propagated by cuttings of the roots or by seeds. C. amurensis, the East Indian representative of the foregoing, is a tree reaching the height of forty feet, 90 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CLA bearing pinnate leaves and long, dense racemes of whitish flowers. It is a very orna- mental tree, flowering freely in August, and being quite hardy, is a decidedly useful addi- tion to the shrubbery or lawn. It was intro- duced from the Amoor Valley in 1880. Clammy. Viscid, sticky. Cla'rkia. In honor of Captain Clarke, who accompanied Captain Lewis in his journey to the Rocky Mountains. Nat. Ord. OnagracecB. A genus of hardy annuals, mostly from Cal- ifornia. The whole of the species are indis- pensable to every flower garden where annuals are grown. The first sowing should take place in September ; a few will survive the winter, and afford an early bloom in the following season. The next and principal sowing should be done in March, and a few more put in about the end of April, together with those trans- planted, will continue a fine display through the whole summer. They grow in any soil, so that the situation is open or free from the drip of trees, and merely require to be thinned to about a foot from each other. This rule will apply to nearly all those that are known as "tender annuals." Clary. Salvia Sclarea. A biennial plant of the order Labiates, a native of the south of France, Switzerland and of Italy. It has been under cultivation as a pot-herb, for seasoning soups, since early in the sixteenth century. It is grown in the same manner as the common sage, Salvia officinalis. Clavate. Club-shaped, as where any organ, slender at the base, gradually enlarges to- wards the apex, as the filaments of Thalictrum clavatum. Claw. The long, narrow base of some petals, analogous to the footstalk of leaves, as in Dianthus. Clayto'nia. Spring Beauty. Named after Dr. John Clayton, an early American botanist. Nat. Ord. Portulacacece. A genus of very pretty, hardy plants, of either annual or perennial duration. The for- mer only require to be sown where they are to remain, and the latter succeed when planted in loam without further trouble. Their flowers are either white or pink of various shades. Several tuberous-rooted perennial species are found in moist woods in this country from Virginia westward to California. They do not differ materially from the annual species in flowering, and are worthy of cultivation. Cleavers or Clivers. See Galium. Cleiao'stoma. From Ttleio, to close, and stoma, a mouth ; in allusion to the mouth of the spur being closed. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A genus of East Indian epiphytal orchids, the several species of which, are beautiful plants, although most of them have small flowers, a fact that renders them unpopular with orchid growers. They require the same treatment as the Aerides. Cle'matis. Virgin's Bower. From klema, a vine-branch; in reference to their climbing like a vine. Nat. Ord. Ranunculacece. An extensive genus of handsome twining shrubs, natives of North America, Europe, Japan, and occasionally met with in Australia, Asia, and Africa. C. Virginiana is the well- CLE known Virgin's Bower, a species common in the woods and roadsides of New York south- ward. There are several other species com- mon in this country. C. flammula, the sweet- scented Virgin's Bower, is much admired for its gracefulness, delicious fragrance, and poeti- cal associations. For the many large-flowering varieties we are indebted to Sieboldt and For- tune, who discovered them in Japan. From the several species introduced by them very many varieties have been produced, among which is C. Jackmanii. a variety with large pur- ple flowers, very showy, and deservedly popu- lar. Some of the varieties are pure white, with both double and single flowers. The whole of them are quite hardy, though the young growth should be protected the first winter. They delight in a strong, rich soil, and for climbing up stumps of old trees, training to trellises, covering arbors or verandas, or planting to droop over amongst rock-work, no plants are more suitable or will make a more gorgeous display. Not only are they well adapted for running up all kinds of supports, festooning, etc., but many of the grand hy- brid varieties, are equally suitable for trailing over the surface of the ground, and covering beds, either alone or associated with a few distinct foliaged plants. They are pro- pagated by layering the young shoots in sum- mer or by root grafting on some of our stronger growing native varieties. The shoots of the half-ripened young wood can also be freely rooted by cuttings during the summer months. C. crispa, a native species, is very popular, and deservedly so. The flowers, of medium size, are of beautiful purple, and deliciously fragrant ; a characteristic absent from most of the class. C. coccinea, a recent introduction from Texas, presents us with a new and desirable color. Cleo'me. From kleio, to shut ; in reference to the parts of the flower. Nat. Ord. Ca/pparl- dacecB. An extensive genus, consisting of tropical shrubs, annuals and biennials, which are not suitable for general cultivation. This genus, however, contains several very curious and pretty indigenous annuals, with white, rose, and purple flowers, natives of the Southern and Western States. They are all easy of cultivation. They should be started in a hot- bed, and the plants put out in the open border at the proper season for tender annuals. Clerode'ndron. From kleros, a chance, and dendron, a tree ; said to be owing to the uncertainty of the medicinal qualities. Nat. Ord. Verbenaceoe. It is difficult to conceive more beautiful objects than several members of this genus when well cultivated. Cuttings taken off any time during summer root readily, or in winter in gentle heat, and should be kept in small pots through the succeeding winter, on a shelf or underneath a bench in the green- house. About the first of February repot them, giving them a liberal shift. The soil should be light and very rich. To flower freely, they require frequent shiftings from smaller into larger pots. With this treatment they can be made to bloom continually during the entire season. Old plants can be grown on with occasional shiftings, and make splen- did plants for garden decoration during sum- AND GENERAL HOETICULTUEE. CLE raer. They must, however, be grown in the shade. After flowering, water freely, in order that they may make a good growth ; after which they should have partial sun to ripen the wood. If not wanted for winter flowering, remove the plants in the fall to a light cellar, free from .frost, giving them through the winter just enough water to sustain life. In the spring, when all danger from frost is over, remove the plants to any desired position in the garden or on the veranda for another sea- son of bloom. C. Thompsons, known also as C. Balfourii, introduced from Old Calabar in 1861, has bright crimson flowers disposed in large panicles, with pure white calyxes, is the best and most showy variety, and one we have seen in full bloom a number of years in succession, with the above treatment. It makes a valuable climbing plant for the green- house wheu so desired. Cle'thra. White Alder, Sweet Pepperbush. From klethra, the Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foli- age. Nat. Ord. Ericaceae. A genus of deciduous shrubs, several species of which are common in swamps and low places along our southern coast. C. alnifolia is common in the Middle States, and is remarkable for its sweet-scented flowers, which are borne in terminal racemes in July and August. Like many other of our native plants, it improves by cultivation, and will succeed well in a shrubbery border, however dry. It should be transplanted in early spring. Cleye'ra. Named after Andrew Cleyer, M.D., a Dutch botanist of Batavia. Nat. Ord. Tern- str&miacece. A genus comprising a few Indian and Jap- anese evergreen shrubs with Camellia-like leaves, and small axillary white or yellowish flowers, sometimes sweet-scented. C. Jap- onica tricolor is a very handsome variegated plant, with leathery, obovate, dark-green leaves, obliquely marked with bands of greyish-green, the broad, creamy-white mar- gin, tinged of a bright rose-color, being very conspicuous in the younger foliage. Propa- gated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots. Clia'nthus. Glory Pea. From kleios, glory, and anthos, a flower. Nat. Ord. Lpguminosce. A genus of magnificent, half-hardy shrubs from Australia, remarkable for their showy flowers, which are borne in terminal or axil- lary racemes. C. puniceus, the Parrot's Bill, is a magnificent, half-hardy, shrubby climber, with bright crimson flowers, a native of New Zealand. It grows very freely in rich loam if its roots are allowed sufficient room ; and it generally thrives best when planted against the back wall of a conservatory. Cuttings planted in pots in the autumn, and kept in the shady part of the green-house, will be rooted by spring, when they may be planted in the open border. It is a plant that rarely flowers well in a pot, as it requires abundance of room for its roots, and grows rapidly, with rather succulent snoots, requiring abundance of water during the growing season, and very little at any other time. When grown in the open ground the juicy nature of its roots ren- ders it a favorite food for snails, and when kept in the conservatory or green-house it is very apt to be attacked by the red spider. If CLI these enemies be kept away, and the plant be grown in rich soil, composed of equal parts of loam and thoroughly rotted manure, and well supplied with air, light, and water, with abundance of room for its roots, the rapidity of its growth and the splendor of its flowers will almost surpass belief; but unless these points are attended to, the plant is scarcely worth growing. C. Dampieri, Glory Pea, a species from the desert regions of Australia, is by far the most beautiful of the genus, either for the green-house or the border. Its cultivation is rather difficult. It does not grow to such dimensions as the former, but is of the same habit, and succeeds best when treated as an annual. The flowers are brilliant scarlet, and marked with a black blotch in the center. If the seeds are planted in May in the open border where they are to grow, in a rich, sandy loam, they will make magnificent plants, and flower freely from August until killed by frost. Five degrees of frost will not injure either the plants or the flowers. They will not at any time bear transplanting. Intro- duced in 1852. Climber. A plant that grows upright upon trees, walls, etc., and supports itself by ten- drils or by air-roots ; an example of the for- mer being the Grape Vine (Vitis), and of the latter the Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis). Climbing Fern. See Lygodium scandens. Climbing Fumatory. See Adlumia cirrhosa. Climbing Gentian. The genus Crawfurdia. Climbing Hempweed. See Mikania scandens. Climbing Hydrangea. See Hydrangea scandens. The name is also applied to Schizophragma Hydrangeoides. Clinto'nia. Named in honor of De Witt Clin- ton, at one time governor of the State of New York. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. Very beautiful and interesting stemless perennials, with creeping root-stocks, admir- ably adapted for the herbaceous border. They are found in rich woods from New York, southward, along the Alleghanies; one species, with deep rose-colored flowers is found in California. The genus very com- monly known as Clintonia (Douglas), belonging to Lobeliacece, is more properly called Dow- ningia, as the Clintonia of Raftnesque has priority over that of Douglas. See Downingia. Clito'ria. Blue Pea, Butterfly Pea. From kleio, to shut up ; in reference to its seeding within the flower long before the flower drops off. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. Very handsome hot-house climbers, of graceful habit, the majority producing large, highly-colored flowers. C. ternatea, Syn. Ternatea vulgaris, introduced from India in 1739, is perhaps the finest, its lovely blue flowers receiving universal admiration. The whole of the perennial species succeed in rich loam, the annual kinds require the ordi- nary treatment of tender annuals. C. Mariana has a curious distribution, being found in the Southern States and Mexico, and appearing again in the Khasia Mountains in India, without being found in any intervening place. Propagated by cuttings or seeds. Cli'via. Named after a Duchess of Northumber- land, a member of the Clive family. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacece. 92 HENDEESON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CLO Olivia nobilis, the only species, is a robust growing plant, which, once established, is very prolific of flowers. It grows well in sandy loam, if allowed the warmest part of the green-house, or a cool shelf in the hot- house. Its flowers, which are produced in a pendulous umbel, are of a delicate flesh color throughout the greater part of the tube, heightening to a deep red over the limb, the segments of which are bright green. It is increased by division of the roots. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. Introduced in 1823. Syn. Imantophyllum Aitoni. Cloud-Berry. See Rubus Chamazmorus. Cloud Grass. A common name for Agrostis nrbulosa. Clover. The common name for Trifolium, especially applied to the kinds cultivated for hay and pasture. Cloves. The small bulbs formed within the mother-bulb of certain plants; such as garlic. Clove Tree. Caryophyllus aromaticus. The Cloves of commerce are the dried unexpanded flower buds. Club-moss. The common name of Lycopodium clavatum. Club Root. A disease of the most destructive character, which frequently attacks Cabbage, Cauliflower, and other plants of the Brassica tribe. There is a great deal of misconception as to what is the cause of Club Hoot, it being attributed variously to wet land, dry land, hog manure, and several other causes that have got nothing to do with it whatever. All observ- ing horticulturists who have had experience in the cultivation of Cabbage or Cauliflower, in any vicinity where there is an oyster shell deposit, know that the Club Boot is never seen in any soil wherein there is an admixture of oyster shells. Thousands of acres on the shores of the Atlantic coast, on Long Island and in New Jersey, have just such soils, and there Cabbage crops have been grown for upward of fifty years successively without a sign of this disease ; while in other soils only a few hundred yards distant, but having no mixture of oyster shell in the soil, it is found that Cabbages cannot be grown successively on the same soil without being attacked by Club Root. The inference is, therefore, plain, that the insect causing the disease called Club Hoot cannot exist in contact with the lime of the oyster shell ; for that the disease is caused by an insect is well proven, as it is found that the excrescence known as Club Boot, when examined, is found to contain a small, whitish, grub-like larva. It is evident that the grow- ing crop of Cabbage invites in some way the perfect insect ; for it is found, that if Cabbage is planted for the first time on new soil, it is rarely attacked by Club Boot, while if planted the next year on the same soil, if lime is not present, it is almost certain to be attacked ; and for this reason it is fair to presume that the perfect insect, allured by the Cabbage crop, deposits its eggs in the soil, which re- main undeveloped until the next season, when they are hatched and attack the roots of the Cabbage plants, and thus bring on the disease. As an evidence of the correctness of this belief, we never fail to find, for example, if we plant alongside of each other, a crop of COB Cabbage and a crop of Potatoes or Beets, that if the succeeding year we plant the whole with Cabbage, the part only that was planted with Cabbage the year before will be af- fected by Club Boot, and the parts planted with Potatoes or Beets will escape. From our ex- perience that Cabbage planted in soils mixed with oyster shells is exempt from Club Boot, it is evident that the lime in the oyster shells is the agent destructive to the insect ; there- fore, in soils having no oyster shells, we have found if air-slacked lime is put on at the rate of 150 bushels to the acre after plowing, and well harrowed in, so as to mix it with the soil, that it in most cases will destroy the larvse which causes Club Boot. We have also found, from its containing large quantities of lime, that Bone Dust, used as a fertilizer at the rate of one to two tons per acre, is another almost certain antidote against Club Boot. We would advise the use of lime after all plowing, but the Bone Dust should only be put on be- fore the crop is planted in spring. Club-rush or Bulrush. The common name of the genus Scirpus, a common marsh plant ; also applied to Typha lalifolia. Clu'sia. Balsam Tree. Named in honor of Clusius of Atrois, author of Historia Plan- tarium, and many other works, 1526-1609. Nat. Ord. Guttiferce. A genus of evergreen trees or shrubs, often epiphytal, peculiar to tropical America, and growing in very humid hot places. Nearly sixty species are enumerated, many of which yield resin from the flowers, as well as from the trunks and branches. Clustered. Where numerous similar parts are collected in a close, compact manner, as in the flowers of Cuscula. Cni'cus Benedictus. Blessed Thistle. An annual herb, with smoothish, clasping, scarcely pinnatifid cut leaves, and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. Native of Europe, scarcely naturalized southwards. The genus Cirsium, is included in the genus by some botanists. Cobae'a. Named in honor of B. Cobo, a Spanish botanist. Nat. Ord. Polemoniacece. The two known species of these plants are elegant, fast-growing climbers, which may be grown in the green-house, the conservatory, or the garden in summer, where, from their rapid development, they are particularly desirable for covering walls, arbors, or other objects of a similar nature. It is preferable to treat them as annuals. The seed should be sown in March, in light, rich soil, on a gentle heat. The young plants should be potted separately into small pots, as soon as they can be handled with safety, using the same kind of soil, and, after being gradually inured to the temperature they are likely to be subject to in their after growth, may finally, when about a foot in height, be placed where they are to remain. It is sel- dom that seed is matured in the open air, but in a green-house or conservatory it is pro- duced abundantly. C. scandens, the species in general cultivation, is a native of Mexico, and was introduced in 1792. A white flowered variety of C. scandens originated here in 1872, and one with variegated leaves in 1874. CLIANTHUS DAMHEBI. COFFEA (COFFEE PLANT). COIX LACHKYM.E. OOCO8 WEDDELLIANA. COB.EA 8CANDENS. COCO8 NTICIFEHA (COCOA-NUT PALM). COLEU8 (VARIETIES OF). AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 93 COB Cobu'rgia. Named after Prince Leopold of Saxe- Coburg, now King of Belgium. Nat. Ord. AmaryllidacecB. An interesting genus of half-hardy bulbs from South America, (mostly from Peru), requiring the same treament as Sprckelia formosissima. The flowers are mostly scarlet and very showy. They require a strong, rich soil. Propagated by offsets. Introduced in 1826, but rarely seen except in botanical col- lections. Coca. See Erythroxylon. Cocci'neus. A pure carmine color, slightly tinged with yellow. Cocci'nia. Derivation of name not given. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacece. G. Indica, the only species and formerly called Momordica monadelphia, is a climbing shrub, common in the hedges of India. It has large white flowers. The fruit is oblong, marked with ten white lines. When ripe it is of a red color, and is used by the natives in their sauces. The leaves and other parts of the plants are used in medicine. Coccocy'pselum. From Itokkos, fruit, and kypsele, a vase ; referring to the form of the berries. Nat. Ord. Rubiacem. A. small genus of soft- wooded trailing plants from the West Indies and Central America. C. repena is interesting from its bluish-purple berries. As a genus, they do not occupy a prominent place either as ornamental or use- ful plants. Coccolo'ba. Sea-side Grape. From kokkoa, a berry, and lobos, a lobe ; in reference to the fruit. Nat. Ord. Polygonacece. Most of this genus are tropical evergreen trees, interesting and beautiful, but too large for ordinary green-house culture. C. platy- clada is a dwarf sp>ecies, with curious flat stems, growing from five to ten feet high. It succeeds well planted in an ordinary flower border, and is useful in filling large vases and rustic tubs, or for planting in rock-work. It is propagated freely by cuttings. The flowers are small and white, produced at the axils of the leaves. The correct name of this plant is now given as Muehlenbeckia platyclada, which see. Co'cculus. Derived from kokkos, the systematic name of the Cochineal ; given to this genus because most of the species bear scarlet berries. Nat. Ord. Menispermacece. An extensive genus of climbing shrubs, re- markable for their medicinal properties. With one exception the species are all natives of the East Indies. C. Carolinus, common in woods and thickets from North Carolina to Florida, is a very handsome climber, remarka- ble for its racemes of white flowers, which are succeeded by clusters of bright scarlet ber- ries, that remain on the vine all winter. This is one of the most beautiful climbers under cultivation, and will succeed well where there is not more than ten or twelve degrees of frost. It is increased by cuttings or from seeds. Syn. Wendlandia. Co'cculus Indicus, Plant. See Anamirta (Me- nispermum) cocculus. Co'chlearia. From cochlear, a spoon ; the leaves of most species are hollowed, like the bowl of a spoon. Nat. Ord. Cruciferce, COG A genus of annual or perennial herbs, usu- ally smooth and fleshy. There are about twenty-five species widely distributed over the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere. C. ojficinalis is the Scurvy Grass, valuable as an anti-scorbutic. C. Armoracea is the Horse Radish, which see. Cochleate. Twisted in a short spire, resem- bling the convolutions of a snail-shell, as the pod of Medicago cochleata, or the seed of Salicornia. Cochlioste'ma. From cochlios, spiral, and sterna, a stamen. Nat. Ord. Commelynacece. A genus of green-house perennials allied to Tradescantia, natives of Brazil. They are rather curious in form, having contracted stems and tufted leaves, like those of a Bromelia. The flowers are blue, and borne on branched clusters. Of the two species in cultivation, one is small and the other, C. Jacobianum, is very large and showy, equally valuable from a horticultural point of view, as it is interesting from its peculiar structure. They are increased by division. Introduced in 1866. Cockle. The common name of Lychnis Oithago, a troublesome weed in grain fields. Intro- duced from Europe. Cocklebur or Clotbur. The popular name of Xanthium, a coarse annual weed, common on the sea-coast, especially southward. Cockscomb. See Celosia. Cock's-Foot Grass. Dactylis glomerata. Cock's-Spur Thorn. Cratcegus Crus-galli. Cocoanut. The nut of Cocoa nucifera, which see. Cocos. Cocoanut Tree. From the Portuguese word, coco, a monkey ; in reference to the end of the nut resembling the head of the monkey. Nat. Ord. Palmacece. C. nucifera, the well-known Cocoanut Tree, is the type of this genus of Palms, to which, in addition, about a dozen other species be- long. They mostly form tall, graceful trees, and the majority of them are natives of the tropical regions of America, one only, the common Cocoanut, being found in Asia or Africa. The trees grow to a great height, with a straight trunk, and, like almost every species of the Palm tribe, without branches. The leaves are from twelve to fifteen feet long. The flowers come out round the top of the trunk in large clusters, inclosed in a sheath, and the nuts succeed them, commonly ten or twelve together. There are few trees more extensively or variously useful. The leaves are employed as thatch to cover houses, and to make mats either for sitting or lying upon. The leaf, when reduced to fine 'fibers, is the material of which beautiful and costly carpets are made for those in the higher ranks ; the coarse fibers are made into brooms. After these useful materials are taken from this leaf, the stem still remains, which is about three inches thick, and furnishes fire- wood. The wood of this Palm, when fresh cut, is spongy, but becomes hard after being seasoned, and assumes a dark brown color. On the top of the tree a large shoot is pro- duced, which, when boiled, resembles Broc- coli, but is said to be of a more delicate taste ; and though much liked, is seldom used by 94 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS COD the natives, because, on cutting it off, the pith is exposed, and the tree dies. Between this cabbage like shoot and the leaves there spring several buds, from which, on making an in- cision, there distills a juice differing but little from water, either in color or consistence. It is the employment of a certain class of men to climb to the top of the trees in the evening, with earthen pots tied to their waists, which they fix there to receive the juice, which is regularly carried away before the sun has had any influence upon it. This liquid is sold at the bazaars by the natives under the name of toddy. After being kept a few hours it begins to ferment, acquires a sharp taste, and a slightly intoxicating quality, in which state it is drank by the natives and poorer classes with avidity. It is also used as yeast, for which it forms an excellent substitute. By boiling it a coarse kind of sugar is obtained ; and by distillation it yields a strong, ardent spirit, which is sold at a low price, constitut- ing it a most pernicious beverage. The outside rind or husk of the fruit yields the fiber from which the well-known Cocoanut matting is manufactured. In order to obtain it the husks are soaked in salt water for six or twelve months, when the fibre is easily sepa- rated by beating, and is made up into a coarse kind of a yarn called coir. Besides its use for matting, it is extensively used in the manu- facture of heavy cordage for ship's cables. It is also used for various kinds of brushes, and for stuffing mattresses, cushions, etc. The next important product of the fruit is the oil, which is procured by boiling and pressing the white Kernel or albumen of the nut. It is liquid at the ordinary temperature in tropical countries, and while fresh is used in cooking. By the time the nuts reach this country the albumen is solid, and has frequently a rancid smell or taste. When green, or first gathered, this substance is easily separated by pressure into what is termed stearine, which is made into candles, and a very good oil, used for burning in lamps. As an article of food the kernel is of the greatest importance to the in- habitants of the tropics. In the Laccadives it forms the chief food, each person consuming four nuts per day, and the fluid, commonly called milk, affords them an agreeable be- verage. While young they yield a delicious substance resembling blanc-mange. As the nut ripens, the milk is gradually absorbed, or hardens into the white, fleshy substance that we find when we receive them. The Cocoa- nuts brought to this market are chiefly from Central America, where they are gathered from the interior by the natives, brought to the coast, and sold to dealers who make that trade a specialty. Cocos Weddelliana, intro- duced from South America, is the most orna- mental of this group, and one of the most graceful Palms in cultivation. For dinner- table decoration there is no Palm to compare with it. It is very dwarf, with finely-divided foliage, which is recurved with exquisite grace. It deserves a place in the smallest collection of plants. The Cocos are all pro- pagated from seed, and require a temperature of about 70" for the germination of the seed and the growth of the plants. Codiee'um. From Codebo, the Malayan name for one of the species. Nat. Ord. Euphorbi- acece. COF By a number of authorities, the greater part of the plants known and described as Crotons, are placed under this genus. They have doubtless all originated from two or three species, and though popularly known as Cro- tons, belonging, as they do, to a different sec- tion of EuphorbiacecB, they should come under this genus. Codlins and Cream. A popular name of the flowers of the Narcissus Incomparabilis ; also for Epilobium hirsutum. Coelia. From koilos, hollow ; in allusion to the pollen masses. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A genus of very*curious and pretty stove- house orchids, natives of the West Indies and Guatemala. C. Baueriana has pretty, sweet- scented white flowers, and has been in culti- vation since 1790. Coelo'gyne. From koilos, hollow, and gyne, a female ; in reference to the female organ or pistil. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. An extensive genus of very beautiful Orchids, natives of sub-tropical Asia. Most of the species are great favorites with Orchid grow- ers, on account of their remarkable flowers, which are produced in great numbers with but very little care or trouble. C. cristata, one of the finest of the genus, has beautiful ivory- white flowers with a blotch of yellow on the lip. " This is a magnificent species, which any one having a green-house can grow. Of late years it has been grown in great perfection, and it is as easy to have plants a foot or more in diameter, producing hundreds of flowers, as it is to grow Verbenas. Give plenty of water when growing, free circulation of warm air, and not too much heat." — Rand. It may be grown in moss in pots, and is propagated by division. Introduced in 1837. Coffe'a. Coffee Tree. From Coffee, the name of a province in Narea, in Africa, where it grows in abundance. Nat. Ord. Rubiacece. The coffee of commerce is the fruit of an evergreen shrub, or low-growing tree, rarely attaining a height of twenty feet, which it will only acquire under the most favorable con- ditions of soil and climate, the usual height being from ten to twelve feet. All of our coffee is the fruit of one species. Some botanists, however, claim there are two; but the opinion that the different sorts are merely varieties, resulting from toil, climate, and mode of culture, is the one generally enter- tained. C. Arabica, the parent of the numer- ous varieties in cultivation, is a native of Arabia Felix and Ethiopia, and was first intro- duced to the notice of Europeans by Ban- wolfius in 1573 ; but Alpinus, in 1591, was the first one who scientifically described it. The Dutch were the first to introduce the plant into Europe. Having procured some berries at Mocha, which wore carried to Batavia, and there planted, a specimen was sent to Amster- dam, in the year 1690, by Governor Wilson, where it bore fruit, and produced many young plants. From these the East Indies, and most of the gardens of Europe, were furnished. In 1714 a plant was presented by the magistrates of Amsterdam to the French King, Louis XIV. This plant was placed at Marley, under the care of the celebrated Jussieu, who afterward gave a plant to Desclieux, a young officer in the French navy, who took it to Martinique, from which the extensive plantations of the AND GENEKAL HORTICULTURE. 95 COF French West Indies were established, and whence were also derived all the coffee plants in Mexico and South America. The use of coffee was known in Arabia, where the plant is supposed to have been indigenous, long before the periods mentioned. All authorities agree in ascribing its introduction to Megal- leddin, a Turkish doctor of divinity, of Aden, in Arabia Felix, who had become acquainted with it in Persia, and had recourse to it medicinally when he returned to his own country. The progress which it made was by no means rapid at first, and it was not until the year 1554 that coffee was publicly sold in Constantinople. Its use had, in the mean- while, been much checked by authority of the Syrian government, on the ground of its alleged intoxicating qualities ; but more prob- ably because of its leading to social and fes- tive meetings incompatible with the strictness of the Mahommedan discipline. A similar persecution attended the use of coffee soon after its introduction into the capital of Tur- key, where the ministers of religion, having made it the subject of solemn complaint that the rnosques were deserted while the coffee- houses were crowded, these latter were shut up by order of the mufti, who employed the police of the city to prevent any one from drinking coffee. This provision it was found impossible to establish, so that the govern- ment, with a strict eye to business, laid a tax upon the sale of the beverage, which produced a large revenue. The Turks are most invet- erate coffee-drinkers, a fact that may in a great measure be accounted for by the strict prohibition which the Moslem religion lays against the use of wine and spirituous liquors. So necessary was coffee at one time considered among the Turks, that the refusal to supply it in moderate quantities to a wife was reckoned among the legal causes for divorce. Coffee cannot be cultivated to advantage in a cli- mate where the temperature at any time descends below fifty-five degrees of Fahren- heit. The trees thrive best in new soils on a gentle slope, where water will not lodge about the roots. In exposed situations it is necessary to plant rows of tall trees, at proper intervals, to moderate the scorching heat of the sun. From Ellis' History of Coffee we learn the following facts : " It is well known that coffee raised in the West Indies does not equal in flavor that produced in Arabia and other parts of the East ; and it is commonly imagined that this inferiority is principally owing to local causes, and is, therefore, inca- pable of being remedied. The seed of the West Indian coffee, from growing in a richer soil and more humid atmosphere, is larger than that of Arabia; though there is reason for believing that the superior quality of Turkey and East Indian coffee is not altogether to be referred to the influences of soil and climate, but depends, in part at least, upon the age to which the seeds are kept before they are brought into consumption. Trees planted in a light soil, and in a dry situation, produce smaller berries, which have a better flavor than those grown in rich, flat, and moist soils. The weight of produce yielded by the latter is, however, double that obtained from the for- mer. The drier the soil and the warmer the situation, the better will be the coffee pro- duced, and the sooner it will acquire a flavor." COL He says further: "The more common or poorest quality of South American coffee will, in the course of ten or fifteen years, be as good, and have as high a flavor, as the best we now have from Turkey; but due care should be taken to keep it in a dry place, and to preserve it properly. Small-grained coffee, produced in a dry soil and warm situation, will be matured in three years. The trees begin bearing when they are two years old ; in their third year they are in their full bear- ing. The produce of a good tree is from one and a half to two pounds. The aspect of a coffee plantation during the period of flower- ing is very interesting. In one night the blossoms expand so profusely as to give the trees the appearance of being covered with snow. This period lasts but one or two days. " The amount of labor required to secure a crop of coffee is very great, and is chiefly performed by negroes. When the trees are in full bear- ing, an industrious man will pick three bushels of berries in a day, and each bushel of ripe berries will yield ten pounds of merchantable coffee. Two systems are employed in curing coffee : A common plan is to expose the ber- ries to the sun in layers of from five to six inches deep, which will cause the pulp to fer- ment in a few days, after which it takes about three weeks to dry sufficiently for the husks to be separated from the seeds by a mill. Other planters remove the pulp as soon as gathered, by a mill constructed for the pur- pose, which bruises the berries and separates the pulp by washing, after which it is dried in the sun, and the husks removed, as in the for- mer process. Cohering. Connected. Cohosh. A popular name for Actwa spicata. Cohosh. Blue. A name applied to Caulophyllum thalictroides. Coix. Job's Tears. A name applied by Theo- phrastus to a reed-leaved plant. Nat. Ord. Graminacece. A genus of perennial grasses that succeed well under ordinary cultivation in the garden. C. lachryma, a native of the East Indies, from whence introduced in 1596, will do well treated as an annual. It is considerably grown for its seeds, which are popularly known as Job's Tears. Mothers, in the last century, thought their children could not be safely carried through teething without a string of Job's Tears around their necks. Cola. The native name. Nat. Ord. Sterculiacece. C. acuminata, the only cultivated species, was introduced from tropical Africa in 1868, under the name of Cola, Kola or Goora nuts. The seeds of this tree are universally used as a condiment by the natives of western and cen- tral tropical Af rica,and likewise by the negroes in the West Indies and Brazil, by whom the tree has been introduced into those countries. They are also used in medicine, and to render putrid water wholesome. At the present writ- ing (1889) much interest is exhibited in this nut as an ingredient in a new condensed form of rations for military purposes, combining, it is claimed, two special advantages of great importance. First, its bulk and weight being very much less than those" of ordinary rations, it is much more easy to carry on a forced march, thus relieving the marching force of 96 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS COL the impediment of a food-supply train, and secondly, that it greatly increased both the muscular strength and wind of the soldier so that he could march more rapidly and steadily and not become so easily tired out or dis- couraged. It has also been ascertained that horses like it, which is a very important point, and that its alimentary power is equal to that of twice its weight in oats, and that it plainly exerts an exciting action on the nerves and muscles of the horses. M. Elisee Eeclus, in several parts of his " Nouvelle Geographic Universelle," mentions the Kola nut. He states that the tree is held sacred by the natives, who, by using it, are enabled "to stand hunger and thirst for a long while, and be shielded against fevers." There are two kinds of the tree. One bears white and the other red nuts. If the former are sent by a chief they mean peace, if the latter, war and the shedding of blood. When in 1879, two French explorers, Moustier and Zerafel, who were trying to find the head- waters of the Niger, arrived in sight of the hills from which this great Soudanese river emerges, and were within four miles of the main source, they had to come to a bait. The negro sovereign of that region forbade them to advance any nearer and sent them a red Kola nut, as a token that if they disregarded his notification to stop, blood would flow. The French Alpine Club uses the Kola nut, and recommends it to mountain climbers. No doubt it might often be made to serve a good purpose in our country. Colax. From Colax, a parasite. Nat. Ord. Orchidacece. A. tmall genus of very beautiful Orchids, taken from Maxillaria. They are natives of Brazil and may be grown in moss and in mod- erate heat. Lycaste was formerly included in this genus. Co'lchicum. Meadow Saffron. Named after Colchis, its native country, in Asia Minor. Nat. Ord. Melanthacece. A. hardy bulbous-rooted plant, which will grow well in the border. The flowers come up through the ground without the leaves in autumn, and closely resemble those of the Crocus. The leaves do not appear till the following spring, and great care should be taken of them, as, if they should be injured so as to prevent them from exercising their proper functions in maturing the sap, the bulb will not flower the next autumn. The genus is universally poisonous and is valued for its medicinal properties. Cold Frame. This is the term used for the low glass structure in use for protecting such plants as are not sufficiently hardy to with- stand the winter in the Northern States. They are used to protect Cabbage, Cauliflower, Let- tuce, Parsley, etc., among vegetables, and Violets, Pansies, Daisies, Primroses, Carna- tions, Auriculas, etc., among flowers. The boxes or frames used are simply two boards, running parallel with each other, and nailed to posts to secure them in line, the one at the back or north side being ten to twelve inches in height, and that for the front, or south side, being seven or eight inches, which gives pitch enough to carry off the rain and to catch the sun's rays. The width between these lines of boards should be enough to take the length of COL a six-foot sash, which is the most convenient size. All the plants of the character above- named can be protected in the district of New York, where the thermometer rarely falls lower than 8° below zero, with the glass alone ; but in colder sections the protection of light shutters in addition, over the glass, will be necessary. In the Southern States, in dis- tricts where the thermometer never falls lower than 15° above zero, many of the har- dier green-house plants, such as Fuchsias, Geraniums, Azaleas, Camellias, Verbenas, Abutilons, etc., may be kept equally well in cold frames, as our so-called hardy plants are kept at the north. Cold Grapery. See Vitis. Cold Pits. Are identical with cold frames, except than an excavation of from two to four feet is made below the general level of the ground, so as to admit of larger plants being placed in them. The sunken pit, however, is a better protection than the cold frame on the surface ; for, when sunk to the depth of two or three feet, and covered with glass, it will resist a much heavier frost than the frames on the surface. Care must be taken that both cold frames and cold pits are well drained, either from the nature of the soil, or otherwise, as water standing in them would be destructive to the plants, whether planted in the soil or growing in pots. Co'lea. Named after General Cole, Governor of the Mauritius. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacece. There is but one species of this genus, which is found in Madagascar, Mauritius, and the adjacent islands. It is an exceedingly ornamental green-house shrub, producing large clusters of bright yellow flowers in August and September. Propagated by cut- tings. Introduced in 1839. Coleone'ma. A beautiful genus of Rutacece, from the Cape of Good Hope, related to Diosma, and consisting of very ornamental heath-like shrubs with sharp linear leaves and white flowers. Of the four known species C. Album is the most showy and best known. Coleus. From koleos, a sheath; referring to the way the bottom of the stamens or anther threads are combined. Nat. Ord. Labiatce. This somewhat extensive genus are natives of Asia and Africa. It consists of annuals, sometimes perennials, and rarely shrubs, but none of value as flowering plants but of gen- eral use in ribbon gardening, massing, or any situation where striking effect is wanted. From the original species many varieties, remarkable for their beautiful foliage, have been produced by florists. They are readily propagated by cuttings. The species were introduced about 1825. Colewort. A name applied to varieties of the Cabbage before the hearts become solid. Colic Root. See Aletris. Coliseum Ivy. See Linaria. Colla'iiia. Derivation of name unknown. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidaceoi A beautiful free-flowering green-house per- ennial, allied to Alstrcameria, which it resem- bles. The species are natives of Peru and will do well in this climate with the protection of a frame. The flower stems are eiect, some- what rigid, slightly curved at the top, and AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 97 COL terminated with an umbel of large, pendulous flowers, upward of two inches long; sepals orange red, tipped with black ; petals yellow, tipped with green. Propagated by offsets. Collar. The ring upon the stipe of an Agaric. Also applied to the neck or line of junction between the root and stem of a tree, etc. Collards. (Brassica oleracea.) This is a curled- leafed variety of Cabbage grown for " greens," but mostly in the Southern States. It attains a height of from six to eight feet. This stem is an inch and a half to two inches in diameter, and is used to a considerable extent in Europe for making light walking canes. Colle'tia. Named after M. Collet, a French botanical writer. Nat Ord. Rhamnacece. A genus of singular shrubs inhabiting Chili, Peru and Mexico. They are much branched, and scantily furnished with minute leaves, having spines which stand at right angles with the stem in alternate pairs. The flowers are yellow or white, and are produced in axill- ary clusters. The species are but half-hardy in this latitude. Colli'nsia. In honor of Z. Collins, Vice-Presi- dent of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacece. A genus of free-flowering Californian annu- als of great beauty, and deserving of culti- vation, being well adapted for massing and for mixed borders. For massing, the seed should be sown thick, so as to thin out to four inches apart, which will give the bed an ap- pearance of a solid mass. For this purpose the dwarf species are to be preferred, the taller ones being more suitable for mixed borders. There is a great variety of color, white, purple and crimson predominating. First introduced in 1826. Collinso'nia. Horse-Balm. Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus, who introduced it into England. Nat. Ord. Labia- te. A genus of strong-scented perennial herbs, common throughout the United States. None of the species has any special merit that would warrant its cultivation. Collo'mia. From kallo, glue ; referring to the glue which surrounds the seeds. Nat. Ord. Polemoniacece. A genus of hardy annuals from California. They are showy plants, but too coarse and weedy in appearance to entitle them to a place in choice collections. They grow readily from seed, and when once planted need no care except to exterminate the sur- plus quantity. Coloca'sia. Elephant's Ear. From kolokasia, the Greek for the root of an Egyptian plant. Nat. Ord. Aroidece. An interesting genus closely allied to the Caladium, most of the species being known under that name. C. macrorhiza is a beautiful green-house plant, remarkable for the bold and distinct markings of the foliage, consist- ing of light green and pure white. C. odorata has large cordate leaves, with rounded lobes, and forms a stem-like root, and a stock often two feet or more in height. It is an excellent plant for summer decoration. C. esculenta is a favorite plant for single specimens on the lawn, or for borders of a sub-tropical group, in COL a deep, rich soil. If freely watered, the leaves will sometimes grow four feet in length by three feet in width. This species and C. an- tiquorum are grown extensively in the Sand- wich Islands for food, and are called by the natives Taro, the root being eaten like Pota- toes, and the leaves cooked like Spinach. The roots are also eaten by the negroes in the Southern States, and are called by them Tan- yah. See Taro. Co'locynth. Cucumis (Citrullus) Colocynthus. This is one of the gourd family inhabiting various parts of Turkey, although it is not well ascertained in what country it is indigen- ous. It is an annual trailing and climbing plant, like the garden cucumber. The fruit is a round gourd, about the size of an orange, divided into three cells, abounding with a pulpy matter, and containing numerous seeds. The pulp is exceedingly bitter ; a decoction of this pulp in water, and then evaporated, forms the well-known extract of Colocynlh. Cologa'nia. In honor of the family of M. Cologan, of Port Oratavo, in Teneriffe, from whom the men of science, visiting that island, experienced the greatest hospitality. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. A small genus of evergreen climbers, allied to the Clitoria, and requiring the same treat- ment. The flowers are of a lively purple, generally in pairs at the axils of the leaves. They are natives of Mexico. Introduced in 1827. Color, Colored. Botanically, this term is used to denote any color except green. In technical botany white is regarded as a color, but green is not. Color in Flowers, The Law of. This matter is referred to in the hope that it may be the means of saving some readers, not only from being duped and swindled by a class of itinerant venders who annually reap a rich harvest in disposing of impossibilities in flowers, but that they may be assured of the utter improbability of their ever seeing such wonders as these fellows offer, thereby saving them from parting with money for worthless objects, and from the ridicule of their friends who are already better advised. This subject cannot be too often brought before our amateur horticulturists. Warnings are given year after year in leading agricultural and other journals devoted to gardening, yet a new crop of dupes is always coming up, who readily fall victims to the scoundrels who live upon their credulity. Not a season passes but some of these swindling dealers have the audacity to plant themselves right in the business centres of our large cities, and hun- dreds of our sharp business men glide smoothly into their nets. The very men who will chuckle at the misfortunes of a poor rustic when he falls into the hands of a mock auctioneer, or pocketbook dropper, will freely pay ten dollars for a rose plant of which a picture has been shown them as having a blue flower; the chance of its coming blue being about equal to the chance that the watch of the mock auctioneer will be gold. It has long been known among the best ob- servers of such matters, that in certain families of plants particular colors prevail, and that in no single instance can we ever ex- pect to see blue, yellow, and scarlet colors in HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS COL varieties of the same species. If anyone at all conversant with plants will bring any family of them to mind, it will at once be seen how undeviating is this law. In the Dahlia we have scarlet and yellow, but no approach to blue, and so in the Hose, Hollyhock, etc. Again, in the Verbena, Sal via, etc., we have scarlet and blue, but no yellow! In the Hyacinth we have blue and a fairly good yellow, but no scarlet. Some have contended that in this family we have the combination, for of course we have crimson ; but crimson is not scarlet any more than blue is purple. If we reflect it will be seen that there is nothing out of the order of Nature in this ar- rangement. We never expect to see among our poultry, with their varied but sombre plumage, any assume the azure hues of our spring Blue-bird or the dazzling tints of the Oriole ; why, then, should we expect Nature to step out of what seems her fixed laws, and give us a blue Hose, a blue Dahlia, or a yellow Verbena? Colt's Foot. See Tussilago. Columbine. See Aquilegia. Columbo. American. See Frasera. Column. The combined stamens and styles forming a solid central body, as in Orchids, etc. Colu'mnea. Named after Fabius Columna, an Italian nobleman. Nat. Ord. Gesneracece. A small genus of curious and beautiful green- house plants, natives of New Grenada. The species are divided between climbers and shrubs. The flowers of the climbers are mostly yellow and orange ; of the shrubs, rose and purple. They are propagated by cuttings, and should be carefully watered. They will grow on blocks of wood, with moss, sus- pended in the green-house. Introduced in 1850. Colu'tea. Bladder-senna. From kokmtea, a name adopted from Theophrastus. Nat. Ord. Leguminosce. C. arborescens, the common bladder-senna, is a hardy deciduous shrub, with delicate Acacia-like leaves of a warm light-green color. Its flowers are small, butterfly-shaped, and yellow, produced in July or August, and are followed by large bladder- like pods, of a reddish tinge when ripe, which explode with a slight pressure. It is a native of the south of Europe, and is said to grow on the crater of Vesuvius, where there is little other vege- tation. It is increased by suckers or from seed. Combreta'ceae. A natural order of trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves without stipules. They are natives of the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and America. Some of the plants are cultivated for orna- ment, and others furnish timber. They have astringent qualities, Terminalia Bellerica and T. Chebula yielding the astringent fruit called Myrobalan. The bark of Bucida Bitceras is used for tanning. There are twenty-three known genera and upward of 200 species. Combretum, Terminalia, and Oyrocarpus illus- trate the order. Combre'tum. An ancient name adopted from Pliny. Nat. Ord. Combretacece. This genus contains several species, all re- markable for the elegance and brilliant colors COM of the flowers, which are produced in large panicles. They are desirable for covering the roof or columns of an extensive hot-house, and they grow well in a mixture of leaf mould and loam, requiring to be pruned back closely every winter, as it is on the young wood only that flowers are produced. Most of the species are from South America and Africa. Propa- gated by cuttings of well-ripened wood. The plant known as C. purpureum is now placed under Poivrea, which see. Comespe'rma. From kome, hair, and sperma, a seed ; in reference to the seeds being enveloped with hairs. Nat. Ord. Polygalacece. A small genus of green-house evergreen herbs or shrubs, natives of Australia. Their handsome flowers of yellow, white, or purple, borne on terminal or axillary racemes, make them desirable plants. They are easily grown in an ordinary green-house. Propagated by cuttings. Comfrey. See Symphytum. Commeli'na. Day Flower. Named after J. and G. Commelin, famous Dutch botanists. Nat. Ord. Commelinacece. An extensive genus of annuals and peren- nials, hardy and green-house trailers, found throughout the Southern States and in South America. It is only the hardier species that can now be considered worth cultivation. C. cozlestis forms an excellent border plant. Its flowers are blue, of a brighter shade than perhaps is to be found elsewhere in the whole range of vegetable forms. The tubers of this plant should be taken up in winter, and, in- deed, receive the treatment of Dahlias, except that they do not require to be placed in any elevated temperature to indu -e them to start into growth. The annual species should be . sown in March where they are to remain. Commelina'ceae. An extensive, widely di&- persed order of herbaceous plants, with usually flat leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers with the outer perianth of three segments, the inner also of three and colored. They are natives of New Holland, the East and "West Indies, and a few are found in North America, but none in northern Asia or Europe. The underground stems of many yield starch and are used for food. The filaments of the Tradescantias have jointed hairs, in which a granular movement is seen under the micro- scope. There are sixteen known genera, and 260 species. Commelina, Tradescantia, and Cyanotis are examples of the order. Common Petiole. The first and principal leaf- stalk in compound leaves ; the secondary pet- ioles are called partial. Compare'ttia. Named after Comparetti, an Ital- ian botanist. Nat. Ord. Orchidacea. A genus of epiphytal Orchids, with small rose, purple, or scarlet flowers, produced in small bunches on long stalks. They are natives of Mexico and South America, and succeed best when grown on cork, with a little moss, in a shaded house. The flowers retain their beauty a long time. Introduced in 1838. Compass Plant. See Silphium. Compo'sitas, including Astera'ceae. This is the largest natural order of plants, the species occurring in all parts of the world, and in all AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 99 COM places, and forming a total of about equal to a tenth of the whole vegetable kingdom. They are recognized by their monopetalous flowers, growing in close heads (capitula), and having at once an inferior one-celled ovary, and sta- mens whose anthers cohere in a tube (that is, are syngenesious). De Candolle states, as the result of his examination of their natural habit, that out of 8,523. 1,229 were annuals, 243 biennials, 2,491 perennials, 2,264 under- shrubs from one to three feet high, 366 shrubs from four to fifteen feet high, 72 small trees, 4 large trees above twenty-five feet high, 81 woody plants, 126 twiners or climbers, and 1,201 about which nothing certain could be as- certained. According to Mr. Bentham, the spe- cies are nearly equally divided between the New and the Old World, there being known about 430 genera with 4,700 species in the former, and 410 genera containing 4,400 spe- cies in the latter. There are about 75 genera common to the two divisions ; but the identi- cal species in the two, and those chiefly arc- tic or high northern, are not more than 70 out of at least 9, 100. The uses of the order, real or imaginary, are very numerous and conflicting. Some are tonic and aromatic, like Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), and others, or vermifuges, like those other Artemisias, known in foreign pharmacy as Semencontra, or Semencine. A few are powerful irritants, as the Pellitory of Spain ( Anacyclus Pyrethrum), and various kinds of Spilanthes, which excite salivation. Arnica montana is powerfully narcotic and acrid. Similar evil qualities belong to Crepis lacera, a most venomous species, said to be no infre- quent cause of fatal consequences to those who, in the south of Europe, incautiously use it as a salad ; nor are Hieracium virosum and H. sabandum altogether free from suspicion. Some species of Pyrethrum have the power of driving away fleas, and are largely used as insecticides, the Dalmatian and Persian In- sect Powders being from this genus. Many yield in abundance a bland oil when their seeds are crushed ; such are the Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), the Til or Rhamtil ( Verbe- sinia saliva), largely cultivated in India, and Madia saliva. A purgative resin is obtained from some allies of the Thistles ; others, as Aucklandia Costus, now referred to Aplotaxis Lappa, have aromatic roots. Finally, under the name of Artichoke, Succory, Scorzonera, Endive, Salsify, and Lettuce, we have some of our most nutritious and useful esculents. Botanists adopt various modes of classifying this immense mass of species; but all are subordinate to the four following groups, viz. : Cichoracece, florets all ligulate (strap shaped) ; Corymb if erce, florets tubular in the disk ; CynaracecB, florets all tubular, with an articu- lation beneath the stigma ; and Labiatiflorce, florets bilabate (two-lipped). Composts. This term is applied to any mix- ture of soils and manures, either for potting purposes, or for top dressing plants in pots, or in the open ground. It may consist of dif- ferent ingredients according to the habit, or suitable to the requirement of the plants for which it is intended. Manures that by their strength would prove destructive, if applied directly to any plant, may prove beneficial when mixed to form a certain proportion of the compost. In all gardens the accumulating CON refuse of all kinds may be advantageously composted with soil and a liberal admixture of lime, which, when turned over several times during winter, and thoroughly amalga- mated, will prove a valuable top-dressing in spring for lawns or other purposes. Compound, Composite. Formed of several parts united in one common whole ; as pin- nated leaves, and all kinds of inflorescence beyond that of the solitary flower. A com- pound umbel is formed of several simple umbels, etc. Compto'nia. Sweet Fern. Named after Bishop Compton, an ardent cultivator of exotics and a great patron of botany. Nat. Ord. Myri- cacecB. C. asplenifolia is a hardy deciduous shrub, common throughout the Northern States on poor soils. It is popularly known as Sweet Fern from its aromatic scent and the resem- blance of the leaves to the fronds of the Aspleni- ums. A decoction or tea made of the leaves is useful, applied externally, in cases of poisoning by the Poison Ivy. Conandron. From konos, a cone, and oner, andron, a male, an anther ; the appendages to the anthers are united in a cone around the style. Nat. Ord. Gesneracece. C. ramondioides, the only described species, is a very pretty half-hardy herbaceous peren- nial, introduced from Japan in 1879. The flowers are white or pink, with a purple eye, and are borne on leafless scapes in a forked or corymbose cyme, which is at first drooping. It is closely allied to Ramondia, and may be increased by seeds or division. Cona'nthera. From Jconos, a cone, and anthera, an anther, or pollen bag ; in reference to the six anthers forming a cone in the early stage of the flower. Nat. Ord. Liliacece. This is a small genus of Chilian bulbs, but little known because of the difficulty of pre- serving them. They produce beautiful blue flowers in panicles on a stalk about one foot high, and require, like all Chilian bulbs, a light, dry soil. They will endure our climate with but little protection-, if kept nearly dry during winter. They are rapidly increased by offsets. Introduced in 1823. Concave. Hollow. Concentric. Points or lines at equal distances from a common center. Condor-Vine. A common name for Gonobolus Oundurango. Cone. A dense aggregation of scale-like car- pels, arranged symmetrically round an axis, as in the Pine tribe. Cone Flower. See Rudbeckia. Conferva'ceae. A division of the green-spored Algce. Found in all parts of the world, but most numerous in temperate regions. They are sometimes so abundant that, after floods, they form a thick coat like paper on the ground, to which the name meteoric paper has been given. Confluent. The fastening together of homo- geneous parts ; gradually uniting organically. Congo Pea. See Cajanus. Coni'ferae. A large and important natural order consisting of trees or shrubs, mostly with resinous secretions. The leaves are 100 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CON stiff, sometimes linear or needle-shaped, some- times short and scale-like, or more rarely broad, lobed, or divided. The flowers are uni- sexual, either in cylindrical or short catkins with closely packed scales, or the females are solitary. There are nearly 200 known species, distributed over a great part of the globe, several of them forming large forests in tem- perate climates, or, more rarely, within the tropics ; while some of them extend almost to the limits of woody vegetation in high lati- tudes, or at great elevations. Bentham and Hooker, divide this lai'ge family into six tribes, viz. : Abetineee, containing Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pimts, Pseudotsuga and Tsuga; Araucarige, containing Agathis, Arau- caria and Cunnin ghamia ; Cupressineee, con- taining Arctinostrobus, Callitris, Cupressus, Fitzroya, Juniperus, Libocedrus and Thuja; PodoearpesB, containing Microcachrys, Podo- carpus and Saxegothea; Taxeee, containing Dacrydium, Ginkgo, Pherosphcera, Phyllocladus, Taxus and Torreya; Taxodiese, containing Athrotaxus, Cephalotaxus, Cryptomeria, Sequoia and Taxodium. The Coniferse are very useful and important, yielding valuable timber and resin, oil, pitch and turpentine. Some attain a vast height, as Sequoia gigantea in California, specimens having been measured more than 450 feet high and 116 feet in circumference at the base. Taxodium sempervirena also attains a very great size. The Pines have their leaves in clusters of two, three, four, five or six, surrounded by a membraneous sheath at the base. Pinus sylvestris, the common Scotch Fir, abounds in cold climates, and supplies timber, turpentine and pitch, as well as a hemp-like fiber from its leaves, which is used for stuffing pillows and cushions under the name of pine wool. Pinus pinaster, or the Bordeaux Pine, thrives well on the seashore. Abies includes different species of Fir and Spruce, in all of which the leaves come off from the stem and branches singly. Abies excelsa is the Norway Spruce, and A. balsamea is the Balm of GileadFir; Picea pectinata the Silver Fir; Pseudotsuga Canadt:n.