PLMTS

PUBLICATION 1088
JMBER I960

PRIME

30>f

9 /o^

o

Research Branch

CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

C ORRECTIONS

Title page: the date of publication was February 7, 1961.

page 37, line 2; delete: 35; insert: 135

page 54, between lines 22 & 23; insert: PINACEAE

page 74, line 5; delete: FUBETTE; insert FINETTE

page 154, line 23; transfer: Map 408 to line 26,

page 176, line 18; delete: Bailey), insert: Blanchard;

R. canadensis var, pergratus (Blanchard) Bailey, Roland),
page 176, line 19 & 20; delete: R, canadensis. . . .. .Roland).

page 185, map 517, delete: var. linearis

page 192, line 14; delete square brackets.

page 194, line 5 from end; delete square brackets,

page 210, line 28

page 220, line 22

page 234, line 11

page 236, line 13

page 254, line 23

delete comma from (DC.), Domin
delete square brackets and apply to line 27,
delete: southwestern; insert: southeastern
delete: n, comb,, based; insert: Fern, (
remove square brackets; delete: if present;

insert: West Prince

NOMENCLATURAL INNOVATIONS

page 190, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze9 var. rydbergii (Small)
page 196, X Hudsonia intermedia (Peck)

PUBLICATION 1088 DECEMBER 1960

THE PLANTS

of

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

by

David S. Erskine

Plant Research Institute
Research Branch
CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Price $1.50

2M-27273- 12-60

89470-1

TO ORDER COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION

Make cheques or money orders payable to the Receiver
General of Canada, enclose with your order and send to

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ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C.
QUEEN'S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STATIONERY

OTTAWA, 1960

Price $1.50 Cat. No. A53-1088

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 5

Procedure of Field Survey 5

History of Botanical Investigation 6

Acknowledgments 10

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE ISLAND

AND ITS VEGETATION 11

Physical Features: climate, geology, soils, drainage 11

Vegetational Features: historical origin 14

VEGETATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 15

Previous Knowledge of Vegetation 15

Associations

1 . Forest 17

2. Fresh-water communities 22

3. Bog communities 25

4. Maritime associations 26

5. Cultivated vegetation 29

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 33

Absence and Presence 33

Local Distribution 35

Summarizing Statistics 37

REFERENCES 38

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 40

INDEX OF FAMILY NAMES 268

89470- VA

THE PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

INTRODUCTION

An annotated list of the plants of Prince Edward Island, besides fulfilling a
long-felt want, may serve many interests. Sources of information on the flora are
at present limited to very incomplete, privately published lists without indication
of the distribution of the species. "The Island," as inhabitants call the province,
is a predominantly agricultural area; 87% of its land surface is farmland. Thus,
the survey may serve the needs of those who want to know what wild plants are
present that may serve as hosts to fungus or insect diseases of crop plants, or
what noxious weeds are present that should be stamped out. At the same time, a
survey of the plants serves the broader interests of plant geographers who wish
to know what species occur and how far agriculture has modified the natural flora

As only a dozen of the species present are not included in Roland's Flora
of Nova Scotia (1945), and the Grasses of IS ova Scotia by Dore and Roland (1942),
keys for identification and descriptive notes are superfluous. Victorin's Flore
Laurentienne (1935) is also applicable to the area, but, however, it includes a
smaller proportion of the Island's species. Comprehensive for the entire maritime
area are the eighth edition of Gray's Manual of Botany (1950), and Gleason's
edition of Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora (1952), either of which must be
resorted to for new additions to the flora, but which seldom give any indication
of the presence or absence of a species from the Island itself.

Procedure of Field Survey

The survey was projected and initiated by the Botany Division, of the
Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, and carried out in the summers of
1952 and 1953 by the author under the guidance of W.G. Dore, and in 1953 with
the field assistance of A.J. Smith of Macdonald College. A base of operations
was set up at the Science Service Laboratory at Charlottetown, but limited
transportation and the expanse of the Island made the establishment of field
bases essential. These were set up for periods of two to seven days at towns
and villages in the country: at Alberton, Hunter River, Wood Islands, Wellington,
Souris (twice), Dalvay, O'Leary and Brackley Beach in the first year; at Tignish
(twice), O'Leary (twice), Bideford, Wellington, DeSable, Sea View, Hunter River,
Cavendish, Brackley Beach, Souris (twice) and Murray River, the second. It was
planned as far as possible to cover each apparently significant region twice
at different parts of the season. Although walking is the only means of progression
permitting collection of plants, bus, train and car were used to expand the radius
of exploration at each center; all-day trips from Charlottetown through the country
or to a given locality often proved very profitable. On car or train, a list of sight

records was kept in the manner described by Groh (1927) for his weed survey.
At first, collecting of specimens took precedence; our objective was to obtain a
complete set of the Island species in triplicate. As this phase approached
completion, sight records and novelties became more important, the former filling
in the natural distribution pattern of common species in the Island, the latter
adding rare species.

Collected specimens were made to conform to the size of the standard
herbarium sheet, 17 by 11 inches. Plants of a herbaceous nature were excavated
to show underground structures. The specimens were dried in newsprint folders
between blotters in a plant press aerated by corrugates and set over infra-red
bulbs on a collapsible aluminum support. This device did a thorough job of drying
in 24 hours in all but the most succulent plants. Records as to locality, habitat,
distinctive features and date of collection of the specimens were kept on numbered
field labels. The sight records were kept by locality and transferred to taxonomic
order by using initials of locality against a checklist. On the distribution maps,
collections were indicated by solid discs, sight records by open circles. The
prepared specimens resulting from the work of the survey, some 1800 collections
in all, were distributed in sets as follows: first or "master" set, retained for
preservation in the herbarium of the Botany Division, Ottawa; second set, to
Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.; third, fourth and fifth sets, less
complete, to the University of Montreal, the British Museum of Natural History
and the New York Botanic Garden. Small maps similar to those in this publication
were reproduced photographically in five copies and affixed to the first five sets
of specimens. A representative set (one of each species) was placed in the
Science Service Laboratory, Charlottetown. Excess replicates have been dis-
tributed variously.

Previously, knowledge of the flora of Prince Edward Island was summarized
from three sources, herbarium specimens, published lists and conversations with
the local amateurs of botany. All herbaria of significance were consulted. The
information, kept in loose-leaf files, recorded all data on locality, habitat and
collection. These loose-leaf files are being preserved at Ottawa. The list at
the end of the historical section presents the distribution of Prince Edward
Island specimens in herbaria.

History of Botanical Investigations

The development of botanical knowledge of the Island has taken twc separate
courses: that acquired by botanists of universities and museums outside the
province and that by local amateurs. It began late and developed haltingly. The
first native worker in botany was the general naturalist Francis Bain of York
Point near Charlottetown, better known as a geologist and author of The Natural
History of Prince Edward Island (1890), a minute school book which treats the
plants in 44 pages, family by family, with occasional details of occurrence and
habitat for conspicuous species and with entries such as "five asters" for less

easily distinguished species. To discover which "five asters" were intended,
one has to turn to the privately published list of the Island flora by John MacSwain
and Francis Bain (1891). This list included 430 vascular plants. A supplement
was printed in 1892 and another in 1894, the year of Bain's death. In 1888,
John Macoun, Botanist to the Geological Survey, made the first major plant
collection from the Island while based at Brackley Beach with his honeymooning
son. He collected at Tignish, Charlottetown, Mount Stewart and Tracadie, East
Point and Lake Verde, concentrating however at Brackley Point. The specimens
are now at the National Museum, Ottawa. The published records of this collection
are included in Macoun's Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Vol. 5, 1890, with the
pteridophytes treated by Burgess who credited Bain with the Island records. The
son, James M. Macoun, published additional notes on some of these specimens
in the Canadian Journal of Science (1895). A few notable collections were made
for the National Museum by the geologist W.J. Wilson, as assistant to Robert
Chalmers on the first Pleistocene geology survey of the Island in 1892-3.

The next chapter of exploration is delineated by the Island botanist
Lawrence W. Watson, of Charlottetown. The interest in violets arising from the
species-splitting of the American botanist E.L. Greene spread to Ottawa, to the
younger Macoun and to James Fletcher of the Department of Agriculture, and so
to Watson on whom they called for Maritime material. Live material of Viola
adunca supplied to the experimental student of violets, Ezra Brainerd in Vermont,
by Watson became the type of V. adunca var. glabra; an odd white form of a blue
violet was named V. Watsoni by Greene, and the V. incognita of the Island was
named V. nesiotica by Greene, all names since discarded. In 1901, the visit of
the amateur J.R. Churchill of Massachusetts to Summerside and Tracadie included
a collecting trip with Watson and added several species to the herbarium of the
New England Botanical Club. In 1904 Fletcher stopped briefly in Charlottetown to
collect a few violets. For two summers (1902 and 1903) Watson was employed by
the National Museum as a collector of fossils and plants in the Island, but his
projected flora of the Island was never prepared and his collections sent to
Macoun for identification were discarded. Letters containing some of Macoun's
replies are in the possession of H.A. Messervy of Charlottetown. Watson died
about 1908. About this time, the vogue of Spotton's High School Botany in Toronto
led to its adaptation for Island use by MacSwain (1907). Descriptions were taken
over, plants not known from the Island were dropped from the MacSwain and Bain
list and the few added by Watson included, to make a net total of 430 vascuiar
plants. Copies of MacSwain' s list were kept and annotated by the amateurs who
later were to revise it.

Meanwhile, the rising tide of amateur botany in New England produced its
synthesist in M.L. Fernald of Harvard University. The theory of persistence of
plants through the later Ice Ages in the Gulf of St. Lawrence area on unglaciated
"nunataks" or refugia was already forming in his mind when Robert Chalmers'
conclusion that at least central Prince Edward Island had escaped glaciation
drew his attention to this province. In 1912 and 1914 with Harold St. John as

assistant and, for a brief space in 1912 with Long and Bartram of Philadelphia
as companions, he made the most extensive collection for the Island, 713
duplicate specimens of which were deposited at the National Museum. It seems
likely that the Island rather failed to fulfill Fernald's hopes of finding relict
preglacial elements, for apart from incidental notes on certain coastal or marsh-
dwelling species, no account of the trip was published. Thus, until the eighth
edition of Gray's Manual appeared (1950), his finds were unknown to Island
botanists.

Blythe Hurst, the sage of Smelt Creek near Brackley Point, was the next
naturalist of note. To him as the columnist Agricola of the Charlottetown Guarcfo'arc
came the notes of the younger collectors: first, H.A. Messervy of Charlottetown,
whose travels covered most of the Island, and R.R. Hurst, plant pathologist in
charge of the Science Service Laboratory, recording many new introductions,
then others. The MacSwain list, shorn of all descriptions and records of
occurrence, was revised by Blythe Hurst to include these additions and
"corrected" according to the nomenclature of Gray's Manual, seventh edition of
1907, as "A New Flora of Prince Edward Island", published in the Transactions
of the Royal Canadian Institute (1933). Of particular significance to the Island
botanists was the weed survey of the Island made by Herbert Groh of the federal
Department of Agriculture in 1926. His survey, published in Scientific Agriculture
for 1927, listed from sight records the occurrence of introduced, weedy or
poisonous plants, by the number out of 55 Lots visited in which he had seen
them. Some 200 specimens were added to the herbarium of the Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa. At the same time, a visit from M.O. Malte, the botanist of
the National Museum, added only specimens. Malte, like Fernald, projected a
flora of the Gulf of St. Lawrence — Maritime region, but both abandoned them.
John Adams of the Division of Botany, Ottawa, published in 1937 an article with
additions to Hurst's 1933 list, increased by the sedges (records mostly taken
from Mackenzie's monograph) and a few grasses. These groups remained the
weakest links in Hurst's privately printed 1940 revision of his own list. He
supplemented this last "New Flora" in 1941, and listed other new discoveries
in his newspaper column, "Newsy Notes by Agricola," down to 1946. Blythe
Hurst died in 1951. Specimens collected by Blythe Hurst, R.R. Hurst and
Messervy which had not made their way to the Department of Agriculture
herbarium at Ottawa were destroyed by the fire that razed the Science Service
Laboratory at Charlottetown in that year. A revision, including as new these
records and the results of a week's weed survey by J. Bassett in 1950, and with
nomenclature corrected by the eighth edition of Gray's Manual (1950) was
mimeographed by the Science Service Laboratory in 1952, and is referred to as
"Campbell 1952" in the synonymy.

In 1945, first Dore and Gorham in June collected 122 specimens in the
Island during the course of a botanical investigation of pastures through the
Maritimes, then in August Dore and Roland spent three intense days gathering
338 unicates in the eastern part of the province. Only six of these latter, kept

8

separate, escaped the fire which destroyed Roland's herbarium at Truro soon
afterwards. Perhaps the impression gained of the inadequacy of Hurst's list
coupled with this stroke of fate prompted the conception of the present project.
Then Acadia University at Wolfville received Warren's early herbarium (1902-6)
from North River built up with encouragement of Watson. Under E.C. Smith's
curatorship, Acadia continued to receive specimens: of McGowan from Kilmuir,
of Bruce from Heatherdale, of Aitken from Bay Fortune, etc. Some data on these
and other preserved collections and their disposition in herbaria may be tabulated
as follows:

Adams, John (1936), Summerside and Brackley Beach; basis for

additions to Hurst's 1933 list (DAO) 34

Aitken, H.E. (1950), Bay Fortune, Kings County, a student

collection (AU) 33

Anderson, E.G. (1951), Charlottetown and Summerside; weed

collection (DAO) 12

Bassett, J. (1950), a week's wide-ranging ragweed survey and

general collection (DAO) 186

Blanchard, W.H. (1909), materials for a study of the Blackberries

(Can) 7

Bruce, J.M. (1948-9), a general collection from southern Kings

County (AU) 129

Campbell, J.E. (1952-3). additions to the Floristic Survey (DAO) 28

Campbell, Sterling (1938), wild plants (private collection) 18

Churchill, J.R. (1901), Summerside and Tracadie, general, mainly

at Harvard University (DAO, Can) 7

Dore, W.G. (1945), two general collections, one of 122 specimens

with E. Gorham, one of 338 with A.E. Roland, all but 6 of the latter

lost by fire (DAO, Dal, AU, etc.) 128

Eastham, J.W. (1912), near Orwell, Queens County (DAO) 3

Erskine, D.S. (1951 to 1954, 1956), two large general collections,

some of the first with W.G. Dore, most of the latter with

A.J. Smith, the basis of the present report (DAO, AU, Mtl.

NY, BM, PEI, NSMS, etc.) 1847

Erskine, J.S. (1955), two-day general collection (NSMS) 36

Fernald, M.L. (1912, 1914), two large general collections made

with H. St. John and for part of 1912 with B. Long, the major

part at Harvard University, many cited specimens (Can) 713

Fletcher, James (1904), casual collection made at Charlottetown,

Brackley Beach and Summerside on official Trip (DAO) 13

Fyles, Faith (1915), small set of weedy or poisonous plants, mostly

from Summerside as part of Government project (DAO) 24

Groh, Herbert (1926), 56 weed-survey collections and (1929, 1930,

1932, 1934, 1937, 1940) 24 small casual additions (DAO) 80

Haviland, Margaret (nee Grubbe) (1853), the first collection,

casual (Kew) 30

Hurst, Blythe (1926-44), occasional specimens sent for

determination (DAO) 21

Hurst, R.R. (1928-45), occasional specimens sent for

determination (DAO) 9

Kerr, Robert (1949), student collection at Ellerslie (AU) 21

Leard, G.A. (1951), specimens from around Souris sent for

identification (DAO) 7

Macoun, John (1888), first major general collection (Can) 395

Malte, M.O. (1°26), general collection made in preparation for

flora of the Maritimes (Can) 99

McGowan, L.J. (1950), student collection from Kilmuir area (AU) 20

Messervy, H.A. (1938), orchids sent to Ottawa (DAO) 6

Perry, H.G. (1919), incidental to Fisheries work at large (AU) 6

Power, E.E. (1950), York and Bideford, incidental to nematode

work (DAO) 26

Scott, R.V. (1948), student collection from Ellerslie, incidental to

fisheries work (AU) 19

Smith, M.W. (1940, 1953), mainly aquatics, in preparation for

fisheries ecology (DAO) 33

Taylor, A.R.A. (1948), small general teaching collection, mainly

from near Ellerslie, incidental to fisheries work (UNB) 55

Warren, A. Emerson (1911), New Glasgow area (DAO) 7

Warren, G.C. (1902-06), North River, Queens County general

herbarium (AU) 136

Watson, L.W. (1901-04), Charlottetown area and violets (Can) 9

Wilson, W.J. (1893), small set incidental to geological work (Can) 5

Miscellaneous: collected by visiting firemen, Science Service

employees, or sent in for advice by farmers (DAO) 39

Total specimens available in Canadian herbaria 4241

Acknowledgments

The list of acknowledgments can never be complete, but for the kindness
of all those who helped in the project the author extends many thanks. To the
systematic staff of the Botany Division at Ottawa thanks for the assistance with
taxonomic questions, and to Doctors H.A. Senn and W.G. Dore for the continuance
of the project when it seemed most unlikely to reach fruition (1954); to the staff
of the National Museum for allowing me to catalogue and examine their set of
Fernald's and Macoun' s Prince Edward Island specimens at weekends and
Christmas in 1952; to Dr. Smith at Acadia and Dr. Taylor at the University of
New Brunswick for access to their herbaria; and to Doctors Sampson and Wood
for looking up records at Harvard for me. To the staff of the Science Service
Laboratory of Charlottetown, most of all, thanks for their interest in the work,

10

such that there was no one who did not at one time or another assist in trans-
porting us to the field, and for the use of their facilities, in particular to Mr.
Hurst (whose photographs illustrate the report) and Mr. Campbell on whom the
previous burden fell heaviest. To Mr. H.A. Messervy of Charlottetown, who
gave me access to all his manuscript notes and to Watson's letters from Macoun,
and drove us on several of our collecting trips; to Blythe Hurst, Jr., for giving
me access to his father's manuscripts; the late Dr. G.C. Warren of Sydney, Nova
Scotia, for the use of his MacSwain-Spotton with the MacSwain & Bain list, and for
helpful correspondence; thanks. To Mr. G.A. Leard of Souris, Mr. & Mrs. Alton
Webb of O'Leary, Mr. Sterling Campbell of Cavendish who drove and guided us
to good localities and rare plants; to Mr. R. Found of the Fisheries Station at
Ellerslie, Mr. V. Henderson of the Entomology Division, Mr. W. Profitt, the
Assistant Provincial Forester, for assistance with transportation and exploration,
many thanks. For the general guidance of the project, the preparation of the
plot maps, selection of photographs and reading of the manuscript, Dr. Dore is
deserving of much credit.

GENERAL FEATURES OF THE ISLAND AND ITS VEGETATION

Physical Features

Prince Edward Island, a crescent-shaped island lying to the south of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, has a length of about 145 miles and an area of about
2100 square miles, and lies about 9 miles from New Brunswick and 14 from Nova
Scotia at the nearest points. Its situation in latitudes from 45° 57'N to 47° gives
a cool temperate climate with freezing winters and moderately warm summers,
means ranging from 17°F for February to 67°F for July at the Experimental Farm,
Charlottetown. Proximity to the sea modifies temperatures from the extremes of
New Brunswick, but less so than if Nova Scotia were not interposed between it
and open ocean. Drift ice accumulating in the Gulf circulates through the
Northumberland Strait and, more especially, around the northern shores of the
Island before finding its exit at Cabot Strait. This cooling delays the spring; the
average date of the last frost at Charlottetown is May 13 but there is variation of
as much as a fortnight either way. However, the sea also delays autumn frost
till mid-October (average), giving the Island the longest frost-free season
(180 days) of the Maritimes except the southwestern parts of Nova Scotia. Locally,
climate varies from being more maritime in the east to more continental in the
west. Summer heat is higher in the west.

Rainfall (including snowfall reduced to equivalent rainfall) is fairly even
throughout the year, least in spring and heaviest in fall (from 2.8 inches in
April to 4.6 inches in December). The average precipitation of 43 inches is
sufficient to class the climate as humid, but above-average summer temperatures
make for some summer drought. Snow falls throughout the frost season, lying from
the beginning of December to late March, but more or less complete thaws in
January are of almost annual occurrence.

11

Geologically, the Island consists of a more or less uniform Permo-
Carboniferous bedrock, slightly folded, eroded and overlain by deposits of
Pleistocene (Ice) age which form the basis of the present soils. The bedrock is
predominantly sandstone, but with interbedded shales and a very few small
pockets of limestone (Park Corner, Crown Point, Miminegash). The shales are
most conspicuous where the sandstone of a fold-produced dome has been eroded
away to form Hillsborough Bay, so that a sandstone escarpment from Nine Mile
Creek to Point Prim surrounds the shales of greater age. Many of the springs in
the uplands are located at the contact of sandstone with impervious clay. A small
Trias sic igneous rock area occurs at Hog Island off Malpeque.

Pleistocene ice, though it hardly shaped the form of Prince Edward Island,
brought foreign clay and stones, distributed local material into new forms and
disrupted drainage. As the historical geology of this period in the Island is now
being studied intensively by the Canadian Geological Survey, only tentative
hypotheses accounting for the changes wrought by ice may be made. Ice from New
Brunswick brought some calcareous and clay till from far beyond the Northumber-
land Strait; ice possibly from Cape Breton and of late Wisconsin age may be
responsible for foreign material in the till of the eastern coast. The major ice
movement must have been from the west onto the Island; following the long axis
of the Island, it would rapidly have become heavy with the soft easily eroded
sandstone and shale of the Island, so that most till east of the Northumberland
Strait slope of western Prince County is sandy and of local origin. Western Prince
was part of an area depressed by the weight of ice which became submerged by the
sea to heights of 75 feet above present sea level between the time melting ice
left it bare and the time the earth's crust resumed its normal level. The present
uplands there are thus flanked by terraces, often of beach gravels, while former
barrier-beach ponds have become present day bogs (e.g. the large East Bideford
Bog and the "Black Marsh" at North Point).

Submerged peat of postglacial age is found along the southeastern coast
at localities from Charlottetown round to Launching, and with the submerged
forest stumps of the Queens Clay coast, indicates that for a time after the retreat
of the ice the Strait was at least narrower and shallower by some 20 feet than at
present. Assuming that the depression of western Prince by ice was accompanied
by a corresponding rise in the eastern end of the island, there may have been a
land bridge to Nova Scotia. In the section on phytogeography, we conclude that
it perhaps had very slight significance in the formation of the present flora.

The soils of the Island have developed since the Ice Age on these diverse
geological types. On the Central Uplands and their outliers, deeper, more finely
grained soils have been formed, the Alberry fine sandy loam and the Charlottetown
fine sandy loam. The New Brunswick clayey till produced the O'Leary clay loam;
the exposed clays of the Hillsborough Bay area, the Queens clay. On the kames
and eskers, dry sandy soils developed (Dunstaffnage sandy loam), and on the
postglacial beaches of western Prince, the Kildare sandy loam. Where the Cape
Breton lobe scraped off the old weathered layer, the dry thin Culloden sandy

12

loam developed. The poorly drained phases occupy the only other large areas, the
Egmont clay loam corresponding to the O'Leary, the Armedale to the Charlotte-
town and the sand loams.

SOILS

- CULLODEN SANDY LOAM

- DUNSTAFFNAGE SANDY LOAM

- KILDARE SANDY LOAM

- ARMEDALE SANDY LOAM
»-E+ - EGMONT CLAY LOAM

Generalized soil map of Prince Edward Island (Based on Whiteside, 1950).

Drainage, controlling as it does both the type of soil and the types of plant
cover developed at each site, is of first importance as an ecological factor. The
Island has low summits of under 500 feet above sea level, but short slopes to the
sea or rivers give most areas adequate drainage. Thus we may with reason speak
of a Central Upland although its summits south of Fredericton lie at 480 feet at
most. From this center the highest divides lie in a line almost parallel to the
Prince-Queens county line from Park Corner to Bonshaw. These are the well-
drained hardwood hills. As the long slopes, consequently, lie to the east and
west, it is on the lower broader divides running in these directions, that the
nearest small swamps or bogs occur. East of the Covehead Road the upland
shades off altogether at heights of 100 to 125 feet.

South of Montague River and Orwell Bay, hilly country rises to an upland
with summits at 400 feet near Iona and 425 at Caledonia; there are short slopes
to the south and west, longer ones toward the north and east. A fringe of lowland
surrounds the hills; extensive swamps parallel Murray River, both to north and
south.

East of the Hillsborough River the low sandy lands are cut off from the
sea by the Pownal escarpment which, with heights of 150 to 300 feet, diverts
drainage to the long slopes toward the river. The lakes of this area are scarcely

13

drained at all, their waters filtering through swamps toward the headwaters of
creeks tributary to the Hillsborough. From Fort Augustus and Pisguid eastward,
the hills form a belt subdivided by the valleys of northward-draining rivers,
while from Souris to Boughton River or even Montague River, the only well-
drained land is on the seaward ends of the southern peninsulas separated by
southeastward-draining valleys. Thus, within these fringes of hills, there are
extensive swamps and large poorly-drained areas. The way in which the
southeastern-directed valleys are the site of the Dunstaffnage kames and eskers
suggests that drainage toward this side may have been impeded by glacial
deposits. The large northeastern peninsula resembles the smaller southeastward
ones in having better drained areas nearer the tip and large swamps on the
gradual slopes of its broader base.

In western Prince (i.e., west of Summerside and the Miscouche isthmus)
two NE-SW trending divides are the main feature; one, the backbone of West
Prince (i.e., west of Portage), lies near and parallel to the northwest coast and
reaches heights of 175 feet; the other, reaching only 125 feet, lies transversely
across Central Prince from Abrams Village to Bideford. Central Prince north of
this ridge includes the largest area of poorly drained Egmont soils, the second
large area of the Egmont lying south of it toward the Miscouche isthmus. In
western Prince the lower summits make for poor drainage except where the
seaward ends of valleys have cut ravines. Lesser streams have often cut down
fairly easily into the postglacial clays found below 75 feet, becoming wide,
slow, and bordered by an alluvial flat suitable for alder thicket. Eastward,
stonier alluvium is found along the larger north-flowing streams (Hunter River,
Winter River, Indian River).

Coastlines in the Island appear widely different, the North Shore with
its wide crescentic sweep and great bays all barred by sand islands built by
the Gulf currents, the South Shore with its three great southwest-facing bays of
muddy shores. The east coast with its many estuaries tending to be barred by
sand spits is an open Gulf coast like the North, though more sheltered. Any
appreciable depth of sand along the shore tends to become windblown into
dunes, usually by onshore winds and so parallel to the coast, but also by
longshore winds that cross-pile them.

Vegetational Features

The vegetational history of the Island is, at best, hypothetical until
analyses may be made of peat and lake-sediment samples for fossil pollen.
However, the changing distribution of land and sea areas and the fluctuations
of the climate of eastern North America have been the most significant factors,
and the waning of the fourth (Wisconsin) ice sheet the point of departure. In
Gaspe and western Newfoundland, mountains may have stood above the ice at
its maximum extent; but on the Island, with its greatest relief only 500 feet,
nunataks cannot have existed. The possibility of plants having survived the
glaciation on the Island depends on whether the Central Upland really was

14

unglaciated. On the Island occur none of those species whose characteristic
distribution suggests localized survival. Secondly, Hulten propounded a hypo-
thesis that the continental shelf, bare during glaciation, has served as a refugium
during the Ice Age. If so, the Laurentian (Gulf) endemics of coastal habitat may
have reached the Island thence as the ice melted away and the sea advanced.

As the ice accumulated, it depressed the continent beneath it. As it shrank
through melting, the continent returned to its normal level strip by strip, each
released along what is called a 'hinge-line.' One hinge lay across Prince Edward
Island: consequently as the ice melted back toward New Brunswick, the sea
temporarily inundated the depressed portions of Prince County to as much as 75
feet above present sea level. At the same time, by reason of a contemporaneous
hinge, the sea covered southern New Brunswick and Maine. But with so much of
the world's water in the form of ice, the continental shelf was extensive above
sea level, and a migration route along the Atlantic Coastal Plain brought southern
plants to Nova Scotia. Here too, the effect on the flora of the Island has been
very slight, but a few of the bog plants must have used this route. The relatively
fresh waters of this postglacial sea gave its coasts as a migration route to
estuarine plants: only one (Samolus) occurs of those discussed in this connection
by Fassett. However, a few of the coastal plants which entered the Great Lakes
along postglacial shores must have arrived at the Island about this time. Interest-
ingly enough, two of the salt marsh plants of the Bay of Fundy reach their
northern limits in Bedeque and Hillsborough Bays, suggesting migration by such
a continuous inner coastal route.

The forests of Prince Edward Island, part of the 'Acadian Forest' of the
present, seem to have arrived in two waves of invasion. The Boreal element is
general and well represented: predominantly of conifers, white and black spruce,
jack pine, larch, and balsam fir, with white birch and mountain ash, it is the
only forest of the North Shore and the bogs. It may have had 7000 years to cross
the waters of the postglacial sea and its shrunken remnants, or have entered by
land from Nova Scotia. At least its representation in the Island is rather complete.
The northern deciduous forest element, represented by the "northern hardwoods"
(beech, sugar maple, yellow birch) and by white pine, hemlock and red spruce,
which forms the climax forest of the uplands, shows a full quota of tree species
but very little of the herbaceous "spring flora" so characteristic of the mainland
hardwoods. This reached its greatest extent during the 'thermal maximum' about
3000 years ago, almost certainly after the Island had become isolated by Nor-
thumberland Strait.

VEGETATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
Previous Knowledge of Vegetation

Our source of information regarding the nature of the vegetation before
1800 is confined mainly to the kind of notes made by travelers. Since 1820,
visitors to Prince Edward Island have seldom felt that their observations could

15

add anything to our knowledge of its plant cover.

The early French records are presented by Harvey (1926). Jacques Cartier,
the discoverer, in 1534 found the "treeless lands'7 of the North Shore covered
by "pease. . . and wild oats like rye, one would say sown and tilled," the
Lathyrus japonic us and Elymus mollis of sandy beaches, by "white [?J and red
gooseberry bushes, strawberries, raspberries," Ribes hirtellum, Fragaria >vir-
giniana and Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus indicating an early stage in succession
on cleared or burnt land. The forest was composed of "cedars, yew trees [balsam
fir?], pines, white elms, ash trees, willows, others unknown to us [Europeans]. "
This association of Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea (?), Pinus strobusy
Ulmus americana, Fraxinus americana, Salix spp., marks his landing as in
western Prince. Nicolas Denys in the middle seventeenth century regarded
"firs" as dominant, as conifers are on most of the lowlands, and remarked on
the presence of beech and birch. These latter, Fagus grandifolia and probably
its associate Betula lutea, are part of the characteristic upland vegetation.
Gotteville, founder in 1720 of Fort LaJoie near Rocky Point, noted the local
association of oak," cherry, beech and pines of mast size" (Quercus rubra var.
borealis, Prunus sp. , Fagus, Pinus strobus), which may be found even now in
the woods on the grounds at Riverside near Charlottetown. Quercus rubra was
known from the North Shore as large groves near Tracddie and mixed with Pinus
strobus at Malpeque.

Gaudet (1956) summarizes some later observations beginning with that of
Rochon (1759). Rochon noted a large grove of cedar between Malpeque and
Cascumpeque, made up of "two kinds, red and white" — a valid distinction
among spruce and pine, common though invalid in hemlock, but locally unheard
of in cedar. Probably he referred to the spruce, since he maintained that the
"incense" (gum) of the red was chewed among the Acadians. Lord Selkirk in
1792 distinguished the hardwood and the pine communities, too: "The most
common species of timber are beech and maple, . . . frequently intermixed [with]
birch of different kinds, spruce, firs and other species of the pine tribe," but
"in some places, the pines entirely predominate, this . . . indicating a soil of
an inferior quality." Johnstone (1820) remarked that Prince Edward Island was
"one entire forest of wood," listed the prevalent hardwoods (with elm included,
oddly enough) and softwoods, and noted that "promiscuous" mixtures of hard
and softwood were to be found in places while in other parts clumps of a
particular kind were found by themselves. Major Pollard (1898) spoke of virgin
forest of evergreen "firs" mixed with oak, birch, maple, ash and poplar, and of
majestic pine and hemlock growing amid an undergrowth of hazel, alder, aspen,
juniper (i.e. larch), cedar, and tangled brambles.

Stewart (1806), classifying land by its vegetation type as to degree of
suitability for settlement, generalized the ecology of the central upland and its
eastern borders:

16

€t

(«

((

on the best land, maple [Acer saccharum. A. rubrum], beech iFagus], black
and yellow birch one species, [Bet ula luteal, mixed with firs [Picea rubens,
Abies balsameaj and pine IPinus strobus], with an undergrowth of yew [Taxus
canadensis]99 .

on the next best land, no evergreens mixed with hardwoods, and more yew".

on the third grade, poor land, with a thin upper stratum and the sub-soil cold
and hard . . . the hardwoods are not mixed with evergreens and there is no yew".
"the worst land is covered with spruce [.Picea glauca, P. mariana], small white
birch [Betula populifolial and scrubby pines".
"swamps are covered with black spruce [Picea mariana]99.

From relics of the original vegetation, it would appear that the best land
lay on the gentler slopes of the central upland, the next best on the steeper
slopes, north slopes and ravines, and the third undoubtedly on the dry hilltops.
The poor land comprised the sandy parts of the valleys and lowlands near the
shore, the morainic lands of Tracadie, and perhaps much of the east-central
lowland (e.g., the pine groves of Mermaid).

Associations

From the vestiges of forest in the woodlots, swamps and ravines, the
virgin forest sketchily described in the records gathered by Harvey and Gaudet
and in Stewart's land classification may be reconstructed. (A more uniform
picture is thus arrived at than today's patchwork remnants permit.) Except for
dunes, salt marshes and bogs, the land was entirely forested.

7. Forest. On the uplands the dominant forest, usually of mixed forest aspect,
was of the "northern hardwoods" (beech, sugar maple and yellow birch) and
their coniferous associates (Braun, 1950), white pine and hemlock, their pro-
portions varying with the nature of the site. Red spruce, considered by Halliday
(1937) the unique species of the Acadian Forest Region which covered the
Maritimes, made a poor third to the other upland conifers. Halliday' s general-
ization (after Macoun) by the words "in spite of the flat topography and low
elevation, maple occurs generally throughout, although in other parts of the
[Central Acadian] section [including southern New Brunswick and the Gulf and
Fundy slopes of Nova Scotia] it is confined to higher and better-drained positions"
fails to appreciate Island topography.

The differentiation of the upland forest by site, already indicated roughly
by Stewart's first three land types, corresponds closely to that found by Long
(1952) in the western portion of the Central Acadian Section, near Fredericton,
N.B. Pure stands of beech (Stewart's third type) dominated the dry hilltops of
the central and southeastern uplands; sugar maple with some yellow birch pre-
dominated on the flatter summit areas of the north-eastern peninsula and the
low uplands of western Prince, occurring also in the central uplands on the
more gradual slopes. On gentle north-facing slopes or in shady ravines, red

17

89470-2

maple and hemlock predominated, particularly in the central and southeastern
uplands; red maple alone or with yellow birch grew on the almost imperceptible
O'Leary clay slopes. On the Island red spruce is less characteristic of low
sites, probably because it here approaches its northern summer-temperature
limit.

Typically, the ground cover of such sites is sparse and a shrub layer almost
lacking. The striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) and mountain maple (A.
spicatum), small and straggly but essentially trees, form a subsidiary element in
the stands dominated by sugar maple. The herbs are mostly spring-flora perennials:
Smilacina racemosa, Ranunculus abortivus, Aralia nudicaulis, Trillium undulatum,
T. cernuum, Medeola virginiana, Trientalis borealis, and such localized species
as Claytonia caroliniana, Viola pensylvanica, Osmorhiza claytonii, Panax
trifolius, semi-saprophytes like Listera convallarioides , Pyrola elliptica, sapro-
phytes like Monotropa uni flora and Corallorhiza maculata and parasites like
Epifagus virginiana. Where hemlock was abundant a few saprophytes alone grew;
under red spruce woods, the mossy floor would harbor Oxalis montana, Viola
incognita, and various Pyroleae (Chimaphila, Orthilia).

On the lowlands a wider range of sites made for a more heterogeneous
forest. Deviating least from the hardwood forest is that of the stream-valley
clays in western Prince. Dominated by red maple, now mainly in alders and
always with the occasional elm, and interstitial species, elder (Sambucus
canadensis) and less invariably, Cle*natis virginiana and Viburnum trilobum,
with Salix lucida around open wet s puces, it corresponds closely to the
Acereto-ulmetum (maple-elm community) of the upper clay plain of postglacial
terraces in Kamouraska County, Que., described by Hamel (1955). Along streams
cedar may form pure stands, usually with a limited undergrowth of herbs: Viola
spp. most typical. White and black ash are also scattered along streams here,
where the tall herbs Eupatorium maculatum, Aster puniceus and A. umbellatus,
Urtica spp. and Geum laciniatum grow. Without ash, the same association is
found along the larger rivers of the north slope, far to the east of Prince. The
herbaceous plants of the red maple forest vary with the wetness of the site: with
poor drainage, the ferns Onoclea sensibilis and Osmunda cinnamomea with
scattered Rubus pubescens are most common; with better but still damp sites,
Aralia nudicaulis, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Dryopteris spinulosa, Aster
acuminatus and Carex de bills var. rudgei are more typical. Red maple forest
without elm is characteristic of the depressions of the sandy east-central lowland.

The abundance of glacial and marine sands in the lowlands makes for a
contrasting forest, probably then dominated by white pine or white pine and oak,
associated with red pine and wire birch in the most gravelly sites. Where these
sands are little above the water table, the most extensive cedar woods of west
Prince occur. The undergrowth of the pine woods consists of widely scattered
Pyroleae, but under wire birch (Betula populifolia), the shrub Comptonia peregrina,
the goldenrods Solidago puberula and S. nemoralis, and the shrubby Ericaceae

18

are admitted. Black spruce (Picea mariana), an occasional element in these low
dry sites, dominated the true swamps of the lowlands almost exclusively, save
for larches (Larix laricina) where they bordered on bogs. Along the North Shore,
exposed sites and older fixed dunes allowed white spruce (P. glauca) forest
to hold its own.

Forest changes. The major change in the forest since settlement began has been
the wholesale clearing of land for crops and pasture. As well-drained fine sandy
loam soils were most favorable to agriculture, the uplands were cleared more
completely than the lowlands; some 72% of the central upland is cleared at
present In the west, too, the most extensive clearing has been in these areas,
though the large areas of poorly drained soil reduce the average cleared area
to 50%. A somewhat similar situation exists in the southeast, where the fringe
of lowlands is less completely cleared but the upland soil is less favorable.
Here again some 50% is cleared and in use. In the northeast, because of the
large swamps the highest proportion of woodland remains; some 40% is cleared.
By the combined average, 60% of the Island is devoted to agriculture, an excep-
tionally high proportion for Canada east of Quebec City. The remaining 40% is
by no means all in woods, for some 8% of the total is in unimproved waste land,
marsh or barren. The result has been the reduction of hardwood-pine-hemlock
forest to a greater extent than black spruce and red maple, which form the most
extensive forest areas.

Economic demand has made for selective cutting of much of the woodland
that remains. In the 18th century all visitors noted that contemporary /7defence
resource1', the mast timber of white pines. This was cut and exported to England;
later white pine and oak were used in shipbuilding, and the former in woodworking.
White pine stumps rotted from the back pastures within the last 70 years in many
areas. The great size of the hemlock made it useful for boards, often only for
barn siding because of its relative weakness, and its bark was sought for tanning.
Sugar maple, used till fifty years ago as a source of sugar, was often maintained
in a grove near the farmhouse, especially in the west; most of the birch from
these groves was undoubtedly removed for fuel, though the paper birch has often
replaced it. During the past twenty years, the demand for pit props and pulp wood
has led to the cutting of much second-growth white spruce in Kings County.

One of the earliest forces released by the settler was fire. About 1738,
when the North Shore was only a base for drying fish, fire burnt from Tracadie
eastward to East Point, devastating the entire north-eastern peninsula. It must
have spread easily in the dry spruce and pine forest. One result of this burning
was the encouragement of the heath shrubs; the resulting blueberry barrens of
Tracadie have been perpetuated by accidental and deliberate use of fire ever
since. The fire of 1840 in central Prince produced a great blueberry barren at
Conway which persisted for over thirty years. (This the biggest fire of Prince
County history burned from Campbellton to Bidef ord. )

The opening up of the hardwood stands by selective cutting has brought

19

89470- 2Vi

disease to several forest trees. Yellow birch and white birch (as a member of the
forest) have been devastated by dieback. The beech of hilltops has often suffered
from the recently (1934) introduced aphid-borne canker (Nectria coccinea) so
badly that only low thickets of stump-sprout trees persist; however, there are
many more undamaged stands than in Nova Scotia. Very little white pine remained
to suffer from or spread the blister rust when it struck early in this century. The
larch of bogs, a species apt to grow in extensive pure stands, was also reduced
by an introduced insect, the sawfly, in the 1890's. However, the role of native
diseases in the case of successional species such as the larch, with their large
pure stands, is probably less permanently significant; destruction and recovery
may take place cyclically, as it seems to with the marine1 eel grass Zostera
attacked by wasting disease.

Forest succession. New plant communities (modifications of old ones) have
been brought about by human intervention in the forest. Fire was not an unknown
thing in 1534; even the discoverer Cartier found the community of raspberries
and gooseberries in "treeless lands", suggesting fires set by lightning or
Indians. And there were plants adapted to survival of fire: as in Nova Scotia
(Martin, 1955) the perennials with deep rhizomes, the bracken and sheep laurel,
sprout following a fire in the same summer. Other heaths such as the blueberries
are close behind; the fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) with its cork-protected
rhizome flourishes in this community. The seeds which drift into the bare spaces
are usually grasses such as Agrostis scabra and Danthonia spicata, or fleshy
fruits carried by birds: raspberries (Rubus idaeus) and gooseberries or currants
(Ribes spp.). The jack pine (Pinus banksiana) whose slowly opening cones are
burst open by the heat of fire, formerly a rare element of bogs and Kildare
beaches, has become abundant near Tignish and East Bideford, following fire.
The hardwood forest opened up by cutting and disease takes over a century to
regenerate. Consequently, much of the upland forest at present is in various
stages of succession. Openings often permit a dense growth of fern, Dennstaedtia
punctilobula with clumps of Dryopteris spinulosa, to spring up; such partial
openings are colonized by plants with berry fruits: Actaea rubra and the red
elder Sambucus pubens are characteristic. Red spruce and red maple are apt to
follow, or papei birch and fir. More complete cutting brings forth an earlier stage
characterized by sedges (Carex emmonsii, C. deflexa) and red maple stump
sprouts, sometimes with aspens and wire birch. However, the maples become the
shade trees soon, and the species of partial openings appear, with the new sedges
Carex deweyana, C. arctata and C. communis. With deeper shade, the herbs
Clintonia borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Smilacina racemosa and Cornus
appear.

On the poorly drained soils, cutting has been less extensive. However,
fire has not been less frequent. In either case the barrens that result persist
longer than in other sites. The typical heaths are there, but rhodora (Azalea
canadensis), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne
calyculata) are the most important, with sheep laurel next to them, and Spiraea

20

tomentosa accompanying them. Such sites are apt to become peaty, with the
tall shrubs Nemopanthus mucronata or Vibrunum cassinoides in clumps and the
lichen-coated larch and black spruce growing up very slowly. The orchids
Spiranthes lacera, S. cernua and the club moss Lycopodium tristachyum,. all
typical of exposed sites, find a place on the hummocks in such barrens. On the
heavier lowland soils, partial red maple cutting has given room to aspens and
fir with some spruce. Osmunda cinnamomea replaces bracken as the common
fern. As a mossy ground cover is established in increasing shade, the sedges
Carex brunnescens, C. debilis var. rudgei in damp, C. leptalea and C, disperma
in wetter spots become typical; Cornus canadensis and Coptis groenlandica
are very characteristic herbs. Along the wooded margins of swales or rivers
these sedges may be accompanied by Athyrium filix'femina, Streptopus
amplexifolius and Ribes lacustre. The cutting of red or white spruce woods on
damp soils usually produces vegetation first in the damp pockets with peat and
bog plants such as asters and Epilobium spp. and sedges; then fireweed, rasp-
berries, elder, among the slash; then, red maple with balsam fir and paper birch
following closely. Cutting in the pine woods produces a heath barren much like
the habitat some ten years after a fire: same goldenrods, bracken, blueberries,
sheep laurel and Pyrola rotundi folia, under wire birch and aspen with scant
regeneration of pine — except in central Prince, where good examples may be
seen near Freeland and Perceval River.

Reversion from pasture follows a different course, comparable to the suc-
cession on dunes. The grass is colonized directly by sun-tolerant young white
spruce, with some alder and bayberry rapidly (15 years) shaded out. Until natural

»: :#*

if?

■Kn ,

*kjS§

f

i

.1

"■

White spruce quickly invades neglected pastures. Springton.

21

thinning occurs, only saprophytes (fungi) appear beneath; then moss (Pleurozium)
and Maianthemum with Cornus canadensis. On the steeper slopes, Corylus cornuta
and Diervilla lonicera appear at the sunlit edges of the spruce woods. In the
southeastern uplands, the pastures may be colonized by wire birch and red maple
rather than white spruce if these are close at hand. On damp or heavy soil the
regeneration of forest from pasture is conducted by marsh fern {Thelypteris
palustris) and larch, rather than white spruce; in flat sandy loam soil, the
pasture succession parallels that of the dunes most closely, goldenrods (Solidago
canadensis, S. graminifolia) giving way to bayberry, and that in turn to white
spruce. Thus, forest succession on the lowland soils has previewed the later
stages of succession in the habitats adverse to forest: the bogs, dunes and salt
marshes, the lakes and ponds.

2. Fresh-water communities. Spring and rain-fed lakes form a very different
plant community from that of stream-fed lakes. They are low in mineral nutrients
and at first sandy-bottomed for lack of sediments. Thus, with the growth of plants
they have a tendency to become acid from the accumulation of only partially
decayed plant debris; consequently, they have a tendency to become bog lakes.
The larger, Keefe's Lake, Glenfinnan Lake and Lake Verde, though partly

Keefe's Lake with zone of Juncus militaris In the two to three-foot depths.

00

bordered by peat, show little tendency this way; the smaller Mermaid Lake more;
the ponds at Village Green and Murray River and the Lot 10 Lake at Portage are
definitely bog-lakes.

The larger lakes have now acquired in their middle depths one or two feet
of muck, in which the water lilies are rooted. Nuphar variegatum is found in all
the lakes, boggy ones as well, in this medium; the rare Nymphaea odorata only
in Lake Verde and one of the Murray River ponds. The scarcely encumbered sands
of the shallower water are the medium of Eriocaulon septangulare and Lobelia
dortmanna with emergent flowers, and of the completely submerged Isoetes
riparia, Myriophyllum tenellum, Eleocharis acicularis and Elatine minima.
The smaller Mermaid and Verde Lakes have a border of floating-leaved Sparganium
multipedunculatum and S. angustifolium (species which reappear in the sandy
barrier-beach ponds of the North Shore with larger Myriophylla and Potamogeton
natans). The three larger lakes have an inshore border of various rushes, all
with Eleocharis palustris, in Glenfinnan and Keefe's Lakes overshadowed by
tall Juncus militaris. Mermaid Lake has Scirpus americanus and S. subterminalis
in its sandy shallows. The peaty bank bordering open water at Mermaid and
Glenfinnan \ Lakes is dominated by S. cyperinus; sandy borders are usually

Shallows of the sandier shore of peat-bordered Mermaid Lake, showing Nuphar
variegatum lily pads among the Scirpus subterminalis rushes.

23

dominated by Myrica gale and clumps of Ilex verticillata, species which likewise
persist to the small pond or even swamp stage. With the transition to bog-pond, a
floating mat of peat and heath roots encroaches on the water in an encircling
ring. Its outer edge is the characteristic site of Woodwardia virginica, the dis-
tinctive characteristic heaths include Gaylussacia dumosa, Kalmia polifolia and
even G. baccata (also found on barrens;) the wet peat is the site of Habenaria
blephari glottis, Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera rotundi folia, Eriophorum virginicum,
E. tenellum and the other more tolerant cotton grasses. To the rear, the heaths
of peaty barrens become more common, and the succession follows the same
course.

Most characteristic of the northern and eastern coasts is the formation of
barrier-beach ponds. These show a succession on the whole similar to that of
stream-fed lakes, which indeed they are. The artificial millponds, mostly a
century old at least, likewise belong to this type. The distinctive appearance
of these lakes is given by the far greater abundance of 'bulrushes/ Typha
latifolia, which extend well out into the much greater (more quickly accumulated)
organic debris of the shallows. One upland lake, Pisquid Pond, also stream-fed,
answers equally to this description. The cattail {Typha) border of all these
ponds is filled in by Alisma triviale, Polygonum amphibium, Lysimachia thyrsi-
flora, P otentilla palustris, fringed by a separate border of Sparganium eurycarpum
with scattered Bidens cernua, Sagittaria latifolia, Polygonum hydropiper and
Bidens frondosa. The influx of mineral nutrient (often fertilizer from the hill
farms) stimulates the formation of a water bloom of Lemna minor and no doubt of
the other Lemnaceae. Pisquid Pond and Fernald's "pond at Grand Tracadie"
are characterized by the dense belt of Ceratophyllum demersum and floating
Spirodela polyrhiza outside the Typha zone. These ponds are far richer in pond-
weeds than the lakes: Potamogeton foliosus and P. friesii are the most charac-
teristic. Where manure reaches the ponds, Acorus calamus typically occurs.
These pond shores show some diversity: M.W. Smith (1946) notes that on firm
clay margins Scirpus validus is more abundant than Typha, and that Hippuris
vulgaris occurs only around the influx of cold streams, However, the 5. validus
persists into the foul-smelling quaking-marsh stage that follows the filling of
such ponds by vegetation. This stage often shows large quantities of Equisetum
fluviatile, a minor zone-former on open pond shores, and much Glyceria grandis.
The first shrub to follow is hoary alder (Alnus rugosa) with J uncus effusus and
/. balticus filling in. As the alder thickets become more dense, Chrysosplenium
americanum and Hydrocotyle americana occupy the mucky pools; asters, Cala~
magrostis canadensis, Rosa virginiana, with Habenaria psycodes and Polygonum
sagittatum cover the ground. Black spruce would commonly follow. Such an
association (without the pools) is also found on damp headlands in western
Prince.

Differences between upland and lowland streams are apparent in their
vegetation, perhaps largely due to the difference in oxygen content between
swift-running streams and slow. The sandy-bottomed upland streams and rivers

24

usually have Ranunculus trichophyllus as the only submerged species, joined
by Myriophyllum exalbescens in the southeastern upland. In slower water long-
trailing beds of Potamogeton praelongus become common, and nearer the lowlands
this species is replaced by P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides, or more rarely P.
alpinus. In the Dunk, Zannichellia palustris (often halophytic) penetrates for
two miles above salt water.

3. Bog communities. Although peat (usually of Sphagnum subsecundum) is

found in pockets in the lowland woods of red maple, and bog sphagna may take
over a poorly drained fire barren, the bog community is determined by peat and

'f^lS^'f

A boggy depression with sedges and cotton grass in the center, heath plants
(here mainly Azalea canadensis) surrounding, and black spruce in the back*
ground. Near Mermaid Pond.

is essentially a later stage in lake succession. The vegetation of floating mats
described previously is that of bogs, with the exception of species of the water's
edge like W oodwardia virginica. All the other members of that community occur
in the great bog of Black Banks, oddly enough the only one of the great bogs
whose lake-basin origin might be questioned. Like many smaller pond-basin
bogs, the Black Marsh at North Point is a sea of leatherleaf {C ham ae daphne
calyculata) and cotton grass {Eriophorum an gusti folium) interspersed with islands
of stunted larch and black spruce, each with its ' 'beach" of Scirpus cespitosus

25

The heath of ChamaedaDhne calyculata at Black Marsh with islands of black spruce.

var. callosus. These clumps include Nemopanthus mucronata, Aronia prunifolia,
and Amelanchier ? fernaldii. In the hummocks of peat, Rubus chamaemorus and
Vaccinium oxycoccos are characteristic. Pools in the peat are surrounded by
Sarracenia, Drosera rotundifolia and occasionally Utricular ia cornuta. Damp
depressions harbor the magenta-flowered orchids Calopogon pulchellus, Pogonia
ophioglossoides and rarely Arethusa bulbosa. The great bogs of Portage and
Miscouche are largely wooded, as the red maple and wire birch and black spruce
have encroached on the open peat. Smaller bogs are essentially similar but lack
the full variety of species.

4. Maritime associations. Various communities, fresh as well as salt, range
along the coast usually in series of narrow bands in the treeless zone occasioned
by the immediate proximity of the sea. Eroding cliffs, windswept sand of beaches
and dunes, waterlogged hollows, estuarine flats, brackish lagoons, salty tidal
marshes, and exposed headlands present a great diversity of habitats with
corresponding diversity of floras that can be sketched only briefly.

The yielding shale and slumping sandstone of the Island's capes erode too
rapidly to support a permanent or even a consistent community of plants. Weeds
are the typical opportunists: Senecio sylvaticus, Sonchus asper, and those
halophytes of weedy genera, A triplex patula and Plantago juncoides. The wetter
and more permanent grassy clay cliffs may support plants such as Triglochin

26

palustris. (Inland cliffs are equally limited: the only ones worth the name are
those of the Dunk which support the Island's only Polypodium virginianum and
Sphenopholis intermedia.)

The sandy beaches and wet stretches of sandy soil favor Elymus mollis
rather than the marram grass Ammophila breviligulata, but its associates are the
beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), Cakile edentula and the silverweed Potentilla
anserina, often with Arenaria peploides and Glaux maritima, or, on the south
shore, Xanthium echinatum. Deeper sand is found windblown into ridges of
dunes, usually parallel to the coast and thus sheltering alternating hollows, the
dune slacks. The dunes are stabilized by the rhizomatous Ammophila, the dune
grass par excellence. Spaces among the grass are filled by Lathyrus japonicus

Sand dunes tend to become stabilized by dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata)
and later colonized by white spruce (Picea glauca)*

(itself rhizomatous), by Carex silicea, Iris hookeri or Artemisia stelleriana or
by small annuals such as Trifolium procumbens or Euphorbia polygoni folia.
On the lower dunes Sonchus arvensis is usual. At Bothwell two species of
tludsonia cover the dunes, but even there as on all North Shore dunes, the
prevalent species is//, tomentosa. Small dicranoid mosses, filling space, become
the site of Sagina nodosa colonies. Blowouts in the dunes are first colonized
by the Cakile of sandy beaches. The first woody species to arrive is the bay-

27

A lingering patch of marram grass in the white spruce forest on the inner dunes*
Brackley Beach.

berry among which Anaphalis margaritacea and Solidago graminifolia are the
perennial weeds; the second is the white spruce which, except for rare replace-
ment by cedar in west Prince, becomes the forest. However, while the spruce
is scattered and the sand loose, the shrubs Empetrum atropurpureum, Juniperus
horizontalis, or Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) may appear, and the per-
ennial herb Smilacina stellata.

The slacks may be wet and carpeted with the moss Aulacomnium palustre t
in which case the characteristic vascular plants are Epilobium palustre, Cicuta
bulbifera, Juncus pelocarpus and Vaccinium macrocarpon. Solidago sempervirens
never extends to slacks within the first ridge of dunes, S. graminifolia and
Aster novi'belgii replacing it. Drier slacks are colonized by Juncus balticus
and /. alpinust often with the orchid Liparis loeselii filling gaps. On dry or wet
slacks, the asters, goldenrods and everlasting only slightly precede the arrival
of bayberry. Sometimes the sand may blow inland for a short space, favoring the
growth of the warmth-loving grass Poa compressa, or into barrier-beach ponds
creating sand flats colonized by Limosella subulata9 Rumex maritimus, Scirpus
americanus, S. maritimus and S. paludosus. The very local species Aster

28

laurentianus belongs to this habitat. Salt spray blown over the cliffs on to sandy
ground may create the association of a sandy beach at a higher level; this is
particularly true on the Kildare sands of western Prince.

Muddy shores, in this predominantly sandstone land, are mainly located
around estuaries, the largest salt marshes being those of the Dunk and Hills-
borough Rivers. So few species colonize these saline habitats that their charac-
teristic coloration marks the zones, bright-green Spartina alterniflora on mud
submerged at every tide, reddish-green S. patens above it and blue-green
Puccinellia pumila replacing the latter where hay-cutting or tramping have reduced
it. Zones from lowest to uppermost are dotted with Plantago juncoides and bushy
Limonium nashu, and occasional clumps of Triglochin elata. Bare patches of
mud on the marsh are colonized by Salicornia europaea and Suaeda maritima, or
in upper zones by Spergularia marina or S. canadensis. A weedy belt of A triplex
patula follows the high-water mark with the biggest roll of eelgrass wrack. The
upper limit of salt-water influence is a weedy tension-zone of which Solidago
sempervirens and Spartina pectinata are the most constant members, and
Ligusticum scothicum one of the less. Pools on the salt marsh are often occupied
by submerged Ruppia maritima. The muddy banks of estuarine creeks are tne
characteristic habitat of Car ex paleacea and C. salina, while a carpet of
Eleocharis parvula may here grow even below the Spartina alterniflora belt. The
sea water affords a home to only one vascular plant, the rhizomatous eelgrass
Zostera marina, which forms great beds off sandy shores in sheltered bays or
estuaries.

Besides the dune succession which leads to white spruce forest, the latter
may appear on exposed land above the beaches of headlands. These headlands
may even be treeless as in the case of extreme North Point, covered by Festuca
rubra, Plantago juncoides var. laurentiana and Trifolium arvense, or East Point
covered by hummocky Empetrum nigrum with sandy patches of Plantago juncoides
var. decipiens. At Stanhope, for instance, where the dune sand lends force to
the effects of the west wind, there are large areas of Juniperus communis, J.
horizontalis and Empetrum nigrum with scattered Lechea intermedia, Vaccinium
vitis-idaea and introduced Thymus serpyllum. The borders of taller spruce woods
in such sites are characterized by Deschampsia flexuosa, while pasture edges
grow abundant Euphrasia americana.

5. Cultivated vegetation. The types of use made of the farmland (87% of the
Island) is shown by this separation (1951):

Cultivated hay 203,783 acres

Improved pasture 197,937 acres

Grains 177,636 acres

Potatoes & turnips 37,156 acres

Farm wood lots 346,191 acres

Unimproved 103,318 acres

Miscellaneous crops 39,283 acres

Total farmland 1,095,304 acres

29

North Point, an eroding cape exposed to the full force of the Gulf storms, is
essentially barren of coastal vegetation*

Unimproved land may include scrub and heath used as pasture together with
swamp or bogland. All this land, in hay, oats, other grains, potatoes and turnips,
is of interest botanically as a source of annual weeds, which grow in the
disturbed ground as space fillers among the crop plants. Here one finds in
particular the mustards and stitchworts, knotgrasses and pigweeds. But cul-
tivation varies with the crop and has different effects. Potatoes, grown in the
usual rotation, are relatively weed-free except for a little lamb's guarters
{Chenopodium album) or knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). The ridging of rows
in the cultivation of root crops helps 'clean' the soil, and oats, the usual grain,
grows too closely for cultivation and supports an abundant crop of devil's
paintbrush (Hieracium floribundum, H. pratense and //. aurantiacum) and mustards,
especially wild radish [Raphanus raphani strum). The practice of chemical weed-
killing will alter the proportions greatly, while not extinguishing any species.
Just so in the 1900's, the clean grain seed enforced by inspection eliminated the
corn cockle [Agrostemma githago) but has reduced the abundance of only a few
of the other species affected. Mustard seed lives so long in the soil that, once
established, even crop rotation proved no way to counteract it. The planted hay

O

crop, following in the common rotation, is a timothy-clover mixture, either red
clover or alsike being usual. The practice of making silage has not yet become
widespread but, especially in the central upland, one sees sweet clover
{kelilotus officinalis) or alfalfa {Medicago sativa) abundant in the grass planted
for this purpose and as pasturage. In the second year of the hay crop the clovers
have largely died out, but have served their purpose in nitrifying the soil; this
year it is a timothy hay crop and the spaces for weeds are still small. The
fifth year, it is usual to pasture the field. The rotation may vary from this (the
usual for mixed farming) according to the specialty of the farm. Farms with
more land in potatoes {Solarium tuberosum) rotate fields every three years through
potatoes, grain and clover hay; cattle farms, to assure more land in fodder crops,
use a grain, clover hay, timothy, and pasture rotation. Because of the rotation
the establishment of perennial weeds is unusual, but a biennial such as the
daisy {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) , establishing itself in the oatfields as the

Perhaps nowhere else in the world do the daisies (Chrysanthemum leucauthemum)
grow in as great profusion to brighten the landscape in early July; hay fields are
solid white with them. Hunter River*

rosette, survives the first mowing and flowers next June so abundantly as to
whiten the hayfields of the Central Uplands.

While rotation alters the tillage and the vegetation of cropland every year,
'permanent pasture1 supports a different vegetation. Although the original pasture
grasses must have been introduced from Europe, those which now dominate the
pastures are essentially naturalized and seldom planted. Among these the bent,
called browntop or P.E.I, bent {Agrostis tenuis) is most abundant in the Island
as in other comparably cool humid temperate regions. It is replaced behind the
dunes or on moraines by the Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), another European,

31

favored by warm well-aerated soils here where, generally, the climate tends to
be too cool for it; in damp or clayey pastures by the creeping bent (Agrostis
palustris), or where these are too much trodden for perennials to survive, by the
annual bluegrass (Poa annua). The weeds of pastures are, like the grasses they
must compete with, perennials: black-eyed Susans {Rudbechia serotina) and
native goldenrods {Solidago canadensis, S. gr ami ni folia) where the grass is
heavy; poisonous ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and prickly thistles (Cirsium
arvense) avoided by the stock even where the grass is overgrazed. Where pasture
is neglected, forest succession is initiated. On the sandy Culloden soils, as on
the fixed dunes, goldenrod and hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) are replaced by
a dense shrubbery of bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica) which is soon overtopped
by white spruce or wire birch and white birch. In wet places, it is the soft rush
{J uncus effusus) and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris) which thrive on over-
grazed lands, and the larch which replaces the white spruce as the sun-tolerant
weed tree. On the upland, fir and red maple succeed the white spruce in whose
shade they germinate, and thus regenerate the climax forest.

Areas in ;/nonagricultural human use" have, besides various weeds not
found on agricultural land, also the deliberately planted shade trees and garden
shrubs and herbs. Residential Charlottetown streets are lined with European
lindens {Tilia europaea) and Scotch elms (Ulmus glabra) to the exclusion of
other species. The former are planted, usually for avenues, at many of the older
estates in the country; the latter are not. The English oak {Quercus robur),
never seen in towns, is grown at a few old farms near navigable estuaries. In
the western villages where shade trees are few, balm of Gilead (Populus
gileadensis) or the native balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) or the "English"
(Lombardy) poplar (P. nigra var. italica) are most often planted; in Wellington
and Alberton box elder [Acer negundo) gives the streets their bright dusty green.
Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is the favorite ornamental shrub, followed perhaps by
old double roses (Rosa cinnamomea). The use of dwarf elm (Ulmus pumila) or
Siberian pea (Caragana arborescens) for hedges is a sure sign of recent archi-
tecture and of Experimental Farm leadership.

Along the railroads wild barley (Hordeum jubatum) and barnyard daisy
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) and various annuals such as small toadflax
(Chaenorrhinum), small yellow clovers (Trifolium procumbens), crab grasses
(Digitaria ischaemum) and foxtail grasses (Setaria glauca, S. viridis), and, more
recently, prostrate pigweeds (Amaranthus albus) and spurges (Euphorbia supina),
used to be common. But by the use of weed killer these are being greatly reduced
and in some cases may be prevented from establishing themselves along rights-
of-way. Used along roadsides to save the effort of brush-cutting, weed killer
spray has killed a band of alder, elder, wire birch and escaped box elder, as
well as the weeds, leaving only grass and dead sticks. The use of western
grain as feed for stock or poultry has led to the arrival of western weeds at
sidings and farmyards: pineapple weed (Matricaria matricarioides, already
naturalized), occasional wild oats (Avena fatua), prickly lettuce (Lactuca

32

scariola), great ragweed {Ambrosia trifida, whose establishment could ruin
much of the tourist industry), cockleburs (Xanthium italicum), sunflowers
{Helianthus spp.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) signify such locations. The
waste land around houses has long supported its vile crop of couch grass
(Agropyron repens) and burdocks (Arctium minus), or catnip (Nepeta cataria) and
motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) where hens have scratched in the shade of
hedges.

PHYTCGEOGRAFHY
Absence and Presence

In a discussion of species absent from Prince Edward Island, it is
necessary to take into account present and past factors in plant distribution.
The simplest hypothesis to explain the presence of the present native flora is
by natural diffusion from eastern New Brunswick and northern Nova Scotia across
the waters of Northumberland Strait, varying in bredth from 9 to 40 miles.

To test this hypothesis, a list was drawn up of the indigenous flora of the
adjacent mainland within the drainage area of Northumberland Strait. Comparison
of this Island list with Roland's Flora of Nova Scotia shows that 98% of the
Island flora is found in Nova Scotia, in some part or other; only one or two
species in the Island are not represented in either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick
(Rumex persicarioides, Bidens heterodoxa). Of the flora of northern Nova Scotia,
some 650 indigenous species, a full 80%, cross to the Island. The absences lie
mainly in one of three ecological communities: (1) the aquatics, probably because
the lakes of the Island are so few and small, (2) the intervale plants, for lack of
river-alluvium areas in the Island, (3) the geophytes of the spring flora under
hardwood forest. In the face of abundant hardwood forest in the Island, histori-
cal factors may serve to explain this last absence.

That diffusion across the waters of the Strait has taken place, there need

be no doubt. Prince County, it seems, has never been linked by land to New
Brunswick since the retreat of the ice, yet there are over 30 species there which
are absent from the rest of Prince Edward Island and present in New Brunswick.
Secondly, there are 15 species in the Island that do not occur in Nova Scotia at
all, but which do occur in New Brunswick. And, if one postulates that it was
the saline waters of the Strait which barred most of the "spring flora geophytes"
from the Island, how can one account for the presence of a few of them (Viola
pensylvanica, Claytonia caroliniana, Panax trifolius) in localized areas without
assuming that each colony represents diffusion across the Straits, either from
the west or south? It may be argued that ecological necessities have confined
some of these local species to western Prince, but their migration via a Nova

Scotian land bridge (see Geology Chapter 2) is out of the question.

Of the species that may have migrated by a land bridge formerly connecting
the Island to Nova Scotia, the greater part can give no evidence. The intervale

33

89470-3

and hardwood flora of Nova Scotia by its distribution pattern in Nova Scotia
(from the New Brunswick border to "the hub", thence southwest to Kings
County and northeast to Cape Breton), let alone by its fossil history in the
United States, shows that it has entered Nova Scotia via the Chignecto Isthmus
and therefore since the recession of the postglacial sea that submerged the
the Isthmus and the presumably earlier submergence of any land bridge to Prince
Edward Island. The species that have entered Nova Scotia from the southwest
rather than from New Brunswick are referred to as the ' 'Coastal Plain Element"
(not ;/Coastal Plain flora/' for even in Nova Scotia they are off the Atlantic
Coastal Plain). However, none of these reach the Island. But, other species of
southwestern affinities, occurring both in Nova Scotia and in southern and eastern
New Brunswick, appear in Prince Edward Island. These are either plants of
sandy lands, such as the Panica, Hudsonia ericoides and Viola fimbriatula,
or of pond and bog, such as Woodwardia virginica, Habenaria blephariglottis
and Gaylussacia dumosa. Possibly these species colonized sandy deposits,
bog and swampy pond hollows in the new land left by the receding postglacial
sea, arriving from nearby Nova Scotia rather than from New England to the
southwest. Several such species stop at Northumberland Strait, but of the dozen
or so which Nova Scotia and the Island have in common, many (e.g., Panicum
depauperatum, Lactuca hirsuta, Viola fimbriatula) seem absent from northern
Nova Scotia, their ranges broken between the Annapolis Valley and the Island.
Thus, there is little or no positive evidence of the significance of the land
bridge in the migration of the present flora to the Island. One can only hope that
pollen analysis will resolve some of the past history now obscured by wider
diffusion.

Another group whose distribution may show evidence of the past continuity
of Prince Edward Island with the mainland are those which follow the North
Shore. The simply psammophilous or halophilous species follow round from the
Gulf coasts of the Island to the Northumberland Strait coast. But other species
confined to the Gulf shore show ranges extending no farther south than the Gulf
shore of New Brunswick (e.g., J uncus alpinus, the Gulf endemic Aster laurentianus )
or that coast and northern Cape Breton {Parnassia parviflora, Empetrum
atropurpureum, Eleocharis pauciflora) or also with outposts on the cold coasts
of the Bay of Fundy (Juniperus horizontalis and Iris hookeri) or the Bay and
the outer coasts of Nova Scotia (Euphrasia randii). While ecological requirements
(cooler summers, exposed sites) may have kept them from the Strait shores, their
disrupted ranges at these their southern limits on the coast suggest a continuity
dating back to a colder postglacial stage.

An interesting range pattern is shown by some eight species which occur
in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton but not on the Nova
Scotian mainland. Most of them (viz., Aster junciformis, Betula pumila, Caltha
palustrisf Galium labradoricum, Vaccinium uliginosum), are near their southern
limit but others such as Comandra r ic hards iana, Anemone canadensis and
Hypericum ntajus, while surely reaching their farthest east in the Gulf area, are

34

not boreal types at all. If these migrated overland by way of northern Nova
Scotia, those near their southern limit may have lost mainland stations through

warmer summers; if so, the three latter must have migrated via Prince Edward
Island and probably after the Gulf assumed its present form, or else they would
have mainland stations. And the Prince Edward Island summer except along
the Gulf shores is as warm as that of the mainland.

Local Distribution.

Within the Island the flora tends to be fairly uniform. Some 250 of the 625
native species, at least, may be seen from the distribution maps to be wide-
ranging in the province. Some of these seem to be rare in Kings County. However,
as that area was the least completely investigated during the survey, many
apparent gaps there may eventually be filled. Others show the distribution:
western Prince and east-central lowlands, their absence from the central uplands
and the southeast being due to the absence of suitable habitats. The same
might, of course, be said of some 40 common halophytes-psammophytes restricted
to the coastline. Another 30-odd species (in Carex, section Stellulatae, in
Amelanchier, Crataegus and Rubus particularly) were too imperfectly understood
for their ranges as mapped to be reliably complete. However, in spite of the
exclusion of at least 320 of the native flora from consideration, 23% showing
very restricted ranges in the Island may be of phytogeographic interest.

Some 16 show restriction to the eastern part of the Island, some 44 to
Prince west of Summerside, another 23 so widely scattered and scarce east
of that isthmus as to suggest a late spread from it, some 14 a restriction to the
central uplands, some 25 to the North Shore, 22 to the east-central lowlands,
altogether 144 of narrow range. Of these groups none can be quite regarded as
homogeneous. Some of the North Shore species are of relict status (e.g., Aster
laurentianus) , possibly related to the unstable shore habitat. Many of these are
species (e.g., Iris hookeri, Euphrasia randii) restricted, possibly by the cooler
summers, to the Gulf area and the coasts of the adjacent Maritime Provinces
and New England. One is an Atlantic element, of the Coastal Plain type (Corema
conradii). The group restricted to western Prince includes many species abundant
in that area {Carex gracillima, Salix rigida, Populus balsamifera, Thuja
occidentalism Pinus banksianaf Geum aleppicum, Fraxinus americana, Veronica
scutellata, Eupatorium perfoliatum). The equal failure of Thuja to pass the
Chignecto Isthmus into Nova Scotia, almost due south of the Miscouche Isthmus,
suggests some historic barrier. Among the seven or more native species of the
Island that occur also in New Brunswick but not in Nova Scotia most are of
this coastal endemic relict status. Pilea pumila, however, stands out as one
that reaches as far east as the upper Hillsborough River but does not enter
Nova Scotia though its range presents a hardwood forest pattern. The fact that
some 23 (e.g., Viburnum trilobum, J uncus dudleyi) which are more abundant in
western Prince have stations east of the central uplands suggests that species
of more efficient dispersal may cross the barrier while others must very gradually

35

89470-3Vi

make their way round it by way of the coastal streams. Furthermore, many of
the western Prince group are confined west of the isthmus at Portage (e.g.,
Angelica atropurpurea, Solidago gigantea) or to theTianish area (e.g. , Ranunculus
pensylvanicus, Senecio aureus), which reduces the significance of the Miscouche
isthmus to that of one of several bottlenecks to the slower migrants.

But the most striking thing about the species of restricted range, on the
whole, is how few their stations are. This is particularly true of these species
in the central upland, for which I have advanced the argument of chance arrival
after the formation of Northumberland Strait accompanied by ineffective dispersal.
Thus, we may look upon all species local in Prince Edward Island, except for
the few relict survivors of the North Shore, as late arrivals that have been slow
to fill their scattered ecological niches.

The introduced flora (316 species) includes many diverse elements, which
may be separated historically. The most important is the European element. Of
226 introduced species mapped in this list, 200 are of European origin, only
26 of American origin. The reasons for this are twofold: the source of the cul-
tivated plants of Prince Edward Island (including the South American potato)
was western Europe, hence the weeds brought in with them are mostly European;
secondly, most of the American species which would be considered as weeds
(e.g., the goldenrods) were native to the area and are classified as indigenous.
Of the European species, at least 28 were introduced as crop plants (the degree
of intent is difficult to assess with pasture grasses), another 30 as ornamentals
and shade trees, while 142 would be classed, at least in the present age, as
weeds. (Many of the mustards, for instance, have lost their status as cultivated
plants). Historically, the introduction of European plants belongs to the period
of settlement from the British Isles, with attendant clearing and cultivation.
After Confederation, the building of railways, trade with mainland Canada, and
the establishment of a train-ferry link with New Brunswick all helped to introduce
weeds from North American sources. The railways have become the route of
Chaenorrhinum minus, Tragopogon pratensis, Lactuca scariola, Euphorbia
supina, Collomia linearis, and many other weeds. Though the source of the first
three is originally European, all have entered the Island from American sources.
Since the period 1890 to 1910, this has been true, for the modern centralized
overseas trade does not come to Island ports. Apart from Blythe Hurst's
sporadic and continual introductions, the only recent European weed to arrive
by sea was Arnoseris minima. Weed seeds have been brought in with feed grain
and these have given rise, particularly at railway sidings, to an element from
western Canada, often species originally Russian.

One question that has often concerned phytogeographers is the degree to
which plants find themselves at the limit of their range within an area. The
insular position of Prince Edward Island makes such decisions rather arbitrary,
since the limit imposed by the Gulf is much farther south on its North Shore
than in Gaspe or Cape Breton, which have many more plants near their southern

ii

36

limits. Tentatively, then, one may divide the native species of the flora into two
groups: those which cross the Gulf — about 35 species (or some 22 percent), and
those that are found on either side beyond it — some 490. Of the former which
come in from the southwest, practically all are at the northern margin of their
range, only a few (e.g., Thuja occidentalism Pilea pumila, discussed above) are
at the eastern margin and do not spread on into Nova Scotia.

Those that are at a southern limit, some 30 species, mostly of the North
Shore only, make up a mere 5%; those at their western limit another 5%. The
latter are the 'Atlantic' species which reach eastern New Brunswick and also
Newfoundland, but seem restricted to a relatively coastal migration pathway.
Half of the Atlantic group of the Maritimes do not extend as far inland as Prince
Edward Island.

Thus, the great majority of those 68% of the Island's species that also
range across the Gulf are species which in the Maritimes stop at nothing but
the Atlantic, the ubiquitous species of this area. That many of these are far
from common in the Island shows the significance of the other factors (e.g.
cooler summer temperature, late time of arrival, slow rate of dispersal, the
few lakes, the wide separation of marshes) in limiting the distribution of species
there.

Summarizing Statistics

Although no final summary of the flora can be expected, as additional
introductions and adventives find their way into the flora and occasional native
species continue to be discovered, a tabulation of the species now listed will
give some idea of the composition of the flora

Taxonomic rank Native Introd. Total

Species

624

316

940

Varieties

69

13

82

Hybrids

12

2

14

When compared with that of Nova Scotia it is a small flora: Nova Scotia (Roland,
1947, modified by later discoveries) has 1012 native species and hybrids and
243 varieties, but the province has an area ten times as great as Prince Edward
Island and has a greater variety of habitats. The significance of agriculture and
settlement in the flora of Prince Edward Island may be shown by comparison of
the introduced flora with that of Nova Scotia; the larger province has 392
introduced species and hybrids, and 30 introduced varieties, only a little more
than the Island. For the Nova Scotian flora, Roland has not distinguished the
adventive (recently or occasionally arriving species which as yet do not per-
petuate themselves in the flora) from the fully naturalized species, but at least
101 "introduced species" of his list are not naturalized inNova Scotia. Prince
Edward Island has a naturalized flora of 199 to Nova Scotia's less than 291
species, for 117 Island species must be regarded as merely adventive.

37

A system often used in comparing floras as to the structure of the vege-
tation they make up is the "Raunkiaer spectrum."

Area £ Ch H Cr_ T_

Connecticut 15.0% 1.9% 49.4% 21.7% 11.7%

Prince Edward Island 15.2% 4.0% 47.1% 24.4% 9.0%

Gaspe 12.1% 9.0% 49.0% 22.1% 7.5%

These figures for the native flora show a decided similarity between all these
temperate forested regions of the northeast. However, the trees and shrubs
(F - phanerophytes), form a smaller proportion of the flora in Gaspe where there
are alpine areas. For the chamaephytes (Ch) or generally woody plants with low
horizontal or decumbent stems, the proportion rises from Connecticut north to
Gaspe, which with its alpine areas has many more in the flora. For the hemi-
cryptophytes (H), herbaceous plants with stolons or rosettes or tillers near
ground level, the proportion shows no significant trend; likewise for the crypto-
phytes (Cr), rhizomatous and/or aquatic plants (no bulb plants in P.E.I.). The
proportion of annuals (T - therophytes) falls off to the northward, showing the
Island flora once again in the logical intermediate position. Addition oi the
naturalized and adventive plants reduces the proportion of all classes relative
to the therophytes, which rise to 13.5% in Connecticut, 14.1% in Gaspe, and
overwhelmingly in the Island to 18%, probably because the native flora is small
relative to Connecticut and the cultivated area large relative to Gaspe.

The significance of the recent survey can be seen from the fact that,
although over 80 species have been excluded from the list of Hurst and the one
of MacSwain and Bain, the 716-species list of Hurst in 1940 has been expanded
to a 939-species list (or, excluding adventives often listed by Hurst an 822-
species list).

REFERENCES

This list includes both major reference works and articles dealing specifi-
cally with Prince Edward Island or its plants. For species mentioned only
incidentally the appropriate reference is included in the body of the list. The
important records in contributions of a serial nature, such as J.M. Macoun's
"Contributions to Canadian Botany" and Groh's "Canadian Weed Survey,"
have been treated in this way to facilitate reference.

Adams, John. 1937. Some additions to the flora of Prince Edward Island.

Can. Field Nat. 51: 105-107.
Auer, Vaino. 1930. Peat bogs in southeastern Canada. Canada Dept. of Mines,

Mem. 162.
Bain, Francis. 1890. The Natural History of Prince Edward Island.

Charlottetown, Haszard.
Bain, Francis. 1892. Additions to "Plants of Prince Edward Island". 3 p.

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Nat. Hist. Soc.

38

Broun, E. Lucy. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Philadelphia,

Blakiston.
Britton, N.L. and Addison Brown. 1913. Illustrated Flora of the Northern

United States and Canada. 2nd ed. New York, Scribner, 3 vols.
Burgess, W.H.L. 1890. Pteridophyta. In Macoun, John. Catalogue of Canadian

plants. Montreal.
Campbell, J. Ewen. 1952. A New Flora of Prince Edward Island, rev. ed.

Charlottetown, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, mimeographed.
Chalmers, Robert. 1895. Report on the surface geology of eastern New Brunswick.

north-western Nova Scotia and a portion of Prince Edward Island. Geol.

Surv. Can. Ann. Rep. 7(M): 149 p.
Churchill, J.R. 1902. Some plants from Prince Edward Island. Rhodora 4: 31-36.
Clarke, J. A. 1906. Weeds and their eradication. In Prince Edward Island Dept.

of Agriculture, Annual rept. ...1906. Charlottetown, p. XXVIII.
Copeland, E.B. 1947. Genera Filicum. Waltham, Chronica Botanica.
Dore, W.G. Phytogeography of the Maritime provinces (unpublished notes).
Dore, W.G. and A.E. Roland. 1942. The grasses of Nova Scotia. Proc. N. S.

Inst. Sci. 20: 177-288.
Ennis, B. 1928. The life forms of Connecticut plants and their significance in

relation to climate. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Bui. 43: 1-100.
Fassett, N.C. 1928. The vegetation of the estuaries of northeastern North

America Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 39: 73-130.
Fernald, M.L. 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal

America Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Mem. 15: 239-342
Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. New York, American Book

Co.
Gaudet, J.F. 1956. Forestry past and present on Prince Edward Island.

Maritime A.I.C. Conference, Charlottetown, 3 p. (mimeographed).
Gleason, H.A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the

northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York, New York

Botanical Garden. 3 vol.
Gorham, R.P. 1944. The known distribution of the buckthorns in the Maritime

provinces. Acadian Nat. 1: 118-124.
Groh, H. 1927. A weed survey of Prince Edward Island. Sci. Agr. 7: 388-395.
Halliday, W.E.D. 1937. A forest classification for Canada. For. Serv. Bui. 83.
Hamel, Aubert. 1955. Esquisse ecologique des comtes de 1 'Islet et de

Kamouraska. Can. J. Bot. 33: 223-250.
Harvey, D.C. 1926. The French regime in Prince Edward Island. New Haven,

Yale University Press.
Hulten, Erik. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the

Quaternary period. Stockholm.
Hurst, Blythe (Sr.). 1933. Flowering plants and ferns of Prince Edward Island.

Trans. Roy. Can. Inst. 19: 251-273.
Hurst, Blythe (Sr.). 1940. A new flora of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown,

Guardian Printing Office.
Hurst, Blythe (Sr.). 1941. Addenda to 1941. In later reprinting of Hurst (1940).

39

Lochhead, William. 1902. The weeds of Prince Edward Island. In Prince Edward

Dept. of Agriculture, Annual rept. ...1906. Charlottetown, p. I - XXVII.
Long, K.D. 1952. Forest types and sites of the Acadia Forest Experimental

Station. Fredericton, Acadia For. Exp. Sta. (M 226), mimeographed.
MacLeod, J.W. 1947. The forests of Prince Edward Island. Forestry Chron.

23: 190-193.
Macoun, John. 1883-1903. Catalogue of Canadian plants. Montreal and Ottawa,

7 parts. (Except for two specimens cited in earlier volumes, all Island

vascular plant records are published in Part 5 (1890), the last volume on

vascular plants.)
MacSwain, John. 1907. The flora of Prince Edward Island. In: Spotton, H.B.

The Elements of Structural Botany; P.E.I, ed. Toronto, Gage, p. 1-104.
MacSwain, J.F., and F. Bain. 1891. List of Prince Edward Island plants.

Charlottetown, P.E.I. Nat. Hist. Soc, 8 pp.
Marie-Victorin, Frere. 1935. Flore laurientienne. Montreal, Imprimerie de la Salle.
Martin, Lynton J. 1955. Observations on the origin and early development ot a

plant community following a forest fire. Forestry Chron. 31: 154-161.
Owen, E.B. 1949. Pleistocene deposits of O'Leary map area, Prince County,

Prince Edward Island. Geol. Surv. Can., Paper 49-6. map.
Robinson, B.L. and M.L. Fernald. 1907. Gray's new manual of botany. 7th rev.

ed. New York, American Book Co.
Roland, A.E. 1947. The flora of Nova Scotia. Truro, Truro Printing <S Publishing

Co. Reprinted from Proa N.S. Inst. Sci. 21: 95-642, 1944-1946.
Scoggan, H.J. 1950. The flora of Bic and the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Nat.

Mus. Can. Bui. 115.
Smith, M.W. 1946. A biological reconnaissance of ponds in the Prince Edward

Island National Park. Acadian Nat. 2(6): 81-101.
Stewart, John. 1806. An account of Prince Edward Island. London, Winchester.

p. 29-58.
Watson, L.W. 1899. Among our orchids. P.E.I. Mag. 1: 220-224.
Watson, L.W. 1900. Wolves in sheep's clothing. P.E.I. Mag. 2: 275-278.
Watson, L.W. 1907. Violaceae. In MacSwain (1907).
Whiteside, G.B. 1950. Soil survey of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown,

Experimental Farms Service. 3 maps.
Whiting, M.M. 1949. Early collection of plants in Prince Edward Island. Kew

Bull. 1948: 236.

40

The Annotated List
of Species with Maps

41

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES

A completely definitive enumeration of the flora of an area is seldom
possible: new introductions appear, stations of old ones are eradicated or die
out, a few rare native species remain to be discovered, and revisions of
taxonomic concepts place former records in doubt. Nevertheless, all the original
plants and those thought now to be permanent members of the flora of Prince
Edward Island have been listed; they are set in boldface type. These include
native species if any specimen exists, and introduced species if their
persistence as perennials or by repeated advents seems assured. [Brackets]
have been used to set off species not regarded as members of the permanent
flora: species now extinct, very casually adventive, very infrequent as garden
escapes, or to be rejected from record.

Under each species, its distribution and habitat is set forth, in fairly
general terms for the sake of brevity, the maps providing more specific details
of distribution. For weedy species an effort has been made to note first recorded
appearances. Groh (1927) in his report of a weed survey gives only the number
of the Lots (the local units of land survey), out of the 55 he visited, in which he
detected introduced, poisonous or weedy species. His figures indicate frequency
at the time, though not distribution.

The taxonomy is essentially that of Gray's Manual, eighth edition (Fernald,
1950). Deviations from this are found in the true ferns (Filices) in which it
follows Copeland's Genera Filicum (1947), with some reservations, and in the
Ericaceae where the taxonomic concepts of H.F. Copeland- have been
followed. Where some generic segregations have appeared attractive (e.g., in
Habenaria, Potentilla, Polygonum), the synonymy includes the alternative
generic name with author of the appropriate specific combination, in the fashion
of Gray's Manual (e.g., under Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. will be found
the name Gymnadeniopsis Rydb., meaning that the alternative name Gymna-
deniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. is available to those who find the concept
Habenaria too inclusive.)

The earlier references to each species in literature on the Island flora are
appended as briefly as possible. Several examples will show the method :-

"Polygonum sagittatum L. ... MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst," means
that the name P. sagittatum appears correctly in the lists of 1891, 1907, 1933,
1940 and 1952 (understood to agree with the 1940 list unless otherwise noticed).
"Cypripedium reginae Walt. ... (C. spectabile Salisb., MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain; C. hirsutum, Hurst), Campbell," means that the apparently correct

Copeland, Madrona 6: 113, 1941, on Monotropoideae, and in Am. Midi. Nat. 30: 533,
1943, on Rhododendroideae.

42

name C. reginae was not used until 1952, but that earlier records of the species
appeared under the names of C. spectabile Salisb., the latter name correctly
applied to this species, as is shown here by the use of its author's name, not
preceded but only followed by a comma — in 1891 and 1907, and in 1933 and
1940 under the incorrectly applied name of C. hirsutum, its authority omitted).
Such changes and misapplications have resulted from changing rules of
nomenclature in the period from 1867 to 1935, developments in Europe and the
United States for which the Island botanists cannot be held responsible.
"Stellaria graminea L. ... (S. longifolia, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst;
S. longipes, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); MacSwain, Hurst," shows
that the same species was carried from 1891 under two names and since 1907
under three. S. longi folia and 5. longipes have never been found in the Island.
If they were ever questioned, it must have been assumed by each that his
predecessor had found it. The semicolons separate synonymy deriving from
different nomenclatural sources.

"Potentilla rolandii Boivin, Can. Field-Nat. 65:21, 1951. ... (P. pacific a, Roland,
not Howell)". As it is assumed that Roland's Flora will serve for identification of
species, it is necessary to point out that the name P. pacifica used there is
taxonomically incorrect, Roland's species not being the original P. pacifica
of Howell. The source of the new name is given.

Asterisks (*) indicate species not previously reported from the Island or
known from the large herbaria. The sign X precedes the name of a hybrid, thus:
"X Solidago asperula Desf.", the name given to hybrids of 5. rugosa and 5.
sempervirens.

The following records from the 1891 list of MacSwain and Bain must be
excluded in addition to those specifically rejected in the annotated list:

Panicum agrostoides

Carex sychnocephala Carey - mistake for C. crawfordii or other
young plants of Carex sect. Ovale s.

Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. {Polygonum L.)

Ribes trifidum Michx. - (R. glandulosum).

Aesculus hippo castanum L. - introduced only.

Teucrium canadense L.

Monarda angustifolia - no such name.

Mentha borealis Michx. - [M. arvensis var. canadensis).

Scrophularia marilandica L.

Galium boreale L.

G. latifolium Torr.
Overlooked in Campbell's list is a record of Hibiscus trionum L.# evidently
an adventive, not established. Omitted among common garden escapes is Valeriana
officinalis L., CHERRY PIE, seen at Rollo Bay, Murray River and elsewhere.

43

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum arvense L. Map 1. Common throughout. Damp meadows,

in damp wood-edges has elongated branches, railway embankments, damp sand
behind dunes as a depressed sterile state, f. decumbens (Mey.) Klinge. Weed and
poisonous plant. 28 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

Equisetum sylvaticum L., var. pauciramosum Milde Map 2. Through-

out in low, poorly drained sites, more commonly in partial shade than E. arvense.
18 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

[Equisetum palustre L. Not seen, and absent from Nova Scotia. One station

on the Tignish railroad (Groh, in error for E. fluviatile ?), Hurst.]

Equisetum fluviatile L. Map 3. Frequent in western Prince County,

eastward scattered, most common along North Shore and in east-central lowland.
Shallow standing water of streams, ponds and marshes. (E. limosum L., Macoun),
Hurst.

[Equisetum hyemale L. Not seen. Brackley Point (Macoun), no specimen

at National Herbarium. Wrongly ascribed to Groh by Hurst.]

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Map 4. Mount Stewart, bogs and boggy

spots (Fernald et al. in 1912). Brackley Point (Macoun), without specimen. Hurst.

LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Map 5. Scattered throughout, in leaf

mould of mixed woods. Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Map 6. Scattered. Peat bogs, especially

in mossy pockets or on bare damp sand or mud in full light. Macoun, Hurst.

Lycopodium annotinum L. Map 7. Scattered throughout. Dry mixed

woods. Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

Var. acri folium Fern, occurs in similar habitats at least at Rocky Point
(cited in original description Rhodora 17: 124, 1915), and at Bear River.
Intergradations occur as in Macoun's material from Cantire.

Lycopodium clavatum L. Map 8. Scattered throughout, on light soil,

in dry open woods. MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

In old fields on sunny banks the prevalent form is var. megastachyon Fern.
<& Bissell, possibly the growth-form developed in response to those conditions,
as single and paired spikes may be borne on alternate peduncles of one rhizome.
Colville Station, Royalty Junction, Peakes Station. (Var. monostachyon Macoun,
Hurst, Campbell). Used as a Christmas decoration (Bain).

44

Equisetum orv°nse

Eouisetif^ S"lvqtic')m

Equisetum fluviotile

Equisetum scirpoides

Lycopodium lucidulum

Lvcopodium inundatum

Lycopodium annotinum

Lycopodium clovotum

45

Lycopodium obscurum L. Map 9. "GROUND SPRUCE" (Watson)

Scattered throughout, in dry woods on hills and bluffs. Sun-forms have relatively
erect branches with oppressed leaves, a development comparable to the var.
me g as t achy on of L. clavatum. Macoun, Hurst. (L. dendroideum Michx., MacSwain
& Bain).

Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Map 10. Old fields and land

cleared from spruce woods. Alberton, Stanhope, Souris, Murray Harbour North. At
Souris, the var. sabinaefolium and var. sitchense (Rupr.) Fern, grow side by side.
Macoun, Hurst.

Lycopodium complanatum L. Map 11. Western Prince County and

around Charlottetown, to be expected elsewhere. Dry woods on sandy or light
soil. Macoun, and MacSwain and Bain referred to the following as L. complanatum.

Var. f label h forme Fern. Map 12. Scattered throughout. Light

soils, in open woods and on cleared banks. This may well be recognized, following
Marie-Victorin, as a species, L. flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanchard. Hurst.

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh Map 13. Scattered in Western Prince

County; Murray River. Dry heathy clearings in open sites on light acid soil.
Excluded by Hurst.

ISOETACEAE

*/soefes riparia Engelm. Map 14. Lake Verde, Glenfinnan Lake.

Shallow water on a bottom of mud- covered sand. Characteristic of acid waters
low in nutriment. Determined by Rao.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

[Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. Reported by Burgess in Macoun (1890), on the
authority of Bain. In a letter to L. W. Watson, Macoun identified Bain's specimen
as a "small B. virginianum" . MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.]

Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br. M!ap 15. Hamilton near Malpeque,

Hunter River, Black River, Valleyfie Id East near Montague. In hardwood leaf mold,
and in cleared land reverting to white spruce. {B. ramosum, Hurst). Burgess, in
Macoun.

o

* Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstrom var. angusti segmentumPease <S Moore
Map 16. Hamilton near Malpeque, Hunter River. Always found in

association with B. matricariaefolium.

46

Lycopodium obscurum

Lycopodium sabinaefolium

Lycopodium complonatum

Lycopodium complonotum
var, flabelliforme

Lycopodium tristachyum

Botrychium motricariaefolium

Botrychium lanceolatum
var. anqustiseqmentum

u

47

Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Map 17. Rare: in coarse

sandy soil, Cape Aylesbury (P), Brackley point, North River (Q), Morell, North
Lake, Kilmuir (K). Scattered solitary plants in acid turf, among blueberry bushes.
(B. lunarioides, MacSwain and Bain; B. ternatum Bain, Burgess in Macoun,
MacSwain, Hurst).

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Map 18. Scattered from east to west.

In rather dense shade: deciduous woods or swampy but not boggy coniferous
woods; in leaf mould or moss. {B. simplex, Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell Map 19.

Brackley Point, Dalvay House, in damp shady hollows behind dunes. Burgess in
Macoun, Hurst.

OSMUNDACEAE

Osmunda regal is L. var. spectabilis (Willd. ) Gray Map 20 Scattered,

rather scarce. In swamps, especially at ditches and along river margins. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Osmunda claytoniana L. Map 21. Common everywhere except,

apparently, in the southeast. Damp, partly shaded sites, at edge of woods or
swamps. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Osmunda cinnamomea L. Map 22. Common throughout, acid soils,

among heath bushes or in open woods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

PTERIDACEAE

(Copeland's classification is followed)

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore Map 23. Distribution

parallels that of the Alberry and Charlottetown fine sandy loams. Common in
open deciduous or mixed woods and old fields or banks in hilly well-drained
country. {Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) Gray, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst;
Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd., Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain).

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. Map 24.

Common throughout. Open sites, dry or damp, very abundant in acid bushy old
pastures. {Pteris aquilina, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst).

MacSwain7 s record of Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa Bong, from Rustico
would not refer to the western var. pubescens Underw. , but to an unusual pubescent
specimen of the common variety.

[Crypto gramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Holman's report of it in 1935 from the
cliffs of the Dunk River has been repeated by Adams and by Hurst, but no
substantiating specimens were retained. Not in Roland.]

[Adiantum pedatum L. was listed by MacSwain and Bain, and even earlier in
Stewart's history (1806). No suitable habitats for it exist.]

48

Botrychium multifidum

Botrychium virqinionum

Ophioglossum vulgatum

Osmunda claytoniana

Dennstaedtia punctilobulo

Pteridium oquilinum

49

89470-4

ASPIDIACEAE

Motteuccio pensylvanica (Willd.) Raymond (Nat. Can. 77: 55. 1950) Map 25.

Common in the creek-bottom alder thickets of the Prince County clay regions,
rarer eastward on the flood deposits of the larger streams. It should be noted
that this, rather than Osmunda cinnamomea, provides the commercial "fiddle-
heads" of New Brunswick. {Struthiopteris germanica, MacSwain and Bain;
Onoclea Struthiopteris, MacSwain, Hurst; Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern.,
Campbell).

Onoclea sens ibi lis L. Map 26. Throughout. Common in damp sun-

lit sites: meadows and ditches. When vegetative fronds are cut, as often in
haying operations, the unrolling fertile fronds may revert to a partially vegetative
function with intermediate form: the "var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Torr." reported
by Bain 1890). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Map 27. Rare: Pleasant

View (P); North River (possibly); scattered around Souris. Deciduous woods.
(Aspidium acrostichoides (Michx.) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst).

[Dryopteris fragans (L.) Schott Bain's (1892) record of this species, as Aspidium
fragans, is quite improbable.]

[jDryopteris marginale (L.) Gray All records of this species from P.E.I, can be
traced to Francis Bain. Until collected, it can be excluded from the flora.
(Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, Britton and Brown, Hurst).]

Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray Map 28. Common in western Prince

County, scattered eastward. Damp shady sites; very characteristic of cedar
swamps; unusually, in a dry beech grove at the Experimental Farm. (Aspidium
cristatum (L.) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst).

[X Dryopteris boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw., a hybrid of D. cristata and D. spinulosa
var. intermedia, should, at least for the present, be excluded from the flora.
MacSwain and Bain recorded Aspidium spinulosum var. Boottii as common,
through an evident misidentification of D. spinulosa var. intermedia. (Aspidium
Boottii Tuckerm., MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.]

50

Matteyccja pensylvanico

Onoclea sensibilis

Polystichum acrostichoides

Dryopteris cristata

Dryopteris spinulosa

Thelypteris palustris
var. pubescens

51

89470-4*4

Dryopteris spinuloses (O.F. Muller) Watt, vars. Map 29. Common

throughout, in woods. Specimens from central Queens County have been identified
by Fernald as var. spinulosa. The widespread form is var. intermedia (Muhl.)
Underw., sometimes regarded as a distinct species, and intermediate between
them is the var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell, represented by a Macoun collection
from Brackley Point Road. (Aspidium spinulosum (O.F. Muller) Sw., Burgess in
Macoun, and var. Boottii MacSwain and Bain).

Var. americana (Fisch.) Fern. Scattered in deciduous woods near the North
Shore from Cavendish eastward, particularly well developed on the ridge north
of Souris.

Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern. Map 30.

Common in Prince County, scattered eastward. Mucky alder thickets and marshy
runs; often in the damp hollows behind sand dunes, damp sites with considerable
sunlight. {Aspidium Thelypteris, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; Dryopteris
Thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens (Lawson) Nakai, Campbell). The genus
Thelypteris has been separated from Dryopteris by Copeland on morphological
evidence and by Manton on chromosome numbers. The name Lastrea used by
Copeland is antedated by Thelypteris.

Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. is reported from the Island by Roland
(1947). (Dryopteris Davenp.).

Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. Map 31. Rather scarce.

In shady fairly dry sites: sandy loam under hardwood trees or in dry thickets
along streams. (Aspidium noveboracensis (L.) Sw., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst; Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray, Campbell).

Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson Map 32. Common between

Charlottetown and Summerside, scattered in Prince County, apparently rare in
Kings County. Open, usually coniferous woods on well-drained banks, more
rarely along damp runs. (Phegopteris polypodioides Fee, Macoun, MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; including P. hexagonoptera Bain 1892; Dryopteris
Phegopteris (L. ) C. Chr., Campbell).

Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson Map 33. Throughout. Partially

shaded sites; stream-bottom thickets and their banks, or dry hardwoods.
(Phegopteris Dryopteris (L. ) Fee, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; including
P. calcaria, Bain 1892; Dryopteris disjuncta (Ledeb.) C.V. Morton, Campbell).
In this case the species should possibly be segregated from Thelypteris, but
the generic name cannot be Gymnocarpium as proposed by Morton in the New
Britton and Brown, that name referring (Copeland says) primarily to T. phegopteris.

[Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Holman's record of it from cliffs of the Dunk
River in 1935 requires substantiation. Adams, Hurst.]

52

Thelypteris noveboracensis

Thelypteris phegopteris

Thelypteris dryopteris

Athyrium thelypteroides

Athyrium filix»femina
var. michauxii

Woodwordia virginica

53

Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. Map 34. Scarce; stream

banks, in shade and mould of mixed woods. (Asplenium thelypteroides Michx.,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; Asplenium acrostichoides Sw., Hurst).

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng. ) Farwell Map 35.

Common throughout. Ecological tolerance broad: dry wood-edge banks to damp
shady runs. In dense shade the f. rubellum (Gilbert) Farwell is produced.
(Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh., MacSwain <S Bain, MacSwain, Hurst).

BLECHNACEAE

Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Map 36. Pond south of Murray River;

pond at Village Green; Mermaid Lake, Southport (discovered by A. Smallwood;
MacSwain's only station, Erskine in Rhodora 53: 265. 1951). Floating mat of
bog ponds.

POLYPODIACEAE

Poly podium virginianum L. Map 37. Dunk River above Central

Bedeque, moss on shady sandstone ledges. Only station; known since 1903.
(P. vulgare, MacSwain, Hurst), Campbell.

TAXACEAE

Taxus canadensis Marsh. Map 38. From east to west on clay banks

or along streams in ravines and woodland; absent from the steep dry central hills
and eastern acid swamps. Undershrub of the best mixed forest land; more common
on good l^ardwood land (Stewart). "GROUND SPRUCE" (Stewart); in Nova Scotia
"Ground hemlock". (T. baccata, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR Map 39. Throughout, but most

abundant in West Prince, seldom reaching any great height and on headlands
low or even depressed. Possibly favored south of the true Boreal Forest (as
also in Cape Breton) by clay soils. Characteristic of mixed forest on the best
soils (Stewart). Nodes may be swollen by attacks of Balsam Woolly Aphis.
Timber poor, used, if straight, for fence rails and laths; Canada Balsam used
as internal and external medicament (Stewart). Now in demand as a Christmas
tree. At least in West Prince represented by var. phanerolepis Fern. {Pinus
balsamea L., Stewart); Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. HEMLOCK Map 40. Scattered, in

woods on well -drained land: ravines, knolls. The durable wood used for wharves
and pilings (Stewart), too brittle for beams but boards used for siding, the bark
excellent for tanning, the shoots for a spruce beer (Stewart). {Pinus Abies,
Stewart; Abies canadensis (L.) Michx., MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain,
Hurst.

54

Polypodium virginianum

Tsu£a canadensis

55

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss WHITE SPRUCE Map 41. Throughout,

a pioneer of open land establishing itself only in sunlit sites: in woodland only

on the old dunes where no trees precede it; nowadays very common on abandoned

farms and pastures of the lighter soils, and a major source of pulpwood; there

growing so densely as to shade out all green vegetation.

Growing with Betula populifolia, and indicator of the poorest land for farming,

The light wood useful for spars and rafters (Stewart). {Pinus canadensis, white

type, Stewart; Abies alba (Ait.) Link, Macoun, MacSwain; P. canadensis, Hurst),
Campbell.

Ficea rubens Sarg. RED SPRUCE Map 42. Scattered, in well-

drained 'hardwood forest' sites only: notably in ravines of Queens, and on knolls
of West Prince. Forming beautiful groves, superior to the white spruce (Stewart).
Stewart, however, calls it a species of clearings and old fields, which would
seem likely to mean P. glauca. An element of the Northern Hardwood Forest but
closely related to P. mariana of the Boreal Forest. Macoun said of them "distinct
enough in P.E.I, to be regarded as species and variety." (Pinus canadensis,
red type, Stewart; Picea nigra var. rubra (DuRoi) Engelm., Macoun; P. rubra
(DuRoi) Link, not Dietr., Hurst), Campbell.

Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. BLACK SPRUCE Map 43. Common in

Price and Kings; in Queens along the North Shore. Poorly-drained or exposed
sites: swamps, bogs; on the dunes and headlands, depressed. Wood useful for
masts and spars; shoots for spruce beer (Stewart). (Pinus canadensis, black
type, Stewart; Abies nigra (Ait.) Michx. , Bain; Picea nigra (Ait.) Link, Macoun;
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain), Hurst.

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch "JUNIPER" Map 44. Common

throughout, with Picea mariana, characteristic of peat bogs, in swamps, even
with Thuja; in hilly regions, forming pure stands where invading poorly drained
pastures. Bushy-topped in exposed sites (e.g., the Black Marsh at North Point).
The tough durable wood was the best in the Temperate Zone for ship's knees
and trunnels; the turpentine used medicinally (Stewart). (Pinus Larix, Stewart;
L. microcarpa Forbes, Bain; L. Americana Michx., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain);
Hurst. The common name "Juniper" is in local usage, as also in parts of New
Brunswick; known in Cape Breton as "Cedar", in Nova Scoria as "Hackamatack"
and in Ontario as "Tamarack."

Pinus strobus L. PINE Map 45. More common in sandy eastern

Kings and west of Summerside than in Queens. Large trees remain uncut along
steep banks (e.g. near Montague River or at Milton) and old stumps indicate
the former widespread occurrence in the climax forest, the "White Pine-Northern
Hardwoods" regional type of E. Lucy Braun (1950), reported by early settlers.

56

Pinus strobus

Pinus banksiona

Thuja occidentalis

57

Under British rule in 1763, the pine was reserved to the navy for masts (one
trunk of three to five feet in diameter could serve as mainmast of a 64-gun
ship) and cutting by the settlers was forbidden. Stewart declares that it was
not abundant and never found in pure stands but was characteristic of the mixed
forest on the best (sandy loam) land. Groves of young trees are rare (e.g., at
McNeill's Mills), and there is little replacement. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Pinus resinosa Ait. Map 46. Very local: common around Cascumpeque

Bay, e.g., at Mill River (Bain); locally through Kings County. Dry sandy soil.
Small groves or scattered trees amid scrub; old trees only at Murray River.
{P. Taeddy Stewart; P. rigida, Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Pinus banksiana Lamb. Map 47. West Prince. "Jack Pine" is

said by MacLeod (1947) to occur in Kings. Sandy soils, after fire; boggy meadow
and barrens. Heat frees seed from the cones. (P. Pinea, Stewart); Hurst 1941.

Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) on the fire-barren on sand of a post-glacial beach
at East Bideford in western Prince County, where It is quite localized

58

Juniperus communis
# var. depresso
A var, saxatilis

Juniperus horizontal is

Sparqonium eurycarpum

Sporganium americanum

59

CUPRESSACEAE

Thuja occidentalis L. CEDAR Map 48. Prince County west of

Summerside, its easternmost limit the Miscouche Woods. Swamps, mainly on clay;
a little in the west on poorly drained sandy loam, where it may invade pastures.
Indicator of a calcareous subsoil. Source of fence rails. {Cupressus thyoides,
Bain); MacS wain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Juniperus communis L., vars. Map 49. Along the North Shore and

around to Montague. Dry open land of headlands and beaches.

Var. saxatilis Pallas Exposed sites: headlands and in the path of wind
over sand dunes, along the North Shore. (Var. alpina Gaudin, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain; var. montana Ait., Hurst; var. canadensis, Churchill), Campbell.

Var. depressa Pursh Open dry sites: openings in spruce woods, pasture
weed near North Shore and eastern headlands. Poisonous; 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

Juniperus horizontal is Moench Map 50 Coastal, from West Point

around the North Shore to Bay Fortune, on stabilized dunes and exposed sites
nearby. Poisonous (Groh). (/. prostrata, Bain; /. Sabina var. procumbens Pursh,
MacSwain and Bain, Churchill, MacSwain); Hurst.

TYPHACEAE

Typha lati folia L. "BULRUSH" Map 51. Throughout. Mucky shallows

of fresh-water creeks or ponds, its rotting dead leaves and peduncles affording a
habitat for many subaquatic species. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

*Typha angustifolia L. Map 52. Wood Island, brackish pool among

sandy flats; an unconfirmed report from Village Green; Vernon {J.S. Erskine).

SPARGANIACEAE
(included in Typhaceae by MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain)

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Map 53. Margins of barrier-beach

ponds and creeks along the North Shore; on the South, from a quaking marsh at
Cherry Valley; scattered west to Summerside. A common element in the Typha
stage of aquatic succession. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Sparganium americanum Nutt. Map 54. Lower Sea Cow Pond; Tignish;

Watervale (Q); Bristol, on muddy banks and at margin of slow streams. Hurst.

Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. Map 55. Common in east-central

lowland, scattered elsewhere. Along streams, and shores of temporary ponds.
(S. simplex, Macoun, Bain). Commonly represented by var. acaule (Beeby) Fern.
{S. simplex, var. acaule Beeby, Macoun; S. diversifolium var. acaule (Beeby)
Fern. & Eames, Hurst); Campbell.

^Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Rob. Map 56. Pond between Stanhope

Beach and Dalvay House. P.E.I. National Park.

60

Sporqanium chlorocarpum

Sporganium fluctuans

55

56

Sparganium angustifolium

Sparganium multrpeduncu latum

57

Potamogeton filiformis
var. boreal is

59

61

Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Map 57. Common in eastern

Queens and adjacent parts of Kings, in lakes, standing or flowing water;
streams, seldom flowering. (5. simplex var. Nuttallii, Macoun; var. angustifolium
(Michx.) Engelm., MacSwain); Hurst.

Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. Map 58. North Shore

ponds from Brackley Beach to Grand Tracadie; Lake Verde; Mermaid Lake.

[.Sparganium simplex Huds., a European species, is to be excluded. As used by
older authors, it referred to all species other than 5. eurycarpum (Bain, 1892),
to S. chlorocarpum especially (Macoun), and to S. multipedunculatum in the
seventh edition of Gray's Manual.]

Sparganium minimum Fries Tignish, muddy border of old millpond (Fernald et al.).

ZOSTERACEAE
(NAJADACEAE, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst)

Zostera marina L. var. stenophylla Asch. & Graebn. EELGRASS Map 59.

Scattered around the coast: e.g., Alberton, Bideford, Brackley Beach, Savage
Harbour, Murray River, Charlottetown harbor. Most completely marine species of
the P.E.I, flora: salt-water estuaries and beaches, on moderately sandy or rocky
bottom. Now nearly recovered from the wasting disease of 1933 and later years.
Locally used as fertilizer; gathered in heaps on the beach for composting.
("SEAWEED") Hurst.

The salt-water eelgrass (Zostera marina), before its mysterious decline In the 1930's
was an economic source of land fertilizer and house insulation as well as a food
source for brant. It is now returning to the coastal waters and here at Brackley Beach
it has been gathered up for use on the land. A dense carpet of silverweed (PotentiUa
anserina)\% spreading over It in the foreground

I

62

Potamogeton vaginatus

6]

Potamogelon pectinatus

62

Potamogeton foliosus

Potamogeton friesii

43

64

Potamogeton pusillus

Potamogeton natans

45

63

Potamogeton filiformis Pers. , vars. Map 60. North Shore pondB.

Var. boreal is (Raf.) St. John, reported from pond at Brackley Beach by
St. John, Rhodora 18: 135. 1916. M.W. Smith's report (1946) from Clark's Pond
is based on a specimen of P. pectinatus, however. Campbell.

Var. macounii Morong North Lake (Macoun 4373), variously reported as P.
flabellatus in Macoun's Catalogue, P. interior in Gray's Manual (1908) and as
P. juncifolius by A.R. Bennett (Jour. Bot. 46: 162. 1908). Campbell.

Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz. Map 61. "Selkirk, abundant in

clear brook, above tidewater" (Fernald and St. John 10,897), referred by D.H.
Webster (unpublished thesis, Acadia University) to P. filiformis var. macounii.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Map 62. North Shore ponds: North Lake

and Black Pond, Kings; Clark's Pond at Cavendish, Queens; Lower Sea Cow
Pond. Brackish waters. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, also St. John
(Rhodora 18: 125. 1916).

^Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. Map 63, South port,

Ellerslie, Watervale. Fresh-water ponds.

Potamogeton friesii Rupr. Map 64. Rather general: the common

linear-leaved pond-weed of fresh-water ponds and streams, often found in mill-
dams. (P. mucronatus Schrad., Macoun); Hurst.

Potamogeton pusillus L. Map 65. Black Pond (K); Sea Cow Pond

near Tignish; brackish waters. Macoun's collection recorded as var. capitatus
in Gray's Manual (1908). {P. panormitanus Biv., Fernald).

^Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. var. nuttallii (C. & S.) Fern. Muddy Creek (St.
Nicholas), stagnant pond near shore.

Potamogeton natans L. Map 66. Local: St. Peters Lake (Britain

Pond), ponds at Stanhope, Mount Stewart, Canavoy, Vernon River. Fresh water.
MacSwain, Hurst.

^Potamogeton alpinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden Map 67.

Pleasant View (P), Watervale (Q). Muddy bottom of creeks.

^Potamogeton gramineus L. Map 68. Cherry Valley. Stagnant water

in marsh..

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. bupleuroides (Fern.) Farwell Map 69.

General: less common by far than P. praelongus, and more tolerant of brackish
waters. (P. bupleuroides Fern., Hurst 1940); Campbell.

Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. Map 70. The common broad-leaved

pondweed, forming beds in streams and milldams. MacSwain, Hurst.

Ruppia maritima L. vars. Map 71. Around the coasts, not common.

The varieties show no ecological segregation, var. mstrata Agardh, the most
common, growing with var. subcapitata Fern. <S Wieg. at Bunbury and transitional
to it at Tignish (Rhodora 16: 127. 1914), and with var. obliqua (Schur) Asch. &
Graebn. at Brackley Beach. Adams, Hurst 1940.

64

Potomogeton alpinus

Potomoqeton gramineus

Potomogeton perfoliatus

Potomogeton praelongus

Ruppia maritima

Zannichellio polustris

65

89470-5

Zannichellia palustris L. var. major (Boenn.) Koch Map 72. Dunk

River, in fresh water near sea level: Char lottet own, in harbor at North River
estuary; Bothwell, a salty lagoon; Brackley Point, brackish waters. Not common.
Brackish or salty waters, ascending larger streams to fresh water.

JUNCAGINACEAE
(included in Alismataceae by MacSwain and Bain, in Najadaceae by MacSwain)

Triglochin elata Nutt., Love in Nat. Can. 85:162. 1958. Map 73.

Common along coasts, on salt marshes or sandy shores once mixed with organic
matter. Rarely in fresh marsh as at Mount Stewart. Two forms: 1. tall stout
plants with erect, usually dense spikes of flowers (T. elata sensu stricto), and
2. small slender plants with upcurving loose spikes of few flowers (T. concinna
sensu Fernald 1950)., T. maritima, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst 1940
omitted by printer from Hurst 1933).

Triglochin palustris L. Map 74. Grand Tracadie and Mount Stewart,

Cape Wolfe. Less typical of salt marshes than is T. maritima; brackish and
fresh marshes along coasts.

ALISMATACEAE

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Map 75. Scattered: marshy borders of

ponds, thus often coastal. Plants with narrow leaf lobes are called forma gracilis
(Pursh) Rob. (S. variabilis Engelm. , MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

Sagittaria graminea Michx. Map 76. Keefe's Lake (Groh & Make).

Alisma trivia le Pursh Map 77. Widely scattered but rather uncommon,

fresh pond-margins or marshes, often behind barrier beaches. (A. Plantago,
MacSwain; A. PI ant ago-aquatic a, Hurst); Campbell.

BUTOMACEAE

Butomus umbel latus L. Map 78. Introduced European aguatic,

naturalized on the St. Lawrence, whence introduced in 1935 (Groh, Can. Weed
Surv. 2: 8. 1944) to the pond at Charlottetown Experimental Farm (extinct there
by 1945), and from there to Hurst's (Smelt Creek) at Brackley Point in 1941,
where he noted it persisting in 1945, though it is now extinct there. Also intro-
duced to Reddin's Pond in Southport and still flourishing. Hurst 1940.

HYDROCHARITACEAE

LVallisneria americana Michx. Aguatic of rivers and lakes in northern N.S. has
not been found. ( V. spiralis, MacSwain and Bain).]

GRAMINEAE

[Bromus racemosus L. Map 79. Montague railway station, 1945

{bore & Gorham). European adventive.J

Bromus inermis Leyss. Map 80. Introduced as a fodder grass,

becoming widespread on roadsides. Charlottetown (1921), well established by
the Experimental Farm; since 1940, elsewhere. Campbell.

66

Triglochin polustris

74

Saqittario latifolio

75

Saqittaria graminea

76

77

78

Bromus inermis

79

67

89470-5Vi

Bromus ciliatus L. Map 81. Locally throughout. Muddy banks

usually along streams, often in partial shade. The original description of B.
dudleyi Fern. (Rhodora 32: 64. 1930), a weak segregate of this species, included
specimens from Indian River. Campbell.

Schizachne purpurascens (Ton.) Swollen Map 82. Indian River,

St. Charles; pockets of spruce-needle litter in half-shade of woods on bank. The
St. Charles (K) specimens belong to the forma albicans Fern, lacking anthocyanin
throughout.

Festuca capillata Lam. Map 83. Locally, throughout. Established

since before 1912 at Charlottetown. Open ground: old fields, roadsides, saltmarsh
margin in disturbed soil. Forming large pale tufts.

* Festuca ovina L. Map 84. North Rustico, sea face of dunes at

harbor, associated with the forma hispidula (Hack.) Holmb. Older records
(MacSwain and Bain; Churchill; Macoun's identification of a Watson specimen
from Governor's Island; Groh) may have referred to F. rubra (see Dore and Roland,
1942).

Festuca ruhra L. Map 85. Common throughout. Sandy soil, forming

extensive patches in poor pasture and on headlands or above beaches. 2 Lots
(Groh).

Var. juncea (Hackel) Richter Brackley Point; Borden; Wood Islands - sand
dunes; High Bank.

Festuca elatior L. Map 86. The few records mostly from towns.

Introduced from Europe as a fodder grass. Roadsides; Bain's "tall fescue" of
intervales probably not this species. (MacSwain and Bain, including F. pratensis
Huds., MacSwain and Bain).

G/ycer/'a borealis (Nash) Batchelder Map 87. Local: Tignish area,

Sea View, Upton, St. Peters Lake, Selkirk. Fresh waters: streams or pond margins.

*Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Map 88. Rare: Portage; Bristol.

Muck at borders of lakes & swamps.

Glyceria laxa Scribn. Map 89. Bloomfield, springy railroad ditch

[Fernald, Long & St. John 6905). This species appears as if a hybrid of C.
canadensis with G. striata. {G. striata var. laxa (Scribn.) Hitchc., Dove and
Roland).

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Map 90. Throughout. Damp places:

in fields, ditches, woods, usually along runs. (Poa nervata Willd., Bain; nervata
(Willd.) Trin., Hurst), Campbell.

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. Map 91. Throughout. Wet ground: streams,

ditches, swales. (Poa aquatica, Bain); Adams, Hurst 1940.

68

Schizachne purpurascens

81

82

Festuca capillata

83

84

85

86

87

Glycerio canadensis

69

Torreyochloa fernaldii (Hitchc.) Church, Am. Jour. Bot. 36:164. 1949. Map 92.

Local. Marshy pond margins, wet ditches and slow creeks. {Glyceria fernaldii
(Hitchc.) St. John, Dore and Roland).

Puccinellia americana S0rensen, Medd. om Gr6nl. 136(3): 67. 1953. Map 93.

*

Salt marshes at Bunbury, Southport. Near its northeastern limit, the Bay of
Chaleur. (P. maritima, Fernald 1950, Dore and Roland).

\*Puccinellia nuttal liana (Schult.) Hitchc. Map 94. Charlottetown,

one clump in railway yards, 1953. Adventive, western North American.]

[*Pucc/ne///a fasciculata (Torr.) Bickn. Map 95. Charlottetown,

1953, a single clump by Grafton Street near Canada Packers'. Adventive, though
considered native in Nova Scotia.]

Puccinellia pumila (Vasey) Hitchc. Map 96. Coastal; common, both

on salt marshes and sands. Fernald and Weatherby (Rhodora 18: 20 1916),
treating this species as P. paupercula var. alaskana, distinguished var.
longiglumis from Bunbury by the longer floral bracts. Collected subseguently
only at Gaspe and not relocated at Bunbury. This elongation may have been, as is
so usual in Agrostis, due to nematode infection.

Puccinellia ambigua S^rensen, Medd. om Grdnl. 136(3): 64. 1953. Alberton, salt
marsh {Fernald), type locality.

Poo annua L. Map 97. Throughout, common. European, naturalized.

Bare, usually moist ground; roadsides and trampled pastures. Weed, 21 Lots
(Groh). MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

Poo compressa L. Map 98. Throughout. European, naturalized

Abundant in dry sites: roadsides, banks (even in woodland) dunes and headlands.
No less common on clay soil. Large areas thinly colonized by means of stolons.
27 Lots (Groh). Bain, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

Poo pratensis L. Map 99. Locally "JUNE GRASS." Common

throughout. European. Fields, pastures, meadows and roadsides; introduced as a
forage grass (Kentucky bluegrass) and now abundant. 11 Lots (Groh). Bain,
MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. Nematode infestation, noted at several stations,
induces elongation of spikelets, a form reported (Rhodora 23: 133. 1921) as
P. costata.

Var. alpigena Fries Coastal, more rarely inland (Bloomfield, Marshfield
(Q), Harmony (K), the stoloniferous group, including P. subcaerulea Sm. and P.
alpigena (Fries) Lindm. f. of Gray's Manual (1950). Transitions to P. pratensis
are suggested by Fernald's collections of both types at Rocky Point, and by the
ecological contrast at North Rustico where plants like var. alpigena grew in the
tall Juncus balticus of the sand flat while shorter less tufted types grew in the
open turf.

Poo palustris L. Map 100. Throughout; introduced European. Damp

open grounds; creek margins, dune slacks, ditches. 1 Lot (Groh). (P. serotina
Ehrh., MacSwain and Bain; P. triflora Gilib., Groh, Hurst); Campbell.
Poo trivialis L. Map 101. Queens and Kings Counties; rare in Prince. European,
introduced. Muddy margins of slow creeks, or ditch. MacSwain and Bain.

70

89

Glyceric grandis

Torreyochloa ferrtaldii

Puccinellia americana

Puccinellia nuttalliana

94

Pucinellia fasciculata

Puccinellia pumila

96

71

Poo saltuensis Fern & Wieg. Map 102. From west to east. Indigenous.

Open, dry mixed woods; thus, common around Tignish and Alberton, and north-
east of Souris. The size range of spikelets is that of var. microlepis Fern. 6c
Wieg. in collections from the east and west; Fernald's specimens from St.
Dunstan's are cited in the original description of P. saltuensis (typical).

Dactylis glomerata L. Map 103. Established from Summerside east;

not abundant. European, introduced. Roadsides and waste lots; tolerant of shade
(called "orchard grass"), seldom planted, but very persistent. 7 Lots (Groh).
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, Groh, Hurst.

*Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. Map 104. Charlottetown railway

yards (1953). European; adventive from Canadian mainland.

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. var. laurentiana Fern. Map 105.

Vicinities of Launching, Charlottetown and Tignish. In perennial springs and
streams.

bistichlis spicata (L.) Greene Map 106. Charlottetown harbor

and its estuaries. Near head of salt marshes. A species of warm shores here
at its northeastern limit.

Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (Fourn.) Fern. Map 107.

Dunk River estuary, borders of salt marsh. Only known station for seventy years.
{P. sylvestris, MacSwain and Bain), MacSwain and Bain.

Lolium perenne L. Map 108. Charlottetown, frequently since 1941.

European; introduced in lawn seed, never long persistent. Hurst 1941.

Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte, vars. Map 109. Very local;

open woods or swamps, never weedy.

Var. majus (Vasey) Fern. Indian River, dry clearing.

Var. novae'angliae (Scribn. ) Fern. Bl cornfield (P) and Dundee, larch
swamps.

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Acadian "CHIENDENT" Map 110.

Throughout, common. Native to the head of beaches and salt marshes (a tension
zone); an ineradicable weed of cultivation. 42 Lots (Groh). Fernald separates
the salt marsh form as var. subulatum (Schreb. ) Reichenb., which has been
collected at Brackley Point by Macoun. The var. repens is said to be more
common on sandy shores and more aggressive as a weed. Each variety is divided
into a series of forms depending on the combination of presence or absence of
awns and pubescence on the rachis. (Triticum repens L., MacSwain and Bain);
Groh, Hurst.

[Triticum aestivum L. WHEAT Occasionally seed fallen from trucks or trains
may germinate.]

72

99

100

101

102

Dactyl is glomerata

Eragrostis poaeoides

73

Elymus mollis Trin. Map 111. Locally about the coasts. Strands,

not salt marshes or dunes. (E. arenarius var. villosus E. Mey.).

*Elymus virginicus L. Map 112. Selkirk, flood-plain woods of the

Naufrage River.

hordeum jubatum L. Acadian "FUBETTE" Map 113. Fairly common

on the Northumberland Strait coast. Tension zone of salt marsh; spreading inland
along railways; common on the sidings in Prince County clay. First collection,
1912. 8 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, Groh, Hurst.

[Hordeum vulgare L. (//. hexastichon) BARLEY Widely planted but seldom
spontaneous.]

[Seco/e cereo/e L. RYE Cultivated occasionally. Quite often spontaneous in
waste places. 1 Lot (Groh).]

*Sphenopholis intermedia Rydb. Map 114. Dunk River, sandstone

cliff at high-flood level.

Avena sativa L. OATS Map 115. The commonly planted grain; as

with the climate and Scottish settlement, one would expect. Spontaneous along
roadsides and railway.
r

*Avena fatua L. var. vilis (Walk.) Haussk. (det. D.R. Lindsay) Charlottetown,
(1953), Kensington (1953); railway sidings. European; naturalized in western
Canada; possibly introduced in western feed-grain (never found along roadsides,
but usually associated with A. sativa).

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Map 117. Near the North Shore

from Indian River to East Point; Victoria Park in Charlottetown. Dry ground:
sandy spruce woods, exposed headlands and banks. Adams, Hurst 1940.

*Deschampsia cespitosa (L.)Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. f. Map 118.

Indian River, muddy banks of river and marshy ground at head of estuary.

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Map 119. Common throughout.

Clearings and open woods; old fields, (apparently light-loving). Abundant during
establishment of Picea glauca. Very variable. On burns much larger plants
develop, corresponding to D. alleni Austin. D. alleni has been recorded from
Alberton (dry clearings) and Bristol (recent burn). Weed, 48 Lots (Groh).
MacSwain and Bain; Groh; Hurst.

Danthonia compressa Austin Map 120. Elmira, East Point (Malte).

The woodland counterpart of D. spicata, which in woodland may similarly have
spreading spikelets.

74

Cotabrosa oquatica

Distichlis spicata

Phragmites communis

106

Agropyron trochycoulum

Agropyron repens

109

Elymus virginicus

75

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt. Map 121. Throughout;

particularly common in Prince County. Damp or wet places in open bushland
and swamp, or along streams and ditches, forming extensive pure stands. Bain,
MacSwain and Bain, Groh, Hurst.

Var. macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins, marked off by the shorter, denser
inflorescence, is cited from Mount Stewart, by Stebbins (Rhodora 32: 41. 1930).

*Var. robusta Vasey Specimens from North Point attain the spikelet
measurements of this variety. The species seems to include a cline from var.
macouniana by var. typica to var. robusta and on to the more northern var. scabra,
the spikelet and its parts becoming longer, the glumes becoming longer relative
to the lemma, more long-scabrous on the keel, more scabrous-hirtellous generally
from the nearly glabrous var. macouniana.

Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. Map 122.

Local: Mount Stewart, Brackley Beach, Summerside. Fresh to brackish marshes
along the coast.

Ammophila breviligulata Fern. Map 123. Around the coast. Drifting

sand, very abundant. Usually the first sand-binder, stabilizing the dunes and
persisting until the establishment of a forest of white spruce. (Psamma arenaria,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain; A. arenaria, Churchill, Hurst).

Dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata) is the characteristic, and often
sole, species of plant on the coastal dunes of the North Shore

76

Sphenopholis intermedia

115

116

Deschampsia flexuosa

Deschompsia coespitoso

118

Danthonio spicato

Donthonio compressa

120

77

Agrostis gigantea Roth var. dispar (Willd.) Philipson Map 124. A

frequent roadside weed naturalized from Europe, often planted or weedy in
hayfields in the uplands, tending to form clumps; a lax form in springs or streams.
Weedy, 5 Lots (Groh). {A. alba, Groh; A. stolonifera var. major (Gaud.) Farwell,
Dore and Roland.

Agrostis palustris Huds. Map 125. Scattered throughout, presumed

indigenous. Marshy sites, salt or fresh: damp fields along streams, and ditches.
A weed of waterlogged sites, more common inland on clays. Purple color lacking
in specimens found at Wellington. " Introduced7 ' weed, 25 Lots (Groh). (A.
stolonifera, Groh, and var. compacta Hartm., Malte; A. maritima Lam., Adams;
A. alba var. maritima (Lam.) G.F. W. Mey., Hurst; and var. palustris (Huds.)
Pers., Campbell).

Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Map 126. Throughout, European, presumed

introduced. Formerly grown for seed at Souris and Georgetown to be used in
growing turf for golf greens, and sold as 'Prince Edward Island bent' or 'brown
top' (Malte, Ann. Rep. Nat. Mus. Can. 50: 105-126. 1928). Fields and roadsides,
on light soil, forming a good sod. Best developing in areas with the cool summers
of a maritime climate. Nematode infestation and distortion of flowering parts
common. Awned forms (f. aristata (Parnell) Wieg.) at Borden (Malte) , Hunter
River. 49 Lots (Groh). (A. vulgaris With., Bain, MacSwain and Bain); Hurst.

Agrostis scabra Willd. Map 127. Scattered throughout. Open dry

(or even damp) sites, clearings in coniferous woods, becoming very abundant
on new roads and burns, dikeland, sandy seashores even marshes. Weedy. 10
Lots (Groh). [Trichodium laxiflorum, MacSwain and Bain; Agrostis hyemalis,
hurst).

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Map 128. Ellerslie Brook,

Lake Verde, Selkirk (Armedale). Damp, shady sites. MacSwain and Bain.

Agrostis con/no L. Map 129. European, introduced at Georgetown

as 'Rhode Island bent.' Small clump in a damp grassy lot at Alberton; seed for
planting golf greens formerly cultivated at Georgetown (Malte). Malte determined
as hybrids with A. tenuis collections from Borden, Georgetown and Wood Islands.
1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

C/nna lati folia (Trev.) Griseb. Map 130 Locally throughout. Damp

woods, often along streams.

[Cinna arundinacea L. Not known from the Maritimes. Reported by MacSwain
and Bain; doubted by Hurst.]

Phleum pratense L. TIMOTHY Map 131. Throughout. Introduced,

European. Commonly planted in clover hay mixtures; also grown for seed.
Persistent in fields; weed of roadsides. 42 Lots (Groh). Bain, MacSwain and
Bain, Hurst.

7B

Calamagrostis canadensis

Calamasrostis neglecta

Ammophilo breviligulato

Agrostis gigantea

Agrostis palustris

Agrostis perennans

79

Alopecurus pratensis L. Map 132. Rare; Alberton, O'Leary,

Charlottetown. European, introduced. Locally naturalized weed of damp roadsides
and fields.

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.
Springs and creek banks.

Map 133.

Rare: Wellington, Southport.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Map 134.

Park. European, established since before 1912.

Charlottetown, brook at Spring

Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. var. cinnoides (Link) F. J. Hermann
Map 135. Indian River: damp thicket {Fernald, Long & St. John), Hills-

borough River marshes above Mount Stewart. (M. racemosa, Dore and Roland, not
(Michx.) BSP.)

Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr. Map 136.

barren north of Lot 40 station {Fernald & St. John).

Bristol: dry heathy

*Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. var. septentrionale Babel Map 137.

McNeills Mills corner on Western Road, dry leaf mold in alder thicket along
stream.

Spartina pectinata Link Map 138. Fairly common. Brackish to

fresh sites: head of salt marsh or sandy shores, along estuaries and fresh
water creeks forming extensive stands. (S. cynosuroides, MacSwain and Bain,
including S. polystachya, Bain; 5. Michauxiana Hitchc); Adams, Hurst 1940.
M.W. Smith's report of S. Michauxiana from the barrier dunes of the National
Park ponds apparently refers to Ammophila breviligulata.

Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Map 139. Almost limited to salt marsh;

at Wood Islands and Charlottetown on extensive brackish sand flats. A dominant
species of salt marsh, forming an uninterrupted zone above the S. alterniflora.
"It is cut for fodder where it is abundant, as on the broad marshes of the East
River, above Mount Stewart" (Bain). Where cut each year, it is replaced as a
zone former by the interspersed Limonium and Puccinellia. (S. juncea, Bain,
MacSwain and Bain); Hurst.

* X Spartina caespitosa A. A. Eaton Map 140. Bunbury; Charlotte-

town. Salt marsh tension zone, brackish flats. Combining the characteristics of
S. pectinata and S. patens, which grow with it at each station.

80

Alopecurus protensis

Alopecurus aequalis

Alopecurus geniculatus

Muhlenberqia glomerota

Oryzopsis canadensis

31

89470-6

Spartina alterni flora Loisel. var. alterni flora Map 141. Around the

coast on salt marshes. A dominant, forming salt marsh and often acting as a
mud binder along creeks. (S. glabra, MacSwain and Bain, and var. alterniflora
(Loisel.) Merr., Hurst), Campbell.

[*Beekmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. Map 142. Western Canadian,

adventive: Charlottetown, black mud of pool drying on cinders by Rocky Point
ferry wharf, 1953.]

[*Fhalaris canariensis L. Map 143. European, introduced as birdseed

and adventive: Summerside, dump at edge of salt marsh, 1953. Hurst's 1940
record erroneous, based on Bain's "canary grass".]

Phalaris arundinacea L., forms. Forma arundinacea Map 144. Rare.

West Point; Charlottetown; Vernon River. European, probably introduced. Forming
dense clumps in standing water or damp waste places. Colonies lacking
anthocyanin also grow in Charlottetown. The forma variegata (Parnell) Druce,
established at Pleasant Valley, Bonshaw and Charlottetown is introduced as
a garden plant. 6 Lots (Groh). (var. picta L., Groh, Hurst; "canary grass",
Bain; P. Americana, MacSwain and Bain).

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Map 145. European, introduced. Rare:

O'Leary, Bay View; around Charlottetown; Montague to Georgetown. "Not much
grown" — Bain 1890. Light dry soil, in turf. 4 Lots (Groh).

hiierochloe odorata (L.) Wahl. Map 146. Local, around the coasts.

Upper border of salt marsh; in and below tension line. Leaves formerly used
by the Micmacs of Lennox Island in basketry. (//'. borealis R. <& S. , Bain 1892);
Groh, Hurst.

Leers/o oryzoides (L.) Sw. Map 147. Local; more freguent in

Prince County. Muddy or mucky fresh-water shores, forming stands.

Zizania aquatica L., vars. WILD RICE Hurst 1940. Map 148.

Var. angustifolia Hitchc. Pisguid Pond; Mermaid Lake; forming belts around
each in shallow water and deep organic muck. Reputedly introduced as duck
food, (if so, a success), native in the St. John River of New Brunswick.

[Var. interior Fassett Reported by W. Reddin as introduced at Southport, where
it has not persisted. Wisconsin seed source indicated this variety.]

82

Brochyelytrum erectum

Spartino pectinata

Sportina patens

X Sporting coespitosa

140

Spgrtina olterniflora

Beckmonnia syziggchne

142

Phalaris arundinacea

83

89470-6Vi

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Map 149. European, naturalized

from Wellington to Wood Islands, C.N.R. and North Shore. Railway cinders and
dry sandy sites near coast, a weed since before 1912. 1 Lot (Groh). (D. humifusa
Pers., Groh, Hurst), Campbell.

[Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Map 150. European, adventive.

Charlottetown railway yard, 1912.]

Panicum capillare L. Map 151. Common; adventive from Canada

by C.N.R. , perhaps naturalized. Scattered along the railways; also at Brackley
Beach. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. var. psilophyllum Fern. Map 152.

Pisquid West, Morell, Wood Islands Station, sandy to gravelly cut banks. A
colonizer of dry sites.

{.Panicum miliaceum L. Map 153. Brackley Beach (1930); Summerside

(1953). European, casual adventive; possibly introduced from the West in chicken
feed. Hurst.]

Panicum boreale Nash Map 154. Commonly in central P.E.I. ;

Campbellton (P). Sunny sites, dry to damp: burns, clearings, old fields, pond
borders on sand flats. Rapidly shaded out. {P. capillare var. boreale (a lapse),
Hurst 1940); Campbell.

Panicum subvillosum Ashe Map 155. Scattered throughout: considered

by Fernald the common species of section Lanuginosa. Open dry sites: old
fields, barrens and maritime sand.

Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. Common in central
Queens and at least to Wood Islands. Old hayfields or sandy places, weedy and
never found in turf. {P. lanuginosum, Adams, Hurst).

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Map 156. Frequent only in

Queens County; Central Bedeque (1905). European, naturalized by 1888. Weed of
broken cultivated ground, thriving in muddy or well-manured soil. 8 Lots (Groh),

Hurst.

84

Anthoxanthum odoratum

145

146

Leersia oryzoides

Digitaria ischoemum

Digitaria songuinalis

Ponicum depauperotum

151

152

85

Setaria glauca (L. ) Beauv. Map 157. Rare: Charlottetown; only

on the Georgetown railway (Groh). European, naturalized. Weed of bare or
disturbed ground. Groh, Hurst.

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Map 158. Scattered, most abundant

in towns and villages. European; in Charlottetown, naturalized before 1953.
Weed of railways and gardens. Var. weinmannii (R. & S.) Brand Often present
to the exclusion of var. viridis: Lot 6 Point; Montague. 8 Lots (Groh). (S. verti-
cillata, MacSwain and Bain); Hurst. (5. italica, Groh 6c Frankton, Can. Weed
Surv. 5: 4. 1948).

[Setaria italica (L. ) Beauv. Mrs. Heath Haviland's collection from Charlottetown
was of S. viridis, as was that of Dore & Gorham from Mont ague J

CYPERACEAE

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Map 159. Rare: Portage; Lake

Verde, Watervale. Mucky shores of fresh water lakes.

Eleocharis parvula (R. & S. ) Link Map 160. Local; Souris, Mount

Stewart, Brackley Beach, Andrews Mills, Ellerslie, Skinners Pond. Brackish
mud at the mouth of creeks, forming carpets.

*Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf. ) Link var. fernaldii Svenson Map 161.

Nail Pond, damp sand of dune slack. (E. fernaldii (Svenson) Love).

*Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. <& S. Map 162. Wellington, in clumps

on muddy bottom of old millpond. Specimens fairly typical, but occupying
ecological place of the related and similar E. obtusa.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. Map 163. Tignish; rather common

in the southeast, replaced by E. ovata at Wellington. Muddy shores. Bain (1892).

Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. <& S. var. major Sonder Map 164. Scattered,

shallow margins of freshwater ponds. [E. palustris var. vigens Bailey, Macoun;
E. palustris, Hurst). (£. Smallii Britton by Svenson's (Rhodora 49: 63-5. 1947)
simplified treatment).

86

Pan i cum miliaceum

Panicum boreal e

153

Panicum subvillosum

Echinochloo crus-galli

Dulichium arundinaceum

Eleocharis porvula

87

Eleocharis halophila Fern. <& Brackett Map 165. Maritime; not

observed in Kings County. Coastal marshes: dune slacks, salt to brackish
marsh of shore, even in quite fresh marsh. At Portage plants growing around a
bog lake show characteristics of E. calva Ton. (det. W.B. Schofield). (E,
palustris var. Watsoni, Macoun).

*Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Rare: Reddin's Pond, Southport, muddy
shore; shallows of the Eastern Queens lakes.

*Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Bideford (P): marshy field; Long Swamp,
Bunbury.

*Scirpus cespitosus L. var. collosus Bigel. Map 166. Western

Prince County peat bogs; Village Green, floating mat of bog-pond.

*Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Mermaid Lake, extensive beds in shallow water on
sandy northern shore.

Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. var. neogaeus Fern. Map 167.

Summerside; North Rustico; Brackley Beach. Seashores; salt marsh and dune
slacks.

Scirpus americanus Pers. Map 168. Coastal, almost absent from

Northumberland Strait shore. Salt marsh, sand flats (often dwarf, forming pure
stands) and dune slacks; seldom in fresh marsh: Mount Stewart, in larch swamp;
Nail Pond, along lower course, of brook, thus no evidence of salt-water influence;
Clark's Pond, P.E.I. National Park. (5. pungens Vahl, Churchill); Hurst.

Scirpus validus Vahl var. creber Fern. Map 169. Throughout, more

or less coastal; fresh to brackish creeks, and marshes, peat bog (alkaline ?)
at Bristol. Restricted largely to firm soils, thus dependent on clay for sub-
stratum, and abundant in Dalvay Pond while rare in other barrier beach ponds
with mucky shores (M.W. Smith 1946). (S. lacustris, MacSwain and Bain, in
part); Campbell.

88

Eleochoris poucifloro
var. fernaldii

Eleocharis obtusa

162

Eleocharis halophilo

Scirpus cespitosus
var. callosus

Scirpus americanus

89

Scirpus acutus Muhl. Map 170. Local, coastal. Forming stands.

Transition from salt to fresh marsh, especially at creek mouths. Not distinguished
from S. validus by Roland. (S. lacustris, MacSwain and Bain in part).

Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson var. atlanticus Fern. Map 171. Local,

on the warmer coast, the type collection from Bunbury. Salt marsh or sand flats.
Campbell.

Scirpus maritimus L. var. fernaldii (Bickn.) Beetle Map 172. Local,

coastal. Salt marshes, but more tolerant of brackish conditions than S. paludosus;
dune slacks; of barrier-beach ponds in the Park, only in Clark's Pond, the most
saline (!), (M.W. Smith 1946). Forma agonus Fern, forms colonies with forma
fernaldii at Mount Stewart, Bunbury and Brackley Beach. (S. macrostachys,
MacSwain and Bain).

*Scirpus atrovirens Willd. var. georgianus (Harper) Fern., Map 173.

Local in Prince County: Wellington, McNeills Mills corner. Damp fields. (5.
atrovirens, MacSwain and Bain, may have referred to the next).

Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern. Map 174. Throughout; absent from the

southeast. Wet open sites: along ditches and streams. (S. atrovirens, MacSwain
and Bain (?) ).

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth var. pelius Fern. Map 175. Common

throughout. Damp sites: swamps and marshy places. The forma condensatus
(Fern.) Blake has persisted at the same station in Southport for forty years.
(S. eriophorum Michx., MacSwain and Bain in part; S. cyperinus, Hurst 1940).

Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. Map 176. Throughout, in similar habitats

to 5. cyperinus: swamps and bog meadows; a little more shade tolerant. Fruiting
a week or so earlier than S. cyperinus. (S. eriophorum Michx., MacSwain and
Bain in part); Hurst 1940.

Eriophorum russeolum Fries Map 177. (Raymond, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr.

48 (1): 70-2. 1954). Rare: Black Marsh at North Point, Cape Wolfe, Brackley
Point, vicinity of Charlottetown. Wet peat. {E. Chamissonis, Fernald 1950).

90

Scirpus poludosus
var. atlanticus

Scirpus moritimus
var. fernaldii

Scirpus atrovirens
var. georgianus

Scirpus rubrotinctus

Scirpus cyperinus

Scirpus atrocinctus

91

Eriophorum s pis sum Fern. Map 178. Local throughout. Acid peat

bogs; a weed where stripped of peat. (E. vaginatum, MacSwain and Bain; E.
callitrix, Hurst).

* Eriophorum gracile Koch
mats of Typha marsh.

Map 179.

Watervale; Bristol (K), floating

Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Map 180. Locally throughout. Wet peat.

Later flowering than the several preceding species.

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. Map 181. Scattered throughout:

except in the northeast the most common cotton-grass. Wet acid sites; bogs,
swamps and marshy fields, seldom in peat. The larger var. ma jus Schult. from
Charlottetown (Fernald et al.). (E. polystachyon L., in part, MacSwain and
Bain); Hurst.

Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm. ) Fern.
Grand Tracadie, Bristol. Wet peat bogs.

Map 1 82.

hare:

Eriophorum virginicum L. Map 183. The common cotton-grass in

the east; local also in West Prince. Last of the species to flower. Acid peat:
wet or dry bogs and swamps. Hurst 1940.

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl
Peat bogs.

Map 184.

Quite local; throughout.

Carex vu I pi no idea Michx. Map 185. Local in Prince County;

Bunbury; reported from Brackley Beach by Hurst. Damp sites, in open places
or disturbed soil, roadside gutters and old fields. (C. setacea, MacSwain and
Bain (?) ); Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex diandra Schrank Map 186. Scattered. Shallow brown water;

especially around bogs and ponds, where the tussocks build up a marsh. Confined
to low sites.

92

Eriophorum russeolum

Eriophorum spissum

171

Eriophorum gracile

Eriophorum tenellum

180

Eriophorum angustifolium

Eriophorum viridi-carinatum

182

Eriophorum virginicum

Rhynchospora alba

184

93

Carex stipata Muhl. Map 187. Common throughout; distinctive

and late-flowering. Damp meadows, stream banks in fields and woods (C
Mulenbergii, MacSwain and Bain); Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex disperma Dewey Map 188. Local: not observed in Kings.

Shady sites; damp pockets in woods. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex trisperma Dewey Map 189. Throughout, perhaps most common

in the southeast. Damp, mossy or boggy woods; in open peat represented by
var. billingsii Knight with setaceous leaves. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex mackenziei Krecz. Map 190. Rocky Point; Green's Shore

at Summerside, head of salt marshes. (C. norvegica Willd. (not Retz.), Adams,
Hurst 1940); Campbell.

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerm.) Klik. Map 191.
Scattered throughout. Damp or coniferous woods, rarely in dry woods as in
Quebec Province (Victorin). Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern. Map 192. Throughout in

low grounds. Mucky swamps, bogs and at edges of marshy pools. Fruit often
smutted. Bain 1892, Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex interior Bailey Map 193. Frequent in east-central lowlands

(Southport, Bristol); McNeills Mills (P), O'Leary; in boggy swamps, often under
black spruce. Adams, Hurst 1940.

*Carex atlantica Bailey Map 194. Murray River, Bristol; swamps.

Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. Map 195. Common in Prince

County; local in the northeast open marshes and damp fields, only rarely in
spruce swamps, the usual habitat of C. interior. Adams, Hurst 1940.

94

Carex vulpinoidea

185

186

Carex mackenziei

190

Carex canescens

95

*Carex angustior Mackenzie Map 196. Scattered in all counties.

Streams and shores.

Carex deweyana Schwein. Map 197. Western and central areas.

Well-drained sites: second growth or open woodland, beneath red maple, red or
white spruce. Bain 1892, Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex leporina L. Map 198. Summerside (Fernald & St. John in

1912); Charlottetown {Make in 1913). Naturalized from Europe. Pastureland.
Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex scoparia Schkuhr Map 199. Common throughout. Open damp

sites; meadows and stream banks, abundant and variable in old fields. In the
Fernald <S St. John collections from Charlottetown are represented: /. moniliformis
(Tuckerm.) Kuk., of which only a single clump; an approach to var. tesselata
Fern. & Wieg.; and a hybrid with C. projecta. Bain 1892, Adams, Hurst 1940.

[.Carex tribuloides Wahl. Reported by Hurst from Brackley Beach (Adams, Hurst
1940). No specimens seen.]

Carex projecta Mackenzie Map 200. Throughout rather common.

Damp sites: thickets and stream banks. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex crawfordii Fern. Map 201. Fairly common in Prince and

Queens, absent from the northeast. Open, dry or damp sites, thickets, grassy
runs, colonizing old fields. 8 Lots (Groh), probably including C. scoparia
sight records. Hurst 1940.

Carex bebbii Olney Map 202. Local: Alberton, O'Leary, Wellington,

Charlottetown, Southport, Cherry Valley, Murray River. Damp open sites; meadows,
marshes and mucky ditches. Adams, Hurst 1940.

*Carex tincta Fern. Map 203. Hunter River, abundant loose clumps

in dry cindery soil along railway track.

96

Carex atlantica

193

194

Corex cephalontha

196

Carex deweyana

197

198

97

89470-7

Corex cumulata (Bailey) Mackenzie Map 204. Bristol, burnt over

blueberry barren by Lot 40 Station (Fernald & St. John in 1914, still present).

Carex silicea Olney Map 205. North Shore round to Souris; Wood

Islands, West Point. Abundant on coastal sand dunes. Churchill 1901; Adams,
Hurst 1940. (C foenea, Adams, in part).

Corex hormathodes Fern. Map 206. Maritime or low-lying places-

apparently absent from the southeast. Inland (e.g., at Lake Verde, Charlottetown,
Bristol) in meadows along streams, thus preserving as its habitat the open
damp sites equally provided around barrier ponds and at the head of salt marsh
or spring-moistened sand beaches. (C. straminea, MacSwain and Bain (perhaps
referring also to C. silicea and other Ovales); Adams, including Adams C.
foenea in part, Hurst 1940).

Carex aenea Fern. Map 207. Mount Stewart to Fortune Bridge.

Sandy banks in open woods, now growing tall and weedy along road shoulders.
Adams, Hurst 1940.

* Carex argyrantha Tuckerm. Map 208. Alliston (K), blueberry

barrens; Indian River, roadside cut into acid soil or spruce woods. Adams
records of C. foenea belong to C. hormathodes and C. silicea.

Carex leptalea Wahl. Map 209. Local; more common in West Prince

County. Damp, shady thickets; pockets in coniferous woods. Adams; Hurst
1940.

Carex emmonsii Dewey Map 210. Confined to Alberry-Charlottetovvn

soil series. Dry hardwoods and successional phases: colonizing moss pats of
cleared or burnt hardwood lands, and affording a foothold in turn for seedlings
of erect species; more robust than in closed forest. (C. albicans, Adams, Hurst
1940, Roland; C. Pechii, Campbell).

Carex novae-angliae Schwein. Map 211. Scattered throughout.

Well-drained sites supporting open woods. Macoun, MacSwain, Hurst.

98

199

200

Carex tincta

203

204

205

206

99

89470-7»/j

Carex communis Bailey Map 212. Confined to Alberry-Crnrlotte-

town soil series. Dry woodland. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex deflexa Hornem. Map 213. Rare: Charlottetown, Brackley

Point {Macoun), Glencorradale corner near Souris. Well-drained woods. Adams*
Hurst 1940.

Carex umbellata Schkuhr. Map 214. Morell; Dundee; Pisquid West;

Brackley Beach, stony sandy roadsides. Intergrading with C. tonsa on the inner
wooded dunes. Open sandy sites; more shade-tolerant than C. tonsa. Its forma
vicina (Dewey) Wieg. is paralleled in each species of the umbellata complex.
(C. deflexa var. Deanii, Macoun; C. rugosperma Mackenzie, Adams); Campbell.

Corex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. Map 215. North shore: Tignish,

Brackley Beach, St. Peters, and Bothwell. Open, sandy' sites (e.g. fixed dunes,
old beaches). At Brackley Beach, collections from the dunes are extreme C.
tonsa, from the roadside good C. umbellata, and from the inner dunes intermediate,
with long but tonsa-like leaves and short pubescence on the dark green tonsa-
like perigynia. Adams, Hurst 1940.

iCarex abdita Bickn. (C. umbellata var. brevirostris Boott) recorded for "P. ELL"
by the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, is not supported by specimens. C.
umbellata sensu Mackenzie, Hurst 1940.3

*Carex aurea Nutt. Map 216. Local: from Prince County east lo

Bristol. Damp open sites; dune-slacks (often), clay fields, pond- shores.

Carex paleacea Wahl. Map 217. Coastal; frequent. Salt marshes.

At Summerside and Bideford, apparently extending inland to fresh or brackish
marsh. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex salina Wahl. var. kattegatensis (Fries) Almq. Map 218.

Coastal, rare: McWilliams Cove, North Rustico, North Lake, Souris, Head of
salt marsh, but in less saline habitats than C. paleacea, never descending
creeks to salt water; in fresh marsh around barrier ponds. (C. recta Boott).

100

Carex argyrantha

210

211

Carex umbel lata

101

Carex crinita Lam., vars. Map 219. Open wet sites: along streams,

ditches and in marshy thickets. Common; absent from the northeast.

Var. crinita Common in Prince County, locally east to Dalvay. MacSwcrin
and Bain, Adams, Hurst 1940.

Var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Ton. Scattered, from Prince County
to Murray River. (C. gynandra Schwein., Adams, Hurst 1940), Campbell.

Carex aquatilis Wahl. var. o/f/or (Rydb.) Fern. Map 220. Portage,

dense stands in damp hollow along railway; Lake Verde, shallow water at
sandy lake margin.

Carex nigra (L.) Reich. Map 221. Scattered and locally abundant,

absent from the east. Open places: sandy beach heads, damp or clayey fields,
often forming sod; in damp hollows often forming clumps. Often appearing
weedy in clay land. In waste land at Spring Park near Charlottetown, forming
dense stands over a foot tall, with long leaves equaling the culms, quite unlike
the form growing in turf. In temporary grassy pools, at Wellington and North
Point, a form with short, narrow and quite distant sessile spikes, the male
spike long-peduncled, though as stoloniferous as the species. These differ
enough to be set off as var. strictiformis (Bailey) Fern. (C. acuta L., in part,
Adams, Hurst 1940); Campbell.

Carex limosa L. Map 222. Rare: Bloomfield, East Bideford,

Prince County; Stanhope. Wet peat of open bogs; floating mats, even around
barrier beach ponds. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex paupercula Michx. var. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern. Map 223. West

Prince; east-central region (Queens and adjacent Kings). Peat-bogs and mossy
woods, more shade-tolerant than C. limosa. Plants with pale-green scales
collected by Fernald and St. John at Cape Wolfe, seem to approach var. pallens
Fern., but may be a shade form. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex scabrata Schwein. Map 224. Hills of western Queens:

DeSable, Bonshaw, Hunter River; and Kings: Harmony, Montague. On sandy
and gravelly alluvial reaches or banks along ravine brooks in mixed woods;
very specific for this habitat. Adams, Hurst 1940.

102

215

216

217

218

Corex gguotilis
var. altior

219

220

221

222

103

Carex hirta L. Spring Park, Charlottetown; a naturalized European species.
Damp, pastured fields (Fernald & St. John in 1912); waste ground, tallest on
sandy banks (1953). Adams, Hurst 1940.

* Carex pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern. Map 225. Local: O'Leary,

Charlottetown, Bear River, Georgetown. In a natural habitat at Bear River:
damp, grassy bank around pool in open woods; elsewhere in old fields.

{.Carex vestita Willd., reported by MacSwain and Bain, unsubstantiated, and
unaccounted for J

*Carex gracillima Schwein. Map 226. Western Prince, east to

Ellerslie. Mucky stream-banks, usually in partial shade.

Carex arctata Boott Map 227. Throughout; more common in the hill

districts. Slopes and stream banks in woods, never in moist sites. Adams,
Hurst 1940.

Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei Bailey Map 228. Throughout,

scattered. In damp woods, dark green, lax plants with few fruiting culms occur;
in sunny clearings, yellowish green, stiffer plants with many fruiting culms.
(C. flexuosa Muhl., Adams); Hurst 1940.

* Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. var. grayana (Dewey) Fern. Bristol, floating mat
of Typha bog.

Carex leptonervia Fern. Map 229. From west to east, in Prince

County mesophytic, along streams in low woods; in Queens and Kings, dry
mesophytic, along streams and in woods of the well-drained hill regions. Adams,
Hurst 1940.

* Carex flava L. Map 230. Rare: Portage, Cherry Valley, Bay

Fortune. Open swamps, cattail marsh.

104

Carex scabvata

224

Carex grocillimo

225

227

228

229

230

105

Corex viridulo Michx. Map 231. Local: Prince County and east-

ward along the North Shore. Open, damp or wet sites. Often calciphilous
(Fernald 1950); usually in dune slacks, and at Wellington, in a hard water— region,
in clay fields; at Portage in floating mat around pond. Producing fresh fruiting
culms all summer long. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex locustris Willd. Map 232. Rare: Alberton and O'Leary,

Prince County, reported found at New Glasgow by Sterling Campbell. Forming
a zone in shallow water around ponds. Hurst 1940.

Carex pseudo-cyperus L. Map 233. Throughout; lowland and

coastal, never upland in sandy soils. Muddy deposits of bogs, swamps and pond
margins. MacSwain and Bain, Hurst 1933.

Corex hystricina Muhl. Map 234. West Prince: Bloomfield, Nail

Pond; also Murray River in Kings. Damp sites: peat bog, and stream bank. The
yellow inflated perigynia and the complete infertility of clumps from shores of
the Howl an millpond suggest a hybrid with C. vesicaria. (C. lurida var. gracilis,
Roland, not (Boott) Bailey).

Corex lurida Wahl. Mapped by Roland (1947) from Kings; no collection seen.
Grassy stream banks. (C. tentaculata Muhl., MacSwain and Bain).

* Carex folliculata L. Map 235. North Point, the Black Marsh;

swampy margins of Picea mariana bog.

Carex intumescens Rudge var. fernaldii Bailey Map 236. Common

in Prince County; rare eastward: Marshfield, St. Charles. Damp woods, stream
bank thickets. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex retrorsa Schwein. Map 237. Prince County; rare eastward,

Southport {Macoun) and Peakes Station. Mucky stream banks; forming clumps.
Adams, Hurst 1940.

Corex rostrata Stokes var. rostrata Map 238. St. Charles (K), in

boggy railroad ditch in coniferous woods.

106

Carex lacustris

231

232

Carex pseudo-cyperus

234

Carex folliculata

235

236

238

107

Var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey Coastwise, scattered from West Point to
Bristol. Boggy pond margins. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Carex vesicaria L. var. jejuna Fern.

rare. Damp sites: shores, thickets, old fields.

Map 239.

Prince County,

ARACEAE

Arisaema stewardsonii Britton Map 249. Common in Prince County,

scattered eastward on northern streams. Alder thickets, muck along streams;
"rich swamps" - Bain. {A. triphyllum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst,
Campbell).

Calla palustris L. Map 241. West Prince; east-central lowlands'.

Shallow water on mucky bottom: ponds, creeks and alder swamps. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Acorus calamus L. Map 242. Local, coastal: Sea Cow Pond near

Tignish; Wellington; Long Pond and Dalvay in the National Park; North Lake
(K). Shallow standing water, especially where well-manured; "wet bogs' ' -
Bain. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

LEMNACEAE

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Map 243. Grand Tracadie, large

pond (Fernald, Long & St. John); Pi squid Pond; Watervale pond.

Lenma triscula L.

water ponds.

Map 244.

West Prince; northeast Kings. Fresh-

Lemna minor L. Map 245. Lowlands throughout, but rare in Prince

County. Slow streams and ponds. Perhaps more abundant in streams draining
cultivated and hence fertilized regions, as it depends (Eaton in Rhodora 49:
165. 1947) on the nitrate and phosphate content of the water. MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

108

Carex vesicaria

Arisoema stewardsonii

239

Spirodela polyrhizo

Eriocaulon septangulare

109

ERIOCAULACEAE

Eriocaulon septangulore With. Map 246. Lake Verde and Keefe's

Lake. Submerged rosettes in shallows of lake shores. [E0 pellucidum Michx.).

PONTEDERIACEAE

Pontederia cordata L. Map 247. Lake Verde, mucky shores in

shallow water; forming beds, and represented mainly by /. angusti folia (Ton.)
Solms. Collected by Fernald and St. John. Listed by Hurst as an addition to the
flora by Walter Reddin, who successfully introduced it to a pond at Southport
in 1930. Hurst.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus bufonius L. Map 248. Common throughout. Abundant weed

on bare damp ground: roadside gutters, cart tracks, footpaths, damp coastal
sands. An annual unable to stand competition, it seems out of place in "spring
fed marsh, Southport," as reported by Fernald & St. John. 10 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

Juncus compressus Jacq. Salt marsh, Charlottetown (Fernald et al.) (Fernald
1950).

Juncus gerardii Loisel. Map 249. Local, around the coast. On

salt marsh at some places (notably Souris and North Rustico) forming an upper
zone. Rarely in nonsaline sites: in O'Leary, clay at roadside.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Map 250. Common throughout. Bare damp

ground liable to drying, as with /. bufonius, but, as a perennial, persistent in
damp fields and native perhaps in marshy spots. 7 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Juncus dud ley i Wieg. Map 251. "Scattered, eastern P.E.I." -

Roland (1947); rare in Prince County: Skinners Pond and Wellington. Damp
clay field a

* Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Wellington, drier parts of a runout hayfield.

Juncus filiformis L. Map 252. Rare: Mount Pleasant, Wellington,

Charlottetown Experimental Farm, Connaught Station, Wood Islands (?). Damp
sand, often in ditches, sometimes in thin peat.

Juncus effusus L. vars. Map 253. Common throughout. Damp open

ground: swamps, stream marshes, wet meadows or fields trodden by cattle in
which often the only species left ungrazed.

Var. effusus Lot 40 (Bristol), black spruce swamp, apparently a shade
form. Common, dikeland and meadows.

110

»

Juncus gerardii

252

Juncus effusus

2S3

111

Var. compactus Lej. 6c Court. Common; appears to tolerate wetter habitats
than the associated var. solutus. However, even the collections indicate that
they are found together at all stations.

Var. pylaiei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. More local: Bloomfield, Charlotte-
town, Mount Stewart. Slender type most typical of swamp sites.

Var. costulatus Fern. Mount Stewart (Fernald et al.)t rather like the last.

Var. solutus Fern. <£ Wieg. Most common and widespread variety. A lax
form of thickets and open swamps. 10 Lots (Groh), including records of /.
balticus. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoral is Engelm. Map 254. All coasts;

in Prince County and in the northeast inland up to about 125 feet above sea
level. Damp sites: very characteristic of the uppermost zone of salt marsh in
contact with fresh water marsh or seepage; at Souris farther out on salt marsh
following fresh-water springs. Around dune slacks, ponds, marshes, ditches and
fields. {Juncus Roemerianus, MacSwain and Bain, Bain 1892 (as new!); Churchill,
Hurst 1933.

[Juncus marginatus Rostk. Not seen; not recorded east of Annapolis County,

Nova Scotia. Bain 1892.]

Juncus nodosus L. Map 255. Local: more common in Prince County,

scattered in southeast and on North Shore. Damp sand (shores and ditches),
marshes (on clay or organic mats).

Juncus canadensis J. Gay Map 256. Rare: Bloomfield, Bristol,

Wood Islands. Thin peat, or, in muddy areas denuded of it, growing more thickly.

Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. Map 257. Throughout: absent

from the uplands. Muddy shores, swamps or marshes; now an abundant weed of
muddy roadsides and ditches, and of overgrazed damp pastures.

U uncus acuminatus Michx. Not seen; not recorded north of southern Nova

Scotia. Hurst's record (1940) based on a specimen of /. articulatus.]

X Juncus fulvescens Fern., an abundant sterile hybrid of /. brevicaudatus with
/. articulatus of similar habitats has been collected at Tignish.

Juncus articulatus L. Map 258. Common throughout. Fresh to

brackish marshes; muddy stream banks. Most abundant as a weed of ditches,
damp roadsides and fields. On brackish marshes and sand flats as at Wood
Islands, var. obtusatus Engelm. may replace var. articulatus. Hybridizes with
/. brevicaudatus, from which it is quite easily distinguishable in growth form.
Each dense clump is surrounded underground by a circle of pale, conical buds
which will become new short rhizomes. In /. brevicaudatus, each clump is a
tuft, producing the new shoots centrally. (/. acuminatus, Hurst 1940); Hurst
1941.

112

Juncus canadensis

255

Juncus brevicaudatus

257

258

Juncus alpinus
var, rariflorus

Juncus pelocarpus

259

260

113

89470-8

Juncus alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus Hartm. Map 259. Prince

County and North Shore east to Dalvay. Damp open sites: dune slacks; fresh
marsh, often where bordering on brackish marsh.

Juncus pelocarpus Mey. Map 260. West Prince; east-central lowlands.

Marshy or mucky sites, in the dune slacks on the North Shore. Hurst 1940.

Luzula acuminata Raf. Map 261. East Point to Morell along the

hardwood ridge; one station five miles southwest of Tignish. Dry mesophytic,
shady sites: hardwood or old-age spruce forest, thickets in sandy soil. (L.
pilosa, MacSwain and Bain).

[Luzula spicata (L. ) DC, an Arctic montane species, not occurring south of
Gaspe, is an impossible record, but may have referred to L. multiflora. (Includes
var. racemosa, MacSwain and Bain); with habitat "fields", MacSwain, Hurst)]

{.Luzula arcuata Sw., a species of northern Europe; recorded by MacSwain and
Bain, dropped by Hurst.]

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej., vars. Map 262. Throughout; less

common in West Prince. Light soil; open sites: abundant as a weed of old fields.
19 Lots (Groh). 1

Var. multiflora Open fields; the common variety. (L. can pestris, MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain; L. campestris var. multiflora (Retz.) Celak., Groh, Hurst;
L. campestris var. frigida, Groh (!), Hurst 1940?); Campbell.

Var. acadiensis Fern. Eastward; also Miscouche. MIore often in partial
shade: in dry thickets; persisting from old field to pasture spruce woods. The
type collection from St. Peters Bay South.

Var. fusconigra Celak. Similar or slightly damper habitats; often along
roadsides or in clearings. {L. campestris var. frigida, Hurst 1940?); Campbell.

LILIACEAE
(including SMILACACEAE, Bain) 1

[Helonias dioica L. MacSwain and Bain, is an impossible record; dropped by
MacSwain.]

l*Hemerocallis fulva L. Map 263. ORANGE DAY-LILY Gardens,

commonly introduced as a self-perpetuating ornamental and sometimes outlasting
the house; occasionally on garden dumps.]

{.Asparagus officinalis L. var. altilis L. Map 264. Gardens, introduced

as an ornamental; escaping to sandy roadside banks, Queens County (Groh).
Hurst.]

114

261

262

Asparagus officinalis

263

264

265

i

115

89470-8%

Clintonia boreal is (Ait.) Raf. Map 265. Throughout; absent from

lowlands and rare in the southeast. Fresh to dry woodland: forming beds in
mixed and hardwood forest. The flowers are often borne in a single umbel but
often with a smaller secondary umbel below the primary. (Including C. umbellulata,
MacSwain and Bain, referring to the form with secondary umbels); MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. Map 266. Throughout; in the east

restricted to uplands. Well-drained woods: mixed or hardwood forest and ravines.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Map 267. Rare, coastal. Low inner

dunes, or at Cavendish, along a drain. MacSwain and Bain, Churchill, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Smilacina tri folia (L.) Desf. Map 268. Scattered: rare in Prince

County, more frequent in eastern lowlands. Wet swamps and bogs. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

tAaianthemum canadense Desf. Map 269. Common throughout.

Characteristic of mossy floor under spruce forest in well-drained sites. Three-
leaved specimens occur. {Smilacina canadensis (Desf.) Pursh, MacSwain and
Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

[Convallaria majalis L. Map 270. Gardens, introduced as a self-

perpetuating ornamental, flourishing in shade. Often spreading beyond garden;
Summerside, by railway (dumped?). MacSwain and Bain.]

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. var. americanus Schult. Map 271.

Frequent in Prince County and eastward in hilly regions. Mossy woods: ravines
and cedar swamps. Hurst.

Streptopus roseus Michx. var. perspectus Fas sett Map 272. Common,

Prince and Western Queens; also in the northeast. Hardwood hills and mossy
mixed woods. Bain 1892, MacSwain, Hurst.

Medeola virginiana L. Common, uplands of Kings and Queens; local in

West Prince. Hardwood hills and mixed woods, in leaf mold. "Dry woods" (Bain).
Bain unaccountably referred Trillium to the Smilacaceae, but left Medeola in the
Liliaceae. {M. virginicat MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

Trillium cernuum L. Map 274. Scattered; apparently absent from the

southeast. Damp woods, along brooks or in thick leaf mold. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst. Used as a tonic (Bain).

[Trillium erectum L. "Rare". Not known in the Island, nor from nearer than
Baie Chaleur, New Brunswick. Introduced in a garden at Charlottetown. MacSwain,
Hurst.]

116

Smilacina stellata

Maianthemum canadense

Convollaria mojalis

270

Streptopus amplexifolius
var. americanus

Streptopus roseus

271

272

Medeola virginiano

Trillium cernuum

274

117

Trillium undulatum Willd. Map 275. Upland regions: common in the

central and southeastern hills, rare in Prince and the northeast. Hardwood hills;
dry deciduous woods, on light friable soil, which contrasts with its habitat in
Nova Scotia on acid soil in spruce or pine woods. (T. erythrocarpum Michx.,
MacSwain and Bain, Mac Swain); Hurst.

IRIDACEAE

Sisyrinchium montanum Greene var. crebrum Fern. Map 276. Rare in

Prince; apparently absent from the southeast; common in Queens. Damp open
sites: dune slacks; a weed of old fields and pastures. (5. Bermudiana var.
anceps, MacSwain and Bain; S. angusti folium, MacSwain, Hurst, Campbell).

Iris hookeri Penny Map 277. North Shore: Nail Pond; National

Park, Brackley Beach to Dalvay; Bothwell. Dunes and dune slacks. (/. Setosa
var. canadensis Foster, Roland).

Iris versicolor L. Map 278. Throughout; more common in lowlands.

Damp open sites: marshes, meadows pond margins, "fresh-water ponds" (Bain).
Rootstocks used in medicine (Bain), poisonous but perhaps purgative.

F. murrayana Fern., the albino, from mill pond south of O'Leary. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Iris pseudacorus L. Map 279. Campbellton; Brackley Point (intro-

duced by Hurst in 1939); near Suffolk (Q). Introduced and naturalized in streams
and ditches.

Uris foetidissima L., according to Hurst (Charlottetown Guardian, Mar. 3, 1939)#
shows a tendency to become naturalized at Brackley Point.]

ORCHIDACEAE

Cypripedium ca I ceo I us L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. Map 280.

YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER Rare: cedar swamp along road from O'Leary

to Milo (discovered by the Webbs); swampy woods southwest of Fortune Bridge
(discovered by E.S. Blanchard), at both stations associated with C. reginae.
(C. parviflorum Salisb., Hurst 1940), Campbell.

Cypripedium reginae Walt. Map 281. SHOWY LADY'S SLIPPER

West Prince, several stations; rare eastward: Dundee, Fortune Bridge. Mucky
woods and thickets, often in larch-cedar swamp. Provincial emblem; first proposed
by Hurst. (C. spectabile Salisb., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; C. hirsutum,
Hurst); Campbell.

Cypripedium acaule Ait. Map 282. Throughout. Acid plant litter:

floor of dry or damp woods, swamps, and bog hummocks. "Dry beech woods"
(Bain), but equally at home beneath spruce or pine. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

118

275

Sisyrinchium montonum

274

Iris versicolor

271

Iris pseudocorus

279

Cypripedium calceolus
var, parviflorum

Cypripedium reginoe

Cypripedium ocoule

119

Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Map 283. Local: Sea Cow

Pond near Tignish; mainly in southeast and east. Damp, open sites: thickets,
runs; damp or boggy meadows. Represented by var. ophioglossoides Fern. , with
rounded leaf bases. (Gymnadeniopsis Rydb.; Orchis tridentata Pursh, Bain;
H. tridentata (Pursh) Hook., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Map 284. Common in West Prince,

scattered eastward: Miscouche Woods, Grand Tracadie, Bristol, Fortune Bridge.
Marshy streambanks, bogs. Macoun labeled his collection from North Pond as
"green form of H. dilatata" , but the lip is scarcely dilated. Fernald calls our
material var. buronensis (Nutt.) Farwell, as it is less dwarfed than the original
hyperborea. (Platanthera Lindl.); Hurst 1940.

Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray Map 285. Scattered in Prince

County and eastward to the vicinity of Souris. Swampy woods; persisting if
cleared. Hurst considered material from Brackley Point as var. media (Rydb.)
Ames (X H. media (Rydb.) Niles), intermediate with H. hyperborea. {Platanthera
Lindl.); Hurst 1933.

Habenaria hookeri Torr. Orwell (/.ft. Eastham, 1912). Habitat in Nova Scotia,
dry mixed woods. {Platanthera Lindl.); Bain 1892.

habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. Map 286. Scattered in central

uplands; also Bear River in northeast. Leaf mould in mixed woods. A specimen
from Hunter River has the dimensions of //. macrophylla Goldie, a segregate of
doubtful value. {Platanthera Lindl.); MacSwain, Hurst.

Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards. Harmony, mixed forest floor {Fernald

& St. John). {Platanthera Lindl.)

Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd. ) Torr. Map 287. Rare: eastern

lowlands; also reported from Black Banks. Peat bogs. {Platanthera Lindl.);
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Habenaria lacera (Michx.) Lodd. Map 288. Throughout, absent

only from well-drained upland areas. Freguent in poorly drained meadows and
runs, along woods, roads and ditches. (//. psycoides, Bain, MacSwain and Bain;
//. leucophaea, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; Platanthera lacera (Michx.)
G. Don); Hurst.

Habenaria psy codes (L.) Spreng. Map 289. Western Prince and

from Charlottetown to Souris. Thickets along rivers, rarely elsewhere; meadows
and marshes. Less restricted to open habitats than H. lacera. (//. grandiflora,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain; Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl.); MacSwain, Hurst.

120

Habenaria clavellata
var. ophioqlossoides

Habenaria hyper borea

Habenaria dilatota

Habenorio blephariglottis

Habenaria lacera

Habenaria psycodes

Poaonia ophioqlossoides

121

F. albiflora Rand & Redfield Black Pond (P). A few plants in Calamagrostis
thicket along cliff; a few in woods along ravine above Pleasant View School.
Pink-flowered (rather than magenta) forms along York River are basis of the
X //. Andrewsii M. White reports of Hurst (1933).

\jiabenaria fimbriate, (Ait.) R. Br. U. grandiflora (Bigel). Torr. was listed by
Hurst (1933) on the basis of Bain's record of H. grandiflora, which referred to
H. psycodes (q.v.) Messervy's sight records from York and Bay Fortune refer
to H. psycodes, the species present. Campbell's record from Campbell's Mills,
New Glasgow, may refer to H. fimbriata, but needs confirmation.]

Pogon/a ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Map 290. Western Prince County;

Dundee; Bothwell. Peat bogs. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Ca/opogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. Map 291. Western Prince;

rare in the east; Mount Stewart, Dundee, Murray River. Swamps and peat bogs.
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Arethusa bulbosa L. Map 292. Rare in West Prince: Black Banks

(Messervy); Waterford. Peat bogs. Hurst 1933, 1940.

Spiranthes lacera Raf. Map 293. Throughout, more common in

lowlands. Open woods, and barrens; weedy in old fields. Along North Shore in
banks kept grassy by exposure to sand and wind. (S. gracilis, MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, Campbell).

Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames Heatherdale grayed alder thicket along
Brown's Creek (S. latifolia Torr., MacSwain and Bain, 5. plantaginea (Raf.)
Torr., Roland).

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Map 294. Central Queens County;

Alberry Plains; Bloomfield; Portage (P). Dune slacks, damp old fields and
thickets. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern. Map 295. Brackley

Point; Wood Islands West. Damp coniferous woods. (G. repens, MacSwain, in part,
Campbell; Epipactis repens, Hurst).

Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Brackley Point; Cornwall. Mixed or coniferous

woods. (G. repens, MacSwain, in part).

Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Map 296. Harmony, mossy spruce woods

(Fernald & St. John). MacSwain and Bain.

Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Nutt. Map 297. Rare, central and

northeastern uplands; Hunter River; Dundee, Harmony and Glencorradale. Humus,
deciduous woods.

Coral lorhiza trifida Chatelain var. verna (Nutt.) Fern. Map 298.

Western Prince County; very local eastward. Dry to damp coniferous woods (as
a saprophyte). (C. innata, Bain 1892; C. trifida, Hurst).

122

Calopoqon pulchollus

Arethusa bulboso

Spiranthes locero

Spiranthes romonzoffiona

293

294

Listera cordata

295

Lisrera convallorioides

Coral lorhiza trifido
var. verno

291

123

Corallorhiza maculata Raf. Map 299. Central and northeastern

uplands; also Black Banks {Messervy). Mixed or deciduous woods (as a sap-
rophyte). All specimens are f. punicea (Bartlett) Weath. <& Adams. (C. multiflora
Nutt, Bain 1892, MacSwain); Hurst.

[Corallorhiza odontorhiza Nutt. Ranges northeast only to southwestern

Maine. MacSwain and Bain listed it before they were aware (1892) that two
native species were found, but MacSwain unfortunately listed it again in 1907.]

M/crosfy//*s uni folia (Michx.) BSP. Map 300. Local: West Prince;

central Queens; Kilmuir, Bay Fortune. Damp, open places in spruce woods,
thickets or bogs. (M. ophioglossoides Nutt., MacSwain and Bain, L.W. Watson
1899; Malaxis unifolia Michx., Campbell); Hurst (omitted by MacSwain).

Li par is loeselii (L.) Richard Map 301. Local: distributed throughout.

Damp open places: boggy meadows or marshes; occasionally in dune slacks.

MacSwain, Hurst.

SALICACEAE

Salix lucida Muhl. Map 302. Common in Prince County; Cove Head;

Bear River. Open wet places: along streams, along roadsides in swampy woods
where up to 1,5 feet tall and treelike.

Var. angustifolia Anderss. from low grounds, Cove Head [Macoun).

Salix pyn folia Anderss. Lowlands throughout, most common in Prince County.
Common in swamps and thickets. Hurst 1941; (S. balsamifera Barratt, Hurst 1941).

Salix fragilis L. Map 304. Malpegue, Brackley Point, Southport,

and probably elsewhere; an introduced tree. Twigs often strike root in damp

roadside ditches. Hurst.

Salix alba L., vars. Map 305. Trees, introduced from Europe.

Hurst.

Var. vitelline (L.) Stokes Roadside south of Uigg (0), and probably

elsewhere. Twigs strike root in damp roadside ditches, and form large bushes.

Var. co/vo G.F. W. Mey. North River Road, Charlottetown.

124

Corallorhiza maculata

Microstylis uni folia

29*

Liparis loeselii

Salix pyri folia

125

*So//x rigida Muhl. Map 306. Common in Prince County; one station

at Charlottetown (introduced ?). Marshy streambanks, ditches and thickets.

Salix bebbiana Sarg. Map 307. Very common throughout. Thickets,

often near water but never in it.

Salix discolor Muhl. "PUSSY WILLOW" Map 308. Common throughout.

Damp open sites: thickets, ditches, old fields. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Var. over/ C.R. Ball Specimen from Albert on seems to correspond to
this glabrate form (Fernald 1950).

Salix hum i lis Marsh. Map 309. Common in Queens County and

adjacent Kings; also O'Leary. Relatively dry and acid sandy soils, but less
commonly in damp fields, thickets, and even bogs. Specimens from central Queens
County referred by Fernald to his var. keweenawensis Farwell.(S. Muhlenbergiana,
MacSwain & Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Salix gracil is Anderss. var. textoris Fern. Charlottetown, 1945-55, cattail marsh
below Experimental Farm, eliminated by reclamation.]

Salix viminalis L. Map 310. Scattered throughout: introduced

European tree. Along streams, always on farms.

X Salix smithiana Willd. (stated to be S. viminalis X caprea). Planted and
occasionally spreading: introduced European tree. Near Charlottetown, dry
thickets along St. Peters Road {Fernald & St. John).

Salix purpurea L. Charlottetown and along Brackley Road; introduced

European shrub now seldom planted. Ditches along road and railroad. 1 Lot,
or Royalty! (Groh). Hurst.

Populus tremuloides Michx. POPLAR Map 312. Very common

throughout, the common native poplar (Bain). So-called "weed tree," quick-
growing but short-lived, occupying old fields and clearings in any well-drained
site and forming large uniform stands. Maybe cut as pulpwood, but fiber usefuJ
for paper only as an adulterant not to exceed 5%. {P. tremula, Stewart); Bain,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Populus grandidentata Michx. Map 313. Throughout, much less

common than P. tremuloides. "Weed tree" of clearings and burns, seldom forming
pure stands; especially on sandy sites where often persisting in developing
pine stands, and attaining a greater girth than in developing stands of fir on
damp sites. MacSwain, Hurst.

Populus alba L. Map 314. Charlottetown vicinity; a European tree,

planted as a windbreak on the Jones estate, Bunbury, and spreading by root
suckers to form thickets. Introduced, 8 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

126

307

308

309

Populus tremuloides

312

Populus qrandidentota

313

314

127

[Populus nigra L. European tree, the vegetatively reproduced fastigiate form,
"var. italica Muench.", formerly introduced from Britain (locally known as
"English Poplar") as an ornamental. At Eldon, and to some extent at Springfield
West and Wellington, root suckers form spreading colonies. Hurst.]

Populus balsamifera L. Map 315. Common in Prince County; rare

eastward: Bonshaw, St. Peters Road (Charlottetown) and Cardigan. Damp thickets
along streams and in open swampy woods. Often planted as a shade tree (Bain) -
around farmhouses in Prince, less commonly eastward; spreading from cultivation
by suckering, as on St. Peters Road where of the more northerly var. subcordata
Hylander, here associated with introduced willows. Bain, MacSwain and Bain,
Hurst (omitted by MacSwain).

MYRICACEAE

Myrica gale L. Map 316. Throughout, most common near coast.

Pond margins, where often forming a zone; bushy swamps. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Campbell.

Var. subglabra (Chev.) Fern. West of St. Peters. Hurst.

Myr/'ca pensylvanica Loisel. Map 317. Common near the coast,

occasional on uplands. Open sites: dune slacks (where shrubs compact), borders
of bogs, poor pastureland, persisting into weed tree woods as a straggly shrub.
"Candleberry," when settlers melted down the wax from the fruits for candles;
known from its aromatic leaves as "Myrtle," both names noted by Mrs. Heath
Haviland in 1853-4. (M. cerifera, Stewart, Macoun 1886, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain; M. caroliniensis, Hurst); Campbell.

Comptonla peregrina (L.) Coult. Map 318. Near coast: common near

North Shore from Malpegue Bay eastward; Murray River; Victoria (Q). Open
sandy sites, near dunes or in pine woods; now in clearings and old fields.
(C. asplenifolia, MacSwain and Bain; Myrica as pleni folia, MacSwain, Hurst);
Campbell.

BETULACEAE (CORYLACEAE)

Corylus cornuta Marsh. HAZEL Map 319. Throughout; common on

uplands. Open well-drained sites, forming thickets on slopes and at wood edges.
Nuts gather edand eaten; oil formerly extracted for use as a drier in paint (Bain).
Included in CUPULIFERAE by MacSwain and Bain. (C. Avellana, Stewart; C.
Americana, Bain; C. rostrata Ait., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst);
Campbell.

Betula lutea Michx. f. YELLOW BIRCH Map 320. Throughout;

common on uplands, rare on coast. A dominant in the climax forest of the hardwood
hills. On light friable loamy soil in well-drained sites. Old trees up to six
feet thick (Bain), all dead of "birch dieback," but still cut for firewood. {B. lenta,

128

Populus balsamifera

315

316

Myrico pensylvanica

Comptonia peregrina

Cory I us corn uta

129

89470-9

Stewart; B. excelsa, Bain, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst. Betula lenta L., "Black Birch," has always been distinguished from
"Yellow Birch" on characters of the bark, but the names B. nigra, Stewart, and
B. lenta, MacSwain, belong with B. lutea.

Betula populi folia Marsh. Map 321. Throughout; very common in

the lowlands, less so on the uplands. Thin soil in sunny places, the characteristic
weedy tree of sandy or boggy sites. (B. alba, first sort ("Grey Birch"), Stewart;
B. alba var. populifolia (Marsh.) Spach, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

Betula coerulea-grandis Blanchard Map 322. Brackley Point Road, dry
woods [Fernald et aL). Somewhat similar plants around lily pool, Experimental
Farm, Char lottet own. Description suggests the hybrid origin, B. populifolia X
papyrifera.

[.Betula alba L. Brackley Point, woods (Macoun, det. Fernald). European,
cultivated but probably not naturalized.]

Betula papyrifera Marsh. WHITE BIRCH Map 323. Common throughout.

WelJ-drained open sites: abundant even along streams in the hills, but in lowlands
only on sandy soil, usually succeeded by the intermingling fir. White birches in
fencerows between fields are characteristic of the uplands. Much planted in
towns as ornamental shade tree. (B. alba, second sort ("White Birch"), Stewart;
B. papyracea Ait., Bain, MacSwain and Bain; B. alba var. papyrifera (Marsh.)
Spach, Hurst); MacSwain, Campbell.

Betula pumila L. var. reni folia Fern. Map 324. Rare: Miscouche

Woods (P); St. Andrews (K) to Dundee. Open boggy ground, in barren, swamp
or clearing.

Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh var. mollis Fern. Map 325. Scattered

throughout, almost absent from uplands. Open, damp or heavy soil, on banks,
never in swamps; often colonizing old fields. (A. serrulata, MacSwain and Bain
(?); A. viridis, MacSwain; A. crispa, Hurst).

Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. var. americana (Regel) Fern. Map 326.

Common throughout. Open wet mucky sites: creek bottoms, pond holes, wet
runs, forming characteristic thickets with dense undergrowth of marsh herbs.
{Betula Alnus, Stewart; Alnus incana, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst);
Campbell. Forma malacophylla Fern, from St. Charles, cited in Rhodora 47: 353.
1945.

130

Betula populifolia

Betula caerulea-qrandis

322

Betula papyrifera

324

131

89470-9^

FAGACEAE (CUPULIFERAE, MacSwain and Bain)

Fagus grandifolio Ehrh. ssp. heterophylla Camp BEECH Map 327.

Throughout, mainly in uplands. "Dry sandstone soils" (Bain), almost confined
to the Alberry and Charlottetown soil series, on which codominant with Acer
saccharophorum forming the deciduous climax forest with scanty undergrowth
and springflowering herbs. Infected by beech canker (ISectria coccinea) since
the 1930's, but with less extensive injury than in Nova Scotia. Wood formerly
used by cabinetmakers and turners (Bain); good firewood. Fallen nuts (beech
mast) served to fatten pigs (Bain). [F. sylvatica, Stewart; F. ferruginea Ait.,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

Quercus robur L. Map 328. Introduced from England as shade tree,

fruiting and occasionally spreading to roadsides and wood edges, especially
near Charlottetown and Georgetown. (Q. alba, Hurst).

Quercus rubra L. var. boreal is (Michx. f.) Farwell Map 329. Local:

East Prince to central Kings. Dry, open soil, sandy or on river bluffs (as at
Cardigan). Formerly more extensive? "Once a large oak forest" at Tracadie
(Bain), recorded in French times (18th century). (Q. rubra, Stewart, MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Q. borealis Michx. f., Roland).

ULMACEAE J

Ulmus americana L. ELM Map 330. It is frequent in Prince County;

local in east-central lowland. Alluvial soil of creek bottoms, often in alder
thickets in Prince. Wood nonsplintering, formerly used for wheel hubs, ship's
keels and millwork. Often planted as a shade tree; less so in Charlottetown
where t . glabra ssp. montana is the common elm. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

CANNABINACEAE

Humulus lupulus L. HOP Map 331. Formerly introduced, naturalized

at scattered localities. Shady roadsides, old house sites; in alder thickets, as
at Cousins Pond near Malpeque, possibly native. Abundant on site of old brewery,
Mount Edward Road near Charlottetown; pistillate spikes in beer to impart
bitterness. Hurst (wrongly implying listing by MacSwain).

URTICACEAE

Urtica gracilis Ait. Map 332. Scattered: Tignish; central and

northeastern uplands. Shady, damp thickets. (Laportea canadensis, MacSwain
and Bain in part; Urtica gracilis, MacSwain and Hurst in part; (J. procera,
Campbell in part).

132

Quercus robur

327

328

Quercus rubra^
var. borealjs

330

Ulmus americana

329

Humulus lupulus

332

331

133

Urtica procera Muhl. Map 333. Rare: Hunter River, Brackley Point,

York. Damp thickets; along streams, in sandy alluvium. {Laportea canadensis,
MacSwain and Bain, in part; U. gracilis, MacSwain, Hurst, in part; U. procera,
Campbell in part).

Urtica dioica L. STINGING NETTLE Map 334. Borden, Kensington,

Montague, Murray River (known for over forty years). European weed. Colonies
along roadsides in villages. Campbell.

Urtica urens L. Map 335. Tignish (1888, 1926); Bideford (1953).

European weed. Bare ground; farmyard, waste places. MacSwain, Hurst.

Filea pumila (L.) Gray Map 336. Rare: Dundee, Mount Stewart;

five miles southwest of Tignish. Damp shady places; larch swamps, alder
thickets.

SANTALACEAE

Comandra richardsiana Fern. Map 337. North Shore, Cavendish

around to Bothwell. In turf on sandy soil inland from dunes. (C. umbellata,
Hurst).

Arceuthobium pusillum Peck Map 338. Locally, Prince, North

Shore; Kings. On Picea glauca and mariana in open habitats; a parasite inducing
production of elongate fastigiate branches; known as witches'-brooms (Groh).
Hurst.

POLYGONACEAE

*Rumex mexicanus Meisn. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) Lepage (in Nat, Can. 81:
66. 1954). Map 339. Recently adventive: Wellington (1952),

Charlottetown (1953), a species of Boreal Forest range. Open, low, clay sites
slightly alkaline (due to hard or brackish water). Closely related to the next.

Rumex pallidus BigeL Plat River (on K alpeque Bay), erect or sprawling
on sandy strands and dryish borders of salt marshes [Fernald & St. John, det
Rechinger).

Rumex domesticus Hartm. Map 340. St. Dunstans: Charlottetown

(1914); Souris, waste land behind new hall (1952); a European weed.

134

Urtico procero

Urtica dioico

335

Comandro richardsiana

Arceuthobium pusillum

337

Rumex domesticus

340

135

Rumex orbiculatus Gray Map 341. Scattered throughout. Lowland

marshes; around ponds or creeks. {R. Britannica, Hurst); Campbell.

Rumex crispus L. Map 342. Common throughout; naturalized,

European. Weed of cultivated or disturbed ground; 42 Lots (Groh). MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst (including R. elongatus Guss., Hurst).

Rumex obtusifolius L. Map 343. Scattered throughout; naturalized,

European. Weed of damp, shady or organically rich soil; 13 Lots (Groh). Var.
sylvestris (Lam.) Koch Charlottetown (Fernald in Rhodora 23: 258. 1921). (R.
sanguineus, Bain, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Rumex persicarioides L. Map 344. Coastal, rare: Malpeque, Grand

Tracadie. Border of salt marsh, damp sand flats.

Rumex maritimus L. var. fueginus (Philippi) Dusen Map 345. Coastal,

rare: Brackley Beach, Bunbury. Sand flat or salt marsh. Closely related to the
last. (R. fueginus Philippi, Roland).

Rumex acetosella L. "REDWEED", SORREL Map 346. Common,

throughout. European, naturalized. In old fields and pastures; bare roadside
shoulders; weed in 41 Lots (Groh). Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Uovara virginiana (L.) Raf. Not known; quite improbable record. {Polygonum
Virginianum L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.]

Polygonum rati Bab. Map 347. North Shore: Brackley Beach, Grand

Tracadie (?), North Lake. Sandy sea beaches (J.M. Macoun, Can. Record Sci.,
Jan. 1895: 208).

Polygonum allocarpum Blake Salt marshes of the Hillsborough estuary: Mount
Stewart, Bunbury (det. J.F. Brenckle).

* Polygonum exsertum Small Map 348. Northumberland Strait salt

marshes: Summerside, Bedeque, Charlottetown, Bunbury, Mount Stewart.

136

Rumex orbiculotus

Rumex crispus

Rumex persicarioides

344

Rumex moritimus
var. fueqinus

345

Polygonum exsertum

348

137

[Polygonum erectum L. Not seen. The record from Charlottetown (Groh 1927)
possibly refers to a member of the P. aviculare complex (e.g., P.. heterophyllumQ

Polygonum aviculare L. Map 349. Scattered throughout. Naturalized

European. Weed of beaten paths, waste places and the head of salt marsh.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. 29 Lots (Groh).

Var. neglect urn Bess., Plat River, head of salt marsh. Narrow-leaved.

In this complex species or group of species, some segregates recognized
by J.F. Brenckle, authority on the group, appear. Specimens from Wood Islands
have been identified as P. heterophy Hum Lindm. f.; specimens from Charlottetown,
Wood Islands, Mount Stewart and Bunbury as P. pulchellum Loisel. Without field
study, these cannot usefully be separated here.

Polygonum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum (Coleman) Fern., formae: Map 350.

Watervale (Q), North Shore ponds. Terrestrial plants, or plants developed in air;
habitat: marshy borders of ponds are f. stipulaceum. Aquatic plants or plants
developed in water; habitat: ponds are f. fluitans (Eaton) Fern. (P. amphibium,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst).

* Polygonum coccineum Muhl. Southport, choking muddy bed of stream above
broken dam, Reddin's pond. May have come in with Reddin's introductions from
Wisconsin {Butomus, Zizania, Pontederia, etc.) which it is now choking out.

[Polygonum pensylvanicum L. Not seen, though not improbably as weed of
organically rich soil. 3 Lots (Groh) who, however, overlooked P. scabrum.
MacSwain; gueried by Hurst.]

Polygonum scabrum Moench Map 351. Throughout; rather common.

Soil rich in organic matter, weed of cultivation. (P. lapathifolium, Macoun,
MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.

Polygonum hydropiper L. Map 352. Common in lowlands. Damp,

open ground; around ponds and streams, perhaps native, and a weed in damp
gardens or waste places. (Including var. projectum Stanford); MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Polygonum per si car io L. Map 353. Scattered, central P.E.I. Locally

abundant weed of cultivation and waste places. 24 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett, Brittonia 6: 377.
1948. Map 354. Rare: Mount Stewart; Tracadie (a form with short

broad leaves). Marshy borders of bog or pond. {P. acre, MacSwain, Hurst; P.
punctatum var. leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small, Fernald 1950).

138

Polygonum aviculare
var. neqlectum

349

Polygonum amphibium
var. stipuloceum

350

Polygonum scohrum

351

352

Polygonum hydropiper

Polygonum persicoria

Polygonum punctotum
var. confertiflorym

354

139

Polygonum sagittatum L. Map 355. Throughout; common in Prince

and east-central lowlands. Open or partially shaded damp mucky sites. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Polygonum orifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. Map 356. hare

in the south and southeast: Beach Grove, Lake Verde, Watervale, Cherry Valley,
Wood Islands. Marshy borders of thickets. (P. arifolium MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst).

Polygonum cilinode Michx. Map 357. Rare mostly on northern

slope: Indian River; Winsloe Road at Brackley Point (Messervy); Tracadie
Beach; Avondale (Q); Glencorradale. Sandy soil: stream deposits, moraine.
Hurst. {Tiniaria Small).

Polygonum convolvulus L. Map 358. Scattered, throughout. Weed

of gardens waste and sandy places. European. 25 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. {Tiniaria Webb. & Moq.).

* Polygonum scandens.L. Campbell's Mills near New Glasgow, cleared damp
thickets along stream below mill. (Tiniaria Small).

[Polygonum dumetorum L., reported by MacSwain and Bain, may refer either to
P. scandens9 closely related, or to the habitally similar P. cilinode.]

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Towns; most common in Charlottetown and
Souris; Vernon River. Planted in gardens, where almost indestructible; introduced
from Japan. Campbell. {Tiniaria japonica (Houtt.) Hedb.).

Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt Becoming established in Souris and district.
Introduced to gardens from Japan, now spreading. (Tiniaria Janchen).

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench BUCKWHEAT Cultivated. Rarely spontaneous,
in the fields or adjacent ditches. 11 Lots (Groh). (F. sagittatum Gilib., Campbell).

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium album L. Map 359. Only one of Bain's "Goosefeet"

which is common throughout. European, naturalized. Open, disturbed soil;
waste land and gardens. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Chenopodium macrocalycium Aellen (Wahl, Bartonia 1952-3 (27): 45. 1954)
Borden (Bassett). Gravelly beaches or head of beach. (C. Bushianum, Roland).

Chenopodium glaucum L. Map 360. European, adventive. Summerside

(1912, 1926 (Groh), 1951-3), Tignish (1950). Railway and waste places. Hurst.

[Chenopodium botrys L. Not seen. Not recorded since MacSwain and Bain.]

[.Chenopodium urbicum L. Not seen, record probably erroneous. MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Chenopodium hybridum L. Not seen. Record of MacSwain and Bain withdrawn by
1907.]

140

Polygonum saqittotum

355

356

Polygonum cilinode

Polygonum convolvulus

357

358

Chenopodium album

Chenopodium glaucum

359

360

141

Chenopodium rub rum L. Map 361. C.N.R. : Summerside (1953),

Emerald (1953), Charlottetown (1953). Adventive from mainland by rail. Cinders.

MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

iChenopodium bonus-henricus L. Map 362. Brackley Point, roadside

(Macoun). European, adventive. Macoun, Groh, Hurst.]

Atriplex patula L., vars. Widespread. Map 363.

* Var. patula Cultivated soils and waste places; seldom on beaches.

Var. hastata (L.) Gray Common, maritime; weed of gardens and waste
places. 16 Lots (Groh). (A. hastata L., Groh); Hurst.

Var. littoralis (L.) Gray Map 364. Occasional, maritime (on

sandy shores), rarely weedy. Strikingly different in erect habit, narrow fleshy
leaves with shiny upper surface, from the other varieties. Macoun, MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Atriplex sabulosa Rouy Map 365. Brackley Beach, "salt marshes"

(Macoun), first North American collection; Launching, Wood Islands, sandy
beaches. (A. maritimaE. Hall. Roland).

Salicornia europea L., vars. Map 366. Coastal salt marshes,

especially as weed of bare patches in the Spar Una patens zone. Turning red
in fall, whence the name "sand fire" as corruption of samphire. (5. herbacea L.,

MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

Var. europea Common.

Var. simplex (Pursh) Fern. Bunbury (Fernald et al.).

Var. prostrata (Pall.) Fern. Bunbury. A series collected by Fernald

et al. to illustrate transition to var. europea.

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. Map 367. Coastal, apparently rare

in regions of sandy shores. Muddy salt marshes, abundant in denuded patches,
scattered on middle and upper zones. MacSwain and Bain; (5. linearis, MacSwain;
queries by Hurst 1933, Adams, Hurst 1940); Hurst 1940.

Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fern. Map 368. Cape Aylesbury, damp

brackish sands (Fernald et al.).

142

Chenopodium rubrum

Chenopodium bonus-henricus

361

362

364

Atriplex sabulosa

Salicornia europoeo

365

368

143

Salsola kali L., vars. Map 369.

Var. kali Coastal; sandy or gravelly beaches. Bain, MacSwain and Bain,

MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. tenui folia Tausch Railway weed: Emerald (1953), Charlottetown
(1953), Brackley Station (1952), St. Peters (1950), from the west;native of Russia.

AMARANTHACEAE

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Map 370. Scattered: Ellerslie to Murray

River, or farther, spread from towns to farms comparatively recently. Locally
abundant in cultivation or along roadsides, in waste places. 4 Lots (Groh).
MacSwain, Hurst.

*Amaranthus albus L. Railway weed in Charlottetown; the record "Brackley

Beach, cultivated ground, 1947-50" (B. Hurst), probably refers to A. retroflexus.
(A. gracizans, Roland, not L.).

[Acnida altissima Riddell var. subnuda (S. Wats.) Fern. Specimen from L.W.
Watson, determined by Fletcher, no longer extant. No other record east of
Montreal. (A. tuberculata var. subnuda (S. Wats.) Uline & Bray, MacSwain,
Hurst); Campbell,]

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca o/erocea L. Map 371. Common in Charlottetown; Union

Corner (P). Naturalized from southwestern North America. Rapidly becoming an
abundant weed of garden soils, flourishing in spite of hoeing since it does not
wilt readily, and of mowing because prostrate. Lochhead's (1904) list of agri-
cultural weeds, Campbell.

Monf/a fontana L. Map 372. (Walters, Watsonia 3: 1-6. 1953)

Green's Shore at Summerside, about spring rills at border of a salt marsh, mixed
with Stellaria crassifolia {Fernald & St. John). (M. lamprosperma Cham.).

Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Map 373. Local, central upland:

Hunter River, Campbell's Mills, near New Glasgow, Wheatley River (MacSwain).
Hardwood leaf mold; member of spring flora. MacSwain, Hurst.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (including lllecebraceae,
MacSwain, Gray's Manual (1908))

Scleranthus annuus L. Map 374. Western Prince; Hazel Grove

(0), Village Green; Morell and vicinity; Montague to Murray River. Sandy road-
side shoulders; following stubble fields. Known to Roland (1947) evidently
only from Dore's and his collections; listed 1891 and collected at Alberton
in 1912 and Tignish in 1926. 1 Lot (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

144

Amaranthus retroflexus

372

Cloytonio caroliniono

373

145

89470-10

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. <S C. Presl Map 375. West Prince; Kings

and eastern Queens. Naturalized, European. Dry, open sandy soil: weed of
roadsides and shores; 12 Lots (Groh). (S. rubra var. campestris, MacSwain and
Bain; Buda rubra (L.) Dumort., MacSwain); Hurst.

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb., vars. Map 376. Central Queens

to West Prince; coastal. Open, usually saline sites: muddy patches in salt
marsh, sand flats or nearby fields. (Buda marina (L.) Dumort., Macoun); Hurst.

Var. marina Albert on (cited by Rossbach in Rhodora 42: 127. 1940).

Var. leiosperma (Kindb.) Giirke Bunbury. Not sharply separated; tran-
sitional forms from Summerside and Charlottetown.

Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) G. Don Map 377. Coastal: scattered,

Tignish to Souris. Locally abundant, salt marsh mud and damp brackish flats.
{Buda borealis S. Wats., Macoun; Spergularia borealis (S. Wats.) Rob., Churchill);
Hurst.

Spergula arvensis L. Map 378. Common; absent only from West

Prince. European, naturalized. Weed of cultivation and scraped roadsides;
27 Lots (Groh), "serious" (Lochead). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Sagina procumbens L. Map 379. Common in Queens; scattered

in eastern Prince; Souris. Damp open ground: shores, springs, ditches, beaten
paths, roadsides. Weedy. MacSwain, Hurst.

Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl Map 380. North Shore, around to Bothwell.

Sand: damp, in dune slacks; dry, on lee of fixed dunes, becoming established in
Dicranum moss tufts. MacSwain, Hurst.

Arenaria lateriflora L. Map 381. Throughout; seldom abundant.

Thickets, mixed woods (in spruce litter), dune slacks and damp meadows. A
peculiar, possibly diseased form, with congested inflorescence of greenish
flowers, was collected at Charlottetown by Malte. {Moehringia lateriflora (L.)
Fenzl); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Map 382. Souris, large colony on waste

sand behind beach dunes; perhaps formerly elsewhere. Adventive European
weed. Not seen (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

146

Sperqularia rubra

Sperqularia morina

373

376

Sperqularia canadensis

Spergula arvensis

377

Sagina procumbens

Sagina nodosa

Arenario lateriflora

Arenaria serpyllifolia

382

147

89470- 10ya

Arenaria peploides L. var. robusta Fern. Map 383. Coastal;

rare. Sand beaches. MacSwain <S Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Arenaria groenlandica (Retz. ) Spreng. Sterling Campbell's specimens from
near New Glasgow were probably misidentified Sagina. Not otherwise known.
MacSwain and Bain, dropped by MacSwain; Hurst 1940 J

lArenaria stricta Michx. MacSwain and Bain; dropped by MacSwain.]

Stellar ia media (L.) Cyrillo Map 384. Scattered throughout.

Naturalized, European. Weed of waste places and of cultivation; 22 L ots
(Groh); too inconspicuous for recording by rapid survey methods, hence probably
more common than indicated. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Stellaria graminea L. Map 385. Common throughout. Naturalized,

European. Weed of fields and grassy roadsides, 31 Lots (Groh). (5. longipes,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); MacSwain, Hurst. S. longifolia, MacSwain
and Bain.

Stellaria alsine Grimm Map 386. Common in the central upland:

Charlottetown to Bedeque. Marshy runs and stream borders. (5. uliginosa Murr.,
J.M. Macoun, Can. Record Sci. Jan. 1895, 4), Campbell.

Stellaria humifusa Rottb. var. oblongifolia Fenzl Map 387. Rare,

coastal; estuaries or brackish marsh: Souris, Rocky Point (where first noted by
L.W. Watson), Albert on. Elsewhere on the east coast of North America known
only from the Miramichi estuary of New Brunswick (Boivin, Ann. ACFAS 20:
98. 1954).

Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. Map 387. Britain Pond near Bristol;

Summerside, Green's Shore, about spring rills at border of a salt marsh, mixed
with Montia fontana {Fernald & St. John). Fernald 1950.

Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bongard vars. Map 388. Local, more

common near North Shore and in eastern uplands. Brooks and springs, usually
woods.

Var. isophylla Fern. The more common variety; more or less transitional
to var. calycantha. (S. borealis var. isophylla Fern., Rhodora 16: 151. 1914).

Var. floribunda Fern. Brackley Point Road, Grand Tracadie; specimens
approaching var. calycantha. from Wood Islands Station. (S. borealis var. corollina
J.M. Macoun, Can. Record Sci. Jan. 1895, 4).

148

Arenoria peploides
var. Tobusta

383

384

Stellaria qraminea

Stellaria alsine

386

Stellaria calycantha

388

149

Cerastium vulgatum L. Map 389. Common, throughout. Weed of

light or disturbed soil: fields, gardens, roadsides. 35 Lots (Groh), Lochhead.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Cerastium orvense L. "WHITEWEED" Map 390. Scattered through-

out; very common from Kensington to beyond Summerside. Naturalized. Locally
abundant weed, pastures and edges of cultivation. 1 Lot (Groh who arrived late
in July, too late for the conspicuous flowers); but "a bad weed in some parts of
P.E.I." (Lochhead). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Cerastium tomentosum L. Souris, around dump on waste sand behind beach
dunes. Introduced, but not naturalized.]

[.Cerastium viscosum L. Not seen; report perhaps erroneous. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Agrostemma githago L. Formerly a weed of grain fields, extinct since the use
of pure seed. Poisonous. Prince County, 1 Lot (Groh). (Lychnis Githago (L.)
Scop., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.]

[Lychnis chalcedonica L. Rarely introduced garden plant; a single plant found
escaped, at Tracadie Beach, 1901 (Churchill). Fernald 1950, Campbell.]

Lychnis alba Mill. Map 391. Rare: Summerside, Kensington, St.

Peters. Naturalized, European. Weed of waste places and yards. 1 Lot, on the
road to Georgetown (Groh). (Melandrium Garcke); Hurst.

Silene nocti flora L. Map 392. Rare weed: Summerside (1912),

Brackley Point (1888), Hunter River (1952), Mount Herbert (1916). Naturalized,
European. Waste or cultivated ground; 3 Lots (Groh). {Melandrium Fries); Hurst.

Silene cucubalus Wibel Map 393. Scattered persistent weed:

Campbellton, Bideford, Borden, Hunter River, St. Peters. 6 Lots (Groh). MacSwain:
(5. lati folia (Mill.) Britten <S Rendle, Hurst); Campbell.

Saponaria officinalis L. Map 394. Around towns and villages,

central Queens and Kings; introduced and naturalized, European. Spreading
from old gardens and dumps. Double-flowered form usual; single in Charlotte-
town. 6 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

150

Cerastium vulgotum

390

391

392

Silene cucubalus

Saponoria officinalis

393

394

151

Dianthus armeria L. Map 395. Stanhope Beach, sandy soil, by

hotel, 1944 [Holman); adventive, European. Groh and Frankton (Can. Weed Surv.
7: 68. 1949); Campbell.

Dianthus deltoides L. Panmure Island. European; naturalized for many years,
spreading from an old garden. Reported as D. barbatus ? or deltoides in Can.
Weed Surv. 7: 68. 1949. Hurst 1941.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Map 396. Tracadie, barrier beach pond,

in shallow water (Fernald & St. John); Pisquid Pond.

NYMPHAEACEAE

Nuphar variegatum Engelm. Map 397. Scattered from Alberton to

Miscouche; bog ponds and lakes of east-central lowland. Shallow ponds and
still streams. (A', advena, Bain 1892, MacSwain, Campbell; Nymphaea advena var.
(Engelm.) Fern., Hurst).

* Nymphaea odorata Ait. Map 398. Rare: Lake Verde; pond on High

Bank road, Murray River. Acid waters.

Nymphaea alba L. Charlottetown, Winsloe Road, Southport, New Zealand, East
Baltic. European. Introduced at the Experimental Farm lily pond and distributed
to owners of ponds; now established. (Castalia odorata, Hurst; N. odorata,
Campbell).

RANUNCULACEAE

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix Map 399. Queens and Kings, on

Alberry - Charlottetown soil series. Flowing streams with sandy bottom. (R.
aquatilis, MacSwain and Bain; R. aquatilis var. trichophyllus (Chaix) Gray,
MacSwain; var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC, Hurst); Campbell.

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh Map 400. All around the coast. Salt

marshes, sand flats, rarely fresh marsh at head of salt (as at Cape Wolfe, where
forma hebecaulis Fern, prevails). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Ranunculus gmelinii DC. var. hookeri (G. Don) Benson Map 401.

Local; around Tignish, Grand Tracadie, Mount Stewart, Dundee, Albion Road
and Wood Islands. Slow or still, acid (often peaty) waters. (R. multifidus, Macoun;
R. delphinifolius, Hurst; R. flabellaris, Campbell; R. Purshii, Richards., Hurst;
R. Gmelini var. terrestrio (Ledeb.) Benson, Roland); Campbell.

{.Ranunculus sceleratus L. Not seen. Record not impossible. New Brunswick
records. MacSwain, Hurst.]

152

Ceratophyllum demersum

195

Nuphar variegatum

Nymphoea odorota

397

398

Ranunculus trichophyllus

Ranunculus cymbajana

Ranunculus gmelinii
var, hookeri

402

Ranunculus abortivus

153

Ranunculus abort ivus L. var. aero las ius Fern. Map 402. West

Prince; central and northeastern uplands. Hardwood leaf litter. MacSwain, Hurst.

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Map 403.

woods {Fernald & St. John).

Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f.

thickets, meadow.

Ranunculus septentrional is Poir.
Black Hiver (0)- Wet woods. Macoun.

Map 404.

Map 405.

Harmony (K), rich deciduous

Around Tignish. Alder

Rare in West Prince;

Ranunculus repens L. Map 406. Throughout, common except in

thinly settled regions. Naturalized, European. Damp muddy ground, in open; in
woods, only along streams, woods roads or in clearings. In shade or deep grass
along streams, tall forms with few stolons (and these often from higher nodes).
Common weed of damp fields; 23 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Ranunculus acris L. Map 407. Common, throughout. Naturalized,

European. Meadows and damper places; poisonous weed of pastures, spreading
because ungrazed. 52 Lots (Groh).

Var. stevenii (Andrz. ) Lange Summerside (Churchill 1902), according also
to Boivin, Can. Field Nat. 65: 1-22. 1951. A late-in-the-season form. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Ranunculus bulbosus L. Not seen; apparently less frequent in the Maritimes
than formerly, even if record of MacSwain and Bain is correct.]

*Thalictrum confine Fern. Map 408. Rare: Campbeilton, in alluvium

of creek; possibly present elsewhere along estuaries. Specimen determined by
B. Boivin.

Thalictrum polygamum Muhl., vars.

Var. polygamum Throughout, common. Thickets along streams. (T. pubescens,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. hebecarpum Fern. Mount Stewart (Macoun). Cited by Boivin (Rhodora
46: 478. 1944).

[Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker, rare in N.S., seems a record without foundation.
(H. triloba, MacSwain and Bain).]

* Anemone canadensis L. Map 409. Damp clay soil of railway ditch

and bank at edge of swampy woods halfway between O'Leary and Coleman.
Probably not introduced.

Clematis virginiana L. Map 410. Local in Prince; rare eastward:

Campbell's Mills near New Glasgow; Selkirk. Aider thickets; eastward along
gravelly river-banks. Hurst 1940

154

Ranunculus recurvatus

Ranunculus pensylvanicus

404

Rannunculus septentrional is

405

406

Thalictrum polygomum

408

Clemgtis virginiana

155

Caltha palustris L. Map 411. Throughout, common. Wet thickets

in Prince County; stream banks eastward. Flowering in May and June, earliest
in the east (Bain). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern. Map 412. Throughout; fairly

frequent. Moss floor of coniferous woods; occasionally on bog hummocks. (C.
tri folia, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.

Aquilegia vulgaris L. Map 413. Summerside, Hunter River, Brackley

Beach, Suffolk, Souris. Introduced and locally naturalized garden plant, European.
Grassy roadsides. Color variation rich, from purple to pink and white. Hurst 1940.

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Map 414. Scattered through Prince County

and upland Queens; rare in the northeastern hills. Hardwoods, dry to damp sites.
Poisonous; 4 Lots (Groh). (A. Americana Pursh, MacSwain and Bain; A. spicata
var. rubra Ait., MacSwain); Hurst.

Forma neglecta (Gillman) Rob. Indian River, Dunk River, with the species.

Actaea pachypoda Ell. Map 415. Local in west Prince, central and

northeastern uplands. Hardwood leaf mould. (A. alba, MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.

BERBERIDACEAE I

[Berberis vulgaris L. BARBERRY Introduced as ornamental for hedges; formerly
escaping but undesirable, being alternate host of wheat rust. About Charlottetown.
1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.]

[Berberis thunbergii DC. Introduced as hedge plant, seldom escaping. Not harbour-
ing wheat rust. Upton, Queens County.]

PAPAVERACEAE (including FUMARIACEAE,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst)

[Sanguinaria canadensis L. MacSwain and Bain, record abandoned.]

[Chelidonium ma jus L. Charlottetown, 1950. Adventive, European.

Campbell.]

[*Eschscholzia californica Cham. Introduced garden plant; scarcely

escaping. Souris, not established.]

[Dicentra cucullaria(L.) Bernh. Apparently reliable reports of this species failed
to produce any locality record. Requires substantiation. Hardwood forest floor.
MacSwain, Hurst.]

Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. Map 416. Scattered: not seen in

Kings County. Weedy on rocks or thin soil, now in clearings, burns and roadsides
in woods. (C. glauca Pursh, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

156

Coltha polustris

Coptis groenlondico

Aquileqia vulgaris

Actaeo pachypoda

Corydalis sempervirens

415

416

157

[Fumaria officinalis L. Map 417. Rare; adventive European. Kinross

near Uigg, 1924; Montague, 1937. Hurst 1940.]

CRUCIFERAE

*Draba incana L. var. confusa (Ehrh.) Lilj. A mile southwest of North Point,
grassy turf at top of sandstone headland.

Thlaspi arvense L. Map 418. "FRENCH WEED" Prince County,

abundant; Kings, occasional; Queens, rare. Naturalized, European. Weed of
cultivation, more common on railway beds; 2 Lots (Groh), present before 1904
(Lochhead). Hurst.

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Map 419. Rare: collected at Alberton,

Charlottetown , Lower Montague, Souris. First stations in Kings (1909, 1926).
Naturalized, European. Weed of waste places and disturbed roadside soil; 1 Lot
(Groh). Hurst.

[Lepidium sativum L. Summerside (Churchill 1902), Upton near Charlotte-

town (1953), railway to Murray Harbour (1926). Introduced, European. Rare weed
of cultivation, occasional in waste places; 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.]

Lepidium virginicum L. Map 420. Rare: Charlottetown (since before

1907); Alberton; Tignish. Adventive, American. Railway weed. MacSwain, Hurst*

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Map 421. Abundant; stony sandy soil

of North Shore and cinders along C.N. Railway, Naturalized western American.
Weed; 2 Lots (Groh). (L. apetalum, Groh, Hurst); Campbell.

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Map 422. Common throughout.

European, naturalized, presumably, though Bain thought it native. Weed of waste
places and cultivation; 41 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Formerly weed of grain fields; now rare: Brackley
Beach (1938), Charlottetown (1945), Cavendish (1953). Adventive, European.
(C. sativa, MacSwain); Hurst.]

[Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv. Rare: Carleton Siding (1936), Graham's Road

(Q) (1951), Charlottetown (1953). Adventive, European. Waste places: farmyards,
railway yards. Campbell.]

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Map 423. Coastal, especially North

Shore. Sandy beaches; occasionally departing completely from saline situations,
as weed in disturbed soil: road shoulder or railway bank. (C, Americana Nutt.,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

Raphanus raphanistrum L. Map 424. Locally a WILD MUSTARD

Throughout; most common in the eastern half. From 1888 on. Weed of cultivation
(abundant in oats) and waste places; 18 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

158

417

418

Lepidium compestre

Lepidium virginicum

419

Lepidium densiflorum

Capsello bursa-postoris

421

422

Rophonus raphanistrum

423

424

153

Forma candidus (Opiz) G. Beck Montague.

Forma albus (Schubl. <& Mart.) Hayek St. Peters: Souris.

[Raphanus sativus L. RADISH The* occasional plant springs up around garden
beds. Not established J

[Bross/co hirta Moench Summerside (1912). Adventive, European. Fernald
1950, Campbell.]

Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler, vars. WILD MUSTARD Map 42S.

Scattered throughout; naturalized European.

Var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler Waste ground: railways and roadsides,
seldom in cultivation, weed of 12 Lots (Groh). {Sinapis arvensix L., MacSwain
and Bain; B. Sinapistrum Boiss., MacSwain, Lochhead; B. arvensis (L.) Raben-
horst, Hurst); Campbell.

Var. schkuhriana (Reichenb.) Wheeler Charlottetown, 1912 (Fernald & St.
John).

Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. Map 426. Very occasional; recently

naturalized, European. Railway weed; Hunter River, Milton, Charlottetown,
Georgetown (1926); 3 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

[Brassica nigra (L.) Koch Charlottetown, adventive, 1956 (R.R. Hurst). MacSwain,
Hurst.]

[Brassica napus L. RAPE Recently cultivated as fodder among oats, occasion-
ally springing up spontaneously, e.g., at York, 1956 (Ayers).]

Brassica campestris L. Charlottetown (1926 on), Hunter River, Emerald,
Ellerslie. Becoming naturalized, European. Railway weed; 3 Lots (Groh).
(fi. Rapa, Campbell).

[Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. CABBAGE. Cultivated; rarely coming
up on dumps (i.e., European, not established).]

Erucastrum,gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz Map 428. Occasional:

Vernon (1950), Charlottetown ( 1926-present) , Wiltshire (1950), Coleman (1952).
Adventive, European.

[*D/*p/ofax/s mural is (L.) DC. Charlottetown (1953); adventive European.
Abundant weed of one garden.]

[Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Point de Roche (1942); adventive European
weed. Groh, Can. Weed Surv. 4: 25. 1947.]

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., vars. Map 429. Scattered, naturalized

European. Waste places: railways, gardens, settlement.

Var. leiocarpum DC. Charlottetown (1912), the earlier introduction.

Var. officinale Now replacing the old variety, common. Weed; 10 Lots

(Groh). MacSwain and Bain. Hurst.

160

Brassica kaber
var. pinnotifida

Brassica juncea

425

426

Brassica campestris

Erucastrum gallicum

427

428

Sisymbrium officinale

Sisymbrium altissimum

429

161

89470-11

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Map 430. Scattered throughout. Naturalized,

European. Waste ground, particularly along railway. Weed in 7 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb Map 431. Scattered, Charlottetown

(1926-present) to Ellerslie (1953). Naturalized, European. (Sisymbrium Sophia
L., Groh, Hurst); Campbell.

Hesperis matronal is L. Map 432. Charlottetown- Experimental Farm;

Souris; O'Leary; Margate, Introduced European. Garden perennial, spreading to
roadsides and open woods. Campbell.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Map 433. Scattered throughout; rather

more common in Prince. First collected at Alberton (1912). Naturalized, European.
Weed of cultivation, less often in waste places; 9 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

[*Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Southport (1951-2), introduced to garden in stable
litter from Charlottetown , overrunning it and eradicated by use of 2,4-D. Adventive,
European.]

Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbds, vars. Map 434. Local, Tignish

to St. Peters. Creeks, pond margins, muddy field s.(Radicula palustris (L.)Moench,
Groh, Hurst); Campbell.

Var. islandica Weed of wet fields, St. Peters; Charlottetown.

Var. fernaldiana Butters <S Abbe Along creeks: Wellington, Tignish. (var.
microcarpa (Regel) Fern., not (Beck) Thell, Roland).

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Map 435. Local but throughout.

Naturalized, European. Abundant in slow streams, where of trailing habit; tall
erect plants in dry mud along road, Mount Herbert (Q). Introduced, 1 Lot (Groh).
(Redicula Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle, Groh, Hurst); Campbell.

Armoracia rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. Map 436. Char-

lottetown. Naturalized, European. Introduced horse-radish, escaped and perennial.
3 Lots (Groh). (Nasturtium Armoracia (L.) Fries, MacSwain; Radicula Armoracia
(L.) Rob., Groh, Hurst; Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib., Campbell).

Barharea vulgaris R. Br. var. arcuata (J. & C. Presl) Opiz Map 437.

Scattered, apparently absent from West Prince and rare in the east. Weed of waste
places and fallow fields; not seen in August! (Groh). Hurst, Campbell. (B. stricta,
Groh, Hurst; B. orthoceras, Campbell).

[.Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. Reported from Iona (1937) by Hurst, 1940. Specimen
not seen; presumably B. vulgaris.]

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. Map 438. Local, more common in

upland regions. Damp, often shaded sites: stream margins, thickets, springy
marshes. (C. hirsuta, MacSwain, Hurst); Groh, Hurst.

SARRACENIACEAE I

Sarracenia purpurea L. Map 439. Western Prince; eastern Queens

and Kings. Peat bogs. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

162

Hesperis matronal is

431

432

Erysimum cheiranthoides

433

434

Nasturtium officinale

436

Cordamine pensylvanica

437

438

163

89470- 11V4

DROSERACEAE

Drosera rotundifolia L. Map 440. Lowlands and coasts. Peat: bogs,

swamps, pond margins. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Drosera intermedia Hayne Map 441. Bogs: Mount Stewart, Mermaid

Lake.

CRASSULACEAE

Crassula aquatica (L.) SchOnl. Map 442. Mount Stewart, Grand

Tracadie. Muddy pond shores. (Centunculus minimus, Macoun; Tillaea simplex
Nutt., J.M. Macoun, Can. Record Sci., Jan. 1895, MacSwain; T. aquatica L.,
Hurst, Campbell; including T. Vaillantii, Churchill 1902, J.M. Macoun, Ottawa
Nat. 16:216. 1903, Adams, Hurst 1940).

Sedum purpurem (L.) Tausch "LIVE-FOREVER" Map 443. Scattered.

Introduced and naturalized, European. Roadsides banks and ditches, weedy
perennial. No number of lots (Groh). (S. Telephium, MacSwain); 5. triphyllum
(Haw.) S.F. Gray, Roland); Hurst.

[*Sedum acre L. Souris, around dump behind beach dunes. Introduced, adventive,
European rock-garden flower.]

L*$edum rupestre L. Souris, overgrown dump on dunes. Introduced, adventive,
European rock-garden flower. Referable to the ssp. rupestre.]

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Mitella nuda L. Map 444. Common in Prince and upland Queens,

rarer eastward. Damp shady sites: mossy woods along streams. MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain.

Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Map 445. Scattered throughout.

Shady, wet sites: in and around shallow pools in brooks, springs, on thin mud.
MacSwain, Hurst.

Parnassia parviflora DC Map 446. West Prince coast: Cape Wolfe

(collected here in 1893 by W.J. Wilson of the Canadian Geological Survey, then
field assistant to Robert Chalmers; basis of record in Gray's Manual (1950),
rediscovered 1953); Nail Pond. Damp, fresh sites exposed to the sea: springy
clay bank; dune slacks. (P. palustris, MacSwain, Hurst, Campbell).

164

Sorrocenio purpurea

Drosera rotundifolia

439

Drosero intermedia

Crassula aquatica

441

44?

Sedum purpureum

444

Chrysosplenium americanum

Parnassia par vi flora

445

446

165

GROSSULARIACEAE

Ribes hirfellum Michx. var. hirtellum Map 447. Scattered: common

in Prince, Kings; apparently absent from central uplands. Open sites, dry or
damp: thickets, fencerows, stream banks. "The wild Gooseberry of French
cleared lands, and earliest fruit for baking "•Stewart. {R. Grossularia, Stewart;
R. rotundi folium, MacSwain and Bain; R. oxyacanthoides, MacSwain, Hurst,
Campbell).

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Map 448. Throughout, particularly

common in Prince County. Damp, shady sites: mucky places, brook banks in
hardwoods, never in peaty swamps. Fruit "harsh and disagreeable "-Stewart.
[R. nigrum, Stewart; R. floridum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; /?.
americanum, Campbell); Hurst.

Ribes glandulosum Grauer Map 449. Common in West Prince, local

eastward. Damp, open woods. (R. rigens Michx., MacSwain and Bain; /?.
prostratum L'Her., Hurst); Campbell.

Ribes triste Pall. Map 450. Local in Prince County and north-

eastern hills. Damp, shady sites: mossy mixed woods, alder thickets along
streams. {R. rubrum, var. sub glandulosum Maxim., MacSwain); Hurst.

Ribes sativum Syme RED CURRANT Charlottetown Experimental Farm.
European, introduced fruiting bush. Occasionally escapes to hedge and woods;
noted since 1912.

Ribes nigrum L. BLACK CURRANT Map 451. Rocky Point (Fernald

& St. John); Bain's Creek near Tignish, thicket along stream. European, intro-
duced for fruit and locally naturalized.

ROSACEAE

Spiraea lat ifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Map 452. Throughout, common except

in the uplands. Damp open places; swamps, thickets, abundant and weedy in
damp overgrazed pastures; 25 Lots (Groh). (S. salicifolia, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain); Hurst.

Spiraea tomentosa L. Map 453. Common in southern Kings, very

local in Queens, common in western Prince. Damp, acid places; in east in
clearings, weed in 1 Lot (Groh); in west often in bogs. Hurst.

166

Ribes hirtellum

447

Ribes glandulosum

450

Ribes nigrum

Spiraea latifolia

451

452

Spiraea tomentosa

453

454

167

[*Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. Spreading into lawns and persistent around old
house sites: Charlottetown, Bonshaw. Ornamental shrub, till recently much
planted. Asiatic]

Pyrus ma I us L. Map 454. Seedlings established along roadsides

throughout. European. 24 Lots (Groh). Formerly much planted around farmhouses;
nowadays mostly neglected; the varieties of 1890 not replaced. Seedlings do
not conform to the cultivated varieties. (Malus pumila Mill.), Hurst.

Aronia prunifoHa (Marsh.) Render Map 455. Scattered throughout,

more frequent along North Shore. Thickets; swamps or acid sands. Fruit juicy
but sour, considered edible by Bain (1890), known elsewhere as Chokeberry.
(Pyrus arbutifolia, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; P. floribunda
Lindl.).

Hybrids with Sorbus spp. occur: O'Leary; also the "Pyrus arbutifolia X
sitchensis" of Hurst.

Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Map 456. Rather local, in bogs,

where the usual species; or swamps and acid sands as for A. prunifolia. Forms
transitional to A. prunifolia occur; e.g., at North Point, specimens had the
glabrous foliage of A. melanocarpa, the tomentose-hairy pedicels of A. prunifolia.
(Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd., Bain, MacSwain and Bain).

Sorbus aucuparia L. Map 457. Widely planted in older settlements:

European introduced ornamental. Occasionally naturalized, seed spread by
birds. (P. aucuparia (L.) Ehrh.), Bain 1892.

Sorbus amer/cana Marsh. Map 458. Scattered throughout; frequent in

Prince and along North Shore. Low sandy or swampy fir mixed woods. (Pyrus
americana, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; P. microcarpa (Pursh) DC).

[.Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. Map 459. Not certainly present:

material collected at Brackley Point and Charlottetown by Fernald and St.
John determined as 5. aucuparia by Jones. (Pyrus sitchensis, Hurst; P. decora
(Sarg.) Hyland, Campbell).]

Amelanchier wiegandii Nielsen Map 460. Common throughout. Dry

hilly or sandy sites: usually at wood-edges or in fencerows; at Bothwell, on the
beach and cliff.

Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. Rare: Dundee; Bristol (Lot 40 Station); Mer-
maid; Bothwell (?). At Bothwell, plants intermediate between A. stolonifera
and both A. wiegandii and A. laevis occur, the latter determined by Wiegand as
hybrids.

Amelanchier fernaldii Wieg. Recorded by Fernald (1950). Described originally
as an apparent hybrid of A. stolonifera and A. laevis: this hybrid (as determined
by Wiegand in 1914) occurring from Cavendish scattered to Bothwell. (A. ovalis,
Bain {?); A. alni folia, MacSwain (?). Identities doubtful).

168

Aronia prunifolio

Aronio melanocarpa

455

456

Sorbug aucupario

Sorbus americana

457

458

Amelonchier wiegandi

459

169

Amelanchier intermedia Spach Map 461. Local in Queens and Kings.

Dry open hilly sites: in hedgerows or at wood edges. Similar small trees or tall
shrubs in Prince County are more woolly.

Amelanchier laevis Wieg. WILD PEAR Map 462. Scattered from

Prince to southern Kings, in upland regions. Dry sites: riverbanks in gravelly
soils, or fencerows in hilly places. Always a tree or cluster of tall (12 foot)
shrubs; the sepals usually woolly within but summit of ovary with scanty wool,
only around the style base. Fruits edible, juicy, slightly sweet, often distorted
by the rust Gymnosporangium. {A. Botyrapium, Bain; A. canadensis, MacSwain,
Hurst; A. oblongifolia, MacSwain, Hurst).

Var. nitida (Wieg.) Fern, from Murray River.

X Amelanchier neglecta Eggleston (cited G.N. Jones, Am. Sp. Amelanchier,
1946) Charlottetown and Mount Stewart (Fernald et al.). Hybrid (sometimes
allopolyploid?) of A. bartramiana X laevis.

Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) Roem. Map 463. Scattered in

the Prince and east-central lowlands. Bogs and swampy thickets, only Amelanchier
of damp or shady habitats.

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Map 464. From Summerside to Charlotte-

town, more locally eastward. Introduced European ornamental (white "MAY" and
rose-flowered), naturalized in fencerows and dry pastures, seeded by birds.
10 Lots (Groh). (C. Oxyacantha, MacSwain, Groh, Hurst, Campbell).

Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe (?) Map 465. Mount Albion (Fernald

et al.). Clumped shrubs. (C. coccinea, MacSwain, in part, queried by Hurst).

Crataegus succulenta Schrad. Map 466. Locally abundant in Queens

and Kings. Fencerows and hedges, tall treelike shrubs. (C. coccinea, MacSwain,
in part, questioned by Hurst). RED HAWS are found in West Prince also.

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne WILD STRAWBERRY Map 467.

Throughout, common. Open dryish sites: pastures, banks, dry thickets. Old
fields, open spots in forest, and indicator of land good for white clover (Stewart).
Fruits edible, sweet and acid. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.
(Including F. vesca, Stewart; MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, queried by Hurst).
The often recognizable var. terrae-novae (Rydb.) Fern. <& Wieg. Rocky
Point, Charlottetown, Brackley Beach, the last nearly glabrous.

[X Fragaria ananas sa Duchesne, the cultivated strawberry, is considered to be a
hybrid of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis. Plants from a railway embankment at
O'Leary, approach F. ananassa closely; Experimental Farm, Charlottetown,
wood edge.]

[Potentilla (ruticosa L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, is to be excluded.
Even in cultivation at Smelt Creek, it does very poorly.]

170

Amelanchier intermedia

Amelanchier laevis

462

Crataegus monogyna

461

464

Crataegus chryeocarpe

Crataegus succulenta

464

Fragaria virginiana

Potentilla tridentata

468

171

Potent ilia tridentata Ait. Map 468. Common along the North Shore;

locally throughout. Dry sandy or gravelly sites, among poor thin grass; exposure
barrens on fixed dunes, old fields, banks in open woods. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst. (Sibbaldiopsis Rydb.).

Potent ilia palustris (L.) Scop. Map 469. Near North Shore, around

to West Point, rarely inland, Watervale; Pisquid Pond; Dundee. Pond margins.
MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. (Comarum L.).

Potent ilia argentea L. Map 470. Scattered throughout; more common

near sandy shores. European. Waste sandy or gravelly soil: roadsides, banks, a
weed in sandy fields and gardens. 5 Lots (Groh).

[^Potentilla gracilis Douglas var. gracilis Brackley Point, a single perennial
clump on grassy farm tracks (1953). Western North America, adventive.]

Potent ilia recta L. var. sulphurea (Lam.) Lapeyr. Map 471. Cape

Wolfe (1940), Ellerslie, Kinkora, New Glasgow (1938), Murray River, Souris.
European, recently naturalized. Dry fields or pastures. (P. sulphurea Lam.,
Hurst 1941; P. recta, Hurst 1940, Campbell). Var. sulphurea is probably correctly
known as var. recta.

Potentilla norvegica L. Map 472. Throughout. Dry unoccupied

sandy soil, weed of roadsides, edges of fields. 21 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst (including P. monspeliensis L., Groh, Hurst).

Potentilla intermedia L. Map 473. Scattered throughout Prince and

western Queens; seen at Bristol. European, recently naturalized (Plat River,
near Summerside, 1914; New London, 1934). Roadsides, dry much-trodden pasture
and fields. Groh, Hurst.

[* Potent ilia inclinata Vill. Bideford, in weedy farmyard (1953). Adventive,
European.]

Potentilla simplex Michx. Map 474. Frequent in Kings County;

scattered < westward (Hunter River, O'Leary). Banks and thickets, open woods;
weed in old fields. 2 Lots (Groh). {P. canadensis, Groh, Hurst, Campbell).

Potentilla anserina L. Map 475. Throughout, particularly common

in Prince and along the North Shore. Sands: seashores, inland along roadsides
as weed. 12 Lots (Groh). Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Potentilla rolandii Boivin, in Can. Field-Nat. 65: 21. 1951. Map 476. Coastal
only; in sheltered estuaries. Mud and salt marsh accompany its sites. (P. pacifica,
Roland, not Howell).

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Map 477. Introduced European

ornamental; naturalized locally around old settlements in roadsides ditches or
thickets. 4 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

172

Potenti Hq polustris

Potentillo arqentea

469

470

Potenti I la norvegica

472

473

474

Potentillo anserina

475

173

*Geum laciniatum Murr. Map 478. West Prince; rare eastward:

Winter River near York, creek-bottom alder thickets.

Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern, Map 479. Prince County.

Alder thickets along creeks and banks; weedy where cut for roadsides or clearing.
5 Lots (Groh). (G. strictum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; Campbell.

Geum macrophyllum Willd. Map 480. Local: West Prince; Hunter

River valley; northeastern district. Damp, partially shaded sites; alder thickets,
damp hardwoods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Geum rivale L. Map 481. Common in Prince; local, northern Queens,

Kings. Marshy thickets or mossy stream banks. Hurst 1940.

Rubus chamaemorus L. YELLOWBERRY Map 482. Western

Prince County bogs, in thick peat hummocks. Fruits eaten locally; few flowers
set fruit. Hurst.

Rubus pubescens Raf. Map 483. Throughout; common particularly in

West Prince. Characteristic of damp mixed woods, damp thickets and weedy
along railroad banks. {R. triflorus Richards., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst), Campbell.

Rubus idaeus L., sspp. RASPBERRY Map 484.

Ssp. idaeus Bideford, colony along old road (now a cart track) through
second growth spruce woods. Introduced from Europe for the large fruits.

Ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Common throughout, openings in woods;
very abundant in clearings, roadsides, thickets and on burns with fireweed.
Noted on the "treeless lands" by Jacques Cartier. "After cutting, abundant'1.
(R. strigosus Michx., Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; R. idaeus var.
aculeatissimus, Hurst, Campbell; R. idaeus, Stewart).

Var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. Common. The forma albus (Bailey)
Fern, noted by Stewart from "a single station."

Var. canadensis Richards. Charlottetown Experimental Farm; Brackley
Point.

[Rubus occidentalis L. reaches only to Quebec. Bain, MacSwain and Bain,
Hurst.]

[Rubus trivialis Michx. reaches only to Maryland. Bain, Hurst.]

Rubus hispidus L. Map 485. East of Charlottetown. Damp, open

thickets and clearings. Cold moist locations, not frequent nor abundant (Stewart).
Fruit sour, edible. (R. moluccanus, Stewart; R. canadensis, MacSwain and Bain,
Hurst); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Rubus tardatus Blanchard South Lake near Both well, clay bank {Fernald
et o/.).

174

Filipendula ulmaria

Geum laciniatum

477

478

Geum macrophyllum

479

480

Rubus chamaemorus

481

482

483

484

175

Rubus arcuons Fern. & St. John Map 486. Dundee (type locality),

Mount Stewart, Tracadie Beach, Summerside, Miscouche. Dry open sites; in
poor sandy soil.

Rubus vermontanus Blanchard Sandy lands of east-central lowland: " Tracadie,
trailing amongst grass" (Macoun); Morell; Murray River. (R. setosus, Gray's
Manual (1908), Hurst).

Rubus perinvisus Bailey Brackley Point Road (Fernald et al. 7650).

Rubus canadensis L. Map 487. Common. Abundant in openings

in woods, thickets, and clearings, tolerant of some shade. Older records refer
to a prostrate species.

Rubus elegantulus Blanchard Mount Stewart (Fernald et al.). Probably only a
slender, pricklier version of the former.

Rubus amicalis Blanchard Cove Head (Macoun); North River Road, Charlotte-
town. Clearings, thickets.

Rubus kennedyanus Fern. Recorded from P.E.I, in Roland (1947). (R. quaesitus

Bailey, Roland).

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Murray River (Blanchard); Huntley River near
Alberton, steep bank. (R. pergratus Bailey).

^Rubus frondosus Bigel. as interpreted by Bailey, R. canadensis var. pergratus
(Blanchard; Bailey, Roland), does not occur northeast of Massachusetts. Bain,
Hurst. ]

Rubus allegheniensis Porter Map 488. Our collections from east

and central Prince. Relatively sandy soil, in thickets at border of woods. (R.
villosus, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst).

[Dalibarda repens L. Warren's herbarium, accumulated at North River,

includes one collection, possibly from the Island. No other record.]

Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Map 489. Local: vicinity of Tignish; '

Brackley Point; North River. Damp, open places, thickets. Flowers paler than in
A. striata. (A. Eupatoria, in part, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Groh, Hurst.

Agrimonia striata Michx. Map 490. West and central Prince, central

Queens and northeastern Kings. Open sites: thickets, borders of woods, weedy
on roadsides. 4 Lots (Groh). (A. Eupatoria, in part, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain); Groh, Hurst.

[Agrimonia odorata Mill. Brackley Point, introduced from Wiltshire, England
(1920) and abundantly persisting in Hurst's garden.]

[*Rosa centifolia L. CABBAGE ROSE Rosebank in Southport, roadside.
Persistent or escaped ornamental, introduced from Europe.]

176

485

486

Rubus ollegheniensis

487

Agrimonia qry]30seoaIg

Aqrimonjo striata

489

490

177

89470-12

[Rosa tomentosa Sm. var. globulosa Rouy Southport to Keppoch, roadside!
thicket (Fernald et a/.). European, introduced ornamental, escaped. Campbell.]

Rosa micrantha Sm. Map 491. SWEET BRIAR Alberton; Charlotte- j

town (Groh); Brackley Point and Road; frequent in the southeast. Introduced
from Europe; naturalized. No longer planted. Thickets and dry pastures. Charac-
terized by the large brown galls like tufts of hair, called "Robin's pincushions".
(R. rubiginosa, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; R. Eglanteria, Campbell).

Rosa nitida Willd. Map 492. Mount Stewart region to Dundee; near

De Sable, Murray River. Larch swamps and bogs.

Rosa virginiana Mill. Map 493. Common throughout. Damp, partly

sunlit places: thickets, swamp margins, marshes. Very common component of
Calamagrostis thicket. {R. lucida Ehrh., MacSwain and Bain, Churchill 1901,
MacSwain); Hurst, including R. palustris.

Rosa Carolina L. Map 494. North Shore: Rustico, Cavendish.

Sandy headlands and fixed dunes. Apparently elsewhere, less common than in
Nova Scotia, forming colonies in fencerows. MacSwain and Bain.

[Rosa palustris Marsh. Hurst's specimen seems referable to R. virginiana.]

[Rosa spinosissima L. Southport, introduced European ornamental. Roadside
bank.]

[Rosa rugosa Thunb. Ornamental, introduced from Japan via Europe. Flowers
white or pink. Escaping to roadside banks (e.g., Souris West).]

Rosa cinnamomea L. Map 495. Ornamental, introduced from Europe.

Flowers double. Formerly much planted; extensive colonies established along
the roadsides.

[Rosa blanda Ait. is not known to occur east of the Saint John Valley. Reported
by MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Prunus depressa Pursh is absent, though known from New Brunswick river
beaches. Reported by Bain, MacSwain, doubted (as P. pumila) by Hursfff]

hrunus pensylvanica L. f. WILD CHERRY Map 496. Common

throughout, open dryish sites. "Follows clearings in abundance, and also fire,
but lives only 15 to 20 years" (Stewart). "Fruits put into spirits for rum and
brandy" (Stewart). (P. virginiana, Stewart); Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

[Prunus cerasus L. SOUR CHERRY Garden fruit-tree, occasionally planted.
Introduced from Asia Minor via Europe; escaped on the Brackley Point Road
(Fernald et al.)."]

[Primus serotina Ehrh. appears to be absent, though found just across the
Strait in N.S. and N.B. Reported by MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.]

178

491

492

493

494

Prunus pensylvanico

JtvN

495

496

179

89470- \2Vi

t-runus virginiana L. Map 497. CHOKECHERRY Common through

Prince and Queens, mainly on the Alberry-Charlottetown sandy loams. Well
drained, open sites; thickets and fencerows. Racemes occasionally very dense
with short pedicels and rachis: Experimental Farm, Charlottetown. Fruits edible
but drying and puckering the mouth. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

LEGUMINOSAE

[Gleditsia triacanthos L. Ornamental shade tree introduced from the eastern
States. A single small seedling tree in Hunter River, 1941.]

[Thermopsis mollis (Michx. ) M.A. Curtis Mount Herbert, naturalized along
roadside near the Consolidated School, according to H.A. Messervy; if persistent,
was in any case destroyed by road improvement. Introduced from southeastern
United States.]

Cytisus scoporius (L.) Link Map 498. SCOTCH BROOM Pisquid

Road at Watervale (discovered by E.S. Blanchard). Naturalized on Kayes farm,
Georgetown; also spread to roadside banks where considerably cut back by
roadside use of weed sprays; introduced presumably from Britain, limited to
the milder eastern parts of the Island. Hurst 1941. (Sarothamnus Wimmer).

Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Map 499. LUPINE Garden ornamental,

introduced from British Columbia. Naturalized since 1912 at least, in cemeteries
and spread to roadsides in milder climates of the Island from Hunter River east.
(L. perennis, Hurst 1940).

Trifolium arvense L. Map 500. Scattered: common around Tignish;

rare, Ellerslie; from Charlottetown locally eastward through Kings especially
along the railway. Naturalized from Europe. Open sites on light or disturbed
soils; roadsides, railways, sandy fields. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Trifolium pratense L. Map 501. RED CLOVER Throughout;

common from East Prince through to Kings. Cultivated with Phleum pratense for
clover hay, often in mixtures with T. hybridum; introduced from Europe;
established on roadsides, rough pastures, waste places. Our plants are trans-
itional between var. americanumHaiz and var. sativum (Mill.) Schreb. or referable
to the latter. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Trifolium medium L. Bay View: edge of field, Walter Simpson farm, perhaps
as early as 1892 and as late as 1911, when examined by Malte; roots sent
to Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, for trial introduction (1897). Introduced
from Europe; earliest record from Maritimes. Bain 1892, MacSwain, Hurst.]

180

Prunus virqiniona

497

498

:

Lupinus polyphyllus

499

500

Trifolium repens

501

502

181

Tri folium repens L. Map 502. WHITE CLOVER Scattered through-

out, common in lowlands. Introduced from Europe for pastures, naturalized.
Partially sunlit sites with loamy soils, shaded by taller herbs: pastures, lawns,
woods, roads. Bain distinguished White or Creeping Clover (which he supposed
native) from White Dutch Clover (introduced), presumably influenced by the
botany of England where the native English strains are considered superior to
the introduced Dutch for pasturage. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Tri folium hybrid um L. Map 503. ALSIKE Throughout. Introduced

from Europe; planted in clover-hay mixtures with Phleum pratense, and natural-
ized: roadsides, fields. Our specimens belong to var. elegans (Savi) Boiss.
MacSwain, Hurst.

Trifolium agrarium L. Map 504. YEO CLOVER Scattered through-

out; common in central uplands. Introduced from Europe, naturalized. Roadsides,
edges of fields, meadows. Local name from its introduction by Senator John Yeo.
(T. aureum Poll.); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Trifolium procumbens L. Map 505. Common throughout. Naturalized

from Europe. Weed of light or disturbed soils; very abundant on railways and
fixed sand dunes; also along roadsides and in thin grass. 38 Lots (Groh). Ours
belong to the variety called T. campestre Schreb. var. ma jus (Koch) Gremli in
Europe. Bain 1892, MacSwain, Hurst.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Map 506. Occasional throughout:

common only in the central arable region, from Miscouche to Charlottetown.
Introduced from Europe as fodder before 1850; naturalized as weed of fields and
roadsides. Groh, Hurst 1940.

Me/ i lotus alba Desr. Map 507. Scattered throughout: fairly common

in arable Alberry-Charlottetown soils. Introduced from Europe as fodder, before
1888; naturalized as weed of fields and roadsides, often on cinders. It is only
in recent years that intensified stock-raising has made these fodder plants

common. 8 Lots (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.

•

[Medicago sativa L. Map 508. ALFALFA Scattered, mostly in

low lands. Introduced from Europe as fodder plant, persisting in fields, rarely
weedy on roadsides. 1 Lot (Groh). Groh, Campbell.]

Mec//cogo lupulina L. Map 509. Scattered throughout. Naturalized

European weed of roadsides and railway cinders. 11 Lots (Groh). Represented at
some stations (e.g., Campbellton) )by var. lupulina, at others (e.g., Charlotte-
town) by var. glandulosa Neilr. MacSwain, Hurst.

Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Map 510. Ornamental tree, often planted

around houses. Introduced from eastern United States. Forming sucker colonies
along roadsides (Crapaud, DeSable, Charlottetown, Georgetown). 4 Lots (Groh).
MacSv/ain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

182

Trifolium hybridum

Trifolium oqrorium

503

504

Trifolium procumbens

505

506

507

508

Robinio pseudo'Ococio

509

510

183

[Robin ia viscoso Vent. Map 511. Ornamental shrub, occasionally

planted. Introduced from eastern United States. Forming sucker colonies where
planted: Hunter River, Appin Road (Messervy), and elsewhere. 2 Lots (Groh).
MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Robinia hispida L., a smaller eastern American shrub, may be grown. Not
seen. Reported by MacSwain and Bain.]

[Vicia sativa L. Map 512. Seldom established; western Prince.

Sown with admixture of peas in oats for green fodder. Introduced from Europe,
weed only in farmyards.]

Vicia ongustifolia Reichard Map 513. Throughout, common on the

North Shore. Naturalized from Europe; weed of fields, pastures and waste places,
on sandy soil. Possibly the wild ancestor of V. sativa. 16 Lots (Groh). (V.
sativa, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Groh, Hurst.

Vicia sep i urn L. Map 514.' Charlottetown, ditches and garden

fencerows. Naturalized from Europe before 1926. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Moench. Map 515. Brackley Point (Macoun))

Cherry Valley (1953). Naturalized from Europe, weed of grass verges. Groh, Hurst.

Vicia hirsute (L.) S.F. Gray Map 516. Rare: Alberton (1912),

Rusticoville, Bunbury, Vernon (1926), Kilmuir (Watson), Souris. Naturalized
from Europe, weed of sandy waste land, roadsides, inner dunes, borders of
fields. 10 Lots (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.

Vicia cracca L., sspp. Map 517. Very common throughout. Natural-

ized from Europe. Weed of fields, waste places, roadsides. 46 Lots (Groh).
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Ssp. cracca Common everywhere.

Ssp. tenuifolia (Roth) Gaudin Charlottetown, waste ground {Gorham).
Adventive from southern Europe.

[Vicia americana Muhl. Not known east of southern Quebec. Reported by

MacSwain and Bain.]

Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern. BEACH PEA Map 518.

Around the coast; common on North Shore. Sand dunes and barrier beaches,
observed by Jacques Cartier on the ' 'treeless lands. ;/ (L. maritimus Bigel.,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, M.W. Smith); Campbell.

Lathyrus palustris L. var. piiosus (Cham.) Ledeb. Map 519. Scattered

mainly coastal. Damp thickets, fresh borders of salt marshes and sana beaches,
more characteristically piiosus in the latter habitats. (L. palustris, MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain; var. linearifolius, Hurst, Campbell).

184

511

512

Vicia ongustifolia

514

Vicia tetrasperma

515

516

517

518

185

Lathyrus pratensis L. Map 520. Locally naturalized: Wellington,

Borden (1 Lot Groh), Charlottetown and Rocky Point. European. Along railway
bank, but usually in permanent grass: meadow, churchyard. MacSwain, Hurst.

[Lathyrus sylvestris L. Introduced from England; planted in his hedgerow by
Py Blytne Hurst, ana still persistent. Campbell.]

LINACEAE

[Linum usitatissimum L. FLAX Introduced for linseed and fiber elsewhere in
Canada, from Europe. Casual weed of railway yards. Charlottetown (1953); 1
Lot (Groh). Hurst.]

Linum catharticum L. Map 521. Souris (1952), on railway bank;

naturalized as in northern Nova Scotia; European.

OXALIDACEAE
(included in GERANIACEAE, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain)

Oxalis n.ontana Raf. WOOD SORREL Map 522. Scattered through

Prince and Queens; rare in Kings. Mossy floor of mixed or coniferous woods in
lowlands or ravines. (0. Acetosella, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst),
Campbell.

Oxalis stricta L. (Eiten, Taxon 4 (5): 99. 1955) Map 523. Scattered,

in Prince and Queens. Common native weed: wood edges, stream banks, gardens.
9 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain; (?) Groh; (0. comic ulata var. stricta (L.)
Gray, MacSwain, Hurst; 0. corniculata, Campbell; 0. europaea Jord., Roland).

The forms recognized by Wiegand under 0. europaea occur: f. cymosa is
common, f. pilosella collected at Hunter River, f. villicaulis at Bonshaw.

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (Eiten, I.e.) Charlottetown, Montague. North American
weed; gardens, railway cinders. (0. stricta, Gray's Manual (1950), including
0. stricta var. piletocarpaVi ieq.).

GERANIACEAE

[Geranium pratense L. Map 524. Established in the 1940's, not

persisting, along roadsides at Andrew's Mills on Mayfield Road north of New
Glasgow; Hunter River and Cymbria. Planted in gardens; introduced from Europe.
1 Lot (Groh). Hurst. j

Geranium robertianun. L. Map 525. West Prince; northeastern

uplands. Damp, partially shady sites: swampy woods, thickets.

P0LYGALACEAE

*Folygola sanguinea L. CANDYSTICK Map 526. Cavendish, in

sandy old field at ranger's house, discovered by Sterling Campbell (1950-3).

186

Lathyrus palustris

519

520

Oxalis montana

522

Geranium pratense

523

524

Geranium robertianum

Polygola sonquineo

525

526

187

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia helioscopia L. Map 527. Occasional; around towns and

on North Shore. Naturalized from Europe before 1888- Weed of railways, sandy
gardens and roadsides. 6 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Euphorbia cyparissias L. Map 528. Introduced from Europe to

decorate gardens and graveyards; persistent and spreading to roadsides, especially
in central region, towns. The tetraploid race, which sets seed, forms a large
colony at Brackley Point. 1 Lot (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.

^Euphorbia esula L. York, established colony along bank on farm. Naturalized
from Europe.

[Euphorbia peplus L. Summerside, weed on dump. European; casual. 1 Lot
(Groh). Hurst.]

^Euphorbia supina Raf. Charlottetown, railway weed (1953). Naturalized from
Canada. (E. maculata, authors).

Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Map 529. North Shore; Wood Islands

(Roland map). Sandy beaches. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

CALLITRICHACEAE
(included in HALORAGEAE by MacSwain)

Callitriche palustris L. Map 530. West Prince; east-central lowland.

Aquatic or emersed; muddy border of ponds, streams, springs. (C. verna L.,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, "doubted" by Hurst); Hurst.

EMPETRACEAE

Empetrum nigrum L. Map 531. Along North Shore; inland: Mermaid

bog; north of Souris, Portage, North Point. Cold sites: exposed dunes or head-
lands; inland in bogs. Fruit black, sour. MacSwain, Hurst.

Empetrum atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg. Map 532. North Shore;

inland only around bog at North Point. Exposed sites: sand dunes. Fruit reddish
purple, insipid. (£. nigrum var. andinum, Hurst 1940); Hurst 1940, Campbell.

Corema conradii Torr. Map 533. Bothwell; Murray River; Bristol.

Sand dunes; barren gravelly bank.

ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus typhina L. SUMAC Map 534. Very local throughout. Sandy

or gravelly knolls or banks; often retained as a garden shrub around house sites.
Used for tanning white leather (Bain). Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst; {R. hirta (L.) Sudworth, Hurst).

188

Euphorbia helioscopia

Euphorbia cyporissias

527

528

Euphorbia polyqonifolia

Callitriche palustris

529

530

Empetrum nigrum

Empetrum atropurpureum

531

532

533

534

189

.-•'**c

■^Bfe

^-*k

«'*~.

.vlf^fi

&..*>*

Black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) mats the dune slacks along the North Shore; a clump of

bayberry in the center foreground*

[Rhus glabra L. does not extend northeast of central Maine. Reported by
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.]

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze. Map 535. (Barkley, Ann. Mo.

Bot. Gard. 24: 417. 1937) POISON IVY Local; usually near coast, most
common in prince. Damp, sunny sites: hollows among inner dunes, tension
line around salt marsh, open swamp thickets: "dry rich woods" (Bain) inapprop-
riate for Island occurrences. The irritating skin rash caused by contact with the
oil of its stems and leaves seems like an allergic reaction, immunity often being
lost only after several contacts with it. The oil may be removed by scrubbing
with laundry soap if the rash has not set in, otherwise the only precaution to be
taken is bandaging to prevent spreading the irritation; baking soda may be used
as a palliative, perhaps because it dissolves the oil. Island specimens belong
to the northern low variety, var. rydbergii (Small) n. comb., based on Rhus
rydbergii Small, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 268. 1900. {Rhus Toxicodendron,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst; R. radicans ]_., Campbell).

AQUIFOLIACEAE (ILICINEAE, MacSwain)

Ilex verticil lata (L.) Gray Map 536. Lowlands, throughout. Swampy

streams, borders of damp woods, in shade the leaves thinner and with translucent
spots, the "var. tenuifolia." {Prinos verticillatus L., MacSwain and Bain);
MacSwain, Hurst.

190

535

Nemopanthus mucronata

Acer spicotum

537

538

Acer pensylvonicum

Acer sacchorophorum

540

191

Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Map 537. Scattered throughout.

Swamps and thickets; in open bogs more compactly branching and gnarled.
(A', canadensis DC, MacSwain and Bain; A', fascicularis Raf., MacSwain);
Hurst.

ACERACEAE (SAPINDACEAE, MacSwain)

Acer spicotum I am. Map 538. General in Prince and Queens; in the

northeastern hills of Kings. Openings or understory of hardwood forest, on well-
drained sites: knolls, upland or ravines. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Acer pensylvanicum L. STRIPED MAPLE Map 539. Scattered

throughout; common throughout and at borders of upland. Ravines, gullies and
slopes; understory in mixed or hardwood forest. Possibly the "white maple
(A. Negundo)" of Stewart? Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Acer sac char ophorum K. Koch (Rousseau, Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montr. 35: 1-66.
1940) ROCK MAPLE, SUGAR MAPLE Map 540. Throughout.

With Beech, forming the climax forest of well-drained sites, the uplands and
knolls. The sweet sap, gathered between March 25 and April 10 (Stewart) is
boiled for maple sugar, eaten as a candy and used as maple flavoring now that
imported sugar is more economical. In 1890, Bain estimated the annual production
as 25,000 pounds. No commercial production now. The curled grain of the wood
was used in ornamental woodwork as "bird's-eye maple" (Stewart). Extensively
planted as a shade tree. (^4. saccharinum, Stewart, Bain, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain; A. saccharum, Hurst, Campbell).]

[Acer saccharinum L. , is occasionally planted but is not native east of the
Saint John. (A. dasycarpum Ehrh., MacSwain); Hurst.]

Acer rubrum L. RED MAPLE Map 541. Common throughout. Hardwood forest
(well-drained sites), often pure on uplands after clearing, due to stump-sprouting;
in damp sites, very abundant, with spruce forming mixed woods. Often planted
as a shade tree, though more brittle than A. saccharum. Its red fall color is our
best. Stewart, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

The forma tomentosum (Desf . ) Dansereau present (Bonshaw).

Acer negundo L. MANITOBA MAPLE, BOX ELDER Map 542. Introduced

from the Prairies as a shade tree, though very brittle; naturalized along Indian
River, freguent before 2,4-D spray (1952) along roadsides near Alberton. (Negundo
aceroides Moench, MacSwain); Hurst.

Forma sanguineum L. Martin Montague.

BALSAMINACEAE (GERANIACEAE, MacSwain and Bain,

MacSwain, both in part)

[Impatiens pallida Nutt. Not seen, but to be sought. MacSwain, HurstJ

192

541

542

Impatiens capensis

Impatiens parviflora

544

Rhamnus cathartica

546

193

89470-13

Impatiens capensis Meerb. Map 543. Common throughout. Damp

thickets along streams. (/. fulva Nutt., Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain;
/. bi flora Walt., Hurst); Campbell.

Impatiens parviflora DC. Map 544- Charlottetown and environs:

naturalized from Europe (originally central Asiatic) before 1912. Covering
dampish ground in shrubbery; ditches, thickets. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

RHAMNACEAE

Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her. Map 545. Local, western and eastern

lowlands. Swamps and wet woods, in shade rarely fruiting. Harbors the crown
rust of oats, Puccinia coronata, in aecial stage. Gorham 1944, Campbell.

[Rhamnus cathartica L. BUCKTHORN Map 546. Introduced from

Europe for hedges; occasionally escaped (e.g., Summerside). As alternate host
of crown rust of oats {Puccinia coronata), its other stations plotted by Gorham
(1944): Fredericton, Cymbria, Charlottetown, Georgetown; also in Souris, at
all these stations planted. 3 Lots (Groh). Hurst.]

[Rhamnus davurica Pall. "Introduced in Prince Edward Island about twenty-
five years ago [at the Experimental Farm] and spreading in a limited fashion on
farm [the same] near Charlottetown,'' as R. cathartica var. davuria, Gorham.]

*Rhamnus frangula L. European; introduced for hedges on the Experimental
Farm, Charlottetown, and naturalized there in the hedgerows and wood edges.
(Frangula alnus Mill.).

VITACEAE

harthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Map 547. VIRGINIA CREEPER

Eastern North American, introduced as a creeper for houses; persistent, and at
Souris escaped to roadsides.

[Parthenocissus inserta (Knerr) K. Fritsch, as to Island records probably refers
to the former species. Fernald (1950).]

TILIACEAE

*Tilia europaea L. Dunstaffnage, edge of woods behind school. European,
introduced for avenues, and escaping.

MALVACEAE

[Ma/va neg/ecfcr Walk. Map 548. Around Savage Harbour since

1930's (Messervy); Albany (1950). Naturalized from Europe. Waste places
(M. rotundifolia, Hurst 1940; Campbell).]

[Malva verticillata L. var. crispa L. Indian River mill, planted under lilacs; two
plants escaped to roadside. European, introduced.]

194

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

547

548

Hypericum perforatum

549

550

Hypericum boreole

551

552

195

89470- 13Vi

Malva moschata L. Map 549. Scattered throughout; planted as

ornamental around houses, cemeteries; naturalized commonly along roadsides.
Pink or white petals. Ma cS wain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[*Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Char lot tetown, railway yards, adventive from
central Canada; originally from India.]

HYPERICACEAE
(GUTTIFERAE, Fernald 1950) :

Hypericum perforatum L. Map 550. Becoming common along road-

sides and in sandy pastures, central and eastern regions; Richmond its western
limit (1953). European, naturalized. Poisonous to stock. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.

Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bickn. Map 551. Prince County and

east-central lowlands. Muddy shores and ditches, often in boggy places. (//.
mutilum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

^Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton Map 552. Local: McNeills Mills

corner (P); Dalvay House. Damp sand: roadside pit and dune slacks. At both
stations, as in Cape Breton, mixed with //. canadense.

Hypericum canadense L. Map 553. East-central and southeastern

region and western Prince County. Damp open sites; muddy fields, shores, bogs.
MacSwain, Hurst.

Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern. Map 554. Scattered

throughout lowlands. Damp sites: pond shores, dune slacks, creek banks. (Elodes
virginica (L.) Nutt., MacSwain and Bain; E. campanulata Pursh, MacSwain);
Hurst.

ELATINACEAE

Elatine minima (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. Map 555. Glenfinnan Lake,

Lake Verde; submerged (in six to eighteen inches of water) on sandy shores,
though gathering fine clay.

CISTACEAE

Hudsonia ericoides L. Map 556. Bothwell, sand dunes. Forma

leucantha Fern, originally described from here (Fernald, Rhodora 19: 76. 1917).

X Hudsonia intermedia (Peck) n. comb. Bothwell, sand dunes. Always associated
with //. ericoides clumps amid the more abundant H. tomentosa. (//. tomentosa
var. intermedia Peck, Rep. N.Y. State Mus. 45: 86. 1893). Fernald (1950).

Hudsonia tonentosa Nutt. Map 557. North Shore, locally from

Bothwell to Malpeque. Sand dunes. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

196

553

Hypericum conadense

554

Hypericum virginicum
var. fraseri

555

556

Hudsonia tomentosa

Lechea intermedia

557

558

197

Lechea intermedia Leggett Map 558. Mermaid (0); Murray River;

near North Shore, Morell to East Bideford. Sandy open sites: weedy on sandy
roadsides, spruce or pine woods and exposure barren. 2 Lots (Groh). (L. minor,
MacSwain, doubted by Hurst, Campbell); Groh, Hurst.

VIOLACEAE

Viola cucullata Ait. BLUE VIOLET Map 559. Common throughout.

Damp sites, shady or open, often weedy in damp fields, stream banks. Pale-
flowered forms were referred to V. Watsoni by Greene. Bain, MacSwain and Bain;
(V. palmata var. cucullata (Ait.) Gray, Watson in MacSwain; doubted by Hurst).

X Viola n.elissaefolia Greene. Brackley Point Road (Fernald et aL), is V.
cucullata X septentrionalis,

Viola nephrophylla Greene Map 560. West Prince, very charac-

teristic of cedar swamps; also in ravine woods.

Viola fimbriatula Sm. Map 561. Vicinity of Charlottetown, open

sandy woods. Rocky Point, specimens referred by Fletcher to "V. fimbriatula X
nesiotica". (V. dentata, J.M. Macoun, Ott. Nat. 13: 159. 1899).

Viola septentrionalis Greene Map 562. Wellington Centre, Summerside,

Hunter River. Well-drained sites: dry fields and banks. Hybrid with V. cucullata
from Brackley Point Road. Robinson & Fernald 1908, Hurst.

Viola pollens (Banks) Brainerd WHITE VIOLET Common throughout.

Damp sites in woods, along brooks, in marshes. (V. blanda, Bain, MacSwain and
Bain, Watson in MacSwain, Hurst; V. Macloskeyi ssp. pallens (Banks) M. Baker).

Viola incognita Brainerd Map 564. Scattered throughout. Well-

drained (rarely damp) sites in coniferous woods; characteristic under second-
growth spruce. (V. alsophila, Watson in MacSwain; not referable by Hurst).

Viola renifolia Gray Map 565. Common in West Prince, scattered

eastward. Woods: ravine slopes, stream banks or cedar swamp.

Viola pensylvanica Michx. var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Map 566.

YELLOW VIOLET Rare: near Alberton (Watson in MacSwain); scattered in
the central hilly region. Open hardwoods. (V. pubescens, Watson in MacSwain,
Hurst).

Viola adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fern. Original station of plants cited by
Brainerd in Rhodora 15: 109. 1913 as received from Watson, not recorded. (V.
Labradorica Schrank, Watson in MacSwain, Hurst; V. adunca var. glabra Brainerd);
Campbell.

198

Viola cuculloto

559

560

Viola nephrophylla

Viola septentrionalis

561

562

Viola pollens

Viola incognita

563

564

Viola renifolia

Viola pensylvanica

565

566

199

Viola arvensis Murr. Map 567. Most common in Queens County,

records since 1919 (at Kinkora). Weed of fallowed grain fields, rarely roadsides;
flowering early. Naturalized from Europe. Hurst 1940; (V. tricolor "not well
naturalized, " from 1 Lot, Groh, Hurst).

THYMELAEACEAE

Daphne mezereum L. DAPHNE Map 568. New Annan, 1953 {Poole);

Hunter River; Dunstaffnage (Messervy). Flourishing roadside colonies were
apparently wiped out in the winter of 1944-5 (Hurst in Guardian, 21 June 1945),
but it has escaped to woods at Hunter River. European, introduced ornamental.
Hurst.

LYTHRACEAE

Lythrum salicaria L. Map 569. Scattered roadside stations, in

damp ditches. Formerly (till 1955) most abundant in the marsh (now drained) at
the Experimental Farm, Charlottetown, the parent colony. Introduced- from the
St. Lawrence?; European. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

ONAGRACEAE (OENOTHERACEAE, Bain)

Epilobium angustifolium L. FIREWEED Map 570. Common through-

out. Open, usually dryish land; characteristic of the clearings and burns of
coniferous woods. 49 Lots (Groh). (E. spicatum Lam., MacSwain and Bain);
MacSwain, Hurst.

Epilobium strictum Muhl. Map 571. Local: East Point, Bristol,

Mount Stewart, Bunbury, Grand Tracadie, Summerside, Bloomfield. Peat bogs,
marshes. Bain 1892, J.M. Macoun, Can. Record Sci., Apr. 1894, 82.

Epilobium leptopbyllum Raf. Map 572. Common in western Prince

County; scattered in lowland Queens; Murray River. Marshy spots, including
dune slacks, thickets, pond borders, bogs. (E. rosmarini folium Pursh (not
Haenke), MacSwain and Bain; E. densum, Hurst; E. strictum, Campbell).

Epilobium palustre L. Map 573. Western Prince, east-central Queens.

Swamp or boggy sites; dune slacks. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. palustre Tignish (Macoun).

Var. oliganthum (Michx.) Fern. Usual form. (var. monticola, Roland, not

Haussk.).

Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk., vars. Map 574. Rather common,

throughout. Damp, open spots; thickets; roadside ditches. 8 Lots (Groh). (E.
coloratum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); Groh, Hurst.

Var. adenocaulon. Common. White-petalled forms occur: York. (E.
glandulosum var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fern., Campbell).

Var. occidentale Trel. Tracadie. (E. glandulosum var. occidentale (Trel.)
Fern., Roland: map).

200

Viola arvensis

567

j

569

&v

Lythrum

salicaria

0»rv

Y » ^, f — V\\

Epilobium anqustifolium

570

Epilobium strictum

Epilobium leptophyllum

Epilobium odenocoulon

573

574

201

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Brackley Point, "salt marsh" (probably dune slacks),
{Macoun). Annotated by Trelease as "perhaps E. ciliatum Raf., treated by me
as a dwarf crisp-pubescent form of E. adenocaulon." J.M. Macoun, Can. Record
Sci., Apr. 1894, 83.

Oenothera biennis L. (Oe. novae scotiae Gates) Map 575. Common

weedy species, particularly in the central uplands. Dry sandy places: roadsides,
barren pastures, and waste places. (Very variable in stem and leaf color, in
width and shape of leaves and length of internode, in presence or absence of red
papillae as bases of hairs, in abundance of strigose hairs on capsule, contrasting
forms often occurring together). 34 Lots (Groh). (Oe. muricata, Groh, Hurst in
part; Oe. parvi flora, Campbell in part); Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Var. strigosa (Rydb.) Piper, Fl. State Washington, 407, 1906. Tignish (var.
hirsutissima, Fernald, 1950 not Gray).

Oenothera cruciata Nutt. Map 576. Char lottet own, Brackley Beach,

Fortune Bridge. Dry sandy roadsides. On the railway siding below the Charlotte-
town Experimental Farm, its dark green, glossy, lanceolate leaves, in size only
gradually reduced to bracts of the inflorescence, and the red cortex of its roots,
contrasted with the light green, oval-oblong, more denticulate leaves abruptly
decreasing into the bracts of the inflorescence, and the brown root-cortex of
Oe. biennis. But there were also plants with linear petals of various widths,
whose vegetative characters were those of Oe. biennis, though no intermediates
with Oe. biennis floral characteristics were found. Gleason (1952), on the other
hand, reduces Oe. cruciata to Oe. parviflora L. Hurst.

Oenothera parviflora L. {Oe. ammo phi lo ides Gates & Catcheside) Map 577.

Common coastwise, rare inland. Beach bars, dune sand. (Oe. muricata, Groh,
Hurst in part); Campbell in part.

[Oenothera fruticosa L. Report in 1891 may have intended Oe. tetragona, but

neither occurs east of southern Nova Scotia. MacSwain and Bain.]

Oenothera perennis L., vars. Map 578. Common in the uplands,

scattered, throughout. Weed of old fields, sandy stream margins, rarely of gardens.
4 Lots (Groh). (Oe. pumila L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Groh, Hurst);
Campbell.

Var. perennis Throughout.

Var. rectipilis Blake Concentrated between Brackley Beach and Mount
Stewart.

Circaea alpina L. Map 579. Scattered throughout. Damp shady

sites: streambank woods, swamps. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

202

Oenothera parviflora

577

578

Myriophyllum exalbescens

203

HALORAGIDACEAE

Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern. Map 580. North Shore ponds and

streams; also near Montague. Fernald cited specimens from Tignish and Black
Pond (Rhodora 21: 121. 1919). Cool waters; well-aerated (usually on sandy
bottom); on the North Shore, common in the cooler ponds, elsewhere only at
influx of streams (M.W. Smith 1946). (M. spicatum, MacSwain, Hurst), Campbell.

fayriophyllum verticil latum L. var. intermedium Koch Brackish millpond, Tignish
(Fernald et al.). (Fernald 1950).

HIPPURIDACEAE

Hippuris vulgaris L. Map 581. Local: frequent near Tignish;

Wellington; frequent in ponds in National Park; Cambridge (K). Muddy shores in
shallow water". . .only in cold spring water"; agreeing withFassett's observation
that Hippuris is usually a species of cold waters (M.W. Smith 1946). Bain 1892,
MacSwain, Hurst.

ARALIACEAE

Aralia racemosa L. Map 582. Rare, central upland: Dunk River,

Hunter River. Deciduous or mixed woods, sandstone cliffs or knolls. Bain,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Aralia hispida Vent. SARSAPARILLA Map 583. Scattered through-

out, very common in Kings. Open, sandy woods, dry or damp; weedy in clearings
and slash or burn. "Sarsaparilla" noted by Stewart as more abundant here than
anywhere on the mainland north of Boston. The drupes collected for a tonic
"wine." (Aralia sp., Stewart); Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Aralia nudicaulis L. Map 584. Common throughout. Well-drained

shady sites, in hardwoods or coniferous. "Ginseng in great plenty in forest, in
large timber and good soil"— Stewart. (Not ginseng, however). (Panax trifolium,
Stewart); Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Hanax trifolius L. Map 585. Northeastern uplands only: Mount

Stewart (Roland map); Fortune Bridge to Glencorradale. Well-drained hardwood
sites with rich leaf mold, and spring sunshine; plants wilting and dying back
about July 7th. (A dwarf ginseng). Hurst 1940.

UMBELLIFERAE

Hydrocotyle americana L. Map 586. Local: Prince and Queens,

east to Watervale, Tracadie. Damp ground, partial shade: thickets, stream banks.
Hurst 1940.

Sanicula marilandica L. Map 587. Very local: West Prince; Hunter

River; Dundee. Open damp woods and stream-bank thickets.

204

Hippuris vulgaris

Panax trifolius

Hydrocotyle americana

585

Osmorhiza cloytonii

58B

205

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke Map 588. Common in

northeastern upland; very local westward: Bonshaw, Portage, Pleasant View.
Slopes, hollows or runs in hardwood forest. (0. brevistylis DC, J.M. Macoun
Can. Record Sci., Oct. 1895, MacSwain); Hurst.

Cicuta bulbifera L. Map 589. Scattered throughout, usually near

the coast in lowland: swamps or marshes. Poisonous. 1 Lot (Groh). MacSwain,
Hurst.

Cicuta maculata L. Map 590. Common in Prince and east-central

lowlands; Murray Harbour. Marshes: often in roadside or railway ditches.
Poisonous. 9 Lots (Groh). Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Carum carvi L. CARAWAY Map 591. Common in Prince County and

around old settlements eastward. European; introduced for the fruits ("seeds")
used as a flavoring (in bread, cake, etc.), now naturalized. Waste places, fields.
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Aegopodium podagraria L., collected at Brackley Beach {Hurst) , is the var.
variegation Bailey, introduced as garden plant, persistent but not naturalized.
Groh & Frankton. Can. Weed Surv. 5: 44. 1948.]

Sium suave Walt. Map 592. Common throughout, except in uplands.

Wet places: river banks, pond margins, marshy ditches. Poisonous. 14 Lots
(Groh). (S. latifolium, MacSwain and Bain; S. linear e Michx., MacSwain and Bain;
5. cicutae folium (Schrank) J.F. Gmel., MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.

Ligusticum scothicum L. Map 593. Coastal: freguent in Kings,

rarer westward at least to Ellerslie. Tension line at head of beach or salt marsh.
2 Lots (Groh). (Coelopleurum Gmelini, Macoun); MacSwain, Hurst.

*Conioselinum chinense (L.) BSP. Map 594. Pleasant View (P),

along shady banks of creek gullied into clay beds.

*Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fern. Wood Islands, turf along top of low cliff.
Macoun's specimens called C. Gmelini from Brackley Point belong to Ligusticum
scothicum.

Angelica atropurpurea L. Map 595. West Prince, marshy thickets or

open swamps in woods. MacSwain, Hurst.

Fastinaca sativa L. PARSNIP Map 596. Scattered, in central

Queens, around Summerside and West Prince. European, introduced and cul-
tivated for the edible roots; naturalized and weedy in waste places. 7 Lots
(Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Heracleum lanatum Michx. (Rickett, Rhodora 46: 389. 1944) Map 597.

Local: Western Prince County; Hunter River to Rustico Island; northeastern
region; and Belle River (K). Damp, open places: grassy banks along streams or
above shores. (//. maximum, Campbell); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

206

!

Cicuto Uilbifera

Cicuta rr.aculata

589

590

591

Ligusticum scotliicum

593

594

Conioselinum chinense

Angelica atropurpurea

Pastinaca sativa

595

596

207

Daucus carota L. WILD CARROT Map 598. Sparsely scattered

throughout. European; naturalized. Open, dryish sites: fields, roadsides and
waste places. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Var. sativa is the cultivated
carrot.

CORNACEAE

Cornus alternifolia L. f. Map 599. Local in northeastern and

central uplands and on Prince County knolls. Well-drained, hardwood sites,

flourishing at the open edges, and in hardwood forest often failing to flower.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Cornus rugosa Lam., recorded by Bain (1890), is not present, perhaps due tc
absence of rocky sites (C. circinata L'Her., Bain, doubted by Hurst, Campbell.]

Cornus stolon ifera Michx. Map 600. Common in Prince County,

scattered eastward along the rivers, and on the northeastern uplands. Damp,
open groudn; often forming thickets. (C. sericea, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Cornus florida L. Northeastern limit in Maine; included by wishful thinking.
MacSwain and Bain.]

Cornus canadensis L. PIGEONBERRY Map 601. Common through-

out. Woodlands, particularly characteristic of the floor of coniferous woods but
also weedy in brush and along roadsides. The pair of leaves below the "whorl"
may or may not develop. The bright scarlet berries," mawkish sweet," fatten
fowl fast —Stewart. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

ERICACEAE

(including PYROLACEAE, Fernald (1950)

and VACCINIACEAE, Bain)

Chimaphila umbel lata (L. ) Barton var. cisatlantica Blake Map 602.

Local: uplands of West Prince, center and southeast. Dry mixed or coniferous
woods, rarely in dry old fields. MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.

Grthilia secunda (L.) House, vars. Map 603. Western Prince;

central and northeastern regions. (Pyrola secunda L., MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst, Campbell).

Var. secunda Dry mixed or coniferous woods, frequent.

Var. obtusata (Turcz.) House Bloomfield, Dundee, in larch swamps;
Harmony, mossy spruce forest.

Moneses uni flora (L.) Gray Map 604. Scattered, in upland regions,

West Prince, central, southeastern and northeastern. Mossy coniferous woods,
in ravines or around swamps. (M. grandiflora Salisb., MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain); Hurst.

208

Heracleum lanatum

597

598

Cornus alternifolia

Cornus stolonifera

599

600

Cornus canadensis

Chimaphila umbellato
var. cisatlantica

601

602

Moneses uni flora

603

604

209

89470-14

hyrola minor L. Map 605. Rare: Hunter River (Macoun); Harmony

(K) (Fernald & St. John). Damp fir woods.

hyrola chlorantha Sw. Map 606. West Prince. Coniferous woods.

MacSwain, Hurst; (P. virens Schweigg., Campbell).

Forma pauci folia (Fern.) Camp One of the original collections is from
Alberton.

hyrola elliptica Nutt. Map 607. Throughout, the most common

Pyrola. Dry woods, on uplands, knolls or sandy soil. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.

f-yrola rotundifolia L. var. americana (Sweet) Fern. Map 608. Scattered;

Prince County, Charlottetown area and the southeast. Open dry or sliqhtly damp
sites: barrens due to burning or clearing; among the Betula populifolia^ accinium
angustifolium, etc. (P. rotundifolia, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; P. americana

Sweet, Hurst); Campbell.

hyrola asari folia Michx., vars. Map 609. Rare: west and east,

woods and swamps.

Var. asari folio Pleasant View (P), rich thicket alona stream in clay beds.

Var. purpurea (Bunge) hem. Dundee, larch swamp (Fernald et aL); report
from Mermaid Lake (Hurst), needs confirmation, as acid peat is an unfavourable
habitat for it. (P. uliginosa Torr., Hurst); Campbell. Fernald (Rhodora 50: 212-3.
1948) remarked that Roland had erroneously mapped var. asarifolia as present
in the Island and var. incarnata (i.e., purpurea) from Nova Scotia, while the text
indicated the contrary; Fernald (1950) made the same mistake, recording var.
asarifolia from P.E.I, and var. purpurea from Nova Scotia.

Monotropa uniflora L. INDIAN PIPE Map 610. Scattered throughout.

Dry woods, more commonly under conifers (as a saprophyte tolerating continual
shade). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Monotropa hypopithys L. var. americana (DC), Domin Farwell, Am. Mid. Nat. 10:
39. 1926. Map 611. Bedeque {Fernald & St. John); Brackley Point

{Macoun); Kilkenny Road (Hurst); Harmony {Fernald & St. John). Woods, often
under conifers., var. rubra (Torr.) Farwell, Roland. {Hypopithys monotropa
Crantz, Copeland); MacSwain, Hurst.

hterospora andromedea Nutt. Prospect Creek, pine woods. July 1888 (Macoun)
J.M. Macoun, Can. Record Sci., 1897, 280; MacSwain and Bain, Robinson &
Fernald, Hurst.

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Map 612. Common in the lowlands.

Acid swamps, bogs and barrens due to fire or cutting. (L. lati folium Ait. , Bain,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

210

Pyrola chlorantha

605

606

Pyrola rotundifolia

607

Monotropa uniflora

609

Monotropo hypopitys

Ledum groenlondicum

612

211

89470- 14VS

Azalea canadensis (L.) Ktze. RHODORA Map 613. Common except

in the uplands. Acid barrens, bogs, swamps. Flowering May to early June in
Queens; till the end of June at North Point. (Rhodora canadensis L.« MacSwain
and Bain; Rhododendron Rhodora G. Don, MacSwain; Rh. canadense (L.) Ton.,
Hurst, Campbell).

[Azalea viscosa L., not known east of Maine. MacSwain and Bain.]

Kaln.ia angustifolia L. DWARF LAUREL Map 614. Common through-

out. Bogs, open or cleared swampy and acid woodland (barrens), on fire barrens
in pine stumpland (Stewart). Poisonous. 44 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.

Kalmia polifolia Wang. Map 615. Scattered: West Prince, central

Queens and eastern regions. Peat bogs. (K. glauca Ait., MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain); Hurst.

*Andronieda glaucophylla Link Map 616. Western Prince: Waterford,

East Bideford peat bogs. Abundant at edge of floating mat on bog-ponds, later
persisting amid peat. {A. polifolia, MacSwain and Bain ?).

Chaniaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. angustifolia (Ait.) Rehder Map 617.
Common in lowlands. Open, acid sites: bogs, or "barrens" due to burning or
clearing of woods. (Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain); Hurst.

[Lyonia ligustrina (]_,.) DC. extends northeast only to southern New England.
(Andromeda ligustrina L. , Bain), 1892.]

Epigaea repens L. var. glabri folia Fern. MAYFLOWER Map 618. Scattered:
western Prince, central Queens and southeastern uplands. Acid, bushy barrens
or mossy floor of the succeeding second-growth mixed woods. MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Gaultheria procumbens L. CHECKERBERRY, BOXBERRY Map 619.

Common east of Charlottetown, local in West Prince. Open, dry acid sites: dry
peat or bare patches in open woods, barrens and old fields. Fruting calyx edible,
wintergreen flavored. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Map 620. Scattered: West Prince;

central and eastern regions. Covering mossy hummocks in coniferous woods at
edge of swamp or bog. Fruit edible, wintergreen-flavored. (Ch. serpyllifolia
Salisb. , MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain) ; Hurst ; (Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Bigel.,
Campbell).

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. var. coactilis Fern. <S MacSwain. Map 621.
Very local, coastal: West Point, Dalvay, Bothwell. Sandy open sites: dunes,
cliff slopes, barrens, persisting in shade of succeeding spruce. (Arbutus Uva-
ursi L.# Bain, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

212

Azoleo canadensis

Kolmia angustifolia

613

Andromeda qlaucophylla

615

616

Epiqaea rej>ens_
var. qlabrifolig

618

Gaultheria procumbens

Chiogenes hispidula

213

[Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, the Scotch Heather, possibly introduced but not
seen. See also Limonium. MacSwain, Hurst.]

Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. 6c G. var. bigeloviana Fern. Map 622.

Rare: Black Banks; Village Green; near Murray River. Peat bogs. Fruit edible
but insipid compared to the next. Hurst 1940.

Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch Map 623. Scattered, locally

abundant, in Prince County, central and southeastern regions. Sandy barrens,
dry old fields, bogs. The f. glaucocarpa (Rob.) Mackenz. reported by Messervy
(Hurst). {Vaccinium resinosum Ait., MacSwain and Bain; G. resinosa (Ait.) T.
& G., MacSwain); Hurst.

*Vaccinium uliginosum L. var. alpinum Bigel. Map 624. Waterford

(West Prince), peat bog hummocks. Sea-level records are rare south of the Gulf.

Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. BLUEBERRY Map 625. Scattered

throughout. Common in West Prince and the eastern half of the Island. Dry acid
sites: "barrens'' from clearing or fire; more shade-tolerant than V. angustifolium,
persistent in open second-growth woods. Fruit less sweet than those of V.
angustifolium, but abundant and edible. (V. canadense Kalm ex Torr. , MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.

[Vaccinium tenellum Ait., of the southern States, is an erroneous record based
on V . tenellum sensu Pursh, presumably V. angustifolium var. nigrum. MacSwain
and Bain.]

Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., vars. BLUEBERRY Map 626. Common

throughout. Dry acid sites: clearings, barrens, old fields. Following fire,
extensive even-aged stands reach maximum fruit production the second year
(as in Lot 12 after the fire of 1840, the bushes still persisting in 1870, or on
the famous fire barrens of Tracadie, extending toward St. Peters). The most
valuable native small fruit. "So abundant locally as to afford swine feed for
weeks. A gallon of gin can be made from a bushel" (Stewart).

Var. laevifolium House Common throughout, variable in leaf form, twig
color and fruit size. (V . corymbosum, Stewart; V. pensilvanicum Lam., not Mill.,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.

Var. nigrum (Wood) Dole Map 627. Scattered in West Prince,

Kings; colonies with leaf form of var. laevifolium. (V. tenellum, MacSwain and
Bain; V . Brittonii Porter; V. pensilvanicum var. nigrum Wood, Hurst); Campbell.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd. Map 628. North and

east coasts; rarely inland: Keefe's Lake. Exposed sites: inner sand dunes and
sandblown barrens; open sandy woods, old fields and banks near sea (V.
Oxycoccos, MacSwain and Bain?); Churchill 1902, Adams, Hurst 1940.

214

Arctostaphylos uva»ursi
var. coactilis

Gaylussocia dumoso

622

Goylussocio boccata

Voccinium uliginosum
var. alpinum

623

624

Vaccinium myrtilloides

Vaccinium angustifolium

625

Vaccinium angustifolium
var. nigrum

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

627

628

215

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. CRANBERRY Map 629. Locally, through-

out, in peat bogs. Smaller fruit then the following. Ours are referable to, or
transitional to var. microphyllus (Lange) Rousseau & Raymond (in Nat. Can.
79:(2): 82 1952). {Oxycoccos vulgaris Bong., MacSwain and Bain; 0. palustris
Pers.); MacSwain, Hurst.

Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. CRANBERRY Map 630. Common,

central and eastern regions, largely coastal. "Marshes adjoining upland; low
wet poor sandy land" (Stewart), dune slacks and barrier-beach pond bogs,
occasionally inland peat bogs, then particularly in floating mats. Fru^it large,
high in benzoic acid, used for sauce and flavoring milder fruits. "Exported, and
used for sauce, the overwintered berries less acid" (Stewart). (V. Oxycoccos,
Stewart; Oxycoccos macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers., MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain,
Hurst.

On the peaty sand borders of Mermaid Lake, cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) form mats
among the Scirpus cyperinus tussocks, scattered Eriophorum virginicum and Rhynchospora alba.
Where the peat has been trampled (see cart track in background) Juncus spp. form small clumps.

PRIMULACEAE

[Lysimachia vulgaris L. Charlottetown, rubbish heap {Fernald & St. John).

European, garden plant, not established.]

[Lysimachia punctata L. var. verticil lata (Bieb. ) Boiss. Map 631.

Murray River, dump by river, cultivated in village. European, garden plant.]

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Map 632. Scattered, chiefly

coastal but inland around ponds and lakes. Muddy or marshy pond shores, stream
banks and ditches. Hybridizing with L. thyrsiflora. (L. stricta Ait., Bain 1892);
Hurst.

216

Vaccinium oxycoccus
var, tnicrophyllus

Voccinium mocrocarpon

630

Lysimachia punctoto
var, verticillata

Lysimachia terrestris

632

Lysimachia nummularia

Lysimachia thyrsiflora

633

634

217

Lysimachia nummularia L. Map 633. Rare: Montrose (P); Charlotte-

town; North River (?), 1905 {Warren). European, naturalized. Ditches and stream
banks. Campbell.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Map 634. Scattered, coastal and lowland.

Damp, open ground: shores, marshes, pond margins. Hybridizing withL. terrestris.
MacSwain, Hurst.

X Lysimachia commixta Fern, in Rhodora 52: 199. 1950 {L. terrestris X
thyrsiflora). North Lake (K) {Fernald et aL).

[*Lysimachia ciliata L.Wellington, a few plants among grass in churchyard (1952).
Adventive (or introduced ?) from Nova Scotia.]

Trientaiis boreal is Raf. Map 635. Well-drained, woodland or mixed

wood sites, where competition reduced by shade. Forma ramosa Vict. Upton, near
Charlottetown. (T. americana (Pers.) Pursh, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst); Campbell.

[Anagallis arvensis L. Map 636. North River, marine sand beaches,

1891 {Bain). European, adventive. MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Centunculus minimus L. Island records, including Fernald (1950), based on
Macoun's misidentification of Crassula aquatica.]

Glaux maritima L. var. obtusifolia Fern. Map 637. Coastal, frequent.

Sandy beach heads and salt marshes, and salt-sprayed meadow above cliffs,
where plants depressed (by trampling ?) and much branched. {G. maritima,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, Campbell).

Samolus parviflorus Raf. Map 638. Selkirk, shore of brackish pond

{Fernald & St. John). {S. Valerandi, MacSwain and Bain; S. Valerandi var.
Americanus Gray, MacSwain; 5. floribundus HBK., Fassett 1928, Hurst);
Campbell.

[Hottonia inflata L., to be excluded. MacSwain and Bain.]

PLUMBAGINACEAE
(included in PRIMULACEAE, Bain)

Limonium nashii Small "SEA HEATHER" Map 639. Coastal,

common. Salt marsh mud., (var. trichogonum Blake, Roland; Static e Limonium,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; L. carolinianum, Hurst, Campbell).

OLEACEAE (ORNACEAE, Bain)

Fraxinus americana L. WHITE ASH Map 640. West Prince;

occasionally planted elsewhere as a shade tree. ''In good land but in no great
quantity" (Stewart). Thickets on clay stream banks. {F. excelsior, Stewart);
MacSwain, Hurst.

218

Anagollis arvensis

635

636

Gloux maritima

Samolus porviflorus

637

638

Fraxinus omericana

639

640

219

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. BLACK ASH Map 641. Scattered in western

Prince; Brackley Point area. Swamps and clay thickets. Wood of no value; twigs
used for baskets and brooms (Stewart). (F. americana, Stewart; F. sambucifolia

Lam., MacSwain); Hurst.

Syringa vulgaris L. LILAC European, ornamental, persisting around old house
sites. 12 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

MENYANTHACEAE

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Map 642. Very local in Prince: Nail Pond;

Stanhope; locally abundant in east-central lowlands. Mucky wet thickets and
pond-borders. (Including var. minor Michx.), Hurst.

APOCYNACEAE

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Map 643. Common in West Prince,

around central uplands and at Murray River. Weedy in open soil: clearings, railway
banks, and roadsides. 12 Lots (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.

ASCLEPIADACEAE
*Asclepias incamata L. Avondale (Q), alder swamps. Sets seed.

Asclepias syriaca L. MILKWEED Map 644. Georgetown, abundant,

fruiting, and spreading along railway (located by Messervy); Brackley Point,
introduced from New Brunswick (1931) and spreading in Hurst's lawn, but not
setting seed. Campbell.

CONVOLVULACEAE

[Convolvulus sepium L. Map 645. Throughout, common in Prince

and Queens. Open places, twining and climbing on tall herbs: tension line of
seashore, weedy on damp roadsides and railway banks. (Represented by the
pink-flowered forma coloratus Lange), (var. americanus Sims, Roland). 18 Lots
(Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.]

Convolvulus arvensis L. "Near New Glasgow, July". Adventive, European,
(Messervy, ca. 1930). Hurst.

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. Map 646. Plat River (P), Pleasant View

(P), parasitic on herbs in clay-bottom alder thicket.

POLEMONIACEAE

[Collomia linearis Nutt. Map 647. Milton, 1950 {Bassett)] adventive

by C.N.R. from region of concentration in Bay of Chaleur region. Campbell.]

BORAGINACEAE

Symphytum asperum Lepechin Map 648. Charlottetown (1912);

Springvale, near Milton (1952). Naturalized along streams by roadside; introduced
garden plant from the Caucasus. Macbride, Rhodora 18: 24. 1916.

220

Menyanthes trifoliota

641

642

Apocynum androsaemi folium

Asclepias syrioca

Convolvulus sepium

64S

Symphytum asperum

221

[Symphytum officinale L.# introduced to gardens from Europe, weedy in 2 Lots
(Groh). Without specimens, may refer to the preceding.]

Ly cops is arvensis L. Map 649. Sporadic weed, naturalized from

Europe: Ellerslie (1948), Rustico (before 1884, 1952), Commercial Cross (1954),
Lower Montague (1909); roadsides, hayfields, gardens on sandy soil. Macoun
1884, Adams, Hurst, Groh in Can. Weed Surv. 2: 32. 1944.

[Echium vulgare L. Map 650. Iona (Q), 1915. European, weedy.

Groh, Can. Weed Surv. 3: 42. 1946.]

Myosof/'s scorpioides L. FORGET-ME-NOT Map 651. Southern

rivers of the central upland from Dunk River to DeSable and Kelly's Cross.
European, naturalized along stream beds. Campbell.

Myosof/s laxa Lehm. FORGET-ME-NOT Map 652. Very local,

western Prince and eastern regions. Marshy, perennial streams; often in thickets.
MacSwain, Hurst.

Myosof/s arvensis (L.) Hill Map 653. Charlottetown, 1914 to present;

Souris. European, naturalized. Weedy in lawns and waste sandy places. Groh,
Hurst.

Lappula myosotis Moench Map 654. Becoming frequent, West Prince

(1912), Borden (1926), central Queens (1950). European, naturalized. Weed of
railways, grain fields and chicken runs, probably introduced in grain. 2 Lots
(Groh). Johnston Contr. Gray Herb. 70: 47. 1924. (L. echinata Gilib., Groh, Hurst,
Campbell).

LABIATAE

[Ajuga reptans L. Garden plant introduced from Europe. Not naturalized! Hurst.]

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Map 655. Common in Prince, scattered in

east-central lowlands. Damp shady sites: thickets, swampy woods. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Scutellaria galericulata L. var. pubescens Benth. Map 656. Western

Prince, lowland Queens and much of Kings, probably throughout. Damp, more
open sites than the former: thickets, swamps, abundant at pond margins. (5.
galericulata, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; S. epilobiifolia A. Hamilton,
Campbell).

Nepeta cataria L. CATNIP Map 657. Infrequent: Bedeque, Brackley

Beach, Wood Islands. European, formerly planted around houses and usually
remaining near them. Very attractive to cats. MacSwain, Hurst.

222

is arvensis

650

Myosotis scorpioides

651

652

Myosotis arvensis

654

Scutellaria lateriflora

Scutellaria qolericulata

656

223

Glechoma hederacea L., vars. Map 658. Rather common, at least

in Prince and western Queens. European. Weed of human occupation: dooryards,
gardens, hedges and roadside banks. 6 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain; (Nepeta
Glechoma Benin., MacSwain; /V. hederacea (L.) Trev., Hurst); Campbell.

Var. hederacea Charlottetown (1914), {Fernald & St. John).

Var. micrantha Moricand The usual form. {Nepita hederacea var. parviflora
(Beuth.) Druce, Roland).

Prunella vulgaris L. Map 659. Common, throughout. Open places:

weedy in pastures, fields, roadsides, thickets. 30 Lots (Groh). Apparently the
native var. lanceolata (Barton) Fern. Forma rhodantha Fern., Bear River and
doubtless elsewhere. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Leonurus cardiaca L. Map 660. Formerly planted around houses*,

persistent or escaping to hedgerows, as at Brackley Beach. European. 2 Lots
(Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.

Galeopsis tetrahit L., vars. Map 661. Common, throughout. European.

Weed of waste places, roadsides, and cattle-trodden thickets. 27 Lots (Groh).
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. tetrahit. Rare: Kilmuir {Bruce).

Var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court. Common.

[Lamium hybridum Vill. Map 662. Charlottetown 1912 {Fernald et a/.);

Summerside, 1935 {Hurst). Adventive, European. {L. purpureum, Hurst 1940, Groh
in Can. Weed Surv. 2: 33. 1944).]

[Lamium purpureum L. Map 663. Summerside, gardens and dumps

(1951), probably not established. European. Hurst's records based on L. hybridum
specimen.]

[Stachys arvensis L. At or near Campbell's Mills, New Glasgow, 1938 (S.
Campbell). No specimen to vouch for this record. European, adventive. Hurst
1940.]

Stachys palustris L. Map 664. Wellington, Summerside, near DeSable,

North River to Charlottetown. Naturalized, European. Forming colonies in ditches
by roads. 3 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Stachys aspera Michx., record to be excluded. MacSwain and Bain.]

[Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev. Map 665. European, introduced in

Blythe Hurst's garden and escaped to fence line. Campbell.]

Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele Map 666. Georgetown 1941 (Hurst);

Portage, 1953; St. Eleanors, 1954. On the railway, adventive from central Canada.
European. Hurst 1941.

*Like Nepeta Cataria, never in gardens but always in the bare shady ground around houses,
these species regarded by Victorin (1935) as "commensals" of man, not as introductions,,

224

658

Prunella vulgaris

659

Galeopsis tetrahit

Lamium hybridum

661

662

Stachys palustris

663

664

225

89470-15

Origanum vulgare L. MARJORAM Map 667. Abundant, along road

between New Glasgow and Rusticoville, colonies spreading vegetatively only,
discovered 1941 by W.L. Holman. Naturalized, European. Hurst 1941.

Thymus serpyllum L. ssp. chamaedrys (Fries) Vollman (Hegi, 111. Fl. Mit. Eur.
5: 4323. 1928) THYME Map 668. Established in West Prince, near

DeSable, along St. Peters road northeast of Charlottetown, and in the Park. 1 Lot
(Groh). Naturalized European. Light sandy soil, forming clumps. White-flowered
form, Dalvay (Bassett). (T. pulegioides L.; T. Serpyllum, Groh, Hurst).

Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Map 669. Scattered throughout. Damp open

or partially shady sites: fields, pond margins, thickets. (L. virginicus, MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, doubted by Hurst); Hurst.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. Map 670. Scattered throughout in low-

lands. Damp, open fields, swamps and stream banks. (L. sinuatus Ell., MacSwain);
Hurst.

[Mentha rotundifolia (L. ) Huds., not seen. Bain 1892.]

Mentha spicata L. SPEARMINT Map 671. Roadsides; Richmond,

Charlottetown, Stanhope Road (Macoun). European, introduced and naturalized.

Mentha piperita L. PEPPERMINT Map 672. West Prince; Charlotte-

town, Peakes Station, Bothwell. European. Naturalized along roadside ditches.

Mentha gentilis L. Map 673. Royalty Junction, 1901; near wharves,

Charlottetown, 1912 (Fernald & St. John); "frequent about Tracadie" (Churchill).
{M. rubra Huds., Churchill, Hurst, doubted by Campbell); Groh, Hurst, Campbell.

Mentha arvensis L. var. villosa (Benth.) S.R. Stewart. Map 674. Rather

common, throughout. Native. Damp open sites: stream banks, ditches, pond
margins. (M. canadensis L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; M. arvensis var.
canadensis (L.) Briq., Hurst); Campbell.

Var. arvensis, often cultivated in gardens for flavoring; introduced from
Europe.

226

Stachys officinalis

665

Origanum vulgare

Thymus serpyllum

667

Lycopus uniflorus

Lycopus americanus

671

672

227

89470- 15Vi

SOLANACEAE

Solanum dulcamara L. Map 675. Very local; Ellerslie, Charlottetown

near Hillsborough Bridge since 1912, Murray River. Naturalized, European.
Damp waste ground, often along streams. Poisonous. Campbell.

[Solanum tuberosum L. POTATO Most important crop of the Island. South
American. Springing up on dumps, never established.]

[Solanum nigrum L., frequently recorded: "Too common" (Stewart), "common
nightshade" (Bain); Charlottetown, 1943 (R.R. Hurst), cultivated or casual in
garden. Not seen. European. MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Solanum rostratum Dunal "Casual", in Charlottetown. Hurst 1940.]

[Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. Map 676. Charlottetown, 1935.

South American, introduced garden plant, casual escape. MacSwain, Hurst.]

[*Hyoscyamus niger L. Map 677. Miminegash, roadside, 1919 {Perry).

Adventive; naturalized from Europe around Bay of Chaleur.]

[Datura stramonium L. Map 678. Occasional in Charlottetown; New

Haven (1946). Asiatic, adventive from southward. Wharves, railways, roadsides.]

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Verbascum thapsus L. MULLEIN Map 679. Scattered throughout,

more common eastward. European, naturalized. Dry or stony open sites; abundant
in old fields, especially overgrazed pastures. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Linaria vulgaris Hill Map 680. Throughout, very common in central

region. European, naturalized. Weed of dry waste land along roads and railways,
rarely in pastures. 17 Lots (Groh). Forma leucantha Fern. Emerald Junction
(Bassett). MacSwain, Hurst.

[Linaria maroccana Hook. f. Brackley Beach (1927), casual introduction in
Hurst's garden. African. (L. reticulata, Groh & Frankton, Can. Weed Surv. 7: 100.
1949).]

228

Mentha gentilis

673

674

Nicandra physolodes

676

Datura stramonium

678

Verbascum thapsus

Linaria vulgaris

679

610

229

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange Map 681. C.N.R., now throughout.

European, naturalized. Weed of railway cinders; 2 Lots, 1926 (Groh). (Linaria
minor (L.) Desf., Groh, Hurst), Campbell.

Chelone glabra L., vars. Map 682. Fairly common throughout in

lowlands and along streams. Damp ground: marshy fields, thickets. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. glabra Throughout; the only variety from southeast of Charlottetown.

Var. dilatata Fern. & Wieg. Prince County and North Shore: Bloomfield,
Mount Stewart (Fernald etal.)t Stanhope {Bassett).

[Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Not known from the Maritimes. (P. pubescens
Soland., Bain 1892, MacSwain); Hurst.]

fAimulus ringens L. Map 683. Local in Prince and lowlands of

Queens; rare eastward. Damp muddy stream banks, pond margins. MacSwain,
Hurst.

toimulus moschatus Douglas Map 684. Locally in West Prince;

abundant around Bonshaw; Dundas. Pacific North American; naturalized. Springs,
stream borders. Hurst.

Limosella subulata Ives Map 685. North and eastern coasts.

Estuaries and barrier ponds, brackish muddy sand. (L. aquatica var. tenuifolia,
Macoun, Hurst); Campbell.

[Veronica longi folia L. Map 686. Summerside, 1912 (Fernald et a/.).

European, introduced to gardens, casual escape. Referred by Pennell, Rhodora
23: 11. 1921, to his V. maritima forma E., by the collectors to var. media (Schrad.)
Hartm.; not the common or garden V. maritima forma A. of Pennell.]

Veronica serpyllifolia L. Map 687. Scattered. Prince and Queens;

throughout? European, naturalized. Damp grassy places along upland streams,
wood roads, in old fields. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Groh, Hurst,
(var. nummularioides Lee. & Lem. ).

\

230

Chaenorrhinum minus

Chelone glabra

681

Mimulus ringens

683

684

Veronica longifolia

686

Veronica serpyllifolia

687

688

231

Veronica officinalis L. Map 688. Frequent in Queens and Kings,

mainly in uplands. European, naturalized (not native). All material seems referable
to var. tournefortii (Vill.) Reichenb. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Veronica chaniaedrys L. Map 689. Sherwood cemetery; Brackley

Point Road, mainly in uplands. European, naturalized before 1912. Hurst 1940.

Veronica scutellata L. Map 690. Local in Prince County west of

Summerside. Mucky pond shores and pools in swamps. (V. Anagallis, MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain; V. Anagallis-aquatica, Hurst).

Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. Map 691. Common in West

Prince and the northeast; scattered in center and southeast. Around shallow,, still
water: streams, ditches, pools. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Veronica Anagallis-aquatica L. records probably refer to V. scutellata.]

[Veronica arvensis L. was probably listed on no authority as Hurst only mistaken-
ly attributed it to MacSwain.]

[*Veronica peregrina L. Bunbury, weed in the Cotton Memorial Nursery (1956),
adventive from central Canada.]

Veronica persica Poir. Map 692. Charlottetown, 1912; 1 Lot, 1926

(Groh). Garden weed, from the Middle East. (V. Buxbaumii Ten., MacSwain; V.
Tournefortii, Groh, Hurst); Campbell.

[Veronica agrestis L. Dundas, 1952 (G.C. Warren). Garden weed, European.
Record possibly referable to the preceding. MacSwain, Groh, Hurst.]

Me/ompyrum lineare Desr., vars. Map 693. Common, central and

eastern regions. Dry, open sites (hemiparasitic on grass roots): barrens, old
fields and succeeding wire-birch woodland. (M. pratense, MacSwain and Bain;
M. Americanum Michx., MacSwain); Hurst.

Var. lineare Common. (M. lineare Desr., MacSwain and Bain).

Var. americanum (Michx.) Beauverd Mount Stewart, Tracadie, Charlottetown,
Wood Islands (growing among var. lineare). (M. Americanum Michx., MacSwain
and Bain).

Euphrasia randii Rob., vars. Map 694. North Shore: in thin

turf, exposed sands or headlands along coast. Specimens cited by Fernald and
Wiegand, Rhodora 17: 187-9. 1915.

Var. randii Swampy shore of Campbell's pond, Sea View (Fernald & St. John).

Var. reeksii Fern. Dry brackish sand, Cape Aylesbury {Fernald et a/.).

Var. farlowii Rob. Grass, East Point (Macoun).

[Euphrasia rigidula Jordan Cozen's Pond near Malpeque (Fernald et al. 8027),
cited by Fernald & Wiegand (Rhodora 17: 197. 1915) as E. stricta HBK.. non
Host (this species). E.O. Callen considers this material incorrectly determined,
and referable to the following.]

232

Veronica chamaedrys

689

690

691

692

Melampyrum lineare

Euphrasia randii

693

694

233

Euphrasia canadensis Townsend Map 695. Malpegue (Fletcher),

cites as of Fowler by Fernald & Wiegand (Rhodora 17: 195. 1915), Cousins Pond
(det. E.O. Callen); certainly at other stations along the North Shore and perhaps
elsewhere.

X E. aequo I is Callen (E. "strictiformis"?), a hybrid of E. americana and E.
canadensis, occurs in. disturbed habitats where both species are present. Mount
Royal near O'Leary, roadsides (det. Callen).

E. americana Wettst. Map 696. Common, widespread and variable;

dry open fields and exposed turfy situations. (E. officinalis, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst).

Odontites serotina (Lam.) Dum. Map 697. Central and southwestern

regions, west to Summerside. European, naturalized at least by 1900. Weedy, in
turf of fields, on dry roadsides or sandy places; hemiparasite on grass roots.
(Bartsia Odontites Huds., MacSwain; 0. rubra Gilib., Groh, Hurst, Groh in Can.
Weed Surv. 4: 38. 1947); Campbell.

Rhinanthus crista-galli L., vars. Map 698. Scattered near North

Shore from Covehead eastward and elsewhere in Kings (?); near Tignish. Dry
fields; headlands, tension line of salt marsh. 5 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. crista-galli The form lacking anthocyanins, occasional near Tignish.

'Var. fallax (W. & G.) Druce Only from eastward.

OROBANCHACEAE

Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton Map 699. Recorded from West

Prince and vicinity of Charlottetown; perhaps co-extensive with Fagus. Parasite
on roots of beech.

Orobanche uniflora L. Map 700. Langley Beach near Southport,

solitary specimen, June 1928 (Messervy). Root-parasitic on herbs, in damp
meadows.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Utricularia minor L. Map 701. Watervale (Q), marshy creek; Mount

Stewart, pools in marsh. Macoun, Hurst.

Utricularia cornuta Michx. Map 702. Rare: East Bideford; Mermaid

Lake. Mucky spots in acid peat bogs.

234

Euphrasia canadensis

Euphrasia americano

695

Odontites serotina

Rhinonthus cristo-golli

Epifagus virginiana

700

Utricularia minor

701

235

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago major L., vars. Map 703. Common throughout. Bain,

MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. 37 Lots (Groh).

Var. major Naturalized from Europe. Weed of waste ground (yards, roadsides)
and lawns. Forma intermedia (Gilib. ) Pilger, the glabrous plants, Charlottetown;
forma paniculata Domin, the plants with lateral spikes from lower axils of main
spike, Pownal (Malte).

Var. scopulorum Fries & Broberg Brackley Point, Grand Tracadie, Wood
Islands; maritime sands. Similar but more elongated plants from the muddy bottom
of the former millpond at Wellington had the purple petiole bases of P. rugelii.

[Plantago rugelii Dene. Campbellton (Watson specimen determined by Macoun,
not preserved). Should be sought.]

Plantago j unco ides Lam. var. decipiens (Barneoud) n. comb., based Plantago
decipiens Barneoud, Mon. Plantag. 16 (1845), (not seen). Map 704.

Scattered, maritime. Sandy headlands, beach heads and salt marshes. (P. maritima,
Bain; P. maritima var. juncoides, MacSwain and Bain; P. marina, MacSwain and
Bain; P. decipiens Barneoud, MacSwain, Hurst; P. juncoides var. decipiens
(Barneoud) Fern., Campbell, all in part only).

Var. decipiens Common form. F. pygmaea (Lange) Rousseau (Nat. Canad.
59: 234. 1943), East Point, exposed headland, in sand and sandy cart track,
while f. decipiens grew among the grasses.

Var. laurentiana Fern. Wood Islands (Fernald, Rhodora 27: 102. 1925),
Souris; North Point; transitional form at Campbellton. Headlands.

Plantago oliganthos R. & S. Map 705. Coastal: Murray River, Souris,

Charlottetown, Brackley Beach, Ellerslie. Salt marshes. (Wisely not distinguished
from P. juncoides by local botanists).

Plantago lanceolata L. Map 706. Queens and Kings Counties,

scattered. European, naturalized. Open dry or waste ground, weed in pastures,
fallow fields and roadsides. 3 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

RUBIACEAE

Galium triflorum Michx. Map 707. Throughout, in Alberry-Charlotte-

town soils. Well-drained sites on floor of mixed or hardwood forest. MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

^Galium mollugo L. var. erectum (Huds.) Briq. Southport; Charlottetown Experi-
mental Farm, weed in hay and grain fields. European, naturalized. (G. erectum
Huds.).

Galium palustre L. Map 708- Common throughout. Open marshy

places; along streams and ditches. 10 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

236

Plantago juncoides
var. decipiens
var. laurentiana

703

704

705

Plantago oliganthos

706

Plantago lanceolata

Galium palustre

707

708

237

Galium trifidum L. Map 709 Scattered around the coast. Wet open

places: marshy pond, dune slacks, springs. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. halophilum Fern. & Wieg. Tracadie Beach {Churchill). Intermediate
material from Bothwell.

Galium tinctorium L. Map 710. Scattered, Prince County and east-

central lowland. Damp muddy spots: pond margins and thickets. (G. Claytoni
Michx.); Hurst 1940 (?).

Galium labradoricum Wieg. Map 711. In dune slacks at Nail Pond

(West Prince); bogs, Mount Stewart to St. Peters. Fernald 1950, Campbell.

Galium asprellum Michx. Map 712. Fairly common in Prince County

and east-central lowland. Damp alder thickets; marshy ground along streams.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

*Mitchella repens L. Portage, mossy hummock in damp mixed woods.

[Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Not known east of Queens Co., N.S. MacSwain
and Bain.]

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Diervilla lonicera Mill. Map 713. Most frequent in central regions;

open, dry or upland soils at border of thickets. (D. trifida Moench, MacSwain);
Hurst.

Lonicera villosa (Michx.) R. & S., vars. Map 714. Local in Prince

County and east-central lowlands. Swamps and bogs. (L. caerulea, Hurst); Camp-
bell.

Var. so/on/'s (Eaton) Fern. Usual type in the east-central region.

Var. calvescens (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Miscouche bog, associated with
the last.

Lonicera canadensis Bartr. Map 715. Scattered in Prince (especially

in West Prince) and northeastern upland. Stream banks and ravine slopes in mixed
woods. (L. ciliata Muhl., MacSwain); Hurst.

Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake Introduced for facing house-walls and for
hedges, persisting but seldom escaping to roadsides. 4 Lots (Groh). Ours all
var. laevigatus (Fern.) Blake. (S. rivularis Suksd., Roland). (5. racemosus Michx.,
Groh, Hurst); Campbell.

Linnaea boreal is L. var. americana (Forbes) Render Map 716.

Scattered throughout, lowlands and ravines. "Mossy-iloored fir woods'7, often
covering hummocks. (L. borealis, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

238

Galium trifidum

Galium tinctorium

709

710

711

712

713

714

Linnaea borealis

715

7U

239

Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Map 717. Very rare and confined to

southeastern upland: Surrey, mixed woods in ravine (Fernald & St. John); Lewes
(Profitt).

Viburnum cassinoides L. Map 718. Common throughout, except

central upland. Swamps, damp acid barrens and clearings. (V. nudum, Bain,
MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

Viburnum trilobum Marsh. HIGH-BUSH CRANBERRY Map 719. Frequent

in Prince County; very local eastward: Rustico Island (Hurst), Montague (Hurst),
Bangor (MacDougall). Sometimes planted as ornamental, and escaped: road to
Charlottetown airport (R.R. Hurst). Damp thickets and open swampy woods.
Cranberries "smaller less pleasant on very ornamental bushes" (Stewart). (V.
acerifolium, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst, Campbell; V. Opulus, Bain 1892;
V. Opulus var. americanum Ait., Hurst); Campbell.

Sambucus canadensis L. ELDER Map 720. Common in Prince and

Kings; local in Queens. Moist, open places along streams, swamps. 12 Lots
(Groh). Fruit the basis of elderberry wine. Foliage poisonous. MacSwain and
Bain (with doubt), Groh, Hurst.

Sambucus pubens Michx. Map 721. Common throughout. Well-drained

sites, clearings or open hardwoods. Red berries unpleasant. Bain, MacSwain and
Bain; (S. racemosa, MacSwain, Hurst); {R.R. Hurst).

CUCURBITACEAE

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. <S G. WILD CUCUMBER Map 722.

Introduced from central Canada as a trellis plant for screens. Often abundant in

waste land around dumps in towns: Charlottetown, Kensington. 3 Lots (Groh).
Hurst.

CAMPANULACEAE (including LOBELIACEAE, Bain, MacSwain

and Bain, Hurst)

Campanula rapunculoides L. Map 723. European, commonly introduced

as a self-perpetuating garden plant. Waste lots in towns and escaped around
settlements. 7 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

Campanula rotundifolia L. BLUEBELL (of Scotland) Colville Station, a few
plants formerly on the railway banks (Messervy), adventive from mainland?
Brackley Point, introduced by Hurst, still vigorous in lawn, 1953.

Lobelia spicata Lam. Charlottetown, 1910. Field weed, adventive from eastern
Canada? MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, Groh <S Frankton in Can. Weed
Surv. 7: 106. 1949.

Lobelia inflata L. Map 724. Scattered, central and southeastern

districts. Dry open land: weed of old fields, clearings. 3 Lots (Groh). Bain,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

!|

240

Viburnum alnifolium

Viburnum cassinoides

717

718

Viburnum trilobum

Sombucus canadensis

71»

720

Sambucus Dubens

Echinocystis lobata

721

Campanula rapunculoides

723

724

Lobelia inflate

241

89470-16

[Lobelia kalmii L. Report probably based on L. spicata or L. inflata, for Sterling
Campbell found it as a field weed.]

Lobelia dorfmanna L Map 725. Keefe's Lake, Glenfinnan Lake,

Lake Verde; shallow water, leaves submerged, flowers aerial.

COMPOSITAE

Eupatorium maculatum L. Map 726. Common throughout Prince

County; by North Shore rivers and eastern swamps. Moist, open places : stream
banks, thickets, marshy meadows (Bain); ditches. 31 Lots (Groh). Formerly in
medicine, perhaps unwarrantably. (E. purpureum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst, Campbell).

Var. foliosum (Fern.) Wieg. Bloomfield (Fernald & St. John)t possibly the
common form in West Prince.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Map 727. Scattered in Prince County;

North River (Warren). Damp grassland along streams, damp thickets, roadside
ditches. MacSwain, Hurst.

*Solidago flexicaulis L. Northeastern upland: Glencorradale corner hardwood
forest.

Solidago macrophylla Pursh Tignish (Fernald et a/.); Harmony (Fernald & St.
John). Mossy spruce woods.

Solidago bicolor L. Map 728. Restricted to region east of Charlotte-

town. Dry, open sandy land; old fields, barrens due to clearing or fire, roadsides.
MacSwain, Hurst.

[Solidago hispida Muhl. ''Coast north of St. Peters, together with 5. bicolor/9
(MacSwain) probably refers to 5. nemoralis which in that area grows commonly
with it. (5. bicolor var. concolor T. & G., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.]

Solidago puberula Nutt. Map 729. Scattered throughout. Dry, open

sites: sandy roadsides, old fields, clearings; in burnt land often twice its usual
height. MacSwain, Hurst.

Solidago sempervirens L. Map 730. Maritime, scattered. Salt marsh,

dunes and seaward dune slacks. Hybridizes with S. canadensis and 5. rugosa.
(S. laevigata Ait., Bain, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

*X Solidago asperula Desf. (5. sempervirens x rugosa) North River Bridge,
sandy roadside gutter just above salt marsh; one clump (1952).

*Solidago juncea Ait. Map 731. Kilmuir (K), sandy knoll. Surprisingly

rare considering its abundance across the Strait in northern Nova Scotia.

242

EuDatorium maculatum

725

Eupotorium perfoliotum

727

728

Solidaqo puberulo

730

Solidago sempervirens

729

Solidago juncea

Solidogo uliginoso
var. linoides

243

89470- I6V2

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. var. linoides (T. & G.) Fern. Map 732. Scattered:

Frequent in Prince County and east-central lowland. "Heath lands" (Bain); bogs
and barrens. (5. stricta, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst with doubt;
S. uliginosa, MacSwain, Hurst; S. uniligulata (DC.) Porter, Roland).

Solidago nemoralis Ait. Map 733. Coastal; North Shore from Malpeque

eastward, round to Wood Islands, on sand dunes. Inland in central Queens and
southern Kings in the driest stony open sites, barrens, old fields and roadsides.
More slender and with rounder, shorter panicle branches than the type common in
Nova Scotia. Adams, Hurst 1940.

Solidago rugosa Mill. Map 734. Common throughout. Open, damp to

dryish sites: borders of woods, thickets. One of the four important "yellowweeds"
of fields. Hybridizes with 5. sempervirens (X S. asperula) and with S, canadensis
(near Charlottetown, Malte). (S. altissima, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst with doubt); MacSwain, Hurst.

Solidago canadensis L. Map 735- Common throughout. Open dryish

land: thickets, roadsides. A "yellowweed" of fields, densely infesting near
Summerside. Dark autumn honey is qoldenrod honey. Pollen locally reputed to
cause hay fever; however, Solidago is not wind-pollinated, unlike Ambrosia
which causes most serious pollen allergy. Hybridizes with S. rugosa (Malte) and
S. sempervirens. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; (including S. serotina,
MacSwain, Groh).

Solidago canadensis X sempervirens Shoulder of road across salt flat, Wood
Islands; a single clump, there more seriously rusted than the parental species.

[Solidago altissima L. Records probably refer to 5. rugosa (q.v.) as Bain calls
it the broadest- leaved species.]

Solidago gigantea Ait. Map 736. West Prince only. Damp thickets;

banks and ditches. Leaves of P.E.I, specimens are as broad as the extreme in any
other area. (5. serotina Ait., not Retz.,Bain (?)); MacSwain and Bain. MacSwain,
Groh records based, according to Fernald, quoted by Adams (1937), on 5.
canadensis).

Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. "POVERTYWEED" Map 737.

Common throughout. Damp to dry open sites: thickets, dune slacks. The most
pernicious "yellowweed" of old fields, pastures and fallow in Kinqs County;
said to be reduced by fertilizing of the soil. {S. lanceolata L., Bain, MacSwain
and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst. Var. graminifolia and var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern,
not distinguished in the field. Glabrous plants, the latter variety, collected at
Kilmuir {Bruce).

Aster macrophyllus L. Map 738. Very local, around Malpeque Bay:

St. Eleanors, Indian River, French River; and at Dalvay (Hurst). Dry, open mixed
woods or wood edges, on light soil. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

244

Solidaqo nemoralis

733

Solidaqo canadensis

Solidago jigantea

736

j )

Solidago qraminifolia

Aster mocrophyllus

738

245

Aster cordifolius L. Map 739. Scattered: West Prince; Malpeque

Bay to central uplands. "Common near North Shore' ' (Bain); thickets and edge
of woods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. racemiflorus Fern. Malpeque, one of the original collections cited in
Rhodora 19: 155. 1917.

Aster puniceus L. Map 740. Frequent throughout. Damp thickets

along rivers and slow streams. "Six feet" (Bain); seldom much over four feet.
Hybridizes with A. cordifolius. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst;
(A. amplexicaulis, MacSwain and Bain).

X Aster tardiflorus L. (A. cordifolius X puniceus) Brackley Beach (Hurst).

[Aster laevis L., records to be excluded. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst],

Aster radula Ait. Map 741. Local in West Prince; Dingwells Mills

(K). Boggy or mucky swampland.

Aster later if lorus (L.) Britton Map 742. Scattered throughout. Dry,

open land; acid soil in thickets and old fields. Plants from York represent a
hybrid with^4. novi-belgii (Malte). (Aster miser Ait. , MacSwain and Bain; including
A. divergens Ait., MacSwain and Bain; A. multiflorus, Bain, MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst with doubt; A. foliolosus, MacSwain and Bain); Groh, Hurst.

Var. tenuipes Wieg. Type from Dundee, in larch swamp (Fernald et al.)t
described in Rhodora 30: 174. 1928. [A, acadiensis Shinners) Map 743.

[Aster praealtus Poir. Records to be excluded. (A. salicifolius Ait., not Lam.,
Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.]

[Aster simplex Willd. To be expected, as present in Cape Breton and northern
Nova Scotia; but was not seen. (A. dracunculoides Willd., not Lam., Bain,
MacSwain and Bain); Bain 1892; (A. paniculatus Lam., not Mill., Roland).]

Aster j unci for mis Rydb. Map 743. Vicinity of Mount Stewart and

Dundee, bogs and larch swamps. Fernald 1950.

Aster johannensis Fern. Western Prince: Tignish, Ellerslie, McNeills Mills;
also in the northeast: St. Andrews, Grand Tracadie, Black Pond. Damp open
thickets. Fernald 1950; {A. foliaceus, Roland, largely, not Lindl.)

Aster novi-belgii L., vars. Map 744. Scattered throughout.

Var. novi-belgii Stream banks and thickets, edge of woods. (A. mutabilis,
MacSwain and Bain; A. Rolandii Shinners).

Var. litoreus Gray Coastal: Brackley Beach, Souris, Borders of salt
marsh. Macoun, Hurst, Campbell.

246

Aster puniceus

739

740

741

742

743

744

247

Aster nemoralis Ait. Map 745. Rare in West Prince: Bl cornfield and

near Peterville. Open or cleared boggy swampland.

Aster acuminatus Michx. Map 746. Fairly common throughout. Well-

drained or, along streams, mossy, woodland sites, under hardwood or spruce,
largest in clearings or borders of woods, where early advantage due to stolons.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Aster umbellotus Mill. Map 747. Common throughout; tall and white.

Damp thickets, ditches and borders of woods. MacSwain, Hurst.

Aster laurentianus Fern. var. laurentionus Map 748. North Shore:

Tignish, Brackley Beach (type locality, see Rhodora 16: 59. 1914), Dalvay.
Damp brackish sand around temporary ponds in dune slacks. Endemic to the Gulf
of St. Lawrence; related to the western A. frondosus. (A. subulatus, Macoun,
Hurst, Campbell; A. frondosus, Adams 1937, Hurst 1940, Campbell).

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Map 749. White Sands, sandy field

(Fernald <£ St. John). Weedy, perhaps naturalized from southward. Bain 1892
(?), Adams 1937, Hurst 1940.

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. vars. Map 750.

Var. strigosus Common throughout, native or invading from mainland. Weed
of old fields, roadsides. 46 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain (E.
ramosus, Hurst); Campbell.

Var. septentrional is (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Local: cited in original descrip-
tion: Rhodora 15: 60. 1913, from Tignish and Mount Stewart.

*Erigeron phi lade I phi cus L. Local in western Prince: Pleasant View, McNeill's
Mills corner. Alder thicket alluvium and banks. Ligules pale mauve, drying
purple. Slender extremes of the species.

Erigeron canadensis L. Map 751. Scattered throughout. North

American, naturalized. Weed of open land; railways, cultivation, hen yards and
dunes. 22 Lots (Groh). Lochhead 1904, MacSwain, Hurst. (Leptilon canadense
(L.) Britton).

Antennaria neodioica Greene, vars. Map 752. Common throughout.

Dry open sites: Old fields, clearings, banks in open woods. 23 Lots (Groh, in
part).

var. neodioica Common.

var. attenuata Fern. Alberton, O'Leary (and elsewhere ?)

var. chlorophylla Fern. Morell, Brackley Point, Southport, O'Leary.

248

745

746

Aster umbellatus

747

748

Erigeron annuus

749

Erigeron strigosus

750

Erigeron canadensis

751

752

249

Antennaria petaloidea Fern. var. subcorymbosa Fern. Map 753. Scat-

tered, along North Shore and perhaps central upland. Dry open sandy sites: old
fields, thickets, banks. 23 Lots (Groh, in part). (A. petaloidea "and other
species," Groh, Hurst, Campbell).

[Antennaria plantagini folia (L.) Hook. Records are based on the two preceding

species. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.]

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) C.B. Clarke, vars. Map 754. Common

throughout. Dry open sites: and dunes, persisting amid shrubbery; clearings, old
fields, uncultivated land. (Antennaria margaritacea (L.) R. Br., MacSwain and
Bain, MacSwain); Hurst.

Var. margaritacea Here with broad but acute leaves dark green, with
gradually deciduous cobwebby tomentum. Common.

Var. angustior (Miquel) Nakai Cape Aylesbury (Fernald et al.).

Var. intercedens Hara Extreme specimens are rare: Ellerslie; transitional
forms common.

*Gnaphalium macounii Greene Pisguid Pond near Mount Stewart, 1908 [Warren);
abundant in southeastern uplands. Clearings, burns and poor fields. (G. decwrens
Ives, not L., Roland).

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. var. obtusifolium Map 755. North

Shore at and around Brackley Beach; Commercial Cross (K). Dry sandy soil,
laid bare by tracks or overgrazing. (G. polycephalum, Bain 1892, MacSwain,
Hurst; G. obtusifolium var. praecox, Campbell).

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Map 756. Throughout, common particularly

in lowlands. Characteristic of recently denuded, muddy but drying soil; roadsides,
cultivation, beach heads and brook banks. 40 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.

Gnaphaluim sylvaticum L. Map 757. Scattered, throughout. European,

said to be a naturalized species in North America. Dry open grayed sites: old
fields, pastures, wood edges, banks near the shore. 5 Lots (Groh). (G. purpureum,

MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Churchill 1902, Groh, Hurst.

*lnula helenium L. Map 758. Becoming common in vicinity of

Charlottetown: Bonshaw to Mount Stewart near Kensington. Noted only since
1943 (Messervy). European, naturalized. Old fields, roadsides.

[*/vo xanthifolio Nutt. Recent adventive: Bideford, 1953; Covehead, 1953.
North American prairies. Hen yards, introduced in western grain.]

250

Antennorio petaloideo

753

Anapholis marqaritoceo

754

Gnopholium uliginosum

756

Gnopholiurr; sylvaticum

757

251

Ambrosia trifida L. GREAT RAGWEED Map 759. Scattered stations;

serious infestation only in Charlottetown. North American, naturalized as weed
of waste lots and railway sidings; often in farmyards, where adventive in western
grain. 1 Lot (Groh). Most important source of allergy-inducing pollen. Prince
Edward Island's resort industry depending (among other things) on its freedom
from pollen that induces hay fever, determined attempts have been made in the
past eleven years to locate all stations; eradication remaining, however, the
responsibility of the landholder. Groh, Hurst.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., vars. RAGWEED Map 760. Scattered

stations, in all parts. Native or naturalized from mainland. Open disturbed ground:
cinders along railways; in farmyards and mown or cultivated fields, responding to
mowing by flowering and fruiting at no taller than the stubble. 3 Lots (Groh).

Var. artemisiifolia Material from beach head of Waterside near Pownal
is transitional to var. elatior, but the site suggests native status.

Var. elatior (L. ) Descourtils Common, weedy. (A. elatior L., MacSwain and
Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

[Ambrosia psi lost achy a DC. var. coronopi folia (T. & G.) Farwell Charlottetown,
1940 (Schurman). Adventive from western North America.]

Xanthium italicum Moretti Charlottetown, naturalized since before 1938 along
Hillsborough River front. North American. (X. commune Britton, Hurst 1940);
Campbell.

Xanthium echinatum Murr. Map 761. Shores of Northumberland

Strait east of Charlottetown; adventive at Winsloe. Upper part of sandy beaches;
inland on a railway bank.

[*Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Summerside, along fence and sidewalk
along Water Street, 1953. Adventive from the Eastern United States.]

Rudbeckia laciniata L., vars. Map 762. Scattered stations; native

or perhaps naturalized from mainland. Damp open sites; ditches and banks along
roads or railways in sandy to mucky soils. 12 Lots (Groh).

Var. laciniata The usual variety here is scabrous, never soft-pubescent as
in the form called var. gaspereauensis Fern., which Roland (1947) found not
limited to Nova Scotia.

[Var. hortensis Bailey GOLDEN GLEAM Charlottetown, formerly at
border of marsh at Experimental Farm. Cultigen, escaped. R. laciniata excluded
by Hurst as a garden escape, on the basis of this variety.]

Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. BROWN-EYED SUSAN Map 763. Scattered

throughout; very common in the southeast. Naturalized from the Great Plains
before 1890. Well-drained or dry open sites; old fields, pastures. 32 Lots (Groh).
(R. fulgida, MacSwain and Bain; R. hirta, MacSwain, Groh, Hurst, Campbell).

252

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

760

Rudheckia laciniata

762

763

764

253

[Helianthus annuus L. SUNFLOWER Rare adventive: Kensington (1950), Cove-
head (1953). Plains of North America. Introduced in western grain; seldom
cultivated for seeds. MacSwain, Kurst.]

[*Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern. Charlottetown, dump
along railway, 1952. Introduced garden plant; prairies of North America.]

[* Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. South port, garden escape, 1953. Plains of
North America.]

Helianthus tuherosus L. Charlottetown, northern fringes near railway; near
Georgetown, Stone Arch Road. Naturalized from the Midwest. Dry ditches. 3 Lots
(Groh). Hurst.

Bidens cernua L., vars. Map 764. Common in eastern lowlands; very

local in West Prince. Damp muddy ground: swamps, ditches, pond margins,
particularly along North Shore. Forms without ray flowers occur: North Lake (K),
Dundee. At Brackley Beach, around a pond behind the dunes, dwarfed by exposure
to an inch or two in height with very smooth, succulent, nearly untoothed leaves.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. dentata (Nutt.) Boivin, in Nat. Can. 87: 28. 1960. Common.

Var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John North Lake, wet brackish sand, cited in
the original description, Rhodora 17: 25. 1915.

Var. integra Wieg. Brackley Point Road, margin of shallow pool (Fernald
et al.). Fernald 1950.

Var. elliptica Wieg. Southport (Fernald et al.).

[Bidens connata Muhl. If present, very rare in damp places. MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Groh, Hurst, Campbell.]

Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & St. John Map 765. East-central

lowland, local, the original collection from Bunbury; marsh, at borders of salt
marsh or ponds. The form with ray flowers (Rhodora 17: 24. 1915). Fernald 1950.

Bidens frondosa L., vars. BEGGAR'S TICKS Map 766. Scattered,

throughout. Damp muddy swales or pond shores; weed in gardens. 12 Lots (Groh).
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. frondosa Common.

Var. stenodonta Fern. <S St. John Bunbury, border of salt marsh (Fernald
et al.). Cited in original description, Rhodora 17: 22. 1915.

*Galinsoga ciliata (Raf. ) Blake Charlottetown, since 1952. Cinders in alley-
ways; likely to become a garden weed. Naturalized by rail from central Canada;
South American (Philadelphia 1836, New Hampshire 1866, Montreal 1893, Halifax
1937), as may be seen from its remaining green till first frost, then blackening
and wilting.

Achillea ptarmica L. Map 767. Scattered; abundant around old

settlements, more common westward. European, planted as ornamental and herb;
naturalized. Roadsides, borders of field. 5 Lots (Groh). Lochhead 1904, MacSwain;
Hurst.

254

765

766

Achillea ptormico

767

768

Matricaria matricarioides

770

255

Achillea millefolium L. YARROW Map 768. Common throughout.

Naturalized, European. Fields and roadsides. 55 Lots (Groh). Forma rosea Rand
& Redfield, frequent: collected at Wood Islands, Kilmuir. MacSwain and Bain,
Lochhead 1904, MacSwain, Hurst. The related native species, A. lanulosa Nutt.,
might be expected on outlying headlands.

[Anthemis cotula L. Rare: Summerside, 1914; perhaps elsewhere. Not seen in
course of survey (1952-3). Weed of roadsides. 1 Lot (Groh). (Maruta cotula (L.)
DC, MacSwain and Bain with doubt); MacSwain, Hurst.]

[Anthemis arvensis L. var. agrestis (Walk.) DC. Village Green, roadside, 1912
{Fernald et at. ). MacSwain and Bain.]

Matricaria mar it i ma L. ssp. inodora (L.) Clapham Map 769. BARNYARD

DAISY, "TANSY" Quite common, throughout. Waste places: farmyards, cul-
tivated or pastured fields, railway sidings, roadsides. 27 Lots (Groh). (M. inodora
L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; M. maritima (Knaf) Wilmott, Camp-
bell).

Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter PINEAPPLEWEED Map 770.

Scattered throughout, around settlements. Naturalized, Pacific North American.
Weed of farmyards, roadsides. Though not noted by Groh, was collected in
Charlottetown and in the Magdalens by 1912 and in Nova Scotia by 1920. (M.
suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau, not L., Hurst); Campbell.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., vars. DAISY Map 771. Naturalized.

European. (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain.

Var. leucanthemum Rare: Souris, pasture.

Var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte Common throughout, in fields. Establish-
ing itself in cultivation, persistent in fallow or hayfields, forming solid masses
of white in uplands in June and July; pastures and old fields. "One of the worst
weeds"— Lochhead 1904. 52 Lots (Groh). Hurst, Campbell.

{.Chrysanthemum segetum L. Wood Islands, 1946, "determined at Ottawa"
(Hurst, annotation in his "New Flora"). Unconfirmed report. European, adventive.]

[Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. Introduced ornamental or herb, planted
around houses. Not established. 2 Lots (Groh). Hurst.]

Tanacetum vulgare L. Map 772. Occasional: scattered in western

Prince and central upland; St. Peters. European, introduced as a herbal remedy.
Dry sandy sites: roadsides, about house yards. Forma crispum (L.) Hayek:
Charlottetown, St. Peters. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; {Chrysanthemum
vulgare (L.) Bernh.).

Cotula coronopifolia L. Map 773. Summerside, mud at border of

salt marsh. Churchill 1902, Adams 1937, Hurst.

[Artemisia canadensis Michx. MacSwain and Bain, record dropped from later list.]

256

Chrysanthemum leuconthemum

772

Cotula coronopifolia

773

774

Artemisia vulgaris

775

257

89470-17

Artemisia biennis Willd. Map 774. Charlottetown, scattered in

Prince. Naturalized from Rocky Mountains since before 1912. Waste places along
railways or in sandy soil. 4 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

[Artemisia annua L. Charlottetown, railway yards, 1912. (Fernald et al. ). Adven-
tive, European. Groh, Can. Weed Surv. 2: 44. 1944.]

Artemisia stelleriana Bess. Map 775. Local: Nail Pond, Campbell-

ton, Victoria (1924), Wood Islands, Murray harbor (1926). Naturalized, Siberian.
Sandy, maritime sites: dunes, beach tension line. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris. Map 776. Common in Prince

and western Queens to Charlottetown; in garden at Murray River. Naturalized,
European. Open sites, light soil. Roadsides, railway banks, stony beach head.
4 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

[Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. var. gnaphalodes (Nutt.) T. & G. Montague, 1926
{Groh & Make). Adventive from Great Plains. 1 Lot (Groh). {A. gnaphalodes

Nutt., Groh, Hurst); Campbell.]

[Artemisia absinthium L. var. insipida Stechmann Charlottetown, railway yards,
1912 {Fernald et al.). 1 Lot (Groh). Adventive; elsewhere introduced, European.
Groh, Hurst.]

Tussilago farfara L. Charlottetown (1933), persisting. The danger of neglecting
it shown by two notes: ' 'Extirpated, 1940" (Hurst 1940); "persisting alter attempt
at eradication by R.R. Hurst" (Dore, on label, 1946), as it does yet (1956).
Weedy, European. Hurst.

Petasites palmatus (Ait.) Gray Map 777. Local: Prince County;

North Shore streams; Southport. Wet, mossy or open woods. MacSwain, Hurst.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Map 778. Rare, never persistent at

one station: near Tignish and in the southeast: Bunbury, Eldon, Wood Islands.
Open sites: clearings and roadsides. Ours the var. intermedia Fern. {Senecio
hieracifolius L., MacSwain and Bain).

Senecio vulgaris L. Map 779. Scattered. European, naturalized.

Waste ground about settlements: gardens, railways, etc. Alberton, 1902. 22 Lots
(Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Senecio syivaticus L. Map 780. Local, scattered throughout.

Naturalized by 1888, European. Clearings, damp open woods, shores. Macoun
1890, Churchill 1902, Hurst, Groh 1944.

Senecio viscosus L. Map 781. Local: most frequent in West Prince,

where naturalized early (Alberton 1902, Tignish 1912). European. Railway cinders.
11 Lots (Groh). Hurst.

Senecio jacobaea L. Map 782. RAGWORT (incorrectly "RAGWEED"),

TANSY RAGWORT, STAGGERWORT, STINKING WILLY, "BAUGHLAN" (Prince
County). Common throughout. Naturalized from Europe, probably between 1850

258

Erechtites hieracifolia

777

Senecio sylvaticus

780

Senecio viscosus

Senecio jacoboeo

781

259

89470- l7Vi

(collected only from Pictou County, N.S., by Mrs. Heath Haviland in 1853, pre-
sumably as interesting) and 1880. Focus of introduction perhaps Kildare (as
locally reputed, though the story of its introduction in the bedtick of one Ryan
may be just a story; oldest collection: Tignish 1888. By 1900 common in central
Queens and northeast Kings. In 1904, 25 Lots (Lochhead). In 1926, 29 Lots
(Groh). By 1953, recorded from 40 Lots. L.W. Watson 1900, Lochhead 1904,
MacSwain, Hurst.

Senec/'o pauperculus Michx. var. pauperculus Map 783. Summerside (Fyles).

Woods.

Senec/o robbinsii Oakes Map 784. Local: Winsloe Road {Macoun);

St. Charles {Fernald & St. John). Damp acid barrens. (S. aureus var. Balsamitae,
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; S. Balsamitae, Hurst; S. pauperculus var.
Balsamitae, Campbell).

Senec/'o aureus L., vars. Map 785. Vicinity of Tignish. Common,

thickets along streams; cedar swamps. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain,
Hurst.

Var. intercursus Fern. Most material seems transitional between this and
the var. aquilonius.

Var. aquilonius Fern. Specimen from larch-cedar swamp, Tignish, cited in
original description by Fernald (Rhodora 45: 501. 1943).

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. BURDOCK Map 786. Scattered throughout.

European, naturalized. Weed of houseyards and waste places. 35 Lots (Groh).
(A. Lappa, MacSwain, Hurst with doubt); Groh, Hurst.

Forma pallidum Farwell Indian River.

Forma laciniatum Clute Kensington, Charlottetown.

Cirsium vu/gore (Savi) Tenore BULL THISTLE Map 787. Common,

throughout. Naturalized, European. Open places: clearings, border of woods,
roadsides. A form known in Europe as C. lanceolatum var. hypoleucum DC. with
the leaves white-woolly beneath occurs in streamside thicket at Peakes Station.
26 Lots (Groh). (Cnicus lanceolatus (L.) Willd., MacSwain and Bain with doubt,
MacSwain; Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., not Hill, Hurst); Campbell.

[Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Records referable to C. muticum (q.v.), the
"biennial thistle of wild lands" (Bain) here.]

Cirsium muticum Michx. Map 788. Local: most frequent in West

Prince and the northeast. Damp woods, thickets. 6 Lots (Groh). {Cnicus discolor,
MacSwain and Bain; C. altissimus var. discolor, MacSwain; Cirsium discolor,

Hurst, Campbell); Groh, Hurst.

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Map 789. Very common throughout.

Naturalized from Europe. Weed of fields and roadsides. 52 Lots (Groh). {Cnicus
arvensis (L.)Hoffm., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Groh, Hurst. Forma albi flora
(Rand & Redfield) W. Hoffm. A common albino: Charlottetown, Souris, Tignish,
and elsewhere.

260

Senecio pauperculus

783

784

785

786

Cirsium muticum

787

788

261

Centaurea nigra L. Map 790. Local: Carleton Siding; around Bonshaw;

from Winsloe to Brackley Stations (1912-53); Bridgetown (1912-53) (Warren);
Souris. 1 Lot — Royalty — (Groh). European, naturalized. MacSwain, Hurst.

[Centaurea cyanus L. CORNFLOWER (Eng.) Planted around Hurst's, Brackley
Point; spreading to fallow part of garden. Introduced, European garden flower.]

C ichor ium intybus L. Map 791. Restricted to towns: Summerside,

North Rustico, Charlottetown, Montague, Souris. Naturalized, European (very
common in Quebec Province). Waste lots. 5 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain,
MacSwain, Hurst.

[Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg. & Korte Charlottetown, ship's ballast dump on
Hillsborough River front, 1936 {R.R. Hurst). European, adventive. Hurst 1940.]

Iragopogan pratensis L. Map 792. Charlottetown to O'Leary,

spreading along railway since discovery at Kensington in 1943 (Hurst in Guardian,
July 24). Naturalized, European. Railway banks, roadsides, waste lots. Campbell.

Leontodon auturnnalis L. Map 793. Common, throughout. European,

naturalized. Weed of fields; occasionally at roadsides. 53 Lots (Groh). MacSwain,
Hurst.

Var. pratensis (Link) Koch Cove Head, Stanhope, Montague.

Sonchus arvensis L., vars. Map 794. Throughout; most common in

central uplands, rare in Kings. Naturalized, European. Weed of cultivation, of
waste places and roadsides; spreading to damp habitats: pond shores, thickets
and dune slacks. Leaves variable in shape from pinnatifid to entire and in color
from green to glaucous-green. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.
Var. arvensis Common, not replaced by the variety.

Var. glabrescens Giinth., Grab. & Wimm. Map 795. Frequent in

West Prince; Summerside (1912); Charlottetown; Souris. European, recently
naturalized from central Canada. Waste or cultivated fields, sands or roadsides,
sometimes with var. arvensis and not intergrading. 1 Lot (Groh); not bearing out
Hurst (1940's) "Found commonly by Groh/' unless on 1934 visit. Hurst.

Sonchus oleraceus L. Map 796. Occasional in center, from Summerside

to Dunstaffnage, mostly in towns. Waste ground, cinders and dumps. European.
4 Lots (Groh). Leaf form variable: the f. oleraceus usual, the f. lacerus (Willd.)
G. Beck also present in Charlottetown. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Map 797. Not common: Nail Pond, Richmond,

Charlottetown, Morell, Souris. "Naturalized, European. Waste ground by wharves
and railways. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.

262

Cirsium arvense

Cichorium intybus

Trogopogon pratensis

791

792

Leontodon autumnal is. ^

var. pratensis A

793

263

Hieracium pilosella L. Map 798. Common, central uplands and

parts east; North Point. European, naturalized by 1888. Dry sandy open sites: old
fields, clearings, dunes, roadsides. 34 Lots (Groh). {H. Pilosella var. P eleterianum
Merat, Lochhead 1904); Groh, Hurst.

Hieracium flagellare Willd. Rocky Point, 1912 (Fernald et a/.), as weed in open
woods, perhaps a shade development of H. pilosella. Fernald 1950.

Hieracium aurantiacum L. DEVIL'S PAINT-BRUSH Map 799. Common

in central upland and uplands of Kings, local in Western Prince. Naturalized
from Europe. J. A. Clarke (1904) noted that an untended cemetery in Kinkora had
acted as a focus for its naturalization in East Prince; it is even now more
abundant there than anywhere else in the county. Open grassy places: fields,
old pastures and borders of woods. 11 Lots (Groh). Intermediates with H.
floribundum in field with both abundant: Hunter River. MacSwain, Groh, Hurst.

Hieracium floribundum Wimm. & Grab. Map 800. Scattered through-

out Prince and Queens. Naturalized, European. Open sites, sandy or disturbed
soil: in old fields often persistent from last fallow stage. 25 Lots (Groh). Luxur-
iant forms in this and the next have upcurving secondary scapes from the base:
Albert on. Intermediates with H. aurantiacum (q.v.) have ligule colour ranging
from orange to yellow though externally orange, the foliage as setose as in H
aurantiacum but so glaucous as to approach floribundum. Groh, Hurst.

Hieracium pratense Tausch Map 801. Common in Prince; scattered

eastward, but general. Naturalized, European. 4 Lots (Groh). Open to partially
shady sites, dry but not necessarily light or recently disturbed soils: roadsides,
old fields, edges of spruce woods. Groh, Hurst.

Hieracium scabrum Michx. Map 802. Scattered; most common in

central and northeastern uplands. 2 Lots (Groh). Well-drained sites: clearings or
open woods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Hieracium canadense Michx. var. hirtirameum Fern. Map 803. Local:

vicinity of Summerside; New Glasgow; Southport. 1 Lot (Groh). Dry open shade,
borders of woods and clearings. Groh, Hurst.

Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein., Lepage in Can. Nat. 87: 64. 1960. Mount
Vernon in southeastern upland. Steep gully in coarse soil.

Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. Map 804. Common, throughout.

Open, dry sites: borders of woods, clearings, thickets. [P. Serpentaria, Bain;
Nabalus albus, MacSwain and Bain; A', crepidineus, Bain 1892; P. alba, MacSwain);
Hurst.

Prenanthes altissima L. Map 805. Local near North Shore; on the

Dunk and the Montague. Open woods along the larger streams; dry thickets at
Malpeque (Fernald et al.). Forma hispidula Fern. Portage. Hurst, 1940.

264

Hieracium pilosello

Hierociutn floribundum

799

Hieracium pratense

Hieracium scabrum

801

Hieracium canadense . . . #
var. hirtirameum .... A

Prenanthes trifol iolata

804

265

*Lactuca scariola L. As yet local, spreading along railway; Murray River, 1951
(first collection), Charlottetown, Kensington, Summerside. European, naturalized
from central Canada (in grain ?). Sidings and adjacent waste ground.

Lactuco canadensis L., vars. Map 806. Local, in the uplands. Open

sites: borders of woods, clearings, tension line of salt marsh, cliff banks.
MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.

Var. canadensis Collections from Tignish, Southport, Bothwell (tending
toward var. obovata Wieg. in leaf form). (L. integrifolia Bigel., MacSwain, Hurst).

Var. long i folia (Michx.) Farwell Summerside, "rich soil in thicket."

Var. latihlia 0. Ktze. Tignish, Mount Stewart.

Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. var. sanguinea (Bigel.) Fern. Map 807. South-

port and Mount Stewart (Fernald et at.). Dry roadside thicket. MacSwain, Hurst.

Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fern. Map 808. Throughout, fairly common.

Partially open sites: damp or dry thickets, borders of woods, not in organically
poor soil. {Mulgedium leucophaeum (Willd.) DC, MacSwain and Bain;L. leucophaea
(Willd.) Gray, MacSwain; L. spicata, Hurst); Campbell.

[Lapsana communis L. Determined by Macoun from a Watson collection; ' 'road-
sides, very rare'7 (MacSwain); Queen Street, Charlottetown, 1914. In Nova Scotia,
waste ground near houses. MacSwain, Hurst.]

Taraxacum officinale Weber DANDELION Map 809. Common,

particularly in towns and settlements. European, naturalized. 39 Lots (Groh).
Open, disturbed or waste ground: gardens, lawns, roadsides, cinders. Its stout
taproots bud below the surface of the soil, making eradication by hoe very
difficult. (T. dens-leonis Desf., MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst.

[Crepis tectorum L. Abrams Village, fields, 1912 {S.E. Gallant). Adventive,
European. Groh, Can. Weed Surv. 3: 57. 1946.]

266

805

Lactuca hirsuta

806

Lactuco biennis

Taraxacum officinale

808

809

267

INDEX OF FAMILY NAMES

Aceraceae , 1 92

Alismataceae 66

Amaranthaceae 144

Anacardiaceae 188

Apocynaceae 220

Aquifol iaceae 190

Araceae 108

Aral iaceae 204

Asclepiadaceae 220

As pid iaceae 50

Balsaminaceae 192

Berber idaceae 156

Betu Iaceae 128

Blechnaceae 54

Boraginaceae 220

Butomaceae 66

Callitrichaceae 188

Campanu Iaceae 240

Cannabinaceae 132

Caprifol iaceae 248

Caryophy I Iaceae 144

Ceratophyl Iaceae 152

Chenopod iaceae 140

Cistaceae 196

Compos itae 242

Convo I vu Iaceae 220

Cornaceae 208

Crassu Iaceae 164

Cruciferae 158

Cucurbitaceae 240

Cupressaceae 60

Cyperaceae 86

Droseraceae 164

Elatinaceae 196

Empetraceae 188

Equisetaceae 44

Ericaceae 208

Eriocaulaceae 1 10

Euphorb iaceae 188

Fagaceae 1 32

Geran iaceae 1 86

Gramineae 66

Gross ular iaceae 166

Ha lorag idaceae — 204

268

H ippuridaceae 204

Hydrocharitaceae 66

Hyper icaceae 196

Iridaceae 1 18

Isoetaceae 46

Juncaceae 1 10

Juncaginaceae 66

Labiatae 222

Leguminosae 1 80

Lemnaceae 108

Lentibulariaceae 234

Li I Iaceae 1 14

Linaceae 186

Lycopod iaceae 44

Lythraceae 200

Malvaceae 1 94

Manyanthaceae 220

Myricaceae 1 28

Nymphaeaceae 152

Oleaceae 218

Onagraceae 200

Ophioglossaceae 46

Orchidaceae 1 18

Orobanchaceae 234

Osmundaceae 48

Oxal idaceae 1 86

Papaveraceae 1 56

Plantaginaceae 236

Plumbaginaceae 218

Pol emon iaceae 220

Polyga Iaceae 186

Polygonaceae 1 34

Polypod iaceae 54

Pontederiaceae 1 10

Portulacaceae 144

Primu Iaceae 216

Pter idaceae 48

Ran uncu Iaceae 152

Rhamnaceae 194

Rosaceae 166

Rub iaceae 236

Sarracen iaceae 162

Saxifragaceae 164

Sal icaceae ' 124

Santalaceae 134

269

Scrophulariaceae 228

Solanaceae 228

Sparganiaceae 60

Taxaceae 54

Thyme laeaceae 200

Tiliaceae 194

Typhaceae 60

Ulmaceae 132

Umbel I iferae 204

Urtlcaceae 132

Violaceae 198

Vitaceae 194

Zosteraceae 62

270

I

i

GULF OF

ST. LAWRENCE

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

0
SCAIE

10
MIIIS