The plants of Prince Edward Island with new records; I nomenclatural changes, and corrections and deletions I* Agriculture Canada Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada http://www.archive.org/details/plantsofprinceedOOersk The plants of Prince Edward Island Reprinted D.S. Erskine formerly of Plant Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario Publication 1088 1960 with new records, nomenclatural changes, and corrections and deletions P.M. Catling Biosystematics Research Institute Ottawa, Ontario D.S. Erskine 71 Green Bush Road Willowdale, Ontario R.B. MacLaren 5 Rosemount Drive Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1985 Publication 1798 ®Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1985 Available in Canada through Authorized Bookstore Agents and other bookstores or by mail from Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Services Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9 Catalogue No. A53-1088/1985E Canada: $16.50 ISBN 0-660-11794-0 Other Countries $19.80 Price subject to change without notice Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Erskine, D. S. The plants of Prince Edward Island (Publication ; 1798) Originally issued as: Publication ; 1088. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Botany— Prince Edward Island. I. Catling, Paul M. II. MacLaren, R. B. III. Canada. Agri- culture Canada. Research Branch. IV. Title. V. Series: Publication (Canada. Agriculture Canada). English ; 1798. QK203.P7E67 1985 581.9717 C85-097204-3 CONTENTS Preface iv Introduction to The plants of Prince Edward Island, with new records, nomenclatural changes, and corrections and deletions iv History and geology iv New records v Taxa new to the flora v New localities for certain rare species xi Changes in status xii Nomenclatural changes xiii Corrections and deletions xviii Other corrections xx Acknowledgments xxi References xxii Reprint of The plants of Prince Edward Island by David S. Erskine, Plant Research Institute, Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture. Publication 1088. Published 1960 1 Index to genera in the introduction and in the reprint 268 Cover: Stemless lady's-slipper, Cypripedium acaule Ait., the floral emblem of Prince Edward Island. Drawing by Michael Sydor. See the correction to page 118 on page xxi. PREFACE The Plants of Prince Edward Island, originally published in I960, is a very popular publication. Since it has been out of print we have received many requests for a reprinting. After some deliberation it was decided that the most expedient method of making the information available again was to reprint the 1960 publica- tion and to add a new introduction to the reprint to bring it up to date as much as possible and to improve its utility. This 1985 introductory update reports 60 taxa that are additions to the island's flora, new localities for 1 1 rare taxa, name changes for 1 16 taxa, 16 corrections to previous listings, and 33 miscellaneous corrections as well as other information. P.M. Catling 1985 INTRODUCTION TO THE PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, SECOND EDITION, WITH NEW RECORDS, NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES, AND CORRECTIONS AND DELETIONS Since 1960 a lot of research has been conducted that is relevant to the flora of Prince Edward Island. Information on vegetational history and geology has recently become available. Vascular plant species that were not known there before have been discovered on the island, and additional localities have been discovered for some rare species. The status of some plants has changed. Taxonomic research has resulted in changes in a number of scientific names and authorities. Reexamin- ation of some of the justifying specimens, along with more recent information, has disclosed identification errors that can now be corrected. Other errors and mis- prints have also come to our notice. To make this reprint as useful as possible, we have dealt with this new material under the appropriate headings that follow. HISTORY AND GEOLOGY In 1973, the surficial deposits of the island were mapped and descriptions of the distribution and nature of glacial and postglacial deposits and events, were published (Prest 1973). It was previously noted that "the vegetational history of the island is at least hypothetical, until analyses may be made of peat and lake-sediment samples for fossil pollen." A recent study (Anderson 1980) has outlined the vegetational his- tory. Following the melting of the Wisconsin glacier 10 000 years ago, Prince Edward Island had a short-lived tundra vegetation followed by a combination of IV spruce forest-tundra from 10 000 to 8 000 before present (BP). Pine forests devel- oped after this period. Between 6 500 and 4 500 BP hemlock and pine were preva- lent. Beech appeared about 3 400 BP and beech, hemlock and birch forests were dominant until modern times. The fossil pollen record suggests that the climate became warmer 8 000 BP and may have been much warmer than present 3 000-1 500 BP, but became cooler after this period. European settlement 200-250 BP had a marked effect on the vegetation. Substantial reduction of forests occurred along with the introduction of Eurasian weedy species and an increase in grass cover (Anderson 1980). NEW RECORDS Taxa new to the flora New records for the flora of Prince Edward Island are a result of both new discoveries and correction of names on material that was previously misidentified. In the latter case the new record, i.e., the revised identification, is listed below and the incorrect identification to be deleted is listed under "Corrections and dele- tions" with the appropriate cross-reference. Name (nomenclatural) corrections also result in new names (list follows), but these are not included as "new records" unless the application of the name has been altered somewhat. The new records listed here include both records published after 1960 and various unpublished records. Sguare brackets indicate reports for which we have been unable to locate justifying material. Herbarium acronyms, used under this heading and elsewhere to indicate the location of voucher material, follow: ACAD, Herbarium of Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia; DAO, Herbarium of the Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; GH, Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; NSPM, Herbarium of the Nova Scotia Provincial Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia; NSAC, Herbarium of the Nova Scotia Agricultur- al College, Truro, Nova Scotia; UNB, Connell Memorial Herbarium, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick; UPEI, Herbarium of the Univer- sity of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. ISOETACEAE Isoetes macrospora Dur. The previous mapping of I. riparia from Lake Verde and Glenfinnan Lake (Erskine 1960, see reprint following this introduction) is based on specimens of I. macrospora at ACAD, DAO and NSPM. It has been shown in this area of Queens Co. by Roland and Smith (1969). OPHIOGLOSSACEAE [Botrychium dissectum Spreng.]. Shown by Roland and Smith (1969) in the region of West Point, Prince Co. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. Moist turfy ground about 300 m south of the light- house and in heath on tops of the east cliffs, North Point, Prince Co. (28 July 1984, P.M. Catling, V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger, DAO, UNB). This species was previously rejected because of misidenti- fication. SPARGANIACEAE [Sparganium minimum (Hartm.) Fries]. Shown from the Brackley Point Rd. area and North Point by Roland and Smith (1969). JUNCAGINACEAE Trig loch in gas pens is Rieth & D. Love. Reported in 1960 as the small form of T. elata and because it was not recognized with formal taxonomic rank, it was not mapped or discussed. The only place where this taxon has been collected in Prince Edward Island is Souris, Kings Co. (4 Aug. 1952, D.S. Erskine, DAO). POACEAE Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Greenwich, Kings Co. (22 July 1971, D. Griffin, UPEI). Dichanthelium ovale (Ell.) Gould & Clark var. addissonii (Nash) Gould & Clark. Collections previously referred to P. subvillosum Ashe and P. lanuginosum Ell. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern, belong here: Bothwell, Kings Co. (10 Aug. 1945, A.E. Roland, W.G. Dore 45-2160A, DAO); Alberton, Prince Co. (27 June 1952, D. Erskine 1010, W.G. Dore, DAO); Hunter River, Queens Co. (7 July 1952, D. Erskine 1228, DAO); Wood Islands, Queens Co. (21 July 1952, D. Erskine 1333, DAO); Wellington, Prince Co. (30 July 1952, D. Erskine 1430, DAO); Bothwell, Kings Co. (16 July 1953, D. Erskine 2009, A.J. Smith, DAO); North Point, Prince Co. (28 July 1984, P.M. Catling, V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger, DAO). See also under "Correc- tions and deletions." CYPERACEAE Eleocharis nit id a Fern. Muddy depression above the shore, Cavendish Narrows, Lot 11, Prince Co. (15 Aug. 1970, D. Erskine, DAO). A poorly understood taxon lumped with E. tenuis by some recent authors. [Carex lupulina Muhl.]. Shown from the area west of Charlottetown in Queens Co. by Roland and Smith (1969), but there are no justifying specimens at DAO, ACAD, NSPM or NSAC, and it was not mapped in Prince Edward Island by Reznicek and Ball in Can. J. Bot. 52: 2387-2399. 1974. [Carex lurida Wahl.]. Shown from the Rollo Bay area in Kings Co. by Roland and Smith (1969), but there are no justifying specimens at ACAD, DAO, NSPM or NSAC. Carex rugosperma Mackenzie. Brackley Beach and Brackley Point in Queens Co. See under "Corrections and deletions" Carex umbellata. VI Carex wiegandii Mackenzie. 1 .6 km (1 mile) south of Murray River, Kings County (22 July 1953, D. Erskine 2133 and A. J. Smith, DAO). Previously determined and mapped as Carex atlantica (see under "Corrections and deletions"). JUNCACEAE J uncus militaris Bigel. Keefe's Lake along route 5 east of Avondale, Queens Co. (29 July 1956, D. Erskine, DAO). Mapped by Roland and Smith (1969) and shown in Keefe's Lake (Erskine I960, p. 22) but not included in the anno- tated list. ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Corell. Open swampy tamarack woods, ca. 4 km (2.5 miles) WNW of Miscouche, Prince Co. (29 July 1984, P.M. Catling, V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger, DAO, UNB). Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.M.C. Rich. The specimen reported as S. lucida from Heatherdale in Kings Co. (6 Sept. 1957, D. Erskine, DAO) is actually this species. Also it has been found 1 .6 km (1 mile) north of Caledonia in Kings Co. (25 Sept. 1954, D. Erskine 2507, DAO). Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britton) Rydb. East Point, Kings Co. (15 Sept. 1980, D. Erskine, TRT). JUGLANDACEAE [Juglans cinerea L.]. Not mapped in Prince Edward Island by Little (in USD A Misc. Publ. 1146: map 133-E. 1971) and probably not native but now spreading from cultivation (D. McAskill, pers. coram.). In the mid-1970's this species was propagated and distributed on the island by the previously named Department of Agriculture and Forestry. BETULACEAE Betula cordi folia Regel. At least several localities on the island (Roland and Smith 1969; Brittain and Grant in Can. Field-Nat. 79: 253-257. 1965). Betula pumila L. var. pumila. Previously listed incorrectly as var. renifolia Fern. [Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.]. One location in Prince Co. and two locations in Queens Co. (D. McAskill, pers. comm.). Listed earlier in J.W. MacLeod's The forests of Prince Edward Island (Forestry Chron. 23: 190-193. 1947). URTICACEAE [Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaudich.]. Dunk River, Lower Newton, Prince Co. (July- Aug. 1967, D.S. Erskine). Specimen apparently lost. POLYGONACEAE Polygonum arenastrum Boreau. See McNeill in Can. J. Bot. 59(12): 2744-2751. 1981. VI 1 CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex franktonii Taschereau. Launching Place, near Cardigan, Kings Co. (6 Sept. 1957, D. Erskine, DAO). Victoria, Queens Co. (22 Sept. 1968, I. J. Bassett and K. W. Spicer, 5154, 5156, DAO). Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. Charlottetown, Queens Co. (21 Sept. 1968, I.J. Bassett and K.W. Spicer 5146, DAO). Wood's Island, Kings Co. (21 Sept. 1968, I.J. Bassett and K.W. Spicer 5137, DAO). East Beach, Wood Island Ferry Terminal, Kings Co. (22 Sept. 1979, D.F. Brunton and H.L. Dickson, DAO). Chenopodium strictum Roth. var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl. See Bassett and Crompton in Can. J. Bot. 60: 586-610. 1982. FUMARIACEAE Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dunk River below Stanchel (5 June 1975, R.B. MacLaren, DAO). This species was listed in 1960 but in sguare brackets because there were no substantiating specimens. BRASSICACEAE Dentaria diphylla Michx. In woods in boggy soil 3-4 m from the edge of the Morell River, about 200 m below Indian Bridge, Kings Co. (24 May 1983, R.B. MacLaren s.n., DAO). Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Murray River, Kings Co. (9 July 1974, R.B. MacLaren, DAO, P.E.I. Dept. Agric. Herb.). Reported in 1960 but without a voucher (Cody and MacLaren 1976). Nasturtium microphyllum (Boenn.) Reichenb. Still water of large stream at west- ern outskirts of Kensington, Prince Co. (10 Sept. 1954, D. Erskine 2487, DAO). In marshy clay at roadside, Mount Herbert, 6.4 km (4 miles) E of Charlottetown, Queens Co. (11 July 1956, D. Erskine s.n. , DAO). Both of these collections were initially determined as N. officinale and are the only justifying specimens for the occurrence of the latter taxon in Prince Edward Island. HAMAMELIDACEAE Hamamelis virgin iana L. Murray River, shrubs in pine wood near Millpond (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). Previously reported from the site by Stewart in 1971 in an International Biological Program report. ROSACEAE Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. villipes Ashe. Specimens collected in 1952 and 1953 and identified later. Hunter River, route 13, Queens Co. (21 June 1953, A.J. Smith 129, DAO). Brackley Beach, National Park, Queens Co. (5 Sept. 1952, D. Erskine 1680, DAO). Brackley Point, Queens Co., 25 June 1953, D. Erskine 1777, DAO). Geum canadense Jacg. Edge of wood, east side, Savage Harbour (16 Aug. 1967, D.S. Erskine 005.67, ACAD). Mapped for this area by Roland and Smith (1969, p. 452). viii FABACEAE Lotus corniculatus L. Wilmot Valley, Prince Co. (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). Now widely used as a fodder crop and naturalized along roads and in pastures. [Coronilla varia L.] Planted along roadsides to control erosion. Persisting but no evidence of it spreading. Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli. St. Felix (8 July 1975, R.B. MacLaren, DAO). Recent authors recognize two subspecies, this one not reported previously as growing without cultivation. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata L. A specimen from Charlottetown (Fernald and St. John, 14 Aug. 1914) was previously reported as O. dillenii. GERANIACEAE Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Machon Point, Kings Co. (6 Aug. 1974, R.B. MacLaren (Cody and MacLaren 1976)). EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Several plants scattered along railroad at Montague, Kings Co. (7 Sept. 1976, R.B: MacLaren, DAO). EMPETRACEAE Empetrum rubrum Vahl ssp. eamesii (Fern. & Wieg.) R. Good. Roadside bank, Stanhope, Queens Co. (27 June 1945, W.G. Dore and E. Gorham 45.322, ACAD). Mapped by Roland and Smith (1969). ACERACEAE [Acer platanoides L.]. Sporadically escaped from cultivation (D. McAskill, pers. comm.). MALVACEAE [Hibiscus trionum L.]. This was overlooked by Erskine (1960) in his compilation, despite its listing by Campbell (1952). CISTACEAE Lechea maritima Leggett var. subcylindrica Hodgdon. Open dry sand of old and stable dune crests with Hudsonia, east end of Hog Island, Prince Co. (29 July 1984, P.M. Catling, V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger, DAO, UNB). This material has the leaves on the basal shoots (of the pre- vious year) thick and hairy between the midrib and margins. Also, the seeds are smooth and lacking the reticulate membranaceous coat that is charac- teristic of the seeds of L. intermedia Leggett. The var. subcylindrica is ix restricted to the north coast of New Brunswick and this location on Prince Edward Island (Hodgdon in Rhodora 40: 29-69, 87-131. 1938). VIOLACEAE Viola conspersa Reichenb. Moist spruce forest south of the lighthouse on the west side, about 1 km south of the lighthouse, North Point, Prince Co. (28 July 1984, P.M. Catling, V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger, DAO, UNB). Viola lanceolata L. Moist open ground with Carex cannescens, at the edge of the swamp south of the lighthouse, North Point, Prince Co. (28 July 1984, P.M. Catling, V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger, DAO, UNB). ONAGRACEAE Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Mag. under woods, east side, Savage Harbour (16 Aug. 1967, J.S. Erskine 001.67, ACAD). Mapped by Roland and Smith (1969), Cavendish (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). See Boufford in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 69: 985-986. 1982. Circaea x intermedia Ehrh. (C. alpina L. x C. lutetiana L.). Lower Newton, Prince Co. (1967, D.S. Erskine, DAO). Scales Pond (1975, D.S. Erskine, DAO). See Boufford in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 69: 985-986. 1982. APIACEAE Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Under woods, east side, Savage Harbour, (16 Aug. 1967, J.S. Erskine 002.67, ACAD). This specimen was collected after Erskine's flora was published but was mapped for the island by Roland and Smith (1969, p. 545). BORAGINACEAE Borago officinalis L. Three plants found at the end of an abandoned garden plot at Charlottetown Research Station (27 Sept. 1983, R.B. MacLaren s.n., DAO). SCROPHULARIACEAE Verbascum phlomoides L. Dry field, Surrey, Queens Co. (20 July 1914, M.L. Fernald and H. St. John 1174, GH). Euphrasia borealis (Towns.) Wettst. (E. brevipila in part, E. stricta in part, x E. aegualis). By a lobster cannery in turf on top of the sea cliff, 1.6 km ( 1 mile) SW of North Point, Prince Co. (28 July 1953, D. Erskine 2166, DAO). Euphrasia stricta Wolf ex J.F. Lehmann. This taxon was dubiously reported in 1960 under E. rigidula. Listed from Prince Edward Island in a recent monograph by Sell and Yeo {in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 63: 189-234. 1970) based on a sheet from Bideford (8 Aug. 1948, A.R.A. Taylor, DAO). Scrophularia nodosa L. Vernon River, Queens Co. (3 July 1974, R.B. MacLaren, see Cody and MacLaren 1976). Also reported from Pownal (R. Curley, P.E.I. Dep. Agric, pers. comm.). RUBIACEAE Galium verum L. Port Hill, Prince Co. (5 Aug. 1975, R.B. MacLaren, DAO), and seen by MacLaren at Cove Head, Queens Co. VALERIANACEAE Valeriana officinalis L. Abundant and spreading at edge of churchyard, Rollo Bay, Kings Co. (5 July 1952, D.S. Erskine 1191 erndJ.E. Campbell, DAO), seen also at Murray River and Charlottetown. This species was reported from Rollo Bay and Murray River in the 1960 edition (p. 43) but was left out of the anno- tated list. LAMIACEAE Teucrium canadense L. In eelgrass wrack on upper salt marsh, Cavendish Narrows in the vicinity of Milligan's Wharf southeast of Freeland (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). ASTERACEAE Aster x blakei (Porter) House. Open boggy swampland above the spruce slope, 8 km (5 miles) west (by south) of Tignish, Prince Co. (29 July 1953, D. Erskine and A.J. Smith, 2222 2223, DAO). Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins (A. cana- densis, A. neglecta Greene var. randii (Fern.) Cronq.). Along fence, Heatherdale, Kings Co. (16 June 1948, J.M. Bruce, ACAD). Most other Antennaria collections from Prince Edward Island appear to be referrable to A. neodioica Greene ssp. neodioica (Bayer and Stebbins in Syst. Bot. 7(3): 300-313. 1982). Crepis tectorum L. Previously in square brackets because in 1961 it was doubtful that it was naturalized. Since then it has been found in several places and is apparently well established. The most recent collections are from Rustico Island (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). Bidens connata Muhl. Village of O'Leary (Fernald et al., GH). Included in the 1961 edition, but without a specimen. Also seen near Cherry Valley by D.S. Erskine. [Hieracium acuminatum Jordan]. Shown (as Hieracium lachenalii C.C. Gmel.) from the area of Dunk River in Prince Co. (Roland and Smith 1969). New localities for certain rare species TYPHACEAE Typha angusti folia L. Ross Corner, Prince Co. (1960, G.C. Cunningham). POACEAE Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Previously known only from the Dunk River estuary, this species has recently been found at Cavendish Narrows and Lennox Island, both in Prince Co. (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). xi Phalaris canariensis L. Cavendish, Prince Edward Island National Park (5 Sept. 1982, W.J. Cody 32189, DAO). FAGACEAE [Quercus robur L.] Spreading from cultivation at De Sable, Dunstaffnage, Orwell and Brudenell (D. McAskill, pers. comm.). CHENOPODIACEAE A triplex laciniata L. Miminegash (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus armeria L. Brackley Beach (Aug. 1982, D.S. Erskine, DAO). MALVACEAE Malva verticillata L. Cornwall (7 Oct. 1981, R.B. MacLaren, DAO). At edge of grainfield, Alexandra, Queens Co. (1976, F. Houston, P.E.I. Dep. Agric. Herb.). APIACEAE Angelica atropurpurea L. Murray River, Kings Co. (13 Aug. 1974, R.B. MacLaren, P.E.I. Dep. Agric. Herb., photo DAO, see Cody and MacLaren 1976). SOLANACEAE Hyoscyamus niger L. Miminegash (1919, Perry, ACAD). The listing of this species had been questioned and material evidence was lacking until the specimen at ACAD was recently located and confirmed. SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica persica Poiret. Malpeque, Prince Co. (22 July 1904, /. Fowler, DAO) and Chepstow, Kings Co. (15 Sept. 1980, D.S. Erskine, DAO). ASTERACEAE Tussilago farfara L. Indian Bridge, Bangor, Kings Co. (9 May 1974, R.B. MacLaren, DAO, P.E.I. Dep. Agric. Herb., Cody and MacLaren 1976) and abundantly naturalized on Lennox Island, Prince Co. (Aug. 1983, D.S. Erskine, DAO). Changes in status In addition to new records for the province and new records for certain rare species, the status of other species has changed appreciably since 1960. For exam- ple, Polygonum sachalinense (p. 140) is only an occasional escape and has not xii become established since the extensive colonies at Souris were destroyed. In con- trast, Bromus inermis (p. 66) and Daucus carota (p. 208) have become much more common and are now common throughout the province. With regard to cultivated vegetation (described previously on p. 31), the practice of making silage has become more common; the cultivation of corn and tobacco in the southeast (and locally elsewhere) has become common. Barley and mixed grain are now more widely grown. NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES There were two new combinations published in the first printing, namely Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze. var. rydbergii (Small) Erskine and Hudsonia x intermedia (Peck) Erskine. The effective publication date for these is 7 Feb. 1961. The combination Plantago juncoides Lam. var. decipiens (Barneoud) was incorrectly indicated as new (on p. 236). It has been recommended that certain family names be changed and the recommendation has been accepted by some recent authors. Included here are Poaceae to replace Gramineae, Brassicaceae to replace Cruciferae, Fabaceae to replace Leguminosae, Apiaceae to replace Umbelliferae and Asteraceae to replace Compositae. Since 1960, many systematists or a specific author (as indicated) have recom- mended various changes in scientific names and authorities. These recommended name changes are not all readily available and do not appear in many more recent publications. They are listed below alphabetically with the old name and author- ity first, followed by the proposed name and authority. References are included where they are particularly useful or explanatory. Although no distinction is made here between scientific name changes, which represent corrections (involving the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) , and changes reflecting a general change in taxonomic judgment, it is possible to follow up many of these changes using the references provided. Alisma triviale Pursh - Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. americana Schultes & Schultes, but A. triviale has been maintained by Pogan in Can. I. Bot. 41: 1011-1013. 1963 and by Bjorquist in Opera Bot. 19: 104-105. 1968. Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh var. mollis Fern. - Alnus viridis (Villars) Lamarck & DeCandolle ssp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill. See Furlow in Rhodora 81: 209. 1979. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. var. americana (Regel) Fern. - Alnus incana (Linnaeus) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen. See Furlow in Rhodora 81: 209. 1979. Ambrosia psilostachy a DC. var. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Farwell - Ambrosia psilo- stachya DC. See Bassett and Crompton in Can. J. Plant Sci. 55: 463-476. 1975. Antennaria petaloidea Fern. var. subcorymbosa Fern. - Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer & Stebbins. See Bayer and Stebbins in Syst. Bot. 7(3): 300-313. 1982. xiii Antennaria neodioica Greene var. attenuata Fern. - Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. neodioica . See Bayer and Stebbins in Syst. Bot. 7(3): 300-313. 1982. Antennaria neodioica Greene var. chlorophylla Fern. - Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. neodioica. See Bayer and Stebbins in Syst. Bot. 7(3): 300-313. 1982. Antennaria neodioica Greene var. neodioica - Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. neodioica. See Bayer and Stebbins in Syst. Bot. 7(3): 300-313. 1982. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. - Some recent authors use Elymus repens (L.) Gould or Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte. - Some recent authors use Elymus trachy- caulis (Link) Gould ex Shinners. The P.E.I, taxa are then subsp. trachy- caulis, subsp. major (Vasey) Tsvelev ( = A. trachycaulum var. majus) and subsp. novae-angliae (Scribner) Tsvelev (= A. trachycaulum var. novae- angliae). Agrostis palustris Huds. - Agrostis stolonifera L. Agrostis tenuis Sibth. - Agrostis capillaris L. Arenaria lateriflora L. - Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Arenaria groenlandica (Retz.) Spreng. - Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) Ostenf. Arenaria peploides L. var. robusta Fern. - Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. subsp. robusta (Fern.) Hulten. See McNeill in Rhodora 82: 495. 1980. Arenaria stricta Michx. - Minuartia michauxii (Retz.) Ostenf. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. - Arctium minus Berhn. Aster junciformis Rydb.- Some recent authors use Aster borealis (T. & G.) Provancher. Athyrium thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv. Some recent authors use Diplazium acrostichoides (Sw.) Butters. Atriplex patula L. var. hastata (L.) Gray - A. prostrata Buch. See Bassett, Crompton, McNeill and Taschereau in Agric. Can. Monogr. 31: 72 pp. 1983. Atriplex patula L. var. littoralis (L.) Gray - Atriplex littoralis L. See Bassett, Crompton, McNeill and Taschereau in Agric. Can. Monogr. 31: 72 pp. 1983. Atriplex sabulosa Rouy - Atriplex laciniata L. See Bassett, Crompton, McNeill and Taschereau in Agric. Can. Monogr. 31: 72 pp. 1983. Azalea canadensis Ktze. - Rhododendron canadense (L.) BSP. Betula lutea Michx. f. - Betula allegheniensis Britton. Brassica hirta Moench - Sinapis alba L. Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler - Sinapis arvensis L. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) P. Gaertner, B. Meyer, & Scherb. - Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler. Calopogon pulchellus (Sa)isb.) R. Br. - Calopogon tuberosus (L.) BSP. See Voss in Rhodora 68: 460. 1966. Carex abdita Bickn. - C. umbellata Willd. Carex angustior Mackenzie - Carex echinata Murray. See Reznicek and Ball in Univ. Mich. Herb. Contrib. 14: 153-203. 1980. Carex bebbii Olney - Carex bebbii (Bailey) Fern. See Voss in Rhodora 68: 451. 1966. Carex canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern. - Carex canescens L. ssp. disjuncta (Fern.) Toivonen. See Toivonen in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 18: 94. 1981. Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bick. - Carex echinata Murray ssp. echinata. See Reznicek in Univ. Mich. Herb. Contrib. 14: 153-203. 1980. xiv Carex hystricina Muhl. - Carex hystericina Willd. See Voss in Rhodora 68: 452. 1966. Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. - Carex rugosperma Mack. var. tonsa (Fernald) E.G. Voss. See Voss in Rhodora 68: 452. 1966. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. - Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. - Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. - Cinna latifolia (Goepp.) Griseb. Comandra richardsiana Fern. - sometimes included with C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. or C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. var. decumbens E.J. Hill. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. - Myrica asplenifolia L. Convolvulus sepium L. - Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. See Brumitt and Groves in Kew Bull. 36(2): 422. 1981. Cornus stolonifera Michx. - Cornus sericea L., possibly the correct name. Crataegus succulenta Schrad. - Crataegus succulenta Link. Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. - Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt. var. americana (Fisch.) Fern. - Dryopteris campyloptera (Kze.) Clarkson. Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt. var. spinulosa - Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs. Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt. var. iructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell. - Dryopteris x triploidea Wherry. Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt. var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. - Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray. Empetrum atropurpureum Fern. & Wieg. - Empetrum rubrum Vahl. var. atropur- pureum (Fern. & Wieg.) R. Good. Eragrostis poaeoides Beau v. - Eragrostis minor Host. See McNeill and Dore in Nat. Can. (Que.) 103: 533-567. 1976. Erigeron canadensis L. - Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Euphorbia supina Raf . - Euphorbia maculata L. See Mulligan and Lindsay in Nat. Can. (Que.) 105: 37-40. 1978. x Euphrasia aequalis Collen - Euphrasia borealis (Towns.) Wettst. Euphrasia americana Wettst. - Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. Euphrasia randii Rob. var. reeksii Fern. - Euphrasia randii Rob. var. randii. Euphrasia rigidula Jordan - Euphrasia stricta Wolf ex J.F. Lehmann. Festuca capillata Lam. - Festuca tenui flora Sibth. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake - G. quadriradiata Ruiz et Pavon. See Canne in Rhodora 79: 319-389. 1977. Gnaphalium macounii Greene - Gnaphalium viscosum HBK. Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. - Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindley. Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. - Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray - Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindley. Habenaria fimbriata (Ait.) R. Br. (not yet confirmed in P.E.I.) - Platanthera grandi- ilora (Bigelow) Lindley. Habenaria hookeri Torrey - Platanthera hookeri (Torrey) Lindley. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. - Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley. Habenaria lacera (Michx.) Lodd. - Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don. Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richards - Platanthera obtusata (Banks ex. Pursh) Lindley. xv Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torrey - Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindley. Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. - Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindley. Heracleum lanatum Michx. - Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. montanum (Schleicher ex Gaudin) Briquet in Shiny & R. Keller. See Brummit in Rhodora 73: 578-584. 1971. Hieracium pratense Tausch - Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. Hypericum boreale (Britton) Bickn. - Hypericum mutilum L. ssp. boreale (Britton) J.M. Gillett. See Gillett in Natl. Mus. Can. Publ. Bot. No. 11. 1981. Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern. - Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. ssp. fraseri (Spach) J.M. Gillett. See Gillett in Natl. Mus. Can. Publ. Bot. No. 11. 1981. Juncus alpinus Vill. - Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix in Villars. See Harriet- Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 341-342. 1980. Juncus effusus L. var. effusus - Juncus effusus L. ssp. effusus. See Harriet- Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. 1980. Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. - Juncus effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fern. & Wieg.) Hamet-Ahti. See Hamet-Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. 1980. Juncus effusus L. var. costulatus Fern. - Juncus pylaei Leharpe. See Hamet-Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. 1980. Juncus effusus var. compactus Lej. & Court. - Juncus effusus L. ssp. effusus. See Hamet-Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. 1980. Juncus effusus L. var. pylaie (Leharpe) Fern. & Wieg. - Juncus pylaie Leharpe. See Hamet-Ahti in Ann. Bot. Fenn. 17: 183-191. 1980. Lactuca scariola L. - Lactuca serriola L. Lappula myosotis Moench - Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Lychnis alba Mill. - Silene pratensis (Raf.) Godron & Gren. See McNeill and Prentice in Taxon 30(1): 27-32. 1981. Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fern. - Lycopodium digitatum A. Braun. Lycopodium complanatum L. - Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. Lycopodium inundatum L. - Lepidotis inundata (L.) C. Borner. Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh - Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm. Lycopsis arvensis L. - Anchusa arvensis (L.) Bieb. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter - Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP. - Malaxis unifolia Michx. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. - Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Nuphar variegata Engelm. - N. variegata Durand in Clinton. See Voss in Taxon 14(5): 154-160. 1965. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. ssp. dillenii sensu Eiten (in Am. Midi. Nat. 69(2): 257-309. 1963) - Oxalis stricta L. sensu Young (in Flora Europaea 2: 192. 1968) and Lourtieg (in Phytologia 42(2): 57-198. 1979). Oxalis stricta L. sensu Eiten (in Am. Midi. Nat. 69(2): 257-309. 1963) - Oxalis europaea Jordan in F.W. Schultz sensu Young in Flora Europaea 2: 192. 1968. Oxalis fontana Bunge var. fontana sensu Lourtieg in Phytologia 42(2): 57-198. 1979. Panicum boreale Nash - Dichanthelium boreale (Nash) Freckmann (Phytologia 39: 269. 1978). xvi Panicum depauperatum Muhl. var. psilophyllum Fern. - Panicum depauperatum Muhl. var. involution (Torr.) Wood. See Voss in Rhodora 68: 443. 1966. Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) See Gould in Brittonia 26: 59. 1975. Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. - Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & Clark. See Gould and Clark in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 65: 1088-1132. 1978. Panicum subvillosum Ashe - Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark var. acuminatum. See Gould and Clark in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 65: 1088-1132. 1978. Phragmites communis Trin. var. berlandieri (Fourn.) Fern. - Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. See Voss in Mich. Bot. 11: 31. 1972. Plantago juncoides Lam. var. decipiens (Lam.) Berneoud - Plantago maritima L. See Bassett in Agric. Can. Monogr. 7: 25. 1973. Plantago oliganthos Roem. & Schult. - Plantago maritima L. See Bassett in Agric. Can. Monogr. 7: 25. 1973. Polygonum allocarpum Blake is included with Polygonum fowleri Robins, by some recent authors. Polygonum aviculare L. Some authors refer to the eastern Canadian plants as P. monspeliense. See McNeill in Can. J. Bot. 59(12): 2744-2751. 1981. Rhinanthus crista-galli L. - Rhinanthus minor L. Rosa cinnamomea L. - Rosa majales J. Herrmann Salix gracilis Anders, var. textoris Fern. - Salix petiolaris Smith. See Ball in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 178-187. 1948. Salix rigida Muhl. - Salix eriocephala Michx. See Argus in Brittonia 32(2): 170-177. 1980. Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele - Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy. Scirpus americanus Pers. - Scirpus pungens Vahl. See Schuyler in Rhodora 76: 51-52. 1974. Silene cucubalus Wibel - Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Sonchus arvensis L. var. glabrescens Gunth., Grab. & Wimm. - Sonchus uliginosus Bieb. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo. - Stellaria media (L.) Vill. See Turkington in Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 981. 1980. Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fern. - Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Mog. - See McNeill et. al. in Rhodora 79: 133-138. 1977. Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson. - Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. ssp. dryopteris Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson. - Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt. Torreyochloa fernaldii (Hitchc.) Church. - Some recent authors include this taxon in Puccinellia , the name then being Puccinellia fernaldii (Hitchc.) E.G. Voss. See Voss in Rhodora 68: 445. 1966. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze. - Rhus radicans L. See Mulligan and Junkins in Nat. Can. (Que.) 105: 291-293. 1978 and McNeill in Nat. Can. (Que.) 108: 237-244. 1981. Trifolium agrarium L. - Trifolium aureum Pollich. Trifolium procumbens L. - Trifolium campestre Schreber. xvn Urtica gracilis Ait. - Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander. See Bassett, Crompton and Woodland in Can. J. Bot. 52: 503-516. 1974. Urtica procera Muhl. - Urtica dioica L. spp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander. See Bassett, Crompton and Woodland in Can. J. Bot. 52: 503-516. 1974. Zizania aquatica L. var. interior Fassett - Zizania palustris L. var. interior (Fassett) Dore. CORRECTIONS AND DELETIONS ISOETACEAE Isoetes riparia Engelm. The justifying specimens from Lake Verde and Glenfinnan Lake have been revised to /. macrospora Dur. ASPIDIACEAE Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. Included in the 1960 edition on the basis of a report by Roland (1947) but not included in the more up-to-date Roland and Smith (1969). No justifying specimen could be found. POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton gramineus L. Several attempts to relocate the marsh at Cherry Valley, where this species occurred, have failed. Because there are no voucher specimens it should be treated as unconfirmed and placed in square brackets. POACEAE Panicum subvillosum Ashe. Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Fern. The justifying speci- mens have been revised to Dichanthelium ovale (Ell.) Gould & Clark var. addissonii (Nash) Gould & Clark. See Gould and Clark in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 65: 1088-1132. 1978. See also under "New records." CYPERACEAE Carex atlantica Bailey (presumably ssp. atlantica). The justifying specimen from a swampy roadside ditch 1.6 km (1 mile) south of Murray River, Kings Co. (22 July 1953, D. Erskine and A.J. Smith 2133, DAO) has been revised to Carex wiegandii Mackenzie. See Reznicek and Ball in Univ. Mich. Herb. Contrib. 14: 153-203. 1980. Carex atlantica (Bailey) ssp. capillacea (Bailey) Reznicek. (= C. howei Mack). The mapping of C. howei in Prince Co. by Roland and Smith (1969, p. 158) is apparently based on a sheet at NSPM, collected at McNeill's Mills on Western Road (13 Aug. 1953, D. Erskine 2381 and A.J. Smith). The plants on this sheet, however, are clearly referrable to Carex interior Bailey. xvin Car ex umbellata Schkuhr. The only justifying specimens at DAO are from Brackley Beach and Brackley Point in Queens Co. In conformity with the trend toward restricting the name umbellata to the taxon with the relatively short-beaked, smaller perigynia (Voss in Mich. Flora, p. 287. 1972), these specimens are best referred to Carex rugosperma Mackenzie. JUNCACEAE J uncus compressus Jacq. This report is based on specimens of Juncus gerardh Loisel. See Stuckey in Can. Field-Nat. 95(2): 169. 1981. ORCHIDACEAE Platanthera grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindl. (= Habenaria hmbriata (Ait.) R. Br., H. grandiflora (Bigel.) Torr.). Erskine (1960) rejected previous reports of this species in P.E.I. , explaining that they were based on specimens of P. psycodes. The mapping for the Bay Fortune area by Roland and Smith (1969, p. 224) apparently rests on a specimen at ACAD collected in mixed woods at Bay Fortune, Kings Co. (29 luly 1954, H.E. Aitken 56). The relatively small sepals, deeply lobed and narrow lobes of the lip and oblong (instead of ovate) petals suggest that this plant is better referred to Platanthera x andrewsii (Niles) Luer (P. psycodes x P. lacera). Spiranthes lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames. This report is based on specimens of S. cernua (DAO). CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium rubrum L. This report is based on specimens of C. glaucum (DAO). NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea alba Ait. The collection from Charlottetown, Queens Co. (5 July 1952, D.S. Erskine, DAO) is lacking rhizomes. In the European plant, the leaves are reported to be crowded on the rhizome, whereas the North American plant has the leaves scattered. Other differences are less convincing. The reference to "leaves crowded" on the label refers to the surface of the water (D.S. Erskine, pers. comm.) rather than the rhizome. Until the Prince Edward Island material is studied in much more detail, we prefer to treat the plants previously referred to N. alba in Prince Edward Island as a larger cultivated form of N. odorata. BRASSICACEAE Nasturtium officinale R. Br. There are only two justifying specimens at DAO, both of which have been revised to N. microphyllum. See under vxNew records." xix HALORAGIDACEAE Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. Although not included in the annotated list, this species was listed in descriptions of freshwater communities on page 23. It should be deleted due to the absence of material evidence. GENTIANACEAE Nymphoides cordata (Ell.) Fern. ( = Limnanthemun cordatum (Ell.)). The mapping of this species in Queens Co. by Roland and Smith (1969, p. 582) is based on a sheet at ACAD (30 Aug. 1953, D. Erskine 2477), which has been revised to Nymphaea odorata Ait. based on the thin roundish and purple-tinged basal leaves and lack of glandular dots on the undersurface of the floating leaves. SCROPHULARIACEAE Euphrasia tetraquetra (Brebisson) Arrondeau (E. canadensis Towns.) Not listed for Prince Edward Island in recent revision by Sell and Yeo in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 63: 189-234. 1970. Only one specimen so labeled was found at DAO (Erskine 2491). This has been revised to E. nemorosa. OTHER CORRECTIONS Title page: the actual date of publication was 7 February 1961. page 7, lines 32 and 33: delete "Watson died about 1908" and replace with "Watson's botanical work ceased about 1908." page 12, line 40: The New Brunswick clayey till is not the parent material for the O'Leary clay loam; the latter is based on till from deeper shalier beds of the local bedrock exposed in the shallower western part of the sedimentary basin, page 19, line 9: The percentages were derived from figures for potential agricul- tural land (farmland) and are incorrect because this was not equivalent to total land area, even in the Central Upland, page 29, line 11: delete "nashu"; insert "nashii." page 33, line 13 and following: The fact of a probable land bridge connecting Prince Edward Island with the mainland (Kranck 1970) represents another means of post-Wisconsin migration, page 35, line 38: The statement relating to Pilea pumila must be dropped because it has now been found in northern Nova Scotia, page 36, line 10: The sentence beginning "Thus ..." is not entirely reasonable because it does not rule out the possibility of relicts after the destruction of presettlement forest habitat, page 37, line 2: insert "do not" after "which." page 37, line 2: delete "35"; insert "135." page 37, line 5: delete "Pilea pumila/' page 43, line 33: delete "Teucrium canadense" because it has recently been found. See under "New records." xx page 50, line 19: delete "marginale") insert "marginalis." page 54, between lines 22 and 23: insert "PINACEAE." page 56, line 6: delete "and"; insert uan." page 56, line 33: delete "Scoria"; insert "Scotia"; delete second "a" of "Hackamatack." page 74, line 5: delete "FUBETTE"; insert "FINETTE." page 118, line 32: delete "provincial emblem" under "Cypripedium reginae Walt." With the floral emblem act in 1947 the provincial legislative assembly of Prince Edward Island established the lady's-slipper orchid as the province's floral emblem. Of the three species of lady's-slipper found in the province, the floral emblem became the showy lady's-slipper, Cypripedium reginae. This plant was shown on the cover of the 1960 edition of the Plants of Prince Edward Island. A few years later not enough of this species could be found in the province to make a display for the Fathers of Confederation Building in Charlottetown. The showy lady's-slipper had always been scarce and largely restricted to the western part of Prince County. Therefore it became apparent that the showy lady's-slipper was not the best choice for the pro- vincial floral emblem. In 1965 a more precise and appropriate botanical name was included in an amendment to the floral emblem act: the stemless lady's-slipper, also called the moccasin flower, Cypripedium acaule Ait., shown on the front cover of this edition. page 128, line 31: "Nuts...;" replace with "Nuts formerly gathered and eaten." page 142, line 15: delete "Launching." page 152, line 11: delete "variegatum"; insert "variegata." page 154, line 23: transfer Map 408 to line 26. page 176, line 18: delete "Bailey)"; insert "Blanchard; R. canadensis var. pergratus (Blanchard) Bailey, Roland)." page 176, lines 19 and 20: delete "R. canadensis... Roland)." page 185, map 517: delete "var. linearis." page 192, line 14: delete square brackets. page 194, line 5 from bottom: delete square brackets. page 210, line 28: delete comma from "(DC), Domin." page 220, line 22: delete square brackets and apply to line 27. page 234, line 11: delete "southwestern"; insert "southeastern." page 236, line 13: delete "n. comb., based"; insert "Fern..." page 254, line 23: remove square brackets; delete "if present"; insert "West Prince." page 262, line 12: delete second "a" of "Tragopogan" and replace with "o." ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate correspondence from D. McAskill and I. MacQuarrie. A. A. Reznicek and B. Crins provided many helpful comments. V.R. Brownell, S. Varga and D.A. Metsger assisted in field studies. xxi REFERENCES Anderson, T.W. 1980. Holocene vegetation and climatic history of Prince Edward Island, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 17: 1152-1165. Cody, W.J. and R.B. MacLaren. 1976. Additions and rediscoveries of five plant species in Prince Edward Island. Can. Field-Nat. 90: 53-54. Kranck, K. 1972. Geomorphological development and post-Pleistocene sea level changes, Northumberland Strait, Maritime Provinces. Can. J. Earth Sci. 9: 835-844. Prest, V.K. 1973. Surficial deposits of Prince Edward Island. Geol. Surv. Can. Map 1366A (with descriptive notes). Roland, A.E. and E.C. Smith. 1969. The flora of Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Museum. 746 pp. P.M. Catling D.S. Erskine R.B. MacLaren xxii PUBLICATION 1088 DECEMBER 1960 THE PLANTS of PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND by David S. Erslcine Plant Research Institute Research Branch CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 5 Procedure of Field Survey 5 History of Botanical Investigation 6 Acknowledgments 10 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE ISLAND AND ITS VEGETATION 11 Physical Features: climate, geology, soils, drainage 11 Vegetational Features: historical origin 14 VEGETATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 15 Previous Knowledge of Vegetation 15 Associations 1. Forest 17 2. Fresh-water communities 22 3. Bog communities 25 4. Maritime associations 26 5. Cultivated vegetation 29 PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 33 Absence and Presence 33 Local Distribution 35 Summarizing Statistics 37 REFERENCES 38 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 40 INDEX OF FAMILY NAMES 268 THE PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND INTRODUCTION An annotated list of the plants of Prince Edward Island, besides fulfilling a long-felt want, may serve many interests. Sources of information on the flora are at present limited to very incomplete, privately published lists without indication of the distribution of the species. "The Island," as inhabitants call the province, is a predominantly agricultural area; 87% of its land surface is farmland. Thus, the survey may serve the needs of those who want to know what wild plants are present that may serve as hosts to fungus or insect diseases of crop plants, or what noxious weeds are present that should be stamped out. At the same time, a survey of the plants serves the broader interests of plant geographers who wish to know what species occur and how far agriculture has modified the natural flora As only a dozen of the species present are not included in Roland's Flora of Nova Scotia (1945), and the Grasses of Nova Scotia by Dore and Roland (1942), keys for identification and descriptive notes are superfluous. Victorin's Flore Laurentienne (1935) is also applicable to the area, but, however, it includes a smaller proportion of the Island's species. Comprehensive for the entire maritime area are the eighth edition of Gray's Manual of Botany (1950), and Gleason's edition of Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora (1952), either of which must be resorted to for new additions to the flora, but which seldom give any indication of the presence or absence of a species from the Island itself. Procedure of Field Survey The survey was projected and initiated by the Botany Division, of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, and carried out in the summers of 1952 and 1953 by the author under the guidance of W.G. Dore, and in 1953 with the field assistance of A.J. Smith of Macdonald College. A base of operations was set up at the Science Service Laboratory at Charlottetown, but limited transportation and the expanse of the Island made the establishment of field bases essential. These were set up for periods of two to seven days at towns and villages in the country: at Alberton, Hunter River, Wood Islands, Wellington, Souris (twice), Dalvay, O'Leary and Brackley Beach in the first year; at Tignish (twice), O'Leary (twice), Bideford, Wellington, DeSable, Sea View, Hunter River, Cavendish, Brackley Beach, Souris (twice) and Murray River, the second. It was planned as far as possible to cover each apparently significant region twice at different parts of the season. Although walking is the only means of progression permitting collection of plants, bus, train and car were used to expand the radius of exploration at each center; all-day trips from Charlottetown through the country or to a given locality often proved very profitable. On car or train, a list of sight records was kept in the manner described by Groh (1927) for his weed survey. At first, collecting of specimens took precedence; our objective was to obtain a complete set of the Island species in triplicate. As this phase approached completion, sight records and novelties became more important, the former filling in the natural distribution pattern of common species in the Island, the latter adding rare species. Collected specimens were made to conform to the size of the standard herbarium sheet, 17 by 11 inches. Plants of a herbaceous nature were excavated to show underground structures. The specimens were dried in newsprint folders between blotters in a plant press aerated by corrugates and set over infra-red bulbs on a collapsible aluminum support. This device did a thorough job of drying in 24 hours in all but the most succulent plants. Records as to locality, habitat, distinctive features and date of collection of the specimens were kept on numbered field labels. The sight records were kept by locality and transferred to taxonomic order by using initials of locality against a checklist. On the distribution maps, collections were indicated by solid discs, sight records by open circles. The prepared specimens resulting from the work of the survey, some 1800 collections in all, were distributed in sets as follows: first or "master" set, retained for preservation in the herbarium of the Botany Division, Ottawa; second set, to Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.; third, fourth and fifth sets, less complete, to the University of Montreal, the British Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanic Garden. Small maps similar to those in this publication were reproduced photographically in five copies and affixed to the first five sets of specimens. A representative set (one of each species) was placed in the Science Service Laboratory, Charlottetown. Excess replicates have been dis- tributed variously. Previously, knowledge of the flora of Prince Edward Island was summarized from three sources, herbarium specimens, published lists and conversations with the local amateurs of botany. All herbaria of significance were consulted. The information, kept in loose-leaf files, recorded all data on locality, habitat and collection. These loose-leaf files are being preserved at Ottawa. The list at the end of the historical section presents the distribution of Prince Edward Island specimens in herbaria. History of Botanical Investigations The development of botanical knowledge of the Island has taken twc separate courses: that acguired by botanists of universities and museums outside the province and that by local amateurs. It began late and developed haltingly. The first native worker in botany was the general naturalist Francis Bain of York Point near Charlottetown, better known as a geologist and author of The Natural History of Prince Edward Island (1890), a minute school book which treats the plants in 44 pages, family by family, with occasional details of occurrence and habitat for conspicuous species and with entries such as "five asters" for less easily distinguished species. To discover which "five asters" were intended, one has to turn to the privately published list of the Island flora by John MacSwain and Francis Bain (1891). This list included 430 vascular plants. A supplement was printed in 1892 and another in 1894, the year of Bain's death. In 1888, John Macoun, Botanist to the Geological Survey, made the first major plant collection from the Island while based at Brackley Beach with his honeymooning son. He collected at Tignish, Charlottetown, Mount Stewart and Tracadie, East Point and Lake Verde, concentrating however at Brackley Point. The specimens are now at the National Museum, Ottawa. The published records of this collection are included in Macoun's Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Vol. 5, 1890, with the pteridophytes treated by Burgess who credited Bain with the Island records. The son, James M. Macoun, published additional notes on some of these specimens in the Canadian Journal of Science (1895). A few notable collections were made for the National Museum by the geologist W.J. Wilson, as assistant to Robert Chalmers on the first Pleistocene geology survey of the Island in 1892-3. The next chapter of exploration is delineated by the Island botanist Lawrence W. Watson, of Charlottetown. The interest in violets arising from the species-splitting of the American botanist E.L. Greene spread to Ottawa, to the younger Macoun and to James Fletcher of the Department of Agriculture, and so to Watson on whom they called for Maritime material. Live material of Viola adunca supplied to the experimental student of violets, Ezra Brainerd in Vermont, by Watson became the type of V. adunca var. glabra; an odd white form of a blue violet was named V . Watsoni by Greene, and the V. incognita of the Island was named V. nesiotica by Greene, all names since discarded. In 1901, the visit of the amateur J.R. Churchill of Massachusetts to Summerside and Tracadie included a collecting trip with Watson and added several species to the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club. In 1904 Fletcher stopped briefly in Charlottetown to collect a few violets. For two summers (1902 and 1903) Watson was employed by the National Museum as a collector of fossils and plants in the Island, but his projected flora of the Island was never prepared and his collections sent to Macoun for identification were discarded. Letters containing some of Macoun's replies are in the possession of H.A. Messervy of Charlottetown. Watson died about 1908. About this time, the vogue of Spotton's High School Botany in Toronto led to its adaptation for Island use by MacSwain (1907). Descriptions were taken over, plants not known from the Island weie dropped from the MacSwain and Bain list and the few added by Watson included, to make a net total of 430 vascular plants. Copies of MacSwain' s list were kept and annotated by the amateurs who later were to revise it. Meanwhile, the rising tide of amateur botany in New England produced its synthesist in M.L. Fernald of Harvard University. The theory of persistence of plants through the later Ice Ages in the Gulf of St. Lawrence area on unglaciated "nunataks" or refugia was already forming in his mind when Robert Chalmers' conclusion that at least central Prince Edward Island had escaped glaciation drew his attention to this province. In 1912 and 1914 with Harold St. John as assistant and, for a brief space in 1912 with Long and Bartram of Philadelphia as companions, he made the most extensive collection for the Island, 713 duplicate specimens of which were deposited at the National Museum. It seems likely that the Island rather failed to fulfill Fernald's hopes of finding relict preglacial elements, for apart from incidental notes on certain coastal or marsh- dwelling species, no account of the trip was published. Thus, until the eighth edition of Gray's Manual appeared (1950), his finds were unknown to Island botanists. Blythe Hurst, the sage of Smelt Creek near Brackley Point, was the next naturalist of note. To him as the columnist Agricola of the Char lot tetown Guardian came the notes of the younger collectors: first, H.A. Messervy of Charlottetown, whose travels covered most of the Island, and R.R. Hurst, plant pathologist in charge of the Science Service Laboratory, recording many new introductions, then others. The MacSwain list, shorn of all descriptions and records of occurrence, was revised by Blythe Hurst to include these additions and "corrected" according to the nomenclature of Gray's Manual, seventh edition of 1907, as "A New Flora of Prince Edward Island", published in the Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute (1933). Of particular significance to the Island botanists was the weed survey of the Island made by Herbert Groh of the federal Department of Agriculture in 1926. His survey, published in Scientific Agriculture for 1927, listed from sight records the occurrence of introduced, weedy or poisonous plants, by the number out of 55 Lots visited in which he had seen them. Some 200 specimens were added to the herbarium of the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. At the same time, a visit from M.O. Malte, the botanist of the National Museum, added only specimens. Malte, like Fernald, projected a flora of the Gulf of St. Lawrence — Maritime region, but both abandoned them. John Adams of the Division of Botany, Ottawa, published in 1937 an article with additions to Hurst's 1933 list, increased by the sedges (records mostly taken from Mackenzie's monograph) and a few grasses. These groups remained the weakest links in Hurst's privately printed 1940 revision of his own list. He supplemented this last "New Flora" in 1941, and listed other new discoveries in his newspaper column, "Newsy Notes by Agricola," down to 1946. Blythe Hurst died in 1951. Specimens collected by Blythe Hurst, R.R. Hurst and Messervy which had not made their way to the Department of Agriculture herbarium at Ottawa were destroyed by the fire that razed the Science Service Laboratory at Charlottetown in that year. A revision, including as new these records and the results of a week's weed survey by J. Bassett in 1950, and with nomenclature corrected by the eighth edition of Gray's Manual (1950) was mimeographed by the Science Service Laboratory in 1952, and is referred to as "Campbell 1952" in the synonymy. In 1945, first Dore and Gorham in June collected 122 specimens in the Island during the course of a botanical investigation of pastures through the Maritimes, then in August Dore and Roland spent three intense days gathering 338 unicates in the eastern part of the province. Only six of these latter, kept 8 separate, escaped the fire which destroyed Roland's herbarium at Truro soon afterwards. Perhaps the impression gained of the inadequacy of Hurst's list coupled with this stroke of fate prompted the conception of the present project. Then Acadia University at Wolfville received Warren's early herbarium (1902-6) from North River built up with encouragement of Watson. Under E.C. Smith's curatorship, Acadia continued to receive specimens: of McGowan from Kilmuir, of Bruce from Heatherdale, of Aitken from Bay Fortune, etc. Some data on these and other preserved collections and their disposition in herbaria may be tabulated as follows: Adams, John (1936), Summerside and Brackley Beach; basis for additions to Hurst's 1933 list (DAO) 34 Aitken, H.E. (1950), Bay Fortune, Kings County, a student collection (AU) 33 Anderson, E.G. (1951), Charlottetown and Summerside; weed collection (DAO) 12 Bassett, J. (1950), a week's wide-ranging ragweed survey and general collection (DAO) 186 Blanchard, W.H. (1909), materials for a study of the Blackberries (Can) 7 Bruce, J.M. (1948-9), a general collection from southern Kings County (AU) 129 Campbell, J.E. (1952-3). additions to the Floristic Survey (DAO) 28 Campbell, Sterling (1938), wild plants (private collection) 18 Churchill, J.R. (1901), Summerside and Tracadie, general, mainly at Harvard University (DAO, Can) 7 Dore, W.G. (1945), two general collections, one of 122 specimens with E. Gorham, one of 338 with A.E. Roland, ail but 6 of the latter lost by fire (DAO, Dal, AU, etc.) 128 Eastham, J.W. (1912), near Orwell, Queens County (DAO) 3 Erskine, D.S. (1951 to 1954, 1956), two large general collections, some of the first with W.G. Dore, most of the latter with A.J. Smith, the basis of the present report (DAO, AU, Mtl. NY, BM# PEI, NSMS, etc.) 1847 Erskine, J.S. (1955), two-day general collection (NSMS) 36 Fernald, M.L. (1912, 1914), two large general collections made with H. St. John and for part of 1912 with B. Long, the major part at Harvard University, many cited specimens (Can) 713 Fletcher, James (1904), casual collection made at Charlottetown, Brackley Beach and Summerside on official Trip (DAO) 13 Fyles, Faith (1915), small set of weedy or poisonous plants, mostly from Summerside as part of Government project (DAO) 24 Groh, Herbert (1926), 56 weed-survey coliections and (1929, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1937, 1940) 24 small casual additions (DAO) 80 Haviland, Margaret (nee Grubbe) (1853), the first collection, casual (Kew) 3Q Hurst, Blythe (1926-44), occasional specimens sent for determination (DAO) 21 Hurst, R.R. (1928-45), occasional specimens sent for determination (DAO) 9 Kerr, Robert (1949), student collection at Ellerslie (AU) 21 Leard, G.A. (1951), specimens from around Souris sent for identification (DAO) 7 Macoun, John (1888), first major general collection (Can) 395 Malte, M.O. (1°26), general collection made in preparation for flora of the Maritimes (Can) 99 McGowan, L.J. (1950), student collection from Kilmuir area (AU) 20 Messervy, H.A. (1938), orchids sent to Ottawa (DAO) 6 Perry, H.G. (1919), incidental to Fisheries work at large (AU) 6 Power, E.E. (1950), York and Bideford, incidental to nematode work (DAO) 26 Scott, R.V. (1948), student collection from Ellerslie, incidental to fisheries work (AU) 19 Smith, M.W. (1940, 1953), mainly aquatics, in preparation for fisheries ecology (DAO) 33 Taylor, A.R.A. (1948), small general teaching collection, mainly from near Ellerslie, incidental to fisheries work (UNB) 55 Warren, A. Emerson (1911), New Glasgow area (DAO) 7 Warren, G.C. (1902-06), North River, Queens County general herbarium (AU) 136 Watson, L.W. (1901-04), Charlottetown area and violets (Can) 9 Wilson, W.J. (1893), small set incidental to geological work (Can) 5 Miscellaneous: collected by visiting firemen, Science Service employees, or sent in for advice by farmers (DAO) 39 Total specimens available in Canadian herbaria 4241 Acknowledgments The list of acknowledgments can never be complete, but for the kindness of all those who helped in the project the author extends many thanks. To the systematic staff of the Botany Division at Ottawa thanks for the assistance with taxonomic questions, and to Doctors H.A. Senn and W.G. Dore for the continuance of the project when it seemed most unlikely to reach fruition (1954); to the staff of the National Museum for allowing me to catalogue and examine their set of Fernald's and Macoun's Prince Edward Island specimens at weekends and Christmas in 1952; to Dr. Smith at Acadia and Dr. Taylor at the University of New Brunswick for access to their herbaria; and to Doctors Sampson and Wood for looking up records at Harvard for me. To the staff of the Science Service Laboratory of Charlottetown, most of all, thanks for their interest in the work, 10 such that there was no one who did not at one time or another assist in trans- porting us to the field, and for the use of their facilities, in particular to Mr. Hurst (whose photographs illustrate the report) and Mr. Campbell on whom the previous burden fell heaviest. To Mr. H.A. Messervy of Charlottetown, who gave me access to all his manuscript notes and to Watson's letters from Macoun, and drove us on several of our collecting trips; to Blythe Hurst, Jr., for giving me access to his father's manuscripts; the late Dr. G.C. Warren of Sydney, Nova Scotia, for the use of his MacSwain-Spotton with the MacSwain & Bain list, and for helpful correspondence; thanks. To Mr. G.A. Leard of Souris, Mr. & Mrs. Alton Webb of O'Leary, Mr. Sterling Campbell of Cavendish who drove and guided us to good localities and rare plants; to Mr. R. Found of the Fisheries Station at Ellerslie, Mr. V. Henderson of the Entomology Division, Mr. W. Profitt, the Assistant Provincial Forester, for assistance with transportation and exploration, many thanks. For the general guidance of the project, the preparation of the plot maps, selection of photographs and reading of the manuscript, Dr. Dore is deserving of much credit. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE ISLAND AND ITS VEGETATION Physical Features Prince Edward Island, a crescent-shaped island lying to the south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, has a length of about 145 miles and an area of about 2100 square miles, and lies about 9 miles from New Brunswick and 14 from Nova Scotia at the nearest points. Its situation in latitudes from 45° 57'N to 47° gives a cool temperate climate with freezing winters and moderately warm summers, means ranging from 17°F for February to 67°F for July at the Experimental Farm, Charlottetown. Proximity to the sea modifies temperatures from the extremes of New Brunswick, but less so than if Nova Scotia were not interposed between it and open ocean. Drift ice accumulating in the Gulf circulates through the Northumberland Strait and, more especially, around the northern shores of the Island before finding its exit at Cabot Strait. This cooling delays the spring; the average date of the last frost at Charlottetown is May 13 but there is variation of as much as a fortnight either way. However, the sea also delays autumn frost till mid-October (average), giving the Island the longest frost-free season (180 days) of the Maritimes except the southwestern parts of Nova Scotia. Locally, climate varies from being more maritime in the east to more continental in the west. Summer heat is higher in the west. Rainfall (including snowfall reduced to equivalent rainfall) is fairly even throughout the year, least in spring and heaviest in fall (from 2.8 inches in April to 4.6 inches in December). The average precipitation of 43 inches is sufficient to class the climate as humid, but above-average summer temperatures make for some summer drought. Snow falls throughout the frost season, lying from the beginning of December to late March, but more or less complete thaws In January are of almost annual occurrence. 11 Geologically, the Island consists of a more or less uniform Permo- Carboniferous bedrock, slightly folded, eroded and overlain by deposits of Pleistocene (Ice) age which form the basis of the present soils. The bedrock is predominantly sandstone, but with interbedded shales and a very few small pockets of limestone (Park Corner, Crown Point, Miminegash). The shales are most conspicuous where the sandstone of a fold-produced dome has been eroded away to form Hillsborough Bay, so that a sandstone escarpment from Nine Mile Creek to Point Prim surrounds the shales of greater age. Many of the springs in the uplands are located at the contact of sandstone with impervious clay. A small Trias sic igneous rock area occurs at Hog Island off Malpegue. Pleistocene ice, though it hardly shaped the form of Prince Edward Island, brought foreign clay and stones, distributed local material into new forms and disrupted drainage. As the historical geology of this period in the Island is now being studied intensively by the Canadian Geological Survey, only tentative hypotheses accounting for the changes wrought by ice may be made. Ice from New Brunswick brought some calcareous and clay till from far beyond the Northumber- land Strait; ice possibly from Cape Breton and of late Wisconsin age may be responsible for foreign material in the till of the eastern coast. The major ice movement must have been from the west onto the Island; following the long axis of the Island, it would rapidly have become heavy with the soft easily eroded sandstone and shale of the Island, so that most till east of the Northumberland Strait slope of western Prince County is sandy and of local origin. Western Prince was part of an area depressed by the weight of ice which became submerged by the sea to heights of 75 feet above present sea level between the time melting ice left it bare and the time the earth's crust resumed its normal level. The present uplands there are thus flanked by terraces, often of beach gravels, while former barrier-beach ponds have become present day bogs (e.g. the large East Bideford Bog and the "Black Marsh" at North Point). Submerged peat of postglacial age is found along the southeastern coast at localities from Charlottetown round to Launching, and with the submerged forest stumps of the Queens Clay coast, indicates that for a time after the retreat of the ice the Strait was at least narrower and shallower by some 20 feet than at present. Assuming that the depression of western Prince by ice was accompanied by a corresponding rise in the eastern end of the island, there may have been a land bridge to Nova Scotia. In the section on phytogeography, we conclude that it perhaps had very slight significance in the formation of the present flora. The soils of the Island have developed since the Ice Age on these diverse geological types. On the Central Uplands and their outliers, deeper, more finely grained soils have been formed, the Alberry fine sandy loam and the Charlottetown fine sandy loam. The New Brunswick clayey till produced the O'Leary clay loam; the exposed clays of the Hillsborough Bay area, the Queens clay. On the kames and eskers, dry sandy soils developed (Dunstaffnage sandy loam), and on the postglacial beaches of western Prince, the Kildare sandy loam. Where the Cape Breton lobe scraped off the old weathered layer, the dry thin Culloden sandy 12 loam developed. The poorly drained phases occupy the only other large areas, the Egmont clay loam corresponding to the O'Leary, the Armedale to the Charlotte- town and the sand loams. SOILS CULLODEN SANDY LOAM DUNSTAFFNAGE SANDY LOAM KILDARE SANDY LOAM + + 1 - ARMEDALE SANDY LOAM 1+E+l - EGMONT CLAY LOAM Generalized soil map of Prince Edward Island (Based on Whiteside, 1950). Drainage, controlling as it does both the type of soil and the types of plant cover developed at each site, is of first importance as an ecological factor. The Island has low summits of under 500 feet above sea level, but short slopes to the sea or rivers give most areas adequate drainage. Thus we may with reason speak of a Central Upland although its summits south of Fredericton lie at 480 feet at most. From this center the highest divides lie in a line almost parallel to the Prince-Queens county line from Park Corner to Bonshaw. These are the well- drained hardwood hills. As the long slopes, consequently, lie to the east and west, it is on the lower broader divides running in these directions, that the nearest small swamps or bogs occur. East of the Covehead Road the upland shades off altogether at heights of 100 to 125 feet. South of Montague River and Orwell Bay, hilly country rises to an upland with summits at 400 feet near Iona and 425 at Caledonia; there are short slopes to the south and west, longer ones toward the north and east. A fringe of lowland surrounds the hills; extensive swamps parallel Murray River, both to north and south. East of the Hillsborough River the low sandy lands are cut off from the sea by the Pownal escarpment which, with heights of 150 to 300 feet, diverts drainage to the long slopes toward the river. The lakes of this area are scarcely 13 drained at all, their waters filtering through swamps toward the headwaters of creeks tributary to the Hillsborough. From Fort Augustus and Pisguid eastward, the hills form a belt subdivided by the valleys of northward-draining rivers, while from Souris to Boughton River or even Montague River, the only well- drained land is on the seaward ends of the southern peninsulas separated by southeastward-draining valleys. Thus, within these fringes of hills, there are extensive swamps and large poorly-drained areas. The way in which the southeastern-directed valleys are the site of the Dunstaffnage kames and eskers suggests that drainage toward this side may have been impeded by glacial deposits. The large northeastern peninsula resembles the smaller southeastward ones in having better drained areas nearer the tip and large swamps on the gradual slopes of its broader base. In western Prince (i.e., west of Summerside and the Miscouche isthmus) two NE-SW trending divides are the main feature; one, the backbone of West Prince (i.e., west of Portage), lies near and parallel to the northwest coast and reaches heights of 175 feet; the other, reaching only 125 feet, lies transversely across Central Prince from Abrams Village to Bideford. Central Prince north of this ridge includes the largest area of poorly drained Egmont soils, the second large area of the Egmont lying south of it toward the Miscouche isthmus. In western Prince the lower summits make for poor drainage except where the seaward ends of valleys have cut ravines. Lesser streams have often cut down fairly easily into the postglacial clays found below 75 feet, becoming wide, slow, and bordered by an alluvial flat suitable for alder thicket. Eastward, stonier alluvium is found along the larger north-flowing streams (Hunter River, Winter River, Indian River). Coastlines in the Island appear widely different, the North Shore with its wide crescentic sweep and great bays all barred by sand islands built by the Gulf currents, the South Shore with its three great southwest-facing bays of muddy shores. The east coast with its many estuaries tending to be barred by sand spits is an open Gulf coast like the North, though more sheltered. Any appreciable depth of sand along the shore tends to become windblown into dunes, usually by onshore winds and so parallel to the coast, but also by longshore winds that cross-pile them. Vegetational Features The vegetational history of the Island is, at best, hypothetical until analyses may be made of peat and lake-sediment samples for fossil pollen. However, the changing distribution of land and sea areas and the fluctuations of the climate of eastern North America have been the most significant factors, and the waning of the fourth (Wisconsin) ice sheet the point of departure. In Gaspe and western Newfoundland, mountains may have stood above the ice at its maximum extent; but on the Island, with its greatest relief only 500 feet, nunataks cannot have existed. The possibility of plants having survived the glaciation on the Island depends on whether the Central Upland really was 14 unglaciated. On the Island occur none of those species whose characteristic distribution suggests localized survival. Secondly, Hulten propounded a hypo- thesis that the continental shelf, bare during glaciation, has served as a refugium during the Ice Age. If so, the Laurentian (Gulf) endemics of coastal habitat may have reached the Island thence as the ice melted away and the sea advanced. As the ice accumulated, it depressed the continent beneath it. As it shrank through melting, the continent returned to its normal level strip by strip, each released along what is called a 'hinge-line.' One hinge lay across Prince Edward Island: consequently as the ice melted back toward New Brunswick, the sea temporarily inundated the depressed portions of Prince County to as much as 75 feet above present sea level. At the same time, by reason of a contemporaneous hinge, the sea covered southern New Brunswick and Maine. But with so much of the world's water in the form of ice, the continental shelf was extensive above sea level, and a migration route along the Atlantic Coastal Plain brought southern plants to Nova Scotia. Here too, the effect on the flora of the Island has been very slight, but a few of the bog plants must have used this route. The relatively fresh waters of this postglacial sea gave its coasts as a migration route to estuarine plants: only one (Samolus) occurs of those discussed in this connection by Fassett. However, a few of the coastal plants which entered the Great Lakes along postglacial shores must have arrived at the Island about this time. Interest- ingly enough, two of the salt marsh plants of the Bay of Fundy reach their northern limits in Bedeque and Hillsborough Bays, suggesting migration by such a continuous inner coastal route. The forests of Prince Edward Island, part of the 'Acadian Forest' of the present, seem to have arrived in two waves of invasion. The Boreal element is general and well represented: predominantly of conifers, white and black spruce, jack pine, larch, and balsam fir, with white birch and mountain ash, it is the only forest of the North Shore and the bogs. It may have had 7000 years to cross the waters of the postglacial sea and its shrunken remnants, or have entered by land from Nova Scotia. At least its representation in the Island is rather complete. The northern deciduous forest element, represented by the "northern hardwoods" (beech, sugar maple, yellow birch) and by white pine, hemlock and red spruce, which forms the climax forest of the uplands, shows a full quota of tree species but very little of the herbaceous "spring flora" so characteristic of the mainland hardwoods. This reached its greatest extent during the 'thermal maximum' about 3000 years ago, almost certainly after the Island had become isolated by Nor- thumberland Strait. VEGETATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Previous Knowledge of Vegetation Our source of information regarding the nature of the vegetation before 1800 is confined mainly to the kind of notes made by travelers. Since 1820, visitors to Prince Edward Island have seldom felt that their observations could 15 add anything to our knowledge of its plant cover. The early French records are presented by Harvey (1926). Jacques Cartier, the discoverer, in 1534 found the "treeless lands" of the North Shore covered by "pease. . . and wild oats like rye, one would say sown and tilled," the Lathyrus japonic us and Elymus mollis of sandy beaches, by "white [?] and red gooseberry bushes, strawberries, raspberries," Ribes hirtellum, Fragaria >vir- giniana and Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus indicating an early stage in succession on cleared or burnt land. The forest was composed of "cedars, yew trees [balsam fir?], pines, white elms, ash trees, willows, others unknown to us [Europeans]." This association of Thuja occidentalism Abies halsamea (?), Pinus strobus, Ulmus americana, Fraxinus americana, Salix spp., marks his landing as in western Prince. Nicolas Denys in the middle seventeenth century regarded "firs" as dominant, as conifers are on most of the lowlands, and remarked on the presence of beech and birch. These latter, Fagus grandifolia and probably its associate Betula lutea, are part of the characteristic upland vegetation. Gotteville, founder in 1720 of Fort LaJoie near Rocky Point, noted the local association of oak," cherry, beech and pines of mast size" (Quercus rubra var. borealis, Prunus sp. , Fagus, Pinus strobus), which may be found even now in the woods on the grounds at Riverside near Charlottetown. Quercus rubra was known from the North Shore as large groves near Tracadie and mixed with Pinus strobus at Malpeque. Gaudet (1956) summarizes some later observations beginning with that of Rochon (1759). Rochon noted a large grove of cedar between Malpeque and Cascumpeque, made up of "two kinds, red and white" — a valid distinction among spruce and pine, common though invalid in hemlock, but locally unheard of in cedar. Probably he referred to the spruce, since he maintained that the "incense" (gum) of the red was chewed among the Acadians. Lord Selkirk in 1792 distinguished the hardwood and the pine communities, too: "The most common species of timber are beech and maple, . . . frequently intermixed [with] birch of different kinds, spruce, firs and other species of the pine tribe," but "in some places, the pines entirely predominate, this . . . indicating a soil of an inferior quality." Johnstone (1820) remarked that Prince Edward Island was "one entire forest of wood," listed the prevalent hardwoods (with elm included, oddly enough) and softwoods, and noted that "promiscuous" mixtures of hard and softwood were to be found in places while in other parts clumps of a particular kind were found by themselves. Major Pollard (1898) spoke of virgin forest of evergreen "firs" mixed with oak, birch, maple, ash and poplar, and of majestic pine and hemlock growing amid an undergrowth of hazel, alder, aspen, juniper (i.e. larch), cedar, and tangled brambles. Stewart (1806), classifying land by its vegetation type as to degree of suitability for settlement, generalized the ecology of the central upland and its eastern borders: 16 "on the best land, maple {.Acer saccharum. A. rubrurn], beech [Fagus], black and yellow birch one species, [Be tula lutea\ mixed with firs [Picea rubens, Abies balsamea] and pine [Pinus strobus], with an undergrowth of yew [Taxus canadensis]**. "on the next best land, no evergreens mixed with hardwoods, and more yew". "on the third grade, poor land, with a thin upper stratum and the sub-soil cold and hard . . . the hardwoods are not mixed with evergreens and there is no yew". "the worst land is covered with spruce [.Picea glauca, P. mariana], small white birch [Betula populifolial and scrubby pines". "swamps are covered with black spruce [Picea mariana\**. From relics of the original vegetation, it would appear that the best land lay on the gentler slopes of the central upland, the next best on the steeper slopes, north slopes and ravines, and the third undoubtedly on the dry hilltops. The poor land comprised the sandy parts of the valleys and lowlands near the shore, the morainic lands of Tracadie, and perhaps much of the east-central lowland (e.g., the pine groves of Mermaid). Associations From the vestiges of forest in the woodlots, swamps and ravines, the virgin forest sketchily described in the records gathered by Harvey and Gaudet and in Stewart's land classification may be reconstructed. (A more uniform picture is thus arrived at than today's patchwork remnants permit.) Except for dunes, salt marshes and bogs, the land was entirely forested. 7. Forest. On the uplands the dominant forest, usually of mixed forest aspect, was of the "northern hardwoods" (beech, sugar maple and yellow birch) and their coniferous associates (Braun, 1950), white pine and hemlock, their pro- portions varying with the nature of the site. Red spruce, considered by Halliday (1937) the unique species of the Acadian Forest Region which covered the Maritimes, made a poor third to the other upland conifers. Halliday' s general- ization (after Macoun) by the words "in spite of the flat topography and low elevation, maple occurs generally throughout, although in other parts of the [Central Acadian] section [including southern New Brunswick and the Gulf and Fundy slopes of Nova Scotia] it is confined to higher and better-drained positions" fails to appreciate Island topography. The differentiation of the upland forest by site, already indicated roughly by Stewart's first three land types, corresponds closely to that found by Long (1952) in the western portion of the Central Acadian Section, near Fredericton, N.B. Pure stands of beech (Stewart's third type) dominated the dry hilltops of the central and southeastern uplands; sugar maple with some yellow birch pre- dominated on the flatter summit areas of the north-eastern peninsula and the low uplands of western Prince, occurring also in the central uplands on the more gradual slopes. On gentle north-facing slopes or in shady ravines, red 17 maple and hemlock predominated, particularly in the central and southeastern uplands; red maple alone or with yellow birch grew on the almost imperceptible O'Leary clay slopes. On the Island red spruce is less characteristic of low sites, probably because it here approaches its northern summer-temperature limit. Typically, the ground cover of such sites is sparse and a shrub layer almost lacking. The striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) and mountain maple (A. spicatum), small and straggly but essentially trees, form a subsidiary element in the stands dominated by sugar maple. The herbs are mostly spring-flora perennials: Smilacina racemosa, Ranunculus abortivus, Aralia nudicaulis, Trillium undulatum, T. cernuum, Medeola virginiana, Trientalis borealis, and such localized species as Claytonia caroliniana, Viola pensylvanica, Osmorhiza claytonii, Panax trifolius, semi-saprophytes like Listera convallarioides, Pyrola elliptica, sapro- phytes like Monotropa uniflora and Corallorhiza maculata and parasites like Epifagus virginiana. Where hemlock was abundant a few saprophytes alone grew; under red spruce woods, the mossy floor would harbor Oxalis montana, Viola incognita, and various Pyroleae (Chimaphila, Orthilia). On the lowlands a wider range of sites made for a more heterogeneous forest. Deviating least from the hardwood forest is that of the stream-valley clays in western Prince. Dominated by red maple, now mainly in alders and always with the occasional elm, and interstitial species, elder (Sambucus canadensis) and less invariably, Clematis virginiana and Viburnum trilobum, with Salix lucida around open wet spaces, it corresponds closely to the Acereto-ulmetum (maple-elm community) of the upper clay plain of postglacial terraces in Kamouraska County, Que., described by Hamel (1955). Along streams cedar may form pure stands, usually with a limited undergrowth of herbs: Viola spp. most typical. White and black ash are also scattered along streams here, where the tall herbs Eupatorium maculatum, Aster puniceus and A. umbellatusy Urtica spp. and Geum laciniatum grow. Without ash, the same association is found along the larger rivers of the north slope, far to the east of Prince. The herbaceous plants of the red maple forest vary with the wetness of the site: with poor drainage, the ferns Onoclea sensibilis and Osmunda cinnamomea with scattered Rubus pubescens are most common; with better but still damp sites, Aralia nudicaulis, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Dryopteris spinulosa, Aster acuminatus and Carex debilis var. rudgei are more typical. Red maple forest without elm is characteristic of the depressions of the sandy east-central lowland. The abundance of glacial and marine sands in the lowlands makes for a contrasting forest, probably then dominated by white pine or white pine and oak, associated with red pine and wire birch in the most gravelly sites. Where these sands are little above the water table, the most extensive cedar woods of west Prince occur. The undergrowth of the pine woods consists of widely scattered Pyroleae, but under wire birch (Betula populifolia), the shrub Comptonia peregrinat the goldenrods Solidago puberula and S. nemoralis, and the shrubby Ericaceae 18 are admitted. Black spruce (Picea mariana), an occasional element in these low dry sites, dominated the true swamps of the lowlands almost exclusively, save for larches (Larix laricina) where they bordered on bogs. Along the North Shore, exposed sites and older fixed dunes allowed white spruce (P. glauca) forest to hold its own. Forest changes. The major change in the forest since settlement began has been the wholesale clearing of land for crops and pasture. As well-drained fine sandy loam soils were most favorable to agriculture, the uplands were cleared more completely than the lowlands; some 72% of the central upland is cleared at present. In the west, too, the most extensive clearing has been in these areas, though the large areas of poorly drained soil reduce the average cleared area to 50%. A somewhat similar situation exists in the southeast, where the fringe of lowlands is less completely cleared but the upland soil is less favorable. Here again some 50% is cleared and in use. In the northeast, because of the large swamps the highest proportion of woodland remains; some 40% is cleared. By the combined average, 60% of the Island is devoted to agriculture, an excep- tionally high proportion for Canada east of Quebec City. The remaining 40% is by no means all in woods, for some 8% of the total is in unimproved waste land, marsh or barren. The result has been the reduction of hardwood-pine-hemlock forest to a greater extent than black spruce and red maple, which form the most extensive forest areas. Economic demand has made for selective cutting of much of the woodland that remains. In the 18th century all visitors noted that contemporary "defence resource", the mast timber of white pines. This was cut and exported to England; later white pine and oak were used in shipbuilding, and the former in woodworking. White pine stumps rotted from the back pastures within the last 70 years in many areas. The great size of the hemlock made it useful for boards, often only for barn siding because of its relative weakness, and its bark was sought for tanning. Sugar maple, used till fifty years ago as a source of sugar, was often maintained in a grove near the farmhouse, especially in the west; most of the birch from these groves was undoubtedly removed for fuel, though the paper birch has often replaced it. During the past twenty years, the demand for pit props and pulpwood has led to the cutting of much second-growth white spruce in Kings County. One of the earliest forces released by the settler was fire. About 1738, when the North Shore was only a base for drying fish, fire burnt from Tracadie eastward to East Point, devastating the entire north-eastern peninsula. It must have spread easily in the dry spruce and pine forest. One result of this burning was the encouragement of the heath shrubs; the resulting blueberry barrens of Tracadie have been perpetuated by accidental and deliberate use of fire ever since. The fire of 1840 in central Prince produced a great blueberry barren at Conway which persisted for over thirty years. (This the biggest fire of Prince County history burned from Campbellton to Bideford.) The opening up of the hardwood stands by selective cutting has brought 19 disease to several forest trees. Yellow birch and white birch (as a member of the forest) have been devastated by dieback. The beech of hilltops has often suffered from the recently (1934) introduced aphid-borne canker (Nectria coccinea) so badly that only low thickets of stump-sprout trees persist; however, there are many more undamaged stands than in Nova Scotia. Very little white pine remained to suffer from or spread the blister rust when it struck early in this century. The larch of bogs, a species apt to grow in extensive pure stands, was also reduced by an introduced insect, the sawfly, in the 1890's. However, the role of native diseases in the case of successional species such as the larch, with their large pure stands, is probably less permanently significant; destruction and recovery may take place cyclically, as it seems to with the marine eelgrass Zostera attacked by wasting disease. Forest succession. New plant communities (modifications of old ones) have been brought about by human intervention in the forest. Fire was not an unknown thing in 1534; even the discoverer Cartier found the community of raspberries and gooseberries in "treeless lands'', suggesting fires set by lightning or Indians. And there were plants adapted to survival of fire: as in Nova Scotia (Martin, 1955) the perennials with deep rhizomes, the bracken and sheep laurel, sprout following a fire in the same summer. Other heaths such as the blueberries are close behind; the fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) with its cork-protected rhizome flourishes in this community. The seeds which drift into the bare spaces are usually grasses such as Agrostis scabra and Danthonia spicata, or fleshy fruits carried by birds: raspberries (Rubus idaeus) and gooseberries or currants (Ribes spp.). The jack pine (Pinus banhsiana) whose slowly opening cones are burst open by the heat of fire, formerly a rare element of bogs and Kildare beaches, has become abundant near Tignish and East Bideford, following fire. The hardwood forest opened up by cutting and disease takes over a century to regenerate. Consequently, much of the upland forest at present is in various stages of succession. Openings often permit a dense growth of fern, Dennstaedtia punctilobula with clumps of Dryopteris spinulosa, to spring up; such partial openings are colonized by plants with berry fruits: Actaea rubra and the red elder Sambucus pubens are characteristic. Red spruce and red maple are apt to follow, or papei birch and fir. More complete cutting brings forth an earlier stage characterized by sedges (Carex emmonsii, C. deflexa) and red maple stump sprouts, sometimes with aspens and wire birch. However, the maples become the shade trees soon, and the species of partial openings appear, with the new sedges Carex deweyana, C. arctata and C. communis. With deeper shade, the herbs Clintonia borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Smilacina racemosa and Cornus appear. On the poorly drained soils, cutting has been less extensive. However, fire has not been less frequent. In either case the barrens that result persist longer than in other sites. The typical heaths are there, but rhodora (Azalea canadensis), wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) are the most important, with sheep laurel next to them, and Spiraea 20 tomentosa accompanying them. Such sites are apt to become peaty, with the tall shrubs Nemopanthus mucronata or Vibrunum cassinoides in clumps and the lichen-coated larch and black spruce growing up very slowly. The orchids Spiranthes lacera, S. cernua and the club moss Lycopodium tristachy urn, all typical of exposed sites, find a place on the hummocks in such barrens. On the heavier lowland soils, partial red maple cutting has given room to aspens and fir with some spruce. Osmunda cinnamomea replaces bracken as the common fern. As a mossy ground cover is established in increasing shade, the sedges Carex brunnescens, C. debilis var. rudgei in damp, C. leptalea and C. disperma in wetter spots become typical; Cornus canadensis and Coptis groenlandica are very characteristic herbs. Along the wooded margins of swales or rivers these sedges may be accompanied by Athyrium filix-femina, Streptopus amplexifolius and Ribes lacustre. The cutting of red or white spruce woods on damp soils usually produces vegetation first in the damp pockets with peat and bog plants such as asters and Epilobium spp. and sedges; then fireweed, rasp- berries, elder, among the slash; then, red maple with balsam fir and paper birch following closely. Cutting in the pine woods produces a heath barren much like the habitat some ten years after a fire: same goldenrods, bracken, blueberries, sheep laurel and Pyrola rotundifolia, under wire birch and aspen with scant regeneration of pine — except in central Prince, where good examples may be seen near Freeland and Perceval River. Reversion from pasture follows a different course, comparable to the suc- cession on dunes. The grass is colonized directly by sun-tolerant young white spruce, with some alder and bayberry rapidly (15 years) shaded out. Until natural u9*v ''.¥*, '**^3PS&3"fita§r «kfi Vh %i *r" White spruce quickly Invades neglected pastures. Springton. 21 thinning occurs, only saprophytes (fungi) appear beneath; then moss {Pleurozium) and Maianthemum with Cornus canadensis. Cn the steeper slopes, Corylus cornuta and Diervilla lonicera appear at the sunlit edges of the spruce woods. In the southeastern uplands, the pastures may be colonized by wire birch and red maple rather than white spruce if these are close at hand. On damp or heavy soil the regeneration of forest from pasture is conducted by marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris) and larch, rather than white spruce; in flat sandy loam soil, the pasture succession parallels that of the dunes most closely, goldenrods (Solidago canadensis, S. gramini folia) giving way to bayberry, and that in turn to white spruce. Thus, forest succession on the lowland soils has previewed the later stages of succession in the habitats adverse to forest: the bogs, dunes and salt marshes, the lakes and ponds. 2. Fresh-water communities. Spring and rain-fed lakes form a very different plant community from that of stream-fed lakes. They are low in mineral nutrients and at first sandy-bottomed for lack of sediments. Thus, with the growth of plants they have a tendency to become acid from the accumulation of only partially decayed plant debris; consequently, they have a tendency to become bog lakes. The larger, Keefe's Lake, Glenfinnan Lake and Lake Verde, though partly Keefe's Lake with zone of J uncus militaris In the two to throe-foot depths. 22 bordered by peat, show little tendency this way; the smaller Mermaid Lake more; the ponds at Village Green and Murray River and the Lot 10 Lake at Portage are definitely bog-lakes. The larger lakes have now acquired in their middle depths one or two feet of muck, in which the water lilies are rooted. Nuphar variegatum is found in all the lakes, boggy ones as well, in this medium; the rare Nymphaea odorata only in Lake Verde and one of the Murray River ponds. The scarcely encumbered sands of the shallower water are the medium of Eriocaulon septangulare and Lohelia dortmanna with emergent flowers, and of the completely submerged Isoetes riparia, Myriophyllum tenellum, Eleocharis acicularis and Elatine minima. The smaller Mermaid and Verde Lakes have a border of floating-leaved Sparganium mult ipe dune ulatum and S. angustifolium (species which reappear in the sandy barrier-beach ponds of the North Shore with larger Myriophylla and Potamogeton natans). The three larger lakes have an inshore border of various rushes, all with Eleocharis palustris, in Glenfinnan and Keefe's Lakes overshadowed bv tall Juncus militaris. Mermaid Lake has Scirpus americanus and S. subterminaLis in its sandy shallows. The peaty bank bordering open water at Mermaid and Glenfinnan \ Lakes is dominated by 5. cyperinus; sandy borders are usually Shallows of the sandier shore of peat-bordered Mermaid Lake, showing Nuphar variegatum lily pads among the Scirpus subterminalis rushes* 23 dominated by Myrica gale and clumps of Ilex verticillata, species which likewise persist to the small pond or even swamp stage. With the transition to bog-pond, a floating mat of peat and heath roots encroaches on the water in an encircling ring. Its outer edge is the characteristic site of Woodwardia virginica, the dis- tinctive characteristic heaths include Gaylussacia dumosa, Kalmia poll folia and even G. baccata (also found on barrens;) the wet peat is the site of Habenaria blephari glottis, Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum virginicum, E. tenellum and the other more tolerant cotton grasses. To the rear, the heaths of peaty barrens become more common, and the succession follows the same course. Most characteristic of the northern and eastern coasts is the formation of barrier-beach ponds. These show a succession on the whole similar to that of stream-fed lakes, which indeed they are. The artificial millponds, mostly a century old at least, likewise belong to this type. The distinctive appearance of these lakes is given by the far greater abundance of 'bulrushes,' Typha latifolia, which extend well out into the much greater (more quickly accumulated) organic debris of the shallows. One upland lake, Pisquid Pond, also stream-fed, answers equally to this description. The cattail {Typha) border of all these ponds is filled in by Alisma triviale, Polygonum amphibium, Lysimachia thyrsi' flora, P otentilla palustris, fringed by a separate border of Sparganium eurycarpum with scattered Bidens cernua, Sagittaria latifolia. Polygonum hydropiper and Bidens frondosa. The influx of mineral nutrient (often fertilizer from the hill farms) stimulates the formation of a waterbloom of Lemna minor and no doubt of the other Lemnaceae. Pisquid Pond and Fernald's "pond at Grand Tracadie" are characterized by the dense belt of Ceratophyllum demersum and floating Spirodela polyrhiza outside the Typha zone. These ponds are far richer in pond- weeds than the lakes: Potamogeton folios us and P. fries ii are the most charac- teristic. Where manure reaches the ponds, Acorus calamus typically occurs. These pond shores show some diversity: M.W. Smith (1946) notes that on firm clay margins Scirpus validus is more abundant than Typha, and that Hippuris vulgaris occurs only around the influx of cold streams, However, the S. validus persists into the foul-smelling quaking-marsh stage that follows the filling of such ponds by vegetation. This stage often shows large quantities of Equisetum fluviatile, a minor zone-former on open pond shores, and much Glyceria grandis. The first shrub to follow is hoary alder (Alnus rugosa) with Juncus effusus and /. balticus filling in. As the alder thickets become more dense, Chrysosplenium americanum and Uydrocotyle americana occupy the mucky pools; asters, Cala- magrostis canadensis, Rosa virginiana, with Habenaria psycodes and Polygonum sagittatum cover the ground. Black spruce would commonly follow. Such an association (without the pools) is also found on damp headlands in western Prince. Differences between upland and lowland streams are apparent in their vegetation, perhaps largely due to the difference in oxygen content between swift-running streams and slow. The sandy-bottomed upland streams and rivers 24 usually have Ranunculus trichophyllus as the only submerged species, joined by Myriophyllum exalbescens in the southeastern upland. In slower water long- trailing beds of Potamogeton praelongus become common, and nearer the lowlands this species is replaced by P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides, or more rarely P. alpinus. In the Dunk, Zannichellia palustris (often halophytic) penetrates for two miles above salt water. 3. Bog communities. Although peat (usually of Sphagnum subsecundum) is found in pockets in the lowland woods of red maple, and bog sphagna may take over a poorly drained fire barren, the bog community is determined by peat and A boggy depression with sedges and cotton grass in the center, heath plants (here mainly Azalea canadensis) surrounding, and black spruce in the back- ground. Near Mermaid Pond. is essentially a later stage in lake succession. The vegetation of floating mats described previously is that of bogs, with the exception of species of the water's edge like Iboodwardia virginica. All the other members of that community occur in the great bog of Black Banks, oddly enough the only one of the great bogs whose lake-basin origin might be questioned. Like many smaller pond-basin bogs, the Black Marsh at North Point is a sea of leatherleaf (Chamae daphne calyculata) and cotton grass {Eriophorum an gusti folium) interspersed with islands of stunted larch and black spruce, each with its "beach// of Scirpus cespitosus 25 The heath of Chamaedavhne calyculata at Black Marsh with islands of black spruce. var. callosus. These clumps include hemopanthus mucronata, Aronia prunifolia, and Amelanchier ? fernaldii. In the hummocks of peat, Rubus chamaemorus and Vaccinium oxycoccos are characteristic. Pools in the peat are surrounded by Sarracenia, Drosera rotundifolia and occasionally Utricularia cornuta. Damp depressions harbor the magenta-flowered orchids Calopogon pulchellus, Pogonia ophioglossoides and rarely Arethusa bulbosa. The great bogs of Portage and Miscouche are largely wooded, as the red maple and wire birch and black spruce have encroached on the open peat. Smaller bogs are essentially similar but lack the full variety of species. 4. Maritime associations. Various communities, fresh as well as salt, range along the coast usually in series of narrow bands in the treeless zone occasioned by the immediate proximity of the sea. Eroding cliffs, windswept sand of beaches and dunes, waterlogged hollows, estuarine flats, brackish lagoons, salty tidal marshes, and exposed headlands present a great diversity of habitats with corresponding diversity of floras that can be sketched only briefly. The yielding shale and slumping sandstone of the Island's capes erode too rapidly to support a permanent or even a consistent community of plants. Weeds are the typical opportunists: Senecio sylvaticus, Sonchus asper, and those halophytes of weedy genera, Atriplex patula and Plantago juncoides. The wetter and more permanent grassy clay cliffs may support plants such as Triglocliin 26 palustris. (Inland cliffs are equally limited: the only ones worth the name are those of the Dunk which support the Island's only Polypodium virginianum and Sphenopholis intermedia.) The sandy beaches and wet stretches of sandy soil favor Elymus mollis rather than the marram grass Ammophila breviligulata, but its associates are the beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), Cakile edentula and the silverweed Potentilla anserina, often with Arenaria peploides and Glaux maritima, or, on the south shore, Xanthium echinatum. Deeper sand is found windblown into ridges of dunes, usually parallel to the coast and thus sheltering alternating hollows, the dune slacks. The dunes are stabilized by the rhizomatous Ammophila, the dune grass par excellence. Spaces among the grass are filled by Lathyrus japonicus wm Sand dunes tend to become stabilized by dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata) and later colonized by white spruce (Picea glauca). (itself rhizomatous), by Carex silicea, Iris hookeri or Artemisia stelleriana or by small annuals such as Tri folium procumbens or Euphorbia polygonifolia. On the lower dunes Sonchus arvensis is usual. At Bothwell two species of fJudsonia cover . the dunes, but even there as on all North Shore dunes, the prevalent species is//, tomentosa. Small dicranoid mosses, filling space, become the site of Sagina nodosa colonies. Blowouts in the dunes are first colonized by the Cakile of sandy beaches. The first woody species to arrive is the bay- 27 1 r ^^Kj^j V ' * ™ ."* ft"1 ■ X IP 4 mm' ■ *7f» A lingering patch of marram grass in the white spruce forest on the inner dunes. Brackley Beach. berry among which Anaphalis margaritacea and Solidago grand ni folia are the perennial weeds; the second is the white spruce which, except for rare replace- ment by cedar in west Prince, becomes the forest. However, while the spruce is scattered and the sand loose, the shrubs Empetrum atropurpureum, Juniperus horizontalis, or Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) may appear, and the per- ennial herb Smilacina stellata. The slacks may be wet and carpeted with the moss Aulacomnium palustrey in which case the characteristic vascular plants are Epilobium palustre, Cicuta bulbifera, J uncus pelocarpus and Vaccinium macrocarpon. Solidago sempervirens never extends to slacks within the first ridge of dunes, S. gramini folia and Aster novi-belgii replacing it. Drier slacks are colonized by Juncus balticus and /. alpinus, often with the orchid Liparis loeselii filling gaps. On dry or wet slacks, the asters, goldenrods and everlasting only slightly precede the arrival of bayberry. Sometimes the sand may blow inland for a short space, favoring the growth of the warmth-loving grass Poa compressa, or into barrier-beach ponds creating sand flats colonized by Limosella subulata, Rumex maritimus, Scirpus americanusf S. maritimus and S. paludosus. The very local species Aster 28 laurentianus belongs to this habitat. Salt spray blown over the cliffs on to sandy ground may create the association of a sandy beach at a higher level; this is particularly true on the Kildare sands of western Prince. Muddy shores, in this predominantly sandstone land, are mainly located around estuaries, the largest salt marshes being those of the Dunk and Hills- borough Rivers. So few species colonize these saline habitats that their charac- teristic coloration marks the zones, bright -green Spartina alterni flora on mud submerged at every tide, reddish-green S. patens above it and blue-green Puccinellia pumila replacing the latter where hay-cutting or tramping have reduced it. Zones from lowest to uppermost are dotted with Plantago juncoides and bushy Limonium nashu, and occasional clumps of Triglochin elata. Bare patches of mud on the marsh are colonized by Salicornia europaea and S uae da mar itima, or in upper zones by Spergularia marina or S. canadensis. A weedy belt of A triplex patula follows the high-water mark with the biggest roll of eelgrass wrack. The upper limit of salt-water influence is a weedy tension-zone of which Solidago sempervirens and Spartina pectinata are the most constant members, and Ligusticum scothicum one of the less. Pools on the salt marsh are often occupied by submerged Ruppia maritima. The muddy banks of estuarine creeks are the characteristic habitat of Carex paleacea and C. salina, while a carpet of Eleocharis parvula may here grow even below the Spartina alterniflora belt. The sea water affords a home to only one vascular plant, the rhizomatous eelgrass Zostera marina, which forms great beds off sandy shores in sheltered bays or estuaries. Besides the dune succession which leads to white spruce forest, the latter may appear on exposed land above the beaches of headlands. These headlands may even be treeless as in the case of extreme North Point, covered by Festuca rubra, Plantago juncoides var. laurentiana and Trifolium arvense, or East Point covered by hummocky Empetrum nigrum with sandy patches of Plantago juncoides var. decipiens. At Stanhope, for instance, where the dune sand lends force to the effects of the west wind, there are large areas of Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis and Empetrum nigrum with scattered Lechea intermedia, V accinium vitis-idaea and introduced Thymus serpyllum. The borders of taller spruce woods in such sites are characterized by Deschampsia flexuosa, while pasture edges grow abundant Euphrasia americana. 5. Cultivated vegetation. The types of use made of the farmland (87% of the Island) is shown by this separation (1951): Cultivated hay 203,783 acres Improved pasture 197,937 acres Grains 177,636 acres Potatoes & turnips 37,156 acres Farm wood lots 346,191 acres Unimproved 103,318 acres Miscellaneous crops 39,283 acres Total farmland 1,095,304 acres 29 North Point, an eroding cape exposed to the full force of the Gulf storms, is essentially barren of coastal vegetation. Unimproved land may include scrub and heath used as pasture together with swamp or bogland. All this land, in hay, oats, other grains, potatoes and turnips, is of interest botanically as a source of annual weeds, which grow in the disturbed ground as space fillers among the crop plants. Here one finds in particular the mustards and stitchworts, knotgrasses and pigweeds. But cul- tivation varies with the crop and has different effects. Potatoes, grown in the usual rotation, are relatively weed-free except for a little lamb's quarters (Che no podium album) or knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare). The ridging of rows in the cultivation of root crops helps 'clean' the soil, and oats, the usual grain, grows too closely for cultivation and supports an abundant crop of devil's paintbrush (Ifieracium floribundum, H. pratense and //. aurantiacum) and mustards, especially wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). The practice of chemical weed- killing will alter the proportions greatly, while not extinguishing any species. Just so in the 1900's, the clean grain seed enforced by inspection eliminated the corn cockle (Agrostemma githago) but has reduced the abundance of only a few of the other species affected. Mustard seed lives so long in the soil that, once established, even crop rotation proved no way to counteract it. The planted hay 30 crop, following in the common rotation, is a timothy-clover mixture, either red clover or alsike being usual. The practice of making silage has not yet become widespread but, especially in the central upland, one sees sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) or alfalfa [Medicago sativa) abundant in the grass planted for this purpose and as pasturage. In the second year of the hay crop the clovers have largely died out, but have served their purpose in nitrifying the soil; this year it is a timothy hay crop and the spaces for weeds are still small. The fifth year, it is usual to pasture the field. The rotation may vary from this (the usual for mixed farming) according to the specialty of the farm. Farms with more land in potatoes {Solarium tuberosum) rotate fields every three years through potatoes, grain and clover hay; cattle farms, to assure more land in fodder crops, use a grain, clover hay, timothy, and pasture rotation. Because of the rotation the establishment of perennial weeds is unusual, but a biennial such as the daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), establishing itself in the oatfields as the •ft , *r* Perhaps nowhere else in the world do the daisies (Chrysanthemum leucauthemum) grow in as great profusion to brighten the landscape in early July; hay fields are solid white with them. Hunter River. rosette, survives the first mowing and flowers next June so abundantly as to whiten the hayfields of the Central Uplands. While rotation alters the tillage and the vegetation of cropland every year, 'permanent pasture' supports a different vegetation. Although the original pasture grasses must have been introduced from Europe, those which now dominate the pastures are essentially naturalized and seldom planted. Among these the bent, called browntop or P.E.I, bent [Agrostis tenuis) is most abundant in the Island as in other comparably cool humid temperate regions. It is replaced behind the dunes or on moraines by the Canada bluegrass( Poa compressa), another European, 31 favored by warm well-aerated soils here where, generally, the climate tends to be too cool for it; in damp or clayey pastures by the creeping bent {Agrostis palustris), or where these are too much trodden for perennials to survive, by the annual bluegrass {Poa annua). The weeds of pastures are, like the grasses they must compete with, perennials: black -eyed Susans (Rudbeckia serotina) and native goldenrods (Solidago canadensis, S. graminifolia) where the grass is heavy; poisonous ragwort {Senecio jacobaea) and prickly thistles {Cirsium arvense) avoided by the stock even where the grass is overgrazed. Where pasture is neglected, forest succession is initiated. On the sandy Culloden soils, as on the fixed dunes, goldenrod and hawkweed {Hieracium pilosella) are replaced by a dense shrubbery of bayberry {Myrica pensylvanica) which is soon overtopped by white spruce or wire birch and white birch. In wet places, it is the soft rush (J uncus ef(usus) and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris) which thrive on over- grazed lands, and the larch which replaces the white spruce as the sun-tolerant weed tree. On the upland, fir and red maple succeed the white spruce in whose shade they germinate, and thus regenerate the climax forest. Areas in "non agricultural human use" have, besides various weeds not found on agricultural land, also the deliberately planted shade trees and garden shrubs and herbs. Residential Charlottetown streets are lined with European lindens {Tilia europaea) and Scotch elms {Ulmus glabra) to the exclusion of other species. The former are planted, usually for avenues, at many of the older estates in the country; the latter are not. The English oak {Quercus robur), never seen in towns, is grown at a few old farms near navigable estuaries. In the western villages where shade trees are few, balm of Gilead {Populus gileadensis) or the native balsam poplar (P. balsamifera) or the "English" (Lombardy) poplar (P. nigra var. italica) are most often planted; in Wellington and Albert on box elder {Acer negundo) gives the streets their bright dusty green. Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is the favorite ornamental shrub, followed perhaps by old double roses {Rosa cinnamomea). The use of dwarf elm {Ulmus pumila) or Siberian pea {Caragana arborescens) for hedges is a sure sign of recent archi- tecture and of Experimental Farm leadership. Along the railroads wild barley {Hordeum jubatum) and barnyard daisy {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) and various annuals such as small toadflax {Chaenorrhinum), small yellow clovers {Trifolium procumbens), crab grasses {Digitaria ischaemum) and foxtail grasses {Setaria glauca, S. viridis), and, more recently, prostrate pigweeds {Amaranthus albus) and spurges {Euphorbia supina), used to be common. But by the use of weed killer these are being greatly reduced and in some cases may be prevented from establishing themselves along rights- of-way. Used along roadsides to save the effort of brush-cutting, weed killer spray has killed a band of alder, elder, wire birch and escaped box elder, as well as the weeds, leaving only grass and dead sticks. The use of western grain as feed for stock or poultry has led to the arrival of western weeds at sidings and farmyards: pineapple weed {Matricaria matricarioides, already naturalized), occasional wild oats {Avena fatua), prickly lettuce {Lactuca 32 scariola), great ragweed (Ambrosia trifida, whose establishment could ruin much of the tourist industry), cockleburs (Xanthium italicum), sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) signify such locations. The waste land around houses has long supported its vile crop of couch grass {Agropyron repens) and burdocks {Arctium minus), or catnip (Nepeta cataria) and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) where hens have scratched in the shade of hedges. PHYTCGEOGRAPHY Absence and Presence In a discussion of species absent from Prince Edward Island, it is necessary to take into account present and past factors in plant distribution. The simplest hypothesis to explain the presence of the present native flora is by natural diffusion from eastern New Brunswick and northern Nova Scotia across the waters of Northumberland Strait, varying in bredth from 9 to 40 miles. To test this hypothesis, a list was drawn up of the indigenous flora of the adjacent mainland within the drainage area of Northumberland Strait. Comparison of this Island list with Roland's Flora of Nova Scotia shows that 98% of the Island flora is found in Nova Scotia, in some part or other; only one or two species in the Island are not represented in either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick (Rumex persicarioides, Bidens heterodoxa). Of the flora of northern Nova Scotia, some 650 indigenous species, a full 80%, cross to the Island. The absences lie mainly in one of three ecological communities: (1) the aquatics, probably because the lakes of the Island are so few and small, (2) the intervale plants, for lack of river-alluvium areas in the Island, (3) the geophytes of the spring flora under hardwood forest. In the face of abundant hardwood forest in the Island, histori- cal factors may serve to explain this last absence. That diffusion across the waters of the Strait has taken place, there need be no doubt. Prince County, it seems, has never been linked by land to New Brunswick since the retreat of the ice, yet there are over 30 species there which are absent from the rest of Prince Edward Island and present in New Brunswick. Secondly, there are 15 species in the Island that do not occur in Nova Scotia at all but which do occur in New Brunswick. And, if one postulates that it was the saline waters of the Strait which barred most of the "spring flora geophytes" from the Island, how can one account for the presence of a few of them (Viola pensylvanica, Claytonia caroliniana, Panax trifolius) in localized areas without assuming that each colony represents diffusion across the Straits, either from the west or south? It may be argued that ecological necessities have confined some of these local species to western Prince, but their migration via a Nova Scotian land bridge (see Geology Chapter 2) is out of the question. Of the species that may have migrated by a land bridge formerly connecting the Island to Nova Scotia, the greater part can give no evidence. The intervale 33 and hardwood flora of Nova Scotia by its distribution pattern in Nova Scotia (from the New Brunswick border to "the hub", thence southwest to Kings County and northeast to Cape Breton), let alone by its fossil history in the United States, shows that it has entered Nova Scotia via the Chignecto Isthmus and therefore since the recession of the postglacial sea that submerged the the Isthmus and the presumably earlier submergence of any land bridge to Prince Edward Island. The species that have entered Nova Scotia from the southwest rather than from New Brunswick are referred to as the "Coastal Plain Element" (not "Coastal Plain flora," for even in Nova Scotia they are off the Atlantic Coastal Plain). However, none of these reach the Island. But, other species of southwestern affinities, occurring both in Nova Scotia and in southern and eastern New Brunswick, appear in Prince Edward Island. These are either plants of sandy lands, such as the Panica, Hudsonia ericoides and Viola fimbriatula, or of pond and bog, such as Woodwardia virginica, Habenaria blephariglottis and Gaylussacia dumosa. Possibly these species colonized sandy deposits, bog and swampy pond hollows in the new land left by the receding postglacial sea, arriving from nearby Nova Scotia rather than from New England to the southwest. Several such species stop at Northumberland Strait, but of the dozen or so which Nova Scotia and the Island have in common, many (e.g., Panicum depauperatum, Lactuca hirsutaf Viola fimbriatula) seem absent from northern Nova Scotia, their ranges broken between the Annapolis Valley and the Island. Thus, there is little or no positive evidence of the significance of the land bridge in the migration of the present flora to the Island. One can only hope that pollen analysis will resolve some of the past history now obscured by wider diffusion. Another group whose distribution may show evidence of the past continuity of Prince Edward Island with the mainland are those which follow the North Shore. The simply psammophilous or halophilous species follow round from the Gulf coasts of the Island to the Northumberland Strait coast. But other species confined to the Gulf shore show ranges extending no farther south than the Gulf shore of New Brunswick (e.g., J uncus alpinus, the Gulf endemic Aster laurentianus) or that coast and northern Cape Breton {Parnassia parviflora, Empetrum atropurpureum, Eleocharis pauci flora) or also with outposts on the cold coasts of the Bay of Fundy {Juniperus horizontalis and Iris hookeri) or the Bay and the outer coasts of Nova Scotia (Euphrasia randii). While ecological requirements (cooler summers, exposed sites) may have kept them from the Strait shores, their disrupted ranges at these their southern limits on the coast suggest a continuity dating back to a colder postglacial stage. An interesting range pattern is shown by some eight species which occur in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton but not on the Nova Scotian mainland. Most of them (viz., Aster junciformis, Betula pumila, Caltha palustris, Galium labradoricum, Vaccinium uliginosum), are near their southern limit but others such as Comandra richardsiana, Anemone canadensis and Hypericum majus, while surely reaching their farthest east in the Gulf area, are 34 not boreal types at all. If these migrated overland by way of northern Nova Scotia, those near their southern limit may have lost mainland stations through warmer summers; if so, the three latter must have migrated via Prince Edward Island and probably after the Gulf assumed its present form, or else they would have mainland stations. And the Prince Edward Island summer except along the Gulf shores is as warm as that of the mainland. Local Distribution. Within the Island the flora tends to be fairly uniform. Some 250 of the 625 native species, at least, may be seen from the distribution maps to be wide- ranging in the province. Some of these seem to be rare in Kings County. However, as that area was the least completely investigated during the survey, many apparent gaps there may eventually be filled. Others show the distribution: western Prince and east-central lowlands, their absence from the central uplands and the southeast being due to the absence of suitable habitats. The same might, of course, be said of some 40 common halophytes-psammophytes restricted to the coastline. Another 30-odd species (in Carex, section Stellulatae, in Amelanchier, Crataegus and Rubus particularly) were too imperfectly understood for their ranges as mapped to be reliably complete. However, in spite of the exclusion of at least 320 of the native flora from consideration, 23% showing very restricted ranges in the Island may be of phytogeographic interest. Some 16 show restriction to the eastern part of the Island, some 44 to Prince west of Summerside, another 23 so widely scattered and scarce east of that isthmus as to suggest a late spread from it, some 14 a restriction to the central uplands, some 25 to the North Shore, 22 to the east-central lowlands, altogether 144 of narrow range. Of these groups none can be quite regarded as homogeneous. Some of the North Shore species are of relict status (e.g., Aster laurentianus) , possibly related to the unstable shore habitat. Many of these are species (e.g., Iris hookeri, Euphrasia randii) restricted, possibly by the cooler summers, to the Gulf area and the coasts of the adjacent Maritime Provinces and New England. One is an Atlantic element, of the Coastal Plain type (Corema conradii). The group restricted to western Prince includes many species abundant in that area {Carex gracillima, Salix rigida, Populus balsamifera, Thuja occidentalism Pinus banksiana, Geum aleppicum, Fraxinus americana, Veronica scutellata, Eupatorium perfoliatum). The equal failure of Thuja to pass the Chignecto Isthmus into Nova Scotia, almost due south of the Miscouche Isthmus, suggests some historic barrier. Among the seven or more native species of the Island that occur also in New Brunswick but not in Nova Scotia most are of this coastal endemic relict status. Pilea pumila, however, stands out as one that reaches as far east as the upper Hillsborough River but does not enter Nova Scotia though its range presents a hardwood forest pattern. The fact that some 23 (e.g., Viburnum trilobum, J uncus dudleyi) which are more abundant in western Prince have stations east of the central uplands suggests that species of more efficient dispersal may cross the barrier while others must very gradually 35 make their way round it by way of the coastal streams. Furthermore, many of the western Prince group are confined west of the isthmus at Portage (e.g., Angelica atropurpurea, Solidago gigantea) or to theTianish area (e.g., Ranunculus pensylvanicus, Senecio aureus), which reduces the significance of the Miscouche isthmus to that of one of several bottlenecks to the slower migrants. But the most striking thing about the species of restricted range, on the whole, is how few their stations are. This is particularly true of these species in the central upland, for which I have advanced the argument of chance arrival after the formation of Northumberland Strait accompanied by ineffective dispersal. Thus, we may look upon all species local in Prince Edward Island, except for the few relict survivors of the North Shore, as late arrivals that have been slow to fill their scattered ecological niches. The introduced flora (316 species) includes many diverse elements, which may be separated historically. The most important is the European element. Of 226 introduced species mapped in this list, 200 are of European origin, only 26 of American origin. The reasons for this are twofold: the source of the cul- tivated plants of Prince Edward Island (including the South American potato) was western Europe, hence the weeds brought in with them are mostly European; secondly, most of the American species which would be considered as weeds (e.g., the goldenrods) were native to the area and are classified as indigenous. Of the European species, at least 28 were introduced as crop plants (the degree of intent is difficult to assess with pasture grasses), another 30 as ornamentals and shade trees, while 142 would be classed, at least in the present age, as weeds. (Many of the mustards, for instance, have lost their status as cultivated plants). Historically, the introduction of European plants belongs to the period of settlement from the British Isles, with attendant clearing and cultivation. After Confederation, the building of railways, trade with mainland Canada, and the establishment of a train-ferry link with New Brunswick all helped to introduce weeds from North American sources. The railways have become the route of Chaenorrhinum minus, Tragopogon pratensis, Lactuca scariola, Euphorbia supina, Collomia linearis, and many other weeds. Though the source of the first three is originally European, all have entered the Island from American sources. Since the period 1890 to 1910, this has been true, for the modern centralized overseas trade does not come to Island ports. Apart from Blythe Hurst's sporadic and continual introductions, the only recent European weed to arrive by sea was Arnoseris minima. Weed seeds have been brought in with feed grain and these have given rise, particularly at railway sidings, to an element from western Canada, often species originally Russian. One question that has often concerned phytogeographers is the degree to which plants find themselves at the limit of their range within an area. The insular position of Prince Edward Island makes such decisions rather arbitrary, since the limit imposed by the Gulf is much farther south on its North Shore than in Gaspe or Cape Breton, which have many more plants near their southern 36 limits. Tentatively, then, one may divide the native species of the flora into two groups: those which cross the Gulf — about 35 species (or some 22 percent), and those that are found on either side beyond it — some 490. Of the former which come in from the southwest, practically all are at the northern margin of their range, only a few (e.g., Thuja occidentalis, Pilea pumila, discussed above) are at the eastern margin and do not spread on into Nova Scotia. Those that are at a southern limit, some 30 species, mostly of the North Shore only, make up a mere 5%; those at their western limit another 5%. The latter are the 'Atlantic' species which reach eastern New Brunswick and also Newfoundland, but seem restricted to a relatively coastal migration pathway. Half of the Atlantic group of the Maritimes do not extend as far inland as Prince Edward Island. Thus, the great majority of those 68% of the Island's species that also range across the Gulf are species which in the Maritimes stop at nothing but the Atlantic, the ubiquitous species of this area. That many of these are far from common in the Island shows the significance of the other factors (e.g. cooler summer temperature, late time of arrival, slow rate of dispersal, the few lakes, the wide separation of marshes) in limiting the distribution of species there. Summarizing Statistics Although no final summary of the flora can be expected, as additional introductions and adventives find their way into the flora and occasional native species continue to be discovered, a tabulation of the species now listed will give some idea of the composition of the flora. Taxonomic rank Native Introd. Total Species 624 316 940 Varieties 69 13 82 Hybrids 12 2 14 When compared with that of Nova Scotia it is a small flora: Nova Scotia (Roland, 1947, modified by later discoveries) has 1012 native species and hybrids and 243 varieties, but the province has an area ten times as great as Prince Edward Island and has a greater variety of habitats. The significance of agriculture and settlement in the flora of Prince Edward Island may be shown by comparison of the introduced flora with that of Nova Scotia; the larger province has 392 introduced species and hybrids, and 30 introduced varieties, only a little more than the Island. For the Nova Scotian flora, Roland has not distinguished the adventive (recently or occasionally arriving species which as yet do not per- petuate themselves in the flora) from the fully naturalized species, but at least 101 "introduced species" of his list are not naturalized inNova Scotia. Prince Edward Island has a naturalized flora of 199 to Nova Scotia's less than 291 species, for 117 Island species must be regarded as merely adventive. 37 A system often used in comparing floras as to the structure of the vege- tation they make up is the "Raunkiaer spectrum." Area F Ch H Cr_ T_ Connecticut 15.0% 1.9% 49.4% 21.7% 11.7% Prince Edward Island 15.2% 4.0% 47.1% 24.4% 9.0% Gaspe 12.1% 9.0% 49.0% 22.1% 7.5% These figures for the native flora show a decided similarity between all these temperate forested regions of the northeast. However, the trees and shrubs (F - phanerophytes), form a smaller proportion of the flora in Gaspe where there are alpine areas. For the chamaephytes (Ch) or generally woody plants with low horizontal or decumbent stems, the proportion rises from Connecticut north to Gaspe, which with its alpine areas has many more in the flora. For the hemi- cryptophytes (H), herbaceous plants with stolons or rosettes or tillers near ground level, the proportion shows no significant trend; likewise for the crypto- phytes (Cr), rhizomatous and/or aquatic plants (no bulb plants in P.E.I.). The proportion of annuals (T - therophytes) falls off to the northward, showing the Island flora once again in the logical intermediate position. Addition ot the naturalized and adventive plants reduces the proportion of all classes relative to the therophytes, which rise to 13.5% in Connecticut, 14.1% in Gaspe, and overwhelmingly in the Island to 18%, probably because the native flora is small relative to Connecticut and the cultivated area large relative to Gaspe. The significance of the recent survey can be seen from the fact that, although over 80 species have been excluded from the list of Hurst and the one of MacSwain and Bain, the 716-species list of Hurst in 1940 has been expanded to a 939-species list (or, excluding adventives often listed by Hurst an 822- species list). REFERENCES This list includes both major reference works and articles dealing specifi- cally with Prince Edward Island or its plants. For species mentioned only incidentally the appropriate reference is included in the body of the list. The important records in contributions of a serial nature, such as J.M. Macoun's "Contributions to Canadian Botany" and Groh's "Canadian Weed Survey," have been treated in this way to facilitate reference. Adams, John. 1937. Some additions to the flora of Prince Edward Island. Can. Field Nat. 51: 105-107. Auer, Vaino. 1930. Peat bogs in southeastern Canada. Canada Dept. of Mines, Mem. 162. Bain, Francis. 1890. The Natural History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown, Haszard. Bain, Francis. 1892. Additions to "Plants of Prince Edward Island". 3 p. Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 Braun, E. Lucy. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Philadelphia, Blakiston. Britton, N.L. and Addison Brown. 1913. Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. 2nd ed. New York, Scribner, 3 vols. Burgess, W.H.L. 1890. Pteridophyta. In Macoun, John. Catalogue of Canadian plants. Montreal. Campbell, J. Ewen. 1952. A New Flora of Prince Edward Island, rev. ed. Charlottetown, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, mimeographed. Chalmers, Robert. 1895. Report on the surface geology of eastern New Brunswick. north-western Nova Scotia and a portion of Prince Edward Island. Geol. Surv. Can. Ann. Rep. 7(M): 149 p. Churchill, J.R. 1902. Some plants from Prince Edward Island. Rhodora 4: 31-36. Clarke, J. A. 1906. Weeds and their eradication. In Prince Edward Island Dept. of Agriculture, Annual rept. ...1906. Charlottetown, p. XXVIII. Copeland, E.B. 1947. Genera Filicum. Waltham, Chronica Botanica. Dore, W.G. Phytogeography of the Maritime provinces (unpublished notes). Dore, W.G. and A.E. Roland. 1942. The grasses of Nova Scotia. Proc. N.S. Inst. Sci. 20:177-288. Ennis, B. 1928. The life forms of Connecticut plants and their significance in relation to climate. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Bui. 43: 1-100. Fassett, N.C. 1928. The vegetation of the estuaries of northeastern North America Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 39: 73-130. Fernald, M.L. 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America Am. Acad. Arts Sci. Mem. 15: 239-342 Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. New York, American Book Co. Gaudet, J.F. 1956. Forestry past and present on Prince Edward Island. Maritime A.I.C. Conference, Charlottetown, 3 p. (mimeographed). Gleason, H.A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York, New York Botanical Garden. 3 vol. Gorham, R.P. 1944. The known distribution of the buckthorns in the Maritime provinces. Acadian Nat. 1: 118-124. Groh, H. 1927. A weed survey of Prince Edward Island. Sci. Agr. 7: 388-395. Halliday, W.E.D. 1937. A forest classification for Canada. For. Serv. Bui. 83. Hamel, Aubert. 1955. Esquisse ecologique des comtes de l'Islet et de Kamouraska. Can. J. Bot. 33: 223-250. Harvey, D.C. 1926. The French regime in Prince Edward Island. New Haven, Yale University Press. Hult6n, Erik. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary period. Stockholm. Hurst, Blythe (Sr.). 1933. Flowering plants and ferns of Prince Edward Island. Trans. Roy. Can. Inst. 19: 251-273. Hurst, Blythe (Sr.). 1940. A new flora of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown, Guardian Printing Office. Hurst, Blythe (Sr.). 1941. Addenda to 1941. In later reprinting of Hurst (1940). 39 Lochhead, William. 1902. The weeds of Prince Edward Island. In Prince Edward Dept. oi Agriculture, Annual rept. ...1906. Charlottetown, p. I - XXVII. Long, H.D. 1952. Forest types and sites of the Acadia Forest Experimental Station. Fredericton, Acadia For. Exp. Sta. (M 226), mimeographed. MacLeod, J.W. 1947. The forests of Prince Edward Island. Forestry Chron. 23: 190-193. Macoun, John. 1883-1903. Catalogue of Canadian plants. Montreal and Ottawa, 7 parts. (Except for two specimens cited in earlier volumes, all Island vascular plant records are published in Part 5 (1890), the last volume on vascular plants.) MacSwain, John. 1907. The flora of Prince Edward Island. In: Spotton, H.B. The Elements of Structural Botany; P.E.I, ed. Toronto, Gage, p. 1-104. MacSwain, J.F., and F. Bain. 1891. List of Prince Edward Island plants. Charlottetown, P.E.I. Nat. Hist. Soc, 8 pp. Marie-Victorin, Frere. 1935. Flore laurientienne. Montreal, Imprimerie de la Salle. Martin, Lynton J. 1955. Observations on the origin and early development ot a plant community following a forest fire. Forestry Chron. 31: 154-161. Owen, E.B. 1949. Pleistocene deposits of O'Leary map area, Prince County, Prince Edward Island. Geol. Surv. Can., Paper 49-6. map. Robinson, B.L. and M.L. Fernald. 1907. Gray's new manual of botany. 7th rev. ed. New York, American Book Co. Roland, A.E. 1947. The flora of Nova Scotia. Truro, Truro Printing & Publishing Co. Reprinted from Proa N.S. Inst. Sci. 21: 95-642, 1944-1946. Scoggan, H.J. 1950. The flora of Bic and the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Nat. Mus. Can. Bui. 115. Smith, M.W. 1946. A biological reconnaissance of ponds in the Prince Edward Island National Park. Acadian Nat. 2(6): 81-101. Stewart, John. 1806. An account of Prince Edward Island. London, Winchester. p. 29-58. Watson, L.W. 1899. Among our orchids. P.E.I. Mag. 1: 220-224. Watson, L.W. 1900. Wolves in sheep's clothing. P.E.I. Mag. 2: 275-278. Watson, L.W. 1907. Violaceae. In MacSwain (1907). Whiteside, G.B. 1950. Soil survey of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown, Experimental Farms Service. 3 maps. Whiting, M.M. 1949. Early collection of plants in Prince Edward Island. Kew Bull. 1948: 236. 40 The Annotated List of Species with Maps 41 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES A completely definitive enumeration of the flora of an area is seldom possible: new introductions appear, stations of old ones are eradicated or die out, a few rare native species remain to be discovered, and revisions of taxonomic concepts place former records in doubt. Nevertheless, all the original plants and those thought now to be permanent members of the flora of Prince Edward Island have been listed; they are set in boldface type. These include native species if any specimen exists, and introduced species if their persistence as perennials or by repeated advents seems assured. [Brackets] have been used to set off species not regarded as members of the permanent flora: species now extinct, very casually adventive, very infrequent as garden escapes, or to be rejected from record. Under each species, its distribution and habitat is set forth, in fairly general terms for the sake of brevity, the maps providing more specific details of distribution. For weedy species an effort has been made to note first recorded appearances. Groh (1927) in his report of a weed survey gives only the number of the Lots (the local units of land survey), out of the 55 he visited, in which he detected introduced, poisonous or weedy species. His figures indicate frequency at the time, though not distribution. The taxonomy is essentially that of Gray's Manual, eighth edition (Fernald, 1950). Deviations from this are found in the true ferns (Filices) in which it follows Copeland's Genera Filicum (1947), with some reservations, and in the Ericaceae where the taxonomic concepts of H.F. Copeland- have been followed. Where some generic segregations have appeared attractive (e.g., in Habenaria, Potentilla, Polygonum), the synonymy includes the alternative generic name with author of the appropriate specific combination, in the fashion of Gray's Manual (e.g., under Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. will be found the name Gymnadeniopsis Rydb., meaning that the alternative name Gymna- deniopsis clavellata (Michx.) Rydb. is available to those who find the concept Habenaria too inclusive.) The earlier references to each species in literature on the Island flora are appended as briefly as possible. Several examples will show the method :- " Polygonum sagittatum L. ... MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst," means that the name P. sagittatum appears correctly in the lists of 1891, 1907, 1933, 1940 and 1952 (understood to agree with the 1940 list unless otherwise noticed). "Cypripedium reg/noe Walt. ... (C. spectabile Salisb., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; C. hirsutum, Hurst), Campbell," means that the apparently correct * Copeland, Madrona 6: 113, 1941, on Monotropoideae, and in Am. Midi. Nat. 30: 533, 1943, on Rhododendroideae. 42 name C. reginae was not used until 1952, but that earlier records of the species appeared under the names of C. spectabile Salisb., the latter name correctly applied to this species, as is shown here by the use of its author's name, not preceded but only followed by a comma — in 1891 and 1907, and in 1933 and 1940 under the incorrectly applied name of C. hirsutum, its authority omitted). Such changes and misapplications have resulted from changing rules of nomenclature in the period from 1867 to 1935, developments in Europe and the United States for which the Island botanists cannot be held responsible. "Stellaria graminea L. ... (S. longifolia, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; 5. longipes, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst); MacSwain, Hurst," shows that the same species was carried from 1891 under two names and since 1907 under three. S. longifolia and 5. longipes have never been found in the Island. If they were ever questioned, it must have been assumed by each that his predecessor had found it. The semicolons separate synonymy deriving from different nomenclatural sources. "Potentilla ro Ian di i Boivin, Can. Field-Nat. 65:21, 1951. ... (P. pacifica, Roland, not Howell)". As it is assumed that Roland's Flora will serve for identification of species, it is necessary to point out that the name P. pacifica used there is taxonomically incorrect, Roland's species not being the original P. pacifica of Howell. The source of the new name is given. Asterisks (*) indicate species not previously reported from the Island or known from the large herbaria. The sign X precedes the name of a hybrid, thus: "X Solidago asperula Desf.", the name given to hybrids of S. rugosa and S. sempervirens. The following records from the 1891 list of MacSwain and Bain must be excluded in addition to those specifically rejected in the annotated list: Panicum agrostoides Car ex sychnocephala Carey - mistake for C. crawfordii or other young plants of Carex sect. Ovales. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. [Polygonum L.) Ribes trifidum Michx. - (R. glandulosum). Aesculus hippocastanum L. - introduced only. Teucrium canadense L. Monarda angustifolia - no such name. Mentha borealis Michx. - (M. arvensis var. canadensis), Scrophularia marilandica L. Galium boreale L. G. latifolium Torr. Overlooked in Campbell's list is a record of Hibiscus trionum L.# evidently an adventive, not established. Omitted among common garden escapes is Valeriana officinalis L., CHERRY PIE, seen at Rollo Bay, Murray River and elsewhere. 43 EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. Map 1. Common throughout. Damp meadows, in damp wood-edges has elongated branches, railway embankments, damp sand behind dunes as a depressed sterile state, f. decumbens (Mey.) Klinge. Weed and poisonous plant. 28 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. Equisetum sylvaticum L., var. pauciramosum Milde Map 2. Through- out in low, poorly drained sites, more commonly in partial shade than E. arvense. 18 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. [Equisetum palustre L. Not seen, and absent from Nova Scotia. One station on the Tignish railroad (Groh, in error for E. fluviatile ?), Hurst.] Equisetum fluviatile L. Map 3. Frequent in western Prince County, eastward scattered, most common along North Shore and in east-central lowland. Shallow standing water of streams, ponds and marshes. (E. limosum L., Macoun), Hurst. [.Equisetum hyemale L. Not seen. Brackley Point (Macoun), no specimen at National Herbarium. Wrongly ascribed to Groh by Hurst.] Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Map 4. Mount Stewart, bogs and boggy spots {Fernald et al. in 1912). Brackley Point (Macoun), without specimen. Hurst. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Map 5. Scattered throughout, in leaf mould of mixed woods. Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. Lycopodium inundatum L. Map 6. Scattered. Peat bogs, especially in mossy pockets or on bare damp sand or mud in full light. Macoun, Hurst. Lycopodium annotinum L. Map 7. Scattered throughout. Dry mixed woods. Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. Var. acri folium Fern, occurs in similar habitats at least at Rocky Point (cited in original description Rhodora 17: 124, 1915), and at Bear River. Intergradations occur as in Macoun's material from Cantire. Lycopodium clavatum L. Map 8. Scattered throughout, on light soil, in dry open woods. MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. In old fields on sunny banks the prevalent form is var. megastachyon Fern. & Bissell, possibly the growth-form developed in response to those conditions, as single and paired spikes may be borne on alternate peduncles of one rhizome. Colville Station, Royalty Junction, Peakes Station. (Var. monostachyon Macoun, Hurst, Campbell). Used as a Christmas decoration (Bain). 44 Equisotum nrv°nse E.ouisetn-^ S" I vi t ic'i-Ti Equisetum fluvintilg Lycopodium lucidulum Lycopodium annotinum Lycopodium clavatum 45 Lycopodium obscurum L. Map 9. "GROUND SPRUCE" (Watson) Scattered throughout, in dry woods on hills and bluffs. Sun-forms have relatively erect branches with oppressed leaves, a development comparable to the var. rnegastachyon of L. clavatum. Macoun, Hurst. (L. dendroideum Michx. , MacSwain & Bain). Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd. Map 10. Old fields and land cleared from spruce woods. Alberton, Stanhope, Sour is, Murray Harbour North. At Souris, the var. sabinaefolium and var. sitchense (Rupr.) Fern, grow side by side. Macoun, Hurst. Lycopodium complanatum L. Map 11. Western Prince County and around Charlottetown, to be expected elsewhere. Dry woods on sandy or light soil. Macoun, and MacSwain and Bain referred to the following as A. complanatum. Var. f labelliforme Fern. Map 12. Scattered throughout. Light soils, in open woods and on cleared banks. This may well be recognized, following Marie-Victorin, as a species, L. [labelliforme (Fern.) Blanchard. Hurst. Lycopodium tristochyum Pursh Map 13. Scattered in Western Prince County; Murray River. Dry heathy clearings in open sites on light acid soil. Excluded by Hurst. ISOETACEAE */soefes riparia Engelm. Map 14. Lake Verde, Glenfinnan Lake. Shallow water on a bottom of mud- covered sand. Characteristic of acid waters low in nutriment. Determined by Rao. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE [Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. Reported by Burgess in Macoun (1890), on the authority of Bain. In a letter to L. W. Watson, Macoun identified Bain's specimen as a "small B. virginianum". MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.] Botrychium matricariaefolium A. Br. Map 15. Hamilton near Malpegue, Hunter River, Black River, Valleyfield East near Montague. In hardwood leaf mold, and in cleared land reverting to white spruce. {B. ramosum, Hurst). Burgess, in Macoun. o *Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstrom var. angusti segmentum Pease & Moore Map 16. Hamilton near Malpeque, Hunter River. Always found in association with B. matricariaefolium. 46 Lycopodium sabinoefolium Lycopodium complanatum Lycopodium complanatum var, flabelliforme Lycopodium tristachyum Botrychium matricariaefolium Botrychium lanceolatum var. anaustiseamentum 47 Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. Map 17. Rare: in coarse sandy soil, Cape Aylesbury (P), Brackley point, North River (0), Morell, North Lake, Kilmuir (K). Scattered solitary plants in acid turf, among blueberry bushes. (B. lunar ioides, MacSwain and Bain; B. ternatum Bain, Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain, Hurst). Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Map 18. Scattered from east to west. In rather dense shade: deciduous woods or swampy but not boggy coniferous woods; inleaf mould or moss. (B. simplex, Bain); MacSwain, Hurst. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell Map 19. Brackley Point, Dalvay House, in damp shady hollows behind dunes. Burgess in Macoun, Hurst. OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda regal is L. var. spectabilis (Willd. ) Gray Map 20 Scattered, rather scarce. In swamps, especially at ditches and along river margins. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Osmunda claytoniona L. Map 21. Common everywhere except, apparently, in the southeast. Damp, partly shaded sites, at edge of woods or swamps. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Osmunda cinnamomea L. Map 22. Common throughout, acid soils, among heath bushes or in open woods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. PTERIDACEAE (Copeland's classification is followed) Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore Map 23. Distribution parallels that of the Alberry and Charlottetown fine sandy loams. Common in open deciduous or mixed woods and old fields or banks in hilly well-drained country. {Dicksonia punctilobula (Michx.) Gray, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst; Dicksonia pilosiuscula Willd., Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain). Fteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. Map 24. Common throughout. Open sites, dry or damp, very abundant in acid bushy old pastures. {Pteris aquilina, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst). MacSwain' s record of Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa Bong, from Rustico would not refer to the western var. pubescens Underw., but to an unusual pubescent specimen of the common variety. [Crypto gramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Holman's report of it in 1935 from the cliffs of the Dunk River has been repeated by Adams and by Hurst, but no substantiating specimens were retained. Not in Roland.] [Adiantum pedatum L. was listed by MacSwain and Bain, and even earlier in Stewart's history (1806). No suitable habitats for it exist.] 48 Botrychium multifidum Botrychium virqinionum Ophioqlossum vulqatum Osmund a claytoniona Dennstoedtia punctilobulo Pteridium aquilinum 49 ASPIDIACEAE Matteuccia pensylvanica (Willd.) Raymond (Nat. Can. 77: 55. 1950) Map 25. Common in the creek-bottom alder thickets of the Prince County clay regions, rarer eastward on the flood deposits of the larger streams. It should be noted that this, rather than Osmunda cinnamomea, provides the commercial "fiddle- heads" of New Brunswick. (Struthiopteris germanica, MacSwain and Bain; Onoclea Struthiopteris, MacSwain, Hurst; Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern., Campbell). Onoclea sensibilis L. Map 26. Throughout. Common in damp sun- lit sites: meadows and ditches. When vegetative fronds are cut, as often in haying operations, the unrolling fertile fronds may revert to a partially vegetative function with intermediate form: the "var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Ton." reported by Bain 1890). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Map 27. Rare: Pleasant View (P); North River (possibly); scattered around Souris. Deciduous woods. (Aspidium acrostichoides (Michx.) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst). [Pryopteris fragans (L.) Schott Bain's (1892) record of this species, as Aspidium fragans, is quite improbable.] [jDryopteris marginale (L.) Gray All records of this species from P.E.I, can be traced to Francis Bain. Until collected, it can be excluded from the flora. (Aspidium marginale (L.) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, Britton and Brown, Hurst).] Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray Map 28. Common in western Prince County, scattered eastward. Damp shady sites; very characteristic of cedar swamps; unusually, in a dry beech grove at the Experimental Farm. (Aspidium cristatum (L.) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst). [X Dryopteris boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw., a hybrid of D. cristata and D. spinulosa var. intermedia, should, at least for the present, be excluded from the flora. MacSwain and Bain recorded Aspidium spinulosum var. Boottii as common, through an evident misidentification of D. spinulosa var. intermedia. {Aspidium Boottii Tuckerm., MacSwain, Hurst); Campbell.] 50 Matteuccia pensylvanica Polystichum acrostichoides Dryopteris cristoto Thelypteris palustris var, pubescens 51 Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muller) Watt, vars. Map 29. Common throughout, in woods. Specimens from central Queens County have been identified by Fernald as var. spinulosa. The widespread form is var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. , sometimes regarded as a distinct species, and intermediate between them is the var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell, represented by a Macoun collection from Brackley Point Road. (Aspidium spinulosum (O.F. Muller) Sw., Burgess in Macoun, and var. Boottii MacSwain and Bain). Var. americana (Fisch.) Fern. Scattered in deciduous woods near the North Shore from Cavendish eastward, particularly well developed on the ridge north of Souris. Thelypteris palustris (Salisb.) Schott var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern. Map 30. Common in Prince County, scattered eastward. Mucky alder thickets and marshy runs; often in the damp hollows behind sand dunes, damp sites with considerable sunlight. {Aspidium Thelypteris, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens (Lawson) Nakai, Campbell). The genus Thelypteris has been separated from Dryopteris by Copeland on morphological evidence and by Manton on chromosome numbers. The name Lastrea used by Copeland is antedated by Thelypteris. Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. is reported from the Island by Roland (1947). {Dryopteris Davenp.). Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. Map 31. Rather scarce. In shady fairly dry sites: sandy loam under hardwood trees or in dry thickets along streams. {Aspidium noveboracensis (L.) Sw., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray, Campbell). Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson Map 32. Common between Charlottetown and Summerside, scattered in Prince County, apparently rare in Kings County. Open, usually coniferous woods on well-drained banks, more rarely along damp runs. {Phegopteris polypodioides Fee, Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; including P. hexagonoptera Bain 1892; Dryopteris Phegopteris (L. ) C. Chr., Campbell). Thelypteris dryopteris (L. ) Slosson Map 33. Throughout. Partially shaded sites; stream-bottom thickets and their banks, or dry hardwoods. {Phegopteris Dryopteris (L. ) Fee, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; including P. calcaria, Bain 1892; Dryopteris disjuncta (Ledeb.) C.V. Morton, Campbell). In this case the species should possibly be segregated from Thelypteris, but the generic name cannot be Gymnocarpium as proposed by Morton in the New Britton and Brown, that name referring (Copeland says) primarily to T. phegopteris. [Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Holman's record of it from cliffs of the Dunk River in 1935 reguires substantiation. Adams, Hurst.] 52 Thelypteris novehoracensis Thelypteris phegopteris Thelypteris dryopteris Athyrium thelypteroides Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii Woodwordio virginica 53 Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. Map 34. Scarce; stream banks, in shade and mould of mixed woods. (Asplenium thelypteroides Michx., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; Asplenium acrostichoides Sw., Hurst). Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng. ) Farwell Map 35. Common throughout. Ecological tolerance broad: dry wood-edge banks to damp shady runs. In dense shade the f. rube Hum (Gilbert) Farwell is produced. {Asplenium filix-femina (L.) Bernh., MacSwain <£ Bain, MacSwain, Hurst). BLECHNACEAE Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Map 36. Pond south of Murray River; pond at Village Green; Mermaid Lake, Southport (discovered by A. Smallwood; MacSwain's only station, Erskine in Rhodora 53: 265. 1951). Floating mat of bog ponds. POLYPODIACEAE Poly podium virginianum L. Map 37. Dunk River above Central Bedeque, moss on shady sandstone ledges. Only station; known since 1903. {P. vulgare, MacSwain, Hurst), Campbell. TAXACEAE Taxus canadensis Marsh. Map 38. From east to west on clay banks or along streams in ravines and woodland; absent from the steep dry central hills and eastern acid swamps. Undershrub of the best mixed forest land; more common on good hardwood land (Stewart). "GROUND SPRUCE" (Stewart); in Nova Scotia "Ground Hemlock". (T. baccata, MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. BALSAM FIR Map 39. Throughout, but most abundant in West Prince, seldom reaching any great height and on headlands low or even depressed. Possibly favored south of the true Boreal Forest (as also in Cape Breton) by clay soils. Characteristic of mixed forest on the best soils (Stewart). Nodes may be swollen by attacks of Balsam Woolly Aphis. Timber poor, used, if straight, for fence rails and laths; Canada Balsam used as internal and external medicament (Stewart). Now in demand as a Christmas tree. At least in West Prince represented by var. phanerolepis Fern. (Pinus balsamea L., Stewart); Macoun, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. HEMLOCK Map 40. Scattered, in woods on well -drained land: ravines, knolls. The durable wood used for wharves and pilings (Stewart), too brittle for beams but boards used for siding, the bark excellent for tanning, the shoots for a spruce beer (Stewart). (Pinus Abies, Stewart; Abies canadensis (L.) Michx., MacSwain and Bain); MacSwain, Hurst. 54 Polypodium virginianum Tsucja canadensis 55 Picea glauca (Moench) Voss WHITE SPRUCE Map 41. Throughout, a pioneer of open land establishing itself only in sunlit sites: in woodland only on the old dunes where no trees precede it; nowadays very common on abandoned farms and pastures of the lighter soils, and a major source of pulp wood; there growing so densely as to shade out all green vegetation. Growing with Betula populifolia, and indicator of the poorest land for farming, The light wood useful for spars and rafters (Stewart). {Pinus canadensis, white type, Stewart; Abies alba (Ait.) Link, Macoun, MacSwain; P. canadensis, Hurst), Campbell. Picea rubens Sarg. RED SPRUCE Map 42. Scattered, in well- drained 'hardwood forest' sites only: notably in ravines of Queens, and on knolls of West Prince. Forming beautiful groves, superior to the white spruce (Stewart). Stewart, however, calls it a species of clearings and old fields, which would seem likely to mean P. glauca. An element of the Northern Hardwood Forest but closely related to P. mariana of the Boreal Forest. Macoun said of them "distinct enough in P.E.I, to be regarded as species and variety." {Pinus canadensis, red type, Stewart; Picea nigra var. rubra (DuRoi) Engelm., Macoun; P. rubra (DuRoi) Link, not Dietr., Hurst), Campbell. Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP. BLACK SPRUCE Map 43. Common in Price and Kings; in Queens along the North Shore. Poorly-drained or exposed sites: swamps, bogs; on the dunes and headlands, depressed. Wood useful for masts and spars; shoots for spruce beer (Stewart). (Pinus canadensis, black type, Stewart; Abies nigra (Ait.) Michx., Bain; Picea nigra (Ait.) Link, Macoun; MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain), Hurst. Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch "JUNIPER" Map 44. Common throughout, with Picea mariana, characteristic of peat bogs, in swamps, even with Thuja; in hilly regions, forming pure stands where invading poorly drained pastures. Bushy-topped in exposed sites (e.g., the Black Marsh at North Point). The tough durable wood was the best in the Temperate Zone for ship's knees and trunnels; the turpentine used medicinally (Stewart). {Pinus Larix, Stewart; L. microcarpa Forbes, Bain; L. Americana Michx., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst. The common name "Juniper" is in local usage, as also in parts of New Brunswick; known in Cape Breton as "Cedar", in Nova Scoria as "Hackamatack" and in Ontario as "Tamarack." Pinus strobus L. PINE Map 45. More common in sandy eastern Kings and west of Summerside than in Queens. Large trees remain uncut along steep banks (e.g. near Montague River or at Milton) and old stumps indicate the former widespread occurrence in the climax forest, the "White Pine-Northern Hardwoods" regional type of E. Lucy Braun (1950), reported by early settlers. 56 57 Under British rule in 1763, the pine was reserved to the navy for masts (one trunk of three to five feet in diameter could serve as mainmast of a 64-gun ship) and cutting by the settlers was forbidden. Stewart declares that it was not abundant and never found in pure stands but was characteristic of the mixed forest on the best (sandy loam) land. Groves of young trees are rare (e.g., at McNeill's Mills), and there is little replacement. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Pinus resinosa Ait. Map 46. Very local: common around Cascumpeque Bay, e.g., at Mill River (Bain); locally through Kings County. Dry sandy soil. Small groves or scattered trees amid scrub; old trees only at Murray River. (P. Taeda, Stewart; P. rigida, Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Pinus banksiana Lamb. Map 47. West Prince. "Jack Pine" is said by MacLeod (1947) to occur in Kings. Sandy soils, after fire; boggy meadow and barrens. Heat frees seed from the cones. (P. Pinea, Stewart); Hurst 1941. Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) on the fire-barren on sand of a post-glacial beach at East Bideford in western Prince County, where it is quite localized 58 Juniperus communis 9 var. depresso A var, saxatilis Sporganium eurycorpum Spargonium omericanum 59 CUPRESSACEAE Thuja occidentalis L. CEDAR Map 48. Prince County west of Summerside, its easternmost limit the Miscouche Woods. Swamps, mainly on clay; a little in the west on poorly drained sandy loam, where it may invade pastures. Indicator of a calcareous subsoil. Source of fence rails. {Cupressus thyoides, Bain); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Juniperus communis L., vars. Map 49. Along the North Shore and around to Montague. Dry open land of headlands and beaches. Var. saxatilis Pallas Exposed sites: headlands and in the path of wind over sand dunes, along the North Shore. (Var. alpina Gaudin, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; var. montana Ait., Hurst; var. canadensis, Churchill), Campbell. Var. depressa Pursh Open dry sites: openings in spruce woods, pasture weed near North Shore and eastern headlands. Poisonous; 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst. Juniperus horizontal is Moench Map 50 Coastal, from West Point around the North Shore to Bay Fortune, on stabilized dunes and exposed sites nearby. Poisonous (Groh). (/. prostrata, Bain; /. Sabina var. procumbens Pursh, MacSwain and Bain, Churchill, MacSwain); Hurst. TYPHACEAE Typha latihlia L. "BULRUSH" Map 51. Throughout. Mucky shallows of fresh-water creeks or ponds, its rotting dead leaves and peduncles affording a habitat for many subaguatic species. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. *Typha angustifolia L. Map 52. Wood Island, brackish pool among sandy flats; an unconfirmed report from Village Green; Vernon {J.S. Erskine). SPARGANIACEAE (included in Typhaceae by MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain) Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Map 53. Margins of barrier-beach ponds and creeks along the North Shore; on the South, from a quaking marsh at Cherry Valley; scattered west to Summerside. A common element in the Typha stage of aquatic succession. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Sparganium americanum Nutt. Map 54. Lower Sea Cow Pond; Tignish; Watervale (Q); Bristol, on muddy banks and at margin of slow streams. Hurst. Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. Map 55. Common in east-central lowland, scattered elsewhere. Along streams, and shores of temporary ponds. (S. simplex, Macoun, Bain). Commonly represented by var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. (5. simplex, var. acaule Beeby, Macoun; S. diversifolium var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. & Eames, Hurst); Campbell. ^Sparganium fluctuans (Morong) Rob. Map 56. Pond between Stanhope Beach and Dalvay House, P.E.I. National Park. 60 Sporganium fluctuans Sparganium angustifolium Sparqanium multrpedunculatum Potamoqeton filiformis var. boreal is - • # var. macounii • • X 61 Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Map 57. Common in eastern Queens and adjacent parts of Kings, in lakes, standing or flowing water; streams, seldom flowering. (5. simplex var. Nuttallii, Macoun; var. angustifolium (Michx.) Engelm., MacSwain); Hurst. Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. Map 58. North Shore ponds from Brackley Beach to Grand Tracadie; Lake Verde; Mermaid Lake. [.Sparganium simplex Huds., a European species, is to be excluded. As used by older authors, it referred to all species other than 5. eurycarpum (Bain, 1892), to S. chlorocarpum especially (Macoun), and to S. multipedunculatum in the seventh edition of Gray's Manual.] Sparganium minimum Fries Tignish, muddy border of old millpond (Fernald et a/.). ZOSTERACEAE (NAJADACEAE, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst) Zostera marina L. var. stenophylla Asch. & Graebn. EELGRASS Map 59. Scattered around the coast: e.g., Alberton, Bideford, Brackley Beach, Savage Harbour, Murray River, Charlottetown harbor. Most completely marine species of the P.E.I, flora: salt-water estuaries and beaches, on moderately sandy or rocky bottom. Now nearly recovered from the wasting disease of 1933 and later years. Locally used as fertilizer; gathered in heaps on the beach for composting. ("SEAWEED") Hurst. The »alt-water eelgrass (Zostera marina), before Its mysterious decline in the 1930's was an economic source of land fertilizer and house Insulation as well as a food source for brant. H is now returning to the coastal waters and here at Brackley Beach it has been gathered up for use on the land A dense carpet of silverweed (PotentiUa anserinajl* spreading over It in the foreground. 62 61 Potamogeton foliosus Potamogeton pectinatus 62 Potamogeton pusillus Potamogeton natans 63 Potamogeton filiformis Pers. , vars. Map 60. North Shore ponds. Var. boreal is (Raf.) St. John, reported from pond at Brackley Beach by St. John, Rhodora 18: 135. 1916. M.W. Smith's report (1946) from Clark's Pond is based on a specimen of P. pectinatus, however. Campbell. Var. macounii Morong North Lake (Macoun 4373), variously reported as P. flabellatus in Macoun's Catalogue, P. interior in Gray's Manual (1908) and as P. juncifolius by A.R. Bennett (Jour. Bot. 46: 162. 1908). Campbell. Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz. Map 61. "Selkirk, abundant in clear brook, above tidewater" {Fernald and St. John 10,897), referred by D.H. Webster (unpublished thesis, Acadia University) to P. filiformis var. macounii. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Map 62. North Shore ponds: North Lake and Black Pond, Kings; Clark's Pond at Cavendish, Queens; Lower Sea Cow Pond. Brackish waters. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, also St. John (Rhodora 18: 125. 1916). *Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. Map 63. Southport, Ellerslie, Watervale. Fresh-water ponds. Potamogeton friesii Rupr. Map 64. Rather general: the common linear-leaved pond-weed of fresh-water ponds and streams, often found in mill- dams. (P. mucronatus Schrad., Macoun); Hurst. Potamogeton pusillus L. Map 65. Black Pond (K); Sea Cow Pond near Tignish; brackish waters. Macoun's collection recorded as var. capitatus in Gray's Manual (1908). (P. panormitanus Biv., Fernald). ^Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. var. nuttallii (C. & S.) Fern. Muddy Creek (St. Nicholas), stagnant pond near shore. Potamogeton natans L. Map 66. Local: St. Peters Lake (Britain Pond), ponds at Stanhope, Mount Stewart, Canavoy, Vernon River. Fresh water. MacSwain, Hurst. * Potamogeton alpinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden Map 67. Pleasant View (P), Watervale (Q). Muddy bottom of creeks. ^Potamogeton gramineus L. Map 68. Cherry Valley. Stagnant water in marsh.. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. bupleuroides (Fern.) Farwell Map 69. General: less common by far than P. praelongus, and more tolerant of brackish waters. (P. bupleuroides Fern., Hurst 1940); Campbell. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. Map 70. The common broad-leaved pondweed, forming beds in streams and milldams. MacSwain, Hurst. Ruppia maritima L. vars. Map 71. Around the coasts, not common. The varieties show no ecological segregation, var. mstrata Agardh, the most common, growing with var. subcapitata Fern. americanum, Campbell); Hurst. Ribes glandulosum Grauer Map 449. Common in West Prince, local eastward. Damp, open woods. (/?. rigens Michx., MacSwain and Bain; R. prostratum L'Her., Hurst); Campbell. Ribes triste Pall. Map 450. Local in Prince County and north- eastern hills. Damp, shady sites: mossy mixed woods, alder thickets along streams. {R. rubrum, var. sub glandulosum Maxim., MacSwain); Hurst. Ribes sativum Syme RED CURRANT Charlottetown Experimental Farm. European, introduced fruiting bush. Occasionally escapes to hedge and woods; noted since 1912. Ribes nigrum L. BLACK CURRANT Map 451. Rocky Point {Fernald & St. John); Bain's Creek near Tignish, thicket along stream. European, intro- duced for fruit and locally naturalized. ROSACEAE Spiraea lat i folia (Ait.) Borkh. Map 452. Throughout, common except in the uplands. Damp open places; swamps, thickets, abundant and weedy in damp overgrazed pastures; 25 Lots (Groh). (5. solid folia, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Hurst. Spiraea tomentosa L. Map 453. Common in southern Kings, very local in Queens, common in western Prince. Damp, acid places; in east in clearings, weed in 1 Lot (Groh); in west often in bogs. Hurst. 166 447 Spiroea tomentosa 454 167 [*Sorbaria sorbitol ia (L.) A. Br. Spreading into lawns and persistent around old house sites: Charlottetown, Bonshaw. Ornamental shrub, till recently much planted. Asiatic] Pyrus malus L. Map 454. Seedlings established along roadsides throughout. European. 24 Lots (Groh). Formerly much planted around farmhouses; nowadays mostly neglected; the varieties of 1890 not replaced. Seedlings do not conform to the cultivated varieties. (Malus pumila Mill.), Hurst. Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Render Map 455. Scattered throughout, more frequent along North Shore. Thickets; swamps or acid sands. Fruit juicy but sour, considered edible by Bain (1890), known elsewhere as Chokeberry. (Pyrus arbutifolia, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; P. floribunda Lindl.). Hybrids with Sorbus spp. occur: O'Leary; also the "Pyrus arbutifolia X sitchensis" of Hurst. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Map 456. Rather local, in bogs, where the usual species; or swamps and acid sands as for A. prunifolia. Forms transitional to A. prunifolia occur; e.g., at North Point, specimens had the glabrous foliage of A. melanocarpa, the tomentose-hairy pedicels of A. prunifolia. (Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd., Bain, MacSwain and Bain). Sorbus oucuporio L. Map 457. Widely planted in older settlements: European introduced ornamental. Occasionally naturalized, seed spread by birds. (P. aucuparia (L.) Ehrh.), Bain 1892. Sorbus ameri cana Marsh. Map 458. Scattered throughout; frequent in Prince and along North Shore. Low sandy or swampy fir mixed woods. (Pyrus americana, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; P. microcarpa (Pursh) DC). [Sorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid. Map 459. Not certainly present: material collected at Brackley Point and Charlottetown by Fernald and St. John determined as S. aucuparia by Jones. (Pyrus sitchensis, Hurst; P. decora (Sarg.) Hyland, Campbell).] Amelanchier wiegandii Nielsen Map 460. Common throughout. Dry hilly or sandy sites: usually at wood-edges or in fencerows; at Bothwell, on the beach and cliff. Amelanchier stolonifera Wieg. Rare: Dundee; Bristol (Lot 40 Station); Mer- maid; Bothwell (?). At Bothwell, plants intermediate between A. stolonifera and both A. wiegandii and A. laevis occur, the latter determined by Wiegand as hybrids. Amelanchier fernaldii Wieg. Recorded by Fernald (1950). Described originally as an apparent hybrid of A. stolonifera and A. laevis: this hybrid (as determined by Wiegand in 1914) occurring from Cavendish scattered to Bothwell. (A. ovalis, Bain (?); A. alnifolia, MacSwain (?). Identities doubtful). 168 455 456 Amelonchier wiegondii 169 Amelanchier intermedia Spach Map 461. Local in Queens and Kings. Dry open hilly sites: in hedgerows or at wood edges. Similar small trees or tali shrubs in Prince County are more woolly. Amelanchier laevis Wieg. WILD PEAR Map 462. Scattered from Prince to southern Kings, in upland regions. Dry sites: riverbanks in gravelly soils, or fencerows in hilly places. Always a tree or cluster of tall (12 foot) shrubs; the sepals usually woolly within but summit of ovary with scanty wool, only around the style base. Fruits edible, juicy, slightly sweet, often distorted by the rust Gymnosporangium. (A. Botyrapium, Bain; A. canadensis, MacSwain, Hurst; A. oblongifolia, MacSwain, Hurst). Var. nitida (Wieg.) Fern, from Murray River. X Amelanchier neglecta Eggleston (cited G.N. Jones, Am. Sp. Amelanchier, 1946) Charlottetown and Mount Stewart {Fernald et al.). Hybrid (sometimes allopolyploid?) of A. bartramiana X laevis. Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) Roem. Map 463. Scattered in the Prince and east-central lowlands. Bogs and swampy thickets, only Amelanchier of damp or shady habitats. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Map 464. From Summerside to Charlotte- town, more locally eastward. Introduced European ornamental (white "MAY" and rose-flowered), naturalized in fencerows and dry pastures, seeded by birds. 10 Lots (Groh). (C. Oxyacantha, MacSwain, Groh, Hurst, Campbell). Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe (?) Map 465. Mount Albion (Fernald et al.). Clumped shrubs. (C coccinea, MacSwain, in part, queried by Hurst). Crataegus succulenta Schrad. Map 466. Locally abundant in Queens and Kings. Fencerows and hedges, tall treelike shrubs. (C. coccinea, MacSwain, in part, questioned by Hurst). RED HAWS are found in West Prince also. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne WILD STRAWBERRY Map 467. Throughout, common. Open dryish sites: pastures, banks, dry thickets. Old fields, open spots in forest, and indicator of land good for white clover (Stewart). Fruits edible, sweet and acid. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. (Including F. vesca, Stewart; MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, queried by Hurst). The often recognizable var. terrae-novae (Rydb.) Fern. <£ Wieg. Rocky Point, Charlottetown, Brackley Beach, the last nearly glabrous. [X Fragaria ananassa Duchesne, the cultivated strawberry, is considered to be a hybrid of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis. Plants from a railway embankment at O'Leary, approach F. ananassa closely; Experimental Farm, Charlottetown, wood edge.] [Potentilla fruticosa L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, is to be excluded. Even in cultivation at Smelt Creek, it does very poorly.] 170 Crataegus monogyna Crataegus chryeocorpe Crataegus succulent a Frogoria virginiana 171 Potentilla tridentata Ait. Map 468. Common along the North Shore; locally throughout. Dry sandy or gravelly sites, among poor thin grass; exposure barrens on fixed dunes, old fields, banks in open woods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. (Sihbaldiopsis Rydb.). Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. Map 469. Near North Shore, around to West Point, rarely inland, Watervale; Pisquid Pond; Dundee. Pond margins. MacSwain and Bain, Hurst. (Comarum L.). Potentilla argentea L. Map 470. Scattered throughout; more common near sandy shores. European. Waste sandy or gravelly soil: roadsides, banks, a weed in sandy fields and gardens. 5 Lots (Groh). [^Potentilla gracilis Douglas var. gracilis Brackley Point, a single perennial clump on grassy farm tracks (1953). Western North America, adventive.] Potentilla recta L. var. sulphurea (Lam.) Lapeyr. Map 471. Cape Wolfe (1940), Ellerslie, Kinkora, New Glasgow (1938), Murray River, Souris. European, recently naturalized. Dry fields or pastures. (P. sulphurea Lam., Hurst 1941; P. recta, Hurst 1940, Campbell). Var. sulphurea is probably correctly known as var. recta. Potentilla norvegica L. Map 472. Throughout. Dry unoccupied sandy soil, weed of roadsides, edges of fields. 21 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst (including P. monspeliensis L., Groh, Hurst). Potentilla intermedia L. Map 473. Scattered throughout Prince and western Queens; seen at Bristol. European, recently naturalized (Plat River, near Summerside, 1914; New London, 1934). Roadsides, dry much-trodden pasture and fields. Groh, Hurst. [* Potentilla inclinata Vill. Bideford, in weedy farmyard (1953). Adventive, European.] Potentilla simplex Michx. Map 474. Frequent in Kings County; scattered < westward (Hunter River, O'Leary). Banks and thickets, open woods; weed in old fields. 2 Lots (Groh). (P. canadensis, Groh, Hurst, Campbell). Potentilla anserina L. Map 475. Throughout, particularly common in Prince and along the North Shore. Sands: seashores, inland along roadsides as weed. 12 Lots (Groh). Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Potentilla rolandii Boivin, in Can. Field— Nat. 65: 21. 1951. Map 476. Coastal only; in sheltered estuaries. Mud and salt marsh accompany its sites. {P. pacifica, Roland, not Howell). Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Map 477. Introduced European ornamental; naturalized locally around old settlements in roadsides ditches or thickets. 4 Lots (Groh). Hurst. 172 Potent i I lo polustris Potentilla norvegica 173 *Geum laciniatum Murr. Map 478. West Prince; rare eastward: Winter River near York, creek-bottom alder thickets. Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fern, Map 479. Prince County. Alder thickets along creeks and banks; weedy where cut for roadsides or clearing. 5 Lots (Groh). (G. strictum, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; Campbell. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Map 480. Local: West Prince; Hunter River valley; northeastern district. Damp, partially shaded sites; alder thickets, damp hardwoods. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Geum rivale L. Map 481. Common in Prince; local, northern Queens, Kings. Marshy thickets or mossy stream banks. Hurst 1940. Rubus chamaemorus L. YELLOWBERRY Map 482. Western Prince County bogs, in thick peat hummocks. Fruits eaten locally; few flowers set fruit. Hurst. Rubus pubescens Raf. Map 483. Throughout; common particularly in West Prince. Characteristic of damp mixed woods, damp thickets and weedy along railroad banks. (R. triflorus Richards., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst), Campbell. Rubus idaeus L., sspp. RASPBERRY Map 484. Ssp. idaeus Bideford, colony along old road (now a cart track) through second growth spruce woods. Introduced from Europe for the large fruits. Ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Common throughout, openings in woods; very abundant in clearings, roadsides, thickets and on burns with fireweed. Noted on the "treeless lands" by Jacques Cartier. "After cutting, abundant". (R. strigosus Michx., Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; R. idaeus var. aculeatissimus, Hurst, Campbell; R. idaeus, Stewart). Var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. Common. The forma albus (Bailey) Fern, noted by Stewart from "a single station." Var. canadensis Richards. Charlottetown Experimental Farm; Brackley Point. [Rubus occidentalis L. reaches only to Quebec. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst.] [Rubus trivialis Michx. reaches only to Maryland. Bain, Hurst.] Rubus hispidus L. Map 485. East of Charlottetown. Damp, open thickets and clearings. Cold moist locations, not frequent nor abundant (Stewart). Fruit sour, edible. (R. moluccanus, Stewart; R. canadensis, MacSwain and Bain, Hurst); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Rubus tardatus Blanchard South Lake near Both well, clay bank (Fernald et a/.). 174 Filipendula ulmario Geum macrophyllum 175 Rubus arcuans Fern. & St. John Map 486. Dundee (type locality), Mount Stewart, Tracadie Beach, Summerside, Miscouche. Dry open sites; in poor sandy soil. Rubus vermontanus Blanchard Sandy lands of east-central lowland: " Tracadie, trailing amongst grass" {Macoun); Morell; Murray River. {R. setosus, Gray's Manual (1908), Hurst). Rubus perinvisus Bailey Brackley Point Road {Fernald et al. 7650). Rubus canadensis L. Map 487. Common. Abundant in openings in woods, thickets, and clearings, tolerant of some shade. Older records refer to a prostrate species. Rubus elegantulus Blanchard Mount Stewart {Fernald et al.). Probably only a slender, pricklier version of the former. Rubus amicalis Blanchard Cove Head {Macoun); North River Road, Charlotte- town. Clearings, thickets. Rubus kennedyanus Fern. Recorded from P.E.I, in Roland (1947). {R. quaesitus Bailey, Roland). Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Murray River {Blanchard); Huntley River near Alberton, steep bank. {R. pergratus Bailey). \_Rubus frondosus Bigel. as interpreted by Bailey, R. canadensis var. pergratus (Blanchard; Bailey, Roland), does not occur northeast of Massachusetts. Bain, Hurst. ] Rubus allegheniensis Porter Map 488. Our collections from east and central Prince. Relatively sandy soil, in thickets at border of woods. {R. villosus, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst). [Dalibarda repens L. Warren's herbarium, accumulated at North River, includes one collection, possibly from the Island. No other record.] Agrimonia gryposepala Walk. Map 489. Local: vicinity of Tignish; Brackley Point; North River. Damp, open places, thickets. Flowers paler than in A. striata. {A. Eupatoriaf in part, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Groh, Hurst. Agrimonia striata Michx. Map 490. West and central Prince, central Queens and northeastern Kings. Open sites: thickets, borders of woods, weedy on roadsides. 4 Lots (Groh). {A. Eupatoria, in part, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Groh, Hurst. [Agrimonia odorata Mill. Brackley Point, introduced from Wiltshire, England (1920) and abundantly persisting in Hurst's garden.] [*Rosa centifolia L. CABBAGE ROSE Rosebank in Southport, roadside. Persistent or escaped ornamental, introduced from Europe.] 176 Rubus ollegheniensis '\x Aqrirnonia striata \ 177 [Rosa tomentosa Sm. var. globulosa Rouy Southport to Keppoch, roadside thicket (Fernald et a/.). European, introduced ornamental, escaped. Campbell.] Rosa micrantha Sm. Map 491. SWEET BRIAR Alberton; Charlotte- town (Groh); Brackley Point and Road; frequent in the southeast. Introduced from Europe; naturalized. No longer planted. Thickets and dry pastures. Charac- terized by the large brown galls like tufts of hair, called "Robin's pincushions". (R. rubiginosa, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst; R. Eglanteria, Campbell). Rosa nitida Willd. Map 492. Mount Stewart region to Dundee; near De Sable, Murray River. Larch swamps and bogs. Rosa virginiana Mill. Map 493. Common throughout. Damp, partly sunlit places: thickets, swamp margins, marshes. Very common component of Calamagrostis thicket. (R. lucida Ehrh., MacSwain and Bain, Churchill 1901, MacSwain); Hurst, including R. palustris. Rosa Carolina L. Map 494. North Shore: Rustico, Cavendish. Sandy headlands and fixed dunes. Apparently elsewhere, less common than in Nova Scotia, forming colonies in fencerows. MacSwain and Bain. [Rosa palustris Marsh. Hurst's specimen seems referable to R. virginiana.] [Rosa spinosissima L. Southport, introduced European ornamental. Roadside bank.] [Rosa rugosa Thunb. Ornamental, introduced from Japan via Europe. Flowers white or pink. Escaping to roadside banks (e.g., Souris West).] Rosa cinnamomea L. Map 495. Ornamental, introduced from Europe. Flowers double. Formerly much planted; extensive colonies established along the roadsides. [Rosa blanda Ait. is not known to occur east of the Saint John Valley. Reported by MacSwain, Hurst.] [Prunus depressa Pursh is absent, though known from New Brunswick river beaches. Reported by Bain, MacSwain, doubted (as P. pumila) by Hurst.J hrunus pensylvanica L. f. WILD CHERRY Map 496. Common throughout, open dryish sites. "Follows clearings in abundance, and also fire, but lives only 15 to 20 years" (Stewart). "Fruits put into spirits for rum and brandy" (Stewart). (P. virginiana, Stewart); Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. [Prunus cerasus L. SOUR CHERRY Garden fruit-tree, occasionally planted. Introduced from Asia Minor via Europe; escaped on the Brackley Point Road (Fernald et al.).] [Prunus serotina Ehrh. appears to be absent, though found just across the Strait in N.S. and N.B. Reported by MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst.] 178 493 494 Prunus pensylvanica 179 F-runus virginiana L. Map 497. CHOKECHERRY Common through Prince and Queens, mainly on the Alberry-Charlottetown sandy loams. Well drained, open sites; thickets and fencerows. Racemes occasionally very dense with short pedicels and rachis: Experimental Farm, Charlottetown. Fruits edible but drying and puckering the mouth. Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. LEGUMINOSAE [Gleditsia triacanthos L. Ornamental shade tree introduced from the eastern States. A single small seedling tree in Hunter River, 1941.] [Thermopsis mollis (Michx.) M.A. Curtis Mount Herbert, naturalized along roadside near the Consolidated School, according to H.A. Messervy; if persistent, was in any case destroyed by road improvement. Introduced from southeastern United States.] Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Map 498. SCOTCH BROOM Pisquid Road at Watervale (discovered by E.S. Blanchard). Naturalized on Kayes farm, Georgetown; also spread to roadside banks where considerably cut back by roadside use of weed sprays; introduced presumably from Britain, limited to the milder eastern parts of the Island. Hurst 1941. {Sarothamnus Wimmer). Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Map 499. LUPINE Garden ornamental, introduced from British Columbia. Naturalized since 1912 at least, in cemeteries and spread to roadsides in milder climates of the Island from Hunter River east. (L. perennis, Hurst 1940). Trifolium arvense L. Map 500. Scattered: common around Tignish; rare, Ellerslie; from Charlottetown locally eastward through Kings especially along the railway. Naturalized from Europe. Open sites on light or disturbed soils; roadsides, railways, sandy fields. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Trifolium pratense L. Map 501. RED CLOVER Throughout; common from East Prince through to Kings. Cultivated with Phleum pratense for clover hay, often in mixtures with T. hybridum; introduced from Europe; established on roadsides, rough pastures, waste places. Our plants are trans- itional between var. americ an urn Harz and var. sativum (Mill.) Schreb. or referable to the latter. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. [Trifolium medium L. Bay View: edge of field, Walter Simpson farm, perhaps as early as 1892 and as late as 1911, when examined by Malte; roots sent to Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, for trial introduction (1897). Introduced from Europe; earliest record from Maritimes. Bain 1892, MacSwain, Hurst.] 180 Cytisus scooarius Lupinus polyphyllus 499 500 "u Trifolium protense 181 Tri folium repens L. Map 502. WHITE CLOVER Scattered through- out, common in lowlands. Introduced from Europe for pastures, naturalized. Partially sunlit sites with loamy soils, shaded by taller herbs: pastures, lawns, woods, roads. Bain distinguished White or Creeping Clover (which he supposed native) from White Dutch Clover (introduced), presumably influenced by the botany of England where the native English strains are considered superior to the introduced Dutch for pasturage. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Tri folium hybrid urn L. Map 503. ALSIKE Throughout. Introduced from Europe; planted in clover-hay mixtures with Phleum pratense, and natural- ized: roadsides, fields. Our specimens belong to var. elegans (Savi) Boiss. MacSwain, Hurst. Trifolium agrarium L. Map 504. YEO CLOVER Scattered through- out; common in central uplands. Introduced from Europe, naturalized. Roadsides, edges of fields, meadows. Local name from its introduction by Senator John Yeo. [T. aureum Poll.); MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Trifolium procumbens L. Map 505. Common throughout. Naturalized from Europe. Weed of light or disturbed soils; very abundant on railways and fixed sand dunes; also along roadsides and in thin grass. 38 Lots (Groh). Ours belong to the variety called T. campestre Schreb. var. ma jus (Koch) Gremli in Europe. Bain 1892, MacSwain, Hurst. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Map 506. Occasional throughout: common only in the central arable region, from Miscouche to Chariot tetown. Introduced from Europe as fodder before 1850; naturalized as weed of fields and roadsides. Groh, Hurst 1940. Melilotus alba Desr. Map 507. Scattered throughout: fairly common in arable Alberry-Charlottetown soils. Introduced from Europe as fodder, before 1888; naturalized as weed of fields and roadsides, often on cinders. It is only in recent years that intensified stock-raising has made these fodder plants common. 8 Lots (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst. [Medicago sativa L. Map 508. ALFALFA Scattered, mostly in low lands. Introduced from Europe as fodder plant, persisting in fields, rarely weedy on roadsides. 1 Lot (Groh). Groh, Campbell.] Medicago lupulina L. Map 509. Scattered throughout. Naturalized European weed of roadsides and railway cinders. 11 Lots (Groh). Represented at some stations (e.g., Campbellton) )by var. lupulina, at others (e.g., Charlotte- town) by var. glandulosa Neilr. MacSwain, Hurst. Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Map 510. Ornamental tree, often planted around houses. Introduced from eastern United States. Forming sucker colonies along roadsides (Crapaud, DeSable, Charlottetown, Georgetown). 4 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. 182 Trifolium hybridum Trifolium procumbens 510 183 [Robin io viscoso Vent. Map 511. Ornamental shrub, occasionally planted. Introduced from eastern United States. Forming sucker colonies where planted: Hunter River, Appin Road (Messervy), and elsewhere. 2 Lots (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst.] [Robinia hispida L., a smaller eastern American shrub, may be grown. Not seen. Reported by MacSwain and Bain.] [Vicia sativo L. Map 512. Seldom established; western Prince. Sown with admixture of peas in oats for green fodder. Introduced from Europe, weed only in farmyards.] Vicio ongustifolia Reichard Map 513. Throughout, common on the North Shore. Naturalized from Europe; weed of fields, pastures and waste places, on sandy soil. Possibly the wild ancestor of V. sativa. 16 Lots (Groh). (V. saliva, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain); Groh, Hurst. Vicio sepiun, L. Map 514. Charlottetown, ditches and garden fencerows. Naturalized from Europe before 1926. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst. Vicio tetraspermo (L.) Moench. Map 515. Brackley Point {Macoun); Cherry Valley (1953). Naturalized from Europe, weed of grass verges. Groh, Hurst. Vicio hirsuto (L.) S.F. Gray Map 516. Rare: Alberton (1912), Rusticoville, Bunbury, Vernon (1926), Kilmuir (Watson), Souris. Naturalized from Europe, weed of sandy waste land, roadsides, inner dunes, borders of fields. 10 Lots (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst. Vicio crocco L., sspp. Map 517. Very common throughout. Natural- ized from Europe. Weed of fields, waste places, roadsides. 46 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Ssp. crocco Common everywhere. Ssp. tenuifolia (Roth) Gaudin Charlottetown, waste ground (Gorham). Adventive from southern Europe. [V/c/'o americona Muhl. Not known east of southern Quebec. Reported by MacSwain and Bain.] Lathyrus joponicus Willd. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern. BEACH PEA Map 518. Around the coast; common on North Shore. Sand dunes and barrier beaches, observed by Jacques Cartier on the "treeless lands." {L. maritimus Bigel., Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst, M.W. Smith); Campbell. Lathyrus palustris L. var. piiosus (Cham.) Ledeb. Map 519. Scattered mainly coastal. Damp thickets, fresh borders of salt marshes and sana beaches, more characteristically piiosus in the latter habitats. (/.. palustris, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain; var. linearifolius, Hurst, Campbell). 184 Vicio angustifolia 517 185 Lathyrus pratensis L. Map 520. Locally naturalized: Wellington, Borden (1 Lot Groh), Charlottetown and Rocky Point. European. Along railway bank, but usually in permanent grass: meadow, churchyard. MacSwain, Hurst. [Lathyrus sylvestris L. Introduced from England; planted in his hedgerow by by Blytne Hurst, ana still persistent. Campbell.] LINACEAE [Linum usitatissimum L. FLAX Introduced for linseed and fiber elsewhere in Canada, from Europe. Casual weed of railway yards. Charlottetown (1953); 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.] Li nun, cotharticum L. Map 521. Souris (1952), on railway bank; naturalized as in northern Nova Scotia; European. OXALIDACEAE (included in GERANIACEAE, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain) Oxalis n.ontana Raf. WOOD SORREL Map 522. Scattered through Prince and Queens; rare in Kings. Mossy floor of mixed or coniferous woods in lowlands or ravines. {0. Acetosella, Bain, MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst), Campbell. Oxalis stricta L. (Eiten, Taxon 4 (5): 99. 1955) Map 523. Scattered, in Prince and Queens. Common native weed: wood edges, stream banks, gardens. 9 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain; (?) Groh; (0. corniculata var. stricta (L.) Gray, MacSwain, Hurst; 0. corniculata, Campbell; 0. europaea Jord., Roland). The forms recognized by Wiegand under O. europaea occur: f. cymosa is common, f. pilosella collected at Hunter River, f. villicaulis at Bonshaw. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. (Eiten, I.e.) Charlottetown, Montague. North American weed; gardens, railway cinders. (0. stricta, Gray's Manual (1950), including O. stricta var. piletocarpa W ieg.). GERANIACEAE [Geranium protense L. Map 524. Established in the 1940's, not persisting, along roadsides at Andrew's Mills on Mayfield Road north of New Glasgow; Hunter River and Cymbria. Planted in gardens; introduced from Europe. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.] Geranium robertianun. L. Map 525. West Prince; northeastern uplands. Damp, partially shady sites: swampy woods, thickets. POLYGALACEAE *polygola sanguinea L. CANDYSTICK Map 526. Cavendish, in sandy old field at ranger's house, discovered by Sterling Campbell (1950-3). 186 Geranium pratense Geranium robertionum Polyqala sanquinea 526 187 EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia helioscopia L. Map 527. Occasional; around towns and on North Shore. Naturalized from Europe before 1888 Weed of railways, sandy gardens and roadsides. 6 Lots (Groh). MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. Euphorbia cyparissias L. Map 528. Introduced from Europe to decorate gardens and graveyards; persistent and spreading to roadsides, especially in central region, towns. The tetraploid race, which sets seed, forms a large colony at Brackley Point. 1 Lot (Groh). MacSwain, Hurst. ^Euphorbia esula L. York, established colony along bank on farm. Naturalized from Europe. [Euphorbia peplus L. Summerside, weed on dump. European; casual. 1 Lot (Groh). Hurst.] ^Euphorbia supina Raf. Charlottetown, railway weed (1953). Naturalized from Canada. {E. maculata, authors). Euphorbia polygonifolia L. Map 529. North Shore; Wood Islands (Roland map). Sandy beaches. MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, Hurst. CALLITRICHACEAE (included in HALORAGEAE by MacSwain) Callitriche palustris L. Map 530. West Prince; east-central lowland. Aquatic or emersed; muddy border of ponds, streams, springs. (C. verna L., MacSwain and Bain, MacSwain, "doubted" by Hurst); Hurst. EMPETRACEAE Empetrum nigrum L. Map 531. Along North Shore; inland: Mermaid bog; north of Souris, Portage, North Point. Cold sites: exposed dunes or head- lands; inland in bogs. Fruit black, sour. MacSwain, Hurst. Empetrum atropurpureum Fern.