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Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba

Plants of Riding Mountain
National Park, Manitoba

William J. Cody, Curator
Vascular Plant Herbarium
Biosystematics Research Centre

Research Branch
Agriculture Canada

Publication 1818/E
1988

Published in cooperation with the Canadian Parks Service, Environment Canada.

3Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1988

Available in Canada through

Authorized Bookstore Agents

and other bookstores

or by mail from

Canadian Government Publishing Centre

Supply and Services Canada

Ottawa, Canada Kl A 0S9

Catalogue No. A53-1818/1988E
ISBN 0-660-12879-9

Price subject to change without notice.

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Cody, William J., 1922-

Plants of Riding Mountain National Park,
Manitoba

(Publication ; 1818E)

Issued also in French under title: Flore du Pare
national du mont Riding, Manitoba.
Includes index.
Bibliography: p.

I. Botany-Manitoba-Riding Mountain National
Park. I. Canada. Agriculture Canada.

II. Canadian Parks Service. III. Title.

IV. Series: Publication (Canada. Agriculture
Canada). English ; 1818E.

QK203.M3.C6 1988 581.97127'2 C88-099202-6

Cover illustration: Rudbeckia laciniata L.; tall coneflower
(photograph by author).

Staff Editor
Frances Smith

Contents

Introduction 1
Key to the families 5
The flora 19
Excluded species 253
Literature cited 256
Checklist of species 257
Glossary 269
Index 297

Introduction

Riding Mountain, like Turtle Mountain, Duck Mountain,
and Porcupine Mountain, forms a part of the Manitoba
Escarpment. It stands out on the otherwise relatively flat
countryside of southern Manitoba. The sharpest feature is the
steep escarpment on the eastern flank which rises to a height
of about 400 m. To the west of the escarpment is a rolling
plateau.

Cretaceous shales are exposed and deeply incised by
streams on the escarpment. On the plateau, the surface
deposits are mainly glacial tills, but some lacustrine materials
can be found around the lakes. Where drainage is poor,
shallow peat deposits occur.

Most of Riding Mountain National Park lies in the
Mixedwood Section of the Boreal Forest Region (Rowe 1959).
This is characterized by Populus tremuloides (aspen poplar), P.
balsamifera (balsam poplar), Betula papyrifera (white birch,
paper birch), Picea glauca (white spruce), and Abies balsamea
(balsam fir) on well-drained sites; Pinus banksiana (jack pine)
on drier sites; and Picea mariana (black spruce) and Larix
laricina (tamarack) in low, poorly drained situations,
although Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana do grow
together on a few well to moderately drained slopes. Also
present in the park are the broad-leaved trees Ulmus
americana (American or white elm), Fraxinus pennsyluanica
(green ash), Acer negundo (Manitoba maple), and Quercus
macrocarpa (bur oak). These broad-leaved trees are found
largely on or below the escarpment, where they are associated
with such rare plants of eastern affinity as Celastrus scandens
(bittersweet), Parthenocissus inserta (Virginia creeper), and
Amphicarpa bracteata (hog-peanut). They form an intrusion
of the Aspen-oak section of the Boreal forest region (Rowe
1959).

Although most of Riding Mountain is treed, areas of Rough
Fescue Grassland (dominated by Festuca hallii) and Mixed
Grassland occur, particularly in the western region. Notable
examples are in the area of the bison enclosure and Birdtail
Valley. Diagram 1 depicts the relationship of tree species to
edaphic and physiographic factors in the Park, and Diagram 2
shows a generalized pattern of the distribution of major plant
communities.

1

Introduction

Within the boundaries of Riding Mountain National Park,
a total of 88 families, which include 300 genera, 669 species,
and two hybrids, are known to occur. This publication is
intended to provide a workable key to the vascular plants
found within Riding Mountain National Park. Although the
descriptions are brief, they are, it is hoped, complete enough to
separate the various species from one another. The book is
based on studies carried out by the author during the summers
of 1979 and 1983 and on the study of extensive collections
made during the first year, in particular. The herbaria of the
Canada Department of Agriculture (DAO) and the National
Museum of Natural Sciences (CAN), both in Ottawa, were
surveyed, as were those of the University of Manitoba (MAN),
Winnipeg, Canadian Wildlife Service and Canadian Forestry
Service (CAFB), Edmonton, and Riding Mountain National
Park. Some material preserved in the herbarium of the
Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, Winnipeg, was also
examined. Earlier botanical works such as Scoggan (1957),
Lowe (1943), and Boivin (1967-1981) were also checked.

The illustrations are reproduced from Vascular Plants of
Continental Northwest Territories, Canada, by A.E. Porsild
and W.J. Cody (1980), with permission from the National
Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada.
Diagrams 1 and 2 are reproduced from Notes on the Vegetation
in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba by R.H. Bailey
(1968), with permission from Environment Canada.

The curators of the herbaria mentioned above are
gratefully acknowledged for making specimens available for
study. W.A. Wojtas provided technical assistance in the field
and in the herbarium, and B.S. Brooks provided help in the
preparation of the text. The manuscript was reviewed by I.J.
Bassett, V.L. Harms, J.D. Johnson, E. Small, and G. Trottier.
whose comments were much appreciated.

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Key to the families

la. Plants without flowers or seeds; reproducing by spores

(2)

lb. Plants producing seeds (7)

2a. Leaves slender, often scale-like, simple, sessile, mostly
small (3)

2b. Leaves broad, usually more than 2 cm long, often quite
large, variously incised or dissected (5)

3a. Stems not conspicuously jointed; leaves mostly
imbricated; spore cases in cone-like spikes (strobiles)
(4)

3b. Stems conspicuously jointed, mostly hollow; leaves
scale-like, in sheath-like whorls at the nodes; spore
cases on the scales of terminal cone-like spikes
(strobiles) 3. EQUISETACEAE p. 20

4a. Leaves without a ligule; strobiles terete; homosporous
1. LYCOPODIACEAE p. 19

4b. Leaves ligulate; strobiles 4-sided; sporangia of 2 kinds,

microsporangia containing many minute microspores
(male) and macrosporangia containing fewer and

larger macrospores (female)

2. SELAGINELLACEAE p. 19

5a. Spore cases relatively large, borne in a terminal

(grape-like) cluster, the sterile blade appearing lateral

on a common stalk with it

4. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE p. 24

5b. Spore cases minute, borne in clusters (sori) on the back
or near the margins of green blades or on separate
modified fronds (6)

6a. Fronds robust, 3-forking below the blade-bearing

portion, scattered from deeply buried thick rhizomes;

sori marginal 5. PTERIDACEAE p. 26

6b. Fronds usually delicate, pinnate or ternate, densely

tufted or scattered along a thin rhizome

6. ASPIDIACEAE p. 26

Key to the families

7a. Trees or shrubs with needle-like or scale-like leaves;
leaves not falling in autumn (except Larix); seeds
produced directly on the scales of cones (the cones
sometimes berry-like) 7. PINACEAE p. 30

7b. Woody or nonwoody plants with variously shaped
usually deciduous leaves; seeds produced in various
types of fruit; fruit usually not in cone-like structures
(8)

8a. Leaves usually parallel-veined; parts of flowers

usually in threes or sixes, never in fives; herbs ... (9)

8b. Leaves usually net- veined; parts of flowers usually in
fours or fives; herbs, shrubs, or trees (23)

9a. Plants not differentiated into stem and leaf, small,

thallus-like, ellipsoid, oblong or globose; free-floating,

immersed, or sometimes stranded aquatics

18. LEMNACEAE p. 100

9b. Plants with stems and leaves, not thallus-like (10)

10a. Perianth lacking or inconspicuous, often consisting of
bristles or scales, not petal-like (see also
Scheuchzeriaceae and Juncaceae) (11)

10b. Perianth of 2 distinct whorls, with the inner often
petal-like and conspicuous (17)

11a. Flowers enclosed or subtended by scales (glumes);
plants grass-like, with jointed stems, sheathing leaves
and 1-seeded fruit (12)

lib. Flowers not enclosed in scales (though sometimes in
involucrate heads); plants not as above (13)

12a. Stems usually hollow, terete, or flattened; leaves
2-ranked; leaf sheaths usually split (open); anthers
attached at the middle ... 15. GRAMINEAE p. 42

12b. Stems solid, usually more or less 3-sided; leaves
usually 3-ranked; leaf-sheaths not split (closed);

anthers attached at the base

16. CYPERACEAE p. 74

13a. Aquatic plants; stems and leaves flaccid, either
immersed or floating (see also Sparganium) .... (14)

13b. Terrestrial plants or bases in water; stems rigid
enough to support shoots above water level .... (15)

Key to the families

14a. Leaves alternate or subopposite

10. POTAMOGETONACEAE p. 34

14b. Leaves opposite or whorled

11. NAJADACEAE p. 38

15a. Flowers in globose heads; perianth of flat scales ....

9. SPARGANIACEAE p. 34

15b. Flowers mostly in spikes (16)

16a. Flowers unisexual, with the pistillate in a thick spike
and the staminate above ... 8. TYPHACEAE p. 32

16b. Flowers perfect, in a thick dense fleshy spike, with the

spike subtended by a large bract (spathe)

17. ARACEAE p. 100

17a. Plants aquatic, immersed or nearly so; leaves whorled
14. HYDROCHARITACEAE p. 42

17b. Plants terrestrial or semi-aquatic; leaves not whorled
(18)

18a. Perianth relatively inconspicuous, green or brownish;

plants rush-like (19)

18b. Perianth conspicuous, at least the inner whorl

brightly colored (20)

19a. Perianth dry, often scarious; flowers commonly in
panicles or heads; carpels 3, united, forming a small
capsule 19. JUNCACEAE p. 102

19b. Perianth herbaceous; flowers in racemes or spikes;
carpels 3 or 6, almost distinct, separating as follicles
when ripe 12. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE p. 38

20a. Carpels numerous, distinct, in a ring or a cluster,

becoming achenes; plants of marshes and bogs

13. ALISMATACEAE p. 40

20b. Carpels 3; ovaries united; fruit a capsule or berry
(21)

21a. Ovary superior (rarely partly inferior)

20. LILIACEAE p. 106

21b. Ovary inferior (22)

22a. Flowers regular; stamens 3

21. IRIDACEAE p. 110

22b. Flowers very irregular; stamens 1 or 2

22. ORCHIDACEAE p. 1 10

Key to the families

23a. Corolla none; calyx present or absent (24)

23b. Corolla and calyx both present (52)

24a. Flowers unisexual, either staminate or pistillate
(25)

24b. Flowers with both stamens and pistil (41)

25a. Trees or shrubs (26)

25b. Herbs (32)

26a. Leaves pinnately compound (27)

26b. Leaves simple (28)

27a. Leaflets mostly 3-5, entire, or coarsely few-toothed, or

lobed; fruit 2 separable inequilateral samaras

53. ACERACEAE p. 189

27b. Leaflets 5-7, more regularly and finely toothed, not

lobed; fruit a single equilateral samara

70. OLEACEAE p. 209

28a. Leaves linear, evergreen, soon reflexed, 2.5-7.0 mm
long 50. EMPETRACEAE p. 188

28b. Leaves dilated, longer, spreading or ascending
(29)

29a. Leaves opposite, scurfy with rusty scales beneath or

silvery on both sides

60. ELAEAGNACEAE p. 194

29b. Leaves alternate, scurfy scales lacking (30)

30a. Fruit a many-seeded capsule; seeds furnished with
long silky down 23. SALICACEAE p. 116

30b. Fruit a nut or nutlet (31)

31a. Fruit an acorn; leaves deeply lobed

25. FAGACEAE p. 128

31b. Fruit a wingless nut enclosed in a leafy involucre or

winged nutlets in a bracted catkin

24. BETULACEAE p. 126

32a. Immersed aquatics, rooting in the mud; upper leaves

sometimes floating on the surface (33)

32b. Terrestrial (34)

33a. Leaves whorled, finely dissected into capillary to

linear serrate divisions

35.CERATOPHYLLACEAE p. 144

8

Key to the families

33b. Leaves opposite, linear to obovate, entire

49. CALLITRICHACEAE p. 188

34a. Leaves 2-3 - ternately compound

37. RANUNCULACEAE p. 146

34b. Leaves simple (35)

35a. Nodes of stem and panicled racemes covered by

tubular sheaths (ocreae)

30. POLYGONACEAE p. 130

35b. Nodes without tubular sheaths (36)

36a. Leaves cordate, mostly 3-5-(7)-lobed or those of the
branches sometimes uncleft; plant twining, harshly
scabrous 27. CANNABACEAE p. 128

36b. Leaves not obviously lobed; plants not twining (37)

37a. Plants with milky juice

48. EUPHORBIACEAE p. 188

37b. Plants with clear juice (38)

38a. Leaves opposite, petioled; stinging bristles present

28. URTICACEAE p. 130

38b. Leaves alternate; stinging bristles absent (39)

39a. Spikes or heads of flowers close or continuous ....

31. CHENOPODIACEAE p. 135

39b. Spikes or heads of flowers interrupted (40)

40a. Elowers bracted at the base; bracts and sepals scarious
32. AMARANTHACEAE p. 138

40b. Flowers bractless; sepals herbaceous or fleshy ....
31. CHENOPODIACEAE p. 135

41a. Trees or shrubs (42)

41b. Herbs (45)

42a. Leaves silvery-scurfy on both sides

60. ELAEAGNACEAE p. 194

42b. Leaves not scurfy (43)

43a. Leaves opposite, palmately veined

53. ACERACEAE p. 189

43b. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined (44)

Key to the families

44a. Low shrub; leaves symmetrical at the base

55. RHAMNACEAE p. 190

44b. Trees; leaves oblique at the base, one margin longer
than the other 26. ULMACEAE p. 128

45a. Plants aquatic; submersed whorled leaves pinnately

dissected into capillary divisions

62. HALORAGACEAE p. 196

45b. Plants terrestrial (46)

46a. Leaves (at least the lower) deeply lobed or divided (if
unlobed, the sepals petal-like) (47)

46b. Leaves neither deeply lobed nor divided; sepals not
petal-like (48)

47a. Stamens 2; sepals not petal-like

39. CRUCIFERAE p. 154

47b. Stamens numerous; sepals often petal-like

37. RANUNCULACEAE p. 146

48a. Calyx free from the ovary (ovary superior) (49)

48b. Calyx adnate to the ovary (ovary inferior) (50)

49a. Nodes of stem and inflorescence covered by tubular
sheaths 30. POLYGONACEAE p. 130

49b. Nodes of stem and inflorescence not covered by tubular
sheaths 31. CHENOPODIACEAE p. 135

50a. Leaves in whorls of 3-12; flowers in the middle and

upper axils 63. HIPPURIDACEAE p. 198

50b. Leaves not whorled (51)

51a. Leaves linear to ovate, alternate; root-parasitic
terrestrial plants 29. SANTALACEAE p. 130

51b. Leaves roundish to round-reniform, opposite or
alternate; plants subaquatic, with prostrate stems
41. SAXIFRAGACEAE p. 162

52a. Corolla of separate petals (53)

52b. Corolla with petals more or less united (87)

53a. Trees, shrubs, or climbers (54)

53b. Herbs (63)

54a. Plants climbing (55)

54b. Plants not climbing (56)

10

Key to the families

55a. Plants climbing by tendrils; leaves digitate

56. VITACEAE p. 190

55b. Plants climbing by twining; leaves simple

52. CELASTRACEAE p. 189

56a. Leaves compound, alternate (57)

56b. Leaves simple (59)

57a. Petals 5, irregular; stamens 10, united at the very
base; fruit a legume .. 43. LEGUMINOSAE p. 176

57b. Petals 5, all the same; stamens distinct to the base;
fruit not a legume (58)

58a. Stamens numerous; flowers perfect

.•••.••• 42 ROSACEAE p. 166

58b. Stamens 5; flowers dioecious or polygamous

51. ANACARDIACEAE p. 189

59a. Eruit 2 separable 1-seeded samaras, or "keys"; leaves

opposite, palmately veined

53. ACERACEAE p. 189

59b. Fruit not a samara; leaves opposite or alternate,
pinnately veined (60)

60a. Anthers opening by apical pores

68. ERICACEAE p. 204

60b. Anthers not opening by apical pores (61)

61a. Leaves opposite or clustered toward the ends of the

twigs 66. CORNACEAE p. 202

61b. Leaves alternate (62)

62a. Stamens 5; fruit a many-seeded berry

41. SAXIFRAGACEAE p. 162

62b. Stamens numerous 42. ROSACEAE p. 166

63a. Plants aquatic; leaves submersed or floating on the
surface (64)

63b. Plants terrestrial, of dry to swampy or muddy habitats
(66)

64a. Leaves mostly submersed, coarsely to finely divided,
covering the stem (65)

64b. Leaves mostly floating, suborbicular to reniform,

entire except for the basal sinus

36. NYMPHAEACEAE p. 146

11

Key to the families

65a. Flowers unisexual, sessile in the axils of entire or
pinnate bracts near the summit of the stem; stamens 8
62. HALORAGACEAE p. 196

65b. Flowers perfect, pedicelled; stamens usually more
numerous 37. RANUNCULACEAE p. 146

66a. Anthers opening by apical pores

67. PYROLACEAE p. 202

66b. Anthers not opening by apical pores (67)

67a. Ovary inferior or appearing so, adnate to or enclosed
by the calyx tube (68)

67b. Ovary superior, not adnate to or enclosed by the calyx
tube (72)

68a. Leaves simple (69)

68b. Leaves compound (70)

69a. Flowers in a dense head-like cyme subtended by 4
broad white or purple-tipped petaloid bracts; fruit a

red drupe with a 1- or 2-seeded stone

66. CORNACEAE p. 202

69b. Flowers neither cymose nor subtended by petaloid
bracts; fruit a capsule . . 61. ONAGRACEAE p. 194

70a. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme of yellow flowers;

throat of calyx with hooked bristles

42. ROSACEAE p. 166

70b. Inflorescence a simple or compound umbel (71)

71a. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like, dry, 1-seeded carpels
cohering by their inner face and separating later;
styles 2 65. UMBELLIFERAE p. 198

71b. Fruit a 5-seeded blackish drupe; styles usually more
than 2 64. ARALIACEAE p. 198

72a. Plants insectivorous, occurring in boggy habitats;

leaves all basal, covered with gland-tipped hairs . . .

40. DROSERACEAE p. 162

72b. Plants not insectivorous, mostly of drier habitats ....

(73)

73a. Flowers irregular (74)

73b. Flowers regular or nearly so (76)

12

Key to the families

74a. Leaves compound, much dissected, glaucous; flowers
golden yellow 38. FUMARIACEAE p. 154

74b. Leaves entire or deeply divided to the base into narrow
segments (75)

75a. Tall plants with watery juice; petals 2, 2-lobed; sepals

4, one spurred at the base

54. BALSAMINACEAE p. 190

75b. Plants short, not juicy; petals 5, the lower one spurred

at the base; sepals 5, not spurred

59. VIOLACEAE p. 192

76a. Stamens borne on the receptacle (77)

76b. Stamens adnate to base of perianth, or inserted on a
disk or thickened zone beneath the ovary (80)

77a. Sepals or calyx lobes 2

33. PORTULACACEAE p. 139

77b. Sepals or calyx lobes 4-7 (78)

78a. Stamens 6 (4 long and 2 short); sepals and petals 4
39. CRUCIFERAE p. 154

78b. Stamens 4 to many; sepals and petals mostly 5 (79)

79a. Pistil solitary; fruit a capsule; stamens 4-10; leaves

simple, mostly entire and opposite

34. CARYOPHYLLACEAE p. 140

79b. Pistils few to many, distinct; fruit either capsules,
achenes, or berries; stamens often more than 10;
leaves simple or compound, entire or toothed, or lobed,

mostly alternate or basal

37. RANUNCULACEAE p. 146

80a. Leaves compound (81)

80b. Leaves simple, entire to deeply cleft (82)

81a. Leaflets 3, obcordate .. 45. OXALIDACEAE p. 186

81b. Leaflets 3 or more, but not obcordate

42. ROSACEAE p. 166

82a. Stamens numerous, united into a central column
around the pistil; leaves alternate, shallowly lobed to
deeply cleft 57. MALVACEAE p. 190

82b. Stamens 4 to many, distinct or united only at the base
(83)

83a. Leaves mostly opposite (84)

83b. Leaves mostly alternate or basal (85)

13

Key to the families

84a. Leaves entire, sessile or nearly so, dotted; stamens 9 to

many, often in 3-5 clusters

58. HYPERICACEAE p. 191

84b. Leaves toothed to deeply cleft; stamens 5-10, not in
clusters 46. GERANIACEAE p. 186

85a. Stamens 5 or 10 (86)

85b. Stamens numerous 42. ROSACEAE p. 166

86a. Stamens 5, their filaments united at the base; leaves

linear to linear-lanceolate, entire

44. LINACEAE p. 186

86b. Stamens 10, distinct (if 5, the leaves broader and
chiefly basal) 41. SAXIFRAGACEAE p. 162

87a. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla
(88)

87b. Stamens not more numerous than the lobes of the
corolla (92)

88a. Leaves simple, entire to deeply lobed (89)

88b. Leaves compound (at least the lower ones) (91)

89a. Flowers very irregular; petals 3, connected with the

stamen tube; leaves entire or finely toothed

47. POLYGALACEAE p. 186

89b. Flowers regular or nearly so (90)

90a. Stamens numerous, united into a central column
around the pistil 57. MALVACEAE p. 190

90b. Stamens 8 or 10, distinct; leaves entire or finely
toothed 68. ERICACEAE p. 204

91a. Sepals 2; petals in 2 pairs; stamens in 2 sets of 3 each;
filaments often united; leaves exstipulate; leaflets
finely dissected 38. FUMARIACEAE p. 154

91b. Sepals united; the calyx tube 4- or 5-toothed; petals
usually 5; corolla more or less distinctly
papilionaceous; stamens 10, 9 or all of them united
into a tube; leaves stipulate; leaflets entire or toothed
43. LEGUMINOSAE p. 176

92a. Shrubs, climbers, or trailing plants; stamens alternate

with the corolla lobes or fewer in number (93)

92b. Herbs (96)

93a. Plants climbing or evergreen and trailing (94)

93b. Shrubs (95)

14

Key to the families

94a. Plants climbing; leaves alternate, broad, and green or,

in Cuscuta, reduced to a few minute scales

74. CONVOLVULACEAE p. 212

94b. Plants trailing; leaves opposite

84. CAPRIFOLIACEAE p. 226

95a. Ovary superior, free from the calyx tube; anthers

upright, opening by terminal pores

i 68. ERICACEAE p. 204

95b. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx tube; anthers not

opening by terminal pores

84. CAPRIFOLIACEAE p. 226

96a. Stamens of the same number as corolla lobes and

opposite them 69. PRIMULACEAE p. 208

96b. Stamens alterate with the corolla lobes or fewer (96)

97a. Ovary inferior, adherent to the calyx tube (98)

97b. Ovary superior, free from the calyx tube (102)

98a. Flowers crowded in a dense head on a common
receptacle, surrounded by an involucre; fruit a dry
seed-like achene 88. COMPOSITAE p. 231

98b. Flowers not in dense heads (99)

99a. Leaves alternate; stamens 5; anthers free or united

into a tube (100)

99b. Leaves opposite or whorled; anthers free (101)

100a. Corolla regular; anthers separate

86. CAMPANULACEAE p. 230

100b. Corolla irregular; anthers united

87. LOBELIACEAE p. 230

101a. Stamens 3, always fewer than the corolla lobes; calyx

lobes becoming pappus-like; leaves opposite

85. VALERIANACEAE p. 230

101b. Stamens 4 or 5; calyx lobes (when present) not

pappus-like; leaves opposite or whorled

83. RUBIACEAE p. 224

102a. Corolla irregular (103)

102b. Corolla regular or nearly so (105)

15

Key to the families

103a. Stem square; leaves opposite; ovary 4-lobed or
4-parted, with each lobe forming a seed-like nutlet or
achene at the base of the style; stamens a single pair or
2 pairs of unequal length . . . 78. LABIATAE p. 215

103b. Stem round; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled;
ovary unlobed, forming a usually several to
many-seeded capsule tipped by the style (104)

104a. Plants insectivorous, aquatic (with bladder traps
borne on branches or on finely dissected submersed
leaves) or terrestrial (with rosettes of entire broad

leaves); stamens 2; capsule 1-locular

81.LENTIBULARIACEAE p. 223

104b. Plants not insectivorous, occurring in wet or dry
habitats; stamens 2 or 2 pairs of unequal length;

capsule 2-locular

80. SCROPHULARIACEAE p. 220

105a. Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes (106)

105b. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (107)

106a. Leaves in a basal rosette; fruit a 2-locular capsule,

with the top falling off like a lid

82. PLANTAGINACEAE p. 224

106b. Leaves opposite on the square stem; fruit consisting of
4 seed-like nutlets or achenes at the base of the style
78. LABIATAE p. 215

107a. Stem square 78. LABIATAE p. 215

107b. Stem roundish (108)

108a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming 4 seed-like nutlets
around the base of the style; leaves alternate, with the

surface often very rough to the touch

77. BORAGINACEAE p. 214

108b. Ovary unlobed; leaves smoother (109)

109a. Plants with an acrid milky juice; fruit a many-seeded
follicle; seeds with a coma (110)

109b. Plants without milky juice; fruit a capsule or berry
(Ill)

1 10a. Flowers in umbels; follicle ovoid or thick-lanceolate
73. ASCLEPIADACEAE p. 21 1

1 10b. Flowers in clusters at the end of branches and in axils

of leaves; follicle long and narrow

72. APOCYNACEAE p. 211

16

Key to the families

Ilia. Fruit a berry; anthers separate or forming a tube

around the style 79. SOLANACEAE p. 220

111b Fruit a capsule; anthers distinct (112)

112a. Ovary and capsule 1-locular (113)

112b. Ovary and capsule 2- or 3-locular; leaves simple ....
(114)

1 13a. Leaves simple, entire, opposite, or whorled (or 3-foliate
and alternate in Menyanthes); style not divided ....
71.GENTIANACEAE p. 210

113b. Leaves alternate, pinnatifid, but not 3-foliate; style
2-cleft 76. HYDROPHYLLACEAE p. 214

114a. Leaves alternate, petioled, at least the upper ones
narrowly to broadly oval, cordate or subtruncate to
tapering at the base; flowers large, funnelform,

solitary in the axils

74. CONVOLVULACEAE p. 212

114b. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile, linear to
oblong-lanceolate, rounded to tapering at the base;

flowers smaller, cymose or clustered

75. POLEMONIACEAE p. 212

17

The flora

1. LYCOPODIACEAE club-moss family

Lycopodium club-moss

la. Sporangia in the axils of leaf-like sporophylls;
few-forked leafy stems ascending and sprawling,
rooting toward the base from among the brown
marcescent leaves; leaves oblanceolate, spreading or
reflexed, acuminate, erose-serrulate near the apex.
Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.; shining club-moss.
Rare on moss-covered shale under birch near the East
Gate.

lb. Sporangia in the axils of modified terminal
leafy-bracted strobiles (2)

2a. Strobili sessile (3)

2b. Strobili peduncled (4)

3a. Aerial stems arising from elongate prostrate stems;
leaves more or less stiff and hard, linear-subulate to
linear-oblanceolate, tipped by a sharp spinule.
Lycopodium annotinum L.; bristly club-moss; Fig. 1.
Rare in rich moist woodland.

3b. Aerial stems erect and tree-like, arising singly from
the buried rhizome-like horizontal stems; leaves
divergent, strongly decurrent, with the free part
linear-attenuate. Lycopodium dendroideum Michx.
(L. obscurum pro parte); round-branched ground-pine.
Under dense shrubs on the steep east slope; localized.

4a. Leaves with long hair-like tips, linear-subulate;

horizontal stems elongated; leaves uniform, but the
lower turned upward, rooting at intervals; erect
branches at first simple, becoming dichotomous;
fertile branch with a leafy-bracted peduncle.
Lycopodium clavatum L. var. monostachyon Hook. &
Grev.; common club-moss; Fig. 2. Rare in jack pine
woodland.

19

Equisetaceae

4b. Leaves scale-like; stems horizontal, mostly below the
surface of the ground; upright stems with crowded or
somewhat forking branchlets; branchlets flattened,
often strongly constricted between yearly growths;
strobili mostly 1 or 2 on remotely bracted peduncles.
Lycopodium complanatum L.; flatbranch club-moss;
Fig. 3. Rare in jack pine woodland.

2. SELAGINELLACEAE spike-moss family

Selaginella spike-moss

la. Delicate branching plants forming small mats; leaves
uniform 2-4 mm long, spreading-ascending, acute,
ciliate; fertile branches upright, with the lower leaves
similar to those of the stem but becoming larger
upwards to form the sporophylls of a subcylindric
spike. Selaginella selaginoides (L.) Link; Fig. 4.
Under black spruce in moss at border of marl bog; rare.

lb. Stiff evergreen plants forming compact carpets; stems
branched, rooting almost their whole length, thickly
covered with tiny leaves about 3 mm long; leaves each
tipped by a minute bristle; bristles forming
conspicuous tufts at the tips of the branches; fertile
spike 10-25 mm long; sporophylls overlapping, more
or less triangular. Selaginella densa Rydb. prairie
selaginella. Dry grassland escarpment; localized.

3. EQUISETACEAE horsetail family
Equisetum horsetail

la. Stems bearing numerous branches in whorls at the

nodes (2)

lb. Stems unbranched (6)

2a. Fertile and sterile stems similar, green; first internode
of primary branches equaling or mostly shorter than
the stem sheath; producing cones in summer .... (3)

2b. Fertile and sterile stems not alike; first internode of
the primary branches considerably longer than the
stem sheath; producing cones in spring (4)

20

Fig. 1. Lycopodium annotinum, 1/2X

Fig. 3. Lycopodium complanatum, 2/5 X

a i

Fig. 2. Lycopodium clavatum var. monostachyon, 2/5 X

21

Equisetaceae

3a. Central cavity about four-fifths the diameter of the
stem; stems to 1 m long, annual, single, but often
forming dense stands, unbranched, or branches
occurring sporadically or verticillate; teeth narrowly
pointed. Equisetum fluviatile L.; water horsetail; Fig.
5. In water, bordering ponds and lakes and wet
seepage slopes; occasional.

3b. Central cavity about one-sixth the diameter of the
stem; stems annual, 20-80 cm long, solitary or
clustered; branches spreading, in regular whorls from
the middle nodes or few to none; teeth long, narrow
black with scarious margins. Equisetum palustre L.
marsh horsetail; Fig. 6. Wet lakeshores and ditches
occasional.

4a. Stem sheath teeth chestnut brown, papery; branches

usually branched again; stems annual, of two kinds,
erect, mostly solitary; fertile stem unbranched and
lacking chlorophyll, becoming green and branched
after the spores are released. Equisetum sylvaticum
L.; wood horsetail; Fig. 7. Moist wooded areas and
clearings; occasional.

4b. Stem sheath teeth dark, stiff; branches not branched
again (5)

5a. Branches ascending; teeth of branch sheaths

lance-attenuate; stems of two kinds, annual; sterile
stems upright to prostrate or diffusely branched;
sheaths with 4-14 teeth; teeth short, narrow, dark,
scarious-margined, occasionally cohering in pairs;
fertile stems lacking chlorophyll, precocious,
withering and dying after spores are shed. Equisetum
arvense L.; field horsetail; Fig. 8. Damp open woods,
low open ground, roadside fill and embankments;
frequent and often weedy.

5b. Branches horizontal to spreading; teeth of branch

sheaths deltoid; stems of two kinds, annual, mostly
solitary; sterile stems whitish green; sheaths pale;
teeth narrow, persistent, white-margined, and
dark-centered; fertile stems at first unbranched and
lacking chlorophyll, precocious, becoming green and
branched after the spores are shed. Equisetum
pratense Ehrh.; meadow horsetail; Fig. 9. Moist open
woodland; occasional to rare.

22

Fig. 4. Selaginella selaginoides, 1/2 X

Fig. 6. Equisetum palustre, a, 2 X ; 6, 1/2 X

Fig. 5. Equisetum fluuiatile, 1/4 X

==^

Fig. 7. Equisetum sylvaticum var.
pauciramosum, a, 2/5 X; 6, 1/2 X.

23

Ophioglossaceae

6a. Stems lacking chlorophyll, terminating in a

spore-bearing cone. See Equisetum aruense and E.
pratense (fertile stems).

6b Stems green (7)

7a. Stems annual; central cavity four-fifths the diameter

of the stem; cones not sharp-tipped. See E. fluuiatile.
7b. Stems perennial; cones sharp-tipped (8)

8a. Stems lacking a central cavity, caespitose, ascending
or prostrate, arched-recurving, flexuous; sheaths
green below, black above, loose, with 3 or rarely 4
deltoid scarious-margined teeth. Equisetum
scirpoides Michx; dwarf scouring-rush; Fig. 10. In wet
moss in coniferous woodland, and in open calcareous
fen; rare.

8b. Stems with a central cavity (9)

9a. Stems with the central cavity one-third to two-thirds
the diameter, tufted, ascending; sheaths green at the
base, black above, slightly spreading; teeth 4-10, per-
sistent, lanceolate to lance-deltoid, white-margined.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich.; variegated horse-
tail; Fig. 11. In Sphagnum in Cold Spring Bog;
apparently localized.

9b. Stems with central cavity three-quarters or more the
diameter, upright, single or several together; sheaths
developing dark bands at the base and summit, with
the part between white or ashy gray; teeth numerous,
lanceolate, promptly deciduous. Equisetum hyemale
L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Stone, scouring-rush; Fig. 12.
Sandy and gravelly river and lake terraces; localized.

4. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE adder's-tongue family

Botrychium grape fern

la. Small plants; sterile blades narrowly oblong, inserted

below the middle, pinnate; segments opposite, obovate,
rhomboidal or oblong; fertile segment narrowly
paniculate. Botrychium minganense Vict. (B. lunaria
(L.) Swartz var. minganense (Vict.) Dole). Meadow;
apparently rare, although perhaps overlooked.

lb. Sterile blades triangular, wider than long (2)

24

Fig. 9. Equisetum pratense,
a, 1/3X;6,2X.

Fig. 10. Equisetum scupoid.es, 1/2 X

Fig. 8. Equisetum aruense, a, 1/4 X ; b, 2 X .

Fig. 11. Equisetum variegatum, 1/2 X

25

Aspidiaceae

2a. Blades very fleshy, evergreen, long-petioled, ternate,

attached near the base of the plant; ultimate divisions
crowded, sometimes imbricate, obtuse, or acutish;
fertile segment usually broadly paniculate.
Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr.; leathery grape
fern. Prairie; rare.

2b. Deciduous; blades broadly deltoid, sessile, attached

above the middle of the plant; the ultimate segments
oblong-lanceolate, toothed, membranous or slightly
fleshy (or the blade leathery, with its segments less
toothed and often crowded and overlapping in var.
europaeum Angstr.); fertile segment pinnately
compound. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz;
rattlesnake fern; Fig. 13. Rich moist woodland and
clearings; occasional.

5. PTERIDACEAE fern family

Pteridium bracken

Coarse fronds to 70 cm long, often forming extensive
colonies; stipes about as long as the blade; blade triangular,
usually ternate, bipinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate-pinnatifid;
ultimate divisions oblong to linear; margins revolute, covering
the sori. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. var. latiusculum
(Desv.) Underw.; bracken. Clearings in light soils; localized.

6. ASPIDIACEAE fern family

la. Sterile and fertile fronds markedly different

Matteuccia

lb. Sterile and fertile fronds similar (2)

2a. Fronds more or less ternate; indusium lacking

Gymnocarpium

2b. Fronds pinnate; pinnae variously divided; indusium

present (3)

3a. Sori elongate, often curved over the ends of the veins

Athyrium

3b. Sori round (4)

4a. Indusium attached by its base on the side toward the
midrib, hood-shaped Cystopteris

26

Fig. 12. Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine, 1/2 X. ^s^MM

Fig. 13. Botrychium virginianum ssp. europaeum, 1/4 X

27

Aspidiaceae

4b. Indusium roundish-reniform, attached by a stalk in
the centre Dryopteris

Athyrium lady fern

Fronds up to 1 m long, tufted and erect, spreading from
stout ascending rhizomes; blades narrowly to broadly
lanceolate, bipinnate to tripinnate; pinnae lanceolate;
pinnules somewhat lobed to deeply toothed. Athyrium
filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) Farw.; lady
fern. Moist wooded areas; occasional.

Cystopteris bladder fern

Fronds up to 35 cm long or longer, tufted from short
creeping rhizomes; blades lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnae
pinnatifid to lobed. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.; fragile
fern; Fig. 14. Steep shaded shale slope near East Gate and in
shade in deep feather moss near Moon Lake; rare.

Dryopteris wood fern

la. Basal pinnules on basal pinnae stalked; fronds 30-80

cm long, forming a crown at the top of a stout
ascending rhizome; blades lanceolate, bipinnate or
bipinnate-pinnatifid; pinnules oblong, with
spine-tipped teeth. Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) HP.
Fuchs (D. spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt.); spinulose
wood fern; Fig. 15. Moist wooded areas; frequent.

lb. Basal pinnules on basal pinnae sessile or adnate;

fronds 25-70 cm long, forming a crown at the top of the
stout ascending rhizome; fertile fronds longer than the
sterile; blades linear-oblong to narrowly lance-oblong,
pinnate-pinnatifid; basal pinnae short triangular.
Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray (Thelypteris cristata (L.)
Nieuwl.); crested wood fern. Moist deciduous
woodland; rare.

Gymnocarpium oak fern

Delicate fronds up to 30 cm long arising singly from a
slender forking rhizome; blades ternate, with the three
divisions pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnules oblong, blunt.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. ssp. dryopteris
{Dryopteris disjuncta Am. auth.); oak fern; Fig. 16. Rich moist
woodland; occasional.

28

Fig. 14. Cystoptens fragilis, 1/2 X .

Fig. 16. Gymnocarpium dryoptens, 1/5 X

Fig. 15. Dryoptens carthusiana, 1/5 X

29

Pinaceae

Matteuccia ostrich fern

Fronds dimorphic, forming a crown at the end of the stout,
widely creeping and forking rhizome; sterile fronds up to 1 m
long, 12-24 cm wide, abruptly narrowed to the base,
pinnate-pinnatifid; pinnae broadly linear, acuminate;
pinnules oblong, bluntish; fertile fronds much shorter,
persistent over winter; sori borne on the margins of the
shallowly lobed, tightly inrolled, pod-like pinnae. Matteuccia
struthiopteris (L.) Tod. var. pensylvanica (Willd.) Mort.,
ostrich fern; Fig. 17. In low moist, often shaded situations;
occasional.

7. PINACEAE pine family

In addition to the species treated below, scots pine, red pine,
white pine, western white pine, Siberian larch, and Norway
spruce have been set out in plantations, particularly north of
Clear Lake. Not all have survived.

la. Shrubs; cones berry-like, blue Juniperus

lb. Trees; cones woody (2)

2a. Leaves small, flat, closely imbricated, persistent
Thuja

2b. Leaves needle-like, persistent or deciduous (3)

3a. Leaves in fascicles (4)

3b. Leaves borne singly (5)

4a. Leaves 2 per fascicle, evergreen Pinus

4b. Leaves many per fascicle, deciduous Larix

5a. Leaves flat, blunt-tipped Abies

5b. Leaves quadrangular, sharp-tipped Picea

Abies fir

Tall trees; branches horizontal; leaves sessile, whitened on
the lower surface, appearing 2-ranked; cones erect, maturing
the first year; scales deciduous. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.;
balsam fir. Wooded slopes, usually with white spruce;
occasional.

30

Pinaceae

Fig. 17. Matteuccia struthwpteris var. pensyluanica, 1/8 X

Juniperus

jumper

la. Decumbent shrub, sometimes forming large mats;

leaves straight, awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, with a
white stripe above. Juniperus communis L. var.
depressa Pursh; common juniper; Fig. 18. Clearings
and in partial shade, usually on lighter soils;
occasional.

lb. Prostrate and sometimes creeping shrub; leaves scale-
like, overlapping. Juniperus horizontalis Moench;
creeping juniper; Fig. 19. Dry open banks and slopes;
rare.

Larix

larch

Trees up to 10 m or higher, the branches slightly ascending;
leaves soft, light green, turning yellow and falling in the

31

Typhaceae

autumn, leaving short spur shoots that are very obvious in
winter; cones small, about 1 cm long, erect, falling in the
second season. Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch; larch,
tamarack; Fig. 20. Scattered in bogs and wet places.

Picea spruce

la. Branchlets glabrous; cones nearly cylindrical, falling

after seed is shed; tall symmetrical tree with
spreading branches; leaves needle-like, sharp-pointed,
scattered around the twigs on peg-like bases. Picea
glauca (Moench) Voss; white spruce; Fig. 21. A
common upland tree.

lb. Branchlets pubescent; cones ovoid to subglobose,
persistent; narrow symmetrical trees with spreading
branches; leaves needle-like, usually shorter and
somewhat blunter, blue green. Picea mariana (Mill.)
BSP; black spruce; Fig. 22. Wet or boggy woodlands.

Pinus pine

Straight or gnarled trees; leaves often twisted and
spreading; cones about 5 cm long, usually in pairs, curved and
pointing toward the tips of the branches, remaining on the
tree for many years and opening to release seeds only in the
heat of a fire. Pinus banksiana Lamb.; jack pine; Fig. 23.
Forms dense stands, particularly on lighter soils in the
eastern part of the Park. There are some plantings west of
Highway 10.

Thuja arborvitae

Small conical trees with scale-like appressed and
overlapping leaves on the flattened fan-shaped sprays of
twigs; cones woody, oblong, erect, about 1 cm long, persisting
over winter. Thuja occidentalis L.; eastern white cedar.
Planted around buildings.

8. TYPHACEAE cattail family

Typha cattail

Plants to 1 m high or higher forming dense stands from
thick creeping rhizomes; leaves long, linear, clasping; flowers

32

Fig. 18. Juniperus communis, 2/5 X

Fig. 20. Larix laricina,3/5X

Fig. 19. Juniperus horizontalis, 2/5 X .

33

Potamogetonaceae

in a cylindrical spike, with the male above the female. Typha
lati folia L.; common cattail; Fig. 24. Marshes, swamps, and
ditches.

9. SPARGANIACEAE bur-reed family

Sparganium bur-reed

la. Stigmas 2; fruits sessile, obpyramidal; plants robust
terrestrial or emergent aquatic, to 150 cm high; leaves
flat, up to 10 mm wide; inflorescence branched, with
1-3 pistillate heads and up to 20 staminate heads.
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.; bur-reed; Fig. 25.
Swamps and borders of lakes and streams; occasional.

lb. Stigmas 1; fruits stipitate, tapering at both ends;
plants immersed, aquatic; upper leaves floating (or
plants sometimes stranded on muddy shores);
inflorescence usually unbranched (2)

2a. Leaves 2-5 mm wide, very elongate and usually

floating, rounded on the back; fruiting heads 2-4, 1-2
cm in diameter; staminate heads 2-4. Sparganium
angustifolium Michx.; bur-reed; Fig. 26. Shallow or
deep water and sometimes on muddy shores.

2b. Leaves 5-10 mm wide, ribbon-like, flat on the back;

fruiting heads 2-5, occurring above the axils,
(1.5)2-2.5 cm in diameter; staminate heads 2-4,
crowded. Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong)
Rydb.; bur-reed; Fig. 27. Marshes and borders of lakes
and streams.

10. POTAMOGETONACEAE pondweed family

Potamogeton pondweed

la. Submersed leaves 4 mm wide or wider (2)

lb. Submersed leaves less than 4 mm wide (6)

2a. Base of submersed leaves cordate or auriculate ... (3)

2b. Base of submersed leaves neither cordate nor

auriculate (4)

3a. Stipules usually persistent and conspicuous; leaves
mostly 4-25 cm long, often boat-shaped at the
uninjured tip; flowers in 6-12 whorls, forming a dense

34

Fig. 21. Piceaglauca,a,5X;b, 1/2 X;c, 1/2 X

Fig. 22. Pwea mariana, a, 4X; 6,4/5 X

35

Potamogetonaceae

spike in fruit. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf.; Fig.
28. Deep cold waters of lakes and streams.
3b. Stipules soon disintegrating into fibers and
disappearing; leaves 1.5-10 cm long; flowers in 6-12
whorls, moniliform, but forming a dense spike in fruit.
Potamogeton richardsonii (Ar. Benn.) Rydb.; Fig. 29.
Lakes and rivers.

4a. Stems strongly wing-flattened, 1-3 mm wide; leaves
linear, not more than 5 mm wide, with 1 or 3 strong
nerves and many fine ones; stipules firm, 1.5-3.5 cm
long; fruiting spikes cylindrical, with 7-11 whorls.
Potamogeton zosterirormis Fern.; Fig. 30. Quiet
waters.

4b. Stems nearly round in cross section or, if flattened,
slender (5)

5a. Submersed leaves mostly 8-14 cm long, reddish brown
to olive green, transparent; floating leaves (when
present) thin and delicate; blades tapered to the base,
not sharply distinct from the petiole; flowering spike
5-9 whorls, rather open but crowded in fruit.
Potamogeton alpinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.)
Ogden; Fig. 31. Lakes and rivers.

5b. Submersed leaves mostly 3-8 cm long, green; floating
leaves firm; blades more or less rounded at the base,
distinct from the petiole; spike compact, in 5-10
whorls. Potamogeton gramineus L.; Fig. 32. Very
variable depending on depth of water; frequently
stranded.

6a. Stipules sheathing the base of the leaf, with only their

summits free (7)

6b. Stipules free to the base (8)

7a. Stipular sheaths (at least of the lower primary leaves)
loose and much wider than the stem; spikes 3-8 cm
long, in 5-12 nearly equidistant whorls.
Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz.; Fig. 33. Quiet water.

7b. Stipular sheaths tight, scarcely wider than the stem;
spikes 0.5-5 cm long, with the lower whorls
progressively farther apart. Potamogeton pectinatus
L.; Fig. 34. Quiet water.

8a. Submersed leaves reduced to the petioles only, firm,
10-20 cm long; floating leaves leathery in texture,
shining, attached to the petiole by a brownish joint
about 1.5 cm long; spike compact in 8-14 whorls, in

36

Fig. 23. Pinus bankswna,\X.

Fig. 25. Spargamum eurycarpum, 1/3 X.

Fig. 24. Typha la ti folia, 1/5 X . Fig. 26. Spargamum angustifolium, 2/5 X

37

Scheuchzeriaceae

fruit 3-5 cm long. Potamogeton natans L.; Fig. 35.
Lakes and quiet streams.
8b. Submersed leaves with flat blades (9)

9a. Floating leaves usually well developed. See

Potamogeton gramineus.
9b. Floating leaves absent (10)

10a. Stem strongly flattened. See Potamogeton
zosteriformis.

10b. Stem slender, nearly round in cross section; leaves 3-
nerved, acute to obtuse, usually with a pair of trans-
lucent basal glands; peduncles upwardly broadened;
spike cylindrical, interrupted. Potamogeton
strictifolius Ar. Benn. var. rutiloides Fern. Quiet
water of shallow ponds, streams, and lakeshores.

11. NAJADACEAE

Najas naiad

Plants submersed, aquatic, with much-branched slender
stems and narrow ribbon-like leaves; leaves enlarged at the
base; flowers single, inconspicuous, borne in axils of the
leaves; seeds shining. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt;
naiad; Fig. 36. Rooted in muck in shallow water of
slow-moving streams and borders of lakes and ponds.

12. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE arrow-grass family

la. Flowers in a bracted few-flowered raceme; stems leafy
Scheuchzeria

lb. Flowers in a bractless many-flowered spikelike
raceme; stems leafless Triglochin

Scheuchzeria

Leaves sheathing and ligulate like a grass; flowers small
and inconspicuous; fruit consisting of 3 spreading follicles.
Scheuchzeria palustris L.; Fig. 37. Quaking fen; apparently
rare and localized.

38

Fig. 29. Potamogeton richardsonn, 2/5 X

Fig. 27. Spargamum multipedunculatum, 2/5 X

Fig. 30. Potamogeton zosteriformis, 2/5 X

Fig. 28. Potamogeton praelongus, 1/4 X

39

Alismataceae

Triglochin arrow-grass

la. Sepals broadly rounded; fruit oblong; carpels 6; plants
robust; leaves all basal, narrow, and elongate.
Triglochin maritimum L.; arrow-grass; Fig. 38.
Marshes and fens.

lb. Sepals acuminate; fruit narrowly oblanceolate; carpels
3. Similar to the previous species but more delicate
and with finer leaves. Triglochin palustre L.; slender
arrow-grass; Fig. 39. Open, calcareous fen; rare.

13. ALISMATACEAE water-plantain family

la. Leaves ovate; flowers perfect, small; petals about
5 mm long Alisma

lb. Leaves sagittate; flowers unisexual, larger; petals
about 10-12 mm long Sagittaria

Alisma water-plantain

Leaves basal, long-petioled, ascending; inflorescence much
branched, standing above the leaves; flowers perfect; fruit a
ring of carpels. Alisma triviale Pursh (A. plantago-aquatica of
auth.); water-plantain; Fig. 40. Ditches, sedge meadows, and
marshes, rooted in mud.

Sagittaria arrowhead

la. Achenes 2.0-2.6 mm long; beak slender, erect or
incurved, borne from the summit well in from the
margin; leaves basal, long-petioled, mostly sagittate
or if in deep water, ribbon-like; inflorescence in 2-5
whorls; flowers monecious; carpels in dense heads.
Sagittaria cuneata Sheld; arrowhead; Fig. 41. Muddy
stream banks and swamps; apparently rare.

lb. Achenes 2.3-3.5 mm long; beak marginal,

broad-based; plant otherwise similar to S. cuneata.
Sagittaria latifolia Willd.; arrowhead. Muddy
lakeshores, stream banks, marshes, and ditches;
occasional, more frequent than S. cuneata.

40

Fig. 31. Potamogeton alpinus ssp.

tenuifolius, 1/3 X . Fig. 33. Potamogeton vaginatus, 1 2/3 X

Fig. 34. Potamogeton pectinatus, 3/5 X

Fig. 32. Potamogeton gramineus, 1/8 X

41

Gramineae

14. HYDROCHARITACEAE frog's-bit family

Elodea waterweed

Submersed plants with branching stems; leaves
oblong-ovate, about 6 mm long, in whorls of 2-4; flowers rarely
found; pistillate flowers with a long thread-like tube that
reaches the surface. Elodea canadensis Michx. (Anacharis
canadensis (Michx.) Planch.). Forms thick stands rooted in
muck in quiet waters.

15. GRAMINEAE grass family Fig. 42

la. Spikelets gathered in 1 or more spikes (2)

lb. Inflorescence a panicle of spikelets that is sometimes
narrow and spiciform or is rarely reduced to a raceme
or to 1 or a few spikelets (11)

2a. Inflorescence a single spike (3)

2b. Inflorescence of 2 or more spikes (7)

3a. Spikelets 2 or 3 to each node of the rachis (4)

3b. Spikelets 1 to a node (5)

4a. Spikelets 3 to a node Hordeum

4b. Spikelets 2 to a node Elymus

5a. Spikelets with only 1 glume (the outer one); spikelet
borne edgewise to the rachis Lolium

5b. Both glumes present; spikelet borne sidewise to the
rachis (6)

6a. Glumes and lemmas strongly asymmetrical, tending
to be 3-toothed at the tip Triticum

6b. Glumes and lemmas entire at the tip and quite

symmetrical; keel located along the middle

Agropyron

7a. Spikes borne together in a terminal, digitate or

subdigitate cluster Andropogon

7b. Spikes in a raceme or panicle (8)

8a. Inflorescence a raceme of 2 or more spikes . . Spartina

8b. Inflorescence a panicle, open or narrow and spiciform

(9)

42

Fig. 37. Scheuchzeria palustris, 1/4 X

Fig. 35. Potamogeton natans, 1/5 X .

Fig. 36. Najas flexilis, 2/5 X

Fig. 38. Tnglochin maritimum, 1/2 X .

43

Gramineae

9a. Spikes lax, in 2 vertical ranks Andropogon

9b. Spikes strongly secund (10)

10a. Glumes laterally compressed and enclosing the
spikelet Beckmannia

10b. Glumes somewhat dorsally flattened and less than
half as long as the spikelet Echinochloa

11a. Panicle spiciform (12)

lib. Panicle more obvious, often open and lax or with the
lower branches longer than the spikelets (16)

12a. Spikelets awnless (13)

12b. Spikelets with awns (14)

13a. Spike ovoid, over 1 cm wide Phalaris

13b. Spike linear and much narrower Alopecurus

14a. Awns subtending the spikelet Setaria

14b. Awns terminating the glumes or lemmas (15)

15a. Glumes awned; lemmas awnless, acicular-ciliate on
the keel Phleum

15b. Glumes awnless; lemmas with an obvious dorsal awn
Alopecurus

16a. Functional florets 2 or more per spikelet (17)

16b. Only 1 functional floret per spikelet (37)

17a. Glumes overtopping the spikelets or at least the upper
glume reaching to the summit of the lowest lemma
(awns excluded) (18)

17b. Glumes shorter, the lowest lemma at least as long as
the upper glume and overtopping it (27)

18a Spikelets awnless or with awns arising from the tip of
the lemmas (19)

18b. Lemmas awned, with the awn arising below the tip of
the lemma (23)

19a. Spikelet suborbicular Hierochloe

19b. Spikelet elongate, more or less lanceolate (20)

20a. Spikelets few, each primary branch with only 1 or 2

(-3) spikelets Festuca

20b. Spikelets more numerous (21)

44

Fig. 39. Triglochin palustre, 3/5X

Fig. 41. Sagittaria cuneata, 1/4 X

Fig. 40. Alisma trwiale, 1/4 X

45

Gramineae

21a. Panicle cylindrical; branches uniformly short and less
than 1 cm long Koeleria

21b. Branches of panicle much longer, with the lower ones
2-4 times longer than the upper ones (22)

22a. Callus glabrous Festuca

22b. Callus with a tuft of hairs 0.5 mm long or longer
Scolochloa

23a. Lemma bifid at tip; awn arising from the bottom of the
sinus Danthonia

23b. Awn arising from the back of the lemma (24)

24a. Lemma bidentate at the tip; spikelet 1 cm long or
longer (excluding the awns) (25)

24b. Lemma merely erose at the tip; spikelet much shorter
(26)

25a. Branches bearing only 1 or 2 spikelets

Helictotrichon

25b. Longer branches bearing many spikelets Avena

26a. Spikelet 3-flowered Hierochloe

26b. Spikelet 2-flowered Deschampsia

27a. Rachilla long-bearded; hairs overtopping the florets
Phragmites

27b. Rachilla not bearded or the hairs much snorter
(28)

28a. Spikelets short, not much longer than the glumes;
lowest lemma about equaling the tip of the upper
glume (29)

28b. Spikelets more elongate; lowest lemma much
overtopping the upper glume (30)

29a. Upper glume at least twice as large as the lower;

spikelet disarticulating below the glumes

Sphenopholis

29b. Glumes nearly similar; spikelet disarticulating above

the glumes Koeleria

30a. Florets successively smaller, with the l(-3) upper
florets reduced to a much smaller and sterile lemma;
callus bearded Schizachne

30b. All florets similar or the upper slightly reduced
(31)

46

Gramineae

a. rachilla

b. first glume

c. second glume

d. lemma

e. palea

f. ovary

g. stigma
h. filament
i. anther

j. sterile floret

Fig. 42. Stylized grass spikelet, 1/2 X .

31a. Lemma minutely to obviously bifid at the tip, often
aristate and nearly always over 1 cm long . . . Bromus

31b. Lemma entire at the tip, mostly not aristate and
mostly shorter (32)

32a. Lemmas keeled Poa

32b. Lemmas rounded on the back (33)

33a. Lemma subulate to aristate at the tip Festuca

33b. Lemma obtuse to rounded and narrowly to broadly
membranous-margined at the tip (34)

34a. Lemma with 5-9 obvious and about equally raised
nerves (35)

34b. Lemma almost nerveless or with the midnerve
conspicuous (36)

35a. Leaf sheath forming a closed cylinder, its margins

fused ventrally Glyceria

35b. Sheath margins free Torreyochloa

36a. Nerves of lemma about equally faint Puccinellia

36b. Midnerve much stronger and clearly raised Poa

37a. Lemma (and glumes) awnless (38)

37b. Lemma (or glumes) bearing a dorsal or terminal awn
(44)

38a. Glumes strongly differentiated (39)

38b. Glumes similar to the lemma (40)

47

Gramineae

39a. Spikelets and lemmas broadly obovoid to suborbicular
Echinochloa

39b. Spikelets and lemmas much longer than wide

Sporobolus

40a. Lemma coriaceous, of much harder texture than the
glumes (41)

40b. Lemma similar to the glumes or of thinner texture
(42)

41a. Panicle crowded, cylindric Phalaris

41b. Panicle open; its branches spreading more or less
horizontally Milium

42a. Palea obscure or very much smaller than the lemma
Agrostis

42b. Palea similar to the lemma and about as long . . . (43)

43a. Lemma 1-nerved Sporobolus

43b. Lemma with faint lateral nerves Muhlenbergia

44a. Spikelet subtended by a suborbicular glume, less than
half as long as the spikelet Echinochloa

44b. Glumes nearly as long as, to much longer than, the
floret (awns excluded) (45)

45a. Awns over 1 cm long, geniculate and twisted .... (46)
45b. Awns shorter (47)

46a. Awns 2 cm long or more, persistent Stipa

46b. Awns shorter, more or less deciduous Oryzopsis

47a. Awn arising dorsally on the lemma (48)

47b. Awn terminal (49)

48a. Callus not barbellate Agrostis

48b. Callus bearing a tuft of hairs often as long as the
spikelet Calamagrostis

49a. Lemma of a much harder structure than the glumes
and tightly enclosing the seed Oryzopsis

49b. Lemma and glumes of a similar structure or the
lemma thinner than the glumes (50)

50a. Lemma bidentate; short awn arising from between the
teeth Cinna

50b. Lemma and glumes entire; awned or awnless

Muhlenbergia

48

Gramineae

Agropyron wheat grass

la. Plants with rhizomes (2)

lb. Plants with fibrous roots (3)

2a. Leaves (or at least the larger ones) 5-10 mm wide;
culms up to 100 cm long, arising in tufts from the long,
thick, yellowish white rhizomes; stomata visible as
white lines on the underside of the leaves; spikes up to
15 cm long; spikelets 4-7 flowered; glumes usually
smooth, awn-tipped; anthers (3-) 4-6 (-7) mm long.
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.; quack grass, couch
grass. Introduced roadside and garden weed.

2b. Leaves 1-4 mm wide; culms up to 60 cm long, arising
in tufts along the creeping rhizomes; leaves stiffly
divergent, glaucous; spikes 7-15 cm long; spikelets
6-10 flowered; glumes tapering to a short sharp awn;
anthers 3.5-4.5 mm. Agropyron smithii Rydb.;
western wheat grass. Prairie; occasional.

3a. Spikes 2-7 cm long, flat; spikelets very closely spaced
on the rachis; culms up 30-50 cm, densely tufted.
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.; crested wheat
grass. Introduced forage species; occasionally escaped.

3b. Spikes elongated, 6-25 cm long, not flat; spikelets not
closely spaced on the rachis; culms up to 100 cm long,
loosely tufted; four varieties in our area: var.
trachycaulum, forming large leafy and loose tussocks;
culms to 1 m; spikes slender; lowermost spikelets usu-
ally somewhat remote; var. novae-anghae (Scribn.)
Fern., similar, but culms shorter and commonly fewer
together; spikes shorter and denser; spikelets over-
lapping and commonly in two distinct rows; var. glau-
cum (Pease & Moore) Malte; plant glaucus through-
out; awn of the lemma very thin and usually as long as
the body; and var. unilaterale (Cassidy) Malte (A.
subsecundum (Link.) Hitchc), forming small, loose
and leafy tussocks; spikes dense, erect, slightly curved
or nodding and slightly one-sided; awns of the lemma
thicker and longer. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link)
Malte; Fig. 43. Slender wheat grass. Open woodland,
prairie patches, clearings, and disturbed situations.
Hybridizes with Hordeum jubatum to form
XAgrohordeum macounii (Vasey) Lepage.

49

Gramineae

Agrostis bent grass

la. Plants tufted, delicate; culms erect, up to 70 cm long;

panicle very diffuse; spikelets up to 2.7 mm long.

Agrostis scabra Willd.; hair grass; tickle grass; Fig.

44. Open woods, clearings, and waste places; frequent,
lb. Plants robust, often rhizomatous, sometimes rooting

at the nodes of decumbent culms, up to 80 cm high;

panicle becoming open; spikelets mostly longer.

Agrostis stolonifera L. (A. alba L.); redtop. Cultivated

and escaping to disturbed and wet situations.

Alopecurus foxtail

Densely tufted; culms up to 50 cm long; inflorescence
simulating that of timothy (Phleum pratense), but more
delicate. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.; foxtail; Fig. 45. Wet
depressions, by streams and lakeshores; localized.

Andropogon beard grass

Culms conspicuously purplish, up to 150 cm long, occurring
in large tufts; rhizomes short; leaf blades blue green to
glaucous; racemes 3-6, 5-10 cm long, usually purplish.
Andropogon gerardii Vitman; bluestem. South-facing slopes;
rare.

Avena oats

la. Inflorescence open; spikelets drooping, mostly

3-flowered, disarticulating early; lemma pubescent;
awns stout, 1-5 cm long, geniculate, blackish below
the bend, pale green above; culms 30-70(-100) cm
long; blades 4-8 mm wide. Avena fatua L.; wild oats.
A noxious weed of grain fields and waste places.

lb. Inflorescence secund; spikelets 2-flowered, not

disarticulating readily at maturity; lemmas glabrous;
awns small and straight or lacking; culms usually
shorter than A. fatua. Avena sativa L.; oats. Waste
ground by roadsides; spontaneous.

Beckmannia

Tufted pale green annual; culms up to 70 cm long;
inflorescence a panicle or raceme up to 25 cm long, with its

50

Fig. 45. Alopecurus aequalis, 1 X

Fig. 43. Agropyron tr achy caul urn, 1/2 X

Fig. 44. Agrostis scabra , 3/4 X .

51

Gramineae

branches appressed to ascending; branches bearing one-sided
racemes of closely imbricated 1-flowered spikelets.
Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fern.; slough grass; Fig. 46.
Borders of ponds, streams, sloughs, and ditches; frequent.

Bromus brome

la. Plants with rhizomes (2)

lb. Plants with fibrous roots (3)

2a. Lemmas glabrous; blades and culms glabrous or
somewhat scabrous; culms up to 100 cm long; spikelets
usually purplish. Bromus inermis Leyss.; brome. An
introduced forage grass; roadsides and waste places.

2b. Lemmas pubescent, at least along the margins; blades
pilose above; culms pubescent at the nodes, up to 100
cm long. Bromus pumpellianus Scribn.; Fig. 47. Lake
bank; rare.

3a. First glume 3-nerved; culms up to 60 cm long, slender,
pubescent at the nodes; panicle nodding; branches
flexuous, spreading or drooping; lemmas densely and
evenly pubescent on the back. Bromus porteri (Coult.)
Nash. Clearings and scrub prairie; apparently rare.

3b. First glume 1-nerved (4)

4a. Lemmas pubescent along the margins and lower part

only, with the upper part glabrous; culms up to 100 cm
long; sheaths glabrous or short pubescent at the nodes;
panicle with the slender branches often spreading or
drooping. Bromus ciliatus L.; fringed brome. Open
woodland, clearings, and scrub prairie; frequent.

4b. Lemmas rather evenly pubescent on the back, but

more densely so on the lower margins; culms up to 100
cm long, pubescent at the nodes; sheaths usually
retrorsely pubescent; panicle nodding; branches
elongate, spreading or drooping. Bromus latiglumis
(Shear) Hitchc. (B. purgans L.); Canada brome.
Clearings and scrub prairie; occasional.

Calamagrostis reed grass

la. Panicle open; branches spreading and often drooping;

plants tufted; rhizomes creeping; culms up to 120 cm
long or longer; nodes 5 or 6; blades lax; callus hairs
about as long as the lemma; awn delicate, straight,

52

Fig. 46. Beckmannia syzigachne, 2/3 X

Fig. 47. Brotnus pumpellianus var. pumpellianus, 4/5 X

53

Gramineae

inserted just below the middle. Calamagrostis
canadensis (Michx.) Beauv.; blue-joint, marsh reed
grass; Fig. 48. Lakeshores, borders of marshes,
ditches, and moist open woodland; frequent,
lb. Panicle narrow and more or less contracted; branches
appressed and ascending (2)

2a. Blades and upper part of culm scabrous; culms stiff,up
to 100 cm long; leaves becoming involute; panicle pale,
usually dense and spike-like; glumes firm and opaque,
acute; callus hairs shorter than the lemma.
Calamagrostis inexpansa A. Gray, Fig. 49. Clearings
and borders of woods.

2b. Blades smooth or scabrous only at the tip; culms
smooth except under the panicle; panicle stiff, usually
brownish; glumes thin, hyaline, and somewhat
translucent; callus hairs unequal, shorter than the
lemma. Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey.
& Schreb.; Fig. 50. Wet meadows, ditches, and moist
disturbed situations; frequent.

Cinna wood Srass

Tall, tufted grass; culms up to 150 cm high; leaves short,
broad; panicle large, open, greenish or yellowish; branches
slender, spreading or drooping. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb ;
wood grass; Fig. 51. Moist open woods, thickets, and
clearings; frequent.

Danthonia oat grass

la Glumes glabrous, (1.2-)1.5(-1.7) cm long, purplish;

lemma 5.5-8.0 mm long; teeth 1.5-2.0 mm long; awns
with the upper segment purplish and the lower
greenish or yellow; tufted grass up to 60 cm high or
higher, with a closed and secund inflorescence of 3-10
spikelets; old leaves marcescent and curly. Danthonia
intermedia Vasey; timber oat grass; Fig. 52. Prairie;
occasional.

lb Glumes usually pilose or strigose, (0.8-)1.0(-L2) cm

long; lemma 4-5 mm long, including the subulate
teeth; awns deep brown or purple in the twisted
portion; plant tufted as in D. intermedia. Danthonia
spicata (L.) Beauv.; poverty oat grass; Fig. 53. Scrub
prairie; less frequent than D. intermedia.

54

Fig. 48. Calamagrostis canadensis, 1/4X

Fig. 50. Calamagrostis neglecta, 1/4 X

Fig. 49. Calamagrostis inexpansa, 2/5 X

Fig. 51. Cinna latifolia, 1/2 X

55

Gramineae

Deschampsia hair grass

Densely tufted; culms up to 100 cm long; leaves narrow,
often folded, mostly basal; panicle open and diffuse, more or
less pyramidal; branches slender, more or less scabrous,
bearing mostly 2-flowered largely hyaline spikelets towards
the tips. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beau v.; tufted hair
grass; Fig. 54. Moist situations and fens; occasional.

Echinochloa barnyard grass

Coarse tufted annual; culms erect to decumbent, up to 100
cm long; leaves flat or V-shaped; spikelets very irregularly
awned, borne in a raceme or in a panicle of spiciform racemes;
inflorescence often maturing to purplish black. Echinochloa
wiegandii (Fassett) McNeill & Dore (E. pungens (Poir.) Rydb.
var. wiegandii Fassett); barnyard grass. Weedy native
species; occasional in disturbed situations.

Elymus wild rye, lyme grass

la. Awns at least as long as the lemmas (2)

lb. Awns less than half as long as the lemmas (4)

2a. Awns straight; plant forming small, loose tufts; culms
up to 100 cm long or longer; leaf blades flat, scabrous
on both sides; spike up to 15 cm long, erect or
somewhat flexuous. Elymus virginicus L.; Virginia
wild rye. Grassy clearings; rare.

2b. Awns long, arching outward (3)

3a. Glumes about 1 mm wide, with 3-5 rugose nerves;

culms up to 125 cm long or longer, tufted, with short
rhizomes at least when young; leaf blades wide, flat or
sometimes convolute, dark green to glaucous, smooth
to scabrous on both sides; spike up to 25 cm long,
nodding. Elymus canadensis L.; Canada wild rye.
River and lake banks and clearings; occasional.

3b. Glumes about 0.5 mm wide, 1-nerved or nerveless;

culms up to 100 cm long, tufted; leaves wide,
somewhat villous above, smooth below; spike to 15 cm

56

Fig. 52. Danthoma intermedia, 4/5 X

Fig. 54. Deschampsia caespitosa, 1/4 X

Fig. 53. Danthoma spicata, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 4/5 X

57

Gramineae

long, flexuous or somewhat nodding. Elymus
diversiglumis Scribn. & Ball (E. interruptus Buckl.).
Open woodland and clearings; occasional.

4a. Glumes less than 0.5 mm wide and more or less

setaceous; culms up to 80 cm long, in small tufts from
long creeping rhizomes; leaves flat to convolute,
scabrous on both sides; spikes dense, up to 12 cm long,
purplish; both glumes and lemmas villous. Elymus
innovatus Beal; hairy wild rye; Fig. 55. Clearings,
open woods, usually in lighter soils; frequent.

4b. Glumes wider, flat. See Elymus virginicus.

Festuca fescue

la. Leaf blades generally more than 3 mm wide, soft, flat,

convolute in the shoot and inrolling on drying; plant
stoloniferous and sod-forming; culms up to 100 cm
long; panicle up to 20 cm long, contracted before and
after flowering, often somewhat secund; spikelets
linear-cylindrical, about twice as long as the upper
glume; lemmas thin, awnless, with scarious margins.
Festuca pratensis Huds. (F. elatior L. pro parte);
meadow fescue. Introduced forage grass; occasional.

lb. Leaf blades less than 3 mm wide, usually permanently
folded, conduplicate in the shoot (2)

2a. Glumes as long or almost as long as the spikelet;

culms up to 100 cm long or longer, tufted, forming
large tussocks; panicle up to 20 cm long, open to
somewhat contracted; lemmas uniformly scabrous,
sometimes with a very short awn. Festuca hallii
(Vasey) Piper (F. scabrella Torr. pro parte); rough
fescue. Open woodland and scrub prairie; abundant in
native prairies.

2b. Glumes distinctly shorter than the spikelet (3)

3a. Plant rhizomatous, turf-forming; culms up to 80 cm

long, erect to somewhat decumbent at the base; leaf
sheaths reddish to purplish at the base; panicle up to
20 cm long, erect or somewhat nodding; lemmas often
somewhat pubescent, awn-tipped. Festuca rubra L.;
red fescue; Fig. 56. Introduced pasture and lawn
grass; major plantings along roadsides.

3b. Plant densely tufted; culms up to 30 cm long; leaves

filiform, tightly rolled; panicle up to 7 cm long,
narrow, contracted both before and after flowering;
spikelets sometimes violet-tinged; lemmas awned.

58

Fig. 55. Elymus innovatus, 2/5 X

Fig. 56. Festuca rubra, a, 1/4 X ; 6, 3 X

59

Gramineae

Festuca saximontana Rydb. (F. ouina L. var.
saximontana (Rydb.) Gl.); Rocky Mountain fescue; Fig.
57. Scrub prairie, clearings, and disturbed situations;
occasional.

Glyceria manna grass

la. Inflorescence closed, long-linear; spikelets 1 cm long

or longer, linear-cylindrical; culms up to 100 cm long,
solitary or in tufts from creeping rhizomes; leaf blades
flat or folded; lemmas strongly 7-nerved. Glyceria
borealis (Nash) Batch.; northern manna grass.
Sloughs, lakeshores, and stream margins; occasional.

lb. Inflorescence open, broadly lanceolate to pyramidal;
spikelets shorter and broader e (2)

2a. Upper glume about 1 mm long, twice as long as the

lower; culms up to 80 cm long, often in large clumps,
from long, creeping rhizomes; panicle to 20 cm long,
erect or nodding at the tip; lemma 7-nerved, more or
less scarious at the tip. Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc;
fowl manna grass; Fig. 58. Shallow water of marshes,
mud bordering lakes and streams, and in ditches;
frequent.

2b. Upper glume 2-2.5 mm long, not much exceeding the

lower; glumes acute, whitish; lemmas purple, barely
scarious-margined, strongly 7-nerved; culms up to 200
cm long, solitary or in tufts, from creeping rhizomes;
panicle up to 40 cm long, rather dense, usually
nodding. Glyceria grandis S. Wats.; tall manna grass;
Fig. 59. Wet ground and shallow water of marshes
and borders of lakes and streams; frequent.

Helictotrichon

Densely tufted; culms up to 40 cm long or longer; leaves flat
or folded; margin and midnerve finely outlined in white;
inflorescence narrow; branches erect or ascending; spikelets
about 1.5 cm long, with 4 or 5 florets; glumes thin and
greenish, somewhat shiny, about as long as the spikelet;
lemmas 10-12 mm long; awn geniculate, up to 2 cm long,
darker and twisted below the knee. Helictotrichon hookeri
(Scribn.) Henr. (Auena hookeri Scribn.); spike-oat, oat grass;
Fig. 60. Scrub prairie and parkland; occasional.

60

Fig. 57. Festuca saximontana,l 1/5 X.

Fig. 58. Glyceria striata, a, 3/5 X ; b, 4 X

Fig. 59. Glyceria grandis, 1/5 X

Fig. 60. Helictotrichon hookeri, 1/4 X .

61

Gramineae

Hierochloe holy grass

Culms up to 60 cm long, solitary or with a few leafy shoots,
from a long creeping rhizome; panicle up to 15 cm long,
pyramidal; spikelets lustrous golden yellow; sweet scented.
Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.; sweet grass; holy grass; Fig.
61. Borders of open woods, clearings, and scrub prairie;
occasional.

Hordeum barley

Culms densely tufted, up to 60 cm long; spike 5-10 cm long,
often nodding; awns (3-)4-5(-7) cm long, very fine, rather
uniform in length. Hordeum jubatum L.; foxtail barley,
squirrel-tail grass; Fig. 62. Clearings, banks, and disturbed
situations; common. Hybridizes with Agropyron
trachycaulum to form X Agrohordeum macounii (Vasey)
Lepage.

Koeleria June grass

Culms up to 50 cm long, densely tufted; basal leaves short
to half the length of the culm, narrow; inflorescence a dense,
cylindrical spike-like panicle up to 15 cm long; lemmas
lustrous. Koeleria macrantha (Led.) Schultes {K. cristata (L.)
Pers.); June grass; Fig. 63. Scrub prairie and in disturbed
situations; frequent.

Lolium rye grass, darnel

Perennial turf-forming species; culms up to 60 cm long; var.
perenne has lemmas awnless or the awn less than 1 mm long;
var. aristatum Willd. (L. multiflorum Lam.) is a more robust
annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial, with at least some
lemmas with an awn more than 1 mm long. Lolium perenne
L.; ryegrass. Introduced forage species; rare in waste places.

Milium millet grass

Erect culms from a bent base, up to 70 cm long, from short
stout rhizomes; leaf blades up to 12 mm wide, flat; panicles up
to 20 cm long, open, pyramidal, with the slender branches
spreading. Milium effusum var. cistatlanticum Fern.; millet
grass. Understory in open woodland in the eastern parts of the
Park; rare.

62

Fig. 62. Horde um jubatum, 2/5 X

Fig. 61. Hierochloe odorata, 1/4X

•VX«''i.

Fig. 63. Koeleria macrantha, 1/4 X

63

Gramineae

Muhlenbergia muhly

la. Panicle very narrowly linear, usually not more than 2
mm wide; leaf blades 1-2 mm wide (2)

lb. Panicle not narrowly linear, usually about 5 mm wide;
leaf blades 2-8 mm wide (3)

2a. Glumes ovate, 1-1.5 mm long, less than half as long as
the spikelets; culms up to 40 cm long, densely tufted
from hard scaly rhizomes; inflorescence 3-10 cm long.
Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb.; mat muhly;
Fig. 64. Prairies; frequent.

2b. Glumes acuminate-cuspidate, 2-2.5 mm long, more
than half as long as the spikelet; culms up to 30 cm
long, densely tufted from hard bulb-like scaly bases;
inflorescence 5-10 cm long. Muhlenbergia cuspidata
(Torr.) Rydb.; prairie muhly. Shale bank prairie on
slope near East Gate; rare.

3a. Lemma, with an awn up to 10 mm long; hairs at base
of lemma copious, as long as the lemma; glumes
awnless or awn-tipped; culms up to 60 cm long, from
elongated, wiry, and scaly rhizomes; inflorescence
7-15 cm long, spike-like. Muhlenbergia andina
(Nutt.) Hitchc; foxtail muhly. Gravelly shore, Clear
Lake; rare.

3b. Lemmas awnless; hairs at base of lemma not cons-
picuous, usually less than half as long as the lemma;
glumes awnless, awn-tipped or awned (4)

4a. Glumes awnless or awn-tipped, about as long as the
lemma; culms up to 60 cm long, from creeping scaly
rhizomes; panicle 10-15 cm long, dense. Muhlen-
bergia mexicana (L.) Trin.; wood muhly. Gravel pit in
rolling scrub prairie; rare.

4b. Glumes awned, much longer than the lemmas .... (5)

5a. Leaf sheath keeled; ligule 1-1.5 mm long; culms up to

50 cm long, from creeping scaly rhizomes, and usually
branching from the middle nodes; internodes smooth;
anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long. Muhlenbergia racemosa
(Michx.) BSP; marsh muhly. Disturbed situations;
occasional.

5b. Leaf sheath not keeled, ligule minute; culms up to 50

cm long, from long, branching, scaly rhizomes, and
usually simple or branching from the base; internodes
puberulent; anthers 1.0-1.5 mm long. Muhlenbergia
glomerata (Willd.) Trin.; bog muhly. Bogs, scrub
prairie, open woodland; occasional.

64

Gramineae

Fig. 64. Muhlenbergia richardsonis, 3 X

Oryzopsis

rice grass, mountain rice

la. Leaves flat, up to 10 mm wide, often overtopping the

inflorescence, evergreen; culms often purplish at the
base, up to 70 cm long; panicle narrow, 5-10 cm long,
with ascending spikelets; lemmas 7-9 mm long,
densely pubescent at the base, with 5-10 mm long
awns. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.; winter grass,
mountain rice; Fig. 65. Drier woodlands in humus or
lighter soils; common.

lb. Leaves involute or filiform (2)

2a. Panicle 5-10 cm long, open, lax; branches flexuous,
ascending, or spreading; culms up to 60 cm long; leaf
blades 2-4 mm wide, flat to involute; lemmas about 3
mm long, appressed pubescent; awn 1-2 cm long,
weakly twice geniculate. Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.)
Torr.; Canada rice grass. Scrub prairie and open
mixed woods; rare.

65

Gramineae

2b. Panicle 3-6 cm long; branches ascending-appressed or

spreading; culms up to 60 cm long; leaves filiform,
stiff, and scabrous; lemmas 3-4 mm long, densely
pubescent; awns 1-3 mm long. Oryzopsis pungens
(Torr.) Hitchc; Fig. 66. In open sometimes disturbed
lighter soils on the east side of the park; rare.

Phalaris canary grass

Leafy culms up to 150 cm long or longer; rhizomes stout,
horizontally creeping; leaf blades flat, up to 25 cm long and 1.5
cm wide; panicle up to 20 cm long, open in anthesis but tightly
contracted in fruit; spikelets lanceolate, laterally flattened.
Phalaris arundinacea L.; reed canary grass; Fig. 67. Disturbed
road allowances, waste places, lakeshores, and stream banks,
both native and introduced; frequent.

Phleum timothy

Culms up to 80 cm long, often forming large clumps from a
swollen bulb-like base; panicles dense, firm, cylindrical,
spike-like. Phleum pratense L.; timothy. Introduced forage
grass, frequent along roadsides and in waste places.

Phragmites reed

Our tallest grass; leafy culms bamboo-like, up to 2 m long;
rhizomes long, thick, extensively creeping, sometimes forming
extensive colonies; leaves broad and flat; panicles plumose, up
to 40 cm long; lemmas deep purple, long-acuminate.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. (P. communis Trim); reed;
Fig. 68. Wet lakeshores and ditches; localized and very
distinctive.

Poa blue grass, meadow grass

la. Annual; culms up to 20 cm long, tufted, soft,

divergent, decumbent or prostrate; panicle open,
pyramidal, usually pale green; branches mainly in
twos. Poa annua L.; annual blue grass. Introduced
weedy species found on moist shores, in disturbed
situations, and in lawns; frequent.

lb. Perennial; tufted or rhizomatous (2)

2a. Plants rhizomatous (3)

66

Fig. 65. Oryzopsis asperifolia, 1/4 X .

Fig. 66. Oryzopsis pungens, 2 X

Fig. 67. Phalaris arundinacea, 2/5 X .

67

Gramineae

2b. Plants in dense clumps or tussocks, not rhizomatous
(5)

3a. Culms up to 60 cm long, flattened, especially the lower

part; sheaths strongly keeled above the middle;

panicle short, 3-10 cm long; branches mostly in twos.

Poa compressa L.; Canada blue grass, wire grass.

Introduced weedy species usually found in dry

disturbed soils; occasional.
3b. Culms terete; sheaths not strongly keeled (4)

4a. Panicle lanceolate, thick; lemmas not cobwebby at the
base, pubescent to pilose dorsally towards the base on
the internodes; culms up to 50 cm long, solitary or in
small clusters. Poa arida Vasey; plains blue grass.
Scrub prairie and disturbed situations; occasional.

4b. Panicle widely open; lemmas cobwebby at the base,
glabrous or slightly pubescent toward the base on the
nerves only; culms up to 100 cm long, tufted, with
rhizomes. Poa pratensis L.; Kentucky blue grass; Fig.
69. Common lawn grass, prairies, clearings, and
roadsides.

5a. Culms in dense tufts, up to 70 cm long; ligules of stem
leaves truncate, mostly less than 1.5 mm long;
panicles up to 10 cm long, loose, often nodding;
branches spreading in flower, later appressed. Poa
nemoralis L. (incl. P. interior Rydb.); wood blue grass.
Meadows and open woods; occasional.

5b. Culms in loose tufts, up to 100 cm long; ligules of stem
leaves 2-4 mm long or longer, somewhat acute at the
tip; panicles up to 20 cm long or longer, pyramidal or
oblong; branches spreading. Poa palustris L.; fowl
blue or meadow grass; Fig. 70. Wet meadows, grassy
shores, and ditches; frequent.

Puccinellia alkali grass

Tufted perennial; culms erect to decumbent or
geniculate-ascending, up to 70 cm long; panicles up to 15 cm
long, pyramidal; branches reflexed at maturity. Puccinellia
distans (L.) Pari.; alkali grass. Roadsides; rare, introduced
from Europe.

68

Fig. 68. Phragmites australis, 2/5 X

Fig. 70. Poa palustris, 1/4 X

Fig. 69. Poapratensis,2/5X

69

Gramineae

Schizachne purple oat grass

Loosely tufted rhizomatous species; culms up to 100 cm
long; panicles up to 15 cm long, often secund; branches more or
less drooping; spikelets divergently aristate; glumes reddish
purple; margins green, hyaline; florets light green to purplish
at the tip. Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen; purple
oat grass; Fig. 71. Open woodland and scrub prairie; frequent.

Scolochloa spangletop

Culms stout, leafy, erect, up to 1.5 m long, spongy at the
base, from extensively creeping whip-like rhizomes; leaf
blades flat, up to 10 mm wide; sheaths large, papery, inflated;
panicles open, up to 20 cm long; branches in distant fascicles;
spikelets about 8 mm long, 3 or 4 flowered. Scolochloa
festucacea (Willd.) Link; spangletop; Fig. 72. In shallow
water of marshes and bordering ponds where it may form
dense stands.

Setaria foxtail

Annual, tufted; culms erect or geniculate-ascending, up to
50 cm long or longer; leaf blades up to 12 mm wide; panicles up
to 10 cm long and 2 cm wide (including the awns). Setaria
viridis (L.) Beau v.; green foxtail, bottle grass. Weed of waste
places.

Spartina cord grass

Stems up to 100 cm long, solitary or in small tufts from
tough rhizomes; spikes 4-8, 1-sided; spikelets crowded in 2
rows along the edges. Spartina gracilis Trin.; alkali cord grass.
Disturbed area near Rennicker Creek; apparently localized.

Sphenopholis wedge grass

Tufted perennial; culms slender, up to 70 cm long; leaf
blades flat, up to 5 mm wide; panicles up to 20 cm long, dense,
and appearing lobed; spikelets densely crowded on short
ascending branches; glumes subequal, with the first one
linear-subulate and the second obovate. Sphenopholis
intermedia Rydb.; slender wedge grass; Fig. 73. Wet
meadows, lakeshores, and stream banks; occasional.

70

Gramineae

Fig. 7 1 . Schizachne purpurascens, 4/5 X

Fig. 73. Sphenopholis intermedia, 1/2 X

Fig. 72. Scolochloa festucacea, 1/4 X

71

Gramineae

Sporobolus dropseed

Culms slender, erect, up to 70 cm long, forming thick
compact tufts; leaves flat to involute, erect or slightly
drooping, often almost as long as the culms; panicles open, up
to 20 cm long, narrowly ovoid, with the lower part often
enclosed in the upper sheath; spikelets deep green to blackish,
longer than their pedicel and crowded on the branches.
Sporobolus heterolepis A. Gray; prairie dropseed. Scrub
prairie; rare.

Stipa spear grass; needle grass

la. Panicles up to 20 cm long; branches widely spreading,
with only a few drooping spikelets towards the ends;
tufted plants with narrow, involute leaves about 20 cm
long and culms up to 80 cm long; awn 2.5-3.5 cm long,
once geniculate. Stipa richardsonii Link; needle grass;
Fig. 74. Scrub prairie; frequent or locally abundant.

lb. Panicles closed and narrow; branches shorter .... (2)

2a. Glumes 20-30 mm long; lemmas up to 15-25 mm long;

awns up to 12 cm long, twice geniculate; culms up to
80 cm long or longer; forming dense tussocks; panicles
15-20 cm long; branches each bearing 1 or 2 spikelets.
Stipa spartea Trin. var. curtiseta Hitchc; western
porcupine grass, spear grass; Fig. 75. Scrub prairie;
frequent or locally abundant.

2b. Glumes 8-10 mm long; lemmas 5-6 mm long; awns

2-3 cm long, twice geniculate and spirally twisted
below; culms up to 100 cm long, loosely tufted; panicles
up to 20 cm long; branches appressed-ascending,
bearing 1-7 spikelets. Stipa viridula Trin.; feather
bunch grass, green needle grass. Scrub prairie; rare.

Torreyochloa

Culms up to 60 cm long, geniculate, loosely matted;
panicles up to 13 cm long; lower branches strongly divergent
or reflexed in age; in aspect like a short-spikelet Glyceria, but
the sheath margins are free and the upper glume has 3 nerves.
Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church var. fernaldii (Hitchc.)
Dore (Glyceria fernaldii (Hitchc.) St. John). Wet bottom of
catchbasin on east slope; rare.

72

Fig. 74. Stipa richardsonii, 1/4 X

Fig. 75. Stipa spartea var. curtiseta, 2/5 X

73

Cyperaceae

Triticum wheat

la. Keel of the glume winged near the tip only; tufted
annual; culms up to 1 m long; leaves flat up to 2 cm
wide; spikes fat, up to 12 cm long; usually awnless.
Triticum aestivum L.; soft wheat. A common
cultivated crop appearing as a volunteer along
roadsides.

lb. Keel of the glume produced into a narrow wing for its

whole length; in aspect much like T. aestivum, but
usually with long, coarse, rough awns. Triticum
turgidum L.; hard wheat. Occasional spontaneous
plant along roadsides.

16. CYPERACEAE sedge family

la. Flowers unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate
in the same or in different spikes; achene enclosed in a
sac (perigynium); culm sharply or obtusely 3-angled
Carex

lb. Flowers all perfect, in uniform spikelets; achenes
naked (2)

2a. Base of style persistent as a tubercule at the summit of

the achene; culms leafless Eleocharis

2b. Base of style not persistent as a tubercule (3)

3a. Perianth bristles numerous, often 2-3 cm long, silky
Eriophorum

3b. Perianth bristles 1-8, occasionally lacking, shorter
than or only slightly longer than the achene
Scirpus

Carex sedge

la. Spike solitary, bractless (2)

lb. Spikes 2 or more (4)

2a. Achenes lenticular; stigmas 2; perigynia glabrous;
spike wholly staminate, or wholly pistillate, or
staminate above and pistillate below; culms up to 30
cm, solitary or few, from slender creeping rhizomes.
Carex gynocrates Wormsk.; Fig. 76. Sphagnum bogs;
localized.

2b. Achenes triangular in cross section; stigmas 3 .... (3)

74

Cyperaceae

3a. Staminate scales with margins united nearly to the
middle; perigynia subalternate, beakless; leaves very
lax and soft; culms up to 40 cm long, flaccid, densely
caespitose to substoloniferous. Carex leptalea Wahl.;
Fig. 77. Moist moss, usually in spruce woods;
localized.

3b. Staminate scales with margins free to the base; leaves
firm, flat; perigynia castaneous to blackish, lustrous;
culms solitary or few together, from tough cord-like
rhizomes. Carex obtusata Lilj.; Fig. 78. Dry grassland
hilltops; locally common.

4a. Achenes lenticular or plump, not triangular in cross
section; stigmas 2 (5)

4b. Achenes trigonous (triangular in cross section);
terminal spike mostly entirely staminate, sometimes
partly pistillate; at least some of the lateral spikes
strictly pistillate, mostly peduncled (31)

5a. Spikes of 2 kinds, with the terminal ones staminate (at
least below) and the lower ones entirely or mostly
pistillate, peduncled (6)

5b. Spikes essentially uniform, with the lateral ones
sessile (7)

6a. Bracts sheathing; perigynia golden yellow at
maturity, beakless; culms up to 30 cm long, usually
spreading or ascending, from slender creeping
rhizomes. Carex aurea Nutt; Fig. 79. Meadows, damp
woods, ditches, and shores; occasional.

6b. Bracts nearly or quite sheathless; perigynia 2-4 mm
long, purplish green or green, minutely beaked; culms
up to 80 cm long, densely tufted, often in large clumps,
with long scaly rhizomes; pistillate spikes 2-4 cm long,
usually 2-6. Carex aquatilis Wahl.; Fig. 80. Fens,
sloughs, and wet meadows; frequent.

7a. Culms arising singly or few together from
long-creeping slender or cord-like rhizomes; spikes
androgynous (except C. siccata, with terminal spike
usually pistillate above a prolonged staminate base)
(8)

7b. Culms densely to loosely caespitose; rhizomes
sometimes short-prolonged, but not long-creeping
(10)

75

Cyperaceae

8a. Culms branching, with the long prostrate ones of the
previous year bearing erect culms from the axils of the
old, dried-up leaves; leaves narrow, involute; spikes
few, crowded. Carex chordorrhiza L.f.; Fig. 81. Bogs;
localized.

8b. Culms simple (9)

9a. Perigynia 2.5-4.5 mm long; beaks one-quarter to

one-third as long as the body; inner band of leaf
sheaths green-nerved nearly to the summit; culms up
to 80 cm long, sharply triangular, stiff; upper nodes
exserted from the sheaths; rhizomes slender, black.
Carex sartwellii Dewey; Fig. 82. Low, moist areas;
apparently infrequent.

9b. Perigynia 5-6 mm long; margins narrow, greenish;

beaks two-thirds as long as the body; leaf sheaths
much overlapping, with their inner bands nerveless;
culms up to 80 cm long, solitary or few together from
long, tough, brown rhizomes. Carex siccata Dewey (C.
foenea Willd.). Usually dry lighter soils in the open;
localized.

10a. Spikes androgynous (C disperma may be found here)
(ID

10b. Spikes, at least the terminal, gynaecandrous .... (17)

11a. Culms soft and flattening in drying, serrulate above,
with concave sides and with sharp angles more or less
winged; leaf sheaths loose (12)

lib. Culms relatively firm, not flattening in drying; leaf
sheaths close (13)

12a. Perigynia ovate, 3-4 mm long, stipitate, flat on the
inner nerveless face, faintly brown-nerved dorsally,
contracted into a beak about half as long as the body,
about equalling or little exceeding the brownish
scales; culms up to 70 cm long, tufted, mostly as long
as or shorter than the leaves; inner band of leaf
sheaths dotted, unwrinkled; upper spikes crowded,
with the lower ones distant. Carex alopecoidea Tuck.
Borders of lakes and streams and in wet meadows;
occasional.

12b. Perigynia subulate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm long,
brown-nerved, much exceeding the pale scales,
tapering from a broad base to a long slender beak;
culms up to 100 cm long, growing from short thick
rhizomes; inner band of leaf sheaths commonly
cross-puckered, at least between the nerves;j
inflorescence of 5-15 spikes aggregated into a head, j

76 I

d %

Fig. 76. Carex gynocrates,a,2X\ b, 2 X ; c, 1/2 X; d, 4X.

Fig. 77. Carexleptalea,4*. Fig. 78. Carexobtusata, 2 1/3 X

77

Cyperaceae

with the upper ones crowded together. Carex stipata
Muhl. Swamps, borders of creeks and ponds, and wet
open woodland; occasional.

13a. Spikes 3-10, in simple, close, or interrupted heads;

perigynia nerveless or lightly striate dorsally; sheaths

not red-dotted ventrally (14)

13b. Spikes numerous in a more or less compound head,

usually 2 to several spikes on each lateral branch;

perigynia dorsally nerved (15)

14a. Perigynia of nearly uniform texture; margins not
incurved; bracts with brown, broad scarious bases;
scales pale brown, strongly awned, covering the
perigynia; culms up to 40 cm long, from short
rhizomes; spikes 5-8, distant to approximate. Carex
hookeriana Dewey. Scrub prairie; localized.

14b. Perigynia corky-thickened below the middle;
nerve-like margin inflexed; scales whitish, rounded, or
somewhat obtuse; culms weak and lax, up to 40 cm
long or longer, densely tufted; spikes remote;
perigynia spreading horizontally. Carex rosea
Schkuhr. Moist woods and clearings; rare.

15a. Scales long-awned; bracts setaceous, conspicuous;
perigynia flat on the inner face, yellowish green or
straw-colored; culms up to 80 cm long, densely tufted;
inner band of leaf sheaths cross-puckered, not
red-dotted; inflorescence of 4-8 compound densely
crowded spikes. Carex vulpinoldea Michx. Stream
banks and lakeshores; rare.

15b. Scales not awned; bracts mostly short and
inconspicuous or wanting; perigynia straw-colored to
dark brown; inner nerveless band of leaf sheaths often
red-dotted, not cross-puckered (16)

16a. Sheaths strongly copper-tinged at the mouth;
perigynia flat on the inner face, dull brownish in age,
appressed, covered by the scales; culms up to 100 cm
long, densely tufted, from short stout rhizomes;
inflorescence lax and open. Carex prairea Dewey.
Swamps; localized.

16b. Sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; perigynia
slightly convex ventrally, lustrous, blackish in age,
soon divergent, mostly longer than the scales; culms
up to 80 cm long, forming dense tufts, from short
rhizomes; inflorescence of 6-10 spikes, with the lower

78

Fig. 79. Carex aurea, 4/5 X.

Fig. 81. Carex chordorrhiza, a, 1/2X;6,2X

Fig. 80. Carex aquatilis,3/5x

79

Cyperaceae

ones somewhat distant and the upper ones
approximate to crowded. Carex diandra Schrank; Fig.
83. Swamps and fens; localized.

17a. Perigynia at most thin-edged, corky-thickened at the
base; culms not hollow (18)

17b. Perigynia narrowly to broadly wing-margined, not
spongy-thickened at the base, beaked, mostly with
concave inner faces; culms hollow (25)

18a. Perigynia closely appressed-ascending, 4.5-5.5 mm
long; beaks long, slender, bidentate; scales pale,
acuminate or short-cuspidate; plants densely tufted;
culms up to 80 cm long, weak; leaves glaucous;
inflorescence 3-8 cm long; spikes 3-5, with the lowest
one having a filiform bract up to 3 cm long. Carex
deweyana Schw.; Fig. 84. Moist woodland, clearings,
and ditches; occasional.

18b. Perigynia 1.5-3.75 mm long (19)

19a. Perigynia white-puncticulate, ascending or merely
spreading-ascending, soft in texture (except in C.
disperma), nearly beakless or with a short subentire
beak and with margins rounded (20)

19b. Perigynia not puncticulate, spreading or reflexed at
maturity, beaked, very spongy at the base and with
margins thin (24)

20a. Staminate flowers terminal in the spikes; perigynia
nearly round in cross section, 2.0-2.8 mm long, finely
many-nerved, rounded at the summit to a minute
entire beak; culms up to 50 cm long, very slender,
weak, and spreading from slender, creeping
sod-forming rhizomes; spikes 2-5, remote. Carex
disperma Dewey; Fig. 85. Bogs and wet woods;
frequent.

20b. Staminate flowers basal or scattered; perigynia
flattened on 1 face (21)

21a. Bract at base of inflorescence bristle-like and much
prolonged, much longer than the subtended spike;
inflorescence flexuous; spikes 2 or 3, widely separated;
plants loosely caespitose; culms weak, usually
overtopping the 1-2 mm-wide leaves. Carex trisperma
Dewey. Marginal swamp; apparently rare and
localized but perhaps overlooked.

21b. Bract at base of inflorescence shorter or none;
inflorescence straightish; at least the upper spikes
approximate (22)

80

Fig. 82. Carex sartwellii, 1 X

Fig. 84. Carex deweyana, 1 2/5 X

Fig. 85. Carex disperma, 1 2/5 X .

Fig. 83. Carex diandra, 1 2/5 X

81

Cyperaceae

22a. Perigynia beakless or nearly so; scales white; spikes
2-4, subglobose, closely approximate in an ellipsoid or
subglobose head; plants loosely caespitose; culms
subcapillary, firm, mostly longer than the leaves.
Carex tenui flora Wahl. Marginal swamp; apparently
rare and localized but perhaps overlooked.

22b. Perigynia definitely beaked (23)

23a. Perigynia 5-10 in each spike, loosely spreading at
maturity; serrulate at the base of the distinct beak;
plants green; culms up to 70 cm long, densely tufted;
leaves much shorter than the culms; inflorescence
with 5-8 short ovoid or subglobose spikes, with the
lower ones distant and the upper ones approximate.
Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir.; Fig. 86. Bogs and wet
woods; rare.

23b. Perigynia 10-30 in each spike, appressed, smooth, or
at most sparsely serrulate at the base of the
inconspicuous beak; plants glaucous; culms up to 25
cm long, often recurved or curved ascending, loosely
tufted from slender rhizomes; inflorescence of 4-6
spikes, with the lower ones distant and the upper ones
approximate. Carex curta Good. (C. canescens L.); Fig.
87. Bogs and wet woods; rare.

24a. Perigynia nerveless or weakly few-nerved at the base
ventrally; beak shallowly bidentate, one-quarter to
one-third the length of the body; plants densely tufted;
culms slender, up to 70 cm long; inflorescence usually
consisting of 3 small often remote spikes, of which the
terminal is clavate; perigynia spreading at maturity.
Carex interior Bailey. Bogs, lakeshores, and wet
woods; frequent.

24b. Perigynia slightly nerved on both faces; beak sharply
bidentate, about half as long as the body; plants
densely caespitose, from short rhizomes; culms up to
80 cm long; spike solitary (occasionally with 1-3
accessory spikes below the main one), pistillate above
and staminate below or dioecious; terminal spike
without a distinct clavate base of staminate scales.
Carex sterilis Willd. Open calcareous fen; rare.

25a. Bracts leaf-like and many times exceeding the dense
inflorescence; perigynia lance-subulate, about 5 mm
long; scales smaller than the perigynia, hyaline with a
green midrib; plants densely tufted; culms up to 50 cm
long. Carex sychnocephala Carey; Fig. 88. Creek
margins, catchbasins, and ditches; occasional.

82

Fig. 86. Carex brunnescens, 1 2/5 X

i ft

Fig. 87. Carex curta, 1 2/5 X

Fig. 88. Carex sycknocephala, 1 2/5 X

83

Cyperaceae

25b. Bracts (when present) neither leaf-like nor prolonged
(26)

26a. Scales about equaling the perigynia and nearly or
completely covering them (27)

26b. Scales shorter than the perigynia and noticeably
narrower above (29)

27a. Inflorescence dense and erect, consisting of crowded or
approximate spikes; inner face of perigynia nerveless
or nerved only at the base (28)

27b. Inflorescence interrupted and flexuous, with at least
the lower spikes remote; scales brown; perigynia
4.5-6.5 mm long, not closely appressed; inner face
nerveless or only short-nerved; plants densely tufted,
from short rhizomes; culms up to 80 cm long. Carex
praticola Rydb.; Fig. 89. Meadows, open woods, and
clearings; occasional.

28a. Perigynia thin and scale-like, 4.0-4.8 mm long, closely
appressed; inner face nerveless or nerved only at the
base; scales light brown; midrib green; margins
hyaline; plants densely tufted, from short thick
rhizomes; culms up to 60 cm long. Carex xerantica
Bailey. Fescue prairie; rare.

28b. Perigynia plump, 4-5 mm long, loosely ascending in
age; scales brown; margins hyaline; plants tufted;
culms up to 60 cm long, smooth. Carex adusta Boott.
Moist situations; rare.

29a. Beak of perigynium slender and roundish in cross
section, little if at all serrulate at the scarcely
margined tip; perigynia thin, 3.75-5 mm long; scales
dark brown; inflorescence dense; plants densely
tufted, from short rhizomes; culms up to 40 cm long.
Carex microptera Mack. (C. festiuella of Scoggan).
Stream banks and borders of lakes; rare.

29b. Beak of perigynium flattened and margined to the
serrulate tip; perigynium firm, 1-2 mm wide, broadly
cuneate or rounded at the base (30)

30a. Inflorescence compact, 1-4 cm long; plants densely
tufted; culms up to 60 cm long or longer, commonly
equalling the leaves in length. Carex bebbii Olney ex
Fern.; Fig. 90. Ditches, streambanks, and borders of
ponds; frequent.

30b. Inflorescence interrupted, 2-5 cm long, flexuous or
nodding; plants densely tufted and producing
numerous tall sterile shoots; culms up to 60 cm long.

84

Cyperaceae

Fig. 89. Carex praticola, 1 X

Fig. 90. Carex bebbii, 1 2/5 X

Carex tenera Dew. Damp open woodland and borders
of clearings; occasional.

31a. Staminate scales very tight, with margins united at

the base; lower pistillate scales green and bract-like;

perigynia 4.0-5.6 mm long, tapering to a conical beak;

plants densely caespitose; culms up to 35 cm long;

leaves deep green, flat, up to 6 mm wide, often longer

than the culms. Carex backii Boott. Open woodland

and borders of clearings; rare.
31b. Staminate scales with margins free to the base, loosely

ascending; pistillate scales not bract-like (32)

32a. Perigynia pubescent (33)

32b. Perigynia glabrous or essentially so (43)

33a. Bract at base of inflorescence long-sheathing .... (34)

33b. Bract at base of inflorescence sheathless or nearly so

"(36)

34a. Basal sheath of inflorescence with a long leaf-like
blade; scales greenish straw-colored, lance-acuminate
or short-awned; perigynia lance-subulate, 5.0-6.5 mm
long; plants loosely tufted; culms up to 60 cm long;
inflorescence up to 20 cm long; terminal spike
staminate; pistillate spikes narrow, remote, on long
leafy bracted peduncles. Carex assiniboinensis Boott.
Border of mixed woods; rare.

85

Cyperaceae

34b. Basal sheath of inflorescence bladeless; scales dark,
pale-margined (35)

35a. Scales exceeding the perigynia; pistillate spikes
cylindrical, 1-2 cm long; staminate spike 1.5-2.5 cm
long, often stalked; plants tufted, growing from long
rhizomes; culms up to 25 cm long; bladeless sheaths
strongly purple-tinged. Carex richardsonii R. Br. Dry
open woods and clearings; rare.

35b. Scales roundish, much shorter than the perigynia;
pistillate spikes subglobose, 4-7 mm long; staminate
spikes 3-6 mm long, often sessile; plants loosely
tufted, growing from slender rhizomes; culms up to 35
cm long, slender, erect to curved; leaves often as long
as the culms. Carex concinna R. Br.; Fig. 91. Moist
moss in open spruce woods; occasional.

36a. Achenes only obscurely 3-angled; sides rounded or
convex (37)

36b. Achenes definitely 3-angled; sides flat or concave
(41)

37a. Culms all elongate (38)

37b. Culms of various lengths, with the shorter ones
crowded among the leaf bases; spikes often all
pistillate (40)

38a. Body of perigynium subglobose, somewhat loose over
the achene; scales nearly equalling or exceeding the
perigynia; terminal staminate spike 0.8-2.0 mm long;
plants tufted, from extensively creeping, slender
rhizomes; culms up to 30 cm long, usually with
persistent brush-like tufts of fibers at the base and
usually exceeding the leaves. Carex pensylvanica
Lam. Prairie openings and dry open woodland;
occasional.

38b. Body of perigynium ellipsoid to fusiform-obovoid,
definitely longer than thick, tightly investing the
achene (39)

39a. Perigynia 3-4 mm long, copiously short-hirsute,
gradually narrowed to a thick spongy base; scales with
broad white margins; plants forming a loose carpet
from extensive cord-like rhizomes; culms up to 40 cm
long with reddish bases, overtopping the leaves;
inflorescence usually crowded. Carex peckii Howe.
Mixed woods; frequent.

86

Cyperaceae

Fig. 91. Carex concinna,2X

39b. Perigynia 2.5-3.0 mm long, minutely pubescent,
gradually narrowed to a long slender stipe; scales with
purple margins; plants tufted, from stout horizontal or
ascending rhizomes; culms up to 20 cm long, flexuous,
mostly shorter than the deep green leaves; bases
purplish; inflorescence crowded. Carex deflexa
Hornem.; Fig. 92. Moist open woods; rare.

40a. Perigynia 3.0-4.5 mm long; beaks 0.7-1.5 mm long;
staminate spike 3-15 mm long; bract at the base of the
inflorescence 0.5-5 cm long; plants often in thick
clumps, but with slender rhizomes; culms erect, harsh
above, up to 30 cm long, often exceeded by the erect or
curled leaves. Carex rossii Boott.; Fig. 93. Usually dry
open disturbed situations; occasional.

40b. Perigynia 2.5-3.0 mm long; beaks about 0.5 mm long;
staminate spike 2-5 mm long; basal bract 5-10 mm
long; leaves soft; culms flexuous, smooth except at the
tip. See Carex deflexa.

41a. Perigynia strongly 15-20-ribbed; beaks nearly half as
long as the body; teeth spreading; plants loosely tufted

87

Cyperaceae

from long-creeping thick rhizomes; culms up to 60 cm
long; leaves up to 1 cm wide; inflorescence up to 15 cm
long; terminal spike staminate; pistillate spikes 1-3,
remote, either sessile or short-petioled, leafy-bracted.
Carex houghtoniana Torr. (C. houghtonii Torr.). Dry
to moist sandy shores and clearings; rare.
41b. Perigynia with obscure ribs mostly concealed beneath
the dense pubescence; beaks short; teeth erect . . . (42)

42a. Leaves flat, 2-5 mm wide, scabrous; margins revolute;
culms sharply triangular and scabrous above, up to 70
cm long, usually in small tufts, from slender long-
creeping rhizomes; inflorescence up to 20 cm long; ter-
minal spikes 1 or 2, staminate; pistillate spikes 1-3,
remote, sessile or short-peduncled; perigynia 2.5-3.5
mm long, densely pubescent, abruptly beaked; erect
teeth about 0.5 mm long. Carex lanuginosa Michx.
Swamps, ditches, and borders of ponds and streams;
frequent.

42b. Leaves filiform-convolute except at the base, 2 mm
wide or less, smooth and wiry; culms up to 120 cm
long, obtusely angled and smooth except sometimes at
the tip, from stout long-creeping rhizomes; inflores-
cence up to 35 cm long; terminal spikes 1-3, stami-
nate; pistillate spikes 2-3, remote; perigynia 4-5 mm
long, densely pubescent, tapering into the beak; teeth
about 1 mm long. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var.
americana Fern. Fens; localized.

43a. Style continuous with the achene and of the same bony
texture, not withering; leaves more or less
septate-nodulose (44)

43b. Style jointed to the achene, not indurated, soon
disarticulating and shriveling (49)

44a. Perigynia firm, scarcely inflated; culms 1 to few, from
stoloniferous bases (45)

44b. Perigynia thin or papery, often strongly inflated
(46)

45a. Teeth of perigynia 1 mm long or less; perigynia lightly
many-nerved; plants tufted, from long rhizomes;
culms up to 125 cm long, sharply triangular with
rough edges; inflorescence up to 35 cm long; terminal
spikes 2-4, staminate, 1-8 cm long; pistillate spikes
2-4, usually distinct, 3-10 cm long, erect, sessile or
short-peduncled. Carex lacustris Willd. Marshes and
fens; localized.

88

Cyperaceae

V

Fig. 92. Carex deflexa, 2 X

Fig. 93. Carex rossu, 1 2/5 X

45b. Teeth of perigynia 1.6-3 mm long, outwardly curving;
perigynia strongly ribbed; plants loosely tufted, from
creeping rhizomes; culms up to 120 cm long; sheaths,
especially the lower ones, pubescent; terminal spikes
2-6, staminate, 2-4 cm long; pistillate spikes 2-4, 4-10
cm long, remote, erect, sessile or short-peduncled.
Carex atherodes Spreng.; Fig. 94. Fens, lakeshores,
and stream banks; common.

46a. Pistillate scales with midrib excurrent as a long,
scabrous awn; perigynia finely and closely ribbed,
several times longer than the body of the scales
(47)

46b. Pistillate scales blunt to short-awned; perigynia
mostly inflated, coarsely ribbed (48)

47a. Perigynia 3-5 mm long, soon strongly reflexed, more
or less 2-edged, not inflated; beak snorter than the
body; sod-forming plant with short rhizomes; culms to
1 m, sharply 3-angled, scabrous, nodding at the top;
inflorescence up to 20 cm long; terminal spike
staminate, 2-5 cm long; pistillate spikes 3-5, 3-7 cm
long, with the upper ones approximate and the lower
ones remote, spreading or drooping on slender
peduncles; Carex pseudo-cyperus L. Fens and
lakeshores; rare.

89

Cyperaceae

47b. Perigynia about 6 mm long, spreading, inflated; beak
slender, as long as the body; densely tufted plant; erect
culms up to 70 cm long; inflorescence up to 15 cm long;
terminal spike staminate, 2-4 cm long; pistillate
spikes 1-4, up to 4 cm long, with the upper ones
approximate and the lowest ones often remote,
peduncled, erect to spreading. Carex hystriclna Muhl.
Lakeshores and wet clearings; rare.

48a. Perigynia 7-10 mm long, soon reflexed or horizontally
spreading, much exceeding the acuminate scales;
culms densely tufted, obtusely 3-angled up to 100 cm
long, from short stout rhizomes; inflorescence up to 15
cm long; upper 1-4 spikes staminate, often hidden
among the 3-8, 1.5-6.0-cm-long, aggregated pistillate
spikes; lower bracts much prolonged, many times the
length of the inflorescence. Carex retrorsa Schw.; Fig.
95. Ditches, fens, borders of lakes and streams;
frequent.

48b. Perigynia ascending to merely spreading; plants with
short rhizomes and long stolons; culms stout, up to 100
cm long, usually exceeded by the leaves; inflorescence
up to 30 cm long; upper 2-4 spikes staminate, to 5 cm
long; pistillate spikes 2-5, well separated, 4-10 cm
long, sessile to short-peduncled; bracts not more than
a few times longer than the inflorescence. Carex
rostrata Stokes; Fig. 96. Fens, swamps, and wet
stream banks and lake margins; common.

49a. Bract at the base of the inflorescence sheathless or
very short-sheathing (50)

49b. Bract at the base of the inflorescence with a prolonged
tubular sheath (52)

50a. Leaves short-pilose; culms up to 50 cm long, slender,
weak, sharply triangular, from short rhizomes;
inflorescence up to 5 cm long; terminal spike
staminate; pistillate spikes 1-3, approximate, up to 15
mm long, sessile or short peduncled; perigynia 2.5-3.5
mm long, yellowish green, strongly nerved, abruptly
short-beaked. Carex torreyi Tuck. Open woodland
and scrub prairie; frequent.

50b. Leaves glabrous (51)

51a. Plants strongly rhizomatous; rhizomes covered with a
brownish felt-like layer; culms up to 50 cm long,
sharply 3-angled; inflorescence up to 6 cm long;
terminal spike staminate, 1-2 cm long; pistillate 1-2

90

Fig. 95. Carex retrorsa, 2/5 X

Fig. 94. Carex atherodes, 2/5 X

Fig. 96. Carex rostrata,2/5X

91

Cyperaceae

spikes to 15 mm long, drooping on filiform peduncles;
perigynia 2.5-4.0 mm long, 8-10-nerved; scales brown,
obtuse to acute, with a green midrib about as long as
the perigynia. Carex limosa L.; Fig. 97. Quaking fen;
rare.
51b. Plants loosely caespitose; rootlets covered with a
yellow felt; culms up to 60 cm long, slender;
inflorescence up to 12 cm long; terminal spike
staminate, 5-15 mm long; pistillate spikes 2-4, 8-20
mm long, on slender peduncles, with the upper
approximate and the lower remote; perigynia 3.0-3.5
mm long, veinless to finely veined; scales
long-acuminate, as long as or longer than the
perigynia, but narrower. Carex magellanica Lam. (C.
paupercula Michx.); Fig. 98. Sphagnum moss under
black spruce; rare.

52a. Sheaths spathe-like, bladeless or very short-bladed;
plants forming dense mats from short thick rhizomes;
culms up to 30 cm long, brownish at the base, barely
exceeding the leaves; inflorescence 4-10 cm long;
terminal spike staminate 5-15 mm long; pistillate
spikes 2-3, up to 30 mm long, with the upper ones
ascending and the lower ones remote, on long pedicels;
perigynia 3.5-5 mm long, pubescent; scales smaller,
purplish brown, with a green midrib extended into a
short awn. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Damp white
spruce woodland; rare.

52b. Sheaths with well developed blades (53)

53a. Leaves and culms pilose; culms up to 70 cm long,
tufted, purplish at the base; inflorescence up to 10 cm
long; terminal spike staminate, 1-2 cm long; pistillate
spikes 2-3, up to 2 cm long or longer, spreading or
drooping on slender peduncles; perigynia 4-6 mm
long, with a slender bidentate beak; scales brownish
about equaling the perigynia. Carex castanea Wahl.
Damp open spruce woods and clearings; occasional.

53b. Leaves and culms glabrous (54)

54a. Terminal spike regularly pistillate at the summit,
rarely more than 3 mm wide; lateral spikes rarely
more than 3 mm wide; scales whitish or
brownish-tinged, much shorter than the perigynia;
plants densely tufted; culms up to 40 cm long;
inflorescence up to 15 cm long; terminal spike mostly
staminate, 4-8 mm long; pistillate spikes 2 or 3,
drooping on slender peduncles. Carex capillaris L.; Fig.
99. In moist moss in open spruce woodland; frequent.

92

Fig. 98. Carex magellanica, 4/5 X

Fig. 97. Carex limosa, 4/5 X.

Fig. 99. Carex capillaris, 1/2 X

93

Cyperaceae

54b. Terminal spike regularly staminate throughout or
sometimes with a few perigynia at the summit . . . (55)

55a. Perigynia beakless or with a short essentially entire
beak up to 0.5 mm long, less than one-quarter the
length of the body; tufted plants, from short rhizomes;
culms up to 80 cm long; inflorescence up to 15 cm long;
terminal spike staminate, often hidden by pistillate
spikes; pistillate spikes 1-2 cm long, with the lower
ones long-peduncled; bracts leaf-like, exceeding the
spikes. Carex granulans Muhl. Wet lake margins;
rare.

55b. Perigynia with the beak one-quarter the length of the
body or equaling it (56)

56a. Staminate spike sessile or short-peduncled; pistillate
spikes subglobose to ellipsoid; culms 30 cm long,
caespitose, characteristically yellowish green;
inflorescence up to 5 cm long; staminate spike
terminal, about 1 cm long, often almost hidden by the
2-6 crowded pistillate spikes; perigynia 2.0-3.5 mm
long, green or brownish green, about equaled by the
yellowish brown scales. Carex viridula Michx.; Fig.
100. Lakeshores and moist clearings; common around
Lake Katherine, occasional elsewhere.

56b. Staminate spike or spikes long-peduncled; pistillate
spikes oblong-cylindrical or narrower (57)

57a. Plant with slender horizontal yellowish brown
rhizomes; pistillate spikes linear, loosely
3-20-flowered; perigynia 3-4 mm long, light brown,
beaked; scales brownish purple, smaller, loose, acute;
culms up to 60 cm long, solitary or few together;
inflorescence up to 15 cm long; terminal spike
staminate, 1-2 cm long, peduncled; pistillate spikes
1-3, short to long-peduncled, 10-25 mm long, spread-
ing or drooping. Carex vaginata Tausch; Fig. 101.
Moss in moist woods, clearings and shores; frequent.

57b. Plants caespitose; pistillate spikes oblong-cylindrical,
rather closely flowered; scales pale brown with
whitish margins (58)

58a. Pistillate spikes 1-5 cm long, 8-10 mm wide;
staminate spikes 1-4; perigynia 5-6 mm long, with the
body subglobose and contracted into a bidentate beak
about as long as the body; scales shorter, somewhat
acute or blunt; tufted plants from long, creeping
rhizomes; culms up to 80 cm long; inflorescence up to

94

Cyperaceae

Fig. 100. Carex uiridula, 3/5 X

Fig. 101. Carex vaginata, 1/4 X

20 cm long. Carex sprengelii Dewey. Scrub prairie,
moist open woods, and clearings; frequent.
58b. Pistillate spikes 4-15 mm long, 2.5-4.0 mm wide;
scales acute or blunt; staminate spike usually solitary.
See Carex capillar is.

Eleocharis

spike-rush

la. Tubercule confluent with the 3-angled achene,
forming a beak; spikelets 3-6 mm long; plants in small
tufts, from long, creeping rhizomes; culms up to 30 cm
long. Eleocharis pauci flora (Lightf.) Link; Fig. 102.
Shore of Katherine Lake; localized.

lb. Tubercule distinct (2)

2a. Achenes 3-angled; stigmas 3; spikelets flattened, 2-7
mm long, 3-15-flowered; plants forming dense mats,
from slender rhizomes; slender tufted culms up to 15
cm long. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S.; Fig. 103.
Mud flats and lakeshores; occasional.

2b. Achenes lenticular or biconvex; stigmas 2 (3)

95

Cyperaceae

3a. Sterile basal scale 1, encircling the culm; spikelets
1.0-1.5 mm long, loosely few-flowered; achenes
1.0-1.4 mm wide; tubercule often as broad as high,
0.6-1.0 mm broad at the base; plants loosely tufted,
from slender reddish rhizomes; culms slender, up to 50
cm long. Eieocharis uniglumis (Link) Schultes; Fig.
104. Mucky depressions; rare.

3b. Sterile basal scales 2 or 3; spikelets up to 2.5 cm long;
culms up to 60 cm tall and 3 mm thick (4)

4a. Tubercule much longer than broad; plants from long,

creeping reddish rhizomes. Eieocharis palustris (L.) R.

& S.; Fig. 105. Swamps, lakeshores, and wet

depressions; frequent.
4b. Tubercule as broad as or broader than long; similar to

E. palustris. Eieocharis smallii Britt. Dried depression

on shale on east slope; rare.

Eriophorum cotton-grass

la. Spikelets more than 1, on spreading or drooping
peduncles; inflorescence subtended by one or more
leafy bracts (2)

lb. Spikelets solitary, erect, not subtended by a leafy
involucre (4)

2a. Involucral bract solitary; leaves 1.0-1.5 mm wide,
channeled to the base; tufted slender culms up to 40
cm long, mostly without basal leaves; inflorescence of
2-5 spikelets. Eriophorum gracile Koch; Fig. 106.
Quaking fen; localized.

2b. Involucral bracts 2 or more; leaves 1.5-8.0 mm wide,
flat at least below the middle (3)

3a. Upper leaf sheaths dark-girdled at the summit; midrib

of scales not extending to the tip; anthers 2.5-5 mm
long; culms up to 60 cm long, mostly solitary, from
short stout rhizomes; inflorescence consisting of 2-10,
1-2-cm-long divergent or drooping spikelets; bristles
2-5 cm long. Eriophorum angustifolium Honck.; Fig.
107. Moist spruce woodland and bogs; rare.

3b. Upper leaf sheaths not dark-girdled at the summit;

midrib of scales extending to the tip; anthers 1.0-1.3
mm long; culms up to 70 cm long, in small tufts;
inflorescence consisting of 3-15, 5-10-mm-long

96

Fig. 103. Eleocharis acicularis,2/3X

Fig. 102. Eleochans pa uaflora, 3/5 X

a

Fig. 105. Eleochans palustris, a , 1/3X;6,6X

Fig. 104. Eleocharis uniglumis, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 2 X

97

Cyperaceae

divergent or drooping spikelets; bristles 1-2 cm long.
Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern.; Fig.
108. Fen; rare.

4a. Plants with rhizomes; culms up to 35 cm long, solitary

or few together; fruiting heads globose to obovoid,
2.5-4.0 cm long; scales with broad whitish margins;
anthers 1.5-3.0 mm long. Eriophorum chamissonis
C.A. Mey. Sedge-grass meadow; rare.

4b. Plants densely tufted, lacking rhizomes; culms up to

60 cm long, stiff; head 1.0-1.5 cm long; bristles 2.0-2.5
cm long; scales lead gray to blackish, divergent or
reflexed; anthers about 2.0 mm long. Eriophorum
vaginatum L. ssp. spissum (Fern.) Hult. (E. spissum
Fern.); Fig. 109. Spruce bogs; rare.

Scirpus bulrush

la. Involucre none or merely the modified scale of the
terminal solitary spike; culms round in cross section,
wiry, smooth, up to 30 cm long, densely tufted, forming
hard tussocks. Scirpus caespitosus L. ssp. austriacus
(Pall.) Asch. & Graeb. (var. callosus Bigel.); Fig. 110.
Open calcareous fen; rare.

lb. Involucre consisting of 1 to many mostly leaf-like
bracts (2)

2a. Involucre consisting of a single, firm, erect bract,

appearing to be a continuation of the culm; culms
round, soft, easily compressed, naked or leafy only
toward the base; spikelets mostly terminating,
divergent rays of the inflorescence. Scirpus valid us
Vahl; Fig. 111. Shallow water bordering lakes and
streams, marshes, and ditches; frequent.

2b. Involucre consisting of 2 or more flat leaves; culms
leafy (3)

3a. Plants rhizomatous; culms up to 80 cm long; leaf

sheaths reddish; leaves 4-15 mm wide, flat;
inflorescence up to 20 cm long; branches 3-15 cm long,
with the shorter ones ascending and the longer ones
drooping; spikelets 3-6 mm long; bristles downwardly
barbed, short. Scirpus microcarpus Pers. (S.
rubrotinctus Fern.); Fig. 112. Beaver meadows, wet
stream banks, and lakeshores; frequent.

98

Fig. 106. Eriophorum gracile, 2/3 X

Fig. 108. Eriophorum uiridi-carinatum, 1/2 X

Fig. 107. Eriophorum angustifc
a,2/5X;6,2/5x.

Fig. 109. Eriophorum uaginatum ssp.
spissum, 2/5 X.

99

Lemnaceae

3b. Plants tufted, nonrhizomatous; leaves 2-5 mm wide;

inflorescence up to 20 cm long; branches 3-10 cm long,
ascending to drooping; spikelets 3-6 mm long; bristles
smooth, longer than the scale, elongating at maturity.
Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Ditches and borders of
ponds; rare.

17. ARACEAE arum family

la. Leaves and spathes narrow and sword-like; spadix

appearing lateral on the stem Acorus

lb. Leaves and spathes broad; spadix terminal .... Calla

Acorus sweetflag

Plants aromatic; rhizome thick, creeping; fruit becoming
dry, but gelatinous inside, 1- to few-seeded. Acorus calamus
L.; sweetflag; Fig. 113. Bordering streams; apparently rare,
but perhaps overlooked.

Calla water-arum

Low perennial, from long rhizomes rooting at the nodes;
leaves cordate, long-stalked; inflorescence stalked; spike-like
spadix backed by a white spathe; fruits red berries,
few-seeded. Calla palustris L.; wild calla, water-arum; Fig.
114. Swamps and shallow water.

18. LEMNACEAE duckweed family

la. Thallus with 1 or more rootlets (2)

lb. Thallus without rootlets Wolffia

2a. Rootlet 1; thallus 1-5-nerved Lemna

2b. Rootlets 2 to several; thallus 4-15-nerved
Spirodela

Lemna duckweed

la. Thallus 2-5 mm long, round or elliptical; flowers tiny

and only rarely seen; reproduction mainly by tiny

100

Fig. 111. Scirpus validus,<l/5x

Fig. 110. Scirpus caespitosus ssp.
austriacus, 2/5 X.

Fig. 112. Scirpus microcarpus, 1/3 X

Fig. 113. Acorus calamus, a, 2/5 X; 6, 1/4 X.

101

Juncaceae

buds that form along the edge of the parent frond.
Lemna minor L.; duckweed. Often forming a dense
scum on the surface of stagnant water,
lb. Thallus 6-10 mm long, 3-lobed, stalked; reproduction
mainly asexual as L. minor. Lemna trisulca L.; star
duckweed; Fig. 115. Plants forming submerged
tangled mats, often among the stems of sedges and
other plants in quiet streams, marshes, and beaver
ponds.

Spirodela water-flaxseed

Thallus 3-8 mm long, round-obovate, purple and somewhat
convex below, dark green above. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.)
Schleid.; water-flaxseed, larger duckweed. Floating singly on
quiet water of streams and ponds, often with Lemna minor, or
sometimes stranded.

Wolffia watermeal

Thallus 0.7-1.5 mm long, globose to ellipsoid, light green;
reproduction almost always by budding. Wolffia columbiana
Karst.; watermeal. Forms a dense green cover often with
Lemna minor, on the surface of some beaver ponds.

19. JUNCACEAE rush family

la. Capsule with many small seeds; plants never hairy
Juncus

lb. Capsule 3-seeded; leaves and young stems hairy
Luzula

Juncus rush

la. Annual; stems tufted, erect or spreading; inflorescence
diffuse, about half the height of the plant; flowers
borne singly or in twos or threes. Juncus bufonius L.;
toad rush; Fig. 116. Low moist ground; frequent.

lb. Perennial (2)

2a. Flowers reddish-brown, in a few dense, globose

glomerules; stoloniferous, forming dense colonies;
stem and leaves thin and wiry. Juncus nodosus L.;

102

Juncaceae

Fig. 115. Lemna trisulca,4/5x

Fig. 114. Calla palustns, 1/5 X

Fig. 116. J uncus bufonius, 2/5 X.

knotted rush; Fig. 117. Moist low ground and
lakeshores; frequent.
2b. Flowers in few-flowered glomerules (3)

3a. Leaves quill-like, hollow, with regularly spaced cross

walls, 1 or 2 occurring on the erect culm. Culms close
together along the rhizome; inflorescence on more or
less divergent branches; glomerules 3-12-flowered,

103

Juncaceae

dense, less than hemispheric. Juncus alpinus Vill.;
alpine rush; Fig. 118. Moist depressions and
lakeshores; apparently rare.
3b. Leaves not hollow (4)

4a. Bract of inflorescence terete, appearing as a
continuation of the stem (5)

4b. Bract of inflorescence flat or channeled; inflorescence
appearing terminal or lateral (6)

5a. Perianth segments green; involucral leaf up to 20 cm

long or longer; culms wiry, arising in a line along the
elongate, cord-like rhizome; leaves reduced almost to
bladeless sheaths. Juncus filiformisL., Fig. 119. Bogs
and lakeshores; apparently rare.

5b. Perianth segments purplish brown; involucral leaf to

about 10 cm long; culms wiry, arising in a line along
the elongate, cord-like rhizome; leaves reduced almost
to bladeless sheaths. Juncus balticus Willd. var.
littoral is Engelm.; Baltic rush; Fig. 120. Lakeshores,
borders of sloughs, wet meadows, and sandy
situations; frequent.

6a. Culms flattened, leafy, with at least one leaf borne at
or above the middle; rhizome becoming slender and
elongate; inflorescence usually overtopped by an
elongate bract. Juncus compressus Jacq. Wet ground;
introduced.

6b. Culms terete; fine leaves confined to the lower third of
the culm; rhizome ascending; inflorescence overtopped
by an elongate bract. Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Wet situa-
tions; frequent.

Luzula wood-rush

la. Flowers in pale brown to yellowish green glomerules;

tufted plants up to 40 cm high; cauline leaves 3 or 4,
about the same length as the basal leaves; leaves
thickened at the tip and sparsely long-ciliate;
inflorescence overtopped by a leafy bract. Luzula
multi flora (Retz.) Lej.; field wood-rush. Open mixed
woods and undulating prairie; apparently rare.

lb. Flowers single or sometimes 2 together at the ends of

obvious peduncles in a subglobose umbel; cauline
leaves short, much smaller than elongate basal leaves;
leaves thickened at the tip and very long-ciliate; bract
of the inflorescence shorter than, to about the same
length as, the pedicels of the umbel. Luzula pilosa (L.)

104

Fig. 117. J uncus nodosus, 2/5 X .

m

Fig. 119. J uncus fill fornns, 2/5 X

Fig. 118. J uncus alpinus, 3/5 X

Fig. 120. J uncus balticus var. littoralis,
a, 3/5 X; 6, 2/5 X.

105

Liliaceae

Willd. var. americana R. & S. (L. acuminata of Am.
auth.). Moist woodlands often hidden amongst low
shrubs and thus perhaps overlooked.

20. LILIACEAE lily family

la. Leaves basal or nearly so (2)

lb. Leaves alternate or in whorls on the stem (3)

2a. Flowers in umbels; scape from a coated bulb
Allium

2b. Flowers in racemes; scapes from short or creeping
rhizomes Tofieldia

3a. Plants climbing by tendrils Smilax

3b. Plants not climbing, without tendrils (4)

4a. Flowers solitary (5)

4b. Flowers in clusters (8)

5a. Leaves netted-veined, broad, in a single whorl of 3
Trillium

5b. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate or in several whorls
(6)

6a. Flowers large and very showy Lilium

6b. Flowers 1-4.5 cm long (7)

7a. Flowers orange yellow or straw yellow; fruit a capsule
Uvularia

7b. Flowers greenish; fruit a bright red or orange red
berry Disporum

8a. Flowers large and very showy Lilium

8b. Flowers to 4.5 cm long (9)

9a. Flowers in umbels Disporum

9b. Flowers in racemes or panicles (10)

10a. Fruit a capsule; styles 3, separate Zygadenus

10b. Fruit a berry; styles sometimes cleft at the tip . . . (11)

11a. Perianth segments 4; leaves 2 or 3, broadest towards
the cordate base Maianthemum

lib. Perianth segments 6; leaves 2 to several, tapering to
the base Smilacina

106

Ldiaceae

Allium onion

la. Leaves terete, hollow; flower pedicels shorter than the

individual flowers; perianth parts 10-12 cm long,
pink. Allium schoenoprasum L. var. sibiricum (L.)
Hartm.; wild chives; Fig. 121. Shorelines; occasional.

lb. Leaves flat; flower pedicels longer than the individual
flowers; perianth parts up to 8 mm long, pink. Allium
stellatum Fraser; wild onion. Prairie and parkland;
occasional.

Disporum fairybells

A branched herb up to 80 cm high; leaves alternate, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, cordate, subsessile; flowers 1-3 at the ends
of the branches; perianth parts 8-14 mm long, creamy white;
berry depressed-globose, densely papillose, orange red.
Disporum trachycarpum (S. Wats.) B. & H.; fairybells. Moist
woods and ravines.

Li Hum lily

Plants up to 60 cm high or higher, from whitish, scaly
bulblets; leaves linear, in whorls (or the uppermost leaves
whorled and the other leaves alternate in L. philadelphicum L.
var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker); flowers l-3(-5), very showy;
perianth parts about 8 cm long, red or orange with black spots;
fruit a capsule 3-5.5 cm long. Lilium philadelphicum L.; wood
lily. Open woods, clearings, and scrub prairie; frequent.

Maianthemum wild lily-of-the-valley

Low stoloniferous herbs; sterile leaves cordate, numerous;
fertile stems fewer, up to 15 cm long; ovate leaves 2 or 3;
raceme consisting of small white, sweetly fragrant flowers;
berries pale red. Maianthemum canadense Desf. var. interius
Fern.; wild lily-of-the-valley; Fig. 122. Rich moist woods;
occasional.

Smilacina false Solomon's-seal

la. Erect plants up to 50 cm high; leaves alternate; 6-12,

folded and overlapping in youth, spreading and
flattening in age; flowers small, white, in a spike-like

107

Liliaceae

raceme; berries green with black stripes. Smilacina
stellata (L.) Desf.; star-flowered Solomon's-seal; Fig.
123. Thickets, woodlands, and meadows; frequent.
lb. Low erect plants up to 30 cm high; leaves alternate

2-4; flowers small, white, in a spike-like raceme
berries bright red. Smilacina tri folia (L.) Desf.
three-leaved Solomon's-seal; Fig. 124. Bogs; localized.

Smilax carrionflower

Climbing herbs with pairs of tendrils from the axils of the
middle and upper leaves; leaves broadly cordate, net-veined;
flowers small, greenish, in globular, long-pedunculate umbels;
fruit a deep blue berry with a glaucous bloom. Smilax
herbacea L. var. lasioneuron (Hook.) DC; carrionflower. Rich
woodland near east entrance; rare.

Tofieldia asphodel

Tufted plants, from a short rhizome; leaves linear, basal,
about the length of the scape; scape glandular, topped by a
fascicle of whitish flowers; capsule stramineous or red.
Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers.; sticky asphodel; Fig. 125.
Open calcareous fen; rare.

Trillium wakerobin, trillium

Plants up to 40 cm high, growing from short rhizomes;
leaves in a verticil of 3, rhombic-ovate; flowers on pedicels
reflexed below the leaves; petals white; fruit a red berry.
Trillium cernuum L.; nodding trillium; Fig. 126. Rich moist
woodland; rare.

Zygadenus camas

An onion-like plant up to 60 cm high, with long, pale green
basal leaves and shorter stem leaves; flowers racemose or
paniculate, yellow with a dark glandular patch towards the
base; fruit an ovoid capsule. Zygadenus elegans Pursh; white
camas; Fig. 127. Clearings and scrub prairie; frequent;
poisonous.

108

Fig. 121. Allium schoenoprasum var.
sibiricum, 2/5 X.

Fig. 122. Maianthemumcanaden.se
var. interius, 1/4 X.

Fig. 124. Smilacina trifolia, 2/5 X .

Fig. 123. Smilacina stellata, 1/3 X.

109

Orchidaceae

21. IRIDACEAE iris family

Sisyrinchium blue-eyed-grass

Tufted grass-like plants with 2-edged stems; flowers blue;
petals about 1 cm long, mucronate; capsule orbicular.
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene; blue-eyed-grass; Fig. 128. In
sod in meadows and scrub prairie; frequent.

22. ORCHIDACEAE orchid family

la. Flowers single or rarely 2 or 3 (2)

lb. Flowers in a raceme (3)

2a. Leaf 1, basal Calypso

2b. Leaves 2 or more, cauline Cypripedium

3a. Leaves 2, opposite Listera

3b. Leaves alternate or all basal (4)

4a. Lower petal spurred (5)

4b. Lower petal not or sometimes obscurely spurred (6)

5a. Lip white, spotted with purple; sepals and petals
roseate Orchis

5b. Flowers uniformly greenish or white Habenaria

6a. Plants without chlorophyll; leaves reduced to scales
Corallorhiza

6b. Plants with chlorophyll; leaves normal (7)

7a. Leaves basal, ovate to obovate, frequently strongly

reticulate Goodyera

7b. Leaves basal or cauline, or both (8)

8a. Leaves basal and cauline, linear Spiranthes

8b. Leaves basal, ovate to obovate (9)

9a. Leaves more than 2, frequently strongly reticulate;

scape with bracts Goodyera

9b. Leaves 2; scape bractless Liparis

110

Fig. 125. Tofieldia glutinosa,
a, 1/3X;6,2/5X.

Fig. 126. Trillium cernuurn, 1/4 X.

Fig. 127. Zygadenus
elegans^a, 1/4X;
6,4/5x.

Fig. 128. Sisyrinchium montanum, 1/4 X.

Ill

Orchidaceae

Calypso Venus-slipper

Low plants, up to about 15 cm high; basal leaf single,
round-ovate; flower single, showy pink; lip vaguely
slipper-shaped. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes; Venus-slipper;
Fig. 129. In feathermoss under white spruce; rare.

Corallorhiza coralroot

la. Lip 3-lobed or with a prominent lateral tooth on each

margin (2)

lb. Lip unlobed, madder purple, abruptly drooping; sepals

and petals purplish, conspicuously purple-veined;

capsules strongly reflexed. Corallorhiza striata Lindl.;

striped coralroot. Rich woods; rare.

2a. Plant greenish or yellowish green, up to 30 cm high;
flowers yellowish green to slightly brown-tinged; lip
notched on each side toward the base, with low basal
lobes, white and unspotted or rarely dotted with red or
purple; capsules greenish; flowering chiefly in spring.
Corallorhiza trifida Chat.; early coralroot; Fig. 130.
Rich woods; rare.

2b. Plant madder purple or brownish, up to 50 cm high;

flowers usually spotted with purple or red; lip auricled
and with prolonged basal lobes; capsules brown or
fulvous; flowering in summer. Corallorhiza maculata
Raf.; spotted coralroot. Rich woods; rare.

Cypripedium lady's-slipper

Erect leafy stems up to 40 cm long; leaves elliptical, more or
less sheathing; flowers l-2(-3), with an erect bract at the base;
sepals and petals brownish and twisted; lip sac-like, yellow;
var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern, has sepals 3-5 cm long and lip
20-35 mm long; var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll has sepals 5-8
cm long and lip 35-60 mm long. Cypripedium calceolus L.;
yellow lady's-slipper; Fig. 131. Open woodland and clearings
and ditches; becoming rare because of picking.

Goodyera rattlesnake-plantain

Small herb; leaves in a rosette, ovate, usually white
reticulate; scape, bracted, up to 30 cm long; raceme 1-sided;
flowers small, white, glandular-downy. Goodyera repens (L.)
R. Br.; dwarf rattlesnake-plantain; Fig. 132. In moist moss
under spruce and balsam; rare.

112

Fig. 129. Calypso bulbosa, 2/5 X .

Fig. 131. Cypripedium calceolus, 2/5 X

Fig. 130. Corallorhiza trifida, 2/5 X

Fig. 132. Goodyera repens, 1/2 X

113

Orchidaceae

Habenaria bog orchid

la. Leaves basal (2)

lb. Leaves cauline (3)

2a. Leaf 1 , obovate, ascending; scape bractless, up to 25 cm

long; raceme loose; flowers greenish yellow; spur 5-7
mm long, Habenaria obtusata (Pursh) Richardson
(Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindl.); blunt-leaf
orchid; Fig. 133. Moist woods, bogs, and sometimes in
scrub prairie; frequent.

2b. Leaves 2, orbiculate to broadly elliptical, flat on the

ground; scape bracted, up to 50 cm long; raceme lax,
open; flowers greenish white; spur slenderly clavate,
reflexed, 1.6-2.7 mm long. Habenaria orbiculata
(Pursh) Torr. (Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl.);
round-leaved orchid; Fig. 134. Rich moist woods; rare.

3a. Lower bracts 1.5-6 times as long as the subtended

flowers; stems stout, up to 60 cm long; leaves
lanceolate or oblanceolate; raceme close; flowers
greenish; spur 2-3 mm long; lip Ungulate, with 2 short
oblong or deltoid teeth and a small median tooth.
Habenaria viridis (L.) R.Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.)
Gray (Coeloglossum bracteatum (Muhl.) Pari.); frog
orchid; Fig. 135. Moist woods, clearings and scrub
prairie; occasional.

3b. Bracts shorter (4)

4a. Flowers white, spicy fragrant; lip abruptly widened at

the base; stems slender, up to 60 cm long; leaves often
narrow; raceme spike-like. Habenaria dilatata
(Pursh) Hook. (Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl.);
leafy white orchid, bog-candle; Fig. 136. Open
calcareous fen; rare.

4b. Flowers greenish; lip gradually widened toward the

base; stems small to stout, up to 60 cm high; leaves
narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate; raceme
cylindrical, open to dense. Habenaria hyperborea (L.)
R. Br. (Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl.); northern
green orchid; Fig. 137. Bogs, moist woodland,
clearings, and meadows; frequent.

Liparis twayblade

Stems up to 20 cm long, strongly ribbed; 2 leaves basal,
broadly lanceolate, sheathing; flowers yellowish green, about
5 mm wide, on short ascending pedicels. Liparis loeselii (L.)

114

Fig. 133. Habenaria obtusata, 1/2 X.

Fig. 135. Habenaria viridisv a.r.
bracteata, 2/5 X.

Fig. 134. Habenaria orbicutata, 1/5 X .

Fig. 136. Habenaria dilatata, 1/4 X

115

Salicaceae

Rich.; twayblade. Feathermoss carpet at edge of marl fen;
rare.

Listera twayblade

Plants low, rather delicate, up to 20 cm high; leaves in a
pair, broadly round-ovate, fixed about the middle; flowers
racemose, green, tinged with purple. Listera cordata (L.) R.
Br.; heart-leaved twayblade; Fig. 138. Moist moss in spruce
woods; very rare.

Orchis orchid

Plants low; leaf solitary, orbicular to elliptical; scape naked,
up to 25 cm high; raceme bracted; flowers 2-9; sepals and
upper petals roseate; lip white, spotted with purple. Orchis
rotundifolia Banks {Amerorchis rotundifolla (Banks) Hult.);
small round-leaved orchid; Fig. 139. Bogs and deep moss
under spruce; localized.

Spiranthes ladies'-tresses

la. Flowers white, spreading horizontally, conspicuously

dispersed in a single twisted, vertical row; leaves
mostly basal, short stalked, ovate or elliptical, usually
withering before the flowers appear. Spiranthes lacera
Raf.; slender ladies'-tresses. Open woods and bogs;
very rare.

lb. Flowers white, in 3 rows; spike conspicuously twisted;

leaves both basal and cauline, lanceolate to linear,
with those of the stem smaller. Spiranthes
romanzoffiana Cham.; hooded ladies'-tresses; Fig.
140. Bogs; rare.

23. SALICACEAE willow family

la. Trees; leaves ovate or deltoid; buds with overlapping
scales; aments arching or pendulous; bracts mostly
lacerate Populus

lb. Trees or shrubs; leaves linear to lanceolate; buds with
a single scale; aments ascending or divergent; bracts
entire or subentire Salix

116

Fig. 139. Orchis rotundifolia, 2/5 X

Fig. 137. Habenaria hyperborea, 2/5 X

Fig. 140. Spiranthes romanzoffiana, 2/5 X

Fig. 138. Lister a cor data, 2/5 X

117

Salicaceae

Populus poplar, aspen

la. Leaf petioles terete; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,

acute to acuminate, cuneate to subcordate at the base,
minutely crenulate to subentire, dark green and shiny
above, much paler below with a conspicuous
reticulation; tall trees up to 15 m high or higher; bark
grayish white, becoming gray and furrowed in age;
buds very resinous. Populus balsamifera L.; balsam
poplar; Fig. 141. Low woods and shores and
occasionally planted; common.

lb. Leaf petioles distinctly flattened (2)

2a. Leaves roundish in outline, abruptly short-tipped;

margins finely crenate, slightly glaucous below,
trembling with the slightest breeze; clonal tree, up to
14 m high; bark pale grayish green or almost white
because of a lichen coating. Populus tremuloides
Michx.; aspen poplar, trembling aspen; Fig. 142.
Usually well-drained situations; common.

2b. Leaves deltoid-cordate and caudate in outline;

margins coarsely serrate and not as white below as P.
balsamifera; trees up to 18 m high. Populus Xjackii
Sarg. (P. balsamifera X deltoides). Low wet areas
below the east slope and rare to the west.

Salix willow

la. Capsules (and ovaries) glabrous (2)

lb. Capsules (and ovaries) pubescent (11)

2a. Leaves entire or nearly so, linear-oblong to

oblong-ovate, dull green and more or less glaucous
above, glaucous below; catkins appearing at the same
time as the leaves on leafy peduncles; low shrubs up to
1.5 m high; twigs reddish yellow to brownish. Salix
pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fern.; Fig. 143.
Bogs; localized.

2b. Leaves obviously toothed (3)

3a. Petioles bearing conspicuous glands on the upper
surface near the base of the strongly reticulate-veined
blades (4)

3b. Petioles glandless (or only weakly so in S. fragilis)
(6)

118

Salicaceae

Fig. 141. Populusbalsamifera,a, 1/4X;6,2/5X

Fig. 142. Populus tremuloides, 1/4X

Fig. 143. Salix pedicellaris, 1/3 X

4a. Capsules tufted in whorls along the rachis of the

ament; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering
to the base, pale green above, whitened below; catkins
appearing the same time as the leaves and borne on
leafy peduncles; shrubs up to 15 m high; twigs
yellowish brown to reddish brown, drooping. Salix
amygdaloides Anderss.; peach-leaved willow. Planted
along docking area, Wasagaming.

4b. Capsules spirally arranged (5)

5a. Pistillate aments short, 1.5-3.0 cm long; capsules

opening in late summer or autumn; leaves lanceolate

119

Salicaceae

to elliptical-lanceolate, acute to short-acuminate;
margins finely glandular-serrate, green and glossy
above, lighter below; shrubs up to 4 m high or higher;
twigs shiny yellowish brown. Salix serissima (Bailey)
Fern.; autumn willow; Fig. 144. Low ground and wet
shores; infrequent.
5b. Pistillate aments longer, up to 7 cm long; capsules

opening in late spring or early summer; leaves
long-caudate, dark green and shining above, lighter
below; shrubs or small trees up to 5 m high; twigs
reddish brown. Salix lucida Muhl.; shining willow.
Beaver meadows, marshes, and wet ditches;
occasional.

6a. Leaves sessile, or nearly so, linear to oblong-

lanceolate, remotely sharp-toothed; catkins appearing
at the same time as the leaves, on leafy peduncles;
shrubs up to 4 m, from creeping rhizomes; twigs
reddish. Salix interior Rowlee; sandbar willow; Fig.
145. Beaver meadows, marshes, lakes, and stream
banks; frequent.

6b. Leaves petioled, lanceolate to ovate (7)

7a. Bracts of ament pale, falling before capsule matures;

leaves lanceolate, glandular serrate, dark green
above, glaucous below; catkins on leafy peduncles,
appearing at the same time as the leaves; trees or
shrubs; twigs yellow to reddish, breaking readily.
Salix fragilis L. Low ground by water; rare.

7b. Bracts of ament persistent until ripening of capsule
(8)

8a. Bracts whitish, thin, and elongate; capsules 6-8 mm

long on pedicels 2.5-3.5 mm long; leaves ovate to
lanceolate-oblong, glandular-serrate to crenate, green
above, glaucous and finely reticulate below, reddish
when young, fragrant, especially when crushed;
shrubs up to 4 m high; twigs greenish yellow when
young, becoming reddish brown. Salix pyrifolia
Anderss.; balsam willow; Fig. 146. Swampy areas;
rare.

8b. Bracts dark (9)

9a. Catkins subsessile on naked peduncles, appearing

before the leaves; leaves narrowly to broadly ovate,
glandular-serrate to crenate, mostly subcordate at the
base, green above, glaucous below, often reddish when
young; shrubs up to 3 m high; twigs yellowish; stipules

120

Fig. 144. Salix senssima,ay 1/2 X ; 6, 7/8 X ; c, 2 X ; d, 2/3 X ,

Fig. 145. Sa/i'x interiors, 1/2 X ; 6, 3/5 X

121

Salicaceae

foliaceous. Salix padophylla Rydb. (S. monticola Bebb,
S. pseudomonticola Ball); mountain willow; Fig. 147.
Wet woods, depressions, and swamps; frequent.
9b. Catkins on short leafy-bracted peduncles, appearing

at the same time or shortly before the leaves .... (10)

10a. Leaves elliptical to ovate, finely glandular-serrate to
crenate, dark green and shining on both sides or only
slightly paler beneath; shrubs up to 1 m high, but
usually much shorter; twigs greenish to reddish
brown. Salix myrtillifolia Anderss.; myrtle-leaved
willow; Fig. 148. Low wet woods and bogs; apparently
only occasional.

10b. Leaves lanceolate, acute to short acuminate, obtuse to
somewhat cordate at the base, glaucous beneath;
shrubs up to 5 m high; twigs yellow, becoming gray;
stipules foliaceous. Salix lutea Nutt.; Fig. 149.
Swamps, flooded depressions, lakeshores, and stream
banks; occasional.

11a. Leaves distinctly toothed (12)

1 lb. Leaves entire or indistinctly toothed (15)

12a. Leaves mostly sessile or nearly so, linear to narrowly
lanceolate, remotely sharp-toothed, green on both
sides. See Salix interior.

12b. Leaves distinctly petioled, more or less glaucous
beneath (except S. maccalliana, with leaves
conspicuously reticulate-veined) (13)

13a. Catkins sessile, bractless; leaves elliptical to
elliptical-oblanceolate, acute to short-acuminate;
margins entire to undulate-crenate; shrubs or small
trees up to 7 m high; twigs yellowish to reddish brown;
stipules often present on vigorous shoots. Salix
discolor Muhl.; pussy willow. Wet woods, swamps,
lakeshores, and stream banks; common.

13b. Catkins on short leafy peduncles; stipules lacking
(14)

14a. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, green on both sides or
only slightly paler on the strongly reticulate-veined
lower surface; shrubs up to 3 m high; twigs reddish
brown. Salix maccalliana Rowlee; Fig. 150. Marshes
and beaver meadows; localized.

14b. Leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, acute at both
ends, with the margins subentire to rather closely

122

Fig. 146. Salixpynfolia,a, 1/2X;6,4X

Fig. 147. Salix padophylla, a, 2/3 X;6,4X;c, 4/5 X

123

Salicaceae

glandular-serrulate and more or less glaucous beneath
but not strongly reticulate-veined; shrubs or small
trees up to 7 m high; twigs yellowish becoming
reddish. Salix gracilis Anderss. (S. petiolaris of Am.
auth.); basket willow; Fig. 151. Swamps, flooded
areas, and low wet second growth; common.

15a. Catkins sessile and leafless at the base (16)

15b. Catkins on leafy-bracted peduncles (18)

16a. Leaves densely silky-pubescent below, becoming
glabrate in age, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; margins
entire to obscurely serrate, revolute; shrubs or small
trees up to 5 m high; twigs yellowish or greenish
brown, brittle; catkins appearing just before or at the
same time as the leaves. Salix pellita Anderss.
Lakeshores; rare.

16b. Leaves dark green and glabrous above, glaucous and
glabrous or only sparingly silky below (17)

17a. Capsules 7-12 mm long, clearly pedicellate. See Salix
discolor.

17b. Capsules 6-7 mm long, subsessile; leaves elliptical to
lanceolate, acute at both ends, glossy green with
somewhat sunken veins above, glaucous below,
subentire to glandular-serrate; shrubs up to 4 m high;
twigs greenish brown, often pubescent at first but
later glabrous; catkins appearing before the leaves.
Salix plani folia Pursh; Fig. 152. Lakeshores, stream
banks, and low meadows; common.

18a. Bracts greenish yellow with reddish tips; capsules
7-10 mm long on pedicels 3-6 mm long; styles obsolete
or nearly so; leaves broadly oblanceolate, with the
early ones villous or short sericeous when young and
the later ones felty-tomentose below when young but
becoming nearly glabrous; colonial bush or small tree
up to 10 m high; twigs light brown, at first densely
pubescent. Salix bebbiana Sarg.; Fig. 153. Swamps,
ditches, and open woodland; common.

18b. Bracts brown; styles definite (19)

19a. Leaves dull white-tomentose below, lanceolate or

narrower; margins revolute; shrubs up to 1 m high;

twigs densely white-woolly. Salix Candida PMuegge;

hoary willow; Fig. 154. Bogs; localized.
19b. Leaves sparingly pubescent below or glabrous in age;

margins not revolute. See Salix gracilis.

124

rh b

Fig. 148. Salix myrtillifolia, a, 1/3 X ; 6, 2 X ; c, 7/8 X

Fig. 149. Salix lutea,a, 1/2 X ; 6, 1 1/6 X ; c, 2 X

125

Betulaceae

24. BETULACEAE birch family

la. Nuts wingless, enclosed in a foliaceous involucre
Corylus

lb. Nuts winged, without an involucre; both male and
female flowers in scaly aments (2)

2a. Female aments racemose, woody Alnus

2b. Female aments single in leaf axils; bracts thin,
deciduous Betula

Alnus alder

la. Flowers produced at the same time as the leaves;

leaves oval, finely and sharply serrate, glutinous;
shrubs up to 3 m high; winter buds sessile; nutlets
broadly winged. Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh; green
alder, mountain alder; Fig. 155. Undergrowth in open
woodland, clearings, and low areas; common.

lb. Flowers produced after the leaves; leaves elliptical,

rather coarsely doubly serrate, not glutinous; shrubs
or small trees up to 5 m high; winter buds stipitate;
nutlets essentially wingless. Alnus incana (L.)
Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen; speckled alder.
Wet depressions, lakeshores, and stream banks;
frequent.

Betula birch

la. Trees up to 15 m high; bark white, papery; leaves

ovate to rhomboid, up to 5 cm wide. Betula papyrifera

Marsh.; white birch, paper birch, or canoe birch.

Mixed woodland and clearings; common,
lb. Shrubs up to 2 m high; leaves cuneate-obovate, up to 2

cm wide (wider in sucker growth). Betula pumila L.

var. glandulifera Regel (B. glandulosa Michx. var.

glandulifera (Regel) Gleason); swamp birch; Fig. 156.

Swamps, open woodland, and clearings; common.

Corylus hazelnut

la. Nuts barely covered by two distinct leafy bracts;

shrubs up to 3 m high; twigs, petioles, and involucres
more or less glandular-bristly; leaves broadly oval, up
to 10 cm long. Corylus americana Walt.; American

126

Fig. 150. Salix maccalliana,a, 1/2 X ; 6, 4/5 X ; c, 3 X

Fig. 151. Salix gracilis, 1/4X.

127

Cannabaceae

hazelnut. Thickets; apparently rare and perhaps
restricted to the northwestern part of the park,
lb. Nuts enclosed in united bracts that form a beak up to 3

cm long; shrubs similar but usually shorter than C.
americana; not glandular bristly. Corylus cornuta
Marsh.; beaked hazelnut. Dominant understory
shrub.

25. FAGACEAE beech family

Quercus oak

Trees up to 15 m high on the eastern slopes, but much
smaller in hilly scrub prairie situations; leaves deeply lobed,
shiny green above, whitened and short woolly below; older
branchlets sometimes with corky wings; acorn with a fringed
cap. Quercus macrocarpa Michx.; bur oak. Well-drained
slopes; localized; extensive stands on gravelly beach ridges
adjacent to lower Ochre River and McCready Ski Road.

26. ULMACEAE elm family

Ulmus elm

Trees up to 15 m high or higher; leaves ovate-oblong to oval,
abruptly pointed, doubly serrate, rough above; veins
prominent; fruit a thin, flat, broadly winged, elliptic samara,
maturing and falling in late spring. Ulmus americana L.;
American elm or white elm. Rich lowlands, especially along
streams throughout the park; frequent in the east.

27. CANNABACEAE hemp family

Humulus hop

Perennial climbing vine, trailing over shrubs and other
vegetation; leaves opposite, toothed, palmately 3-7-lobed,
with cordate bases; bracts subtending the inflorescences, often
not lobed; male and female flowers on separate plants, with
the male ones in showy loose panicles and the female ones in
cone-like heads 2-5 cm long. Humulus lupulus L.; common
hop. Waste places; occasional. Contact may cause dermatitis.

128

Fig. 152. Salixplanifolia, a, 3/5 X;b, 2/5 X;c, 2/5 X

Fig. 153. Salix bebbiana, 1/2 X

129

Polygonaceae

28. URTICACEAE nettle family

Urtica nettle

Perennial plant from creeping rhizomes; squarish stems up
to 1 m long; leaves opposite, ovate to lanceolate, serrate, with
stinging hairs; flowers greenish, in the leaf axils. Urtica dioica
L. ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Selander (U. gracilis Ait., U. dioica L. var.
procera (Muhl.) Wedd.); stinging nettle; Fig. 157. Borders of
sloughs, beaver dams, and moist areas; abundant but
localized.

29. SANTALACEAE sandalwood family

la. Flowers in terminal or subterminal clusters

Comandra

lb. Flowers axillary Geocaulon

Comandra comandra

Erect stems up to 30 cm long, usually several together, from
a creeping rhizome; occasionally branched above; leaves
alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers small,
whitish to pinkish, several in terminal corymbs or panicles;
fruit a dry nut surmounted by the free summit of the calyx.
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. (C. pallida A. DC, C.
richardsiana Fern.); bastard toadflax. Scrub prairie and
clearings; frequent.

Geocaulon

Erect stems up to 30 cm long; leaves alternate, elliptical to
narrowly obovate, membranous, often purplish; flowers small,
pedicellate; fruit a scarlet drupe. Geocaulon lividum
(Richards.) Fern. (Comandra livida Richards.); northern
comandra; Fig. 158. Rich moist woodland; rare.

30. POLYGONACEAE buckwheat family

la. Stigmas capitate; sepals 5, often petaloid

Polygonum

lb. Stigmas tufted; sepals 6 Rumex

130

Fig. 155. Alnus crispa, 2/5 X

Fig. 154. Salix Candida, a, 1/2 X ; b, 1/2 X

Fig. 1 57. Urtica dwica ssp. gracilis, 2/5 X

LS

Fig. 156. Betula pumila var. glandulifera, 1/3 X

131

Polygonaceae

Polygonum knotweed, smartweed

la. Leaves hastate or cordate; plants twining over other
vegetation (2)

lb. Leaves tapering at both ends; plants prostrate or
upright, not twining (4)

2a. Sheaths with a ring of reflexed bristles at the base;
leaves triangular-ovate, deeply cordate, pilose
beneath; flowers in small racemes in the leaf axils or
terminal; achenes lustrous. Polygonum cilinode
Michx.; bindweed. Disturbed shale on eastern slope;
rare.

2b. Sheaths beardless at the base; leaves glabrous, often
scabrous on the veins beneath (3)

3a. Outer sepals merely keeled; flowers short-pediceled, in

small racemes in the leaf axils or terminal; achenes
dull black; basal lobes of leaves acute. Polygonum
convolvulus L.; black bindweed, wild buckwheat.
Introduced weed of waste ground; occasional.

3b. Outer sepals winged in fruit; wings thin and scarious;

flowers in interrupted and bracteolate axillary
racemes; achenes smooth and shining; basal lobes of
leaves rounded. Polygonum scandens L.; climbing
false buckwheat. Clearings and disturbed scrub areas;
rare.

4a. Flowers in terminal, spike-like racemes; leaves not
jointed to the petioles; sheaths mostly firm, rarely
lacerate (5)

4b. Flowers in clusters in the leaf-axils or sometimes
subtended by short bracts in a slender terminal spike;
leaves jointed on very short petioles; sheaths finally
2-lobed or lacerate (10)

5a. Sheaths bristly-ciliate (6)

5b. Sheaths without cilia (8)

6a. Summit of sheath expanded into a horizontally

divergent herbaceous flange or not; leaves
oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; weak stems,
from creeping blackish rhizomes; flowers pinkish red
in terminal spikes 1-5 cm long. Polygonum
amphibium L.; water smartweed; Fig. 159. Muddy
shores and shallow water; occasional.

6b. Summit of sheath without a spreading flange .... (7)

132

Polygonaceae

Fig. 159. Polygonum amphibium, 1/3 X

Fig. 158. Geocaulon lividum, 1/4 X.

7a. Mature calyx glandular-punctate; spikes slender,

arching; achenes lustrous; stems up to 60 cm long,
simple or branched, erect or ascending. Polygonum
hydropiper L.; common water smartweed. Wet places.

7b. Mature calyx not glandular-punctate; spikes dense,

oblong cylindrical; stems up to 80 cm long, erect or
ascending; leaves often purplish-blotched above.
Polygonum persicaria L.; lady's-thumb. Waste
ground; rare.

8a. Peduncles glabrous or nearly so (9)

8b. Peduncles pubescent or sparsely to copiously

glandular, or both. See Polygonum lapathi 'folium.

9a. Spikes thick-cylindrical or ovoid, 1-4 cm long; leaves

floating or submersed; perennial. See Polygonum
amphibium.

9b. Spikes slenderly cylindrical, 1-8 cm long; leaves

aerial, tapering to short petioles, glandular-dotted or
pubescent below; simple to branched annual.
Polygonum lapathifolium L. Shores and waste places;
occasional.

10a.

10b.

Flowers solitary or in pairs, soon reflexed, mostly
subtended by short bracts in a slender terminal spike;
stem and branches sharply angled, erect. Polygonum
douglasii Greene. Dry prairie openings; rare.
Flowers not reflexed, in axillary clusters; stem round,
prostrate, or ascending (11)

133

Polygonaceae

11a. Leaves crowded, elliptical to ovate; sheaths

nonfibrous; achenes olivaceous. Polygonum

achoreum Blake; waste places; rare.
1 lb. Leaves scattered, linear to oblong or elliptical; sheaths

fibrous; achenes dark brown. Polygonum aviculare L.;

knotweed. Introduced weed along trails and roadsides

and in waste places; frequent.

Rumex dock

la. Wings of fruit produced into a few elongated acicular
lobes; annual usually diffusely branched plant, up to
60 cm high; leaves pale green, lanceolate, with the
lower ones truncate to cordate at the base;
inflorescence dense, golden brown. Rumex maritimus
L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen; golden dock; Fig. 160.
Stream banks and lakeshores; localized.

lb. Wings of fruit entire to merely erose or denticulate (2)

2a. Pedicels with a thickened articulation (3)

2b. Pedicels not articulated (4)

3a. Valves of the fruit rather cordate, about 4 mm wide,

without grains or with only 1 small grain; erect
perennial up to 1 m high; leaves lanceolate, up to 25
cm long, tapering to the petiole; inflorescence dense.
Rumex fennicus Murb.; field dock. Introduced in waste
places; rare.

3b. Valves usually with large grains, each at least

one-fifth the width of the valves; stems up to 1 m long,
ascending to decumbent at the base, producing
branches or leaf tufts in the axils of the leaves; leaves
linear-lanceolate, pale green. Rumex triangulivalvis
(Danser) Rech. f. (R. mexicanus Meisn., R. salicifolius
Weinm.).; Fig. 161. Waste areas and low ground by
lakes and streams; occasional.

4a. Grains of the fruiting calyx none or only 1 on one of the
valves; stems up to 1 m long or longer; leaves broadly
oblong or lanceolate, often cordate at the base;
inflorescence dense and conspicuous. Rumex
occidentalis S. Wats.; western dock; Fig. 162. Wet
places; occasional.

4b. Grains of the fruiting calyx 3, one to each valve; stems
up to 1.5 m long; leaves lanceolate, acute, or rounded
at the base; inflorescence dense and conspicuous.
Rumex orbiculatus Gray; water dock. Wet places,
swamps, and shallow water; rare.

134

Chenopodiaceae

Fig. 161. Rumex tnangidivaluis,
1/4 X.

Fig. 162. Rumex occidentalism 1/5 X

Fig. 160. Rumex maritimus var. fueginus, 1/2 X

31. CHENOPODIACEAE goosefoot family

la. Fruit hidden between a pair of bracts Atriplex

lb. Fruit not hidden (2)

2a. Calyx much reduced and not surrounding the fruit
Monolepis

2b. Fruit surrounded by the marcescent calyx (3)

3a. Flowers unisexual, with the staminate ones borne in a

conspicuously differentiated terminal spike . . . Axyris

3b. Flowers all perfect or some of them pistillate
Chenopodium

135

Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex orache

Erect annual up to 1 m high or higher; stems angular;
leaves opposite or subopposite, succulent, lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, rarely ovate to oblong, often with a pair of
out-pointing obtuse lobes; margins irregularly broad-toothed
or entire; flowers loosely arranged in interrupted short
glomerules on short to long stalks in the axils of the upper
leaves; bracteoles thick, green, blackening at maturity.
Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. Disturbed situations; rare.

Axyris

Erect bushy annual up to 60 cm high; leaves lanceolate,
pale green; staminate flowers in terminal naked spikes of
glomerules; pistillate flowers solitary, axillary. Axyris
amaranthoides L.; Russian pigweed. Introduced weed;
occasional.

Chenopodium goosefoot, pigweed

la. Fruit in large strawberry-like glomerules, partly
axillary and partly in terminal leafy racemes; plants
up to 40 cm high; leaves triangular-hastate, coarsely
dentate, pale green. Chenopodium capitatum (L.)
Aschers.; strawberry-blite; Fig. 163. Disturbed
situations; rare.

lb. Fruit not fleshy or very slightly fleshy and the
inflorescence less congested (2)

2a. Leaves mostly 1-nerved, narrow and entire,
grayish-mealy at least below; tall herbs up to 60 cm
high or higher; stems somewhat mealy, striate, or
longitudinally grooved with alternate yellow and
green lines. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. Scrub
prairie; rare.

2b. Leaves broader, with 1 or more nerves (3)

3a. Plants glabrous and green (4)

3b. Plants more or less mealy-puberulent (5)

4a. Seeds horizontal; testa smooth, unpatterned; plants up
to 1 m high, branched; leaves bright green, thin, acute;
base cordate to truncate, sinuate with 1-5 coarse acute
teeth; inflorescence axillary and terminal, open.
Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen (C. hybridum
L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau);

136

Chenopodiaceae

Fig. 163. Chenopodium capitatum, 1/3 X .

maple-leaved goosefoot; Fig. 164. Disturbed
situations; rare.
4b. Seeds vertical (rarely horizontal); testa

reticulate-punctate; plants up to 80 cm high,
branched; leaves cuneate, triangular to rhomboid,
fleshy, with conspicuous lateral teeth; inflorescence of
glomerules in many compact, oblong cymes forming
dense panicles or spikes. Chenopodium rubrum L.;
coast-blite, red goosefoot. Borders of marshes and
streams and in waste places; apparently rare.

5a. Leaves 1-nerved, up to 4 cm long; margins

undulate-dentate; teeth and tips obtuse; plants up to
40 cm high, erect to prostrate; inflorescence in small
glomerules in axillary or terminal spikes.
Chenopodium glaucum L.; oak-leaved goosefoot.
Creek banks and waste places; rare.

5b. Leaves 3-nerved (6)

137

Amaranthaceae

6a. Primary leaves thin, mainly linear, usually five times

longer than wide, with 1 or 2 lobes and sometimes with
teeth on the margin; inflorescence more or less leafy,
forming a compact panicle. Chenopodium pratericola
Rydb. Waste places; rare.

6b. Primary leaves deltoid, rhombic, oblong or ovate,
three times longer than wide (7)

7a. Pericarp alveolate-reticulate or reticulate; stems up to

1 m long or longer, branched; leaves rather thick,
rhomboid, ovate to lanceolate, entire to dentate; apex
acute; inflorescence consisting of rounded glomerules
in long spikes. Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. ssp.
zschackei (Murr.) Zobel. Waste places; occasional.

7b. Pericarp smooth or mottled (8)

8a. Seeds circular in outline; pericarp nonadherent; stems

up to 1 m long or longer, erect or ascending, simple to
much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, varying to
rhombic-lanceolate, sinuous-dentate to entire;
inflorescence consisting of flowers clustered in
elongate spikes of contiguous glomerules.
Chenopodium album L.; lamb's-quarters, pigweed;
Fig. 165. Introduced weed of waste places; frequent.

8b. Seeds oval in outline; pericarp strongly adherent;

stems up to 1 m long, erect or ascending, branched;
leaves broadly oblong to ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at
the base, shallowly serrate, greenish to reddish;
inflorescence sparsely leafy; glomerules in terminal
spikes. Chenopodium strictum Roth var glauco-
phyllum (Aellen) Wahl. Disturbed waste areas; rare.

Monolepis povertyweed

Branched prostrate herb up to 50 cm wide; stems fleshy,
reddish; leaves narrow, hastate, passing gradually into
foliaceous bracts; inflorescence in small axillary clusters.
Monolepis nuttalliana (R. & S.) Greene; povertyweed. Waste
ground; occasional.

32. AMARANTHACEAE amaranth family

Amaranthus pigweed

la. Prostrate, forming mats up to 60 cm wide; stems

reddish, fleshy; leaves spatulate, broadest above the

138

Portulacaceae

Fig. 165. Chenopodium album, 1/3 X

Fig. 164. Chenopodium gigantosper mum, 1/3 X.

middle, dark shiny green; flowers in the leaf axils.
Amaranthus graecizans L. (A. blitoides S. Wats);
prostrate amaranth. Waste places; rare,
lb. Stems erect, up to 1 m high, rough, angular, and
somewhat hairy; leaves ovate, rough; inflorescence in
dense spikes in the upper leaf axils and in a terminal
spike at the summit, harsh and rough. Amaranthus
retroflexus L.; red-root pigweed. Waste places;
frequent.

33. PORTULACACEAE purslane family

Portulaca

purslane

Fleshy annual forming mats up to 40 cm wide; leaves
alternate, spatulate or obovate, dark shiny green; flowers

139

Caryophyllaceae

yellow, borne singly in the leaf axils, but only open in bright
sunshine; fruit a pointed capsule containing many minute
seeds. Portulaca oleracea L.; purslane. Introduced garden
weed.

34. CARYOPHYLLACEAE pink family

la. Calyx with sepals distinct or united only at the base;

petals without claws (2)

lb. Calyx with sepals united into a tube; petals with basal

claws (5)

2a. Petals entire or merely notched at the apex (3)

2b. Petals deeply cleft; capsules opening by twice as many
valves or teeth as there are styles (4)

3a. Capsules dehiscing by 6 teeth Arenaria

3b. Capsules dehiscing by 3 teeth Minuartia

4a. Styles 3; capsules short, ovate or oblong, opening by 6
valves Stellaria

4b. Styles 5, opposite the sepals; capsules long,
cylindrical, often bent or curved near the summit,
opening by 10 teeth at the summit Cerastium

5a. Calyx subtended by an involucre of long-tipped bracts

Dianthus

5b. Calyx naked at base (6)

6a. Styles 5, alternate with the petals Lychnis

6b. Styles 2 or 3 (7)

7a. Styles 3; capsule 3-valved or 6-valved; calyx 10-nerved
Silene

7b. Styles 2; capsule 4-valved; calyx 5-nerved (8)

8a. Leaves lance-acuminate; petals white, very small,
about equaling the calyx Gypsophila

8b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals pale red, much longer
than the calyx Saponaria

Cerastium chickweed

la. Perennial matted plant, rooting at the nodes; leaves

linear and narrowly lanceolate, short pubescent, not
glandular; commonly with conspicuous axillary
fascicles of short, sterile shoots that root when

140

Caryophyllaceae

detached; inflorescence few- to many-flowered, on
slender, elongated peduncles; petals much longer than
the sepals. Cerastium arvense L.; field chickweed; Fig.
166. Scrub prairie and disturbed situations; frequent,
lb. Annual with erect stems; leaves linear-lanceolate;
glandular-hirsute; inflorescence terminal, open
cymose; petals equaling or shorter than the sepals.
Cerastium nutans Raf. Wet situations by streams and
ponds; occasional.

Dianthus pink

Low trailing perennial with elongate basal offshoots;
flowering stems up to 25 cm long; leaves linear-lanceolate,
ciliate-margined and ciliate-keeled; flowers 1 to few, mostly
long-stalked; petals pink, dentate. Dianthus deltoides L.;
maiden-pink. Garden escape; rare.

Gypsophila baby's-breath

Much-branched glaucous perennial up to 1 m high; leaves
lance-acuminate, attenuate at the base; inflorescence a large
panicle with corymbiform branches. Gypsophila paniculata
L.; baby's-breath. Waste area at Whitewater Lake; localized.

Lychnis campion

Leafy perennial up to 1.5 m high; leaves membranous,
ovate below, lanceolate above, rounded or cordate at the base;
flowers in dense terminal heads, each about 2.5 cm across;
petals 2-cleft, scarlet. Lychnis chalcedonica L.; Maltese-cross,
scarlet lychnis. Garden escape; rare.

Minuartia sandwort

Loosely tufted branched annual or short-lived perennial;
wiry stems up to 30 cm long; leaves linear, fresh green,
1-nerved, in fascicles from the nodes; inflorescence a
few-flowered cyme; petals lacking or shorter than the strongly
3-nerved acuminate sepals. Minuartia dawsonensis (Britt.)
Mattf. (Arenaria dawsonensis Britt); Fig. 167. Usually dry
open and sometimes disturbed slopes; occasional.

Moehringia sandwort

Stems up to 15 cm long or longer, simple or branched;
leaves in 2-5 pairs, sessile, narrowly elliptical; flowers

141

Caryophyllaceae

solitary or several in few-flowered cymes, occurring on very
slender 2-bracted peduncles; petals white, longer than the
sepals. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl (Arenaria lateriflora
L.); grove sandwort; Fig. 168. Open mixed woods; occasional.

Saponaria soapwort

Annual with stems up to 70 cm long; leaves grayish green,
ovate lanceolate, clasping at the base; flowers in loose
corymbose cymes; petals white or pinkish, with an appendage
at the top of the claw. Saponaria officinalis L.; bouncingbet.
Garden escape; rare.

Silene catchfly, campion

la. Calyx glabrous, much inflated; stems up to 60 cm long;
leaves lanceolate, smooth; flowers in loose, open
panicles; petals white, 2-cleft; Silene vulgaris
(Moench) Garcke (S. cucubalus Wibel); bladder
campion. Introduced weed of waste places.

lb. Calyx glandular-pubescent, inflated or not (2)

2a. Leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate; stems up to 40

cm long, viscid-puberulent; flowers on appressed-erect
pedicels; calyx not inflated, tightly enclosing the
capsule; petals white or purplish, included or barely
exserted. Silene drummondii Hook. (Lychnis
drummondii (Hook.) S. Wats., L. pudica Boivin).
Open pineland; rare.

2b. Leaves broader (3)

3a. Flowers dioecious, fragrant; calyces of staminate

flowers ellipsoid, of pistillate flowers ovoid and
inflated at maturity; stems up to 1 m high, loosely
forking; leaves oval to lance-oblong. Silene alba
(Mill.) E.H.L. Krause (Lychnis alba Mill.); white
cockle. Introduced weed of waste areas.

3b. Flowers perfect, fragrant; calyx cylindrical, becoming

inflated-ovoid; stems up to 1 m long, viscid-villous;
upper leaves lanceolate; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate;
basal leaves spatulate; inflorescence a small open
cyme. Silene nocti flora L.; night-flowering catchfly.
Introduced weed of waste areas.

Stellaria chickweed, starwort

la. Flowers in the axils of green leaves or bracts (2)

142

Fig. 166. Cerastium aruense, 2/5 X .

Fig. 168. Moehnngia lateriflora, 2/3 X

Fig. 167. Minuartia daujsonensisya, 1/2 X ; 6, 3 X ; c, 3 X

143

Ceratophyllaceae

lb. Inflorescence bracteolate; bracts membranous or
membranous-margined (4)

2a. Leaves elliptical to ovate or obovate, at least the lower
ones long-petioled; stems weak, trailing, and matted;
inflorescence diffuse to well defined, leafy to
bracteolate. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill.; common
chickweed; Fig. 169. Introduced weed in gardens and
around buildings.

2b. Leaves sessile (3)

3a. Petals about as long as or up to a little longer than the
sepals; stems freely branching, matted; leaves linear
oblong, somewhat fleshy; flowers in leafy cymes or
terminal and solitary. Stellaria crassi folia Ehrh.; Fig.
170. Wet places; rare but perhaps overlooked.

3b. Petals much shorter than the sepals or lacking; stems

weak and trailing; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers in
a single terminal cyme. Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.)
Bong.; Fig. 171. Damp places; rare.

4a. Pedicels ascending to erect; central flowers on more

stiffly erect pedicels; stems forming tangled carpets;
leaves green to glaucous, somewhat boat-shaped,
narrowly lanceolate to linear, broadest near the base,
gradually tapering to a sharp point. Stellaria longipes
Goldie; Fig. 172. Grassy clearings and open woods;
frequent.

4b. Inflorescence more open, with some of the pedicels,

especially those of the central flowers, spreading to
deflexed; stems weak, forming tangled masses; leaves
narrow, linear to linear-lanceolate. Stellaria
longifolia Muhl.; Fig. 173. Swamps and wet places;
occasional.

35. CERATOPHYLLACEAE hornwort family

Ceratophyllaceae hornwort

Stems long and branching; leaves verticillate,
dichotomously divided into filiform segments; segments
remotely serrulate; flowers monoecious, axillary, short-
pediceled, inconspicuous. Ceratophyllum demersum L.;
hornwort; Fig. 174. Completely immersed aquatic; forms
dense masses in quiet water.

144

Fig. 170. Stellaria crassifolia, 1/2 X

145

Ranunculaceae

36. NYMPHAEACEAE water-lily family

Nuphar pond-lily

la. Floating leaves elliptical-ovate, less than 10 cm long,

deeply cordate at the base; flowers 1.5-2.0 cm wide;
sepals yellow, 1.0-1.8 cm long; stigmatic disc red.
Nuphar microphyllum (Pers.) Fern.; small pond-lily.
Ponds and lakes; rare.

lb. Floating leaves broadly ovate; blades up to 35 cm long;

sinus closed and narrow; flowers 4-5 cm wide; sepals
yellow, 2.0-3.5 cm long, often reddish towards the
base; stigmatic disc green. Nuphar variegatum
Engelm.; yellow pond-lily; Fig. 175. Ponds and lakes;
frequent.

37. RANUNCULACEAE crowfoot family

la. Flowers spurred (2)

lb. Flowers without spurs, regular (3)

2a. Spur at base of petals; flowers regular, terminating
the branches Aquilegia

2b. Spur at base of upper sepal, enclosing spurs of 2 upper
petals; flowers irregular, in terminal racemes
Delphinium

3a. Fruit red or white, berry-like Actaea

3b. Fruit not berry-like (4)

4a. Fruit consisting of follicles (pods splitting down one
side) (5)

4b. Fruit consisting of numerous achenes on a rounded or
elongated central axis (6)

5a. Leaves basal, evergreen; leaflets 3, lustrous and
sharply toothed, cuneate-obovate Coptis

5b. Leaves simple, orbicular to reniform, at least some of
them borne on the stem Caltha

6a. Stem leaves opposite or whorled (7)

6b. Stem leaves alternate (8)

7a. Styles much elongating in fruit Pulsatilla

7b. Styles remaining short in fruit, not plumose
Anemone

146

Fig. 174. Ceratophyllum demersum,
a, IX; 6, 1/2 X;c, 12/3X.

Fig. 173. Stellaria longifolia, 2/5 X

Fig. 175. Nuphar vanegatum, a, 1/5 X ; 6, 2/5 X ; c, 2/5 X

147

Ranunculaceae

8a. Leaves 3-4-ternately compound Thalictrum

8b. Leaves simple, toothed (rarely entire) to deeply lobed
or finely dissected Ranunculus

Actaea baneberry

Stems up to 100 cm long; leaves large, compound; leaflets
coarsely toothed; inflorescence a raceme at the end of the stem;
sepals small, deciduous as the flower opens; fruit berry-like,
red (f. rubra) or white (f. neglecta (Gilman) Robins.). Actaea
rubra (Ait.) Willd.; red baneberry. Rich woodlands; frequent.
Berries are reputed to be poisonous.

Anemone anemone

la. Achenes nearly glabrous or densely short-hirsute, not
woolly (2)

lb. Achenes densely long-woolly, forming dense woolly
heads (3)

2a. Achenes glabrous or nearly so in a globular head; beak
about as long as the body; stems up to 30 cm long, with
several 5-7-parted, toothed basal leaves, a whorl of
sessile involucral leaves, and a single white flower.
Anemone canadensis L.; Canada anemone; Fig. 176.
Clearings, road banks, and hollows; frequent.

2b. Achenes densely short-hirsute; beak shorter than the
body; stems up to 20 cm, with an involucre of 3
long-petioled deeply cut leaves; basal leaves
3-5-foliate; flowers solitary on a long pedicel.
Anemone quinquefolia L.; wood anemone. Moist open
woodland; occasional.

3a. Leaves dissected into numerous linear or narrowly

lanceolate acuminate lobes; stems up to 60 cm long,
purplish toward the base; stem leaves short-petioled;
flowers white, pink, or deep purple; fruiting head
globose; achenes long-lanate. Anemone multifida
Poir.; cut-leaved anemone; Fig. 177. Clearings, scrub
prairie, and disturbed situations; occasional.

3b. Leaves with 3-5 broad-lobed oblanceolate or obovate
divisions (4)

4a. Fruiting heads narrowly cylindrical; stems up to 50

cm long; leaves generally in a verticil of 5-7, trifoliate;
leaflets 3-lobed; lobes coarsely few-toothed. Anemone

148

Ranunculaceae

Fig. 177. Anemone multifida, a, 1/4 X ; 6, 1/4 X

Fig. 176. Anemone canadensis, 1/4 X

cylindrica A. Gray; thimble weed. Clearings and scrub
prairie; occasional.
4b. Fruiting heads ovoid to thick cylindrical; stems up to

80 cm long; leaves generally in a verticil of 3,
somewhat larger than in A. cylindrica; lobes serrate
along the outer edge. Anemone virginiana L. (A.
riparia Fern.); thimbleweed. Clearings, scrub prairie,
and disturbed situations; occasional.

Aquilegia

columbine

la. Petals blue or purple; spurs strongly hooked, longer

than the blade of the petals; stems up to 50 cm long;
basal leaves twice ternate; stem leaves smaller.
Aquilegia brevistyla Hook.; blue columbine; Fig. 178.
Wooded slope; rare.

lb. Petals scarlet or bright red, yellow within; spurs

straight; tips merely oblique, shorter than the blade of
the petals; stems up to 80 cm long or longer; plants
similar to A. brevistyla, but more robust and the
leaflets larger. Aquilegia canadensis L.; wild
columbine. Clearings and borders of woodland;
frequent.

149

Ranunculaceae

Caltha marsh- marigold

Coarse plants; stems hollow, erect or decumbent; leaves
roundish to open-reniform, dentate; basal leaves with long
stalks; upper leaves stalkless; flowers with bright yellow
sepals; fruit a group of follicles. Caltha palustris L.;
marsh-marigold; Fig. 179. Wet places; occasional.

Coptis goldthread

Stems up to 15 cm long; leaves all basal, evergreen,
long-stalked, each with 3 leaflets; flowers single; sepals 5-7,
white. Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb.; goldthread; Fig. 180. Rich
woodland; rare.

Delphinium larkspur

Stems up to 1.5 m long; leaves alternate, petioled, much
divided or lobed; flowers racemose, perfect, irregular; upper
sepal extended at the base into a spur. Delphinium glaucum S.
Wats.; larkspur. Base of wooded bank along lakeshore and
occasionally persisting after cultivation.

Pulsatilla prairie crocus

Stems up to 30 cm long; basal leaves petioled, ternate;
leaflets much divided into linear segments; stem leaves
similar, 3, sessile; flowers large, appearing early in the spring;
sepals bluish; styles elongating and plumose. Pulsatilla
ludoviciana (Nutt.) Heller (Anemone patens L. var.
wolfgangiana (Bess.) Koch); prairie crocus. Fig. 181.
Well-drained slopes; rare.

Ranunculus crowfoot, buttercup

la. Petals white (yellow at the base); fully submersed

plant with the flowers either floating on the water or
extending above it; leaves alternate, finely dissected
into stiff filiform segments. Ranunculus aquatilis L.
var. subrigidus (Drew) Breitung {R. circinatus Sibth.
var. subrigidus (Drew) Benson); white water crowfoot;
Fig. 182. Shallow lakes and ponds; occasional.

lb. Petals yellow; plants aquatic or terrestrial (2)

2a. Plants submersed or creeping on mud, rooting at the

nodes; underwater leaves divided into narrow, flat

150

Fig. 180. Coptis tnfolia, a, 2/3 X ; b, 2/5 X

Fig. 178. Aquilegia breuistyla, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 3/5 X

Fig. 181. Pulsatilla ludouiciana, 2/3 X

«,

Fig. 179. Caltha palustris, a, 1/8 X ;
6, 1/4 X.

Fig. 182. Ranunculus aquatdis var.
subrigidus, 2/3 X.

151

Ranunculaceae

segments; floating leaves with wider segments.
Ranunculus gmelinii DC; yellow water crowfoot; Fig.
183. Shallow water of ponds and often stranded on
mud; occasional.
2b. Plants terrestrial (3)

3a. Stems creeping, half-buried in mosses, up to 15 cm

long; leaves alternate on the rhizome, trifid; segments
trifid to lobed; cauline leaf smaller or absent; sepals 3;
achenes with a hooked beak. Ranunculus lapponicus
L.; Fig. 184. Mossy woods and bogs; rare.

3b. Stems mostly erect; sepals 5 (4)

4a. Plants tufted, with filiform repent stolons rooting at

the nodes and giving rise to new plants; leaves
long-petioled, roundish or reniform, crenate or
dentate; stems up to 15 cm long, 1- to several-flowered;
fruiting heads globose-ovoid to cylindrical.
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh; seaside crowfoot; Fig.
185. Wet, chiefly alkaline places; localized.

4b. Plants without stolons (5)

5a. Achenes beakless or only minutely beaked (6)

5b. Achenes distinctly beaked (8)

6a. Basal and mid-cauline leaves long-petioled, deeply
palmately lobed or divided, thick; stems up to 60 cm
long, hollow; flowers small and numerous.
Ranunculus sceleratus L.; cursed crowfoot,
celery-leaved buttercup; Fig. 186. Wet ground and
shallow water; frequent.

6b. Basal leaves usually merely crenately toothed or
shallowly lobed; cauline leaves sessile or
short-petioled, mostly deeply divided, distinctly
different from the basal ones (7)

7a. Plants glabrous or nearly so, up to 50 cm long; flowers

6-10 mm wide; petals usually shorter than the
reflexed sepals. Ranunculus abortivus L.; kidney-
leaved buttercup; Fig. 187. Damp clearings and
shores; occasional.

7b. Plants pilose-hirsute, up to 40 cm high; flowers 10-20

mm wide; petals much exceeding the sepals.
Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie; prairie buttercup;
Fig. 188. Scrub prairie; frequent.

8a. Petals 5-15 mm long, distinctly longer than the sepals;

stems up to 80 cm long, hairy; basal leaves deeply

152

Fig. 183. Ranunculus gmelinii, 2/3 X

Fig. 186. Ranunculus sceleratus, 1/4 X

Fig. 184. Ranunculus lapponicusy
a, 1/3X;6,2X.

Fig. 188. Ranunculus
rhomboideus, 1/4 X.

Fig. 187. Ranunculus abortiuus, 1/4 X

Fig. 185. Ranunculus cymbalaria, 2/3 X

153

Cruciferae

palmately divided; sessile divisions deeply cleft.
Ranunculus acris L.; common buttercup; waste places;
rare.
8b. Petals 2-6 mm long, shorter than to barely exceeding
the sepals (9)

9a. Flowers 10-15 mm wide; achenes 2.7-3.3 mm long in a

globose or ovoid head; stems up to 60 cm long, hirsute,
often decumbent; leaves in broad divisions with the
segments usually stalked. Ranunculus macounii
Britt; Fig. 189. Low, moist places; frequent.

9b. Flowers 6-8 mm wide; achenes 1.8-2.7 mm long, in a

thick cylindrical head; stems up to 60 cm long, hirsute;
leaves similar to R. macounii. Ranunculus
pensylvanicus L. f.; bristly crowfoot; Fig. 190. Wet
places; rare.

Thalictrum meadow-rue

la. Plants up to 1 m high or higher; leaves ternately

divided into many leaflets; leaflets coriaceous,
pubescent at least on the lower surface, not glandular,
mostly tri-lobed; flowers in a large terminal panicle.
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall.; purple
meadow-rue. Moist thickets and clearings; occasional.

lb. Plants up to 50 cm high; leaflets smaller, flabellately

tri-lobed; lobes 3-toothed, glabrous or minutely
glandular-puberulent. Thalictrum venulosum Trel.;
Fig. 191. Moist thickets and clearings; frequent.

38. FUMARIACEAE fumitory family

Corydalis corydalis

Stems lax and sometimes prostrate, diffusely branched;
leaves much dissected, glaucous; flowers golden yellow,
racemose; fruit pod-like, spreading or pendulous. Corydalis
aurea Willd.; golden corydalis; Fig. 192. Usually in disturbed
situations in lighter soils; occasional.

39. CRUCIFERAE mustard family

la. Capsules 1 or 2(-3) times as long as broad (2)

lb. Capsules (3 or)4 to many times as long as broad ... (5)

154

Fig. 189. Ranunculus macoumi,
a, 1/6 X; 6, 1/4 X.

Fig. 190. Ranunculus pensylvanicus,l/4X

Fig. 192. Corydalisaurea, 1/4 X

Fig. 191. Thalictrum venulosum,a, 1/4 X; 6, 1/4 X

155

Cruciferae

2a. Capsule more or less flattened (3)

2b. Capsule scarcely if at all flattened Rorippa

3a. Capsule triangular Capsella

3b. Capsule orbicular or obovate (4)

4a. Capsule 1.0-1.8 cm long, broadly winged .... Thlaspi

4b. Capsule 2.0-3.5 mm long, wingless or narrowly

winged at the summit Lepidium

5a. Stems 15-30 cm long or longer, mostly leafy towards

the base Draba

5b. Stems longer, leafy (6)

6a. Stem leaves sessile, with auriculate or sagittate

clasping bases (7)

6b. Stem leaves sessile or petioled, not clasping (9)

7a. Flowering stems arising from a definite rosette of
basal leaves Arabis

7b. Flowering stems without definite rosettes (8)

8a. Pods with a large flat or angled beak, often containing
a seed Sinapis

8b. Pods with a slender beak; beak round or conical,
without seeds Brassica

9a. Stem leaves entire or toothed, only the basal ones
sometimes lobed (10)

9b. Stem leaves (or most of them) deeply cleft, pinnatifid
to tripinnatifid or pinnate (12)

10a. Stems hairy; hairs closely appressed straight,
2-pronged (malpighian), attached near their middle;
flowers yellow Erysimum

10b. Stems glabrous or pubescent (but hairs not
malpighian); flowers purple, mauve or white .... (11)

11a. Flowering stems without basal rosettes .... Hesperis

lib. Flowering stems arising from a definite rosette of

basal leaves Arabis

12a. Racemes with lower pedicels subtended by leafy bracts

Erucastrum

12b. Racemes bractless (13)

13a. Capsules flattened, linear; petals white or roseate;
leaves pinnate Cardamine

156

Cruciferae

13b. Capsules round or 4-angled in cross section; flowers
yellow (14)

14a. Pubescence of leaves and stem stellate or forked;

leaves finely divided Descurainea

14b. Pubescence of leaves and stem simple or wanting;

leaves pinnatifid to pinnate Sisymbrium

Arabis rock cress

la. Pods 3-6 cm long, spreading to descending; stems
purplish, up to 50 cm long; leaves sessile,
narrow-lanceolate; basal leaves stellate-pubescent;
flowers mauve, in a terminal raceme. Arabis
divaricarpa A. Nels.; Fig. 193. Disturbed situations;
rare.

lb. Pods ascending to erect, mostly straight (2)

2a. Pedicels and pods closely appressed to the rachis and
parallel to one another (3)

2b. Pedicels and pods more or less divergent. See Arabis
divaricarpa.

3a. Pods about 1 mm wide, cylindrical to flattened ... (4)

3b. Pods 1.5-3.0 mm wide, strongly flattened; stems up to

1 m long; basal leaves and base of stem with

malpighian hairs. Arabis drummondii A. Gray; Fig.

194. Scrub prairie and disturbed situations; rare.

4a. Stems up to 60 cm long, glabrous except near the base;

rosette leaves slightly hairy; flowers yellowish white.

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh.; tower mustard. Scrub

prairie and disturbed situations; rare.
4b. Stems up to 60 cm long, hairy about up to the middle;

leaves coarsely hairy; flowers white or greenish white.

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. spp. pycnocarpa (Hopkins)

Hult.;Fig. 195. Banks and clearings; occasional.

Brassica mustard

Stems up to 80 cm long, somewhat branched; leaves
thickish; lower leaves lyrate with a large terminal lobe; upper
leaves smaller and usually entire, deeply cordate, clasping;
flowers yellow. Brassica campestris L.; bird-rape. Introduced
weed around buildings and along roadsides; occasional.

157

Cruciferae

Capsella shepherd's-purse

Stems branched, up to 50 cm long; basal leaves pinnatifid;
stem leaves lanceolate, auriculate-clasping; flowers racemose,
small, white; pods an inverted triangle, flat. Capsella
bursa- pastoris (L.) Medic; shepherd's-purse. Introduced weed
of waste places; frequent.

Cardamine bitter cress

Stems up to 50 cm long; more or less branched; leaves
deeply pinnately lobed; terminal lobe largest; flowers small,
white; pods 1-3 cm long, divergent. Cardamine pensylvanica
Muhl.; bitter cress; Fig. 196. Wet places; rare.

Descurainia tansy mustard

la. Pod oblanceolate, 5-10 mm long, not more than twice

as long as the strongly ascending pedicel; calyx 1.0-1.5
mm long; petals yellow; stems up to 90 cm long; leaves
pinnate to doubly pinnate, grayish pubescent.
Descurainia richardsonii (Sweet) O.E. Schulz; gray
tansy mustard; Fig. 197. Disturbed situations;
occasional.

lb. Pod linear, 1-3 cm long, at least twice as long as the

spreading-ascending pedicel; calyx 2.0-2.5 mm long;
petals yellow; stems up to 96 cm long; leaves finely
bipinnate to tripinnate. Descurainia sophia (L.)
Webb.; flixweed. Introduced weed of disturbed places;
frequent.

Draba whitlow-grass

Leaves broadly lanceolate, soft pubescent on both sides;
flowers small; petals pale yellow; raceme elongated and lax in
fruit; capsules narrowly clavate, about 10 mm long, on slender
spreading pedicels twice as long as the body. Draba nemorosa
L.; Fig. 198. Disturbed situations on scrub prairie; rare.

Erucastrum dog mustard

Erect plants, up to 50 cm long; leaves oblong, deeply
pinnatifid; at least the lower flowers of the raceme leafy
bracted; petals pale yellow; pods 3-5 cm long, tipped with a
short slender beak. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz;
dog mustard. Introduced weed of waste places; occasional.

158

Fig. 193. Arabis divaricarpa,
a,l/4X;6, 1/8X.

Fig. 195. Arabis hirsuta ssp. pycnocarpa,
a, l/4X;fe, 1/4 X.

Fig. 196. Cardamine pensylvanica, 1/4 X

Fig. 194. Arabis drummondu, a, 1/5 X ; 6, 1/4 X

159

Cruciferae

Erysimum treacle mustard

la. Petals 3-4 mm long, pale yellow; pods less than 2 cm

long; peduncles slender, ascending, about one-half as
long as the straight pod; stems up to 50 cm long,
branched or unbranched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, dark green, hairy; hairs mostly short-
stalked, 3- to 4-forked. Erysimum cheiranthoides L.;
wormseed mustard; Fig. 199. Weedy; occasional.

lb. Petals about 10 mm long; pods 3-5 cm long; peduncles
stout, curved, about one-fifth as long as the pod; stems
up to 50 cm long, simple or branched mainly above;
leaves narrow, with mostly malpighian hairs.
Erysimum inconspicuum (Wats.) MacM.; small-
flowered prairie-rocket; Fig. 200. Waste places; rare.

Hesperis rocket

Stems up to 100 cm long, simple to branched above; leaves
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, dentate, pubescent on both sides;
flowers large, 3-5 cm wide, fragrant; petals purple; pods 5-10
cm long, linear, ascending to spreading. Hesperis matronalis
L.; dame's-rocket. Escaped from cultivation; rare.

Lepidium pepper-grass

Stems up to 60 cm long, much branched; stem leaves
lanceolate or with a few coarse teeth; basal leaves incised;
flowers minute; petals rudimentary or absent; pods on short
stocks, very numerous. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.;
common pepper-grass. Weed of roadsides and waste places;
frequent.

Rorippa yellow cress

Stems up to 60 cm long, branched or unbranched; leaves
pinnatifid; terminal segment much larger than the lateral;
flowers yellow; pods fat, oblong, about as long as the pedicels.
Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas; marsh yellow cress; Fig.
201. Wet places; frequent.

Sinapis charlock

Stems up to 80 cm long; lower leaves pinnatifid at the base,
with a large terminal lobe; flowers yellow; pod with a beak

160

(j

Fig. 197. Descurainia
richardsonii, a, 1/4 X ;
b, 1/2 X.

Fig. 198. Draba nemorosa
var. leiocarpa, 2/5 X .

Fig. 200. Erysimum inconspicuum,
1/4 X.

Fig. 199. Erysimumcheiranthoid.es,
a,2/5X;6,2/5X.

Fig. 201. Rorippa islandica,l/6X.

161

Saxifragaceae

about half as long as the body. Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassica
kaber (DC.) Wheeler var. pinnatifida (Stokes) Wheeler);
charlock. Introduced weed of waste places; rare.

Sisymbrium

Stems up to 100 cm long, branched; leaves pale green; basal
leaves pinnatifid; stem leaves pinnate to entire; flowers pale
yellow; pods numerous, linear, 5-10 cm long, on short
peduncles about as thick as the pods. Sisymbrium altissimum
L.; tumbling mustard. Introduced weed; rare.

Thlaspi pennycress

Stems up to 40 cm long, usually branched from the base;
basal leaves oblanceolate, deciduous; stem leaves oblong to
lanceolate, sinuate, clasping; flowers white, tiny; raceme
elongating in fruit; pods ovate, flat, with a wide wing and a
deep terminal notch. Thlaspi arvense L.; pennycress,
stinkweed. Introduced weed of waste places; frequent.

40. DROSERACEAE sundew family

Drosera sundew

la. Leaves basal, spatulate or oblanceolate, with
glandular sticky hairs that entrap insects and with
the petiole much longer than the blade; flowers small,
regular, in a 1-sided raceme; fruiting stems elongating
to 15 cm or longer. Drosera anglica Huds.; Fig. 202.
Open calcareous fen; localized and rare.

lb. Similar, but the leaf blades almost round, broader

than long. Drosera rotundifolia L.; round-leaved
sundew; Fig. 203. Bogs and fens; localized.

41. SAXIFRAGACEAE saxifrage family

la. Shrubs; fruit a berry Ribes

lb. Herbs; fruit a capsule (2)

2a. Petals lacking; flowers golden yellow

Chrysosplenium

2b. Petals present (3)

162

Saxifragaceae

Fig. 202. Droseraanglica,\IAX,

Fig. 203. Drosera rotundi folia, 2 X

3a.
3b.

4a.

4b.

Flowers solitary Pamassia

Flowers racemose or panicled (4)

Flowers irregular; calyx tube strongly oblique at
the summit and swollen on one side at the base

Heuchera

Flowers regular Mitella

Chrysosplenium

golden saxifrage

Stems erect up to 15 cm long; leaves alternate, reniform,
crenate; sepals yellowish green, with the outer ones somewhat
wider than the inner ones; stamens 5-8, inserted on a
conspicuous disc. Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. var. ioense
(Rydb.) Boivin. (C. ioense Rydb.); golden saxifrage. In moss of
damp woods; rare.

Heuchera

alumroot

Flowering stems up to 50 cm long, terminating in a panicle
of purplish-petaled flowers; leaves basal, rounded-cordate;

163

Saxifragaceae

teeth broadly ovate. Heuchera richardsonii R. Br.; alumroot;
Fig. 204. Clearings and scrub prairie; frequent.

Mitella miterwort

Flowering stems up to 25 cm long, terminated by a raceme
of flowers; sepals 4, greenish; petals 5, finely pinnatifid,
greenish white. Mitella nuda L.; bishop's-cap, miterwort; Fig.
205. Moist woodland; frequent.

Parnassia grass-of-Parnassus

la. Petals 3 or more times longer than the sepals;
staminodia 3-5 per cluster; stems up to 40 cm long,
leafless or with a sessile leaf near the base; rosette
leaves broadly ovate, petioled. Parnassia glauca Raf.;
open calcareous fen; rare.

lb. Petals 1.5 times longer than the sepals; staminodia

9-17 per cluster; stems up to 30 cm long, with a
solitary sessile leaf borne near the middle; rosette
leaves cordate at the base. Parnassia palustris L. var.
neogaea Fern. (P. multiseta of Scoggan); Fig. 206.
Moist clearings; occasional.

Ribes currant

la. Flowers in elongate racemes; pedicels jointed below
the ovary (2)

lb. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-4; pedicels not
jointed below the ovary (6)

2a. Leaves resinous-dotted below; stems unarmed; ovary

and fruit smooth (3)

2b. Leaves not resinous-dotted (4)

3a. Calyx white, 4-5 mm long; free segments exceeding
the length of the tube; racemes erect or ascending;
bracts soon deciduous; fruit black; erect shrubs up to
1.5 m high; leaves 3- or occasionally 5-lobed, pungent
when crushed. Ribes hudsonianum Richards.;
northern black currant; Fig. 207. Moist thickets; rare.

164

Fig. 204. Heuchera richardsonii, 1/4 X

Fig. 206. Parnassia palustris var. neogaea, 2/5 X

Fig. 207. Ribes hudsonianum,4/5x.

Fig. 205. Mitellanuda, a, 2/5X;6,3x.

165

Rosaceae

3b. Calyx yellow and whitish; lobes and tube subequal;
racemes drooping; bracts elongate, persistent; fruit
black; erect shrub up to 2 m high; leaves 3-5-lobed.
Ribes americanum Mill. (R. floridum L'Her.); wild
black currant. Moist thickets; occasional.

4a. Stems up to 2 m high, armed with bristles and
prickles; leaves deeply 5-7-lobed; racemes greenish or
purplish, drooping; fruits purplish black,
glandular-bristly. Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.; bristly
black currant; Fig. 208. Moist thickets; rare.

4b. Stems unarmed; fruit red (5)

5a. Fruit and pedicel glandular-bristly; calyx whitish to

roseate; stems up to 1 m long; leaves 5-7-lobed, cordate
at the base. Ribes glandulosum Grauer; skunk
currant; Fig. 209. Moist scrubby woodland;
occasional.

5b. Fruit smooth; pedicels with capitate glands; calyx
smoke-colored to purplish; stems up to 50 cm long;
bark exfoliating; leaves 3- or sometimes 5-lobed, paler
below. Ribes triste Pall.; red currant; Fig. 210. Moist
thickets and clearings; frequent.

6a. Bracts finely glandular-ciliate; leaves deeply 3-lobed;
glands usually intermixed with pubescence on the
lower surface; stems up to 1 m long; nodal spines
usually present; internodes often armed; fruit reddish
purple. Ribes oxyacanthoides L.; northern
gooseberry; Fig. 211. Thickets and clearings;
occasional.

6b. Bracts villous-ciliate, nonglandular; leaves

nonglandular; nodal spines (when present) few and
weak; internodes often unarmed. Ribes hirtellum
Michx. Thickets and clearings; occasional.

42. ROSACEAE rose family

la. Fruit consisting of 5 dry follicles splitting down one
side; shrubs with simple toothed leaves Spiraea

lb. Fruit indehiscent; herbs or shrubs (or small trees)
with simple or compound leaves (2)

2a. Fruit consisting of dry achenes (3)

2b. Fruit consisting of several-seeded pomes or 1-seeded
drupes (both may be berry-like) (7)

166

Fig. 208. Ribes lacustre, 1/2 X

Fig. 210. Ribes tnste,2/5X

Fig. 209. Ribes glandulosum, 2/5 X

Fig. 211. Ribes oxyacanthoides, a, 2/5 X ; b, 2/3 X .

167

Rosaceae

3a. Achenes seed-like within the persistent calyx tube;

leaves pinnately compound (4)

3b. Achenes superficial on the dry or fleshy receptacle

(5)

4a. Herbs with small yellow flowers in spike-like racemes
Agrimonia

4b. Shrubs with large pink or roseate flowers Rosa

5a. Receptacle fleshy, much enlarged; leaves with 3

leaflets Fragaria

5b. Receptacle dry, little enlarged in fruit (6)

6a. Styles persistent and elongated in fruit, feathery or
jointed; leaves pinnate; smaller leaflets alternating
with the larger ones Geum

6b. Styles not elongating in fruit, mostly deciduous;
leaves digitate or pinnate (if pinnate mostly without
alternating smaller leaflets) Potentilla

7a. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe or a collection of drupelets;

ovary superior (8)

7b. Fruit a large or small several-seeded pome; ovary

inferior or appearing so (9)

8a. Fruit a collection of drupelets on a dry or spongy
receptacle; leaves simple or compound Rubus

8b. Fruit consisting of solitary drupes with a bony stone;
leaves simple Prunus

9a. Branches armed with long stout thorns . . . Crataegus
9b. Branches unarmed (10)

10a. Leaves simple; flowers racemose Amelanchier

10b. Leaves pinnate; flowers cymose Sorbus

Agrimonia agrimony

Stems up to 80 cm long, sometimes branched; leaves
pinnate; large-toothed leaflets alternating with very small
ones; flowers small, yellow, in an elongated spiciform raceme;
fruit deeply furrowed below the equatorial ring of hooked
bristles. Agrimonia striata Michx.; agrimony. Clearings, open
woods and scrub prairie; occasional.

168

Rosaceae

Amelanchier juneberry, serviceberry

Shrubs or small trees up to 4 m high; leaves simple, ovate or
oblong, rounded at the base, serrate towards the tip; flowers
racemose; petals white, 6-9 mm long; fruit dark bluish purple,
edible. Amelanchier alni folia Nutt.; saskatoon; Fig. 212.
Prairies, thickets, and borders of woods; frequent.

Crataegus hawthorn

Shrubs or small trees up to 3 m high; branches with long
thorns; leaves ovate, doubly serrate; flowers corymbose; petals
white; fruit scarlet. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe; hawthorn.
Thickets and clearings; occasional.

Fragaria strawberry

Low-growing herbs, with running stems producing new
plants; leaves trifoliate; leaflets broadly ovate, coarsely
toothed; flowers corymbose on a scape; scape up to 30 cm long;
petals white; fruit almost round; achenes in pits on the
surface; calyx lobes appressed around the base. Fragaria
virginiana Dene. ssp. glauca (Wats.) Staudt; strawberry; Fig.
213. Clearings and borders of woods; frequent.

Geum avens

la. Styles feathery, not jointed; stems up to 40 cm long;

leaves mostly basal, pinnate; lobed pinnules
wedge-shaped at the base; flowers usually 3, nodding;
sepals purplish pink; petals pink, yellowish, or
flesh-colored. Geum triflorum Pursh; three-flowered
avens; Fig. 214. Scrub prairie; frequent.

lb. Styles not feathery, jointed; leaves basal and cauline
(2)

2a. Flowers nodding, purple or flesh-colored; sepals erect
or spreading; stems erect, up to 60 cm high, little
branched; basal leaves lyrate-pinnate; stem leaves
trifoliate. Geum rivale L.; purple avens. Open moist
woodland; occasional.

2b. Flowers ascending, yellow (3)

3a. Upper stem leaves trifoliate; basal leaves lyrately
pinnate; terminal lobe longer than the others; stems
up to 120 cm long; fruiting head about 20 mm wide;

169

Rosaceae

receptacles long-hirsute; styles glandless. Geum
aleppicum Jacq.; yellow avens; Fig. 215. Clearings
and scrub prairie; occasional.
3b. Upper stem leaves not quite trifoliate; basal leaves
similar to G. aleppicum but the terminal leaflet large
and often 3-lobed; fruiting head obovoid, about 15 mm
wide; receptacles glabrous or short-hispid; styles
minutely glandular at the base. Geum macrophyllum
Willd. var. perincisum (Rydb.) Raup; yellow avens;
Fig. 216. Clearings; occasional.

Potentilla cinquefoil, five-finger

la. Leaves digitate (2)

lb. Leaves pinnate (4)

2a. Leaflets 3 (3)

2b. Leaflets 5-7, narrowly oblanceolate, serrate,

white-tomentose beneath; stems up to 60 cm long, with
an open cyme of yellow flowers; basal leaves
long-petioled. Potentilla gracilis Dougl. var.
pulcherrima (Lehm.) Fern. Clearings and scrub
prairie; occasional.

3a. Flowers white; achenes densely hairy; stems up to 20

cm long, woody at the base; leaves petiolate, dark
green and shiny above; leaflets 3, narrow,
wedge-shaped, with 3 teeth at the apex. Potentilla
tridentata Ait.; three-toothed cinquefoil; Fig. 217.
Open jack pine woodland; localized.

3b. Flowers yellow; achenes glabrous; stems up to 60 cm
long, branched or unbranched; leaflets obovate to
elliptical, serrate; inflorescence a leafy cyme.
Potentilla norvegica L.; rough cinquefoil; Fig. 218.
Clearings, trails, and disturbed situations; frequent.

4a. Petals and inner side of sepals dark purple; stems

ascending from a decumbent woody base; leaflets
5-(7), serrate, paler below. Potentilla palustris (L.)
Scop.; marsh cinquefoil; Fig. 219. Wet places;
occasional.

4b. Petals yellow or whitish (5)

5a. Plants up to 90 cm high, glandular-villous; leaflets

7-11 on the stalked basal leaves, fewer above, ovate,
serrate; cymes strict; petals white or cream-colored.

170

Fig. 212. Amelanchieralmfolia,
a,2/5X;6,4/5X.

Fig. 213. Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca, 2/5 X

Fig. 214. Geumtrifiorum,l/5X

Fig. 215. Geum aleppicum,
a, 1/4X;6, 1 1/8X.

Fig. 216. Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum, 1/4 X

171

Rosaceae

Potentilla arguta Pursh; white cinquefoil; Fig. 220.
Scrub prairie and disturbed situations; frequent.
5b. Plants not glandular-villous; petals yellow (6)

6a. Bushy shrubs up to 150 cm high, bark shreddy;

leaflets 5-7, linear-oblong, pointed at both ends,

leathery. Potentilla fruticosa L.; shrubby cinquefoil;

Fig. 221. Scrub prairie, clearings, and moist

woodland; common.
6b. Herbs (7)

7a. Flowers solitary on naked peduncles; low, tufted plant
spreading by runners; leaflets 7-25, green above, silky
below, often interspersed with smaller leaflets.
Potentilla anserina L.; silverweed; Fig. 222. Low wet
places; occasional.

7b. Cymes few-flowered (8)

8a. Stems up to 50 cm long; leaves mostly basal; leaflets
7-11, deeply crenate-serrate, white-tomentose below,
green to silky to grayish above; inflorescence open,
strict. Potentilla hippiana Lehm.; woolly cinquefoil.
Scrub prairie; occasional.

8b. Stems up to 40 cm long; leaves both basal and cauline,

with the basal having 5-7 leaflets and the cauline 3-5
leaflets; leaflets narrowly pectinate-partite, white-
tomentose below; inflorescence few-flowered to open.
Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. bipinnatirida
(Douglas) T. & G.; Fig. 223. Scrub prairie; rare.

Prunus plum, cherry

la. Flowers numerous in elongate racemes; shrub up to

3 m high; leaves ovate or obovate, thin, finely and
sharply serrate; fruit red purple to nearly black.
Prunus virginiana L.; choke cherry; Fig. 224. Prairies,
borders of clearings, and poplar forest; common.

lb. Flowers in small umbels or corymbs (2)

2a. Stone 12-15 mm long, more or less flattened, with a
groove on the end (3)

2b. Stone 4-5 mm long, not flattened or grooved; tree up to
8 m high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, glandular,
serrate; fruit bright red. Prunus pensylvanica L.f; pin
cherry; Fig. 225. Mixed woods and borders of
clearings; common.

172

Fig. 217. Potentilla tridentata, 2/5 X

Fig. 220. Potentilla arguta, 1/8 X

Fig. 218. Potentilla norvegica,
1/4 X.

Fig.219. Potentilla palustns,V6X- Fig. 221. Potentilla fruticosa, 2/5 X.

173

Rosaceae

3a. Leaves narrowly obovate with double teeth and a

pointed apex; tree up to 8 m high; branches thorny;
fruit red or yellow. Prunus americana Marsh.; wild
plum. Mixed woods; localized dense patches and
occasional single to 3 or 4 trees.

3b. Leaves oval or obovate with rounded teeth ending in a

large gland that becomes dark red in late summer;
tree up to 8 m high; fruit yellow to orange. Prunus
nigra Ait.; Canada plum. Mixed woods; localized.

Pyrus apple

Small, open trees with spinescent short branchlets; leaves
oblong-ovate, rounded to cordate at the base, crenate or
crenate-serrate; flowers white to pink, in showy clusters.
Pyrus malus L.; apple. Clearings by old habitations; rare.

Rosa rose

la. Infrastipular prickles commonly present, clearly

different from prickles of the internodes; stems up to
90 cm high; leaflets 5-9, elliptic-ovate, coarsely
serrate; flowers 1 or several in a corymb borne on
second-year branches, pink; fruit subglobose, red.
Rosa woodsii Lindl.; Fig. 226. Scrub prairie; localized.

lb. Infrastipular prickles wanting or not differentiated
from prickles of the internodes (2)

2a. Prickles extending nearly or quite to the summit of the
flowering stem; stems about 1 m long; leaflets 3-7,
ovate or elliptical, simply serrate; flowers 1 or in a
small corymb; fruit pyriform. Rosa acicularis Lindl.;
prickly rose; Fig. 227. Understory in open woods and
in clearings; common.

2b. Prickles, if any, confined to the base of the stems or

only scattered above, not extending far into the flower-
ing portion; stems up to 1.2 m long; leaflets 5-7, ellip-
tical to oblong-obovate, serrate; flowers 1 or in a small
corymb; fruit subglobose, 1.0-1.5 cm in diameter.
Rosa blanda Ait.; Fig. 228. Clearings; occasional.

Rubus raspberry, bramble

la. Low plants; leaves 1-3, simple, suborbicular, more or

less 5-lobed; flowers single, white; fruit reddish,
becoming golden yellow when ripe. Rubus

174

Fig. 222. Potentilla anserina, 2/5 X

Fig. 223. Potentilla pensyluanica, 1/5 X .

Fig. 224. Prunus virginiana, a, 1/4 X ; 6, 1/4 X

Fig. 225. Prunus pensyluanica, a, 1/4 X; 6, 1/3 X

175

Leguminosae

chamaemorus L. cloudberry, baked-apple berry; Fig.
229. Sphagnum bogs; rare,
lb. Leaves 3-5-foliate (2)

2a. Stems woody, up to 2 m long, armed with bristles;

leaves on sterile stems with 5 ovate, serrate leaflets
that are dark green above and white-woolly below;
leaves on the floricanes with 3 leaflets; flowers white,
racemose; fruit red. Rubus strigosus Michx. (R.
idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.); raspberry;
Fig. 230. Open woods and clearings; common.

2b. Stems herbaceous, unarmed (3)

3a. Flowers usually solitary, roseate; fruit red; plants low,

tufted, without runners; leaves with 3 leaflets broadly
ovate and cuneate to the base. Rubus acaulis Michx.;
stemless raspberry; Fig. 231. Bogs and low wet woods;
occasional.

3b. Flowers 1-7, white; fruit reddish purple; stems with

slender runners; leaves trifoliate; leaflets ovate or
rhombic, sharply toothed. Rubus pubescens Raf.;
dewberry. Rich moist woodland; frequent.

Sorbus mountain-ash

Small trees up to 6 m high; leaflets 11-13,
elliptical-lanceolate; flowers in dense terminal corymbs; fruit
globose, red. Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C.K. Schneid.;
mountain-ash. Open woodland; rare.

Spiraea meadowsweet

Shrubs up to 1 m high; leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
pointed at both ends, sharply toothed; flowers white, in a
terminal thyrse. Spiraea alba Du Roi; meadowsweet. Scrub
prairie, clearings, and thickets, often low-lying; frequent.

43. LEGUMINOSAE pea family

la. Shrubs (2)

lb. Herbs (3)

2a. Low shrubs; flowers purple Amorpha

2b. Tall shrubs; flowers yellow Caragana

176

Fig. 226. Rosa woodsu, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 2/5 X

Fig. 228. Rosa blanda, 1/4 X

Fig. 227. Rosa aciculans, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 2/5 X .

Fig. 229. Rubus chamaenwrus, 2/5 X .

177

Leguminosae

3a. Terminal leaflet of the pinnate leaves modified into
tendrils (4)

3b. Terminal leaflet not modified; plants not climbing
(5)

4a. Styles flattened, bearded down the inner face; wings
essentially free Lathyrus

4b. Styles filiform, with a tuft of hairs at the summit;
wings coherent with the keel Vicia

5a. Leaves palmately 3(-5)-foliate; stamens 10 (6)

5b. Leaves pinnate (10)

6a. Leaflets toothed, at least minutely so (7)

6b. Leaflets entire (9)

7a. Pods curved or spirally coiled Medicago

7b. Pods straight or nearly so (8)

8a. Flowers in a loose or dense head Trifolium

8b. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes Melilotus

9a. Stems twining Amphicarpa

9b. Stems not twining Psoralea

10a. Flowers small, in dense terminal spikes; stamens 5 . .

Petalostemon

10b. Stamens 10 (9 united in a tube) (11)

11a. Pods jointed Hedysarum

1 lb. Pods continuous (12)

12a. Flowering stems mostly leafy; keel tips blunt

Astragalus

12b. Flowering stems leafless; keel tips tapered to a sharp

point Oxytropis

Amorpha false indigo

Low branchy shrubs up to 30 cm high; leaflets 13-31,
glandular-punctate below; petals purple; pod small,
glandular-punctate. Amorpha nana Nutt; false indigo. Steep
dry bank; rare.

Amphicarpa hog-peanut

Stems twisting and twining over other vegetation, with a
ring of reflexed stiff hairs at each node; leaves trifoliolate;

178

Leguminosae

Fig. 230. Rubus stngosus, 2/5 X .

Fig. 23 1 . Rubus acaulis, a, 1/2 X ; 6, 1/2 X .

leaflets thin, ovate, pointed at the apex; raceme few-flowered,
on a long peduncle; flowers whitish to pale mauve.
Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern.; hog-peanut. Moist
situations below the escarpment; rare and localized.

Astragalus

milk-vetch

la.
lb.

2a.

2b.
3a.

Pods sessile or nearly so within the calyx
Pods stipitate within the calyx

(2)
(6)

Pods fleshy, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, indehiscent; stems
spreading on the ground; leaflets 13-27, oblong to
linear; inflorescence few-flowered, 4-5 cm long;
flowers whitish with a purplish tip or bluish purple.
Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. (A. caryocarpus Ker);
ground-plum, buffalo-bean. Scrub prairie slope; rare.
Pods dry, readily dehiscent; stems ascending (3)

Calyx tube 2.5-3.5 mm long; stems up to 50 cm long,
straggling; leaflets 13-23, linear to oblong;
inflorescence 5-10 cm long, elongating in fruit; flowers
white, tipped purplish to reddish purple; pods linear,
cylindrical. Astragalus flexuosus Dougl. Dry sandy
prairie; rare.

179

Leguminosae

3b. Calyx tube 3.5-10 mm long (4)

4a. Racemes up to 20 cm long; flowers greenish white to
creamy; pods glabrous; stems up to 1 m long; leaflets
13-27, elliptical to oblong. Astragalus canadensis L.;
Fig. 232. Clearings, borders of thickets, and
lakeshores; occasional.

4b. Racemes 2-4 cm long; flowers purple; pods hairy
(5)

5a. Pubescence of simple hairs; stems tufted, up to 30 cm
long; leaflets 11-21, lanceolate to linear-oblong; pods
densely hirsute. Astragalus agrestis Dougl. (A.
goniatus Nutt., A. danicus Retz. var. dasyglottis
(Fisch.) Boivin). Scrub prairie, clearings, and
disturbed situations; frequent.

5b. Pubescence of malpighian hairs; stems up to 40 cm
long, decumbent to ascending; leaflets 9-19, elliptical
to oblong; pods densely strigose. Astragalus striatus
Nutt.; Fig. 233. Scrub prairie and disturbed
situations; frequent.

6a. Corolla blue or purple (7)

6b. Corolla yellowish white; stems up to 50 cm long;
leaflets 11-21, linear to linear-oblong; pods flattened,
glabrous, drooping. Astragalus tenellus Pursh; Fig.
234. Stream banks and clearings; localized.

7a. Stems mat-forming; leaflets 11-25, oblong or oval;
apex retuse or obtuse; pods reflexed, flattened, black,
pubescent. Astragalus alpinus L.; Fig. 235. Borders of
clearings; rare.

7b. Stems up to 80 cm long, ascending, densely tufted;
leaflets 13-29, oblong-elliptical; pods pendant, 18-22
mm long, linear-oblong, with the upper side deeply
2-grooved. Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) Gray.
Prairie clearing; rare.

Caragana caragana

Stoloniferous shrubs up to 3 m high; leaves with an even
number of leaflets; leaflets ovate, apiculate; flowers few on
short shoots, yellow; pods linear; valves twisting and hanging
on after the seed is shed. Caragana arborescens Lam. Planted
as a windbreak and soil stabilizer.

180

Fig. 232. Astragalus canadensis, 1/4 X .

Fig. 234. Astragalus tenellus, 2/5 X

Fig. 233. Astragalus stnatus, 2/5 X

Fig. 235. Astragalus alpinus, 1/2 X .

181

Leguminosae

Hedysarum liquorice-root

Stems few, erect, up to 60 cm long; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate;
racemes long and spike-like, terminal or axillary; flowers
pinkish or violet, reflexed; segments of fruit oval,
conspicuously net-veined. Hedysarum alpinum L. var.
americanum Michx.; Fig. 236. Scrub prairie and roadside
clearings; frequent.

Lathyrus vetchling, wild pea

la. Flowers yellowish white; climbing plant with stems up
to 1 m long; leaflets 6-10, oval; stipules semicordate;
racemes axillary; pods up to 4 cm long. Lathyrus
ochroleucus Hook.; pale vetchling; Fig. 237. Climbing
on other vegetation in thickets and open woodland;
frequent.

lb. Flowers bluish or purple (2)

2a. Raceme dense, shorter than the leaves, and with 15-25

purple flowers; leaflets 8-12, ovate; stems up to 100 cm
long, climbing. Lathyrus venosus Muhl.; wild
peavine. Thickets and clearings; occasional.

2b. Raceme usually longer than the leaves, and with 2-12
blue flowers; leaflets 6-8, lanceolate to linear; stems
up to 90 cm long, climbing. Lathyrus palustris L.;
marsh vetchling. Thickets; rare.

Medicago medick

la. Plants prostrate, branched; leaves trifoliolate; leaflets

obovate, toothed above the middle; flowers yellow,
about 3 mm long, in dense head-like racemes.
Medicago lupulina L.; black medick. Introduced weed
of roadsides and waste places; frequent.

lb. Stems ascending, up to 80 cm long, much branched (2)

2a. Flowers blue to purple, 7-1 1 mm long; leaflets ovate to

obovate, sharply toothed towards the apex; legumes
coiled. Medicago sativa L.; alfalfa, lucerne. Escaped
from cultivation; occasional.

2b. Flowers yellow, 5-8 mm long; legumes falcate; plants

otherwise much like M. sativa. Medicago falcata L.
Escaped from cultivation; rare.

182

Leguminosae

Fig. 237. Lathyrus ochroleucus, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 2/5 X .

Fig. 236. Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 4/5 X .

Melilotus

sweet-clover

la. Flowers white, 3-5 mm long; pods 3-4 mm long,

weakly reticulate; branching stems sometimes over 2

m; leaves trifoliate; leaflets toothed almost to the base.

Melilotus alba Desr.; white sweet-clover. Roadsides

and waste places; occasional,
lb. Flowers yellow, 5-6 mm long; pods 2.5-3.5 mm long,

strongly reticulate; branching stems up to 1 m long.

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.; yellow sweet-clover.

Roadsides and waste places; occasional.

Oxytropis

locoweed

la. Leaflets in whorls of 3 or 4, linear-lanceolate, long
silky pubescent; scape up to 40 cm long; inflorescence
4-10 cm long; flowers dark pink, turning dark blue
with age or on drying; calyx long silky pubescent.
Oxytropis splendens Dougl.; showy locoweed; Fig.
238. Clearings; rare.

lb. Leaflets in pairs (2)

183

Leguminosae

2a. Flowers and pods reflexed; inflorescence elongating in

fruit; corolla whitish, lilac, or bluish; stems up to 40
cm long, somewhat caulescent; leaves appearing
flattened; leaflets lanceolate. Oxytropis deflexa
(Pall.) DC; reflexed locoweed; Fig. 239. Scrub prairie
and disturbed gravel along roadside; rare.

2b. Flowers and pods erect or spreading; inflorescence not

elongating greatly in fruit; corolla cream colored or
yellow; plants definitely acaulescent; scapes up to 40
cm long; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, silky pubescent.
Oxytropis campesths (L.) DC. var. gracilis (Nels.)
Barneby; late yellow locoweed. Scrub prairie and
borders of clearings; frequent.

Petalostemon prairie-clover

Stems up to 50 cm long, erect or decumbent; leaflets 3-7,
linear; flowers red or purple, in dense, cylindrical spikes.
Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) Rydb.; purple prairie-clover.
Prairie; rare.

Psoralea breadroot

Plants up to 60 cm high, somewhat branched, densely
appressed, silvery-silky throughout; leaflets 3-5, obovate;
inflorescence consisting of interrupted spikes; flowers blue, in
clusters of 3 or 4. Psoralea argophylla Pursh; scurf-pea. Dry
bank overlooking lake; rare.

Trifolium clover

la. Flowers sessile, roseate, only the lower ones reflexed

in age, occurring in a dense head 1.2-3.0 cm long;
stems up to 70 cm long; leaves trifoliolate; leaflets
ovate, often having a reddish inverted V on the upper
surface. Trifolium pra tense L.; red clover. Waste
places; frequent.

lb. Flowers pediceled in loosening heads; pedicels reflexed
in age (2)

2a. Stems widely creeping; ascending peduncles

scape-like; leaflets ovate, cuneate to the base and
notched at the apex, often having a whitish inverted V
on the upper surface; flowers white or pinkish, in a
round head-like raceme. Trifolium repens L.; white
clover. Waste places; occasional.

184

Leguminosae

Fig. 238. Oxytropis spendens, 1/5 X

Fig. 239. Oxytropis deflexa, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 2/5 X

2b. Stems up to 50 cm long, arched-ascending to erect;
leaflets oval to cuneate-ovate; flowers pink, white, or
roseate. Tri folium hybridum L.; alsike clover. Waste
ground; occasional.

Vicia

vetch

la. Inflorescence consisting of 3-9 flowers; flowers in a
loose raceme that is shorter than the subtending
leaves; plant climbing or trailing; leaflets 8-14,
elliptical or ovate, strongly veined. Vicia americana
Muhl.; Fig. 240. Open woods and clearings; common.

lb. Inflorescence consisting of 10-40 flowers; flowers in a

dense raceme that equals or is longer than the
subtending leaves; climbing or trailing plant; leaflets
linear-oblong. Vicia cracca L.; tufted vetch.
Introduced in waste places; occasional.

185

Polygalaceae

44. LINACEAE flax family

Linum flax

Erect stems up to 60 cm long; leaves linear, sharply pointed,
crowded, ascending; petals 5, blue (rarely white), quickly de-
ciduous; fruit a round capsule. Linum lewisii Pursh; blue flax;
Fig. 241. Prairie openings, and roadside clearings; frequent.

45. OXALIDACEAE wood-sorrel family

Oxalis wood-sorrel

Erect or decumbent annual or perennial herbs, up to 25 cm
high; stems leafy; leaves long-petioled, trifoliolate; leaflets
broadly obcordate; flowers 1-9, in cymose clusters from the
leaf axils, 5-parted; petals yellow, soon withering; fruit a
capsule. Oxalis stricta L. (O. europaea Jordan); wooded
roadside; rare.

46. GERANIACEAE geranium family

Geranium crane's-bill

la. Inflorescence loose; fruiting pedicels much longer than

the calyces; beak of mature style-column 3-5 mm long;
petals roseate; stems up to 50 cm long; leaves deeply
dissected into narrow oblong segments. Geranium
bicknellii Britt.; Fig. 242. Disturbed clearings;
occasional.

lb. Inflorescence compact; fruiting pedicels about the

same length as the calyces; beak of mature style-
column 1-2 mm long; petals pale pink; stems up to 40
cm long; leaves deeply cut into wedge-shaped
segments. Geranium carolinianum L. Disturbed
situations and borders of clearings; rare.

47. POLYGALACEAE milkwort family

Polygala milkwort

la. Stems up to 20 cm long; leaves scale-like below, with a

few large ovate or elliptical ones above; flowers 3 or 4,

186

Fig. 240. Viciaamericanay2/5X

Fig. 242. Geranium bicknellii, 1/4 X .

Fig. 241. Linum lewisn,l/4X.

187

Empetraceae

showy, pink. Polygala paucifolia Willd.; fringed
milkwort. Rich woods and clearings; rare,
lb. Stems up to 50 cm long, densely tufted; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, finely denticulate, numerous;
flowers greenish white, in a dense, terminal,
spike-like raceme. Polygala senega L.; seneca
snakeroot. Scrub prairie and roadside clearings;
occasional.

48. EUPHORBIACEAE spurge family

Euphorbia spurge

la. Stems erect up to 70 cm long; leaves alternate, linear
or oblong, pointed at the apex, bluish green; flowers
borne on a pair of yellowish green leaf-like bracts in
an umbel-like inflorescence. Euphorbia esula L. s.l.;
leafy spurge. Prairie-like clearing; rare.

lb. Stems prostrate; leaves opposite, broadly to narrowly
oblong, dark green; flowers inconspicuous, axillary.
Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. Roadside gravel;
localized.

49. CALLITRICHACEAE water-starwort family

Callitriche water-starwort

Aquatic with delicate stems up to 30 cm long; leaves
opposite, with the underwater ones filiform, 1 -nerved and the
floating ones more or less spatulate, 3-nerved; flowers minute,
axillary. Callitriche palustris L.; water-starwort. Shallow
water of ponds, marshes, and ditches, often stranded;
occasional.

50. EMPETRACEAE crowberry family

Empetrum crowberry

Shrubs matted, freely branching, evergreen; leaves linear
to narrowly elliptical, numerous and crowded, divergent;
flowers small, purple, axillary; fruit a black berry. Empetrum

188

Aceraceae

nigrum L. var. hermaphroditum (Lange) Sor.; black
crowberry; Fig. 243. Border of open calcareous fen; localized.

51. ANACARDIACEAE cashew family

Rhus sumac, poison-ivy

Colonial shrubs up to 40 cm high, from a creeping rhizome;
leaves trifoliate; leaflets ovate, entire to coarsely toothed,
drooping; flowers whitish yellow, in small panicles in the leaf
axils; fruit a dull white berry. Rhus radicans L. var. rydbergii
(Small) Render; poison-ivy. Shaded ravines and lake banks;
localized. May cause severe dermatitis.

52. CELASTRACEAE stafftree family

Celastrus stafftree

Twining and strangling shrubs; leaves alternate, ovate to
elliptical, abruptly acuminate, serrate; inflorescence a small
terminal panicle of yellowish green flowers; fruit orange,
opening in age to expose bright red arils. Celastrus scandens
L.; bittersweet. Moist woodland; rare.

53. ACERACEAE maple family

Acer maple

la. Trees up to 6 m high; leaves with 3-5 leaflets; leaflets
lanceolate or ovate, toothed; flowers small, precocious,
with the female ones in small greenish racemes; fruit
borne in elongated clusters, often persistent well into
the winter. Acer negundo L.; Manitoba maple. Mixed
woods and borders of clearings; frequent.

lb. Trees or tall shrubs; leaves simple, 3-lobed, with 3
obscure basal lobes, toothed; inflorescence an upright
racemose panicle. Acer spicatum Lam.; mountain
maple. Mixed woods and borders of clearings;
frequent; some very dense stands on steep slopes of the
escarpment.

189

Malvaceae

54. BALSAMINACEAE touch-me-not family

Impatiens jewelweed, touch-me-not

la. Flowers orange, dotted with reddish brown or purplish

spots (or unspotted in f. immaculata (Weath.) Fern. &
Schub.); pouch sharply contracted into the reflexed
spur; succulent branching annuals up to 1.5 m high;
leaves ovate, bluntly toothed; fruit an explosive
capsule. Impatiens capensis Meerb. (/. biflora Walt.);
spotted touch-me-not; Fig. 244. Wet woods, beaver
dams, and low areas by streams; occasional.

lb. Flowers pale yellow; pouch gradually tapering to the

straight spur; plant similar but lighter green.
Impatiens noli-tangere L.; western jewelweed. Wet
woods; rare.

55. RHAMNACEAE buckthorn family

Rhamnus buckthorn

Shrubs up to 2 m high; leaves ovate to elliptical, crenate,
strongly veined; flowers axillary, small, greenish, single or in
small umbels; fruit a black berry. Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her.,
alder-leaved buckthorn. Wet woods and thickets; frequent. A
violent laxative.

56. VITACEAE vine family

Parthenocissus Virginia creeper

Woody straggling climbers; leaves long-petioled, digitate;
leaflets 5, short-petioled, ovate to broadly oblanceolate,
coarsely toothed; tendrils twining, without sticky discs;
flowers in panicles; fruit a few-seeded berry. Parthenocissus
inserta (Kerner) Fritsch; Virginia creeper. Border of
woodland; rare.

57. MALVACEAE mallow family

la. Involucral bracts 3-9, connate; flowers terminal ....
Lavatera

190

Hypericaceae

Fig. 243. Empetrum nigrum ssp.
hermaphroditum, 1/2 X .

Fig. 244. Impatiens capensis, 1/4 X

lb. Involucral bracts 3, narrow; flowers axillary

Malva

Lavatera tree mallow

Erect plants up to 1.2 m high; leaves and stems densely
pubescent; lower leaves cordate-ovate; upper leaves 3-lobed,
crenate; flowers in a loose terminal raceme; petals rose pink,
deeply 2-lobed. Lavatera thuringiaca L. Roadsides; rare.

Malva mallow

Branchy and more or less decumbent herbs; leaves deeply
cordate, broadly crenate, hirsute to stellate pubescent; flowers
axillary, in clusters of 3-5; petals white to pale mauve, about
as long as the calyx lobes. Malva pusilla Sm. (M. rotundifolia
of Scoggan); round-leaved mallow. Garden weed; local.

58. HYPERICACEAE St. John's-wort family

Hypericum St. John's-wort

Stems up to 60 cm long; leaves ovate to oblong, shallowly
cordate at the base, opposite; flowers in axillary and terminal
clusters; petals pink to mauve, slightly longer than the sepals.

191

Violaceae

Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern.; marsh St.
John's-wort. Floating fen; rare.

59. VIOLACEAE violet family

Viola violet

la. Plants with elongate leafy stems; flowers axillary
(2)

lb. Plants stemless; leaves and scapes arising from a
rhizome or runners (4)

2a. Flowers violet; spur at least twice as long as thick;

stems up to 30 cm long; leaves ovate with somewhat
cordate bases. Viola adunca J.E. Smith; early blue
violet; Fig. 245. Scrub prairie and clearings; common.

2b. Flowers yellow or white; spur short (3)

3a. Flowers white, often violet-tinged on the back; stems
up to 60 cm long, with numerous stolons; leaves
cordate, pointed at the apex. Viola rugulosa Greene;
western Canada violet; Fig. 246. Mixed woods,
clearings, and scrub prairie; frequent.

3b. Flowers yellow; stems up to 30 cm long, usually

leafless below the middle; leaves cordate to reniform,
mostly deltoid, crenate-serrate. Viola pensylvanica
Michx. var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern.; smooth
yellow violet. Moist woodland; occasional.

4a. Flowers white with purple lines; leaves orbicular-

reniform, waxy-glossy, glabrous or essentially so.
Viola renifolia Gray var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern.;
Fig. 247. Damp woods; rare.

4b. Flowers violet or purple (5)

5a. Leaves cleft nearly to the base into three divisions;

divisions each cleft into 2-4 lobes. Viola pedatifida G.

Don; crowfoot violet. Scrub prairie; rare.
5b. Leaves merely shallowly toothed, not divided .... (6)

6a. Rhizome thick and fleshy (7)

6b. Rhizome slender and elongate (8)

7a. Spurred petal bearded toward the base; sepals not

ciliate; leaves glabrous in age, cordate-ovate to
reniform; teeth broadly flattened; petioles and

192

Violaceae

Fig. 246. Viola rugulosa, 1/4 X

Fig. 245. Vwla aduncay 2/5 X

Fig. 247. Viola renifolia var. brainerdu, 2/5 X

peduncles essentially glabrous. Viola nephrophylla
Greene; Fig. 248. Wet meadows and swamps; rare.
7b. Spurred petal essentially glabrous; sepals finely
ciliate; leaves cordate-ovate, prominently toothed;
petioles and lower surface of expanding leaves densely
long-hairy. Viola sororia Willd. Clearings; rare.

8a. Flowers pale violet; spur 5-8 mm long, up to
two-thirds the length of the blade; petals all beardless;
leaves strigose above; basal lobes converging or
overlapping. Viola selkirkii Pursh; long-spurred violet.
Wet woods; rare.

8b. Flowers pale lilac; spur about 2 mm long; lateral
petals slightly bearded; leaves glabrous; sinus open.
Viola palustris L.; marsh violet. Wet woodland; rare.

193

Onagraceae

60. ELAEAGNACEAE oleaster family

la. Leaves alternate, silvery, undulate Elaeagnus

lb. Leaves opposite, green above, whitened and speckled
below, flat Shepherdia

Elaeagnus oleaster

Colonial shrubs up to 1 m high; twigs scurfy; leaves oblong
or elliptical, silvery, scurfy on both sides; flowers yellowish,
foul smelling, in small axillary clusters; fruit silvery, mealy,
containing a large stony seed. Elaeagnus commutata Bernh.;
silverberry, wolf-willow; Fig. 249. Banks; rare.

Shepherdia buffaloberry

Colonial shrubs up to 1 m high; twigs brown, scurfy; leaves
oval or ovate, green above and with star-shaped hairs and
rusty scales below; flowers axillary, with the male ones
clustered and the female ones single; fruit reddish or
yellowish. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.; soapberry,
Canada buffaloberry; Fig. 250. Open woodland and clearings;
occasional to localized.

61. ONAGRACEAE evening-primrose family

la. Fruit pear-shaped, with bristly hooked hairs, not
splitting at maturity Circaea

lb. Fruit long and narrow, lacking bristly hooked hairs,
splitting at maturity (2)

2a. Flowers pink, white, or purple; capsule slender; valves
separating, recurving; seeds with a tuft of silky hairs
at the summit Epilobium

2b. Flowers yellow; capsule stout, and almost woody;
separated valves not recurving; seeds without hairs
Oenothera

Circaea enchanter's-nightshade

Stems up to 20 cm long; leaves ovate, remotely, denticulate,
delicate; flowers small, white, in a minutely bracted raceme.

194

Onagraceae

Fig. 248. Viola
nephrophylla, 2/5 X

Fig. 249. Elaeagnus commutata,
1/3 X.

L0 Fig. 250. Shepherdia canadensis,

1/3 X.

C/rcaea alpina L.; enchanter's-nightshade; Fig. 251. Rich
moist woodland; rare.

Epilobium

willowherb

la. Flowers racemose; petals 1-3 cm long, pink to purple;
stems up to 1.5 m long; leaves lanceolate, entire, very
short-stalked. Epilobium angustifolium L.; fire weed,
giant willowherb; Fig. 252. Roadsides and open
woodland; common.

lb. Flowers chiefly paniculate; petals less than 1 mm
long, notched at the apex (2)

195

Haloragaceae

2a. Stems up to 1 m long, with decurrent lines running

down from the leaf bases; leaves mostly opposite,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, more or less toothed,
not revolute-margined. Epilobium glandulosum
Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fern.; Fig. 253.
Damp places; frequent.

2b. Stems round in cross section, without decurrent lines;
leaf margins entire (3)

3a. Stems up to 1 m long; leaves linear or

linear-lanceolate, minutely hoary-pubescent, with
incurved hairs; margins revolute; stolons lacking.
Epilobium leptophyllum Raf.; Fig. 254. Floating fen
and stony lakeshore; rare.

3b. Stems up to 60 cm long; leaves lanceolate, glabrous or

nearly so above; margins not recurved; fine stolons
usually present. Epilobium palustre L.; Fig. 255.
Bogs, marshes, and wet places; occasional.

Oenothera evening-primrose

Stems up to 1 m high; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate;
flowers yellow, in a leafy terminal spike; sepals reflexed;
capsules cylindrical, opening at the top when mature.
Oenothera biennis L.; yellow evening-primrose. Waste
places; occasional.

62. HALORAGACEAE water-milfoil family

Myriophyllum water- milfoil

la. Floral bracts entire or serrate; leaves whorled, 4 or 5

per node; divisions thread-like, 4-14; turions
cylindrical, tapering to a point; stems submersed,
weak, whitish. Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern.;
water-milfoil; Fig. 256. Quiet water 0.5-2.5 m deep;
frequent.

lb. Floral bracts pinnate or pectinate, never entire; leaves

whorled, 4 or 5 per node; thread-like divisions 9-17;
turions clavate; stems green. Myriophyllum
verticillatum L.; water-milfoil. Quiet water 1-3 m
deep; occasional.

196

Fig. 253. Epilobium glandulosum
var. adenocaulon, 1/8 X .

Fig. 25 1 . Circaea alpina, 1/2 X

Fig. 255. Epilobium palustre, 1/4 X

Fig. 254. Epilobium leptophyllum, 1/6

Fig. 256. Myriophyilum exalbescens, 2/5 X .
Fig. 252. Epilobium angustifolium, 1/4 X .

197

Umbelliferae

63. HIPPURIDACEAE mare's-tail family

Hippuris mare's-tail

Stems up to 50 cm long, fleshy; leaves 6-12, verticillate,
linear, with those above water firm and those below water
flaccid; flowers minute, occurring in the leaf axils. Hippuris
vulgaris L.; mare's-tail; Fig. 257. Marshes and borders of
streams, ponds, and lakes; frequent.

64. ARALIACEAE ginseng family

Aralia wild sarsaparilla

Stemless herb, from a long creeping rhizome; leaves
long-petioled, ternate; divisions 3-5-foliate; peduncles 20-30
cm long, bearing 1 to several umbels of greenish flowers; fruit
globose, purple black, usually with 5 carpels, each carpel
containing 1 seed. Aralia nudicaulis L.; wild sarsaparilla; Fig.
258. Moist mixed woods; common.

65. UMBELLIFERAE parsley family

la. Fruit covered with hooked prickles; flowers greenish
white, in compound umbels Sanicula

lb. Fruit smooth or hairy; flowers white, purplish, or
yellow (2)

2a. Axils of upper leaves bearing bulblets Cicuta

2b. Axils without bulblets (3)

3a. Fruit linear or linear-oblong, 3 or more times as long

as broad; flowers white Osmorhiza

3b. Fruit rarely more than twice as long as broad .... (4)

4a. Flowers yellow Zizia

4b. Flowers white or sometimes purplish (5)

5a. Leaves ternately compound (6)

5b. Leaves pinnate or pinnately compound (7)

6a. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally; lateral ribs winged;
plant woolly Heracleum

198

Umbelliferae

Fig. 258. Aralia nudicaulis, a, 1/8 X ; 6, 1/4 X ,

Fig. 257. Hippuris vulgaris, 2/5 X .

6b. Fruit slightly flattened laterally, wingless; plant
glabrous Aegopodium

7a. Leaves once pinnate Sium

7b. Leaves decompound (8)

8a. Leaflets finely dissected; ultimate segments linear or
filiform Carum

8b. Leaflets merely toothed or sparingly lobed .... Cicuta

Aegopodium goutweed

Erect stems up to 90 cm long; lower leaves long-petioled;
leaflets oblong to ovate, sharply serrate, variegated green and
white; umbels 6-15 cm wide, dense. Aegopodium podagraria
L.; goutweed. Spread from cultivation; rare.

Carum caraway

Stems up to 1 m long; leaves ovate, pinnately dissected;
flowers white; terminal umbel usually overtopped by the
lateral ones by fruiting time. Carum carvi L.; caraway.
Roadsides; frequent.

199

Umbelliferae

Cicuta water-hemlock

la. Flowers largely replaced by clusters of bulblets; stems
up to 90 cm long; leaves dissected into segments;
segments filiform, entire or remotely serrate. Cicuta
bulbifera L.; water-hemlock; Fig. 259. Swamps;
occasional; poisonous.

lb. Bulblets lacking; flowers in compound umbels; stems
up to 1.5 m long; leaflets narrowly lanceolate, sharply
toothed. Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia Hook.;
water-hemlock; Fig. 260. Swamps and borders of
ponds; occasional; poisonous.

Heracleum cow-parsnip

Coarse stems up to 2 m long; leaves trifoliate; leaflets up to
40 cm wide, deeply lobed, coarsely toothed; flowers white, in
flat umbels up to 30 cm wide. Heracleum lanatum Michx.;
cow-parsnip; Fig. 261. Wet places; occasional, localized.

Osmorhiza sweet cicely

la. Styles 0.3-0.5 mm long; involucre and involucels

wanting; stems up to 90 cm long, branched; leaflets
thin and delicate, triangular-lanceolate, deeply cut.
Osmorhiza depauperata Phil. (O. obtusa (Coult. &
Rose) Fern.); sweet cicely. Rich low woods; rare.

lb. Styles 2-4 mm long; involucre and involucels present;
otherwise much like the previous species. Osmorhiza
longistylis (Torrey) DC; anise-root. Rich moist woods;
rare.

Sanicula snakeroot

Stems up to 1 m long; stem leaves sessile; basal leaves
long-petioled; leaflets 5-7, palmately arranged, oblanceolate,
sharply toothed; flowers greenish white, in compound umbels;
umbellets globular. Sanicula marilandica L.; snakeroot. Rich
moist woodland; occasional.

Sium water-parsnip

Stems up to 1 m long or longer, hollow; leaves pinnate (or
underwater leaves 2 or 3 times pinnate); pinnae linear,
remotely toothed; flowers white, in compound umbels;
involucre of numerous lanceolate reflexed bracts. Sium suave

200

Umbelliferae

y

Fig. 260. Cicuta maculata var. angustifolia,
a, 1/5 X; 6, 1/4 X.

Fig. 259. Cicuta bulbifera, 1/6 X .

Fig. 261 . Heracleum lanatum, a, 1/8 X ; 6, 1/4 X ; c, 3/8 X

Walt.; water-parsnip; Fig. 262. Wet sedge meadows and
borders of ponds; occasional.

Zizia alexanders

la. Basal leaves simple, cordate, serrate; stem leaves

ternate; leaflets ovate, with the terminal one stalked;
stems up to 60 cm long; flowers bright yellow, in
compound umbels. Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern.;
heart-leaved alexanders. Scrub prairie and clearings;
frequent.

lb. Basal leaves ternately compound; leaflets rhomboid to

lanceolate; otherwise much like Z. aptera. Zizia aurea
(L.) Koch; golden alexanders. Scrub prairie and
clearings; rare.

201

Pyrolaceae

66. CORNACEAE dogwood family

Cornus dogwood

la. Inflorescence subcapitate, subtended by 4 large

petal-like bracts; stems about 10 cm high, from a
somewhat woody base, with 1-3 pairs of bracts and a
verticil of 4 leaves on sterile stems and 6 leaves on
flowering stems; leaves ovate; fruit red. Cornus
canadensis L.; bunchberry; Fig. 263. Mixed woods;
frequent.

lb. Inflorescence cymose, without an involucre; shrubs
(2)

2a. Leaves ovate, alternate on leading shoots and

subapproximate on flowering shoots; shrubs up to 2.5
m long, with flattish tops; twigs greenish. Cornus
alternifolia L. f.; green-osier, alternate-leaved
dogwood. Border of woodland; rare.

2b. Leaves ovate, opposite; shrubs up to 2 m high; twigs

bright reddish colored. Cornus stolonifera Michx.;
red-osier dogwood; Fig. 264. Borders of woodland and
in low wet situations; frequent in most older stands of
poplar forest.

67. PYROLACEAE wintergreen family

la. Leaves reduced to scales, lacking chlorophyll

Monotropa

lb. Leaves green (2)

2a. Flowers borne singly Moneses

2b. Flowers racemose Pyrola

Moneses one-flowered wintergreen

Stems up to 15 cm long, with a single nodding waxy- white
flower; capsule erect; leaves round to ovate, crowded at the
base. Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray, one-flowered wintergreen;
Fig. 265. Moist woodland; occasional.

202

Pyrolaceae

Fig. 262. Slum suave, 1/4 X

Fig. 264. Cornus stolonifera, 1/5 X

Fig. 265. Moneses uniflora, 2/5 X ,

Fig. 263. Cornus canadensis, 2/5 X

Monotropa

Indian-pipe

la. Plants waxy-white, up to 30 cm high, having a single

nodding flower; capsule upright; plant turning black
on drying. Monotropa uniflora (L.) Gray; Indian-pipe.
Woodland; infrequent, localized in mature poplar and
poplar-birch forests.

203

Ericaceae

lb. Plants reddish, darkening on drying; raceme few

flowered, drooping; capsules erect. Monotropa hypo-
pithys L.; pinesap. Coniferous woodland; very rare.

Pyrola wintergreen

la. Racemes 1-sided; flowers small and crowded; petals

greenish; leaves broadly ovate, crenulate; stems up to
20 cm long. Pyrola secunda L.; one-sided wintergreen;
Fig. 266. Moist woodland; rare.

lb. Raceme spiral (2)

2a. Calyx lobes rounded or obtuse, not more than 2 mm
long; petals greenish white, converging; leaf blade
broadly oval, usually shorter than the petiole. Pyrola
chlorantha Swartz (P. virens Schweigg.); Fig. 267. Dry
woodland; rare.

2b. Calyx lobes lanceolate to ovate, acutish; petals
spreading; leaf blade about equaling to or longer than
the petiole (3)

3a. Leaf blades elliptical to obovate, thin; petals white or

creamy; stems up to 30 cm long. Pyrola elliptica Nutt.;
shinleaf. Woodland; rare.

3b. Leaves ovate, cordate at the base, leathery; petals

pinkish; stems up to 30 cm long. Pyrola asarifolia
Michx.; pink wintergreen; Fig. 268. Moist woodland;
frequent.

68. ERICACEAE heath family

la. Stems ascending (2)

lb. Stems depressed, creeping or mat-forming (4)

2a. Leaves densely rusty- woolly beneath Ledum

2b. Leaves not rusty-woolly beneath (3)

3a. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong; margins strongly
revolute; fruit a dry capsule Andromeda

3b. Leaves broader; margins not revolute; fruit a berry
Vaccinium

4a. Corolla very deeply 4-parted; lobes reflexed
Oxycoccus

4b. Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped (5)

204

Ericaceae

Fig. 267. Pyrola chlorantha, 2/5

Fig. 266. Pyrola secunda, 2/5 X

Fig. 268. Pyrola asarifolia, 2/5 X .

5a. Flowers mostly solitary, in the leaf axils; berries
bright white Gaultheria

5b. Flowers mostly in racemes or clusters, urn-shaped;
fruit not white (6)

6a. Fruit red, blue, or blackish, tipped by the calyx teeth
(ovary inferior) Vaccinium

6b. Fruit not tipped by the calyx teeth (ovary superior)
Arctostaphylos

Andromeda bog-rosemary

Stems up to 30 cm long; leaves alternate, whitened beneath,
with a close minute pubescence; flowers in nodding rather
dense clusters on curved branchlets; fruit a capsule.
Andromeda glaucophylla Link; bog-rosemary. Open
calcareous fen; rare.

205

Ericaceae

Arctostaphylos bearberry

Stems prostrate, forming large mats; leaves evergreen,
spatulate; flowers pinkish white, in short few-flowered
racemes; fruit red, dry, and mealy. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
(L.) Spreng.; bearberry; Fig. 269. Open woodlands, clearings,
and scrub prairie; occasional.

Gaultheria wintergreen

Stems prostrate, hispid; leaves short-petioled, orbicular,
hispid below. Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. creeping
snowberry. Moist mossy woodland; rare.

Ledum Labrador-tea

Stems up to 50 cm long; leaves alternate, oblong or
linear-oblong; margins inrolled, densely rusty woolly below;
flowers white, in terminal umbel-like clusters; fruit a capsule.
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder; Labrador-tea; Fig. 270. Bogs
and spruce woodland; occasional to common.

Oxycoccus cranberry

la. Leaves 3-5 mm long, mostly ovate; stems slender,

often buried in moss; flower pedicels glabrous; berry
red, 5-10 mm in diameter. Oxycoccus microcarpus
Turcz.; small cranberry; Fig. 271. Bogs; apparently
rather rare but perhaps overlooked.

lb. Leaves 5-8 mm long, mostly elliptical; stems thicker,

branching, and elongate; flower pedicels puberulent;
berry red, 8-14 mm in diameter. Oxycoccus
quadripetalus Gil.; cranberry. Open calcareous fen;
rare.

Vaccinium blueberry, bilberry

la. Stems extensively creeping; leaves evergreen,

obovate; edges inrolled, dark green and shiny above,
paler and glandular-dotted below; fruit red and shiny,
acid. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd.; rock
cranberry or mountain cranberry; Fig. 272. Spruce
woodland; occasional.

lb. Stems upright; leaves deciduous ( 2 )

206

Ericaceae

Fig. 270. Ledum groenlandicum, 1/4 X ,

Fig. 269. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 2/5 X

Fig. 272. Vaccimum uitis-idaea var. minus, 2/3 X

Fig. 27 1 . Oxycoccus microcarpus, 1 X

2a. Leaves and twigs glabrous or nearly so; leaves
oblanceolate to obovate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so;
flowers axillary; berry light blue, sweet. Vaccinium
caespitosum Michx.; dwarf bilberry; Fig. 273. Mixed
woodland; rare.

2b. Leaves and twigs pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
entire; flowers in close terminal racemes; berry blue,
with a bloom. Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.;
velvet-leaved blueberry; Fig. 274. Jack pine
woodland; localized.

207

Primulaceae

69. PRIMULACEAE primrose family

la. Plants scapose Androsace

lb. Plants with leafy stems (2)

2a. Leaves opposite Lysimachia

2b. Lower leaves small and alternate, with the upper ones
larger and whorled Trientalis

Androsace pygmyflower

Leaves linear-lanceolate, toothed or entire, in a basal
rosette; stems 1 to several, up to 15 cm long, each terminating
in a few- to many-flowered umbel; corolla 5-lobed, constricted
at the throat; capsule 5-valved. Androsace septentrionalis L.;
pygmyflower; Fig. 275. Disturbed situations, roadbanks, and
scrub prairie; frequent.

Lysimachia loosestrife

la. Flowers yellow, up to 25 mm wide, borne on long

pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves; stems up to 80
cm long; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base; petioles
ciliate-fringed. Lysimachia ciliata L. {Steironema
ciliata (L.) Raf.); fringed loosestrife. Open woods and
scrub prairie; common.

lb. Flowers small, yellow, forming short spiciform
racemes on peduncles in the lower leaf axils; stems up
to 50 cm long; leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, sessile. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.; tufted
loosestrife; Fig. 276. Swamps, ditches, and bogs; rare.

Trientalis starflower

Small herb up to 30 cm high; leaves 5-10, lanceolate, in a
whorl; flowers few, borne on fine pedicels, white; fruit a
capsule. Trientalis borealis Raf.; starflower. Rich moist
woodland; rare.

208

Oleaceae

Fig. 273. Vaccinium caespitosum,
a, 2/3 X; 6,1 2/5 X.

Fig. 274. Vaccinium
myrtilloides, 2/5 X .

Fig. 276. Lysimachia thyrsiflora,
1/6 X.

Fig. 275. Androsace septentrionalis, 2/5 X

70. OLEACEAE olive family

Fraxinus

ash

Trees up to 10 m high; leaves opposite; leaflets 5-7, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate; flowers inconspicuous; fruit a samara, in
pendulous clusters (var. austinii Fern, has velvety-tomentose
branchlets and pubescent petioles and leaf rachises; var.

209

Gentianaceae

subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern, has glabrous branchlets, petioles,
and leaf rachises). Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.; green ash;
wooded slopes and along stream banks; frequent.

71. GENTIANACEAE gentian family

la. Leaves basal, 3-foliate Menyanthes

lb. Leaves cauline, opposite, simple (2)

2a. Corolla lobes greenish or bronze, prolonged at the base

into spurs Halenia

2b. Corolla lobes blue, spurless Gentiana

Gentiana gentian

la. Flowers with 1 or 2 basal bracts (2)

lb. Flowers without basal bracts (3)

2a. Leaves linear-oblong; stems up to 70 cm long; flowers

2-4, in a terminal cluster, and solitary in the upper
axils; corolla 2.5-3.5 cm long, subcylindrical, with
erect or slightly incurved lobes. Gentiana rubricaulis
Schwein. (G. linearis Froel.); closed gentian. Marshy
areas; rare.

2b. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, firm; stems up to 30 cm

long; flowers 2.5-3.0 cm long, in a dense terminal
raceme-like cluster; corolla tubular, greenish blue;
lobes more or less spreading at anthesis. Gentiana
affinis Griseb. Stony lakeshore; rare.

3a. Flowers small, 1-2 cm long; lobes acute, borne in

clusters in the upper leaf axils; corolla color variable,
white or yellowish to mauve or greenish or bluish;
stems up to 50 cm long; upper leaves lanceolate, acute;
lower leaves spatulate or ovate, blunt. Gentiana acuta
Michx. (G. amarella L. var. acuta (Michx.) Herder);
felwort; Fig. 277. Open woodland and clearings;
frequent.

3b. Flowers larger, 2-6 cm long; lobes fringed or
erose-toothed (4)

4a. Upper leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate; stems up to 50

cm long; corolla 3.5-6.0 cm long, blue; upper half of
lobes fringed. Gentiana crinita Froel.; fringed gentian.
Wet lakeshore; rare.

210

Asclepiadaceae

4b. Upper leaves linear-lanceolate; stems up to 50 cm

long; corolla 2.3-4.0 cm long, blue; lobes with few
marginal teeth. Gentiana macounii Holm (G. crinita
Froel. var. tonsa (Lunell) Vict.; Gentianella crinita
(Froel.) G. Don spp. macounii (Holm) J.M. Gillett);
Fig. 278. Open calcareous fen; rare.

Halenia spurred gentian

Stems up to 50 cm long; basal leaves spatulate or obovate;
stem leaves oblong to ovate; flowers in terminal clusters and
in the upper leaf axils. Halenia deflexa (Smith) Griseb.;
spurred gentian. Moist open woodland and clearings;
frequent.

Menyanthes buck-bean

Leaves 3-foliate, alternating on a thick rhizome; leaflets
large, narrowly obovate; inflorescence a raceme that
terminates the naked scape; flowers white; inner side of the
lobes covered with thickened hairs; capsule ellipsoid,
containing numerous seeds; seeds flattened, glossy, light
brown. Menyanthes trifoliata L.; buck-bean; Fig. 279.
Shallow water and pond margins; localized.

72. APOCYNACEAE dogbane family

Apocynum dogbane

Stems up to 1 m long, branched, containing a milky sap;
leaves opposite, paler below, ovate or oval, on a short petiole;
flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, pink; lobes of the
corolla recurved; fruit a pair of long narrow follicles; seeds
with a tuft of hairs at the tip. Apocynum androsaemifolium
L.; spreading dogbane; Fig. 280. Clearings and scrub prairie;
occasional.

73. ASCLEPIADACEAE milkweed family

Asclepias milkweed

la. Flowers greenish white; hoods overtopping the

gynostegium by about half their length; pods without

211

Polemoniaceae

tubercles; stems up to 50 cm long; leaves opposite,
ovate to lanceolate, narrowing to the base;
inflorescence an open umbel. Asclepias ovali folia
Dene.; dwarf milkweed. Scrub prairie; rare,
lb. Flowers flesh-colored to pinkish purple; hoods long

and lanceolate, three times longer than the stamens;
pods with soft tubercles; stems to 1 m; leaves opposite,
broad and oval, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at
the base; inflorescence an open umbel. Asclepias
speciosa Torr.; showy milkweed. Patches in disturbed
situations; rare.

74. CONVOLVULACEAE convolvulus family

la. Leafy twining plants with large funnel-like flowers
Convolvulus

lb. Parasitic twining plants with scale-like leaves and
small flowers Cuscuta

Convolvulus bindweed

Climbing over other shrubs; leaves alternate,
triangular-hastate, entire; flowers pink to white; fruit a
capsule. Convolvulus sepium L.; wild morning-glory. Borders
of wooded areas; occasional.

Cuscuta dodder

Yellow parasitic twining plants; leaves scale-like; flowers
2-4 mm long, yellow. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker (? C.
pentagona of auth.); dodder. Cleared areas; rare.

75. POLEMONIACEAE phlox family

Collomia collomia

Stems up to 40 cm long, more or less sticky; leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, alternate; inflorescence a
dense terminal leafy cluster; flowers tubular but narrow, pink
or pale purple. Collomia linearis Nutt.; Fig. 281. Disturbed
situations; frequent.

212

Fig. 279. Menyanthes trifoliata, 1/6 X
Fig. 277. Gentiana acuta, a, 2/5 X ; 6, 1 1/5 X .

Fig. 278. Gentiana macounii,l/4X

Fig. 280. Apocynum
adrosaemifolium, 1/4 X.

Fig. 281. Collomia linearis, 1/4 X.

213

Boraginaceae

76. HYDROPHYLLACEAE water leaf family

Phacelia scorpionweed

Stems up to 80 cm long; leaves alternate, hirsute,
pinnatifid; divisions linear-oblong to triangular and often
toothed; inflorescence in raceme-like cymes; calyx lobes
linear, hispid; corolla bluish to whitish, rotate-campanulate.
Phacelia franklinii (R. Br.) Gray; scorpionweed; Fig. 282.
Eroding shale slope; rare.

77. BORAGINACEAE borage family

la. Nutlets armed with prickles (2)

lb. Nutlets unarmed (3)

2a. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate Lappula

2b. Stem leaves lanceolate to elliptical-oblong Hackelia

3a. Flowers yellow Lithospermum

3b. Flowers blue Mertensia

Hackelia stickseed; beggar's-lice

Stems up to 90 cm long; leaves alternate, strigose, with the
lower ones petioled and the upper ones sessile; inflorescence a
slender raceme; flowers small, on slender stalks, reflexed in
fruit; corolla blue. Hackelia americana (Gray) Fern. {Lappula
deflexa (Wahl.) Garcke var. americana (Gray) Greene).
Clearings; rare.

Lappula beggarticks

Stems up to 50 cm long, usually branched above; leaves
alternate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile or somewhat
petioled; flowers small, erect, in leafy-bracted racemes; corolla
light blue. Lappula echinata Gilib.; bluebur. Roadsides and
waste ground around buildings; frequent.

Lithospermum puccoon

Stems up to 50 cm long, in a compact cluster from a stout
rhizome; leaves alternate, linear-oblong, hoary; flowers

214

Labiatae

yellow, in the axils of the upper leaves. Lithospermum
canescens (Michx.) Lehm.; puccoon, Indian-paint. Roadsides,
clearings, and scrub prairie; frequent.

Mertensia lungwort

Stems up to 70 cm long; leaves alternate, hairy, lanceolate,
with the lower ones long-petioled; inflorescence consisting of
few-flowered clusters at the ends of branches; corolla purplish
blue. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don.; tall lungwort; Fig.
283. Open mixed woodland and clearings; frequent.

78. LABIATAE mint family

Flowers all or mostly in one or more terminal

inflorescences (2)

Flowers axillary (8)

Flowers in a globose head Monarda

Flowers in an elongated raceme (3)

Inflorescence a raceme of opposite flowers
Physostegia

Inflorescence a raceme of opposite clusters (4)

Bracts strongly contrasted with and much shorter

than the leaves (5)

Lower bracts grading into the upper stem leaves (6)

Leaves almost white below Agastache

Leaves green below Mentha

Upper calyx lobe at least twice as broad as any of the

others Dracocephalum

Upper calyx lobe similar at least to the 2 adjacent
lobes (7)

Flowers white Nepeta

Flowers pink or purplish Stachys

Flowers solitary in the leaf axils Scutellaria

Flowers in axillary glomerules (9)

Calyx strongly bilabiate Dracocephalum

Calyx weakly if at all bilabiate; lobes all similar
(10)

215

Labiatae

10a. Corolla weakly bilabiate (11)

10b. Corolla strongly bilabiate (12)

11a. Flowers sessile; stamens 2 Lycopus

lib. Flowers pedicellate; stamens 4 Mentha

12a. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes Glechoma

12b. Stems upright Galeopsis

Agastache giant-hyssop

Stems up to 80 cm long, branched; leaves short-pedicellate,
ovate or triangular-ovate, green above, strongly whitened
below, serrate; inflorescence spike-like; calyx lobes blue;
corolla blue. Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Ktze.; giant-
hyssop; Fig. 284. Scrub prairie and clearings; frequent.

Dracocephalum dragonhead

la. Inflorescence a dense, spike-like raceme; stems up to

50 cm long or longer, frequently branched; leaves
petioled, lanceolate to lance-ovate, serrate; sharp teeth
of bracts usually spine-tipped; corolla blue, mauve, or
pink, barely longer than the calyx. Dracocephalum
parviflorum Nutt. (Moldauica parui flora (Nutt.)
Britton); American dragonhead; Fig. 285. Clearings;
occasional.

lb. Inflorescence in numerous axillary clusters; stems up

to 50 cm long; lower leaves triangular-ovate, petioled;
upper leaves ovate-lanceolate to lance-oblong, serrate;
calyx glandular-dotted; upper lobe much broader than
the others; corolla purplish, hardly exceeding the
calyx. Dracocephalum thymiflorum L. Disturbed
situations; rare.

Galeopsis hemp-nettle

Stems up to 80 cm long, simple or branched, bristly-hirsute;
leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, petioled; calyx lobes
bristle-tipped; corolla purplish or white. Galeopsis tetrahit L.;
hemp-nettle. Introduced weed of waste places; occasional.

Glechoma ground-ivy

Stems up to 40 cm long, creeping; leaves round-reniform,
crenate, petioled; corolla purplish blue. Glechoma hederacea

216

Labiatae

Fig. 284. Agastache foeniculum,

1/4 X.

Fig. 282. Phacelia franklinu, 1/9 X

Fig. 285. Dracocephalum parviflorum, 1/6 X
Fig. 283. Mertensia pamculata, 1/6 X .

L.; ground-ivy. Introduced weed of lawns and disturbed
situations; rare.

Lycopus

water-horehound, bugleweed

la. Leaves thickish, sessile, narrowly lanceolate, with few

sharp teeth on the margins; stems up to 50 cm long;

217

Labiatae

calyx lobes longer than the tube, acuminate. Lycopus
asper Greene. Wet sedge meadows; rare.

lb. Leaves thin, tapered to a short or poorly defined
petiole (2)

2a. Leaves lanceolate, short-stalked, with the lower ones
deeply pinnatifid; stems up to 80 cm long; calyx teeth
with long subulate tips. Lycopus americanus Muhl.;
wet places; rare.

2b. Leaves lanceolate to lance-oblong, gradually narrowed

to both ends, with widely spaced teeth; stems up to 70
cm long; calyx lobes triangular to ovate. Lycopus
uniflorus Michx.; Fig. 286. Wet places; rare.

Mentha mint

la. Flowers occurring in whorls in the leaf-axils; corolla

pink or mauve; stems up to 55 cm long, simple or
branched; leaves ovate to lanceolate, serrate. Mentha
arvensis L. var. villosa (Benth.) S.R. Stewart; field
mint; Fig. 287. Wet places; common.

lb. Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes; corolla violet;

stems up to 50 cm long; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, sessile or nearly so. Mentha spicata
L.; spear mint. Garden escape; rare.

Monarda wild bergamot

Stems up to 1 m long; leaves narrowly ovate to lanceolate,
toothed, short-petiolate; inflorescence subtended by leaf-like
bracts; corolla magenta. Monarda fistulosa L.; wild bergamot.
Scrub prairie and clearings; frequent.

Physostegia false dragonhead

Stems up to 1 m long; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, with
sharp teeth; inflorescence a terminal spike-like raceme of
opposite flowers; corolla purple. Physostegia ledinghamii
(Boivin) Cantino; false dragonhead. Moist streambanks; rare.

Prunella selfheal

Stems simple or branched, up to 60 cm long, tufted, loosely
ascending from leafy-tufted bases; leaves ovate-oblong, long
petioled; inflorescence a spike-like head; 3-flowered clusters of

218

Labiatae

Fig. 286. Lycopus uniflorus, 1/4 X

Fig. 287. Mentha aruensis var. uillosa,
1/4 X.

flowers sessile in the axils of round bract-like leaves; corolla
bluish, violet, or lavender. Prunella vulgaris L.; heal-all.
Woodland trail; rare.

Scutellaria

skullcap

la. Flowers single or in pairs, axillary, 1.5-2.5 cm long;

stems up to 60 cm long, branched or unbranched;
leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, wavy margined;
basal leaves short-petioled; upper leaves sessile; calyx
with a protuberance on the upper side; corolla blue.
Scutellaria galericulata L. var. pubescens Bentham.;
skullcap; Fig. 288. Moist open woodland and
clearings; frequent.

lb. Flowers 5-9 mm long, in 1-sided terminal or axillary

racemes; stems up to 40 cm long or longer, branched or
unbranched; leaves thin, ovate, coarsely serrate or
serrate-dentate; corolla blue violet. Scutellaria
lateriflora L.; mad-dog skullcap. Moist stream bank;
rare.

219

Scrophulariaceae

Stachys hedge-nettle

Stems up to 80 cm long, branched or unbranched; leaves
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, crenulately serrate,
pubescent, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence leafy-bracted
towards the base; calyx with lance-subulate teeth about
equaling the tube; corolla mottled rose purple. Stachys
palustris L.; woundwort; Fig. 289. Moist clearings and scrub;
frequent.

79. SOLANACEAE nightshade family

Chamaesaracha ground-cherry

Annual with erect or ascending viscid-villous stems up to
60 cm long; leaves lance-ovate; corolla rotate, 3-5 cm wide,
white with a yellow eye. Chamaesaracha grandiflora (Hook.)
Fern.; large white-flowered ground-cherry. Waste ground;
rare.

80. SCROPHULARIACEAE figwort family

la. Leaves alternate (2)

lb. Leaves opposite (5a)

2a. Corolla yellow, spurred on the lower side at the base

Linaria

2b. Corolla spurless (3)

3a. Corolla nearly rotate, tube very short, blue or nearly
white Veronica

3b. Corolla tubular or cylindrical, yellow, purple, or
purple-tinged (4)

4a. Bracts colored and showy Castilleja

4b. Bracts green Orthocarpus

5a. Anther-bearing stamens 2 Veronica

5b. Anther-bearing stamens 4 (6)

6a. Leaves simple or slightly toothed Penstemon

6b. Leaves doubly cut-toothed Pedicularis

220

Scrophulanaceae

Fig. 288. Scutellaria galericulata var.
pubescens, 1/4 X.

Fig. 289. Stackys palustns, 1/4 X

Castilleja

Indian paintbrush

la.

lb.

Bracts broader than the leaves, scarlet or bright red;
stems up to 60 cm long; leaves linear, pointed.
Castilleja miniata Dougl.; red Indian paintbrush.
Scrub prairie and clearings; frequent.
Bracts yellow, about the same width as the leaves;
stems up to 50 cm long; leaves linear-lanceolate, with
the upper ones sometimes shallowly lobed. Castilleja
pallida (L.) Spreng. var. septentrionalis (Lindl.) Gray.
Moist clearing, rare.

Linaria

toadflax

Stems up to 60 cm long; leaves alternate, linear; flowers in
a terminal raceme; corolla yellow with an orange throat.
Linaria vulgaris Miller; butter-and-eggs, yellow toadflax.
Introduced weed of waste places.

221

Scrophulariaceae

Orthocarpus owl's-clover

Stems up to 30 cm long, usually unbranched; leaves
glandular-puberulent, linear to narrowly lanceolate, crowded,
with the upper ones trifid; flowers yellow, in the axils of the
upper leaves. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt.; owl's-clover. Scrub
prairie and clearings; occasional.

Pedicularis lousewort

Stems up to 60 cm long; leaves opposite to subopposite,
oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; inflorescence a crowded
spike; corolla pale yellow. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.;
lousewort. Open calcareous fen; rare.

Penstemon beardtongue

Stems up to 40 cm long; leaves opposite, linear-oblong to
linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed, sessile or the basal
petioled; flowers axillary, pedicellate; corolla pale purple or
lilac, irregular. Penstemon gracilis Nutt.; beardtongue. Open
pine parkland and slopes; rare.

Veronica speedwell

la. Flowers solitary, in the axils of alternate upper leaves;

leaves mostly sessile, spatulate to linear, with the
lower ones opposite and the upper ones alternate;
corolla whitish. Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis
(HBK) St. John & Warren; neckweed, purslane,
speedwell; Fig. 290. Borders of ponds and waste
places; occasional.

lb. Flowers racemose in the axils of opposite leaves ... (2)

2a. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or minutely

toothed; stems ascending or decumbent, up to 50 cm
long; corolla blue. Veronica scutellata L.; marsh
speedwell; Fig. 291. Swamps and sloughs; occasional.

2b. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate (3)

3a. Leaves short-petioled; stems up to 50 cm long,

decumbent; corolla blue or white. Veronica americana
(Raf.) Schwein.; American speedwell; Fig. 292.
Borders of streams; frequent.

222

Lentibulanaceae

Fig. 291. Veronica scutellata, 1/4 X

Fig. 290. Veronica peregrina
var. xalapensis, 2/5 X .

Fig. 292. Veronica amencana, 2/5 X.

3b. Leaves sessile, at least the upper ones

cordate-clasping; stems up to 70 cm long, decumbent
or upright; inflorescence glandular (var. glandulosa
(Farw.) Boivin) or glabrous (var. glaberrima (Pennell)
Boivin). Veronica comosa Richter (V. salina of auth.);
water speedwell. Muddy stream banks; occasional.

81. LENTIBULARIACEAE bladderwort family

la. Leaves elliptical to ovate in a basal rosette

Pinguicula

lb. Leaves finely dissected, bladder-bearing Utricularia

Pinguicula

butterwort

Leaves yellowish green, sticky, inrolled at the margin;
scape up to 10 cm long; flower single, pale purple, irregular.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.; butterwort; Fig. 293. Open calcareous
fen; rare.

223

R ubiaceae

Utricularia bladderwort

la. Delicate plants; divisions of leaves flattened, rarely

toothed, tapering to a long tip; inflorescence scapose,
3-8 mm long; flowers pale yellow. Utricularia minor
L.; Fig. 294. Fens; rare.

lb. Coarse plants; divisions of leaves round in cross

section, with bristles on the margins; inflorescence
scapose; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm long, yellow. Utricularia
vulgaris L.; Fig. 295. Swamps and fens; occasional.

82. PLANTAGINACEAE plantain family

Plantago plantain

Leaves basal, oval to ovate, petioled, ribbed; scape up to 40
cm long; inflorescence a dense narrow spike. Plantago major
L.; common plantain; Fig. 296. Introduced weed of lawns and
waste places; frequent.

83. RUBIACEAE madder family

la. Leaves whorled Galium

lb. Leaves opposite Houstonia

Galium bedstraw, cleavers

la. Ovary and fruit bristly or villous-hirsute (2)

lb. Ovary and fruit smooth (4)

2a. Principal leaves in fours, firm, 3-nerved,

linear-lanceolate; stems up to 50 cm long, square,
smooth; inflorescence a terminal leafy panicle.
Galium boreale L. (G. septentrionale R. & S.); northern
bedstraw; Fig. 297. Scrub prairie, clearings, and open
woodland; common.

2b. Principal leaves in sixes or eights, 1-nerved (3)

3a. Stems up to 100 cm long, harsh, trailing or decumbent,

annual; leaves mostly in eights, oblong-linear to
oblanceolate, coarsely ciliate; cuspidate; flowers in
few-flowered axillary clusters; petals white. Galium
aparine L.; cleavers. Stream banks and clearings;
rare.

224

Fig. 294. Utnculana minor, 2/5 X .

Fig. 293. Pinguicula vulgaris, 1/2 X.

Fig. 295. Utnculana vulgaris, 1/4 X

Fig. 296. Plantago major, 1/4X

Fig. 297. Galium boreale, 1/4 X

225

Caprifoliaceae

3b. Stems up to 100 cm long, smooth, trailing or

decumbent; leaves mostly in sixes, elliptical-
lanceolate, finely ciliate, cuspidate; flowers in axillary
cymes and terminal panicles; petals greenish white.
Galium triflorum Michx.; sweet-scented bedstraw; Fig.
298. Moist open woodland; frequent.

4a. Corolla lobes mostly 4; stems and pedicels essentially

smooth; stems up to 80 cm long, slender, erect or
ascending; leaves in fours, oblanceolate or spatulate,
soon reflexed; margins inrolled, pectinate-ciliate;
flowers in axillary cymules. Galium labradoricum
Wieg. Marshes and fens; occasional.

4b. Corolla lobes mostly 3; pedicels scabrous; stems up to

40 cm long, forming dense mats; leaves in fours, linear
or linear-oblanceolate, retrorsely scabrous-margined;
flowers solitary, or in threes when terminal. Galium
trifidum L.; small bedstraw; Fig. 299. Marshes and
wet shores; frequent.

Houstonia bluets

Stems up to 25 cm long, tufted; leaves linear to
linear-oblong, with only 2 stipules for each pair of leaves;
corolla funnel-form, pale blue; fruit an ovoid capsule.
Houstonia longi folia Gaertn. Dry scrub prairie and open jack
pine woodland; localized.

84. CAPRIFOLIACEAE honeysuckle family

la. Stems slender, creeping Linnaea

lb. Stems stouter, erect or climbing (2)

2a. Leaves entire (3)

2b. Leaves toothed (4)

3a. Corolla bell-shaped Symphoricarpos

3b. Corolla funnel-form to tubular Lonicera

4a. Corolla rotate; fruit a drupe with a single stone
Virburnum

4b. Corolla funnel-form; fruit a slender capsule
Diervilla

226

Caprifoliaceae

Fig. 298. Galium triflorum, a, 1/4 X ; 6, 1 1/8 X

Diervilla

Fig. 299. Galium trifidumyl/4X

bush-honeysuckle

Shrub up to 1 m high; leaves opposite, simple, short-
petioled, ovate to oval, finely toothed; flowers yellow, in small
axillary and terminal clusters. Diervilla lonicera Mill.;
bush-honeysuckle. Mixed woods; occasional.

Linnaea

twinflower

Leaves opposite, short-stalked, oval to orbicular, with wavy
margins; flowering stems up to 10 cm long, with a pair of
pendant flowers at the summit; corolla funnel-form, pink.
Linnaea borealis L. var. americana (Forbes) Render;
twinflower; Fig. 300. Moist mixed woods; occasional.

Lonicera

honeysuckle

la. Somewhat twining shrub; flowers yellow, in a dense

terminal cluster subtended by a pair of connate leaves;
leaves obovate to oval, pale below; fruit a red berry.
Lonicera dioica L. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butt.;

227

Caprifoliaceae

twining honeysuckle; Fig. 301. Scrub prairie,
clearings, and open woodland; frequent,
lb. Erect shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary peduncles
(2)

2a. Flowers in pairs, subtended by 4 green to dark purple
leaf-like bracts; stems up to 1 m long or longer; leaves
oblong to oval; corolla yellow; berries purple to black.
Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. Borders of
woods; rare.

2b. Flowers in pairs, subtended by 2 linear bracts .... (3)

3a. Leaves oblong, tapering to rounded at the base,

pubescent below; stems up to 1.5 m long; branchlets
filled with pith; flowers yellow with a purplish tinge;
berries purplish red. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie)
Hook.; swamp fly honeysuckle. Wet woods; rare.

3b. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base,

glabrous; stems up to 3 m long; branchlets hollow at
the center; flowers pink or white; berry orange or
yellow. Lonicera tatarica L.; Tartarian honeysuckle.
Escaped from or persisting after cultivation; rare.

Symphoricarpos snowberry

la. Shrub up to 60 cm high, forming large colonies; leaves

thin, oval; flowers subsessile, in short axillary or
terminal racemes; corolla whitish; stamens usually
not exserted from the tube; berry white.
Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake; snowberry; Fig. 302.
Scrub prairie and clearings; infrequent.

lb. Shrub up to 1 m high or higher; leaves thicker, usually

larger, oval or almost round; flowers in dense terminal
or axillary spikes; corolla pink and white; styles and
stamens exserted from the tube; berry white.
Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.; wolfberry. Open
woods, clearings, and scrub prairie; frequent.

Viburnum bush-cranberry

la. Leaves palmately 3-5 nerved from the base, mostly

lobed (2)

lb. Leaves pinnately veined, unlobed (3)

2a. Flowers creamy-white, with the marginal ones sterile,

much enlarged, and showy; shrubs up to 4 m high;
leaves 3-lobed and more or less dentate; lobes

228

Caprifoliaceae

Fig. 300. Linnaea borealis var. americana, 1/4 X.

Fig. 301. Lonicera dioica var.glaucescens, 1/4 X

Fig. 302. Symphoricarpos albus, 1/4 X

long-acuminate; fruit bright red. Viburnum trilobum
Marsh. (V. opulus L. var. americanum (Mill.) Ait.);
high bush-cranberry. Open woods and clearings;
common.
2b. Flowers milk-white, all small and perfect; shrubs up to
1.5 m high; leaves 3-5-lobed, serrate; fruit orange-red.
Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf.; mooseberry, low
bush-cranberry; Fig. 303. Open woods and clearings;
common.

3a. Leaves ovate, finely and sharply serrate; shrubs up to
3 m high; fruit bluish black, with a bloom. Viburnum
lentago L.; nannyberry. Clearings and open woods;
occasional.

3b. Leaves oval to ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely
toothed; shrubs up to 2 m high; fruit almost biack.
Viburnum rafinesquianum Schultes; downy
arrowwood. Open woods and clearings; occasional.

229

Lobeliaceae

85. VALERIANACEAE valerian family

Valeriana valerian

Stems weak, up to 60 cm long; basal leaves long-petioled,
entire, spatulate; stem leaves pinnate; flowers white, in dense
terminal clusters; pedicels lengthening later to form a cymose
panicle. Valeriana septentrionalis Rydb. (V. dioica L. ssp.
syluatica (Sol.) Mey.); Fig. 304. Rich moist soil, scrubby
clearings; occasional.

86. CAMPANULACEAE bluebell family

Campanula bellflower

la. Stems and leaves smooth; stems up to 50 cm long;

basal leaves broadly lanceolate to deltoid or
suborbicular, dentate, soon disappearing; stem leaves
linear to filiform, entire; flowers 1 to several, about 2
cm long, drooping, bell-shaped, blue; fruit a capsule.
Campanula rotundifolia L.; harebell, bluebell; Fig.
305. Scrub prairie, clearings, and outcrops; common.

lb. Stems and leaves retrorsely scabrous (2)

2a. Corolla whitish, 5-8 mm long; calyx 1.3-3.8 mm long;

lobes 0.7-2.0 mm long; stems up to 60 cm long, weak;

leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. Campanula

aparinoides Pursh; marsh bluebell. Swamps; rare.
2b. Corolla bluish, 10-12 mm long, calyx 3.0-6.7 mm long;

lobes 2.0-4.0 mm long; stems up to 60 cm long or

longer; leaves narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate.

Campanula uliginosa Rydb.; marsh bluebell. Swamps;

rare.

87. LOBELIACEAE lobelia family

Lobelia lobelia

Stems up to 30 cm long; lower leaves spatulate; upper
leaves linear; flowers racemose; corolla somewhat irregular,
light blue, with a conspicuous white eye; fruit a capsule.
Lobelia kalmii L.; Fig. 306. Fens and lakeshores; localized.

230

Compositae

Fig. 303. Viburnum edule,
a, 1/6 X; 6,1/6 X.

Fig. 304. Valeriana
septentrionalis, 1/4 X

Fig. 306. Lobelia kalmii, 1/4 X

Fig. 305. Campanula rotundi folia, 2/5 X .

88. COMPOSITAE composite family

la. Heads with central tubular disc-flowers and marginal
ligulate ray-flowers, or of disc-flowers only; juice not
milky (2)

lb. Heads with only ligulate corollas; juice usually milkv
(33)

231

Compositae

2a. Heads rayless (or apparently so); flowers usually all

tubular (3)

2b. Heads with marginal ligulate ray-flowers (16)

3a. Leaves prickly Cirsium

3b. Leaves not prickly (4)

4a. Mature fruiting heads bur-like, with hooked spines or

bristles Arctium

4b. Mature fruiting heads not bur-like (5)

5a. Leaves with distinct leaflets, or finely dissected, or

deeply cleft (6)

5b. Leaves entire, or merely toothed, or broadly lobed (9)

6a. Heads of 2 kinds, the 1-seeded fruiting ones located at
the foot of slender racemes of staminate heads
Ambrosia

6b. Heads all alike (7)

7a. Receptacle conical; odor of bruised plant like pineapple

Matricaria

7b. Receptacle flat or merely low-convex (8)

8a. Heads corymbose Tanacetum

8b. Heads in spike-like, racemose, or paniculate inflo-
rescences Artemisia

9a. Pappus none (10)

9b. Pappus of capillary bristles, either barbellate or
plumose (11)

10a. Leaves alternate; plants mostly strong-scented

Artemisia

10b. Leaves opposite or the upper ones alternate Iva

11a. Leaves opposite or whorled Eupatorium

lib. Leaves alternate (12)

12a. Phyllaries thin and papery Antennaria

12b. Phyllaries not thin and papery (13)

13a. Phyllaries narrowly ovate to suborbicular, in several
distinct series Liatris

13b. Phyllaries linear to lance-attenuate, in only 1 or 2
distinct series (14)

14a. Leaves undulate to pectinate-lobed Senecio

14b. Leaves entire or remotely andshallowly toothed (15)

232

Compositae

15a. Phyllaries narrow and numerous, all the same length
or a few of the outer ones much shorter Erigeron

15b. Phyllaries broader and unequal, usually imbricated,
with the outer ones gradually shorter Aster

16a. Ligules yellow (sometimes purplish toward the base)

(17)

16b. Ligules purple, blue, pink, or white (27)

17a. Involucre very glutinous; phyllaries with strongly
recurving tips Grindelia

17b. Involucre not glutinous; phyllaries not strongly
recurving at the tip (18)

18a. Plant aquatic; leaves dimorphic, with the submersed
ones divided into capillary segments and the upper
ones emersed entire to pectinate Megalodonta

18b. Plants terrestrial; leaves not dimorphic (19)

19a. Pappus of (2-)4 downwardly barbed awns .... Bidens
19b. Pappus of bristles or scales or wanting (20)

20a. Pappus of capillary bristles (21)

20b. Pappus of chaffy scales consisting of a mere crown-like
border or none (22)

21a. Phyllaries (at least towards the tip) thin and scarious,

in several distinct series Solidago

21b. Phyllaries herbaceous, of nearly equal length .. . (23)

22a. Stem leaves opposite Arnica

22b. Stem leaves alternate Senecio

23a. Leaves all or mostly opposite Helianthus

23b. Leaves all or mostly alternate (24)

24a. Leaves pinnately divided Rudbeckia

24b. Leaves entire or merely toothed or lobed (25)

25a. Ligules purplish or reddish at the base .... Gaillardia
25b. Ligules completely yellow (26)

26a. Disc flowers dark purple Rudbeckia

26b. Disc flowers yellow throughout or with the tops brown
to dark purple Helianthus

27a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid to finely 2-3-divided; ligules
white (28)

233

Compositae

27b. Leaves entire or merely toothed or irregularly lobed
(31)

28a. Leaves closely or coarsely dentate (29)

28b. Leaves finely and repeatedly dissected (30)

29a. Ligules about 1 mm long Achillea

29b. Ligules 3-5 cm long Chrysanthemum

30a. Ligules 3 mm long or less Achillea

30b. Ligules 4-20 mm long Matricaria

31a. Plants scapose; leaves broad, all from the rhizome

Petasites

31b. Plants with leafy stems (32)

32a. Heads on mostly leafy branches; phyllaries in several
distinct series Aster

32b. Heads on naked peduncles; phyllaries uniseriate
Erigeron

33a. Plants scapose; leaves in a basal rosette (34)

33b. Plants with leafy stems (35)

34a. Achenes rough with short, hard points,
slender-beaked Taraxacum

34b. Achenes smooth, beakless or short-beaked Agoseris

35a. Flowers yellow (36)

35b. Flowers whitish, pink, rose purple, or blue (39)

36a. Achenes flat or flattish (37)

36b. Achenes columnar or nearly so, beakless (38)

37a. Flowers 50 or more in each head; achenes beakless
Sonchus

37b. Flowers 5-20 per head; achenes with a soft filiform
beak Lactuca

38a. Involucre very glandular-pilose Crepis

38b. Involucre without glands or with only a few glandular
hairs Hieracium

39a. Flowers blue Lactuca

39b. Flowers whitish or pink Prenanthes

234

Compositae

Achillea yarrow

la. Leaves serrate, linear-lanceolate; stems up to 60 cm

long; inflorescence corymbiform; ligules white, 4-5
mm long. Achillea ptarmica L.; sneezeweed. Escaped
from cultivation; rare.

lb. Leaves more deeply dissected (2)

2a. Leaves linear, pinnatifid; lobes dentate; stems up to 60
cm long, simple or branching above; inflorescence
corymbiform; ligules about 1 mm long, white. Achillea
sibirica Ledeb. Moist thickets; occasional.

2b. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, bipinnately

divided; stems simple or branching above;
inflorescence of numerous heads corymbiform,
flat-topped; ligules 1-4 mm long, white. Achillea
millefolium L. s.l. (A. lanulosa Nutt.); common
yarrow, milfoil. Clearings, open woods, open and
scrub prairies, and disturbed sites; common.

Agoseris false dandelion

Leaves in a rosette, linear-lanceolate, occasionally toothed;
scape up to 40 cm long; flowers single; ligules yellow; juice
milky. Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.; Fig. 307. Open and
scrub prairie; frequent.

Ambrosia ragweed

Stems up to 90 cm long, branched, from an underground
rhizome; leaves opposite, pinnatifid; lobes about 5 mm wide,
decurrent on the winged petiole, harsh above; male flowers in
long terminal racemes, female at the base, 1 -seeded, Ambrosia
psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia (T. & G.) Farwell;
perennial ragweed. Waste places; rare.

Antennaria everlasting, pussy-toes

la. Leaves narrow, rarely over 5 mm wide, grayish or

whitish tomentose above; stems up to 30 cm long;
stolons short, forming a dense carpet; tips of phyllaries
often tinted sulfur yellow. Antennaria parvifolia
Nutt. Prairie and clearings; occasional.

lb. Leaves broader, green above except in youth ( 2 )

235

Compositae

2a. Basal leaves cuneate-oblanceolate, gradually
narrowed at the base, not distinctly petiolate; new
rosettes not developed until fruiting time; stems up to
20 cm long; stem leaves with scarious or subulate tips.
Antennaria campestris Rydb. (? A. neglecta of auth.);
Fig. 308. Prairie; occasional.

2b. Basal leaves obovate and abruptly narrowed to a

winged petiole; plants long stoloniferous; new rosettes
present at flowering time. Antennaria neodioica
Greene. Scrub prairie and clearings; frequent.

Arctium burdock

la. Flowering heads corymbose, 2-3 cm wide, densely

tangled with an arachnoid tomentum; coarse plants up
to 1.5 m high or higher; leaves large-petioled, roundish
or ovate, mostly cordate. Arctium tomentosum Mill.;
woolly burdock. Waste places; occasional.

lb. Flowering heads racemose, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, glabrous

or glandular; similar to the above but usually smaller.
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.; common burdock. Waste
places; occasional.

Arnica arnica

la. Pappus pale yellowish brown; stems up to 70 cm long;

leaves mostly in 4-5 pairs, lanceolate, remotely
denticulate or entire, abundantly long villous and
glandular-puberulent; flowering heads 3-5,
corymbose; phyllaries broadly acute, lanate ciliate at
the tip; flowers yellow. Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp.
foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire; Fig. 309. Scrub prairie and
clearings; occasional.

lb. Pappus white; leaves in 2-4 pairs (2)

2a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, denticulate, with the

upper ones reduced and the basal ones long-petioled;
stems up to 50 cm long; heads 3-5; phyllaries
somewhat glandular; flowers yellow. Arnica
lonchophylla Greene; Fig. 310. Scrub prairie and
clearings; rare.

2b. Leaves broader, shallowly serrate, with the upper ones

often tapered to the base and the lower ones cordate,
long petioled; stems up to 50 cm long; heads 1-3, with
the terminal one usually larger; phyllaries somewhat
glandular. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Open mixed
deciduous woods; rare.

236

Fig. 308. Antennanacampestris,
a,2/5X;6,2/5x.

Fig. 307. Agosens glauca, a, 1/5 X ; 6, 1 3/5 X

Fig. 310. Arnica lonchophylla, 1/4 X,

Fig. 309. Arnica chamissonis ssp. foliosa, 1/6 X

237

Compositae

Artemisia wormwood

la. Leaves entire to coarsely lobed (2)

lb. Leaves pinnatifid to tripinnatifid (3)

2a. Upper leaves linear or the lower ones often trifid,

green, and usually glabrous; stems up to 1 m long;
panicle elongate, leafy; heads small. Artemisia
dracunculus L. (A. giauca Pall.). Scrub prairie and
clearings; occasional.

2b. Leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly dentate towards

the apex, grayish to white-tomentose on both surfaces;
stems up to 60 cm long, branched; inflorescence a leafy
panicle. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.; white sage.
Scrub prairie and clearings; frequent.

3a. Leafy segments narrow, all or mostly less than 1 mm
wide, usually entire , (4)

3b. Leaf segments broader, mostly toothed or lobed ... (5)

4a. Plants tomentose throughout, including the involucre;

stems up to 50 cm long; inflorescence a terminal, leafy
raceme. Artemisia frigida Willd. Exposed ridges and
heavily grazed areas in grasslands; also in horse
pastures at warden stations; infrequent.

4b. Plants glabrous to pubescent, at least the involucre

greenish; stems to 80 cm high, mostly unbranched;
stem leaves short; rosette leaves up to 10 cm long or
longer, 2-3 times divided into linear segments;
inflorescence a leafy panicle. Artemisia canadensis
Michx.; Fig. 311. Sandy lakeshores and open
disturbed situations; rare.

5a. Leaves green on both surfaces, the upper ones entire
and the middle and lower ones divided; stems 1 m long,
usually branched; inflorescence a panicle of numerous
spike-like small heads. Artemisia biennis Willd.
Waste ground and open prairies; localized.

5b. Leaves grayish to whitish below, less so to glabrous

above, pinnatifid to nearly tripinnatifid; stems up to 1
m long, branched; inflorescence an ample panicle.
Artemisia absinthium L.; absinthe, wormwood.
Roadsides and clearings; occasional.

Aster aster

la. Annual with fibrous roots; ligules of marginal florets

wanting or rudimentary; leaves linear-attenuate,

238

Compositae

entire; stems up to 60 cm long, somewhat branching;
heads numerous. Aster brachyactis Blake; rayless
aster. Saline meadow; rare,
lb. Perennials with stout bases or creeping rhizomes (2)

2a. Ligules white or sometimes pink (3)

2b. Ligules mauve, blue, or purplish (9)

3a. Heads in a corymb (4)

3b. Heads in a panicle (5)

4a. Leaves long-linear, 5 mm wide or less, with the upper
ones nearly as long as the lower ones; stems slender,
up to 60 cm long; inflorescence an open panicle with
1-8 heads. Aster junciformis Rydb.; Fig. 312. Swamps
and fens; occasional.

4b. Leaves lanceolate and much larger; stems up to 1.5 m

long; flowering heads large, in a flat-topped terminal
cluster. Aster umhellatus Mill. var. pubens Gray.
Open woods and clearings; occasional.

5a. Phyllaries thickish, squarrose, spinulose-mucronate;
stems up to 60 cm long, branched, uniformly
pubescent; leaves linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate;
heads numerous, usually on 1 side of the recurved
branches. Aster ericoides L. (A. pansus (Blake)
Cronquist). Prairie; rare.

5b. Phyllaries thin, straight, not mucronate; stem
pubescent in lines (6)

6a. Stems thin, with few flowering heads; leaves entire
and rarely over 5 mm wide. See A. junciformis.

6b. Stems stronger, usually with more than 15 heads;
leaves broader (7)

7a. Outer phyllaries larger and longer than the inner;
stems up to 1 m long; leaves entire, lanceolate to
narrowly linear, less than 1 cm wide; heads many, in a
narrow panicle. Aster hesperius A. Gray (A.
johannensis Fern.). Moist open places; occasional.

7b. Phyllaries imbricate, with the outer ones somewhat
shorter (8)

8a. Main stem leaves usually 10-20 cm long, linear to
lanceolate, remotely serrate; stems up to 1 m long or
longer; heads more or less numerous, in a leafy
inflorescence. Aster simplex Willd. Moist scrub
prairie and clearings; frequent.

239

Compositae

8b. Main stem leaves shorter and entire; panicle narrow.

See A. hesperius.

9a. Leaves gradually dimorphic, with the lower ones
petiolate (10)

9b. Leaves all similar, although the upper ones sometimes
smaller (11)

10a. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, thickish and somewhat
glaucous, with the lower ones cuneate to a winged
petiole and the upper ones sessile with a broadly
clasping base; margins scabrous; stems up to 1 m long;
inflorescence stiffly racemose-paniculate to open
paniculate, with greatly reduced bracteal leaves.
Aster laevis L. Scrub prairie, clearings, and open
woods; frequent.

10b. Leaves not fleshy or glaucous, with the lower ones
ovate on a long and narrowly winged petiole and the
upper ones narrower and stalkless; stems up to 75 cm
long; panicle loosely thyrsiform. Aster ciliolatus
Lindl.; Fig. 313. Scrub prairie and clearings; common.

11a. Stem pubescence in lines. See A. hesperius.

lib. Stems up to 1 m long; stem pubescence uniformly

distributed; leaves not reduced upwards, long

lanceolate, with bases auriculate clasping;

inflorescence an ample panicle. Aster puniceus L.

Moist scrubby clearings; frequent.

Bidens beggarticks

Stems up to 80 cm long, usually branched; leaves opposite,
linear, lanceolate, toothed, clasping at the base; heads
nodding; flowers yellow; achenes with 4 horns. Bidens cernua
L.; smooth beggarticks; Fig. 314. Wet lakeshores, beaver
dams, pond and stream banks; common.

Chrysanthemum ox-eye daisy

Stems up to 60 cm long, with few branches; leaves
lyrate-pinnatifid, with the lower and basal ones petiolate and
the middle ones sessile and not narrowed at the base; heads
3-5 cm wide; ray florets white; disc florets yellow.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.; ox-eye daisy. Waste
places; rare.

240

Fig. 311. Artemisia canadensis, 1/5 X

Fig. 312. Aster juncifor mis, 1/4 X

Fig. 313. Aster ciliolatus, 1/5 X

Fig. 314. Bidens cernua,l/4X.

241

Compositae

Cirsium thistle

la. Flowering stems up to 1 m long, arising from

extensively creeping roots; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid,
with prickly margins; flowers dioecious, in large loose
corymbs; florets purple. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.;
Canada thistle. Waste places; rare.

lb. Flowering stem arising from the centre of last year's
rosette; flowers perfect (2)

2a. Heads large, 5-8 cm wide, often solitary or with

smaller lateral heads; inner phyllaries ending in a
twisted, scarious appendage, the outer ones
spine-tipped; florets purple; stems thick, up to 30 cm
long, or lacking; leaves oblanceolate, green on both
sides; triangular lobes with weak spines. Cirsium
drummondii T. & G. Prairies; occasional.

2b. Heads smaller, more numerous; inner phyllaries
narrowed to the nontwisted apex (3)

3a. Phyllaries not prickle-tipped; leaves up to 30 cm long,

woolly below when young, deeply cleft into oblong or
lanceolate segments that have slender spines; stems
up to 1.5 m, branched; heads few, on elongate
peduncle-like branches or clustered; flowers purple or
white (f. lactiflorum Fern). Cirsium muticum Michx.
Moist thickets and open woods; occasional.

3b. Phyllaries glutinous on the back, prickle-tipped;

leaves white-felted beneath, deeply cut into
lanceolate, spiny lobes; stems up to 1 m long,
branched; heads few, terminating the branches.
Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur. Scrub prairie and
clearings; rare.

Crepis hawk's-beard

Stems up to 50 cm long, branched; stem leaves linear,
sessile, with the basal and lower ones runcinate-toothed;
heads terminating the branches; florets yellow. Crepis
tectorum L. Roadsides and waste places; frequent.

Erigeron fleabane

la. Ligules inconspicuous, scarcely exceeding the disc;

involucres slenderly campanulate; stems 15-90 cm
long, usually branched toward the top, leaves bristly
hairy, with the upper ones linear and sessile and the

242

Compositae

lower ones spatulate and short-petioled; inflorescence
an open panicle with numerous small heads. Erigeron
canadensis L.; horseweed. Waste places and
roadsides; frequent,
lb. Ligules mostly exceeding the disc; involucres
saucer-shaped to hemispherical (2)

2a. Ligules narrow, becoming involute and usually quite

inconspicuous on drying (3)

2b. Ligules mostly flat and conspicuous (4)

3a. Stem leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolate; stems up to
30 cm long, somewhat hirsute; inflorescence
corymb-like, with the peduncles more or less
spreading or spreading-ascending, or the head
solitary. Erigeron elatus (Hook.) Greene (E. acrls L.
var. elatus (Hook.) Cronq.); Fig. 315. Muskeg; rare.

3b. Stem leaves narrowly linear; stems up to 60 cm long,

more or less hairy; inflorescence raceme-like, with the
peduncles erect or nearly so, or the head sometimes
solitary. Erigeron lonchophyllus Hook. Clearing by
lakeshore; rare.

4a. Stem leaves cordate clasping, lanceolate, with the
basal and lower ones spatulate; stems up to 60 cm
long, soft; heads in a terminal corymb; florets pinkish
to rose purple. Erigeron philadelphicus L.; Fig. 316.
Moist clearings, lake banks and meadows; occasional.

4b. Stem leaves not clasping; stems firm (5)

5a. Plants annual, with fibrous roots; stems up to 60 cm

long; leaves hispid, with the basal and lower ones
ovate and petioled and the upper ones ovate to
narrowly lanceolate, sharply toothed or entire;
inflorescence a many-headed corymb; ligules white to
lavender. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (E. ramosus
(Walt.) BSP, E. strigosus Muhl.). Scrub prairie and
clearings; occasional.

5b. Plants perennial (6)

6a. Stems up to 40 cm long, erect at the base; basal leaves
linear-oblanceolate; upper leaves linear to
linear-lanceolate, becoming progressively smaller
upwards; heads on ascending branches; ligules usually
white. Erigeron asper Nutt. Scrub and open prairie;
occasional.

6b. Stems up to 40 cm long, somewhat decumbent at the

base, from a somewhat tufted rhizome; basal leaves

243

Compositae

oblanceolate; stem leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed; heads few, on ascending branches; ligules
usually purple. Erigeron glabellus Nutt.; Fig. 317.
Open woods, clearings, and prairies; frequent.

i

Eupatorium thoroughwort

Stems up to 1.5 m long, purplish; leaves whorled, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, acute at the apex, coarsely toothed;
inflorescence a flat-topped corymb; phyllaries and florets
purplish or white (f. faxoni Fern). Eupatorium maculatum L.;
spotted Joe-Pye weed. Wet places; occasional.

Gaillardia gaillardia

Stems up to 60 cm long, erect; leaves grayish hairy; lower
leaves petioled, oblong to spatulate, sometimes lobed or
pinnatifid; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute at the apex,
entire or slightly lobed; heads large, single at the ends of
branches; florets yellow at the tip and purplish towards the
base. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Scrub and open prairie; rare.

Grindelia gumweed

Stems up to 60 cm long, branched; leaves oblanceolate,
finely serrate, glandular dotted, more or less clasping; heads
terminating the branches; phyllaries recurved, very gummy;
florets yellow. Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal; gumweed.
Clearings just north of the park.

Helianthus sunflower

la. Plants annual; stems up to 2 m long, rough; leaves

alternate, ovate or deltoid-ovate, serrate; heads up to
15 cm wide; phyllaries long-caudate; ray florets
yellow; disc florets dark brown or purple. Helianthus
annuus L.; common sunflower. Waste places; rare.

lb. Perennial, with rhizomes or tuberous-thickened roots;
leaves all or mostly opposite (2)

2a. Phyllaries strongly imbricate, broadly acute to

rounded at the tip; stems up to 1 m long, somewhat
reddish-tinged; leaves rhomboid-ovate to
rhomboid-lanceolate, shallowly toothed; heads up to 8
cm wide, on long peduncles. Helianthus laetiflorus
Pers. var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern. Scrub
prairie and lake banks; rare.

244

Compositae

Fig. 316. Erigeron philadelphicus, 1/6 X

Fig. 315. Erigeron elatus, 1/4 X

Fig. 317. Erigeron glabellas, ly '4X

2b. Phyllaries narrowly acute to acuminate, somewhat
loose and spreading (3)

3a. Leaf blade scabrous on both sides, oblong-ovate to

linear; petioles 1 cm long or shorter, ciliate; stems up
to 1.5 m long or longer; heads up to 6.5 cm wide, on
long peduncles. Helianthus nuttallii T. & G. (H.
giganteus of auth.). Clearings and moist shores;
occasional.

3b. Leaf blades somewhat velvety below, ovate,

conspicuously 3-nerved, rounded at the base; petioles
2-5 cm long; stems up to 2 m long; inflorescence
corymbose, consisting of a few heads. Helianthus
tuberosus L. var. subcanescens Gray. Thickets; rare.

Hieracium

hawkweed

Stems up to 1 m long; leaves ovate to lanceolate, remotely
dentate, sessile; heads often subumbellate; ligules yellow.

245

Compositae

Hieracium umbellatum L. (H. canadense Michx., H.
scabriusculum Schwein.); Fig. 318. Scrub prairie, open woods,
and clearings; occasional.

Iva marsh-elder

Stems annual, up to 1.5 m long, branching; leaves broadly
ovate, irregularly serrate, long-petioled, subopposite to
alternate above; heads small, crowded in terminal and
axillary panicles. Iva xanthifolia Nutt.; false ragweed. Waste
places; rare.

Lactuca lettuce

la. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid, coarsely toothed, with

the upper ones sessile and auriculate; stems biennial,
coarse, up to 2 m long or longer; inflorescence a large
and dense compound panicle; heads about 5 mm wide;
ligules pale or dirty blue. Lactuca biennis (Moench)
Fern. Open moist woods; rare.

lb. Leaves bluish, narrowly lanceolate, entire, or the

lower ones remotely lobed; perennial; stems up to 1 m
long; heads about 2.5 cm wide, few, in a panicle; florets
bright blue. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC; blue
lettuce; Fig. 319. Open prairie and disturbed
situations; frequent.

Liatris blazingstar

Stems stiff, up to 60 cm long; leaves linear-lanceolate, much
reduced upward; heads few, in a showy terminal raceme;
phyllaries erose, green, with purple tips; florets purple. Liatris
ligulistylis (A. Nels.) K. Schum.; blazingstar. Prairie and
clearings; frequent.

Matricaria chamomile

la. Ray florets lacking; stems up to 40 cm long, branched;

leaves numerous; segments linear; flower heads
terminating the branches; crushed plants having a
distinct pineapple smell. Matricaria matricarioides
(Less.) Porter; pineappleweed. Moist situations along
trails and in other disturbed sites; occasional.

lb. Ray florets present, white; stems up to 70 cm long,

branched; leaf segments thread-like; heads daisy-like,

246

Compositae

Fig. 318. Hieracium umbellatum, 1/5 X

Fig. 319. Lactuca pulchella,\/5X.

terminating branches. Matricaria maritima L. var.
agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott. Waste places; occasional.

Megalodonta

water-marigold

Water plant with an elongated weak stem; submersed
leaves sessile, ternately multifid into filiform segments,
suggesting Myriophyllum; emergent leaves few,
lanceolate-oblong; heads mostly solitary with showy yellow
ligules. Megalodonta beckii (Torr.) Greene (Bidens beckii
Torr.); water-marigold. Ponds; rare.

Petasites

sweet colt's-foot

la. Leaves unlobed oblong-cordate; margins shallowly
dentate, more or less cobwebby above, strongly
white-tomentose below; flowering stems precocious,
bracted, up to 75 cm long in fruit; heads corymbose or
corymbose-racemose; flowers whitish, with the
marginal ones ligulate. Petasites sagittatus (Pursh)
A. Gray; arrow-leaved colt's-foot; Fig. 320. Marshes
and wet depressions; occasional.

247

Compositae

lb. Leaves deeply lobed, nearly glabrous above (2)

2a. Leaves green and smooth above, somewhat woolly in

youth, almost circular, deeply cleft almost to the base
into several divisions; flowering stems much like
P. sagittatus. Petasites palmatus (Ait.) A. Gray;
palmate-leaved colt's-foot; Fig. 321. Moist wooded
slopes and lakeshores; rare.

2b. Leaves more or less triangular, cleft as much as half

way to the midrib, green on both sides or sometimes
white woolly beneath; flowering stems much like P.
sagittatus. Petasites vitifolius Greene. Moist
clearings and lakeshores; rare.

Prenanthes rattlesnakeroot

la. Involucral bracts purplish, not hairy; stems up to 1 m

long or longer; leaves deltoid, remotely dentate to
deeply lobed; petioles not winged; heads drooping in a
long terminal panicle; pappus cinnamon brown.
Prenanthes alba L.; white lettuce, rattlesnakeroot.
Open woodland and clearings; occasional.

lb. Involucral bracts purplish, hirsute; stems up to 1 m

long or longer; lower leaves oblanceolate to spatulate,
tapering to a winged petiole; upper leaves sessile,
cordate-clasping; heads in crowded clusters,
spike-like; pappus straw-colored. Prenanthes race-
mosa Michx. Scrub prairie and clearings; rare.

Rudbeckia coneflower

la. Leaves large, at least the middle and upper ones
deeply cleft; coarse branching plants up to 2 m high;
heads few, up to 10 cm wide, on long stalks; ray florets
bright yellow; disc florets greenish yellow. Rudbeckia
laciniata L.; tall coneflower. Moist ground in open
woods and clearings; occasional.

lb. Leaves entire or nearly so, lanceolate to oblanceolate;

lower leaves having a winged petiole; stems up to 60
cm long, hirsute or hispid; heads single or few, on long
stalks; ray florets yellow; disc florets dark brown.
Rudbeckia serotina Nutt.; black-eyed Susan. Scrub
prairie and clearings; frequent.

248

Compositae

Fig. 320. Petasites sagittatus, a, 1/4X;6,2/5X.

Fig. 321. Petasites palmatus, 2/5 X .

Senecio

groundsel

la. Annual (2)

lb. Perennial (3)

2a. Stems up to 1 m long, thick, hollow; lower leaves
lanceolate to spatulate; margins wavy; petiole winged;
upper leaves sessile and clasping, linear-lanceolate,
somewhat lobed or dentate; heads in 1 or more
clusters; florets pale yellow, radiate. Senecio
congestus (R. Br.) DC. (S. palustris (L.) Hook.);
marsh-fleabane; Fig. 322. Wet places; rare.

2b. Stems up to 40 cm long, branched, hollow; leaves
oblanceolate, irregularly lobed to pinnatifid; lower
leaves petioled; upper leaves sessile and clasping;
flower heads with black-tipped bracts at the base,
discoid; florets golden yellow. Senecio vulgaris L.;
common groundsel. Introduced weed of waste places;
rare.

249

Compositae

3a. Stems up to 1 m long; stem leaves numerous,

pinnatifid; lobes narrower than the sinuses; flower
heads in terminal clusters; ligules yellow. Senecio
eremophilus Richards.; Fig. 323. Damp thickets;
occasional.

3b. Stems up to 70 cm long or longer; basal leaves round to

ovate, serrate, long-petioled; stem leaves much
reduced, pinnatifid; heads in a terminal cluster;
ligules yellow. Senecio aureus L.; golden ragwort.
Moist open woodland and clearings; occasional.

Solidago goldenrod

la. Inflorescence corymbiform (2)

lb. Inflorescence racemose, or racemose-paniculate, or in
axillary clusters (31

2a. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, sessile; stems up

to 60 cm long; heads mostly sessile. Solidago
graminifolia (L.) Salisb. var. major (Michx.) Fern.
Borders of clearings; rare.

2b. Leaves grayish pubescent, much broader, oval; basal

leaves long-petioled; stem leaves smaller, sessile;
stems up to 100 cm long or longer; heads distinctly
pediceled. Solidago rigida L. Scrub and open prairie
and clearings; frequent.

3a. Heads spirally arranged; basal leaves much larger
than the middle and upper (4)

3b. Heads 1-sided along the upper side of the branches of
the inflorescence (7)

4a. Achenes glabrous or nearly so (5)

4b. Achenes pubescent (6)

5a. Leaves obovate to oblong, with the lower ones petioled

and the upper ones sessile and smaller, hispid; stems
up to 60 cm long, hispid; inflorescence consisting of an
elongated thyrse, cylindrical or rarely narrowly
paniculate Solidago bicolor L. var. concolor T & G.
(S. hispida Muhl.). Open woodland, clearings, and
scrub prairie; frequent.

5b. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous; lower leaves

often scabrous margined; stems up to 40 cm long,
glabrous or puberulent above; inflorescence a compact
terminal panicle with erect branches. Solidago
missouriensis Nutt. Clearings and prairie; occasional.

250

Compositae

Fig. 322. Senecio congestus,
1/4 X.

Fig. 324. Solidago spathulata,
1/5 X.

Fig. 323. Senecio eremophilus, 1/4 X

6a. Stems up to 50 cm long, decumbent at the base,
commonly tufted; lower leaves spatulate, often with
rounded teeth; upper leaves smaller, entire;
inflorescence a narrow erect panicle. Solidago
spathulata DC. (S. decumbens Greene var. oreophila
(Rydb.) Fern.); Fig. 324. Clearings; rare.

6b. Stems up to 40 cm long, erect from creeping rhizomes.

See Solidago missouriensis.

7a. Basal leaves much longer than the middle and upper
ones, often forming a rosette. See Solidago
missouriensis.

7b. Basal leaves not much longer than the middle and
upper ones, rarely forming a rosette (8)

8a. Stems up to 1.5 m long, with the summit below the

inflorescence glabrous or only sparsely pubescent;
leaves lanceolate, usually sharply toothed, sessile;
inflorescence large, pyramidal. Solidago gigantea
Ait. Clearings; rare.

251

Compositae

8b. Stems up to 80 cm long, with the summit below the
inflorescence densely pilose; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, finely serrate; inflorescence pyramidal.
Solidago canadensis L. Clearings and scrub prairie;
locally very abundant.

Sonchus sow-thistle

Stems up to 1.5 m long, usually hollow and sometimes
branched; leaves runcinate-lobed, occurring mostly toward the
base; upper leaves smaller, remote; inflorescence a corymbose
panicle; flowers bright yellow. Sonchus arvensis L. var.
glabrescens Guenth., Grab. & Wimm. Weeds of clearings and
waste places; frequent.

Tanacetum tansy

Stems up to 1 m long, forming dense clumps; leaves
pinnate-pinnatifid, very aromatic when bruised; heads
numerous, in a flat-topped corymb; florets yellow. Tanacetum
vulgare L.; tansy. Waste places; rare.

Taraxacum dandelion

Leaves all basal, coarsely incised with triangular lobes and
a large terminal lobe, and arising from a deep fleshy taproot;
heads single, scapose; yellow florets many. Taraxacum
officinale Weber; dandelion. Weed of lawns and waste places;
common.

Tragopogon goat's-beard

Stems up to 60 cm long, coarse; leaves grass-like, lanceolate
at the base, long attenuate, clasping; heads large, 3-5 cm
wide, terminating the branches; florets yellow. Tragopogon
dubius Scop.; yellow goat's-beard. Waste places; occasional.

252

Excluded species

Anthemis cotula L. — According to Scoggan (1957), the
report by Lowe (1943) should be referred to Matricaria
chamomilla. However, we could find no specimens to
substantiate Scoggan's statement.

Betula glandulosa Michx. — Listed in the Riding Mountain
National Park (RMNP) List of Vascular Plants. All specimens
in the RMNP herbarium formerly under this name have been
revised to B. pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel.

Betula occidentalis Hook. — Listed in the RMNP List of
Vascular Plants. A specimen in the RMNP herbarium was
revised to B. papyri fera Marsh.

Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E.
Schulz — Scoggan (1957) listed this species from Riding
Mountain National Park on the basis of a 1948 collection by
Rowe. A Rowe specimen at DAO originally determined as C.
parviflora has been revised to C. pensylvanica.

Carex praegracilis Boott — Scoggan (1957) reported this
species from Riding Mountain National Park on the basis of a
collection by Rowe in 1948. The specimen has not been located
and presumably has been revised to some other entity.

Crataegus succulenta Link — Reported in the RMNP List of
Vascular Plants, as was C. chrysocarpa, but all the specimens
we saw proved to be the latter species.

Cuscuta megalocarpa Rydb. — A sheet in the RMNP
Herbarium labeled C. megalocarpa carried only a specimen of
Thalictrum, the presumed host for the parasite. We found
only C. campestris in the park.

Drosera longifolia L. — Reported by Lowe (1943) from
Riding Mountain National Park. Scoggan, who could find no
specimens to corroborate the record, referred it to D.
intermedia. This is presumably what is treated as D. anglica
in this work.

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott— Lowe (1943) recorded this
species from Riding Mountain National Park, but neither
Scoggan (1957) nor I have found a corroborating specimen.

253

Excluded species

Gentiana flavida Gray — According to Scoggan (1957) the
report in Lowe (1943) is presumably a typographical
transportation from Halenia deflexa.

Gentiana procera Holm — Listed in the RMNP List of
Vascular Plants, but we did not find any specimens in the
herbaria examined nor did we find the species during our
survey. However, Scoggan (1957) reported the species from
Ochre River to the northeast of the park.

Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. — Listed in the RMNP
List of Vascular Plants; a specimen in the RMNP herbarium
was revised to H. nuttallii.

Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. — Lowe (1943) reported this
species from Riding Mountain National Park, but Scoggan
(1957) did not find any specimens nor did we observe any in
the park during our survey.

Pedicularis canadensis L. — Listed in the RMNP List of
Vascular Plants, but we did not find any specimens in the
herbaria examined nor did we observe any during our survey.

Poa triuialis L. — Lowe (1943) reported this species from
Riding Mountain National Park, but neither Scoggan (1957)
nor I found corroborating specimens.

Polygonum pensylvanicum L. — Scoggan (1957) reported a
Gray Herbarium specimen collected by E. Scamman at Clear
Lake, but the specimen could not be found in 1983 and
presumably has been revised to some other taxon.

Primula incana M.E. Jones — Scoggan's (1957) report of
this species from Riding Mountain is based on the listing of P.
farinosa by Lowe (1943). No substantiating specimens have
been found.

Rosa arkansana Porter — Listed in the RMNP List of
Vascular Plants, but we did not find any specimens in the
herbaria examined nor did we observe any during our survey;
Scoggan (1957) did, however, report a specimen from "Little
Saskatchewan, Man.", which he presumed was the
present-day Minnedosa, to the south of the park.

Rumex crispus L. — Listed in the RMNP List of Vascular
Plants, but we did not find any specimens in the herbaria
examined nor did we observe any during our survey. The
plants in question were probably R. occidentalis.

254

Excluded species

Sarracenia purpurea L. — Planted in a bog in the park a
number of years ago, but presumably eliminated by a rise in
the water table as a result of beaver activity.

Saxifraga tricuspidata Rottb. — Lowe (1943) sub
Chondrosea aizoon (S. aizoon) reported a saxifrage from
Riding Mountain National Park; Scoggan (1957) referred the
report to S. tricuspidata on the basis of a specimen from Flin
Flon, but stated that he had not seen the Riding Mountain
specimen.

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring — Listed in the RMNP List
of Vascular Plants, but no corroborating specimens have been
found. The plants in question were probably S. densa.

Senecio tr identic ulatus Rydb. — Listed in the RMNP List of
Vascular Plants, but we did not see any specimens in the
herbaria examined nor did we observe any during our survey.

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. — Reported by Halliday
(1932) and included in the RMNP List of Vascular Plants, but
neither Scoggan (1957) nor I have found supporting
collections.

Solidago juncea Ait. — Scoggan (1957) reported this species
from Riding Mountain National Park on the basis of a 1939
collection by Heimburger. This specimen has presumably
been revised to some other species. Boivin (1972) reports S.
juncea as occurring only as far west as southeastern Manitoba.

Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. — Listed in the RMNP
List of Vascular Plants, but we did not see any specimens in
the herbaria examined nor during our survey. The plants in
question were probably Zizia aurea.

Utricularia cornuta Michx. — Lowe (1943) cited this species
from Riding Mountain National Park, but Scoggan (1957)
excluded it from the Flora of Manitoba because he could find
neither this specimen nor any other from the province.

Valeriana officinalis L. — No specimens have been found to
corroborate the Lowe (1943) report from Riding Mountain
National Park.

255

Literature cited

Bailey, R.H. 1968. Notes on the vegetation in Riding Moun-
tain National Park, Manitoba. National Park Forest
Survey Report No. 2. Forest Management Institute,
Department of Forestry and Rural Development, Canada.

Boivin, B. 1967-1981. Flora of the Prairie Provinces. Provan-
cheria2, 3,4, 5, 12.

Halliday, W.E.D. 1935. Vegetation and site studies, Clear
Lake, Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Forest
Service, Department of the Interior, Canada, Research
Note No. 42.

Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 1977. List of vascular
plants, Riding Mountain National Park. Parks Canada,
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 18 pp.

Lowe, C.W. 1943. List of the flowering plants, ferns, club
mosses and liverworts of Manitoba. Natural History
Society of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. 110 pp.

Porsild, A.E.; Cody, W.J. 1980. Vascular plants of continental
Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museum of
Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada. 667 pp.

Rowe, S.J. 1959. Forest regions of Canada. Department of
Northern Affairs and National Resources, Forestry
Branch, Bull. 123. 71pp.

Scoggan, H.J. 1957. Flora of Manitoba. Nat. Mus. Can. Bull.
140. 619 pp.

256

Checklist of species

Pteridophyta

1. LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium annotinum
Lycopodium clavatum

var. monostachyon
Lycopodium complanatum
Lycopodium dendroideum

(L. obscurum pro parte)
Lycopodium lucidulum

2. SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella densa
Selaginella selaginoides

3. EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum aruense
Equisetum fluviatile
Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine
Equisetum palustre
Equisetum pratense
Equisetum scirpoides
Equisetum sylvaticum
Equisetum variegatum

4. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Botrychium minganense
Botrychium multifidum
Botrychium uirginianum

(ssp. uirginianum and ssp.

europaeum)

5. PTERIDACEAE

Pteridium aquilinum var.
latiusculum

6. ASPIDIACEAE

Athyrium filix-femina

var. michauxii
Cystopteris fragilis
Dryopteris carthusiana

(D. spinulosa)
Dryopteris cristata
Gymnocarpium dryopteris

(Dryopteris disjuncta)
Matteuccia struthiopteris

var. pensyluanica

Gymnospermae

7. PINACEAE

Abies balsamea
Juniperus communis var.

depressa
Juniperus horizontalis
Larix laricina
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
Pinus banksiana
Thuja occidentalis

Monocotyledoneae

8. TYPHACEAE
Typha lati folia

9. SPARGANIACEAE

Sparganium angustifolium
Sparganium eurycarpum
Sparganium multipedun-
culatum

257

Checklist of species

10. POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton alpinus

var. tenuifolius
Potamogeton gramineus
Potamogeton natans
Potamogeton pectinatus
Potamogeton praelongus
Potamogeton richardsonii
Potamogeton strictifolius

var. rutiloides
Potamogeton uaginatus
Potamogeton zosteriformis

11. NAJADACEAE

Najas flexilis

12. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

Scheuchzeria palustris

var. americana
Triglochin maritimum
Triglochin palustre

13. ALISMACEAE

Alisma triuiale
Sagittaria cuneata
Sagittaria latifolia

14. HYDROCHARITACEAE

Elodea canadensis (Anacharis
canadensis)

15. GRAMINEAE

XAgrohordeum macounii
{Agropyron trachycaulum
X Hordeum jubatum)

Agropyron cristatum

Agropyron repens

Agropyron smithii

258

Agropyron trachycaulum [var.

trachycaulum, var. nouae-

angiiae, var. glaucum,

and var. unilaterale

(A. subsecundum)]
Agrostis scabra
Agrostis stolonifera (A. alba)
Alopecurus aequalis
Andropogon gerardi
Avena fatua
Auena satiua
Beckmannia syzigachne
Bromus ciliatus
Bromus inermis
Bromus latiglumis
Bromus porteri
Bromus pumpellianus
Calamagrostis canadensis
Calamagrostis inexpansa
Calamagrostis neglecta
Cinna latifolia
Danthonia intermedia
Danthonia spicata
Deschampsia caespitosa
Echinochloa wiegandii
Elymus canadensis
Elymus diuersiglumis

(E. interruptus)
Elymus innovatus
Elymus uirginicus

var. submuticus
Festuca hallii (F. scabrella pro

parte)
Festuca pratensis (F. elatior)
Festuca rubra
Festuca saximontana
Glyceria borealis
Glyceria grandis
Glyceria striata
Helictotrichon hookeri

{Avena hookeri)
Hierochloe odorata
Hordeum jubatum
Koeleria macrantha

(K. cristata)
Lolium multiflorum
Lolium perenne
Milium effusum

var. cistatlanticum

Checklist of species

Muhlenbergia andina
Muhlenbergia cuspidata
Muhlenbergia glomerata
Muhlenbergia mexicana
Muhlenbergia racemosa
Muhlenbergia richardsonis
Oryzopsis asperifolia
Oryzopsis canadensis
Oryzopsis pungens
Phalaris arundinacea
Phleum pratense
Phragmites australis
Poa annua
Poa arida
Poa compressa
Poa nemoralis

(incl. P. interior)
Poa palustris

Poa pratensis (P. agassizensis)
Puccinellia distans
Schizachne purpurascens
Scolochloa festucacea
Setaria uiridis
Spartina gracilis
Sphenopholis intermedia
Sporobolus heterolepis
Stipa richardsonii
Stipa spartea var. curtiseta
Stipa uiridula
Torreyochloa pallida

var. fernaldii
Triticum aestiuum
Triticum turgidum

16. CYPERACEAE

Carex adusta
Carex alopecoidea
Carex aquatilis
Carex assiniboinensis
Carex atherodes
Carex a urea
Carex backii
Carex bebbii
Carex brunnescens
Carex capillaris
Carex castanea
Carex chordorrhiza

Carex concinna

Carex curta (C. canescens)

Carex deflexa

Carex deweyana

Carex diandra

Carex disperma

Carex granularis

Carex gynocrates

Carex hookeriana

Carex houghtoniana

Carex hystricina

Carex interior

Carex lacustris

Carex lanuginosa

Carex lasiocarpa var.

americana
Carex leptalea
Carex limosa
Carex magellanica

(C. paupercula)
Carex microptera

(C. festivella)
Carex obtusata
Carex peckii
Carex pedunculata
Carex pensylvanica
Carex prairea
Carex praticola
Carex pseudo-cyperus
Carex retrorsa
Carex richardsonii
Carex rosea
Carex rossii
Carex rostrata
Carex sartwellii
Carex siccata
Carex sprengelii
Carex sterilis
Carex stipata
Carex sychnocephala
Carex tenera
Carex tenui flora
Carex torreyi
Carex trisperma
Carex vagina ta
Carex uiridula
Carex vulpinoidea
Carex xerantica
Eleocharis acicularis

259

Checklist of species

Eleocharis palustris
Eleocharis pauciflora
Eleocharis smallii
Eleocharis uniglumis
Eriophorum angustifolium
Eriophorum chamissonis
Eriophorum gracile
Eriophorum spissum
Eriophorum viridi-carinatum
Scirpus caespitosus

ssp. austriacus
Scirpus cyperinus
Scirpus microcarpus

(S. rubrotinctus)
Scirpus validus

17. ARACEAE

Acorus calamus
Calla palustris

18. LEMNACEAE

Lemna minor
Lemna trisulca
Spirodela polyrhiza
Wolffia columbiana

19. JUNCACEAE

Juncus alpinus
Juncus balticus var. littoralis
Juncus bufonius
Juncus compressus
Juncus dudleyi
Juncus filiformis
Juncus nodosus
Luzula multiflora
Luzula pilosa var. americana
(L. acuminata)

20. LILIACEAE

Allium schoenoprasum
var. sibiricum

Allium stellatum
Disporum trachycarpum
Lilium philadelphicum

(var. philadelphicum and

var. andinum)
Maianthemum canadense

var. interius
Smilacina stellata
Smilacina tri folia
Smilax herbacea

var. lasioneuron
Tofieldia glutinosa
Trillium cernuum
Zygadenus elegans

21. IRIDACEAE

Sisyrinchium montanum

22. ORCHIDACEAE

Calypso bulbosa
Corallorhiza maculata
Corallorhiza striata
Corallorhiza trifida
Cypripedium calceolus

(var. paruiflorum and

var. pubescens)
Goody era re pens
Habenaria dilatata

(Platanthera dilatata)
Habenaria hyperborea

(Platanthera hyperborea)
Habenaria obtusata

(Platanthera obtusata)
Habenaria orbiculata

(Platanthera orbiculata)
Habenaria uiridis var.

bracteata (Coeloglossum

bracteatum)
Liparis loeselii
Listera cor data
Orchis rotundifolia

(Amerorchis rotundifolia)
Spiranthes lacera
Spiranthes romanzoffiana

260

Checklist of species

Dicotyledoneae

23. SALICACEAE

Populus balsamifera
Populus X jackii

(P. balsamifera X deltoides)
Populus tremuloides
Salix amygdaloides
Salix bebbiana
Salix Candida
Salix discolor
Salix fragilis

Salix gracilis (S. petiolaris)
Salix interior
Salix lucida
Salix lutea
Salix maccalliana
Salix myrtillifolia
Salix padophylla

(S. pseudomonticola)
Salix pedicellaris

var. hypoglauca
Salix pellita
Salix plani folia
Salix pyrifolia
Salix serissima

24. BETULACEAE

Alnus crispa
Alnus incana ssp. rugosa
Betula papyrifera
Betula pumila var.

glandulifera (B. glandulosa

var. glandulifera)
Corylus americana
Corylus cornuta

25. FAGACEAE

Que re us macrocarpa

26. ULMACEAE

Ulmus americana

27. CANNABACEAE
Humulus lupulus

28. URTICACEAE
Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis

29. SANTALACEAE

Comandra umbellata

(C. pallida)
Geocaulon liuidum

30. POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum achoreum
Polygonum amphibium
Polygonum auiculare
Polygonum cilinode
Polygonum convolvulus
Polygonum douglasii
Polygonum hydropiper
Polygonum lapathifolium
Polygonum persicaria
Polygonum scandens
Rumex fennicus
Rumex occidentalis
Rumex orbiculatus
Rumex maritimus

var. fueginus
Rumex triangulivalvis

(R. mexicanus)

31. CHENOPODIACEAE

Atriplex subspicata
Axyris amaranthoides
Chenopodium album
Chenopodium berlandieri ssp.

zschackei
Chenopodium capitatum
Chenopodium giganto-

spermum
Chenopodium glaucum

261

Checklist of species

Chenopodium leptophyllum
Chenopodium pratericola
Chenopodium rubrum
Chenopodium strictum
var. glaucophyllum
Monolepis nuttalliana

32. AMARANTHACEAE

Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus retroflexus

33. PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca oleracea

34. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Cerastium arvense
Cerastium nutans
Dianthus deltoides
Gypsophila paniculata
Lychnis chalcedonica
Minuartia dawsonensis

(Arenaria dawsonensis)
Moehringia lateriflora

(Arenaria lateriflora)
Saponaria officinalis
Silene alba
Silene drummondii {Lychnis

drummondii, L. pudica)
Silene noctiflora
Silene vulgaris (S. cucubalus)
Stellaria calycantha
Stellaria crassifolia
Stellaria long i folia
Stellaria longipes
Stellaria media

36. NYMPHAEACEAE

Nuphar microphyllum
Nuphar uariegatum

37. RANUNCULACEAE

Actaea rubra (f. rubra and

f. neglecta)
Anemone canadensis
Anemone cylindrica
Anemone multifida
Anemone quinquefolia
Anemone uirginiana

(A. riparia)
Aquilegia breuistyla
Aquilegia canadensis
Caltha palustris
Coptis trifolia
Delphinium glaucum
Pulsatilla ludoviciana

(Anemone patens)
Ranunculus abortiuus
Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus aquatilis

var. subrigidus
Ranunculus cymbalaria
Ranunculus gmelinii
Ranunculus lapponicus
Ranunculus macounii
Ranunculus pensylvanicus
Ranunculus rhomboideus
Ranunculus sceleratus
Thalictrum dasycarpum
Thalictrum uenulosum

38. FUMARIACEAE
Corydalis aurea

35. CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum

39. CRUCIFERAE

Arabis diuaricarpa
Arabis drummondii

262

Checklist of species

Arabis glabra
Arab is hirsuta

var. pycnocarpa
Brassica campestris
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Cardamine pensyluanica
Descurainia richardsonii
Descurainia sophia
Draba nemorosa var. leiocarpa
Erucastrum gallicum
Erysimum cheiranthoides
Erysimum inconspicuum
Hesperis matronalis
Lepidium densiflorum
Rorippa islandica
Sinapis aruensis (Brassica

kaber var. pinnatifida)
Sisymbrium altissimum
Thlaspi aruense

40. DROSERACEAE

Drosera anglica
Drosera rotundifolia

41. SAXIFRAGACEAE

C hrysosplenium alternifolium

var. ioense
Heuchera richardsonii
Mitella nuda
Parnassia glauca
Parnassia palustris

var. neogaea (P. multiseta)
Ribes americanum

(R. floridum)
Ribes glandulosum
Ribes hirtellum
Ribes hudsonianum
Ribes lacustre
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Ribes triste

42. ROSACEAE

Agrimonia striata
Amelanchier alnifolia

Crataegus chrysocarpa
Fragaria uirginiana
Geum aleppicum var. strictum
Geum macrophyllum

var. perincisum
Geum riuale
Geum triflorum
Potentilla anserina
Potentilla arguta
Potentilla fruticosa
Potentilla gracilis

var. pulcherrima
Potentilla hippiana
Potentilla noruegica
Potentilla palustris
Potentilla pensyluanica

var. bipinnatifida
Potentilla tridentata
Prunus americana
Prunus nigra
Prunus pensyluanica
Prunus uirginiana
Pyrus malus
Rosa acicularis
Rosa blanda
Rosa woodsii
Rubus acaulis
Rubus chamaemorus
Rubus pubescens
Rubus strigosus (R. idaeus)
Sorbus decora
Spiraea alba

43. LEGUMINOSAE

Amorpha nana
Amphicarpa bracteata
Astragalus agrestis

(A. danicus var.

dasyglottis, A. goniatus)
Astragalus alpinus
Astragalus bisulcatus
Astragalus canadensis
Astragalus crassicarpus
Astragalus flexuosus
Astragalus striatus

(A. ads urge ns

var. robustior)

263

Checklist of species

Astragalus tenellus
Caragana arborescens
Hedysarum alpinum

var. americanum
Lathyrus ochroleucus
Lathyrus palustris
Lathyrus uenosus
Medicago falcata
Medicago lupulina
Medicago satiua
Melilotus alba
Melilotus officinalis
Oxytropis campestris

var. gracilis
Oxytropis deflexa var. sericea
Oxytropis splendens
Petalostemon purpureum
Psoralea argophylla
Trifolium hybridum
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium repens
Vicia americana
Vicia cracca

44. LINACEAE
Linum lewisii

45. OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis stricta

46. GERANIACEAE

Geranium bicknellii
Geranium carolinianum

47. POLYGALACEAE

Poly gala pauci folia
Poly gala senega

48. EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia esula
Euphorbia glyptosperma

49. CALLITRICHACEAE

Callitriche palustris

50. EMPETRACEAE

Empetrum nigrum

var. hermaphroditum

51. ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus radicans

52. CELASTRACEAE
Celastrus scandens

53. ACERACEAE

Acer negundo
Acer spicatum

54. BALSAMINACEAE

Impatiens capensis (f. capensis

and f. immaculata)
Impatiens noli-tangere

55. RHAMNACEAE
Rhamnus alnifolia

56. VITACEAE
Parthenocissus inserta

264

57. MALVACEAE

Lauatera thuringiaca
Malua pusilla

58. HYPERICACEAE

Hypericum uirginicum
var. fraseri

59. VIOLACEAE

Viola adunca
Viola nephrophylla
Viola palustris
Viola pedatifida
Viola pensyluanica

var. leiocarpa
Viola renifolia var. brainerdii
Viola rugulosa
Viola selkirkii
Viola sororia

60. ELAEAGNACEAE

Elaeagnus commutata
Shepherdia canadensis

61. ONAGRACEAE

Circaea alpina
Epilobium angustifolium
Epilobium glandulosum

var. adenocaulon
Epilobium leptophyllum
Epilobium palustre
Oenothera biennis

62. HALORAGACEAE

Myriophyllum exalbescens
Myriophyllum verticillatum

Checklist of species

63. HIPPURIDACEAE

Hippuris vulgaris

64. ARALIACEAE
Aralia nudicaulis

65. UMBELLIFERAE

Aegopodium podagraria
Carum carvi
Cicuta bulbifera
Cicuta maculata

var. angustifolia
Heracleum lanatum
Osmorhiza depauperata

(0. obtusa)
Osmorhiza longistylis
Sanicula marilandica
Sium suave
Zizia aptera
Zizia aurea

66. CORNACEAE

Cornus alternifolia
Cornus canadensis
Cornus stolonifera

67. PYROLACEAE

Moneses uniflora

Monotropa hypopithys

Monotropa uniflora

Pyrola asarifolia

Pyrola chlorantha (P. virens)

Pyrola elliptica

Pyrola secunda

68. ERICACEAE
Andromeda glaucophylla

265

Checklist of species

Arctostaphylos uua-ursi
Gaultheria hispidula

(Chiogenes hispidula)
Ledum groenlandicum
Oxycoccus microcarpus
Oxycoccus quadripetalus
Vaccinium caespitosum
Vaccinium myrtilloides
Vaccinium vitis-idaea

74. CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus sepium
Cuscuta campestris

75. POLEMONIACEAE

Collomia linearis

69. PRIMULACEAE

Androsace septentrionalis
Lysimachia ciliata
Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Trientalis borealis

70. OLEACEAE

Fraxinus pennsylvanica
(var. austinii and
var. subintegerrima)

71. GENTIANACEAE

Gentiana acuta

(G. amarella ssp. acuta)
Gentiana affinis
Gentiana crinita
Gentiana macounii

(Gentianella crinita

ssp. macounii)
Gentiana rubricaulis

(G. linearis)
Halenia deflexa
Menyanthes trifoliata

72. APOCYNACEAE
Apocynum androsaemifolium

73. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Asclepias ovalifolia
Asclepias speciosa

76. HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Phacelia franklinii

11. BORAGINACEAE

Hackelia americana
Lappula echinata
Lithospermum canescens
Mertensia paniculata

78. LABIATAE

Agastache foeniculum

Dracocephalum parviflorum
{Moldavica parviflora)

Dracocephalum thymiflorum
{Moldavica thymiflora)

Galeopsis tetrahit

Glechoma hederacea

Lycopus americanus

Lye opus as per

Lycopus uniflorus

Mentha arvensis var. villosa

Mentha spicata

Monarda fistulosa

Physostegia ledinghamii
(Dracocephalum nuttallii
pro parte, Physostegia
parvifolia pro parte)

Prunella vulgaris

Scutellaria galericulata
var. pubescens

Scutellaria lateriflora

Stachys palustris

266

Checklist of species

79. SOLANACEAE
Chamaesaracha grandiflora

80. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Castilleja miniata
Castilleja pallida

var. septentrionalis
Linaria vulgaris
Orthocarpus luteus
Pedicularis lanceolata
Penstemon gracilis
Veronica americana
Veronica comosa

(var. glaberrima and

var. glandulosa)
Veronica peregrina

var. xalapensis
Veronica scutellata

81. LENTIBULARIACEAE

Pinguicula vulgaris
Utricularia minor
Utricularia vulgaris

82. PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago major

83. RUBIACEAE

Galium aparine
Galium boreale
Galium labradoricum
Galium trifidum
Galium triflorum
Houstonia longifolia

84. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Diervilla lonicera
Linnaea borealis
var. americana

Lonicera dioica

var. glaucescens
Lonicera involucrata
Lonicera oblongifolia
Lonicera tatarica
Symphoricarpos albus
Symphoricarpos occidentalis
Viburnum edule
Viburnum lentago
Viburnum rafinesquianum

(V. a f fine)
Viburnum trilobum

85. VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana septentrionalis
(V. dioica ssp. sylvatica)

86. CAMPANULACEAE

Campanula aparinoides
Campanula rotundifolia
Campanula uliginosa

87. LOBELIACEAE
Lobelia kalmii

88. COMPOSITAE

Achillea millefolium
Achillea ptarmica
Achillea sibirica
Agoseris glauca
Ambrosia psilostachya
Antennaria campestris
Antennaria neodioica

(A. petaloidea)
Antennaria parvifolia
Arctium minus
Arctium tomentosum
Arnica chamissonis

ssp. foliosa
Arnica cordifolia
Arnica lonchophylla

267

Checklist of species

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia biennis
Artemisia canadensis

(A. caudata)
Artemisia dracunculus

(A. glauca)
Artemisia frigida
Artemisia ludoviciana
Aster brachyactis
Aster ciliolatus
Aster ericoides
Aster hesperius
Aster juncifor mis
Aster laeuis
Aster puniceus
Aster simplex

Aster umbellatus var. pubens
Bidens cernua
Chrysanthemum

leucanthemum
Cirsium arvense
Cirsium drummondii
Cirsium flodmanii
Cirsium muticum (f. muticum

and f. lactiflorum)
Crepis tectorum
Erigeron annuus (E. ramosus,

E. strigosus)
Erigeron asper
Erigeron canadensis
Erigeron elatus
Erigeron glabellus
Erigeron lonchophyllus
Erigeron philadelphicus
Eupatorium maculatum

(f. maculatum and f. faxoni)
Gaillardia aristata
Grindelia squarrosa
Helianthus annuus
Helianthus laetiflorus

var. subrhomboideus
Helianthus nuttallii

(H. giganteus)

Helianthus tuberosus

var. subcanescens
Hieracium umbellatum

{H. canadense,

H. scabriusculum)
Iua xanthifolia
Lactuca biennis
Lactuca pulchella
Liatris ligulistylis
Matricaria maritima

var. agrestis
Matricaria matricarioides
Megalodonta beckii

{Bidens beckii)
Petasites palmatus
Petasites sagittatus
Petasites uitifolius
Prenanthes alba
Prenanthes racemosa
Rudbeckia laciniata
Rudbeckia serotina (R. hirta)
Senecio aureus
Senecio congestus

(S. palustris)
Senecio eremophilus
Senecio vulgaris
Solidago bicolor var. concolor

(S. hispida)
Solidago canadensis

(S. lepida)
Solidago gigantea
Solidago graminifolia

var. major
Solidago missouriensis
Solidago rigida
Solidago spathulata
Sonchus aruensis

var. glabrescens
Tanacetum vulgare
Taraxacum officinale
Tragopogon dubius

268

Glossary

acaulescent Apparently without a stem, the leaves and
inflorescence arising near the surface of the ground.

achene A small dry indehiscent fruit, distinguished from a
nutlet by its relatively thin wall.

acicular Needle-shaped.

acuminate Tapering to a slender point.

acute Forming an acute angle at base or apex.

adnate Grown together or attached; applied only to unlike
organs, as stipules adnate to the petiole.

alternate Not opposite to each other on the axis but borne at
regular intervals at different levels.

ament A catkin.

androecium A collective term for the stamens.

androgynous (of inflorescence in Carex) Denoting a spike
that contains both staminate and pistillate flowers, the latter
at the base.

annual Of one year's duration.

anther The distal part of a stamen in which pollen is
produced, composed usually of two parts known as anther sacs,
pollen sacs, or thecae.

anthesis The time during which a flower expands. Often
used to designate the flowering period.

antrorse Directed more or less toward the summit of a plant
or an organ of a plant.

apetalous Having no petals.

apex Tip.

apical Relating to the apex, or tip.

269

Glossary

apiculate Ending abruptly in a small, usually sharp tip.

appressed Lying close to or parallel to an organ, as hairs
appressed to a leaf or leaves appressed to the stem.

approximate Close together, but not overlapping.

arachnoid (of pubescence) Cobwebby; thinly pubescent with
relatively long, usually appressed and interlaced hairs.

aril An appendage growing at or about the hilum of a seed.

aristate Having an awn, usually terminal in position.

articulate Jointed; having nodes or joints, or places where
separation may naturally take place.

ascending Growing obliquely upward (of stems); directed
obliquely forward with respect to the organ to which they are
attached (of parts of a plant).

asexual Not involving the union of gametes.

attenuate Gradually tapering to a very slender point.

auricle A small, ear-shaped projecting lobe or appendage at
the base of an organ.

auriculate Having an auricle.

awn A slender terminal bristle, usually stiff in proportion to
its size.

axil The angle formed between any two organs.

axillary Located in or arising from an axis.

axis The central part of a longitudinal support on which
organs or parts are arranged. Compare rachis.

barbed Provided, usually laterally or marginally, with short
reflexed points.

barbellate Finely barbed.

basal Located at the base of a plant or of an organ of a plant.

270

Glossary

beak A comparatively short and stout terminal appendage
on a thickened organ, such as a seed or a fruit. Not used for a
flat organ, such as a leaf.

bearded Bearing long or stiff hairs.

berry A fruit developed from a single ovary, fleshy or pulpy
throughout, containing one to many seeds; any pulpy or juicy
fruit. Compare drupe.

bi- (prefix) Two, twice, or doubly.

bidentate Having two teeth.

biennial Living for 2 years only and blooming in the second
year.

bifid Forked.

bilabiate Two-lipped.

bipinnate Doubly or twice pinnate.

bisexual With both sexes occurring on the same individual.
Of flowers, with both stamens and pistils contained in the
same flower; a hermaphrodite.

bladder A modified leaf found on the bladderwort. It is used
to trap small aquatic animals.

blade The expanded part of a flat organ, such as leaf, a petal,
or a sepal.

bloom A whitish powdery and glaucous covering of the
surface, often of a waxy nature.

bract A more-or-less modified leaf subtending a flower or
belonging to an inflorescence, or sometimes cauline. Compare
spathe.

bracteate, bracted Having bracts.

bracteolate Having bractlets.

bracteole A small bract; a small bract-like organ arising
laterally on the pedicel.

bractlet A bracteole.

271

Glossary

branchlet The ultimate division of a branch.

bristle A stiff hair, or any slender body, that may be likened
to a hog's bristle.

bristly Provided with bristles.

bud An undeveloped stem, leaf, or flower.

bud scale A reduced or specialized leaf that encloses a bud.

bulb A short, vertical, underground organ for food storage or
reproduction on which specialized leaves are prominently
developed.

bulblet A small bulb; usually applied to the bulb-like
structures produced by some plants in the axils of the leaves or
to structures replacing the flowers.

bur A hooked fruit.

bush A shrub.

caducous Falling off very early.

caespitose Growing in dense tufts; usually applied only to
small plants.

calcareous (of soil) Rich in lime.

callus The swollen nodes of the rachilla in Gramineae.

calyx The outer series of floral leaves that form the perianth
of a flower, often green, frequently enclosing the rest of the
flower in bud, occasionally colored, petal-like or, in some
groups of plants, greatly reduced or completely lacking.

calyx lobe The free projecting parts of a gamosepalous calyx.

calyx tube The lower tubular part of a gamosepalous calyx.

campanulate Bell-shaped.

capillary Hair-like.

capitate Head-shaped; collected into a head or a dense
cluster.

272

Glossary

capsule A dry dehiscent fruit developed from a compound
ovary and almost always containing two or more seeds.
Compare follicle.

carpel A simple pistil or one member of a compound pistil.

castaneous Chestnut colored.

catkin A dense bracteate spike or raceme bearing many
small, naked, or at least apetalous flowers.

caudate Having a slender tail-like terminal appendage.

caulescent Having a well-developed stem above ground.
cauline Situated on or pertaining to the stem.

chaff The receptacular bracts of many species of Compositae.

channeled Grooved longitudinally.

chartaceous Papery in texture.

chlorophyll The green coloring material within the cells of
plants.

cilia Marginal hairs.

ciliate Having marginal hairs.

clasping Partly surrounding another organ at the base.

clavate Club-shaped, gradually increasing in diameter
toward the summit.

claw The narrow base or stalk of some sepals and petals.

cleft Deeply cut, probably to below the middle. There is no
sharp distinction between cleft, lobed (meaning less deeply
cut), and parted, (meaning more deeply cut).

columnar Column-shaped or pillar-shaped.

coma A tuft of soft hairs, usually terminal on a seed.

compound (of a leaf) Composed of two or more separate
leaflets.

concave Hollowed out; like a saucer.

273

Glossary

conduplicate Folded together lengthwise, with the upper
surface within, as in the blades of many grasses.

cone A globose to cylindrical arrangement of crowded bracts
or scales subtending reproductive organs and usually hard,
woody, or long persistent; a structure of similar appearance,
although possibly of a different morphological nature.

confluent Flowing or running together.

coniferous Cone-bearing.

connate Grown together or attached. Applied only to like
organs, as filaments connate into a tube or leaves connate
around the stem. Compare adnate.

convex Having a more-or-less rounded surface.

convolute Rolled up longitudinally; twisted together when
in an undeveloped stage.

cordate Heart-shaped; sometimes applied to whole organs,
but more often to the base only.

coriaceous Leathery in texture.

corolla The second set of floral leaves of the perianth, often
conspicuous by its size or color, but in some plants small and
inconspicuous, reduced to nectaries, or lacking.

corymb A type of raceme in which the axis is relatively
short and the lower pedicels relatively long, thereby producing
a round-topped or flat-topped inflorescence. Sometimes
loosely applied to any type of flower cluster of similar shape.

corymbiform Shaped like a corymb.

corymbose In a corymb.

creeping Growing along the surface of the ground and
emitting roots at intervals, usually from the nodes.

crenate Dentate with teeth much rounded.

crenulate Finely crenate.

culm The aerial stem of a grass or sedge.

274

Glossary

cuneate Wedge-shaped; narrowly triangular with the acute
angle pointed downward.

cupule A cup-like structure at the base of some fruits (as in
some palms) formed by the dry and enlarging floral envelopes.

cusp A sharp, abrupt, and often rigid point.

cuspidate Tipped with a cusp or a sharp and firm point.

cyme A type of inflorescence in which each flower is strictly
terminal either to the main axis or to a branch. See raceme
and racemose. Cymes assume many forms, depending on the
number and position of the branches. They are sometimes
distinguished with difficulty from a racemose inflorescence,
but may often be determined by the position of the bracts
opposite the base of the pedicel instead of below it.

cymose With the flowers in a cyme.

deciduous Falling after completion of the normal function;
not evergreen.

decompound More than once compound or divided.

decumbent Prostrate at base, either erect or ascending
elsewhere.

decurrent Extending downward. Usually applied to leaves
in which the blade is apparently prolonged downward, as two
wings along the petiole or the stem.

deflexed Bent abruptly downward.

dehiscence The process or act of opening, usually of a fruit.

dehiscent Opening regularly by valves or slits, as a capsule
or anther.

deltoid Broadly triangular.

dentate Toothed along the margin, the apex of each tooth
sharp and directed outward.

denticulate Minutely dentate.

dichotomous Forking more or less regularly into two
branches of about equal size.

275

Glossary

diffuse Loosely spreading.

digitate Having parts diverging from a common base, as the
fingers of a hand. Usually descriptive of leaflets or parts of an
inflorescence.

dilate Enlarge.

dimorphic Occurring in two forms.

dioecious Unisexual; bearing staminate and pistillate
flowers on separate plants.

disarticulating Separating.

disc An enlargement of or an outgrowth from the receptacle,
appearing in the center of the flower of various plants; in
Compositae, the central part of the head, composed of tubular
flowers.

discoid Resembling a disc; in Compositae, a head composed
of tubular flowers only.

distinct Separate; not united; evident.

divergent Inclining away from each other.

divided Cut into distinct parts. Usually describing a leaf
cut to the midrib or to the base.

dorsal Located on or pertaining to the back of an organ.

downy Pubescent with soft, fine hairs.

drupe A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the inner portion of the
pericarp hard or stony.

drupelet A small drupe, as in a raspberry.

ellipsoid Solid but with an elliptical outline.

elliptical Oval in outline; having narrowed to rounded ends
and being widest at or about the middle; of, relating to, or
shaped like an ellipse.

endocarp The inner layer of the pericarp, or fruit wall.

entire With a continuous, unbroken margin.

276

Glossary

epidermis The superficial layer of cells.

epiphyte A plant growing attached to another plant, but not
parasitic.

erect Growing essentially in a vertical position (of a whole
plant); describing the position of a structure that extends in
the same direction as the organ that bears it (of part of a
plant).

erose Irregularly cut or toothed along the margin.

evergreen Remaining green throughout the winter.

excurrent Running out, as a nerve of a leaf projecting
beyond the margin.

exfoliate To come off in scales or flakes.

exsert To project out or beyond. Often referring to stamens
or styles that project beyond the perianth.

exstipulate Lacking stipules.

fascicle A small bundle or cluster, without reference to the
morphological details of arrangement.

fertile Capable of normal reproductive functions, as a fertile
stamen produces pollen, a fertile pistil produces ovules, a
fertile flower normally produces fruit, although it may lack
stamens.

fibrous Resembling fibers.

-fid (suffix) Deeply cut.

filament The basal sterile portion of a stamen below the
anther, usually slender, sometimes lacking; any thread-like
structure.

filiform Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.

flabellate Fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped.

flaccid Flabby; lacking in stiffness.

flange A projecting flat rim or collar.

277

Glossary

fleshy Thick and juicy; succulent.

flexuous Curved alternately in opposite directions.

floret A small flower, usually one of several in a cluster.

floricane The flowering cane, usually the second year's
development of the primo-cane, as in Rubus.

foliaceous Leaf-like in flatness, color, and texture.

foliate Leaved; having leaves.

follicle A dry dehiscent fruit developed from a simple ovary
and dehiscent usually along one suture only.

forked Divided into nearly equal branches.

free Not adnate to other organs. Compare distinct.

frond The expanded, leaf-like portion of a fern.

fruit The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound,
or aggregated, of whatever form.

fulvous Yellow; tawny.

funnelform With the tube gradually widening and passing
insensibly into the limb.

fusiform Thick near the middle and tapering at both ends.

gametophyte In the life cycle, the generation in which
sexual organs are produced.

gamopetalous Having the petals wholly or partly united.

gamosepalous Having the sepals united.

geniculate Bent abruptly at the nodes.

glabrate Becoming glabrous.

glabrous Lacking pubescence; smooth.

gland A secreting organ, in plants usually producing nectar
or volatile oil and either internal or external.

278

Glossary

glandular Containing or bearing glands.

glaucous Gray, grayish green, or bluish green with a thin
coat of fine removable particles that are often waxy in texture.
Covered or whitened with a bloom.

globose Spherical or nearly so.

globular Spherical.

glomerate Occurring in a compact cluster.

glomerule A compact head-like cyme.

glume One of the two empty chaffy bracts at the base of the
spikelet in Gramineae.

glutinous Covered with a sticky substance.

gynaecandrous Having staminate and pistillate flowers in
the same spike, the pistillate at the apex.

gynoecium The female portion of the flower. A collective
term used for several pistils of a single flower; when only one
pistil is present, pistil and gynoecium are synonymous.

gynostegium The structure formed by the union of the
androecium and gynoecium in Asclepiadaceae.

habit The general appearance of a plant.

habitat The kind of locality in which a plant grows, such as
bogs or woods, for example.

hair An epidermal appendage, usually slender, either simple
or variously branched.

haploid Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

hastate Having two divergent basal lobes.

head A dense flower-cluster, composed of sessile or nearly
sessile flowers crowded on a short axis or disc.

herb A plant, either annual, biennial, or perennial, without
a persistent woody stem above ground.

herbaceous Without a persistent woody stem above ground;
dying back to the ground at the end of the growing season.

279

Glossary

hilum The scar or point of attachment of the seed.

hirsute Pubescent with firm, straight, spreading hairs.

hispid Pubescent with stiff, bristly spreading hairs.

hoary Grayish-white, close pubescence.

homologous Similar.

homosporous Producing spores of only one kind.

hyaline Translucent or transparent.

hypanthium An expansion of the receptacle forming a
saucer-shaped, cup-shaped, or tubular organ, often simulating
a calyx tube and bearing the sepals, the petals, and often the
stamens at or near its margin.

imbricate Overlapping, either in width only, as the sepals or
petals of various plants, or in both width and length, as the
involucral bracts of many species of Compositae.

immersed Growing completely under water.

incised Deeply cut.

incurved Curved inward.

indehiscent (of fruits) Not opening at maturity.

indument Any hairy covering or pubescence.

indurate Hardened.

indusium An outgrowth of the frond, wholly or partly
covering the sorus in ferns.

inferior Lower or below. An inferior ovary is one that is
adnate to the hypanthium or to the lower parts of the perianth
and therefore appearing to be located below the flower at the
summit of the pedicel.

inflorescence A complete flower cluster, including the axis
and bracts.

infrastipular Below the stipule.
280

Glossary

internode The portion of a stem between one node and the
next.

involucel A secondary involucre.

involucral Belonging to an involucre.

involucrate Having an involucre.

involucre A set of bracts closely associated with each other
and subtending an inflorescence.

involute Rolled inward, so that the lower side of the organ is
exposed and the upper concealed. Compare revolute.

irregular (of a flower) Differing in size, shape, or structure;
zygomorphic. Applies to the members of one or more sets of
organs (usually the corolla).

keel A sharp or conspicuous longitudinal ridge; a central
dorsal ridge, like the keel of a boat; the two lower united petals
in Leguminosae.

labiate Lipped.

lacerate Having an irregularly jagged margin; irregularly
cut as if torn.

lanate Woolly.

lance-attenuate Lanceolate, with the tip tapering.

lance-oblong Lanceolate and oblong.

lanceolate Shaped like a lance-head, much longer than wide
and widest below the middle.

lateral Situated on or arising from the side of an organ, as a
lateral inflorescence.

leaflet A single segment of a compound leaf.

legume A dry fruit derived from a simple ovary and usually
dehiscing along two sutures.

lemma The lower of the two bracts enclosing the flower in
Gramineae.

lenticular Lens-shaped.

281

Glossary

ligulate Having a ligule; having the nature of a liguie.

ligule A small, usually flat outgrowth from an organ, as seen
at the junction of claw and blade in the petals of some species
of Caryophyllaceae or at the junction of sheath and leaf blade
in Gramineae; the ligulate corolla of many species of
Compositae.

linear Narrow and elongate with parallel sides.

linear-subulate Linear, with an awl-shaped tip.

Ungulate Tongue-shaped.

lip Either portion of the limb of a bilabiate corolla or calyx,
distinguished as upper lip and lower lip; the odd petal (usually
the lowest) in Orchidaceae.

lobe A partial division of an organ such as a leaf. The term
generally applies to a division less than half-way to the
midrib.

locule A cavity or one of the cavities within an ovary, a fruit,
or an anther. The term is often used in preference to the older
term, cell.

lyrate Pinnately lobed with the terminal lobe the largest.

macrospore The larger of the two kinds of spores in
Selaginellaceae and related plants.

malpighian hairs Hairs that are straight and attached by
the middle.

marceseent Withering and persistent; usually applied to
petals or stamens after anthesis, or to leaves.

mealy Covered with meal or with fine granules.

membranaceous, membranous Thin and pliable, as an
ordinary leaf, in contrast to chartaceous, coriaceous, or
succulent.

microspore In some pteridophytes, the spore from which the
male gametophyte is developed.

midrib The median or central rib of a leaf.

282

Glossary

moniliform Resembling a string of beads; constricted at
regular intervals.

monoecious Bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers.

mucronate Tipped with a short, sharp, slender point.

multifid Cleft into many lobes or segments.

nectary A gland that secretes nectar, usually on the corolla
or disc or within the spur of a flower.

nerve A prominent vein of a leaf or other organ.

nodal Located at or pertaining to a node.

node A point on the stem from which leaves or branches
arise; the solid constriction in the culm of a grass.

nodulose Provided with little knots or knobs.

nut A hard, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit or part of a
fruit.

nutlet A small nut, loosely distinguished only by its size and
scarcely separable from an achene except by the comparative
thickness of its wall.

ob- (prefix) In a reverse direction. Usually attached to an
adjective indicating shape.

obcordate Heart-shaped, with the point basal.

oblanceolate Lanceolate with the broadest part above the
middle.

oblique Slanting; unequal-sided.

oblong Two or three times longer than broad and with
nearly parallel sides.

obovate Inverted ovate.

obovoid Having the form of an egg with the broad end
apical.

obpyramidal Inversely pyramidal.

obsolete Not evident; rudimentary; extinct.

283

Glossary

obtuse Blunt or rounded at the end.

ocrea A sheath around the stem just above the base of a leaf
and derived from the stipules. Used chiefly in Polygonaceae.

olivaceous Olive green; olive-colored.

opposite Situated diametrically opposite each other at the
same node, as leaves, flowers, or branches; situated directly in
front of another organ, as stamens opposite the petals.

orbicular Essentially circular.

oval Broadly elliptical.

ovary The basal, usually expanded portion of a pistil within
which the ovules are borne.

ovate Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg,
with the broader end basal.

ovoid A solid with an ovate outline.

ovule A reproductive organ within the ovary in which the
female structure is produced and that after fertilization
becomes a seed.

palea A type of bract in Gramineae.

palmate Having three or more lobes, nerves, leaflets, or
branches arising from one point; digitate.

panicle A compound or branched inflorescence of the
racemose type. Often applied to any compound inflorescence
that is loosely branched and longer than thick.

panicled, paniculate Arranged in a panicle.

papilliform Shaped like a papilla, which is a small, short,
blunt, rounded (or cylindrical) projection; nipple-shaped.

papillose (of a surface) Bearing short, blunt, rounded (or
cylindrical) projections.

papilonaceous Having differentiated petals (standard,
wings, and keel), as in the corolla of many species of
Leguminosae.

284

Glossary

pappus An outgrowth of hairs, scales, or bristles from the
summit of the achene, as occurs in many species of
Compositae.

parasite (of a plant) Deriving food and water wholly or
chiefly from another plant to which it is attached. Compare
epiphyte.

-partite (suffix) Cleft nearly but not quite to the base.

pectinate Pinnatifid into narrow segments of uniform size;
comb-like; closely ciliate with comparatively large or stiff and
parallel hairs.

pedicel The stalk of a single flower in an inflorescence.

pedicellate Borne on a pedicel.

peduncle The portion of a stem, either leafless or with
bracts, that bears an inflorescence or a solitary flower.

pedunculate Having a peduncle.

pendant Hanging down.

pendulous Hanging or drooping.

perennial A plant that continues its growth from year to
year.

perfect (of a flower) Having functional stamens and pistils.

perianth The corolla and calyx considered together or either
one of them if the other is lacking.

pericarp The wall of a mature ovary; the fruit wall.

perigynium The inflated sac that encloses the ovary in
Car ex.

persistent Remaining attached after the normal function
has been completed.

petal A division of the corolla.

petaloid Having the character or appearance of a petal.

petiolate Having a petiole.

285

Glossary

petiole The basal stalk-like portion of an ordinary leaf, in
contrast with the expanded blade; the support of a leaf.

petiolule The stalk, or petiole, of a leaflet.

phyllary An involucral bract in Compositae.

pilose Having sparse, straight, spreading hairs.

pinna One of the main divisions of a pinnatifid or pinnately
compound organ.

pinnate Compound, having branches, lobes, leaflets, or
veins arranged on two sides of a rachis.

pinnatifid Having lobes, clefts, or divisions pinnately
arranged.

pinnule A secondary pinna; a segment of a bipinnatifid or
decompound leaf.

pistil The seed-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of the
ovary, style, and stigma.

pistillate Bearing a pistil. Usually applied to flowers that
lack stamens.

pith The spongy center of a stem, growing by annual layers.

plumose Feathery. Applied to a slender organ or structure
with dense pubescence, such as a style.

pod Strictly, a legume; loosely, often a synonym of capsule.

pollen The spores borne within the anther that produce the
male reproductive cells.

polygamous Bearing some perfect and some unisexual
flowers.

pome A fleshy fruit, such as an apple or a pear, formed from
an inferior ovary with several locules.

precocious Bearing flowers that appear before the leaves.

prickle A small and more or less slender sharp outgrowth
from the epidermis.

286

Glossary

primocane The first year's cane (usually without flowers) of
Rubus and similar genera.

prostrate Lying flat on the ground.

prothallus A cellular, usually flat and thallus-like growth,
resulting from the germination of a spore, upon which sexual
organs and eventually new plants are developed.

puberulent, puberulous Minutely or sparsely pubescent
with scarcely elongate hairs.

pubescence An indument of hairs, without reference to
structure.

pubescent Bearing hairs on the surface.

punctate Dotted. Usually denoting the presence of glands
either on the surface or within the tissues.

puncticulate Minutely punctate.

pyramidal Pyramid-shaped.

pyriform Pear-shaped.

raceme A common type of inflorescence with an elongate
unbranched axis and lateral flowers, the lowest opening first.
A true raceme is of the racemose type but the term is
sometimes loosely applied to a racemiform cyme.

racemose A general type of inflorescence in which all
flowers are axillary and lateral, the axis therefore
theoretically capable of indefinite prolongation. Compare
cymose.

rachilla The rachis of a spikelet in Gramineae and some
species of Cyperaceae.

rachis The axis of an inflorescence or of a compound leaf.

radiate Spreading from or arranged around a common
center.

-ranked (suffix, used with a numerical prefix) The number
of longitudinal rows in which leaves or other structures are
arranged along an axis or a rachis.

287

Glossary

ray The ligule or strap-like marginal flower in Compositae.

receptacle The end of a pedicel or one-flowered peduncle
that bears the floral organs; in Compositae, the apex of the
peduncle upon which the flowers are inserted.

recurved Curved downward or backward.

reflexed Abruptly bent downward or backward.

regular Describing a flower in which the members of each
circle of parts are similar in size and shape.

remote Scattered; not close together.

reniform Kidney-shaped; wider than long, rounded in
general outline, and with a wide basal sinus.

repent Creeping or prostrate and rooting at the nodes.

resin Adhesive substance, insoluble in water, secreted by
some plants, e.g., spruce, pine.

resinous Having resin.

reticulate In the form of a network.

retrorse Directed backward or downward.

retuse Having a small terminal notch in an otherwise round-
ed or blunt apex.

revolute Rolled backward, so that the upper surface of the
organ is exposed and the lower side more or less concealed.

rhizoid A single- or several-celled, hair-like structure on the
underside of fern prothallia. It functions as an anchor and
holds water by capillarity.

rhizomatous Having a rhizome.

rhizome An underground usually horizontal stem; a root-
stock.

rhombic Having the outline of an equilateral parallelogram.

rhomboid A solid with a rhombic outline.

rhomboidal Having the shape of a rhomboid.

288

Glossary

rib A primary and prominent vein of a leaf.

roseate Rose-colored.

rosette A cluster of leaves crowded on very short internodes,
often basal in position and circular in form.

rotate Wheel-shaped. A gamopetalous corolla or gamose-
palous calyx widely spreading, without a contracted tube or
with only a short and inconspicuous tube.

rudiment An imperfectly developed and functionally useless
organ; a vestige.

runcinate Sharply incised, with the segments pointing
backward.

sagitate Arrow-shaped; lanceolate or triangular in outline
with two retrorse basal lobes.

samara An indehiscent winged fruit.

scabrous Rough to the touch, owing to the structure of the
epidermis or the presence of short stiff hairs.

scale Any small thin or flat structure; in Compositae, a
single bract of the involucre.

scape A peduncle with one or more flowers arising directly
from the ground or from a very short stem and either leafless
or with bracts only.

scapose Arranged on or borne on a scape.

scarious Thin, dry, and membranous; not green.

scurfy Covered with scale-like or bran-like particles.

secund Directed to one side only, usually by torsion.

seed A ripened ovule.

sepal A separate segment of a calyx.

septate Divided by partitions.

septum A partition within an organ, as the septa of an ovary
or the septa of a leaf in J uncus.

289

Glossary

sericeous Silky, owing to the presence of numerous soft
appressed or ascending hairs.

serrate Toothed along the margin, the apex of each tooth
sharp (compare crenate) and directed forward (compare
dentate).

serrulate Finely serrate.

sessile Without a stalk of any kind.

setaceous Bristle-like or bristle-shaped.

sheath An organ that wholly or partly surrounds another
organ at the base, as the sheathing leaf of a grass.

shrub A woody perennial, smaller than a tree, that usually
produces shoots or trunks from the base, not tree-like or with a
single bole.

simple (of a pistil) Organized from a single carpel and
therefore one-celled, with a single style and stigma. The term
is also applied to the ovary alone. A leaf with a single blade,
i.e., not compound.

sinuate Having a wavy margin.

sinus The cleft or recess between two lobes.

slough A wet or marshy depression.

sorus (pi. sori) In ferns, a cluster of sporangia.

spadix A form of spike or head with a thick or fleshy axis.

spathe A large, usually solitary bract subtending and often
enclosing an inflorescence. The term is used only in the
monocotyledons.

spatulate Shaped like a spatula; maintaining its width or
somewhat broadened toward the rounded summit; spoon-
shaped.

spicate Arranged in a spike.

spiciform Having the form of a spike but not necessarily its
technical structure.

290

Glossary

spike An elongate inflorescence of the racemose type with
sessile or subsessile flowers. The term is often loosely applied
to an inflorescence of different morphological nature but of
similar superficial appearance.

spikelet A small or secondary spike subtended by a common
pair of glumes or bracts, as in Gramineae; in Cyperaceae, a
number of empty glumes.

spine A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem.

spinescent Ending in a spine or bearing a spine.

spinule A small spine.

spinulose Bearing small spines over the surface.

spiral An arrangement of like organs, such as leaves,
occurring at regular angular intervals.

sporangium An organ in which spores are produced.

spore A one-celled asexual reproductive cell.

sporophyll A specialized organ for the production of spores
in sporangia. Those of flowering plants (pistil, stamen) are
often considered to be homologous with leaves; those of
gymnosperms and lycopods are the cone scales.

spur A hollow appendage projecting backward from the
corolla or the calyx and usually nectarial in function.

squarrose Spreading or recurved at the tip.

stamen A member of the third set of floral organs, typically
composed of anther and filament.

staminate Bearing stamens. Usually applied to a flower or
plant lacking pistils.

staminode, staminodium A sterile structure occupying the
position of a stamen.

stellate Star-shaped. Usually applied to multibranched
hairs.

stem A major division of the plant body in contrast to root
and leaf, distinguished from both by certain anatomical
features and commonly by general aspect.

291

Glossary

sterile Unproductive; infertile.

stigma The terminal (or by asymmetrical growth
occasionally lateral or even basal) portion of a pistil, adapted
for the reception and germination of pollen.

stigmatic Characteristic of or belonging to a stigma.

stipe The lower part of the petiole, which does not bear
pinnae.

stipitate Having a stipe or stalk.

stipulate Having stipules.

stipules A pair of small structures at the base of the petiole
of certain leaves, varying from minute to foliaceous and from
caducous to persistent.

stolon A horizontal branch arising at or near the base of a
plant, which takes root and develops new plants at the nodes
or the apex.

stoloniferous Producing stolons.

stoma (pi. stomata) A minute orifice or mouth-like opening
between two guard cells in the epidermis, particularly on the
lower surface of the leaves, through which gaseous
interchange between the atmosphere and the intercellular
spaces of the parenchyma is effected.

stone The hard endocarp of a drupe.

stramineous Straw-colored.

stranded Left behind on shore as the water receded.

striate Marked with fine and usually parallel lines.

strigose Having appressed, sharp, straight, and stiff hairs
pointing in the same direction.

strobile An inflorescence resembling a spruce or fir cone,
partly made up of imbricated bracts or scales.

style The attenuated part of a pistil that connects the stigma
to the ovary.

sub- (prefix) Slightly; more or less; somewhat.
292

Glossary

subopposite Almost opposite.

subtend To stand below and close to, as a bract below a
flower or a leaf below a bud.

subulate Awl-shaped.

succulent Juicy; fleshy.

superior (of an ovary) Not adnate to other floral organs.

suture A junction or seam of union; a line of opening or
dehiscence.

taproot Primary descending root.

tendril A portion of a stem or leaf modified to serve as a
holdfast organ.

terete Circular or essentially so in cross section.

ternate Arranged in threes.

terrestrial Growing in the soil, as distinct from growing in
water or other habitats.

testa The outer covering of a seed.

thallus A plant body not clearly differentiated into stem and
leaf, and often without roots or rhizoids.

theca (pi. thecae) A pollen sac; an anther.

thyrse A compound inflorescence composed of cymes
racemosely arranged. Also commonly but loosely used to
designate a compact panicle.

thyrsiform Shaped like a thyrse.

tomentose Woolly, with an indument of crooked matted
hairs.

tomentum An indument of crooked matted hairs.

torus The receptacle of a flower; in Compositae, the
receptacle of the flowers of a head.

trailing Prostrate but not rooting.

293

Glossary

trifoliate, trifoliolate Having three leaflets.

trigonous Three-angled.

truncate Ending abruptly, as if cut off.

tuber A thickened portion of a rhizome or root, serving for
food storage and often for propagation.

tubercle A small swollen or tuber-like structure, usually
distinct in color or texture from the organ on which it is borne,
as the tubercle on the achene of Eleocharis; a nodule contain-
ing bacteria, as on the roots of Leguminosae.

turion A scaly, often thick and fleshy shoot produced from a
bud on an underground rootstock.

tussock A tuft, mostly used of grasses or grass-like plants.

umbel A racemose type of inflorescence with a greatly
abbreviated axis and elongate pedicels, all arising from one
point. In a compound umbel the branches are again
umbellately branched at the summit.

umbellate Arranged in umbels.

umbellet One of the small umbels collectively composing a
compound umbel.

undulate Wavy-margined.

uniseriate Arranged in a single row, series, or layer.

unisexual Bearing stamens or pistils but not both.

valve One of the portions of the wall of a capsule into which
it separates at dehiscence. In anthers opening by pores, the
portion of the anther wall that covers the pore.

vein Any of the vascular bundles externally visible in a leaf
or other organ, especially those that branch (as distinguished
from nerves).

verticil A whorl of leaves or flowers.

verticillate Arranged in a whorl.

294

Glossary

villose, villous Covered densely with fine long hairs but not
matted.

viscid Sticky.

whorl A circle of three or more leaves, branches, or pedicels
arising from one node.

wing Any flat structure emerging from the side or summit of
an organ; the lateral petals in Leguminosae and Polygalaceae.

zygomorphy The bilateral symmetry exhibited by most
irregular flowers, the upper half unlike the lower, the left half
a mirror image of the right.

295

Index

Abies 30

balsamea 30
absinthe 238
Acer 189

negundo 189

spicatum 189
Aceraceae 189
Achillea 235

lanulosa 235

millefolium 235

ptarmica 235

sibirica 235
Acorus 100

calamus 100
Acfaea 148

rubra 148

rubra f. neglecta 148

rubra f. rubra 148
adder's-tongue 24
Aegopodium 199

podagraria 199
Agastacfte 216

foeniculum 216
Agoser/s 235

glauca 235
Agrimonia 168

str/ata 168
agrimony 168
X Agrohordeum 49

macounii 49, 62
Agropyron 49

cristatum 49

repens 49

smithii 49

trachycaulum

trachycaulum
var. glaucum 49

trachycaulum

var. novae-angliae 49

trachycaulum

var. trachycaulum 49

trachycaulum

var. un Hater ale 49
Agrostis 50

scabra 50

stolonifera 50
alder 126

green 126

mountain 126

speckled 126
alexanders 201

golden 201

heart-leaved 201
alfalfa 182
Alisma 40

plantago-aquatica 40

triviale 40
Alismataceae 40
A///um 107

schoenoprasum var.
sibiricum 107

stellatum 107
A/nus 126

crispa 126

incana ssp. rugosa 126
Alopecurus 50

aequalis 50
alumroot 163, 164
amaranth 138

prostrate 139
Amaranthaceae 138
Amaranthus 138

blitoides 139

graecizans 139

retroflexus 139
Ambrosia 235

psilostachya var.
coronopifolia 235
Amelanchier 169

alni folia 169
Amerorchis rotundifolia 116
Amorpha 178

297

Index

nana 178
Amphicarpa 178

bracteata 179
Anacardiaceae 189
Anacharis canadensis 42
Andromeda 205

glaucophylla 205
Andropogon 50

gerardii 50
Androsace 208

septentrionalis 208
anemone 148
Anemone 148

canadensis 148

cylindrica 148

multifida 148

patens var.

wolfgangiana 150

quinquefolia 148

riparia 149

virginiana 149
anise-root 200
Antennaria 235

campestris 236

neglecta 236

neodioica 236

parvifolia 235
Anthemis cotula 253
Apocynaceae 211
Apocynum 211

androsaemifolium 211
apple 174
Aquilegia 149

brevistyla 149

canadensis 149
Arab/s 157

drvaricarpa 157

drummondii 157

g/abra 157

hirsuta ssp.

pycnocarpa 157
Araceae 100
Ara//a 198

nudicaulis 198

298

Araliaceae 198
arborvitae 32
Arctium 236

minus 236

tomentosum 236
Arctostaphylos 206

uva-ursi 206
Arenaria

dawsonensis 141

lateriflora 142
arnica 236
A/77/ca 236

chamissonis ssp.
fo//osa 236

cordifolia 236

lonchophylla 236
arrow-grass 38, 40

slender 40
arrowhead 40
arrowwood, downy 229
Artemisia 238

absinthium 238

biennis 238

canadensis 238

dracunculus 238

f/7g/da 238

glauca 238

ludoviciana 238
arum 100
Asclepiadaceae 211
Asclepias 211

ovali folia 212

speciosa 212
ash 209

green 210
aspen, trembling 118
asphodel 108

sticky 108
Aspidiaceae 26
Aster 238

brachyactis 239

ciliolatus 240

ericoides 239

hesperius 239

Index

johannensis 239

junciformis 239

laevis 240

pansus 239

puniceus 240

simplex 239

umbellatus var.
pubens 239
aster 238

rayless 239
Astragalus 179

agrestis 180

alpinus 180

bisulcatus 180

canadensis 180

caryocarpus 179

crassicarpus 179

danicus var.

dasy glottis 180

flexuosus 179

goniatus 180

striates 180

tenellus 180
Athyrium 28

filix-femina var.
michauxii 28
Atriplex 136

subspicata 136
Avena 50

fatua 50

hookeri 60

sat/Va 50
avens 169

purple 169

three-flowered 169

yellow 170
Axyr/s 136

amaranthoides 136
baby's-breath 141
Balsaminaceae 190
baneberry 148

red 148
barley 62
bearberry 206

beardtongue 222
Beckmannia 50

syzigachne 52
bedstraw 224

northern 224

sweet-scented 226
beech 128
beggar's-lice 214
beggarticks 214, 240

smooth 240
bellflower 230
bergamot, wild 218
berry, baked-apple 176
Betu/a 126

glandulosa 253

glandulosa var.
glandulifera 126

occidentalis 253

papyrifera 126

pumila var.

glandulifera 126
Betulaceae 126
Bidens 240

6ecfcii 247

cernua 240
bilberry 206

dwarf 207
bindweed 132, 212

black 132
birch 126

canoe 126

paper 126

swamp 126

white 126
bird-rape 157
bishop's-cap 164
bittersweet 189
black-eyed Susan 248
bladderwort 223,224
blazingstar 246
bluebell 230

marsh 230
blueberry 206

velvet-leaved 207

299

Index

bluebur 214
blue-eyed-grass 110
blue-joint 54
bluets 226
bog-candle 114
bog-rosemary 205
borage 214
Boraginaceae 214
Botrychium 24

lunaria var.

minganense 24

minganense 24

multifidum 26

virginianum 26
bouncingbet 142
bracken 26
bramble 174
Brassica 157

campestris 157

kaber var. pinnatifida 1 62
breadroot 184
brome 52

Canada 52

fringed 52
Bromus 52

ciliatus 52

inermis 52

latiglumis 52

porteri 52

pumpellianus 52

purgans 52
buck-bean 211
buckthorn 190

alder-leaved 190
buckwheat 130

climbing false 132

wild 132
buffalo-bean 179
buffaloberry 194

Canada 194
bugleweed 217
bulrush 98
bunchberry 202
burdock 236

common 236

woolly 236
bur-reed 34
bush-cranberry 228

low 229
bush-honeysuckle 227
butter-and-eggs 221
buttercup 150

celery-leaved 152

common 154

kidney-leaved 152

prairie 152
butterwort 223
Calamagrostis 52

canadensis 54

inexpansa 54

neglecta 54
Calla 100

palustris 100
calla, wild 100
Callitrichaceae 188
Callitriche 188

palustris 188
Caltha 150

palustris 150
Calypso 112

bulbosa 112
camas 108

white 108
Campanula 230

aparinoides 230

rotundifolia 230

uliginosa 230
Campanulaceae 230
campion 141, 142
Cannabaceae 128
Caprifoliaceae 226
Capsella 158

bursa-pastoris 158
caragana 180
Caragana 180

arborescens 180
caraway 199
Card amine 158

300

Index

parviflora var.

arenicola 253
pensylvanica 158
Carex 74
adusta 84
alopecoidea 76
aquatilis 75
assiniboinensis 85
atherodes 89
ai/rea 75
backii 85
bebb/7 84
brunnescens 82
canescens 82
capillaris 92
castanea 92
chordorrhiza 76
concinna 86
ci/rta 82
deflexa 87
deweyana 80
diandra 80
disperma 80
festivella 84
foenea 76
granulans 94
gynocrates 74
hookeriana 78
houghtoniana 88
houghtonii 88
hystricina 90
interior 82
lacustris 88
lanuginosa 88
lasiocarpa var.

americana 88
leptalea 75
limosa 92
magellanica 92
microptera 84
obti/sata 75
peckii 86
pedunculata 92
pensylvanica 86

praegracilis 253

prairea 78

praticola 84

pseudo-cyperus 89

retrorsa 90

richardsonii 86

rosea 78

ross/7 87

rostrata 90

sartwellii 76

s/ccata 76

sprengelii 95

sterilis 82

stipata 78

sychnocephala 82

tenera 85

tenuiflora 82

torreyi 90

trisperma 80

vaginata 94

viridula 94

vulpinoidea 78

xerantica 84
carrionflower 108
Carum 199

carw 199
Caryophyllaceae 140
cashew 189
Castilleja 221

miniata 221

pallida var.

septentrionalis 221
catchfly 142

night-flowering 142
cattail 32

common 34
cedar, eastern white 32
Celastraceae 189
Celastrus 189

scandens 189
Cerastium 140

arvense 141

nutans 141
Ceratophyllaceae 144

301

Index

Ceratophyllum

demersum 144
Chamaesaracha 220

grandiflora 220
chamomile 246
charlock 160, 162
Chenopodiaceae 135
Chenopodium 136

album 138

berlandieri ssp.
zschackei 138

capitatum 136

gigantospermum 136

glaucum 137

hybridum var.

gigantospermum 136

leptophyllum 136

prater icola 138

rubrum 137

strictum var.

glaucophyllum 138
cherry 172

choke 172

pin 172
chickweed 140, 142

common 144

field 141
chives, wild 107
Chrysanthemum 240

leucanthemum 240
Chrysosplenium 163

alternifolium var.
ioense 163

ioense 163
cicely, sweet 200
C/cwta 200

bulbifera 200

maculata var.
angustifolia 200
C/nna 54

latifolia 54
cinquefoil 170

marsh 170

rough 170

302

shrubby 172

three-toothed 170

white 172

woolly 172
Circaea 194

alpina 195
Cirsium 242

arvense 242

drummondii 242

flodmanii 242

muticum 242

muticum f.

lactiflorum 242
cleavers 224
cloudberry 176
clover 184

alsike 185

red 184

white 184
club-moss 19

bristly 19

common 19

flatbranch 20

shining 19
coast-blite 137
cockle, white 142
Coeloglossum

bracteatum 114
collomia 212
Collomia 212

linearis 212
colt's foot

arrow-leaved 247

palmate-leaved 248

sweet 247
columbine 149

blue 149

wild 149
comandra 130
Comandra 130

liuida 130

pallida 130

richardsiana 130

umbellata 130

Index

Compositae 231
composite 231
coneflower 248

tall 248
Convolvulaceae 212
convolvulus 212
Convolvulus 212

sepium 212
Coptis 150

trifolia 150
Corallorhiza 112

maculata 112

striata 112

trifida 112
coralroot 112

early 112

spotted 112

striped 112
Cornaceae 202
Cornus 202

alternifolia 202

canadensis 202

stolonifera 202
Corydalis 154

at/rea 154
corydalis 154

golden 154
Corylus 126

americana 126

cornuta 128
cotton-grass 96
cow-parsnip 200
cranberry 206

small 206
crane's-bill 186
Crataegus 169

chrysocarpa 169

succulenta 253
creeper, Virginia 190
Crepis 242

tectorum 242
cress, bitter 158

rock 157
crocus, prairie 150

crowberry 188

black 189
crowfoot 146, 150

bristly 154

cursed 152

seaside 152

white water 150

yellow water 152
Cruciferae 154
currant 164

bristly black 166

northern black 164

red 166

skunk 166

wild black 166
Cuscuta 212

campestris 212

megalocarpa 253

pentagona 212
Cyperaceae 74
Cypripedium 112

calceolus 112

calceolus var.
parviflorum 112

calceolus var.
pubescens 112
Cystopteris 28

tragi I is 28
daisy, ox-eye 240
dame's-rocket 160
dandelion 252

false 235
Danthonia 54

intermedia 54

spicata 54
darnel 62
Delphinium 150

glaucum 150
Deschampsia 56

caespitosa 56
Descurainia 158

richardsonii 158

sophia 158
dewberry 176

303

Index

Dianthus 141

deltoides 141
Diervilla 227

lonicera 227
Disporum 107

trachycarpum 107
dock 134

field 134

golden 134

water 134

western 134
dodder 212
dogbane 211

spreading 211
dogwood 202

alternate-leaved 202

red-osier 202
Draba 158

nemorosa 158
Dracocephalum 216

parviflorum 216

thymiflorum 216
dragonhead 216

American 216

false 218
dropseed 72

prairie 72
Drosera 162

anglica 162

longifolia 253

rotund i folia 162
Droseraceae 162
Dryopteris 28

carthusiana 28

cristata 28

disjuncta 28

filix-mas 253

spinulosa 28
duckweed 100, 102

larger 102

star 102
Echinochloa 56

pungens var. wiegandii 56

wi eg and ii 56

304

Elaeagnaceae 194
Elaeagnus 194

commutata 194
Eleochahs 95

acicularis 95

palustris 96

pauci flora 95

smallii 96

uniglumis 96
elm 128

American 128

white 128
E/oc/ea 42

canadensis 42
Elymus 56

canadensis 56

diversiglumis 58

innovatus 58

interruptus 58

virginicus 56
Empetraceae 188
Empetrum 188

nigrum var.

hermaphroditum 1 88
enchanter's-nightshade 194,

195
Epilobium 195

angustifolium 195

glandulosum var.
adenocaulon 196

leptophyllum 196

palustre 196
Equisetaceae 20
Equisetum 20

arvense 22

fluviatile 22

hyemale ssp. aff/r?e 24

palustre 22

pratense 22

scirpoides 24

sylvaticum 22

variegatum 24
Ericaceae 204
Erigeron 242

Index

acris var. elatus 243

annuus 243

asper 243

canadensis 243

elatus 243

glabellus 244

lonchophyllus 243

philadelphicus 243

ramosus 243

strigosus 243
Eriophorum 96

angustifolium 96

chamissonis 98

gracile 96

vaginatum ssp.
spissum 98

viridi-carinatum 98
Erucastrum 158

gallicum 158
Erysimum 160

cheiranthoides 160

inconspicuum 160
Eupatohum 244

maculatum 244

maculatum f. faxoni 244
Euphorbia 188

esu/a 188

glyptosperma 188
Euphorbiaceae 188
evening-primrose 194, 196

yellow 196
everlasting 235
Fagaceae 128
fairybells 107
felwort 210
fern 26

bladder 28

crested wood 28

fragile 28

grape 24

lady 28

leathery grape 26

oak 28

ostrich 30

rattlesnake 26

spinulose wood 28

wood 28
fescue 58

meadow 58

red 58

Rocky Mountain 60

rough 58
Festuca 58

elatior 58

f?a//// 58

ovina var. saximontana 60

pratensis 58

rubra 58

saximontana 60

scabrella 58
figwort 220
fir 30

balsam 30
fireweed 195
five-finger 170
flax 186

blue 186
fleabane 242
flixweed 158
foxtail 50,70

green 70
Fragaria 169

virginiana ssp. glauca 169
Fraxinus 209

pennsylvanica 210

pennsylvanica var.
austinii 209

pennsylvanica var.
subintegerrima 210
frog's-bit 42
Fumariaceae 154
fumitory 154
gaillardia 244
Gaillardia 244

aristata 244
Galeopsis 216

tetrahit 216
Galium 224

305

Index

aparine 224

boreale 224

labradoricum 226

septentrionale 224

trifidum 226

thflorum 226
Gaultheria 206

hispidula 206
gentian 210

closed 210

fringed 210

spurred 211
Gentiana 210

acuta 210

atf/>7/s 210

amarella var. acuta 210

crinita 210

crinita wax . tonsa 211

flavida 254

linearis 210

macounii 211

procera 254

rubricaulis 210
Gentianaceae 210
Gentianella crinita ssp.

macounii 211
Geocaulon 130

lividum 130
Geraniaceae 186
geranium 186
Geranium 186

bicknellii 186

carolinianum 186
Get/m 169

aleppicum 170

macrophyllum var.
perincisum 170

r/va/e 169

thflorum 169
giant-hyssop 216
ginseng 198
Glechoma 216

hederacea 216
Glyceria 60

306

borealis 60

fernaldii 72

grandis 60

sfr/ata 60
goat's-beard 252

yellow 252
goldenrod 250
goldthread 150
Goody era 112

repens 112
gooseberry, northern 166
goosefoot 135, 136

oak-leaved 137

red 137
goutweed 199
Gramineae 42
grass 42

alkali 68

alkali cord 70

annual blue 66

barnyard 56

beard 50

bent 50

blue 66

bottle 70

Canada blue 68

Canada rice 65

Canada wild rye 56

canary 66

cord 70

couch 49

crested wheat 49

feather bunch 72

fowl blue 68

green needle 72

hair 50, 56

hairy wild rye 58

holy 62

June 62

Kentucky blue 68

lyme 56

manna 60

manna, fowl 60

manna, northern 60

Index

manna, tall 60

marsh reed 54

meadow 66, 68

millet 62

needle 72

oat 60

plains blue 68

poverty oat 54

purple oat 70

quack 49

reed 52, 66

reed canary 66

rice 65

rye 62

slender wedge 70

slough 52

spear 72

sweet 62

timber oat 54

tufted hair 56

Virginia wild rye 56

wedge 70

western porcupine 72

western wheat 49

wheat 49

wild rye 56

winter 65

wire 68

wood 54

wood blue 68
grass-of-Parnassus 164
green-osier 202
Grindelia 244

squarrosa 244
ground-cherry 220

large white-flowered 220
ground-ivy 216,217
ground-plum 179
groundsel 249

common 249
gumweed 244
Gymnocarpium 28

dryopteris ssp.
dryopteris 28

Gypsophila 141

paniculata 141
Habenaha 114

dilatata 114

hyperborea 114

obtusata 114

orbiculata 114

viridis var. bracteata 114
Hackelia 214

americana 214
Halenia 211

deflexa 211
Haloragaceae 196
harebell 230
hawk's-beard 242
hawkweed 245
hawthorn 169
hazelnut 126

American 126

beaked 128
heal-all 219
heath 204
hedge-nettle 220
Hedysarum 182

alpinum var.

americanum 182
Helianthus 244

annuus 244

giganteus 245

laetiflorus var.

subrhomboideus 244

maximilianii 254

nuttallii 245

tuberosus var.

subcanescens 245
Helictotrichon 60

hookeri 60
hemp 128
hemp-nettle 216
Heracleum 200

lanatum 200
Hesperis 160

matronalis 160
Heuchera 163

307

Index

richardsonii 164
Hieracium 245

canadense 246

scabriusculum 246

umbellatum 246
Hierochloe 62

odorata 62
Hippuridaceae 198
Hippuris 198

vulgaris 198
hog-peanut 178, 179
honeysuckle 226, 227

swamp fly 228

Tartarian 228
hop 128

common 128
Hordeum 62

jubatum 49, 62
hornwort 144
horsetail 20

field 22

marsh 22

meadow 22

variegated 24

water 22

wood 22
horseweed 243
Houstonia 226

longifolia 226
Humulus 128

lupulus 128
Hydrocharitaceae 42
Hydrophyllaceae 214
Hypericaceae 191
Hypericum 191

virginicum var.
fraseri 192
Impatiens 190

bi flora 190

cape n sis 190

capensis f.

immaculata 190

noli-tangere 190
Indian-paint 215

308

Indian-pipe 203
indigo, false 178
Iridaceae 110
iris 110
Iva 246

xanthifolia 246
jewelweed 190

western 190
Joe-Pye weed, spotted 244
Juncaceae 102
Juncus alpinus 104

balticus var. littoralis 104

bufonius 102

compresses 104

dudleyi 104

f Hi for mis 104

nodosus 102
juneberry 169
juniper 31

common 31
Juniper us 31

communis var.
depressa 31
knotweed 132, 134
Koeleria 62

cristata 62

macrantha 62
Labiatae 215
Labrador-tea 206
Lacfi/ca 246

biennis 246

pulchella 246
ladies'-tresses 116

hooded 116

slender 116
lady's-slipper 112

yellow 112
lady's-thumb 133
lamb's-quarters 138
Laportea canadensis 254
Lappula 214

deflexa var.

americana 214

echinata 214

Index

larch 31,32
Larix 31

laricina 32
larkspur 150
Lathy r us 182

ochroleucus 182

palustris 182

venosus 182
Lav ate r a 191

thuringiaca 191
Lec/t/m 206

groenlandicum 206
Leguminosae 176
Lemna 100

minor 102

trisulca 102
Lemnaceae 100
Lentibulariaceae 223
Lepidium 160

densiflorum 160
lettuce 246

blue 246

white 248
L/atr/s 246

ligulistylis 246
Liliaceae 106
L/7/wm 107

philadelphicum 107

philadelphicum var.
andinum 1 07
lily 106, 107

wood 107
lily-of-the-valley, wild 107
Linaceae 186
Linaria 221

vulgaris 221
Linnaea 227

borealis var.
americana 227
L/'num 186

lewisii 186
Li par is 114

loeselii 114
liquorice-root 182

L/stera 116

cordata 116
Lithospermum 214

canescens 215
lobelia 230
Lobelia 230

/ca/m/7 230
Lobeliaceae 230
locoweed 183

late yellow 184

reflexed 184

showy 183
Lo//t/m 62

aristatum 62

multiflorum 62

perenne 62

perenne var.
aristatum 62

perenne var. perenne 62
Lonicera Til

dioica var.

glaucescens 227

involucrata 228

oblongifolia 228

tatarica 228
loosestrife 208

fringed 208

tufted 208
lousewort 222
lucerne 182
lungwort 215

tall 215
U/zu/a 104

multi flora 104

pilosa var.

americana 104
Lychnis 141

a/6a 142

chalcedonica 141

drummondii 142

pudica 142
lychnis, scarlet 141
Lycopodiaceae 19
Lycopodium 19

309

Index

annotinum 19

clavatum var.

monostachyon 19

complanatum 20

dendroideum 19

lucid ulum 19

obscurum 19
Lycopus 217

americanus 218

asper 218

uniflorus 218
Lysimachia 208

c///ata 208

thyrsiflora 208
madder 224
Maianthemum 107

canadense var.
interius 107
maiden-pink 141
mallow 191

round-leaved 191

tree 191
Maltese-cross 141
Ma/va 191

pusilla 191

rotundifolia 191
Malvaceae 190
maple 189

Manitoba 189

mountain 189
mare's-tail 198
marsh-elder 246
marsh-fleabane 249
marsh-marigold 150
Matricaria 246

maritima var.
agrestis 247

matricarioides 246
Matteuccia 30

struthiopteris var.
pensylvanica 30
meadow-rue 154

purple 154
meadowsweet 176

310

Medicago 182

fa/cata 182

lupulina 182

saf/Va 182
medick 182

black 182
Megalodonta 247

becfr/7 247
Melilotus 183

a/da 183

officinalis 183
Mentha 218

arvensis var. villosa 218

spicata 218
Menyanthes 211

trifoliata 211
Mertensia 215

paniculata 215
M///i/m 62

effusum var.

cistatlanticum 62
milk-vetch 179
milkweed 211

dwarf 212

showy 212
milkwort 186

fringed 188
mint 215,218

field 218

spear 218
Minuartia 141

dawsonensis 141
/W/te//a 164

nt/c/a 164
miter wort 164
Moehringia 141

lateriflora 142
Moldavica parviflora 216
Monarda 218

fistulosa 218
Moneses 202

uniflora 202
Monolepis 138

nuttal liana 138

Index

Monotropa 203
hypopithys 204
uniflora 203

mooseberry 229
morning-glory, wild 212
mountain-ash 176
Muhlenbergia 64

andina 64

cuspidata 64

glomerata 64

mexicana 64

racemosa 64

richardsonis 64
muhly 64

bog 64

foxtail 64

marsh 64

mat 64

prairie 64

wood 64
mustard 154, 157

dog 158

gray tansy 158

tansy 158

tower 157

treacle 160

tumbling 162

wormseed 160
Myriophyllum 196

exalbescens 196

verticillatum 196
naiad 38
Najadaceae 38
Najas 38

flexilis 38
nannyberry 229
neckweed 222
nettle 130
nightshade 220
Nuphar 146

microphyllum 146

variegatum 146
Nymphaeaceae 146

oak 128

bur 128
oats 50

spike 60

wild 50
Oenothera 196

biennis 196
Oleaceae 209
oleaster 194
olive 209
Onagraceae 194
onion 107

wild 107
Ophioglossaceae 24
orache 136
orchid 110,116

blunt-leaf 114

bog 114

frog 114

leafy white 114

northern green 114

round-leaved 114

small round-leaved 116
Orchidaceae 110
Orchis 116

rotund i folia 116
Orthocarpus 222

luteus 222
Oryzopsis 65

asperifolia 65

canadensis 65

pungens 66
Osmorhiza 200

depauperata 200

longistylis 200

obtusa 200
owl's-clover 222
Oxalidaceae 186
Oxalis 186

europaea 186

stricta 186
Oxycoccus 206

microcarpus 206

311

Index

quadripetalus 206
Oxytropis 183

campestris var.
gracilis 184

deflexa 184

splendens 183
paintbrush

Indian 221

red Indian 221
Parnassia 164

glauca 164

multiseta 164

palustris var.
neogaea 164
parsley 198
Parthenocissus 190

inserta 190
pea 176

wild 182
peavine, wild 182
Pedicularis 222

canadensis 254

lanceolata 222
pennycress 162
Penstemon 222

gracilis 222
pepper-grass 160

common 160
Petalostemon 184

purpureum 184
Petasites 247

palmatus 248

sagittatus 247

vitifolius 248
Phacelia 214

franklinii 214
Phalaris 66

arundinacea 66
Phleum 66

pratense 66
phlox 212
Phragmites 66

austral is 66

communis 66

312

Physostegia 218

ledinghamii 218
P/cea 32

glauca 32

m ah an a 32
pigweed 136, 138

red-root 139

Russian 136
Pinaceae 30
pine 30, 32

jack 32
pineappleweed 246
pinesap 204
Pinguicula 223

vulgaris 223
pink 140, 141
P/V7US 32

banksiana 32
Plantaginaceae 224
Plantago 224

major 224
plantain 224

common 224
Platanthera

dilatata 114

hyperborea 114

obtusata 114

orbiculata 114
plum 172

Canada 174

wild 174
Poa 66

annua 66

ar/da 68

compressa 68

interior 68

nemoralis 68

palustris 68

pratensis 68

trivialis 254
poison-ivy 189
Polemoniaceae 212
Poly gala 186

pauci folia 188

Index

senega 188

Polygalaceae 186

Polygonaceae 130

Polygonum 132
achoreum 134
amphibium 132
aviculare 134
cilinode 132
convolvulus 132
douglasii 133
hydro pi per 133
lapathifolium 133
pensylvanicum 254
persicaria 133
scandens 132

pond-lily 146
small 146
yellow 146

pondweed 34

poplar 118
balsam 118

Populus 118
balsamifera 118
balsamifera X

deltoides 118
x jack ii 118
tremuloides 118

Portulaca 139
oleracea 140

Portulacaceae 139

Potamogeton 34
alpinus var.

tenuifolius 36
gramineus 36
natans 38
pectinatus 36
praelongus 36
richardsonii 36
strictifolius var.
rutiloides 38
vaginatus 36
zosteriformis 36

Potamogetonaceae 34

Potentilla 170

anserina 172

argufa 172

fruticosa 172

gracilis var.

pulcherrima 170

hippiana 172

norvegica 170

palustris 170

pensylvanica var.
bipinnatifida 172

tridentata 170
poverty weed 138
prairie-clover 184

purple 184
prairie-rocket,

small-flowered 160
Prenanthes 248

a/da 248

racemosa 248
primrose 208
Primulaceae 208
Primula incana 254
Prunella 218

vulgaris 219
Prunus 172

americana 174

n/gra 174

pensylvanica 172

virginiana 172
Psoralea 184

argophylla 184
Pteridaceae 26
Pteridium 26

aquilinum var.
latiusculum 26
Puccinellia 68

distans 68
puccoon 214, 215
Pulsatilla 150

ludoviciana 150
purslane 139,140,222
pussy-toes 235
pygmyflower 208
Pyro/a 204

313

Index

asarifolia 204

chlorantha 204

elliptica 204

secunda 204

uirens 204
Pyrolaceae 202
Pyrus 174

malus 174
Quercus 128

macrocarpa 128
ragweed 235

false 246

perennial 235
ragwort, golden 250
Ranunculaceae 146
Ranunculus 150

abortivus 152

acr/'s 154

aquatilis var.
subrigidus 150

circinatus var.
subrigidus 150

cymbal aria 152

gmelinii 152

lapponicus 152

macounii 154

pensylvanicus 154

rhomboideus 152

sceleratus 152
raspberry 174, 176

stemless 176
rattlesnake-plantain 112

dwarf 112
rattlesnakeroot 248
redtop 50
reed 66

Rhamnaceae 190
Rhamnus 190

alni folia 190
flfci/s 189

radicans var.
rydbergii 189
R/toes 164

americanum 166

314

floridum 166

glandulosum 166

hirtellum 166

hudsonianum 164

lacustre 166

oxyacanthoides 166

fr/sfe 166
rice, mountain 65
rocket 160
Rorippa 160

islandica 160
Rosa 174

acicularis 11 A

arkansana 254

bland a 174

woodsii 174
Rosaceae 166
rose 166, 174

prickly 174
Rubiaceae 224
Rubus 174

acaulis 176

chamaemorus 174

idaeus var. strigosus 176

pubescens 176

strigosus 176
Rudbeckia 248

laciniata 248

serotina 248
Rumex 134

crispus 254

fennicus 134

maritimus var.
fueginus 134

mexicanus 134

occidentalis 134

orbiculatus 134

salicifolius 134

trangulivalvis 134
rush 102

alpine 104

Baltic 104

knotted 103

toad 102

Index

sage, white 238
Sagittaria 40

cuneata 40

latifolia 40
St. John's- wort 191

marsh 192
Salicaceae 116
Salix 118

amygdaloides 119

bebbiana 124

Candida 124

discolor 122

frag/7/s 120

gracilis 124

interior 120

/i/c/cfa 120

/i/tea 122

maccalliana 122

monticola 122

myrtilli folia 122

padophylla 122

pedicellaris var.
hypoglauca 118

pe///ta 124

petiolaris 124

plan if oil a 124

pseudomonticola 122

pyrifolia 120

serissima 120
sandalwood 130
sandwort 141

grove 142
Sanicula 200

marilandica 200
Santalaceae 130
Saponaria 142

officinalis 142
Sarracenia purpurea 255
sarsaparilla, wild 198
saskatoon 169
Saxifragaceae 162
Saxifraga tricuspidata 255
saxifrage 162

golden 163

Scheuchzeria 38

palustris 38
Scheuchzeriaceae 38
Schizachne 70

purpurascens 70
Scirpus 98

caespitosus ssp.
austriacus 98

caespitosus var.
callosus 98

cyperinus 100

microcarpus 98

rubrotinctus 98

validus 98
Scolochloa 70

festucacea 70
scorpionweed 214
scouring-rush 24

dwarf 24
Scrophulariaceae 220
scurf-pea 184
Scutellaria 219

galericulata var.
pubescens 219

lateriflora 219
sedge 74
Selaginella 20

densa 20

rupestris 255

selaginoides 20
selaginella, prairie 20
Selaginellaceae 20
selfheal 218
Senecio 249

aureus 250

congesfi/s 249

eremophilus 250

tr identic ulatus 255

vulgaris 249
serviceberry 169
Setaria 70

viridis 70
Shepherdia 194

canadensis 194

315

Index

shepherd's-purse 158
shinleaf 204
Silene 142

alba 142

cucubalus 142

drummondii 142

nocti flora 142

vulgaris 142
silverberry 194
silverweed 172
Sinapis 160

arvensis 162
Sisymbrium 162

altissimum 162
Sisyrinchium 110

montanum 110
S/i/m 200

suave 200
skullcap 219

mad-dog 219
smartweed 132

common water 133

water 132
Smilacina 107

racemosa 255

stellata 108

tr/7o//a 108
Smilax 108

herbacea var.
lasioneuron 108
snakeroot 200

seneca 188
sneezeweed 235
snowberry 228

creeping 206
soapberry 194
soapwort 142
Solanaceae 220
Solidago 250

bicolor var. concolor 250

canadensis 252

decumbens var.
oreophila 251

gigantea 251

316

graminifolia var.
mayor 250

hispida 250

juncea 255

missouriensis 250

r/g/rfa 250

spathulata 251
Solomon's-seal, false 107

star-flowered 108

three-leaved 108
Sonchus 252

arvensis var.

glabrescens 252
Sorbus 176

decora 176
sow-thistle 252
spangletop 70
Sparganiaceae 34
Sparganium 34

angustifolium 34

eurycarpum 34

multipedunculatum 34
Spartina 70

gracilis 70
speedwell 222

American 222

marsh 222

water 223
Sphenopholis 70

intermedia 70
spike-moss 20
spike-rush 95
Spiraea 176

a/ba 176
Spiranthes 116

lacera 116

romanzoffiana 116
Spirodela 102

polyrhiza 102
Sporobolus 72

heterolepis 72
spruce 32

black 32

white 32

Index

spurge 188

leafy 188
Stachys 220

palustris 220
stafftree 189
starflower 208
starwort 142
Steironema ciliata 208
Stellar ia 142

calycantha 144

crassi folia 144

longi folia 144

longipes 144

media 144
stickseed 214
stinkweed 162
Stipa 72

richardsonii 72

spartea var. curtiseta 72

viridula 72
strawberry 169
strawberry-blite 136
sumac 189
sundew 162

round-leaved 162
sunflower 244

common 244
sweet-clover 183

white 183

yellow 183
sweetflag 100
Symphoricarpos 228

albus 228

occidentalis 228
tamarack 32
Tanacetum 252

vulgare 252
tansy 252
Taraxacum 252

officinale 252
Thalictrum 154

dasycarpum 154

venulosum 154
Thaspium barbinode 255

Thelypteris cristata 28
thimbleweed 149
thistle 242

Canada 242
Thlaspi 162

arvense 162
thoroughwort 244
7f7uy'a 32

occidentalis 32
timothy 66
toadflax 221

bastard 130

yellow 221
Tofieldia 108

glutinosa 108
Torreyochloa 72

pallida var. fernaldii 72
touch-me-not 190

spotted 190
Tragopogon 252

duto/us 252
Trientalis 208

borealis 208
Trifolium 184

hybridum 185

pratense 184

repens 184
Triglochin 40

maritimum 40

palustre 40
Trillium 108

cernuum 108
trillium 108

nodding 108
Triticum 74

aestivum 74

turgidum 74
twayblade 114, 116

heart-leaved 116
twinflower 227
Typfta 32

latifolia 34
Typhaceae 32
Ulmaceae 128

317

Index

Ulmus 128

americana 128
Umbelliferae 198
Urtica 130

dioica ssp. gracilis 130

dioica var. procera 130

gracilis 130
Urticaceae 130
Utricuiaria 224

cornuta 255

minor 224

vulgaris 224
Vaccinium 206

caespitosum 207

myrtilloides 207

vitis-idaea var.
minus 206
valerian 230
Valeriana 230

dioica ssp. syluatica 230

officinalis 255

septentrionalis 230
Valerianaceae 230
venus-slipper 112
Veronica 222

americana 222

comosa 223

comosa var.
glaberrima 223

comosa var.
glandulosa 223

peregrina var.
xalapensis 222

scutellata 222
vetch 185

tufted 185
vetchling 182

marsh 182

pale 182
Viburnum 228

edu/e 229

lentago 229

opulus var.

americanum 229

rafinesquianum 229

trilobum 229
V/c/a 185

americana 185

cracca 185
vine 190
Wo/a 192

adunca 192

nephrophylla 193

palustris 193

pedatifida 192

pensylvanica var.
leiocarpa 192

reni folia var.
brainerdii 192

rugulosa 192

selkirkii 193

sororia 193
Violaceae 192
violet 192

crowfood 192

early blue 192

long-spurred 193

marsh 193

smooth yellow 192

western Canada 192
Vitaceae 190
wakerobin 108
water-arum 100
water-flaxseed 102
water-hemlock 200
water-horehound 217
waterleaf 214
water-lily 146
water-marigold 247
watermeal 102
water-milfoil 196
water-parsnip 201
water-plantain 40
water-starwort 188
waterweed 42
wheat 74

hard 74

soft 74

318

Index

whitlow-grass 158
willow 116,118

autumn 120

balsam 120

basket 124

hoary 124

mountain 122

myrtle-leaved 122

peach-leaved 122

pussy 122

sandbar 120

shining 120
willowherb 195

giant 195
wintergreen 204, 206

one-flowered 202

one-sided 204

pink 204

wolfberry 228
Wolffia 102

columbiana 102
wolf-willow 194
wood-rush 104

field 104
wood-sorrel 186
wormwood 238
woundwort 220
yarrow 235
yellow cress 160

marsh 160
Zizia 201

aptera 201

aurea 201
Zygadenus 108

elegans 108

319

CONVERSION FACTORS

Metric units

Approximate

conversion

factors

Results in:

LINEAR

millimetre (mm)
centimetre (cm)
metre (m)
kilometre (km)

x 0.04
xO.39
x3.28
x0.62

inch
inch
feet
mile

AREA

square centimetre (cm2)
square metre (m2)
square kilometre (km2)
hectare (ha)

x 0.15
x 1.2
xO.39
x 2.5

square inch
square yard
square mile
acres

VOLUME

cubic centimetre (cm3)
cubic metre (m3)

x 0.06
x 35.31
x 1.31

cubic inch
cubic feet
cubic yard

CAPACITY
litre (L)
hectolitre (hL)

WEIGHT
gram (g)
kilogram (kg)
tonne (t)

AGRICULTURAL

litres per hectare (L/ha)

millilitres per hectare (mL/ha
tonnes per hectare (t/ha)
kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)
grams per hectare (g/ha)
plants per hectare (plants/ha)

x 0.035
x 22
x 2.5

x0.04
x 2.2
x 1.1

x 0.089
x 0.357
x 0.71
x 0.014
x 0.45
x0.89
x 0.014
x 0.405

cubic feet

gallons

bushels

oz avdp
lb avdp
short ton

gallons per acre
quarts per acre
pints per acre
fl. oz per acre
tons per acre
lb per acre
oz avdp per acre
plants per acre

llffiwlLg^'OTHEQUE

3 ^073 OOOb^SO^ 7

Canada