Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific Knowledge, policies, or practices. v March 19, 1924 PLANTS TESTED FOR OR REPORTED TO POSSESS INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES By N. E. McINDOO, Insect Physiologist, Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, and A. F, SIEVERS, Chemical Biologist, Office of Drug, Poisonous, and Oil Plant Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS A ; Page Economic Aspects of Plant Insecticides .. . 2.2 ee ee eee ee eee eee APR OME MAAS | Methods Used by the Writers in Preparing Plants for Insecticides . . . . ~~. +: BRO Oe seas 2 Insects Employed and Methods of Testing Preparations against Them ......--+ +++ 3 acmn Obtsmed by the Willers. 20 1 ee tw wee eee wee te ete es 5 Catalogue of Plants Tested for or Reported to Possess Insecticidal Properties .....-++--s 24 General Summary ..... ieee ere ot Gr aa tabi eek Me Sadat a ahha oRea. ohh 53 METER pac fat Cia tele vet lie) ehal alee a fee see ls ts) Oats) leh wee 54 DOM, a iva cits oie lnoa ware 4 te + 8 sce Pateiedn PM hs & 54 Index of Botanical pt Cores Names of Plants Pei ee eae Ph ee ee a) WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1924 i ee eee eee ale ds Washington, D. C. March 19, 1924 PLANTS TESTED FOR OR REPORTED TO POSSESS INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES.’ By N. E. McInpoo, Insect Physiologist, Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, and A. F. Sievers, Chemical Biologist, Office of Drug, Poison- ous, and Oil Plant Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. CONTENTS. Page, MMMMMETASHOCCIS OF plant imsecuicides: —- = ee 1 Methods used by the writers in preparing plants for insecticides________________ 2 Insects employed and methods of testing preparations against them____________~_~ 3 eater wig Tee WTiterse 2s as bh fe hE Pe thet ee ee a 5 Discussion of the more important results obtained_________________________ 5 MEMES TEV Cat ELI ES, « OISCHSSeU Ss 8 oS) eee eg 10 Discussion of the less important results obtained__~--___________-_________-_ pH | Catalogue of plants tested for or reported to possess insecticidal properties______~- 24 ee SEL TRINT ISL Cy oe ee nee O09) Pe ee eo 53 7 27 SIL SS SS ee ee Fire ie gas Pate ae eee es oe ee eS pe Papi sen 54 LD LES DB PEEPS es a ae pee ee ee eee ee ee ee eee 54 Index of botanical and common names of plants catalogued____________________ 59 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PLANT INSECTICIDES. The search for commercially valuable insecticides in the plant kingdom has two phases. The testing of the material to determine its effectiveness constitutes the first phase. After extensive labora- tory and field tests have proved it to have sufficient merit, it then be- comes necessary to determine the practicability of obtaining com- mercial. quantities of the material and to make it available in proper form for insecticidal purposes. This constitutes the second phase. Several factors must be considered in determining the practical availability of a plant insecticide. Among these may be mentioned (1) habitat, whether foreign or domestic, and whether wild or culti- 1The Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry in 1915 began a cooperative project which included a careful study of the physiological effects of the plant insecticides and a search for new insecticides in the plant kingdom. At the outset a search was begun for plants which would furnish materials for efficient insecticides. This bulletin embodies most of the unpublished results of this study and also includes as complete a catalogue as possible of all plants that have been tested for or reported to possess insecticidal prop- erties. Some of the plant material used in this work has come from forejgn countries, but the majority of the samples are from the United States and its possessions. Many per- sons, chiefly employees of the United States Department of Agriculture, who are widely scattered over the world, have sent much of this material. The scientific and common names, families, and habitats of the plants discussed have been verified by Drs. S. F, Biake, Frederick V. Coville, and W. E. Safford, all of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 60635°—24——1 1 2 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. vated; (2) characteristics of growth, whether annual or perennial, large or small, abundant or sparse; (3) portion of the plant effective ; and (4) nature of the active constituent and the means necessary to make it available for use. The most desirable type of plant is no doubt one which grows abundantly in a wild state, preferably in areas not readily adapted to the cultivation of valuable crops. Under such conditions the material could be obtained with the minimum of expense, the only cost being that of collection and preparation. Less abundant growth involves greater cost in collecting, and in case the plant must be cultivated it must bring sufficient return to compete with other crops adapted to that particular region. Perennials are much more desirable than annuals, since their products can usually be collected from year to year. Leaves and branches of trees or shrubs or the entire herbaceous portions of hardy perennials can be most economi- cally obtained. On the other hand, the collecting of fruits or seeds or the digging of roots or rhizomes can, as a rule, be much less economically done. In the case of small plants, gathering the roots usually means the destruction of the plant, which, in time, is likely to reduce the supply unless the plant is under cultivation. The character of the active constituent has an important bearing on the handling necessary in its preparation for the market. Sub- stances like alkaloids and toxic resins are usually not subject to ready decomposition, and material containing such constituents need not be dried and handled with more than ordinary care. On the other hand, plant material depending for its action on glucosides must be carefully dried in order to inhibit decomposition of such constituents. In the case of plants native to foreign countries, especially the Tropics, this is an important matter, since the collecting is usually done by natives, and control of conditions of handling is hkely to be difficult. Long voyages, especially by sea, are furthermore likely to cause deteriorating changes in such plant materials. It is evident, therefore, that the search for a plant which may be made commercially available as an insecticide at a reasonable price extends much farther than merely finding a plant which possesses insecticidal properties to a satisfactory degree. It involves, in addi- tion, a study of the botanical characteristics of such a plant, its habitat, the available natural supply, the means necessary for its proper collection and shipment, and, above all, the cost at which it can be delivered to the manufacturers in this country. METHODS USED BY THE WRITERS IN PREPARING PLANTS FOR INSECTICIDES. To determine the insecticidal properties of plant material, a num- ber of different ways of preparing it are necessary. This is espe- cially true if the material is of unknown composition. Tests on in- sects may be made by applying the material (1) in a dry, finely ground condition as a dusting powder; (2) in the form of water ex- tracts made with hot or sau water; or (3) as extracts made with other solvents, such as benzene, gasoline, petroleum ether, and alco- hol. In all cases the material must be thoroughly dry, and then be reduced to a powder. If the powdered material is to be used as such PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 3 for dusting it should be very fine, at least fine enough to pass through a sieve having 60 meshes to the inch. If it is to be extracted such fineness is not always necessary. Cold-water extracts are best pre- pared by macerating the material in water for several days or longer, then filtering or straining, and making the aqueous extract up to the desired volume with more water. The cold-water method is necessary in the case of material which will decompose if heated. Decoctions, or hot-water extracts, are best made by boiling the ground material with water or percolating boiling water through it. These extracts may be concentrated, if necessary, to any desired volume by evaporat- ing under reduced pressure (less than one atmosphere) on a steam bath. Plant material which can be used with satisfactory results as a powder or as a water extract may be sold in the powder form, with directions for use, because the preparation of the water extract, either hot or cold, is a simple process. In many cases, however, the plant constituent which has the desired insecticidal effect can not be removed with water, but requires some organic solvent to effect its solution. In these cases the plant ma- terial is macerated or percolated with the desired solvent, either with or without heat, according to the nature of the active constituent. From the extracts obtained the solvents must be removed by distilla- tion under reduced pressure. The concentrated extract must then be incorporated into a watery spray mixture. Since extracts made by means of alcohol, benzene, gasoline, or other organic solvents are usuaily insoluble in water, a special procedure is necessary to make a spray solution in which the organic extract is held in a fine and fairly stable suspension. The best method must usually be determined. by trial for each individual case. In most cases the semisolid extract can be triturated with soft soap and water gradually incorporated so that a suspension of finely divided but undissolved particles results, giving the spray mixture a milky or muddy appearance. Frequent shaking will keep the mixture uniform in the sprayer. INSECTS EMPLOYED AND METHODS OF TESTING PREPARATIONS AGAINST THEM. In all, 28 species of insects were tested—the squash lady-beetle (E'pilachna borealis Fab.) and Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) belonging to the Coleoptera; the house fly (A/usca domestica lL.) to the Diptera; the following 17 species of aphids to _ the Hemiptera: Aphis spp. called A, B, C, D, and F, cabbage aphis (A. brassicae L.), green apple aphis (A. pomi DeG.), nasturtium aphis (A. rumicis L.), A. spiraecola Patch, Macrostphum spp. called A, B, and C, tulip-tree aphis (J. liriodendri Mon.), rose aphis (J. rosae Li.), potato aphis (M/. solanifolii Ashm.), chrysanthemum aphis (Macrosiphonella sanborni Gill.), and green peach aphis (Myzus periscae Sulz.); the honeybee (Apis mellifica L) and saw- fly larva (Neurotoma fasciata-Norton) to the Hymenoptera; the _ silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), catalpa caterpillar (Ceratomia catalpae Bdv.), fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Dru.), and tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Fab.) to the Lepidoptera; and the roach or croton bug (Blattella germanica IL.) and grasshoppers (Jfe/ano- plus femur-rubrum DeG.) to the Orthoptera. 4 BULLETIN, 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Potato-beetle larve.—tLarve of the potato beetle were collected on potato plants and when brought to the laboratory were placed in cheesecloth cages, 9 inches square by 12 inches tall. The larve were so well mixed before they were placed in the cages that each cage contained about the same number in the various instars. — Sprayed or dusted potato-plant foliage was given to them daily. Parasitism was common only among those in the last instar. House flies—Flies were reared in specially constructed screen- wire cages, 12 inches square by 18 inches tall, each of which con- tained one-half gallon of moist bran mash. The females readily oviposited in this mash, which later served as food for the larve and which proved a good substitute for manure. Large numbers of flies were thus reared, some of which were fed poisoned food in these cages, while others were transferred to small observation secreen-wire cages in which they were dusted with powders. Aphids.—Some of the aphids tested were sprayed or dusted out- side the laboratory, but most of them were treated inside the laboratory in a manner similar to that described in another paper (60, p. 508) .? Honeybees——Twenty young worker bees of practically the same age were placed in each of many screen-wire experimental cages and were fed in a manner similar to that described in another pub- lication (61, p. 181). The sawfly larve were treated as described for aphids. Silkworms.—Silkworm larve were reared in the laboratory and were fed leaves as follows: Mulberry-tree leaves were dusted or sprayed with the various preparations and with tap water (used as a control), an atomizer being used in all the spraying experiments. The leaves after having been dried in the air were cut into small strips which were then placed in small screen-wire cages. An effort was made to put approximately the same amount of food in each cage, so that a rough comparative estimate of the food consumed could be made; this procedure was also followed while feeding the other species of chewing insects. Ten normal silkworms, all of practically the same size and not ready to molt, were put in each cage. Counts were made daily (except on Sundays), the cages being cleaned and treated food being renewed at the same time. No disease was noticed among these larve. Fall webworms.—Webs of the fall webworm were collected in the fields on Monday from a variety of plants; after being brought to the laboratory, these webs containing the webworms were kept in large cages with a small amount of food till Tuesday noon, by which time the larvee were well mixed according to size (all instars but the first one), and by this time they were very hungry. Tuesday morning approximately the same amount of mulberry-tree foliage was placed in each of several wide-mouthed bottles containing water; it was then sprayed or dusted, and when the foliage was dry each bottle with contents was placed in a large battery jar, 8 inches in diameter by 12 inches tall. Tuesday afternoon an effort was made to place approximately the same number of webworms in each jar, ?The figures (italic) in parentheses refer to ‘“‘ Literature cited,” p. 54. PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 5 and dusted or sprayed food thereafter was renewed daily. Thus by starting each set of experiments on the same day of the week, the days (Sundays) on which no records were taken always fell on | the fifth, twelfth, and nineteenth days of the tests. Very little disease was noticed, and parasitism was not bad among these larve. Tent caterpillars—Tent-caterpillar tents were collected in the fields from wild-cherry trees, and were later handled as already _ described for the webs of webworms. Dusted or sprayed wild-cherry- _ tree foliage was placed in the jars daily and counts were made daily as usual. Owing to the prevalence of the “wilt” or polyhedral _ disease, it was necessary to test these larve while they were in the _ earliest instars, because during the last instar they were badly _ diseased. Catalpa caterpillars—Catalpa caterpillars were collected on _ catalpa trees, and when transferred to the laboratory were treated as described for the webworms and tent caterpillars. Roaches—These insects were reared in a specially constructed _ roach box which was very suitable for the purpose. On various dates _ 20 or 25 were put in each of several small screen-wire cages in which _ they were dusted or fed poisoned foods. Grasshoppers—Grasshoppers in the fourth, fifth, and _ sixth (adult) instars, caught in the fields, were either fed poisoned bran mash in the cheesecloth cages, already described, or were dusted in _ the small screen-wire cages. Fumigating tests——The insects to be tested were put in the large battery jars, 8 inches (20.32 centimeters) in diameter by 12 inches _ (30.48 centimeters) tall, each with a capacity of about 9.8 liters; then a 1-gram cone of powder was placed in each jar; next the powder was ignited; and finally a glass cover, almost airtight, was placed over each jar. RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE WRITERS. The writers have tested 232 preparations from 54 species of plants (not including tests of which the results have already been pub- lished) against a total number of 28 species of insects. ‘Some of the _ more important results obtained are recorded in Tables 1 to 8. The _ plants first discussed are arranged alphabetically by genera, but _ under the subheading “ Comparative results discussed ” this arrange- _ Iment is not maintained, although it is for the remainder of the dis- _ cussion under the heading “ Discussion of the less important results _ obtained.” ___ For a more complete account of the species of plants discussed, = the reader is referred to the “Catalogue of plants tested for or reported to possess insecticidal properties” and to the “Index of _ botanical and common names of plants catalogued.” J DISCUSSION OF THE MORE IMPORTANT RESULTS OBTAINED. AMIANTHIUM OR CROW POISON. _ The writers obtained the following results by using amianthium _ or crow poison (Chrosperma muscaetoxicum). ‘The powdered bulbs 6 BULLETIN 1201, U. §. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and leaves (Nos. 33a, 6, and f, each used as a dust) were efficient but slow against roaches, grasshoppers, flies, and bees (Table 1), but ineffi- cient against Aphis spp. A and B (Table 2), and had little effect on tent caterpillars. Used as a stomach poison, these powders were effi- cient against grasshoppers, silkworms, and flies (Table 1), but had no effect on large webworms. The water extracts (highly concentrated) from the leaves and bulbs of amianthium, each sprayed upon the insects and their food, had considerable effect on roaches, potato-beetle larve, and silkworms, but none on webworms, potato aphids, rose aphids, and Aphis spp. A and B (No. 35fa, Table 3). The alcoholic and benzene extracts (Nos. 504 and 513, Table 4) from the bulbs, used with soap, were inefficient against four species of aphids (Aphis spp. A and B, Mac- rosiphum spp. A, and MW. liriodendri). The alcoholic extract, how- ever, was efficient against silkworms. At Vienna, Va., three apple trees, each bearing a nest of tent cater- pillars from one-half to three-fourths grown, were selected for pre- liminary field tests. One tree was sprayed with a 10 per cent solution of a water extract from the leaves of amianthium; another tree with a 10 per cent solution of a water extract from the bulbs; and the third tree served as a control. A week later the caterpillars on the sprayed trees appeared shrunken and apparently had not eaten since the trees had been sprayed. The caterpillars on the control tree and others near by were almost full grown. INSECT POWDER OR PYRETHRUM. The following results were obtained by using a commercial insect powder, here called pyrethrum, and probably derived from Chrysan- themum cinerariaefolium. Most of the details will be given when comparing these results with those obtained by using certain other plants (see pp. 10 to 21). The powders (Nos. 103 and 503, Table 2), used as dusts, were found efficient against five species of aphids(A pAis spp. A and B, Macrosiphum spp. A and B, and Macrosiphonella sanborni), grasshoppers, silkworms, flies, potato-beetle larvee (Table 1), and tent caterpillars; used as a decoction, not filtered (No. 108a, Table 3), it was efficient against Aphis spp. A and B, but used as a hot-water extract (filtered, No. 103b), it had no effect on these in- sects; used as a fumigant (No. 103), it was efficient against J/acro- siphum sp. C and Myzus persicae, silkworms, webworms, and a lady- beetle tested. The hot-water extract (filtered) and a distillate were eflicient against silkworms, but the cold-water extract (filtered) was inefficient. The alcoholic and benzene extracts, when sufficiently strong and used with soap or kerosene emulsion, were found efficient against aphids (Tables 4, 5, and 6). The alcoholic extract, used with soap, was efficient against small webworms (first instar) and half-grown sawfly larvee, but only about 50 per cent of the larvee and none of the adult potato beetles tested were killed within seven days. “ CUBE.” In 1920, while collecting fishes in Peru for Indiana University, Dr. W. R. Allen procured a supply of the dried roots of “cube” (see footnote on p. 34) ; some of these were used as a fish poison and FLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. t the others were brought home. The latter were afterwards ground : and some of the powder was sent to the writers by Dr. C. H. Eigen- -_ mann, who was in charge of the expedition to Peru and Ecuador. _- According to a letter from Doctor Allen, “cube” or “barbasco” is a woody shrub whose roots contain a milky sap of a very poisonous character. In Peru the sap is used as a wash for cattle to kill ticks and the roots are unlawfully employed to poison fish in streams. (See pp. 10 to 20.) The following results were obtained by using “ cube.” The powder (No. 501), used as a dust, was efficient against potato-beetle larve (Table 1) and four species of aphids (Aphis spp. A and B, A. vumicis, and Macrosiphum solanifolii, Table 2), but inefficient against Macrosiphum sp. A; used as a fumigant, it was efficient against Macrosiphum sp. C (Table 3) and the one species of lady- beetle tested; used as an infusion (No. 501c), it was efficient against Aphis rumicis and Macrosiphum solanifolii; used as a decoction (No. 501a), it was efficient but slow against Aphis spp. A and B; and used as a hot-water extract (No. 501b), it was efficient against the same species. Used as a cold-water extract (No. 528, Table 7) with soap, it had practically no effect on Macrosiphum solanifolii, M. sp. C, and Aphis sp. F. The cold alcoholic extract (No. 506) of “cube,” used without soap, was efficient against silkworms and M/acrosiphum sp. A (Table 5); used with soap it was efficient against Aphis spp. A, B! and F (Tables 4, 6, and 7), Macrosiphum sp. A (Tables 5 to 7), AL. rosae, M. solanifoli, M. sp. C, Aphis spiraecola (Table 6), W/. leriodendri, and against potato-beetle larve and sawfly larvee, but inefficient against. webworms and the adults of potato beetles; and used with kerosene emulsion, it was efficient against Macrosiphum solanifolii, M. sp. C, and Aphis spp. C, D, and /' (Table 6). The hot-water extract (No. 525), used with soap, was efficient against J/acrosiphum sp. A, but inefficient against Aphis sp. F (Table 7). The benzene extract, used _ with soap, was efficient against Macrosiphum sp. A (Table 5), and J/. _ rosae. The dry resin (No. 526) from the powder, dissolved in alcoho] and used with soap, was inefficient against Macrosiphum solanifolii, M. sp. C, Aphis spiraecola, and A. sp. LE (Table 7). The filtrate (No. 527), obtained from a cold alcoholic extract which had been concentrated, precutated in water, and filtered, was prac- tically ineffective against Macrosiphum solanifolii, M. sp. C, and Aphis sp. L' (Table 7). The powder of “ cube,” dusted into the hair of three cats badly in- fested with Mallophaga, was efficient, but the cats became sick from licking themselves. PRK ahi pe i DERRIS. Following are the summarized results, obtained by using a com- mercial powder, consisting of a mixture of Derris elliptica and D. uliginosa. The powder, used as a dust (No. 110, Table 2), was efficient against three species of aphids (Aphis sp. A and B, and Macrosiphonella sanborni), and silkworms (Table 1), but killed only about half of the Macrosiphum sp. A tested within 24 hours; used as a decoction (No. 110a, not filtered) and also as a hot-water extract (No. 110b, filtered), it was efficient against Aphis sp. A and B (Table 3), and used as a fumigant (No. 110) it was efficient ? 8 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. against Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum sp. C, silkworms, and the lady-beetle tested, but inefficient against webworms and small tent caterpillars. The alcoholic and benzene extracts of derris, when sufficiently strong and used with soap or kerosene emulsion, were found efficient against many species of aphids (Tables 4 to 6). The alcoholic ex- tract, used with soap, was efficient against half-grown sawfly larve, but inefficient against small webworms (first instar) and the larve and adults of potato beetles. At Tallulah, La., a commercial preparation of powdered derris was used on three dogs which were infested with fleas (Ctenocephalus canis Curt.). It was found efficient against the fleas. SANDBOXTREE. None of the six preparations of the sandboxtree (Hura crepitans) sprayed on aphids proved efficient (Table 8). A 10 per cent and a 20 per cent sap killed most of the aphids tested within three days, but this reaction time is entirely too slow for practical purposes, and even the sap 5 per cent and 10 per cent mixed with soap was inefficient. ‘The alcoholic extracts of the bark and sawdust were ineflicient, but the extract of the bark seems promising, and probably a stronger mixture would have been efficient. 4 TOMATO VINES. Powders from tomato vines (Lycopersicum esculentum), applied as dusts, were ineffective on webworms, silkworms, potato-beetle larvee, rose aphids, and tent caterpillars, but they had a considerable effect on roaches; mixed with food, they had a slight effect on grasshoppers and roaches and seemed efficient against flies (No. 11, Table 1). Used as a fumigant, the powder was practically ineffective against Myzus persicae. The water extracts from tomato vines had practically no effect on bees and tent caterpillars, but affected grasshoppers and flies con- siderably. The alcoholic and ether extracts were very efiective on flies and bees. CHINABERRY. The hot-water extract of the berries of the chinaberry (J/elia azeda- rach) and also of the undried berries was efficient against bees and had a slight effect on roaches. The powdered leaves and water ex- tracts (not filtered) from this powder were efficient against silk- worms, but had only a shght effect on Aphis spp. A and B (Nos. 23k and 3801a, Tables 2 and 3), and on tent caterpillars. The alcoholic, ether, and petroleum-ether extracts of chinaberry were fatal to bees; but a strong alcoholic extract did not kill any of the silkworms tested. The alcohole and benzene extracts (Nos. 505 and 514, Table 4), used with soap were inefficient against Aphis spp. A and Bb, Alacrosiphum sp. A, and M. liriodendri. TOBACCO. The results obtained by using common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in the form of nicotine resinate and sulphate are as follows: About 90 per cent of the chrysanthemum aphids and 98 per cent of the nas- PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 9 turtium aphids sprayed with nicotine resinate were killed, while the same mixture applied to apple trees was efficient against Aphis pomi. The results obtained with nicotine sulphate are given in Tables 4 to 6. CASTOR-BEAN. The juice from the leaves and green pods of a castor-bean plant (Ricinus communis) had only a shght effect on bees. The powdered beans and husks, free of oil, killed all the bees tested; but some of this powder, after having been extracted with a 10 per cent solution of sodium chlorid, apparently did not kill any of the bees tested. Several attempts at feeding dough mixed with the powdered beans to roaches failed. The powder had no effect on webworms, but had a slight effect on silkworms, flies, and grasshoppers. An alcoholic extract of castor-beans, when reasonably strong and used with soap (No. 511, Table 4), was inefficient against three species of aphids (Aphis spp. A and Bb, and Macrosiphum sp. A), but when fed to silkworms without the addition of soap it had no effect on these larve. A benzene extract (No. 520), when exceedingly strong and used with soap, was efficient against M/acrosiphum sp. A, but the control mixture seemed to have killed half the number. SABADILLA. Using sabadilla seed (Schoenocaulon officinale), the following results were obtained: The powders (Nos. 56 and 121, od extracted), used as dusts, were efficient against grasshoppers, roaches, bees (Table 1), silkworms, and webworms, but they had practically no effect on five species of aphids (Aphis rumicis, A. brassicae, A. spp. A and B, and Macrosiphonella sanborni); the powder (No. 113, oil not extracted), used also as a dust, was efficient against silkworms (Table 1), but had practically no effect on the third, fourth (Table 2), and fifth species of the above aphids. The powders (Nos. 56 and 113) of sabadilla seed, used as fumi- gants, had only a slight effect on silkworms and webworms, but were efficient against Afacrosiphum sp. C and Myzus persicae (Table 3) and against the one lady-beetle tested. The powder (No. 56a) of sabadilla seed, used as a decoction, had no effect on Aphis spp. A and B (Table 3). A soda extract, used as a spray material, had no effect on nasturtium and cabbage aphids, but was efficient against grasshoppers, bees, and small webworms Hot and cold water extracts, used as spray materials, had no effect on nasturtium and cabbage aphids, but were efficient against grass: hoppers, bees, and silkworms. An oil, extracted by petroleum ether and used as a spray material, suspended in water, was efficient against grasshoppers. Oxalic acid extracts were efficient against silkworms, while oxalic acid, used as a control, had no effect on them, A distillate also had no effect on silkworms. The alcoholic and _henzene extracts (Nos. 510 and 519), used with soap (Table 4). were inefficient against three species of aphids (Aphis spp. A and B& and Macrosiphum sp. A). The alcoholic extract was efficient but very slow against silkworms. HELLEBORE. The commercial powder of white false-hellebore (Veratrum album), used as a dust, was efficient but slow against roaches and silkworms, 60635 °—24—2 10 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and had a slight effect on bees (No. 109, Table 1) and tent cater- pillars, and on ApAis spp. A and B (No. 502, Table 2); used as a decoction (No. 502a, not filtered), it had no effect on the same species of aphids (Table 3); used as a fumigant (No. 502), it killed only 75 per cent of the Macrosiphum sp. C tested, besides the one lady- beetle and one of the five large webworms tested; and used as a stomach poison, it was efficient but slow against grasshoppers and silkworms (No. 109, Table 1). The hot and cold water extracts, alcoholic extract, and distillate from white hellebore were efficient but slow against silkworms, al- though a 0.5 per cent solution of veratrine in weak sulphuric acid killed the silkworms more quickly. The alcoholic and benzene ex- tracts, used with soap (Nos. 508 and 517, Table 4), were inefficient against four species of aphids (Aphis spp. A and B, Macrosiphum sp. A, and M. liviodend7i). The powdered roots of white hellebore and the hot-water extract of these (not commercial) were found efficient but very slow against silkworms, although they had no effect on rose aphids. COMPARATIVE RESULTS DISCUSSED. Powders dusted upon or fed to siw species of insects.—Reference to Table 1 shows the following: Of the five powders dusted upon roaches, sabadilla and pyrethrum kill quickly and seem almost equally efficient; derris has no practical value; and since hellebore and amianthium, although efficient, kill so slowly, they can not be recommended as satisfactory roach poisons. Relative to the four powders fed to and dusted upon grasshop- pers, all were efficient, but only pyrethrum killed quickly, and for practical purposes none of these can replace the arsenicals as grass- hopper poisons. Of the five powders fed to and dusted upon silkworms, only derris, amianthium, and pyrethrum killed quickly, although hellebore and sabadilla were efficient but slow. Relative to the four powders used against flies, pyrethrum seems to be the best dust, but derris is a close second. Used as a stomach poison, amianthium killed all the flies tested within four or five days; and amianthium used as a dust killed all of them within four clays. Of the three powders dusted upon honeybees, sabadilla and amian- thium killed them comparatively quickly, while hellebore acted slowly. Of the three powders dusted upon potato-beetle larve in a potato patch, pyrethrum acted the most quickly, although all the larve dusted with derris, “cube,” and pyrethrum were dead within 24 hours. Powders dusted upon aphids.—Reference to Table 2 shows the following: Used as dusts, sabadilla, amianthium, and hellebore had no practical value against two species of aphids (ApAis sp. A omit- ted for these powders). Pyrethrum was efficient against all five species of aphids tested; while “ cube” was efficient against four out of five species, and derris against three out of four species tested. Powders used as fumigants, decoctions, infusions, and hot-water extracts,—Reference to Table 3 shows the following: Used as fumi- PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 11 gants against two species of aphids, sabadilla, pyrethrum, derris, and “cube” were efficient, while hellebore was inefficient. Used as decoctions against Aphis spp. A and B, sabadilla, ami- anthium, and hellebore had practically no effect (A phis sp. A omitted for these three powders) ; but pyrethrum, derris, and “cube” were efficient. Used as hot-water extracts (decoctions filtered) against the same species, pyrethrum had no effect; derris killed 60 per cent within 24 hours, while “cube” killed practically all within the same time. Used as an infusion against two other species of aphids, “ cube” was quickly efficient. Alcoholic and benzene extracts of various powders.—Reference to Table 4 shows the following:* The alcoholic extracts+soap-+water (2+4+100) of sabadilla, amianthium, and hellebore were inefficient against Aphis spp. A and B, while those of pyrethrum, derris, and “cube” were efficient. The alcoholic extracts (8+2+100) of the first three powders were also inefficient against Macrosiphum sp. A, while the benzene extracts (8+2+100) of the same powders seemed efficient, although the control mixture evidently killed 50 per cent of them. The nicotine sulphate (1/1,200)+soap+water (0.8+2+ 100) was efficient, although it killed rather slowly. Alcoholic and benzene extracts and nicotine sulphate against Macrosiphum sp. A.—Reference to Table 5 shows the following comparative results obtained by spraying Jacrosiphum sp. A: The alcoholic extracts+water (4+100) of “ cube,” derris, and pyrethrum were efficient within three days; “ cube ” is best and derris is slightly better than pyrethrum. The alcoholic extracts+soap-+water (4+2+100) of “ cube,” der- ris, and pyrethrum and nicotine sulphate (1/400)+soap+ water (2.5+2+100) are about equally toxic; the same extracts (2+2-+100) and nicotine sulphate (2.5+2+100)are about equally toxic, but the extract of pyrethrum acts the most slowly; the alcoholic and ben- zene extracts (1+2+100) of “cube” and derris and nicotine sul- phate (2.5+2-+100) are equally efficient, but the alcoholic and ben- zene extracts (1+2+100) of pyrethrum are inefficient; the alcoholic extract (3/412-+100) and the alcoholic and benzene extracts (1/2+ 2+100) of “cube,” and nicotine sulphate (2.54+2+100) are about equally toxic, while those of derris are less toxic and may be com- pared with nicotine sulphate (1/800) or (1.25+2-+-100), and those of pyrethrum are far below efficiency; the alcoholic and benzene extracts (1/3, 1/4, 1/5, and 1/6+2+100) of “cube ” and nicotine sul- phate (1.25+2-+100) compare favorably in toxicity, while those (1/3 and 1/4+2+100) of derris are inefficient. Alcoholic extracts and nicotine sulphate against 11 species of aphids.—Reference to Table 6 shows the comparative results ob- tained by spraying 11 species of aphids with alcoholic extracts. In 8In Tables 4 to & the expression ‘‘ alcoholic extract + soap + water (2 + 4 + 100)” means that the extract from 2 pounds of powder was mixed with 4 pounds of fish-oil soap and 100 gallons of water. The expression ‘“ Control, aleohol] + soap + water (2+4+4100)” means the same amount of alcohol, soap, and water as used in the pre- ceding mixture; or, in other words, this mixture differs from the preceding only in that it does not contain the dry extract. The expression ‘‘40 per cent nicotine sulphate (1/1,200) + soap + water (0.8 + 2 + 100)’ means 1 part by volume or 0.8 pound of nicotine sulphate to 1,200 parts of soap solution (2 pounds to 100 gallons of water). The weight of the nicotine sulphate is merely given so that its cost can be compared with ihat of the various powders used. 12 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. «his table the results obtained by spraying the extracts of “cube,” derris, and pyrethrum, and the nicotine sulphate upon Macrosephum sp. A are the same as recorded in Table 5. The extracts--soap+water (2, 1, and 1/2+2-+-100) of “cube,” those of derris (2 and 1+2+100), and nicotine sulphate (1/400)-+soap+ water (2.5+2+100) are equally toxic against Macrosiphum rosae (none over half grown); while pyrethrum extract (2+2-+100), derris extract (1/2+2+4-100), and nicotine sulphate (1/800) are about equally toxic, but the pyrethrum extracts (1 and 1/2+2-+100) were less toxic and were inefficient. The potato aphis (Jf. solanzfoliz), living on the pubescent under- side of the leaves of a western jimson weed (Datura meteloides Dunal), were particularly difficult to kill. Nicotine sulphate (1/400) with soap (2+100) killed only 75 per cent of them within 24 hours, and nicotine sulphate (1/800) only 60 per cent; but when the soap was doubled, 95 per cent of the aphids were killed by each of the nicotine sulphate solutions. The extracts+soap—-water (4+4+100) of “cube,” derris, and pyrethrum were found efficient against this aphis, but a “cube” extract (2+2+100) killed only 50 per cent of them within 24 hours. The most satisfactory mixtures tested on this aphis were kerosene emulsions containing the extracts. The ex- tracts+water (1+100) of “cube,” derris, and pyrethrum-+2.5 per cent of kerosene emulsion were about equally toxic and efficient; while the pyrethrum extract (2+100), derris extract (1+100), and “cube” extracts (1 and 1/2+100), each +1.25 per cent kerosene emulsion, were efficient; but the pyrethrum extract (1 and 1/2+100), and derris extract (1/2+100), each +1.25 per cent of kerosene emul- sion, were inefficient. The extracts+soap+ water (1+4+100) killed about 20 per cent of the aphids, while the control mixture containing 2.5 per cent of kerosene emulsion killed only 15 per cent of the aphids sprayed. This shows the effect of adding the extracts to the kerosene emulsion. Table 6 shows that these alcoholic extracts are very promising insecticides, although not all of the 11 species of aphids tested were easily killed by them. Regarding the minimum dosage required to produce efficient killing, which is here considered 90 per cent or more within 24 hours, it appears that “ cube” extract is 12 times as toxic as pyrethrum extract and 3 times as toxic as derris extract. These differences in toxicity are partially explained by the fact that the concentration of the “cube” extract is 5.29 per cent, while the con- - centrations of the derris and pyrethrum extracts, respectively, are 2.89 per cent and 4.08 per cent. Relative to the following four insec- ticides used with soap (2 pounds to 100 gallons of water), the lowest concentrations found which produce efficient killing are: Pyrethrum extract from 2 pounds of powder, derris extract from one-half pound, “cube” extract from one-sixth pound, and 40 per cent nicotine sul- phate (1/1,209 strength). Various extracts from “ cube” against aphids—Reference to Table 7 shows the comparative results obtained by spraying five species of aphids with various “cube” extracts. Practically no difference in toxicity between the cold and hot alcoholic extracts is shown. The resin was inefficient in all tests, and consequently contains only a portion_of the toxic principle present in this plant, but in the PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 13 studies on derris (67) the resin was found to be the toxic principle. The filtrate and cold-water extract were practically ineffective. (See B. i.) ~ Eetracts ¢ “ cube,” derris, and pyrethrum, and nicotine sulphate used in field experiments.—Four rows of potatoes, badly infested with potato beetles, and one large rose bush, badly infested with rose aphids, were sprayed with a commercial extract of derris (1/400) in soap solution (4/100). Another four rows of potatoes and another rose bush, similarly infested, were sprayed with a com- mercial soapy extract of pyrethrum (1/400) in soap solution (4/100), fish-oil soap being used in all these tests. Both preparations were found efficient against the potato-beetle larve, but had practically no effect on the adult potato beetles and were inefficient against the rose aphids. In July and August, 1922, the following experiments were per- formed on aphids at Tallulah, La., by mixing various dilutions of the insecticides with soap solution (4/100), laundry soap being used. Small portions of rows of cotton plants, each 100 feet long and badly infested with the cotton aphis (Aphis gossypii Glover), were sprayed with alcoholic extracts of “ cube,” derris, and pyrethrum (prepared in the laboratory), with commercial extracts of derris and pyre- thrum, and with 40 per cent nicotine sulphate. Using the laboratory products, the following percentages of aphids were killed: “Cube: Per cent. eee ks eran! try Ok Hye ke Pg Dor pe a 99 5/7 eo = SE AD | eno ete See nn a es Oe Peers EST ae lan One Been Ds AOS ere a) teres aie se A AP Ab Ph ee Ee 95 Derris: Dace ES Sa RN pple 5 ee SIE | 0) Ge tee SL: ae Be Cll Ie teenie tale alee 95 Pyrethrum: eet OP tat a ee ae) ete et Bn a ho edatia! 90 Using the commercial products, the following percentages of aphids were killed: Derris: Per cent. eri ets sata y> ist gs) ee | AN he fo ae De pe I 95 Neha: Tl eh ae tS Ve I eek pelea ates ait ea Sis Manne epee res 99 er MMeiRe th gap ije Min a 30S Syd ehh Spot a wine gon Bib bes 99 40 per cent nicotine sulphate: LLY al AS neat ie mea PR eS Re? 95 Pee rena Joe ka pe ee bg bitty flo bw 96 5 Uap slap! Dan dip SERN Sah ll Sa 5 Bed ee iat ok a ta. a eS 99 Pyrethrum: i el I UE EN a RR SP 95 The following percentages were obtained by spraying many large weeds heavily infested with large red aphids (Macrosiphum ambro- siae Thos.), with some of the preceding products: Derris: Per cent. Dale 7 RMS pa) Rail Sa BResiias e e Bat bite fe cea ahaa ae SB 100 40 per cent nicotine sulphate: To (le EE AOS pr Sree Meee Se EY Pee ee ‘100 Pyrethrum : “LPT ys RO Sa Pape i by GRE 30s 9 ad ae Sc aeuigis! 95 * ‘Cube >” Soe SUS ICT 4 Do Beles ay 18 URRY SRR a 2 ] TABLE 4.—Comparative results obtained by spraying aphids with the alcoholic and benzene extracts derived from various powders. Inserts tedted Rergantoge. pie aphids dead Sam- le Preparation. Lie oO. num- Num- per of er of Species. 6hours.| 1 day. | 2 days. | 3 days. individ-| 5°**- uals | Aleoholic ex tract+ soap+water (2+-4-+ 100): 510 Sabadilla.....2.... 100 1 | Aphis sppAw. 5 s222as eesres 20 AQ Se ce 510 1D s MARS on (Re 100 1 | Aphissp... >... |e 30 i cee 505 Chinaberry. - 100 1 | Aphis spywAs 3.--. —|:se22ee8 30 90.) See ae 505 074 pee pees Ss 100 1. “| Aphis. SpMB Ws: -...8| Sea. Sees 40 Qotle csscee 504 | Amianthium...... 100 1 | Aphis sp..Aefs52-c23|22 a2 40 1, aoe ee 504 Ol eeee eee 100 I | Aphis sp? Bes: =... ee 60 TR eres 511 Castor bean. ...... 100 1, | A phisisp: Avs 2225242228520 30 50!) eee 511 Lae ee 100 1.|- AQHisisp. BS sasss2-- ce. 2222 20 AD: | Stee 508 apllobors. oe irae 100 1-| Aphis Sp oases tees alate ee 30 y fo ates =. 12s) ie hain 6 Yo Oe eee eee, - 100 1 | ApnIs'sp'B seb S| sateter 40 10-2 509 Pyrat ae 100 1) 2A. phisispi 4 (2 ot acelin. cae 95 100; |=. = aoe 509 DE oo. eee 100 1 | Aphis sp. 5 Be ewe Aral are 95 100) Sea es 507 Derris. .. i 100 1) AMPs Sfgaenk ea eee Seen 95 1 ea) ee = 507 IDO ¥s3835- Had 100 1, eAphis SpyBel ests ke) fee ee 95 99 100 506 RODS? tas. aes 100 1. PEDIISISD 2 AS aos Sse eee 95 LOOs see he. 506 WO ssa. eee 100 1] AphiSsps Bys.20 seal aoe 100); cecieceeenee Control, ‘alcohol+ soap + water (2+ 44100): 22°02. 100 IA phism tA, =. s.4p io. oe 10 D5 Nes oe Woe.) 2 aes 100 ISA phis sp.eb2o5.—.cc|ee- 4-24 10 Ab ae Secor Aleoholic extract+ soap+ water (8+ 2+100): 510 Ssbadila Ss. 25 500 1 | Macrosiphum sp. A 10 50 55 55 505 Chinaberry 500 Sl do. sete 450A 5 10 20 25 504 Amianthium...... 500 | Go. -21s4 45-104 5 10 20 30 511 Castor bean .....-. 500 His fe fae GQn.2 5.2 30 50 60 75 508 Hellebore.......-.. 500 DN ese Chae ae 50 75 80 85 Control, aleohol+ soap-Sw ater (4+ 2-100) =. eu de 500 Joleseet Goce) Ss. ..c3 COs 5 15 15 15 Benzene extract+ soap+ water (8+ 2+100): 519 DaAOAGla. 022 5-e-.- 500 i le ee G6.) =. 23 Re. 50 85 907) 3: 385 =e 514 Chinaberry........ 500 1 ee Ao! 3. 2st. - 60 85 85 | itis 513 Amianthium...... 500 ; ba eee G025< 5.2.2 ee 50 75 85 | c-SGnone 520 Castor bean....... 500 i ee QO% 2.2 Eeeiek 70 95 99 [kee 517 Hellebore ........-. 500 ogg eae ee GO. fo07 feene 60 85 DOLE. 2 e Control, benzene+- soap+ water (8+ 2-100) -. Seek 500 Wp Pee Or. ok eee 50 50 50 aes 40 per cent nicotine sulphate (1/1200)+ soap+water (0.8+ (2 S11 |) ee eee ee eee 1, 500 3 bse Gost. ten ee 91 95 97 100 } Wierd s a test t did not continue for 3 aaa eatin are left blank. ig eu PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. ty TABLE 5.—Comparative results obtained by spraying Macrosiphum sp. A with alcoholic and benzene extracts derived from “ cube,’ derris, and pyrethrum, and with 40 per cent nicotine sulphate. Preparation. Extract+water Extract+soap+ water (442+ Extract+soap+ water (2+2+ 100): Extract+soap+ Aphids sprayed with alcoholic extracts. Esti- mated www eee a water (1+2-+ |. 100): Pyrethrum. Extract+soap +water (3/4 +2+100): +water (1/2 +2-+100): Pyrethrum. Extract+soap +water (1/3 +2+100): WMernis: is: MCUDet. ==. Extract+soap +water (1/4 +2+100): Derris...... Extract+soap +water (1/5 +2+100) Extract+soap +water (1/6 40 per cent nico- tine sulphate Ou Om ft et > OF bo or (1/400)+soap | +water (2.5 +2+100) 40 per cent nico- tine sulphate (1/800)-+soap +water (1.25 +2+100) 40 per cent nico- tine sulphate (1/1,200)+ soap+ water (0.8+2+4100).. 6 | 3,000 Aphids sprayed with benzene extracts. Esti- Percentage of aphids Percentage of aphids dead within— 1 dead within— 1 mated Num-| num- ber of | ber of 6 3 6 1 2 3 sets. indi- hours.| day. | days. | days. j|hours.| day. | days. | days. bs oe Be | fe fk Se | al a LD (eS —| 50 95 NOV M areas meses 21084 Wall's cock os |. cice oo teens | eee 50 85 90 ODE soscae oo! aclaosstteleec ek eC ee ee 60 80 85 QUE shen ot cl dese hc -| 5 eee ae ae 99 SLO Rreeeere |e artes cl ee ator are arava eiare| leer oee.2) wisi eee | hoe re |e eee 98 SOO) | Perea erere tesco rerctavere cae mene Speak alld ce eae Pn Ses oer eS 97 98 VON ry epbene leer cto se che| Sa oe ot See ere SIs 28. OT adn 90 95 OU Beer ero eo ee ce gee oe eee it ce, asl emma ee Se Aw OOS Peas. Sey. So RRR FID AN he Ck Sie STEROL ety ood 99 LOO ee okt Slee opel 5 scr c,oreltqn Ae bop Sra cecil Pe She cleo. ocleee «ot TOO EES 20 ee DET osc ce 98 98 TOO) jee: SS 1 500 99 OOP Roessler ea 55 98 98 1OOE| eee if! 500 62 16 SON es. 60 8&5 5. en eee 1 500 30 60 OS Roemer levee. cetersega 2) cys cpio gee Oe a) 2 ae le 93 98 aU UF eee Bie lb A Ey PR Dies | | [aes Og Ee a OG Se ste eeeeree ee Caer ho IE eR a eee eee ee. a ee vite eae 98 ODN see rele ce ae 98 98 1004fee ..4: 2; 1,000 93 97 OOM st eas 95 97 OO" ie ass 2] 1,000 25 40 HO Beet: 50 60 Ss a ee AL 500 (lis 82 89 95 50 85 9D athens sO. 1 500 95 99 | 1000) 3-255. 90 96 oy fa (4 $s ee 1 500 96 99 OO eect se 90 90 O38). ee ict 1 500 60 62 70 80 50 60 (3: a ae ae 1 | 500 93 97 99 TOO Sate ete Sse eerste SE cle alee 8 93 97 99 NQOT | s22 Pe eS oS coasts 2 es oc hee 98 99 OL Oa Fs ae a beh peo) bg ee (se Wee ea 2 95 | 98 1 Or fei Bae 9 | ae eo) (Le Se ee eo. S. 91 95 fall 11-1 Ml te | era RS Wey Mes 3 | 1,500 1 Where a test did not continue for 3 days, columns are left blank. 60635 °-—24——_3 18 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. hao TABLE 5.—Comparative results obtained by spraying Macrosiphum sp. A with alcoholic and benzene extracts derived from “cube,” derris, etc.—Continued. Preparation. Control, solvent +soap+ water (4+2+4+100)... Control, solvent +soap+ water (24+2+100)... Control, solvent +soap+ water (1+2+4100)... Control, solvent +soap+ water (1/2+-2+-100).. Aphids sprayed with alcoholic extracts. Aphids sprayed with benzene extracts. Esti- Percentage of aphids Percentage of aphids Esti- mated dead within— dead within— mated Num-| num- Num- | num- ber of | ber of |- ber of | ber of sets. | indi- sets. | indi- vid- |, ° . 2 6 2 vid- ate hours.| day. | days. | days. | hours.| day. | days. | days uals: 1 500 5 15 15 LB fuiecbmclevacasclecms ceelacc ds oct teen Tee ae 1 500 5 15 ot) S| ee. ree ba meas ys ell 3 | 1,500 5 12 Us hy pec ee 10 10 OB See ce 1 500 2 | 1,000 5 10 by eee 5 15 AG 22 5 ea 1 500 TABLE 6.—Comparative results obtained by spraying 11 species of aphids with alcoholic extracts derived from “ cube,” derris, and pyrethrum, and with 40 per cent nicotine sulphate, mired with soap solution and kerosene emulsion. Percentage of aphids dead within 24 hours. =n = ee = = 2 |8 F 3 = Bal 2 : 2 - | Zt . : s Preparation. qa./a./e5/a./ < faa) & a.| oq] /o A Z Ged | og Se EO. ae bug, | ey |i ke oe ee ee mre a, re¥ a a| 2&8 A, oY 2 om|SS}eog|sa} 2 = is o| @al o a roy Pa 2) nm bers be na AZ Az q xa o 3 4 ke 5 ale Tee te | eat ate ie) eee a oS. +a) 4 ee q¢1/4/]4-|< 18 | ore ree 525 High e5 2 oe 5004)! Esl | Pee GOe SAE pee te LOO (Sih a ecere eee eee 1/2+2+4100— 525 FFOb es: 25a. dee 500 1 el Foe 0 fo apa, Bak aoe re LOOM eee et S25 - com oe eee ee 506 Co td ieee ta 3, 000 641... o%. dows <2 2ts2sdor 98 100" | os, eles eee 1/34-2+100— 506 Wid). dy. k 8 2, 500 BR ieee Ao... fk eee aes 95 99 100") > ssa §25 Il. oes eee 500 Lee. 82 Gok 25: bere ee 100 | v.22 54]. - ae. eo eee 1/4+4-2+ 100— 525 Hot 2 eas oeeee 500 1 ee domssistee se LOO cs --cecs|) ee aeons eee 506 Gold og Aine 2, 500 Sih eee Oe tees 96 99 100!) xeceeers 1/6+2+4100— 506 Old ee 1, 500 3" | aes Obes 5 Be ae 97 99 100) [ooo 525 Rs (0) ees eee 500 Ue sie Cope = she 95 100" 22.20 - 58 eee Resin dissolved in al- cohol+soap+ water: 526 2+2+100.....:-..--- 800 2.) Aphissp: Hil se 35 55 60 65 526 LP h00S 25 ie oe on 600 2 |Seeee Cons sacess ees 15 15 20 30 526 1/2+2+4+100......... 300 L [ice Q0es se noe 10 10 15 20 526 2-4-4100... ..----2% 500 1 | Mac rosiphum solan- MOlUES 2 2a Sees ee cua eee 10 || > ewe = 5] see 526 PVP LOO Ss 36-5..55 22 | 500 4 eee Olas 2 see ee 30 40 40 | eee 526 2-+-2-+-100...2....... 100 1 | Macrosiphum sp. C.. 60 60"... - 52 -ee eee 526 Se 1, eS 300 1 | Aphis spiraecola. . -. 40 50 UR Bee = = 526 1/2+2+100......... 300 1 | gue@Ol. 2; -soweeede 40 40 SO |. bccadee Filtrate from No. 506 +soap+ water: 527 244100... 5222-20 500 1 | Macrosiphum sola- TOMI? Pare tae a 5 5 S| os apes 8 527 a gs See 500 AO ik pee 2 G02 2b i6e es 5 5 5 | ssecaeee 527 2+2+100.......... 100 1 | Macrosiphum sp. C.. 10 10 | pn. osed Goce eee , 527 DA DANO... 06 deme ae! 500 1 | Aphis sp. EA... .43 20 30 30 35 Cold water extract+ soap+ water: 528 2+4+100..........- | 500 1 ches ree solani- 5 5 5 |i ages OU seer tee ireses 528 MZ TNO. A id. eae 500 Laltere OOei .Gutess aed 5 5 5. eee eee 528 | ~2+2+100........... 100 | 1 | Macrosiphum sp. C.. 10 | 10+) ....4. <0 ncee 528 24+-2+100.....-..5.- 500 | Io) Aphis sp; Ee. Seed (47) says that the flowers were entirely inactive against ies. Anthemis nobilis L. Synonym: Chamomiila nobilis Godr. Common camo- mile. Europe, cultivated and adventive in the United States. Gieseler (26) reports that the flower heads have an action on in- sects similar to that of insect powder. Kalbruner (47) says that they were entirely inactive against flies. Cook and Hutchison (78, p. 4) found them ineffective against fly larve. Anthemis tinctoria L. Yellow camomile. Europe, Asia. Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers were entirely inactive against flies, and Passerini (66, p. 42) found them of no practical use against flies and ants, but they did kill the dog flea slowly. Anthemis sp. Howard (44, p. 96), quoting Cruz of Rio de Janeiro, says that camomile, used as a fumigant in rooms in which yellow-fever pa- tients are confined, is absolutely efficient against mosquitoes (Aédes calopus). Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. ARACEAE. Synonym: Arum dracontium L. Indian turnip. Dragonroot. Canada and eastern United States. Pammel (64, p. 103) says that the corm of the Indian turnip is somewhat acid and is used to kill insects. Arisaema japonicum Blume. Japan. , Greshoff (33, p. 19) reports that the roots are used in Japan as an insecticide. 28 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Arisaema tortuosum Schott. Himalayan region. Greshoff (31, p. 157) reports that the roots are used as an insecti- cide. Aristolochia cornuta Mast., A. brasiliensis Mart., and A. elegans Mast. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Brazil. Greshoff (37, p. 131) reports that the insects visiting these three species are killed. Artemisia absinthium L. ASTERACEAE. Synonym: Absinthium vulgare Lam. Common wormwood. North Africa and Europe; thoroughly established and common in eastern Canada and northern New England. Von Mueller (91, p. 55) says that it is “recommended for culti- vation as a preventive of various insect-plagues, even phylloxera.” Schreiber (87) and Goriainoy (29) determined that various dilu- tions of extracts had only a slight effect on the insects tested. Cook and Hutchison (18, p. 4) found that the powdered leaves had no effect on fly larve. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Sagebrush. Western North America. The writers’ results are given on page 21. Asclepias curassavica L. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Bloodflower. Tropical America. Manning (56) reports that the Indians of southern Mexico sweep the floors and walls of their huts with this and find that they are not troubled with fleas for some time afterwards, and Bergey (10), quot- ing McDougall, makes similar statements and reports that the odor of this milkweed when thus used has been found to check the spread of fleas in houses. Asclepias tuberosa L. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Butterflyweed. Eastern North America. Cook and Hutchison (78, p. 4) found that an infusion of the roots had a considerable effect on ‘thy larvee, but it was not efficient. Asimina sp. hens Papaw. Howard (44, p. 24) reports that papaw trees have been planted to Serve as a Monae pie Pnha but they are of no value. Aster linosyris Bernh. and A. tripolium L. ASTERACEAE. Europe. Passerini (66) found the heads of these species inactive against flies. Atropa belladonna L. SoraAnaceAr. Belladonna. Southern Europe and Cen- tral Asia. Riley (77, p. 184) found that an alcoholic extract and a decoction of the leaves had no effect on cotton caterpillars. The writers’ results are given on page 21. Azolla sp. SALVINIACEAR. Howard (44, p. 25, 27) and Smith (87, p. 437) report that certain water plants, such as ’Azolla, Lemna, and “ Phu-lo,” have been grown in water where mosquitoes breed, and it has been ascertained that these check the breeding of the mosquitoes to a limited degree by preventing the larve from getting air. PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 29 Balbec. (See footnote on page 26.) The writers’ results are given on page 21. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. FAspackEar. Synonym: Sophora tinctoria L, Yellow wild-indigo. Eastern United States. Williams (94, p. 916) reports that the plants, when placed in the harness, keep flies from the horses, and Porcher (68, p. 202) makes similar statements about its use. Riley (71, p. 184) says that an alcoholic extract and a decoction had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Berberis aquifolium Pursh. BERBERIDACEAE. Oregon hollygrape. Syno- nym: Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. Western North America. Cook and Hutchison (1/8, p. 4) ascertained that an infusion of the roots had a considerable effect on fly larvee, but 1t was inefficient. Bocconia cordata Willd. PAPAVERACEAE. Synonym: Macleaya cordata R. Br. Pink plumepoppy. Japan. Greshoff (27, p. 18) reports that the decoction is used in Japan as an insecticide. Bryonia alba L. CucurRBITACEAE. White bryony. Old World. Gomilevsky (28) reports that the root and other parts can be used against aphids. Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent. ARACEAE. South America. Greshoff (27, p. 158) reports that the powdered leaves are used as an insecticide. Callilepis laureola DC. AsTERACEAE. South Africa. Greshoff (33, p. 155) reports that the powdered roots are used as an insecticide in Natal. Cannabis sativa L. Moracear. Common hemp. Asia, cultivated in the United States. Riley and Howard (72, p. 223) report that hemp combings or leaves, scattered among bags and heaps of grain in India, are effec- tive against weevils. Von Mueller (97, p. 97) says: “The hemp-plant serves as a pro- tection against insects on cultivated fields, if sown along their boundaries.” Capsicum annuum L. SoraNAcEArE. Common redpepper. South America, now widely cultivated. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 5, 74) found that redpepper was ineffective against bedbugs and roaches. Abbott (1, p. 12) found redpepper of no value against the dog flea. Carapa guianensis Aubl. MeLIAcEAr. Synonym: Xylocarpus carapa Spreng. Andiroba or carapa tree. Guiana. Greshoff (33, p. 84), quoting Peckolt, reports that the decoction is used as an ads 30 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Caryophyllus aromaticus L. Myrracear. Synonym: Lugenia aromatica Baill. Clovetree. Tropical regions. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 13, 34) found powdered cloves ineffective against roaches, but efficient against the larve of carpet beetles, and Abbott (7, p. 7, 17) found them efficient against chicken lice and the dog flea, although he does not recommend them on ac- count of their high cost. Cassia occidentalis L. CAESALPINIACEAR. Coffee senna. Widely diffused in tropical countries. Riley (71, p. 186) reports that an alcoholic extract and a decoction had a shght effect on cotton caterpillars. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley ($3, p. 13) found Cassia (species not given) ineffective against roaches. Cassia stipulacea Ait. Chili. Greshoff (31, p. 67) reports that the leaves are used as an insecti- cide. Catalpa bignonioides Walt.’ BigNontacEAr. Catalpa. The writers’ results are given on page 21. Causia and Cebolleja. (See footnote on page 26.) Herrera (40, p. 21) obtained no practical results by using both of these against the winged forms of fruit maggots. Ceratotheca integribracteata Engl. PEDALIACEAE. Tropical Africa. Greshoff (35, p. 145) says that the decoction is used in West Africa as an insecticide. Cereus sp. CACTACEAE. Cactus. Howard (44, p. 74) says that cactus leaves, made into a sticky paste and spread over the surface of the water, kill the larve of mos- quitoes by asphyxiation. Charcoal (kind not stated). Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 13, 26) found charcoal ineffec- tive as a dust against roaches and ineffective as a fumigant against clothes moths. Chelidonium majus L. PAPAVERACEAE. Swallow-wort. Goriainov (29) determined that a decoction killed 4 per cent of the larvee of Malacosoma neustria and 44 per cent of the Vanessa urticae tested. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. CHENOPODIACEAE. Synonyms: C. anthelminti- cum L., C. ambrosioides anthelminticum A. Gray. American wormseed. Tropical America, naturalized in the United States. Riley (71, p. 186) reports that an infusion and an alcoholic ex- tract from the blossoms and green fruit had no effect on cotton cater- pillars. The writers’ results are given on page 22. PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 31 Chilocoan or Chilcoagua. (See footnote on page 26.) Herrera (40, p. 21) obtained no practical results by using this plant against the winged forms of fruit maggots. Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. LiziaceArE. Synonyms: Ami- anthium muscaetozicum A. Gray, Melanthium muscaetozxicum Walt., Zygadenus muscitoricum Regel, Helonias erythrosperma Michx. Crow poison. Eastern United States. Elliott (23) says: “ This plant is a narcotic poison, and is em- ployed in some families for destroying the house-fly. The bulbs are triturated and mixed with molasses or honey, and the preparation is spread upon plates and placed in parts of the house most infested. The flies are soon attracted, and the poison takes effect while they are sipping it. They are perceived to stand unsteadily, totter, and fall supine. The flies, unless swept in a fire or otherwise destroyed, revive in the course of 24 hours.” Lyons (53, p. 117) says that the bulbs are used as an insecticide. The writers’ results are given on page 5. Chrysanthemum achilleae L. ASTERACEAE. Synonym: Pyrethrum achilleae DC. Italy. Passerini (66) found that the opened flower heads had some effect on flies, fleas, and ants; they were not much inferior to those of P. cinerariaefolium. Chrysanthemum caucasicum (Willd.) Pers. Caucasian region. Aecording to Bishop (77), Persian insect powder is made from this species, but more reliable authors deny this statement. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Trev.) Vis. Synonym: Pyrethrum cin- erariaefolium Trev. Dalmatian insect flowers. Dalmatia. Cultivated in Japan and California, The powdered flower heads of this plant constitute the well-known Dalmatian insect powder, and the Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the United States Department of Agriculture (57, p. 1) recognizes it as one of the three species from which genuine insect powder is made. Passerini (66) tested the powdered heads and leaves of this plant and 14 other species belonging to Asteraceae and concluded by say- ing that not one of the 14 species has properties so powerful or so swift in its action against the house fly (M/usca domestica L.), or the dog flea (Ctenocephalus canis Curt.) or against ants (Cremasto- gaster scutellaris Oliv.), as has this species. He states that when all parts of the plant are reduced to powder, they are active; the leaves, stems, and roots in a somewhat less degree than the flower heads. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 7,10) determined that pow- dered pyrethrum stems had little or no practical value against bed- bugs and cockroaches. Scott and Abbott (57, p. 87) ascertained that the stems and bracts (small leaves) were ineffective against roaches. Abbott (7, p. 8, 74) found pyrethrum stems to have no value against chicken lice and the dog flea. Mr. Abbott, Entomologist, Enforce- ment of the U. S. Insecticide Act, authorizes the writers to use the following statement, taken from his unpublished notes: * Pyrethrum stems are inefficient against 6 species of ants, 9 species of aphids, bedbugs, 3 species of chicken lice, chicken mites, clothes moth larve, 32 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. dog fleas, house flies, mosquitoes, Orthezia insignis, red spiders, and roaches.” As early as 1879 and 1880 Riley’s (7/1, p. 174-180) assistants used infusions, decoctions, and alcoholic extracts of pyrethrum against the cotton caterpillars and a few other insects. They report little or sometimes no success with the extracts thus obtained. Cory (19), after making several tests with a commercial alcoholic extract, pre- pared in the form of a heavy liquid soap, reports that it is a promis- ing insecticide against aphids, but Hamilton (37) used some of it against the boxwood leaf midge and had no success, Juillet, Cala- vielle, and Ancelin (46) extracted pyrethrum with ether, alcohol, and carbon tetrachlorid, and then incorporated these extracts into soap solution. They believe that these soapy extracts are superior to all other insecticides used in viticulture against Cochylis and Eudemis. The writers’ results are given on pages 6, 10 to 21. Chrysanthemum coccineum Willd. Synonyms: (C. rosewm Adam, Pyrethrum carneum Bieb. Persian insect flowers. Persia to Caucasus Mountains. Von Mueller (9/, p. 121) claims that this species yields the Persian insect powder, and this is one of the three species, recognized by the Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the United States De- partment of Agriculture (47, p. 1), from which genuine insect powder is made. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Crown daisy. Mediterranean region. Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers of this were entirely in- active against flies. Chrysanthemum corymbosum L. Synonym: Pyrethrum corymbosum Scop. Europe, Asia, Africa. Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers were feebly benumbing to flies. Béhmer (72) states that a powder made from the opened and unopened flower heads, dried in the sun, was slightly less active than insect powder against ants and flies. Passerini (66) did not find the opened flower heads of much value against flies, the dog flea, and ants. Chrysanthemum frutescens L. Marguerite. Canary Islands, cultivated in gardens. Landerer (52) claims that the flowers of this can ordinarily be substituted for genuine insect powder. Chrysanthemum indicum L. Mother chrysanthemum. China and Japan. Passerini (66) found the open and closed flower heads and the leaves of this species entirely inactive against the insects tested. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Synonym: Leucanthemum vulgare Lam, Oxeye daisy. FEurope and Asia, naturalized in eastern United States. Kalbruner (47) found the flowers entirely inactive against flies. Riley (77, p. 180) found the powder, water extract, and alcoholic extract from the flower heads had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Cook, Hutchison, and Scales (17, p. 21) found that this species had no effect on fly larve. The writers’ results are given on page 22. PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 83 Chrysanthemum marschallii Aschers. Synonym: Pyrethrum roseum Bieb. Caucasian insect flowers. Caucasian region. This is one of the three species, recognized by the Insecticide and Fungicide Board of the United States Department of Agriculture (57, p. 1), from which genuine insect powder is made. Chrysanthemum myconis L. Mediterranean region. Passerini (66) says that the flower heads killed dog fleas, although very slowly. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Pers. Synonyms: Matricaria parthenium L., Pyrethrum parthenium J. E. Smith. Feverfew. Europe, adventitious in the United States. Glover (34, p. 133) says that when the flowers are dried and per- fectly fresh they have an effect on roaches similar to that of insect owder. Kalbruner (47) found the flowers to have a benumbing effect on flies, acting within one or two hours. Passerini (66) says that the flower heads of Pyrethrum partheniwm (L.) Bernh. were not effective against the insects tested. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Synonym: Pyrethrum segetum Moench. Corn- marigold. Europe. Landerer (57) says that this is used in Greece and is as effective as Persian insect powder, particularly when it is used in fumigating. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. RANUNCULACEAE. Synonym: C. serpentaria Pursh. Cohosh bugbane. Eastern United States. Sayre (78) says that the powdered roots, used as a dust, had no effect on crickets; and also used in the form of a fumigant, an alco- holic extract and an aqueous extract, they had little or no effect on the insects. Cinchona succirubra Pavon. RUBIACEAE. Peru. Cook and Hutchison (7/8, p. 4) ascertained that the powdered bark gave a fairly high percentage of mortality against fly larvee, but it did not seem entirely efficient. Citrulius colocynthis (L.) Schrad. CucurBITAcEAE. Synonyms: Cucumis colocynthis L., Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad. Colocynth. Asia, Africa, and southern Europe. Greshoff (31, p. 80) reports that a decoction of colocynth serves as an insecticide. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 5, 13, 26) found the pulp inef- fective against bedbugs, roaches, and clothes moths, and Abbott (1, p. 7,11) found it of no value against chicken lice and the dog flea. Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne. Gomilevsky (28) reports that a water extract killed aphids, Psylla, thrips, and probably also other sucking insects and those unprotected by hairs. 34 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. EupHorBIACEArE. East Indies. Greshoff (31, p. 141), quoting Biscoe in Indian Forester, says: “The bark must contain some poison property, for not only do white ants leave it severely alone, but it is used here for poisoning fish. The inner bark placed on sores of sheep and goats is efficacious in healing them and in destroying maggots.” Clibadium surinamense L, ASsTEeRACEAR. Tropical America. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Conium maculatum L. APIAcEAE. Poison-hemlock. lTFurope. Gomilevsky (28) reports that the infusion of flowers, leaves, and stems is effective against various insects. Cook and Hutchison (78, p. 4) found the powdered fruit ineffective against fly larvee. Cracca villosa purpurea (L.) Kuntze. FABACEAE. Synonyms: (©. piscatoria Lyons, Galega purpurea L., G. piscatoria Ait., Tephrosia piscatoria Pers., T. purpurea Pers. Pacific fish-poison. Old World. Lyons (53, p. 145) says: “ Fish poison, Auhuhu, Hola (Hawaii). Tropical regions generally. Plant has narcotic properties; used medicinally in India and to stupefy fish in islands of Pacific.” The writers’ results are given on page 22. Cracea sp. FABACEAE. Synonym: Tephrosia. Warm and tropical regions. Roark (75, p. 35) says: “U.S. Patent 1242954. A compound for use as an Insecticide and sheep dip is formed from sulphur soap and comminuted ‘Vephrosia (Cracca) plants, seeds, or leaves. U. S. 1242955 specifies, for the same purpose, a benzine extract of Tephro- sia (Cracca) 0.5 to 1, soap 4, and dilute alcohol 15 parts.” Croton eluteria (L.) Swartz. EUPHORBIACEAE. Cascarilla. Bahamas. Howard (44, p. 30) reports that cascarilla bark, used as a fumi- gant in Bermuda, is a mosquito repellent. Croton flavens L. West Indies and northern South America. Thoms (90) says that this is reported to be an insecticide in Venezuela, but he found it to have no effect on roaches, flies or gnats. Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg., C. glandulosus L., C, capitatus Michx,, and C. monanthogynus Michx. Crotonweed. Riley (77, p. 186) reports that decoctions from the leaves and blos- soms of these species had no effect on cotton caterpillars. ** Cube ’’ © (pronounced koo’-bay), cuyi or cume. Local names in Peru. Peru. The writers’ results are given on pages 6, 10 to 20. * The name ‘ cube” is applied, in all tropical America, to several plants belonging to distinct genera, which are used as fish poisons. Among them are species of Jacquinia, and several plants belonging to the family Sapindaceae. The identity of the “cube ”’ here referred to is not certain. It will be necessary to receive botanical specimens of the plant before it can be determined.—W. E. Safford. PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 35 Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. Fasacrear. Scotch broom. Europe. An infusion (8), made from fresh crushed broom tops, is recom- mended to kill the larve of cabbage butterflies. In France it has also been found very effective for removing Cochylis larve from vines and various caterpillars from apple trees. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Dasystoma fiava (L.) Wood. ScRoPHULARIACEAE. Synonym: Gerardia flava L. Porcher (68, p. 509) says: “ This plant, it is said, will prevent the attacks of yellow and other flies upon horses.” Datura stramonium IL. SoLaNacEAE. Jimsonweed. Jamestown weed. A cosmopolitan weed. Riley (77, p. 184) reports that neither the alcoholic extract from the dried seed or leaves, nor a decoction from the leaves, was effective against cotton caterpillars. _ Fernald (24, p. 10) determined that a strong infusion of the leaves had no effect on potato beetles, rose beetles, or the larve of Vanessa milberti. McClintock, Hamilton, and Lowe (58, p. 2327) ascertained that the leaves, used as a fumigant, were effective against bedbugs, roaches, flies, clothes moths, and mosquitoes, but they were not efficient. Sprenger (88) recommends the decoction as an insecticide. Cook, Hutchison, and Scales (17, p. 14) determined that a sul- phuric-acid extract of the leaves was of no value against fly larve. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Delphinium ajacis L. RANUNCULACEAE. Rocketlarkspur. Southern Europe, and cultivated in gardens. Greshoft (37, p. 8) lists it as an insecticide. Willams (95), after testing against bedbugs the extracts, derived from the seeds by using various solvents, decided that the insecticidal value of the seeds is due mostly to the oil present in them, while the alkaloid in them plays an insignificant part. Delphinium bicolor Nutt. Low larkspur. Western North America. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Delphinium brunonianum Royle. Musk larkspur. Himalayan region. Greshoff (31, p. 7) reports that the juice is used to destroy ticks on animals. Delphinium caeruleum Jacquem. Himalayan region. Greshoff (31, p. 7) reports that the roots are used to kill maggots. Delphinium consolida L. Field larkspur. Central Europe, cultivated in gardens and adventive in the United States. Williams (94, p. 875) says: “A tincture, prepared by infusing an ounce of the seeds in a pint of alcohol * * * kills lice on the human head.” Porcher (68, p. 18) reports that the tincture of the plant is de- structive to insects on children’s heads. Riley (71, p. 114), quoting a correspondent, says: “I have found the common larkspur an effective poison on insects.” 36 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Delphinium staphisagria L. Lousewort. Mediterranean region. Hare, Caspari, and Rusby (38) say that this species is employed in medicine solely as a local application for the destruction of lice and the itch-mite. Delphinium sp. Larkspur. Osborn (63, p. 175) reports that Tenny recommends a decoction of the seed of common larkspur as an insecticide against the short- nosed ox louse. Cook, Hutchison, and Scales (17, p. 14) found that a sulphuric- acid extract of the ground seed had a considerable effect on fly larve, and Cook and Hutchison (75, p. 4) obtained similar results by using an infusion of the ground seed, but none of these were efficient. Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. Fapacesr. Malayan or East Indian fish- poison. Aker. Tuba. Malayan region. See “ Derris as an insecticide,’ by McIndoo, Sievers, and Abbott . (67). The results obtained during this investigation by the writers are given on pages 7, 10 to 20. Derris uliginosa Benth. Eastern fish-poison. Old World Tropics. Perredes (67) says: “In India it is known to act as a poison upon worms and the larve of insects which trouble the cultivators, whence the Marathi name Kirtana, or ‘ worm-creeper.’ ” Howard (44, p. 78) reports that a decoction placed in water at the Wellcome Research Laboratories at Khartoum had considerable potency against mosquito larve, but also killed the fish present in the water. Diospyros malacapai A. DC. EsBrNAcEAE. Philippine Islands. Greshoff (31, p. 107) reports the wood as an insecticide. Echinops echinatus Roxb. ASTERACEAE. East Indies. Greshoff (33, p. 160), quoting Burkill, says: “The roots are pounded and applied to the hair to destroy lice, also the powdered roots applied to wounds in cattle to destroy maggots.” Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrracear. Blue gum. Victoria and Tasmania. Von Mueller (97, p. 192) says: “ Warren reports from San Fran- cisco that branchlets of eucalyptus will drive mosquitoes and other insects out of rooms.” Eucalyptus spp. Riley and Howard (73, p. 268) quote a correspondent who says that a few twigs or leaves laid on the pillow at night will secure perfect immunity against mosquitoes. Sanders (77, p. 344) says that when a grove of eucalyptus is planted near the house mosquitoes never give annoyance in the house, but Howard (43, p. 62, and 44, p. 22) states that eucalyptus trees are probably of no value as mosquito repellents. Howard (43, p. 59), quoting Celli and Casagrandi, says that the fumes frdm the fresh leaves will kill mosquitoes if the air 1s saturated. eo: tae ——), \ Ane . PLANTS——INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. FT Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 5, 13, 26) found the leaves in- effective against bedbugs, roaches, and the larve of clothes moths, -and Abbott (1, p. 7, 11) found them ineffective against chicken lice and the dog flea. Huonymus americanus L. CELASTRACEAE. Brook euonymus. Eastern United States. Porcher (68, p. 154) says that the seeds are used in some places to destroy vermin in the hair. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Wahoo. Eastern United States. Porcher (65, p. 154) says that this possesses properties similar to that above. Euonymus europaeus L. European burningbush. Europe, adventitious in the United States. Lyons (53, p. 18S) lists this as an insecticide. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small. ASTERACEAE. Dog-fennel. South eastern United States. Roark (75, p. 92) states that Porcher reports this by saying: “ It is used to keep off insects and bugs by strewing on the floors of cellars and dairies.” Kupatorium perfoliatum L. Synonym: £#. connatum Michx. Boneset. LTast- ern United States. Riley (71, p. 184) reports that the powdered leaves seemed obnox- ious to cotton caterpillars, but an infusion from the leaves had no effect on them. Eupatorium sp. Greshoff (31, p. 93) lists this as an insecticide. Euphorbia cotinoides Miquel. EUPHORBIACEAE. Guiana. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Synonym: Dichrophyllum marginatum Wlotzsch & Garcke. Snow-on-the-mountain. Minnesota to Texas. Riley (71, p. 186) reports that a decoction was ineffective againsi cotton caterpillars. Euphorbia spp. Chesnut (13, p. 407) says: “The juice of FE. marginata and F. bicolor is used to some extent in Texas to brand cattle, it being held to be superior to a red-hot iron for that purpose, because screw worms will not infect the fresh scar and the spot heals more readily.” Sprenger (88) recommends £. biglandulosa and #. dendroides as insecticides in the form of decoctions, Goriainov (29) determined that a decoction of spurge (/ op sp.) killed only 88 per cent of the Malacosoma neustria tested. Fluggea leucopyrus Willd. EvupnHorbiAcresar. East Indies. Greshoff (32), quoting Dymock, says that the leaves are used as an insecticide, 38 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Furcraea cubensis Vent. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Tropical America. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Galinsoga parviflora Cay. ASTERACEAE. Galinsoga. South America, intro- duced in the United States. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban (synonym G. domingensis L.) and G. poly- gama (Jacq.) Urban (synonym G, tomentosa Jacq.). RHAMNACEAE. Trop- ical America. Greshoff (33, p. 107) reports that both of these are used as insecti- cides. Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. CAESALPINIACEAE. Synonyms: G. canadensis Lam., Guilandina dioica L. Kentucky coffeetree. Eastern United States. Von Mueller (91, p. 248) says: “ Insects preying on the foliage of this tree are poisoned by it,” Chesnut (44, p. 28) reports that the leaves and fruit pulp have been used, when Habted up with milk, to poison flies. Pammel (64, p. 117) says: “In the South the leaves are used as fly poison.” ‘The writers’ results are given on page 22. Haplophyton cimicidum A. DC. ApocyNAcEArE. ‘* Cucaracha ’’ herb of Mex- ico. Arizona to Guatemala and Cuba. Greshoff (37, p. 107) lists this as an insecticide. According to the Experiment Station Record (7), “ The cucaracha herb is reported as being an effective remedy for estroying lice and fleas on dogs, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and other insects. The pest plant costs 1 ct. [centavo] per kilo and may be used in infusion.” Herrera (40, p. 21, 69-71, 188) states that he had considerable suc- cess in poisoning Culex, Anopheles, various species of Instrypetas, and other Diptera by using the juice and infusion of the leaves, the juice and infusion of the entire plants, the maceration of the bark, and the concentrated alcoholic extract. He also states that an at- tempt has been made to cultivate this plant for the purpose of obtain- ing insecticidal material. The same author (4/, p. 247 et seq.) sum- marizes the results of his earlier paper and furthermore describes the. action of this plant on insects, names other plants similar to the herb of cucaracha, and briefly discusses the composition of the toxic prin- ciple found in these plants. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. MENTHACEAE. Synonym: Cunila pulegioides L. American pennyroyal. Eastern United States. Riley (77, p. 185) states that the infusion, decoction, and alcoholic extract were ineffective against cotton caterpillars. Lyons (43, p. 223) reports that it is used to drive away mosquitoes. Helenium autumnale L. (Sneezeweed) and H. tenuifolium Nutt. (Bitter- weed). ASTERACEAE. Eastern United States. Riley (77, p. 184) reported that these plants rendered cotton plants so obnoxious to cotton caterpillars that the insects would not feed upon them, but the caterpillars were not killed. The decoction, infusion, and alcoholic extract were without effect, as were likewise the dried and powdered flower heads. The writers’ results, obtained by using the latter species, are given on page 22, PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 89 Heliotropium indicum L. Borracinacear. India heliotrope. Tropical re- gions. Riley (71, ». 186) reports that a decoction had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Helleborus niger L. RANUNCULACEAE. Black hellebore. Europe. Cook and Hutchison (78, p. 4) found the powdered roots of H. niger inefficient against fly larvee. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. JUGLANDACEAE. Synonyms: Juglans glabra Mill., Carya porcina Nutt., C. glabra Spach. Pignut. Eastern United States. Williams (94, p. 920) says: “An infusion of the leaves in water and washing a horse with them in fly time prevents the annoyance of those insects.” Hiptage madablota Gaertn. MALPIGHIACEAE. Tropical Asia. Greshoff (33, p. 84) lists this as an insecticide. Honduras fish-poison. (See footnote on page 26.) The writers’ results are given on page 22. Hura crepitans L. EuPHoRBIACEAE. Sandboxtree. Tropical America. The writers’ results are given on page 8. Hyndocarpus anthelminthica Pierre. BrixAcEAr. Tropical Asia. Greshoff (33, p. 112) reports that the seeds are used as an insecti- cide. Hyoscyamus niger L. SoLaAnackEAr. Henbane. Southern Europe, sparingly naturalized in the United States. Sprenger (88) recommends decoctions of three species (niger, albus, and major) as insecticides. Schreiber (S87) found a strong decoction of henbane effective -against aphids only. Goriainov (29) found a decoction of henbane inefficient against two species of caterpillars and efficient against one species. Ichthyomethia piscipula (L.) Hitebe. FaBacrAr. Synonyms: Piscidia ery-- thrina L., P. piscipula Sarg. Jamaica fish-poison. Jamaica dogwood. Ja- maica. Cook and Hutchison (78, p. 4) found that the powdered bark had considerable effect against fly larve. Indigofera tinctoria L. FABAcEAE. Synonym: J. indica Lam. True indigo. Tropical countries. Porcher (68, p. 205) says: “In Jamaica, it is employed to destroy vermin.” Greshoff (31, p. 52) reports that the seeds yield a tincture which is used to destroy lice. Inula conyza DC. ASTERACEAE. Synonyms: J. squarrosa Bernh., Conyza squar- rosa L. Cinnamon-root. Europe. Lyons (53, p. 246) lists it as an insecticide. 40 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Inula viscosa (L.) Ait. Synonym: WHrigeron viscosus L. Mediterranean region. Landerer (49) reports that when this plant is used as a fumigant in Greece, it does not narcotize the insects but drives them away, and the same author (50) says that it is one of the most common plants of Greece. The fumes of the burning plant have the same stupefy- ing effect on mosquitoes as those of Caucasian insect powder. Passerini (66) found the flower heads inactive against flies. Iris florentina L. IrmackEAr. Orris-root. Abbott (7, p. 7, 12) found orris root of no value against chicken lice and the dog flea. Jatropha macrorhiza Benth. EUPHORBIACEAE. Mexico and southwestern United States. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Juglans nigra L. JUGLANDACEAE. Black walnut. Ontario and eastern United States. Porcher (68, p. 362) says: “ Walnut leaves soaked in water for some hours, then boiled and applied to the skins of horses and other animals, will prevent their being bitten or worried by flies.” Riley (71, p. 186) reports that a decoction and an alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars, but the insects avoided the sprayed leaves whenever possible. Montillot (62, p. 271) reports that a decoction from walnut leaves, rubbed into the hair of domestic animals, protects these animals from house flies. André (2, p. 84) reports that a decoction of walnut leaves poured on the woolly aphis and in the soil about the roots of orchard trees gives good results. Guénaux (35, p. 510) reports that the infusion from walnut leaves is used to kill plant-lice and certain caterpillars. Juniperus sabina L. PINACEAE. Synonym: Sabina officinalis Garcke. Savin. Old World. Greshoff (3/, p. 161) reports that a decoction of the tops serves as an insecticide. Juniperus virginiana L. PINACEAE. Redcedar. Eastern United States. Porcher (68, p. 589) says: “Cedar boxes are not infested by in- sects, moths, etc., and are used for storing away woolens. The leaves also prevent the attacks of insects when sprayed over cloth.” Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 28) say: “A red-cedar chest readily killed all adult clothes moths and showed considerable kill- ing effect upon young larve.” Back and Rabak (9) assert that cedar chests exert no noticeable effect upon the adult clothes moths, but they do kill the young larve. These writers indicate that the aroma from a volatile oil contained in the wood is the insecticidal principle. Justicia adhatoda L. ACANTHACEAE. Synonym: Adhatoda vasica Nees. Mala- bar-nut. India. Rusby~(76) reports that it is fatal to flies, fleas, mosquitoes, and the pupee of aquatic insects, SE PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 41 Kalmia angustifolia L. Ericacear. Sheep laurel. Lambkill. Eastern North America. __ Cook and Hutchison (18, p. 4) found that the dried leaves had no effect on fly larve. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Karwinskia humboldtiana Zucc. RHAMNACEAE. Margarita. Mexico. The writers’ results are given on page 22. Lavandula spica L. MENTHACEAE. Synonym: L. angustifolia Mill. Laven- der. Mediterranean region. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 28) determined that lavender flowers were ineffective while the oil of lavender was effective in protecting flannel from clothes-moth infestation. Ledum palustre L. Ericacear. Crystal-tea. Northern Europe. It is reported from Austria (4) that this plant kills lice, bedbugs, fleas, moths, and other insects. It is most active when green and in blossom, but the dried material is also effective. Lyons (53, p. 266) reports that the leaves and twigs of L. palustre L. are used as an insecticide. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Synonym: L. latifolium Ait. True Labrador- tea. Northern North America. Williams (44, p. 916) says that it is reported to kill lice, insects, etc. Leontodon tuberosus L. ASTERACEAE. Synonym: Thrincia tuberosa DC. Old World. . Passerini (66) states that the opened flowers and roots were in- active against flies and the dog flea. Linaria vulgaris Hill. ScroPHULARIACEAE. Synonyms: L. linaria Karst., An- tirrhinum linaria L. Common toadflax. Europe, naturalized in the United States. Williams (94, p. 917) says: “ The expressed juice mixed in milk is a poison to flies, and the smell of the flower also kills them.” Lonchocarpus sp. FABACEAE. Lancepod. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Lycium halimifolium Mill. Soranacear. Common matrimony-vine. Eu- rope, escaped from cultivation in the United States. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Lycoperdon bovista L. LycoperpAcear. Synonyms: L. giganteum Batsch., L. caelatum Fries, Bovista giganteum Nees. Giant puffball. Greshoff (31, p. 167) says that it is “ Used in its mature condition as a styptic and for stupefying bees.” Gomilevsky (28) reports that the spores may be used in the same way as flowers of sulphur. The insects covered with this powder either perish from its mechanical effects or are poisoned by it. 42 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. SoLaNnacear. Synonyms: L. lycopersicum Karst., Solanum lycopersicum L. Tomato. South America, cultivated every- where. Von Mueller (9/7, p. 509) says: “ Tomato foliage may be placed round fruit trees, like the equally poisonous potato leaves, to prevent the access of insects, and an infusion of the herb serves also as an insecticide for syringing, as first adopted by Mr. Sircy.” Makaida (55) claims to have determined in 1914 that tomatoes, planted near cucumbers, melons, and watermelons, protect these plants against aphids. Schreiber (80) and Vostrikov (92) recommend the growing of tomatoes near cabbage beds to drive away cabbage butterflies, and they suggest the use of tomato extracts to control the cabbage cater- pillars. Schreiber (79) suggests the use of a decoction of tomatoes against the pests of raspberries and dewberries. Schreiber (S87) found a concentrated extract of tomatoes very effective against aphids and various other market-garden pests, but Goriainov (29), also testing the decoctions of various plants against insects in Russia, carried on his experiments at the Entomological Bureau of Riazan and determined that a decoction of tomatoes gave only insignificant results against Malacosoma neustria. Crouzel (20) says: “ It is stated that an Italian vine grower, hay- ing planted tomatoes between the rows of vines in a vineyard badly infested with Phylloxera, was gratified to note fresh, healthy shoots break forth from the withered stocks, while numbers of dead Phyl- loxera insects were found around the roots of the tomato plants.” The writers’ results are given on page 8. Lycopodium compianatum L. LycopoprAcEAr. Groundcedar. Europe, Asia, and North America. Williams (94, p. 924) reports that the decoction kills lice. Lycopodium selago L. Fir clubmoss. Northern hemisphere. Greshoff (37, p. 165) lists it as an insecticide. Lysimachia nummularia L. PrmMuLacEArE. Moneywort. Europe, natural- ized in the United States. Porcher (68, p. 509) reports that the leaves and flowers, steeped in oil, have the power of destroying insects and worms which infest granaries. Madhucea sp. SAporaceaAg. Synonyms: Bassia, Illipe. East Indies. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Marrubium vulgare L. MentTHaceAr. Common hoarhound. Europe and Asia, naturalized in the United States. Riley (77, p. 185) reports that the decoction and alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Matricaria chamomilla L. ASTERACEAE. Synonyms: Chrysanthemum chamo- milla Bernh., Chamomilla vulgaris S. F. Gray, Chamomilla officinalis Koch. German false-camomile. Europe and Asia, naturalized in the United States. Schenck (82) reports that the flower heads of the common camo- mile have an action similar to that of genuine Persian insect powder. Gieseler (26) says that heads of this plant exert an effect on in- sects sunfar to that exerted by pyrethrum. See peal a Peg ar Se eo ae ia ie ts oe \4 Keatelire PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES, 43 Glover (24, p. 132) reports that camomile flowers, if pulverized when dried and perfectly fresh, have an effect on the oriental cock- roach somewhat similar to that of pyrethum. - Hirschsohn (42) says that camomile powder is inert towards roaches. Von Mueller (97, p. 299) says: “In Portugal it is planted under fruit trees for insecticidal purposes.” Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 5, 17) found camomile flowers in- effective against bedbugs and roaches. Passerini (66) says that the flowers kill lice, although very slowly, but that they have very little effect against flies and ants. Matricaria inodora L. Scentless false-camomile. Europe, naturalized in the northern United States. Kalbruner (47) says that the flowers have a benumbing effect on flies, acting within one or two hours. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Synonyms: WV. discoidea DC., M. suaveolens Buchenau. Rayless false-camomile. United States, naturalized in Europe. Goriainov (29) found a decoction of camomile quite ineffective against Malacosoma neustria. Meibomia laburnifolia (Poir.) Kuntze. FaBackear. Synonym: Desmodium laburnifolium DC. Java. Greshoff (33, p. 72) reports that the leaves are used as an insecti- cide. Melanthium virginicum L. Lizracesar. Bunchflower. Eastern United States. Lyons (53, p. 296) reports that the roots are used as a fly poison. Pammel (64, & 380) says that “ these bunchflowers have long been used to poison flies.” Melia azadirachta L. MettAcesar. Synonyms: Azadirachta indica Juss., Azed- arach deleteria Medic. Nin tree. East Indies. Von Mueller (97, p. 304) says: “ Furniture from its wood is not attacked by insects.” Melia azedarach L. Synonyms: Azedarach commelini Medic., A. odoratum Noronha. Chinaberry. Pride of India. China to India, cultivated in Florida. Porcher (68, p. 127, 200) says that peach trees shaded by this tree are never infested by the aphis and that “ the leaves and berries of the Pride of India, packed with dried fruits, will preserve them from insects, and will prevent moths in clothes.” He further says that the decoction of the berries will, in most cases, prevent the depredations of the black grub, or cutworm. Riley’s (71, p. 185) assistants report that the decoctions and al- coholic extracts from the leaves, twigs, and berries were very promis- ing. ‘These preparations had considerable effect against cotton cater- _ pillars, but failed to be efficient. Von Mueller (97, p. 305) and Lyons (43, p. 297) report that the leaves are used as an insecticide. 44 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Greshoft (3/, p. 31), quoting Watt, says “a poultice of the flowers is said to kill lice.” Howard (44, p. 25) reports that chinaberry trees have been planted to serve as mosquito repellents, but that they are apparently useless. The writers’ results are given on page 8. Mentha pulegium L. MentTHacear. Synonym: Pulegium vulgare Mill. Eu- ropean pennyroyal. Pennyroyal. Europe. Von Mueller (97, p. 308) reports that it serves as an insecticide. Mentha spicata L. Synonym: J. viridis L. Spearmint. Purope, naturalized in the United States. Riley (77, p. 186) says that an alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Microsechium helleri (Peyr.) Cogn. CucuRBITACEAE. Mexico. According to the Experiment Station Record (7) this plant is use- ful in destroying lice and underground insects. Millettia auriculata Baker. Faspacear. Himalayan region. Greshoff (33, p. 69) says that the root is used as an insecticide. Moetoepoe or koetoepoe. (See footnote on page 26.) The writers’ results are given on page 23. Monarda punctata L. MeNTHACEAE. Spotted beebalm. MHorsemint. LHast- ern United States. Riley (77, p. 185) says that an alcoholic extract from the leaves had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Myrica cerifera L. Myricacear, Southern waxmyrtle. Maryland to Flor- ida, west to Texas. Porcher (68, p. 355) reports that: ‘“‘ The Welsh lay branches of it upon and under their beds to keep off fleas and moths.” Myristica fragrans Houtt. MyristicAcEAE. Common nutmeg. Molucca. Howard (43, p. 59), quoting Celli and Casagrandi, says that the odor of nutmeg will kill mosquitoes if the air is saturated. Necoetae. (See footnote on page 26.) The writers’ results are given on page 23. Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. NyMPHAEFACEAE. Synonym: Nelumbium luteum Willd. American lotus. Eastern United States. Pammel (64, p. 108) says: “According to Schaffner it is said to be used to destroy cockroaches.” Nerium oleander L. ApocyNAcEAE. Common oleander. Mediterranean re- gion. Greshoff (3/7, p. 105), quoting Schaer, reports that the bark is very frequently used for the destruction of rats and insects. The writers’ results are given on page 23, PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 4h Nicotiana glauca Graham. SoLaNAcEAE. Tree tobacco. South America, in: troduced in western United States. Sprenger (8S) recommends three species (glauca, rustica, and taba. cum) of tobacco as insecticides. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec tobacco. Eastern United States. Goriainov (29) states that a decoction was an effective stomach poison against M/alacosoma neustria. Nicotiana tabacum L. Common tobacco. South America, now widely culti- vated. The writers’ results are given on page 8. Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lamb.) Spreng. FABACEAE. West Indies. Greshoff (37, p. 57), quoting Ernst, says: “The seeds (in decoc- tion or in form of powder) are used in Merida (Venezuela) for killing vermin.” He reports that the tubere and beans contain «1 poisonous resin which is an active fish poison. Pangium edule Reinw. BIxAceEar. Java. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Petunia sp. SoLANACEAE. Sprenger (S88) recommends a decoction of petunia as an in- secticide. Philadelphus coronarius L. HypRANGEACEAE. Sweet mockorange. Europe, cultivated in the United States. Riley (77, p. 186) states that an infusion, decoction, and an alco- holic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Physalodes peruvianum (Mill.) Kuntze. SonmANAcEAE. Synonyms: P. physa- lodes Britton, Atropa physalodes L., Nicandra physalodes Pers. Peruvian groundcherry. Peru, cultivated and adventive in the United States. Pammel (64, p. 131) reports it “ used as a fly poison in parts of the United States.” Phytolacca americana L. PHYTOLACCACEAE. Synonym: P.decandraL. Com- mon pokeberry. Ontario and eastern United States. Glover (24, p. 133) reports that the root in either a fresh or dried state is poisonous to cockroaches. One of Riley’s (71, p. 187) assistants reports that a decoction of the leaves and berries and an alcoholic extract from the dried roots had no effect on cotton caterpillars; but another one of his assistants says that a very strong decoction “had a decided effect, killing the young worms and seriously affecting the older ones.” Cook and Hutchison (78, p. 4) found that the powdered root had no effect on fly larvee. Picrasma quassioides (Ham.) Bennett. SrMARUBACEAE. Synonyms: P. ailan- thoides Planch., Nima quassioides Ham. Northern India. Greshoff (31, p. 30), quoting Batchelor, says that a decoction of the bark is used to kill lice. Lyons (53, p. 356) says that this species possesses insecticidal properties, 46 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Pieris ovalifolia (Wall.) D. Don. ERIcacEAr, Synonym: Andromeda ovali- folia Wall. Greshoff (37, p. 96), quoting Watt, says that this is a useful in- secticide. Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes. RutTaceAr. Jaborandi. Northern Brazil. Cook and Hutchison (18, p. 4) found that the powdered leaves had a slight effect on fly larve. Pimenta officinalis Lindl Myrracrar. Synonyms: P. pimenta Karst., P. vul- goris Lindl. Allspice. West Indies and tropical America, cultivated every- where in tropical countries. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 5, 13, 26, 34) found powdered allspice ineffective against bedbugs, roaches, clothes moths, and car- pet beetles, and Abbott (7, p. 17) found it of no value against the dog flea. Pimpinella anisum L. “Apracear. Anise. Southern Europe to the Levant; also cultivated. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 13) found powdered anise seed ineffective against roaches. Piper nigrum L. PrperAcear. Black pepper. India, cultivated in many tropical countries. Graham-Smith (30, p. 250), quoting Howard, of Australia, says: “Flies may be effectively destroyed by putting half a spoonful of black pepper in powder on a teaspoonful of brown sugar and one teaspoonful of cream. Mix all together and place in a room where flies are troublesome, and it is said they will'soon disappear.” Quaintance and Brues (69, p. 133), quoting tests made by Bishopp and Jones, say that black pepper had no effect on the oviposition of the bollworm when this substance was placed on the silk and ears of corn. Riley (71, p. 187) states that a strong extract killed cotton caterpil- lars tested by contact within 12 hours. Podophyllum peltatum L. BERBERIDACEAE. Common mayapple. Eastern United States. Riley (71, p. 187) says that the powder from the dried roots did not affect cotton caterpillars when dusted upon them. Pogogyne parviflora Benth. Mrnruackag. California. Chesnut (15, p. 384) says: “ Many of the Indians place the culled plants in or about their houses to drive away fleas.” Polygonum hydropiper L. PotyGoNacEAr. Synonym: Persicaria hydropiper Opiz. Water-pepper. Europe, United States. Porcher (68, p. 409) quoting from Floria Scotica, states that it is. found a convenient and useful application for driving off flies from wounds occurring on cattle. Riley (71, p. 185) says that a decoction of the leaves and an alco- holic extract oa no effect on cotton caterpillars, PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 47 Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Smartweed. United States. Washburn (93, p. 35) determined that a decoction had no effect on the horn fly. Pongam pinnata (L.) W. F. Wight. Fapacear. A tree found in India, Ma- layan Islands, and northern Australia, cultivated in Florida. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Prunus spinosa L. Rosaceae. Blackthorn. Sloe. Europe. Von Mueller (91, p. 430) reports that it is hardly at all liable to attack by insects. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. PoLypopIAceEAr. Bracken. In Austria the leaves are placed in the bed as a protection against vermin (6). Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Gaertn. ASTERACEAE. Synonym: Inula dysenterica L. Fleawort. Southern Europe. Lyons (53, p. 384) calls it an herb seeceiade. Passerini (66) found the action of the flower heads uncertain against flies, fleas, and ants. Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. Synonym: Jnula pulicaria L. Europe. Kalbruner (47) reports that the flowers were entirely inactive against flies. Quillaja saponaria Molina. Rosacesr, Soapbark. South America. Parker (65, p. 7) used soapbark as a spreader and found that it never killed more than 21 per cent of the prune aphids sprayed. Rhinanthus crista-galli L. ScrRoPHULARIACEAE. Rattlebox. Northern Eu- rope, Asia, and North America. Lyons (53, p. 395) lists it as a plant insecticide. Rhus coriaria L. ANACARDIACEAE. Sumac. Europe. Von Mueller (91, p. 461), quoting Sorauer, says: “ Carvés records that this plant, when in proximity of vines infested by Phylloxera vastatrix, destroys this insect.” Reymond (70) buried a bag of sumac (Aus sp.) leaves around the base of each apple tree infested with the woolly aphis (Aphis lanigera). We noticed no effect the first year, but the second year the experiment was very successful. He thought that the tannin in the ripe sumac leaves either killed or repelled the aphids. Ricinus communis L. EUPHORBIACEAE. Synonyms: R. vulgaris Mill., R. medi- cus Forsk. Common castor-bean. Southern Asia. It is reported (5) that in 1886 this plant was found efficacious in freeing rooms of insect life, the leaves containing a substance which is fatal to flies and other insects. Riley and Howard (74, p. 359) quote a medical journal to the ef- fect that in Egypt castor- bsinh plants, when grown about houses or when the leaves are placed in rooms where mosquitoes are present, are effective repellents, but Howard (44, p. 23) denies that these plants when grown about houses act as mosquito repellents, 48 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Von Mueller (9/7, p. 467) says that these plants help drive mos- quitoes away Cook and Hutchison (8, p. 4) found that the ground cake of the castor-bean had no effect on fly larvee. The writers’ results are given on page 9. Rosmarinus officinalis L. MENTHACEAE. Rosemary. Mediterranean region. Von Mueller (97, p. 472) says: “ Branches of this shrub will keep off moths from wearing apparel packed away.” Roylea elegans Wall. MentHAckAr. Himalayan region. Greshoff (33, p. 138) reports that the leaves are used as an insecti- cide. Rumex sp. POLYGONACEAE. Riley (77, p. 186) found that an alcoholic extract was ineffective against cotton caterpillars. Ruta graveolens L. RuTaceAar. Commonrue. Southern Europe. According to Roark (745, p. 102), “A strong decoction obtained by macerating the leaves of the plant in soap and water, is stated by Forney to be a successful remedy for American blight.” Samadera indica Gaertn. SIMARUBACEAE. Synonyms: S. pentapetala G. Don., Niota pentapetala Poir., N. commersoni Pers. Greshoff (31, p. 30) lists it as an insecticide. Sambucus canadensis L. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. American elder. United States. Porcher (68, p. 448) says: “A decoction made by pouring boiling water over the leaves, flowers, or berries of the elder 1s recommended as a wash for wounds to prevent injury from flies.” The writers’ results are given on page 23. Sambucus nigra L. European elder. Europe. Porcher (68, p. 449) says that the leaves of the English elder are noxious to insects, moles, ete. Greshoff (33, p. 149), quoting Cutler, 1785, says: “It is said, if fruits are whipped with the green leaves and branches of elder the insects will not attack them.” Santolina chamaecyparissus L. ASTERACEAE. Lavender-cotton. Mediterra- nean region. Greshoff (33, p. 158) lists this as an insecticide. Passerini (66) says that it killed the dog flea, although very slowly, but had practically no effect on flies and ants. Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze. LAuRAcEAr. Synonyms: S. sassafras Karst., S. officinale Nees. and Eberm., Laurus sassafras L. Sassafras. Cin- namonwood. Eastern United States. Porcher (68, p. 391) reports: “ Bedsteads made of it are never in- fested with bugs.” Riley (72, p. 186) reports that an alcoholic extract of the dried bark of the roots had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Abbott (1, p. 7, 11) found powdered sassafras bark very effective against chicken lice and the dog flea, but he does not recommend it against these insects, PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 49. Saussurea lappa (Decaisne) C. B. Clarke. ASTERACEAE. Synonyms: Aplotacis lappa Decaisne, Aucklandia costus Falconer. Costus root. Himalayan re- gion. Von Mueller (9/1, p. 492), quoting De Rinzi, says that this plant is used as an insecticide to keep moths from cloth. The leaves are used as a wrapping for shawls. Schkuhria abrotanoides Roth. ASTERACEAE. Peru to Argentina. Haas (36) reports that the flowers of this are used in Peru for the same purpose as insect powder. Von Mueller (9/, p. 497) says that this annual herb yields locally an insecticide powder. Schoenocaulon officinale (Schlecht. & Cham.) A. Gray. LirtacEeas. Syno- nyms: Veratrum officinale Schlecht. & Cham., Helonias officinalis Don, Asa- graea officinalis Lindl., Sabadilla officinarum Brandt & Ratzeb. Sabadilla. Cebadilla. Mexico to Venezuela. The use of sabadilla seed against lice seems to have been known for along time. According to various botanical books, sabadilla powder is used by cattle raisers in Venezuela as an insecticide with excellent results. Herrera (40, p. 21) had no success with it against the winged forms of fruit maggots (/nstrypetas ludens I. D. B.). McClintock, Hamilton, and Lowe (58, p. 233) ascertained that sabadilla seeds, used as a fumigant, had a slight effect on flies and clothes moths and a considerable effect against mosquitoes. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 5, 12) ascertained that powdered sabadilla seed, used as a dust, killed from 95 to 100 per cent of the bedbugs treated within 48 hours; and used as a stomach poison (1 part to 9 parts of corn meal), it killed from 70 to 100 per cent of the roaches treated within 19 to 34 days. Abbott (7, p. 7) found the powdered seed effective against chicken lice, but he does not recommend it because it is too expensive and not readily available in large quantities. The writers’ results are given on page 9. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. ASTERACEAE. Whitetop-aster. East- ern United States. The writers’ results are given on page 23. -Sideroxylon borbonicum A. DC. SaporacearE. Bourbon Island. Greshoff (31, p. 101) lists this as an insecticide. Solanum auriculatum Ait. SoLANACEAE. Asia. Greshoff (33, p. 141) reports that a decoction of the berries is used as an insecticide. Solanum carolinense L. Horsenettle. Eastern United States. Riley (77) found a decoction of this ineffective against cotton cater- pillars. The writers’ results are given on page 23. 50 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Gillette (27, p. 185) rubbed concentrated potato water on cattle and found that it acted slowly, but eventually it rid the animals of lice. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 14) found potato starch ineftec- tive against roaches. Sophora flavescens Ait. FABACEAE. Siberia. Greshoff (33, p. 65) reports that a decoction of the stems and leaves is used in Japan as an insecticide. Sophora griffithii Stocks. Synonym: Keyserlingia griffithii Boiss. Greshoff (33, p. 65) quotes: “ The seed used powdered and mixed with oil kill lice in the hair.” Stipa viridula Trin. Poacrar. Sleepy grass. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Suma rubra. (See footnote on page 26.) The writers’ results are given on page 23. Synandrospadix vermitoxicus Engl. ARAcEAr. Argentina. Greshoff (27, p. 158) reports that the poisonous bulbs serve for the destruction of injurious insects. Tagetes minuta L. ASTERACEAE. Synonym: 7. glandulifera Schrank. South America. Von Mueller (91, p. 522) says: “ This vigorous annual plant is said by Doctor Prentice to be pulicifugous.” Tamus communis L. DroscoreaceAr. Black-bryony. Europe. Greshoff (31, p. 152) reports that the powdered root has been rec- ommended to destroy lice in children’s hair. Tanacetum vulgare L. ASTERACEAE. Common tansy. Europe and northern Asia, cultivated and naturalized in the United States. Gieseler (26) reports that the heads exert an effect on insects simi- lar to that of pyrethrum. Kalbruner (47) determined that the flowers of this species were very feebly benumbing to flies. Riley (7/7, p. 186) says that an alcoholic extract and an infusion had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Martindale (see Kirby, 48, p. 24/) states that an action similar to that of Persian insect powder is produced by the common tansy, which is sold in the north of England for similar purposes. Simmonds (S84, p. 202) states that the flowers of tansy are said to have a stupefying effect on insects. Devin (2/, p. 36) says that he has heard it reported that a clump of tansies, growing about the base of the tree, gives perfect immunity against the plum curculio, but Slingerland (55, p. 196) says that tansy plants, grown near peach trees, have only a very slight effect on the peach-tree borer, 4 ' PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 51. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. ASTERACEAE. Carolina-vanilla. Eastern United States. Jackson (44) states that the leaves are used to protect woolen cloths from the attacks of moths. Triticum sp. PoacEsr. Wheat. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 14) found wheat flour ineffective against roaches, and Abbott (J, p. 7) found it of no value against chicken lice, but McGregor and McDonough (59, p. 65) and others have found it to be an msecticide against the red-spider, although in this case it glues the mites fast to the foliage, thus causing death mechanically rather than by poisoning them. Tropaeolum majus L. GERANIACEAE. Common nasturtium. Peru, culti- vated in gardens. Von Mueller (97, p. 543) reports that it has some insecticidal value, and it is even said that when planted around apple trees it will rid them finally of the woolly aphis. Tssikoena. (See footnote on page 26.) The writers’ results are given on page 23. Tylophora fasciculata Ham. ASCLEPIADACEAE. India. Greshoff (37, p. 108) reports that the leaves and roots are used to destroy rats and other vermin. -Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. Lavracear. Synonym: Oreodaphne californica Nees. California-laurel. California to Puget Sound. Heamy (39) says that the tree is never attacked by insects, owing, as 1t is supposed, to the volatile oil it contains. Chesnut (1/5, p. 571) says: “ The leaves appear to be very valu- able for driving fleas away.” Veratrum album L. Liziacear. White false-hellebore. White hellebore. Europe and northern Asia. The powdered rhizomes and rootlets constitute the hellebore most generally used as an insecticide. The writers’ results are given on page 9. Veratrum californicum Durand. The writers’ results are given on page 23. Veratrum nigrum L. Old World. _ Schreiber (80, 87) mentions this species and seems to think that it is as good as V. album for insecticidal purposes. Veratrum viride Ait. Synonyms: V. album viride Baker, V. album Michx. American hellebore. American false-hellebore. Green hellebore. North America. Von Mueller (917, p. 556) says that it serves like other Veratrums as an insecticide. Cook, Hutchison, and Seales (17, p. 17) say: “There are three plants which are popularly called hellebore, namely, Veratrum album, Veratrum viride, and Helleborus niger. The term ‘ helle- bore’ is correctly applied only to Helleborus niger, which grows in 52 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Europe and is not at the present time a commercial product in this country. The white and the green are the two commercial varieties, the white being largely imported, and the green the American plant. For insecticidal work these two varieties are considered equally valuable. The American hellebore (Veratrum viride), called ‘swamp hellebore, ‘ Indian poke, and ‘itch-weed, is a common plant in wet ground and grows over a considerable area of the United States. ‘The properties of this are said to be similar to those of white hellebore.” Verbascum blattaria L. ScropHuLaRIAcEArE. Moth mullein. United States, naturalized from Europe. The writers’ results are given on page 24. Verbascum thapsus L. Common mullein. Europe and Asia, naturalized in the United States. Riley (71, p. 185) states that an alcoholic extract and a decoction of the leaves were ineffective against cotton caterpillars. Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. AsTeRAcEAr. East Indies. Greshoff (37, p. 92), quoting Watt, says that the bruised seeds are largely employed as a means of destroying pediculi. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.), Willd. Common ironweed. Eastern United States. Riley (71, p. 186) states that the alcoholic extract and decoction were ineffective against cotton caterpillars. Vitex agnus-castus L. VERBENACEAE. Lilac chaste-tree. Mediterranean re- gion. Greshoff (33, p. 136) reports that “ flies are believed to avoid the tree, so that when they annoy people, branches of this tree are hung in the huts.” Weeds. (Species not stated.) Thibault (89), after determining that insect powder would kill mosquito larve merely by being spread on the surface of water, then made a powder from weeds and grasses in the neighborhood and also found this powder to be an efficient mosquito larvicide. He decided that powders thus used killed mechanically, rather than by poisoning the larvee. Withania somnifera Dunal. SoLraNnacrar. Mediterranean region, Greshoff (33, p. 743) lists it as an insecticide. Xanthium strumarium L. ASTEeRACEAR. Cocklebur. Europe and Asia, natu- ralized in the United States. Riley (77, p. 184) says that a decoction and an alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars. Ximenia americana L, OLacaceark. Synonyms: X. inermis L., X. spinosa Salisb. Wild-olive. Tallow-nut. Tropical regions. Greshoff (31, p. 32) reports that “the crushed rind is frequently applied by the negroes in Africa to the sores of domestic animals to keep off the fleas.” PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 53 Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. Ruracear. Synonyms: Z. carolinienum Lam., Fagara clava-herculis Small (U. 8S. P.), Z. frasinifolium Walt.. Z. tricarpum Michx. Prickly ash. Hercules-club. Southeastern United States. _ Riley (71, p. 185) reports that the powdered leaves seemed obnox- ious to cotton caterpillars. Zea mays L. PoaAcEArE. Indian corn. Maize. Chittenden (16, p. 8), quoting Bruner, says that corn meal, dusted on cabbage plants in the morning while dew is on, causes the im- ported cabbage worm to drop off and thus it protects the plants till washed off by the rain. Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (83, p. 13) found corn meal ineffective against roaches, and Abbott (/, p. 11) found cornstarch ineffective against the dog flea. Zygadenus venenosus S. Wats. Liziacear. Zygadenus. Western United States. The writers’ results are given on page 24. GENERAL SUMMARY. Since 1915 the writers have determined that the following species of plants, when properly prepared and used, are efficient against certain species of insects: Quassia (Aeschrion, excelsa), amianthium (Chrosperma muscaetoxicum), pyrethrum or insect powder (Chry- santhemum cinerariaefolium), “* cube,” two species of derris (Dervis elliptica and uliginosa), common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), saba- —dilla (Schoenocaulon officinale), and white false-hellebore (Veratrum adbum). Other writers report the following species of plants to be efficient against certain insects: Two species of Chrysanthemum (coc- cineum and marschalliz), also used for making insect powder, clove- tree (Caryophyllus aromaticus), Claviceps purpurea, * cucaracha ” herb of Mexico (Haplophyton cimicidum), redcedar (Juniperus vir- giniana), and American false-hellebore (Veratrum viride). The writers found the following plants to have some insecticidal properties, but they proved to be inefficient against the insects used _ in the tests: Balbec, a Honduras fish-poison, sandboxtree (ura _ crepitans), margarita (Karwinskia humboldtiana), common matri- _ mony-vine (Lycium halimifolium), tomato (Lycopersicum esculen- _ tum), Madhuca sp., chinaberry (J/elia azedarach) , moetoepoe, necoe- _ tae, Pangiwm edule, and common castor-bean (Picinus communis). _ Other writers report the following plants to have insecticidal proper- _ ties, but it is doubtful if any of them will prove efficient for practical work: Aconite (Aconitum napellus), Aloe spp., two species of _Anthemis (cota and tinctoria), butterflyweed (Asclepias tuberosa), _ pepper (Capsicum sp.), swallow-wort (Chelidonium majus), three _ species of Chrysanthemum (achilleae, myconis, and parthenium), _ Cinchona succirubra, \arkspur (Delphinium sp.), black hellebore (Helleborus niger), Jamaica fish-poison (/chthyomethia piscipula), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), German false-camomile (.Vatricaria chamomilla), Aztec tobacco (Vicotiana rustica), soapbark (@Quillaja saponaria), lavender-cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissus), sassafras (Sassafras variifolivm), and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Sf) i ed ER a ti ok en eee 54 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Of the 260 species of plants catalogued, 94 were found by the writers and others to have little or no effect as insecticides, and 109 other species are recorded by other writers as used for insecticides, but without citation of experimental evidence. CONCLUSIONS. Of the 260 species of plants catalogued, only about 5 per cent furnish material for efficient insecticides, and of these only about half may be regarded as satisfactorily efficient. The latter include three species of Chrysanthemum (cinerariaefolium, coccineum, and marschalliz), used for making pyrethrum or insect powder; two species of Derris (elliptica and uliginosa): and a Peruvian plant known locally as “cube.” The extracts of these, combined with soap, proved to be promising contact insecticides and compete favorably with nicotine sulphate in efficiency and probably in cost. Relative to the other species catalogued, most of them are not worth further consideration. It does not seem at all probable that satisfactory insecticides can be obtained from the commoner weeds or flowers or from plants known to be only slightly poisonous to man or other animals; but with regard to the poisonous plants, particu- larly the fish-poisons, found in the Tropics or subtropics the chances to obtain other efficient insecticidal material are very promising. LITERATURE CITED. (1) Arpsort, W. S. 1920. Results of experiments with miscellaneous substances against chicken lice and the dog flea. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 888, 15 p. (2) AnpRE, E. 1904. Nouveaux procédés de destruction de Voidium et du puceron lanigiére. Jn Rev. Hort., 76 année, t. 4, Paris, p. 83—S4. (3) Anonymous. 1863. Anthemis cotula. Jn Pharm. Ztsehr. fiir Russland, jahrg. 1, no. 23, p.. OL (4) a 1875. Ersatz des persischen Insektenpulvers. Jn Ztsehr. Allg. Osterr. Apoth. Ver., 13 jahrg., no. 21, p. 346. (5) 1886. Ricinus communis as an insect powder. Jn Chemist and Druggist, v. 29, Sept., p. 410. (6) 1892. Insektenpulver. Jn Pharm. Ztg., 37 jahrg., no. 1038, Dez., p. 798. (7) 1901. Catalogue of collections of pests and insecticides (Com. Agr. Parasit. Secy. Pub. Prom. Mexico, 1901, p. 6). Jn Exp. Sta. tecord, v. 13, 1901 and 1902, p. 474. (8) 1917. Infusion of broom tops as a larvicide. Jn Pharm. Jour, and Pharmacist, v. 98 (4th ser., v. 44), no. 27838, p. 189. (9) Back, E. A., and RABAK, FRANK. 1922. Red cedar chests as protectors against moth damage. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1051, 14 p. (10) Breroeery, D. H. 1912. The principles of hygiene. Philadelphia, p. 399. (11) BrsHop, Won. D. 1859. Government experimental and propagating garden. J Rpt. Comm. of Patents, Agr., p. 13, Washington, 1860. (12) Bouner, K. 1895. Ueber Chrysanthemum corymbosum,. In Pharm. Ztg., jahrg. 40, ~ no. 64, Aug., p. 523. ea ee (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 55 CHESNUT, V. K. 1898. Preliminary catalogue of plants poisonous to stock. Jn 15th Ann. Rpt. Bur. Animal Ind., p. 407. 1898. Principal poisonous plants of the United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bul. 20. 1902. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, Calif. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot., Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herbarium, v. 7, no. 3, p. 295-408. CHITTENDEN, F. H. 1905. The imported cabbage worm. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Cire. 60, 8 p. Cook, F. C., Hutcuison, R. H., and Scares, F. M. 1915. Further experiments in the destruction of fly larve in horse manure. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 245, 22 p. (18) Cook, F. C., and Hutcuison, R. H. 1916. Experiments during 1915 in the destruction of fiy larve in horse manure. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 408, 20 p. Cory, E. N. 1921. Some notes on a new and promising insecticide. Jn Jour. Econ. Ent., v. 14, no. 4, Aug., p. 345-347. CROUZEL. 1917. Tomato plants kill Phylloxera. Jn Pharm. Jour. and Pharma- cist, v. 98, May. p. 375; also in Répértoire Pharm.. v. 28, 1917, p. 102. Devin, G. W. 1893. Tansy and the plum curculio. Jn Insect Life, v. 6, no. 1, p. 365. DRAGENDORFF, G. 1898. Die Heilpflanzen der verschiedenen Vélker und Zeiten. Stutt- gart, p. 216. ELLIOTT, STEPHEN. 1821. A sketch of the botany of South Carolina and Georgia. Charles- ton, S. C., v. 1, p. 421. FERNALD, C. H. 1894. Jamestown weed (Datura stramonium) as an insecticide. Jn Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 24, p. 10. GARRIGUES, S. S. 1871. On insect powder. Jn Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., v. 19, p. 505—- 506. GIESELER ET AL. 1862. Report on the progress of pharmacy. Jn Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., v. 10, p. 112. GILLETTE, C. P. 1889. Important injurious insects. Jn Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 5, p. 161-196. GOMILEVSKy, V. 1916. [Poisonous plants, from which insecticides for orchard-pests may be prepared]. Jn [Orchard Library Series], supplement to [Progressive Fruit-growing and Market-gardening], Petrograd, 1915, 32 p. In Russian. Extract in Rey. Applied Ent., v. 4, ser. A, Agr., pt. 2. p. 58-59, Feb., 1916. GoRIAINOV, A. 1916. [Experiments with some vegetable and mineral insecticides]. Jn [The Protection of Plants from Pests], supplement to [Friend of Nature]. Petrograd, no. 1-2 (28-29), p. 1-28. In Russian. Extract in Rev. Applied Ent., v. 5, ser. A, Agr., pt. 1, p. 24-26. GRAHAM-SMITH, G. §S. 1914. Flies in relation to disease, non-bloodsucking. Cambridge, p. 250. GRESHOFF, M. 1900. Mededeelingen uit’S Lands Plantentuin. XXIX. Tweede ge deelte van de Beschrijving der giftige en bedwelmende planten bij de vischvangst in gebruik. Batavia, 253 p. 1909. Phytochemical investigations at Kew. Jn Roy. Bot. Gardens, Kew, Bul. 10, 1909, p. 417. 56 (33) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. GRESHOFF, M. 1913. Mudotieclingen uitgaande van het Departement van Landbouw No. 17. Derde gedeelte (Supplement) van de Beschrijving der giftige en bedwelmende planten bij de vischvangst in gebruik. Batavia, 370 p. GLover, TOWNEND. 1874. Report of entomologist and curator of the museum. Jn Rpt. U. S. Comm. Agr., p. 122-146. GUENAUX, G. 1904. Entomologie et parasitologie agricoles. Paris, 588 p. Haas, A. 1884. Ueber Insectenpulver. Jn Pharm. Centralhalle, Neue Folge, jahrg. 5, no. 2, Jan., p. 19. HAMILTON, C, C. 1921. Notes on the life history and the control methods of the box wood leaf midge. Jn Jour. Econ. Ent., v. 14, no. 4, Aug., p. 359-365. HARE, CAPARI, and Ruspy. 1916. Delphinium staphisagria. In Nat. Standard Dispensatory, 3d ed., p. 1552 HeEaAmy, J. P. 1875. Oreodaphne californica Nees. In Am. Jour. Pharm., v. 47, March, p. 105, HERRERA, A. L. 1900. [Catalogue of collections of pests and insecticides!) In Bol. Com. Parasit. Agr., t. 1, num. 1-7, 1900-1902. 1910. El mosquito de la ciudad de Mexico. Jn Anal. Instituto Medico nac., Mexico, t. 11, p. 163-420. HIkSCHSOHN, FE. 1890. Beobachtungen itiber den wirksamen Bestandtheil des Insecten- pulvers. Jn Pharm. Ztg. fiir Russland, 29 jahrg., no. 14, p. 209-213. Howarp, L. O. 1900. Notes on the mosquitoes of the United States. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n. s., 70 p. 1910. Preventive and remedial work against mosquitoes. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bul. 88, 126 p. JACKSON, J. R. 1873. Note on Liatris odoratissima. In Pharm. Jour. and Trans., 3d ser.,'v. 4, Oet.; p.' 322 JUILLET, GALAVIELLE, ET ANCELIN. 1921. La préparation du savon-pyréthre. Jn Rey. Vit., t. 55, Sept., Paris, p. 201-206. KALBRUNER, H, 1874. Ueber die insektenvertilgende Wirkung einiger Pyrethrumarten. In Ztschr. Allg. Osterr. Apoth. Ver.,12 jahrg., no. 29, p. 542-543. KIRBY, WM. 1888. Note on insect powder. Jn Pharm. Jour. and Trans., 3d ser., vy. 19, p. 239-241. LANDERER, X. 1862. Prigeron viscosum gegen Insectenplage. J Bonplandia, jahrg. 10, no. 22, p. 342. 1875. Notes on some oriental plants and vegetable products. Jn Am. Jour. Pharm., v. 47, Nov., p. 498-499. 1877. Notes on some medicinal and other useful plants. Jn Am. Jour. Pharm., v. 49, Apr., p. 155. 1879. [A brief note about] Chrysanthemum frutescens. In Jahresber. Pharm., 14 jahrg., p. 92. Lyons, A. B. 1907. Plant names, scientific and popular, 2d ed., Detroit, 630 p. ~ (54) (59) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) PLANTS—INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. 57. MatscH, J. M. 1885. Materia medica of the new Mexican Pharmacopoeia. Jn Am. Jour. Pharm., v. 57, July, p. 339. MaAKAIDA, I. 1915. [How to destroy aphids in cucumber, watermelon, and melon plan- tations.] Jn [Progressive Horticulture and Market-gardening], Petrograd, 12, no. 14, p. 483. In Russian. Extract in Rev. Applied Ent., v. 3, ser. A, Agr., pt. 8, p. 486. MANNING, Miss. 1897. Asclepias curassavica as an insectifuge. In Roy. Bot. Gardens, Kew, Bul. 130, Oct., p. 338. McDonnett, C. C., Roark, R. C., and KEEnan, G. L. 1920. Insect powder. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 824, 100 p. McCrinTock, ©. T., HAMILTON, H. C., and Lows, F. B. 1911. A further contribution to our knowledge of insecticides. Fumi- gants. In Jour. Am. Public Health Assoc., v. 1, 0. s., v. 7, no. 4, April, p. 227-2388. McGreeor, HE. A., and McDonovuecuH, F. L. 1917. The red spider on cotton. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 416, 72 p. McInpboo, N. E., and Sievers, A. F. 1917. Quassia extract as a contact insecticide. Jn Jour. Agr. Research, v. 10, no. 10, p. 497-531. McInpoo, N. E., Sievers, A. F., and Apsort, W. S. 1919. Derris as an insecticide. Jn Jour. Agr. Research, v. 17, no. 5, p. 177-200. MonTrir“xotT, L. 1891. Les insectes nuisibles. Paris, 271 p. OSBORN, HERBERT. 1896. Insects affecting domestic animals. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Bol 5,0. Ss), o02 Dp. PAMMEL, L. H. 1910 and 1911. A manual of poisonous plants. Part I, 1910; part II, 1911. Cedar Rapids. PARKER, W. B. 1914, Quassiin as a contact insecticide. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 165, p. 1-8. PASSERINI, N. 1919. Sul potere insetticida del Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium Trey. colti- vato a Firenze in confronto con quello di alcune altre Asteracee. In Nuovo Gior. Bot. Italiano, nuo. ser., v. 26, Firenze, p. 30-45. PERREDES, P. E. F. 1902. The anatomy of the stem of Derris uliginosa Benth. An eastern fish poison. In Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., v. 50, p. 321-332, 9 pl. PoRcHER, F. P. 1869. Resources of the southern fields and forests. Rey. ed., Charles- ton, 733 p. QUAINTANCE, A. L., and Bruss, C. T. 1905. The cotton bollworm. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. 50, 155 p. REYMOND, J. B. 1897. Experiments with woolly aphis or American blight. Jn Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, v. 8, p. 120-121. Riny, CiiV. 1885. Vegetable insecticides. Jn 4th Rpt. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 164-190. RiteEy, C. V., and Howapgp, L. O. 1891. Hemp as a protection against weevils. Jn Insect Life, v. 4, nos. 5 and 6, p. 223. 1893. Eucalyptus vs. mosquito. Jn Insect Life, v. 5, no. 4, p. 268. 1893. A mosquito exterminator. Jn Insect Life, v. 5, no. 5, p. 359. Roark, R. C. 1919. Plants used as insecticides. Jn Am. Jour. Pharm., vy. 91, no. 1, Jan., p. 25-37, and no. 2, Feb., p. 91-107. ) Ruspsy, H. H. 1889, Adhatoda vasica, In Chemist and Druggist, v. 34, June, p. 831. 58 BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (77) SANDERS, W. A. ia 1893. Eucalyptus vs. mosquitoes. Jn Insect Life, v. 5,-no. 5, p. 344. (78) Sayre, L. E. 1913. Insecticides. Jn Trans. Kans, Acad. Sci., v. 25, p. 1388-141. (79) ScHREIBER, A. F. 1915. [A voice crying from the wilderness.] Jn [The Horticulturist], Rostov-on-Don, no. 3, p. 178-180. In Russian. Extract in Rey. Applied Ent., v. 3, ser. A, Agr., pt. 8, p. 440. (80) 1915. [The control of Pieris brassicae.) In [Orchard and Market-Gar- den], Moscow, no. 3, p. 140-142. In Russian. Extract in Rey. Applied Ent., y. 3, ser. A, Agr., pt. 8, p. 440. | (81) | 1915. [Vegetable insecticides.] In [The Horticulturist], Rostov-on-Don, | no. 12, Dec., p. 903-912. In Russian. Extract in Rev. Applied | Ent., v. 4, ser. A, Agr., pt. 2, p. 59, Feb., 1916. (82) SCHENCK. 1859. Pyrethrum carneum and roseum. In Canstatt’s Jahrb. tiber die Fortschritte der gesammten Medicin in allen Liindern, bd. 5, De as, (83) Scort, E. W., Apsott, W. S., and Duptrey, J. E., Jr. 1918. Results of experiments with miscellaneous substances against bed- bugs, cockroaches, clothes moths, and carpet beetles. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 707, 36 p. (84) Stmmonps, P. L. 1891. The medicinal uses of flowers. Jn Am. Jour. Pharm., 4th ser., v. 21, Apr., p. 200-202. (85) SLINGERLAND, M. V. a 1899. The peach-tree borer. Cornell (N. Y.) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 176, p. 157-233. (86) SmirH, J. B. 1891. The rose-chafer, or “rosebug.” N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 82, 40 p. 1910. Azolla vs. mosquitoes. Jn Ent. News, v. 21, Dec., p. 437-441. (88) SPRENGER, C. 1912. Pflanzengifte als Selbsthilfe gegen tierische und pflanzliche Schiid- linge. Jn Gartenwelt, 16 jahrg., no. 8, p. 110. (89) THIBAULT, J. K., Jr. 1918. Vegetable powder as a larvicide in the fight against mosquitoes. A preliminary note. Jn Jour. Am. Med. Assoec., v. 70, no. 17, p. 1215-1216. (90) THoms, H. 1891. Croton flavens und Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. In Ber. deut. Pharm. Gesell., jahrg. 1, p. 241-247. (91) Von MUELLER, Baron FErpD. 1895. Select extra-tropical plants. 9th ed., Melbourne, 654 p. (92) Vostrikov, P. 1915. [Tomatoes as insecticides. The importance of Solanaceae in the control of pests of agriculture.] Jn Husbandry on the Don, Novotcherkassk, X, no. 1, p. 9-12. In Russian. Extract in Rey. Applied Ent., v. 3, ser. A, Agr., pt. 7, p. 340. (93) WASHBURN, F. L. 1902. Insects notably injurious in 1902. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 77, 74 p. (94) WiriiAMs, S. W. 1849. On the indigenous medical botany of Massachusetts. Jn Trans. Am. Med. Assoc., v. 2, p. 863-927. (95) WirriaMs, J. B. 1914, The insecticidal value of fluid extract of larkspur seed. Jn Am. Jour, Pharm., Sept., v. 86, p, 414416. (87) INDEX OF BOTANICAL AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS CATALOGUED. [The numbers refer to pages; synonyms are italicized.]} A bsinthium vulgare, 28. Achillea, 24. Aconitum— columbianum, 21, 24. napellus, 24, 53. Adhatoda vasica, 40. Aeschrion excelsa, 24, 53. Aesculus, 25. Agaricus muscarius, 25. Agave, 25. Agrostemma githaga, 25¢ Ailanthus, 25. Aker, 36. Allium sativum, 25. RP, , 46. oe— barbadensis, 25. ferox, 25. Bee vera, 25. spp., 2 oe 25. Amanita— muscaria, 25. pantherina, 26. Ambrosia, 26. A mbrosioides anthelminticum, 22, 3 Amianthium muscaetozicum, 5, Sods Amyegdalus persica, 26. Anamirta, 26. Andiroba or carapa tree, 29. Andromeda ovalifolia, 46. Angelica sp., 26. Aniliton, 21, 26. Anise, 46. Annona— cherimola, 26. glabra, 26. reticulata, 26. spinescens, 26. Squamosa, 97. tripetala, 26. Anthemis— arvensis, 27. cota, 27, 53. cotula, 37. nobilis, 27. SD:5 20: tinctoria, 27, 53. Antirrhinum linaria , 41. A plotaxis lappa, 49. Arisaema— dracontium, 27. japonicum, 27. tortuosum, 28. Aristolochia, 28. Artemisia, 28. Arum dracontium, 27. Asagraca officinalis, 49, Asclepias— curassavica, 28. tuberosa, 28, 53. P Asimina Sp., 28. Aster— linosyris, 28. tripolium, 28. whitetop, 23, 49. Atropa— belladonna, 21, 28. physalodes, 45. Aucklandia Costus, 49. Azadirachta indica, 43. Azedarach, 43. Balbec, 21, 29, 53. Baptisia tinctoria, 29. _ Bassia, 42. Beebalm, spotted, 44. Belladonna, 21, 28. Berberis aquifolium, 29. Bitterweed, 22, 38. Blackthorn, 47. Bloodflow er, 28. Bocconia cordata, 29. Boneset, 37. Bovista giganteum, 41. Bracken, 47. Broom, Scotch, 22s 3b Bevo alba, 29. ryony— black, 50. white, 29. Buckeye, 25. Bunchflower, 43. Burningbush, European, RYE Butterflyweed, 28, 53. Cactus, 30. Caladium bicolor, 29. California-laurel, 51. Callilepis laureola, 29. corn, 27. German false-, 42, 53. rayless false-, 43. scentless false-, 43. yellow, 27. Cannabis sativa, 29. Capsicum annuum, 29. Carapa guianensis, 29. Carolina-vanilla, 51. Carya, 39. Caryophy llus aromaticus, 30, 53. Cascarilla, 34. Cassia, 30. Castor-bean, common, 9, 47, 53. Catalpa bignonioides, 21, 30. Causia, 26, 3 Cebadilla, "9. Cebolleja, 26, 30. Centuryplant, 25. Ceratotheca integribracteata, 30. Cereus sp., 30 Charcoal, 30. Chamomilla, 27, 42. Chaste-tree, lilac, 52. Chelidonium majus, 30, 53. Chenopodium, 22, 30. Cherimoya, 26. Chilocoan or chilcoagua, 31. Chinaberry, 8, 43, 53. ay a muscaetoxicum, 5, 31 Chrysanthemum— achilleae, 31, 53. caucasicum, 31. chamomilla, 42. cinerariaefolium, 6, 10-21, 31, 53, 54. coccineum, 32, 53, 54. coronarium, 32 corymbosum, 32. frutescens, 32. indicum, 32. leucanthemum, 22, 32. marschallii, 33, 53, 54. mother, 32. myconis, 33, 53. parthenium, 33, 53. roseum, 32. segetum, 33. Cimicifuga, 33. Cinchona succirubra, 33, 53. Cinnamon-root, 39. Cinnamonwood, , 48. rapes colocynthis, 33. aviceps purpurea, 33, 53. Cleistanthus collinus, 34 Clibadium surinamense, 22, 34. Clovetree, 30, 53. Cocculus indicus 20 Cocklebur, 52. Coffeesenna, 30. Coffeetree , Kentucky, 22, 38. Cohosh bugbane, 33. Colocynth, 33. Colocynthis vulgaris, 33. Columbia monkshood, 24. Conium maculatum, 34. Conyza squarrosa, 39. Corncockle, 25. Corn , Indian, Se) Corn-marigold, 33. Costus root, 49. Cracca— es 22, 34. Sp., villosa purpurea, 22, 34. Croton, 34. Crotonw eed, 34. Crow poison, 5, 31. Crystal-tea, 41. “Cube,” 6, 10-20, 34, 53, 54. “Cucaracha” herb, 38, 53. Cucumis colocynthis, 33. Cume, 34. Cunila ulegioides, 38. Custard-apple, 26. Cuyi, 34. Cytisus scoparius, 22, 35. Daisy— crown, 32. oxeye, 22, 32. DasyStoma flava, 35. Datura stramonium, 22, 35. Delphinium— ajacis, 35. bicolor, 22, 35. brunonianum 7 B0- caeruleum, 35. consolida, 35. sp., 36, 53. staphisagria, 36. Derris— elliptica, 7, 10-20, 36, 53, 54. uliginosa, 36, 53, 54. Desmodium laburnifolium, 43. Dichrophyllum marginatum, 37. Diospyros malacapai, 36. Dog-fennel, 37. Dragonroot, 27. Echinops echinatus, 36. Elder— American, 23, 48. European, 48. Erigeron viscosus, 40. Eucalyptus, 36. Eugenia aromatica, 30. Euonymus, 37. Eupatorium-— eapillifolium, 37. connatum, 37. perfoliatum, 37. sp., 37. Euphorbia— bicolor, 37. biglandulosa, 37. cotinoides, 22, 37. dendroides, 37. marginata, 37. spp., 37. Fagara clava-herculis, 53. Feverfew, 33, 53. Fir clubmoss, 42. Fish-berries, 26. 59 60 Fish-poison— East Indian, 7, 10-20, 36. Eastern, 36. Honduras, 22, 39, 53. Jamaica, 39, 53. Pacific, 22, 34. Fleawort, 47. Fluggea leucopyrus, 37. Fly agaric, 25. Furcraea cubensis, 22, 38. Galega, 22, 34. Galinsoga parviflora, 22, 38. Garlic, 25. Gerardia flava, 35. Gouania, 38. Groundcedar, 42. Groundcherry, Peruvian, 45. Guilandina dioica, 38. Gum, blue, 36. Gymnocladus, 22, 38. Haplophyton cimicidum, 38, 53. Hedeoma pulegioides, 38. Helenium— autumnale, 38. tenuifolium, 22, 38. Heliotrope, India, 39. Heliotropium indicum, 39. Hellebore— American, 51, 53. American false-, 51. black, 39, 53. green, 51. white, 51. white false-, 9, 51, 53. Helleborus niger, 39, 53. Helonias— erythrosperma, 31. officinalis, 49. Hemp, common, 29. Henbane, 39, 53. Hercules-club, 53. Hicoria glabra, 39. Hiptage madablota, 39. Hoarhound,common, 42. Hollygrape, Oregon, 29. Horse-chestnut, 25. Horsemint, 44. Horsenettle, 23, 49. Hura crepitans, 8, 39, 53. 9 Hyndocarpusanthelminthica, 39. Hyoscyamus niger, 39, 53. Ichthyomethia piscipula, 39, 53. Indian turnip, 27. Indigo, true, 39. Indigofera, 39. Insect flowers— Caucasian, 33. Dalmatian, 6, 10-21, 31. Persian, 32. TInula— conyza, 39. dysenterica, 47. pulicaria, 47. sqguarrosa, 39. viscosa, 40. Tris florentina, 40. Ironweed, common, 52. Jamestown weed, 35. Jatropha macrorhiza, 22, 40. Jimsonweed, 22, 35. Juglans— glabra, 39. nigra, 40. Juniperus— sabina, 40. virginiana, 40, 53. Justicia adhatoda, 40. Kalmiaangustifolia, 22, 41. Karwinskia humboldtiana, 22, 41. Keyserlingia griffithii, 50. Labrador-tea, true, 41. Lambkill,22, 41. Lancepod, 23,41. ™ BULLETIN 1201, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF “Larkspur— field, 35. low, 22, 35. musk, 35. rocket, 35. Laurus sassafras, 48. Lavandula, 41. Lavender, 41. Lavender-cotton, 48, 53. Lechuguilla, 25. Ledum, 41. Lemna, 28. Leontodon tuberosus, 41. Leucanthemum vulgare, 32. Linaria, 41. Lonchocarpus sp., 23, 41. Lotus, American, 44. Lousewort, 36. Lycium halimifolium, 23, 41, 53. Lycoperdon, 41. Lycopersicum, 8, 42. Lycopodium, 42. Lysimachia numimularia, 42. Macleaya cordata, 29. Madhuca sp., 23, 42. Mahonia aquifolium, 29. Maize, 53. Malabar-nut, 40. Margarita, 22, 41, 53. Marguerite, 32. Marrubium vulgare, 42. Maruta cotula, 27. Matricaria— chamomilla, 42, 53. discoidea, 43. inodora, 43. matricarjoides, 43. arthenium, 33, 53. Matrimony-vine, common, 23,41. Mayapple, common, 46. Mayweed, 27. Meibomia laburnifolia, 43. Melanthium— muscaetoricum, 31 azadirachta, 43. azedarach, 8, 43, 53. Menispermum— cocculus, 26. lacunosum, 26. Mentha, 44. Microsechium helleri, 44. Milkweed, 28. Millettia auriculata, 44. Mockorange, sweet, 45. Lata ig or ese ip 23, 44, 53. Monarda punctata, 44. Moneywort, 42. Mullein— common, 52. moth, 24, 52. Myrica cerifera, 44. Myristica fragrans, 44. Nasturtium, common, 51. Necoetae, 23, 44, 53. Nelumbium luteum, 44, Nelumbo lutea, 44. Nerium oleander, 23, 44. Nicandra physalodes, 45. Nicotiana— glauca, 22, 45. ¢ rustica, 45, 53. tabacum, 8, 45, 53. Nima quassioides, 45. Nin tree, 43. Niota, 48. Nutmeg, common, 44. Oleander, common, 23, 44. Oreodaphne californica, 51. Orris root, 40. Pachyrhizus tuberosus, 45. Pangium edule, 23, 45, 53. Papaw, 28. Peach, 26. AGRICULTURE. Pennyroyal, American, 38, 44. Pepper, black, 46. Persicaria hydropiper, 46. Petunia sp., 45. Philadelphus coronarius, 45. Physalodes, 45. Phytolacca, 45. Picraena excelsa, 24. Picrasma— ailanthoides, 45. ercelsa, 24. quassioides, 45. Pieris ovalifolia, 46. Pignut, 39. Pilocarpus jaborandi, 46. Pimenta, 46. Pimpinella anisum, 46. Piper nigrum, 46. Piscidia, 39. Plumepoppy, pink, 29. Podophyllum peitatum, 46. Pogogyne parviflora, 46. Polson-hemlock, 34. Pokeberry, common, 45. Polygonum— hydropiper, 46. pennsylvanicum, 47. Pond-apple, 26. Pongam pinnata, 23, 47. Potato, 50, 53. Prickly ash, 53. Pride of India, 43. Prunus spinosa, 47. Pteridium aquilinum, 47. Puffball, giant, 41. Pulegium vulgare, 44. Pulicaria, 47. Pyrethrum— achilleae, 31. carneum, 32. cinerariaefolium, 31. corymbosum, 32. parthenium, 33, 53. Troseum, 33. segetum, 33. Quassia, Jamaica, 24, 53. Quillaja saponaria, 47, 53. Ragweed, 26. Ragweed, great, 26. Rattlebox, 47. Redcedar, 40, 53. Redpepper, 29. Rhinanthus crista-galli, 47, Rhus, 47. Ricinus, 9, 47, 53. Rosmarinus officinalis, 48, Rosemary, 48. Roylea elegans, 48. Rue,common. 48. Rumex sp., 48. Ruta graveolens, 48. aaeeia officinarum, 9, 49, 53. abina officinalis, 40. Sagebrush, 21, 28. Samadera, 48. Sambucus— canadensis, 23, 48. nigra, 48. Sandboxtree, 8, 39, 53. Santolina chamaecyparissus, 48, 63. Sassafras, 48, 53. Saussurea lappa, 49. Savin, 40. Schkuhria abrotanoides, 49. Schoenocaulon officinale, 9, 49, 53. Srinerati! dea asteroides, 33,'49, Sideroxylon boronicum, 49, Simaruba excelsa, 24. Sleepy grass, 23, 50. Sloe, 47. Smartweed, 47. Sneezeweed, 38. Snow-on-the-mountain, 37, Soapbark, 47, 53. - Sumac, 47. Swallow-wort, 30, 53. Synandrospadix vermitoxicus, 50. Tagetes, 50. T ut, 52. | Tamus communis, 50. Tanacetum vulgare, 50. Tansy, common, 50. Tephrosia, 34. Thrincia tuberosa, 41. , common, 41, INDEX. Tobacco— Aztec, 45, 53. common, 8, 45, 53. tree, 23, 45. Tomato, 8, 42, 53. Trilisa odoratissima, 51. Triticum sp., 51. Tropaeolum majus, 51 Tssikoena, 23, 51. Tuba, 36. Tylophora fasciculata, 51. Umbellularia californica, 51. Veratrum— album, 9, 51, 53. album vtride, 51. californicum, 23, 51. 61 Vernonia, 52. Vitex angus-castus, 52. Wahoo, 37. Walnut, black, 40. Water-pepper, 46. Waxmyrtle, southern, 44. Weeds, 52. Wheat, 51. Wild-indigo, yellow, 29. Wild-olive, 52. Withania somnifera, 52. Wormseed, American, 22, 30. Wormwood, common, 28. Xanthium strumarium, 52. Ximenia, 52. X ylocar pus carapa, 29 Yarrow, 24. Zanthoxylum, 53. Zea mays, 53. Zygadenus— muscitoricum, 31. venenosus, 53. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. November 27, 19238. Secretary of Agriculture .____--_-+-<=. Henry C. WALLACE. Assistant. Secretary..»——~- > Le Howarp M. Gore. Director of Scientific Work. _-—--~-~ =a. BE. D. Batt. Director of Regulatory Work______--___. WALTER G. CAMPBELL. Director of Extension Work -------__- C. W. WARBURTON. POUNCE OT ie an care ete ee SP he R. W. WILtiAms. eather Burcah. ee fe, CHARLES F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Economics____—. Henry C. Tayror, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry_____ 2 2. __. JOHN R. Monter, Chief. Bureau of Piant Industry._.___.-_____ WituiaAM A. Taytor, Chief. eee OrPice a ee W. B. GREELEY, Chief. Bereau of Chemistry 2-25. C. A. Browne, Chief. eres OF SOs... - 2 Mixton WHITNEY, Chief. Bureau of Entomology______- 2 L. O. Howarp, Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey_____-______- KE. W. NEtson, Chief. poreou of Public Roads. = 322s: THOMAS H. MaAcDonatp, Chief. Bureau of Home Economics____________ LovuIsE STANLEY, Chief. Office of Experiment Stations___________ EK. W. ALLEN, Chief. Fired Nitrogen Research Laboratory____ F. G. Corrrety, Director. INRONE SS 0 ee eee L. J. HAYNES, in Charge. ge Se a ean = SSR a AMEE CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian. Federal Horticultural. Board... C. L. Maruatt, Chairman. Insecticide and Fungicide Board_______- J. K. Haywoop, Chairman. Packers and Stockyards pretense rena Morrit1, Assistant to the Grain Future Trading Act Administration. Secretary. Gumce.of the Sonctior._. R. W. WiriiaMs, Solicitor. This bulletin is a contribution from Bureau of Entomology_—+-—=—2-22+—-_-=-- L. O. Howarp, Chief. Fruit Insect Investigations______—- _. A, L. QUAINTANCE, Entomologist in Charge. Bureau of Plant Industry. 2-2 > 2= W. A. TAYLor, Chief. Drug, Poisonous, and Oil Plant In- W. W. STocKBERGER, in Charge. vestigations. 62 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY Vv \ } a een " ") To) pe Hy Se i hae Ha i aad ic , When ut 7) * LAL: * the pactthatt 4) ne | 4 e eh) P U ae A , ’ ver ve a ine ! + ; i 4 y