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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. |

Cage Copyriahl Po...
ShelfaA 65 :

MERICA. |}

| | UNITED STATES OF A

Ne re,

NATURE STUDIES BY THE AUTHOR.

TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES: Their Study,
Description and Determination, for the Use of Schools
and Private Students. 16mo, 1892, 224 pp. Over 400
Illustrations. Cloth, $1.00.

BIRDS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES: Their Study,
Description and Determination, for the Use of Schools
aes Private Students. Fully Illustrated. In Prepara-

ion.

MOLLUSKS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED
STATES, SOUTH TO CAPE HATTERAS. 16mo, 1891, 100 pp.
III Plates of over 60 Figures. Cloth, $1.00.

POCKET KEY OF TREES, BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED,
OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, EAST OF THE
Rocky MOUNTAINS. With a Fully [llustrated Glossary
of Terms, 1891, 40 pp. Cloth, 40 cents.

POCKET KEY OF THE BIRDS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED
STATES, EaST OF THE RocKyY Mountains. With a
Glossary of Terms. 1893. Cloth, 50 cents.

Copies of the above can be obtained, postpaid, for the
prices given, by addressing
AUSTIN C. APGAR,

Trenton, N. J.

cae eee

PeckHil KEY

OF THE

BIRDS

OF THE

Northern United States,

EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

y

BY ©

AUSTIN ©. APGAR,

Author of ‘‘ Trees of the Northern United States,’’ ‘‘ Mollusks of the
Atlantic Coast,’’ &c.

ao x
: py

rye,”
5 =4 \s -
od y UF wast i
~ if wal QD ES Sete ‘ ‘
Baa al vv Ser

TRENTON, N. J.

aerate
The John L. Murphy Pub. Co., Printers. Lf et ¢ y y
1893.

Copyright, 1893,

By AvuSsTIN C. APGAR.

iu.

INTRODUCTION.

The object of this pocket volume is to enable any one to deter-
mine the names of the birds by the plainest external parts. If
birds are ever known they must be recognized by these features.

I have attempted to construct a Key that would contain a mini-
mum of technical terms, and those used are defined in the short
glossary at the end of the book.

After the supposed name is determined, it would be well to
read a full description in such works as those of Dr. Jordan, Dr.
Coues or Mr. Ridgway to verify the determination.

Method of using the Key. The most important caution in the
use of a Key is never to read any statements but those to which
you are directed by the letters in parenthesis. Rule. First read
all the statements following the stars (*) at the beginning of the
Key; decide which one of these best suits the specimen you have.
At the end of the chosen one there is a letter in parenthesis ( ).
Somewhere below, this letter is used two or more times. Read
carefully all the statements following this letter; at the end of
the one which most nearly states the facts about your specimen,
you will again be directed by a letter to another part of the Key.
Continue this process till, instead of a letter, there is a number
and name. The name is that of the family to which your bird
belongs. Turn to the latter part of the book where this number,
in regular order, is found. Here, if there be more than one genus,
nother Key will lead to the genus, and, under it, still another

ey, if necessary, will enable you to decide the species. The
imensions given are always in inches. For the wing the length
is from the bend to the tip of the longest quill; for the bill the
ength is that of the top; the length of bird is from the tip of
tbill to end of longest tail feather, allowance being made for the
jlength of neck.

} The scientific names are according to the list of the American

Vrnithological Union. The vowel of the accented syllable is

ae with the grave accent (‘) if long and the acute one (7) if
ort.

The size, form and binding of the book is intended to render
t very useful to collectors, hunters and all who take an interest
in God’s most brilliant, most sprightly, and most musical of
creatures.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES (Gia...

att nan

* Swimming birds: legs rather short; at least 3 toes either with
full webbing or such membranes along the sides as to take
the place of webbing. (Some long-legged birds with 3 full-
webbed toes belong to the next group.) (g.) page 11.

* Wading birds: legs in most cases quite elongated; tibia always
exserted and in most cases more or less naked below; toes
frequently with more or less webbing at base, sometimes
narrowly lobed along the sides. (Z.)

* Birds fitted neither for swimming nor wading. (A.)

A. With 2 toes in front and 2 behind (one species is 3-toed
and has only 1 behind). (¥Y.)

A. Wiih 2 toes permanently in front and 1 toe permanently
behind ; the outer toe is versatile and can be used either in
front or behind; eyes directed forward instead of sidewise
as in most birds; bill much hooked; owls. (X.)

A. With 3 toes permanently in front, and 1 toe (rarely absent)
behind (one species of Falconids with hooked and cered
bill has the outer toe versatile). (B.)

B. Bill hooked and with a distinct membrane (cere) at the base,
extending past the nostrils. (W.) |

B. Bill without a cere and in most cases not strongly hooked. (C.)

C. Hind toe short, small, inserted above the level of the others;

front toes with a plain webbing at base; no soft membrane
over the nostrils as in the doves and pigeons. (V.)

C. Hind toe inserted about on a level with the others and
usually long. (D.)

D. Bill straight, the horny tip separated by a narrow portion
from the base; nostrils opening beneath a soft swollen
membrane (hard and somewhat wrinkled in mounted
birds) ; doves and pigeons.......sseeee0.eee& XIX. Columbide.

KEY OF BIRDS. 7

D. Nostril not covered by a swollen membrane. (E.)
E. Bill stout, straight, longer than the head; feet with the outer
and middie toes grown together for $ their length;

RE GINO Eo ni ac ce cdinsecsedeessi'neasee XXIII. Alcedinide.
E. Bill very slender and long; the smallest of birds, less than
4 in. Jong; humming-birds..........sssseeee XX. Trochilde.

E. Bill with the top ridge very short, but the gape wide and
deep, reaching about to the eyes. (T.)

E. Bill not as above. (F.)

F. Hind claw much elongated, twice as long as that of the
middle claw and straight or but little curved; inner
secondaries lengthened, nearly as long as the primaries in
the closed wing. (M.)

F. Not as above. (G.)

G. First primary short, never more than # as long as the long-
est, usually less than $ as long; sometimes so short as to
be barely noticeable on the under side of the edge of the
wing. (N.)

G. First primary lengthened, always more than # as long as
the longest quill. (H.)

H. Bill broad, depressed, wider than high at base, tapering to a
point, which is abruptly hooked. (K.)

H. Bill higher than broad at base. (I.)

I. Bill stout at base and with the gape so angulated as to bring
the corners of the mouth downward; no lobes or nicks
along the cutting-edge of the bill. (J.)

I. Bill stout, with convex outline and with lobes or nicks near
SNM ds ss ona nch nari indnapse saciesvecdng XU. Tanagride.

I. Bill stout, compressed, notched and abruptly hooked near the
tip; plumage olivaceous; tail without either white or
ME CBS 2. i dedvacdeuncsnossslees sssae VIII. Vireonide.

I. Bill not as above, little if at all hooked; colors in most
species bright and distinctly marked....... VIL. Mniotiliide.

8 KEY OF BIRDS.

J. Bill usually as long, or longer, than the head; ridge of bill so
extended upward as to divide the frontal feathers; no notch
at tip of bill or bristles at the rictus............X1V. Icteride.

J. Bill shorter than the head; ridge of bill not especially extend-
ing upward on the forehead.............se00 XII. Fringillide.

K. Rictal bristles absent; nostrils overhung with bristles; tail
short, truncate and tipped with yellow or red; head
Breed ase as isan dedeasesvedens oocacvesessoecneensutein TemmmCroC

K. Rictal bristles numerous and long. (L.)

L. Tail rounded; bird less than 6 in. long, with creamy or
orange-yellOW....scscessessssees Setophaga in VII. Mniotiltide.

L. Birds, if under 6 in. long, then not with rounded tails..........
Shuidovn adeeb dducc ted oun teteet duos see XVII. Tyrannide.

M. earls overhung with bristly feathers; tarsus scutellate
behind; bill not very slender...........-00 XVI. Alaudide.

M. Nostrils eed bill very slender; tarsus not scutellate
bead o.oo. eccesesednwed et sacdeveen nase eee VI. Motacillide.

WN. Tarsus (booted) covered with a continuous plate along the

front; no distinct scales except near the toes. (8.)
N. Tarsus (scutellate) covered with distinct rectangular scales
along the front. (O.)

O. Bill stout, compressed, distinctly notched and hooked at tip;
nostrils and rictus with bristles. (R.)

O. Bill not evidently hooked at tip. (P.)

P. Tail feathers acute pointed and somewhat stiff; bill decurved ; |
bird under 6 in. lONG. cccccsscesscensaued nicwedacwen IV. Certhiide.

P. Tail feathers rounded at tip and soft. (Q.)

Q. Bill long and stout; nostrils covered with bristly feathers;
large birds, 10-25 in. long............sscsescees XV. Corvide.

Q. Bill slender, somewhat notched near the tip; nasal feathers)
directed forward and extending somewhat over the nostrils; |
small birds, not over 43 in. long.........cesceee LL. Sylviide. |

Q. Bill rather slender; nasal feathers not directed forward over |
the nostrils; either small birds (4-6 in. long) with barred |

KEY OF BIRDS. 9
quills, or large birds (8-12 in. long) with quills not

ees che ccicuensasdenndsoqsventavesnees V. Troglodytide.
_ Q. Bill neither notched at tip nor decurved; nostrils concealed
by dense tufts of bristly feathers; birds 4~7 in. long.......
eats danai<nwauwanacuucsteavcwdesensececsecsien: IIT. Paride.

R. Large birds, 8 in. or more long; tail longer than the wings ..
EP aaa: tances awanceinonenuccececuncessuss vanes IX. Lande.

R. Small birds, less than 7 in. long; tail shorter than the wings..
eee ecmpit anc semneces ssa wesc dtecsesseceveces WLLL. Vareontden:
Ss. Small birds, less than 5 in. long; a bright yellow or red
SUMMER 5b cs awaisins ocala sve aie alsnic susianicnaviovsie ce Il. Sylviide
EET. TOTS... asnccccecevedsccsiecerscosececes I. Turdide.

T. Middle toe much longer than the side ones; its claw (pectin-
ated) with minute saw-like teeth on its inner edge; plumage
ee cn danindenscecvacedaceaseecseve XVIII. Caprimulgide.

T. Claw of middle toe not pectinated. (U.)

U. Tail rounded, of stiff feathers with spinous shafts extending

BME BEE WEDS «0. sccccocessesnecenscvvness XIX. Micropodide.
U. Tail never rounded, often much forked and without spinous
RE ee voce cdsdsorlahousiwsecassdleceaes XI. Mirundinide.

V. Tarsus never provided with spines in the male; head usually
fully feathered, never entirely naked; game birds, ours all
SR RIO. c 5c occscvessadedccececesdesss XXX. Tetraonide.

V. Tarsus in the adult male armed with a spur; domestic fowl

and pheasants; our only wild species, the turkey, over 30

EER chasdanc cesbecodevsicestesde tes XXXI. Phasianide.

W. Head entirely naked or covered with down instead of
feathers; hind toe short, elevated; claws small.............
Eek pcicantsscuseaunos dowselisesses XXVIII. Cathartida.

W. Head eee or quite fully feathered ; hind toe not elevated
and with a large and strong claw......X XVII. Falconide.

X. Middle claw (pectinated) with a saw-like ridge on the inner
edge ; inner toe as long as the middletoe...X XVI. Strigide.

10 KEY OF BIRDS.

X. Middle claw not pectinated; inner toe not as long as the

middle t0e......s00 snanghenckesanwss used neem XXV. Bubonide.

Y. Bill stout and decidedly hooked; parrots............sesseee-eee
pdddeeM i dagidakustihhcshepansannda adda taa see _ XXIV. Epic.

¥. Bill stout and ieodent: tail feathers stiff and acute pointed..
ey Be Bots ys dinsionasaagecotowseess acca aecset sassy nak snph ast mmeat—aamnanES

Y. Bill slender and curved downward; tail long, of round-
tipped, soft feathers............+. ave denaanenen XXII. Cuculide.

Z Head with a horny shield on the forehead, in other respects
dilly Teathered. ...5s<<cecuesesaedechacteananeaee XXXIX. Rallide.

Z. Head with more or less naked tracts, either at the lores or
around the eyes, in some the head is nearly all naked. (e.)

Z. Head fully feathered. (a.)

a. Bill hard, not sensitive, usually little longer than the head,
sometimes shorter; if much longer, then compressed and
very blunt at tip. (d.)

a. Bill weak, flexible, often long and slender, if short usually
pigeon-like; gape extending about to the base of culmen;
nostrils slit-like, surrounded by soft skin. (b.)

b. Toes with lobed membranes along their edges; tarsus much
compressed ; body depressed; small birds, 6-10 in. long......
SuAeadhchs Man set nns Soot osnaMauesitaewes XXXVI. Phalaropodide.

b. Toes without lobes, sometimes more or less webbed. (c.)

c. Bill usually shorter than the head, pigeon-like, the soft base
separated by a narrowed portion from the hard tip; toes
only 3, all in front, except one species has a minute hind
toe; tarsus reticulate; birds, 6-12 in. long..........ssecseceere |
woah wilwaln snkgn esis n « dala iiaea Ries Malco dene XXXIV. Charadriide.

c. Legs exceedingly long; tarsus more than twice the length of
the middle toe and claw; bill much longer than the head
and more or less curved upward; birds over 12 in. long....
bat dnsisieesniicehnp we ae date eae ce sescecseee MXXWVI. Recurvirosiride.

c. Not as above; tarsus scutellate in front; bill slender, with a
blunt tip; nostrils narrow, exposed slits in deep grooves

KEY OF BIRDS. 11

extending from 4 to nearly the full length of the bill.......
oe ict we cnnaen coudieh Bdcsts cous: XXXYV. Scolopacide.

d. Bill much longer than the head, nearly straight, much com-
pressed and truncate at tip; toes 3, webbed at base; tarsus
EIEN coin aires cn ee ea nsahcssavecasaeme XXXIL. Heematopodide.

d. Bill either distinctly decurved or else shorter than the head;
middle front toe and claw longer than the tarsus; wings

Sele GE POUNCE. <0... .csecesseesaseaewcdnes XXXIX. Rallide.
d. Middle front toe and claw not longer than the tarsus; wings
J SO he ae XXXII. Aphrizide.

e Middle claw (pectinated) with a saw-like ridge on the inner _
side; bill straight, acute and with sharp cutting-edges......
Gees Be ee ce cntadcewt ha csstinarsbacvodicpedss Ske ArCeide.

©. Middle claw not pectinated. (f.)

f. Bill very broad and flattened, widening towards the tip..........
NICE hc otisd od ncvves sacuiesiessaisncncese-e XLII. Platalerde.
f. Bill narrow, about as wide as high, gradually and decidedly
curved downward for its whole length......... XLII. Ibidide.
f. Bill narrow, straight for $ its length and then decurved.........
NN fas iscsi wis ce wine sien saicroxabelwe'n sus es XLI. Cicontide.

f. Bill not as broad as a about straight, not very acute; very
large birds, over 40 in. long, with very long necks une legs .

RR cae cited otal cia eds'as seis oivieie viedines os XXXVIII. Gruide.
f. Bill ahi straight, soft, much grooved, as long as the head;
bird 10-12 in. long............ Calidris in XXXYV. Shaispse

g. With 4 toes all connected together with full webbing. (m.)
g. With only 3 front toes connected together with full webbing,
or else bordered by membranes from the webbed base to
the claws; hind toe rather short, sometimes wanting. (N.)
h. Bill with teeth or fringe-like lamelle along the edges............
Be ees Sota ab witlecintiode ndunss'ebands seusecsveed XLIV. Anatide.

h. Bill with cutting-edges even. (i.)
i. Legs inserted so far back along the body that the bird, in
standing, has to take a vertical position; diving birds. (1.)

12 KEY OF BIRDS.

i. Legs so inserted that the body, in standing, takes nearly a

horizontal position. (j.)
j. Nostrils tubular; bill made up of several pieces separated by
GED PTOOVES. . . cineinesdecsenecesesnesecaaeeeeeeene L. Procellariide.

j. Nostrils not tubular. (k.)

kk. Upper mandible decidedly hooked at tip and plainly made
up of separate pieces, one forming a kind of roof to the
Ls 2: |, Rea neem ERAA eee = LI. Stercorariide.
k. Upper mandible plainly covered with one piece, and at least
as long as the lower mandible; no horny shield on the
forehead <.ccccccescssc0s0sssecceessenascesseene eee LIL. Laride.
kk. Lower mandible nee than the upper one, and both deci-
dedly compressed and knife-like.......... LUI. Rynchopide.
k,. Upper mandible with a horny shield on the forehead; toes

1. Front toes with broad membranes along the sides, more or less
webbed at base; claws broad and flat, resembling human
nails: nodail feathers.........sc6sss0ss asoeaee LVI. Podicipide.

1. Three front toes full-webbed; hind toe present, short; bill 2
in. or more long; large birds, 20 in. or more long; tail
BEUEG Sooo Bois roel Aa dade deeded ewennced <etaeeeneeee LIV. Urinatoride.

1. Three front toes full-webbed; no hind toe; our species are
birds less that 20 in. long and have bills less than 2 in. long;
HAG SOLE. 65 oie ses ciscivis ances dncacssdevcceaeneeeeeeeeane LY. Aleide.

m. Bill straight or slightly curved. (0.)
m. Upper mandible decidedly hooked at tip. (n.)

n, Tail long (14-20 in.) and forked for 4 its length........ccssee-eee

ctenenssucecccsceccecedesenasscsecescceensss~'new nines tii — nS
n. Tail moderate in length (5-10 in.), rounded, much longer than
the short (3 in. or less) bill; plumage dark... ectscswssrsasces
sicehier as eek wanen ceeaaneaes awemeeennceaale XLVI. Phalacrocoracide.
n. Tail much shorter than the long (over 9 in.) and large-pouched ~
Aaah Sock caenst adcdaroowectews dsucsvecvccsececes iV DEL, 2 eee

Famizty I. TURDIDZ. 13

oO. Bill stout at base, long (over 5 in.) and slightly curved near

Rae ccawakwawenes ss cncsepctesneds eee XLV. Sulide.
o. Bill slender, nearly straight, under 4 in. long; neck very
ere Gbinawokstax senescence XLVI. Anhingide.

Famity I. TURDIDAL. (THRUSHES.)

* Bill rather short, decidedly wider than high at base and con-
spicuously hooked at tip; tail about as long as the wings.....
Re Gene jichicac cm dansiccsieceeielntacesdevendeeescsiees 5. Myadesies.

* Bill longer, not depressed ; tail shorter than the wings. (A.)

B Plamace more or less bluc.........06 coccsessevcosssees 1. Stalia.
A. Plumage not at all blue. (B.)
B. Bill not notched at tip; feathers in the nasal groove partly

Beeesae The Nosirils....../.......sccseressess 2. Hesperocichla.

B. Bill notched at tip; nostrils exposed. (C.)
ER MEETS SDS once cntncnnccescceusconcstcesoccecons 4, Turdus.
C. Breast without spots, except in quite young birds..............
er ee ee eehirs ews amacph dnsesgcsuwhasdabestasssagedsastts SOU:

1. Sidlia.
Po Ne@ Ghestinus OF CINNAMON ON Hreast..........0e0ccecvacovecesscenssecse
1A = ere S. Grtica. (Rocky Mountain Bluebird.)
* Some ictenat on breast. (A.)

A. Male with no chestnut on back......... Madisaadiiunslineissivoadetesss:
eae inanbacpeschessneanscnn S. sidlis, (Common Bluebird.)
A. Male with some chestnut on back........ccccccsscsssssccsccsrecce
erate can cnvetesece nds S. mexicdna. (Western Bluebird.)

2. Hesperocichla naévia. (Varied Thrush.)
3. Mérula migratoria. (American Robin.)
4. Tirdus.
* Back, from forehead to tail, about uniform in color. (B.)
* Back not uniform in color. (A.)
A. Reddish on head, shading to olive on rump and tail.........
Meese cis ciccis ad ciscinsio ates T. mustelinus. (Wood Thrush.)

14 KEY OF BIRDS.

A. Olive on head, shading to reddish on rump and tail..........
pacdusnue cose stetcnstascent T. aorialdschke. — rei: Thrush.)
B. Back reddish from head to-tail......:.:itssscssesse Meee reese aes
Side ne ast de Soctish chek Ue bne stones T. fuscéscens. (Wilson’ s Thrush.)

B. Back olive throughout. (C.)
C. No whitish ring around the‘eye:.. ;..:..6:sc-cceussemeeeeecte setae
tebe DipsevenicnsWakabsbsces T. alicie. (Gray-checked Thrush.)
C. A sui ring around the ey6.c.....s.ssdessaseee ae eeeeeteee satan
Lose sccememsesbahovebe T. ustulatus. (Olive bane Thrush.)

5. Myadéstes townséndii. (‘Townsend’s Solitaire.)

Famity Il. SYLVIIDAG. (OLD-WorLD WARBLERS.)

* Tarsus booted ; tail feathers of nearly equal length and with no
white markings; nostrils concealed by one cr more small
POAT HOTS ook ne senencecdedenareesae tice es ese eee 1. Regulus.
* Tarsus scutellate; tail feathers with white.......... 2. Polioptila.
1. Régulus.
* Some black on the head; a single minute feather over the
MGS oovcc5.5 40 s0t~' R. satrapa. (Golden-crowned Kinglet.)
* No black on the head; a tuft of small bristle-like feathers
over the nostril......R. caléndula. (Ruby-crowned ——
2. Polidptila certilea. (Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.)

Famity Ill. PARIDAS. (CHICKADEES, ETc.)
* Tail about as long as the wing; bill shorter than the head and

Father StOUti...0icsvsedecsescscscsedssecedecs keep 1. Purus.
* Tail much shorter than the wing; bill as long as the head and
Slender oh ui cdacsosenonesecededses chub vavearsscee sheney meen 2. Sitia.

1. Parus.

* Head conspicuously crested....P. bicolor. (Tufted Titmouse.)
* Head without crest. (A)

Famity V. TROGLODYTIDZ. 15

mm fen of bead brown; throat dusky.............,sscececescssccssees
Pe Gebeteneuceesne 3s P. hudsénicus. (Hudsonian Chickadee.)
A. Top of head and throat black. (B.)

B. Tail and wing feathers whitish edged..............scssssssesceves

oe P. atricapillus. (Black-capped Chickadee.)

B. Tail and wing feathers not whitish edged........... ssssscceseees

eine erie win Sao.0 sacle P. carolinénsis. (Carolina Chickadee.)
2. Sitia.

* White below, with some rusty brown on the crissum; cap
epee PANIC WELNLOUL SETTPOCS......0.0desecnsesnseseerosesendedey soars
<p <p Soe S. carolinénsis. (White-breasted Nuthatch.)

* Rusty brown below; crown black, with white stripes or leaden
PORE coer acaves osss0 S. canadénsis. (Red-breasted Nuthatch.)

* Rusty brown or brownish white below; crown brown, without
StYIPES......06. tssesees. 9. Dusilla. (Brown-headed Nuthatch.)

Famity IV. CBHRTHIIDAi. (CREEPERS.)

Cérthia familiaris. (Brown Creeper.)

Famity V. TROGLODYTIDZ. (Wrens AnD Mock-
ING-BIRDS.)

* Birds over 8 in. long and with wings over 3 in. long; bill with
bristles at the rictus. (Mocking-birds.) (C.)
* Wings under 23 in. long. (Wrens.) (A.)
A. Back with black and white streaks extending lengthwise...
NE ee ence erest cscs steacaedsanessesdetenwsnahesacd 3. Cistothorus.
A. Back without streaks extending lengthwise. (B.)
B. Back with some cross bars; no distinct whitish line over the

EM SEe ee fot claiadicisaridh is dois visio os eles daldue sas steina sree vs 2. Troglodytes.
B. Back without cross bars; a distinct whitish line over eye.....
ee Seen tah escee heels ese noids veces tans veesceesel. Lhryothorus.

C. Tail an inch longer than wings; outer tail feathers without
distinct white blotches...........00. soeoeeee0. LHarporhynchus.

16 KEY OF BIRDS.

C. Tail but little longer than the wings. (D.)
D. Color brownish; outer tail with white.............06 4, Mimus.
D. Color slate gray; lower tail coverts chestnut..........ssssesseees
g abtedpenehbiecedecésdesusedese save deteas sey aee earn 5. Galeoscoptes.
1. Thryéthorus.
* Tail like the back in color, reddish brown..........ssssecsscvssesee: 3
T. ludovicianus. (Carolina Wren.)
* Tail feathers, except the middle pair, blackish.............sssecees
Hage idaLiciataes Sbwaceyestoatan-athonas T. bewickvi. (Bewick’s Wren.)
2. Troglédytes.
* Tail and wings of about equal length.......:..-.2saecesmeedtesne--<e
Sebais dda ctiba ind bhapdolenisnpe spin abe aeeeee T. aédon. (House Wren.) .
* Tail decidedly shorter than be WIDQS.«. «sevesaaseaneneeeeetamieennias
Bi ceewanisen Obacisie Seisbus ddadias Stee sea T. hiemalis. (Winter Wren.)
3. Cistothéorus.
* Bill about 4 in. long; crown streaked.....ccs<.coseeepeeaeeeeeems eae |
Mioce adawaiuaacenls costes C. stellaris. (Short-billed Marsh Wren.)
* Bill § in. long; crown unstreaked......:.:.saseesse: eee
pepaaieat seu cuinhicenomsk C. palistris. (Long-billed Marsh Wren.)
4. Mimus polygléttos. Mocking-bird.)
5 Gdleoscéptes carolinénsis. (Catbird.)
6. Harporhynchus rifus. (Brown Thrush.)

y Famity VI. MOTACILLIDA, (Prrits.)
Anthus.

or MEENERON |. .s0s5 in arancvaeewent A. pensilvénicus. (American Pipit.)
* Western U.S., rarely east to Minmesota......sccccceccscccescecssece
ee dictnds Gedcdas Keasdeseasabdeuss A. spragueti. (Missouri Skylark.)

Famity VII. MNIOTILTIDAS. (AMERICAN WARBLERS.)

* Birds over 7 in. long; bill rather stout and compressed; wings
Shorter than the tail...........secsccsssscecseesereeenees 10. Icteria.
* Birds under 63 in. long; bill not stout. (A.)

Faminy VII. MNIOTILTID/. 17

A. Bill depressed, broader than high at base, notched and
slightly hooked; rictal bristles } the length of bill;
length 53 in. or less; wings longer than tail. (G.)

A. Bill slender, not depressed; rictal bristles small, or none.

(B.)
B. Plumage entirely black and white streaked; no yellow any-
where; hind toe and claw very long............. 1. Mniotilta.

B. Plumage not merely black and white; tail feathers, some or
all of them, blotched with white. (F.)
B. Tail feathers with no white blotches. (C.)

C. Tail feathers with inner webs yellow and outer webs dusky ;
plumage chiefly yellow........cccccscsesecsvesees 7. Dendroica.

C. Tail feathers with the same color on both webs. (D.)

D. Conspicuously spotted below, thrush-like; back brown or
Re LOE 22s cicciaicsin sin sadlesevitvesipcaeeciesinenss 8. Seiurus.
D. Not spotted or streaked ies (E.)

EK. Back olive or olive green; below with more or less of bright
yellow; wings and tail of about equal length; tail
eeepc > head not striped.....sc.ssccccsesessss 9. Geothlypis.

EK. Crown with two black stripes separated by a broad one of
buff; two other black stripes back of eyes....4. Helmitherus.

EB. Bill very much compressed; top of bill straight, with the
middle portion elevated into a distinct narrow ridge;
etown not, brichitly striped ......c.c<0sesessess ons 3. Helinaia.

EK. Tail much shorter than wing; middle toe with claw decid-
edly shorter than the naked tarsus in front; rictus with-
Get Evident bristles......0.c.ccccescsesessecss 5. Helminthophila.

F. Whole head and neck bright yellow; no white or yellow
wing bars; bill notched, 4 in. or more long..2. Protonotaria.
F’. Rictus with evident bristles; hind toe evidently longer than
its claw; bluish gray above, with a golden-green patch on
Pe 5 Se atisinva sign esaereeese sisiees 1s. 6. Compsothlypis.
F. Rictus with evident bristles; hind toe scarcely longer than

18 KEY OF BIRDS.

its claw; bill usually not very acute and usually with a

slight notch near its tip...../c1<vs0s0sssensneeeeeee 7. Dendroica.

FE’, Rictus without evident bristles; bill very acute, scarcely
TUGLGHCR, 6 be died sic devs aiie'aive 0} osegeeeceweneeeee 5. Helminthophila.

G. Under parts bright yellow...........0csse0 seoesee LL. Sylvania.
G. Belly without yellow in our species..........00. 12. Setophaga.

1. Mniotilta varia. (Black and White Warbler.)
2. Protonotaria citrea. (Prothonotaria Warbler.)
3. Helindia swiinsonii. (Swainson’s Warbler.)
4. Helmitherus vermivorus. (Worm-eating Warbler.)
5. Helminthéophila. ,
* Wing bars present, either white or yellow; about three of the
outer tail feathers white on the inner web; head or breast
with black. (B.)
* Wings plain olive green or gray; no distinct white or yellow
wing bars; very little, if any, white on the inner web of the
tail feathers; no black anywhere. (A.)
A. No colored crown patch; crissum pure White.......ssssecssers
Bs an et lish Riohic tits de’ ncks H. peregrina. (Tennessee Warbler.)
A. Crown patch chestnut; below uniform yellow.............0+
L Ai desidigiuiina soutarvests FH, ruficaptlla. (Nashville Warbler.)
A. Crown patch orange brown; below greenish yellow...........
SiGscmadtaba sean nwee ths HT, celata. (Orange-crowned Warbler.)
B. Throat and ear coverts either black, dusky, gray or olive.....
ame is hebeidt H. chryséptera. (Golden-winged Warbler.)
B. Throat either pure yellow or pure white, a narrow black
streak back of the ey Gis. sssis.cacsssacete sees eeenaemeaeeeaecee rans
a elaine deste HH. pinus. (Blud- winged Yellow Warbler.)
6G. Compséthlypis americana. (Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.)
7. Dendroica (den-dré-ca).
* Tail feathers edged with yellow and without white; plumage
chiefly yellow,.........06 senate D. estiva. (Yellow Warbler.)
* Tail feathers blotched with white. (A.)

Famity VII. MNIOTILTID. 19

A. No wing bars, but a white blotch on the primaries near
MMMM Arey uct eas aeawanlsnns anu udabcsiecude derwauwner ae
sae seeae D. ceruléscens. (Black-throated Blue Warbler.)

A. Primaries without white blotch; wing bars, if present, not
white. (E.)

A. Primaries without white blotch; wing bars or wing patch
white. (B.)

B. Rump and crown patch yellow; sides of-breast also generally
Sl ee D. corondta. (Yellow-rumped Warbler.)
B. Rump and belly yellow; white blotches at the middle of
nearly all the tail feathers; crown not yellow, usually clear

2 ee eee D. maculésa. (Magnolia Warbler.)
B. Rump and sides of neck usually yellow; bill very acute and
distinctly decurved....... D. tigrina. (Cape May Warbler.)

B. Rump not yellow; bill not very acute. (C.)

C. Throat yellow or orange; crown with a small or large
yellow or orange spot; outer tail feathers with outer edge
white edged, as well as white blotches on the inner
i ee D, bléckburnie. (Blackburnian Warbler.)

C. Crissum white; no bright yellow anywhere; crown black;
everywhere much streaked with black............scecesssessee
EREebpaedeccusceasesesees D. stridta. (Black-poll Warbler.)

C. Crissum buffy; no bright yellow anywhere; crown and
throat usually chestnut..D. castania. (Autumn Warbler.)

C. No bright yellow anywhere; entire upper part sky blue
(male) or dull greenish, brightest on the head (female)...
PRRs pool cies nese woe ses D. certilea. (Cerulean Warbler.)

C. Throat, breast and sides black or with black traces, some-
times veiled with yellowish on the tips of the feathers;
outer tail feathers with outer edges, as well as blotches on
RINE: AVC S WADULG: j ocouis se sasd ened sbedslesesiecdececscusiisy abies
Ae ae D. virens. (Black-throated Green Warbler.)

C. Not as above; throat more or less yellow. (D.)

20 KEY OF BIRDS.

D. Tail blotches oblique at the end of two or three outer feath-
iio cacaten sence igeon D. vigérsit. (Pine-creeping Warbler.)

D. Throat definitely yellow; belly white; back with no
greenish......0.. D. dominica. (Yellow-throated Warbler.)

B. Wing bars and belly yellow..D. discolor. (Prairie Warbler.)
Ei. Wing bars yellow and belly pure white............sseccseccceseee
ah taanied Seaton D. pennsylvénica. (Chestnut-sided Warbler.)

BH. Wing bars brownish; white blotches square, and on only
two of the outer tail feathers... ..cs0sccspeenmeeeeeeeiinbas cosa

saWidgiste ibaa daacceeestiGeneaseoons D). poaaate (Palm Warbler.)

BH. Wing bars not conspicuous; whole under parts yellow;
back ashy, without any tint of green or Olive.. ........sse008 2

eck cewanduak Scduebseebeent D. kirtlandi. (Kirtland’s Warbler.)

8. Seiarus.

* Crown orange-brown, with two black stripes.....sccccccsesssesceoes
bh duced sanivap auwseseaga «Rowe ene sawecae S. aurocapillus. (Oven-bird.)
* Crown plain brownish. (A.)
A. Line over eye buffy; bill about 3 in. long.........seccccsscseees
fap doveanae vas measentonee st S. noveboracénsis. (Water Thrush.)
A. Line over eye white; bill about # in. long...........ccecssesees
doce cent oupeetaane S. motactilla. (Louisiana Water Thrush.)
9. Geéthlypis.
* ‘Wings over 23 in. long, and decidedly longer than tail. (B.)
* Wings under 2% in. long, and about equal the tail. (A.)
A. Wings and tail about 2 in. long...... 4<¢Jgscsc eee
bpechok suesmaacateuate G. trichas. (Maryland Yellow-throat.)
A. Wings and tail decidedly over 2 in. long.........-secccssscsceee
biwcids hctvokelas otadok G. philadélphia. (Mourning Warbler.)
B. Head without black; crown and throat ash; a whitish eye
BIN, ioe cha cancphabeidesendcs G. dgilis. (Connecticut Warbler.)
B. Head with black; line over eye and under parts yellow.......
pRe Seven bomseak shvbraent G. formésa. (Kentucky Warbler.)
10. Ictéria virens. (Yellow-breasted Chat.)
11. Sylvania.

Famity VIII. VIREONID. 21

* Tail feathers with white blotches...........cssccscsscecseesssseveoeee
2 ae cssseeee S. mitrata. (Hooded Warbler.)

* No white blotches on the inner webs of tail feathers. (A.)
A. Above yellow olive; crown black without streaks.............
. S. pusilla. (Green Black-capped Warbler.)
A. Above bluish ash; crown streaked............ssccsscsecsecesccsevs
- 1 AS A S. canadénsis. (Canadian Warbler.)

12. Setéphaga ruticilla. (American Redstart.)

Famity VIII. VIREONIDAS. (VrIRe£0s.)
Vireo.
* A distinct short first primary. (C.)
* No distinct short first primary. (A.)

A. Stout species; bill stout, blue-black ; two white wing bars; a
PME ATU CVC... ices evenccsasesscnasancchseeees vorcassivases
Papeete no onc coven V. fldvifrons. (Yellow-throated Vireo.)

A. Slender species; bill slender, light colored; no wing bars
nor conspicuous ring around eye. (B.)

. erowe ashy, with blackish edeings........s.cccccscsvecccnccscsseees

SAR Davcensesocerbcesass V. olwdceous. (Red-eyed Vireo.)

=. (fown asiiy, with no blackish Lines.........:..cssecsseseseresoneese

papaes ase Lesessesseeee Ve philadélphicus. (Philadelphia Vireo.)

C. Slender species; bill slender, light colored; no wing bars...

Yetccnt Beeeeincttssvcnpranesiase. V-, guns. (Warbling: Vireo, )

C. Stout species; bill stout, blue black; two pale wing bars.
(D.)

D. Bird over 5 in. long; below rather whitish, with but little

show of yellow; wings pointed and decidedly longer than

BM oes sacenvseese ae senes V. solitarius. (Blue-headed Vireo.)

D. Five in. or less long; some bright yellow below; wings
rather rounded and but little longer than tail. (E.)

Benth ALOT CYC YellOW........2..0secocnces-sascnsrocearssvacassecens

rs V. noveboracénsis. (White-eyed Vireo.)

BH, Line around eye whitish........... ...V. bélli, (Bell’s Vireo.)

22 KEY OF BIRDS.

Famiry IX. LANIIDAi. (SHRIKEs.)
Lanius.

* Breast with distinct wavy cross lines; forehead white...........
Moeiecpbapcuebie ale vausie sop L. borealis. (Great Northern Shrike.)
* Breast with no distinct wavy cross lines; forehead black.......
Stasis Ueetcmdwenationsundes L. ludovicianus. (Loggerhead Shrike.)

; Famity X. AMPELIDAG. (CHATTERERS.)
Ampelis.

* Crissum chestnut; wing bar white «.....0:ss-ssssssnsesneesteensesss =
SR eecwanpveecbaenecnieais ca sce A. gérrulus. (Bohemian Waxwing.)

- * Crissum white; no wing bat.......3s.0:00ss=suasssne see mienanneseetee
ede shioncne bile swedseysebineasti cA 2CCAT ORME (Cette. Wescrine)

Famity XI. HIRUNDINIDAS. (Swattows.)

* Tail even; first primary not rough on the outer edge; plumage

VGSUNOUS 60.56.20 sxoensacenndsnxasededess eames 2. Petrochelidon.
* Tail nearly even; first primary with rough outer edge;
plumage not Lustrous........s0eaceossactugnebeeee 6. Stelgidopteryx.

* Tail decidedly forked. (A.)
A. Tail forked for more than half its length; tip of outer

feathers very narrow; color steel blue......... 3. Chelidon.

A. Tail forked for less than half its length. (B.)
B. Plumage plain brown, without lustre...........0e0 5. Clivicola.
B. Plumage lustrous blue black throughout (male), whitish and
streaky below (female)..........+ sna bowen pee 1. Progne.
B. Plumage lustrous blue green above, pure white below..........
scnadendesasireslewapepcdbsbaaht@escever sana scenes meen 4. Tachycineta.

1. Prégne sibis. (Purple Martin.)

2. Petrochélidon linifrons. (Cliff Swallow.)

3. Chélidon erythrogdster. (Barn Swallow.)

4, Tachycinéta bicolor, (White-bellied Swallow.)

Famity XIII. FRINGILLID. 23

5. Clivicola riparia (Sand Martin.)
6. Stelgidépteryx serripénnis. (Rough-winged Swallow.)

Famity XII. TANAGRIDZE. (TANAGERsS.)

Pirdnga.

* Male red, with black wings and tail; female clear olive and
I acorns cascceesssecess P. erythromélas. (Scarlet Tanager.)

* Male red throughout; female brownish olive and dull
OL ieee P. rtibra. (Summer Tanager.)

Famity XIU. FRINGILLIDZ. (Frncues.)

* Mandibles long and much curved, their points crossed at tip..
Pe IA Gh cabs tole cssidsasy ends devicanwecaeveeeeeseds 4, Loxia.

* Bill very large and stout, as high at base as long; culmen and

gonys usually much curved. (T.)
* Bill neither very stout nor with the points crossed at tip. (A.)
A. Rather evenly-colored birds; there may be large patches of
different colors but they are not sharply spotted or
streaked either above or below; some are mottled, but
not definitely so. (P.)
A. Decidedly spotted or streaked either above or below. (B.)

B. Outer tail feathers rounded at tip; middle ones very acute

‘ pointed ; tail notched; hind claw elongated, nearly as long
as the bill and but little curved. (O.)

B. About all the tail feathers narrow and acute and in many
cases stiff; back conspicuously streaked; hind claw not
especially elongated. (M.)

B. Tail feathers not especially narrow, usually rounded at tip,
if pointed the ends form an obtuse angle; tail feathers not
stiff (C.)

C. Hind claw elongated, twice as long as the middle claw and
much curved; plumage white or white and brown.........
a hiaree Pee srcadeieesd ds iissiecssetecrssensssoee. lO. . Flectrophenaa

24 KEY OF BIRDS.

C. Hind claw not twice as long as the middle claw. (D.)
D. Sparrows of rather large size, 7 in. or more long. (L.)
D. Sparrows less than 7 in. long. (E.)
E. Tertiary wing quills very much elongated; a white wing
HIAECH 5, Docs cecaemscowencuseesedscens aaa 28. Calamospiza.
EH. Tertials not elongated ; tail rounded, its outer feathers with
white ; hind claw short...i...<<.csssseseueens 15. Chondestes.
EB. Tertials not elongated; outer tail feathers without white.
(F.) |
F. Plumage with some definite red. (K.)
F. Plumage with definite yellow somewhere. (J.)
F. With neither clear red nor yellow anywhere. (G.)
G. Plumage much streaked below. (I.) |
G. Not streaked below in adult birds. (H.)
H. Tail forked; wings and tail about equal in length; crown
chestnut in adult (streaky in young).........s0« 17. Spizella.
H. Tail notched; wings longer than tail; crown either ashy-
brown or liver-brown; introduced birds........... 9. Passer.
H. Tail rounded; wings éither shorter than tail or of equal
length; crown chestnut in adult............00 20. Melospiza.
I. Olivaceous, no black or chestnut; bill rather stout; wings
long, pointed, much longer than the notched tail; female

Ob dscui tee diedsads wevenkesabeesad sun dash ee ee 3. Carpodacus.

I. Tail rounded; back much streaked; crown with an obscure
pale medium SlEIPC.... 4.00005 sesscenn cere 20. Melospiza.

J. With much yellow on edges of quills and tail feathers; bill
QUITE ACULC... ecscavocess0cs sens codd cee doeekeeeaeeeeeene 7. Spinus.

J. Edge of wing, line over eye, breast and part of belly yellow
eigiboeS mbueeees onan aignin cin s ogee ide <cibu ovcinuicus ieee 27. Spiza

J. Edge of wing yellow or ee breast buffy ; back largely
Chesil, ... 3. scscesestec cape esse sh us conte cee 19. Peuccea.

K. Crown red; chin bleddee breast in males reddish or
pan kigh succeeds sig tociuiioieaes epeee eam ...6. Acanthis.

Famity XIII. FRINGILLIDA. 25

K. Crown, chin, throat, and, generally, the whole plumage,

with red washings; male Of.....e.seccscseseees 3. Carpodaeus.

L. Head in adult striped, in young chestnut; plumage not

streaked below; tail not forked............00 16. Zonotrichia.

L. Rump, tail and wings with much chestnut or rusty red; large

arrow-shaped spots on the white breast....... 21. Passerella.

L. Bill pale; body pure white in summer; in winter, the white

of body much clouded with clear, warm brown....... wiveensies

seein ie anwenccccninicninsinaduicekiewssmacee ern, U-rceropRenas.

M. Outer tail feathers with white; bend of wing chestnut......

EER eeneiscwsix ciesauiscassieovacadeowousses seereeld. Poocetes.

M. Outer tail feathers thou! white; edge of wing yellow
(N.)

N. Breast with yellow; throat with more or less black............

MER atid dack'ne dodaci uc ovcpardesnsnovedeosenonsces 27. Spiza.

N. Breast athont yellow; throat without black; plumage

RMR CLONT. 2. os ducnds duc acs sn edescsucsase 14, Aina dns

O. Outer tail feathers almost entirely white; others, except the
middle pair, tipped with black; bend of wing chestnut...
elaine Sone cuivevuraneceneaesciscerse 12. Rhynchophanes.

O. Not as shoo; a brownish or chestnut-colored collar around
a Ais gL ais Goiinzsidavinans si pole nedacviesds 11. Calcarius.

P. Tail decidedly longer than the wings; large birds, over 7 in.
eh black or clear brown above; sides chestnut.........00.
Ssatedes eA dr si selaltaig Voisiediolndiois on dalla daleida side oieagesvsas 2oe.k UDI

P. Tail and wings of about equal length; blackish or ashy
colored above; belly and outer tail feathers ase

12-1 SE SE ee Aan Sane ee eee en ore on arpa soe Fite:

P, Wikis longer dian ihe tail. (Q.)

Q. Birds over 6 in. long; wings over 3} in. long. (8.)

Q. Birds under 6 in. long; wings under 3} in. long. (R.)

R. Male entirely blue, or blue, red, purple, gold and white;
Jemale brown, with or without white............26, Passerina,

26 KEY OF BIRDS.

R. Both sexes with crimson, black, yellow, white and plain

DIOWD: «np sis-inoe0cnse, apeaesssnsakesncendes see 8. Carduelis.
S. General color white, with some black or clear brown.........
deus icaeseweneweh ssecssadbustecen ao eseee amen 10. Plectrophenax.
S. Brownish above and below, with rosy edgings; black or
clear ash on head; tail somewhat notched..............escc0s ‘
hccSuuidue de wilian ole shvedivebs cx aulneswieeodsanaeaeee ana 5, Leucosticte.
S. Male blue, with chestnut on wings; female plain brown;
PAL CV CLL vos avaieteceve nds sussseesadeesneeeen anneal 25. Guiraca.

T. Conspicuously crested; plumage chiefly red or extensively
washed with red; bill red; tail longer than the wings......
sesdedeneslad stvgadedduaduch veedesuaacecaee aie pee 23. Cardinalis.

T. No crest; tail shorter than the wings. (U.)

U. Rather small birds; wings 32 in. or less long. (W.)
U. Rather large birds; wings over 32 in. long. (V.)

V. Under tail coverts yellow; inner secondaries and wing
coverts white; bill greenish yellow; wings nearly twice
the lenvth of the tails cas. ssscadesecsereaee 1. Coccothraustes.

V. General colors black and white (male) or brown streaked
(female); under wing coverts rosy or yellow; tail with
wiite blotches:i ideseicscdeed coces cee ree: 24. Habia.

V. General colors rosy red (male) or ashy gray with brownish
yellow on head and rump (female)............+«. 2. Pinicola.

W. Tertiary wing feathers very much elongated ; a large white

WANS PALCH: o5.c.nscnpsscc- veaseniossoeeeeeeee 28. Culamospiza.

W. Blue (male) or brownish or tawny (female); wing bars

chestnut or whitish ; wings over 3 in. long..25. Guiraca.

W. Streaky, no yellow; male with much red; female olive

brown; wings over 3 in. long .......sceeee. 3. Carpodacus.
W. Streaky, no yellow; wings white barred and under 3 in.
VE). «Ssieie sens sa cine seen ns eerie see desea 9. Passer.

1. Coccothraustes (thrés-tes) snetnaaie (Evening Grosbeak.)
2. Pinicola enucledtor. (Pine Grosbeak.)
3. Carpédacus purptreus. (Purple Finch.)

Famity XIII. FRINGILLID. 27

4. Lozxia.

Sere ee WELD CWO White bars:.....ccccessceceserccsesecovcccesens sienoeatala
2 L. leucéptera. (White-winged Crossbill.)

* Wings without white........... L. curviréstra. (Red Crossbill.)

5. Leucosticte tephrocdtis. (Gray-crowned Leucosticte.)
6. Acdnthis.

* Rump distinctly streaked; inner webs of tail feathers very
pity. ae at all, edged With WhHItC...ciccrcscecssaccsenssorvevecse
ee aiccnicacecbsavans csctores A, linéria. (Redpoll Linnet.)

* Rump plain white or pinkish; tail feathers broadly edged
with white............ A. hornemdénnii. (Greenland Redpoll.)

7. Spinus.

* Plumage not sharply streaked; no distinct ruff at base of
5 RSC ee epee S. tristis. (American Goldfinch.)

* Plumage sharply streaked; no black on head; bill sharp and
with distinct ruff at base.............. S. pinus. (Pine Siskin.)

8. Carduélis carduélis. (European Goldfinch.)
9. Pdsser domésticus. (European House Sparrow.)
10. Plectréphenax nivalis. (Snow Bunting.)

11. Calcdrius lappénicus. (Lapland Longspur.)

12. Rhynchéphanes mccéwnit. (Maccown’s Bunting.)

13. Poocaétes gramineus. (Vesper Sparrow.)

14. Ammédramus.

* Outer pair of tail feathers longer than the middle pair ; wings
much longer than the tail. (D.)

* Tail distinctly double rounded; the outer pair of feathers a
little shorter than the middle ones; bird about 5 in. long....
Mth) 2.200 A, savannarum. (Grasshopper Sparrow. )

* Tail graduated, the outer feathers gradually shorter, the outer
pair shortest. (A.) 3

A. Tail feathers acute but not stiff; crown with a medium
light stripe; inland species. (C.)

A. Tail feathers acute and rather stiff; crown without medium
light stripe; sea-shore species. (B.)

28 KEY OF BIRDS.

B. No yellow spot about eye......<..s1s0cessssescsaneeeeeeieeelnw=ssencal
ME Gap Serer epee A. cauddcutus. (Sharp-tatled Finch.)

B. A yellow spot before eye...A. maritimus. (Sea-side Finch.)
C. Breast with some sharp black streaks............ssecscsssssesscoes
pS cecutide de A daca ceived pees A. henslowit. (Henslow’s Sparrow.)

C. Breast without spots.....A. lecénteti. (Le Conte’s Sparrow.)
D. Back not very sharply streaked with sandy brown..............
esteae danivinsdan shes anew edsededes A. princeps. (Ipswich Sparrow.)

D. Back sharply streaked with blackish .........ssescscsssssscosssees
ahah dias se deve ae so natums A. sandwichénsis. (Savanna Sparrow.)

15. Chondéstes grémmacus. (Lark Sparrow.)
16. Zonotrichia.
* Head with some distinct yellow. (B.)
* Plumage with no yellow anywhere. (A.)
A. Crown without pale medium stripe.........ceccecsccssccessccesecs
da Sckuleseaennheeeeevenanesaununes Z. quérula. (Harris’s ee
A. Crown with white medium band...........sssccscesdeccsssssescoes
S eaieba cc eeaeies Z. leucbphrys. (Whiteoronneld Sparrow.)
B. Crown stripe yellow in front.......c.ccscssseeseses py Ot Rey :
b dette onwsians skin's Z. coronata. (Golden-crowned Sparrow.)
B. Crown stripe without yellow; spot over eye and edge of
wing yellow........ Z. albicéllis. (White-throated Sparrow.)
17. Spizélla.
* Crown grayish with 2 light stripe......cc.ccssesesbe eens
bce decent uns tensedeonasaceheee S. pallida. (Clay-colored Sparrow.)
* Crown dull chestnut; no black on forehead..........ececseeeseee sa
Bai tees isis cecsanianndhcatnancgenees S. pusilla.. (Field Sparrow.)
* Crown bright chestnut. (A.)
A. Forehead without black.. .... S. monticola. (Tree Sparrow.)
A. .Vorehead “black :...5, ..edpcastcaven S. socialis. (Chippy-bird.)
18. Jtinco hyemalis. (Snowbird.) z
19. Peucea estivilis. (Pine-woods Sparrow.)

20, Melospiza,

Faminy XIV. ICTERID. 29

* Crown with a faint pale medium stripe; bird much streaked
above and on the breast and Sides.........ssssscesssescscessverees rs
Pa ckivcsaicne uns oxcieas ce wi M. facidta. (Song Sparrow.)

* Everywhere sharply streaked; crown not chestnut.........sse000
2 RS eer ree M. lincolni. (Lincoln’s Finch.)

* Crown bright dark chestnut; wings and tail edged with chest-
A ere M. georgiana. (Swamp Sparrow.)

21. Passerélla iaca. (Fox Sparrow.)

22. Pipilo erythrophthélmus. (Chewink.)

23. Cardindlis cardinalis. (Cardinal Grosbeak.)

24. Habia ludoviciana. (Rose-breasted Grosbeak.)

25. Guirdca certilea, (Blue Grosbeak.)

26. Passerina.

* Gonys with a black stripe.............. P. cyanea. (Indigo-bird.)
* Gonys without black stripe.............s00 P. cirts. (Nonpariel.)

2'7. Spiza americana. (Black-throated Bunting.)

28. Calémospiza melanocdrys. (Lark Bunting.)

Faminy XIV. ICTERIDAl. (BLACKBIRDS, Etc.)

* Tail feathers acute at tip. (F.)
* Tail feathers usually rounded, never very acute. (A.)
A. Bill nearly straight, the commissure sometimes curved but
the tip not evidently decurved. (C.)
A. Bill with the tip evidently decurved. (B.)
B. Tail much shorter than the wings, the feathers of nearly
aap 62 oss dovnsccniuedvsacescinapie 7. Scolecophagus.
B. Tail as long as the wings, its feathers graduated..8. Quiscalus.
C. Bill much shorter than the head, finch-like.....2. Molothrus.
C. Bill about as long as the head. (D.)
D. Bill slender; wing less than 4 in. long........... woes 6. Icterus.
D. Bill stouter; wing 4 in. or more long. (E.)
BE. Side claws about as long as the middle one..........sseseeeeseee
eas Swee'eeas anes ce et eR sesceees Of Aanthocephalus.

| 30 KEY OF BIRDS.
| BE. Side claws decidedly shorter than the middle one...........+
scvicuslned ds ndovedesvasvel Gowsseds Seance eede= eta mmm 4, Agelaius.-
F'. Bill shorter than the head, finch-like............. 1. Dolichonyz.
Fr’... Bull as long as the head.....:...<ssedsesecesasnesenenee 5. Sturnella.

1. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. (Bobolink, Reedbird.)

2. Molothrus ater. (Cowbird.)

3. Xanthocéphalus xanthocéphalus. (Yellow-headed Blackbird.)
4. Agelaius (aj-e-lé-us) pheniceus. (Red-winged Blackbird.)

| 5. Sturnélla mégna. (Meadowlark.)

6. Icterus.
* Tail graduated for 4 its length...£. sptrius. (Orchard Oriole.)
# aad Mealy CV CM ..ccac.sensesaeeos I, gélbula. (Baltimore Oriole.)

'7. Scolecéphagus carolinus. (Rusty Grackle.)
8. Quiscalus quiscula. (Crow Blackbird.)

Famity XV. CORVIDAi. (Crows anv JAys.)

* Tail only $ as long as the pointed wings; plumage black.......
Dis se snes theavaviersassccscsesenss sore sessossidesescntene aan 1. Corvus.

* Tail as long or longer than the rounded wings. (A.)
A. Colors black and white; tail much graduated and much
longer than the wings; wing over 7 in. long; no crest....

eabsseevbeiewseedoceesnetcegees odcce sven se aeech anteater 2. Pra,
A. Head crested; general color blue...........esc00 3. Cyanocitia.
A. No crest; ashy gray, no blue; wings and tail about equal
1 Lene thi. ie ss dasenscstsveredsiescrese eee 4, Perisoreus.
1. Corvus

* Feathers of throat narrow, stiff, sharp-pointed, with distinct
OULLMES:. ci scciecesssecebedcssnsdeheosdederseernaee C. cérax. (Raven.)

* Throat feathers short, oval, blended. (A.)
WAS Wine over 12 ans done s,s west C. americana. (Crow.)
A. Wing under 12 in. long........... C. ossifragus. (Fish Crow.)

2. Pica pica. (Magpie.)
3. Cyanoctita cristata. (Blue Jay.)
4. Perisdreus canadénsis. (Canada Jay.)

Faminy XVII. TYRANNID. 31

Famity XVI. ALAUDIDAs. (Largs.)

* Pirst primary short; tail deeply notched...............1. Alauda.
* First primary long; tail even or rounded............. 2. Otocoris.

1. Alduda arvénsis. (Skylark.)
2. Otécoris alpéstris. (Horned Lark.)

Famity XVIl TYRANNIDA. (FiycatcHers, Etc.)

* Crown with patch of red or yellow, which can be seen by dis-

placing the crown feathers. (C.)

* Crown without concealed bright-colored feathers; outer

primaries not narrowed near their tips. (A.)

A. Length 8 in. or more; head with a slight crest; light-

chestnut edges to the wing and tail feathers............ses00.

es Ce ssc acedrineis vovls coun dae senvdeaeavavns 3. Myiarchus.
A. Length less than 8 in.; no chestnut on wings and tail. (B.)
B. Bill all black, but little wider than high at base; wing and

tail of nearly equal length; wing 3} in. or more............
yeh Sat viawes nich ctodesicheds seca: suas cnies 4, Sayorms.
B. Bill sithar pale below or else the wing is less than 23 in.
long; bill broad and much depressed ; wing 3 in. or less...

eared sans oa'ods soso cele eNcbels pad dacsetpaen. Se vaere 0, Somuprdanan.
B. Not as above; wings over 3 in. long............ss008 5. Contopus.
C. Tail much longer than the wings and deeply forked..........
I clociatie te niscedesae seacsresecacesssnecerends vee L. Milvulus.
C. Tail not longer than the wings and even or rounded......... .
ee oil gnisais- sn sisi sings Dacca sev essvaciee ned esos sess 2. Tyrannus.

1. Milvulus.
= Cap black......:. woe. tyrannus. (Forked-tailed Flycatcher.)
SRD AGUY,..0rccsecesnes M. forficdtus. (Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.)

2. Tyrannus.
* No olive or decided yellow; all tail feathers tipped with
WLC L se concen’ jabnoanekees sopssearseossonds tyrannus, (Kingbird.)

32 _ KEY OF BIRDS.
* With olive and yellow; outer tail feathers with white...........
ehieuseeceltedubdcchamasensonts T. verticalis. (Arkansas Kingbird.)

3. Mydr shile. crimtus. (Great-crested ies
4. Saydrnis phoebe. (Phebe.)
5. Contopus.
* A tuft of white fluffy feathers on each side of rump; wing
about 4 in. long......... C. borealis. (Olive-sided Flycatcher.)
* No conspicuous cottony tuft; wing 34 in. or less........ssseceeeee
Gobaide apa vue ck deasconanistseeaesseeaeeees C. virens. (Wood Pewee.)
6. Empidonax.
* Distinctly yellow below.........++0. > sia e arainoidu(aials x dia gi eee as oe
cauppaicanpacntioneii E. flavivéntris. (Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.)
* Lower parts not distinctly yellow. (A.)
A. A yellowish ring around eye; longest primary nearly an
inch longer than the secondarics........sssecsccsccsscscsccccecs
idl vadtomenat ocapeea E. acadicus. (Green-crested Flycatcher.)
A. No distinct yellowish ring around eye. (B.)
B. Longest primary over 4 in. longer than the secondaries.......
Kea mice ae tins oaicanin nie sin me xe E. pusillus. (Little Flycatcher.)
B. Longest primary only $ in. longer than the secondaries;
tail slightly notched....... FE. minimus. (Least Flycatcher.)

Famity XVIII. CAPRIMULGIDAS. (GOATSUCKERS.)

* Tail rounded ; rictal bristles long and stiff.,.....1. Antrostomus.

* Tail notched ; rictal bristles very short....... ses.+ 2. Chordeiles.
1. Antréstomus.

* Rictal bristles unbranched......A. vociferus. (Whip-poor-will.)

* Rictal bristles branched..A. carolinénsis. (Chuckwill’s Widow.)
2. Chordeiles (di-les) virginianus. (Night Hawk.)

Famity XIX. MIOROPODIDZ. (Swirts.)
Cheetira peldgica. (Chimney Swift.)

Famity XXII. PICIDA. 33

Famity XX. TROCHILIDAs. (Hummine-Brrps.)
Tréchilus célubris. (Ruby-throated Humming-bird.)

Famity XXJ. PICIDAS. (WoopPECKERS.)

* Head with a conspicuous crest; large birds, over 16 in. long.
(D.)
* Head not crested; birds under 15 in. long. (A.)
A. Hind toe single; bill broad, compressed.......... 4, Picoides.
A. Hind toes two. (B.)
B. Large birds, 12-14 in, long; belly with round black spots...
RCE in ocean ccdvac st s4 chs sevenres doslissdnascwmetece t Chlated
B. Birds 10 in. or less long. (C.)
C. Nasal groove running nearly to the tip of the bill; feathers
with round white or black spots; no yellow..3. Dryobates.
C. Nasal groove running into the tomia near the middle of the
bill; belly with some yellow..........sccesee 5. Sphyrapicus.
C. Upper mandible with a ridge below the nostril extending
to the tip of bill; the tip somewhat truncate..............0
RR a winis opniv'ca's's ain cues tareisis acca eieip ab a's soins 6. Melanerpes.
D. Bill and nasal feathers dark colored............+6. 1. Ceophlous.
D. Bill and nasal feathers light colored............ 2. Campephilus.
1. Ceophloéus piledtus. (Pileated Woodpecker.)
2. Campéphilus principalis. (Ivory-billed Woodpecker.)
3. Dryobdtes.
* Back black, barred with white, not lengthwise streaked.........
raid cosenese D. borealis, (Red-cockaded Woodpecker.)
* Back black, with a long white stripe; no cross bars. (A.)
Ee OEE GALE FCAtMCTS WHILE... <.cccinpencssestvecerccsencnvecassar senate
Be eeies cisaale snuicie's clsa's vas} D. villosus. (Hates Woodpecker.)
A, Outer tail feathers black and white barred.........c..seceseeeee
9 es ca aay ara D. pubéscens. (Downy Woodpecker.)

34 KEY OF BIRDS.

4. Picoides.
* Top of head and back without white ....0.2.<.sseuseeeeteseewnes ss ,
te gaps ovaewaun P. Greticus. (Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.)
* Back with some white.......:s.qeesessweteesss «+0 ssseeeeaeeeennenaeeed
eterna P. americanus. (American Three-toed Woodpecker.)
5. Sphyrdpicus varius. (Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.)
6. Melanérpes. |
* Whole head and neck crimson.......:ss.0secsdsbegeueneeeeeiants aan nm
So ey ae M. erythrocéphalus. (Red-headed Woodpecker.)
* Whole head and neck not crimson; male with top of head
and hind neck ‘scarlet........<..0+0dese=2-ssseq0e: ae Eeee aaa eee
Macs advcctnagiosean dwoke M. carolinus. (Red-bellied Woodpecker.)
7. Coldptes auratus. (Flicker.)

Famity XXII. CUCULIDZ. (Cuckoos,)
Coccygus.

* Bill yellow below; wings with reddish.........00 sssccscsseereseess
Dentienisradie veutw cd Gauniecee C. americana. (Yellow-billed Cuckoo.)
* Bill chiefly black; wings without reddish..........sssescscesesscees
siatek aalenion carewalakte C. erythrophthélmus. (Black-billed Cuckoo.)

Famity XXIII. ALCHDINIDAS. (KINGFISHERS.)
Céryle dleyon. (Belted Kingfisher.)

Famity XXIV. PSITTACIDAS. (ParRRorts.)

Contirus carolinénsis. (Carolina Paroquet.)

Famity XXV. BUBONIDZE. (Ow 1s.)

* Tarsus nearly naked, very long, twice as long as the middle
toe; wing under 8 in. long.........s.sccccsseeseresenesd- Speotylo.
* Tarsus fully feathered. (A.)

Famity XXVI. STRIGIDA. 35

A. Head with conspicuous ear tufts; plumage not chiefly
white, (D.)
A. Head without evident ear tufts. (B.)
B. Plumage chiefly white; tail rounded; large bird...7. Nyctea.
B. Plumage not white. (C.)

C. Wing 16-18 in.; tail $ the length of wing......3. Scotiaptex.
ee reeeee -9oo tie, ~ tail 4 WIN, ......caccsessevesecceses 2. Syrnium.
C. Wing 8-10 in.; ‘eal a AUR oh yom iin A ep ee 8. Surnia.
ee eee 82-25 in. 5 tail & WING......isesseenesscnccvecs asimatall. ASIO.
0 22 Si ee are ee ge ree erent ce 4, Nyctala.
D. Wing 14-16 in.; tail z wing iesaeseaaces asaowasah scp dossare 6. Bubo.
D. Wing 12-13 x. PUD Pee WIN ers Salelniad le desis vx dn eSSnaiares 1. Asio.
BO Bios ccc once ccscnanee si isve alia ae bacauhsiens 5. Megascops.
1. Asio.

* Far tufts large, of eight to twelve feathers...........c0s:scccsecsees
ewe cetaccecsines wees: A. wilsonidnus. (Long-eared Owl.)
ee tunaemidil of few feathers,....<.ce0cccvccasarsovae stecescersnedes
ge I eee A, accipitrinus. (Short-eared Owl.)

2. Syrnium SBsseiem, (Barred Owl.)

3. Scotidptex cinéreum. (Spectral Owl.)

4. Nyctala.
* Bill yellow; cere not swollen...N. téngmalmi. (Sparrow Owl.)
* Bill black; cere swollen........... N. acddica, (Saw-whet Owl.)

Mégascops dsio. (Screech Owl.)

Bubo virginidnus. (Great-horned Owl.)

Nyctea nyctea. (Snowy Owl.)

Stirnia tlula. (Day Owl.)

Spedtyto cunicularia, (Burrowing Owl.)

CONOO

Famity XXVI. STRIGIDAL. (Barn Owls.)

Strix pratincola. (American Barn Owl.)

oS SO

ene

La once dns

me.

ale Cee ee i= a

a,

ge a a

SS nt Se ee

: |
36 KEY OF BIRDS.

Famity XXVIII FALCONIDA. (Fatcons.)

* Claws all of the same length, narrowed and rounded on the
lower side; outer toe can be used either in front or behind..
J Sodcdabeseseee sabesodaaseesseuseehas sbie sats adeeee eee 12. Pandion.
* Claws of graduated lengths, the hind claw largest, the outer
front one smallest; outer toe not versatile. (A.)
A. Tarsus feathered to the toes, at least in front. (I.)
A. Tarsus bare for at least 4 of its length. (B.)
B. Tarsus reticulate all around; if there are any regular scu-
tella in front, they are found only on the lower part of
the tarsus. (G.)
B. Tarsus distinctly scutellate (or booted) only in front. (E.)
B. Tarsus scutellate in front and behind. (C.)
C. Upper tail coverts white. (D.)

CG. Upper tail coverts not white.....2...:20sesssseeeeeeeee 6. Buteo.
D. Wings very long (13 in. or more), more than 4 times the
Length Of TATSUS....5.0605.c0nscenescacenseeneeeeee saoabeue 4, Circus.
D. Wings 12 in. or less, rounded, not over 4 times the length of
tHe TARSUS ese.) ec cnenses cevecsc+ss6uasesaneeeeeeeeeene 7. Asturina.
EB. Toes not webbed at all at base; neck feathers sharp-pointed ;
wing over 20 In, 1ONG.......0....01saneeeeeeene 10. Halicetus.
BH. Toes somewhat webbed at base; wing less than 15 in. long
(F.)
F.. Nostril nearly circular; tail not $ the length of the wing...
papekupesansnareccives cohen Unda
F. Nostril oval; tail over 3 the wWing............ssessess 5. Accipiter.

G. Nostril Al, edie with a conspicuous, central, bony
tubercle; upper mandible with a strong tooth and notch

back’of the hooked tip.c.ac..<.<4<cisesseeeaeen eee 11. Falco.
G. Nostril oval and with no inner bony tubercle. (H.)
H. ‘Tail very deeply forked. .........icessssaccooseeneeee 1. Elanoides.

H. Tail not deeply forked; claws not grooved below..2. Hlanus.

Faminy XXVIII. FALCONID. 37

I. Tarsus densely feathered all around; wing over 22 in.........
RE ia eatis cu ceived cd os acadssa sobs aatodes eaves seine e usa: 9. Aquila.
I. Tarsus with a bare strip behind; wing under 20 in..........4.
Ns Jace whic! oncecbatvcdauwaviccsedansr ob venue 8. Archibuteo.
1. Elanoides forficdtus. (Swallow-tailed Kite.)
2. Elanus leuctirus. (White-tailed Kite.)
3. Ictinia mississippiénsis. (Mississippi Kite.)
4. Circus hudsénius. (Marsh Harrier.)
5. Accipiter.

* Wing under 9 in. long; tail square A. vélox. (Pigeon Hawk.)

peenre st i. lone: tail rounded...........c:0sssccceseosscsssseenses
SRE Nabehinansclneccsecesees ses A, codpert. (Chicken Hawk.)

* Wing 12 in. or more long............A. atricapillus. (Goshawk.)

6. Biuteo.

* Outer webs of primaries with white, buffy or reddish spots;
four outer primaries notched on the inner web............s0s00
Reece Meactianiled we racacaseiece B. linedtus. (Chicken Hawk.)

* Outer webs of primaries not spotted as above. (A.)

A. Four outer primaries notched on the inner web. (C.)
A. Three outer primaries notched. (B.)
B. Wing over 14 in. long...B. swainsont. (Swainson’s Buzzard.)
ee mer ataereE E2111, LONE... ssec ls asiesesasvoesespseed:¢-avdnsyaescee
Be eeieatieni ec eanneccsans B. latissumus. roid wed Hamad)
C. Head and neck streaked with rusty red; tail bright chest-
BME oss slice digaeis fas univ ees B. borealis (Hen Hawk.)
©. Head never streaked with buffy or reddish............sseeseeeee
Re arene iecs’ sac ddachsacndsetes B. hérlan. (Black Hawk.)
7. Asturina plagiata. (Gray Hawk.)
8. Archibiteo.

* Gape less than 14 in. wide at base

FO CHOSCHHHSEHSCHOFCHOKSESSHHSFEHSHLHSHSSEOMMSHAEORS

Bee aed opsewscsicse needs es A. lagopus. (Rough-legged Hawke )
aemetpeawer 15 im. wide at base. s....2.ccecscesecn-utecesdoscaccenecosese
- Re ee A. ferrugineus. (Western Rough-legged Hawk.)

9. Aquila chrysactos. (Golden Eagle.)

38 KEY OF BIRDS.

10. Haliceetus (hal-i-d-e-tus) leucocéphalus. (Bald Eagle.)
11. Fiélco.
* Only one primary notched on the inner web; wing 12 in. or
more long. (B.)
* Two primaries notched; wing under 10 in. long. (A.)
A. Basal joints of the toes with six-sided scales; middle toe

over 4 on lone F. columbarius. (Pigeon Hawk.)
A. Not such six-sided scales; middle toe under 1 in. long......
Poh ve ctastieetakitoarebeneaseu: F. sparvérius. (Sparrow Hawk.) —

B. Tarsus hardly at all feathered at the upper end.........sseeseeee |
cannvonmunoncasmekscwdpaabe gras ese ae F. peregrinus. (Duck Hawk.)
B. Tarsus feathered in front not over half way down.........+s+000
wade ddasaceeweo kira ciecinatisameuses F. mexicanus. (Prairie Falcon.)
B. Tarsus densely feathered over half way dowNn.......cessesscsssees
sidaie did dose abebaniensbide «bi asecsene F. rusticolus. (Gray Gyrfalcon.)

12. Pandion haliaétus. (Fish Hawk.)

Famitry XXVIII. CATHARTIDA. (VULTURES.)

* Tail rounded; nostril large and broad..........00+00 1. Cathartes.
* Tail square; nostril small and narrow............«- 2. Catharista.
1. Cathartes atro. (Turkey Buzzard.)

2. Catharista atrata. (Black Buzzard.)

Famity XXIX. COLUMBIDZ. (Picxons.)

* Tail less than 3 as long as the wing and rounded.......-.scceseeee
iiubio shine si0as wows dedacede de dpsaexessouecsieenae et eam 3. Columbigallina
* Tail as long or longer than the wing and pointed. (A.)
A. Tarsus scutellate, entirely bare of feathers and longer than
the Side LOCS.cc1vcocs ocenendsasesesesnbasee seep meee 2. Zenaidura.
A. Tarsus feathered above at the joint and shorter than the
SIUC LOGS. csoccnsdeaeseesscupssasenesndesshecee eee 1. Ectopistes.
1. Ectopistes migratorius. (Passenger Pigeon.)
2. Zenaidiira macrotra. (Mourning Dove.)
3. Colimbigallina passerina. (Ground Dove.)

Famity XXXII. HA MATOPODIDA. 39

Faminy XXX. TETRAONIDZ. (Grovse.)

* Tarsus bare throughout, except possibly at the upper joint,
and scutellate; nostril with a naked scale and without

feathers; head not distinctly crested...........ssee00 1. Colinus.
* Tarsus feathered about half way; tail fan-shaped; neck with
a ruff of lengthened feathers.............c-cesseseseee 3. Bonasa.

* Tarsus feathered to the toes. (A.)

A. Toes also fully feathered; no ruff or peculiar feathers on
DUR aan acs awn detasdbcwetewdsadddvbskewanses 4, Lagopus.
A. Toes naked, except, possibly, at the base. (B.)

B. Tail more than half as long as the wing; no ruff or peculiar
feathers on the neck; tail slightly rounded................s0006
Ree eraer cd ect siadssaasiras sakes veueexeosveeseeve 2. Dendragapus.

B. Tail about half as long as the wing; no ruff; tail graduated
the middle feathers much lengthened........... 6. Pedvoceetes.

B. Tail about half as long as the wing; neck with a ruff of
BRRMESE SLIE LEALNCTS..2. ..0.ceccecessceneseceves 5. LTympanuchus.

1. Colinus virginianus. (Bob White.)

2. Dendrdgapus canadénsis. (Canada Grouse.)

3. Bondsa umbéllus. (Ruffed Grouse.)

4, Lagépus lagdpus. (Willow Grouse.)

5. Tympanitichus americanus. (Prairie Hen.)

6. Pediocetes (ped-i-é-se-tes) phasianéllus. (Sharp-tailed Grouse.)

Famity XXXI. PHASIANIDAM. (PHEASANTS.)

Meleagris gallopavo. (Wild Turkey.)

Famity XXXII. HASMATOPODIDZ, (OystrEr-
CATCHERS. )

Heemétopus pallidtus. (Oyster-catcher.)

40 KEY OF BIRDS.

Famity XXXII. APHRIZIDAS. (SurF Birps.)

Arendaria intérpres. (Turnstone.)

Famity XXXIV. CHARADRIIDA. (PLOVERs.)

* Plumage speckled on the back ; tarsus much longer than the

middle toe’ and ‘claw. ..c..//..sc0c.csesessansaw eae 1. Charadrws.
* Plumage not speckled on the back; tarsus but little longer
than the middle toe and claw..........cssessecsees 2. Aigialitis.

1. Charadrius.
* Hind toe very short......C. squatdrola. (Black-bellied Plover.)

IN Mad COe. csc ecsceuceeseees C. dominicus. (Golden Plover.)
2. Atgialitis.
* Wing 6 in. or more long; rump orange-browN............seseeeeee

uneweb oases tne. And? oe cb eae akon eae LH. vocifera. (Kildeer Plover.)
* Wing under 6 in. long; rump colored like the back. (A.)
A. Bill 2 in. or more long..... 4. wilsdnia. (Wilson’s Plover.)
A. Bill under 3 in. long. (B.)
B. All toes distinctly webbed at base......../:,csssssseueneeDeeeeenacbe
PeaeapiicanoeddcuneeRenebe tree AG, semipalmata. (King Plover.)
B. Inner toes without webbing.....4. meloda. (Piping Plover.)

Famity XXXV. SCOLOPACIDA. (SNIPE.)

* Bill very long and much decurved; tarsus scutellate only in
front, reticulate ‘behind.........:.ss0:ss=-eeeen eee 16. Numenius.
* Bill not strongly decurved; tarsus scutellate in front and
-behind. (A.)
A.. Toes only 3, hind toe wanting.........-.csccsesseses: 8. Calidris.
A. Toes 4, the hind toe present. (B.)
B. Eyes situated far back on the head directly above the ears; —
bill long, with the upper mandible thickened at the tip;
toes without distinct webbing at base. (K.)

Famity XXXV. SCOLOPACID. 41

B. Eyes in the usual position; bill either long or short. (C.)
C. Front toes not webbed, or, at most with one minute web. (J.)
C. Front toes with at least one distinct web. (D.)

D. Tail more than 4 as long as wing and graduated 1 in. or

coe ee eee ailira tates aide Tessbeine we 12. Bartramia.

D. Tail not more than 4 the wing and never graduated more

than 3 the length of the bill. (B.)
BE. Wing less than 4 in. long; bill grooved at tip...7. Ereunetes.
EB. Wing 4 in. or more long. (F.)
F’. Wing about 63 in.; bill about 1} in.; male with a ruff...
ER eee ties aeieida tea eldvnivacwnscessevescnseucves eels. Biiedes

F’. Bill longer in saecipaistien to the wing. (G.)

G. Wing about 4 in.; bill about 1 in.; tarsus about as long as
the middle toe aid CEAW ie, oo aisbe Sede aekdddoen 15, Aectitis.
G. Wing over 43 in. long. (H.)

H. Bill slightly broadened at tip; bill and tarsus about equal

and under 2 in. long; wing about 6 in......5. Micropalama.

H. Bill slightly broadened; bill over 2 in.; tarsus under 2 in.;

PRE APE Eisissis hace se sbckcevecensoucses es 4, Macrorhamphus.
H. Bill not broadened at tip. (1.)
I. Wing 8 in. or more long; bill 3-5 in. long.......... 9, LInmosa.
I. Wing under 8 in. long; bill slender, not over 2} in. long;
basal half of primaries not white............0000 10. Totanus.
I. Wing usually over 8 in. long; bill stout, not over 24 in.
long; basal half of primaries white......... 11. Symphema.

J. Under side of wing shows the inner web beautifully mottled...

eee eeeas cise svasseer ee cwalee pueNiseiAuieiswbatpinowes Les ALL YITGIICS.

J. Inner webs not mottled; bill longer than middle toe...

ee Sarat asi oe save sicia'ntioistelnlo's le'slsle aiie‘slelstalsoiaietsfslsore''e 6. Reunite
K. Tibia naked below; crown striped lengthwise..3. Gallinago.
K. Tibia entirely Hah Beds crown banded crosswise. (L.)

L,. Three outer primaries narrowed and abruptly shortened......

ee xnaecachitevene ee de JiR dshealscndsntioeage deteckansteeecka Fk uihOmentte

L. Quills not narrowed ; first longer than second......2. Scolopax.

42 KEY OF BIRDS.

1. Philéhela minor. (American Woodcock.)
2. Scélopax rusticola. (European Woodcock.)
3. Gallindgo delicdta. (Wilson’s Snipe.)
4. Macrorhémpus.
2 Meal wet Over Ze ID. secs aaccteubius meek M. griseus. (Dowitcher.)
# Bill over 2} ins; Western. scs<c.csddoeesccanmeneneeeeeeeeaeeeee eta
Ssslinnecn@enagapsnenke M. scolopaceus. (Long-billed Dowitcher.)
5. Micropdélama himdéntopus. (Stilt Sandpiper.)
6. Tringa.
* Wing 6 in. or more long; middle pair of tail feathers not
eno hOned .c..cecsaccd ceob estes T. caniitus. (Robin Snipe.)
* Wing less than 6 in long; middle pair of tail feathers acute
and abruptly lengthened. (A.)
A. Bill, tarsus and middle toe of about equal length. (D.)
A. Bill decidedly longer than the tarsus. (B.)
B. Bill about 14 in.; middle toe and claw 14 in.; tarsus 1 in....
diutichiobcbastiedtceaketmeatent: T. maritima. (Purple Sandpiper.)
B. Bill over Gs in.; tarsus over lin. (C.)
C. Upper tail ERS mostly dusky.........Z. alpina. (Dunlin.)

C. Upper tail coverts white....... sonenceadensspaekeaeliaeaaate yo amee
Sy ee ee Bee T. ferruginea. (Curlew Sandpiper.)

D. Wing 5 in. or more; bill over 1 in.; rump and middle tail
coverts black or dusky........... T. maculata. (Jack Snipe.)

D. Wing about 5 ee bill not over 1 in.; upper tail coverts
mainly white......7. fusicéllis. (White-rumped Sandpiper.)
D. Wing about 42 in.; middle tail coverts plain dusky...

iaeiaweusiundacucbicpesacesmcomcpes T. bairdi. (Baird’s Saulisiper}
D. Wing under 4 in.; tarsus 2 iN.....i...00saseseseneneee eee eeeeee
Sa as caicaaLasavabeoussteetare T. minutilla. (Least Sandpiper.)

7. Ereunétes.
* Bill about ? in. long... pusillus. (Semi-palmated Sandpiper.)
* Bill about 1 in. long......#. occidentalis. (Western Sandpiper.)
8. Céilidris arendria. (Sanderling.)
9. Limésa.

FamMILty XXXVII. PHALAROPODID. 43

* Tail barred with black............. I. fédoa, (Marbled Godwit.)
Peete ack. With white base and tipis......cscscsccensesesedecedvaeneve
era aeenne ts vacscavees L. heméstica. (Black-tailed Godwit.)
10. Totanus.
pee ft am OFwiores lees yellOW.c..c<c.scsccesaseecssrdasecadeshesses
ee aes eeadte ces anes T. melanoleticus. (Greater Yellow-legs.)
* Wings 6-7 in.; legs yellow............Z'. fldévipes. (Yellow-legs.)
Re ereetmene! tit. = Feom TUSK Y....0.ccsnvesvesesensacosdenceabesavesd ds
ae T. solitarius. (Solitary Sandpiper.)

11. Symphémia semipalmata. (Willet )
12. Bartramia longicatida. (Upland Sandpiper.)
18. Pavoncélla piignax. (Ruff)
14. Tryngites subrujicéllis. (Buff-breasted Sandpiper.)
15. Aciitis macularia. (Spotted Sandpiper.)
16. Numénius.
* Bill over 5 in. long; wing over 10 in.; secondaries and quills
EME EP PCL ANION, o wscin cist ace usinwes davedesndeavaadewey bviesecse
LOS SE eee N. longiréstris. (Long-billed Curlew.)
* Bill 3-4 in.; wing 9-10 in.; crown with two broad dusky side
SEEEPCS. .0<000 00 ee eee N. hudsénicus. (Hudsonian Curlew.)
* Bill 2-3 in.; wing 8-9 in.; dusky crown stripes narrow.........
ee tea civic cascrecwsscecevesces N. borealis. (Eskimo Curlew.)

FAMILY XXXVI. RECURVIROSTRIDAG. (AvocEtS
AND STILTS.)

* Hind toe present; front toes full-webbed........ 1. Recurvirostra.
MEER Ro oho koe scien Drcodoeeudelicssant seocees 2. Himantopus.
1. Recurviréstra americana. (Avocet.)
2. Himéantopus mexicanus, (Long-shanks.)

Famity XXXVII. PHALAROPODID As. (PHALAROPES.)

* Bill stoutish and with a flattened tip............... 1. Crymophilus.
* Bill very slender and not flattened.........serseeee 2. Phalaropus.

44 KEY OF BIRDS.

1. Cryméphilus fulicdrius. (Red Phalarope.)
2. Phaléropus.

* Membrane along the toes scalloped......scccsescscssossccscvecscsesees
DRESERE Os dewauhewibop cbs sees sees. P. lobatus. (Northern Phalarope.)

* Membrane plain...........000. P. tricolor. (Wilson’s Phalarope.)

Famity XXXVIII. GRUIDAS. (CRANES)

Grus.

* Adult white; tarsus 11 in. or more long... -scegepeeeeee es eed
REE RUD, yy BEE tc G. americana. (Whooping Crane.)

* Adult slaty gray; tarsus less than 11 in. long. (A.)
A.. Tarsus over 10 in,; bill over 5 im...i.2cc.d-2.0eeeeeeeeeeeee see
eehoeabeatedaaneeetoneresereecees G. mexicana. (Sandhill Crane.)
A. Tarsus under 9 in.; bill under 5tn...2.2.221 eee eee aoe
pap ebiohiew doumode neeeas aes G. canadénsis. (Little Brown Crane.)

Famitry XXXIX. RALLIDZ. (Raus.)

* Forehead with a shield-like horny extension of bill. (B.)
* No horny extension of bill on forehead. (A.)
A. Bill slender, decurved, as long or longer than the tarsus....
cinsecnupe en tessa indeaueds doce su snsbescseeesesee === 1. Rallus.
A. Bill short, under 1 in. long, stout, not decurved..2. Porzana.
B. Toes with broad flap-like, lobed membranes along their edges

ais o dvds wide sh slbinassogess bea ddedwobaslse ueeyse ieee eee ann 5. Fulica.

B. Toes with little or no membraneous edges. (C.)
C. Nostril about } as long as the gonyS........seeseeee 3. Ionornis.
C. Nostril over 3 as long as the gonyS......cseeseeee. 4, Gallinula.

1. Rallus.
*, Wing less than 5 in. long....R. virginidanus. (Virginia Rail.)
* Wing over 5 in. long. (A.)
A. Plumage generally grayish....R. crépitans. (Clapper Rail.)
A. Plumage generally brownish or reddish.............sessecseseees
ipaeenee oe ee ft. élegans. (King Rail.)

Famity XL. ARDEIDZ. 45

9. Porzdna.

* Secondary quills white........ P, noveboracénsis. (Yellow Rail.)
* Secondaries not white. (A.)
A. Wing over 4 in. long......... ..P. carolina. (Carolina Rail.)
A. Wing under 4 in long......... P. jamarcénsis. (Black Rail.)

3. londrnis martinica. (Purple Gallinule.)
4. Gallinila galedta. (Florida Gallinule.)
5. Filica americana, (American Coot.)

Famity XL. ARDEIDAG. (HERoNs.)

* Outer toe shorter than the inner toe; claws lengthened.........
Rae inc aisien scien asia dunecvienses none secs'nnsine 1. Botaurus.

* Outer toe as long or longer than the inner; claws short. (A.) -

A. Bill rather slender; bill 4 times as long as its depth at

Deen de sca ves ndvocduesseososccvoastnacsasieass 2. Ardea.
A. Bill ate Bee sh choicd dnd obis scbidv ots medbeenavol ss 0. Nycticoranx.
1. Botatrus.
* Wing 10 in. or more long..B. lentigindsus. (American Bittern.)
* Wing 6 in. or less long..........0s.0008 B, exilis, (Least Bittern.)
2. Ardea.

* Wing 11 in. or more long. (C.)
* Wing under 11 in. long. (A.)

A. Bill and tarsus of about equal length; wing over 8 in...... -
eeaeesanenckcdaniacss seseeeeA, tricolor. (Louisiana Heron.)
A. Bill somewhat longer than tarsus; tarsus 2} in. or less......
Seca cals lacewatawecet pie sesso sin A. wréscens. (Green Heron.)

A. Bill decidedly alglee than tarsus. (B.)
Beemer pure white; plumes on back.,.....c0scccoscsescosssnocasencue
Peelers tiie td dash skies corse A. candidissima. (Snowy Egret.)
B. Color not pure white; no plumes on back............sesecsssesees
Bach Spawn aes sskl «deus A. certlea, (Little Blue Heron.)
©. Wing 18-20 in.; color bluish......... isjeatealdeiuh delete stedaan ev ateens

BE esl civiels dadevansaesee A. herddias. (Great Blue Heron.)

46 KEY OF BIRDS.

C. Wing 14-18 in.; color white..........::sscsassbeenseeieeeeel aude
bp dath fs han dois deasaetanstels A, egrétta. (Great White Egret.)
C. Wing 114-14 in.; slate color; head and neck cinnamon.....
PGR sk aces A sdegee daesaenenes A, ruféscens. (Reddish Egret.)

3. Nycticorax.

* Bill nearly as long as the tarsus; top and bottom of bill
slishtly Lonvexs:..05.2285-haie N. nycticoraz. (Squawk.)

* Bill much shorter than tarsus; top and bottom of bill decid-
edly convex...N. violaceus. (Yellow-crowned Night Heron.)

Famity XLI. CICONIIDA. (StTorks.)
Téntalus loculator. (Wood Ibis.)

Famity XLII. IBIDIDAG. (IsIszs.)
* Head of adult wholly naked in front; plumage of upper parts

not metallic........... abeboneesssesesedeneasuese eee 1. Guara.
* Head naked only in front of the eyes; plumage of upper
parte metallic or brOnZY... ..s0s00ssdperuesseoegeseeeeee 2. Plegadis.

1. Gudra alba. (White Ibis.)
2. Plégadis antumndlis. (Glossy Ibis.)

Famity XLUI. PLATALEIDAs. (SPoonsizts.)
Ajaja (i-i-a-i) aaa. (Roseate Spoonbill.)

Faminty XLIV. ANATIDAS. (Ducks, GEESE AND SWANS.) ©

* Neck as long as the body; adult entirely white; wing 20 in.
or more long. = (Swans. ).. j.<scccsd.<ydeneasdpunepeleeeeee 1. Olor.
* Neck shorter than the body. (A.)
A. Tarsus as long or longer than the middle toe without claw.
(Geese.) (P.)

Fammy XLIV. ANATIDZ, 47

A. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe without claw. (Ducks.)
(B.)

'B. Head crested; bill nearly cylindrical, only about as wide as
high throughout; bill with saw-like teeth. (Fish Ducks.)
(O.)

B. Head usually not crested; bill rather broadened, always
wider than high near tip; lamelle of bill bluntish. (True
Ducks.) (C.)

C. Hind toe with a broad membraneous border or lobe. (Sea
Ducks.) (G.)

C. Hind toe without a distinct membraneous lobe. (River
Ducks.) (D.)

D. Bill decidedly broadened towards the tip............ 6. Spatula.

D. Bill little, if at all, widened towards the tip. (B.)

E. Tail feathers broad and rounded at tip; head more or less

SER sane ca. stucsicanentcrendcsmasieesiadecedececeusel &. Aw,

E.. Head not crested; tail feathers narrow and rather acute.
(F.)

F. Wing over 10 in. long; bill about 2 in.; tail graduated for

Rene eet MS) PONCE, 0 nod aainis vviniewsen-sdvinnis dsicsesacs 7. Dajila.

F. Wing and bill are either shorter than above, or else the tail

is graduated for less than 4 its length............c000 5. Anas.

G. Tail 43 in. or less long, its feathers with narrow webs and
stiff shafts extending beyond the webs; upper tail coverts
very short. (N.)

G. Tail feathers with their bases well covered by the upper
coverts. (H.)

H. Feathers of the forehead at center and feathers at the side
extending on the upper mandible, so as to leave a bare
portion between, 4 as long as the bill; no speculum...
aeeatiec desis ws ance tie nade daroddohcsvedssnetidasestoesse LOS Sinaierie

H. N 0 sick extensions of both frontal and loral feathers. (I.)

I. Tail graduated for a less distance than the length of the bill

48 KEY OF BIRDS.

from the nostril; nail at tip of bill less than 4 its width
at the middle... .0<cjss<sssecces~seeesanaeenene ssceadadsn Aythya,
I. Tail graduated for a greater distance than the length of bill
from the nostril. (J.)

J. Bill of the ordinary duck form, neither much enlarged at the
base nor with peculiar appendages at the base or sides. (L.)

J. Bill quite peculiar in form or appendages. (K.)
K. Speculum violet; upper mandible with a side lobe at base..

Sea ease shel a side cise siege sessadedscwauisieislesitenemsseih- ere tamara mane ICI”
K. Speculum white; upper mandibles with leathery expan-
sions on the sides; cheeks bristly........ 14, Camptolaimus.

K. Top of bill peculiarly bulging near the frontal feathers and

usually hollowed back of the indistinct nail..16. Oidemia.

L. Nail of bill large but indistinct; no speculum; tail pointed;

bill black and orange; nostril quite near the frontal

PeAtheTS vc, .necunaussnnnsssedassesnanaeeancieeceeeeeee 12. Clangula.

L.. Nail narrow and distinct; nostril near the center of the
length of the bill. (M.)

M. Front of nostril more than $ way from the loral feathers;

MAAS WOMOW citcndanetuvsovessse.006 eaincbacepmmnen 10. Glaucionetta

M. Front of nostril not $ way from the loral feathers towards

the tip of bill; iris brown.....ssecendencese 11. Charitonetta.

N. Nail of bill very small and the lower end abruptly bent 7

backward ; outer toe anid than the middle toe.............

saceewin dedncensubavessuisesacdenssssancss tegeeeee een Adamant

O. Teeth-like serrations of upper mandible very long, sharp
and strongly hooked...........0s0ssdeeshesmeeseen 19. Merganser.
O. Teeth-like serrations short, blunt and not conspicuously
bent backward ; crest on head high and flattened side-
WAYS odiaai xslt auoehe Peaetusiae do sbih suenceue seseeeeee 20. Lophodytes.
P. Serrations on the cutting-edge of upper mandible scarcely

Faminy XLIV. ANATIDZ. 49

visible from the side at all; if visible then only at the

base; bill, feet and portions of head black.........4. Branta.

P. Serrations visible from the side for more than 3 the length
of bill; bill and feet pale. (Q.)

Q. Depth of bill at base much greater than $ the length of the

MUMMEEON MES Leo oo scd.0 sac denene ietess he: Leaver saecnsnens 2. Chen.
Q. Depth of bill at base about $ the isioek of the top of bill.
PEM oe cee aisle oe So tsicvinnde sis wacessanascaces cee nacaches 3. Anser.
1. Olor.

* Back end of nostril much nearer to the tip of bill than the
front corner of the eye..O. columbidnus. (Whistling Swan.)
* Back end of nostril about midway between the tip of bill and
the front corner of the eye..O. buccindtor. (Trumpeter Swan.)
2. Chen.
* Plumage of adult grayish-brown..C. ceruléscens. (Blue Goose.)
* Plumage of adult white........... C. hyperborea. (Snow Goose.)
3. Anser dlbifrons. (White-fronted Goose.)
4, Brénta.
* Head entirely black; side of neck with a patch of white
DS) i eee B. bernicla. (Brant Goose.)
* Head partly white. (A.)
A. Head mostly black; a whitish triangular patch on cheek...
Rb ese dedé siecle vcens eves B. canadénsis. (Canada Goose.)
A. Head mostly white............B. lewcépsis. (Barnacle Goose.)
5. Anas.
* Bill shorter than the head; tail feathers not acute; belly
white; crown whitish. (D.)
* Bill about as long as the head or longer. (A.)
A. Speculum of wing white; wing about 1i in. long; wing
coverts chestnut; bill dark........ A, strépera. (Gadwall.)
A. Speculum of wing violet with black border; wing 10-11 in.
long; bill not very dark. (E.)
A. Speculum of wing green; bill dark; wing not over 8 in.
long. (B.)

50 KEY OF BIRDS. |

B. A white crescent-shaped spot on sides of body in front of

wing; wing coverts leaden-gray without blue..............00

Fe oe oie ob ee eee A. carolinénsis. (Green-winged Teal.)

B. Wing coverts and some of the shoulder feathers sky-blue.
(C.)

C. Male with a white crescent in front of eye; head and neck

blackish lead-color........ A, discors. (Blue-winged Teal.)

C. No pure white on head; general color of male purplish-

GRESHAM, ost <Lsevioee<b coms A. cyanéptera. (Cinnamon Teal.)

D. Head and neck cinnamon-red with but little if any green....

Kaiche ich weleeenl Use dsdaut wees A, penélope. (European Widgeon.)

D. Sides of head with a broad green patch........cscccsscescescceses

Sasieeisica A. americana. (Bald-pate. American Widgeon.)

EH. Male with head and neck glossy-green and a white ring

below; female dusky...........:s«cs<sscsssee ee seen eee oe

euias Sakic -seereeA. b6schas. (Mallard Duck. Tame Duck.)

EH. Both sexes like the female of the preceding, but darker.....

eae nre enenerecssseccosecccesescvsces Ae OUSCITE: | Saitama -ECEm

6. Spatula clypedta. (Spoon-bill Duck.)
7. Défila acita, (Pin-tail Duck.)
8. Aix spdnsa. (Wood Duck.)
9. Aythya.
* Bill decidedly wider at tip than at base. (B.)
* Bill with the width at the end about equal to the width at base.

(A.)
A. Width of bill nearly § the length at top.........s.cececoseesease
t okh oud seen Goes sate eias eee A. americana, (Red Head.)
A. Width of bill about 4 the length..........cc.cseseceseussoe eee
peesechsa ex apeyapeacecucdes A. vallisnéria. (Canvas-back Duck.)
B. Male with an orange-brown ring around neck; speculum
bluish-gray ; female chiefly bDrown.........sccccsesseccecsecceses
Fs Sstin tix eteeecetenede ce eiee ...A. collaris. (Ring-necked Duck.)

B. Speculum white in male; face white in female. (C.)
C. Wing over 8} in. long......... A. marila. (Big Seaup Duck.)

Famity XLIV. ANATIDZ. 51

C. Wing under 8} in. long....A. affinis. (Lesser Scaup Duck.)
10. Glaucionétia.
* Male with the head uniformly puffy and the gloss green; spot
before the eye roundish........... G. clangila. (Golden Eye.)
* Male with the head somewhat crested and the gloss purplish ;
Pome eMENeS GH: CYC BN CUL AT. «i. occ. boanasecdenss cbsvassdavecseacsaee
Oe ee G. isléndica. (Barrow’s Golden Eye.)
11. Charitonétia albéola. (Buftle-head.)
12. Clangula hyemalis. (Old Squaw. Old Wife.)
18. Mistriénicus histriénicus. (Harlequin Duck.)
14. Campitolaimus (lé-mus) labradorius. (Labrador Duck.) Prob-
ably extinct.
15. Somatéria.
* Feathers on the side of bill extending far beyond those on the

SL A Bee eee S. dréssert. (American Eider Duck.)
ie Baits on the top of the bill extending far beyond those on
GME deGaccnvesenececncaess S. spectdbilis. (King Eider.)

16. Oidémia.

* Wing 10 in. or more long; nostril beyond the middle of the
ee mNNR SS WIS PALI). 3. csiveiedin ce sedsccvices davpovedseeseacs seeks
ee eee O. déglandt. (White-winged Scoter.)

* Wing less than 103 in long. (A.)

A. Nostril beyond the middle of the bill; white or whitish
patches.on head; no white wing patch......,....cecsscccccees
ES a eee O. perspicillata. (Surf Scoter.)
A. Nostril not beyond the middle; male entirely black; female
with whitish on throat and sides of head............sseeeeees
oe hniecenigsnnbasesse tees O. americina. (Black Scoter.)
17. Erismatira ribida. (Ruddy Duck.)
18. Némonyx dominicus. (St. Domingo Duck.)
19. Mergénser.

* Nostril near the middle of bill; frontal feathers extend beyond
mamas ouside Of bill... 5..c00050s0000 oj davdsdsbytaaiveasdarcte ramets
ara deaaatectnas seeserndZ, americanus. (Merganser. Goosander.)

52 KEY OF BIRDS.

* Nostril near base of bill; frontal feathers not beyond those on
side vot Tail ii.2.. sisceiak M. serrator. (Red-breasted Merganser.)
20. Lophéddytes cucullatus. (Hooded Merganser.)

Famity XLV. SULIDAS. (Gannets.)

Sila bassina. (Common Gannet. Solan Goose.)

Famity XLVI ANHINGIDAG. (DARTERS.)

Anhinga anhinga. (Darter. Snakebird.)

Famitry XLVI PHALACKOCORACIDA..
(CORMORANTS. )
Phalacrocorax. ,
* Tail of fourteen feathers; pouch on neck notched behind......
bENbiiaiedbosteeciunes P. carbo. (Common Cormorant. Shag.)
* Tail of twelve feathers. (A.)

A. Wing over 12 in. long.......2..3..0«.«ssidewenduea eee emia aa
ce snddauew oat causen P. dilophus. (Double-crested Cormorant.)
A.’ Wing under 11 in. long..........2...2-c.encee eee ee
pak Puinelenanedinamaccesens P. mexicdnus. (Mexican Cormorant.)

Famity XLVIII. PELECANIDAZA. (PELicaAns.)

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. (White Pelican.)

Famity XLIX. FREGATIDZE. (MAn-o’-war Brrps.)

Fregata dquila. (Man-o’-war Bird.)

Famity L. PROCELLARITDZ. 53

Famity L. PROGELLARIIDAL. (PETRELS.)

* Wings under 7 in. long; length under 10 in. (Stormy
Petrels.) (C.)
* Wings over 7 in. long; length over 10 in. (A.)
A. Under mandible not hooked at tip. (Fulmars.)...........008.
EERE n cin cask mccdabe cuditvesacatmdevanssaiecs sees 1, Fulmarus.
A. Under aoe hooked like the upper. (B.)
B. Bill over ? as jong as the tarsus. (Petrels.)......3. dstrelata.

B. Bill usually 3-3 as long as the tarsus. (Shearwaters.)........
Rare ch wise ya's sigcibasibns'veisis dsvaisiw en ie uate teaoe Le aiyUnass

C. Claws flat, obtuse; tarsus booted, much longer than middle
toe and claw; upper tail coverts white......... 6. Oceanites.

C. Claws hooked, sib: tarsus but little longer than middle
toe and claw. (D.)
D. Tail nearly square; color sooty-brown with white.............0.
Rice dy calcsaa Curoion <0 uc esodsccecesrenontas 4, Procellaria.
D. Tail forked; color bluish or grayish with white.............068.
EM ET ciao wievcte e'ndsisiad-sioasavielg adsense saunas 5. Oceanodroma.
1. Fiilmarus glacidlis, (Fulmar.)
2. Pirifinus.
* Sooty-colored throughout ..P. stricklandi. (Sooty Shearwater.)
* Dark above, white below. (A.)
A. Wing 10 in. or less; under tail coverts mostly white ........
ee eens cic eis so sje P. audubéni (Audubon’s Shearwater.)
A. Wing 12 in. or more. (B.)
B. Brownish-ash above; upper tail coverts dark, under ones

Noi cs cies ovivnacriewsinses P. borealis, (Cory’s Shearwater.)
B. Dark-brown above; upper tail coverts white, under ones
RM dc on eidpiowvedeonssosas P.mdjor. (Greater Shearwater.)

3. Aistrélata hasitdta. (Black-capped Petrel.)
4. Procellaria peldgica. (Storm Petrel.)

5. Oceanddroma leucdrhoa. (Leach’s Petrel.)
6. Oceanites ocednicus. (Wilson’s Petrel.)

54 KEY OF BIRDS.

Famity LI. STERCORARIIDZAS. (Jmcrrs.)

* Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw; wing 15 in. or more

DONE. ooo os sins snp ccesssanecusenrns tacsceukeeee amen 1. Megalestris.
* Tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw; wing less than
19 BM AOI i cs Sobivnis Sade owe cae ave seeaseeee 2. Stercorarius.

1. Megaléstris skia. (Skua Gull.)
2. Stercordrius.
* Central tail feathers in adult projecting over 6 in. beyond the
others and sharp- pointed .........2...2sssde=s sees oeeeneeeeeeeea sone
Sie Sc /saak cues seumonse ees S. longicatidus. (Long-tailed Jeger.)
* Central tail feathers projecting less than5 in. (A.)
A. Central tail feathers broad at. tip......a.sasne eee eee aeons eee
bie ks Siomdcmennedoranecbedes S. pomarinus. (Pomarine Jeger.)

A. Central tail feathers acute at tip.........ceseccscssvecerscesescccecs
saison Seaue (eonid Madeseuees S. parasiticus. (Paracige Jeger.)

Famity LU. LARIDAG. (GULIs.)

* Bill more or less hooked; tail generally even; if forked, the
outer feathers not narrowed or acute pointed; colors gener-
ally white, with a darker, usually grayish, mantle on back.
(Gulls.) (C.)

* Bill not hooked, at most, slightly curved, the mandibles even ;
tail deeply forked. (Terns.) (A.)

A. Tail with the outer feathers narrow and pointed; front toes
well webbed; colors of plumage light. (B.)

A. Tail with the outer feathers broad and rounded; front toes
but little more than half webbed; colors dari sndunenesiede Pe
wisivcaats wa'dncbsb seubbadinn aks seuehaeh web eeoeuaeenee ae Rea a,

B. Bill dark and stout, its depth at base over 4 its length at
LOD a: coro suse Suances gh acchenas dun ceoee eas dceeeeee 5. Gelochelidon.

B. Bill less stout, canis? quite slender....:.isssas-seee 6. Sterna.

Faminy LIT. LARIDA. 55

C. Hind toe very minute or wanting; tail slightly notched or

ee Sees deat Sense quate ce sbuscestesaes 2. Rissa.
C. Hind toe small. (D.)
D. Tail forked; bill black with a yellow tip. ............. 4, Xema.

D. Tail even. (E.)
EK. Adults pure white; tarsus rough behind and about equal to

the middle toe, without claw, in length............ 1. Gavia
EB. Adults white with a darker mantle; tarsus not very rough
and less than middle toe in length..............065 3. Larus.

1. Gavia alba. (Ivory Gull.)
2. Rissa triddctyla. (Kittiwake Gull.)
3. Larus.
* Wing over 14 in. long; head entirely white in adult in
summer. (C.)
* Wing under 14 in. long; head black or dusky in adult in
summer. (A.)
A. Wing over 12 in. long; tarsus longer than middle toe and
Ce ee L, atricilla, (Black-headed Gull.)
A. Wing under 12 in. long. (B.)
B. Bill red, with usually a dark band near tip..........sseseseseeeee
SPER AE etek stds vaace0. LL. frénkliai. (Franklin’s Rosy Gull.)
B. Bill black and slender; wing about 10 in. long..................
So. 1a dy Se ee eee LL. philadélphia. (Bonaparte’s Gull.)
C. Primaries pearl-gray, fading to white at tips, no black. (G.)
C. Primaries with white tips and darker, dusky or black spaces
near tips (in young sometimes all dark). (D.)
RPE PACES GF PLIMATICS OTAY....:.cicedcnesscevssecksssevseseocdees
eerie dcdp tessa, sev eces0> L. kumlhent. (Gray-winged Gull.)
D. Dark spaces of primaries black. (H.)
KE. Shafts of primaries white through the dark spaces............
_ ee oe L. mérinus. (Great Black-backed Gull.)
BE. Shafts dark like the spaces. (F.)
F. Wing over 16 in. long......... LL argentdtus. (Herring Gull.)

56 KEY OF BIRDS.

F. Wing under 16 in. long..Z. delawarénsis. (Ring-billed Gull.)
G. Wing over 163 in. long................ LL glatieus. (Ice Gull.)
G. Wing under 163 in. long ...L. leweépterus. (Iceland Gull.)

4. Xéma sabiniit. (Sabine’s Gull. Fork-tailed Gull.)
5. Gélochelidon nilotica. (Gull-billed Tern.)
6. Stérna.

* Wing over 15 in. long; tail forked less than + its length.......
ieee AN ek Oe Oh IAG eels oe S. techegrava. (Caspian Tern.)
* Wing about 15 in. long; tail forked for about 4 its length......
REL e Ge So Peeper Wrenn) Won cela ne Nay S. mézima. (Royal Tern.)

* Wing less than 13 in. long. (A.)
A. Head decidedly crested. S. sandvicénsis. (Sandwich Tern.)
A.. Head but little if at all crested; wing 12 in. or less long.

(B.) |

B. Wine under. #/1n. lone. ..2....5. S. antillarum. (Least Tern.)
B. Wing about 12 in. long; back sooty-black; imner webs of
guills duskiys.5 sc .sc@ testes S. fuligindsa. (Sooty Tern.)

B. Wing 8-12 in. long; back in adult pearl-gray. (C.)
CG. Outer tail feathers with inner web dusky, outer web white..

Bob anal Ba ompieciiy aiex Home allie S. forstert. (Forster’s Tern.)

©. Outer tail feathers with both webs white............:scseseeseees

Lee cs eee ht? ee a, Mee S. dotigalli. (Roseate Tern.)

C. Outer tail feathers with inner web white, outer web dusky.
(D.) )

D. Bill red with a blackened tip; tail but little more than } the

lenoth of ame 26s. 2.cozckh cde S. hirtindo, (Common Tern.)

D. Bill red throughout; tail over 3 the length of the wing......

vet Wabsete teste siad oud pie S. paradisea. (Arctic Tern.)

7. Hydrochélidon nigra. (Black Tern.)

Famity LIT. RHYNCHOPIDA. (SKIMMERs.)
Ehynchops nigra. (Black Skimmer.)

Famity LV. ALCIDZ. 57

Famity LIV. URINATORIDZE. (Loons.)
Urinator.
* Wing over 123 in. long; head of adult deep greenish-black.

Re i os catia vateade usec U. imber. (Common Loon.)
* Wie about 123 in. long; top of head bluish-ash; front of
neck blue-black.......... U. areticus. (ial emated Loon.)
* Wing under 11} in.; throat and sides of head bluish-gray; a
eerie CMe throat PaiCh..s..ocesascdeosecancnseasececcess
PRES eenswakscuscceeseaesinns ..U, limme. (Red-throated Loon.)

Famity LV. ALCIDAS. (AvES.)

* Inner claw much longer and more curved than the others;

tarsus scutellate in front.......... Be duccbiece snes: wl. Pratercula.

* Inner claw similar in size and shape to the others. (A.)

A. Bill very short (3 in.) and broad; the angle of chin nearer
to tip of bill than to the nostril; upper side of bill regu-
MEN OE 6oo5 oa cis sucicis Su divas wows gacedeases hse vauniohatee 5. Alle.

A. Bill not so short (1 in. or more); the angle of chin nearer
the nostril than to the tip of bill. (B.)

B. Nostril overhung by a horny scale, but visible from the side;
top of bill straight to near the tip, when it is abruptly
SME GONVIIWATC -, 00, 6ic5ecnsedsevsscucaee socevbarsces 2. Cepphus.

B. Nostril more or less completely hidden by dense velvety
feathers. (C.)

C. Tail rounded, the feathers not pointed; bill only about 4

as hich at base as lone......0...0s010e0see0 duisidwin dae beak 3. Una.

C. Tail graduated, its feathers pointed; bill much deeper at

base and much flattened sideways; wing 8 in. or more
long; bill shorter than the head...........c:ssseseeeee 4, Alea.
1. Fratéreula dretica. (Common Puffin.)

58 KEY OF BIRDS.

2. Cépphus.
* Greater wing coverts white throughout .........ssccssscsscesscceees
APB Beas Sea oi gee ee C. méndtit. (Mandt’s Guillemot.)
* Greater wing coverts with their bases 4 black................0060
Bain ib dae keetevn tats subaeladeakeoes C. grylle. (Black Guillemot.)
3. Uria.
* Length of lower edge of bill over 1 im.............ssssccseseeeeeees
LSE ee SAAS Mh SS Se Ree a ,U. tréile. (Common Guillemot.)
* Length of lower edge under 1 imn....... .2¢.ciscnseeeeeeee eee ee
LDA GRA SEE Se RE Oe U. lémvia. (Thick-billed Murre.)
4. Alca térda. (Razor-billed Auk.)
5. Alle alle. (Dovekie. Sea-dove.)

Famity LVI. PODICIPIDAS. (GREBEs.)

* Bill stout and somewhat hooked, its length not quite twice its
sreatest depth at base.............255.c0ceeeeee meee 3. Podilymbus.

* Bill straight and more slender, its length more than twice its
depth at base. (A.)

A. Length of bird over 20 in.; neck nearly as long as the

WOUY Soho sees cans stk. bes scene eee 1, Aichmorphorus.
A. Length under 20 in.; neck much shorter than the body....
oe cn wipes Sdawsbesses ein ocete cansdses seine te 2. Colymbus.

1. Aichmérphorus occidentalis. (Western Grebe.)
2. Colymbus.
* Bill about as long as the head; wing over 7 in. long.............
SA Oa Gilt RW See Ne C. holboélit. (Red-necked Grebe.)
* Bill much shorter than the head ; wing under 6 in. long. (A.)
A. Bill flattened sideways and thus higher than wide at base...
CAE Toe a EA See a PE: C. auritus, (Horned Grebe.)
A. Bill wider than high at base..C. nigricollis. (Hared Grebe.)
3. Podilymbus podiceps. (Pied-billed Grebe. Dab-chick.)

GLOSSARY.

Acute. Sharp-pointed, as the tip
of a feather.

Barred. With cross-bands of
color.

Bars. The bands of colecr extend-
ing across quills or feathers.

Booted tarsus. One having its
front covered by a continuous
scale nearly to the toes.

Bristles at rictus. Bristle-like
hairs found at the corners of
the pus and extending down-
ward,

_ Cere. A special skin-like cover-
ing over the base of the upper
mandible, extending beyond the
nostrils.

Commissure. The line which
marks the closing of the man-
dibles; the line of the closed
mouth,

Compressed. Flattened sideways.

Convex, With outward-bulging
outline.

Coverts. Small feathers which
hide the bases of the quills, as the
upper and lower coverts of the
wings and tail; also sometimes
used for the covering feathers of
the ears.

Crest. The lengthened feathers
on the tops of the heads of some
birds.

Crissum. The under tail coverts.

Crown. The top of the sead, not
including the portion next the bill,
called the forehead,

Culmen. The ridge or central line

of the upper mandible.

Decurved. Curved downward.

Depressed, Flattened above and
below.

Ear tufts. Peculiar tufts of fea-
thers found on some owls in the
region of the ears.

Elevated toe. A hind toe which
has its base attached to the tarsus
above the level of the front toes. .

Exserted. Exposed or extending
beyond.

Flexible. Bending readily; not
stiff.

Forehead. The part, usually fea-
thered, just above the biJl next the
crown.

Forked tail. One deeply notched.

Gape. The opening of the mouth.

Gonys. The central ridge of the
lower mandible from the point to
where two branches form the
rhami.

Graduated tail. One in which the
middle pair of feathers are longest
and each successive pair outward
are gradually shorter.

Lamellz. Plate-like processes
found inside a duck’s bill.

Lateral. At the side, as the outer
tail feathers or the side toes.

Lobate toes. Furnished with
membraneous flaps along the sides.

Lobes. Rounded projections.

Lore. The space between the eye
and the bill.

Mandibles. The upper and lower
jaws of birds.

Nail of dill. The peculiar added
horny part at the tip of the upper
mandible of ducks.

Nasal. Pertaining to the nostril.
Nasal groove. The groove in which
the nostril is found.

GLOSSARY. 61

Yostrils. The openings, usually
aan the base, of the upper man-
ible.

Notched bill. One having a nick,
usually near the tip of the upper
mandible,

Obtuse. Somewhat angular but
not sharply so; forming less than
a right angle.

Ochraceous. An orange-brown or
dull, deep buff.

Olivaceous. A greenish-brown
color like that of olives.

Pectinated. Having comb-like
notched projections, as the middle
claw of herons.

Plumage. The feathering in
general.

Plumes. Peculiar ornamental fea-
thers found on the heads and backs
of some birds.

Primaries. The outer nine or ten
quills of the wings; those fastened
to the outer joint or ‘‘ hand wing.’’
First primary. The first and under
oneof the primaries. In amounted
bird the feathers of the body should
be carefully pressed back while
the bird is inverted in order to
determine its length.

Quills. As generally used in bird
books, the stiff pen feathers of the
wings, sometimes restricted to the

rimaries and sometimes made to
include those of the tail also.

Reticulate tarsus. One covered
with small _irregularly-shaped
scales, and thus marked with a
network of lines.

Rictal bristles.
rictus.

Rictus. The back portion of the
gape of the mouth, often and more

See bristles at

properly made to include the
whole gape.

Rump. The portion of the back
just in front of the upper tail
coverts.

Scutellate tarsus. One covered
with square scales, often in front
only, sometimes in front and
behind.

Secondaries. The long pen fea-
thers of the second joint or forearm
of the wing; those next the pri-
maries.

Serrations. Notches or saw-like
edges, as those on a duck’s bill.

Speculum. <A_ brightly-colored
spot on the wings of ducks, etc..
usually consisting of the secon-
Garies.

Tarsus. The joint of a leg just
above the toes; the joint extend-
ing from the toes to the true heel.

Tertials or tertiaries. Properly the
inner quills of a wing, those grow-
ing to the elbow or the humerus;
often applied to any inner secon-
daries which are peculiar in
length or color.

Tibia. The joint of the leg above
the tarsus; the ‘‘drum stick”’
joint.

Truncate. With a square tip.

Versatile toe. One that can be
used either in front or behind, as
the outer tce of owls.

Web. The thin membrane be-
tween the toes of ducks and many
snipe ; also app to the lateral
halves of feathers.

Wing bars. The stripes formed by
the peculiarly-colored tips of the
wing coverts.

INDEX.

=_— XS

ACAaNnthiS....60c06s. 27|Buffle-head ....... 51/Columbigallina.. 38/Fratercula .......0. a | |
Accipiter........... 37| Bunting. eee 29|CoLYMDUS.....s00 + 58 eee igioaee |
PROUMAS ccc ccescs wee 43] Buteo.. coopers 3 |COMpSOth ly pis... 18) aee oa c.canessecee ri |
/Echmorphorus.. 58 Buzzard.... ceseeds, 50) CONLOPUS . .ceccossee 2) ALMENE os naccnoancnea 53 |
JEgialitis.......-000« 40|Calamospiza....... 29| CONUTUS, ....00-erees 34| FuLMArusS....cccoree D3 |
ZEStre]AtE...csseeeee 53/CALCATIUS scescecces 27|COObsscsssccecececereee 45|Gadwall ........-... 49 |
AGEClAIUS..,...ccccsnee- S0|CALICTIS. .ccndsceses 42'Cormorant ........ 02|Galeoscoptes...... 16 |
pS eee ioe cree 50)Camptolaimus... 51/Corvide............. 30/Gallinago.....ccces 42 |
Ajaja Read Ae ee De 46 Caprimulgide.... 32;/COTVUS .......00.e00e 30/Gallinula......... - 40 |
Alauda. ...... stented 31|Cardinalis, .....0. 29|\COWDIIG .........00 30/Gallinule ........ woe 40
Alaudide......00 sa SLICATOUCHB .. ccccscen 20] CPEMC.. cnn ceeeenee 44|Gannet........ ives 52
NCO, si Bicetedscas . 58 Carpodacus. peace « 26, Creeper cccceeeee 15) GA Vian. .s.ca-scesnenee ee
Alcedinide....... SHA MCAEDILG ocvcccceseavne 16|CLOW ......ss.seseeee. 30/Gelochelidon ..... 56
Alcide....... seackess DT [CRLMATISLD .cecresss OS Crossbill ............ 27|Giaucionetta...... 51
Gs recs 58|Cathartes .....ccc0.. o9|Crymophilus..... 44;/Gnateatcher ...... 14
Ammodramus... 27|Cathartide........ 38'\CuckoG....2.0e 34|Goatsucket......... 32
AM PCS cscsssensne 22|Ceophlceus......... 33|CUCULIAE .....cee000 34/GOAWIL... «000 aia 43
ADAS..<ccccecess akeabae 49|Ceppbus .........008 58/Curlew........ evapees 3|}Golden Eye........ 51
AMR si: 46| Certhia ........-..00 1L5|CyanoCitta....ccces 30) GOLAANECH ..ccccesee 2d
AMINA ced scscee 52|/Certhiide........... 15|/Dab-chick.....06.- 58 Goosander.. Bee eT 51
Anhingide....... OZ ORLY Oc ceducte sete 34|Dafila ...cccccce es. 50!}GOOSE...... sesnek 49, 52
ATISES, oi. casnsacscs2.c ADPCM UMER sencieesoas 32) Darter. iccccece coeses O2/GOSHAW K... ncccssav Oh
ADthuB........0.0 .. 16;Champephilus... 33) Dendragapus ..... 39!GTACKLIE .....00.cc0e0 30
Antrostomus ..... 32|Charadriide...... 40| DENArOiCa....ccccoe L8/GLEDE .ccccccrcceseree DO
Aphrizide& ......... 40}Charadrius......... 40 Dolichonyx 5 sae 30: Grosbeak ....... 26, 29 |
AqUIIA.....0ccccsere 37|Charitonetta...... 51|/DOVC.......00+0-38, 58|GLOUSC.s..sscccceceeee 39
Archibuteo....... beng MCU EDL ceo eceees Seen 20) DOVEKIE, 2.0200 seceee 58/GTUIAR. ..cecccoesease 44 |
Ardea scorvecese eseceooee 45 Chelidon.. eseceesece ae Dowiteher eeeccesoee 42 Grus seeceeceeseececeose 44
ATAECIA .....0.20006 45} CHEN... 202 os vecseeese 49| DIVYODALECS .seovegens cor] Cylles el cieeeuaesee eee 46
ASLO. ..cocececscessesee DO|/ COE WINK... soccecsee 29| DUCK. .ess000e46, 50, SLIGUIIEMOL, ..cccarce OS |

Auk seose eceeecence 57, 58 Chippy-bird eeccece e 28 Eagle scccesccoces 237, 38 Gull.. decdoumuaey 50, 56
Avocet .......0...... 43/Chondestes......... 28) ECtOPiSteS....cseee 95] GYTLALCON....ecevres OO
Aythya......... eeeenee 00/ Chordeiles.......... 32| Egret... sven, 46| HADI. cavcnsssecnek 29
Bartramia ....006. 43/Chuckwill Wid’ w 32) Hider........ sreceeesee OL| HEMAtopodide.. 39
Bittern ...... sebitbant 45| CICONLIA.....c2e006 46) HIANOIGES... .eecvee O7| HEEMAtOPUS ...... 39
Blackbird......29, 30}Circus.........«. coevee 37 | HIGNUS. ceceeree --ee 37| Harporhynchus, 16
Bluebird........e00« 13/Cistothorus........ . 16/Empidonax....... $2] FESLTICT ...<ccecnsteeae
Bobolink.......cc0.» 50;/Clangula .....00 OL| HTeuUneteS..,..c0c000 42) Hawk.. ea 38
Bob White......c 39/Clivicola.......ec0606. 23) HTiSMatura......... 51|Helinaia......-< 18
BOnasa.....00 .wsseee 39/Coccothraustes .. 26/ Falcon... 36, 38} Helmitherus....... 18
BOtAurusS.....cccecee 45|COCCYRUS ...eccceee, 34/ FALCONIAR.......006 36 Helminthophila, 18
BEATS. «. sccascoccbese a Colaptes, ..cccossseee 34|Finch...23, 26, 28, 29| HELTON ....s000000040, 46
BDO. scsasasenzcvacs ees deathisbia'u do OOF LICK OL... cata 34 Hesperocichla ... 13

Columbide....... . 38)Flycatcher.....31, 32; Himantopus....... 43

AStUYINA.,.....ccce0e 57;/Chickadee......14, 15| DUNTIN............000 42] GUITACA . seccceceeece 29
BuUDONIAR. .ceccovee 34

INDEX. 63

‘Histrionicus ...... 51/Nyctala........... .. 35|Prairie Hen........ 39|StCLMA ..rererseeeeree OG
Humming-bird .. 33|Nyctea........ saeenew OLE BOCCIIATIA cin usss 53/Stilt....... Stesasmaronn 43
Hydrochelidon.. 56|Nycticorax......... 46|Procellariide ..., 53/Stork.......... covevee 46
Ibidide....... etetta 46 /|Oceanites..... sscew OTE LORTOs .S.acecus sree: See ULSI De. ceccvecacze 35
eee =o 46|Oceanodroma.... 53} Protonotaria....... 18)Sturnel]a.......c00068 30
Tcterid,............ 29}0ideMiIA .........000 51] PSittACiAE.... cco S4/SULA.....cecccecereeree OF
oo BOIOI SQUAW... ceesee D1] PUMIN.....cccseesesse: D7|SULIdee 22.0000 siden 52
Tectinia....... Seana [COMED W ILC... cseseecas 51] PUPBUS i cesecsacen 53/Surf Birds......000. 40
Indigo-bird........ - 0 eonunasne 49) CMEISCA LUIS. ccs svoacue: OU POURED seca cooterdscae
SOTOTIIL, . cascosvees 45)Oriole......... Souneaae: 0) EOMUL c.catnecn-acons44, 40/ SWALLOW cs vcssns 22, 23
ee eee EE EOGCOLIS ....ccccvaees SL] EOALLICES ..ccccasecese 44ISWAD....cccvsscoee 46, 49
Jay seereces Sevcees sevess 30 Oven-bird seseccece ee 20 Rallus eeteee -22 900008 44 Swift... cccces 000000008 32
= | TE rae — ae 04, 35|Recurvirostra .... 43/Sylviidae......ccsccee 14
Kingbird.. .....31, 32)Oyster-catcher ... 39] Recurvirostride, 43/Symphemia ..... . 43
Kingfisher .....0.. 34) Parid&.........« cones 141 RCO Head... cessc0e OO/SYINIUM 520000200000 OF
INF IEL.. norcesccese 14/PATOGuct .....000 .. 04|Redpoll....... gases 7|Tachycineta....... 22
oe eS ee EEEREO Uy .ccscevse-sevoe 34) Redstart ...c0.,.sces 21 TANAGCL Ss. ccsceccces :
LAZOPUS. ....0.-.0000 5 oveve 14) RECADIFG...,<cecsee SU} LANASTIAE.. 10000000 23
INA yc cnonceces 22) PASSECT, ...0ccscccenee . 27|Regulus........ coscsy LE TAMPA lUS cc .ciessece 46
LA&DIUG........eceeree 22| PASSETELIA.....000008 29) RaynNChophanes, 27|Teal......ecccssessoeee 0
i 2 54| Passerina............ 29) Rhynehopide.... 56/Tern.........00 coessss OO
Lark.........16, 30, 31/Pavoncella... ..... 43|Rhynchops......... 56/Tetraonidee....... - 39
| LaruS..........0cee000 DD| PEGIOCRTES ....0000 39] RisSa......0008 sessoeee D0|Thrush......13, 14, 20
Leucosticte......... 27|Pelecanide........ 52|RODIN.........cccec0000 13) Thyrothorus ...... 16
| LIMOSG........0.2.22. 42) PELECANUS. ...ecevee S2/ RUT ......20000 erscees 43| TICMOUSE ...cecveves 14
US.) oe 27|Pelican ....... saadoat 52|Sanderling ........ 42)Tringa, ....... vacates
Long-shanks eee 43|Perisoreus.......... s0,0andpiper......42, 43) Trochilide........ ‘00
Longspur eerveceesece 27 Petrel #80 80688O8 -sece e 53 Sayornis seeeee ceecee e 32 TroChilusS....rcccccce 33
LE err Petrochelidon.... 22)/Scolecophagus ... 30/Troglodytes....... 16
‘Loxia eciees Stnoaand eo 27| PEUCRA .....4. miaeccee 28|Scolopacide ...... 40/Troglodytide .... 15
Macrorhampus.,.. 42|Pewee...... senacsesee O2/S COLO PAX eecesececes, £2) LLY NPIS ...cccscees 40
a 30|Phalacrocoracide |Scoter..............0. PULdides ..00.sscesos
Man-o’-war Bird 52 eocse er0000 @seeececeeecs 52 Scotiaptex eeecoes oe 35 Turdus.... @ocvecceses 13
Meadow-lark...... 30/Phalacrocorax... 52|/Shag ........06 sosesee OF] LUTK CY... 0000 sreeeee 39
Megascops ......... 30| Phalarope......43, 44/Shearwater........ 53| TULNStONe. .. cee 40
Melanerpes........ 34|Phalaropodidee .. 43/Shrike ......,...00«. 22) Tympanuchus,... 39
Meleagris........... 89| Phalaropus ....... . 44|Sialia........ sctsevees JO} LV TARTU. Sa csc0 31
MelospizZa........0 . 28| Phasianidee....... BOI SIS KAYE a cekeveocueds QUT YLANMUS sccsccecse OF
Merganser.....01, 52) Pheasant........e00«0 39|/SKIMMET,.......0006 56|Uria....... scsveusaen . 58
Merula....... ind BE UGCA, 5s ccesce 42/9 KY LALK seocenecel 6, OL| ULINATOL...c.cescese OL
Micropalama..... BPE ACEDE ccsscccnssvesee 32|Snakebird ......... 02) Urinatoride....... 57
BHETOPOGIAS....... 32) PICA,....ccssessceceeses DO| SNIPE. ...-cescesee AQ, 42! VitCO..csccsestcecsssve SE
EL VRIUS ....20<<004 EPICS. assocdc ossone 33|ISMOWDILG .....00008 29] VITCONIAE ....00006 ZL
Mimus........ sicmeeae 16| PICOIES...,...s0008 . 34/Somateria ......... ol| Warblers... 16, 18-21
Mniotilta ........00 18) PIZEON .......0000008 38/Solitaire ............ 14)WaxWiNG........0.0 22
Mniotiltidz........ AB) PINICO1S, ...100000005 26|Sparrow....27, 28, 29) Whip-poor-will ., 32
Mocking-bird, 15,16) Pipilo ......0-se0ee 29/Spatula.............. 90] Widgeon............ 50
Molothrus........., 30) Pipit......... tvevesesoe LOIS PCOLYLO vecseasececs 35] WiIL1lEE ...cccreesseeee 49
Motacillide....... . 16|Piranga...... eesoere 2O/9PNYTAPICuUS,...... 34] WOOACOCK ....s.000 42
Murre......... sesso» 58) Plataleidee ........ 46/SPiNUS ........eee000. 27| Woodpecker...38, 34
‘Myadestes ......... 14/Plectrophenax.., 27|SPiZa .....cccseerereee 29| Wren....... Suenes 15, 16
Myiarchus.......... 32|Plegadis ........0006 46/SPiZella ......0.0. pee) 20 DWC TAR ccuscusnsucseans 56
Night Hawk...... 32|PlOVEY ....000 sooevee 40/Spoonbill ........... 46) Xanthocephalus, 30
NomonyX........... 51] Podilymbus ...... 58|Squawk..... ssc 46) Yellow-legs....... 43
Nonpariel........... 29} Polioptila........... 14/Stelgidopteryx.., 23} Yellow-throat.... 20
Numenius.......... 43| POOCKEES............ 27/Stercorariide ..... 54/Zenaidura........... 38
Nuthatch .,,..ccovve 15|Porzana,............ 4oistercorarius ...... 64|Zonotrichia ...,.,. 28

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