Z fV\DU_ -S' 5U 0,2. NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM LIBRARY 2 6 OCT 2015 POIRIERIA Auckland Shell Club (Conchology Section, Auckland Museum Institute) http://aucklandshellclub.net.nz Volume 38, December 2014 ISSN 0032-2377 CONTENTS Natural History Museum Library P. 1 EDITORIAL Patricia Langford P. 2 INTERTIDAL AND SHALLOW SUBTIDAL BIOTA OF WHANGAPOLA AREA, NORTH-EAST COROMANDEL PENINSULA Bruce W. Hayward, Margaret S. Morley, A. Brett Stephenson, Hugh R. Grenfell, and Glenys C. Hayward P. 13 BEACHDRIFT COLLECTING ON TWO CONTINENTS IN TWO HEMISPHERES Michael K. Eagle P. 21 SHELLERS HEAVEN Heather Smith P. 24 PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA IN OCEAN DRILLING PROJECT CORE SITE ODP 1119, CANTERBURY BIGHT Margaret S. Morley, Bruce W. Hayward and Alan G. Beu P. 28 TAWERA SPISSA (BIVALVIA) PREDATION BY ASTROPECTEN POLYACANTHUS (ASTEROIDEA) IN NORTHLAND NEW ZEALAND Michael K. Eagle P. 31 CONCHOLOGY SECTION / AUCKLAND SHELL CLUB Doug Snook P. 32 MY FELLOW COLLECTORS Heather Smith ''Poirieria'' is the journal of a private club which is associated with the Auckland Museum Institute. Subscription to ''Poirieria" is by membership of the Auckland Shell Club. For more information see our website at http://aucklandshellclub.net.nz/. Views expressed in "‘‘Poirierid" are those of contributors and may not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Auckland Shell Club. Reference copies o{'''Poirieha" are held in the General Library of The Auckland War Memorial Museum and in the Natural History Library located in the Museum's Natural History Gallery. EDITORIAL NATURAL HISTORY museum library 2 6 OCT 2015 Patricia Langford t Dear Fellow Conchologists, of the media report of 28% increase in acidity of global seas during the past pL 200 years. This will obviously have significant impact on most marine lifeforms - not only molluscs. I have been glancing through back issues of Poirieria and am surprised to find that this will be my fifth editorial. Each time my environmental theme expands, and I make no apology for this. Prior to gaining this knowledge, I have been musing on what strategies molluscs are able to put in place, to adapt to a changing environment, apart from the obvious migrations, due to being transported by shipping, fishing nets, birds, or passive relocation due to current flow in warming seas. % There must be more to relatively humble, living molluscs than we generally observe. I have not forgotten the incredible Cassis cornuta story and photographs, courtesy of Neville Coleman, our Australian contributor in the Volume 34, September 2009 issue. I have been observing intriguing adaptations in my own home environment, that birds, insects and animals are making, in their continual adjustments to survival in the modem world. I have several generations of a Blackbird family, regularly tossing out all the leaves and debris that block my gutters, in their search for worms and insects. Good service indeed, but they do exact payment! Last Summer, I picked all my just-ripe garden berries and placed them on my kitchen bench, supposedly safe and sound. Next time I entered the kitchen, I was greeted by the sight of a few fruit remnants and lots of juice spatters, and a beady-eyed avian observer perched outside on a nearby bean trellis. Delightful little Rum (Morepork) sit above the streetlight, silent and still, until moths are attracted to the bright beam, then they swoop and snap up their reward. However this story beats them all - an enterprising Bmsh Tailed Possum tmndles wheezingly up the garden path, halts, rears up on his hind legs, waves a front paw at the front door sensor light, triggers it repeatedly, then patiently harvests his evening moth supper! So, what about those molluscs? Hopefully our keen human observers have some stories to tell us all. Your Editor 1 INTERTIDAL AND SHALLOW SUBTIDAL BIOTA OF WHANGAPOUA AREA, NORTH-EAST COROMANDEL PENINSULA Bruce W. Hayward, Margaret S. Morley, A. Brett Stephenson, Hugh R. Grenfell, and Glenys C. Hayward SUMMARY Four-hundred and fifty-nine species of marine biota (154 gastropods, 74 bivalves, 42 seaweeds, 40 foraminifera, 34 ostracods, 25 crabs and shrimps, 16 amphipods, 10 echinoderms, 10 chitons, 9 isopods, 9 polychaetes, 7 barnacles and smaller numbers of other groups) are recorded from a 4 km long stretch of coast around Whangapoua Beach, north-east Coromandel Peninsula, including New Chums Beach and inside the entrance to Whangapoua Harbour. INTRODUCTION As part of a wider project to document the biogeographic and ecological distribution of the intertidal biota around northern New Zealand, BWH, MSM, HRG and GCH visited the Whangapoua area, north east Coromandel Peninsula (Fig. 1) and undertook field work during several days of spring low tides in June 2000. Previous Work Morley et al (2006) recorded the elevationally-related zonation of 34 species of ostracod and 29 species of micromollusc in a transect across the foreshore and into the subtidal channel inside the entrance of Whangapoua Harbour, near the wharf. 2 SUBTIDAL BIOTA OF WHANGAPOUA HARBOUR ENTRANCE CHANNEL Six small dredge samples were taken from the main entrance channel from well inside the harbour (off the wharf) to fully outside the entrance, 1 km away (Fig. 1). The live fauna in the channel sediment inside the harbour is co-dominated (Fig. 2) by the sand-tube worm Pectinaria australis, heart urchin Echinocardium cordatum, turret shell Maoricolpus roseus and olive Amalda australis. Bivalves living subtidally in the harbour channel are Dosinia subrosea, Felaniella zelandica, Pecten novaezelandiae, Ruditapes largillierti, and Solemya parkinsoni. The outer part of the entrance channel has fewer living organisms with single records of live chitons (grazing over shells or cobbles) Acanthochitona zelandica, Chiton glaucus and Pseudotonicia cuneata, the gastropods Amalda australis, Cominella adspersa, C. virgata, Phenatoma rosea, Taron dubius, and bivalves Corbula zelandica, Nucula nitidula and the introduced parchment worm Chaetopterus . WHANGAPOUA HARBOUR Carpophyllum maschalocarpum Amalda australis Felaniella zelandica ENTRANCE CHANNEL Echinocardium cordatum Ruditapes largilliertii Dosinia subrosea Pectinaria australis Maoricolpus roseus Hormosira Crassostrea banksii QiQSS Austrominius modestus Xenostrobus pulex MANGROVES ROCKS Haustrum scobina Cominella virgata Petrolisthes elongates Cominella adspersa SEDIMENT Zostera muelleri Macomona Uliana Ischnochiton maorianus :stutchburyi Amphibola crenata Zeacumantus lutulentus INTERTIDAL INTERTIDAL Diloma aethiops Nerita melanotragus Fig. 2. Common biota of Whangapoua Harbour and entrance channel. Most drawings by MSM. INTERTIDAL BIOTA OF WHANGAPOUA HARBOUR Just twenty-four species were recorded living intertidally in or on the sediment substrate or on the mangroves inside the harbour. The species present are the same common assemblage found in these environments all around northern New Zealand. Abundant and habitat forming are mangroves, Zostera muelleri seagrass, neptune’s necklace seaweed Hormosira banksii, and salt marsh rushes. More abundant fauna include (Fig, 2) cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi, wedge shell Macomona Uliana, mud snail Amphibola crenata, parchment worm Chaetopterus (in Zostera), hom shell Zeacumantus lutulentus, whelk Cominella adspersa, cat’seye Lunella smaragda, topshell Diloma 3 aethiops, black Nerita melanotragus, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, flea mussel Xenostrohus pulex, nut shell Lmucida hartvigiana, acorn barnacle Austrominius modestus and cushion star PatirieUa regularis. A more diverse biota of 66 species lives on, among and under the sheltered intertidal rocks just inside the harbour entrance on the northern side. Nineteen taxa were assessed as being abundant or common (Fig. 2) and comprise 1 1 molluscs (grazing snails Diloma aethiops, Nerita melanotragus, Onchidella nigricans, Limella smaragda, chitons Sypharochiton peUiserpentis and Ischnochiton maorianus, carnivorous snails Cominella virgata, Haiistrum scobina, flea mussel Xenostrohus pulex, barnacle Austrominius modestus, cushion star PatirieUa regularis, kina Evechinus chloroticus, half crab Petrolisthes elongatus, seaweeds Carpophyllum maschalocarpum and coralline turf, the vermetid snail Stephopoma roseum and slipper limpet Maoricry^pta monoxyla, sea-squirt Asterocarpa coerulea and bryozoan Beania. Forty species of foraminifera and thirty-four species of ostracod were obtained from sand samples along a transect through the intertidal and shallow subtidal just inside Whangapoua Harbour entrance. Penion sulcatus WHANGAPOUA BEACH Aiistrolitlonna antipodum Chamaesipho brunnea INTERTIDAL ROCKS Chamaesipho columna Cellana omata Apophloea sinclairii Sypharochiton peUiserpentis P > ' Cominella quoyana Lunella smaragda Corallina officinalis Evechinus chloroticus Gan stangeri Ovalipes cathanis BEACH WASH-UP Resania lanceolata Myadora stnata Zenatia acinaces Pelicana vermis Calloria inconspicua Fellaster zelandiae Fig. 3. Common biota of Whangapoua Beach area. Most drawings by MSM. INTERTIDAL BIOTA OF EXPOSED ROCKS AROLND WHANGAPOUA BEACH One-hundred and ninety-one species were recorded living on or among rocks on the exposed rocky shore west of Whangapoua Beach. Zone forming organisms (Fig. 3) from high tide downwards are periwinkle Austrolittorina antipodum, barnacles Chamaesipho brunnea and C. columna, black Nerita melanotragus, topshell Diloma aethiops, limpets Cellana radians and C. ornata, snakeskin chiton Sypharochiton peUiserpentis, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, cat’s eye Lunella smaragda, red encrusting alga Apophloea sinclairii and stubbly Corallina officinalis, kina Evechinus chloroticus, brown seaweeds Xiphophora chondrophylla, Carpophyllum maschalocarpum and C. plumosum. Fifteen species of amphipod and nine of isopod were obtained by shaking them off brown leafy seaweed from the sublittoral fringe. 4 DEAD SHELL WASHUP ON EXPOSED BEACHES No live biota was recorded living intertidally in the beach sand. One-hundred and twenty-four species were recorded washed up dead (Fig. 3). Non-molluscs included broken tests of the sand dollar Fellaster zelandiae, carapaces of the swimming crab Ovalipes catharus and small red shells of the brachiopod CaUoria inconspicua. The washed-up shells of bivalves that live subtidally in a sand substrate 'mo\vidQ(\ Atrina zeJandica, Bassina yatei, Crassula aequilatera, Diplodonta globus, Divalucina cumingi, Dosinia anus, D. subrosea, Gari convexa, G. lineolata, G. stangeri, Oxyperas elongata, Mactra discors, Myadora striata, Panopea zelandica, Paphies donacina, P. subtrianguJata, P. ventricosa, Pecten novaezelandiae, PratuJum pulchellum, Resania Janceolata, Ruditapes largillierti, Scalpomactra scalpellum, Hiatula nitida, H. siliquens, Tawera spissa, Peronaea gaimardia, P. spenceri, Tucetona laticostata, Venericardia purpurata and Zenatia acinaces. Seafloor sediment-inhabiting gastropods whose shells were washed up included Alcithoe arabica, Amalda australis, A. mucronata, Aethocola glans, Cominella quoyana, Maoricolpus roseus, Pelicaria vermis. Semicassis pyrum, Struthiolaria papulosa, Tonna tankervillii, Stiracolpus pagoda and Zethalia zelandica. SPECIES LIST Locality types: Oualitative abundance: A Harbour entrance intertidal rocks - L27500, 504 a = abundant B Harbour entrance sheltered beach - L27501 c = common C Exposed intertidal rocks - L27502, 511,512,514 o = occasional D Intertidal seaweed wash - L275 11,512 r = rare E Exposed sand beach - L27503, 509, 5 1 0, 5 1 5 d = dead only F Harbour mangroves - L27505 G Harbour sea-grass flats - L27506 H Harbour sand flats - L27507 I Harbour salt marsh - L27508, 513 J Harbour entrance subtidal - L27520-525 Taxonomy of all groups has been standardised to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editors, 2014). L numbers are Auckland Museum Marine collection localities. MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA Acanthochitona zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) Chiton glaucus Gray, 1 828 Cryptoconchus porosus (Burrow, 1815) Eudoxochiton nobilis (Gray, 1843) Ischnochiton maorianus Iredale, 1914 Leptochiton inquinatus (Reeve, 1 847) Notoplax violacea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) Onithochiton neglectus Rochebmne, 1881 Pseudotonicia cuneata (Suter, 1908) Sypharochiton pelliserpentis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) GASTROPODA Aethocola glans [P..od\ng, 1798) Alcithoe arabica (Gmelin, 1791) Amalda australis (Sowerhy, 1830) Amalda mucronata {Sowerhy, 1830) Amphibola crenata (Gmelin, 1791) Amphithalamus falsestea (Ponder, 1968) Anabathron hedleyi (Suter, 1908) Anabathron rugulosum (Powell, 1930) Antisolarium egenum (Gould, 1849) Aplysia keraudreni Rang, 1828 Asteracmea suteri (Iredale, 1915) Atalacmea fragilis (Sowerby, 1823) Austrolittorina antipodum (Philippi, 1847) Austromitra rubiginosa (Hutton, 1873) Axymene traversi {WuHon, 1873) Boreoscala zelebori (Dunker, 1 866) Buccinulum linea (Martyn, 1784) Buccinulum robustum Powell, 1929 ABCDEFGHI J o o o o o r r c o o r 0 c c r r r d d d d o o r d d d c c r d d c 0 0 d d r d d d d r r d 0 d d d d d d 5 A B r F G H I J Buccinulum vittatum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Caecum digitulum Hedley, 1 904 Calliostoma punctulatum (Valenciennes, 1846) Caniharidus rufozonus (A Adams 1853) Cantharidus sanguineus (Gray, 1843) Canthahdus tesselatus (A Adams, 1851) Cantharidus purpureus (Gmelin, 1791) Cellana ornata (DiWwyn, 1817) Cellana radians (Gmelin, 1791) Cellana stellifera (Gmelin, 1791) Charonia lampas (Perry, 1811) Clio sp. Coelotrochus oppressus (Hutton, 1878) Coelotrochus tiaratus Quoy & Gaimard, 1 834 Coelotrochus viridis (Gmelin, 1791) Cominella adspersa (Brugiere, 1789) Cominella glandiformis (Reeve, 1847) Cominella maculosa (Martyn, 1 784) Cominella quoy ana quoy ana A Adams, 1 854 Cominella virgata virgata H & A Adams, 1853 Cookia sulcata (Gmelin, 1791) Dentimargo cairoma (Brookes, 1924) Dicathais orbita (Gmelin, 1791) Diloma aethiops (Gmelin, 1791) Diloma bicanaliculata (Dunker, 1844) Diloma subrostrata (Gray, 1 835) Diloma zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Eatoniella albocolumella Ponder, 1 965 Eatoniella atervisceralis Ponder, 1965 Eatoniella atropurpurea (Frauenfeld, 1 867) Eatoniella lambata {WwMon, 1883) Eatoniella lutea (Suter, 1908) Eatoniella notata (Ponder & Yoo, 1977) Eatoniella olivacea (Hutton, 1 882) Eatoniella roseospira (Powell, 1937) Eatoniella sp. Eatonina atomaria {Vov^eW, 1933) Eatonina micans ('Webster, 1905) Eatonina subflavescens (Iredale, 1915) Elachorbis subtatei (Suter, 1907) Emarginula striatula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Epitonium jukesianum (Forbes, 1852) Epitonium tenellum (Hutton, 1885) Euterebra tristis (Deshayes, 1859) Fictonoba carnosa carnosa (Webster, 1905) Fictonoba rufolactea (Suter, 1908) Haliotis australis Gmelin, 1 79 1 Haliotis iris Gmelin, 1791 Haliotis virginea virginea Gmelin, 1791 Haminoea zelandiae (Gray, 1843) Haustrum haustorium (Gmelin, 1791) Haustrum scobina (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 833) Herpetopoma bella (Hutton, 1873) Incisura lytteltonensis (E A Smith, 1 894) Leuconopsis obsoleta (Hutton, 1878) Linopyrga rugata rugata (Hutton, 1 886) Lodderia iota Powell, 1940 Lunella smaragda (Gmlein, 1791) Maoricolpus roseus roseus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 834) Maoricrypta costata (G B Sowerby, 1 824) Maoricrypta monoxyla (Lesson, 1 830) Marinula filholi Hutton, 1878 Melanella sp. Merelina lyalliana (Suter, 1 898) Merelina taupoensis Powell, 1939 Mesoginella koma (Sowerby, 1 846) Mesoginella larochei (Powell, 1932) Monophorus fascelina (Suter, 1908) Monoplex parthenopeum (von Salis Marselins, 1793) o o r d o c d d c r o a c d o c c d C D r o o c c 0 o c r o o o 0 o c r o 0 c r c c c c d 0 c o o r E d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d c d d 0 c d o d o o c d o d o d c d r d d d o 0 d d d d d o d d r d d d d d d d d d d d d o d d o d d 6 A B H I J Murexul mariae Finlay, 1930 Neoguraleus murdochi (Finlay, 1924) Nerita melanotragus E A Smith, 1884 Nilsia cuvieriana (Suter, 1908) Notoacmea elongata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Notoacmea scapha {SvXqv, 1907) Notoacmea pileopsis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 834) Notoacmea subtilis (Suter, 1907) Nozeba emarginata Hutton, 1 885 Odostoma incidata Suter, 1 908 Onchidella nigricans (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 832) Onoba candidissima (Webster, 1905) Ophicardelus costellaris (H & A Adams, 1 854) Orbitestella parva (Finlay, 1924) Patelloida corticata (Hutton, 1880) PaxuUa paxillus (Mur &och., 1905) Penion sulcatus (Lamarck, 1816) Phenatoma rosea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Pisinna manawatawhia (Powell, 1937) Pisinna olivacea impressa (Hutton, 1885) Pisinna semiplicata (Powell, 1927) Pisinna semisulcata (Hutton, 1 885) Pisinna zosterophila (Webster, 1905) Potamopyrgus estuarinus Winterbourne, 1971 Proxiuber sp. Pusillina hamiltoni (Suter, 1 898) Radiacmea inconspicua (Gray, 1843) Risellopsis varia (HutXou, 1873) Rissoella cystophora (Finlay, 1924) Rissoella elongatospira Ponder, 1 966 Rissoella flemingiVorxder , 1968 Rissoella rissoaformis (Powell, 1939) Rissoina chathamensis (Hutton, 1873) Rissoina zonata Suter, 1909 Sagenotriphora ampulla Hedley, 1 903 Scutus breviiculus (Blainville, 1817) Seila cincta (Hutton, 1 866) Semicassis pyrum (Lamarck, 1 822) Serpulorbis sp. Sigapatella novaezelandiae (Lesson, 1831) Sigapatella tenuis (Gray, 1867) Sinezona brevis (Hedley, 1 904) Siphonaria australis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 Siphonaria propria Jenkins, 1983 Stephopoma roseum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 834) Stiracolpus pagoda (Reeve, 1 849) Struthiolaria papulosa (Martyn, 1784) Struthiolaria vermis (Martyn, 1784) Tanea zelandica Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 Taron dubius (Hutton, 1878) Tonna tankervillii Hedley, 1919 Trichosirius inornatus (Hutton, 1873) Tugali elegans Gray, 1 843 Tugali suter i (Tkieie, 1916) Turbonilla powelli Bucknill, 1924 Turbonilla sp. Xymene ambiguous (^hWippi, 1844) Xymene plebeius (Hutton, 1 873) Xymenella pusilla Suter, 1907 Zalipais lissa (Suter, 1908) Zeacumantus lutulentus (Kiener, 1841) Zeacumantus subcarinatus (Sowerby, 1855) Zemitrella choava (Reeve, 1859) Zemitrella fallaxVov/eW, 1940 Zemitrella sp. Zethalia zelandica (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1855) BIVALVIA Acar sociella (Rrookes, 1926) Anomia trigonopsis Wution, 1877 d a d d c c d r r r c c d r r c d d d d d d C D E F G d d d a d c d o d o r r 0 c r d d d c o r 0 r d d d r d c d d d c c d 0 c d d o d 0 o c r d o d r d r o r c o d r d d d r d 0 o r d d o d d d d d d d 0 r d d d d d d d d d c d c d d d d d d d d r d d d d d d d d d d d 7 ABC Arthritica bifurca (Webster, 1908) d Arthritica crassiformis PoweW, 1933 d Atrina zelandica (Gray, \835) d Austrovenus stutchburyi (Gray in Wood, \S2S) d d d Barbatia novaezelandiae (E A Smith, \9\ 5) r d Barnea similis (Gray, 1835) d Bassinayatei (Gray, \S7)S) d Borniola reniformis (Suter, 1 908) r Cardita distorta Reeve, 1 843 r Condylocuna concentrica Bernard, 1 897 Corbula zelandica Quoy & Gaimard, 1835 r g/ga5 (Thunberg, 1793) c Crassula aequilatera (Deshayes, 1 854) Cyclomactra ovata (Gray , \%A1>) d Cyclopecten transenna (Suter, 1913) Diplodonta globus (Eirday, 1926) Divalucina cimingi (A Adams & Angas, 1 864) d Dosina mactracea (Eroderip, 1835) & (Hutton, 1873) d Do5/>j/a (Philippi, 1848) d Dosinia greyi Z.itte\, \%6A d Dosinia subrosea (Gray , 1835) Felaniella zelandica (Gray, 1835) d Gari convexa (Reeve, 1857) Gari lineolata (Gray, 1835) Gari stangeri (Gray in Diefenbach, 1 843) Glycymeris modesta (Angas, 1 879) Hiatella arctica(Emr\aeus,\lbl) o c Hiatula nitida (Gray, 1843) Hiatula siliquens (Willan, 1993) Irus elegans (Deshayes, 1854) Kellia cycladiformis (Deshayes, 1 834) Lasaea hinemoaEirday, \91S r Lasaea parengaensis PoweW, 1935 d Limaria orientalis (Adams & Reeve, 1850) o Lim^culahartvigiana(PEei^^er,\%bA) d c d Macomona Uliana (Iredale, 1915) d Mactra discors Gray, 1 837 Melliteryx parva (Deshayes, \S5b>) d d Musculus impactus (Hermann, 1 782) o Myadora striata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 835) Myllitella vivens vivens Eirday, 1927 d MylUta stowei (Huttorx, iSlZ) d Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 Neolepton antipodum (Eihoi, \SS0) d o Nucula nitidula A Adams, 1 856 d Oxyperas elongata Quoy & Gaimard, 1 835 Panopea zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 835) Paphies australis (GmeVm, \19\) c d Paphies donacina (Spengler, 1793) Paphies subtriangulata (Gray, 1 828) d Paphies ventricosa (Gray, 1843) Pecten novaezelandiae Reeve, 1853 d Perna canaliculus (GmeEm, \19\) o r Peronaea gaimardia (Iredale, 1915) Peronaea spenceri (Suter, 1907) Philobrya munita (Eirday , 1930) r Pratulum pulchellum (Gray, 1843) Protothaca crassicosta (Deshayes, 1 835) Pseudarcopagia disculus (Deshayes, \S55) d r Resania lanceolata Gray, 1 852 Ruditapes largillierti (Phdippi, 1849) d Saccostrea cucullata glomerata (Goidd, 1850) c Scalpomactra scalpellum (Reeve, 1854) d Scintillona zelandica (Odhner, 1924) Solemya parkinsoni L A Smith, 1 874 Talochlamys zelandiae (Giray, \M2) o d Tawera spissa (Deshayes, 1835) d Trichomusctilus harhatus (Reeve, U^5H) o r Tucetona laticostata (Quoy & (iaimard, 1 835) d D E F G H d d a d d d d d d d d d d d d d c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d r d d d d d d d d d d d d c d d d d d J d d d r o o d d r r d d d d d d d r d d r d r d d r d d d 8 0.0.0. Venericardia purpurata (Deshayes, 1 854) Xenostrobus pulex (Lamarck, 1819) Zenatia acinaces (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) CEPHALAPODA Octopus sp. Spirula spirula {Lmnaevi?,, 1758) ABCDEFGH d c c d r d d d ECHINODERMATA: ASTEROIDEA AUostichaster polyplax (Muller & Troschel, 1844) Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray, 1 840) Patiriella regularis (Verrill, 1867) ECHINOIDEA Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1 777) Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes, 1846) Fellaster zelandiae Gray, 1855) Holopneustes inflatus (A Agassiz, 1 872) HOLOTHURIA Australostichopus mollis (Hutton, 1872) OPHIOROIDEA Ophionereis fasciata Hutton, 1 872 Ophiopteris antipodum E A Smith, 1 877 o r o 0 c c c cad d d r r o r CRUSTACEA Alope spinifrons (H Milne-Edwards, 1837) Arenopaguristes pilosus (H Milne-Edwards, 1836) Cyclograpsus lavauxi H Milne-Edwards, 1853) Eutynolambrus australis H Milne-Edwards & Lucas, 1841 Guinusia chabrus (Linneaus, 1758) Halicarcinus cookii Eilhol, 1885 Halicarcinus planatus (Fabricius, 1775) Halicarcinus whitei (Miers, 1876) Hemigrapsus crenulatus (H Milne-Edwards, 1837) Hemigrapsus sexdentatus (H Milne-Edwards, 1837) Hemiplax hirtipesHeWer, 1865 Heterozius rotundifrons A Milne-Edwards, 1867 Leptograpsus variegatus (Fabricius, 1793) Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777) Notomithrax ursus (Herbst, 1788) Ovalipes catharus (White, 1 843) Ozius truncatus H Milne-Edwards, 1 834 Pagurus novizealandiae (Dana, 1 852) Pagurus sp. Palaemon affinis H Milne-Edwards, 1837 Petrolisthes elongatus (H Milne-Edwards, 1837) Petrolisthes novaezelandiae Eilhol, 1885 Pilumnus lumpinus Bennett, 1964 Periclimenes yaldwyni Holtuis, 1959 CIRRIPEDIA Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854) Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1 854 Chamaesipho brunnea Moore, 1 944 Chamaesipho columna (Spemgler, 1790) Epopella plicata (Gray, 1843) Tetraclitella purpurescens (Wood, 1815) OSTRACODA Arcuacythereis sp. Argilloecia a^^. pusilla (Brady, 1880) Aysegulina quadrazea (Homibrook, 1 952) Callistocythere innominata (Brady, 1 898) Callistocythere neoplana Swanson, 1979 Callistocythere aff. puri McKenzie, 1 967 Callistocythere aff. ventroalata Yassini & Jones, 1995 Copytus novaezelandiae (Brady, 1898) Cytherella sp. 2 Morley & Hayward, 2012 Cytherella Swanson, 1979 Cytheropteron latiscalpum Homibrook, 1952 Cytheropteron sp. 1 Morley & Hayward, 2012 Diasterope grisea Brady, 1 898 o r r o r o c o a d d d d d d d d d d d d 0 r r o o r r c o c r r c r r a 0 o o o d 0 o d d a a o o o J d r r d d 0 r r r r 9 Hemicy’therura pentagona Homibrook, 1 952 Hermanites aff. andrewsi Swanson, 1979 Loxoconcha punctata Thomson, 1 879 Loxocythere crassa Homibrook, 1 952 Microcytherura hormbrooki (McKenzie, 1967) Microcythenira sp. 1 McKenzie, 1 967 Munseyella tumida Sv/anson, 1979 Miinseyella sp. 2 Morley & Hayward, 2012 Neocytherideis anneclarkae Yassini & Jones, 1967 Oculocytheropteron improbum (Homibrook, 1952) Paracypris zealandica Brady, 1 880 Paradoxostoma albaniense Hartmann, 1979 Polycope sp. 3 Morley & Hayward, 2012 Procy’thereis lyttletonensis Hartmann, 1 982 Quadracythere biruga Homibrook, 1 952 Swansonella novaezelandica (Hartmann, 1982) Swansonites aff. aequa (Swanson, 1979) Trachyleberis probesioides Homibrook, 1952 Trachyleberis zeacristata Homibrook, 1952 Xestoleberis olivacea Brady, 1 898 Waiparacythereis joanae Swanson, 1 969 ISOPODA Amphoroidea media Hurley & Jansen, 1971 Batedotea elongata (Miers, 1 876) Cassidinopsis admirabilis Hurley & Jansen, 1977 Cleantis tubicola (Thomson, 1885) Dynamenoides decima Hurley & Jansen, 1977 Ischyromene huttoni (G Thomson, 1 879) Plakarthrium typicum Chilton, 1883 Pseudosphaeroma campbellensis Chilton, 1909 Scutuloidea maculata Chilton, 1883 AMPHIPODA Allorchestes novizealandiae Dana, 1 852 Bircenna fulva ChWXon, 1884 Caprella sp. Gammaropsis sp. Gondogeneia rotorua J L Barnard, 1 972 Ischyrocerus longimanus (Halswell, 1 879) Jassa falcata (Montagu, 1 808) Maera sp. Orchestia sp. Parawaldeckia pulchra Lowry & Stoddart, 1 983 Photis brevicaudatus (Norman, 1 867) Podocerus manawatu J L Barnard, 1 972 Podocerus wanganui J L Barnard, 1 972 Protohyale maroubrae (Stebbing, 1899) Protohyale rubra (Thomson, 1 879) Tetradeion crassum (Chilton, 1883) Tanaidacea ABCDEFGHI J d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d o r r r r c r o o c r o o o a c c r r o c o 0 a a o c POLYCHAETA Chaetopterus sp. Flabilligera bicolor (Schmarda, 1861) Galeolaria hystrix Morch, 1863 Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje, 1844 Pectinaria australis (Ehlers, 1905) Spirobranchus cariniferus (Gray, 1843) Salmacina australis Haswell, 1885 Spirorbis sp. Spionidae indet CNIDARIA Amphisbetia sp. Culicia rubeola (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Diadumene neozelanica Carigren, 1 924 Isactinia tenebrosa Farquhar, 1898 Isactinia olivacea (Hutton, 1 878) Monomyces rubrum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 833) Oulactis magna (Stuckey, 1909) r c c r r r r a o r o o o o o d o o a d o o c r r d r 10 BRYOZOA Beania spp. A B C D E F G H I J c FORAMINIFERA AmmobacuUtes exiguus Cmhmm &.Broxm\mdiX\n, 1948 d Ammonia aoteana{^'m\d.y,\9AQ) d Ammonia pustulosa (Albani & Barbero, 1982) d Bolivina cacozelaVeWa, \951 d Bolivina compacta Sidehottom, 1905 d Bolivina neocompactaMcCuWoch, 1981 d Bolivina striatula Cushman, 1 922 d Bolivina variabilis (^'dWam^on, 1858) d Buliminella elegantissima d'Oxh\g[\y, 1839 d Cassidulina carinata Silvestri, 1896 d Cibicides dispars {d'Oxhigay, 1839) d Cornuspira planorbis ’&c\\\x\X.ZQ, 1854 d F/Zo/zec/ra v//rea (Parker, 1953) d Elphidium advenum limbatum (Chapman, 1 907) d Elphidium advenum maorium Hayward, 1997 d Elphidnm charlottense (VeWa, 1957) d Elphidium excavatum clavatum Cushrr\ar\, 1930 d Elphidium excavatum excavatum (Terquem, 1 875) d Elphidium excavatum williamsoni Haynes, 1973 d Globocassidulina minuta {C\x^\\mar\, 1933) d Guttidina irregularis {d'Orhigrry, 1846) d Haynesina depressula a\]f,er &. donQS, 1798) d Miliammina fusca (Brady, 1870) d Notorotalia spp. d Patellinella inconspicua {Brady, 1884) d Portatrochammina sorosa (Parr, 1950) d Quinqueloculina carinatastriata (Vdesner, 1912) d Quinqueloculina incisaWeWa, 1957 d Quinqueloculina seminula (Lmnaeus, 1758) d Quinqueloculina suborbicularis d’Orbigny, 1 826 d Quinqueloculina cf. subpolygona Parr, 1 945 d Rosalina irregularis (Rhumbler, 1 906) d Rotaliammina adaperta{PJrmmb\Qr, 1938) d Ratal iammina ochracea (y^\\\\am'!,or\, 1858) d Scherochorella moniliforme {SiddaW, 1866) d Spiroloculina subaequaMcCuWoch, 1977 d Textularia ealandi Parker, \952 d Virgulopsis turris (Heron-Alien & Earland, 1922) d Wiesnerella auriculata (Egger, 1 893) d Zeaflorilus parri (Cushman, 1936) d BRACHIOPODA Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1 846) d PORIFERA Aaptos aaptos {S>c\\rr\\d\., r Tethya burtoni Sara & Sara, 2004 o Tethya bergquistae Hooper, 1 994 o re/Zzyc? wor/o/?/ Bergquist & Kelly-Borges, 1991 o r Timea aurantiaca Bergquist, 1 968 r ASCIDIANS Aplidium phortax y[\cbae\ser\, 1924 Asterocarpa coerulea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 834) c o Cnemidocarpabicornuta {S\mter,\909) r r Corella eumyota'PrausiedX, \%%2 r r Pyura rugata BreWm, \9d% r o PISCES AcanthoclinusfuscusJer\yns, 1841 r Diplocrepis puniceus (Richardson, 1 846) r Trachelochismus melobesiaPhiWipps, 1927 r ALGAE Apophlaea sinclairii Hooker & Harvey, 1 845 o a 11 r I J A B C D E ?Bryopsis sp. o Carpophylliimflexuosum(E%'pQx)GxQ\\\\Q, 1830 o Carpophyllum maschalocarpum {JximQx)GxQ\\\\Q, c c Carpop/?v//j/wp/j/wo5ww (Richard) Agardh, 1878 o c Champia novae-zelandiae (Hooker & Harvey) Harvey, 1 843 o CoJm/w cowvo/»/jYw (Dellow) Silva, 1962 o c Codium dimorphum Svedelius, 1900 o CoJ/ww /rag/Ze (Suringar) Hariot, 1889 o Coc//ww grac/Ve (Schmidt) Dellow, 1952 o o Co/powe«/a5//7i/05a (Mertens) Derbes & Solier, 1851 r o Corallina officinalis LmndiQUS, \1 5% c a Cystophora retroflexa (Labillardiere) J Agardh, 1848 Cystophora torulosa (Brown) J Agardh, 1 848 o Dasyclonium incisiim (J Agardh) Kylin, 1956 o Dictyota kunihii (C Argadh) GreviUe, \S30 o o Ecklonia radiata (C Agardh) J Agardh, 1 848 r Enteromorpha sp. o Gelidium sp. Gigartina laingii Lindauer ex Chapman, 1 979 o Gigartina livida (Turner) J Agardh, 1 842 o Gigartina macrocarpa ] Agardh, \876 o o Hormosira hanksii iJumer)Deca\sne, \M2 o o Jania rosea (Lamarck) Decaisne, 1 842 o Landshurgia quercifotia J D Hooker & Harvey, 1855 o Laurencia distichophylla J Agardh, 1 852 o Laurencia thyrsifera ] Agardh, \S76 o o Lessonia variegata J Agardh, 1 877 o Melanthalia abscissa (Turner) J D Hooker & Harvey, 1 845 o Osmundaria colensoi ( J D Hooker & Harvey) Norris, 1991 o Petalonia hinghamiae (J Agardh) Vinogradova, 1973 o Plocamium cirrhosum (Turner) Wynne, 2002 o P5/7o/?/7ya/5 a/veo/(3/a (Turner) Nelson et al., 201 1 o o Pterocladiella capillacea (Gmelin) Santelices & Hommd,, 1997 o Pterocladia lucida (Brown) J Agardh, 1851 o Sarcothalia atropurpurea {] Agardh) \\omrr\Qr^ar\d, \991> o o Scytothamnus australis ( J Agardh) J D Hooker & Harvey, 1 845 o Scytothamnus fasciculatus (Hooker & Harvey) Cotton, 1915 o 5/?/ac/7/7/77n//w nrgo5t//w (Linneaus) Greville, 1 830 o o Tenarea carpophyllii (Heydrich) Chapman & Parkinson, 1974 o (7/va /ac/Mco Linnaeus, 1753 o r Xiphophora chondrophylla (Browr\) Mor\tagr\e, 1893 a F o a H o PLANTAE Avicennia marina australasica (Walp.) Moldenke a Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Ascherson, 1867 a LICHENS Lichina confinis (Muller) C. Agardh, 1821 o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the Gribben family for providing accommodation at nearby Matarangi during our field work and Dr Wilma Blom for identifying several polychaetes for us. REFERENCES Morley, M.S., Hayward, B.W., and Grenfell, ll.R. 2()06. Molluscs and ostracods in a tidal transect from Whangapoua Estuary, Coromandel Peninsula. Poiricria 32, 24-33. Worms Editorial Board 2014. World Register of Marine Species. Available from http://www.marinespccics.org at VLIZ. Accessed 20 1 4- 1 0-02 12 BEACHDRIFT COLLECTING ON TWO CONTINENTS IN TWO HEMISPHERES Michael K. Eagle INTRODUCTION Two geographically different shoreline sections on two continents in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres were collected for beach-drift molluscs during the early half of 2014. The first beach, located in the Northern Hemisphere, is a stretch of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, eastern United States Atlantic coast, on the edge of the North American Continent. It is an open ocean setting stretched along an accretionary prism of sand banks (the famous aeronautical site of Kittyhawk is immediately north) and dune barriers that enclose the Albemarle, Croatan, and Pamlico Sounds. The foreshore searched there in spring over a period of two days in early March is located north of renowned Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, but south of Currituck Lighthouse, Corrolla. The second beach, located in the Southern Hemisphere, on the eastern fringe of the Australian Continent is Manly Beach, on the North Shore of Sydney Harbour; an Australian landmark. Nearby Manly Cove was first named by Captain Arthur Phillip for the indigenous people living there. The Manly isthmus offers the unique combination of wide ocean beaches on one side and serene sandy harbour coves and inlets on the other. It was the ocean beach at Manly adjacent to North and South Styne Roads that was collected in early May. A sweep north and south between the Sydney Sandstone rocky outcrops at either end occurred within the space of several hours in the late autumn afternoon whilst the sea was running at half-tide. Both collections are not show quality, with a number of specimens worn, damaged, or encrusted by other marine organisms, signifying epibiotant colonization post-mortem. Additionally, both collections do not necessarily mean that current populations of the species exist where found, particularly as some shells are abraded, may have been carried some distance, and been unoccupied for some time. Identifications were aided by Gosner (1978), Huber (2010), the digital Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Australian node, and Beechy (2014). OUTER BANKS, NORTH CAROLINA: ATLANTIC OCEAN The Atlantic Flyway keeps hundreds of bird species soaring overhead at this locality and for sea birds food is plentiful year-round. Off-shore the Gulf Stream and Labrador Currents meet in confluence to produce a teeming diversity of marine life. The Outer Banks have neighbourhoods backing onto national seashores, state parks, and wildlife refuges - not to mention an enclosed estuary system variously open to the sea that is the spawning ground and nursery for many species of marine biota. The American Atlantic Temperate Region extends from Cape Cod south to Texas, with the coastline becoming virtually subtropical in summer. Cape Hatteras is a natural boundary, dividing the Atlantic region into Virginian and Carolinian faunal provinces. Such marine provinces marked by biogeographical boundaries in the sea are not absolute, but are effectual environmental, and thereby, biotic filters. The Virginian Province possesses very few endemic species that are native or confined to a particular region; only a small percentage (c.30%) of species found in the Carolinian Province pass through the Cape Hatteras environmental filter. The effectiveness of such barriers varies seasonally, with the water-current temperature conveyor-belt the main controlling influence. Cape Hatteras is a weak barrier in summer, when the surface water becomes stratified and warmed all along the Atlantic coast north to Cape Cod. Because of the proximity of human habitation, many areas of the enclosed Albemarle, Croatan, and Pamlico Sounds are plagued with pollution, causing shellfish sanitation proclamations and maps to be regularly posted by the North 13 Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries. Consequently, stretches of the Atlantic Coastline are affected from time to time (in summer seasons more so), by the outwash of such areas where habitat conservation, though on-going, has been less than successful. Elaine Nino and the author collected washed up molluscs along a stretch of the Outer Banks Atlantic seashore from south of Avalon Pier, Kill Devil Hills to the Nags Head Pier, Nags Head (Fig. 1, 2) over several days inclusive of .March 1 1-12 2014. Scouring successive tide-lines of surf churned ruts and rills gouged out in the finely ground Piedmont quartz sand. Several efforts at beach-combing produced the following molluscan taxonomic list. In addition to the molluscs collected (see: Fig. 3), teleosts, echinoderms, corals, Crustacea, annelid tubes, barnacles, sponges, bryozoa, jellyfish, egg-sacs and tunicates, were identified, but are not accounted for here. Fig. 1. Locality map for Kill Devil Hills and Nags Head. Fig. 2. Beach at Kill Devil Hills, Outer Banks, Atlantic Ocean looking north toward Avalon Pier. GASTROPODA FISSURELLIDAE ACMAEIDAE LITTORINIDAE TEREDINIDAE CERITHIIDAE EPITONIIDAE JANTHINIDAE CALYPTRAEIDAE NATICIDAE Diodora cayenensis Lamark, 1 822 Acmaea testudinalis Muller, 1776 Littorina irrorata (Say, 1822) Teredo naval is Linneaus, 1758 Bittium varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) Epitonium rupicola (Kurtz, 1860) Epitonium angulatum (Say, 1831) Janthina janthina Linnaeus, 1758 Crepidida fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758) Crncihninm striatum (Say, 1826) Polinices duplicatus (Say, 1 822) Lunatia pallida (Brodcrip & Sowcrby, 1 829) Lunatia herns (Say, 1 822) Sinum perspectivum (Say, 1831) 14 CASSIDAE BUCCINIDAE MELONGENIDAE MURICIDAE THAIDIDAE NASSARIIDAE RETUSIDAE OLIVIDAE TEREBRIDAE ATYIDAE BIVALVIA NUCULIDAE ARCIDAE MYTILIDAE PECTINIDAE ANOMIIDAE OSTREIDAE CARDITIDAE LUCINIDAE MACTRIDAE PHARIDAE TELLINIDAE DONACIDAE SANGUINOLARIIDAE VENERIDAE MYACIDAE CORBICULIIDAE HIATELLIDAE PHOLADIDAE LYONSIIDAE CEPHALOPODA SPIRULIDAE LOLIGINIDAE PhaJium granuJatum i>ramilatum (Bom, 1778) Neptunea lyrata decemcostata (Say, 1 826) Buccinum undatum Linneaus, 1758 Busy con canal iculatum Linneaus, 1758 Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822) Nucella JapiUus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius (Ilyanassa) obsoletus (Say, 1822) Retusa canaliculata (Say, 1 826) Oliva sayana Ravenel, 1 834 Terebra dislocata Say, 1 822 Haminoea sol itaria {Say, 1822) Nucula proximo Say, 1 822 Noetia ponder osa (Say 1822) Area imbricata Bmguiere, 1789 Anadara brasiliana (Lamark, 1819) Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 Modiolus demissus Dillwyn, 1817 Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Argopecten irradians (Lamark, 1819) Anomia simplex d'Orbigny, 1853 Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791 Cyclocardia borealis (Conrad, 1831) Dinocardium robustum Lightfoot, 1786 Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1831) Divaricella quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny, 1842) Rangia cuneata {Sov^exby, 1832) Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) Siliqua costata (Say, 1822) Tellina versicolor DoK.ay, 1843 Stringilla mirabilis (Philippi, 1841) Tellina iris Say, 1 822 Macoma tenta (Say, 1 834) Donax variabilis Say, 1822 Tagelus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1786) Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Gemma gemma (Totten, 1 834) Dosinia discus (Reeve, 1850) Raeta plicatella (Lamarck, 1818) My a arenaria Linneaus, 1758 Polymesoda caroliniana (Bose, 1801) Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) Cyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus, 1758) Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad, 1831) Spirula spirula (Lmnaows, 1758) Loligo pealeiihQSVLcm, 1821 15 Fig. 3. Selection of Outer Banks, Atlantic Ocean molluscs: A. Mercenaria mercenaria; B. Siliqua costata, C. Busycon canaliculatunr, D. Noetia ponderosa E. Phalium gramdatum granulatimv, (no scale implied). COMMENTS The cosmopolitan oceanic vagrant Janthina was represented by a single specimen, as was the mono-specific cephalopod Spirula - both remnants possibly from last season’s migratory wash-up? The biodiversity of tellinids collected was depauperate compared to the many species of that group known to populate the Outer Banks between Cape Hatteras and Corolla. Lack of adequate substrate along this stretch of Atlantic coastline also meant that the many limpets and chitons known to occur from Cape Cod to Florida were lacking. A number of species taken commercially for food are represented, namely the whelks Buccitmm undatum and Busycon canalicu/atum, and the clams Crassostrea virginica, both Aequipecten species, Mytilus edulis, Mercenaria mercenaria (common Quahog, also known as the Round or Hard-shelled Clam, but commercial processers name them on size: ‘Littleneck’ to 38mm, ‘Cherrystone’ to 50mm, and ‘Chowder’ to 75mm or more), Spisula solidissima (the most common bivalve on the North American Atlantic coastline south of Cape Cod), Mya arenaria, and the squid Loligo pealei. Buccinum undatum is the common edible whelk of Europe and Britain, and is to be found in various forms in many fish markets there. Though not widely eaten in the United States, some are exported to Europe, mainly Italy. It is a scavenger on dead fish, but also predates other benthic animals. Along the Atlantic shoreline it is regarded, along with another buccinid, Neptunea decemcostata as a major bait-thief by lobster-fishers. Busycon canalicu/atum is the largest gastropod living on the United States Atlantic coastline. The large whelk is also a nuisance to lobster-fishers, being also attracted to bait pots Busycon canalicu/atum naturally feed mainly on bivalves, which they do by inserting the anterior canal between the prey’s valves as a lever, then use their shells as a hammer to chip away at the opening of the prey’s broken shell. This action accounts for some B. canalicu/atum specimens possessing broken anterior canals when taken. This animal is also eaten in Europe and the West Indies and exported there as a ‘by-catch’ of commercial 16 dredging. The mollusc’s rubbery consistency is overcome by beating, shredding, or slicing combined with herbs and spices, often marinated in wine and soya sauce. These and other Atlantic fished whelks are sold in Italian markets as the main ingredient of the dish ‘Scungili’. Crassostrea virginica is plagued with several diseases (i.e. protozoan; microbial pathogens), many predators including: sea stars, carnivorous gastropods, crabs, Stylochus flatworms, teleost fishes (such as rays), birds (e.g. Oyster-catchers), human pollution, and over-fishing. Annual production of around one million eggs per female oyster is a major factor in this species survival. It has been introduced to Hawaii. In prime habitats, maturity of the Blue Mussel {Mytilus edulis) and Bay Scallop (A. irradians) occurs within one year, enabling breeding to occur and sustain populations (see: Gosner 1978). The gregarious M. edulis occurs in the collected vicinity attached to pier pilings. The common surf clam SpisuJa solidissima was until c.1978 little valued commercially. Since then, exploitation of S. solidissima as an export commodity accounts for a major proportion of the United States clam crop. Mya arenaria (local common name: soft-shelled clam) is a sea food delicacy usually fried, but also known as the ‘Steamer’, ‘Long Clam’, ‘Gaper’, or ‘Nannynose’. Diving ducks, whistling swans (which can extract them from deep burrows), various rays including the cow-nose ray, and people predate them. As in other commercial enterprises they are harvested by hydraulic dredge or winch-trawled. An abundant shallow-water species in the Atlantic Ocean, L. pealei is taken commercially for local and export consumption, both as a food delicacy and fish- bait. The record here of the cephalopod locally known as the long-fmned squid, is based on a beak attached to piece of regurgitated cadaver, probably by a common Laughing Gull {Larus atricilla). MANLY BEACH, NORTH SYDNEY: TASMAN SEA On Saturday May 3 2014 Darryl Gerkin, Michele Eagle, and the author collected tide-line beach- drift from Manly Beach, Sydney (Fig. 4, 5), which is open to the Tasman Sea on a small coastal embayment. The beach is long and wide, but constrained by rocky headlands that provide a hard substrate for marine biota. Collected shells (see: Fig. 6) produced the following molluscan taxonomic list as well as echinoderms, Crustacea, annelid tubes, barnacles, sponges, and bryozoa not accounted for here. Fig. 4. Locality map for Manly Beach, Sydney. Fig. 5. View of Manly Beach, Sydney showing the south rocky headland (left) of Sydney Sandstone. 17 GASTROPODA HALIOTIDAE FISSURELLIDAE PATELLIDAE TROCHIDAE TROCHINAE TURRITELLIDAE CASSIDAE CYMATTIDAE MURICIDAE POLYPLACOPHORA ISCHNOCHITONIDAE BIVALVIA ARCIDAE GLYCYMERIDIDAE MYTILIDAE PTERIIDAE PECTINIDAE ANOMIIDAE OSTREIDAE LIMIDAE LUCINIDAE CARDITIDAE CARDIIDAE MACTRIDAE MESODESMATIDAE SOLENIDAE TELLINIDAE Haliotis coccoradiata Reeve, 1 846 Haliotis ruber Leach, 1814 Scutus antipodes Montfort, 1810 Tugali elegans Gray, 1 843 Scutellastrea chapmani (Tennison-Woods, 1876) Patella laticostata Blainville, 1825 Cellana tramoserica (Holten, 1802) Cellana solida (Blainville, 1825) Patelloida alticostata (Angas, 1865) Patelloida latistringata (Angas, 1865) Granata imbricata (Lamarck, 1816) Stomatella varia (A. Adams, 1850) Clanciilus maugeri (Wood, 1828) Clancidus plebejus (Philippi, 1851) Maoricolpus rosea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Semicassis pyrum pyrum (Lamark, 1822) Cabestana spengleri (Perry, 1811) Dicathais orbita (Gmelin, 1791) Ischnochiton {Ischnoradsia) australis (Sowerby, 1 840) Ischnochiton (Ishnochiton) versicolor (Sowerby, 1840) Barbatia (Barbatia) pistachia (Lamarck, 1819) Glycymeris (Glycymeris) striatularis (Lamarck, 1819) Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 Xenostrobus pul ex (Lamark, 1819) Septifer cumingii Recluz, 1 849 Modilarca impacta (Hermann, 1782). Brachidontes rostratus (Dunker, 1857) Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) Chlamys (Belchlamys) aktinos (Petterd, 1 886) Chlamys asperrima (Lamark, 1819) Anomia trigonopsis (Hutton, 1877) Monia zealandica (Gray, 1843) Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) Ostrea angasi Sowerby, 1871 Lima lima vulgaris (Link, 1 907) Lima (Limaria) orientalis (A. Adams & reeve, 1850) Limatula strangei (Sowerby, 1872) Nevenulora hilaira (Hedley, 1917) Anadontia (Cavatidens) omissa (Iredale, 1930). Cardita crassicosta Lamarck, 1819 Cardita excavata Deshayes, 1 854 Acrosterigma cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855) Nemocardium (Nemocardium) bechi (Reeve, 1840) Mactra (Austromactra) contraria Reeve, 1854 Mactra (Plectomactra) antecedens Iredale, 1930 Paphies (Amesodesma) elongata (Reeve, 1 854) Solen (Solen) vaginoides Lamark, 1818 Tellina (Pistris) capsoides Lamark, 1818 18 DONACIDAE VENERIDAE MYOCHAMIDAE TeUina deJtoidalis Lamark, 1818 Donax {Plebidonax) deltoides Lamark, 1818 Donax (Deltachion) brazieri Smith, 1 892 Dosinia caerulea {Reeve, 1850) Bassina (Callanaitis) disjecta (Perry, 1811) Irus (Irus) crebrelamellatus (Tate, 1887) Myadora pandoriformis (Stuchbury, 1830) CEPHALOPODA SEPIIDAE Sepia {Amplisepia) apama Gray, 1849 Fig. 6. Selection of Manly Beach, Sydney molluscs: A. Bassina {Callanaitis) disjecta', B. Cabestana spenglerv, C. Solen {Solen) vaginoides', D. Haliotis coccoradiata', E. Paphies {Amesodesma) elongata', F. Anomia trigonopsis', G. Irus (Irus) crebrelamellatus', H. Stomatella varia', 1. Scutellastrea chapmani (no scale implied) COMMENTS Of note was the paucity of gastropods; juvenile Haliotis were the most common. An abundance of limpets, mytilids and Lima bivalves prevailed with the occasional Chiton; all except Lima ecologically reliant on the benthic rocky substrate and outcrops situated about the cove headlands. Interestingly, no Spirula tests were found, the only cephalopod recovered being the calcareous gladius of the common cuttlefish Sepia. There was one prize in the collection, a very small shell of red tone with black forming a variegated pattern more or less organized into spiral bands where red dominated known as Stomatella varia (Fig. 6H), with the aperture inside nacreous. The shell is ear- shaped, and could easily be mistaken for a juvenile Haliotis sp., but it lacks the spiral series of holes, has a finer sculpture than any species of Haliotis found in the area, and has a more evenly rounded body whorl. Overall the shell is oblong, with 3 whorls, the penultimate body whorl being 19 the largest; the shell apex is slightly raised with a suture distinct but not deeply impressed; the surface of the shell is glossy, with a sculpture of very fine spiral grooves and faint growth lines. In life the animal is larger than the shell, with a very large foot produced posteriorly and not retractable into the aperture; like species of Haliotis, there is no operculum. The animal is known in the Mediterranean (recorded only in 1999) from Gonyiik near Kemer, southeastern Turkey (Schniebs, 2000). Elsewhere it is recorded from disjunct sites in the Indo-Pacific including Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and in the Red Sea. Australian Stomatel/a varia live on a shallow (<30m), stony substrate, possess nocturnal habits, and seek refuge and safety beneath gravel or stones during daytime. Should the animal be captured or predated upon, it is able to autotomise the posterior part of the foot, and if escape is successful, this is able to later regenerate. Collecting so many species also found in New Zealand (e.g. Cabestana spengleri] Maoricolpus roseiis; Semicassis pynm pyrum\ Dicathais orbita; Anomia trigonopsis) in one place in such a short time was a surprise, but understandable given that some species are cosmopolitan or aided migrants. Also of interest was the ‘Chinaman’s Fingernail’ bivalve, Solen (Solen) vaginoides. It has always confounded me that if New Zealand species can migrate to Australia (given their salinity and temperature range), against sea-currents or via ship’s ballast water, then why couldn’t Solen, a wide ranging, warm-temperate razor shell, migrate the Tasman Sea or hitch a ride as ballast in some ship, and become established here (as the Australian arcid Anadara trapesia (Deshayes, 1839) did in Auckland Harbour during the last warm climate cycle)? Known world-wide, the shallow-water, elongate burrowing bivalves of the Solenidae usually live in the sand of intertidal flats, and possess fragile shells that have an internal reinforcing rib with hinge teeth of small cardinals. The cosmopolitan genus Barbatia is known from Northern Hemisphere Jurassic localities, with many described species extant worldwide. Dosinia caendea is also an inhabitant of Japanese waters in 10 to 30m depth. The (now common) edible oyster Crassostrea gigas is a Pacific Ocean/Tasman Sea Japanese introduction in many countries including eastern Russia, eastern China, western Canada, western United States, Hawaii, and New Zealand. Septifer cumingii is known from many places within a greater equatorial belt globally, but the New South Wales coastline about Sydney is the only known occurrence of the mytilid in Australia. Type locality of extant Anomia trigonopsis is the Early Miocene (Altonian) fossil site at Southbum Sand, White Rock River, Southland, New Zealand. The species has a known age range of at least 27 million years, possibly 42 million years, and is one of very few living species. There appears no shell morphological differences between A. trigonopsis and the type species A. ephippium Linnaeus, 1758 (Recent, North Atlantic and Mediterranean). A DNA expression is advisable prior to possible synonymy. Myadora pandoriformis is known from Eastern Australia (see: Huber 2010), being originally described by Stutchbury ( 1 830) from Port Jackson, New South Wales. Notable is that a large number of the molluscs collected from Manly Beach are endemic to Australia (e.g. Granata imbricata; Clancnius maugeri). REFERENCES Australian node of the Global Biodiversity Infonnation Facility (GBIFI): Atlas of Living Australia: httn://bie.ala.oru.au/specics/urn:lsid:biodi versitv.oru.au/ Beechy, D. 2014. The Seashells of New South Wales. Release 17: litUrZ/seashel lsofnsw.oru.au/ Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): http://www.ubif oru/snccics/ Gosner K. L. 1978. A Field Guide to the Atlantic Shore. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston USA: 329p Huber M. (2010) Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3300 of the worlds marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks: 901 p., 1 CD. Schniebs K., 2000. Erster Nachweis einer Stomatelliden-Art im Mittelmeer (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Malakologische Ahhandlungen 20(1 1): 99-100. 20 SHELLERS HEAVEN Heather Smith In August 2014, my twin sister Alison and I arrived in the Yardies Camping Ground in Exmouth, Western Australia. We were told that if we wanted to see turtles we had to drive two kilometers baek down the road to a large termite mound on the left where there is a four wheel drive track out to the coast. We quickly befriended some Australians who owned a four wheel drive and wanted to see turtles too. Surprisingly we found the four wheel drive track without any trouble, and headed out to the coast. Alison and I, sitting in the back seat, suddenly were aware of shells, many shells, on either side of the track in the sand hills. Our driver didn’t seem at all interested in shells so we continued on out to the coast to view turtle tracks and two turtles wallowing in the shallows, and also the skull of a Dugong. Next morning we rose early, drove our small motor-home to the termite mound, parked safely off the road, then walked two kilometers along the same four wheel drive track. We were in shellers heaven! White fossilised reef shells stretched off the track in both directions over an area we estimated to be about 1.5km long, 50m wide and about two kilometers inland from the coast. I set about collecting one of each species. The Cowries were very difficult to identify quickly so I just kept picking them up. Alison was happy just collecting attractive shells. We visited the same site four times! On returning to Exmouth township we enquired about cyclones, and when the last one had occurred. In March 1999 cyclone Vance hit Exmouth with wind gusts recorded at 267 km/h the highest wind gusts ever recorded in the Australian mainland. A 3.5m storm surge swept inland and brought with it a large quantity of shells from the Ningaloo Reef This surge must have swept in between sand hills and streamed along behind the hills two kilometers inland, parallel to the coast. It is hard to imagine the devastation this must have caused out on the actual reef The tropical shells we found had obviously been in the sun for 14 years and had turned white/cream, but most were still intact. r Fig. 1. Shellers heaven - two kilometers inland! Fig. 2. Turtle tracks Fig. 3. Dugong skull 21 Imagine having been on the spot immediately after the cyclone. However I think most of the local people had more important issues to attend to than shell collecting! Nobody we have spoken to since our encounter knew anything about our find. Some of the locals had been driving their four wheel drive vehicles right through the area leaving obvious tracks however by the time we visited, four wheel driving had been restricted to proper tracks. On arriving home in New Zealand it was interesting to identify each shell and display it with a recent shell of the same species. You never know just when you are going to end up in shellers heaven! Fig. 4. Note the tops of Melo Amphora Fig. 5. Samples of shells on sand The shells identified are ... Acrosterigma reeveanum Amoria damoni Amoria grayi Angaria delphinus Bulla ampulla (thousands of them) Cellana radiata Cerithium echinatum Conus capitaneus Conus dorreensis Conus monachus Conus striatus Conus victoriae Conus vitulinus Cymatium pileare Cymhiola nivosa Cymhiola ohlita Cypraea annulus Cypraea arahica Cypraea caputserpentis Cypraea carneola Cypraea caurica Cypraea eglantina Cypraea erosa Cypraea errones Cypraea lynx Cypraea moneta Cypraea tigris Cypraea vitel ///.v ( m a n y ) tig. 6. Shells identified with recent shells of the same species. 22 Melo amphora (many large, shattered with only the top section left in one piece) Metalia spatagus (sea urchin) Nassa serta Nerita albicilla Nerita balteata Nerita plicata Oliva lignaria Oliva miniacea Ovula ovum Phalium bandatum Polinices didyma Polinices melastomus Strombus mutabilis Strombus vomer Tectus pyramis Thais orbita Tonna perdix Tonna pomum Tonna variegata Tridacna maxima Trochus maculatus Fig. 7. Shells identified with recent shells of the same species. Fig. 8. Shells identified with recent shells of the same species. 23 PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA IN OCEAN DRILLING PROJECT CORE SITE ODP 1119, CANTERBURY BIGHT Margaret S. Morley, Bruce W. Hayward and Alan G. Beu SUMMARY We record 19 species of gastropod and 25 species of bivalve from Pleistocene sediment recovered from Ocean Drilling Programme core site 1 1 19 at 393 m deep in the Canterbury Bight. These are additional to the 15 species of larger gastropod and 5 species of larger bivalve previously recorded from this drill core. Most of the molluscs recorded here are still living today in mud on the upper slope (200-600 m) around New Zealand. INTRODUCTION In 1988, one of us (BWH) was lucky enough to be a participating scientist on an eight-week leg of the Ocean Drilling Programme, which was drilling holes in the sea floor east of New Zealand. The first site drilled was in the shallowest water (393 m) and located in the Canterbury Bight. BWH’s task was to process sediment samples from the retrieved cores and use the fossil foraminiferal shells within them to provide geological dates on when they were deposited. In addition to the fossil foraminifera, some of the samples contained a number of fossil mollusc shells. These were later shown to MSM, who identified them all. ODP SITE 1119 The drill site was located 96 km east of the Canterbury coast, off Timaru (44° 45.332’ S 172° 23.598’ E; Fig. 1. It was drilled in August 1998 by the RV Joides Resolution drillship (Fig. 2) at a water depth of 393 m on the upper continental slope. Three offset holes (1 1 19A, 1 1 19B and 1 1 19C) were drilled to obtain a complete sequence. Hole A was designed to recover only a single core to a depth of 6 m below the seafloor. Hole B went to a depth of 155 m below seafloor recovering sediment in 17 9-m-core lengths. Hole C was sunk to a depth of 407 m below seafloor recovering sediment in 52 9-m-core lengths. ODP 1119 Mollusc-bearing samples The sediment down the core was dated using the known succession of the fossilised shells of the microscopic planktic groups foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton and diatoms. BWH was on board as a foraminiferal micropaleontolo- gist and obtained samples of sediment that were processed to reveal the microfossils present. This involved washing the sediment sample with water over a sieve with 63 micron openings to remove all the mud and leave the sand or larger sized grains and fossils. Thirteen of these samples contained a number of small (<5 mm) mollusc shell fossils that have been identified and are listed below. Fig. 1. Location of ODP Site 1119, Canterbury Bight. Because BWH was on-board ship he was able to get access to larger sediment samples (50-100 ml) from the core catchers (CC) than are usually provided from the ODP sediment repositories in USA or Germany ( 1 0-20 ml). These larger samples had more mollusc fossils than arc usually found in deep-sea cores. On board the ship, all sediment cores arc cut in half lengthwise to reveal their sequence of sediment, which is described, tested and sampled. One of the chief scientists. Dr Bob 24 Carter, collected all shells (usually >8 mm in size) that were revealed in the cut face (Fig. 3) and these larger fossils were identified by himself and Dr Alan Beu. These identifications were published in a table by Carter and Beu (1999) and are included in the species list below for completeness. The cored sedimentary sequence The full cored sequence at ODP site 1119 extends back in time to about 3.9 million years ago in the Pliocene Period (Carter, 2005). It contains sediment deposited through almost all of cold and warm cycles of the Ice Ages (last 2.6 million years). The sediment consists of a cyclic succession of grey mudstone deposited during cold intervals (glacials) and thin shell-bearing sand beds deposited during the warm intervals (interglacials) (Carter et al., 2004). During the glacials sea-level was a lot lower (up to 120 m lower) and the coast of South Canterbury was a lot closer to the drill site. Thus during glacials a vast quantity of glacial flour eroded off the Southern Alps was carried down rivers to the Canterbury Bight and across the narrowed continental shelf to be deposited on the continental slope as massive mud (Site 1119). During the higher sea levels of the interglacials, there was far less sediment being carried down the rivers and the continental shelf was far wider and deeper. Thus most of the mud in suspension that reached the sea was swept northwards along the shelf by the strong Southland Current. Only a small amount of sand that was reworked from the outer shelf by bottom currents was deposited down the continental shelf in the vicinity of the drill site. The fossil molluscs Based on the larger molluscan fossils picked out of the split cores, it has noted that the most common bivalves in the glacial muds were Zygochlamys delicatula and that the most common shells in the interglacial sands were Tawera spissa and Limopsis peteri (Carter and Beu, 1999; Carter et al., 2004; Carter, 2005). The glacial muds also contain archibenthal gastropods, including ComineUa alertae, Aeneator recens, Provocator mirabilis and Uberella denticulifera (Carter and Beu, 1 999). This molluscan fauna is similar to the upper bathyal fauna that occurs today on mud substrates on the New Zealand upper slope. Today the northernmost living records of Z. delicatula is 45 deg S, slightly south of ODP site 1119 (Carter, 2005). During glacials, fossil records from around the North Island indicate that the cool-water fan shell Z. delicatula, migrated hundreds of kilometres northwards and retreated again during the interglacials. Almost all the samples that we obtained small molluscan fossils from were in mud deposited during glacial periods, because there is far more of it than the interglacial sand. As with the larger gastropods, the majority of the smaller molluscan fossils are the same as those that are common today at upper slope depths (200-600 m) around New Zealand. This can be seen by the depths recorded by Powell (1979) listed in the Species List below. 6 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36 3: Fig. 3. Section of core from ODP 1119 showing the fossil gastropods ComineUa alertae (left) and Aoteatilia sp. (right). Fig. 2. ODP drilling ship RV Joides Resolution. 25 SPECIES LIST OF MOLLUSCA IDENTIFIED IN PROCESSED MICROFOSSIL SAMPLES FROM ODP SITE 1119, CANTERBURY BIGHT Samples: A = 1 1 19B-1H-1,135-139 cm, 14000 yrs ago B= 1119A-1H-2, 25-29 cm, 15,000 yrs ago C = 1 1 1 9 A- 1 H-CC, 1 8,000 yrs ago D = 1 1 19B-2H-CC, 24,000 yrs ago E = 1 1 19B-3H-1, 40-44 cm, 24,000 yrs ago F = 1 1 19B-3H-3, 25-29 cm, 36,000 yrs ago H= 1119B 1 = 1119C- J = 1119C- K = 1119C L = 1119C M= 1119C 15H-CC, 1 million yrs ago 22X-CC, 1.6 million yrs ago 23X-CC, 1.7 million yrs ago 27X-CC, 1.9 million yrs ago -36X-CC, 2.6 million yrs ago -41X-CC, 3 million yrs ago G = 1 1 19B-3H-4,120-124 cm, 47,000 yrs ago Many of the mollusc specimens in the above samples were hard to identify because they were small, juveniles, damaged or only pieces. * Extinct taxa Gastropoda Aeneator elegans Aeneator recens Aequispirella finlayi Amalda cf. novaezelandiae Antimelatoma buchanani Ao teat ilia sp. Bathytoma murdochi Belomitra aoteana Brookula prognata Brookula sp. Calagrossor aldermenensis Cominella alertae* Cominella cf elegantida Comitas cf. onokeana* Friginatica conjuncta Falsilunatia amhigua Limacina sp. Marginellidae indet. Melanel/a lalertae Odostomia cryptodon Odostomia hyp ha I a Uherella denticidifera PoweUisetia Igradata Powellisetia suhtenuis PoweUisetia temiisculptal Powellisetia sp. Provocator mirahilis Pimcturella cf analoga Pus il Una o tagoens is Splendrilla majorina Stiracolpiis pagoda Stiracolpus sp. Taranis nexilis Ihicarinata Terelimella henthicola Turridac indet. Zeatrophon amhiguus Zerotula sp. ABCDEFGHI J K L M Depths in Powell,79 X X X X X X X X X X 260m 400-680m 180m 366-475m 360-640m planktic X 73m X X 1260m 130-300m 0-260m 3 10m 361 m 540m 4-1 10m 36-55m 460-63 Om 0-90m Specimens Carter & Ben, 99 C-5H C-23X C-9H to B-12H C-9H to C-22X B-6H B-6H C-27X C-15H B-llH C-9H toC19X C-52X C-14H to C29X B-611 C-1511 C-23X 26 A B C D E F Bivalvia Bathyarca cybaea X ? Bathythaerus cnneata X Cyclochiamys aupouria X X X X Cyclochlamys transenna X Cyclochiamys sp. Ennucula strangei X Ennucula strangeiformis X Hiatella arctica X X X Hamacuna sp. Lissarca benthicola Lissarca aff stationis X X Lissotesta otagoensis* X ?Lucinoma galathea X Limopsis peteri* Monia sp. X X Neolepton antipodum X X X Neoloepton sublaevigatum X? Neolepton subobliquum? X Neilo australis Nuculana sp. Nuculidae indet. pieces X Pectinidae indet. Philobrya meleagrina X Pronucula maorial X Pronucula tenuis? X X X Purpurocardia purpurata X Tawera marionae X X X X X Tawera spissa Zygochlamys delicatula X X X X Bivalve pieces indet. X Barnacle plate indet. Brachiopod indet. X X X X Bryozoans X XX Echinoderm spines X X X Serpulid worm tubes X X X HI J K L M Depths in Specimens Powell, 79 Carter & Beu, 99 200m 170m X X X X 540m 90m X 6-450m 540m X X 0-1 80m X X 470-640m 85m 470m-630m 260-640m X C-25X 0-3 10m X 260m 260m C-23X C-32X X X X 90m 260m 310m 0-1 80m 110m B-lHto B-lOH 540m C-3H X REFERENCES Carter, R.M. and Beu, A.G. 1999. Mollusks in Carter, R.M. et al. Chapter 3, Site 1119: Drift accretion on Canterbury Slope. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports 181,p.l8. Carter, R.M., Gammon, P.R. and Millwood, L. 2004. Glacial-interglacial (MISl-10) migrations of the Subtropical Front across ODP Site 1119, Canterbury Bight, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology 205: 29-58. Carter, R.M. 2005. A New Zealand climatic template back to c.3.9 Ma: ODP 1 1 19, Canterbury Bight, Southwest Pacific Ocean, and its relationship to onland successions. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 35: 9-42. Powell, A.W.B. 1979. New Zealand Mollusca. Collins, 500 p. 27 TAWERASPISSA (BIVALVIA) PREDATION ASTROPECTEN POLYACANTHUS (ASTEROIDEA) IN NORTHLAND NEW ZEALAND Michael K. Eagle Several storms at the end of July 2014 caused consecutive wash-ups of seaweed, sponges, ascidians, brachiopods, molluscs, Crustacea and echinoderms upon Oakura Bay Beach Whangaruru Harbour, Northland (Fig. 1, 2). ^Motutara I {^^^Motukehua I Fig. I. View of Oakura Bay Beach, Whangaruru Harbour looking Fig. 2. Oakura, Northland locality diagram, west with seaweed and shell/stone swale evident at high- tide line. Additional to those biological accumulations, tidal stone and shell deposits were irregularly redistributed from sandy mid-tide levels into upper beach swales reaching to the high-tide line in the proximity of an eroding foreshore grassed sand bank. Piles of dead and rotting invertebrates intercalated with worn shell and rock debris constituted a modem tempestite. Some beach-drift invertebrates were more predominant than others, often composed of numbers of a single species, perhaps indicating larger populations than their faunal associates or occupants living in preferential biotopes near shore. Post-mortem molluscan species were dominated by the bivalves: (Venus Clam) Bassina (Callanaitis) yatei (Gray, 1835); (Ringed Dosinia) Dosinia {Austrodosinia) anus (Philippi, 1848); (Dog Cockle) Tucetona laticostata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835); (Morning Star or Zig Zag Cockle) Tawera spissa (Deshayes, 1835); and the edible (Tua Tua) Paphies suhtriangulata (Wood, 1828). Amongst the dead, dried, black tangle of Carpophyllum august ifolium J. Agardh, 1878 (Phaeophyta: Sargassaceae) seaweed, various sponges, feasting isopods and copepods, were large quantities of (sand sifting starfish or comb star) Astropecten polyacanthus Miiller and Troschel, 1842 (Asteroidea; Paxillosida; Astropectinidae) (Fig. 3), and an occasional Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray, 1 840) sea star. Astropecten polyacanthus is the most widespread species of the genus, found in shallow tropical to warm-temperate seas down to about 185 metres (607 ft) throughout the Indo-Pacitlc region from the Red Sea and Zanzibar east to Hawaii, and from Japan south to Australia and New Zealand (where it is not found south of New Plymouth or Fast Cape). On close inspection it was found that the oral cavities on the underside of many A. polvacanthus had juvenile and adult T. spissa lodged in them (Fig. 4). The oral cavity oi'A. polvacanthus opens through a short esophagus into a cardiac stomach, and thence into a secondary pyloric stomach. 28 Arms also contain two pyloric caeca each (long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach) lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from ingested food. Astropecten polyacanthus also possesses a short intestine located from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach opening out at the anus. Astropecten polyacanthus like other sea-stars has a set of specialized tube feet, but in A, polyacanthus they are pointed rather than suckered to dig into soft substrates to extract bivalve prey such as T. spissa abundant in Oakura Bay. Morton & Millar (1968; 505) record “one specimen tightly distended with a one-inch long Chione [Austrovenus stuchburyi] shell.” Although A. stuchburyi are also numerous in Oakura Bay, none were found to be predated upon by A. polyacanthus washed up there. Fig. 3. A section of storm wash-up of the sea star Fig. 4. A. polyacanthus on Oakura Bay Beach. Ingested T. spissa within the oral cavities of three adult specimens of^. polyacanthus. Ingestion of prey by A. polyacanthus is the result of the echinoderm’s use of its peribuccal tube- feet. When the prey is beneath the mouth the disc is arched - a posture which allows more of the tube feet to come in contact with the prey - and the jaws are widely opened allowing the tube-feet to then push the prey upwards into the stomach (Jangoux & Lawrence 1982). Grasping the conjoined valves, A. polyacanthus slowly pries open the prey's valves by wearing out the bivalve’s adductor muscle. Once the muscle relents A. polyacanthus then inserts its everted stomach into the crack between valves to digest residing soft tissues; the gap between the valves need only be a fraction of a millimetre wide for the stomach to gain entry. The sea star’s disc is lowered and the food often bulges through the aboral surface of the animal. Depending on the size of the prey ingestion usually takes between 10 to 30 minutes. Fig. 5. A. Tawera spissa from Oakura Bay near-shore beds same size as predated specimens in A. polyacanthus (scale in mm). B. Infaunal mode of T. spissa. Fig. 6. Three specimens of A. polyacanthus with oral cavities ripped open post- mortem by partially digested specimens of T. spissa. 29 Astropecten polyacanthus contains the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, (TTX) which has no known antidote (see; Lin & Hwang (2001). TTX may be acquired by predators of A. polyacanthus and suceeeding predators (ineluding humankind) via the food chain, sometimes with fatal effect. Tawera is a genus of the family Veneroidea ranging from the Eocene to present day of Australia, South America, and New Zealand. It is distinguished from related genera by the absence of an anterior lateral tooth in the left valve, and the sculpture of fine, rounded concentric ridges. Endemic to New Zealand T. spissa is a gregarious, facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeding bivalve with an intricate and often decorative shell (see: Cumber 1983) (Fig. 5) found sub-tidally at Oakura Bay living in dense beds near shore. Numerous specimens of washed-up A. polyacanthus were found with oral cavities ripped apart post- mortem by partially digested T. spissa valves opened by relaxed (decayed) adductor muscles and pressure-released methane gas resulting from the mollusc’s putrefying viscera (Fig. 6). No other bivalve or mollusc other than T. spissa was found to be predated by A. polyacanthus suggesting preferential feeding. REFERENCES Cumber, R. (1983). Colour patterns of Tawera spissa (Deshayes, 1835) (Veneridae) in the far North. Poirieria 13 (2): 8-9. Jangoux, M. and Lawrence, J.M. (1982). Echinoclerm Nurtition. CRC Press: 700p. Lin S.J and Hwang D.F (2001). Possible source of tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropecten scoparius. Toxicon 39 (4): 573-9. Morton, J. and Miller, M. (1968). The New Zealand Seashore. Collins; 638p. 30 CONCHOLOGY SECTION / AUCKLAND SHELL CLUB Doug Snook FORMATION DATES OF VARIOUS SHELL CLUBS 1910 -Boston U.S.A. 1930 - Conchology Section, Auckland N.Z. 1931 - American Malacological Society 1941 - Hawaian Malacological Shell Club 1949 -New York U.S.A. 1955 - San Antonio Texas U.S.A. 1959 - Jacksonville U.S.A. 1960 - Pacific North West 1961 - San Diego U.S.A. 1962 - Yeppoon Queensland Australia 1963 - Captiva, Sanibel U.S.A. 1964 -Chicago U.S.A. 1964 - Wellington N. Z. 1965 -Oregon U.S.A. 1975 -Middleton U.S.A. 1987 - Palmetto 1995 - Solaris Indonesia 1995 - Czech Conch Collectors PRESIDENTS OE THE CONCHOLOGY SECTION / AUCKLAND SHELL CLUB 1930- 1948 1949 - 1950 1951 1952 - 1953 1954 - 1956 1957 - 1961 1962 1963 - 1965 1966- 1969 1970- 1971 1972 - 1976 1977 1978 - 1982 1983 - 1984 1985 - 1991 1992 - 1996 1997- 1998 1999-2000 2001 -2004 2005 - 2007 2008 - 2009 2010-2014 Mr. A W B Powell Mr. A E Brookes Captain F W Short Mr. W P Thomson Mr. Norm W Gardner Mr. A K Hipkins Mr. T P Warren Mr. Jock Walker Mr. S A Ayling Mr. T P Warren Miss Joan Coles Mr. Norm W Gardner Mr. Bob C Grange Mr. Doug C Snook Mrs. Margaret Morley Mr. Tony Enderby Mr. Glen Carter Mrs. Glenys Stace Mr. Doug C Snook Mrs. Heather Smith Mr. Martin Walker Mrs. Heather Smith 31 MY FELLOW COLLECTORS Heather Smith As a conchologist it is always a delight to visit fellow shell collectors and view their collections. Over the years I have visited numerous conchologists and been privileged to share and admire their treasures. Often photos were taken. As our club nears its 85th anniversary, it seems appropriate to document some of these wonderful people in our magazine. Heather Smith > I have been President of the Auckland Shell Club for the last 5 years. I am passionate about shells, where they live, what they eat, how they survive, etc. I enjoy collecting and identifying shells, and displaying them on trays for others to appreciate. This is why I put so many exhibits in the New Zealand and Australian Shell Shows, [where she always wins many awards! Ed.] My shells are kept in small plastic bags with labels, in two fridges where they remain at a constant cool temperature so that they do not lose any of their moisture or fade. < Bob & Betty Grange Have spent the last 27 years living in Houhora in the Far North of New Zealand. Betty passed away in 201 1 and Bob now lives in a home in Albany. Both have been members of the club for many years and Bob spent some time as President and Betty as Secretary. They have been life members of the Auckland Shell Club. Their collection filled a spare room in their home and members loved to go up and visit them both. They travelled regularly to shell shows in Australia. Doug & Judith Snook > Live in Takanini and have one of the largest shell collections in New Zealand. Both Doug and Judith have been regular attendees at Auckland Shell Club meetings for many years and Doug had served for several years as President. They participate in all club functions and also spend time talking about shells with groups and clubs. They arc life members of the Auckland Shell Club. 32 Peter Poortman > Has an extensive collection of New Zealand shells and is very knowledgeable about New Zealand Mollusca. Recently he put his shell collection online at www.nzshells.net.nz. and this is a very useful resource for the identification of New Zealand shells. Peter has also put an enormous amount of time and energy into the Auckland Shell Club, writing the monthly newsletters, administering the club website, publishing Poirieria magazine and organising the regular shell auctions and shell shows. Margaret Morley < Lives in Pakuranga Auckland, and has an interest in New Zealand marine fauna including micro-molluscs and Ostracods. She is very active with field work, gathering data for research and scientific papers. She has been a member of the club for many years, is a life member, and has been Patron for several years. She has achieved 22 years of voluntary work at the Auckland Museum in the Marine Department and has recently received an Associate Emerita Medal from the Auckland War Memorial Museum for her work. Mike & Val Hart Live in Papatoetoe and have a large collection of Cypraeidae, specialising in Australian Zoilas. Mike's collection also includes Conidae and Pectinidae. They have a room full of shells under their house and it is always a treat to go and see it. Mike travels the world and trades shells with some of our members, which we greatly appreciate! < Derrick & Ann Crosby Live in Whakatane and have a large collection of both worldwide and New Zealand shells. Derrick and Ann always attend the various shell functions throughout New Zealand and have been members of the Auckland club for many years. 33 Jenny Raven > Lives in Wellington and has an extensive collection of New Zealand Shells. She has been president of the Wellington Shell Club for a number of years. She is co-author of the 20 1 0 book 'New Zealand Seashells Visual Guide'. Jenny wrote the script and took every photo in the book. She attends all New Zealand Shell functions and has also travelled to Australia to enjoy the Shell Shows there. Selwyn Bracegirdle v Lives in Wellington and collects both worldwide and New Zealand shells. He is co-author of the 2010 book 'New Zealand Seashells Visual Guide' which benefitted immensely from his professional graphic designer skills. Anyone who is serious about collecting New Zealand shells should have a copy of this book! Kris Woods v Lives in Wellington and collects both worldwide and New Zealand shells. She attends all New Zealand shell functions and also some shell shows in Australia. She has travelled extensively, and collected shells in different parts of the world including Florida and Mauritius. < Bruce Marshall Bruce is New Zealand's foremost Malacologist, regularly publishing scientific papers on Mollusca. He is based at Tc Papa and is always happy to assist us amateurs. 34 Martin & Maribel Walker > Collect worldwide shells, and have a special interest in land snails. Martin recenlty built three new cabinets which were long overdue. Martin's father (Jock) was a member of our club long ago, and both he and Martin have served as club Presidents. Luen Jones v Has built up an impressive collection of worldwide shells, mainly from online and club auction purchases. He has a particular interest in world record size shells, of which he has some amazing specimens. Allan Limpus > Lives in Bundaburg in Queensland Australia, and has an outstanding worldwide collection of Volutidae. He has written numerous shell books, and is co-author of the 2005 Conchological Iconography 'The Recent Volutes of New Zealand. < Ena Coucom Lives in Yeppoon Queensland. She built up a huge collection of worldwide shells and donated them all to the Yeppoon "Shell World". This addition to the Yeppoon Information Centre houses a most amazing shell display that any shell collector will enjoy visiting. Ena is a founding member of the Yeppoon Shell Club which just celebrated its 50th anniversary. 35 1 IB I I i 4 , ~ t <4 V I p