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Pomona
College Journal of
Entomology
Volumes III and I\' 19n-1912
2238I<>
Pi:HI,ISHF.I) glARTERI.V IIV THE
Department of Zoolojjy of" Pomona College
Claremont, California, L'. S. A.
^' Contents of Volumes 111 and IV
Volume III, Number 1
Essig, E. O.
Till' Use of S.Mliuni Cyani.lc. 385-389.
Essig, E. O.
Tile Natural Enemies of the Citrus NUaly HuR III, 390-397.
Davidson, W. M.
Nolis on Some Apliidiil.e Taken in I'lacer County, 398-399.
Essig, E, O.
Apliiilichi- of Southern California V, 4<X)-4()3.
Essig. E. O.
Notes on Cocciilx VI, 404 411.
Banks, Nathan
The rhalauKida of California, 412-4J1.
Crawford, D. L. .American Psyllid.e III (Triozinie), 422 453,
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes 454-455.
Volume III, Number 2
Essig. E. O.
llo>t Index to California Plant Lice. 45/"-4<)8.
Essig, E. O.
Notes on Coccidie \'l, 469.
Chamberlain, R. V.
The Chih.poda of California 11, 470- 479.
Crawford, D, L.
Ameriean Psyllid.e IV, 4.S0 503.
Hall, H. V. M.
Studies in .\carina I, 504-510.
"Sj Coolidge, K. R.
Notes on Rhopalocera, 511-514.
Volume III, Number 3
Messenger. C, B.
.\ Conuni>sioner .Makes Good, 515-517.
Essig, E. O.
riic Natural Enemies of the Citrus .Mealy HuK IV, 518-522.
Essig, E. O.
.-\phidid;e of Southern California VI 1, 523-557.
Smith, J. B. , X
Noctind.e of California 111, 558-567. '^
Distant, W. L.
A New Species of Cicadid.i-, 568.
Stout. V. R.
.\ .New Suliterranean I'reshwater .Xni- phipod, 569 571.
StalTcrd. B. E,
.\ .New Subterranean l-reshwater Iso- pod. 572-575.
Cook. A, J.
Three Alarming Insect Pests, 576-577.
Grinnell, Fordyce
\\\-t Co.ist News Notes, 578-579.
Volume III, Number 4.
Essig, E. O.
.\phijid:e of Southern California VII I, 586-603.
Essig, E. O.
Natural Enemies of the Citrus Plant Lice, 604 616.
Essig, E. O.
Remedies for I'lant Lice on Citrus Trees, 617-619.
Kuwana, S. I.
The White Flies of Japan, 620-627.
Crawford, D, L,
.\nierican Psyllid;e \', 628-632.
Banks, Nathan
The Pseudoscorpions of California, 633-640.
Hall. H. y. M.
Studies in .Xcarina 11, 641-648.
Volume IV, Number 1
Chamberlain, R. V.
The Chilopoda of California III, 651- 672.
Schrader, Wilhelm
Inhreedinj; ol JuMonia coenia under "L-' llinh Temperature through Twenty- two Successive Generations, 673-677.
Bernhauer, Max
Zur Staphylinidenfaima von Nordamer- ika 5. BeitraR. 678-683.
Crawford. D. L.
.\ Note on Certain Psyllid.e, 684.
Grinnell. Fordyce
West Coast News Notes. 685-686.
PoMOXA CoiJ^EGE Journal of Entomology
Volume IV, Number 2
Crawford, D. L. . „ ,.. ^07
The retrolcuni l'"ly m Calilornia, &«/- 697.
Essig, E. O. . .
Xphidida; of Southern Cahfornia VI 11, I IX) 698-745.
Dyar, H. G. , », • 74^
Some Lepidoptera from Mexico, /4t)-
748.
Studies in .\carina III. 749-751.
Felt, E. P. ,.^ _.-
Diarthronomyia californica, /3Z.
Volume IV, Number 3
Felt, E. P. , „, ^
The Gall Midge Fauna of Western Xorth America, 753-757.
Essig, E. O. ^ ,.^ . „
Vphididac of Southern California X. 758-797.
^The°"LonguIus" Scale, 798-800.
Schrader, Wilhelm
Cool ^ir Experiim-nts with Junonia coenia. 801-806.
Hilton, W. A. , J c
Sensory Setre of Tarantula and Some of its Relatives, 810-817.
Longstaff, C. B. . ,, t 1
P.uttertiv Hunting in Many Lands (Book Review), 818.
Grinnell, Fordyce
West Coast News Notes, 819-820.
Volume IV, Number 4
Weiiiland, H. A. r , t- ■.
The Cosmopolitan Habits of the Fruit Fly, 821-825.
^Host index to California Plant Lice, II, 826-828.
Alexander, C. P. , . , , ,
The American Species of Adelphomyia Bergroth, 829-831.
Hilton, W. A. , , ^ 1
A Preliminary Study of the Central Nervous System of Spiders, 832-836.
Cole, F. R. ^ ^ „ ,
Notes on the Diptera of Laguna Beach. 837-840.
Bacon, Gertrude
Some Collembola of Laguna Beach. S41-845.
Shorter Articles and Important Litera- ture of the Past Year, 846-865.
Bryant. H. C.
Some Insects and Other .Arthropods „ t- j
7>y?'^,^^ ''- ''--'''" "'''"°'" "" W"?t!:aff^ews Notes, 866 lark, 5U/-B<Jy.
Index to N'oluines III and IV
Acarina. 504, 641. 749. Acronycta cyancsccns, 563.
felina, 562.
frigida, 563.
ha.'itulifcra, 562.
hcspcrida, 562.
liturata, 564.
marmorata, 564.
mansucta, 563.
noctivaga, 565.
Othello. 565.
pacihc-a, 563.
penlila, 565.
(|ua(lrata, 564.
tritona. 564. .Vdolplioinyia, 829.
anu-ricana. K29.
cauga. 831- Acsthna, 859. Alfalfa weevil. 848. Aloxaiider. C. P., 829. .\leyrode.-i aucubac, 625.
akebiae, 622.
camelliae, 625.
citri. 621.
eiiryae, 625.
giflfardi, 621.
marlatti, 623.
spinosus. 625.
shizuokensis, 621.
taonabae. 623.
tokyonis. 622. .•MloKrapta obliiiua. 613. •Mlotrioza arbolensis, 444.
niagnoliae, 445. Anipliopod, fresh water, 570. .Aiiethops occidentalis, 475. Anthobiuni fenyesi, 679.
orientale, 678. Aphalara artemisiae, 496.
arteniisiae augustiphennis, 499.
calthae, 495.
communis. 499.
communis iietzaria. 499.
maculipcnnis, 495.
minutissima, 500.
nebulosa, 502.
nebulo.sa americana, 503. Aphididae, 398, 400. 457, 523, 586, 698, 758,
826. Aphidius testaceipcs. 614.
Apis brassuae. 399, 523, 698.
caryclla. 764.
caenothi, 523.
citrifolii, 592.
cookii, 587.
glossypii, 590.
hirsuti, 525.
lutescens, .399, 4<II.
maidis. 790.
mededicaginis, 527.
ncrii, 530.
I>latan(iides. 759.
rudbeckiae. 400. Ari'iiophilus bipunticeps, 658. Arrup pylorus, 654. Artochia californica, 679 Asphondyliariae, 755. Atissa pygmaea, 838. Atwood, G. VV., 847. Cacon, Gertrude, 841. Banks, .v., 413, 633. Bernhauer, M., 678. Blothrus californicus. 640.
magnus, 640. Bolitobius arizonensis, 681.
californicus, 680.
elefas, 681.
nepigonensis, 681. Brazillian membracid, 864. Brewster, VV., 848. Bryant, H. C. 807. Callipterus <|uercus, 399. Carbolic acid emulsion, 405. Carsidara concolor, 484.
gigantea, 486.
mcxicana, 487.
rostrata, 486. Carsidarinac, 481. Campodeidae, 860. Chaitophorus nigrae, 398.
populifoliae, 399.
salicicola, 532. Chamberlin, R. V., 470, 651. Chclanops acuminatus, 638.
dorsalis, 638.
oblongus, 638.
pallipes, 638. Chelifcr cancroides. 637.
fuscipes, 637.
scubrisulis, 637. Chilopoda. 470, 651.
Pomona College Journal op Entomology
Chordotonal organs, 853, 856.
Chrysopa californica, 604.
Chrysoplatycerus spleiulens, 521.
Cicadidae, 568.
Citrus mealy bug, 39(), 518.
Coccidae, 404, 468.
Cocciiiella abdominalis, 608.
callifornica, 607. Cole, T. R., 837. Coolidge, K. R., 511. Cook, A. J., 576, 581. Crawford, D. L., 422, 480, 628, 687. Cryptops hyalinus, 476. Cynorta bimaculata, 415. Currant fly, 850. Damacus cephalotus, 504. Daniels, N. W., 849. Dasyneuriariae, 754. Davidson, 398. Dendrolasma mirabilis, 418. Diarthrononiyia californica, 752. Disease and insects, 849- Distant, W. L., 568. Dolichopus bakeri, 839. Doxocopa codes, 510. Dyar, H., 746. Dytiscus, 856.
Ecology of Dragon-fly nymphs, 859. Eichochaitophorus populifolii, 722. Ephelinus arizonensis, 680. Epicarsa corniculata, 488. Epidosariae, 754. Epitrioza medicaginis, 452.
oaxacensis, 453. Eriococcus adenostomac, 408. Euchloe sara, 513. Eulecanium pruinosum, 404. Eumaeus atala, 512. Eurybunus brunneus, 419.
spinosus, 419. Essig, E. O., 386, 390, 4U0, 404, 457, 468,
518, 523, 586, 604, 617, 698, 826. Essigella californicus, 780. Eyes of Dytiscus, 852. Felt, E. P., 752, 753. Fossil Coleoptera, 861. Fullawaya saliciradicus, 735, Til . l^'ungus gnats, 860. Galls, 852.
Gall midge fauna, 753. Garypus californicus, 635. Geophilus nasintus, 658.
regnans, 657.
rubens, 656. Gingla phonicoruma, 74iS.
Gipsy moth, 847. Globipes spinulatus, 420. Gnatliomercum melanonotum, 661. Gosiphilus bakeri, 672.
laticeps, 672.
minor, 672. Grinnell, F., 454, 578, 685, 820, 866. Guernsey, M., 859. Hall, H. V. M.. 504, 749. Halteres, 853. Head glands, Orthoptera, 858.
Hercostomus occidentalis, .
Hermannia hieroglyphica, 647. Hilton, W. A., 810, 818, 832, 85.3. Hippodamia convergens, 607. Hoploderma capitata, 508. Hyadaphis pastimacae, 534. Hylecoetus dermestoides, 862. Hyperaspis lateralis, 519. Ideobisium magnum, 639.
threveneti, 639. Ideoroncus obscurus, 639. Ideopterus nephrelepidis, 538. Infantile paralysis, 849. Isopod, 573. Isotoma bidenticulata, 842.
besselsii, 843. llonidinariae, 756. Junonia coenia, 673, 801. Kell, D., 798. Kuwana, 621. Lachnus dentatus, 398.
juniperi, 541.
pini-radiatae, 398. Lacinia, 858.
Lascophthicus pyrastri, 611. Leg muscles, 857. Lcpidoptera from Mexico, 746. Lepidosaphis gloverii, 406. Leptobunus californicus, 420. Leuronychus paciticus, 420.
parvulus, 420. Lestrcmiinae, 753. Linotenia laevipes, 659. Liobunum bimaculatuni, 421.
exilipcs, 421. Live Oak insects, 850. Lohniannia spinosa, 645. Longipeltina bakeri, 682. "Longulus" scale, 798. Loxostcge aulocratoralis, 747. Lycaena hilda, 512. Macrosiphum albifrons, 543.
californicum, 399.
frigidae, 546.
laevigatae, 548.
rosae, 399, 550.
Pomona f'oi.i.KOK Jocrnai, ok Entomoi/mjy
Meadow lark, dit-t. 807. Mc-cisti>coi>liaIiis nnomaliis. 653,
liinatiis, 653. Mrlitaoa colon, 510. Mclanoxantlicriiim riifiis, 786. Mi-inbracidac, 864. MiiTcIla monclli. 717. Minianomma spectrum. 864. Moncllia californiciis, 767. Myriapoda, 860. Myzocallis alni. 764. Myziis persicae 598. N'cmastoma iiiodcsta. 417. Ncotrioza iiiiniaculata. 450.
laticeps, 451. Nitopus californiciis, 420. N'otaspis bilamellatus, 505.
niida, 640.
pectnate, 749. Xotobus incrmis, 671.
tcniopsis, 670. Obisiuni niacilentiim, 639. OliKotrophiariae, 755. Oribata alata californica, 643.
luiniida, 643.
latincisa gigantca. 508. Orthczia artcniisiae, 469. Ortholasnia pictipes, 417.
nigosa, 417. Otocryptops gracilis, 473.
niundus, 473.
scxspinosus, 473. Papilio mylotcs, 513. Paraliodes cnciirvata, 646. Paratrioza cockcrclli, 448.
maciilipcnnis, 450.
ocellata, 447. 628. I'l-ctiniungiiis anicricanus, 668.
licalhi, 668.
heatlii catalinac, 669.
niontiTcus, 668. Pclopsis niidiiiscula, 508. Pemphigus californiciis, 7(X1.
fraxiiii-dipctalac, 553.
)>opiiIica(ilis, 7(^.
popiilimonilis, 398, 704.
populitransvcrsiis, 398. PcpiHT tree caterpillar, 846. Perla, 858. IVrrin. C. A.. 848. Pctrolenm fly, 687. Phalangida. 412. Phlegmaccra occidentalis, 417. Plitliiracarus contractilis, 751.
retralticus, 750.
Plant lice, host index, 457. 826 Pleonectyptera cncrnavacalis, 746. Protciniis densipens, 678. Protolopliiis.
singiilaris, 419.
ttibcrciilatus, 419. Porotopacc Carolina, 858. Pseudoscorpioiis, 633. Pseudogarypiis bicornis, 637. Psilopa petrolci, 687. Physlla alni trimaciilata. 631.
americana, 628. Psyllidac. 422, 480, 628. Psyllf)pa floridensis, 629.
ilicis, 632.
magna, 629.
rubesiae, 630. Ptychoglenc haematodes, 746. Receptiilum seminis, 857. Rhopalocera. 511. Rhinopsylla aiitennata, 441.
antcnnala proxima, 442.
jalapensis, 490. Rhizobius lopanthae, 518. Rhizoglyphus longitarsus californicus,
751. Rhopalosiphum nymphacae, 793. Rhopalosiphum dianthi, 399. Sensory system of insects, 855. Sensory setae, 855. Schradcr, W.. 673, 801. Schizonenra cjiierci, 398. Sclerobiiniis brunnciis, 416.
robustiis, 416. Scolopendra dihaani, 478.
heros, 478.
niorsitans, 479.
polymorpha, 478. Scolopocryptops miersii, 475. Scotolenion californica, 416. Scymnns sordidiis, 520, 610.
guttulatus, 395. Siphocoryne coiiii, 399. Smith, J. B., 558. Soniphiliis >eciindns, (>65. Spider book, 863. Spider's nervous system, M2. Spider webs, 862. ,
Stafford, B. E., 573. Staphylini denfauna, 679. Static organs, 855- St. Clair, R. E., 851. Sitalces californicus, 415. Stigma of bugs, 858. Sting of ants, 857.
VIII
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Stout, V. R., 570. Symdobiiis salicicorticis, 731.
niacrostachyae, 727. Syrphus americanus, 612. Tabiphilus rex, 665. Taiajiina claremontus, 662.
occidentalis, 661. Tampiya pylorus, 655. Tampiyidae, 654. Taracus pallipes, 416.
spinosus, 416. Terias linda, 511. Tarantula, 810. Termites, 850. Theatops erythroccplialus californiensis,
472. Thecia suiiaethis, 513. Thoniasia crucis, 741. Thorax of insects, 857. Toxoptera aurantiae, 601. Trioza albifrons, 438.
assimilis, 438.
aurantiaca, 628.
frontalis sulcata, 436.
longi stylus, 434.
mexicana, 439.
inexicana minuta. 440.
niinuta, 432.
minuta similis, 433.
montana, 631.
nicaraguensis, 436.
proximata, 435.
quadripunctata, 433.
salicis, 432.
similis fovealis, 438.
tripunctata, 430.
varians, 628. Triozinae, 422. Triozoida californica, 492.
johnsonii, 492. Tuberolachnus viminalis, 774. Vertebrates and their kin, 862. Watophilus errans, 663.
laetus, 663. Weinland, H. A., 821. White ants, 850. White flies of Japan, 620. White scale of mulberry, 848. Yrias prophronis, 747.
/
i-^6'1 0 6^3
VOLUME THREE
NUMBER ONE
ilourual of iEutumulo^ii
FEBRUARY 1911
vViX'*^ '
. :l
'^//,
I'.
Contents;
1 ESSIC. E. O.
2 ESSIG. E, O.
3. DAVIDSON. W. M.
4. ESSIG. E. O. -
5. ESSIG. E O.
6. BANKS. NATHAN
7. CRAWFORD. D. L.
8. CRINNCLU FOROYCE
The Uso of Sodium Cyanide
- Natural Enemies of Citrus Mealy Bud III,
Aphldldae of Placer County
Aphldldae of Southern California V.
Notes on Coccldae VI.
The Phalantflda of California
American Psyllldae III (Triozlnae)
- Wast Coast Naws Notas
PUBLISHED BY THE
Sppartmrnt nf linlogii nf JJnmmta (EoUriTir
A. J COOK. D. Sc.. Head Professor CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA. U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURxNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
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Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoological journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, mu- seums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
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romona C^ollcue Journal of rLntomology
Volume III II- HR I A R ^ 1 '» II Numhi-r 1
THE USE OF SODIUM CYANIDE
BY E. O. ESSlC HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY
At the middle of the past fumigation season, the fumigators of tlic soiitiuTn part of the state, without any advanced warning, were forced to finish up the season with sodium cyanide. To a great many this meant that thcv were to begin using a substance with which they were totally ignorant. It came as a last resort to those who had not already fumigated, and its use was forced upon them. Personally, I had had no experience with the sodium cyanide, and did not know what serious mistakes might result from its use. It also meant that a new equipment was necessary for measuring the acid and water and that new charts must be printed for fumigators of the county. At once there was a clamor among the smaller fumigators for information concerning the use of the new material. They had no charts and no way of making new ones. The graduates for measuring the acid and water could not be had. In the face of these conditions the fumigators of X'cntura County got together and began to find out for themselves the value of sodium cyanide and the best means of using it. Those who led in the work were: Mr. C. E. McFadden, from Fullerton, who had two large tumit^ation outfits working in this county. The Limoncira Company, and The County Fumigation outfit. Charts were printed, after the recommended dosage had been thoroughly tested. Graduates were made by etching ordinary glass pitchers and the work was delayed only temporarily. In all, more than 20 tons of the sodium cyanide was used with excellent results. Our experience was such as to give us perfect confidence in the use of this ma- terial for another year and by some it is preferred to the potassium cyanide.
Relieving that others may be interested in what we found out, our com- bined resultant observations and experiences are brietly stated in this article.
KIND OF CYAN' IDE USED
The only available cyanide, at the time, was what is known as the 133 per cent sodium cyanide, manufactured by the Roesslcr & Hasslacher Chemical Co., for sale by the Braun Corporation. I first obtained 400 pounds for trial purposes, and observing no marked differences in it from what we were accustomed to, later ordered large amounts.
386
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
PROPORTIONS
We followed closely the directions laid down by R. S. Woglum and so used the chemicals in the following proportions:
Sodium cyanide 1 dry weight.
Sulphuric acid 1>4 liquid "
Water - 2
Some have recommended using 1 of acid instead of Ij^j, which will make a little saving, but which we considered too small to again change our apparatus.
SCHEDULES
Sodium cyanide, containing much more available hydrocyanic acid gas, is more powerful as an insecticide than potassium cyanide. The amount is therefore cut down 25% less thart the potassium. For a purple scale dosage we cut Woglum's Schedule No. 1 just 25%, and for black scale cut the potassium cyanide purple scale dosage 25%. It simply means that with three- fourths of a pound of sodium cyanide, as much efficiency may be obtained as from a full pound of the potassium cyanide. Accordingly a large number of schedules as per accompanying cut were printed for use in fumigating black scale. (Figure 133.)
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER
FUMIGATING SCHEDULE FOR BLACK SCALE SODIUM CYANIDE
|
le |
IR |
20 |
22 |
21 |
20 |
28 |
30 |
32 |
34 |
36 |
M |
.0 |
42 |
44 |
46 |
48 |
||||||||||||
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Figure 133. Sodium Cyanide Schedule for Black Scale.
Pomona Coi.lk.ck Journal of Entomology 387
These schedules are printed on fairly stiflF paper so that they may be tacked upon a board for the use of the generator of the outfit. Tlie figures are black and large enough to be plainly seen by the light of a torch or lantern on the darkest night. Half and quarter ounces arc oniittcfi. because of the difficulty in reading the small fractions at night and because few scales arc fine enough to register so small amounts accurately. All less than half oimces are placed in the lower figure, while half-ounces or over arc I)laced in the next higher figure. A more convenient way of fixing up this schedule is to have a cylinder made of zinc, with a narrow slot, the wi<ltli of a row of figures, covered by a glass, and a wooden mllcr on the inside, similar to a rolling pin. Each end of the cylinder is closed with a cap with a hole in the center, in which turns the handles of the wooden roller. The chart or schedule is attached to the roller so as to revolve in the cylinder. The figures of the distances around are pasted along the top of the slot to conform with the like numbers on the schedule. In finding the dosage one has only to turn the roller until the distance over shows at the left-hand end of the slot, the figure at the top of the slot shows the distance around. In this way, the chart is kept perfectly dry and bright and the ])Ossibilities for making a mistake are reduced to a minimum. It is right to state here that tliis arrangement was first invcnte<l by Mr. McFadden, who uses it on all of his chemical charts.
I"IELn PRACTICE
The Morrill System of marked tents was, of course, used with the above charts. The distance around the tree was taken with a tape line. It was early learned in our experiences that pacing was imreliable, because every man paced differently and some were very careless about the work at best. It takes very little longer to measure, than pace, and as one man had to be kept at this work it made the expense no greater at all and made no delays.
Five men are used on an outfit of 20 to 30 tents, the duties of which are as follows : 2 tent pullers ; 1 taper, who measured the trees around and passed along the empty generators ; 1 generator who measured the acid and placed the generators under the tents; I cyanide man. who kept the records, weighed the cyanide and held up the sides of the tents for the generator to place the pots in position. Care must be taken that no tnan who handles acid touches a tent. The taper wears a cloth glove, which will absorb anything that might adhere to the handle of the pot.
A complete record of the dosage of every tree is kept, giving not only the dosage, but the temperature and time at the beginning of each throw. This field chart is tacked to a wooden roller, which fits into a zinc cylinder similar to the one used for the chart, except that the slot is open so that the dosage may be written down. This is. I consider, a very important practice, for in cases of burnings or poor work the original dosage, with time, exposure, and temperature are at hand for ready reference. Many otherwise unaccountable damages, have thus been traced to an over dose or a cold period, while an underdose may explain a jjoor job.
388 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Tents are mended every day with a sewing machine. The patches are sewed on the underside so as not to cover up the numbers. And the seam is not so liable to catch on a limb as the torn canvas under the patch, which is not always sewed down. A full 1 hour or 45 minute exposure should be used, as is the common practice with potassium cyanide.
OBSERVATIONS
Temperature. — In using potassium cyanide we were always very careful not to fumigate when it was between 36° or 40° F. above zero (or lower) because we were always sure to receive severe burnings. Even as high as 42° F. with moisture might prove disastrous. The fruit of the Valencia orange trees has been a source of considerable trouble with us on account of burnings. When it was decreed that we must use sodium cyanide, I was afraid of fumigating a Valencia orchard, so managed to get enough of the potassium to do the work. Every precaution was taken to observe all the rules regarding temperature and moisture, but in spite of everything we burned considerable of the fruit. The same was true in regard to cold and damp nights in our work on lemons. It was a practice with us to quit at 40° F. above zero or when the leaves of the trees became damp enough to strike them and feel the spray hit the hand. In this county there are many fogg>' and damp nights, which are excellent for the crops, but bad for fumigation. If the bulk of the work was not done during the months of September and October it was found difficult to do it afterwards.
In using the sodium cyanide we found out that the matter of moisture and moderate cold 40° F. did not make any difference at all. In fact many tests were made when the trees were very damp and the thermometer was as low as 37° without a sign of burning. In these tests the regular black scale dosage, as shown, was used. This information zve consider to be ver\ valuable. because it zvill mean that more work can be done while the crew is in the field a)id in operation. Many nights we have been able to w(^rk but 2 or 3 hours, and under such conditions it was very difficult to keep a crew in the field at all. This may not have been the experience with all other parties, but was certainly so with all who used it in this vicinity.
Killing Power. — In the matter of efficiency against black scale, I am satisfied that the work done will equal that done by the use of the potassium cyanide. Some five or six hundred acres were fumigated and all results are splendid. There was no guess-work, nothing but intelligent and up-to-date fumigation with marked tents and chemical charts.
Costs. — Last fall potassium cyanide, 98 to 99 per cent pure, cost our growers 25i/2 cents a pound delivered. Sodium cyanide cost 29 cents a pound delivered. The cost per ounce of potassium was approximately 1.593c; that of sodium, 1.801c; or about $.016 for potassium and $.018 for the sodium. The following tal)!c will give some idea of the diiYercnce in costs :
|
Cyanide |
Over |
Around |
|
rotassiuiii |
30 |
50 |
|
Sutlium |
3U |
50 |
|
I'otassium |
34 |
50 |
|
Sodium |
34 |
50 |
|
IVitassiuiii |
49 |
62 |
|
Sodium |
49 |
62 |
|
Total co.st |
|
|
Price per oz. |
per tree |
|
.016 |
.176 |
|
.018 |
.144 |
|
.016 |
.221 |
|
.018 |
.198 |
|
.016 |
.368 |
|
.018 |
.306 |
Po.\ION.\ COLLEGK JOURN.M, OF EnTO.MOLOCY 389
Tree measurements ( )unces of cyanide per tree 11 8
13/. 11 23 17
It will lie seen that the cost is of enough importance to warrant the buying of the sodium cyanide, providing that it does as good work and will not burn the fruit or injure the foliage. With us it is just as good as the ])otassium without the injurious (|ualities and with the additional advantage that it does not burn damp and cold foliage and fruit as readily as does the potassium cyanide.
I understand that the ".\merican" sodium cyanide is much cheaper than the imported brand under discussion. It corresponds more to the potassium cyanide in the amount of available hydrocyanic acid gas available, being what is known as 98-100 per cent. Mr. VVoglum made some tests regarding this chemical with the result that he pronounced it unfit for fumigation purposes. Since then Mr. C. H. McFadden, who has had a great deal of fumigation experience in the most practical way, gave this cyanide a trial. He told the writer that he got excellent results with it and I remember (juite distinctly that he expressed his desire to get this form of sodium cyanide last fall in place of the European brand. From our experience with the sodium. 1 can see no reason why the cheaper quality will not do the work. It is at least worth trying, and I think that every progressive fruit grower should look into the matter. The cyanide outlook is not at all encouraging. If a cheaper form can be obtained, so much cheaper as the form under dis- cussion, it should be given a thorough test. Certainly I shall make experi- ments with it as soon as any quantity of it may be had.
The one objection to sodium cyanide, not mentioned above, is the formation of the sodium or alkali salt from the residue. The residue of the potassium cyanide amounts to several dollars worth of good fertilizer to a ton, which is no little item in a large orchard, while the salt from the sodium cyanide has a negative value and is a distinctly harmful product. It might be ad- visable to empty the residue in a waste tank and <lump it outside of the orchards because of this, but our experience with the cyanide, like that with the nitrate of lime, is so limited as to make any remedial remarks seem un- necessary.
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG III
BY E. o. Essir,
Cryptogomus orbiculus
This is the latest imported enemy of the citrus mealy bug {Pseudococcus citri Risso)" which was secured by the California State Horticultural Com- mission through Mr. Geo. Compere from the Philippine Islands. To date, colonies of this insect have been sent to many localities in this state where the mealy bugs, including both the citrus mealy bug and the long-tailed mealy bug (Pseudococcus adouidum Linn) exist. From articles to be included in the end of this work, it will be seen that great hopes are being placed upon this insect as a means of exterminating the mealy bugs, which are threatening our citrus groves and even the vineyards in Fresno County.
Accordingly, with the rest, I received some of the first colonies to be sent out from the State Tnsectary. Mr. Geo. Compere brought the adults, pupae and larvae, himself into this county and saw them given a proper start in breeding cages equipped for this special work. For six months now I have given this insect my very best attention and believing that others were also interested in it, I am taking this first opportunity to publish the following description, partial life-history, and field notes, together with photographs and drawings which may aid in the identification and recognition of this ladybird beetle and all of its forms, wherever found.
ESS^- The eggs are lemon yellow in color, oblong in shape and are ap- proximately 0.33 mm. in length and 0.11 mm. in width. They are laid singly among the egg-masses of the mealy bugs, in the case of the citrus mealy bug, and among the young in the case of the viviparous form (the long-tailed species). The eggs may then be found upon the leaves, fruit, stems, or even the larger limbs and the trunks of the trees. The individuals I found were just being deposited upon a leaf by a female. Because of their minuteness, it would be difficult to find them except by watching the female as stated. From inside observations it takes these eggs about three weeks or a month to hatch. In the field it would take as long or perhaps longer. It must be remembered, however, that these observations have been made during the winter months, and that during the warm summer weather the eggs would hatch much quicker — between 2 and 3 weeks at the most.
Larvae (Fig. 134 A). The photograph shows the larva, full grown, with its white cottony protective coating, while the drawing shows the larval body with this coat removed. When first born the young larvae are yellow and have very little of the cottony covering. As they grow the covering is secreted very rapidly until the entire body is hidden under a snow-white mass of long filaments, which extend from the body in all directions. When disturbed these filaments are thrown in an upright position, but they usually remain spread
Pomona College Journal di- Entomology
391
out as shown in the photo. With the tilanients extended the l)odv averages from 5 to 8 mm. in length and from 3 to 4 mm. in widtli.
The hotly proper averages 3.3 turn, in length and 1.1 iimi. in width. The color is a rich yellow with a slightly dark hlotch on each dorsal side of the prothora.K ( Fig. 1 34 A ) .
Figure 134. Cryptogomus orbiculus: A, larva with wooly covering rcinuvoil ; H. [lupa: (', ailiilt.
Head. — Narrower than prothorax, but nearly as long. I'alpi cpiite large, antenna; small. Spines long. The mandibles are strong and bifurcate. I'ro- thorax with few spines and a dark blotch on each side of the dorsum. Meta- and meso-thorax normal and slightly longer and broader than the i)ro- thorax. Single spines on margins and two on each side of the dorsum, as shown in cut.
Abdomen maile up of nine segments with the. posterior segment small. There are few hairs as shown in the drawing.
Legs short and slender, but strong. Light in color. Ivxtend beyond the margins of the body when bare, but are not visible in the normal covered form.
The larvx being so small usually feed upon the eggs and the smallest mealy bugs. Occasionally, however, they may be observed devouring mealy bugs almost as large as themselves. They are quite active and feed rapidly. The appetite is what counts in judging any predaceous insect and this is a very important thing about the insect in question.
When the larva is ready to moult for the last time it selects some hidden place in the crotch of a tree, under a mass of mealy bug eggs, in a dried leaf, or under the surface clods on the ground. Here it attaches itself at the posterior
392
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
end and transforms within the cottony case of the larval stage. The form gradually assumes a round shape and in this way the pupse may be told from the larvae.
Nymphs or Pupae. (Fig. 134 B). The drawing shows the pupal or nymphal body after it has been removed from the larval case in which it transforms. As is seen it shows the characteristic spines on the body as is shown in the three other members of the Scymnini, all of which are covered with the white cottony wax. The normal covered form of the nymph is about that of pupa, except that it gradually shortens up into somewhat of a spherical form. The body proper averages 2 mm. in length and 1 mm. in width. It requires from three weeks to a month for the insects to pass through this stage, but during the winter they may remain in the pupa cases for several months, if the weather is cold and damp.
It is noticeable that the spines on the lateral margins of the abdomen do not appear on the three last segments, while in Scyinnus guttulatus they extend to the last segment and in Cryptolaemus montroiicieri the sanie is also true, except that the spines are few on the next-to-the-last segment also.
Adult (Fig. 134 C). The adult insect appears, at first sight, to be black, but upon closer examination it will be found that the background is black with one quite large reddish-brown spot on each elytra as shown in the drawing. The form is elongate oval. Length, 2.5 mm., width, 1.1 mm. The entire body is finely hirsute. Ey^^s hairy. Punctures on elytra finely set. Pro- thorax narrower than rest of body proper. Antennae small, hairy. Maxillary palpi, large. Labial palpi, normal. Mesothorax and metathorax nearly equa' in length, the latter slightly broader. Coxae not approximate. Trochanters small. Femora large but short, tibia nearly as long as femurs, but much narrower. Tarsi two-thirds as long as tibia. Claw normal. First abdominal segment as long as the second and third.
The adults are most active and difficult to capture in the field. They take to wing as soon as disturbed or crawl in some small crevice with such
Figure 135. The I>adybird Beetles predaceous on the Citrus Mealy Bug:
A, CryptolaeiiuiM nioiitrcjiizlori ; B. Rhizoliiiis vcntralis; C, Cryptogoimis orbiculiis; D, Scymnus guttulatus.
Pomona Coi-LEf.E Journal ok Entomology i'^Ji
rapidity as to make their capture almost impo»il)lc. hi tlic hrcedinn cajjcs they are easily taken by means of a small bottle.
The first colony, numbering 20 adults anil 40 larvie was brought to my office on the 27th day of July, 1910, by Cieo. Compere. They were imme- diately placed in a breeding cage and quantities of food placed at their dis- posal. The first brood from the larvae appeared the last of September and in October enough were out to make a liberation in the field. Another increase, in the form of a second brootl, apjicarcd in December and a thirti during the month of January. These broods were not clear cut, but distinct in the emerging of a large number of adults at one time.
To date, January 20th, the following numbers have been removed from the breeding cage :
1910.
October 17 7 individuals.
19 33
24 43
November 23 25 "
24 50
December 5 12 "
15 10
1911.
January 6 30
20._ 200 left in cage (Lar\':e, pup.e. and adults).
This will give a fairly accurate account of the rate of increase that might be exiK'cted of this insect.
The first colonies were placed in the field in October on an isolated in- festation of mealy bug. Since then three of the above colonies were also liberated on this tree. A close watch has been kept of the tree. Because of the lateness of the season or unfavorable weather, the insects did not do well in the open. To date none of the larvx or adults can be found. Perhaps with the coming of summer the infestation of mealy bugs will be entirely cleaned up. I shall not be in a position to give authentic data con- cerning the field work of this ladybird beetle until next fall, wlien I shall again record its progress. Suffice it at the present time to give the testimony of others who have written concerning this insect.
Mr. Jeffrey, State Commissioner of Horticulture, has written of it:
"George Compere has just returne<l to Sacramento from China, Japan and the Philippines, bringing over a large collection of predacious insects and Hymenopterous parasites of the mealy bug. There were fifteen packages in all, many of them inclosing large plants bearing hosts of mealy bugs and their enemies. We have been disappointed so often with these im- portations that no estimate of the effectiveness of these new beneficial insects will be made. Disappointments, however frequent, do not justify the abandon- ment of researches of this kind, but the work must be kept on and on as long as there is the slightest hope of results, for in the case of the mealy bug there seems no hope of control by mechanical appliances. This renders
394
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
the mealy bug one of the most alarming of all orchard pests, and it is now recognized as a most desperate infection with which to deal. Without pre- dicting success for the Manila importations I may with propriety inform the readers of "The Times" how the new insects behave.
|
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Figure 136. Larvae of the Ladybird Beetles predaceous ou llie Citrus Mealy Bug: A, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri; B, Cryptogomus orbicnlus; r, Scymnus guttiilatus.
Last February Compere left for the Orient with millions of mealy bugs upon plants encased for returning to California after the mealy bugs became infected. On his return he was met at Honolulu with a new supply upon which to feed his insects the latter portion of their journey. With all this supply the ladybirds devoured the material and hundreds of them had to be turned out in mid-ocean to conserve the food for the remainder. Compere arrived with about 1000 adults of the species known as Crytogomus orbicnlus, the kind upon which some hope of success is based. This ladybug is somewhat smaller than the Vedalia, equally prolific and voracious. In the insectary at this writing may be seen the adults devouring full-grown mealy bugs and the young burying themselves in the egg masses as did the Vedalia twenty years ago with the white scale. 1 noted the time required by one of the ladybugs to devour a half-grown mealy bug. F'ive niiiuites finished the meal. On the bottom of a case of plants \\a.< a full ])int of the white cover- ings so noticeable with the citrus mealy bug. All will depend upon the ability of the new insects to adapt themselves to our climatic and orchard condi- tions ; and there we may look for failure, with a possibility that the mealy bug may meet the same fate as did the white scale, .^t any rate, thousands
Pomona Collegk JorRNvi. of Entomology 395
of the new importations will l)e sent out and fair trial given the I'hihppine insects. Tiiey were found twenty miles east of Manila."
Scymnus guttulatus Lee.
In Dccemher of the year I'tJ*'. [ wmtc the State Inscctary at Sacramento for some prcdaceous or parasitic insect enemies of the mealy Inig. In reply to this request the .\cting Superintendent. Mr. F. Maskew. forwarded to me at once colonics of .SVvwi'/".v i^iitlulaliis I,ec. which had done good work on the mealy bug in the central and northern j)art of the State. The shipments received from the Stale liisectary are as follows:
Date of shipment. \'o. of Indhiduals. Liberated.
December 30. 190'> 500 In orchard tents.
December 31, 100*) 3(¥) Hreetling cages and in ojien
orchards January 3. 1910 100 In orchards.
January 5. I^IO 7^ In tent houses built over trees.
same as first shipment.
These scndings amounted to ''"5 individuals, enough to give some idea as to their efficiency in a comparatively short time.
As stated above 575 were liberated in s|)ccial tent houses built over large trees infested with mealy bugs right in the orchard. Into these tents was kept a bountiful supply of mealy bugs throughout the entire year from Dec. 1909 until January 1911. The remainder were liberate<l in office breed- ing cages and in the open. Those lilierated outside were lost completely. I have never been able to secure a single specimen of this species in the open.
Those liberated in the tent houses had every opportunity that could be given them. They were protected from the winter and supplied with so many mealy bugs that the trees were greatly injured by their numbers. In spite of the conditions, little or no progress was made. .At the end of a year we had taken out less than the number first liberated in the tent houses. They made no progress against the numbers of the mealy hugs at all. In the office they multiplied a little better and (pu'tc a number were liberated in the orchards. It might he that they must become acclimated before they are able to do good work, so we are still watching their ])rogress. Several colonies have been .sent to other localities, viz. I'lacentia, Hucneme, and \'entura and it may do better there. It is not out of the limits of this work to include a description of this species.
Ug,^s. — Very small and de|xisited singly among the egg masses of the mealy bugs or on the surfaces of the leaves among the young scale insects.
l.anve. (Fig. 137 .A and Fig. 1360. The full grown larva; cannot easily be told from that form of Cryf>togpntiis orbieulus. They are covered with the same appearing, long white cottony filaments. The ventral side is bare and shows the yellow color of the body proper. The length of this species averages 6 mm., the width. 2.b mm., with the covering and about half these measure- ments without the covering.
396
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
The body proper is a rich yellow, without any black markings whatever. The shape is long and slender; tapering from the middle towards both ends. The head is as wide as the 9th abdominal segment. The 3rd and 4th abdominal segments are the widest. The body becoming narrower more abruptly posteriorly than anteriorly. The legs are rather long and slender. The spines are simple, long, and arranged normally, i. e.. on each segment are two laterals, two near the lateral margins, two on the dorsum mid-way from the central axis to the sides. Then there are two pairs of short spines on either side of this central axis, as shown in the drawing.
Figure 137. Scymnus guttulatus Lee. A, larva; B, pupa; C, adult: a, labial palpus; b, maxillary [lalpus; o, tarsus and claw; d, antenna.
The palpi are small and inconspicuous as are also the antennae.
Nymphs or Pupae. (Fig. 137 B). The nymphs transform within their larval skins and are hid away in some secluded nook or in a dry curled-up leaf. The form is about the same as that stage of Cryptogonius orbiculus already described. Many of this species pupate on the vmdersides of the clods on the ground and especially among the fallen leaves. In collecting the adult forms with a sheet we found that more were to be had by disturbing the leaves and catching the emerging adults on the underside of the sheet, rather than jarring them from the trees.
The pupx arc 2 mm. in length and 1 nnn. iti width. The posterior ab- dominal segment has a very characteristic pair of appendages which are shown in the drawing. There seems to be a marked difiference in these supporters among the various forms already noticed, .^s has liccn stated they are known as the anal forks. The forks serve to hold the nymph in the skins of the larvae.
Pomona Collecu Joirnai. of Entomology 397
The entire body is thickly covercil witli stout s()ines, wliicli arc largest Mil tlie lateral niarf^ins of the abdominal segments.
The color is the same as that of the leaves at first and gradually assumes the siiade of the adult as it becomes transformed into that stage.
.\dult. (Fig. 13.^ D and Fig. 137 C). The following brief (jrincipal char- acters of this .species are given by Casey as follows :
"lilack throughout, broadly oval, the legs piceous, each elytron with two transverse discal spots which are almost, or com])letely divided, each into two small pale s]X)ts. the outer of which are the more linear and oblique ; punctures fine and dose-set, the jnibescence rather coarse, cinereous and con- spicuous but easily deiuided. Length 1.8 mm., width 1.2 mm. .\bdominal lines extending outward externally parallel to the edge of the segment and at a slight distance therefrom ; prosternum relatively slightly wider between the coxae, flat and wholly devoid of carina; ; genital or sixth ventral segment usually developed." Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc, \ol. VII, pj). 139, 155, 189<).
The palpi and antennae (Fig. 137 a, b. d) are large and very hairy. The tarsi are well developed and covered with numberless hairs.
The adults are very active, and difficult to find in the field. This form is liable to be confused with a native species Scymiiits sordidus Horn, which is plentiful in Southern California and which also feeds upon the mealy bugs. The former is nearly black, with the brownish-red markings, while the latter appear reddish-brown throughout or even paler.
I have not been able to find any economic treatment of this insect in entomologica! literature, and am inclined to believe that it is of little im- portance as an enemy of the citrus mealy bug. though it may he an excellent predator on other insects.
NOTES ON SOME APHIDID.E TAKEN IN PLACER COUNTY
BY W. M. DAVIDSON
During the month of August, 1910, I was at Penryn, in western Placer County, and was able to spend some time in observing and collecting plant lice in that region. Penryn is in the heart of the Placer County deciduous fruit district, but curiously enough I was unable to find any aphids on fruit trees, although there was abundant evidence — especially on plums and apples — of their presence earlier in the year. I suspect Aphis pomi De Geer, and Hyaloptenis arundinis Fabr. were abundant in the spring. Several fruit growers affirmed that they had been numerous about leafing time. Doubtless Syrphus larvae — I observed a strong Syrphid fauna — and ladybird beetles had done their work. The flora of this region is that of the Sierra foothills. Among the trees most commonly met with are Pimis Sabiniana Dougl., Querctis lohata Nee, Qioercus zinslizenii A. DC. Popuhis fremontii Wats., several species of Salix, and Alniis rhombifoUa Nutt.
Schizoneura querci Fitch A wooly Schizoneura on both leaves and twigs of Qucrcus wisliccnii A. DC, the valley live calk. The species is abundant and is evidently the same as that found on Quercns agrifolia in the Santa Clara Valley. The specimens agree fairly well with Fitch's species, but this may be a different species.
Lachnus dentatus Le Baron 1 found this insect on the narrow-leaved willow (Salix fluviatilis Nutt.). It is not common.
Lachnus pini-radiatae Davidson This is a scarce .species and occurs on the needles of Finns Sabiniana Dougl.
Pemphigus populimonilis Riley This and the next species were observed in abundance on Popuhis fremontii Wats.
Pemphigus populitransversus Riley .A late and apterous form in the galls.
Chaitophorus viminalis Moncll Abundant on .S"cr/u- spp. 1 saw some trees whicii were blackened all over by fungi feeding on the honey-dew exuded by this insect.
Chaitophorus nigrae Oestl(?) This is the same species that occurs in Santa Clara County, and which 1 listed as doubtful under Oestlund's species in the Journal of Economic Entom- ology, .'\ug. 1910. I found no winged specimens. The apterous female
Pomona Colleok JorRNAi. of Entomoi.oc.y 3*)*J
(vivipara) is dark brown with a tiiedian dorsal yellow line. It has the hairs and other characteristics of the jjenus Chaitophorus. f)n Salix spf>.
Chaitophonis populifoliae Fitch The specimens agree with Oestlinids (lescrii>ti<)n of this species. Mr. J. j. Davis writes me that he is certain I Jestlund's s|)ecinicns are not the same as those described hy Fitch. Hoth alate and apterous viviparae occured com- monly on Populus frcmontii Wats.
Callipterus quercus Kalt This is the same insect that I listed under this name in the Journal of Economic Entomology Aug. 1910, p. 367. I cannot compare it satisfactorily with any native Callipterus, while it compares favorably with Buckton's description of C. quercus. I have taken specimens of this insect in the Santa Clara valley on the under side of the leaves of Quercus lobata N'ee, Q. cali- fornica Cooper, Q. douglasii H. and A., and on an imported English oak. Quercus rohur ( ?). It seems to attack the last-named more severely than the others. On Q. lobata Nee. in Placer County.
Aphis brassicac Linn On cabbages, uncommon.
Aphis lutescens .Monell This bright yellow insect was observed in abundaiice on the stalks antl hoods of Asclepias mexicoua Cav.
Siphocoryne conii Davidson The Placer County specimens are identical with those taken at I'alo .Mto on Coiiium maculatum 1.. and described hy me in the Journal of Economic Entomology. Aug. 1909. The insect is rare in Placer County. Its food- plant is an umbelliferous plant which I have been unable to identify.
Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank
Common on Soiiclius olcraccus L. In the Santa Clara valley both this species and Macrosiphum sonchella Monell are found commonly on sow- thistle, sometimes together on the same specimen of food plant, but in Placer County I failed to find the latter species although I examined considerable numbers of the food-plant.
Macrosiphum californicum L'larkc Common on the tips of willow shoots where they cause the shoot to curl. They prefer the young stem growth to the leaves.
Macrosiphum rosae Ream Fairlv common on cultivated roses.
APHIDID/E OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA V
BY E. O. ESSIG
Aphis rudbeckiae Fitch Winged Viviparous Female. (Fig. 138). Length, 2.25 mm., width, 1 mm., wing expansion, 9.5 mm. Prevailing color — Wine red with margins of abdo- men, thorax and head darker. Head — Narrower than thorax, dark reddish- brown, shining. Eyes — Dark with typical terete tubercles. Antennae (Fig. 140 A) arise from slight frontal tubercles, longer than the body, tapering, dark in color, slightly hair> — 6-articled (7 according to older classification) ; I 0.188 mm., II 0.094 mm.. Ill 1.05 mm., IV 0.76 mm., V 0.68 mm., VI 1.218
Figure 138. Aphis rudbeckiae, winged viviparous female.
mm, (VI 0.188 mm. and VII 1.03 mm.). The sensoria are of various shapes, round and scattered, abundantly on article III, one on article V, and several in the nail-like process on article VI. Prothorax — Same color as head, without lateral tubercle, narrower than mesothorax. Rostrum — Reaches to first abdominal segment, dark at tip, stout. Abdomen — Dark red at margins, shiny, round and wider than thorax. Cornicles — Black, cylindrical, 0.85 mm. in length. Wide at mouth end. Legs — Long and slender, slightly hairy, dark at joints. (At the union of the femur and tibia, at the distal and of tibia, all of the tarsi and claws.) lVi)igs — Hyaline, typical aphis form. (See cut.) Primary — Length 4 mm., width, 1.5 mm. Costal and sub-costal veins wide
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and dark. Stigma long and as dark as costal veins. Other veins slender and brown. Secojidary — Length, 2.5 mm., width, 0.7 mm. .S/v/«' — Dark, longer than half the length of the cornicles.
Apterous I'iviparous I'emale. (Fig. 13*'.) Length, 2.5 mm., width, 1.5 mm. Prez'aiUng color — Wine-red, maroon, to a dark reddish brown, throughout the body proper. Shiny. Antennae — Slightly shorter than those of the
Flgtire 139. Aphis nidtieckiae, apterous viviparous female.
Figure 140. A, antenna of winged viviparous female; B, antenna of apterous viviparous female of Aphis rudbockiae; C, antenna of winged viviparous female; D, antenna of apterous viviparous female, of Aphis lutescens.
402 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
winged form (Fig. 140 B) ; 1 0.156 mm.. II 0.65 mm., Ill 1.01 mm., l\' 0.65
mm., V 0.506 mm., VI 1.175 mm., (VI 0.165 and \'1I 1.01 mm.). Slightly
hairy. Cornicles — Dark, length, 1.5 mm. Rostrum reaches mesothoracic coxpe.
Collected by the author from Ambrosia (>silostachya and Baccharis viminca.
Aphis lutescens Monell Winged ]'iviparous female. (Fig. 141 A.) Length. 1.73 mm., width, 1 mm.. wing expansion, 7.7 mm. Prevailing color. — Lemon yellow, with dark thorax and other dark markings as below described. Wrorf— Narrower tlian thorax,
Figure 141. Aphis lutescens:
A, Wiuged viviparous female; B, aiiteroiis viviparous female.
light yellow in color. Eyes — Dark, small. Antennae (Fig. 140 C) — Shorter tiian the body, pilose. Lengths of articles are as follows: I 0.063 mm.. II 0.045 mm., Ill 0.376 mm., IV 0.25 mm., V 0.188 mm., VI 0.47 mm. (VI 0.094 and VII 0.376 mm.). There is a row of large circular sensoria on article III, one on article V near the distal end, and several in the nail-like process of .irticlc \'\. There are few hairs on the articles. Prothora.v with a small lateral tubercle. Posterior half dusky in color. Rostrum — Reaches beyond the metathoracic coxae. Dark at the tip. Abdomen — Smooth, bright yellow, with margins spotted black as shown in drawing. Large black blotches aroiuul the bases of the cornicles, one blotch between these blotches, one Ijchind this and a dark style. Three dark spots on dorsal surface of abdo- men in front of the cornicles. Hairs on margins. Thorax — Dark. Cornicles — Cylindrical, dark, more than twice as long as the tarsus. Legs — Normal. Dusky at the union of the fenuir and tibia, at the union of the tibia and tarsus, the tarsus and also the claws. Slightly hairy. IVings — Normal as shown in the cut. Veins yellowish brown as is also the long and narrow stigma. Primary 'a'ings — Length, 3.75 mm., width, 1 mm. Secondar\ ivings — Length 1.8 mm., width, 0.4 mm. Style — About half as long as the cornicles, dark, hairy.
Apterous I'iviparons female. (Fig. 141 P.). Lengtli. 2 nun., width. 1.2 mm. Prevailing color — Bright lemon-yellow throughout. Antennae — Resembles
Pomona Coi.i.ec.i: Journal of Entomolooy 403
those of the wingc<l form without the sensoria. The articles an- somewhat variable in length; 1 0.095 mm., 11 0.071 mm.. Ill 0.438 mm.. 1\' 0.188 mm.. \^ 0.2 mm.. \I 0.46'J mm. (VI 0.094 mm.. VII 0.375 mm.). The head and thorax are yellow^ The abdomen is very smooth and heautifully roiiiuled and tapered as shown in the cut. ConiicU's — Dark, usually extend outwanlly at right angles to the body axis. .S'/\7^ — Dark. Other characters same as in winged form.
This insect was very abundant this year feeding upon the small Milkweed. Asclepias mcxicana, in all parts of Southern California. It is preyed u|>on by the larvae of Syrphus sp., Chrysopa sp., Coccinella califoriiiciis. Hippodamia convcrgcns. and l)y internal parasites.
NOTES ON COCCID.E VI
BY E. O. ESSIG
Eulecanium pruinosum Coquillett (Frosted Scale) Adult Female (See Fig. 142). The scale body varies in color from a pale to a dark reddish-brown. It is often covered with a fine coating of white, powdery wax, which gives it a grayish appearance. This wax does not always appear on the scale, and wherever it does appear it is worn oflf with age.
Figure 142. Eulecanium pruinosum.
The scale proper is slightly longer than broad, very convex, with irregu- lar surface. Length, 7 mm., width, 5 mm.
The antenna is large at the base, /-articled, with formula as follows : (3, 4, 7) (1, 2), 3, 6. The apical article is provided with a style at one side of the marginal-tip.
Concerning the resemblance of this species to the European fruit scale, Lecanium corni (Bouche), J. G. Sanders, of the lUircau of Entomology, Washington, D. C, writes :
"Its (frosted scale) general appearance is like a very large L. conii. very convex, dark reddish brown, variously pitted and grooved; the 7-jointed
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antennae and the legs and other characters are quite similar to corni, but the derm f)ores furnish the most evident character for the species • •• » * The pores are small, clearly defined, and regularly arranged, but they dn not show a tendency to arrange themselves in broken rows perpendicular to the margin as in L. corni." Ec. Jr. Ent. Vol. II, p. 442.
Eggs — .\re ovoid in shape, yellowish-white in color, and arc dcp<>>.itfd be- neath the female scale in great numbers.
Lan'ae. — Pale green or yellow in color, with many ridges running across the main axis of the body and one ridge running on the dorsal median a.xis. There are two characteristic hairs or spines on the anal lobes (one on each) which are half as long as the body.
Host Plants. — This scale has become quite a pest in some localities. On the p>each and apricot it may do as much damage as the fruit scale, while on .some of the ornamental trees it is most serious. In California it has been found on Apricot, Peach, Plums, Prunes, Pears, .\pples. Ash, Locust, English Walnut, firape. Rose. Osage Orange, Birch, and various deciduous ornamental trees.
Habitat. — It is the present belief tliat tiiis insect is a native of Mexico and was introduceil to its present localities on imported plants. It is not known outside of North America. Its present distribution is as follows: California (all parts of the State). N'eu Mexico, .\rizona, Mexico. Xcw York. Massachusetts, Canada.
Remedies. — The first work was done on this pest, in Los Angeles, during the year 1888. by D. W. Coquillctt. who used the Resin Spray with good results.
FOR.MULA For resin .SPRAV ISED »Y COQUII.LETT
Resin 30 lbs.
Caustic soda (70%) 9 lbs.
Fish oil 4'/2 pints
Water to make 100 gallons of spray.
As is well known this spray is very eflfcctual again.'^t many of the coccids and was early used as a remedy for all scale insects by the State Hoard of Horticulture of this state. It is, however, somewhat difficult to mix an<l quite expensive. In my work on Lecaniums I have found the carlxilic .icid emulsion to be very effective. It is easy to make and inoxi)ensive. The fonnula for mixing is as follows :
Whale oil soap 40 lbs.
Crude carbolic acid „ 5 gals.
Water to mix 40 gals.
For use dilute 1 to 20 or if there is a very bad infestation dilute 1 to 1.^ «jf water.
First heat the 40 gallons of water in a large iron kettle over a steady fire. Dissolve the 40 pounds of soap in the hot water. .After it is thoroughly dissolved, add the ."i gallons of carbolic acid. Let cook for five or ten minutes and stir thoroughly. The resulting stock solution will be ready for use
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
and will keep for a long time. The spray resulting from diluting the stock solution is a perfect emulsion and needs no agitating while being applied. For this reason it is a splendid wash for greenhouses and gardens, where the applications of any insecticide must be made with a hand pump.
Lepidosaphes gloverii Packard (Long or Glover's Scale) There is liable to be some confusion in the minds of some of the fruit growers concerning the purple and long scales. They resemble each other to a remarkable degree to the untrained eye, but if the differences are pointed out there can be no mistake regarding either. The following note is aimed to give a description of the long scale such as shall familiarize all with it, as well as a short history of its distribution.
|
A Jt |
mm |
E^!r^^^v^^^H |
■j |
m^ |
||
|
^B/ |
p |
r |
1 |
1 |
||
|
■ |
L |
L |
L |
J |
||
|
1 |
m |
p |
■ w.» |
m |
||
|
^^^ |
^^M |
|||||
|
^1 |
1 |
|m |
^^^^ft^^^H |
|||
|
^1 |
B^.^:aK Jfwtr^i< ■■ |
H |
■ |
Figure 143.
A, Lopidosaphos gloverii; B, Orthezia arteniisiae.
OESCRIPTION
••The lung scale is of a more linear .shape (Fig. 143 X) than the purple scale, with which it is often associated. The outline of the bodv is not so often curved as is that of the purple scale.
Female— "Yht female scale is brownish, about .11 of an inch (3 mm.) in length, and less than one-fourth as wide. When crowded the scales adjust themselves to their surroundings by taking all sorts of shapes, and many will be dwarfed and malformed almost beyond recognition, except by micro- scopic examination. The young insects themselves are of a translucent waxy-
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407
white, with the outer edge of the last joint yellowish. As they grow older, they incline to purple, which becomes <leei)er as the insect iriiicrt.-.cs in «;•«■• The adult female is about .05 of an inch (1.3 mm.) in length. The >ucking proljoscis is longer llian the body. (See Fig. 144 1). )
Male. — The scale of the male is smaller than that of the female, about .<>♦ of an inch (1 mm.) in length, ami usually straight. The color varies from shades of brown to yellow when young, becoming darker with age. and reach- ing a dark brown in the older females. (lenerally speaking, densely clustered colonies, including both se.xes, have a reddish hue. The male insect is a minute, two-winged fly. .01 of an inch in length. Its body is pale pink in color, and about one-fourth as wide as long. The eggs are elongate oval in shape, passing from a light to a purple color before hatching." H. A. Gossard. Fla. .\grcl. F..xp. Sta. Bull. No. 51. I'XX). pp. 112-113.
Figure 144. Details of Coccidae: A, leg; B, auteniiii of feinalp of Orthoziji nrtpiiiisim-; ('. |iygiiliiiiii: 0. boily out- line of female of Lepidosaphes gloverii.
LIFE HISTORY
"Dcx'clofmcnt of the Insect and Formation of the Scale. — Our observations show that the development of Glover's Scale, is, up to certain point, almost parallel with that of M. citricola (purple .scale), and that its failure at that point may be abnormal will be seen from the following:
March 27. eggs under observation began to hatch. The young larva' are purplish, with the front of the head and the margin of the body yellowish. Most of them settle almost immediately, and at two days the cottony .secretion has covered one-half of the insect. At four days it reaches beyond the eyes, and the larva itself seemed to be more elongated, with the joints more dis- tinct. At six days most of them were entirely covered, with the excretion ex-
408 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
tending like two horns at each side of the head. With some there were only two or three transverse constrictions of the covering, giving them a very peculiar appearance. At seven days the future dentate appearance of the abdomen could already be detected through the skin and at eleven, several presented every appearance of a speedy moult, having pushed themselves forward from the covering. They remained in this state, however, without marked change, except that some secreted a tuft of waxy threads, which rose erect for two or three times the length of the scale. For twelve days more before shedding their first skin, which was done at the age of 23 days. The moult was performed in precisely the same manner as with citricola. Immediately after the moult the w^hitish permanent scale began' to form. At thirty-tw'O days one could begin to distinguish the legs and antennae of the future pupae in the males. At forty-four days the first female was observed to have cast its second skin ; the color after the moult is white, with the anal segments and the middle of the body yellowish. About the same time the males become pupa, and at 45 days the first adult male was found. From this time up to the age of 102 days the female scales were watched daily, but no eggs were observed. At this age all either died or were mounted, .so the age at which the eggs are deposited has not been determined. It may be that the non-development in this case was due to the fact that the females had not been fertilized." Kept. Calif. Bd. Hort. 1895, pp. 183-184.
■'It apparently recjuires a great deal of moisture to thrive well, and hence is especially apt to be abundant on oranges or other plants grown in con- servatories, and this al.so accounts, doubtless, for its greater multiplication and injury in Florida than on the Pacific Coast. It has from three to four distinctly defined generations in a year. Breeding continues practically tnrougtiuur the season, tlie periods of growth being somewhat slower in the cooler rainy season of winter tlian in tiie summer. According to Hubbard, there are three periods in h'lorida when the young are especially abundant, luarKing in a rough way the appearance of the main broods, namely, March and .\pril, in June and July, and in September and October; the fourth irregular brood, occurring in January or February." C. L. Marlatt. Yearliook Dept. Agrcf. 1900, pp. 265-266.
REMEDIES
This insect is handled the same as purple, red, or yellow scale, viz., fumi- gated with the regular Purple Scale Dosage No. 1 originated by R. S. Woglum. Like these scales it may be handled at any period of the year, but the common practice is to fumigate at the season when the black scale may also be killed at the same time — from September 1st to January 1st.
Host Plants. — Orange, Pritchardia filameiitosa : Lemon, Magnolia fuscata; Pomelo, Lime.
Eriococcus adenostomae IChrh .-Idult female. (Fig. 145). — Length 3 to 4 mm., width 1.5 to 1 mm. Body — Dull purple and enclosed in a white or cream-colored sac of finely
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409
woven texture. This covering is sonKwliat longer than tlic body and is marked with depressions as shown in the photograph. With age this sac may become quite darlc, almost brown — the adult female body withered up and only the eggs remaining. The body proju^r is dark purple, as stated above. is rather broadly oval in shape, and becomes perfectly transparent after having been boiled in KOH. The antenna; remain light brown and are usually /-articled (Fig. 146 D). Article III is the longest. Often the articles of the antennse of the same individuals will be irrcgidarly segmented, as is shown in the accompanying drawing (Fig. 146 C). The antenna C is 8- articlcd, while antenna D is normally 7-articletl, with a faint sign of division on the 7th article, (^ut of a great niunber of specimens examined, I found that there were more individuals with 8 articles than with 7. although this may be out of the ordinary. There are very few hairs on any of the articles
Figure im. Eriococcus adenobtom.ie.
excepting apical one. Xone of the adult forms, which were through egg- laying had any legs at all, so I am not able to give the data concerning them.
The ventral derm has two alternating rows or rather large round oi)enings or glands from the spiracles to the pygidium.
I'ygidiinn (Fig. 146 B), with one large spine and two short stout spines on anal lobes, with several short spines on the inner margins. .\nal ring scalloped, bearing 8 long spines. Pores or gland openings scattered over derm.
Eggs. — Wine-colored or light purple. Deposited in the sac at the posterior end in large numbers where they remain until hatched in the spring.
Adult Male (Fig. 146 A). — Sac about half as long as that of the adult female and narrow. The smallest scales in the photograph arc the male cases. The coloring is the same as those of the female.
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Adult. — Very minute (0.7 mm. long) with large wings. Color — Wine or dark reddish purple, covered with fine, white, waxy powder to give it a grayish appearance. A)iteimae — Normally long and hairy. Eyes, dark purple. Legs, slender and hairy. Wings, hyaline with typical venation. Thorax large with hairy prothorax and dark dorsal band between wing-bases. Abdomen narrow and segmented distinctly at margins. Anal filaments nearly as long as body, and snow-y-white. There is usually a spine-like style at tip of abdomen. This is in two divisions, resembling an ovipositor.
Figure 146. Eriococcus adenostomae: A, adult male; B, pygi.liuni of tViniile; C. S;irtiflc'il .■intcniia of fciiiiile: P, normal 7-articled antcuna of femalo.
I chanced upon a very thick infestation of this sca^e in the mountains above Santa Paula at an altitude of some 2000 feet. Only Chamiso {Adenos- toma fasciculatum) served as a host plant, although growing in' the same localities were numerous other trees and shrubs. Undoubtedly the insect had been in this locality for some years, for old dead shrubs bore traces of the female sacs. The infestation, though thick, had not spread over an area of more than 100 feet in circumference, while the host plant covered
Pomona Collei;e Jolrnai. oi- Entomology 411
acres and even miles uninterruptedly. This is accounted fur by the fact that the scale has two internal parasites which I have l)een able to hatch from them in considerable numbers.
This beautiful species was first described by Mr. Ivlw, .\l. l-'hrhorn in the Canadian Entomologist. \'ol. XXX, p. 2+4 ( 1898).
.Mr. T. 1). .\. Cockerel! also had an article on tiie same insect in the Can. Knt. \nl. XXX. I). 24f> (1898).
This insect ( Eig. 14.^) was first sent to the writer by Roy K. iJishop, Horticultural Commissioner of Orange County. Since that time I have ob- tained it in the vicinity of Santa I'aula.
The long white egg sac makes it at once conspicuous and easy to detect. It occurs in great inimi)ers on the California Sage { Artcmisui calijornica) during the later summer months. That it never increa.scs to any damaging numbers may be explained by the fact tiiat it is jiarasitized by a dipterous in- sect which is an egg feeder. In some dozen mounted females I was able to obtain several of the puparia of the parasite, but was not fortunate enough to obtain the adult fly.
THE PHALANGIDA OF CALIFORNIA
BY NATHAN BANKS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The Phalangida, or Opiliones as they are called by some writers, constitute a very distinct order of the Arachnida. The body is seen to be of two large parts broadly connected to each other; the anterior part is the cephalothorax, the posterior part is the abdomen. The cephalothorax is of one piece above, but usually shows one or two incomplete transverse furrows or grooves. There is also a furrow alone: each side and it is considered that the part )rre;,ond
Fig^ure 147. Dorsal and ventral views of a Phalangid. A, Dorsal view: a, jialpus; b, inaiKllble; c, lateral pore; d, eye tubercle; e, cepha- lothorax; f, abdomen. B, Ventral view: a, mandible; b, palpus; c, maxilla; d, pedal lobe; e, coxa I; f, coxa II; g, coxa III; h, coxa IV; i, advancement of abdomen; k, spiracle; 1, 2nd ventral segment; m, 3rd ventral segment; u, 4th ventral segment; 0, 5th ventral segment; p, 6th ventral segment; s, anal plate.
the fiirnnv is the pleura. ( )n this pleural portion near the anterior end is a small somewhat circular depression with a membranous bottom, this is the lateral pore. On the middle line of the cephalothorax and toward the anterior margin is a small rounded elevation with a simple eye on each lateral face, this is the eye-tubercle or eye-eminence. The abdomen is quite broad, never slender, and never depressed ; usually quite convex above.
Abdomen is considered to consist of eight segments, but in many forms the l)asal and median ones are poorly defined on the dorsum ; on the venter there are usually six distinct segments. The under.side of the cephalothorax is occupied by the coxae, and by a median piece similar to and often called the
Pomona College Journal of Entomology 413
sternum. It is, however, something (|iiitc difTerent; it is the basal ventral segments of the abdomen pushed forward over the bases of the coxk. It carries with it the opening of the genital organs, whicli thus in certain forms appear to issue close to the nioutli. This ailvanccment of the abdomen is so pronounced in many of our common forms that the coxje are crowded at the base, and so appear to radiate from a central point.
Lc^^s are usually long and slender, they consist of a basal juint, the coxa, almost wholly attached to the venter, a small trochanter, a long femur, a short patella, a long tibia, a long metatarsus, and a fairly long tarsus, more or less broken up into several articles. The metatarsi and the tibiae are oft times divided by what arc termed false-articulations. The tarsus ends in one or two claws. In front of the first pair of legs are the i)alpi, which are of five joints, coxa, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus, the latter often ends in a claw, and the femora sometimes bear spines. Between the palpi are the mandibles, fakes, or chelicerae; they consist of a large basal joint, or paturon, and an apical chelate claw.
Male usually has the body either shorter or else more slender than the female, in some cases the male has the tarsus of the jialpus more curved than in the female, and in others the male pal])! are greatly enlarged. As a rule, the male has longer and more slenger legs than the female. In a few cases the male has the hind coxa? enlarged : in many species the males are more spinose than the females. The Phalangida arc commonly calleil "harvest-men." "grandfather greybeards." or "daddy-long-legs." They spin no web, and make no retreat or place of concealment. I'sually they move slowly, but some can nm rather rapidly : a few, when disturbed, feign death. They commonly feed on living insects which they capture with their jaws, or with the palpi. They appear to have few enemies, and their long legs and often hard and spiny body make them ratlicr undesirable food for birds. Sometimes one finds a species of mite attached to their legs. When handled, they often exude from near the coxre, a whitish fluid, which in some cases has a dis- agreeable odor. The eggs are deposited in the fall or early spring, in crevices of the soil, or in wet or decayed wood. The yoimg, on hatching, arc in general similar to the adidts. but often present differences in the ]ialpi. Prob- ably all of them have Init one generation a year.
Phalangids are widely distributed : in the tropics are great numbers of curious species, while others live on tlie .storm-swept peaks of high moimtains. Several have been taken in caves ; some of these cave forms also occur outside of caves, but in dark situations.
The species do not vary much in appearance : in some of the mountain loving forms the colors vary from dark to light ; in some species that have a long north and south range, the northern specimens have much shorter legs, and a less spinose body than specimens from the southern localities.
There are probably about 100 species in the United States ; 20 s|)ccies are known from California. These belong to 16 genera that may be distinguished by the following synojitic table :
414 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
1. First ventral segment of abdomen not extending in front of the
hind coxae ; hind tarsus with two claws or a compound claw at tip ; palpus with the tibia and tarsus depressed ; hind legs usually the
longest 2
First central segment of abdomen extends much in front of the hind coxre ; each tarsus with but one simple claw ; palpus with tibia and tarsus cylindrical ; second pair of legs the longest 5
2. Hind cox;e wholly united to the venter, spiracles distinct Cynorta
Hind coxae free at apex, spiracles obscure 3
3. Two simple claws to each hind tarsus 4
A forked claw on each hind tarsus ; palpus not as long as body Sclerobunus
Figure 148. Head details of Phalangida:
A, Eye tubercle of Ortholasma iiii'ti]ies; B. liead and claw of Sitalc C, head of Ortholasma rugosa.
Eye-tubercle arising from the anterior margin of the cephalothorax ;
palpi shorter than the body Sitalcina.
Eye-tubercle arising some distance back from the anterior margin
of the cephalothorax ; jial])! longer than the body Scotolemon.
Last joint of palpus with a claw at the end, this joint usually longer
than the preceding joint 10
Last joint of palpus without a claw at tip, this joint much shorter
than the preceding joint 6
Palpi very short, concealed under a projection of the eye-tubercle 9
Palpi long and prominent 7
Mandibles longer than body, projecting forward Taracus.
Mandibles shorter than body 8
Fourth Joint nf pal])ns much thickened Phlegmacera.
Fourth joint of palpus not thickened Ncmastoma.
Eye-tubercle with a broadly spatulate projection ; two spines each side
on the anterior margin of cephalothorax Ortholasma.
Eye-tubercle with branched projection, a single and club-like spine
each side on the anterior margin of cephalothorax Dendrolasma.
Pomona Cor.LK.cE Journal ok ENToMou)r,v 413
10. NTale with the palpus nnich enlarfjed and the last joint a little shorter
than the preceding joint ; female with patella of palpus branched : palpal claw smooth : a row of teeth on each side of coxae Protolof>lius. Last joint of palpus lnnjjer than the i)receding joint; patella without a branch 11
11. Co.xae II much shorter at base than I or III; femora and tibia I and
III enlarged _ 12
Cox.x II reaching as far down as base! as I or III; femora and tibia I and III not enlarged 13
12. Eye-tubercle spinose; legs unmarked Globipcs.
Eye-tubercle smooth ; legs banded _ Muryhuiius.
13. A group of spinules on the anterior margin of the cephalothorax : legs
rather short _ Nitopus.
No such spinules 14
14. Palpal claw denticulate; a small tooth at base of palpus beneath; legs
very long and slender, in adult with teeth along edge of some of
the coxje — „ Liobunum.
Palpal claw smooth; legs usually shorter 15
15. Legs slender: femur I longer than width of the body l.euronychus.
Legs shorter, femur I not as long as the width of the bofly
I.cptohuiius.
Cynorta Of this genus there is but one species known from California.
Cynorta bimaculata Bks. This is a very hard-liodicd form, yellow-brown in color, with two largcT pale yellow spots on the dorsum of abdomen : there arc no spines or tubercles on the dorsum (^F.astern species have two spines or tubercles"). It is only known from San Diego.
Sitalcina n. gen. Fiiit one species described from Calif<irnia.
Sitalces californica Bks. Color pale yellowish. lei;s whitish toward the tips. Eye-tubercle large, on the anterior margin of the cephalothorax. roughened and granulate. Dorsum of abdomen finely granulate, and with six transverse rows of larger granules. Third joint of palpus with two projections above and one below ; fourth joint with two projections below, several small ones above: fifth joint with two projections below. Length 2 to 3 mm. From Marin County, and Mt. Shasta.
Sclerobunus Two species occur on the West Coa^^t. one not yet recorded from California, but will doubtless occur in the northern part of that state.
1. Color red. tips of legs black rohuslus.
Color lirown. tips of legs yellowish brunncus.
416 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Sclerobunus robustus Packard The anterior femora have three or four little tubercles, each tipped with a stiff hair; each of the four posterior claws have one large projection each side; the male has the second joint of palpus more gibbous than in the female. Length 3 to 4 mm. Known from Mt. Shasta region, also Washington and Colorado.
Sclerobunus brunneus Bks. Dorsum and legs have many little tubercles, each tipped with a stiff hair ; each of the four posterior claws have two curved projections each side; second joint of palpus not as large as in 5. robustus. Length 2 mm. From Wash- ington.
Scotolemon The species of this genus often live in caves, and such is the habitat of the one known Californian species.
Scotolemon californica Bks. No eyes, eye-tubercle not prolonged into a spine. Pale yellowish, dorsum of abdomen rather darker. Dorsum with small pointed granules, those on the abdomen arranged in transverse rows; venter and coxae with similar granules, often tipped with a hair. Palpi large and stout, the joints with pointed processes; legs slender, finely granulate. Length 1.8 mm. From Alabaster Cave, Calif.
Taracus Two species are known from California.
1. Body with many small projections, each tipped with a hair sl)iiiosus.
Body without hair-bearing projections [>alli['cs.
Taracus spinosus Bks. i'alc yellowish, claws of mandibles reddish-brown; cephalothora.x smooth; just behind the eye-tubercle is a median spine flanked each side by an oblique row of tubercles. Dorsum and venter of abdomen closely covered with pro- jections, each with a stiff black hair at tip. those on dorsum are curved. From Southern California.
Taracus pallipes Bks. Rather brownish above, mandibles dark ; cephalothorax and abdomen smooth, without projections, the spine behind the eye-tubercle is not flanked each side by a row of tubercles. From .Mt. Shasta, Calif., and also in Washington (Olympia). (Fig. 149.)
Phlegmacera This genus is readily known by the swollen joints of the pal])!, tin- last joint being very small ; one species has been taken in California.
Pomona Coi.i.ec.K [ui r.nai. of Entomolocv
417
Phlegmacera occidentalis P.ks. This is ])a!c in color, willi a lar,i|i- lirnwn xpot on the cfjihalothorax and ovtT the base of tlie al)(ionion ; legs are brownish, with wliite marks on base and tij) of femora, tips of |)atellx and tibia", and fainter ones on metatarsi and tarsi. Tliere is a pair of erect spines on base of abdomen, and in the male the basal joint of the mandil)Ics is prolonged upward. From Santa (."lani County, Calif., and also Washington.
Nemastoma
One species of these tiii\ l'lialani;i(N nccur^ in California: the )xilpi are vlindcr throughout.
Figure H9. Taracus palUpes.
Nemastoma modesta Bks. Dorsum brown to reil-brown ; leg^s pale. From the broad, low eye-tui)erclc there extends obliquely backward a row of tubercles with flat tops broader than the base, on the base of abdomen is a transverse row connecting the rows from the eye-tubercle : on dorsum of abdomen are four small submedian white s|)ines or processes; legs and ])alpi finely hairy. Mt. Shasta. C'laremcmt. and Santa Clara County.
Ortholasma Two s|iecies are found in California: 1. Process of eye-tubercle with six or more openings each side; femora
and tibije not banded _ _ rtigosa.
Process of eye-tubercle with about 4 or 5 openings each side : femora and tibix banded picti/'cs.
Ortholasma pictipes ii. sp. Body brownish, a faint median pale stripe on abdomen: the process of eye-tubercle whitish; legs dark, two bantls on femora ami tibia? (except leg II), one near middle, one near tip: leg II with band on femora toward tip, tibia mostly pale : eye-tubercle with only four or five openings each side, and the spikes projecting beyond the connecting rim : two spine-like processes each side on front of cephalothorax ; cephalothorax roughened mostly in two curved
418 Pomona College Journal ok Entomology
rows behind, and on lateral edge; abdomen with connecting ridges, which form five longitudinal rows of areas, from the connections of the median row there are slight tubercles; around hind border is a row of rather clavate tubercles, and the posterior slope of abdomen is transversely roughened, legs roughened, the trochanters not so much as in O. rugosa; large processes at tip of coxae III and IV as in 0. rugosa; venter also roughened as in O. rugosa. From Humboldt County, Calif., June 24, and Mt. Wilson, Sept. (Bradley) kindly given me by Prof. J. H. Comstock.
Ortholasma rugosa Bks.
Cephalothorax with a pair of spines on each side of anterior margin ; pro- jection of eye-tubercle spatulate; dorsal surface with intersecting ridges which give rise to tubercles and processes ; on the posterior margin is a row of simple spines, the larger ones near the middle ; the coxae and trochanters roughened. Common in Southern Calif., Claremont; San Diego, Los Angeles, and Alameda Counties.
Dendrolasma
But one species is described.
Figure 150. Dendrolasma mirabilis.
Dendrolasma mirabilis Bks. Cephalothorax has a single clavate process each side on anterior margin ; projection of eye-tubercle is branched ; the dorsum has intersecting lines rorm- ing a definite pattern ; on posterior margin is a row of clavate processes, each with a slight basal projection on each side ; coxae and trochanters roughened, on coxae I and II at tip is a connected row of tubercles, and on coxae II one of these tubercles is greatly enlarged. From Coulterville, Mariposa County ; also Washington. (Fig. 150).
Pomona College Journal op Entomology 410
Protolophus. Two species are known from California; the F. tuberculatus very nnicli more common than the other.
1 . Abdominal tubercles unarmed tuberculatus.
Abdominal tubercles with a few apical spines sitiiJularis.
Protolophus tuberculatus Bks. Gray to brownish, more or less mottled with brown; abdomen often red- brown, with a broatl median dark stripe or vase-mark ; coxje brownish, tro- chanters yellowish, rest of legs reddish or yellowish brown. Specimens come from Marin County, Santa Clara County, I.os .^nJ;eles, Claremont, Haywards, Santa Catalina Island, and Santa Rosa Island. (Fig. 151.)
Figure 151. Protolophus tuberculatus.
Protolophus singularis Bks. .\bdominaI tubercles have from two lo four spines; the anterior margin of cephalothorax is more spinose, and the palpi are more enlarged in the male, the second pair of legs more slender. From near San Diego.
Eurybunus The legs are short, the femora and tibia of legs I and III thickeneil. Two species are described from California.
1. Body smooth; leg IV nearly as long as II bruuitcus.
Body with transverse rows of spinules ; leg IV much shorter than 11 _ - ._ sf<iiinsus.
Eurybunus brunneus Bks. Dorsum brown, margin of abdomen narrowly white, coxae, trochanters, an<l part of femora yellowish, a band near tip, femora brown, the extreme tip whitish ; base of patella brown, tip white ; middle of tibia brown, base and tip white ; same with the metatarsus ; tarsi brownish : palpi and mandibles yellowish. Southern California.
Eurybunus spinosus Bks. Grayish brown above, a black mark <m each side of base of abdomen: femora I and III brown, with a pale ring on middle; tibis I and III brown, mottled with pale; femora and tibiae 11 and IV whitish, with irregular brown
420 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
spots : all metatarsi pale : tarsi ringed with brown at the false articulations ; palpi pale, spotted with lirown, black at tip. Los Angeles, Calif.
Globipes
P)Ut one species is known.
Globipes spinulatus Bks. Reddish brown, dorsum somewhat mottled with brown, base of legs yellow- ish, rest reddish ; cephalothorax and abdomen smooth ; eye-tubercle low and with few spinules above ; femur II longer than the body, and more than twice as long as femur I. From Southern California.
Leuronychus Two species are known.
I. A brown dorsal stripe pacificus.
No dorsal stripe parvuhis.
Leuronychus pacificus Bks. Whitish to grayish, with a broad median brown stripe ; the patellae of legs brown, lineate with white; trochanters brow^p ; spinules on venter and coxs. From Olympic, Wash., and Mt. Shasta, Calif.
Leuronychus parvulus Bks. Xo stripe on dorsum, Init a s]iot on abdomen in form of a Greek cross: ]3atcll;e not lineate with white; trochanters pale; only stiff black hairs on venter and coxae. From Olynipia. \\'asli., probably occurs in nurthern California.
Leptobunus
But one species kn"\\ii from California.
Leptobunus californicus Bks. Whitish above, mottled with brown and black, the vase m.irk indefinite; femur I shorter than the body, tips of coxae pale, tibia 1 with two dark bands; apical brown rings on other joints, palpi not lineate with brnwn. Southern California., Los Angeles. Another species, L. borcolis. is known from .Alaska: it has the tijis of coxse ilark, one band on tibia 1, and the ])al|<1 lineate with brown.
Nitopus One species is recorded from California.
Nitopus californicus Bks. Grayish above, indistinctly muttled with white and brown; femora and tibise with brown bands near base and tip; tibia 11 is much longer than metatarsus
II, one false articulation in metatarsus I. From Los Angeles.
Another species iV. dorsalis. with a white median stripe, is known from ,\laska; the tibia II is not longer than metatarsus II, and there is no false articulation in metatarsus I.
Pomona Coi.leok Journm. of Entomology 421
Liobunum
To tliis genus belongs the c.\ccs>ively long-legge<i forms. Many species are known from the eastern L'nited States, and from Kurope, but only two are so far recorded from the West Coast, one of these, however, is very common. 1. Two large yellow spots over the junction of tiie cephalothora.x and
abdomen bimncuhitum.
No large yellow spots on junction of the ccphalothorax ant! abdomen
Liobunum exilipes WOod .\dult males arc dark brown, with sonic scattered small pale sjjots, a larger ])ale spot in front of the cye-tubcrclc, and the palpus, except the tarsus, is black. The female is paler, and, when mature, shows a dark vase mark on the dorsum. Young arc pale, mottled with brown and black. In both sexes the trochanters are darker than the coxs, and the tips of the femora and tibiic are more or less distinctly paler than the rest of the joint. Specimens have been examined from Mt. Shasta, Santa Clara County, Los .Angeles, Clare- mont, Santa Rosa Island, and it also occurs in Washington State.
Liobunum bimaculatum Bks. This species has still longer legs than /.. exilipes; it is dark brown in clor. with two prominent yellow spots, and the trochanters are no darker than the coxae. I have seen it only from near San Diego.
AMERICAN PSYLLIDvE III (Triozinae)
BY D. L. CRAWFORD
The following descriptions complete the study of the Triociiwe as based on the material now at hand. The synopses which accompany the descriptions will supersede and replace the provisional synopsis as published in an earlier number of the Journal. Although there are several new genera and many new species here presented, yet there must be many more new forms in America still, and until these are studied thoroughly nothing in the nature of a monograph can be attempted. In the interest of science, therefore, it is hoped that all the material possible will be made available for study, for the furtherance of the knowledge of this important group of insects.
The facial cones furnish striking and constant generic characters, as do also the pronotum and mesothorax. Undue emphasis, however, was at first put on the position and trend of the facial cones ; this is of secondary importance, to be sure, but not a primary diagnostic character, since it separates synoptically the sexes of a species, as occurred in T. tripunctata (Fitch) Riley. A striking variation occurs in the form of the pronotum. In the genus AUotrioza the pronotum is relatively very long and extending on its dorsal surface from the anterior margin of the dorsulum to the posterior margin of the vertex. In all or most of the other Triozinae the pronotum is relatively shorter and is partially concealed by descending behind the posterior margin of the verte.x, and does not attain posteriorly to the surface of the dorsulum ; this has been spoken of as the pronotum depressed below the dorsulum and head. The dorsulum in the latter case is usually rovmdly pointed cephalad, and of rather a spherical-triangular shape.
Very good diagnostic characters lie in the genitalia of the male, but since often only the female is represented in the collections, these characters can not well be used. In the preliminary study the term anal projection was suggested for the dorsal portion of the male genitalia. The term anal valve is more suitable and will be used hereafter. The lateral view of the anal valve is very important and should always be represented by a good clear figure. Of the female genitalia three general types are easily recognizable : the short, the long, and the extremely long and slender. The first is, typical in the species Trioza salicis, the second in T. qiiadripunctata, and the third in 7'. longistylus.
The veins of the forewings are nearly always set with fine microscopic hairs at regular intervals, but with very few exceptions these setae are visible only under very high power ; occasionally, however, as in 7". mcxicana, they are more conspicuous and easily visible under a low power of magnification. In many forms the wing membrane is covered with punctural dots but these are not visible except under the high power ; in a few species these are very conspicuous, giving a fulvous, smoky ajipcarance to the wing.
Pomona College Journal ok Entomology 423
Synopsis of the Genera of Triozinae
A. Radius longer than basal portiDii cif sulicosta. B. Facial cones (as cones) entirely wanting or siilt-uljsulctc. C. Vertex very deeply eniarginate anteriorly at median suture, with the- antennic attached to the projecting rostra. Facial coiks entirely wanting. D. Hi-rostrate appearance of head very marked; cmargination very deep. Third antennal segment not very thick midway, sometimes some- what eidarged. Rhiiwpsylla Riley UD. Bi-rostrate appearance of head not so conspicuous, emargination deep but less than above. Third antennal segment very much en- larged and thickened midway, thicker than succeeding segments and almost as thick as preceding. Bactcriccra I'uton. CC. Vertex not deeply emarginate anteriorly, without the peculiar bi- rostrate appearance. Facial cones sub-obsolete, with merely globose projections at insertion of antennae. Epitrioza Crawford. BB. Facial cones (as cones) not entirely wanting. C. I'ronotum long, quite flat, not depressed below dorsulum and heail ; dorsulum not strongly arched. Allot rioca Crawford. CC. I'ronotum short, arched and distinctly descending cephalad ; distinctly depressed below dorsulum and head ; dorsulum ([uite strongly arched. D. I-'acial cones exceedingly short and small, scarcely projecting biyoiul vertex ; labrum easily visible from in front ; antennx inserted on frons and base of facial cones ; vertex distinctly raised plate-like, and usually conspicuously colored; margin of vertex colored dilTer- ently from discal portion. .\nal valve of male genitalia bilo- bate ; claspers not acute at apex. I'aratrioca Crawford. DD. Facial cones at least moderately long, or not exceedingly short: labrum not visible from in front. K. Thorax broader than entire width of head including eyes. F'acial cones normal, usually moderately loiitj. rather acutely rounded apically, more or less divergent. Trioza Forster.
(Petalolyma Scott)
EE. Thorax distinctly narrower than entire width of head including
eyes. Facial cones long, very slender and acute, closely appressed
and not divergent in the least. Ncotrioza Crawford.
A.\. Radius shorter than basal portion of subcosta ; discoidal portion of
subcosta almost wanting. Ccropsylla Riley.
General Revised Synopsis of the Genus Trioza
A. Forewings not entirely hyaline ; with more or less dark banding.
B. Subcosta bordered with dark band ; radius straight, shorter than second
cubital ; first furcal two-thirds as long as third ; genital segment of
female very short; anal valve of male obtriangular. with large
posterior lobe. 7". calif ornica Crawf.
424 Pomona College: Journal of Entomology
BB. Both cubital veins and radius bordered with dark bands; marginal cells darkened ; radius long, flexed midway ; first and third furcals subequal ; female genital segment quite long ; anal valve of male ob- triangular, with large posterior lobe.
T. tripunctata (Fitch) Riley.
BBB. Hind margin darkened from tip of clavus to apex of wing and through
both marginal cells ; radius straight, rather short ; female genital
segment short ; anal valve small, with a rectangular posterior lobe.
T. imirginata Crawf. AA. Forewings without stripes or bands, hyaline or slightly fulvous. B. Setae on veins of forewing conspicuous ; membrane of wing with punctural dots. Facial cones large. Female genital segment long. .-Xnal valve large, arcuately lobate posteriorly. C. Body large; wings quite fulvous; setae on veins prominent.
T. mexicana Crawf. CC. Body rather small ; wings but slightly fulvous ; seta not prominent.
T. mexicana minnta Crawf. BB. Setae on veins of forewings very inconspicuous or wanting; wing membrane with few or no punctural dots. C. Dorsum and verte.x conspicuously pubescent. D. Pubescence long, quite dense. Vertex bulging ; facial cones very short ; pronotum short. Wings large ; second marginal cell un- usually large. Female genital segment moderately long ; anal valve of male almost as large as ventral plate and similar in shape, with a dorsal epiphysis. T. diosf>yri Ashmead.
DD. Pubescence not long, somewhat pulverulent. \'ertex flat; facial cones moderately long ; pronotum quite long. Wings not large ; marginal cells subequal. Female genital segment rather long; anal valve of male small. T. bakcri Crawf.
CC. Dorsum and verte.x not pubescent, or if so, very inconspicuously. D. Facial cones very short and broadly rounded apically, quite vertical. Female genital segment exceedingly long and acute. Pronotum quite long. E. Epimeron long, visibly as long as episternum. Cone into eye more than twice ; labrum very large. ( knital segment nearly one-fourth as long as rest of body. 7". longistylus Crawf.
EE. Epimeron concealed partially, visibly not as long as episternum. Cone into eye scarcely more than twice ; labrum not large. F. Epimeron visibly half as long as episternum. Style-like process of female genital segment about as long as basal portion.
'/'. coUaris Crawf.
FF. Epimeron visibly only about one-fourtli as long as episternvim.
Facial cones extremely short. Style of female fully twice as
long as basal portion of genital segment. '/'. proximata Crawf.
Pomona College Journal of Ento.moujcv 4J5
DD. Facial cones not very short, at least moderately acute apically. Female genital segment not cxtreiiK-ly long and acute. I'ronotum usually rather short. LC. Wings very broadly rounded apically, without any angulation what- ever (V. longicornis is typical of a rounded wing; 7". similis and T. albi/rons 1 consider slightly angulated) ; furcation of second cubital on or behind long axis of wing from base of subcosta to apex of wing. Facial cones long, divergent. F. Thorax and verte.\ quite conspicuously striped and banded with yellowish white on dark ground color. T. varians Crawf.
FF. Thorax and vertex not striped or banded. G. Facial cones quite horizontal, easily visible from above. Radius short, straight ; fourth furcal one-half as long as second cubital.
T. rot\tndil<cnnis Crawf. GG. Facial cones subvertical, only slightly visible from above. Radius long, curved ; fourth furcal less than one-third as long as seconil cubital. T. longicornis Crawf.
EH. \\ ings not very broadly rounded, as above ; more or less angiilated or acute apically ; furcation of second cubital usually in front of the long a.xis of wing. Facial cones not very long. F. Length of forewing ilistinctly less than 3 mm. Body very sTuall. Facial cones short, subacute. G. Genital segment of female long, with a short, slender ovipositor sheath. Labrum small. I'nepimeron mostly concealed, visibly only half as long as episternum ; forecoxa: mostly visible.
T. nicaragucnsis Crawf.
GG. Genital segment of female very short ; dorsal plate very obtuse.
Labrum relatively large. I'nepimeron visibly as long as or
longer than episternum ; forecoxae mostly concealed.
H. Facial cones straight and ((uite parallel on inner margin, scarcely
tlivergent. '/'. minuta Crawf.
HH. Facial cones not entirely straight, somewhat divergent, liody
slightly larger. 7". minula similis Crawf.
FF. Length of forewing fully 3 nun. or more. I'ody not unusually
small.
G. Radius short, straight, without a curve : subcosta nearly or fully
as long as margin of radial cell.
11. Hind margin of wing with four spots visible to unaided eye.
one on margin of each marginal cell, one on cubital cell, and
one on anal angle. Vertex glabrous. Prcepimeron mostly visible.
T. quadripuiiclata Crawf. HH. Hind margin without four easily visible spots; three usual marginal spots present. X'ertex slightly pubescent. Pnrpi- meron mostiv concealed.
426 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
I. Body brownish red to orange. Thorax quite strongly arched;
notal pubescence very inconspicuous. T. frontalis Crawf.
II. Body dark reddish brown. Thorax less strongly arched; notal
pubescence slightly more conspicuous.
T. frontalis sulcata Crawf.
GG. Radius quite long, not straight, curved more or less in distal
half. Cubcosta distinctly shorter than margin of radial cell.
H. Head, facial cones, and notum whitish ; vertex bulging, with a
short sulcate impression midway on each side of median suture.
Female genital segment short ; anal valve of male spatulate.
T. albifrons Crawl. HH. Head, facial cones and notum not whitish, vertex usually more extensively impressed.
I. Facial cones scarcely divergent ; head usually black.
J. Facial cones almost straight on inner margin, scarcely divergent throughout; cone into eye 1. T. salicis Mally.
JJ. Facial cones conical, but slightly divergent, not straight on inner margin as above. Cone into eye X]/^.
T. nigrifrons Crawf.
II. Facial cones distinctly divergent, conical. Cone into eye 1 or less.
Head usually orange colored. J. Vertex conspicuously bulging over insertion of antennae. Facial cones moderately long, and quite stout and divergent. Fe- male genital segment moderately long ; anal valve of male ovoid. T. assimilis Crawf.
JJ. Vertex not conspicuously bulging over insertion of antennae. K. Wings slightly fulvous, not entirely clear. \'ertex not deeply impressed. L. Wings quite conspicuously fulvous; somewhat rounded at ape.x. Prcepisternum short and relatively broad. Vertex between eyes four times the width of eye. Anal valve of male small, simple. T. fulvida Crawf.
LL. Wings inconspicuously fulvous ; rather subacute at apex. Prcepisternum long and relatively slender. Vertex three limes width of eye. .'\nal valve large, with a posterior lobe.
7". aurantiaca Crawf. KK. Wings not fulvous, perfectly clear. L. \'ertcx with a marked sulcate impression on each side of median suture. Facial cones slender, very divergent. Fe- male genital segment moderately long. M. Abdomen white ventrad. Facial cones very slender.
T. siinilis Crawf.
MM. Abdomen imicolored, ventrad and dor.sad. Facial cones
not so slender. T. similis fovcalis Crawf.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology 427
LL. \'crtex without niarkcil silicate impression ; u>ualiy with a shallow impression. Facial cones not very slender, quite divergent. M. \\ in^s somewhat njtiiided at ape.x. C(jne into eye less than 1. .\nal valve of male sniall and simple.
7". fuh'ida similis l.'rawf. .\l.\l. Wings subacute at apex. Cone into eye fully 1. .Anal valve of male (|uite long with a posterior epiphysis.
T. nigra Crawf.
Synopsis of the Genus Trioza Based Principally on the Genitalia
.\. Female genital >egmeiU very simrt. scarcely longer than preceding veiUral scleritc. r>. Dorsal plate ol female genitalia rimmhoidal. not arched between ajK'X and genital pore, nor on ventral surface. Wings very broadly rounded. C. X'entral plate of female triangular; without ejjiphysis at apex. Fourth ftircal less than one-fourth as long as second cubital : radius long. Facial cones subvertical. long. T. longicortiis Crawf.
CC. X'entral plate of female rounded, with an acute epiphysis at apex. Fourth furcal about one-half as long as second cubital; radius rather short. D. .Vnal valve of male sim])le, converging toward a])ex. somewhat knobbed at tip. Facial cones almost horizontal, long.
T. rotundipcnnis Crawf. DO. Anal valve of male not simple, with a moderately large posterior lobe. Facial cones subvertical, rather long. Head ami thorax mote or less striped and banded. T. varians Crawf.
BB. Dorsal plate of female not rhomboidal, rounded on both upper and lower surfaces. Wings not very broadly rounded. C. Forewing with black or brown band. Radius straight, rather short. .\nal valve of male with a posterior lobe. D. Subcosta bordered with conspicuous black band for entire length.
T. calif arnica Crawf. DD. Subcosta normal ; hind margin with brown band from tip of clavus to apex of wing and through both marginal cells.
T. marginata Crawf. CC. Forewings witliout bands or stripes. Radius usually curved. D. Facial cones scarcely divergent, rather short. E. Facial cones almost straight on inner margin, not conical. F. Body small : wings very small. Dorsal plate of female very obtuse at apex. G. Facial cones scarcely divergent. (|uite straight on inner margin.
T. Hiinuta Crawf.
CiCi. Facial cones slightly divergem in apical half. Body slightly
larger. T. tninuta similis Crawf.
428 Pomona Collegic Journal ok Entomology
FF. Body normally large : w iiigs normal. Dorsal plate of female quite
acute apically. T. salicis Mally.
EE. Facial cones quite distinctly conical in shape, but only slightly
divergent. T. nigrifroiis Crawf.
DD. Facial cones distinctly divergent, conical in shape, and quite long.
E. Anal valve of male simple, small, convergent to apex ; claspers very
small.
F. Wings fulvous. T. fulvida Crawf.
FF. Wings clear, T. fulz'ida siiiiilis Crawf.
EE. Anal valve not simple, rather large, with a posterior lobe.
F. Posterior lobe of anal valve quite large, reaching beyond base of
claspers. Dorsal plate of female subacute and curved down in
apical half. T. aurantiaca Crawf.
FF. Posterior lobe of anal valve small, short, scarcely more than an
epijihysis. Dorsal plate of female not curved down as above.
T. nigra Crawf. .\A. Genital segment of female not short, distinctly longer than preceding ventral sclerite ; usually more than twice as long. B. Female without long, slender, acute, style-like ovipositor sheath ; genital segment only moderately long. C. \'ertex and notum conspicuously pubescent.
D. Pubescence long, quite dense; vertex bulging; facial cones very short. Pronotum short. \\'ings large ; second marginal cell unusually large. Anal valve of male about as large as ventral plate and similarly shaped. T. diospyri Ashm.
DD. Pubescence not long, pidvcrulent ; vertex flat. Facial cones mod- erately long. Pronotum (|nite long. \\'ings not large; marginal cells stibequal. Anal valve of male small. T. hakeri Crawf.
CC. \'ertex and notum not conspicuously pubescent. D. Genital segment of female about as long as wide dorso-ventrally. .\nal valve not spatulate. E. Dorsal and ventral plates equally long. r|uite stout, and not acute at apex. \'crtcx conspicuously impressed discally. F. .Abdomen uliite vonlrad. Facial cones very slender and acute.
T. siiiiiUs Crawf. FF. .Midomcn unicolorod. Facial cones not very slender.
T. siiiiilis forcalis Crawf. EE. Dorsal ])latc distinctly longer ancl less acute than ventral. A'crtcx scarcely impressed discally. F. \'eins of wing set with double row of sct.T. Anal valve straight on anterior margin, roundly lobatc posteriorly ; claspers large, not acute at apex. G. Set;c on veins quite prominent; wing somewhat fulvous; punctur;il dots on wing membrane conspicuous. Bodv large, robust.
T. mexicana Crawf.
i
Pomona L'ollK(;e Joirnal of Entomology 429
GO. Setie less proinineiit ; winys less fulvous ; punctural ilots not con- spicuous. Body smaller. 7". nicxicaiia ininuta Crawf. FF. N'eins of wing without sctx, or if present scarcely visible. Anal valve of male ovoid, extending caudatl. Claspers slender, curved, acute apically. T. assimilis Crawf. 1)|). (".cnital segment of female distinctly longer than dorso-ventral width. Anal valve more or less spatulate. E. Both cubital veins and radius bordered with brown or black band. .\nal valve larj,'e, with a large posterior lobe.
T. tri[>Hiutata ( l''itcii I kiley. EE. t'ubitals and radius without dark bands. .\nal valve without large posterior lobe. F. Anal valve very large, spatulate. both margins subeqnal in length ; with a bifurcate ridge extending from base toward each dorsal corner. G. Body brownish red to orange. Thorax (|uite stronL;lv arclied. N'otum finely and inconsincuously pubescent.
'/". / roil till is Crawf. GG. Body dark reddish brown. Thorax less strongly arched. N'otal ])ubescence slightly more conspicuous.
T. frontalis siilcolo Crawf. FI''. Anal valve not uinisually large, snbspatulate : posterior margin
much shorter than anterior; bifurcate ridge wanting. G. Forewing with four spots on hind margin visible to unaided eye, one on margin of each marginal cell, one on cubital margin, and one on anal angle. X'ertex orange to brown. Margins of anal valve arcuate. T. qiiadripmictata Crawf.
G(^. Forewing without four visible spots ; three usual spots present. Vertex and facial cones whitish. Margins of anal valve quite straight. T. ulhifroiis Crawf.
RB. Female with a long, slender, acute ovi])ositor sheath ; with basal portion of genital segment large, subspherical : genital segment very long. Facia] cones quite short. C. Produced ovipositor sheath not longer than enl.irgcd basal portion of genital segment. D. Produced sheath very short ; body very small. W in.g less than 2.5 mm. in length. Facial cones subacute. 7". iiicarai^uciisis Crawf. DD. Produced sheath about as large as enlarged portion. Body nor- mally large. Wing more than 3..^ mm. in length. Facial cones rounded. T. collaris Crawf.
CC. Produced ovipositor sheath nnich longer than basal portion of genital seg^nent. Facial cones very short and rounded. D. Genital segment less than one- fourth the length of rest of Iwdy. Prnepimeron visibly as long as cpisternum. T. loiiQislyliis Crawf. 1)1). Genital segment fully one-fourth as long as remainder of body. l'.l)iineron mostly concealed, visibly shorter than cpisternum.
7". proxiniala Crawf.
430 Pomona Colleck Journal of Entomology
Trioza tripunctata (Fitch) i\iley
(Fig. 152, A: 153. G: 154. A; 155. A)
(Psylld tripunctata Fitch) (Non Trioza tripunctata Low)
Length of body (female) 2.8 mm.; (male) 2.3 mm.; length of forewing 3.5 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .49 mm.; with eyes .80 mm.; general color brown to dark l)rown. dorsum black; liead lighter; antennre yellowi.sh, black at tip.
Head deficxed, rather coarsely punctate, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated over middle half, slightly arcuate; vertex raised plate-like on each side of median suture; with a shallow, oblique depression on each side extending from posterior marginal ridge toward front and eyes ; anterior margin of plates down-curved and emarginate at median suture. Eyes very prominent; anterior ocellus imbedded between conical insertion of antennae and base of facial cones. Facial cones medium in length, rounded apically. quite (hvergent, subvertical. moderately pubescent. Antennje of usual triozal form, yellowish, except two apical segments and tips of intermediate segments black.
Thorax coarsely punctate, quite .strongly arched. Pronotum moderately short, distinctly depressed below head and dorsulum ; dorsulum quite heavy, ascending strongly, roundly acute cephalad, about as long as scutum. Meta- sternal spurs short. Wings quite large, roundly acute apically, almost two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across middle of first marginal cell, distinctly narrowed in basal half ; hyaline, except three brown bands along first and second cubital and radial veins and covering both marginal cells; radius not quite as long as second cubital, flexed midway; marginal cells subequal and similar in shape : third furcal vein very short ; ventation brown, conspicuous.
Male. — Genital segment prominent, not as long as two preceding segments : claspers stout, simple, long; anal valve large, extending beyond base of claspers. Pubescence short and sparse. Female. — Genital segment very long, almost as long as rest of abdomen, very slender and acute; dorsal plate slightly overreaching ventral and less acute ; genital pore .scarcely one-fourth as long as dorsal plate ; ventral plate very acute ; ovipositor very long and acute (exserted in type female) ; pubescence .sparse and short.
Redescribed from one male and one female taken bv Mr. F. A. Sirrine at Jamaica, Long Island, October 11th.
This species was described briefly by Fitch in 1851 as follows: "Wax yellow, dorsum black ; legs and antennse pale yellow, the latter black at the tips : elytra hyaline, nerves brown, beyond the furcation widely margined with smoky fulvous ; a blackish dot on the middle of the terminal margin of each of the inner apical cells. Length 0.16 inch." The specific name was derived from the three marginal dots common to nearly all the Triozas. In \?,77 i-.. Franz Low described a new European Psyllid as Trioza tripunctata. not know- ing of course that there was another Trioza of the same name then classed as a Psytla. In 1893 Riley placed Fitch's Ps. tripunctata in the genus Trioza,
Pomona Collegk Journal of ENToMor.oGY
431
Figure 152. Heads of Triozinae: A, Trioza tripunctata; B, T. salicis; C. D, T. minuta; E, T. quadripunctata; P, T. longistylus; G, T. assimilis; H, T. similis fovealis; I. T. niexii-ana; J. Allotriozn arbolensis; L, A. magnoliao; N, A. arbolcnsis; N, Paratrioza ooollata; O, Epitrioza medioaginis; P, E. oaxacensis; R. K. nicdiraginis; S. Paratrioza ocellata; T, Trioza uicaraguensis.
432 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
tlnis making two members of the gemis bear the same name. According to Section 69 of the code of nomenclature now in preparation by the Entomolog- ical Society of Washington the tripunctata of Low must be changed. In 1908 the Japanese entomologist, Kuwayama, described a new Psylla, naming it Ps. tripunctata. Since this name is already synonymical in that genus from Fitch's original description, this name can not be attached to the new Japanese species. This may become instead Psylla kmcayaiiiai n. n.
Trioza salicis Mally (Fig. 152, B; 154, D; 155, B)
Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 3.0 mm.; greatest width 1.3 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm. ; with eyes .68 mm. General color orange yellow to brown, notum and head darker ; antennae black in apical half.
Head deflexed, very finely punctate, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin narrowly elevated over middle three-fifths, only slightly arcuate ; discal area with broad shallow depression on each side of median suture, and bi-lobately projecting, with anterior ocellus imbedded under it at base of facial cones ; vertex not raised plate-like. Facial cones rather short, acute, almost parallel on inner margin and scarcely divergent, almost vertical, sparcely pubescent apically. Antennae inserted on front below eyes, within : insertion yellow, the rest of vertex, front and facial cones black or dark brown.
Thorax arched, rugosely punctate. Pronotum short, much depressed below dorsulum and head ; prcepimeron very distinctly visible. Dorsulum qviite large, strongly ascending, rather acute anteriorly; lighter in color on anterior portion than posteriorly ; meta-sternal spurs short. IVings hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, subacute apically ; anal vein very heavy and dark ; venation very light brown.
Fenmle. — Genital .segment very short, scarcely longer than two preceding tergites or anal ventral sclerite ; dorsal plate overreaching ventral, almost glabrous, pubescence very sparse and brief; genital jjore almost half as long- as dorsal plate ; ventral plate acutely beaked apically.
at -Ames, Iowa, and from several females collected at .Mgonquin. Illinois; all specimens were taken either in September or October.
This species was first described by Mally in 1895 from specimens taken on willow (Salix) at Ames, Iowa. His description is taken up mostlv with coloration and wing venation, two characters which are of little specific value in this genus. The male genitalia are scarcely described and not figured, and unfortunately there is no male specimen in this collection. Consequently this character must be descriiied at some fnttire time. Trioza minuta Crawf. (Fig. l.=;2, C, D; 154, B; 155, C)
Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest wl.'.tii .9 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm.; with eyes .62 mm. (kner.il color very light orange yellow throughout ; antenna? black apically.
Pomona Colleck Journal oi" Entomology 4M
Head quite strongly fleflexed. very sliglitly imi)iiiictalc. with eyes ikjI a^ broad as thorax. Posterior inartjin of vertex arcuate, shghtly ilevated over middle one-third, scarcely emarginato at median suture: vertex scarcely raiseil |3late-likc; discal area with a siuall f<n'ca on each side posteriorly and a shallow divergent dejjression extending downward toward front. Facial cones shori, vertical, scarcely divergent, almost straight and parallel on inner margin, quite acute, pubescence short and spar.se. .\nteiui;e inserted on frons and side of facial cones ; form of antennsc as usual in genus.
Thorax nut strt)ngly arched, more coarsely iiimctate than vertex, ratlv.r slender. I'ronotnm short, depressed below head and dorsnlum. nearer to level of dorsnlum than of head. Dorsnlum ascending, about as long as scutum. ^^etasterna] spurs short. IVitii^s hyaline, very slender, fully three times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, subacute apically ; fir~t furcal quite short, second and fourth subcqual ; venation brownish yellow, not conspicuous.
Female. — Genital segment very short, about as long as two preceding ter gites : dorsal plate very slightly longer than ventral, very bro.idly rounded apically: ventral plate acute and somewhat beaked at tip: pubescence short and sparse.
Described from tliree females from Arizona in the C. F. liaker collection.
Trioza minuta similis Crawf.
Rody small, slightly larger than species. \'ertex very similar in form : facial cones less parallel and straight on inner margin, more divergent. Thoracic characters very similar to species. Wings slightly larger, but simi- larly veined. Female genitalia quite similar to species. Male. — Genital seg- ment rather short : clasjiers slender, simple, incurved apically. .\nnl valve proportionately rather large, bilobate. with posterior lobe.
Described from several males and females from Oregon in the (". F. I'aker collection.
Trioza quadripunctata Crawf. (Fig. \?2. K: 153. II: l.M. C : l.^.\ D)
Length of body 2.3 nun.; length of forewing 3.3 nun.; greatest width \.? nun.: width of vertex between eyes .42 mm.: with eyes .71 mm. General color greenish yellow: antenn.T black in distal half.
Head deflexed. somewhat punctate, with eyes almost as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated over middle two-thirds, slightly arcuate: vertex not elevated plate-like: discal area with a small fovea on each side between median suture and posterior ocellar area, and a sidcate de- pression exteniling obli(|uely toward front and lower margin of eye : broadly and dee]ily emarginate anteriorly at median suture, and protruding hiloMareiy over frons; median siuure distinctly emarginate: facial cones medimn in length, rather acute, quite strongly divergent, usually snbvertical. sometimes almost horizontal, pubescence rather sparse and brief. .•Xntennne inserted under pro-
434 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Iniding vertical lobes above base of facial cones ; antennal impressions scarcely larger than scape.
Thorax strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum rather long, depressed below head and dorsiilum but not as much as usual ; proepisternum long, reaching arcuately almostt to suture of dorsulum and mesopleurites. Dorsulum large, about as long as scutum, roundly acute cephalad. Metasternal spurs short. Wings hyaline, relatively quite broad, only a trifle more than twice as long as broad, broadest across middle of fir.st marginal cell, rounded apically but not broadly so ; radius almost straight ; marginal cells subequal ; with four distinctly visible maculae on posterior margin, the largest in first marginal cell, one on margin of cubital and second marginal cells and the fourth at tip of clavus ; venation light brown.
Male. — Genital segment large, larger than two preceding sclerites : dorsal surface of plate ascending caudad ; claspers long, simple, arcuate and incurved : anal valve about as long as claspers, with a small posterior lobe on each lateral flap ; pubescence sparse. Abdominal tergites short, extending about to third ventral sclerite. Female. — Abdomen much heavier and broader than in male. Genital segment long, almost as long as rest of abdomen, quite acute apically ; dorsal plate slightly longer and less acute than ventral : genital pore fully one-third as long as dorsal plate.
Described from one male and four females from Colorado; collector C. F. Baker.
Trioza longistylus Crawf. (Fig. 152. F: 154, E: 155, E)
Length of body with ovipositor 3.1 mm. ; without ovipositor 2.5 mm. : length of forewing 3.9 mm.; greatest width 1.6 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .48 mm. ; with eyes .90 mm. General color greenish yellow ; body quite large and robust.
Head strongly deflexed, quite coarsely punctate on vertex and frons, with eyes not as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated, arcuate ; vertex not raised plate-like ; discal area on each side with an angulate- sulcate depression diverging from posterior marginal ridge toward frons and lower margin of eye ; elevation along median suture quite broad ; anterior margin not deeply emarginate at median suture. Facial cones short, rounded apically, divergent only in distal half, quite vertical, scarcely pubescent. .An- tennae inserted on frons below termination of frontal sulca.
Thorax strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum quite long, somewhat depressed below head and dorsulum ; with a fovea on each side above episternum. Dorsulum large, rather broadly rounded cephalad. strongly ascending; dorsulum caudad and scutum rugulose. Wings large, hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, rounded apically but not broadly so; first marginal cell slightly larger than second ; second furcal distinctly arched ; second cubital about twice the length of fourth furcal ; radius about as long as .second cubital ; claval margin very heavy and prominent; venation light brown.
Pomona Cor.LECK Journal op Entomology 43?
Female. — Abdomen robust. Genital segment large, siibglobose, greatly pro- duced caudad ; dorsal plate slightly shorter than ventral; genital puic very small ; both plates produced into an ovipositor sheath longer than genital seg- ment basally ; sheath and style together almost one-fourth as long as rest ot body. Pubescence very sparse and brief.
Described from three females in the C. F. Baker collectiim, twcp taken in Colorado and one in Santa Clara County, California.
This species is very closely related to Triosa colUiris Crawford, biii ilitTer> in the following characters : 7". collaris — Facial cones not broadly rounded ; pnepimeron short, not visibly as long as episternum ; dorsulum with an acute epiphysis cephalad ; both pronotum and dorsulum very sparsely pulK-scent ; ovipositor sheath and style about as long as rest of genital segment. T. lonii- istylus — Facial cones broadly rounded apically ; pnepimeron visibly full\ as long as episternum ; dorsulum without epiphysis cephalad ; pronotum and dor- sulum not pubescent ; ovipositor sheath and style twice as long as rest of genital segment.
The two species are, however, of the same type and should not have bteii so far separated in the preliminary synopsis.
Trioza proximata n. sp. (Fig. 153. J: 155, F)
Length of body (female with ovipositor) 3.4 mm.; (without ovipositor) 2.7 mm.; male 2.4 mm.; length of forewing 3.7 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .44 mm. ; with eyes .7S mm. deneral color light greenish yellow'.
Head moderately deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, punctate. Posterior margin of vertex narrowly elevated ; vertex not raised plate-like ; discal area excised and impressed very similarly to T. loiigistylus : elevation along median suture quite prominent ; anterior margin slightly cmarginate at median suture. Facial cones short, rounded apically. more or less straight and parallel on basal half of inner margin, somewhat divergent distally, vertical to subvertical, moderately pubescent. .\ntenn,-e inserted on frons and base of facial cones laterad. Eyes prominent.
Thorax arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum moderately long, depressed below head and more or less below dorsulum ; with a fovea on each side above jileurites. Dorsulum large, (|uite acutely rounded cephalad, .sometimes almost pointed. Meta-sternal spurs very short, ll'iugs hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, broadly rounded apically ; radius longer than second cubital ; fourth furcal more than half as long as second cubital
Male. — -Abdomen slender. Genital segment large, prominent ; anal ventral sclerite small. Genital plate large, rounded ; claspers long, slender, sim]>le. curved forward and inward; penis long, slender; anal valve large, longer than claspers, almost straight on anterior margin, posterior margin broadly rounded, except distally; with a small epiphysis distally. Pubescence sparse and brief,
436 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
longer on anal valve. Female. — Genital segment and ovipositor very similar to that of T. loiigistyliis; dorsal plate somewhat longer than ventral ; sheath and style together fully one-fourth as long as rest of body. Pubescence brief and sparse.
Described from three females and four males collected at Oaxaca, j\lex., and two females at Orizaba, Me.x. , coll. D. L. Crawford.
This species is very closely related to T. longistyliis and T. colhiris Crawford. The principal and most constant variation between these three species lies in the dorsulum, facial cones, and female genitalia. In all probability the male of the two United States species, still unknown, will prove to be very similar in respect to genitalia to the Mexican form.
Trioza nicaraguensis Crawf. (Fig. 152, T; 154, F; 155, K)
Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.o mm.; greatest width .8 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .36 mm.; with eyes .56 mm. General color lemon yellow ; antennse black apically. Insect small.
Head moderately deflexed, quite coarsely punctate, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly ; vertex not raised plate-like ; discal area with a fovea on each side midway between median suture and posterior ocellar region; without a de- pression or sulcus, or if present very slight ; lobately produced cephalad over anterior ocellus, scarcely emarginate at median suture. Facial cones ratner short, acute, moderately divergent, more so in distal half than in basal, sub- vertical, very slightly and inconspicuously pubescent. Antennic slender, in- serted at base of facial cones below produced vertex laterad. Eyes com- paratively appressed, not as prominently bulging as usual. Labrum small.
Thorax not large, arched but not strongly so. Pronotum short, depressed below head and dorsulum ; proepisterum large, subtrapezoidal ; epimeron al- most invisible ; fore cox;e large, mostly visible. Dorsulum quite acutely rounded cephalad, slightly overhanging pronotum. Wings small, slender, deli- cate, hyaline, about three times as long as broad, broadest across first mar- ginal cell, subacute apically ; radius not as long as second cubital ; marginal cells subequal ; venation yellowish, not conspicuous.
Female. — Genital segment quite large, almost as long as rest of aiidomen ; dorsal plate smaller; both plates about equal in length: genital pore large about one-third as long as dorsal plate ; Ijoth plates produced caudad into a short ovipositor sheath; sheath and style not quite as long as rest of genital segment. Pubescence .sparse and brief.
Described from one female collected in San Marcos, Nicaragua, liy C. F. Baker.
Trioza frontalis sulcata (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza sulcata Crawford.)
In genera! this varietal form is very similar to the species, .\hhougli coloration is but su])c'rticial and seldom a true varietal character, vet this
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437
Figure 153. Heads aud male genitalia of Triozinae:
A, Neotrioza iminavulata; B, N. laticepH; 0. D. Rhiiiopsylla nntpnnntn; K.
Neotrioza ininiaculata; F, N. laticcps; 0, Triozn tripunctntn; H, T. qiiadripiinctata;
I, T. assimilis; .1, T. proxiniata; L, T. inoxioana; \, Allotrioza niagiioliac; N. A. nrholcnsis;
O, Paratrioza maculiponnis; P, Epitrioza inedioaginiH; R, Paratrioza oi'cllata; S, P. cockerelli; T, Neotrioza iniinariilata; V, Rhiiiopiiylla antpiiiiata.
438 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
is the most apparent difference between the species and its variety. The species is brownish red to orange, usually quite light colored, whereas the varietal form is very dark reddish brown. The principal structural differences are thoracic ; the dorsulum in the variety is distinctly less arched than in the species, and the notum is finely pubescent ; the notum of the species is also pubescent but much less conspicuously.
These two forms were separated as species in the provisional synopsis chiefly on the difference in the trend of the facial cones, but this is not a sufficiently constant character to warrant this separation.
The form mentioned in the provisional synopsis as Trioza sulcata siiiiilis is found on further study to be identical with T. frontalis. Therefore the varietal name becomes synonymical.
Trioza similis fovealis (Crawf.)
(Syn. Trioza fovealis Crawford)
(Fig. 152, H; 154, I)
This varietal form is very similar to the species in almost all characters. The following differences make it evident that it is truly a variety. The facial cones are distinctly shorter and less slender in the varietal form ; the epimeron is not so prominent as in the species ; the tergites of the abdomen are concolorous with the sternites ; this character is of more importance than it might at first thought seem, since the relative coloration of the abdomen dorsad and ventrad is quite constant. The female genitalia are quite similar, though not exactly so. Described from one female taken in Colorado by C. F. Baker.
It will be noted in Fig. M, on page 348, Vol. II, No. 4 of the Pomona Journal, that the frons and the insertion of the antennje is erroneously repre- sented. The illustration presented for the varietal form is more correct for the species, also.
Trioza albifrons Crawf. (Fig. 154. L)
Pomona Journal Ent. Vol. II, No. 4, page 355. The type locality of the species is Claremont, California. Subsequent to the description of the species numerous specimens of both sexes were collected at Nordhoff, California, by D. L. Crawfora, on leaves of nettle (Urtica holosericea). Since only the male was known from the Claremont forms, the characters of the lemale are here added.
Female. — .Abdomen large, stout. Genital segment long, almost three times as long as preceding ventral sclerite ; dorsal plate very slightly longer and less acute than ventral plate ; genital pore less than one-third the length of dorsal plate. Pubescence sparse.
Trioza assimilis Crawf. (Fig. 152, G : 153, I ; 154. H ; 155, G) Length of body 2.3 mm.; length of forewing ?>.2i mm.; greatest width 1.4 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .47 mm. ; with eves .70 mm. General
Pomona Coi.lece Journal ok Entomology 430
color dark orange red to dark brown with a reddish tinge; abdomen greenish white ; thorax often lighter colored laterad.
Head moderately detlexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, very finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex slightly elevated narrowly, arcuate ; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area almost |)lane ; with a very shallow and slight depression in center; anterior margin (piite strongly i)rotriiding over insertion of antenna:, eniarginate roundly at median suture ; anterior ocellus under protrusion of vertex at base of facial cones. Facial cones medium in length, subacute, quite strongly divergent, subvcrtical to subhorizontal, usually not visible from above, moderately pubescent. Antennx normal, inserted on Irons at base of facial cones laterad.
Thorax quite strongly arched, more coarsely punctate than vertex. I'ro- notum short, depressed below head and dorsuluni ; preepimeron usually only moderately visible, occasionally very prominent. Dorsulum strongly ascending, roundly acute cephalad. Scutum quite broad. Metasternal spurs small. il'iii}^s hyaline, almost two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, subacute to roundly acute apically, usually the latter ; radius as long as second cubital; radial cell very slender throughout; marginal cells ^ube(|ual, the second a trifle larger; anal angle usually concolorous with the rest of marginal veins, some times dark brown.
Male. — .Abdomen more slender than that of female; flexible at fourth and fifth ventral sclerites. Genital plate not large; ventral plate normally rounded caudad and horizontal dorsatl ; claspers quite long, slender, acute, simple ; anal valve rather small, extending scarcely to base of claspers ; composed of two simple elliptical flaps, with a row of hairs dorsally. Pubescence sparse and brief. I-cmalc. — Genital segment moderately large, longer than preceding ventral scleritc ; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral; genital pore inclined toward anal tergite ; pubescence sparse.
Described from numerous males and females collected by C. F. Baker in Santa Clara Countv. California, and three specimens in Ormsby County, Nevada.
This species is quite closely related to T. oiiraiitioca and 7". julvida Craw- lord. .\s was noted in T. aiiraiitiaca there is in this species more or less gradual variation in the characters mentioned as variable in the foregoing description. Among all the specimens studied, three males were found to have a slightly more acute wing and a black anal angle, the two characters seem- ing to be associated.
Trioza mexicana n. sp. (Fig. 152. I ; 153. L; 154. C. ; 155. H)
Length of body (female) 2.6 mm.; length of forewing 3.6 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .52 mm.; with eyes .87 nun. General color reddish brown, usually quite dark, occasionally lighter.
Head somewhat deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, punctate. Pos- terior margin of vertex arcuate, scarcely elevated ; vertex not raised plate-like, finely pubescent : discal area almost flat, with a slight fovea! depression near
440 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
posterior margin on each side of the median suture. Facial cones large, long, subacute, quite strongly divergent, intermediate between vertical and horizontal, easily visible from above, sparsely pubescent. Antennae inserted on frons at base of facial cones laterad. Eyes large, prominent. Labrum medium in size.
Thorax arched strongly, coarsely punctate. Pronotum moderately long, arched and strongly descending cephalad, depressed below head and more or less below dorsulum ; propleurites narrow. Dorsulum moOcrateijr long, ascending to scutum. Metasternal spurs medium. IVings subhyaline, slightly dusky, covered over entire membrane with fine punctural dots ; all veins m>. with a double row of minute setae ; less than two and one-half times as long as broad, broadest across base of first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically ; marginal cells subequal ; second furcal quite strongly arched ; vena- tion prominent.
Male. — Abdomen more slender and smaller than in female. Genital seg- ment large, rounded ; claspers long, only slightly tapering, abruptly broadened at tip; anal valve very large, long; straight on anterioi margin, lobately arched on posterior margin; with a small capitate lobe projecting caudad and dorsad ; posterior margin with a conspicuous fringe. Pubescence sparse and brief. Female. — Abdomen stout. Genital segment large, not quite as long as rest of abdomen ; dorsal plate longer than ventral ; both plates acute, slightly serrate apically ; genital pore fully one-fourth as long as dorsal plate ; ovi- positor quite long, not acutely pointed. Pubescence .sparse and brief.
Described from four males and numerous females, collected in the mountains near Cuernavaca, Mexico (altitude 10,000 feet), by D. L. Crawford. Food plant : Rhus sp.
Trioza mexicana minuta n. var.
Body distinctly smaller than in the species. Head quite similar to species ; pronotum comparatively shorter and more depressed ; wings smaller, less dusky ; setae on veins less prominent, although present ; venational characters similar. Genitalia very similar to species ; male genitalia comparatively smaller.
Described from three females and one male collected at Oa.xaca, Alex., by D. L. Crawford.
Rhinopsylla Riley
This genus was erected for the single species Sclrwarcii, in 1883. While this species possesses characteristics which evidently separate it generically, still the description of the genus was made so restrictive by Riley that closely related species could not be included in a generic group with this species. The following description of the genus is more general and only characters are mentioned which belong to the entire Rhinopsylla group of species, rather than to the single species described by Riley.
Body moderately slender, slightly arched dorsally. punctate. Head, including eyes, as broad or broader than thorax. Vertex very deeply and triangularl\ emarginate anteriorly at median suture, giving a very marked birostrate appearance. Antenna* attached to apex of rostra, greatly increasing the
Pomona College Journal of Entomology 441
peculiar birostrate appearance : basal segment of antenna; large and broad ; second segment large, but smaller than first ; third segment very long. Facial cones entirely wanting; face slightly swollen under insertion of antcnnx.
This genus is very closely related, apparently, to the European genu> Baclcriccra I'uton, and in fact may be identical. The absence of the facial cones and the unusual length of the third antennal segment ally the two genera very closely. Low's description of Baclcriccra gives as characters of the vertex : "Wrtex half as long as width between eyes ; with two flat, broad impressions, rounded anteriorly and extending well forward ; emarginate at median suture ; posteriorly ahuost plane." It is (|uite probable that in the formation of the head the two genera are closely related. L'ntil the European form becomes available for study, we should allow Rhinopsylla to stand as a very closely allied genus. The genus Baclcriccra can scarcely be erected into a subfamily, as distinct from Triocinac, as has been attempted by some, since there is too close a relationship existing between them.
Synopsis of the Genus Rhinopsylla .\. Fore femora distinctly enlargc<i. ciim])ressed, and curved. Third antennal segment thicker midway than succeding segments. Wings >lender, more than three times as long as broad. Rh. schwarzii Riley.
\.\. Fore femora not distinctly enlarged, compressed nor curvc<l. Third antennal segment slender, not thicker than succeeding segments. Wings only two and a half times as long as broad. r. I'.irostrate appearance of head very pronounced; basal segment.- <A antenna almost as broad as ends of projecting rostra. liody black.
Rh. antcnnata Crawf.
BB. Birostrate appearance less pronounced ; basal antennal segments
smaller; sulcate impressions of vertex more pronounced, limly orange.
Rh. antcnnata f<roxiwa Crawf.
Rhinopsylla schwarzii Riley Proceedings of the I'.ii'l.>,s;ic;il Society of Washington, \oI. 11. 1X82-84. page 77.
Rhinopsylla antcnnata (Crawf.)
(Syn. Paratrioza antcnnata Crawf.)
(Fig. 153, C, D, U; 155, S)
Length of body 1.8 mm.; length of forewing 1.7 nim. ; greatest width 1.1
mm. ; width of vertex between .44 mm. ; with eyes .7i mm. General color
black ; abdomen white ventrad ; antennae and tarsi lighter.
Head not deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, impunctate; broad posteriorly, when viewed laterally, and tapering toward insertion of antenn.t. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly ; vertex not raised plate-like; discal area with a distinct sulcate impression extending for- ward and toward lower margin of eye on each side, anterior margin deeply vmarginate at median suture, making head appear strongly birostrate. An-
442 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
terior ocellus at apex or eniargination, visible from above. Facial cones en- tirely wanting; face slightly swollen beneath each antennal insertion and sparsely pubescent. Antennae inserted on truncate termination of rostrate lobes ; basal segment very large and broad, almost as broad as anterior margin of projecting lobes ; second segment smaller ; third segment longer than fourth and fifth combined, slender, not broader than succeeding segments. Labrum moderately large, posterior.
Thora.x scarcely arched, quite coarsely punctate. Pronotum moderately long, somewhat arched, not depressed below head and dorsulum ; lateral im- pressions rather elongate, posterior ; pleurites large. Dorsulum small. An- terior femora of normal length and thickness, scarcely arcuate. IVings hyaline, small, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across base of first marginal cell, subacute apically ; radius shorter than second cubital ; marginal cells subequal ; fourth furcal terminating above apex of wing; vena- tion light, inconspicuous.
Male. — Abdomen moderately stout ; white ventrad, black dorsad. Genital segment small, not much larger than preceding ventral sclerite ; claspers small, subglobose basally, slender and acute apically ; pubescence short and sparse. .■\nal valve about equal in size to ventral plate, almost straight on inner margin, strongly arched posteriorly ; pubescence longer than on genital plate and claspers.
Described from two males collected in Colorado, by C. F. r)aker. Type in Nat. Museum.
Rhinopsylla antennata proxima n. var.
The chief variation from the species lies in the cephalic characters. The anterior eniargination is less pronounced and the basal segments of the an- tennae are distinctly smaller, but of the same type. The sulcate depression on the vertex is more marked. The facial cones are entirely wanting but the enlargements under the antennal insertions are more distinct. The color is lighter in the variety, but this is not necessarily a varietal character.
Described from one female collected in Colorado, by C. F. I'.aker.
Allotrioza n. gen.
Pronotum long, usually quite flat, not depressed below dorsulum and head ; notum not .strongly arched. Head not deflexed ; vertex usuall}- with a deep fovea posteriorly on each side of the median suture and more or less of a de- pression extending forward. Facial cones short, very broadly rounded apicall_\-. quite horizontal ; labrum often visible from in front.
Wings quite acutely rounded apically ; first marginal cell larger than second ; first cubital vein comparatively short, scarcely ever more than twice as long as first furcal, sometimes equal in length to first furcal.
Type of genus : Allotrioza arbolensis Crawf.
Synopsis of the Genus Allotrioza
A. Wings not entirely clear, more or less maculated. Ivicial cones subacute viewed from side. IVoepisternum almost horizontal ; epinieron inferior.
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443
Figure 154. Female genitalia of Triozinae: A, Trioza tripunctata; B, T. niinuta; C, T. <iua<iripiim-tat!i; L). T. salicis; K. T. longistylus; F, T. nioaragiiensis; («, T. mcxicana; H, T. asginiilis; I. T. aiiiiilis fovcalis; J, Allotrioza niagnoliao; L. Trioza albifrons; M, Allatrioz.a nrbdionsis; N, ICpitrioza niedii-aginis; O, K. oaxaronxiii: F, Paratrioza ocellata; R. Xeotrioza laficeps.
444 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
R. Both marginal cells and distal portion of cubital cell maculated. Wing subacute at apex. \'ertex elevated distinctly along median suture. Body mottled. A. maciilata Crawf.
BB. With a more or less faint maculation across wing midway, from first marginal cell through most of radial cell : wing very acute at apex. \'ertex more nearly fiat, whitish. Body not mottled.
A. acittipciinis Crawf. AA. Wings entirely clear, not maculated. Facial cones broadly riHimitru.
Proepisternum vertical : epimeron posterior and lateral. B. Body very small. Wings small, and less than two and a half times as long as broad ; radius very short and straight. Female genital segment about as long as dorso-ventral width. Anal valve of male small. Eyes small. A. viridis Crawf.
BB. Body large. Wings large, more than two and a half times as long as broad; radius not very short. Eyes large. C. Second marginal cell smaller than first: fourth furcal one-fourth as long as second cubital. Propleurites small. Female genital segment longer than dorso-vcntral widtli. Anal valve large, longer than claspers. A. magnoUac Ashni.
CC. Second marginal cell as large as first ; fourth furcal one-half as long as second cubital. Propleurites very large. Female genital segment not longer than dorso-ventral width. Anal valve small.
.]. arbolciisis Crawf.
Allotrioza arbolensis ( Crawf.)
(Syn. Paratrioza arbolensis Crawf.)
(Fig. 152, J. M; 153, N; 154, y\: 155, I)
Length of body 2.6 mm.; length of forewing 3.9 mm.; greatest width 1.5 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .60 mm. ; with eyes .96 mm. General color light green throughout. Body very large.
Head not deflexed, very large, coarsely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex somewhat arcuate ; vertex quite distinctly raised plate-like ; discal area with a deep fovea on each side posteriorly, and a marked excision diverging toward insertion of antenna?, deeper at the margins of the excision than in the middle ; a prominent elevation left on each side of median suture not quite attaining anterior margin of vertex ; median suture very prominent. Eyes very large. Facial cones short, horizontal, broadly rounded at apex, slightly flexed midway, quite divergent, moderately pubescent. .Antennae large basally. inserted beneath margin of vertex more or less laterad. Labrum very large, easily visible from in front.
Thorax large, and broad, slightly broader than head including eyes, more coarsely punctate than vertex. Pronotum very long, about one-third as long as dorsulum, not depressed below dorsulum and head ; with a fovea on eacii side above pleurites ; pro])leurites large ; episternum unusually large. Dorsulum broad, but not ])roportionately long, rather triangular, quite acute cephalad.
Pomona College JoiR.sAr. ok Entomolocy 445
Mftastcriial .s])iirs of medium size: anterior pair present lint very small. /Ii»i.!,'.5 hyaline, large, straight on hind margin, front margin arched, not quite three times as long as hmad, broadest across first furcal ; fourth furcal almost line-half as long as second cubital, terminating at ape.x of wing.
Male. — Abdomen quite stout. Genital segment of medium size ; claspcrs noderately large at base, subacute apically ; anal valve rather small, simple. In the only two male specimens available the claspers are drawn down into the genital plate and not entirely visible.) Pubescence moderate. I'onale. — .\i)domcn larger than in male. Genital segment rather small, scarcely longer than two preceding ventral sclerites : dorsal plate longer than ventral, acutely pointed: genital pore about one-fourth as long as flor.sal plate, on descending area ; ventral ])late acutely pointed : inibescencc rather sparse.
Describe<l from two males and four females collected by C. F. P.aker in Arboles. Colorado. I'ood-plaut : Shcphcrdia.
In the preliminary synopsis of Triocitmc this species was included m tlie new genus Paratrioca. The limits of this genus have been subscquentlv altered md another genus erected to include this and several other c'osely atlied -pecies.
Allotrioza magnoliae (.\shm.)
( Syn. Trioza iiuit^noliai- .Xshm. I'sylla nia^^nolUic .Nsbm.')
(Fig. 152, L: 153, M: 154, J: 155, J)
Length of body 2.7 mm.: length of forewing 3.8 mm.: greatest width 1.3 mm.: width of vertex between eyes .56 mm.; with eyes .04 mm. General color light yellowish green throughout. Pody large.
Head not deflcxed, large, quite coarsely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, rather narrowly elevated between ocellar regions ; vertex not raised plate-like : vertex very similar in excision to that of .-/. arbolcnsis and .-/. maculata. but less marked than either. .Nntennre inserted on frons sub- laterad. Facial cones short, longer than in .7. arbolcnsis. very broadly rounded apically subhorizontal, quite divergent, moderately pubescent. I.abrum mod- rr.itely large, scarcely visible from in front.
Thorax large, long and quite broa<l, broader than bead including eyes. -•lightly arched. Pronotum long, flat, not depressed below head and dorsulum, with a plicate marking extending from plenrites on each side about half the distance upward, pleurites not unusually large ; forecox.T large. Dorsulum long, longer than scutum, rather acutely rounded ccphalad. Metasternal spurs of medium size. Wiiitis hyaline, large, rather slender, fully three times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, both margins (|nite neany equally arched, subacute apically : first marginal cell much longer than second : first cubital not much longer than first furcal : fourth furcal about one-fourth as long as second cubital, terminating distinctly above apex of wing.
Male. — .Abdomen tapering roundly to genital segment : anal segment (|uite constricted. Genital segment moderately large, of usual form : claspers large basally, tapering abruptly, recurved at tip, almost as long as anal valve : anal valve truncately conical when viewed laterally, quite large. Pubescence
446 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
moderate. Female. — Abdomen larger than in male. Genital segment long, almost as long as rest of abdomen ; both plates about equal in length and quite acute ; genital pore long, about one-fifth as long as dorsal plate. Pubes- cence moderate.
Redescribed from one male .•md three females collected at Crescent City, Florida, and loaned from the National Museum by the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard.*
The original description was based on specimens taken at Jacksonville, Florida. For the brief and inadequate description as given at that time, see Canad. Entom. Vol. XIII, No. 10, page 224. The close resemblance in many respects to A. arbolensis is very marked; this resemblance was noted as a possibilitv in the preliminary synopsis, although no specimens were then avail- able for comparison.
Allotrioza maculata (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioca maculata Crawf.)
For the description of this species see Pom. Journ. Entom., Vol. II, No. 4, page 349, and figures accompanying.
Allotrioza acutipennis (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioca acutipennis Crawf.) Pom. Journ. Entom. \'ol. II, No. 4, page 350, with illustrations.
Allotrioza viridis (Crawf.) (Syn. Trioza viridis Crawf.) Pom. Journ. Entom. \^ol. II, No. 4, page 359, with figures.
Paratrioza n. gen.
Head more or less deflexed ; vertex distinctly raised plate-like, pubescent, and margined with a band lighter in color than discal portion ; center of discal area lighter than surrounding surface. Facial cones very short, small, acute, most easily visible from in front or above; antennre inserted on frons and outer basal portion of facial cones. Labrum visible from m front. Thorax not strongly arched. Wings rather small, usually about three times as long as broad. Abdomen short.
Type of genus : Paratrioaa ocellata Crawf.
Synopsis of the Genus Paratrioza
.\. Wings maculated, (|uite acute at apex; radius sliort and straight; second marginal cell much smaller than first. \"crtcx and notum not con- spicuously striped and banded. P. maculipennis Crawf. A.A. Wings not maculated, subacute; radius ratlicr long, curvetl; marginal cells subequal. Vertex and notum conspicuously striped and banded. 1>. .\nal valve of male with a large, triangidar, subacute posterior lobe: vertical axis shorter than horizontal. Facial cones horizontal, not por- rect, projecting outwardly. Antennre inserted in front. Vertex with a brown macula in center. P. cockcrelli Sulc.
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BR. Anal valve of male larger, with a small rounded iwsterior lobe; vertical axis longer than horizontal. Facial cones [)orrect. Antenna; inserted somewhat latcrad. C Vertex with markings white to <lirty white. D. X'crtex discally with a white mactda. more or less extensive.
P. ocellata Craw t. DD. \'ertex discally without macula. P. ocellata tiigra Crawl'.
CC. Vertex with markings fidvous to deep orange.
/'. ocellata (lava Crawf.
Paratrioza ocellata ( (. raw f.)
(Paratrioza pulcltcUa Crawf. ")
(Fig. 152. N. S; 153, R: 154. P; 155. M )
I.englh of hody 1.5 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 mm.; greatest width l.(J mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .44 mm. ; with eyes .75 mm. General color light to dark brown, to the naked eye; striped anrl banded on head and thorax ; vertex black, with a whitish band bordering it and a white macida in center of discal area ; dorsulum with a white stripe along median dorsal line, and a recurved stripe on each side extending from posterior margin semicircularly to near tegular epiphyses ; scutum with a stripe on each side of the median dorsal line and an arcuate stripe sublaterad. Body very small and short.
Head deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, very finely punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, slightly raised narrowly ; vertex elevated plate-like ; pubescent ; discal area with a slight foveal impression posteriorly, quite plane except the elevated ocellar regions ; scarcely emarginate at median suture anteriorly, .\nterior ocellus visible from in front. Facial cones small, acute, divergent, almost horizontal, moderately pubescent : not easily visible from side. .Antcnnie inserted on frons and outer base of facial cones. I.abrum rather large, easily visible from in front.
Thorax arched, punctate. Pronotum short, slightly arched, depressed belnw dorsulum. anterior margin lower than post-ocellar regions of vertex, prtepi- meron mostly concealed : forecoxse small, norsidum small, subacute cephalad. Metasternal spurs small. Wings small, hyaline, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first furcal, subacute apically ; radius about as long as second cubital; first cubital long; first marginal cell some- what smaller than second ; venation light yellowish bniw n.
Male. — .\bdomen very short, more slender than in female. Genital segment rather short, larger than preceding ventral sclerite ; claspers long arcuate, mar- gins parallel, obtuse at apex : pubescence sparse and brief. Anal valve long, rather narrow, with a small rounded epiphysis on each flap posteriorly ; ]nibescence longer than on genital plate. Female. — Genital segment very small ; ventral plate very short, acute caudad ; dorsal plate about as large preceding tergite, subacute at apex; genital pure almost half as long as dorsal plate; pubescence sparse.
Described from numerous males and females collected by C. F. I'.aker in Colorado and Arizona. Type in Nat. Museum.
448 Pomona Collecic Journal of Entomology
The cephalic and thoracic color markings are quite characteristic and con- stant. There is a variation, however, in the discal macula of the vertex. In some specimens this macula extends arcuately to the post-ocelli, and is quite broad, while in others it is narrow and does not attain to the post-ocelli. In some individuals it even tends to disappear entirely, .\lthough the vanaiion is gradual and quite complete, it seems advisable to separate as a variety those forms in which the macula is scarcely present or entirely wanting.
The cephalic markings are quite uniformly of a white or flavous white
color. In a few individuals this varies toward flavous rather than white. A
second variety seems to exist in which the cephalic markings are distinctly
flavous. The thoracic markings vary widely from white to dull dirty yellow.
Paratrioza ocellata nigra n. var.
General characters same as for species. Discal area of verte.x without macula or stripe.
Paratrioza ocellata flava n. var. General characters as for species. Cephalic markings dark flavous. Thoracic markings lighter flavous.
Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc.)
(Triosa cockerelli Sulc.)
(Fig. 153, S; 155, L)
Length of body 1.3 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm. ; width of verte.x between eyes .39 mm. ; with eyes .60 mm. General color light brown to brown, as seen with the naked eye ; vertex colored very similarly to P. ocellata but less markedly so ; thorax not so distinctly striped as /'. ocellata.
Head deflexed, with eyes not as broad as thorax, very finely punctate. X'ertex raised plate-like, pubescent ; discal area with a small foveal impression posteriorly on each side of the median suture ; emarginate on aterior margin above insertion of antennae ; scarcely emarginate at median suture ; anterior ocellus under projecting vertex. Facial cones very small, subacute when viewed from in front, scarcely visible from side ; projecting outward from face over insertion of antenn<-e; labrum prominent; antenn;e inserted on frons more nearly in front than in F. ocellata.
Thorax arched, punctate. Pronotum arched, depressed below dorsulum and head slightly ; pnepimeron mostly concealed. Dorsulum small, subacute cephalad. IVings hyaline, small, a little more than two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell ; radius about as long as second cubital ; marginal cells subequal.
Male. — Genital segment rather small ; claspers long, arcuate, obtuse at ajjex ; anal valve long, straight on anterior margin, with a posterior, triangular lobe projecting from almost entire vertical length; vertical axis shorter than hori- zontal axis from tip of posterior lobe to center of anterior vertical margin. Pubescence sparse. Female. — Genital segment very similar to that of P. ocellata; ventral plate relatively a little larger.
Figure 155. Wings of Triozinae: A, Trioza tripuuctata; B, T. siilicis; C, T. minula; I), T. i|uu(lri|iiinrtata; E. T. loiigistyliis; P. T. i>roxiiiiata : (i. T. assiiiiilis; T. T. mcxicann; I, AUotriozn arbolpnsis; J, A. iiiagnoliae; K, Trioza nioaraifiiensis; L, Paratrioza oockeroUi; M. P. oi-pllata; N, Kpitriozji medioagiiiis; (), Xpntrioza laticeps; P. X. iminai-iilata; R, Epitrior.;! oaxacensis; O, Rbinopsylla antcnnata.
450 Pomona College Joiirnal of Entomology
Redescribed from one male collected at Boulder, Colorado, by I'rol. T. D. A. Cockerell. Food-plant: Capsicum aiinuum (pepper).
The single male specimen sent me by Prof. Cockerell was imperfectly colored as compared with the description by Sulc. His characterization of color and of the genitalia of both sexes was used in the above description since these characters were not readily available in my specimen. The striking similarity to P. ocellata is apparent. The two species may be distinguished by the following characters :
Paratrioca ocellata : Facial cones nearly porrect and horizontal ; antenn:e inserted on frons sublaterad ; vertex with a white macula in center ; thorax ; usually distinctly striped. Anal valve of male long and rather narrow, with a small rounded epiphysis posteriorly ; vertical axis longer than horizontal axis.
Paratrioza cockerelli: Facial cones not porrect, projecting outwardly, hori- zontal ; antennae inserted more nearly in front ; macula in center of vertex brown ; thorax not distinctly striped. Anal valve of male relatively shorter ; posterior lobe or epiphysis large, triangular, long at base, subacute at apex ; vertical axis shorter than horizontal axis.
Paratrioza maculipennis (Crawf.) ( Syn. Trioca iiiaciilipeiinis Crawf.) (Fig. 153, O) Pomona Journ. Entom. Vol. II, No. 2, page 237.
The facial cones are somewhat larger and more prominent in this species, but arc manifestly of the same type. The male genitalia are more accurately represented in the figure herewith shown than in the location cited above.
Neotrioza n. gen.
Head witii eyes distinctly broader than thorax. Facial cones <|uite long, very slender and acute, closely appressed and not in the least divergent. Vertex raised plate-like. Antennae inserted in front below vertex. Thorax very slender and narrow. Pronotum short, depressed below head and dorsuluni.
Type of genus: Ncotvio::a iiiiiiniciilato Crawf.
Synopsis of the Genus Neotrioza A. Facial cones long, vertical; amc into e\e nmrc than 1. Wing al)out two
and a half times as long as broad. A', iiiimacuhtta Crawf.
A.\. Facial cones retrose, not very long; cone into eve less than 1. Wing
full\- three times as long as broad. .V. laticcps Crawf.
Neotrioza immaculata (Crawf.)
(Trioca immaculata Crawf.)
(Fig. 153, A, E. T; 155, P)
Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 mm.; greatest width .''
mm.; width of vertex between eyes .36 mm.; with eves .39 mm. General color
dark brown, thorax lighter; vertex l)lack with yellowish border; facial cones
whitish : antenna; lilack throughout.
Pomona College Journal ov Entomology 451
Head quite strongly deflexed, scarcely punctate, with eyes distinctly broader than thorax. Posterior margin of thorax only slightly elevated narrowly, arcuate, not eniarginate at median suture ; vertex slightly pubescent, raised i)latc-like, with the border yellowish orange in color and the discal area black ; discal area (|uite plane, except the elevated pnstocellar regions; anterior margin somewhat emarginate at median suture and slightly detlexed ; anterior ocellus at base of facial cones and median suture of vertex. Facial cones long, slender, closely appressed and not divergent, very acute, vertical, very sparsely pubescent. .Vntennx inserted on frons. nut laterad ; very slender; two basal segments quite slender.
Thorax arched, very slender and narrow, slightly punctate, sparsely and briefly pubescent. I'ronotum short, depressed below dorsulum and head; pleurites small. Uorsulum ascending, narrow, rather broadly rounded ce])ha- lad. Metasternal spurs small and short. M'i»i^'.y small, hyaline, a little more than two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across second furcal. subacute apically ; radius longer than second cubital ; second furcal shorter than fourth furcal.
Male. — .\bdomeii slender, not arched. Genital segment small : ventral plate not as large as anal tergite ; claspers spatulate, of medium length ; anal valve long, extending to apical margin of ventral plate, broader at base than at tip ; pubescence rather dense.
Described from one male collected at Algonquin, Illinois, by Dr. Xason.
Neotrioza laticeps (Crawf.)
(Trivca Uiticcl^s Crawf.)
(Fig. 153, B, F; 154, R; 155, O)
Length of body 1.6 mm.; length of forewing 2.7 nun.; greatest width 1.0 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .38 mm. ; with eyes .62 mm. General color dark brown, thorax lighter; head and facial cones black.
Head strongly deflexed, with eyes distinctly broader than thorax, very slightly punctate. Posterior margin of vertex only slightly elevated narrowly, arcuate, not emarginate at median suture ; vertex raised plate-like, slightly pubescent ; quite black ; discal area plane, except elevated postocillar region ; anterior margin emarginate at median suture ; anterior ocellus at base of facial cones and emargination of vertex. Facial cones long, shorter than in .V. immacuUUa, slender, acute, closely appres.sed and not divergent, vertical or rctrose, slightly pubescent. .Antennse inserted on frons below frontal plates of vertex, in front; very slender; basal segments (|uite slender.
Thorax arched, slender and narrow, punctate, briefly ami sparsely pubescent. Pronotum short, depressed below head and <lorsulum ; pleurites normal. Dor- sulum ascending, narrow, quite broadly rounded cephala<l. Wini^s hyaline, small, slender, fully three times as long as broad, broadest across first mar- ginal cell, subacute apically; radius as long as second cubital; stcond furcal fully as long as fourth furcal.
Female. — Abdomen slender. Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, very acute caudad ; dorsal plate longer and heavier than ventral ;
452 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
genital pore about one-fifth as long as dorsal plate : ventral plate ciufte linear and very acute distally; pubescence sparse.
Described from one female collected by G. R. Pilate in Louisiana.
Epitrioza n. gen.
Head small, scarcely deflexed ; vertex more or less excised ; facial cones almost obsolete, reduced to globose lobes scarcely visible from the side. An- tennae inserted on frons and base of facial cones laterad ; labrum easily visible from in front below facial cones.
Thorax not strongly arched, broader than head including eyes ; pronotum rather short, distinctly arched and scarcely depressed below head and dor- sulum ; prcepimeron only slightly visible ; propleurites set rather obliquely ; fore- coxae almost entirely visible in front of the mesepisternuni. Wing venation quite similar to typical Triozinae : first cubital scarcely more than twice the length of first furcal.
Type of genus: Epitrio.ya incdicai^iiiis Crawf.
Synopsis of the Genus Epitrioza
A. Body very small ; wings small, less than 2.5 mm. in length, slightly coriaceous. Vertex raised somewhat plate-like, bulging over insertion of antennae. Pronotum quite long. Forecoxae short. Genital segment of female scarcely longer than dorso-ventral width.
E. i)icdicagi)iis Crawf.
AA. Body normally large. Wings normal, more than 3 mm. in length, hyaline. Vertex not raised plate-like, not bulging over insertion of antennae. Pronotum quite short. Forecoxae long. Female genital segment about twice as long as basal dorso-ventral width. E. oa.vacciisis Crawf.
Epitrioza medicaginis (Crawf.)
(Panitn'oca mcdicagiiiis Crawf.)
(Fig. 152, O, R; 153, P; 154, N; 155, X)
Length of body 1.7 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .43 mm. ; with eyes .68 mm. General color yellowish green throughout. Body small, slender.
Head scarcely deflexed, small, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, some- what punctate. Posterior margin of vertex arcuate, slightly elevated nar- rowly; vertex rai.sed somewhat plate-like; discal area with a distinct fovea on each side of median suture, near posterior margin and an obliciuc depression extending forward and toward eyes ; anterior margin moderately emarginate at median suture above anterior ocellus. Facial cones reduced to two rather large globose lobes extending vertically downward, scarcely visible from side, slightly pubescent ; antennal insertions prominent, occupying large area laterad. Labrum large, prominent below facial cones from in front.
Thorax small, not strongly arched, quite coarsely punctate ; pronotum short. arched, not depressed below head and dorsulum ; sides quite parallel ; pro- pleurites obliquely set; pra?pimeron small; forecoxa; small, almost entirely
Pomona College Journal of Entomology 453
visible. Uorsuluni ascending, quite small. .Metasternal spurs ([uitc small. ll'iiii^s small, hyaline, hut very faintly coriaceous; less than three times as long as hroad, broadest across first furcal. rounded a|)ically but not broadly so; radius as long as second cubital; first cubital about twice the length of first furcal; fourth furcal fully half as long as second cubital; marginal cell> sub- e(|ual ; venation rather inconsjiicuous.
Male. — .\bdomen long and slender, (k-nital segment mediuiu in size; genital plate rounded; claspers bicusijidate, the posterior cusp longer, slightly more acute, glabrous ; the remainder of surface of clas|)ers sparsely |nibescent : anal valve (|uite large, broad at base, distally more slender and tenuinating in an uniforndy tapering e])ii!hysis ; sparsely pubescent. FcntaU'. — Abdomen very long, less slender than in male. Genital segment moderately large ; iKith l)lates of almost e(|ual length, (juite acute: genital |Mire small; sparsely [jubescent.
Described from one male and one female collected by T. 1). .X. Cockerell in Colorado. J'ood plant: Mcdicas^o sali'iV (alfalfa).
Epitrioza oaxacensis n. sp. (Fig. 152. I'; l.=;4. (); 155. Ri
Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing 3.3 lum. ; greatest width \.2 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .45 mm. ; with eyes .70 mm. General color light green with a tinge of yellow. Body medium in size.
Head scarcely dellexed. small, punctate ; posterior margin of vertex arcuate, very slightly elevated narrowly ; vertex not raised plate-like ; discal area with a distinct fovea on each side near posterior margin and a short sulcate de- pression extending toward eye. .Anterior margin somewhat eiuarginate at median suture. Facial cones reduced to globose lobes, very slightly angulated on inner luargin ; slightly visible from side, sparsely pubescent; labrum visible from in front below facial cones, .\ntennx inserted on frons and base of facial cones sublaterad.
Thorax moderately archcfl. broader than head including eyes, (|uite coarsely ])unctuate ; pronotum short, arched, scarcely depressed below head and dor- fulum, broader at pleurite than dorsally ; propleuritcs obliquely set ; pnepimeron small ; forecox.x moderately large, almost entirely visible from in front of mcsepisternum. Dorsulum moderately long, usually very narrow, occasionally normally broad, rounded cephalad. Wings rather large, hyaline, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, quite broadly rounded apically ; radius as long as second cubital ; first cubital just twice the length of first furcal; fourth furcal slightly less than half the length of second cubital ; marginal cells subequal ; one specimen presents the anomaly of the furcation distally of the radius of both primary wings.
Fcntali'. — .Abdomen moderately stout. Genital segment long, slender ; dorsal |)late slightly longer than ventral, equally acute but less slender ; genital pore small, elliptical ; pubescence s|)arsc and brief.
Described form four females collected by D. L. Crawford at Oaxaca, Mex.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
I In this department we liope to give in most numbers of the Journal some idea of the doings and movements of western entomologists, notices of publications of interest to western students, notices of entomological meet- ings, etc. To this end, we hope that students or collectors will send in all items of entomological interest about themselves or others. Address: Mr. Fordyce (kinnell, Jr., 572 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, Cal.]
Mr. \V. M. }ilann, of Stanford University, spent the Christmas vacation in collecting at Pacific Grove.
Mr. F. X. Williams, formerly of San Francisco, now of the University of Kansas, spent the fall months of 1910 visiting various museums in the east.
The annual address before the American Association for the .\dvancemeni of Science was by Dr. D. S. Jordan on "The Making of a Darwin."
.\t the meeting of the Southern California .\cademy of Science held on Dec. 5. Dr. William Morton ^^'heeler gave a short talk on Museums and Museum .Management; and Dr. Thomas Powell upon "The Appropriation of Food and the Energy Derived Therefrom by .\nimal Fife." illustrated with slides.
Dr. William .Morton Wheeler sjicnt the first three weeks of December in Southern California, principally in Pasadena, collecting ants. He spent two davs at Pomona College in company with Prof. Baker and Mr. Metz.
Mr. Percy Leonard of I'oint T.oma. near San Diego, is doing some in- teresting work on the habits of the IToney Ant, Myrmccocystis mc.vicanus innjavc Wheeler.
The Washington, D. C, entomologists are working on a code of nomen- clature for entomologists. .\ manuscript draft has been circulated in Southern California, for comments and criticisms. The code will Isc a very u-ieful docu- ment.
Mr. I-'. I'. \ an Duzee, the hemipterist of P.uflfalo, X. V.. is planning to attend the meeting of the .\merican I,ibrary .Association in .May. in Pasa- dena, and will s])cnd several weeks of collecting in the vicinity.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology 455
The Annual Meeting of the San Diego Society of Natural History was lield at the McXeece Building, San Diego, on the afternoon of January 12. 191 1. Ford A. Carpenter is the Secretary.
.Mr. I. R. Haskin. of Los .\ngeles, is descrihing a new Mclitai-a { l.cmoiiiiis) nlatcd to :^iibbii, from the Mojave Desert. Calif., and Northern .\rizoiia.
Miss Julia D. E. Wright, former Secretary of the Santa Clara X'alley luitoinological Club, is now living in San F"rancisco.
.\ new bill for the State Legislature, reorganizing county work in economic entomology is being drafted by representatives of our horticultural interests. One of the prime objects of this bill is the obtaining of competent men for this most important work. May wisdom prevail I
Students of Pomona College have recently furnished large f|nantitic> or material to Mr. Banks. Dr. Folsom. I'rof. Chamberlin and others to assist in the preparation of working synopses of California arthropods. These synopses promise to be a godsend to Californi.an students throughout tne state.
On December 17, 1910. the corner stone of the County Museimi I'.nilding was laid in Los .Angeles. The style of architecture is Spanish Renaissance : and the building will be beautiful and commodious. It is fireproof, being constructed of steel frame and brick laid in varying designs, with terra cotta cornices and trimmings. Steel trusses will support roofs of waterproof con- crete slabs covered with Spanish tiles. The south wing is to be occupie<l bv the Southern California Academy of Sciences, for a museum of natural history: the north wing will be occupied by the Historical Society: and the west wing devoted to art under the direction of the Fine .Xrts League of Los .Angeles. In time the museum will r.nnk with any in the country.
Pomona Coi-legk Joukn.m. oi-- Entu.mouxa 455
The Annual Meeting of the San Diego Society of Natural History was laid at the McNeece rUiililing, San Diego, on the afternoon of January 12, I'Jll. Ford A. Carpenter is the Secretary.
Mr. J. R. Ilaskin, of Los .\ngeles, is describing a new Mclilai'o ( Letiwiiias ) related to i:;abhii. from the Mojave Desert, Calif., and Northern Arizona.
.Miss juli.i I). ]•'.. Wright, former Secretary of the Santa Clara Valley I'.iitoniological C"hih, is now living in San I'Vancisco.
A new bill for the State Legislature, reorganizing county work in tconnmic entomology is being drafted by representatives of our horticultural interests. ( >ne of the prime objects of this bill is the obtaining of competent men for this most important work. May wisdom prevail I
Students of Pomona College have recently furnished large quantities or material to Mr. Banks. Dr. Folsom, Prof. Chamberlin and others to assist in the preparation of working synopses of California arthropods. These synopses promise to be a godsend to Californian students throughout the state.
On December 17, 1910, the corner stone of the County Museum I'.uilding was laid in Los .-\ngeles. The style of architecture is Spanish Renaissance : and the building will be beautiful and commodious. It is fireproof, being constructed of steel frame and brick laid in varying designs, with terra cotta cornices and trimmings. Steel trusses will support roofs of waterproof con- crete slabs covered with Spanish tiles. The south wing is to be occupied by the Southern California .Academy of Sciences, for a museum of natural history : the north wing will be occupied by the Historical Society : and the west wing devoted to art under the direction of the Fine Arts League of Los Angeles. In time the museum will rank with any in the country.
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VOLUME THREE
NUMBER TWO
Journal nf lEuttimnlntjii
MAY 1911
Contents
1. ESSIG. E. O.
2. ESSIG. E. O.
3 CHAMBERLIN R. V.
4. CRAWFORD. D. L.
5. HALL. H. V. M
6. COOLIDGE. K. R.
Host Index to Callfomlan Plant Lice
Notes on Coccldae VII
The ChUopodo of California II
American Psyllldae IV
Studies In Acartna I
Notes on Rhopalocera
TITLE PAGE AND INDEX TO VOLUMES I AND U
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
Sr^artinnit nf Itttlniui nf Jlt^mmm (Enllrgr
A. J COOK, D Sc. Head Professor CLAREMONT. CALIFORNIA. U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscription price, $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomologists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoolog- ical journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with due ap- preciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood, was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1911, the Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider support, including the Ontario-Cucamonga Exchange, witli Mr. A. P. Harwood. The Call Fruit Company, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heiglits Fruit Exchange, The Santa Paula Fruit Exchange, The Tulare Fruit Exchange and the San Antonio Fruit Exchange.
Address all communications to
PO.MOXA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, C. F. Baker, Editor, Clakemont, California, U. S. A.
Pomona College Journal of rLntomology
Volume III
M A ^' I'M
Number 2
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIA PLANT LICE
(Aphid idle)
E. O. ESSIO HORTICn.TrRAI- COMMISSIONER OE VENTfRA CorNTV, CALI l-OHXI \
The following indrx lias bocn largely compilod from the works of W. T. Clarke. W. M. Oaviason. H. 1". Wilson, A. P. Hayne, Carroll Fowler and G. Del Guercio. For three years the writer has been collecting and studying this group of insects and has yet a large number of undetermined species to add. A rough preliminary list was sent to Prof. O. W. Oestlund (of the University of Minne- sota). Edith M. Patch (University of Maine. .Vgrel. F.xp. Station). Prof. Tlieo. Pcrgande (Oiv. of Entomology. U. S. Hept. of Agriculture), Prof. C. F. Baker (Pomona College), and Prof. H. F. Wilson (Univ. of Oregon. Agrcl. Exp. .Station), Mr. W. M. D.ividson. Mr. Morrison (Stanford University ), and Mr. ,!. T. Momll.
The index has been completi-ly remodeled according to their notes.
I heartilv invite all entomologists to assist me in the development of this index and in perfecting the list of .synonyms of this very imjiortant group.
.thies roncolor Parry (White Fir). I.achnus abietis Fitch-Davidson. .Ir. Ec. Ent. II. '2!)!). 19('9. Abies graiidis Lindl.
I.achnus occidentalis Davidson. .Ir. Ec. Ent. II, .-^OO, 1909. Acer up. (Maple).
Drepanosiphum platanoides Schrk.- Wilson, .Ir. Ec. Ent. II, .S.'.O, 1909. .leer (Inxiirarpiim Ehrh. (White or ."sil- ver Maple). Dre|)ana|)his acerifolii (Thos.) Del. Guer.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, .sso. 1910.
Acer neiuxdo see Xegundo acrroides
Morncli. Acer sacrhariiiuin Wag. (Soft, Rock or
Sugar Maple).
Dre])anaphis acerifolii (Thos.) Del. (;uer.-Da\ idson, ,Ir. Ec. Ent. II, ,so.s, 1909. .Vlder see Alniis. AInus rliomhifolia Nutt. (Alder),
Callipterus alnifoliip (Fitch MSS.)- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 37.'>, 1910. Amnranthux ri-tro/ir.ru.'i I.. (Pigweed). Tritida|)his radicicola ( Essig) Del, Guer.-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. I. 10, 1.909. Amhrosia pfilnstarhifa DC. (Ragweed). Macrosiphum rudbeckiH- (Fitch) .Sanb.-Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, +02, 1911. .Imtinckia ipeciahilis F. & M.
Mvzus persicBf Sulz. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, .S78, 1910,
458
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Angelica sp.
Aphis angelicas Koch. -Wilson, Jr. Ec. Ent II, 348, 1909. Apple see Pyrus mail Linn. Apricot see Prunus armeniaca L. Arbutus mensiesii Pursh. (Madrono). Rhopalosiphuni arbuti Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 378, 1910. Artemisia caUfornica Less. (California Sage). Aphis medicaginis Koch, Morrison in litt. Arundo sp. (Bamboo).
Calli]iteriis arundicolens Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Asclepias mexicana Cav. (Milkweed). Aphis lutescens Monell-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. Ash-leaved Maple see Negundo ace-
roides Moench. Arena sntiva Linn. (Oats).
Aphis padi L. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. Baccharis sp.
Macrosiphum baccharidis Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Baccharis I'ijjiinca DC.
Macrosiphum rudbeckise Fitch-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, 402, 19H. Bamboo see Arundo. Barberry see Berberis. Basswood see Tilia. Bean see Phaesolus. Beech sec Fagus. Beet see Beta.
Berberis vulgaris Linn. (Common Bar- berry). Liosomaphis berberidis (Kalt) Walk.- Davidson. Jr. Econ. Ent. Ill, 378, 1910. Beta vulgaris L. (Common Beet).
Trifidaphis radicicola (Essig) Del. Guer.-Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. I, 8, 1909. Beta vulgaris L. var. (Sugar Beet). Pempliigus betsp Doane-Clarkc, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Bclula sp. (Birch).
Callipterus betulaecolcns (Fitch) Monell-Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 376, 1910. Bidens lac vis L. (Marigold).
Aphis c.-ilendulicola Monell-Clarkc, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903. Birch see Betula.
Black Mustard see Brassica nigra Koch.
Black Walnut see Juglans sp.
Blue Oak see Quercus douglasii H. 4- A.
Brassica campestris Linn. (Wild Mus- tard). Aphis brassica? L. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 302, 1909.
Brassica nigra Koch. (Black Mustard). Aphis brassicse L. -Essig in Collec- tion.
Brassica oleracea L. (Cabbage).
Aphis brassica? L.-Davidson, Po. Jr.
Ent. Ill, 399, 1911. Myzus persicae Sulz, Morrison in litt.
Bromus secalinus L. (Chess, Cheat). Aphis avenae Fabr. -Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903.
Buckthorn see Rhamnus.
Burr Clover see Medicago deniiculaia Willd.
Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. (Shep- herd's Purse). Aphis gossypii Glover-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903.
Buttercup see Ranunculus calif amicus Benth.
Cabbage see Brassica oleracea L.
California Sage see Artemisia caUfor- nica Less.
Canaigre see Rumex hymenosepalus Torr.
Capsicum aiinum var. abbreviatum Fing. (Celestial Pepper). Mvzus persica? Sulz. -Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909-
Carnation see Dianthus caryophi/llum L.
Castanea sp. (Chestnut).
Callipterus castanea (Fitch) Gillette- Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903.
Cat's Valerian see Valeriana offici- nalis L.
Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt.
Aphis ceanothi Clarke-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910.
Ceanothus integerrimus H. & A.
Aphis ceanothi Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 250, 1903.
Celestial Pepper see Capsicum an- nuum var. ahberviaium Fing.
Cheat see Bromus secalinus L.
Chess see Bromus secalinus L.
POUONA CoLLECiK JofRNAL OK RntoM<1I.OOV
459
Chestnct see Caslanea. Chriffatithcmum indicum L.
MvziiN |)er.siea' Sulz-I)n\ idsoii in litt. Citrullus vulgaris, Sclirad. (Water- melon). Apliis gossvpii Glover-C'lnrke, Can. Ent. XXXV. 250, 1903. Citrus aurantium Linn. (Orange). Aphis citri Aslini. ( .')-Essig, P. C.
Jr. Ent. I. 17. lyoy. Apliis gossvpii Glover( .')-Essig, P. C. .Jr. Eiit. II, 2'2.S. 19IO. *Mncrosipliuni eitrifolii (Ashm.) Sanb.-Aslimead, Can. Ent. XIV, 91, 1882. ClI'STER Pine see Pinus [liiiasliT Ait. Common V.\leriax sit I'ali-riana offi- cinalis L. Conium maculatum I.. Poison Hem- loek). Sipltoeoryne eonii Davidson. .Jr. Ec. Ent. I'l, sot, 1909. Copper Be.ach see Fagus. Corn see Zea mays L. Cornus occidentalis (T. & G) Covillr. Aphis helianthi Monell-Davidson in litt. Corylus sp. (Hazelnut).
Mvzocallis corvll (Goetz.) Pass.- Clarke, Can' Ent. XXXV, 249, I90.S. Crataegus sp. (Hawthorn).
Aphis cratwgi Monell-C'lnrke, Can. Ent. XXXV, '2-)0. I90.S. Crataegus oxyacaniha I.. (English Hawthorn). Aphis erateagifoliiv Fiteh-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. III. .i77, 1910. Cruciferae (Mustard Family).
Aphis brassicap I. .-Clarke. Can. Ent.
XXXV. a.'jo. 190.S.
Cucurbit a pepo I., var. ovifera L. (Gourd). Aphis gossvpii Glover-Davidson in litt. Cyanoglassum sp. (Forget-me-not. Hound's Tongue). Myzus persicii- Sulz. -Davidson. .Ir. Ee. Ent. III. .S78, 19IO. Dianthus caryophyllum I.. (Carnation). Myzus persiea? Sulz-Davidson in litt.
•Hunter Aphidldip of North America, Bull. 60, la. Agrcl. Bxp. Sta., p. 113, ISOl.
DiuuER Pine see I'inus sahiniana Dougl.
Dock see liumei.
Elm sec I'lmus.
F^NCINA see (iuercus agrifolia Nee.
English Ivv see Ileilera helix L.
Enolisii Walsi-t see Juglant regia L.
Kpilobium sp. ( Willow-Hcrb).
.Vphis diiothera' Oestl. -Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 190.S.
Erioliotrya japonica Lindl. (I>oquat, Japan Plum). .Vphis poini De Geer-Neuls in Collec- tion.
EiHoi-KAN Grape see fills vinifera L.
F^vening Pkimhose see Sphaerostigma.
Fagus sp. (Copper Beech).
Phyllaphis fagi (I..) I)avidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, .S76. ipiO.
F'alse Sprite see Pseudotsuga doug- lasii Carr.
Fen.vel see Foeniculum.
Fern see Filicale*.
Filicales spp. (Ferns).
Ididpterus nephrolepidis Davis-Dnv- idson. Jr. Kc. V.nt. III. .S7ti, 1910.
I 111 see .Ihies.
Foeniculum foeniculum (L.) Kant. (.Sweet F'ennel). .Siphocoryne fii-niculi Pass. -Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 190.S.
Foli(iKT-.MK-NOT see Cyanoglossum.
(iAHiiK.v Heliotrope see I'aleriana of- ficinalis L.
CJofRD see Cucurbit a pepo L. var. Ofi- fera L.
(iRAPE see I'itis.
Green Gage Pltm see Prunus domes- tica far. cereola L.
Hawthorn si'e Crataegus.
Hazelnm't see Corylus.
lledera Helix I.. (English Ivy).
.\phis hederip Kalt.-Flssig, Po. Jr.
Ent. 11. .S.t(). 1910. .Vphis niniieis I. .-Davidson, Jr. Ec.
Ent. III. .S76. 191 0. .Myzus persiew Sulz. -Clarke. Can.
Ent. XXXV. 252. 190.S. -Vphis anglieip Koch. -Wilson, Jr. Ec. Ent. 11. .St8. 1909.
Heliotrope, Garden see i'aleriana of- ficinalis L.
Hemlock. Poison see Conium.
HoNEVSfCKLE See Lonicera.
Hop sec Ilumulus lupulus L.
460
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Hound's Tongue see Cyanoglossum. Humuliis lupulus L. (Common Hop). Pliorodoii humuli Sehrank.-Clarke, Bull. No. 160, Cal. Ex. Sta., igOi. Japan Plum see Eriobotrya japunica
Lindl. Jasmin sp. (Jasmine).
Macrosiphum jasmini Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1903. Juglans sp. (Black Walnut).
Monillia carvif (Monell) Gill.- Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 219, I90.S. Juglans rrgia L. (English or Persian Walnut) . Callipterus juglandicola (Kalt) Walker-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. II, .S02, 1909. Monellia caryse (Monell) GilL- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 301, 1909. Lathyrus odoratus L. (Sweet Pea), ^lacrosiphum ulmarise (Schrk.) Scliout-Davidson in litt. Lathyrus sp. (Wild Pea).
Maerosiplmm ulniaria? (Sclir.)
Scliout.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 30 1, 1909- Lauuestinus see J'iburnum tinus L. Live Oak see Quercus agrifoUa Nee. Live Oak, Valley see Quercus mis-
liseni A. DC. Lonicera hispidula Dougl. (Honey- suckle.) Hyadaphis xylostei (Schrank) Schout.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Loquat sec Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bisch.
Aphis niedicaginis Koch-Morrison in litt. Lupinus sp. (Lupin).
Marcrosiphuni ulniariie (Schrk.) Schout.-Davidson in litt. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. (To- mato). Maerosiplmm lycopersici Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253, 1903. MoDRoNo sec Arbutus mensiesii Pursh. Mallow see Malva. Malva parviflora L. (Mallow).
Myzus persicae Sulzcr-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909- Maple sec Acer. Marigold see Bidens laevis L.
Medicago denticidata Willd. ( Burr
Clover).
Aphis niedicaginis Koch.-Davidson,
Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 302, 1909.
Milkweed see Asclepias mexicana Cav.
MoxNterey Pine see Pinus radiata
Gord. Morus sp. (Mulberry).
Aphis mori Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 251, 1903. Mulberry see Morus. Mustard, Black see Brassica nigra
Koch. Mustard, Common see Brassica cam-
pesfris L. Mustard Family see Cuciferae. Narrow-leaved Willow see Salix flu-
viatilis Nutt. Xegundo aceroides Moench. (Ash- leaved Maple). Chaitophorus negundinis Thos.- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 376, 1910. Xerium oleander L. (Oleander).
Aphis nerii Kalt-Davidson, Jr. Econ. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. Nettle see Urtica holosericea Nutt. Nightshade see Solanum. Oak see Quercus. Oat see A vena sativa L. Oenothera see Sphaerostigma. Oleander see Nerium oleander L. Orange see Citrus aurantium L. Oriental Plane Tree see IHaianus
orient alts L. Orthocarpus purpurasce7is Benth. (Owl Clover). Macrosi))huni ortliocarpie Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 380, 1910. Owl Clover see Orthocarpus purpur-
ascens Benth. Pea see Pisum. Pea, Wild see Lathyrus. Peach see Primus persica B. ^- H. Pear see Pyrus connnunis L. Persian Walnut see Juglans regia L. Phai'solus sp. (Bean).
M.icrosiphuni ulmariae (Schrk.) Schout.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 380, 1910. PuiwEED see Amaranthus retrojlcxus L. Pine see Pinus.
Pinus maritima Poir see Pinus pinas- ter Ait (Cluster Pine).
Pomona Colleok Joihxal ok Entomology
461
Pinus pinaster Ait. (ClusU-r Pine). Pint-US pinicorticis (I'itcli) Sliini.- IJnvidson, Jr. Kc. Kiit. II, 'jyy.
lyoy.
Pinus radiata Gord. (Moiitircy Pino).
Essigclla californica (Essig) Dol.
GuiT.-E.ssig, Po. Jr. Ent. I, \.
1909.
Lachnus pini-radiata* Uavidsun, Jr.
Ec. Ent. II, 299. 1909. .Mindarus abiotinus Koch.-Clarkf, t an. Ent. XXXV. 2i8, iy(»:J. Pinus sahiniana Dougl. (UiggtT or Sil- ver Pino). Laclinus pini-radiata- Davidson, Po. Jr. Ent. Ill, 398, 1911- Pisum sativum L. (Pt-a).
Macrosiphuui ulmariir ( Solirk. ) Sellout. -Essig, Po. Jr. Ent. 11, .S.S8, lyio. Pi.ANK Thkk soc Platanns. Platanus orientalis L. (Oriental Plane Tree). Drepanosipliuni platanoides .Selirk.- Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III. .177.
lyu).
Pli'M see Prunus ilomeslica L. Pli'M, CiHEEN Gaoe see Prunus do- mestic a rar. cereola L. Poison Hemlock sec Conium. Poi'lar see Populus. Populus sp. ( Poplar or Cottonwood). Mel.'inoxantlieruni rufulus (David- son) Schr.-Davidson. .Ir. Ec. Ent. Ill, .S7(). 1910. Melanoxantheruni salieeti (Harris) Schr.-Davidson. .Ir. Ec. Ent. III. .S75, lyio. Pemphigus popnlicaulis Fitch-Dav- idson. Jr. Ee. Ent. 11, 299, 1909- Pemphigus populitransversns Riley- Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, Sl'-i,
lyio.
Populus frrmontii Wats.
C'haitopiiorus poiiulifolia- Fitch- D.ividson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, .S7">, 1910. Pemphigus populimonilis Rilev- Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. III. .S71. 1910. Populus Irichocarpa T. & Ci. (Cotton- wood ) . Thoniasia populicola (Tlios.) Wil- son-Essig, P. C. Jr. Ent. I, 99, 1909.
Penipliigiis popnlicaulis Fitch-Dav- idson. .Ir. Ee. Ent. II, 'jyy. lyoy.
Penipiiigus populieonduplifolius Cow- en-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, .•f7l, 1910. Polifiionum sp.
Ithopalosiplium nvniphc« (L) Koch- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. Priiuus armeniaca I.. (Ajiricot).
Hvalopterus arundinis Fabr.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 219, 1903. Prunus domcslica I.. (Pluui).
.\phis persicii'-niger Sraith-Clarkr,
Can. Ent. X.X.W, 252, 1903. 1 1\ .ilopterus arundinis Fabr.-Fowler, Hep. Cal. Exp. Sta. Pt. I, p. 78, 1899- 1 900. .Myzus |)ersica' Sulz. -Davidson, .Fr.
Ec. Ent. II, 3(13, 1909. Phorodon huniuli Sclirank-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 380, 1910. Prunus domestica var. cereola L. ((ireen (jage Plum). *.\pliis al:imedensis Clarke, Can. Ent.
XXXV. 2.51, 1903.
.My/.us eerasi (I'alir.) Buck.-Clarkc, Can. Ent. .XXXV, 252, 1903. Prunus persica IJ. & H. (Peach).
.Vphis persicH'-niger Smith-Clarke,
Can. Ent. XX.XV, 252, 1903. Myzus persiea- Sulz. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 379, 1910. Pseudutsuga douglasii Carr. (False S|)ruce). ffiillettea coweni (Gill.) Borner- DavidsoM. Jr. Ee. Ent. Ill, 372,
Pjirus communis L. (Pear).
Aphis pomi (?) De Gccr- Davidson,
Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 302, 1909- Pyrus mali L. (Apple).
Apiiis pomi De Geer- Fowler, Rep.
Cal. Exp. Sta. Prt. I, p. 78, 1899-
1900. .\phis sorbi Kalt. -Clarke, Can. Ent.
XXXV. 252. 1903. Sehizoneura lanigera Haus. -Fowler,
Rep. Cal. Exp. Sta., Pt. I. 82,
1399-1900. Qucrcus sp. (Oak).
Sehizoneura querci Fitch-Clarkc,
Can. Ent. XXXV, 218, 1903.
*In description spelled Aphis alemedensls Clarke.
tChermes cooleyl var. coweni QlUette
462
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Quercus agrifolia Nee. (Live Oak, En- cina). Drepanapliis acerifolii (Thos.) Del. Guer.-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 219. 1903. Scliizoneura qucrci Fitch-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 374, 191O. Quercus calif ornica Cooper.
Callipterus quercus Kalt. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 376, 1910. \Quercus kelloggii (?).
Callipterus quercus Kalt. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 302, 1909. Quercus imhricata.
Callipterus hyalinus Monell-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Quercus lobata Nee. (Valley or White Oak). Callipterus quercus Kalt.-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 376, 1910. ^Quercus robur {?).
Callipterus quercus Kalt.-Davidson, P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, 399, 1911. Quercus wisliseni A. DC. (Valley Live Oak). Schizoneura querei Fitch-Davidson, P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, 398, 191I. Radish, Wild see Raphanus sativus L. Ragweed see Ambrosia psilostachya
DC. Raiz Colorado see Rumex hymenose-
palus Torr. Ranunculus californicus Benth. (But- tercup). Pemphigus ranunculi Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 373, 1910. Raphonus sativus L. (Wild Radish). Aphis hrassicse I,. Essig. In Coll. Red Dock see Rumex. Rhamnus californica Esch. (Buck- thorn). Macrosipluun rhamni Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Rock AIaple see Acer sacckarinum
Wang. Rosa sp. (Rose).
Macrosipluun rosce L. Davidson, Jr.
Ec. Ent. II, 304, I909. Myzus rosarum Walk. -Morrison in litt. Rosa californica C. & S. (Wild Rose). Myzus rosarum Walk. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 379, 1910.
IQuercus douBlasll H. & A. (?). SQuercus rubra L. (?).
Rumex sp. (Red Dock).
Pemphigus bets Doane-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. (Raiz Col- orado, Canaigre). Pemphigus bette Doane-Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Rumex occidentalis Wats.
Pemphigus betee Doane-Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 299, 1909- Sage see Artemisia californica Less. St. George's Herb see Valeriana offici- nalis L. Salix sp. (Willow).
Chaitophorus nigrae Oestl.(.') David- son, Po. Jr. Ent. Ill, 398, I9II. Chaitophorus viininalis Monell- Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 248, 1903. Macrosiphum californica Clarke,
Can. Ent. XXXV, 254, 1903. Melanoxantherium rufulus (David- son) Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 301, 1909. Melanoxantherium saliceti (Harris) Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 300, 1909. Siphocoryne salicis Monell-David- son, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 303, 1909. Salix fluviatilis Nutt. (Narrow-leaved Willow). §Lachnus viminalis Boisduval-Essig. In Coll. Det. by J. T. Monell. Scrophularia sp.
Phorodon scrophulariae Thos. -Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252, 1909. y,cnecio vulgaris L. (Groundsel).
Aphis bakeri Cowen ( .'')-Davidson,
Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. Myzus persicae Sulz. -Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 378, 191O. Shepherd's Purse see Bursa bursa-
pastoris Britton. Silver Maple see Acer dasycarpum
Ehrh. Silver Pine see Pinus sabiniana
Dougl. Snowberrv see Symphoricarpus race-
mosus. Soft Maple see Acer sacckarinum Wang.
!See Tuberolaclinus viminalis (Boyer) Mord. In Synonyms at end.
Pomona Coi.i.K(iK Joiminai, ok Kntomoloov
463
Solatium douglasii Duiil. (Nijjlitshndc). Trifidapllis rmlicii'Dla (Kssifr) Dd Ouor.-Essig, I'o. Jr. Kiit. I, 8, 1909. Sonchut tp.
Macro!>i))liuin sonclu'lla Mont'll- Clarki-, Can. Eiit. XXXV, i>53, 1903. Sonchus asprr \'ill. (Spiny-K'avfd Son- chus). Rhopalosi|>liuiii ptTsicir Sulz.-Oavid- son, Jr. Fx. Knt. Ill, .H78, 1()I0. Sonchut oleraceus L. (Sow Tlii.stK-)- Macrosipliuin sonclu'lla Moiu'll- Davidsoii, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 3()i, 1909. Myzus pcr.sictp Siilz. -Davidson, Jr.
Ec. Ent. II, ,S().S, I (joy. Rhopalo.sipliuni lai-tucii- Kalt. -David- son, Jr. Ec. Ent. III. 378, 191O. Sorghum sp.
Aphis maidis Fitch-Clarkc, Can. Ent.
XXXV, -251 , igo.s.
Sow Thistle see Sonchus olrracrus L. Sphaerosligma fcitchiauuin (Hook)
Small. ( Evfninjf I'rlinro.sc). Aphis ofnotliiTii' Ocstl. -Davidson, Jr.
Ec. Ent. Ill, 380, 1910. Spinv-le.wed SoNCHi's sec Sonchut
atper Vill. Spiraea talicifolia I,.
Apliis spir^cUa Sellout. -Davidson in
litt. SpRrc'E, F.\LSE see Pteudolsuga doug-
lasii Carr. Sugar Beet see Beta vulgarit var. L. SroAR Mapi.e sec Acer taccharinum
Wanjj. Sweet Fe.vnel see Foeniculum foenicu-
luvt Karst. Sweet Pea see Lalhi/rut odoralus I,. Sycamore sec Plalanut. Si/mphoricarput racemotut (Snow- berry). Aphis nlbipcs Ocstl. -Davidson, Jr.
Ec. Ent. Ill, 376, 1910. Tilia sp. (Hnsswood).
Eucalliptirus tiliae (I. inn.) Gill.-
David-son, Jr. Ec. Ent. III. 377,
1910. Tomato sec Lifcopersicum esculentum
Mill. Trilicum sp. (Wheat).
Aphis avenae Fahr. -Davidson, Jr. Ec.
Ent. Ill, 377, 1910.
Tri.ir sec 'J'ulipa. Tuiipa .\p. (Tulip).
.MaerosiphwMi tiilipie .Monell.- David- son. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 380. I910. Rhopalosiphuni tulipn- Thos. -David- son. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. I'lmus tp. (Elm).
('olo|)ha ulmicola (Fitch) Moneli- Davidson. Jr. V.c. Ent. II, 299, 1 !»<»!)■ .Myzocallis ulmifolii (.Moncll)-
Dividson, .Ir. Ec. Ent. II, 301, l!»t>9. Sehizon. lira anuricann Riley-Clnrkc, Can. Ent. XXXV, 'ii8. 1903. I'rtica holosericfa Nutt. (Nettle).
Macnisiphum ulniaria- (Sclirk.) Sellout.- Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 30 1., 1909. I'rticii urens L. (Nettle).
.Myzus persieie Siilz. -Davidson in litt. \'alehia.\ see Valeriana. I'aleriana offirianatis Linn. (Conium, St. Georges Herb, Garden Helio- trope, ('.'it's \'alcrian). M.'ierdsipliuin v.'tli-riaiiiie Clarki-, Can. Ent. XXXV, •^:,^, 1903. Valley Live Oak see Quercus rvisli-
seni A. DC. Valley Oak .see Quercus lohala Nee. Vetch see J'icia. I'ihurnuni tinus I,. ( I.aurustinus).
.\phis pomi De Gier- Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 377, 1910. I'icia saliva I.. (\'etch).
.Macrosipliuin ulniaria* (Schrk.) Sellout. -Essig, PC. .Ir. Ent. II, 338. 1910. I'iola sp. (Violet).
Rhopalosiphuni violw Perg.-Essig, PC. Jr. Ent. I. p. i, 1909. I'itis sp. (Grape). § Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon-Dav- idson, Jr. Ec. Ent. II, I909. litis vinifera I,. (Wild or English Grape). * Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon- Hnyne, Rept. Cal. Exp. Sta. p. 37(). 1887-1893. Watermelon see Citrullus lulgarit
Sclirad. Wheat sec Trilicum.
JSoo RlilxnphiR v.i!itntrlx Planch. In Syn- onymii.
•Hccordoil by Haync a« simply Phylloxera. See Khtzuphls vastatrix PI. In Synonjrnis.
464
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
White Maple see Acer dasyrarpum Willow see Salix.
Ehrh. Willow-herb see Epilobium.
White Oak see Quercus lohata Nee. Zea mays L. (Corn).
Wild Pea see Lathyrus. Aphis ruaidis Fitch-Clarke, Can. Ent.
Wild Rose see Rosa californica C. 4" S. XXXV, p. 251, 1903.
SYNONYMS
In order to make the above list as accurate and up-to-date as possible, duplicate copies of the first rough draft were sent to all of the American writers on this sub- ject for corrections, additions, subtractions, comments, etc. At this time I have received returned copies from several, but have found it necessary to go ahead with the editing before all of the first copies are returned. All corrections in the future, however, shall be added as supplemental work, so that the present work shall con- tinue to grow and be of more value as the various points are cleared up. I am especially indebted to Prof. O. W. Oestlund for the large list of synonymous names which he so thoroughly worked up. xVlso to Prof. H. F. Wilson, Miss Edith Patch, Prof. C. F. Baker, J. T. Monell, and W. M. Davidson.
In preparing this list the following authors were constantly referred to:
H. ScHouTEDEN, Catalogue Des Aphides DE Belgique, Dec. 1905.
G. W. Kirkaldy, Canadian Entomolo- gist
XXXVII, pp. 4.14-1.20, Dec. 1905.
XXXVIII, pp. 9-18, Jan. 1906. XXXVIII, p. 135, Apr. 1906. XXXVIII, p. 202, June 1906.
C. P. Gillette, Journal of Economic Ent., I, pp. 302-311, Oct. 1908.
I, pp. 359-369, Dec. 1908.
II, pp. 351-357, Oct, 1909.
II, pp. 385-388, Dec. I909.
III, pp. 367-371, Aug. 1910. Ill, pp. 403-407, Oct. 1910.
Proc. Academy of Nat. Sci. of Phila- delphia, Jan. 1907.
C. F. Jackson, A Synopsis of the Genus Pemphigus with Notes on Their Economic Importance. Life History and Geographical Distri- bution.
O. W. Oestlund, List of the Aphididae of Minnesota, 1886. Synopsis of the A))liididte of Minne- sota, 1887.
Cyrus Thomas, Eighth Rcpt. of Ento- mologist of Illinois. 1879.
Thomas A. Williams, The Aphididw of Nebraska, April, I9IO.
H. F. Wilson, Rep. Ann. of Ent. So- ciety of America, Dec. 19IO. Entomological News XXI, pp. 147- 156, April 1910.
Canadian Entomologist XLII, pp. 384-388, Dee. 191O. Jr. Econ. Ent. II, 364-350, 1909- E. M. Patch, Bull. 181, Maine Agrcl. Exp. Sta., May, 1910. Bull. 182, Maine Agrcl. Exp. Sta., p. 242, June, 19IO. J. J. Davis, Ann. of Ent. Society of America III. No. 3, Sept. 1969. Entomological News XXI, pp. 245-
247, June, 1 910. Jr. Economic Ent. Ill, pp. 482-499
Oct. 1910.
Jr. Economic Ent. Ill, pp. 482-499,
Dec. 1910.
W. D. Hunter, Aphid, of N. A. Bull.
No. 60, la. Agrcl. Exp. Sta., 1901.
T. D. A. Cockerell, Can. Ent.
XXXVI, pp. 262-263, Sept. 1904.
1904 -i/j'"'* arcitac (Fabr.) Perg. Bull. 44, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept, Agrcl. 1775 Nectarophora avena- Fabr. Ent.
Syst. 736. 1886 Aphis annua^ Oestl. Aphid of Minn. p. 43.
Pomona Colleoe Joi-rnal of Entomoloov
465
1901 Aphis fitoliii Sander. 13th Rept. Drl. A(,'r. Hxp. Sta. 138.
After Schoutedeil Cat. Apllid
Helfjique 'il~, 1905. See Aphis padi L. and Macrosi- phiiin avena? (Fabr.) Sanb. JSOo Aphis bakeri Cowen, Honiop. Col- orado, p. 118. I895 Aphis cephalicola Cowen, Honi. Colo., p. 118. llOiS Aphis padi Linn. Aphis liolci Ferrari.
I8.S.') Aphis zeae Bon. Ann. Soc.
F.nt. Fr. IV, p. 6.58. After Sehouteden. Cat. Aphid
Helf;. ]). '2'J."), 191'J. Aeeording to .Mordwilko iy09
tile following: 17 oS Aphis padi L.
179 i Aphis avenif Fabr. Henec : I7-'>S Aphis padi L.
177;J Xectarophora avenii-
Fabr. 1 79 i Aphis avena- Fabr. 19*'t' Siphocorvne avena? (Fabr.) Perp. (After suggestion of Oestl.) See Macrosipluiin avenw (Fabr.) Sanb. 177S Aphis pomi De Geer, Menioires III. 1775 Aphis pvri niali Fabr. Svst.
Ent. 18i.S Aphis niali Kalt. Mon. Fain.
Pflz. p. 7-2. 1901 Apiiis p.idi Sand., l-'tii Kept. Del. Exp. Sta. p. 191.
After Gillette, Jr. Ec. Ent. I,
.sew, 1908.
1870 Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitcli) Moncll, Bull. U. S. Geo. Survey. V, 30. 1851 Aphis iMtula-oolens Fiteh. Cat.
Honi. N. Y. ()(). 1879 Callipterus betuhwolens Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. Ill, p. I9S. — Calliplrriis alnifoliae (Fitch) MSS. 1851 I.aehnus alnifolia- Fitch, Cat. Honi. N. Y. 67. 1910 Calaphis castanca (Fiteh) Ciili. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, .S68. 1856 Aphis castanea Fiteli. Kept. Ins. N. Y. Ill, 471.
IS7i) Chromaphis juglandicola (Kalt.)
Walk, /oolog. V, ^1106. ISl-.S Callipterus juglandicola Kalt.
.MoiiDg IMIz. p. 151. 1S:)7 Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) Moiiell.
Can. Kilt. IX, 1()'2. I8.>8 Hrysocrypta ulmicola l''itch,
5tll Kept. Ins. .\ Y. 813. 1H()'2 Tlielaxes ulmicola Walsh Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil. I, -.WV, 305. 1890 Pemphigus ulmicola Pack.
Ciuidc 5at. 187!) Cilyphiiia ulmicola Thos. 8tli
Kt pt. Ent. Ill, |)p. 1 ii, 'HW. 1883 Colopha coinpressa (KiK'h)
-Monell, Can. Ent. XIV, 15. lUOil Drvpanaphis acrrifolii (Thos.)
Del Guer. Rev. Path. Veg. An. IV,
No. i.
1878 .Siphoiiophora iieerifolii (Thos.) Bull. Ill I.ab. Nat. Hist. II. V.
1879 Dn-panosijilium acerifolii (Thos.) Monell, V. S. Geol. Surv. Vol. I, 'i7.
1.909 Pliyniatosijihum acerifolii (Thos.) n.avis, .\iin. Ent. Soc. Am. Sept. p. 196. l!)(l!) Kssiiirlla californicus (Essig) Del Guer^ Rev. Path. Veg. Ann. Ill, p. 2. 1.909 Lacliiius ealifornieiis Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent. I, I. nnti Kucallipti-rus tdiae (Linn) Gill., Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 367. Callipterus tilia- I,. I'.XI'.I (!illrll,-a cowrni (Gill) Borner, Zol. Anz. XXXIV. 498. 1907 Cheriiies cooleyi var. coweni, (iill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. p. 10. IS.'i/f II i/al(iplrrus arundinis (F^abr.) Koch Ptiz. H). I7M) Aphis pruiii Fabr. .Syst. Ent.
IV. 213. ISS() .\pliis phragiiiitidicola Oestl. I.isl. .\phid Minn. i\.
."sehouteden considered A. pruiii
and H. arundinis as separate
species. Cat. Aphid. Belg.
230, 1905.
ISilS I.iosomaphis herhrridis (Kalt.)
Walk. Zoolog. p. 1119.
IS."il .\phis berbcridis Fitch. Cat.
Hom. Ny. 6:,. IS."p7 Khopalosipliiini berl>eridis Kalt., Mon. Ptlz. 9'-.
466
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
1906 Macrosiphum a venae (Fabr.) Sanb. Del. Agrcl. Exp. Sta. — . 1775 Nectarophora avenae Fabr. Eiit.
Syst. 736. 1798 Aphis {tranaria Kirby. Trans.
Linn. Soe. IV, 238. 1843 Aphis corcalis Kalt. Monog.
Pflz. I, 16. IS.'iS Siphocorvne cerealis (Kalt.)
Koch. 1876 Siphonophora granaria Buck. 1879 Siphonoiihora aven« (Fabr.)
Thos. R.p. Ent. Ill, 8th p. 51. 1887 N'fctarophora granaria (Kirby)
Oestl. Aph. Minn. 82. 1901 Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.) Pcrg. Bull, l.i, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. p. IS. 1904 Macrosiphum granarium(Buek) Perg. Bull. 15 Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. p. It. It will be seen that there is a great deal of confusion regarding the synonymy of .'\phis avenae (Fabr.) Perg., Aphis padi Linn., Macrosiphum avenae (Fabr.) Perg., Macrosiphum granarium (Kirby) Perg. Prof. Ocstlund suggests the fol- lowing for the present:
1758 Aphis padi Linn.
1906 Macrosiphum avenae
(F'abr.) Sanb. 1904 Macrosiphum cerealis
(Kalt.) Perg. 1904 Macrosiphum granarium (Buck.) Perg. But he goes on to say that the above has not been thoroughly established and that the present arrangement of Per- gande's should be accepted, which is as follows;
190.^ Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.) Pcrg.
1843 A])Iiis cerealis Kalt. 1855 Siphonophora cerealis (Kalt.) Koch. lOOJf Macrosiphum granarium (Buck) Perg.
1876 Siphonophora grana- ria (Buck). 1887 Nectarophor.i gr.in.i-
ria (Buck) Oestl. 1906 Macrosiphum aviiiip
(Fabr.) Sanb. 1886 A])his annua- Ocst- lund. Aj)hid Minn. p. 43 (?)•
1011 Macrosiphum baccharidis (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora baccharidis Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254. 1911 Macrosiphum californica (Clarke). L 1903 Nectarophora californica
Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254. 1911 Macrosiphum jasmini (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora jasmini Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 252. 1911 Macrosiphum I ycopersici {Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora Ivcopersici Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253. 1911 Macrosiphum rhamni (Clarke). 1903 Nectarophora rhamni Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 254. 190G Macrosiphum rudbeckiae (Fitch) Sanb. 1851 Aphis rudbeckiae Fitch, St. Lab. Nat. Hi.st. p. 66.
1878 Siphonophora rudbecki» (Fitch) Thos. III. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. No. 2, p. 4.
1879 Siphonophora rudbeckiae (Fitch) Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. V, 21.
1887 Nectaro])hora rudbeckia
(Fitch) Oestl. Aphid Minn. p. 83.
1905 Macrosiphum ulmariae (Schrk.)
Schout. Cat. Aph. Belgiq. p. 240.
1801 Aphis ulmarise Schrank.
1843 A. pisi Kalt. Monog. p. 23.
1855 Siphonophora pisi (Kalt) Koch.
Pflz. 1855 S. gei Koch. Pflz. 1857 S. ulmari* (Schrk.) Kalt. 1887 Nectarophora pisi (Kalt.)
Oestl., Aphid. Minn. 82. 1900 N. destructor Johnson, Can.
Ent. XXXII, 56-60. Also
Aphis onobrychis Boyer. Aphis lathyri Walker. W ! I Macrosiphum valerianiae (Clarke). 1 903 Nectarophora valerianiae
Clarke, Can. Ent. XXXV, 253. 1911 Mclanoxantherium rufulus (Dav- idson). 1909 Cladobius rufulus Davidson, Jr. Ee. Ent. II, 301. 1911 Mclanoxantherium saliceti (Har- ris). Cladobius saliceti Harris.
Pomona Coi.i.KtiK Joihxal of F.ntomolooy
467
1867 Mindarus ahientinus Koch., Pflz. 277. 1879 Scliizoneurn )>inic<>la Tho.s. Htli Kept. F.iit. Ill, p. I.S7. 1910 Moneltia caryae (Moru-11) (Jil- littf. Jr. Ec. Knt. MI, .S()7. 1879 Callipltrus carvw Moiull. V . S. Gto. Surv. V, No. 1, p. 31.
18110 Mi/:ucallis corifli (Goetzc) Pn.ss.,
CJaii Afidi. j). '28. C'alliptcnis corvli Goctzc. (After Kirkiildv in Can. F.nt.
XXXVII. U7.' 190.').)
184-'i .Vv-«« lerani (Fabr.) Buck., Hrit.
Apiiid. I, \~i. 18'2'2 Apliis cfrasi Fahr., Svst. Knt.
p. 7.SK 187G Myziis persicae (Sul.x) Huck
Brit. Aphid, 178. 17(5 1 Apliis porsicir .*^ulz. Kcnz. In.s.
p. lO.'). 1801 A. diaiitlii Schr.. Fauna Boica
II.
1857 Rliopalosiplnnn dianthi .Sclir., Koch., Die Ptiz., I-'.'.
1879 .Mijioura solani Thos.. 8th
Rcpt. Knt. 111., p. 73. 1879 Siphonophora aelivrantcs
Moncll, Bull. V. S. Gcol. Surv. V,
No. 1, 18. 188fi .Myzus nialvii- Ocstl., Gcol.
Surv. Minn. 1 Hh Rcpt. Aphid of
Minn., p. .SI. (After (nllcttc, .Fr. F.c. Ent. I. p.
3.')9. 19<>8.) WiiU I'rmphifriis populiraulin Fitch,
Re))t. Ent. N. Y. V, 815. I8(v2 Byro.srypta populicaulis
Walsh. Proc. Fnt. ."^.m-. Phil.. II,
.so.->.
/.S'.)7 I'lii/llaphis fn/ri (I. inn.) Koch.
I)i<. Ptiz. Aphid., -ZiH. 1735 Aphis fajri I,. Syst. Nat. II,
735. 18G!) I'inritu pinicorlicis (Filch)
Shinier, Trans. Am. Ent. Soo. II,
383. 185.5 Coccus pinicorticis Fitch,
Trans. N. V. Aprcl. .Soc. XIV,
871.
1858 Chernics pinifoliR< Fitch Trans. N. Y. Agrcl. ,Soc. XVII, 7H.
/.Vj/ Srhiztiiifura lanipera (Hauss.)
Martin. G.i. Zrlt. Knt. Ill, 3(57. I8(t-.J ,\phis lani^iTa Hauss., 111.
Map. I, ■-"29- IK19 Eriosoina inali .'^.tiiion. I8'2t .Myzoxylus iiiali Blot. Mem.
.Soe. I. inn. Calvados, I , p. III'. 1831 M. lanipera Arvilly. Die .Moy-
zoxile, |). 1. I85() Pemphigus (?) pyri Fiteli, I
Rept. Knt. N. Y., p. 1 18. A. niali (Thos.) Bingly, — . 1897 Ceratovacuno lanigera Zehnt.
Med. Proefs. .Java, No. 37, p. 29-
18^7 lihizaphia rastatrix Planchon, Com]). Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, p.
18(58 Phylloxera vastatrix Planch. Conip. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris. Sept. H. 1855 P. vitifoliB- Fiteh, Rpt. Ins. N.
Y. I, 158. 18(52 BrysiK-rypta vastatrix, Walsh,
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. I. 305. 1897 Rhizocera vastatrix (Plane.) Kirk, N. Z. Dcpt. Ag. I.flts. No. 20, )). 3. /.V.)^ lihopaloxiphum niimphae (I..) Koch. PHz.. p. 23. 17(5 1 .\phis nyiiiplm- I,. Syst. Nat. I8(i0 .Sipliocoryns nynipha? (Fr.)
Pass., (Jali .\fidi, 28. l.'HO .\pliis aqiiaticus .Jackson, Ent. News. XXI, 2 15. I'.ilo Thoma-tia populirola (Thos.) Wilson. Can. Ent. XI. II, 38(5. 1 878 Chaitophorous populieola Thos. Bull. 111. I.al). Nat. Hist. II, 10. IHOO Trifidaphit radirirola (Essig) Del Guercio, Riv. Path. Vej;r., .\nno III, 5. 1 90!) Peinphijius radicicola Essig. P. C. .Jr. Ent. I, 10. lilDS Tiihrrolachnu.1 fiminalis (Boyer) Mord.. .Ann. Mus. Zool. .\ead. Ini|>. .Sci., XIII, 371. *I.aclinus viniinalis Boyir. ♦1872 I,, dentatus I.e Baron, 3d Rept.
Ins. III., 138. (?). •L. viminalis Fonsc. •I,, salicis Curtis. *I,. saligna Walker.
*.\ftcr Schoulcdcn. C.it. .Aphid. Bclg., p. 207. 1905.
468 Pomona College Journal of Entomologt
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
Number of the heading of my last study on the Aphididae of Southern California should have been VI and not V.
On page 400, Vol. Ill, No. 1, the synonymy of Aphis rudbeckiae should be:
1906 Macrosiphiim rudbeckiae (Fitch) (Fitch) Thos. 111. St. Lab. Nat.
Sanb. Hist. No. 2, 4.
„ , ^ 1879 S. rudbeckiae (Fitch) Monell,
1851 Aphis rudbeckiae Fitch, Cat. g^jj ^ g q^^ g^^^ y ^i.
Homoptera, N. Y., 66. ]887 Nectarophora rudbeckiae
1878 Siphonophora rudbeckise (Fitch) Oestl. Aphid. Minn., p. 83.
ADDENDUM TO THE SYNONYMY
Siphocori/ne
Hyadaphis Kirkaldy.
Mr. Davidson also made other corrections here, which had been done before the article went to press, so are not necessary here. Regarding otlier important points he wrote as follows :
Drepanaphis platanoides Schrank. "I liave commonly taken tlic apterous ovipa- rous female, but never the winged form."
Aphis atriplicis L. "I believe there is a record of Aphis atriplicis L. being found in Southern California on Atriplex sp. This is in an old number of the Southern California Academy of Sciences' publications. According to some authors, atriplicis equals rumicis 1.."
"I have also a few additional things to suggest. In my first paper I mentioned Pemphigus populicaulis. This was later (as in my second paper) found to be P. populitransversus. As far as I am concerned, the former has not been found in this State." "Similarly Aphis cratfegifoliae Fitch was the species I took on Cratae- gus, not cratsegi, although the latter has very possibly been reported. According to the International Zool. Congress Nomenclature Rules, my Pemphigus ranunculi must be changed and possibly ouglit to be listed P. sp. (ranunculi preoccupied) or just P. sp. Davidson."
Accordingly Pemphigus populie.uilis Fitch must be struck off from the Host Index for tlie present. Prof. W. T. Clark reported Aphis crataegi Monell on Cra- taegus sp. in Canadian Entomologist XXXN', p. 2t9, 1903.
From Mr. J. T. Moiull 1 h.ive Ic.-irned tiiat the following synonyms should also be added :
Chaitophorus viminalis Monell.
Chaitoijliorus nigra? Oestl. Siphocorync caprcae Fab.
S. salicis Monell. Or according to later revision as follows: Hyadaphis pastinacae (Linn.) Schout.
Siphocoryne caprcae Fab.
S. salicis Monell.
NOTES ON COCCI U.l- VI
E. O. E^iSIli
fii \'(il. Ml, N(i. 1, page 408, the insect dcseribi'd as Erioconus adcnoiloviaf Elirliorii IN Lfvanioiliaspis rufescens Cockercll.
On page HI the title and part of the deseriptinn of Orthezia artemisiae fkll. were omitted bv the jjrinters and was as follows:
Orthezia artemisiae Ckll.
This insect (Fig. 1 kS B. \\ C. Jr. Knt. Vol. Ill, No. 1., p. 406) was first sent to the writer by Hoy K. Hishop, Hortieiiltural C'onnnissioner of Orange county. Since that time I have obt.'iined it in the vicinity of Santa Paula.
The long white egg sac makes it at once conspicuous and easy to delect. It occurs in great numbers on the California sage (Arlemisia californica) during the later summer months. That it never increases to any damaging numbers may be explained by the fact that it is parasitized by a dipterous insect which is an egg feeder. In some dozen females I was able to obtain several of the puparia, but was not fortunate enough to hatch out an adult fly.
In describing this ciH-eid, I can do no In-tter than to duplicate here. Cocker- ell's original description, which is as follows:
"Orthezia artemisiae n. sp. Female: Immature form. Anti-iiiia- and legs piceous. Body covered with white secretion. Dorsum with two rows of denti- form tufts; the first four direete»l forwards; the remaining seven, decreasing in size eaudad. directed backwards. Nine lateral tufts; the first on a level with the second dorsal tufts, at right angles to the bo<ly ; the others directed back- wards, and about of ecpial length, except the last two, which are longer and nar- rower, the last being longest. Caudal tufts extending eaudad of last lateral tufts.
"Mature Feinalr: DitTiT-. by having the lamella- or tufts much elongated, the first dorsal erect, longer than broad; the remaining dorsal produced and no longer dentiform. The arrangement is now j)ractically as in adult O. urticae (L.), except that the first dorsal lamalla' are smaller (instead of larger) than the third. The hindmost lateral lamella" are also somewhat less produced than in urticae. Antenme and legs red-brown; antcnnic eight-segmented, three longest; five a little longer than four; six and seven about equal, and shorter than four; eight about as long as five. I.i'ngth of insect, without ovisac, 2V'2 mm. Ovisac moderate, white, distinctly ribt«-d."
"O. artemisae is nearest to O. annae, but the latter has the lamella* less defi- nitely formed, and differs also in the antennte." Can. Enl. XXX. p. 19-20, 1898.
THE CHILOPODA OF CALIFORNIA II
RALPH V. < 11 A-MBERLIN, PROVO, ITAH.
FAMILY LITHOBIIDAE (continued) Genus Pseudolithobius Stuxberg
OnI_v the type species of tliis jrenus is known.
Pseudolithobius megaloporus Stuxberg
Antennae very short, consisting of nineteen to twenty articles, of which the ultimate is very long. Ocelli seven in two series (1-3, 3). Prosternal teeth 2-2 or 3-3. Angles of the ninth, eleventh and thirteenth dorsal plates produced. Coxal pores 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, very large, circular. Anal legs very short, crassate, spines 0, 1, 1,0, the claw unarmed.
Length of body 12 mm.; of antennae l mm.; of anal legs 2. .5 mm.
Known only from the type collected near San Francisco by Eisen.
Thus far I have not identified this species in an abundance of material from California. Judging from the description of antennae, spining of legs, coxal pores, etc., it would seem practically certain that this species was based upon an immature specimen.
Order Epimorpha The members of this order fall in two main groups or suborders which may be separated as follows :
Key to suborders of the Epimorpha
A. With twenty-one or twenty-three pairs of legs ; pairs of spiracles nine,
ten, eleven, or nineteen. Scolopendroidea.
AA. Pairs of legs thirty-one or more; pairs of spiracles two less than the
number of pairs of legs, being absent from the first and the last body
segment. Geophiloitlra.
Suborder Scolopendroidea
The members of the Scolopendroidea live for the most part in the warmer regions of the earth, the large tropical and sub-tropical centipedes belonging here.
The members of the group are essentially nocturnal, during the daytime lying concealed in holes in the ground, under stones, bark, logs, fallen leaves, etc., and at night wandering about and often entering dwelling houses. They live chiefly upon insects, spiders, worms, and smaller chilopods.
The body is elongated and varies from slender to robust. The antennae are short and are composed of from seventeen to thirty-three articles, the number varying mostly toward the lesser limit. Eyes either absent or composed of four simple ocelli on each side. Prehensorial feet with co.xae completely fused in a prosternum which mesally extends cephalad in two processes which may or may not bear teetli. The basal plate, or dorsal scutum of segment to which prehen- sorial feet belong, either absent or rudimentary. Pairs of legs constant (either
I'oMONA Col.I.KOK .lolllXM. OK F.NTOMOI.OOV 471
twcntv-oiic or twi iitv-tliric) Ixitli fur >;cn<rji ami for s)n-cics. Coxa of nnal \vgn absent or fused with tlic plciiru-, forniinjf tlitis tlu- so-cnllfd psriidoplcurn or coxaplciira, and tlic trochanter absent or rudimentary. The pscudopleurre arc stronj{ly developed and are more or less produced caudad at niesal side into the so-called pseudopleural priK-esses, the processes often bearing a number of spines which may also exist on the caudal margin ectad of the process; always densely porose over surface. Tarsi of anal legs from two to many segmented, tliose of the otiier legs undivided or biarticulate.
The three f;iinilies of this sub-order may be sep.'iratid by mi-ans of the fol- liiwiiig kiy. Of Ihise threi' f.-imilies two Jire known to be represented in Cali- fornia :
Key to Families ni the Scolopendroidea A. Without eyes; tarsi of all legs excepting the anal and penult pairs unseg- mented; tibia at distal end with one or two spines or with bristles ar- ranged in longitudinal rows beneath. Family Crypfopidae. AA. F.yes present, comjjosed of four ocelli on each side; tarsi of anterior legs all biarticulate; lii>ia without sj>ines at distal end or rows of bristles beneath. B. Spiracles oval or circular, oblitpie to long axis of body; tarsal spines generally jiresent and two in number on the anterior legs ; cephalic plate never overlapping the first dorsal )>late; basal plate and longi- tudinal furrows never present. Family Otoslii^midae. BB. Spiracles angular, triangular or narrowly slit-like, j)arallel to long axis of body; tarsal spines absiMit or only one in number; cephalic i)Iate often overlapping the first dorsal plate or in other cases basal plate and longitudinal furrows present. Family Scolopendridae.
I'aiiiily Cryptopidae The genera of this family occurring within tin- I'nitrd ."states may be sep- arated by means of the following key:
Key to jjenera <>f the Cryptopidae A. Twenty-one leg-bearing segments; ])airs of spiracles nine or nineteen. B. Last dorsal plate not longer than the penult, mostly shorter than wide, it.s caudal margin convexly exeurved or bluntly angidar. C. Pseudopliura not produced caudad into a slender priH-ess.
Genus Cri/lops Leach. CO. Pseudopleura produced e.'iudad into a slender process.
Cnnus .1 lift hops Chamberlin. BB. Last dorsal plate nearly twice as long as the peiuilt, longer than wide, the caudal margin nearly straight. C. Nine pairs of spiracles. Genus Thralops Newport.
AA. Twenty-three leg-bearing segments; pairs of spiracles ten or eleven. B. Anal legs with a claw and a two-jointed tarsus; prefemur of anal legs with but two spines: fenuir of prehensorial feet with a basal tooth. C. Seventh segment without spiracles (ten pairs of spiracles present).
Genus Olocri/ptop* Haas.
472 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
CC. Seventh segment with spiracles (eleven pairs of spiracles present).
Genus Scolopocryptops Newport.
BB. Anal legs without a claw and the tarsi transformed into a many jointed,
antenna-like lash; prefeniur of anal legs with rows of from three to
six spines on ventral surface ; femur of prehensorial feet without
basal tooth. Genus Nervportia Gervais.
Genus Theatops Newport
Of this genus, one species {T. erythrocephalus) occurs in southern Europe and three in North America, of which the one found in California is very close to the European form and is accordingly listed below as a subspecies to it.
The members of this genus are of medium size (35-46 mm.), have twenty- one pairs of legs, and but nine pairs of circular or subcircular spiracles, not being present on the seventh segment. The antenna consist uniformly of sev- enteen articles. The anal legs are short and thick, with the claw strongly en- larged.
Theatops erythrocephalus subspecies californiensis Chamberlin
This is the only form of Theatops thus far known to occur on the Pacific coast.
From 40 to 46 mm. in length. Brown in color, with antennae and legs yel- lowish. Teeth of presternum 3-3. large. Tooth on femur of prehensorial feet rather large and stout. Tibia;, except of last two pairs, armed with a spine both above and beneath. Anal legs stout, short, the claw about as long as the two tarsal joints together. Prefemur and femur both armed beneath toward mesal side with a single moderate tooth. Pseudopleura with process ending in a stout spine or tooth.
The only record from the state is Quincy, Cal., the type locality. Probably the same form as that reported by Kracpelin from Oregon.
Genus Otocryptops Haase
This genus, of which some five species are now known, is represented in the faunas of both hemispheres. Two species occur in California.
The members of this genus when fully grown reach a length of mostly from 50 to 60 mm. They have twenty-three pairs of legs and ten pairs of oval spira- cles. As in the preceding genus, the antennae are composed constantly of sev- enteen articles. Anal legs not shortened, and the claw of moderate size.
The California species may bo identified by means of the following key, in which a new species from Idaho is also taken up:
Key to Species of Otocryptops A. Ventral plates nearly all with a distinct median furrow; dorsal scuta mostly with a median furrow.
B. Inner spine of prefemur rudimentary to entirely aborted ; lateral angles of the last dorsal plate ending in a small spinous point; last ventral plate witii e.uidnl margin truncate or but weakly incurved.
0. gracilis Wood.
Pomona Coi.i.eoe .lornNM, ok Entomology 473
]il5. Iiinir spine of prcfmiur will diM-loprd ; Intrrnl .■in)jlfS of tlic last
clorsnl plate not at nil s]>innus pointed : last ventral plate with caudal
niarf^in conspicuously concave. O. mundut sp. nov.
AA. \'entral j)lates smooth, without a median furrow; dorsal scuta without a
median furrow; cephalic plate margined laterally as well as at caudal
anplcs. O. sexapinosin .Say.
Otocryptops gracilis \\'(ni(l
Yillowisli liriiwii t(i fi rru>;iiHMis or yrjiowisli red in eolor. .Ml articles of tlie .intennii- jiirsute or the dorsal surf.'iei' of tiie first alone smooth. Prosternum mostly with two small teeth. The median furrow of ventral plates deep and widened at middle of lenpth. Processes of pseudopleunr short. Prefemur willi viiitral spine well deviloped, th<' inner one obsolte or ahsent.
I'ort Tejon (type locality. Wood) ; I.os Angeles (author) ; C'laremont (com- mon, Pomona College Coll.); Stanford (Mann).
Known only from California, where it is commonest in the southern portion of the state. It has not been recorded from north of Stanford. The species is closest to the following one:
Otocryptops mundus sp. nov. (Figure 1.^.(1. A. B. K. F)
Head mostly smooth, finely punctate, es))ecially over caudal and caudo-lateral portions. Margined caudo-lateral and also to some extent laterally. .\11 articles of antenna- pubescent or the first article smooth dorsally as in gracilis. Dorsal plates 5-'i\l strongly margined laterally, the fourth more weakly so, the twenty- third weakly so. Median furrows on dorsal jilates much as in gracilis. Last dorsal j)late but slightly njirrowed caudad. caudal border less extended than in gracilis, the lateral angles rounded and wholly without indications of spinous point. Prosternum without teeth. Ventral plates from one to twenty-one with a longitudinal median furrow. Last ventral plate rather deeply excavated caudally. Pseudopleurn' with conspiciious, |>ointed caudal prcx-esses, decidedly longer than in preceding species. Anal legs very long and stout; Iwth ventral and inner spine of ))refen\ur stout and conspicuous. Brown: head and last seg- ments reddish; legs and antenna- yellowish or yellowish brown, anal legs darker. Length ad fiO mm.
Kendrick, Idaho (Mann), is the only known locality thus far.
The species is very close to the preei-ding and might even be with nason re- garded as a subspecies to it.
Otocryptops sexspinosus Say
Brownish to deep rust red. Antenna- usually with the first two articles glabrous and shining, the others densely hirsute. The prosternal margin nearly straight and smooth, without any indications of teeth. Prefemur of anal legs with both ventral and inner spine conspicuous. Pseudopleural processes large. \'entral plates smooth, without median furrow. No median dorsal furrow or line.
One of the commonest of all chilopods throughout most of the state but becom-
474
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 156 A, last dorsal plate of Otocrj'ptops miindus; R. ultimate ventral segment of O. mundus, ventral aspect, showing last ventral plate and left pseudopleura, with pores, caudal process, etc.; C, prefemur of right anal leg of Scolopcndra polymorpha, dorsal aspect, showing apical process with its spines and some of the inner spines, etc.; D, left pseudopleura of S. polymorpha, ventral aspect, showing pores, caudal process with its spines, etc.; E, pseudopleura of O. mundus, lateral aspect, showing caudal process, etc.; F, prefemur of left anal leg, ventral aspect, of O. mundus, showing ventral and inner spine.
Pomona CoLLeciK Joihnal ok Kstomoloov 475
111)^ ran- southward, wlicrc it scciiis to !«• rrplaccd l)y gracilis. Sliasta Springs, San Francisco, Pacific Grove, Stanford, etc. (author).
Genus Scolopocryptops .Newport
This (;rniis, riprcscnted l\v only tlinc or four known species, is represented in the fauna* of Cliina and of North and Soutli America.
The ffenus is very close to Otocryptops in nearly all important structural ehar- aeters, but differs in having eleven pairs of spiracles instead of the ten of the latter genus, the thirteenth Kxly segment bearing the extra pair.
One sjjccies is at present ktiowii frmii North .\inerica.
Scolopocryptops miersii Newport F.xtremely vari.ible in color. .Most .ulults dark brownish black; legs yellow, the last pairs and the antenna' ])roxinially mingled bluish green and yellow. The three proximal articles of the anteniiie smooth and shining. Prosternuni with angle at each side more or less produced into a tooth-like process. Femur of prehensorial feet be.-iring on mesal surface a rather large and stout basal tooth which at its base is one-sixth as wide as the femur. Ventral plates without me- dian furrow. Legs nearly glabrous. I-egs back as far as the nineteenth pair with two tibial and one tarsal spine, most claws unarmed at base. Prcfemur of anal legs with a stout s|)ine beneath and a smaller one within. Length up to 100 nun. or more. , Doubtfully reeo;-d<d from California. However, it is widespread in the , southi-.'istirn st;iti-s .-nKl through Mexico, southw.ird to Brazil, and it is naturally to be exjiected within this state.
(ieiui.-^ Anethops Cliambcrlin The species listed below is the only representative of this genus known : Pairs of legs twenty-one. Spiracles ten pairs. Sterna with a median fur- row in some, crossed by a transverse impression. Antenna" comi)osed of sev- enteen articles, thickened |)roximally. Processes of pseudopleura- ending in a single spine. Tarsi of all legs excepting the last ones unsegmented. Claw of anal legs not of unusual size, armed at base with spines.
Anethops occidentalis Cliambcrlin
Ferruginous, feet i);ile. Most ventr.il plates with a cruciform impression, the longitudin.'il furrow deejiest. Prosternum without dental plate. Tooth on femur of prehensorial feet small, acute. Length ad 35 mm.
Known onlv from ty])e si)eeinien taken in San Ciabriel canyon, Los Angeles county.
Genus Cryptops Leach
A cosmopolitan genus represented by more than two dozen known species, some of which range farther north than any others of the Scolopendroidea.
Pairs of legs twenty-one. Pairs of spiracles nine. Antenna normally with seventeen articles, the nmnber sometimes less. Dorsal scuta with two longitudi- nal furrows and often also a median keel. Sterna with distinct cruciform im- pressions. Prosternum without anterior extensions and with no dental plates.
476 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Prchensorial feet without a tooth on mesal face of femur, claws large. Pseudo- pleurae without caudal processes, merely rounded caudally. Legs without tibial spines. Tibia and first tarsal joint of anal legs with a comb-like row of spines or teeth on ventral surface.
Cryptops hyalinus Say
Fulvous, the legs and antennae paler. Very slender. Prosternal margin with si.\ to eight fine, short hairs. Eighteenth sterna witii cross furrow only, the nineteenth to twentv-first mostly un furrowed. Inner margin of pseudo- pleura rounded, porigerous area with about seventeen large pores, the smooth caudal border clothed only with scattered hairs. Spiracles small, circular. Pre- femur of anal legs ventrally with numerous spiniform bristles, without apical spiniform process ; femur similarly clothed, without apical tooth or process. Tibia ventrally with seven to eight comb-teeth ; the first j oint of tarsus with four, neither with lateral spines. Length 15-20 mm.
Doubtfully recorded from California (Kraepelin). A vial, possibly, but not certainly, from southern California (Catalina Island), and in the author's col- lection, contains several specimens of this species. The species is widespread in tlie eastern and southeastern United States.
Genus Newportia Gervais
Between fifteen and twenty' species of this genus are known, all from America and all but one {N. utahensis Chamb.) from tropical or sub-tropical localities.
In the members of this genus there are twenty-three pairs of legs and eleven pairs of spiracles. First dorsal plate with a transverse cervical furrow. Ven- tral plates with longitudinal furrows but with no cross impressions. Prester- num with or without dental laminae. Femur of prehensorial feet without basal tooth. PseudopleurEB with long, pointed caudal processes. Tarsi of anal legs composed of numerous segments, lash-like.
While no species of this genus has as yet been found within California, it seems quite likely that the genus will be found to be represented in the southern portion of the state. The species of the genus are obscure in habit and most of them are known from one or from but few specimens. Hence, a species occur- ring in a locality may long escape discovery.
Family Scolopendridae
The genera of this family known to occur within the United States may be separated by means of the following key :
Key to genera of the Scolopendridae A. All legs lacking tarsal spines. B. Process of pseudopleura three to many toothed or spined, slender, sub- cylindric; no trace of basal jilatc. Genus Hemiscolopendra Kraepelin. AA. All legs, excepting the anal, witli tarsal spines (cephalic plate with cau- dal margin free). B. Claw of anal legs and without basal spines; cephalic plate but slightly overlapping the first dorsal. Genus Arthrorhabdinus Verhoeff.
Pomona College Jothnal of Entomolooy 477
BB. Claw of anal legs with (liNtinct bnsal spines; cc|)lmlic plate distinctly and eonsideniMy overln|)ping the- first dorsal plate.
Genus Sculopendra Linnaeus.
Genus Hemiscolopendra Kracpelin This genus is peculiar to the western hen)is|)here. Its species have for the most part been considered under Scoloprndra, which they conform to in general habit and structure. One species (//. punctivcntria Newport) is widespread in the eastern United States, but none is known from California.
Genus Arthrorhabdinus N'erhoeff K.stablished as a subgenus to Arlhrorhahdus, a South African genus, for the Texan species A. pygmaeus Poeock, a species which may possibly range across .\rizona into southern ( allforiii.'i and wliieh is .-leeordingly ineluded here.
Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus
This, the typical centipede genus, ruibraees about two dozen valid species and jjresents an excessive range under these of minor geographical forms, of which a very large number have by different authors been dignified as species. The variability in size, color, and many other characters is extreme. It is cosmo- politan in the warmer zones of the earth.
No basal plate present. Antennae composed of seventeen to thirty-one arti- cles, of which the proximal four or more are glabrous. Prosternum with dental ))l.itc; femur of prehensorial feet with basal tooth. Pseudojileura with toothed or spined caudal process. A tarsal spine on each leg excepting last jiair. Prc- femur of anal legs spined, always with spines at apical process or angle.
The species occurring within California may be distinguished as follows:
Key to Species of Scolopendra
A. First dors.-il plate with a deep transverse impression back of anterior mar- gin. B. Cephalic plate inii)ressed with two fine longitudinal furrows which di- verge ccphalad ; length 100 to 200 mm. S. lieros Girard. BB. Cephalic plate wholly without furrows or at most with a weak median furrow; first legs with two tarsal spines; length mostly from 50 to 100 mm. C. A])ical i)roeess of prefeniur of anal legs mostly with four spines; cc- ])h;ilie pl;ite always without any furrows. .S'. polymorpha Wood. AA. First dors;il plate without a di-ep transverse impression back of cephalic margin (legs of first p.iir with but one tarsal spine). B. Prefemur of anal legs with none to five spines only. C. Prefemur of anal legs without spines beneath and at most with two on the inner or niesal surface. S. dehaani Brandt. CO. Prefemur of .anal legs with four or five s|)ines, of which two are always ventral in position. S. subspinipes Leach. BB. Prefemur of an.'il legs with ten to fifteen spines, of which six to nine are ventral in position and arranged in three series. C. Apical process of prefeniur bearing three or four spines.
S. morsitans Linnaeus.
478 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Scolopendra heros Girard
Very large, attaining a maximum length of above 200 mm. Dark green to olive or chestnut brown; the head often showing both colors in parts or entirely chestnut. Prosternal teeth l-l to 5-5, the three inner ones more or less united or fused at base; caudal limiting furrows of dental plates forming nearly a straight line. Legs one to twenty with a tarsal spine, prefemora and femora unarmed at distal end above. Pseudopleural process bearing six to eleven spines, and one or two on caudal margin ectad of process. Prefemur of anal legs mostly with eleven spines on ventral surface, these irregularly scattered or else arranged in four series; five spines on inner surface and above; apical process bearing seven to eleven spines.
Found from the southeastern states through Kansas. Indian Territory and Texas to Arizona and Mexico. Probably will be found in soutliern California.
Scolopendra polymorpha Wood (Figure 15(), C, D)
Attaining a maximum length of about 140 mm. In color from clear or dark olive yellow to olive brown, the caudal borders of dorsal plate mostly dark green ; legs yellow. Prosternal teeth four to four. First legs with two tarsal spines, legs two to twenty with but one. Prefemora and femora of these legs unarmed at distal end above. Pseudopleural process tipped with four to seven spines or points ; one spine on caudal margin. Prefemur of anal legs with eight to ten ventral spines in two rows, and mesally with nine to thirteen ; apical process end- ing mostly in four (rarely in three or five) spines.
Known from Kansas, Indian Territory, Texas, Arizona and California, in the latter state being clearly the most common species. Specimens have been exam- ined from Stanford, Los Angeles (author and W. M. Mann), and Claremont (Baker, A. I'ruett, F. M. Eakin, Helen Humphrey, A. Sugg, P. Daggs, Helen Davis, K. Garner, A. M. Wire).
Scolopendra dehaani Brandt
Oeeasionally rcieliiiig a Kiigtii of as much as 200 mm. Very variable in color; from olive to green and brown, the caudal margin of dorsal plates commonly dark green; head and first dorsal plate often differently colored from rest of body. Prosternal teeth five to five (rarely four to four) to nine to nine. Prefemur of anal legs without s])ines beneath, with one to three within ; apical process one or two pointed. Pseudopleural jirocess with two spines or points.
In the United States known only from California, where it has likely escaped from vessels. It is common in India. Cliin.i, and tlie East Indies.
Scolopendra subspinipes Leacli
Very similar to the preceding species in size and coloration, the former pos- siblj' to be regarded as but a subspecies or variety.
It differs from S. dehaani chiefly in having the prefenuir of tlie anal legs armed beneath with from one to tliree spines.
Cosmopolitan in tropical and warmer regions of the eartli. In the United States known only from Florida and California.
PoMON\ Coi.I.KHK JornNAI, l)K F.NTOMOI.OOV 479
Scolopendra morsitans I.iiiiiacif^
Mostly attaining a IcUfjtli not aliovc ;(u inm. ; rarely IDO or I ■,'() iniii. I.riniin yi-liow to reddish yellow, with or without jfreeii eaiidal borders to the dorsal I)lates; more rarely olive green to dark grei-n with the head and last segment then mostly yellowish brown. Prosternal teeth four to four, four to five. Legs oni- to twenty with tarsal spine, leg twenty-one mostly without such. I'seudopleural process ending mostly in four points or spines, conunonly a single s|)ine on caudal margin ectad of process. Prefenuir of anal legs ventrally with three rows of three spines each, niesally without spines, but dorsally with four to si.\ spiiu-s in two rows; apical process bearing four spines (rarely five to eight).
Cosmopolitan in warm and temperate regions. In tin- I'liited .St;ites known from Georgia, Florida, Kansas, Utah, and California.
AMERICAN PSYLLIDiE IV
(A Partial Revision of Subfamiles)
D. L. CRAWFORD
For some years students of the family PsylUdae have recognized that the classification based upon wing venational characters was more or less superficial. One of the first difficulties encountered in the study of the immense series of species and specimens in the collections at hand was the constant separation into widely distinct artificial groups of two forms realh^ very closely related. The relative length of tlie cubital petiole and discoidal portion of subcosta in the sub- families Aphalarinae and Psyllinae is purely artificial and impossible, even Dr. Franz Low himself including under one or the other subfamily forms which by the diagnostic lines proposed by himself could not possibly be included therein. For instance, in the genus Aphalara, typical of the subfamily Aphalarinae, are included forms in which the cubital petiole is distinctly shorter than the dis- coidal portion of subcosta: Aphalara signata Low {Turkestanische Psylloden, F. Low, p. 254, with figures), and others by Low; Aph. multipunctata Kuwa- yama, and Aph. fasciata Kuway., and Aph. flava Kuway. (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. II, 1907, Figs. 2, 3, 4).
The unmistakable relationship of certain groups of species and genera in spite of previously existing groupings points to the fact that a complete revision and recast of the entire family is most necessary. This is shown very forcibly by the related genera in Carsidarinae, formerly known in part as Prionocnemidae, and, again, by the new genus Triosoida, one species of which is without a cubital petiole and the other with a very short petiole, but both very clearly congeneric. The same fact is brought out further by the genera of the two subfamilies, Apha- larinae and Psyllinae. In each of these two groups are genera, which, if the length of the cubital petiole were overlooked, would be unavoidably thrown to- gether into the same genus, or, at least, very closely allied genera.
In this paper the subfamily Carsidarinae is presented in as complete form as is possible at this time. The genus Triozoida treated next is presented separately for the time being, since the relationships of the whole family must be consid- ered on tlie new basis, and this cannot be done until the entire group has been thoroughly studied. The treatment of this genus, however, is given here because of the extremely important evidence which it presents. The genus Aphalara is, also, treated as completelj' as possible now. Access has been had to autiientically named specimens of several European species of the genus and the true relation- ships between these and common American species are here established. The genus is redescribed on a new basis, as are, in fact, all the genera herein pre- sented.
Some confusion has arisen because of several manuscript names which Riley attached to certain species, especially in the Aphalarinae; authentic specimens of these are in the C. F. Baker collection from the National jNIuseum, and their present references given here:
Aphalara angustipennis Aph. artemisiae angustipennis Crawf.
Aphalara utahensis Aph. artemisiae Forst.
Pomona College Jolhnal of Entomoloov 481
Aphalara harrisii Apli. fiicla Zi-tt.
Aphalara occidfutalii Aplt. minulisaima Crnwf.
Aphalara rpilohii uiph. nehulosa anicriiuiia C'rawf.
In this paper arc mentioned portions of n large numlxT of Psyllidac received from Mr. \V. I). Hunter of the Exp. Station at Dallas, Texas, and some, also, from Mr. 1'. S. Tucker at the same station.
Carsidarinae (Syn. I'rionocncmiiiac Scott pi., Ciriacreminae Knderlein pt. )
The name Prionocnemidae was proposed in I88'i by John Scott as a subfamily name for the two genera Cariidara and Tfiora, both of whicii genera were based principally on the presence of a basal spur on the hind tibiw. This name, of course, cannot stand, for several reasons; the subfamily name must terminate in inae and nnist be derived from the oldest genus in the group, which in this case is Carsidara; moreover, the use of the name Prionocnemidae is precluded in P»yl- lidae by the existence of a genus in Colcoptera, Prionocnemus Kirsch (1874). In lO't* lir- Enderlein proposed the name Ciriacreminae for several genera pos- sessing the post-tibinl spur, whether or not they were otlierwisc related. In the group he includes the genera Carsidara and Tifora and several other genera not closely allied to these. Regardless of the fact that the group is not closely inter- related, this subfamily name is untenable for tiie reason that it has been derived from one of the last named genera.
The presence of the basal post-tibial spur is not a character which necessarily relates all species possessing it. In this family there are several species with the armed tibiie which are manifestly not related to each other in any way, ex- cept in that one character, and to place all these forms in one subfamily, as done by Enderlein, will result in as much confusion as from grouping genera on wing venation. A species undoubtedly belonging to Enderlein's new and typical genus Ciriacrcmum in the collection at hand is not in the slightest degree related to the several species of Carsidara and its allied genera.
The subfamily Carsidarinae must, therefore, be recognized as a very homo- geneous and closely related group, one characterization of which is the post-tibial spur usualli/ present, and when present, in varying degrees of prominence. The princi|)al diagnostic character of the group is in the thorax and head, with ac- companying minor characters of the appcnd:igcs.
To this subfamily are now referred several genera from the Aplialarinac, Ptyl- linac and Triozinac whicli are unmistakably and without the slightest doubt very closely allied to the genus Carsidara. This removal of genera from all subfami- lies shows that the characters heretofore used for separation of subfamilies in the Psyllidae have been only artificial and crude, at best. The primary characters would best be looked for in the thorax first, then the head and then the append- ages, the legs and the wings. To use venational characters of the forcwing for the subfamily diagnosis is impossible, even when the difference is in the presence or absence of the cubital petiole, and much more so when the difference is a rela- tive one between the lengths of two short veins. It is a remarkable fact that Kuwayama did not discover the relationship of his genera Tenaphalara, Macro-
482 Pomona College Jotrnal of Entomology
hoinotoma and Mesohomotoma, both to the genus Carsidara and to each other, and tliat, instead, he placed one in one subfamily and the others in another. The actual relationship of Kuwayania's genera here mentioned cannot be truly as- certained until more is known about the cephalic, thoracic and genital cliaracters. From his meagre descri))tions and figures, however, it seems highly probable that his Mesohomotoma is congeneric with Carsidara Walker, and that all these genera are certainly Carsidarinae. Although the genus FreysuUa Aleman, de- scribed by E. A. Schwarz in 1897 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. IV, p. 196) is said to have no post-tibial spurs, nevertheless the deeply excised and strongly birostrate vertex, the unusually long antennae and the form of the wing place this genus without doubt with the Carsidarinae. ISIr. Schwarz mentions its similarity to Homotoma and Rhiiiopsi/lla, which probably would indicate that the genus Homotoma, also, belongs in this subfamily. Although the genus is unknown to me in nature, I have little doubt but that it sliould be included with the above men- tioned genera, from the descriptions given of it.
It is exceedingly interesting and an unquestionable fact that Rhinopsylla and probably Bactericera must be removed from Triozinae to this subfamily. The striking resemblance to these other genera in the peculiar birostrate appearance of tiie head and the presence of the post-tibial spur, and other characters of greater importance place all these genera in a remarkably homogeneous supergroup, in spite of venational differences heretofore thought to be primary. It is interesting to note that Riley overlooked the similarity in head structure between his Rhino- psi/lla and Carsidara and stated in connection with his description that "the re- markable formation of the head removes Rhinopsylla not only from the other genera of this subfamily but from all Psyllida" hitherto described."
The following table of genera of this subfamily is based chiefly on purely artifi- cial characters since none others are available for the genera not represented in these collections. As soon as further knowledge of these other genera is available the true generic lines can be drawn and synopses made for them. In the interest of the study of this family it is strongly urged that such knowledge may be made available, especially in the form of eh ar and complete detailed drawings.
Descuii'tion of Subfamily Vertex very deeply excised in front at median suture, strongly birostrate. An- tenna' attached to apex of rostrate loins; two basal segments very large and long; flagellum usually very long and sIciHlcr. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases sometimes swollen slightly. Anterior ocellus more or less visible from above, usually on dorsal surface. Labrum small, posterior; rostrum usually very long and slender. Thorax often quite narrow. Projileurites very long; epimeron largely visible. Posterior tibia* usually distinctly spurred at base; spur sometimes more or less reduced. Wings very transparent and shining, usually very distinctly angu- late at apex; vein furcation scarcely dichotomous, the branches lateral instead of terminal.
Taiii.e of Oexeua A. Cubital ])etiole wanting: ioMrtli i'linal terminating at or near apex of wing. Post-tibial spur small.
PoMON\ C'ol.I.KnK JoiRNAI, OK F.XTOMOLOfiV 48.^
B. Exi'isioii of xcrlcx wry (Irip. Third .iiiltniial sii;inrnl slniiliT, or nl least (listiiK'tly liss sIiikIit tliaii sifoiid.
Uhinopiylla Rili-y. I5H. Kxcision of viTtfx not so di-rp. Tliird niitiniml si-({iiitiit viry loiif; iiiiil iiliiiost as thick at cciittr as prfcTiliiiji si-frmciit.
liiicti-rii-fra I'liton. AA. ('iil)ital pttiolc distinctly prrsnit, varialdc iti lciij;th.
H. I'oiirth fiircal t<rininatiiig aliovi- apix of uirig; apex within second mar- ginal cell. C. Antenna' short; Hagelluni broadly compressed and densely pubescent. Fourth furcal terminating far alH)Vc apex of wing.
Ilomoloma Gucr.
CC. .\ntinnu' very long; llagellinii very shiuler; third segment quite
thick and densely piihcsccnt. I'ourdi ftircal not far above npex
of wing. Posterior tibite not spurred at base. Anterior ooellu.s
in front.
Frri/sitila Alenian. BB. Fourth furcal terminating below apex of wing; apex iM-tween fourth furc.'d and r.adius. C. \\ ing broadly rounded at apex; antenmc short, very stout, glabrous; ros- trum rather short; radius sb.arply angulated midway. Anterior ocellus in front.
Epicarsa Crawf. CC W ing acutely angulated at apex; rostrum hmg. I). I'irst marginal cell as large as second. E. Pterostigina large, broad, short; r.adius short. .Vntcnnie short.
M acroliomofoma Kuway. EK. Pterostigma long, narrow; radius huig.
Ti/ora Walker. DI). I'irst marginal cell much sm.iller th.in second. Pterostigma long, or wanting. .Vnterior ocellus usu.'illy abovi-. .Vnti-nnir usually long, slender. E. Dorsal jilate of female genital segment with a prominent convexity near apex and a tuft of long slender hairs thereon. Wings not more than three tiuu's as long as broad; fourth furc.-il strongly curved downw.'ird. F. Pterostigmal sj)ace wanting; radius very short: cubit.il pitiole less than one-third the length of discoidal sulx-osta.
Mrsoliomntomn Kuway. FF. Pterosttgnial space present. o])en or closed; radius not vrrf short; cubital petiole at least half as long as di.scoidnl subcosla.
Camidara Walker.
EE. Dorsal plate of fenmle genital segment without densely pubescent
convexity caud.id. Wings v«-ry slen<ler, more than three times as
long as broad; fourth furcal almost straight. Pterostigmal space
quite large, o|)en ; cubital petiole longer than discoidal sul>eosta.
Tenaphalara Kuway.
484 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Carsidara Walker
Head moder;itel_v small; vertex usually sulcately impressed, scarcely plane, strongly birostrate anteriorly; anterior ocellus usually above, upon vertex; pos- terior ocelli anterior. Antennae large basally; flagellum very long and slender. Labrum small, posterior ; rostrum very long, slender and acute.
Thorax usually quite narrow. Post-tibial spur large, prominent. Wing shin- ing, hyaline, quite acutely angulate at apex; vein furcation scarcely dichotomous, lateral.
Type of genus: Carsidara marginalis Walker.
Carsidara concolor n. sp. (Figure 157, A; 158, C; 159, A; l6o, D)
Length of body ■iA mm.; length of forewing 2.9 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .40 mm. ; with eyes .78 mm. General color light green, somewhat flocculent.
Head not deflexed, with eyes about as broad as thorax, finely punctate; dorso- ventral width of profile greater than length through central axis of eye. Occipital margin arcuate; discal areas on each side of median suture with a long, oblique, sulcate impression between posterior and anterior ocelli, and a smaller impression near anterior ocellus ; posterior ocellar regions not greatly elevated ; vertex very deeply emarginate and excised at median suture anteriorly, strongly birostrate. Anterior ocellus near apex of excision, but not on it, quite large, distinct. Antennte attached to rostrate lobes of vertex ; basal segments very large ; flagellum extremely long and slender, filiform ; third segment much longer than fourth. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen. Gense prominent. Labrum small, posterior; roslriun very long and slender. Eyes large, quite strongly bulg- ing.
Thorax rather narrow, finely punctate. Pronotum rather long relatively; pro- pleurites very long and prominent ; pleural suture curved, attaining almost to lower margin of dorsulum ; forecoxae large, mostly visible. Dorsulum quite short, narrow. Aletasternal spurs moderately long. Post-tibial spur prominent, quite large. Wings relatively quite large, hyaline, transparent, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, quite acute at apex ; first marginal cell much smaller than second; fourth furcal rounded, terminating be- low apex of wing; radius long; pterostigmal space open, quite long and broad; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal subcosta ; basal subcosta shorter than discoidal subcosta ; with a distinct plica connecting base of fourth furcal to radius.
Malf — Abdomen moderately long. Genital segment relatively large ; claspers long, curved, obtuse at apex; auxiliary claspers shorter, erect, very acute at tip; anal valve very large, as long vertically as genital plate, with a short, broad pos- terior lobe; pubescence rather short and flocculent.
Female — Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, slender, acute at apex; dorsal plate with a strong convexity dorsad on basal two-thirds, and a tuft of long slender ii;iirs at caudal end of convexity: both |)lates of almost equal length.
Figure 157. Details of Psyllidse
A Car<ii(iara concolor: H. C. nuxicana: C. C. rostrata: D. C. gijfantca; E. C. rostraU E C Kigamca; G. H. Epicarsa corniculata; I. K. Rlunopsylla jalapens.s; L SoPda jolfson.": M. N. Aphalara cal.hx; O. Aph. ar.cm...... august.pcnn.s; S.
Aph. communis; R. Aph. calthi maculipennis.
486 Pomona Coi.i.ege Journal of Entomology
This species is quite closely related to Carsidara dugesii Low, described from Mexico. There is a striking and constant difference, however, in the absence in the Cuban species of the conspicuous stripes and bands of the Mexican form. With the exception of minor differences in the cephalic characters the two species are quite similar.
Described from numerous males and females collected at Havana, Cuba, by C. F. Baker.
Carsidara gigantea n. sp. (Figure 157. 1). F; l.-iS. A; 160, A)
Length of body 2.8 mm.; length of forewing 3.8 mm.; greatest width l.l mm.; width of vertex between eyes .47 mm.; with eyes .96 mm. General color light yellowish green throughout; distal portions of antennal segments black. Body very large.
Head not deflexed, subglobose, finely punctate, with eyes not quite as broad as thorax. Occipital margin arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly ; discal area with a deep sulcate impression between posterior and anterior ocelli, and a lesser one extending outward on each side from anterior ocellus ; anterior ocellus almost in center of vertex on median suture ; posterior ocelli well forward, almost opposite anterior ocellus ; anterior margin very deeply emarginate at median suture, strongly birostrate ; antennae inserted at apex of rostrate lobes ; basal segments very large and long; flagellum very long, slender, filiform; third segment almost twice as long as fourth. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen. Genae not prominent. Labrum very small, posterior, inconspicuous; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Eyes large, prominent.
Thorax large, long, broad, punctate, indistinctly striped. Pronotum long, flat on dorsal surface ; propleurites very long and large ; pleural suture curved, visibly as long as episternum ; forecoxa? large, mostly visible. Dorsulum very long and broad. Scutum long. Post-tibial s])ur quite long and large. Wings large, hya- line, shining, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across middle, quite acute at apex ; first marginal cell much smaller than second ; fourth furcal almost as long as second cubital, curved strongly, terminating below apex of wing; radius long; pterostigmal space open, large, long; cubital petiole not quite as long as diseoidal subcosta ; basal subcosta shorter than cubital petiole.
Female — Abdomen large, stout. Genital segment very stout, relatively short, quite acute apically; dorsal plate large, abruptly acute at apex; ventral plate more slender, equal in length to dorsal ]>late at apex but basally much shorter; pubescence rather dense and long.
Described from three females collected in Granada, Nicaragua, by C. F. Baker.
Carsidara rostrata n. sp. (Figure 157, C, E; 158, B; 160, C) Length of body 2. t umi. ; length of forewing 3.3 mm.; greatest width I.I nun.; width of vertex between eyes . K) nun.; witli cyts .7() nun. Gtiural color light green. Body moderately large.
Head not deflexed; profile subglobose; with eyes not quite as broad as thorax, punctate. Occipital margin arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; discal areas of
Pomona Coi.i.r.r.K JorRVM, of Entomolooy 487
vrrfox deeply iiiiprtssed with two olilifjtir siilcn on cnch side of nicdinn suture, one subtrnnsverse and (il)li<iiic nnd tlie other extendiiiff outward from anterior ocellus; (interior o<'ellus Inrjje, on inedinn suture above the apex of excision; posterior ocelli well forward; antirior margin of vertex deeply excised at median suture, making vertex strongly birostrate, aiiteiinir inserted at apex of rostrate lol»cs; basal .seg- ments large; Hagelluni very long, slender, filiform. Facial cones wanting. Genip not prominent. I.abrum very sinall, posterior, iiieonspieiious ; rostrum verv long, slender, acute. Eyes large.
Thorax broad, <|uite long, rather coarsely punctate, not strongly arched. I'rono- tum relatively long, (lat on dorsal surface; propleurites long, proniiiu'nt; pleural suture visibly as long as epistertium ; fori'coxii' cpiite large, mostly visible. Dorsu- lum relatively short, bro.ad, broadly rounded on both margins; scutum nnich longer than dorsuluni. Post-tibial spur prominent, quite large. Wings relatively large, hyaline, almost three times as long as broad, quite acute at apex; first margin.'il cell very nuieh smaller than secontl ; fourth furcal almost as long as sec- ond cubit.al, strongly curved, and terminating below apex of wing; radius long; pterosliginal space closed, quite long and broad; cubital petiole about two-thirds as long as di.scoidal subcosta. as long as b;isal subcosta.
Female — Abdomen stout. Genit.al segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, large, upcurved, ()uite acute; dorsal plate longer basally than ventral; ventral |(late strongly u|)curved on inferior margin near base; pubescence moderate.
Described from three females collected by C. F. Baker in Chinandega. Nica- ragua.
Carsidara mexicana ii. sp.
(Figure 1.57, B; l.'iS. O; 159, B; 160, E)
Length of body 1.9 mm.; length of forewing '2.9 mm.; greatest width 0.9 mm.; width of vertex between eyes ..^9 mm.; with eyes .72 mm. General color greenish throughout.
Mead not dedtxcd ; profile longir than broad, rounded above; with eyes about as broad as thorax, finely ))unctate. Occipital margin arcuate, somewhat elevated narrowly, di.scal ari-a of vertex deeply impressed with an oblique sulcus on each side of median suture extending well forward, and a very inconspicuous impres- sion on each side of anterior oci-llus; antt'rior m-ellus on median suture slightly above apex of excision; vertex on anterior margin deeply excised at median suture, strongly birostrate; antenna' inserted on apex of rostrate lobes; basal segments large; tlagellum very long and slender. Facial cones wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen. I.abrum small, ))osterior; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Gena- slightly swollen. F'.yes larg<'.
Thorax scarcely arched, not very broad, quite coarsely punctate. I'nuiotum relatively long, flat on dorsal surface, extending well down laterally; propli-urites long; ))leural suture oblique, not as long visibly as ej>istcrnum ; C|)imeron more or less concealed ; forecoxw large, almost entirely visible. Dorsulum relatively quite short, broad, not as long as scutum. Post-tibial spur conspicuous but smaller than in C. gigantea. Jf'inps rather small, hyaline, almost three times as long as broad, broadest across second furcal; quite acute at apex; first marginal
488 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
cell much smaller than second; fourth furcal almost as long as second cubital, strongly curved and terminating below apex of wing ; radius rather short ; pteros- tigmal space closed, rather short and broad ; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal subcosta, as long as basal subcosta.
Male — Abdomen moderately stout. Genital segment large; claspers long, strongly curved, obtuse at apex ; auxiliary claspers shorter, very acute ; anal valve quite large, vertically almost as long as genital plate, with a short, large, pos- terior lobe; pubescence moderate.
This species resembles quite closely C. rostraia Crawf. and may possibly be the male of that species, although this is quite improbable.
Described from one male collected by C. F. Baker at Acajiulco, Mexico.
Epicarsa n. gen.
Head small ; vertex flat, quite strongly birostrate ; anterior ocellus at base of excision, easily visible from above; posterior ocelli anterior. Labrum small, pos- terior; rostrum comparatively short. Antennae very stout and thick, relatively short; basal segments largest. Pronotum quite long, fiat. Dorsulum long. Wings rather rounded at apex, otherwise similar to subfamily type.
Type of genus: Epicarsa corniculata Crawf.
Epicarsa corniculata n. sp. (Figure 157, G, H; 1.59, D; 160, F)
Lengtli of body 2.0 mm. ; length of forewing 2.9 mm. ; greatest width 1 .3 mm. ; width of vertex between eyes .43 mm. ; with eyes .75 mm. General color dark brown or black; head and prothorax jet black; abdomen lighter; genitalia yel- lowish brown.
Head not deflexcd. with eyes almost as broad as tliorax, finely punct.atc; occipital margin straight, cmarginate at median suture, not elevated narrowly; vertex dis- caUy quite plane, slightly elevated near eyes on postocellar regions, scarcely im- pressed; very deeply excised on anterior margin at median suture, strongly bi- rostrate; with a conspicuous tuberculous epiphysis near eye over insertion of an- tennae; postocular portion of occiput not large. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases scarcely swollen ; gcnse not prominent. Labrum very small, pos- terior, inconspicuous ; rostrum relatively ratlier short and quite stout. Eyes quite large; posterior ocelli reniform, anterior; anterior ocellus in front at apex of ex- cision, visible from above. Antennae not long, very stout and thick; two basal seg- ments very large; third about as long as first two together; scarcelj' pubescent.
Prothorax quite strongly arched, broad, coarselj' punctate. Pronotum long, flat on dorsal surface; plcurites very large and long; pleural suture oblique, almost as long as cpisternum; forecoxae large, mostly visible. Dorsulum long. Post-tibial spur not very long, conspicuous. Wings large, hyaline, shining, less than two and one-half times as long as broad, quite broadly rounded at apex ; first marginal cell very mucli smaller tlian second; second very large; radial cell short, broad, pe- culiarly rhomboidal; radius angulate midwav, almost contiguous with furcation of second cubital ; without pterostigma ; cubital petiole shorter than discoidal sub- costa; with a prominent black band along third furcal and distal lialf of radius: a black band along second furcal, and a tliird on radial subcosta.
Pomona Colleoe Joiiin.m. i>k Kntomolooy
489
Figure 158. Details of Psyllidae A, Carsiilnra g^ignntca; B, C. rostrata; C, C. concolor; D. Rliinopsylla jalapensis; E. Aph. calth.-r; U, Apli. artcmisia- aiiKi'^tipcnnis: G. Aph. piilcliclla; H, Aph. calthx; I. Aph. niiiuitissima; I,. Apli. caltli.T; M. Aph. picta; N, Aph. caltha- maculipcnnis; O, Carsidara incxicana (po.'it-tibial spur): P. Aph. comiminis; R, Aph. picta; S, Aph. nebulosa aniericana; T. Aph, pulchclla; U, Aph. niinutissima.
490 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Male — Abdomen quite stout. Genital segment relatively rather small; claspers short, slender, procurved; anal valve small, simple; auxiliary claspers small or wanting.
Described from one male collected by C. F. Raker at Para, Brazil.
Rhinopsylla jalapensis n. sp. (Figure 157, I, K; 158, D; 159, C; 160, B)
I.iiigtli of body 2.6 mm.; length of forewing 3.7 mm.; greatest width 1.1 mm.; width of vertex between eyes AO mm. ; with eyes .67 mm. General color greenish brown.
Head not deflexed, finely punctate, with eyes broader than thorax; profile sub- globose. Occipital margin arcuate, scarcely elevated narrowly; discal area with a deep sulcate impression extending obliquely toward outer margin of antennae; postocellar regions well forward, not elevated strongly; anterior margin deeply excised and emarginate at median suture; anterior ocellus at apex of excision, visible from above; antennae inserted on apex of rostrate lobes; basal segments large ; flagellum very long and slender. Facial cones wanting ; antennal bases swollen. Genae prominent. Labrum rather large, posterior ; rostrum very long, slender, acute. Eyes large.
Thorax arched, rather narrow, coarsely punctate. Pronotum short, depressed somewhat below dorsulum ; propleurites long ; pleural suture oblique, not as long visibly as episternum ; forecoxse quite large, mostly visible. Dorsulum long, quite acutely angulated ceplialad, almost as long as scutum. Post-tibial spur somewhat reduced, but distinctly present. Wings large, hyaline, acute at apex, about two and three- fourths times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell; first mar- ginal cell smaller than second; fourth furcal terminating at apex of wing; radius moderately long; pterostignia wanting; cubital petiole wanting.
Male — Abdomen rather slender. Genital segment large; claspers large, stout, obtuse at apex; anal valve long, spatulate; pubescence moderate.
Female — Genital segment almost as long as rest of abdomen, quite acute and slender; dorsal plate very sliglitly longer than ventral; pubescence rather sparse.
De.scribed from several males and females collected at Jalapa, Mexico, (D. L. Crawford).
Formerly Known Species of the Carsidarinae
Carsidara dugesii Low 1886 — Neue Beitragc zur Kenntniss der Psylloden. V. Low, p. 160.
Carsidara marginalis Walker 1876 — Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. of London, Vol. X, page 329, 1882 — Trans. Ent. Soe. London. XVIII, part III, page 467.
Tyora congrua \\'alker Ins. Saund Homopt. (Walker) page 111. 1882— Trans. Ent. Soc. of London, Vol. XVIII, jiart III, page 4.71,
Macrohomotoma gladiatum Kuwayama 1907 — Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. 11, page 180.
Pomona Coi.i.EtiK Joi-hnal of Entomoloov 491
Mesohomotoma camphorae Kiiwayama iy07— Loo. cit. page 181.
Tenaphalara acutipennis Kiiwayama 1907- I.oc. cit. |).ij;<- !.".().
Homotoma ficus Linnc 17(57— Sy.st. Nat. T, J, part '2, p. 7.<9 (Chcrini-s ficus). \S^^ — Iconogr. (Inscctcs) GinTiii, p. 376. (Gonus Hoiuotoma). 1868— Vcrhandl. d. k. k. bot.-zool. (ics. Wriii. p. 8y6. (G. v. Fraiunfcld). 1878— Ibid. (Low) p. ;-.87. 1882— Ibid. (Low) p. 2;i8.
Homotoma radiatum Kiiwayama 1907— Trans. Sapporo N.it. Mist. .Soc. \ol. II, p. 181.
Freysuila dugesii .\leman 1887— La Naturalcza (2) I, no. 1, pj). •.'1-26, Tab. III. 1897— Prw. Knt. Soc. of Washington, Vol. IV, j). I96.
Freysuila dugesii ernstii Schwarz 1897 — Loc. cit.
Freysuila dugesii cedrelae Schwarz 1897 — Loc. cit.
Rhinopsylla schwarzii Riley 188.! Pnu-. Miol. ."^<>c. of Washington, Vol. II, p. 78.
Rhinopsylla antennata Crawford (and variety projrima Crawf.) 1910 — Pomona .lourn. Knt. Vol. Ill, No. 1, p. — .
Bactericera perrissii Futon 1880— Turk.stanischc Psyllodcn (F. Low) p. 26 1.
Triozoida 11. t^cii.
Head strongly dtflcxcd, with eyes almost or fully as broad as thorax. Vertex not punctate; posl-ocellar regions elevated; occipital margin narrowly elevated; vertex rounded in front, witli anterior ocellus visible only from front. Facial cones posterior, behind antennal insertions, with long pubescence. Labrum short, subglobosc. Eyes large, iiromineiit. Antenna- inserted in front.
Tliorax arched. Pronotinn not long, dejiressed below i>cciput and more or less below dorsulum, descending ceph.alad ; propleiiriles together somewhat pyriform; dorsuluni ascending, quite acutely rounded cephalad. ff'ingf hyaline, Iriozinf in form; cubital petiole present or wanting, greatly reduced; subcosta very heavy throughout.
Anal valve of male ratlier small, rounded, sinijile.
Type of genus: Triozoida jolinsonii Crawf.
492 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Triozoida johnsonii n. sp. (Figure 157, L; 1;>9, E; 160, G)
Length of body 2.2 mm.; length of forewing 3.0 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .18 mm.; with eyes .78 mm. General color dark brown or black; vertex shining black; dorsulum light brown.
Head strongly deflexed, with eyes not quite as broad as tliorax, not punctate. Occipital margin arcuate, narrowly elevated over middle; vertex between post-ocellar regions without foveal impressions, rounded toward the front as in Calophya; post-ocellar regions distinctly and sharply elevated; anterior ocellus under rounded vertex, somewhat visible from front, more easily from below. Facial cones short, obtuse at apex, vertical, posterior, behind antennal insertions, with very long pubescence distally. Labrum between and behind facial cones, ap- pearing almost a third cone ; rostrum moderately long. Eyes very large, prominent, hemispherical as in Trioza, projecting forward beyond margin of vertex. An- tennas inserted in front of facial cones, of medium length ; flagellum slender.
Thorax arched, more coarsely pimctate than head. Pronotum moderately short, descending cephalad below occiput, depressed below dorsulum; longer laterally; propleurites quite large, pyriform ; pleural suture curved, extending to tip of episternum; cpimcron largely visible; forecoxae relatively small, mostly concealed. Dorsulum long, converging cephalad to a rounded point, spherically triangular. Jf'iiigs hyaline, shining, long, slender, almost three times as long as broad, broad- est across first marginal cell, sliarply angulated at apex ; first marginal cell smaller than second ; fourth f ureal terminating at apex of wing ; radius short, quite straight ; cubitial petiole distinctly present but extremely short ; subcosta very thick and dark from base to radial margin ; with three punctural spots on margin of marginal and cubital cells.
Male — Abdomen slender, rather long. Genital segment relatively not very large; rounded; claspers quite long, simple, subacute at apex, pubescent; anal valve short, broadlj' rounded, semi-ovate, simple, pubescent.
Described from one male collected at Belize, British Honduras, by J. D. John- son. Tiiis species is very closely related to Triosa calif ornica Crawf. in the struc- ture of tlie forewing, vertex, head and notum. The subcosta in T. californica is large and lieavy and the two cubitals, much lighter, are often slightly petiolate. Tlie similarity is so m.arked as to make these two species congeneric without a doubt.
Triozoida californica Crawf. (Syn. Trioza californica Crawf.)
1910 — Pomona Journ. Ent. Vol. II, No. 2, p. 234.
Aphalara I'^orst. Head scarcely deflexed. Vertex quite flat, not rounded, broader than long, with or witliout distinct foveal impressions or sulca; produced anteriorly into two roundly projecting lobes or epiphyses on each side of median suture. Anterior ocellus under vertex, usually some wliat stalked, and often slightly visible from above. Facial cones entirely wanting. E.-ihrinn i)roiiiincnt, elongate or subglobose. Antennte rather short
Pomona Colleok Joihnal ok Kn'tomoi-ociv
493
Tliorax arclu'd. Pronotiini tiTiuinnling Inti-rnlly in n distinct knob-like cnlarjfc- nicnt (laliral tulxTcle of pronotuni); proplcuritcs exceedingly short, nearly sqnnre, r.itlier de|)ressed. Dorsuluni vnrinble in Irtif^h, usually shorter than seutuni. /CiM/f* hrondly rounded nt apex, hyaline, maculate, fumatc, or spotted; vein fureatiiui distinctly dichotonious; ptcrostigina wanting.
Anal valvi- of male with a long acute posterior lohe usually reaching to tip of genital plate, and ofti'u with an inferior e|iiphysis; elaspers liroadly spatulate to snhspatulate at ti]).
Type of genus: Aphalara calthae I.inm- (1760).
It has been necessary to reassign the diagnostic lines of this genus because of the- artificiality of the previously .accepted lines. After long and enreful study of large series of species and specimens, it seems beyond question that the character
.>■"»
T
:-' 0
Figure 159. Details of Psyllidte A, Carsidar.i concolor; B, C. mcvicana; C. Rhiuopsylla jalapcnsis; D, Epicarsa coriiiciilata: E, Triozoida jolinsonii: F, G. .Xpbalara cnllh.i-: II. .Aph. communis; I. Aph. minutissima; L, Aph. caltha- niaculipennis; M. Aph. artcmisi.t angustipcnnis; N, Aph. pulchclla; O, Aph. picta; P, Aph. ncbulosa; R, .Vph. ncbulosa americana; S, Aph. calthx.
494 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
of the propleuritcs is of prime importance in this genus, as in many others also. This has been entirely ignored or overlooked by other students of this family. As accompanying diagnostic characters the absence of factial cones, and the long pos- terior lobe of the anal valve of the male are very constant. A recast of European species in accordance with this diagnosis will be necessary but, because only a few of the.se species are represented in the collections at hand, this cannot be atteni])ted liere.
Synopsis of Species of Genus Aphalara A. Labrum very elongate, truncate at apex, descending from face anteriorly. Notum with four more or less distinct light colored stripes. Female genital segment very short. Anal valve of male sliglitly longer than genital plate. Wings fumate apicallv.
Aphalara calthae L.
AA. Labrum not elongate nor truncate, subglobose and more or less appressed to face. B. Wings more or less maculate or spotted. C. Wings with small brown spots and dots. D. Spots distinct and numerous, covering entire surface; wings whitish. E. Body small, wings quite wliite; spots well separated.
Aphalara artemisiae Forst. EE. Body larger; wings less wliite; spots verj' thickly crowded and often merged.
Aphalara artemisiae angustipennis Crawf. DD. S])()ts indistinct, few, and only in apical half. Wings fulvous.
Aphalara communis metsaria Crawf. CC. Wings witli maculae, not spotted or dotted. I). Labrum quite long, extending forward as far as insertion of antennae. 1)D. Labrum short, not extending forward to insertion of antennae.
Aphalara calthae maculipennis Low. E. Profile of head distinctly shorter than broad dorso-ventrally. Wings cons])icuously attenuate basally. Anal valve of male with long, taper- ing lobe posterior ; claspers spatulate-clavate.
Aphalara pulchella Crawf. EE. Profile of head fully as long as broad or longer. Wings not con- spicuously attenuate at base. Anal valve of male conspicuously lanceolate ; petiolate at base ; claspers abruptly and greatly broad- ened .-it tip into transverse plate.
Aphalara nehulosa americana Crawf. BB. Wings clear, not maculate or spotted. C. Body very small; wings small, white, transversely wrinkled. Profile of head almost round.
Aphalara minutissima Crawf. CC. Body large ; wings large, not white nor transversely wrinkled. D. Body of medium size, yellowisli. Dorsum ratlier flat, not strongly arched. Wings rather slender, first m.-irginal cell long.
Aphalara communis Crawf.
Pomona Coi.leok JornNAi. ok Entumoloov 493
DI). Hody very largi-, brown. Dorsiim quite stroiifjly nrclifd.
Wings very largo, ntlcniiatf nt hnsc; first nmrginnl cell relntively sliort.
.■l[)lialara picia Zett.
Aphalara calthae I-iiinc (1760^ (Figure i:.:. M, N; 158, E, H, I.; 159. F, G, S; 160, I, M)
(Syn. Aph. poly^oni Forst.) (Psylla quadrilineata Fitcli, anil (?) Aph. esilis W. & M.)
Length of body 1.8 nun.; leiigtli of forewing 'i.() mm. ; greatest width 1.0 mm.; width of vertex between eyes .17 nun.; with eyes .7() mm.; h-ngtli ..St unn. General eohir brown, light to dark; vertex usually light; mesonotuni with four stripes of light brown, lighter than ground color, two <ui each side of median line; stripes usually prominent, sometimes inconspicuous or indistinct; alMlomen darker, some- what variegated.
Head slightly deflexed. very coarsely punct.ate; profile relatively short, about nine-tenths as long as broad; with eyes not quite as broad as thorax. Occipital margin arcuate, centrally elevated slightly; discal area with a marked foveal im- pression on each side of median suture; emarginate anteriorly at median suture and over each antennal insertion. Facial cones entirely wanting. Genu- distinctly swollen. Anterior ocellus under jirojecting vertex, not visible from above, scarcely stalked. I.abrum very prominent, elongate, truncate nt njiex. yellow.
Thorax broad, somewhat arched, coarsely punctate. Pnmotum long, almost as long as dorsuluni ; with two foveal impressions on each side; propleurites very short, quadrate, depressed; forecoxa- niostly concealed. Dorsuliun short; with four light colored stripes on dorsal surface. JCingx rather small, fumosc, darker in apical half than in basal; sides sub|)arallel, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically; pterostignin wanting; cubital ]>etiolc shorter than discoidal suln-ostn and shorter than first cubital; marginal cells subequal ; daval suture terminating very near to tip of first fureal; apex of wing between radius and fourth furcal.
Malf — .\bdonien strongly convergent caudad. Genital segment moderately large; genital plate about as large as two |)receding ventral sclerites ; claspers rather short, laterally arched, narrowly spatulate at apex; anal valve large basally, with a long, slender posterior lobe, extending beyond tip of genital plate; axial epiphysis not large.
Frmalr — Genital segment short, scarcely longer than anal ventral sclcritc; dor- sal plate longer than ventral ,ind more acute; ventral plate very obtu.sc at apex.
Redeseribed from one female in the C. F. Baker collection determined by Dr. Franz Low, collected at Stockholm, Sweden, by Frauenfeldt, and from numerous males and females collected in various parts of the L'niled .Stites.
This species was first described by Linne in 1 ~()0 from specimens on Caliha paluslris. Forster lali-r described a species on Polysjouum as Aphalara polifgoni, which Low declared after careful comparison to be identical to Aph. callhar. The name .4 ph. poli/goni, therefore, is synonymical. In 1851 Fitch described a new species in America, naming it Psylla iiuadrilineala. .\s far as his very brief de- scription goes it compares very closely to the European Aph. calthae. According
496 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
to C. W. Mally, Psylla quadrilineata is identical with Aph. polygoni, and therefore is undoubtedly another synonym of Aph. callhae.
The species has apparently a world-wide distribution and consequently is sub- ject to more or less minor variation. The color varies from light to dark brown, sometimes almost unicolored, and often somewhat variegated. The notal stripes, for which Fitch named his quadrilineata, are usually very prominent, sometimes scarcely diflferentiated from tlie ground color when this is quite light, and some- times the stripes are almost wanting on the darkest notum ; the wings are usually subhyaline, fumose, especially in the apical half, less so in basal half; often they are fulvous-fumate throughout, by transmitted light darker apically; the vena- tion is always conspicuous, though some of the venational characters are variable.
The distribution in the United States as represented in the collections at hand is as follows: In the C. F. Baker collections from Colorado, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Louisiana, Illinois, Massachusetts ; Colorado (E. S. Tucker), Texas (E. S. Tucker) ; Canada (C. F. Baker) ; ISIexico (C. F. Baker) ; Havana, Cuba (C. F. Baker).
From a single female from Aaken, Germany, determined by Dr. F. Low as Aphalara exilts W. & !M., it seems that it is very probable that this species is synonymical witli Aph. calthae L.
Aphalara calthae maculipennis Low
(Syn. Aphalara cxilis rinnicis Malh')
(Figure 157, R; 158, N; 159, L; 160, T)
This variety was described by F. Low in 1886. As the name indicates, the chief difference lies in the maculation of the wing in the apical portion. This is probably onh' an intensification of the apical fumose condition in the species. About the only prominent structural difference is in the labrum, which in the variety is relatively sliort and lying close to the face, not elongate and truncate and extending downward as in the species. The abdomen is often relatively stouter in the female than it is in the species. The notal stripes are less conspicuous. The characters of the labrum and the abdomen were not given by Low, but are quite probably true of liis types. Whether or not these characters are of specific value will have to be determined by further study; for the present this will re- main as a variety of the species. The size of the insect varies quite widely, as it does also in the species.
Redcscribed from specimens in tlie C. F. Baker collections from Colorado, Ari- zona, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, Texas (E. S. Tucker). From Mally's de- scription of his variety of Aph. exilis W. & M., it seems beyond a reasonable doubt that it is synonymical with Low's variety of calthae.
Aphalara artemisiae Forster
(Figure 157, O)
(Syn. Psylla malachitica Dahlbaum)
Length of body 2.0 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.0 mm.;
width of vertex between eyes .18 mm. ; with eyes .82 mm. ; length down center
.36 mm. General color greenish white to greenish yellow througiiout. Body
quite variable in size.
Figure 160. Details of Psyllidae A, Carsidara gigaiitca: II, Rhinop-ylla jalapi-iixi-: C. Carsiclara rostrata; D, C. rostrata; E. C. nicxicana: F, I-'picarsa cuniiculata: (i. Triozoida johiisonii; H, Aph. pulcliclla; I. Aph. calthx: J. Apli. caltli.-c maculipcnnis; K, L, Aph. artemisi.-e angtistipennis: M, Aph. caltha-: N. Aph. communis; O, Aph. picta; P, Aph. mmutis- sinia; R, .\pli. lu'lmlosa amcricana.
498 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Head not dcflexed, with eyes .■ilmost as broad as thorax; profile triangular. Oc- cipital margin arcuate; vertex almost i)lane, punctate, with a slight impression posteriorh' on each side of median suture; anterior margin emarginate broadly at median suture and less so over each antennal insertion. Facial cones entirely wanting. Anterior ocellus somewliat stalked, under projecting vertex, not visible from above. Gena? somewhat swollen. Labrum moderately large, posterior, sub- globose from in front, ovoid from side, slightly pubescent. Antennae short, scarcely longer than width of vertex with eyes ; two basal segments large.
Thorax large, broad, coarsely jjunctate, not strongly arched. Pronotum long, from one to two-thirds times the length of dorsulum; flat on dorsal surface; extend- ing down on both sides to central axis of eye; propleurites short, depressed; fore- coxifi rather small. Dorsulum short, broad, almost as long as scutum. Wings rather small, covered with large, roundish brown dots over entire surface; sides subparallel ; more than two and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell, broadly rounded apically; pterostigma wanting; marginal cells variable in size ; second furcal varying from one-half to three-sevenths the length of radius ; fourth furcal one-half to three-sevenths the length of second cubital, terminating at or near tip of wing.
Male — Genital segment moderately large, elaspers long, laterally arched, not tapering to apex, slightly spatulate ; anal valve almost as long vertically as elasp- ers, with a very long, slender, posteriorly projecting lobe on each side, extending to tip of genital segment; pubescence sparse.
Female — Genital segment very long, fully as long as rest of abdomen; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral ; genital pore less than one-fourth the length of dorsal plate.
Redescribed from one male from Pernitz, Austria, determined by Franz Low, and from several males and females from Colorado in the C. F. Baker collection. This species in the United States was named in manuscript Aphalara utahensis by Riley. Four English specimens in the collection determined by James Edwards as Apk. artemhiae Forst., belong to another species entirely.
The male specimen on which this description is largely based is at one extreme of a large series of variations within the species. The numerous specimens in the collection form a continuous series, from the small and whitish body and whitish wings to forms with much larger and greenish yellow body and yellowish white wings; the dotting and spotting of the forewing, also, is widely but gradually variable from sparsity to great density and running together of dots, often to form macula. This fact makes the smaller and more sparsely dotted wings ap- pear to the naked eye as almost white, whereas those that are most densely dotted appear yellowish and occasionally light brown. By transmitted light, however, the undotted membrane is always white and corrugated. The structural charac- ters are quite constant throughout the species, with the possible exception of the minor details of wing venation. Although there exists a continuous series as de- scribed above, still it seems advisable to separate those most darkly spotted into a more or less distinct variety. Riley, from the material at his disposal, recognized two distinct species, ai)parently not having a complete series. His manuscript name for the larger and darkly spotted forms was Aph. angustipennis.
Pomona Colleoe Joi-rn.\l ok F.ntomoloov 499
Aphalara artemisiae angustipennis n var. (Figure 1.'.7. (); 15«, F; IMJ, M; KiO. K. I.) Body larger tlmn in the spi-fics, wliitisli vfllow to Vfllowisli ; wings yellowish wliiti', often l)rownisli hy dense spotting: wing inenilirarie less corrugated. Struc- lurally there is very slight differentiation.
Deserihed from many males ami fiMi;i!es eolleeled in Colorado liv ('. F. Maker; determined liy K. A. Sehw.-irz as identie.'il to Kiley's nianuseript forms of Aph. nnnustipennis.
Aphalara communis ii >p. (Figure l.-.T. S; 1.">S. I'; l.V). II; KiO, N)
Length of liody -.7 mm.; length of forewing :i.ti nun.; greatest width I.I mm.; length of vertex .'M\ nun.; width between eyes .'fl nun.; with eyes .8 1 mm. (leneral color greenish yellow; body n\oderately large.
Head not detlexed, with eyes not (piite as broad as thorax, not coarsely piinctntr. Occipital margin arcuate; vertex discally rather plane, with a slinllow, lunntc im- pression posteriorly; discal areas large; anterior margin roundly eninrginatc at median suture and less so over anteinial insertions. Facial cones wanting. Cienn- quite swollen. F^yes prominent, large; anterior iK'ellus not visible from nliovr, under vertex, .scarcely st.'dked. I.abrum not large, subglobose, slightly pubescent. AntenuH' inserted on frons under slightly projecting vertex.
Thorax level, scarcely arched, large, broad, not coarsely pulH'sc«'nt, slightly rugulose. I'ronotum large, long, prominent, almost as long as dorsulum ; pleuritcs small, short; pleural suture obli<pie; fon-coxii- mostly concealed. Dorsulum broad. iVings large, rathi'r long, hyaline and slightly Havous, about two and three-fourths times as long as broad, broadest across Hrst marginal cell, broadly rounded apically; first marginal cell long, more than half as long as radial cell; cubital petiole usually about ecpial in length to discoidal subcostn, .sometimes .shorter.
Male — Genital segment very large, prominent; claspers long, conspieuouslv spatulate apically; anal valve large, with long posterior lobe; inferior cusp not large ; ])enis long.
Female — .Vbdomen large, heavy, (ieiiital segment very long; usually longer than rest of abdomen; dorsal plate longer .'ind less acute than ventral; genital pore relatively rather short; |)ubesci"nce short and sparse.
Described from numerous males and females collected by ('. F. Baker at I'agosa Springs. Colorado. Distribution: In the C. F. Baker collections as follows: Colorado. .Vrizona. California. Nevada, Wisconsin, I.iuiisiana. .\Iabama ; Louisiana (F. C. Bishopp); Wyoming (C. W. .Metz).
This species is very closely related to Aph. nerrnia Forst., a European species. The principal diflferencc is in the wing membrane; in the F.uropean species it is conspicuously transversely wrinkled, subhyaline and not flavous; in the American species it is distinctly flavous and scarcely transversely wrinkled.
Aphalara communis metzaria n. var.
This variety is separated chiefly upon the presence of brown dots or spots in the distal portion of the forewing. somewhat as in Aph. angustipennit Crawf.. but
500 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
less conspicuous. In the variety as well as in the species there is a variation in the lengtli of the female genital segment, sometimes being very long and occa- sionally rather short relatively, but always it is nearly or fully as long as rest of abdomen.
Described from one female collected at Banner, Wyoming, by C. W. IMetz, and several from Pagosa Springs, Colorado (C. F. Baker).
Aphalara pulchella n. sp. (Figure 158, G, T; 159, N; 160, H)
Length of body 2.0 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width 1.2 mm.; length of vertex .29 mm. ; width between eyes A6 mm. ; with eyes .72 mm. General color black to glossy jet, occasionally brown.
Head not deflexcd, with eyes not as broad as thorax, very deeply and conspicu- ously sculptured rugosely; profile .short. Occipital margin arcuate, slightly ele- vated in center; postocellar regions quite elevated; discal areas with a foveal im- pression posteriorly ; anterior margin quite deeply emarginate or excised at median suture and less so over antennal insertions. Facial cones wanting. Genae swollen. Labrum rather small, subglobose, slightly pubescent. Antennal bases not swollen. Eyes prominent. Anterior ocellus scarcely stalked, very slightly visible from above. Antennae short.
Thorax broad, arched, very conspicuously and coarsely sculptured rugosely, more so than on head. Pronotum moderately long, attaining laterad to central axis of eye ; pleurites short, depressed ; pleural suture erect, arcuate ; f orecoxfe mostly concealed. Dorsulum about twice as long as pronotum, areuately rounded on both margins, without posterior epiphyses. Wings relatively rather large, at- tenuate basallj', maculate more or less over entire surface, especially in distal half; scarcely more than twice as long as broad, broadest across tip of second f ur- eal, very broadh' rounded at apex ; apex at or near tip of fourth furcal ; first mar- ginal cell more than half as long as radial cell; second marginal cell large; cubital petiole scarcely as long as discoidal subcosta ; pterostigma almost wanting.
Male — Abdomen slender. Genital plate long; profile slender; dorsal margin straight, claspcrs large, clavate-spatulate, attenuate at base; anal valve large; posterior lobe very long, tapering as long as genital jilate ; axial epiphysis quite large, obtusely rounded ; pubescence sparse.
Female- — Abdomen stout, short. Genital segment very long, much longer than rest of abdomen, slender, acute; dorsal plate longer and less acute than ventral genital pore relatively short, with a short fringe of hairs on inferior edge of dorsal plate over ovijiositor; pubescence sparse.
Described from one male and several females collietcd in Claremoiit. California, and San jMateo county, California, by C. F. Baker.
Aphalara minutissima n. sp. (Figure 158, I, U; 159, I; 150, P) Length of body l.t mm.; length of forewing 2.1 mm.; greatest width .8 nun.; width of vertex between eyes .30 mm.; with eyes .70 nun. General color whitish, white to greenish-white.
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PIcnd not ilfllcxt-il, with vyvs fully as broiid as thorax, rulliiT small, piiiictntc. <)cci])ital margin arcuati- soiiit-wliat, not clcvatrd narrowly; vertex discnlly c)uiti- plane, with a slij^ht impression in eeiiter, and raised somewhat on postocellar re- gions; anterior margin not very deeply emarfrinatt^ at median .suture, .slightly cmar- ginate over anteiinal insertions, l-'aeial eones entirely wanting; antennal bases not swollen. Genii' not )irominent; eyes small; ocelli small; anterior ocellu.s scarcely stalked, not visible from above. Antennw short, slender. I.abrum relatively rather large, subglobo.se, pubescent; rostrum short.
Thora.x arched, quite broad, coarsely punctate, i'ronotum long, alxiut half as long as dorsulum, flat on dorsal surface; pleurites short, depressi-d ; pleural suture erect, shorter than e])isterinnn, forecoxie rather large. Dorsulum short, broad; scutum nnich longir than dorsulum. Il'iu<(s small, luit hyaline, subcorinceous, cor- rugated, whitish; about two jind a half times as long as broad, broadest across first ni.'irginal cell, (luile broadly roun<led at apex; first margin;d cell lung, more than half the length of radial margin; second marginal ci'll short, triangular; radius long, curved apically ; pterostigm;i wanting. cul)it;il i>etiole slightly shorter than diseoidal subcosta.
Male — Abdomen short. (Jenit.-il sigment relatively l;irge; claspers short, very broad and heavy, subspatul.'itc at iipt-x ; atial valve viTy largi-; posterior lobe long and slender, longer than genital pl.ate ; inferior process small; axial epiphysis (juite prominent.
l-'cmalc — Abdomen stout, (ienital segnu-nt long, stout, subacute at apex; dor- sal plate slightly longer than \entral. serr;ited on inferior margin caudad.
Dcserilied from many males and females collected in Orrasby county, Nevada, by C. F. Baker. This species may be known in some collections by the manuscrijit name of .Ipli. ucciileiitalis.
Aphalara picta /cllerstcdt
(Figure 158, M, R; \r,9, O; 16'0, O)
(.Syn. Aph. flaripcnnU Forst., Aph. nervosa Thorns, [nee Forst.])
{Vsylla alpigena M. 1)., I'xi/lla sonclii Forst.)
Length of body 3.S mm. ; length of forewing 4.2 mm. or less ; greatest width 2.0 mm. or less; width of vertex between eyes .() ^ nm). ; with eyes 1.16 mm. General color light yellowish brown to brown. N'otum often more or less conspicuously striped longitudinally; abdomen darker; wings flavous. Hody very large and stout.
Head scarcely dcHexed, large, vertex continuing plane of dorsum; profile tri- angular; with eyes not as broad as thorax, ])unctate. Vertex flat, almost plane, with a small fovea in rear center on each side of median suture; occipital margin arcuate, not elevated ; postocellar areas scarcely elevated ; anterior margin cmargi- nate at median suture, and very slightly so over insertion of antcnniF. Facial cones entirely wanting; gcniv not swollen. I.abrum very small, posterior, subglo- l)osc; rostrum short. F.yes relatively very large, coxcring most of side of head; an- terior ocellus under vertex, slightly slalkid. not visibli' from above, .\nteniue short, filiform, inserted bencith vertex, latcr.id.
502 Pomona College Journal of Entomologa-
Tlior.ix large, broad, not strongly arched, coarsely punctate, often striped lon- gitudinally. Pronotum long; lateral tubercle of pronotum large; pleurites small relatively, quadrate, compressed; forecoxse moderately large, largely visible. Dor- sulum longer than pronotum, transversely sliorter. Wings very large, flavous, subhyaline, a little more than twice as long as broad, broadest across first marginal cell subapically, very broadly rounded at apex; apex at or above termination of fourtli furcal; first marginal cell large; second cubital arcuate; radius rather short, curved slightly ; cubital petiole usually nearly as long as discoidal subcosta ; ptero- stigma wanting, or nearly so; venation conspicuous.
Male — Abdomen moderately large. Genital segment large, prominent, broad- est at base; claspers long, spatulate, attenuate at base; anal valve large; posterior lobe long, slender, .stiffly pubescent; inferior epiphysis acute, quite long; axial epiphysis long; penis large.
Female — Abdomen stout. Genital segment long, almost as long as rest of ab- domen; dorsal plate longer and slightly less acute than ventral; pubescence stiff, prominent.
Redescribed from four females from Aaken, Germany, determined by Dr. Franz Low, and from several males and females in the C. F. Baker collection from Colo- rado. Some of the European specimens are apparently co-types of Aph. flavipen- nis Forster.
Aphalara nebulosa Zett
(Figure ir>9, P)
(Syn. .]/;/(. radiata Scott, Aph. gramlna Tlioms. [nee Linne.])
Lengtli of body 1..9 mm.; length of forewing 2.6 mm.; greatest width I.l mm.;
width of vortex between eyes ..S8 mm. ; with eyes .78 mm. General color brown,
with light brown to vellowish markings and spots; abdomen darker; vertex lighter
on border, dark discally ; antennas and legs light.
Head scarcely deflexed, not large, finely punctate ; profile subtriangular, rounded . in front. Vertex flat, not rounded, somewhat descending, with a shallow fovea on each side in rear center, and a shallow divergent impression extending for- ward therefrom ; occipital margin arcuate, not elevated narrowly ; vertex almost black on ini])ressed area, with a yellowish margin all around, narrower in front; black area confluent at median suture; postocellar areas but slightly elevated; an- terior margin cmarginate at median suture, receding to anterior margin of eye. Facial cones entirely wanting; antennal bases slightly swollen. Labrum small, posterior, subglobose ; rostrum short ; gcna; scarcely swollen. Eyes relatively rather large; anterior ocellus beneath vertex somewhat stalked, not visible from above. Antennse quite long, slender, filiform; two basal segments darker colored. Thorax not strongly arched, broader than liead with eyes, punctate. Pronotum not very long, lighter in color tlian rest of notum; lateral tubercle about as large as ciiisternum, pleurites small, quadrate, compressed; forecoxa? small, not extend- ing to lower margin of mesopleurites. Dorsulum reJatiMly rather long, darker than pronotum but ligliter than scutum ; transversely shorter than pronotum. Wings rather large, subhyaline, maculate apically and less so basally; with a dis- tinct complete band extending from termination of radius across wing diagonally
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to second f ureal ; other mnculie at aj)ex and near center of wing; a little more broadly rounded at apex; apex at or near termination of fourth furcal; first mar- ginal cell very long; first cubital very siiort; second furcal not slinrply angulate (listally: second cubital not strongly arcuate; second marginal cell broad; radius long, straight, except distally; cubital petiole alwut as long as discuidal suln-osta.
Male — Abdomen long, brown witli light spots. Genital segment prominent, not very large; genital jjlate with a lateral, basal elevation on each side, nmcli smaller caudad; claspers ratlier small, slender, with an abrutly and brieHy spatulate trans- verse plate at apex, longcT anti-riorly tlian posteriorly; anal valve large; posterior lobe conspicuously lanceolate and pctiolate; axial epiphysis short, obtuse; pubes- cence short, rather dense.
Redescribed from two males from England , determined by Jjimes Edwards. This species, although it is European, is included in this paper because of the fact that there is an American form extremely close to it. This has been de- scribed as a variety of the European species.
Aphalara nebulosa americana ii. var. (Figure 158, S; 159, R; 160, R)
The principal structural ditferentiation between species and variety lies in the labrum, male genitalia and forewing. The labrum in tlie variety is distinctly smaller and less consjjicuous ; the clasjiers of the male are distinctly larger; trans- verse plate almost as long as rest of claspcr, while in the sj)ecies it is but slighlty more than half the lengtli of elasper. Wing less darkly maculated; apical band not complete across wing. C"oloration is quite constant in species and variety.
Described from one male in the C. F. Baker collection from Colorado. This variety may be known in cabinets by the manuscript name of Aph. cpilobii.
Note: The name Trioza at»imili» Crawf. is now rlianpcd to Trioza flori, since the former name is ]>re<)eeuj)iecl l)y T. ossimilu Flor.
In a paper just received from Dr. Kuwayaiiiii of Siipporo, .Inpnn, n pcnus in Triozinac has Ih-cu named by him Kpitriaza. Since the paper was |)ul>li>lied in I909-IOIO this name has the ri)rht of priority over the genus of the same name piihlishe<l in a previous niHnl>cr of this Journal (Vol. Ill, No. I, 1911). The Inter name, therefore, may he chnnped now to /i iiiroi/aiiiii Crawf. .Mso, a species of Trinzn, oeeurrinp in .Japan has In-en named by him Trioza ini/rii. This also antedates the species of the same name descrilH-d by myself in the Journal of December, 1910. This .species may Im- known hereafter by the name Trioza nigrilla Crawf., instead of Trioza niijra Crawf. The name Xrntrioza Crawf. is, also, pre- occupied by Xeotrioza nuirhili Kicffcr (1905). .Mv Seolrioza may be known as Xiotrioztlla Crawf.
STUDIES IN ACARINA I
H. V. M. HALL, POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA.
In the working up of large collections of Acarina recently made by me in the Eastern United States and in tlie Southwest, there appear a number of forms ap- parently undescribed, and I shall present fascicles of these from time to time, with carefully prepared descriptions and illustrations.
Damaeus cephalotus n. sp. (Figure l6l) Length .62-.6 i mm. ; color chestnut, polished.
Abdomen hemispherical, without wings. Mandible chelate; cephalothorax quite large, anchylosed to abdomen, but with deep suture between. Without lamella or tectopedium. Rostral hairs stout and pectinate. Pseudostigmatic organ with long peduncle and gradually clavate head, not pointed at distal end. Interlamel- lar hair, fine and pectinate. Abdomen with scattering, stout, pectinate hairs near the edge. Legs thin, a little longer than abdomen, sparsely set with fine hairs.
Figure 161. Damaeus cephalotus
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A long hair on apux of pciiultiinatt' joint. A few hairs on tarsi II, III and IV arc fini- and |)cctinatc. Unguis inoxulactvlf. Femora gradually clavate, projec- tion bftwct-n legs I and 11 hhuit anteriorly. Leg I on a chitinous projeetion of cephalothorax, coxa- and troeiianters I and II drawn into cephnlolliorax and ap- parently missing. This species is easily distinguished from I), tenuiprs .Michael, D. geniruhtiis Koch, and 1). concolor Koch, tiy difference in length; also by gen- eral shape of pseudostigmatic organ and l)v absence of furrows or other markings on cephalothorax. Under rotting btiards. New Haven, Conn.,
Notaspis bilamellatus n. sp. (Figure l(j'i) Length .7y-.9(' nun. Light chestnut, smooth, but not polished. .Vbddmen broader th;in long, globular, without wings. Ccplialotliorax large, anchylosed to abdomen. M.in(lii)le large chelate. Lamella* blades on edge, running from [jseudostigmata and meeting forward; cusps of lamella thickened, free, and projecting forward horizontally. Lamellar hairs long, sout and smooth. Rostral hairs half as long,
-O
Figure 162. Notaspis bilamellatus
506
Pomona College Journal op ENxoMOLooy
stout and smooth. No translamella ; pseudostigmatic organ with medium length stem and fusiform head. Interlamellar hairg long, stout, smooth. Femora with blades. Abdomen hairless. Legs about the length of abdomen, moderately set with long fine hairs. Unguis tridactyle. Last three pairs of legs inserted at edge of body. Anterior corners of abdomen not projecting. Several specimens under large stone, Claremont, Cal. In classifying this species in the genus Notaspis I have followed Michael. Michael and Banks disagree about this genus, Michael describing Notaspis as having the body smooth, while Banks affirms that the body is more or less rough. As this feature is used in both keys it is apt to cause con- fusion if the disagreement is not noticed. This species is most like N. burromsi Michael, but differs in having no hairs on the abdomen, no translamella, and sim- ple hairs on the legs.
Oribata setiformis n. sp. (Figure ItiJi) Length .90-. .96 mm. Color dark chestnut, polished. Abdomen globose with large wing-like expansions. Mandible thick and stout. No lamella. Dorsal covering extends forward to rostrum without break. Rostral hairs are pectinate. No trans- lamella. Interlamellar liairs stout and pectinate. Pseudostigmatic organ seti-
Figure 163. Oribata setiformis
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form, sniootli and one-fourth thf length of body. Feniorn without hliides. Abdo- men smooth, hairh-ss. and as broad, just behind tlie wings, as three-{]Uarters the hiigth of the body. Tlie wings projeet forward almost as far as rostrum, and are rounded anteriorly. Wings are seulptured transversely. The legs bear rather long bristles, several on each tarsus being feathered. L'nguis tridnctyle. Legs not (juite half the length of body. Under rotting boards. New Haven, Conn. This species is distinguished from O. alala Hermann, O. dorsalit Koch and O. rugi- frons Stoll, by its large size and by its setaform pseudostigmatie organ.
Figure 164. Oribata latincisa v.-ir. gigantea
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Oribata latincisa Ewing var. gigantea n. var. (Figure 164)
Length .80-.98 mm. Color dark chestnut, polished. Abdomen globose with narrow, chitinous, wing-like expansions. Mandible, thick and stout. Lamella blade-like, horizontal. Cusps of lamella short, truncated, lamellar hair rising from shorter corner. Lamellar hairs stout, pectinate. Tectopedium I projects even with trans- lamella; tectopedium I bears stout, curved, pectinate hair projecting in front of rostrum. Rostral hairs not apparent. Pseudostigmatic organ capitate. Inter- lamellar hairs erect, stout, pectinate. Anterior end of abdomen rounded. Femora with blades. Abdomen and wings set with scattering, stout, pectinate hairs, not as stout as lamellar or interlamellar hairs. Wings of abdomen truncated anteriorly. Legs about one-third the length of body, sparsely covered with fine, pectinate hairs. A long, fine, bristle at apex of penultimate joint of legs I and II. Unguis tridactyle. A swollen, pectinate, specialized hair on the outer apex of antepenultimate joint, and another midway on outside of penultimate joint of legs I and II.
Under rotting boards, New Haven, Conn. Somewhat like Oribatella bideyitata Banks, but much larger and without the characteristic color markings of that spe- cies.
Hoploderma capitata n. sp. (Figure l65, above)
Length .8-. 83 mm. Color yellow with black internal organs. Abdomen elliptical, about as broad as high, without wings. Cephalothorax hinged so as to fold down on ventral surface. Aspis without carina ; genital and anal covers separate. Anal covers with short spines. No elliptical depressions on aspis. Pseudostigmatic organ capitate. Four long bristles on each side of aspis, and two similar bristles on an- terior end of dorsal abdomen. Legs half the length of body, sparsely set with fine hairs of which some on legs III and IV are pectinate. A long, tiiin bristle on apex of penultimate joint of leg I. Unguis monodactyle. Under drift-wood, Pawson Park, Conn.
This species differs from //. globosum Koch, bj' having the pseudostigmatic or- gan capitate and with quite a stalk instead of sessile and fusiform, and by having only four hairs on the dorsum of abdomen and those placed well forward.
Genus Pelopsis ii. gen.
Mandible broad at base, suddenly becoming styliform, terminated by minute chelsB. No spatulate hairs on any part. Rectangular proj ection from anterior mar- gin of abdomen. Unguis tridactyle. Pteromorphae attached to ceplialothorax.
Near to Pelops, but wholly without spatulate hairs.
Pelopsis nudiuscula n. sp. (Figure 165, below) Length .51 mm. Color dark chestnut, polished. Abdomen with large, chitinous, wing-like expansions. Mandible broad at base, suddenly becoming and continuing slender and rod-like, chela' small. Interlamellar hairs wanting. Lamella blade- like, horizontal, cusps of lamella deeply emarginate, the two tips being subequal
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in length. Lamolldr liairs wanting. Tcctopcdiuni I onding in n long hair. Ros- trum rounded; rostal liairs stout, curved, poctinatr. No translnniclln. Pscudo- stigniatic organ clavatc, smooth. Ahdonu-n without hairs, pyriform. I'Cgs less than half the length of liody, sparsely set with fine hairs, a few Ix-ing j)eetinntc, and one long bristle on npe.x of penultimate joint of leg I. Unguis heterodnctylc, median claw much the heaviest. Lateral claws small and almost transparent. Heetangular projection from anterior margin of abdomen with a median chitinous point reaching almost to rostrum. Dorsum of abdomen hairless, not pitted. Under (iriftwoixl on salt marsh. I'awson Park. Conn.
Figure 165. Hoploderma capitata, above; Pelopsis nudiuscula, below
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Paraphytoptus californicus Hall
igiO^Pomona Joiirn. Ent. II, p. 280.
This was inadvertently described as an Eriophyes, to which genus, strictly speak- ing, it does, of course, not belong. An opinion of Nalepa, kindly communicated by Mr. P. J. Parrot, states that this is probably the same as the European P. peravorus. His reasons for such a reference are not given. The galls of P. cali- fornicus as known here, are very characteristically distinct from any other known American phytoj)tid.
NOTES ON KlIOPALOCERA
KAKL n. COULIDUC
Terias linda Edwards Tliis .sjK-cies, as Goduiaii and Salviii long ago pointed out, is synonymous with T. tenella, Boisduval, an fxcossivi-ly common in.si-ct in Mexico, Central and South America. While linda is placed in our lists and given the habitat Arizona, I am not aware that any definite captures have been recorded from witiiin the limits of our fauna. Edwards, in liis original description, I'apilio, \'oI. IV, p. 53, 1884, writes, "From 1 m., I fm., taken in Mexico, a short distance from the boundary line of Ari- zona, by Mr._ Morrison." T. tenella is exceedingly j)rone to variation, as can be at- tested by its synonymy, which includes T. cinumcincla Bates, T. nisella Felder, T. nelphe Felder, T. stygmula Boisduval, T. renustula Stnudinger and Tbecla xami Reakirt. It seems to be an overlooked fact that T. blcnina Hewitson, is a synonym of this siiecics, as was shown in tiie Biol. Cent. Americana, Rhop. Vol. II, p. 48, 1887. Siva Edwards, is known to be- a synonym of hlenina, and I would also place here castalis Edwards. Strecker, Cat., p. 89, 1878, puts castalis under damon, Cramer, but erroneously so. The chief difference between hlenina and castalis seemed to be in tiie j)resence of a white spot at the base of the secondaries beneath in the latter, but as this character is variable, I can see no need in further separat- ing them. Tlie case is soniewiiat similar to that of T. dumetorum Boisd., and equal T. afjinis Edwards. T. .rami seems to be a rather rare insect in Mexico.
Melitaea colon Edwards There appears to be no apparent rea.son why this species should not be united with M. chalcedon Boisduval. I have gone over the original description carefully and find that in a series of chalcedons quite a few answer the description perfectly. Holland, Butt. Bk., p. IK), 181)8, writes, "Of the same size and general appearance as M. chalcedon, with which I believe it to be identical, the only possible satis- factorj- mark of distinction which I am able to discover on comparing the types with a long series of chalcedon being the reduced size of the marginal row of yellow spots on the ujjper side of the primaries, which in one of the types figured on the plate are almost obsolete. They ajjpear, however, in other specimens labeled type." Wright says. Butt. West Coast, p. 147, 1905, that "Colon is a hill species of North- ern California," and that "The types arc said to have In-en t.aken on Mt. Hood, but I believe that the collector made a little mistake about that localitj'." Edwards, in his description, I'apilio, Vol. I, p. 45, 1881. remarks, "I'rom .S ms., 2 fms., taken at Mt. Hood, Oregon." but this is corrected later by Morrison, Papilio, Vol. Ill, p. 43, 1883, to "Sides of hills which line the banks of the Columbia river in West Washington territory and On jjon. being especially common near Kalama."
Doxocopa codes Lintiicr Described in Papilio, Vol. I\', p. 141, 1884. from two specimens taken in Texas, presumably in the neighborhood of tlic Rio Grand«'. Has l)een standing in our lists as a valid species, although Messrs. £. M. and S. F. Aaron correctly noticed
512 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
shortly after the appearance of its description that it was identical with leilia Edwards, f. Leilia itself I believe will eventualh' prove to be a synonym of ceUis Boisduval and Leconte, the differences characterized by Edwards disappearing in long series. Antonio Edwards, is the same as leilia, and mantis Edwards, is but a geographical form not worthy of rank.
Lycaena Hilda Grinnell and Grinnell
This species, described in the Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XV, p. 47, 1907, from the San Bernardino mountains of California is synonymous with L. daedalus Behr, which has long priority. The authors of hilda remark that "This species is readily distinguishable from Cupido daedalus Behr, and other described forms by the bright red bands on the upper sides (in the female), which make a decided contrast with the ground color." Also, "This is the same thing that is figured in Wriglit's Butterflies of the West Coast as daedalus, but hilda is easily separable from daedalus by the characters just indicated." Wright's figure of the upper surface of plate XXIX, fig. 361, b is unusual, and in fact it may not represent daedalus at all. The figure of the above, 361, and the lower surface of the c, are quite typical, however, and agree exactly with the description of hilda. Dr. Hol- land gives a good representation of the female in his Butterfly Book, pi., 31, fig. 12. Behr himself applied the name aechaja to the reddish female before he was cog- nizant that it was the other sex of his daedalus m. These reddish bands vary consid- erably, in some cases being extensive, and again they may be more or less obsolete. Lycaena daedalus I would place subspecifically with icariodes Boisduval {minfha Edwards), with which it has been placed erroneously in our lists as a synonym. They are quite indistinguishable on the upper surface, but below may be differen- tiated as follows: 1. Spots edged with whitish; first submarginal series sub- obsolete ; no terminal line on secondaries. L. icariodes icariodes Boisduval. 2. Spots wholly black, except the red sagittate series on the secondaries ; two distinct submarginal series; a fine black terminal line on secondaries. L. icariodes daedalus Behr.
Moreover, there is an obviouslj- different coloration of the wings beneath. This group is in need of thorough revising. Specimens of L. icariodes daedalus are in the collection of the Agricultural college at Fort Collins, Colorado, credited to Colorado by David Bruce, but I very much doubt its occurence in that state.
Eumaeus atala Poey Mr. John L. Healy, in an article on the habits of this species, Ent. News, p. 179, 1910, remarks that it is curious that nothing should be known of the life- history of this butterfly, so common in certain portions of Florida. Schwarz has, however. Insect Life, Vol. I, p. 39, given a general outline of the life-history, and S. H. Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, Vol. Ill, p. 413, describes quite fully the larva and pupa. Dr. Holland in his Butterfly Book says of the early stages that "these await description," but this statement is corrected in a supple- mentary note to the second edition, and the above references noted. Schwarz states that E. atala swarms in the pine woods between the Everglades and the shores of Biscayn bay, this being tlie region where Mr. Healy found it. The food-
Pomona Colleoe Jornwi. m Kntomoi.ouv 513
plant is Zainia iitlrgrifolia Willdi-iiow, a plant known liy flic nntivcs ns the "coon- lie." It unfortunately sct-nis to he tli«- j^i'niTnl consensus of opinion among lepidop- terists that once the life-history of a butterfly has been published there remain!) nothing to be known of that species. Mi-re stereotypi-d egg, larval, pupal descrip- tions do not, however, constitute the full biology. Tlie late lamented W. H. Ed- wards created a wonderful change in our knowledge of Ilhopalocrra, but to the present and future generations there still remains an ever increasing field of observation.
Thecla simaethis Driiry This sj)ecies has api)arently been ri-eorded in our fauna from Texas only, but I have recently seen a specimen in the collection of Mr. F. (irinnell, .Jr., from the Chiracliua mountains of Ctx-hisc county. Arizona, collected there by Mr. Virgil Owen. It was taken April 1 V. 1906.
Papilio mylotcs
This is given in our catalogues as inhabitating .'southrrn California, on the au- thority of Reakirt. Strecker, Cat., p. ()8, IH78, in a note under mi/lulfi says: "Two males, formerly in coll. Tyron Reakirt, were taken in Southern California and re- ceived from Dr. Heerman in 1 8(52. " I can sec no reason for still retaining this species in our faunal lists, for had it really occurred here it certainly would have been again met with long before this. Moreover, Reakirt, as is well known, was notoriously careless in his handling of data. In the Proc. Knt. Soc. Ph., Vol. V, IS()/i, he records, p. 219, Crralinia lycaslr from I.os Angeles, California, and de- scribes f(ir. negrela from the same locality. F\irlhcr, p. 2a.S, he publishes Mechan- lis californica from I.os .Vngi'les. Xegreta is but an individual variant, and M. californica is a local form of the protean M. poli/mnia I.innanis. None of these have been taken within the limits of the United States, and until definite captures arc reported they should not l>e given a place in our lists.
P. mtflotes has a considerabh- synonymy, embracing /*. Caleli Reakirt, /'. tonila Reakirt. P. alcamrdcs Felder, /'. arislomenrx Felder, and /'. eurimedes Boisduval.
It i>ccurs in Mexico, Ciuatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and is a close ally of P. iphidamas, and very probably but a local form of P. eurimedet from Ciuiana.
Euchloe sara Boisd.
The Pierid genus Kurhloe, so far as my experience goes, is reniarkablv free from aberrations, although it is notorious for the variation and dimorphism dis- played. I have taken hundreds of /,'. aunonidrs and E. sara, and a few E. lanceo- lala auslralis, but only once have I met with a true monstrosity. This sport of E. sara, form reakirtii, I netted in Millard canyon, on the west slope of the San Ga- briel mountains, on March 28 last. It is strikingly weird and, I believe, worthy of notice. The primaries differ at once from normal examples in being more elongate, the outer margin somewhat incurved, and the apex sharply cut. In the cell is a large quadrate black bar, and from it runs the usual orange patch, but the coloration is decidedly different from that of the normal example. Along the outer margin, nearly to the inner margin, is a wide, jet black margin, rounding
fil
514 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
the apex, and separated from the orange directly at the apex by a wide, white band, which is itself slightly lined with black interiorly. The secondaries are also produced, of the usual soiled appearance, but more so than normal!}', and the mar- gins are more or less bordered with a greenish line which, for a short distance at the anal angle, is heavy. Beneath, the primaries have the orange patch repeated, but the cell spot is diminished, and the black margins of above are replaced by greenish blotching. The secondaries have the marginal lining heavier, and the marbling is much stronger than in the average specimen.
Had tliis individual come from a new locality, and not in company with other Euchloeids, one would almost certainly describe it as new.
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VOLUME THREE
NUMBER THREE
Journal of iEntoinologij
SEPTEMBER 1911
Contents
MESSENGER. C. ESSIG. E. O. ESSIG. E. O. SMITH. J. B. DISTANT. W. L. STOUT. V. R. STAFFORD. B. E.
A Commissioner MaR»s Good
The Natural Enemies of the Citrus Mealy Bu< IV
Aphldldae of Southern California VII
Noctuldae of California 111 < Panlhelnae. Raphla. and Acronycta)
A New Species of Cicadldae
A New Subterranean Freshwater Amphlpod
A New Subterranean Freshwater Isopod
COOK. A. J. - Thr«e Alarmlnd Insect PesU
GRINNELL. JR.. FORDYCE West Coa»t N»w» Nol»a
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
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A. J COOK. D. Sc.. Head Professor CLAREMONT. CAUFORNIA. U S A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
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Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoolog- ical journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with due ap- preciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood, was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During 1911, the Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider support, including the Ontario-Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The Call Fruit Company, The A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange, The Santa Paula Fruit Exchange, The Tulare Fruit Exchange and the San Antonio Fruit Exchange.
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POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, C. F. Baker, Editor, Ci.AREMONT, California, U. S. A.
I omona C^ollco^c Journal of Entomology
Volume 111 S K PT K M 15 1. k 1 'M 1 Numl.er 3
A COMMISSIONER MAKES GOOD
[The followiiip i-dilorial iirticlc in the "CiilifDrniii Ciilliviitiir" of May i, 101 1, hy Mr. C. B. .Me.s.srii(fiT, tlic .Maiiii);iii); Kditor, was uTitti-ii after a visit In \'e'ntiira t'mmly, (liiriti); which he made a thorough iiisixi-tioii iif the work of the \'eiitiira I'oiiaty llnrli- eidtiiral ('oniniissioner.
Attain and ajfain, throtifih the South, we have advm-ated with all our strenirth, llie tnkin); of the County llortieultural t°oMiniissionershi|>s wholly out of polities, and the rni|iloynient of trained men only, for this most im)>ortant work. It has seemed straufte to u.s sometimes to ha\e to champion so self evident a proposition. It has only needed, after all these years, lo have just one trained man employed in one of mir co'unlies, to nuike us wake uj), ruh our eyes, aiul conn- to a ralhi-r painful realization of all that we hn»c heen missing through these hard fought years, when the services of the Ik-sI expert.s ohtainahle were urgently re<|uire(l. Countless thousands of dollars woulil ha\c lieen sa\cd lo our people if this important work had hi'cn administered throughout by experts.
Kven with such a demonstration as the present one in progress, polities still governs this most important appointment in most of our counties, and the people still suffer .sorely where they might, by choice, be benefited very materially. .In rrprrl hurlirulturnl rnmmu»ii)ner if the motl efffctire known form of hortirulturiil iii»Mr<inrc.'--Kd.)
No state in the L'nion lm.s given the attention to hortienltiir.il quarantine anil protection of its fruit and other products from the depredations of in.seets and fungi that California has. With the State Hortieulturnl Commission and it.s deputies and employees in many sections of the state, and with most of the counties of the state conforming to the state law and maintAining county commissions, all sections are fairly well guarded. We say they arc well guarded, and this is true theoretically, though it must be admitted that in some counties ri-sults have not justified the expense. In contrast, others show results most remarkable. We believe this latter class, however, may be counted easily upon one's fingers. We would not discourage the work being done under the county commission law because of some of these failures or partial failures. The effort is in the right direction, and where polities has been obliterated, promise is given for proper results from the funds expended. In some counties results have not been what they should, l>ecause of lack of harmony between various producers rather than lack of ability on the part of the commissioner and his hel)>ers.
It was our pleasure recently to inspect one county where harmony and ability unite in accomplishment of remarkable results. It is not a big county, though it is big in some of its products. For instance, in lemons it produces over ^<)(),(I(H1 l)oxes valued at well up towards a million dollars, oranges a couple of millions, dried apricots over five million pounds valued at nearly a half million dollam. VNalnuts again is where it shines in the production of practically 1,000,000 pound*
516 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
valued at nearl_v a half million dollars, and when it comes to Lima beans it is the greatest county in the state and the greatest producer of any small section in the world.
As agriculture, or more particularly liorticulture, predominates, its board of supervisors, not one member of which is a farmer, j'et with keen business judgment, picked a voung man fresh from college who has an ambition to make his county the cleanest in the state. We refer to Ventura County, whose commissioner is Mr. E. O. Essig. The board of supervisors has granted to the commissioner practically every request for supplies and appliances. His central office is located in Santa Paula, not the county seat, but in the center of the producing section of the county,
EDWARD OLIVER ESSIG Horticultural Commissioner of Ventura County. California
and this office is thoroughly fitted with cases containing specimens of insects and fungi, a fairly complete library, almost perfect filing appliances, and incubators for developing fungous growths, nearly evcrytliing needed in a laboratory for original investigation.
In return for this confidence manifested by the board of supervisors, Mr. Essig lias given his days to work in study and inspection in the field and his nights to work in the laboratory, and tlie result is that for original research and actual accomplishment we do not believe there is a commissioner in the state superior. Especially along the lines of wither-tip and mealy bug investigations has Mr. Essig been persistent. We do not recall any man or body of men that lias gone
Pomona ('ul.i.K<iE Joihnm. ok Kntomoi.oov 517
after tlif mutter as he has. This work lins Ihtii trented of more at length in former Cultivators; the carbolic spray which is proving so successful is the result of Mr. Kssij{'s iiivestij{atioiis.
The orchards of the Little S;inta Clnrn \'alley nrr practically all thrifty and well cared for. This little valley, luit a few miles wide, extendin){ from the iKirtherii end of the Southern Pacific tunnel in I.os Angeles County through \'entura County, bending toward the ocean near the little city of Ventura, is one i)f the prettiest in the state of California. The orchards are watered either from the Santa Clara or it.s tributaries coming down from the mountains along the eastern side of the valley. Tlu' section about Santa Paula is largely devoted to Irinon and apricot culture, though the Knglish walnut groves cover many acres. I'l.'intings of the last few years are more given to citrus than to deciduous fruits, and while somi" apricots are still being ))lanted, we believe there are a far greater number of walnut trees being uprooted to make way for lemons than are being set out. The thrift of citrus trees was manifest on all sides, though in occasional instances the twig ends give evidence of the wither-tip fungus. The wither-tip has lost its terror now, for it has been proven both by work conducted under the direction of Mr. Essig and others that the application of Bordeau.x is abundantly able to care for it; it is simply a question of carefulness on the part of the o])erator. In the matter of red spider control we saw work being done in the large orchards of the Teague-.McKevett Company, and it was easy even for the layman to sec the vast difference between trees recently sprayed and those not sprayed. Scarcely a leaf could be picked from the latter that was not covered with myriads of eggs and young of the red spider, while on the sprayed trees many leaves could be examined without detection of a single insect. The best part of this tn-atmenl is that it is economical. The ordinary commercial sulphur-lime mixture, '.i'-j gallons to 100 gallons of water, is used. Mr Kssig assund us that this was an absolute remedy for the red spider. Formulas for the Bordeaux mixture and the carbolic have been given in forniir Cultivators. The carlujlic acid mixture has been successful not only on mealy bug but many other |)ests, and it, too, is a remarkably cheap mixture.
Part of the day was spent on the gri'.'it l.imoneira ranch, with its ."J.OOO rich acres, of which .'i'^O acres are in lemons, i.">0 acres in walnuts, and the Imlance in beans, hay and grazing land. It is a beautiful ranch, a profitable ranch, because given the very Ix-st of care. A visit to such a place is an education which other fruit growers should avail themselves of.
THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CITRUS MEALY BUG IV
E. O. ESSIG HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY
Among the less important coccinellids predaceous on tlie citrus mealy bug sliould be included Rhizobius lopanthae Blaisd., Hyperaspis lateralis Mul., and Scymnus sordidus Horn. Of tliese forms I have not been able to procure enough of the larval stages in the orchards here to make a careful study or drawings, so am simply giving a short description of the adult forms, with illustrations, so that the growers may know them whenever found. It will be remembered that these lady- bird beetles are more efficient feeders on insect pests, other than the mealy bug, but that they do much towards lessening the numbers of the latter.
Rhizobius lopanthae Rlaisdell
Rlu::ul>iiis tooiroonibae Blackb.
Scynnitis marginicullis Mann.
The adult form of this insect (Figure 166 B) is from 1.66 mm. to 2.0 mm. in length, and widtli from 1.1 mm. to 1.4 mm. Elytra uniform in coloration and black throughout. Pronotum pale, with a median parabolic black spot at the base, which is normal in the males throughout but much extended in the female, where it involves all of the disk except the apical angles and a fine apical margin. Surface polished, the pronotum evidently punctate, the punctures of the elytra more or less coarse and distinct. Tlic entire surface is denselv covered with fine
©
Figure 166
A, Hyperaspis lateralis; B, Rhizobius Iupanth;e; C, Scymnus surilidus.
Pomona Coi.leoe Joihnai, of Kntomoloov 519
hair. Carina? entiri'. Pronotal puncturrs equal in size tlirouf^liout the disk, male modi Heat ions at the middle of the first ventral segment generally pronounced. Pronotal punelures very small and sparse throughout; male with a tubercle in the middle near the apical margin of the first ventral, the coloration (as stated above) of pronotum different in the two se.xes, the male having a small transverse black spot at the middle of the basal margin, the female having the somite black, with pale apical angles and fine apical margin (See Fig. 1()()B). Legs brown or blackish throughout. Abdominal lines arcuate throughout, curving forward externally. Plates entire, the bounding arc extending to the basal margin of the first segment; prosternuni rather narrow and convex between the coxa", with two strong and well developed carina', which are but rarely abbreviated in front. (After Casey on Srifmiius mnriiiiiirotlis .Manti.) This insect was found to abound along the Pacific Coast from Humboldt County to San Diego, and was introduced into this state by .Mr. Koebele, but it was found to have existed here before his introduction. It is predaceous on San .lose Scale (Aspidioius perniciosui) , Red Scale (Chri/tom- phaliis aurantii) , Yellow Scale (Cliri/sumplialus ritrinus). Ivy Scale (.Ispidiulut hrdrrar). Oleander Scale {Aspidioius ni-rii Houche at Melbourne) and Mealy Hugs {Psrudoroccus cilri — Citrus Mealy Hug, and I'srudococcus adonidum — Long- Tailed Mealy Hug). It has also been reported as feeding upon Purple Scale (I.rpidosaphfS hrckii) at San Diego. I believe that the greatest good comes fnmi its work on Red .Scale. Last fall I had an opportunity to visit certain orchards in Orange County with Commissiotu-r Roy K. Hisliop and he showed uu- countless numbers of tli«- larva- of this insect feeding on Red .Scale and apparently doing much good work.
In W-ntura County, we have very little red, yellow, or purple scale, so it is impossible to find li. lopanihac extensively, excepting in the orchards infested with the Citrus Mealy Hug. It is doubtful if any material good is done by it in holding this pest in cheek. The larva- are light brown in color, slightly longer than the •dull and are easily recognized by a light yellow, oblong blotch on the dorsum.
Hyperaspis lateralis Miils.-int
(Figure Kit) A. Male)
Length .'2 mm. to .'i.O nun., with -M."! mm. to 'iA mm. 1-orni very short and broad with body broadly rounded and strongly convex. lle;id of male light, while black in female. Pronotum of male dark with lateral margins and fine apical margin light as shown in cut. Pronotum of female dark throughout. Kycs black. Elytra shiny black, punctures sparse and fine, but distinct. There are three red or pale s|)ots on each as follows: Long and narrow spot on the margin at the humeral angle, a sub-marginal or oval rounded spot near the apex, another on the dorsum near the middle, and near the inner third t>f the width. The long humeral spot, or vitta, extends to the middle of the elytra. Legs black.
This insect is a native of the southwestern portion of the United States and has been found in California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. It feeds almo.^t entirely upon the mealy bugs and has In'en reported from New .Mexico as feeding on Phrnacoccus hdianthi by J. D. Tinsley. In California it hos been found
520 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
feeding upon Pseudococcus ryani Coq., Erium lichtensioides Ckll., and Pseudo- coccus citri Risso. The adult form is nearly as predaceous as is the larva. The larva is covered with a white woolly secretion not unlike that of the larva of Cryptolaemus montrousieri Mul., a picture of which was printed in the last number of this article. Due to the fact that it is very heavily parasitized it can do little effective work. From a single larva I succeeded in hatcliing seven internal parasites.
Both larval and adult forms are met with frequently in the mealy bug infested orchards of Ventura County.
Scymnus sordidus Horn (Figure 166 C)
This is a small dark or light brown lady-bird beetle which is a native of Ventura County as well as of all Southern California.
Body elongate oval. Length 1.65 mm., width 0.9 mm. Pronotum piceous, minutely, not very closely, punctulate, the sides not quite continuous. Elytra pale, with margins nubilously blackish, more broadly at base, finely and rather closely punctate. Abdominal lines extending outward externally parallel to edge of the segment and a slight distance therefrom, prosternum relatively slightly wider between coxae, flat and wholly devoid of carinte; genital or "sixth" ventral segment, usually developed. (Casey, Cocill. of Am., Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. V^II, pp. 189-156.)
The larva- of tiiis insect are small and covered with long white filaments resembling the larvae of Scymnus gutlulatus Lee. Of the three coccinellids Iiere mentioned this is the most effective worker on the citrus mealy bug. It may be found in large numbers in the orchards wherever the mealy bugs exist. I was able to procure this insect in great numbers in a nursery at Santa Ana last summer, wliere it was feeding on mealy bugs which infested a Broom (Cyiisus).
INTERNAL PARASITES
There have been a number of attempts on the part of the State to introduce internal parasitic enemies of the mealy bug along with the predaceous coccinellids. Some three years ago Geo. Compere was able to import three species, the names of which were not known at the time. Some of these were liberated in San Diego County, but none in Ventura County. Strange as it may seem, I was able to breed out two distinct internal parasites from mealy bugs here, and one of these appears to be the same as one of the three introduced from the Philippine Islands by Compere. It is Chrysoplatycerus splendens Howard. How it was ever introduced into this county is not known, but it has now become widely distributed and quite numerous. Another internal jjarasite bred from the citrus mealy bug is Cheiloneurus dactylopii Howard. A dipterous parasite, Leucopis bella Locw., was also raised in consider- able numbers.
I am indebted to Dr. L. (). Howard and J. C. Crawford for the determinations of the Ilymenoptcra and to D. W. C(«]uillttt for the determination of Leucopis bella Loew.
Pomona Coi.i.eoe Joi'hnai, ok F.ntomoi.oov
521
Chrysoplatycerus splendens Howard
Female-- (Vi^fiiTi- 1()7). I.iiifitli •,'.! nun., ixpniisf I.'I.'J inin., (^rt-ati'sl wiiltli of forpwing O..')! nun., ppcnti-st li'ii);tli of forrwinj; l.-.iH mm., widtli of thorax 0.65 mm. Color — KInok tlirouglioiit, somcwli:it iridescent, wliioli make the sciitrllum .ippcnr light in color. Head Wider tlian prothornx, at li-ast much widi-r than anterior portion. Antennae — ( l^'igun- 1()8 A. B, ('). Large, and situated mudi below the middle of the forehead. Length l.O.I mm.
Scittelliim with a clump of liair.s or bristles at apex. Abdomen pointed with a small tuft of hairs on the lateral margins just in front of the middle.
fl'ingx — (Figure 168 D, E). Apical two-tliirds of forewings dark and hairy as sliown in cut. Secondary wings slightly darkened and hairy. \'eins as ahown in drawing (Fig. D, E).
Figure 167. Chrysoplatycerus splendens
Legs — (Figure HiS I", ("i. 11). Tarsi \' articled. Foreleg much smaller than other two. Femur longer than tibia. First tarsal joint as long as II and III, II longer than III or 1\', which are co-equal, 1 and V co-equal, but the latter much narrower. Large spine at base of tibia. Middle leg largest. Tibia longer than femur, with long spur on inner apical end, which is nearly as long as first Uirsal article. Article 1 of tarsus as long as II, 111 and IV together, article II longer than III or IV (which are co-equal), article V' not quite as long as II and much narrower. The hind leg is nearly as large as the middle leg. The tibia is only slightly longer than the femur, and has a single spine at the apical end (inner margin) which is not as long as the spine on the tibia of the foreleg. Article I of the tarsi is as long as II and III, II is longer than III or IV, III and IV are co-equal, V is longer than either III or I\', but not quite as long as II. All of the legs are hairy.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
The female is rather deliberate in her actions and may remain in a very small area for an hour or so, all the time busy examining the host. In doing this she holds her antennae, as is shown in the lateral view in Figure 167. and does all of the feeling with the tips of her antennse. These she moves very rapdily and when a suitable mealy bug has been found (those selected are about half-grown) she turns around and punctures it with the ovipositor and deposits her egg. From observations it is very probable that she deposits but one egg in an individual mealy bug. When touched or disturbed she jumps and may even fly away. She rests with the body close to the supporting fruit or leaf with the legs spread out at the sides and the antennae flattened out in front, not unlike two front legs.
As stated above it was possible to obtain a large number of these internal parasites from small breeding cages filled with adult mealy bugs and their egg masses, but the good they do is very diflicult to estimate. In breeding cages great numbers were kept confined for a year, but the number of mealy bugs increased enormously while the parasites almost entirely disappeared. In mounting hundreds of adult mealy bugs, I have been unable to procure one that contained the larval form of the parasites, but the empty cases, from which hare issued the ])arasites are plentiful on the trees in the orchards.
Figure 168. Chrysoplatycerus splendens
AFHIDID/H OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Ml
E. O. CI8I(> HORTICULTURAL COMMISSION EH OK VKNTURA COUNTY
These descriptions and drawings were iii)v(l<- fri>iii fresh speeiineiis, either living or ininu-diatelv after tliey were killed. I did this in order to make the color notes as complete and exact as possible and to get the exact shape and proportions of each insect as it really a])pears before being mounted. All of thi- drawings were made with a camera lucida and no pains were spared to make them correct in the minutest det/iil.
In determining these species I have sought freely the .lid of the older workem and best authorities on this group. I wish especially to acknowledge the valuable help of Mr. J. T. Monell, Mr. John J. Davis. Prof. O. W. Oestlund and Prof. \V. .M. Davidson and for their ready co-operation in every way.
Aphis brassicac I.inne 1735 Aphii brassicae Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, i, p. 734.
CABBAGE I.OL'SE
«iN-(iKn vtvii'ARous KEM.ALe (Figure l6f) A).
I.engtli of body '2.4 mm., width of mesothorax 0.7 mm., greatest width of abdomen O.!)'' mm., wing expansion 6.9 mm.
Prevailing color — Dark greenish-yellow or brownish, slightlv covered with fine whitish powder. Head — .Slightly wider than long, anterior portion darker than the base. v<Titral surface greenish. Antennae — (Figure 169 H). Reaching just beyond the middle of the abdomen — not quite to base of cornicles — -dark, imbri- cated, sparsely hahrcd, length of articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.6 mm.; IV, O.'i.'i mm.; V, 0.28 mm.; VI, 0.65 mm. (spur 0.5 mm.), total 1.93 mm. Large number of circular sensoria on article III. Roitrum — Reaching to third eoxB", light with dark tip and base. Prolhorax — Dark except narrow greenish band at base. Mesothorax — Black. Metathorax — -Amber with black basal band. Abdomen — Dark green, yellowish brown or amber with dark transverse dorsal markings and marginal spots, ventral surface distinctly segmented, evenly colored, genital plati' slightly dusky. Cornicles — (Figure 169 D). Cylindrical, slightlv wider just before tip, short, black, length 0.15 mm. Legs — Normal, dark amber brown, eoxu- dark; femora with apicil oiii--half darker; tibia with base and apex darker; tarsi dusky at base and tip. U'ings — Hyaline, normal (see drawing). Primary — Subcostal wide, amber; stigma long, narrow, length 0.8 mm., width 0.15 mm., amber; veins amber brown. Sti/le — Conical, as long or nearly as long, as cornicles, light green or dusky, length 0.15 mm.
Ai'TKRois vivii'ARois FKMALK ( Figure 1()9 B and C).
Length of body 'J. mm., greatest width of body 1.2 nmi., robust and nearly globular in shape.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Prevailing color — Silvery gray due to quite a thick covering of fine whitish powder, ground color yellowish or pale green throughout. Head — Much narrower than the prothorax, dark. Antennae — (Figure 169 I). Half as long a.s the body, articles I and II dusky, remaining articles light with apical portions dark, lengths
Figure 169. Aphis brassicae A, winged viviparous female; B, C, apterous viviparous females; D, cornicle of winged female; E, cornicle of apterous female; F, style of winged female, dorsal aspect; G. style of apterous female, ventral aspect; H, antenna of winged female; I, antenna of apterous female.
Po.MO.N A ('<)l,I.K(iK .lolHNAI. OK K.NTOMOLOOY 525
of articles: I. (l.(t}> iiiiii. ; II, O.D" iiiiii. ; III, ().;". nun.; IV, i).-Z mm.; V. O.iy mm.; VI, 0.48 mm. (spur O.SCi mm.), total L.'i.S mm. Uostrum — Ri-nchin)( just l)cyond first coxa-, dusky. Prothorax — Dark fxcept basal margins which arc lighter. MesD- and Metathoras — Each with four small black spots on dorsum. Ahdomen — With transverse dark markinf^s and dark spots on the dorsum, segmentation ob.scure dorsally and distinct ventrally. genital plate dusky. Coruiclrs — ( Figure Kiy K). Cylindrical, slightly wider at base, short, black, length 0.17 unit. I-^gt — Normal, dusky, coxa- color of body; femurs darker at apices; tibiie dark at ba.ses and tips; tarsi dark. Sti/le — (Figure Kiy CJ). Triangul;ir or conical in shape, dark; length 0.1" mm., width at base 0. 1.'j mm.
//««/.? Occurs in great numbers upon C'abbagi- and CauliHower {lirattira olrracea I..), Wild Mustard (li. ram pest ris I,.), Hlack Mustard {li. nigra Koch.), Wild Radish {liapliaiius salivus I..).
Locality Throughout the entire st;itc. Date of collection — Nov. '2. lyiO. Serial number 8.
This insect often does considerable dam.'ige to c.ibbage. caulitlowrr and other cruciferous plants in the g;irdiii. It collects in great colonies aiul may completely cover the host. It is partially controlled by natural enemies, the predaceous ones being Uippodamia convcrgrns (iuer., Cocrhiflla californica, Ilippodamia maculala DeCi.. and the larva- of the Syr])hid flies. The internal |>arasite, Diarrctus califor- nifiix Baker, does good work in the southern part of the state.
It may be controlled artificially by spraying with Kerosene Emulsion, Whale- oil soap. Tobacco decoction, or Carbolic .Vcid Emulsion.
Aphis ceanothi-hirsuti n. sj).
WINOEI) VIVIPAROIS FEMALE ( FigUrc 170 A)
Length of body I . tS nun., width of mesothorax (>.() nun., wing expansion 6.8 mm.
Prevailing color — \'ery dark brown to almost black. Head — As wide ai prothorax, black. Ei/ea — W'ry dark red. Antennae — (F'igurc 170 a). Dusky throughout, reachingi nearly to base of cornicles, very sparsely haired, lengths of articles: I. 0.0(5 mm.; II. 0.0(5 mm.; III. 0..S8 mm.; IV, 0.22 mm.; V, 0.2 mm.; VI, 0.41 mm. (spur 0..S nun.) ; a large number (iy-2.S) circular sensoria on III. Rottrum — Reaches just to metathorax, light yellow, brown at base and dusky at tip. Pro- thoraj- — Black, with distinct lateral tubercles. Mesothorax — Black with well developed muscular lobes. Metathorax — Dusky, but not as dark as mesothorax. \'entral surface of thorax very dark brown or black. Ahdomen — Dark ambrr brown, with marginal and transverse dark markings, all black behind a transverse line drawn across abdomen in front of the cornicles one-quarter the distance from the base of the cornicles to the base of the abdomen. This seems to be character- istic. Ventral surface dusky or dark brown. Cornicles — (Figure 170 b). Cylindrical, straight, black; length 0..S mm. Legs — Normal, coxa- black, femora of prothoracic legs amber with tips only dusky; femora of nie.so- and metathoracic legs amber at base and remainder dusky; tiba? of all legs dark at extreme base and the tips; tarsi dark. If'ings — Hyaline. Primary — Length .'!.2 mm., width l.I mm.; costal vein
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
light, narrow, subcostal wide, light; stigma three times as long as broad, nearly a parallelogram in shape, dark to nearly black ; stigmal vein well curved throughout its entire length; basal two-thirds of the first and second discoidals light, remainder dark ; third discoidal obsolete at base, second branch arising two-thirds the distance from the union of the first branch to tip of vein. Secondary — Length 2 mm., width 0.55 mm., subcostal deeply curved at the base of the second discoidal. Style — Dark, conical, less than half the length of the cornicles and a trifle shorter than tarsi, hairy.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Figure 170 B)
Length of body 1.8 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.1 mm., body well rounded.
Prevailing color — Dark olive green to a greenish brown or amber. Head — Brown. Eyes — Very dark red. Antennae — (Figure 170 d). Slightly more than
Figure 170. Aphis ceanothi-hirsuti A, winged viviparous female; li, apterous viviparous fcnialf, a. antenna of winged female; b, cornicle of winged female: c, cornicle of apterous female; d, an- tenna of apterous female.
Pomona Colleoe Joi'hnal of Entomoi.oov
527
Iwo-tliirds tlif length of tlif liody, articles I niul II color of lu-nd, III mid IV liiiion yellow, the Jatter dusky at tij), remaining articles dusky, lengths: I, O.O/S mm.; II, 0.01 iinn.; III. 0..)H mm.; IV', O.'i'i mm.; V. O.'i mm.; V'l, O.ii mm. (spur 0.'2<) mm.), total I.'.J8 mm. liotirum — I.iffht yellow, lirown at base with dark tip. reaching to third coxic. Prolhoras — With lateral tubercle, deep lirowii. Mrio- thorax — ,Sanie color as the prothorax. Mrlnthoraj- — .Much ligliter in color, auilH-r. .//u/oiaen ~ Pale jjreen with dark transverse dorsal markitigs, lateral dark marginal markings on ventral surface, small tubercle on lateral margin near middle. Cornicles — (Figure 170 C). Cylindrical, black, curved outwardly, slightly wilier at base than at apex, length O.V't mm. /-P^'-t — C'oxic brown; femora of two tirsf pairs yellow, with dusky tips, apic/il two-thirds of third pair dusky; tibisp (lark at extreme bases and tips; tarsi dark. Slyh- — Half as long as cornicles and as long as tarsi, dark.
llnsi — On the undersides of tin- older leaves of Craniithus hirsutus Nutt. I'sually .scattering and not in thick colonies.
Locality — Santa Paula Canyon, in mountains near Santa Paula, Cal., at an •iltitude of from 700 to 1.500 feet. Date of collection — A])ril '29. 1<HI. .Serial number ."^'2.
This form was first belii-ved to be Aphis ccanolhi Clarke, but according to his origin.'il description in Canadian F.ntomologist XXX\'. p. •2.'>(). li)0.'1, the following differences are noticeable and appear to justify separation:
Aphis ceanothi CLirke
General- Winged form larger th.in apterous.
Winded — .Vntennal articles IV and V sub equal.
Cauda inconspicuous and yellow- brown.
Abdomen clouded yellow-brown.
Veins dark green.
.Jpfprou*— Antennal articles IV and \' sub-equal.
Legs and antenna- of a unifiirni color.
Body globular.
Hosts — Infesting tender ti]>s and on blossoms of Cranolhus iiiteirerrimus.
Aphis ceanothi-hirsuti n. sp.
Apterous form much the largest.
Antennal article IV slightly longer than V.
Cauda plainly visible and dusky.
.Vbdouien with distinct dark dorsal ni.'irkings and black posteriorly.
Vfins yellow and dusky.
.\rticle I\' longer than V.
Legs and antenna- not of a uniform color.
Hody elongated to globular.
On older leaves of Ceanothiis hirsutus N'ult. Never found on blossoms, al- tlidugli tliiTe wiri' plitity on the trees.
Aphis medicaginis Kcich.
18.'>7 Aphis medicapinis Koch, Pflz., p. 94
1879 Aphis medicaginis Koch, Monell, L'. .S. Geol. .Surv. V, No. I, p. H.
1880 Aphis medicaginis Koch, Thomas, 8th. Rept. Ent. 111., pp. 101 , 192. 1910 Aphis medicaginis Koch, Williams, Aphid. Nebr., pp. 50-51.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 171 A) Length of body 2.2 mm., widtli of mesothorax 0.6 mm., wing expansion 7.2 mm.
Prerailing color — Shiny or dull black, some forms may appear very dark brown. Head — Considerably narrower than prothorax, black or very black. Eyei — Dark red. Antennae — (Figure 171 C). On inconspicuous frontal tubercles, reach- ing nearly to the middle of the abdomen, sparsely haired, articles I, II, color of the body. III amber with dusky middle, IV, V and VI light with apical halves dusky, length of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, O.O6 mm.; Ill, 0.3 mm.; IV, 0.26 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.39 nmi. (spur 0.25 mm.), total 1.35 mm.; five large sensoria on III. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxa?, lemon yellow with black base and tip. Prothorax — Black, with distinct lateral tubercles. Mesothorax and Metathorax — Black. Abdomen — Smooth, dark olive green or nearly black with darker lateral
Figure 171. Aphis medicaginis A, winged viviparous female; H, ai>tor(ius viviparous female; C, antenna of winged female; D, cornicle of winged female; E, pyjridiuiii of winged female, dorsal aspect; F, cornicle of apterous female; G, antenna of apterous female; II, pygidium of apterous female, ventral aspect.
Pomona Com.eoe ,Toi-hnai, of Kntomoi.oov 520
marpinnl and transverse dorsal inarkings. one pair of small lateral tuhercles near the base of the aliiliinien and a second pair just behind the eornieles, genital plnte dusky. Cornicli-s — (Figure 171 D). C"ylindrieal, inibrieated, wider at base and (gradually narrowinjj to apex, black, three times as lonj? as style, length 0.36 mm., widtli at base 0.07 nun. /.»"^'* — Moderately long and hairy, coxa- dark; femora lemon yellow with apical halves dusky; tiba* lemon yellow with extreme bases and tips dusky; tarsi dusky. Winers — Hyaline, normal. Primari/ — Length .S.4 mm., width I. '2.^ mm., costal and subcostal veins and the stigma dark brown, remaining veins light yellow. Secontlnri/ — Length '2.1 nun., width 0.().5 nnn., veins light yellow. Sli/le — (Figure 171 F,). Conical, black, nearly as long as tarsi.
M'TEHOi's vivii>.\nors KEMAi.K (Figure 171 ){ )
l.iiigtii 1.;) mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.2 nun., sui.ill rolmst species.
rrrrailing color — Dull green or black with often a shade of mariM>n. many iiidi\ idiials slightly covered with fine white powder, others shinv black. Head - Dull reddish-gr<'en or black. Kiirs — Dark red. .Iiilriinar — ( T'igure 171 (r). Not I'alf as long as the body, on slight frontal tubercles, articles I and II color of head. Ill, I\', and V lemon yellow — the latter with apical one-half dusky, VI dark, lengths of the articles: I, O.O.'. mm.; II. O.Ofi mm.; III. O.I V mm.; IV. O.l.S mm.: \'. 0.1'.' nnn.; \'l. 0..S nnn. (spur 0.'2 unn.); total 0.7 unn. Uostrum Lemon yellow with dark base and tip. reaches to third coxa-. Thorn.r — Dark green, maroon, or black, lighter ventr.-iliy. Ahdomrn- ."somewhat globular, smooth, shinv or dull, varying from dark green or maroon to black, ventral surface lightcT in color, genital plate dusky. Cornicles — (Figure 171 F). Cylindrical, black, shorter than in winged sjiecimens, imbricated, wider at base than at apex, length O.'il mm. f.eas — .Same as in winged s)>ecimens. Sli/lr — ( Fignri- 171 H). Conical, dark with Mack spot at the ventral base, the distance across the base equals the length.
llost.1 — This s))eci<'S was obtained in rather limited numbers from the floweriti" shoots of the native Rattle Weed or Loco Weed (.l.tlragalii.'i Irucopis Torr). It .ilso feeds u)ion Mrilicnpo falcata. Cara^ana nrhorcsccns, Ilnhinio rincosn, Mrli- lolus ilalicn. Wild Licorice {Gli/ciirrhi:a Icpldola), Aricmisia cafifornica Less., .111(1 Cliivers.
I.iiiality .Moiig till' foothills of the Upper Oj.ii \',illiy. two miles from NordhotT. at an altitudi of 1.(100 feet. O.it.- of collection .M.iy !.">. 1911. .Serial number STk
The sjiecies. .as it occurs here, conforms remarkably well with the original description given by Koch, .and there can be little doubt regarding its identity. In the description by Willi;ims { .Vphid. of Nebr. pp ;")0-l) the following difTerences are noted :
.SpEi lEs DEscRiBEn nv Williams .Species as Fotxn at NonniioKF
Cornicles of the apterous female Cornicles of the apterous females
longer than those of the winged females. shorter than those of the winged
.\ntennal .artiele III of the apterous females, forms longest. .Article \'I and the spur of it (which
is couunonly termed \'II) is always longest. However, in spite of these rather indefinite differences, I believe this to Iw the true Aphis medicaginis Koch.
530 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Aphis nerii Fonscolombe 1841 Aphis nerii Fonsc, Ann. Soc. Fr. X, p. 157. OLEANDER APHID
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 17- A)
Lengtli of body 2.2 mm., width of mesothorax 0.6 mm., greatest widtli of abdomen l.I mm., wing expansion 6.8 mm.
Prevailing color — Deep rich yellow and black. Head — Narrower than pro- thorax, wider than long, dark. Eyes — Dark red. Antennae — (F'igure 172 C). Black throughout, on a slight frontal tubercle, sparsely haired, reaching to base of the cornicles, lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; Ill, 0.48 mm.; IV, 0.38 mm.; V, 0.26 mm.; VI, 0.54 mm. (spur 0.42 mm.); total 1.80 mm.; ten circular sensoria on III. Rostrum — Reaching to third coxa, yellow with dusky base and tip. Prothorax — Yellow, with lateral tubercles. Mesothorax — Yellow with muscle lobes black. Metathorax — Dusky yellow with muscle areas dark (see drawing). Abdomen — Smooth, bright saffron yellow with a black blotch behind each cornicle and in some instances there may be small dark patches on the dorsum. Cornicles — (Figure 172 D). Black, margins slightly serrate, cylindrical, with base slightly wider and gradually narrowing to tip, length 0.45 mm., width at base 0.12 mm., width at apex 0.08 mm. Legs — Normal, coxae of first and second pairs yellow, of third pair dusky ; femora yellow witli apical one-lialf black ; tibiae with extreme bases and tips black ; tarsi black. Wings — Hyaline, normal. Primary — Costal vein wide, dusky ; subcostal wide, yellow ; stigma long and narrow, dusky ; stigmal vein well curved ; first and second discoidals nearly straight ; third discoidal nearly straight with first branch arising near its middle, second branch arises nearly two-thirds distance from the base to the apex of the first branch; length of wing S.2 mm., width 1.1 mm. Posterior — Normal, with extreme base of first discoidal obsolete, length 1.55 mm., width 0.5 mm. Style — (Figure 172 E). Sickle-shaped black or dark brown, not quite half as long as cornicles. Anal plate — Dark.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 172 B)
Length of body 2.2 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.1 mm.
Prevailing color — Clear, bright saffron yellow. Head — Nearly as long as broad, dusky yellow. Eyes — Dark red. Antennae — (Figure 172 F). Not reaching to bases of cornicles, dusky with base of article III light, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, ()..'?6 mm.; IV, 0.28 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.57 mm. (spur 0.47 mm.), total 1.64 mm. Rostrum — Reaching just beyond second coxae, dusky with tip and base slightly darker. Thorax — Yellow. Abdomen — Smooth, shiny, yellow throughout. Cornicles — (I'igure 172 G). Cylindrical, slightly wider at base, margins serrate or rough, carried nearly at right angles to the body, length 0.47 mm., width at base 1.11 mm., width at mouth 0.08 mm. Legs — Coxk dusky yellow ; femora with basal one-quarter yellow and apical tlirce-quartcrs dark ; tibiae dusky yellow with bases and apices darker; tarsi dark, small. Style — (F'igure 172 H). Conical, sickle-shaped, black, half as long as the cornicles, length 0.24 mm.
Pomona Collkuk .Iothnai. ok F.NToMoi,o(iv
531
Host — S'erium oleander I,. It occurs in ftrcat iiiiinlicrs upon the trrulcr slioots and suckers, hut docs not infest the older growth.
Locality— 'rhroU(;houl Southern California. I have taken it at Clnrcmont, Los Anpeh-s, N'ordhotT, and Santa Paula. Date of collection — May ii, 19M.
Serial nuinher 38.
Figure 172. Aphis nerii .'\. wiiijfcd viviparous female; H. apterous viviparous female; C. antenna of winjied female; D. cornicle of wiuRcd female; FD, pytfidium of winded female, lateral aspect; F. antenna of ai)terous female; G, cornicle of apterous female; II. pytfidiunt of apterous female, lateral aspect.
532 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
This species corresponds exactly with the one by Thomas in his Eighth Report of the Ent. of Illinois, p. 95, 1880. It is strange to note that it does not appear to be the species described as Aphis nerii by Kaltenbach (Mon. Pflz. pp. 118-119), his species being darker and with green markings. I do not have the description of Fonscolombe, so can not compare it with the original, but take it that it is his species.
Chaitophorus salicicola n. sp. winged viviPARors FEMALE (Figure 173 B)
Length of body 1.6 mm., width of mesothorax 0.5 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.69 mm., wing expansion 5.25 mm.
Prevailing color — Very dark olive green to black. Entire body covered with fine hairs which are situated on small tubercles. Head — Black, narrower than prothorax, slightly wider than long. Eyes — Dark reddish-brown. Antennae — (Figure 173 e). Reaching to middle of abdomen, articles I and II color of head. III yellow, remaining articles dark, normally haired, lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.08 ram.; Ill, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.1,5 mm.; VI, 0.35 mm. (spur 0,25 mm.), total 1.12 mm.; four or five large circular sensoria on article III. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxee, light yellow with base and tip dusky. Abdomen — Plainly segmented, dark with lateral dorsal margins and a narrow strip between each segment olive green, ventral surface olive green with lateral margins somewhat darker, hairy. Cornicles — (Figure 173 c). Truncate, much wider at base than at mouth, nearly as wide as the length, mouth slightly flared, length 0.08 mm., width at base 0.07 mm., dark olive green. Legs — Normal, hairy, coxse dark; femora of first pair light, of second and third pairs dark; tibise light with bases and tips dark; tarsi dark. Wings — Hyaline. Primary — Length 2. -I mm., width 0.8 mm., costal and subcostal veins well developed ; stigma nearly oval in shape, length 0.5 mm., width 0.1 mm., rich olive green; stigmal vein well curved, arising near apical end of stigma; first and second discoidals nearly straight, arising 0.075 mm. apart; first branch of third discoidal arising one-third and second branch arising two-thirds the distance from the base of the discoidal to the end of the third branch; all veins olive green in color. Posterior — Length 1.5 mm., width O.-i mm., normal. Style — (Ventral side Figure 173 a). Short, conical, longer than tarsi, olive green.
APTERors viviPARors FEMALE (Figure 173 A) Length of body 1.5 mm., width of abdomen O.y mm. Very narrow at head, gradually widens posteriorly to middle of abdomen and then rounds off rather abruptly.
Prevailing color — Dark olive green or dusky brown witli light yellow longi- tudinal band on the middle of the dorsum extending from base of the head to the posterior end, lateral margins lighter in color than is the general body color. Head — Dark with yellow area at widdle of base on the dorsum. Eyes — Dark reddish brown. Antennae — (Figure 173 f). Reaching nearly to the middle of the abdomen, hairy, articles I, II, apical one-third of IV^, V and VI dusky. III and basal two-thirds of IV light yellow, lengths of articles: I, 0.08 mm.; II, 0.07 mm,;
PoMONM ('oi.I,K(iR JoIRNM. OK KnI (iMoI.oli V
533
III, 0.3 mm.; IV. 0.17 niin.; \', 0.11 mm.; VI, O.liri mm. (spur 0.tir> mm.), toUl 1. 11 mm. Rostrum — Rfaching to second coxie, lijfht yellow with duskv base. Cornicles — (Fij^iirc 173 d). Truncate, base nearly twice as wide as apex, either en- tirely light or light except base which is dark, length 0.1 mm., widtli at base 0.09 mm., width at mouth .05 mm. Legs — Sliort, stout, colored as in winged form. Style — (Figure 173 b, ventral side). Conical, liglit yellow, does not extend beyond tip of abdomen so cannot be seen from above.
Young — The young nymphs vary from a light to a dark green in color, the young n|)tiTous forms are first light or yellow, becoming dusky after the first
Figure 173. Chaitophorus salicicola A, apterous vivip.Trous fom.ile; H. \vin«eil vivip;irous female; a, pygidium ol winged female; b, pygidium of apterous female; c, cornicle of winged female; d, cornicle of apterous female : e, antenna of winged female; f. antenna of apterous female.
534 Pomona College .Iotrnal of Entomology
moult and early begin to show the liglit longitudinal dorsal band, which is very characteristic of this species.
Host — This species occurs in small compact colonies on the dorsal sides of the leaves, or in large colonies on the tender shoots of the Narrow-leaved Willow {Salix laevigata Bebb.) Also taken in considerable numbers on Cottonwood {Populus trichocarpa) .
Locality — Along the inland streams near Santa Paula, Cal. A very common species. Date of collection — March 31, 1911. Serial number 18.
Hyadaphis pastinacae ( Linn.) Schout. SYXONOMY 1767 Aphis pastinacae Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 734. 1767 Aphis aegopodii Scopoli, Cam. 399- 1794 Aphis caprae Fabr., Ent. Syst., IV, 213. 1854 Rhopalosiphum cicutae Koch, Pflz., p. 24. 1854 Rhopalosiphum pastinacae Koch, Pflz., p. 41. 1854 Aphis umhellatarum Koch, Pflz., p. 116. I860 Siphocoryne pastinacae Pass., Gali Afid.
1879 Rhopalosiphum salicis Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. V. 26. I860 Siphocori/ne pastinacae Pass., Gali. Afid. 190") Hijadnphis pastinacae (Linn.) Schout., Aphides Belgique, p. 229-
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 174) Length of body 2.3 mm., width of mesothorax 0.8 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.8 mm., wing expansion 7-0 mm.
Prevailing color — Green with dark brown, dark green or black markings. Head — Small, nearly as long as wide, narrower than prothorax, slight projections on the inner sides of the bases of the antennae instead of frontal tubercles. Eyet — Dark red. Antennae — (Figure 174 D). Reaching to third abdominal segment (a little longer than half of the body length), dark throughout, sparsely haired, lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; Ill, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.19 mm.; V, 0.18 mm.; VI, 0.48 mm. (spur 0.38 mm.), total 1.49 mm.; circular sensoria on III very numerous and on short tubercles. Rostrum — Reaching to, or nearly to, second coxae, light yellow with extreme base and the tip dark. Prothorax — Eong, widest at base, light green band around anterior end, narrow central marginal light green area at base, remainder dark or dusky. Mesothorax — Very dark or black, ])osterior end of muscular lobes highest and pointed, ventral surface, except coxa", dark. Metathorax — Dark dorsally and green ventrallv. Abdomen — Distinctly seg- mented, rich green color with dorsal black or very dark green markings as shown in cut. Small characteristic tubercle or horn located on the middle dorsum of the penultimate segment, ventral surface dull green, anal plate (Figure 174 A, B, C). Area just above style ajipears glandular and dusky. Cornicles — Figure 174 G, H). Clavate, reaching nearly to tip of abdomen, light green with apical two-thirds (the swollen area) dusky, trumpet-mouthed, length 0.42 mm. Legs — (Figure 174 E, F). R.ithcr long and slitidtr, norni.il, hairy, coxa' of first and second pairs green;
I'o.Mo.W CoI.LKOK ,Iol li.WI. OK KnTOMOLOOV
535
ftiiiora lifflit ; tiliiir lij{lit with dusky tips; coxii- of third piiir sli^^htlv diiskv; fi-inorn lijjht witli apical one-third dark; tiliiii- lijflit with tips dark; tnr.si dark. H'ingt-- Hvalino. Primary — I.ciigtli .S.-' iiiiii.. width 1.'2 nun., venation normal, insertions and veins greenish-yeHow ; .stipna dusky, long and narrow (length 0.85 mm, width 0.18 mm.) Secontlarif — Normal. Sti/lf — (Figure ITiA, B,C'). Triangular or conical from dorsal view, siekli--sh.'iped from later.al view, not half as long as the cornicles, dark.
APTKRors vivii'AKors KKMAi.K (Figure ITJ)
Length of body ^i.:i mm., greatest width of abdomen I. -2 mm., bodv wcJl rounded posteriorly.
Prevailing color — .Shiny light green, may or may not have red spots on dorsum. Head — Yellowish. Antennae — (Figur«' I7'> B). Half as long as the bodv. articles I, II and III yellowish green, IV' with dark apex only, V and \'l with bases and apices dark, middle yellow, lengths of articles: I, 0.0*) mm.; II, (i.(»5 nnn.; Ill, ()..S.S mm.; I\', (l.l'i mm.; V, 0.1 nun.; VI, 0. t mm. (spur ()..S mm.), total 1.09 mm. Rostrum — Reaching to third coxae, light green with duskv base and tip. Ahdomen — R.-ither bluntly rounded posteriorly, dorsal posterior tubercle on penultimate segment large and prominent with two apical spines (Figure 175 I), F., F.) Cornicles (Figure 175 A). Clav.ate, yellowish-grien with only the extreme
Figure 174. Hyadaphis pastinacae A, ventral view of pyjfidiuin; B, dorsal view of pygidium; C, lateral view of pygidium; d, antenna; E and F, tips of tibix and the tarsi; G and H, cornicles.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
tip dark, k'ligtli 0.5^ mm. Legs — Briglit yellowish-green throughout; tarsi (Figure ITS C) dark. Style — (Figure 175 D, E, F), conical and slightly sickle-shaiied, light green ; anal plate, dusky.
Male — "Walker describes male as small, with a red or yellow abdomen, and having black antenna?, eyes, and head." Buckton, Brit. Aphid. II, 29.
S. O. ESSIC.
Figure 175. Hyadaohis pastinacas A. cornicle; B, antenna; C, tip of tibia and tlic tarsus; D, dorsal view of py- gidiuni; I-:, lateral view of pygidiuni; F, ventral view of pygidium.
PhMON.V C'oM.KliK Joi'llNAI. OK F.NTOMOI.OOV 537
Hosts — ()c<'ur ill vrry larjjf ami widily-Nprcad culdiiics on tin- IravcM anil tender slioots of willow (Salix laevigata Bclili. ) Other writers have reported it upon tlie followin); hosts:
ScllOl'TKIlEN' I.INNE
Salij aiirita. Pastinaca saliva.
PimpinvUa manna. Fabhich-s
Pimpiiirlla sn.rifriiiia. Salij raprea.
Krusimum vulirarr. Kai-TKN-ha. ii
I)a,.,us carota. _^.„,,-^ habylonica.
UlCKTOX Sali.r amif!;tlaliiw.
.Ipium iiravrolens. f;„iij. alb„
MoNEi.i. Koch
Salix lurida. Ciriita rirosa.
Sali.r nigra. Ilerarleum sphondylium.
OF.sTi.rND Angelica si/lvestris.
.trrhangelira atropurpurea. Aegopodium ptidagraria.
Davis Chaerophi/lhim temulum.
Zisia aurea.
1 ) AVIDSON
.S'n/i.r s]i.
Locality Along the Santa Clara Rivir. Santa Paula. Cnl. Date of oollre- tion — April 11, 1!)11. Serial number '28.
This speeies has been the source of no little confusion .as may be told from the long list of synonyms above. I am especially indebted to .Mr. .1. T. Monell and Mr. John J. Davis for their aid in dcti-rmiiiinjj it. Mr. Davis writes: "Have just looked at the slides which you sent and consider them as Siphorortfne raprrar. in other words what I called Siphorori/ne {lli/adaphis) pastinaeae I.inn. I consider lli/adaphis the correct name of this genus. Even the European students seem to be unable to say whether capreae and pastinaeae .are synonymous or distinct and so I simply follow Schouteden and used the name pastinaeae. S. talicis Monl. and .S'. arehangelicae Oest. are synonyms of capreae. I intended to say above that the tubercle on the penultimate abdominal si-gmeiit seems to be a good s|)ecific char- acter of this species. F know of no other Ili/adaphls bearing this IuIktcIc." May •il, 1!)1 1.
OTHKR DESCRIPTIVK I.ITKRATLRE
1813 Aphis capreae F.-Kaltenbach Mon. Pflz.. p. lOJ).
187!) Siphitcori/ne pastinaeae I..-Buckton, Mon. Hr. .Vph. 11,24.
1879 Siphocoryne capreae ]-"ab.-Huckton, Mon. Br. .\|)h. II, 27.
1880 Siphocoryne pastinaeae I..-Tlios. 8th Dejit Enf. Ill, p. 81. 1880 lihopalo-iiphum snlieis Mon.-Tlios. 8th Rept Ent. Ill, p. 1<)+. 1887 Sif)lioc()ri/ne arehangelicae Oestl. Aphid. Minn. p. 70.
1887 Siphocori/ne salicis ( Moii.)-Oestl. Aphid. Minn, p. 70.
1891 .//)/ii".« pastinaeae Koch-Riley-How., Ins. Life, IV, 21.S.
IS.Q.S Siphocoryne salicis Mon. -Weed, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 20, p. 297.
1910 Siphocoryne pastinaeae ( L.)-Williams, Aphid Nebr., [). 62.
1910 Siphocorifne pastinaeae L.-Davis, Jr. Ec. Ent., Ill, +93.
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Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis
1909 hlioptrnts ucphrelepidis Davis. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. II, S, p. 199.
1910 Macrosiphum kirhaldyi Fullaway. Rept. Hawaii Agrcl. Exp. Sta., pp. 22-23, 191".
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 176 A)
Lciigtli of body 1.50 mm., widtli of mesothorax 0A7 mm., greate.st width of abdomen 0.65 mm., wing expan.sion 5.20 mm.
Prevailing color — Very dark olive green to black, may be slightly brownish, especially mounted specimens. Head — Broader than long, olive green to brownish. Eyes — Very dark red. Antennae — (Figure 176 B, I), E, F). Situated on promi- nent approximate, frontal tubercles, slender, longer than the body, nearly hairless, whitish in color with articles I, II and III dusky throughout and the articulations of the remaining articles also black, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.42 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.23 mm.; VI, 0.65 mm. (spur 0.5 mm.), total 1.7S mm.; sensoria are distributed on articles as follows: III with ten large circular (Figure 176 E), IV three large circular (Figure 176 D), V with two to tliree large
Figure 176. Idiopterus nephrelepidis A, winged viviparous female; B, antenna of winged female; C, cornicle of winged female; D, article IV. of antenna; E, article 111. of antenna; F, article V. of antenna; G, showing variations in wing venation.
Pomona (iii.i.y.ny. .Ioiunm, of Entomoi.oov 539
circular (Figure 17() 1"), \'l one large circular. lioslrum — Itcnching third cuxir, light with base and extreme tip dark. Thorax — Dark olive green, nearly black. Abdomen — Olive or brownish-green, not a.s dark as liead and thorax, segmentation on dorsum plainly marked by depressions. Cornicles — (Figure 17<)('). Cylindrical, slightly widest at base, with trumpet- mouth, basal one-tliird dark. remainder very light, .length 1 mm., avirage width 0.21 mm. I.e!j;s — Long and slender, transparently-light in color, with coxae, tips of femora, lips of tibiie, and all of tarsi dark, nor- mally haired. JVings — Clouded along the veins. Primary —(Figure 17(i A and G). Length i.S mm., width 0.8 mm., venation very variable as shown in drawings of "()," costal and subcostal normal and distinct, with apical one-half clouded along borders; stigma nearly as broad as long with transparent area in center; stigmal vein, variable, clouded, when entire, is well curved throughout entire length, deeply curved so as to nearly touch first branch of third discoidal. This vein is sometimes only indicated by mere fragmi-nts and the clouded band, but the band is sometimes broken, as shown in drawings; first discoidal curving slightly inwardly, almost at right angles to the subcostal, short with verv wide clouded borders; second discoidal vein curving inwardly, extending towards wing-tip; third discoidal with distinct first branch and rudi- mentary or indicated second branch; first branch arising nearly in center of the vein, second branch indicated near the very tip. Secondary — Length 1.'25 mm., width 0.4 mm., veins lightly clouded, subcostal strongly bent at the junction with the second discoidal, first discoidal straight, short, arising just inside of the basal half of the subcostal, clouded borders, widest at base and tapers to point at end of the vein; second discoidal arising two-thirds the distance from the base to the tip of the subcostal, short, basal half clouded. Discoidals extend only three- quarters distance from subcostal vein to lower margin of wing. Style — F.nsiform, •ickle-sha))ed, color of abdomen, one-half as long as cornicl<-s.
.\PTERors vivii'AHors FKMAi.K (Figure 177 A and C)
Length of body 1..S mm., width of body 0.7.'^ mm.
Prevailint; color- -W-ry dark olive green to black throughout, dorsum with six longitudinal rows of small tubercles, a tubercle on every segment in each row, every tubercle of the two median rows with two white capitate hairs, while the tubercles of the four lateral rows have but one white capitate hair each, several such hairs on head and front.'il tubercles. Head — Nearly square. Antennae — On prominent, approximate frontal tubercles, longer than body, nearly filiform, color same as in winged form, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; H, 0.08 mm.; IIL 0.48 mm.; IV, 0..S mm.; V, 0.'28 mm.; VI, 0.7 mm. (spur C.'S.') mm.), total 1.7.S mm.; article III with one large circular and two smaller circular scnsoria near base (Figure 177 D). Rostrum — Reaching slightly beyond third coxip, very light with dark base only. Cornicles — (Figure 177 B). Cylindrical, widest at base, with trumpet mouth, very pale with basal one-quarter dark, length 1.11 mm., width 0.14 nun. I.ff;s — .SlriidiT. eoxie color of body: femora tr.'insp.-ircntly while; tibia-
33. 0< ESSIO
Figure 177. Idiopterus nephrelepidis A, apterous viviparous fenKik-; B, cornicle of apterous female; C, apterous vivip- arous female, lateral aspect; D, article 111 of antenna of apterous female.
Pomona Com.koe .Ioi-rnm. ok Kntomoloov 541
whitr with dark tips; tarsi lilack. Sti/le — Knsiforni. sickli-shaprd. niic-liair the liiifjth of tlip cornicles.
Hosts — Frctlinjj ill larj{c tiuiiihcrs upon llic younj; and tindrr fronds of tlir Boston fern {Xrphrolepis rxaltata). Davis reports tliis species as feeding upon Sword ferns, and Fullaway collected specimens from AcroMtichum rrtirulatum. Neiils found it on cultivated violet at C'lareniont, Cal.
Locality — House ferns at Santa I'aula, Cal. Date of collection Mareh 18, 1 911. Serial number !<).
Davis first obtained this species from greenhouses in ('hieaf{o where it had no doubt been imported from other places. .Since his description was publi.shed, I'ullaway, of the Hawaii Apricullural Experiment Station, has described what I liilieve to be the sanu' species from the Hawaiian Islands. It is, therefori', without doubt, a native of those islands and has been importe<l into the larger greenhouses on the Pacific Coast and from these to the various parts of the United States. It is yet a rare species and a very beautiful one. Davidson has collected it in the central part of the State and, as stated above, ,1. N'euls collected it on the Pomona College Campus at Claremont. Cal.
Lachnus juniperi DcCucr JINIPKU I.OISK
177.'^ Aphis juniprri DiCiiir. Ins. III. ."i().
I7".'< Aphis juniprri DeCieer, L'beres III. .'(S.
177.') Aphis juniperi Fabr., Ent. Syst. IV. -.'IS, K).
1801 Aphis juniperi Schrank, F'auna Boica II, 11<).
1843 Lachnus juniperi ( DeGeer) Kaltenbaeh. P(l/... l.'i.S.
18.57 Lachnus juniperi F'jibr.-Koch.. PHz.. vj !■.'(.
18H1 Ijochnus juniperi Fnbr.-Buckton, III, Vi.
\VIN(iKll VIVIP MtOIS KKMM.K ( I'igure 178 \)
Length of body '2..') mm., width of mesothorax 0.8 mm., wing expansion 8.p nun., body robust, flat, hairy.
Prevailing color — Dark grayish-brown; the grayish color is produced by a slight covering of very fine, white powdery wax. Head — Brown, narrower than prothorax. Efies — Very dark red or brown. Antennae — ( F'igure 178 C). Reaching to base of the abdomen, amber with the tips of articles III, IV, V, VI dark brown, covered with long fine hairs, lengths of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; Ill, 0.31 mm.; IV, O.Ifi mm.; V, O.I<) mm.; VI, 0.2 mm.; total I mm.; with four large sensoria on III, one on IV, and two on V. Rostrum — Reaches just beyond third coxir, amber with base and tip dusky. I'rothorax Dark brown or black. Meso- and Metathorax — Black, hairy. Abdomen — Dark brown with whitish, powdery markings on dorsum, ventral surface a rich reddish-brown. Cornicles — (ligure 178 D). Truncate, base nearly twice as wide as mouth, basal half color of abdomen while the apical half is dark, nearly black, basal two-thirds hairy, length ".l.S mm., width at base 0.4<) mm., width at mouth D.I mm. Legs — Stout, covered with long fine hairs; coxa- color of body; femora amber or light yellow with apical
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half dark; tibae light yellow with apical tip dark; tarsi dark. Wings — Large, hyaline. Primary — Length l.I mm., width 1.3 mm., costal vein narrow, amber; subcostal vein wide, amber; stigma long and narrow, amber, length 1.3 mm., width .025 mm. ; stigmal vein short, basal half straight, apical half slightly curved ; first discoidal straight; second discoidal curved slighth' inwardly, base 0.02 mm. from base of first discoidal; third discoidal very faint, nearly obsolete, simply indicated by trace, first branch arising one-third and second branch arising two-thirds from its base to tip. Secondary — Length 0.2.'5 mm., width 0.08 mm., subcostal slightly curved; first discoidal arising a distance of one-third and the second discoidal arising two-thirds the distance of the basal half of tlie subcostal, both slightly curved inwardly. Style — Rounded, inconspicuous, hairy.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (P'igure 178 B) Length (if body 2.4 mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.5 mm., robust, wide across abdomen, hairy, flat.
Prevailing color — Rich reddish brown or yellowish, somewhat rounded in shape and flat. Head — Very narrow, whole body widening from head to middle of abdomen, and then narrowing again to cauda. Antennae — (Figure 178 F). Reaching just to base of abdomen, hairy, light yellow with tip of IV, apical one-third of V
Figure 178. Lachnus juniperi A, winged viviparous female: H, ajitcrous viviparous female; C, antenna of winged viviparous female; D. cornicle of winged viviparous female; E. cornicle of apterous viviparous female; F, antenna of apterous viviparous female.
PoMON \ ('ol.I.K(iK Joi-HNAI. OF F,NTOMOI.OfiV 543
nnd apical onc-lialf of \'I <lii.sky, h-iijftlis of the artirlcs: I, 0.08 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III. 0.,S mm.; IV, ().l-2 mm.; V, O.I.t mm.; VI, O.l.'i imii. ; total .85 mm. Thorax — \\'i(lfniiijt from [jrotlionix, wliicli is very narrow, to Imsc of alxlomi-n. Mfsothorax — .Much wider tliiiii the pro- or mctatliorax. Ahdomrn W'xdisi in iiiiddlc. ground color is rcddish-hrown with two broad lateral and one ttroad central dorsal, white longitudinal strijics with a whitish transverse stripe between eornich-s and several white blotches behind the cornicles. These white stripes /ind blotches are produce<l by the powdery wax and very noticeable irregularities may he observed because of mieven removal of this wax by some extirnal means. Tin- dark areas in the drawing show the ground color of the body while the white areas show the |>owdery wax. Cornicles — (Figure 178 K.) Truncate, nuich wider at base than at tip, entirely dark brown or dusky, basal two-thirds hairy. /,f^'i--As in winged form. Style — Rounded, hairy, inconspicuous.
Si/mphs nnd Youni; — Brownish-red in color, without powdery secretion.
llosl — This species was found in great colonies on the bare twigs of Thutfa orciilrntalis. F.uropean writers report it upon Jitniperus connnunis only.
Locality- Taken by the writer at Santa Paula .-ind C'laremont, California. I am indebted to .Mr. .1. N'euls, a student of Pomona College, for winged specimens, which I had been unable to secure. The apterous forms are plentiful, but it took nearly three years to obtain the winged specimens, although a sharp look-out was maintained all of the time. Date of collection — March 7. 191 •• Serial number 7.
This species seemed to be a new one at first, for it was hardly jjrobablc that the European species could have been first reported in America on the Pacific Const, and not have been obtained in the Kastern states (a fact which I have not been able to ascertain). After a close study and comparison with the descriptions given in the works of Koch, Kaltenbach and Buckton, I am satisfied that this is the .luniper Aphid of Europe and has been introduced into the United States on nursery stock. Buckton gives this interesting note: "Mr. Hardy has found the black eggs on the twigs, and sometimes plentifully." "DeGccr states that the male is apterous." .Mon. Brt. .\i>Iiidis. Ill, p. H-, 1881.
Macrosiphum albifrons n. .sp.
LUPIN K APHID (Figure 179)
wiNOKi) vivii-AHois FKM.M.K (Figure 180 A)
Length of body not including style ,'i.8 mm., width of mesothorax O.S."! mm., greatest width of abdomen 1.8 mm., wing expansion 1 1.0^ nnn., large, robust form.
I'rrvailinp color — (jrayish-greeii. the body proper is bright green and B|)pcars so immediately after moulting. The gray color is produced by the secre- tion of a fine, white, powdery wax. This powder may be thick enough to cause the insects to appear silvery. The winged forms do not secrete as much of this covering as do the apterous ones and the green body may appear through the thin coating. Head — .Somewhat darker than the remainder of the body, nearly as long
as wide. Eifci — .Small, dark red. Antcnnai (Figure 180 .a). .Situated on slightly
gibbous, prominent tubercles, longer than the body, sparsely haired, dusky with
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Pomona College Jovrnal of Entomology
lighter areas at articulations, lengths of articles: I, 0.18 mm.; II, 0.11 mm.; Ill, 1.1 mm.; IV, 0.96 mm.; V, 0.8 mm.; VI, 1.6 mm. (spur 1.4 mm.); total 4.75 mm. Article III with about thirty large circular sensoria (Figure 180 a). Rostrum — Reaching to second coxse, color of body with dark tip. Prothorax — Very narrow, light green. Mesothorax — Light green with muscular lobes pink or amber. Meta- thorax — Slightly dusky. Abdomen — Nearly globular in shape (many more so than the drawing shows), liglitly covered with fine, white powder. Cornicles — (Figure 180 c). Cylindrical, longer than style, light green with apical one-third duskv, length 0.88 mm., width at base 0.08 mm. Legs — Long, slender and very
Figure 179. Macrosiphum albifrons
.•Xciiilt winded and aptertnis females on fruit clusters of Lupinus albifrons. Notice body form and tlic white powdery covering.
hairy, coxse color of body; femora .-inibcr with apical half dark; tibiae amber with apical tip dark; tarsi dark. Jfings — Hyaline. Primary — Length ,'5. 2 mm., greatest width 1.7 mm.; costal vein narrow; subcostal broad emerging into stigma; stigma long and narrow, length 1.4 mm., width 0.2 mm., basal half of stigmal vein sharply curved with apical lialf slightly curved to tip; first and second discoidals nearly straight; third discoidal with first branch afising near base at a distance from it of one-fourth from base to tip, second branch arising two-thirds distance from base of first branch to tip of second branch, all veins and stigma greenish- brown. Secondarij — Length .S.4 nmi., width O.f) mm.; subcostal twice curved; first discoidal arising one-fourth the distance and second discoidal arising one-half the distance from the base to the tip of the subcostal. Sti/le — Ensiforni. two-tliirds as long as the cornicles, green.
Pomona Coi.i.KiiK .Ioihnai. ok Ks-roMot
545
APTKHOtS VIVII'AHOCS KKMAI.K ( l''ij{lirr lSlll{)
I.cnjrtli of body V nun., jjrcalfst widtli of iilidonicn 'iA mm.. I>i«ly ri>liiist.
I'rrrailitijr color — (iray or silvery white due to the white powdery covering over the (jreen hody. Head and thorax- — Very n\iich narrower than tile ahdomen. Ei/es — Dark red. Ijirger than those of winjjed form. Anli-nnm — .Miioli h)nner Ih.in the hodv. all artieles diiskv e\e. pt I. I! .inil l.asal on. -fourth of 1(1 wlileh
Figure 180. Macrosiphum albifrons A, winged viviparous Icnialc; B, apterous viviparous I'emalc; .i, article 111. winged feinale; b, cornicle of apterous female; c, cornicle of winged female.
546 Pomona College Joi'rnal of Entomology
are the color of the body, articulations light, lengths of articles: I, 0.15 mm.; II, 0.13 mm.; Ill, 1.2 mm.; IV, 0.95 mm.; V, 0.85 mm.; VI, 1.7 mm. (spur 1.4 mm.) ; total 4.98 mm. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxae, green with dark tip. Cornicles — (Figure 180 b). Apical one-fourth dark, remainder green, length 1.3 mm., width 0.12 mm. at base. Legs — Long, slender, liairy; coxa- green; femora amber; tibiae amber with dusky tips; tarsi dark, very small. Style— Ensiiorm, green, may be slightly dusky at marginal tip.
Young — Green and covered with the powdery wax when very small.
Host — Occurs in great colonies on the flower racemes of Lupinus albifrons.
Locality — Santa Paula Canyon, near Santa Paula, Cal. Altitude 700 to 1500 feet. Date of collection — May 7, 191 1- Serial number 34.
This species greatly resembles M. destructor (John.), but is more robust, larger, and covered with the whitish powder. The abdomen of the winged form is distinctly globular and very characteristic. The abdomen of the apterous form is much wider than in M. destructor. It is quite effectually preyed upon by larvae of Syrphid Flies, Coccinellids, and by internal parasites, whicii are very large.
Macrosiphum frigidae Oestlund ARTEMISIA APHID LITERATURE AND SYNONYMY
1886 Siphonophora frigidae Oestl., List, of Aphid, of Minn., p. 20.
1887 Xectarophora frigidae Oestl., Aphid, of Minn., p. 83.
1910 Siphonophora frigidae Oestl., Williams, Aph. of Nebr., pp. 78-9.
WINGED vivii'ARors FEMALE (Figure 181 A) Length of body 2.1 mm., width of mesothorax 0.65 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.76 mm., wing expansion 7.5 mm., medium sized species, body sparsely covered with rather long fine hairs.
Prevailing color — V^erj^ dark olive green or nearly black, shiny, iridescent green, very striking and beautifully colored, unless observed very closely will appear jet-black. Head — Wider than long, very dark or black. Eyes — Black or dark brown, medium in size. Antennae — (Figure 181 D). On distinct frontal (some- what gibbous) tubercles which are very wide, as long as the body, but not reaching to tip of the style, dark throughout except the base of article III which is light, cov- ered with many long fine hairs, lengths of articles: I, 0.12 nun.; II, 0.07 mm.; Ill, 0.69 mm.; IV, 0.45 mm.; V, 0.40 mm.; VI, 0.84 mm. (spur 0.7 mm.) ; total 2.57 mm.; at least fifteen large circular sensoria on article III. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxae, black. Thorax — Shiny black. Abdomen — Little wider than thorax, deep green with metallic luster, dorsal surface with many broad .shallow pits which indicate the segmentation, hairy. Cornicles — (Figure 181 C), Cylindrical, widest at base, imbricated, black, with one or two hairs, reaching slightly beyond tip of style, length 0.50 mm., width at base 0.13 mm. Legs — Cox« dark; femora dark with light base; tibise with middle portion light and ends dark; tarsi dark; hairj. Wings — Hyaline, normally veined. Primary — Length 3.6 mm., width 1.25 mm.;
I'oMliNX (ol.l.KliK .llUHNM.
Kn
TOMoI.oliV
=;47
costal vein narrow, green; sulieostal vein wide, merging into tile full width of the stigma; stigma long, narrow, four times as long as broad, beautiful bright grern ; veins amber. Secondarif — Length '2.2 mm., width O.ti mm., base of the second (liseoidal obsolete, all veins amber. Sli/le — (Figure IHl K). Knsiform or nearlv eylindrieal, black, little more than half the length of the cornicles, hairy, length ()..'< mm.
M'TKHOrS VlVll'AIIors KKMALb ( Figuri" ISI 15)
Length of body 2.2 mm., width of abdomen 1.2.') nnn.. robust nearly gluliular form, with tubereulate, hairy dorsum.
Prevailing color — Hich, dark olive green, shiny, iridiseent, metallie. llrad— .Narrow, but wider than long. Eyes — Small, black or very dark brown. Antennae I. I'igure ISI Ci) — .'^itu.-iled on prominent frontal tubercles, reaching to tip of styh , hairy, b.is.il two-thirds of arliili I I I light, remaining dusky throughout, lengths of articles: I. 0.11 mm.; II, O.OS luni.. Ill, 0.71 mm.; IV, O. H) mm.; V, O.t mm.; VI, 0.8 nnn. (spur O.fi.i mm.); total 2..'><) mm. Rostrum — •Reaching to si-cond co-;a', black. Prothorajr — Scarcely wider than the head. Mesa- and .Ve/n//iorn.r--\Videning into .'ibdomen so as to form a nearly globular body. Abdomen — Nearly as widi- as
WJr
Figure 181. Macrosiphum frigidse A, winged viviparous foinalc: B. apterous viviparous female: C. cornicle of winged female; D. antenna of wiiiRed female; E, style of winged female; F, cornicle of apterous female; G, antenna of apterous female; H, style of apterous female.
548 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
long, rather flattened, liairy, iridescent green. Cornicles — (Figure 181 F). Cylindri- cal, slightly wider at base and tajiering gradually to tip, imbricated, black, with one or two hairs as shown in drawing, carried at nearly right-angles to the main axis of the body, length 0.65 mm., width at base 0.12 mm. Legs — Normal, hairy, coxae dark; base of femora liglit, apex dark; middle of tibiae light, remaining dark; tarsi dark. Style — (Figure 181 H). Ensiform, black, half or slightly more than half as long as the cornicles, length 0.35 mm.
Young — Dark metallic green.
Male — Oestlund reports the male as small, apterous, reddish-brown, antenna as long or longer than body, black, except base of III light. Eyes with blunt tubercles, no ocelli. Beak reaching second coxae. Legs black with base of femora and tibia light. Abdomen longer than broad, flat above, with a row of black impressed dots above the insertion of the honey-tubes. Honey-tubes black, cylindrical, hardly twice the length of the tarsi. Style two-thirds the length of the honey-tubes. Anal plates black, upper rounded at end, lower divided into two diverging lobes or projections which are cylindrical, black and very hairy on the under surface. List. Aphid Minn., pp. 21-22. I have not obtained this form here.
Hosts — Taken in great numbers from the tender slioots of the common Cali- fornia Sage {Artemisia caJifornica Less.) Oestlund collected it from Artemisia frigida.
Locality — Santa Paula, Cal., in the dry washes at the mouth of the Santa Paula Canyon. Altitude S.IO feet. Date of collection — April 4, IQH- Serial number 23.
Macrosiphum laevigatae n. sp. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 182 A)
Length of body not including style 2.4 mm., width of mesothorax O.iQ mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.73 mm., wing expansion 7.4 mm., body very long and slender.
Prevailing color — Green. Head — Nearly as wide as long, pinkish or yellow- ish green, with base slightly darker. Eyes — Red. Antennae — (Figure 182 a). Situated on prominent frontal tubercles, the inner margins of which are nearly at right angles to the head, (tubercles verj' slightly gibbous), reaching far beyond tij) of abdomen or tip of cornicles, articles green, except apical tips of III and IV, tJie apical iialf of V and all of VI du.sky, lengths of articles: I, 0.16 mm.; II, 0.09 mm.; Ill, 0.83 mm.; IV, 0.77 mm.; V, 0.73 mm.; VI, L7 mm. (spur 1.52 mm.); total 4.28 mm.; ten circular sensoria on III. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxae, light yellowish-green with dark tip. Prothorax — Slightly wider than the head, without lateral tubercles, darker green than head with two dorsal lighter blotches. Mesothorax — Liglit green, muscle lobes amber or pinkish. Metathorax — Light green. Abdoinen — Long and slender, dark green with two lighter green longi- tudinal strijies extending full lengtli on dorsum. Cornicles — (Figure 182 b). Very long, cylindrical, with slightly wider base and mouth, curved outwardly, green, apical one-seventh dusky and irregularly marked (F'igure 182 c), slightly restricted before apex, length 1.1 mm., width O.O.I nnn. Legs — Very long and slender, slightly hairy, coxif light green; fcniDra diisUy with basal one-third light green;
I'oMdXV {"or.I,K(iK .llUHNM. OK F.NTOMOI.OCiV
549
tiliiH' soiiu'wliat dusky willi lips tlarkcr; tarsi vfry small and dark. If'in/ii — Long, narrow, liyaliiic. I'riniari/ Length .S.t mm., grt-atcst width 1.1 mm.; costal vtin n.'irrow; suhcostal widr, light ffrrin ; stigma long and narrow, widens from base to stigni.il vein and narrows to point abruptly, li-ngth 0.8 mm., width at base of
sligiM.il vein It.',' nun., viry light gncn ; first ,iiid second discoidals niariv straight.
Figure 182. Macrostphum laevigatas
.\. wiiitfcd vivip.irous lonialc; 1!. .iplirou^ vi\ ii).iri>u> fcni.ilc: n. jinlciui.i of wiuRi-d female; b. cornicle of winpeil leni.ile; c* tip. of cornicle of winKcd female; il. style of winded female; e, tip of cornicle of apterous lem;de; f, cornicle of apterous female; g, style of apterous female; h, antenna of apterous female.
550 PoiMoXA College Joi-rnal of Entomology
curving slightly inwardly, bases far apart; first branch of the third discoidal arising one-third the distance from the base, second branch arising three-fourths distance from base of first branch to apex of second branch; all veins except subcostal dark brown. Secondary — Length 2 mm., width 0.55 mm., veins normal. Style — (Figure 182 d). Ensiforni, somewhat sickle-shaped, light green, length
0.37 mm.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 182 B) Length not including style 2.6 mm., width of mesothorax 0.51 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.95 mm., very long and slender body, ofttimes the abdomen is no wider than the head and thorax.
Prevailing color — Green with yellowish-green head and two such colored longitudinal stripes extending from head to tip of abdomen. Head — Very little narrower tha^i thorax, ligliter than rest of body. Thorax — Quite long and slender, general color of the body. Eyes — Red. Antennae — (Figure 182 h). Very long reaching far bevond tip of style, articles I and II yellowish, color of head; III and IV amber with dusky tips, V amber with base and apical three-fifths dusky, VI dusky throughout, lengths of articles: I, 0.19 mm.; II, 0.09 mm.; Ill, 0.8 mm.; IV, 0.65 mm.; V, 0.69 mm.; VI, 1.33 mm. (spur 1.1 mm.); total 3.75 mm. Rostrum — Reaching to third coxa?, light green with dark tip. Corniclks — (Figure 182 e and f). Long, cylindrical, curved slightly outwardly, wider at base and mouth, restricted just before mouth, apex dusky and marked, length 1.1 mm., width 0.05 mm. Legs — As in winged form. Style — EnSiform, green, length 0.5 mm.
Young — \'ery long and sKiuler with abdomen no wider than head and tliora:;, green.
Host — Large colonies infesting the tender slioots of the Narrow-leaved Willow Saltj: laevigata Bebb. Apterous forms present in considerable numbers on a few trees in different localities, but winged forms scarce.
Locality — Along the streams near Santa Paula, Cal., and along the Sespe Creek. Date of collecting — Ajjril 26, 1911. Serial number 30. Macrosiphum rosae (Linn.) Schouteden HOSE APHID I.MPORTANT SYNONOMY AND LITERATURE
1735 Aphis rosae Linn., Syst. Nat., II, 734.
1737 Aphis rosae Rcaum., Mem., V, III, 21.
1761 Aphis rosae L. Sulz., Ins. Tab., 12.
1773 Aphis rosae Linn., DeGeer, Ins. Ill, 65.
1791' Aphis rosae Linn., Fabr., Ent. Syst., 216.
1801 Aphis dipsaci Sclirk.. Fr. Boiea.II, lOk
180t Aphis rosae Linn., Selirk., I'r. Boica, II, 117.
1822 Aphis rosae Linn., Fabr., Syst. Rhyng., 298.
181'3 Aphis rosae Linn., Kalt., Mon., Pflz., 3-'t.
1855 Siphonophora rosae Linn-Koch, Pflz., 178-9.
1876 Siphonophora rosae Reaumer-Buck, Alon. Brt. Aph., I, 103-9.
1880 Siphonophora rosae Reaumer-Thos. 8tli Rept. Ent. 111., p. 50-1.
1887 Siphonophora rosae . ( Linn)-()estl., A))h. Minn., p. 81.
1905 Macrosiphum rosae (Linn) Sellout. A])h. Bclg., \). 210.
1910 Macrosiphum rosae (Linn)-Fullaway, Ann. Rept. Haw. Exp. Sta., 25.
Pomona Coi-i.ece Joihnal ok Kntomoi.ooy 551
wiNGKi) vivii'ahoi's femalk (Figure 183 A)
I,riif{tli of l>o(ly not including styK" '2. '2 mm., width of mesothorax (>.() nun., greatest widtli of abdomen 1.1 mm., wing expansion y. t uun., a large species.
Prevailing color — (ireen or i)ink, with dark dorsal markings as shown in the drawing. Head — Dark or black. Hyes — Dark red. Antennae — On prominent frontal tubercles, much longer than the body, dark throughout, lengths of articles: I, O.IJ. mm.; II, O.Od mm.; Ill, 1..S mm.; IV, 0.8 mm.; V^ 0.7 mm.; VI, 1.2 mm. (spur 1 mm.); total \.^i mm.; article III (Figure I8.S C) with very many circular sensoria. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxie, light green or pinkish with dark tip. Prothorax — Dark. Mexo- and Melathorax — With muscle lobes black, remainder light dusky. Abdomen — Smooth, shiny, with lateral dorsal black spots .•md a few median ones ; these may vary in size and distribution. Cornicles — F'igurc IS,! K). I.oug, cylindrical, wider at base and restricted just before apex (the ri'strieti'd :irea marked as shown in drawing), dark throughout, length 1.2 mm. Legs — Long, slender, hairy, eoxiv pale or dusky green or ])ink, de])ending upon whether the body is green or pink; femora with apical portions dark; tibiif dark .•it extreme bases and the apical tips; tarsi dark. Jf'ings — Normal, hyaline. I'rimary — Length LI- nun., width 1.5 mm., costal and subcostal veins wide, pale yellowish green; stigma long and narrow, opposite sides nearly parallel, length \.'i mm., width 0. LS mm., pale yellowish-green in color; veins amber (sec drawing for venation). •SVc»H</nriy - Length ii.,'i mm., width 0.7 mm. Style — (Figure 183 (i). Knsiforni, length 0.;> mm., width at base 0.2 mm., lemon yellow in color. APTERors viviPAHous FEMALE (Figure 183 B)
Length of body not including style 2.7 mm., width of abdomen 1.7.') mm., a large and long body.
Prevailing color — I'ale green or ])ink throughout. Head — Wider than long, apical portion dusky, b;isal light. Antennae — Situated on large, prominent, frontal tubercles, reaching beyond tips of the cornicles, articles I, II and \'I dusky throughout. III light with extreme tip dusky, IV with both base and tip dusky, V with slight light area in middle only, lengths of articles: I, 0.14 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 1.1 mm.; IV, 0.72 nun., V, O.-'JS mm.; VI, 1 mm. (spur 0.8 mm.); total .S.()2 mm.; article III (F'igurc 183 D) with from ten to twelve circular sensoria. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxtp, lemon yellow with dark tip. Thorax and Ahdomen — Shiny, without marking or with very fiw. Cornicles — (Figure 183 F). Cylindrical, long, narrow, reaching nearly to tip of style, extreme base may be color of body, remainder dark with a lighter spot near the tip just in front of the constricted find mottled area shown in the drawing, length 2.3 mm., width 0.1<> mm., cornicles of all forms curved slightly outwardly. Legs — Long and sh-nder, hoiry, coxa- color of the body; femora with apical one-third dark; libiie ainbi-r dark at sipieal ends; tarsi d;irk. Sti/le — (Figure 183 H). Knsiforni. very light lemon yel- low, length (>.()2 mm., width at base 0.2.') mm.
Host — Infesting the tender tips and buds of all roses, wild and cultivated.
Localitv — Throughout the State. Taken by the writer in Mumboldt, Sacra- mento. Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties. Date of collection — Santa Paula, Cal., April 8, lyil. Serial number 3.
552
Pomona Coi.i.kgk Journal of Entomology
I
Figure 183. Macrcsiphum rosae A, winged viviparous female; H, apterous viviparous female; C, antenna of winged female; D, antenna of apterous female; M. curnicle of winged female; F, cornicle of apterous female; G, style of winged female; ii. style of apterous female.
I'oMiiN \ ('(lI.I.KCiK .lorilNVI. (IK K,NT(lM<II.«(iV
553
Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalae ii. >p.
( l"if;iir. IS.-i) (AI.IIOKMA MOINIAIN ASH I.Ol'SK
HlNciKI) M\lrMl<)lS l-K.MM.K ( |- Igun- IS()A)
I.riifftli of liody .'(.."lO iiiiii., widtli of nirsothorax 1 . 1 ."> iiiiii., grcfitrst width of alidoini'ii 1.7.'"> mill., wing cxpaiisioii I '2.00 nun., vitv larp- spi-cics.
PrrvaiUitrr color — HIack, alidonicn coviTrd with lonj; liliiish-whitr Hih-ciiIi-iut, which extends posteriorly. Head iilaek, inueh wider th.'in hinf;. n.irrowi-r than prothorax. A'i/cjj — Dark ri-d or lirowii, nearly lilnek. ./((/eHHrtc ( I'lfrnre I8(J D). Six-artieled. r<-aehinfj just beyond inetatliorax, l)rownisli-l>laek in color, verv few hairs, htifjtli of .irlicles: I, 0.1 nun.; II, 0.1 i m\ui. : III. O.ti.S mm.; I\', ()..t'i nun.; \. (I..!,") MHii.; \'I, 0..'t7 mm., ( iin;;uis O.OS nun.); tot.il l.;)l mm.; sensoria large,
Figure 185. Pemphigns fraxini-dipetalae < )n twiffs of I'^riiximis ilipel.ila. .\iitc tlio wiiim<l vi\ i|),Tr(iii> fcni.ilc ami lloccu- linlly covered nymphs.
tr;insvcrsc,. twelve on article III. three on I\', usual number on V and \'l. luistruni — Reaches just to met:ithor;ix, light yellowish with dark b,i.sc and tip. Prothoraj — -Very dark brown or black, three times a.s wide as long. Mcsolliorax — Very black, muscle lobes wi-11 developed and shiny. .Vc/fl//iornj- -Hlaok. short. .Ihdomrii — Of living specimens very dark green or black, (in mounted specimens it mav appear brown, orange or yellowish due to bh-aching), covered with long bluish-white Hocculence which is thickest posteriorly and decreases towards the ba.se, where there is .scarcely any, wax glands not distinct, row of small dark
554 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
spots, each of which bears one or two liairs on lateral dorsum, (these do not show in fresh specimens, because tlic color is so dark), there are usually seven spots in each row. Legs — Stout, hairy, black throughout. Wings — Dusky throughout. Primary — Length 4.51 mm., greatest width 1.51 mm.; costal vein well developed, black, quite broad at base ; subcostal wide, black ; stigma nearly four times as long as broad, oposite sides nearly equal and parallel, black, darker along lower border, length 1.1 mm., width 0.3 mm.; stigmal vein arising two-thirds distance from base of stigma to apex, sharply curved throughout basal third with remaining apical third straight, brown ; third discoidal straight, obsolete at base, arising quite distant from second discoidal ; second discoidal arising near base of first discoidal (distant 0.19 mm.), first half straight, latter half curves inwardly as it approaches wing margin; first discoidal curves slightly outwardly, both veins brown. Sec- ondary— Length 3.2 mm., width 0.96 mm.; subcostal vein deeply curved at the junction of the discoidals, so sharp as to make it appear that the second discoidal was a continuation of it, brown ; discoidals arise from a common short or narrow brown spot, bases may be close or approximate as shown in drawing (they may even arise from the same point) ; first discoidal curved outwardh', second discoidal nearly straight. Style — Obsolete, rounded, hairy.
LARVAE OF THE WINGED VIVIPAROUS FE.MALE (Figure 186 C)
There were to be found only a very few of the apterous stem-mothers, but these few were giving rise to great colonies of the winged forms. The very young are reddish brown to very light yellow in color, naked. The legs are large — nearly as large as in the mature forms. Rostrum reaching far beyond the end of the abdomen. At the base, and in front of the antennae, are two anterior lobes which are very noticeable in the mounted specimens. In the very young the antenna; consist of four articles as follows : I very large but poorly defined and scarcely annulated, short; II twice at long at I; III as long as I, II and IV together; IV half as long as III. The drawing shows a more advanced stage.
NVMPIIS OF THE WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 185)
By far the greatest numbers of individuals present are the nymphs, which witli tlieir cottony coat appear to be the apterous forms. As shown in the photo- graph, they are entirely, or nearly, covered with long white flocculence. This flocculence is arranged in rows, each row having a large number of individual patches. In the younger stages these patches show the flocculence to be arranged so as to form whorls. In the advanced stages -the appearance of these whorls is destroyed. The color of the bodies is very varied and may be pink, rose, amber, yellow, or slate. In every case the color is constant for each individual. Antenvae — Normally Vl-articlcd, which are colored as follows: I and II color of body, III and IV color of body with dusky tips, V and VI dusky throughout. Rostrum — Reaching to the third coxw, apical one-half dusky. Legs — Dusky, articulations and tarsi darker. Cauda — -Dark.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 186 B)
Length of body 3.75 mm., greatest widtli of abdomen 3.6 mm., very globose in shape.
PhMONA C'ol.I.ECiK JoniNAI. OK K.NTOMOLOGV
555
Prefailiiif; color — Very dark brown or black throiif;hout, nearly sliinv, with very little or no powdery covering, and no floeeulence. //e<irf--\'erv small, half as wide as the thorax. Antennat — (Figure IS()K). Keaeliiii); just beyond thorax, black, hairy, lengths of articles : I , (t. 1 -2 nnn. ; II . 0. 1 .1 nnu. ; 1 1 1 , O.-M nun. ; I V, (). I « nun.; \'. O.lti nnn.; VI. O.'2'.J nun. ( luiguis O.di inui. ) ; total l.(l!» nun. Rostrum —
B
Figure 186. Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalz .\. winged viviparou> Icniiilc; l'.. apterous viviparous female, stem mother; C. young winged viviparous female: I), antenna of winged female; E. antenna of apterous female.
556 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Rcachinfj to nietathorax, lemon yellow, dusky at tip. Thorax — Gradually widens from protiiorax backwards, segments compact and pushed up dorsallj' to form transverse lobes. Abdomen — Globular, as wide as long, several transverse depres- sions on dorsum, smooth. Legs — Short, stout, hairy. Style — Rounded, hairy, not visible in more robust forms, but distinct in smaller individuals.
Apterous females are very scarce and I was able to obtain but a very few. Those found were in the curled leaves and producing great numbers of young. They appear to be true stem-mothers.
Host — On Mountain Ash {Fraxinus ilipetala H. & A.). Winged forms and nymphs were found feeding on the undersides of the leaves, which they curled into knots of various shapes, upon the stems of the younger growth, at the bases of the suckers and hidden by the deca^'ed and fallen leaves, while some forms were taken around the trunk of the trees at quite a depth underground. The nymphs, especially, were often found in large colonies on the young stems. The few adult apterous forms were found only within tlie masses of curled leaves, whicli usually occur at the tips of the new growth.
Locality — The infested ash trees are located on the north slope of the moun- tains, six miles north of Santa Paula, at an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet. Date of collection — May 7, 1911- Serial number 33.
This species differs from Pemphigus fraxhiifolii Thos. in tlie following:
Pemphigus fraxinifolii Thos. Pemphigus fraxini-dipetalae n. sp.
Wings — Trans))arent with mealy Dusky, with bluish tinge, transpar-
white tinge. ent.
Third discoidal vein arising near base Third discoidal not arising near base
of second, almost invisible, not obsolete of second, plainly visible and distinct,
at tiie base. obsolete at base.
Obliques in hind wing connected. Obliques in hind wing arising from a
\\'ing expanse 5.7 mm. common dark spot, their bases may be
Bod;/ — Length of body 2 mm. Abdo- at a common point or somewhat distant,
men dark green, with large roundish ^Ving expense 12. mm.
spots on each side. Length of body 3.5 mm. Body almost
Antennae — Article III of winged or black, side spots very small,
form as long as IV and V together. Article III of winged form not as
Medium in size. long as IV and V together.
Very large.
APHID SYNONYM V
In connection with the Host Index to California Aphididae and the synonymy of the genera and species, it was stated that all .idditions and corrections would be added as fast as possible. I am therefore taking this opportunity to in.ike the first additions and corrections.
In ;i letter from Mr. John Davis he called attention to the following: I'ir.it — That Calaphis hctulaecolens Fitch is wrong in that the species hetiilaecolens does not belong to this genus, it being a fact that onlv the species betulella Walsii belongs to the genus Calaphis.
PoMONX C'ol.I.KCiK .llUHNAI, OK F.NTOMOI.OOV !>!>7
Si-ronil lU)i!in\iun Moiirlliti cnri/ar (Mon.) dill. 'I'liis spc-cics does not licloii^ to this genus, hut w;is placid (lu-rr h_v mistnki — the only sjH'fif.s ht-lon^^ing to this fft-nus hi'ing cnryi-Ua I'itoli.
Third — Meifoura solani is not a synonyui of M i/zim pmiiiai- (Sulz.), hut n goiul and distinct species.
Fourth — That I'fmphii;us vitifoliar Fitch should have priority of /'. laslntrix I'l.'inch., hccausc it was so dcscrihcd twelve years hefore the latter.
Fifth — That it has never hecn positively |»roven that I.arhnus <li-nliilus I.e H.'iron is a synonym of the F.uropean I.arhnus riminalit Hover.
I helieve that tills information will be valuahle to all workers of this group •■ind wish to state that if all w<iuld send criticisms and suggestions such as these from M r. Davis the work would soon be placed upon a more certain and derinite basis. It is my sincere wish that no mistake shall go without immediate eorrcetion and .•ilw.-ivs extend an invit.-ition for ecirri'ctions such as the above.
NOCTUID.E OF CALIFORNIA III
(Fantheinse, Raphia and Acronycta)
JOHN B. SMITH, SC. U. RUTGEr's college, new BRrNSWICK, NEW JERSEY
Tlie little group of genera here included are generally considered together, although the Pantheinae are almost as well separated from the Noctuidae proper as these are from some of the allied families. Raphia is, however, a distinctly intermediate form in many characters, and for practical purposes warrants the present association.
The Californian species are not well known, and it is very likely that the list will be materially increased when proper collecting has been done. None of the species here considered come freely to light, nor are thej' easily seen or taken by the casual or general collector. They do not come to sugar; are rarely seen on flowers and, except when bred, are generally "accidental" captures, being noted on tree trunks, fences or stones, at rest during the da\^
The larvae are usually quite striking in appearance, altogether unlike the cut-worm type, open feeders and not difficult to rear. A really good and repre- sentative collection of the species of Acronycta cannot be secured except by breeding.
So far as eastern collections go, the representation of Californian species of Acronycta is extremely scant. None of the species are really well represented, and most of them have a few specimens onlj'. The collections made many years ago in the Sierra Nevada region by Henry Edwards, form the backbone of our present knowledge of the California fauna, and nearly all the described species are based on insufficient material. There are two distinct elements represented: one that comes down the mountain ranges from British America and does not extend much if any south of Central California; the other a continuation of the desert fauna of Arizona and New ilexico, which extends to the coast and probably through a considerable jiart of the desert area of southern and southeastern California.
During the decade or two last past, our knowledge of the Noctuid faima of Vancouver, Washington and Oregon to the north and of Arizona to the east and southeast, has increased out of all proportion to that of California. Some mountain sections of the State are almost absolutely unknown, entomologically, and from the San Diego region I have recently had a lot of specimens for determination that makes me feel that practically all the Arizona desert species may be expected from it.
(Since -vvritiiig the .-ihove ] am informed tliat the s|)ccinu-ns sent me reallv come from east of thi' mountains, yet not over ninety miles direetlv west of San Diego.)
Pantheinae.
This Mib-family, termttl Moiniimr by Ilanipsoii, differs essen- tially from the remainder of the Xocliiidac by having vein
Pomona C"oi,i.k(;k .Joiknm. ok F.ntomoi.oov 5?''
V of the secondaries as well (Icvi'liipiii as niiv otlii-r, and asisiiitt from tlif inrdiaii vein close to IV. It is tlierefore typically (juadrifid, altlioufjh (lifTeriiijf aitofjetlier in lialiitus from the <|uadri(icl section of tlie mope typical \ocliiiilar. The habitus is rather tliat of the Sottulontulae and some of the species resemhle these very closely in type and niaculation. Other Sotodontid eharacters arc the short, rather weak, thorax, the longer, cylindrical ahdoinen of the female, the retracted he/id in which the tonjjue tends to become aborted and, except in Mclvneta. the pectinated antenme of the male (and sometimes female) In whieli tlie joints are short and the branches in consequence are very closely approximated. All the genera typically referred here have hairy eyes, and this combination of venation, hairy eyes and S'tilodoiitid habitus, makes the sub-familv an easily recognizable one.
Four genera are recognized in the .Vniiriean f.inn.i. north of Mexico: Tongue short and weak, useless for feeding.
Antenna- pi-ctinated in the male, simple in the female.
Primaries trigonate. inner and outer margin
approximately equal in length. Panthra
Primaries more abruptly widening at I;im-; apices more iiiitusi ;
inner margin longer than outer. Drmns
Tongue moderate, useful for feeding.
Antemiie pectinated in both sexes; thougli shortly in fiiii.ih-. Cliarndra
Antenna- merely thickened in the male. Melrnria
Demas has no representative on the Pacific Coast so far as we know at the present time, all but one of the sj)ecies thus far known occurring on the .\tlantic slope. Demas palala Grt. occurs in Colorado and Arizona, and it is not unlikely to occur in Southeastern California. It is easily the prettiest species of the genus with its clear black and white powderings. and the narrow black lines that resemble the ornamentation in liaphia most nearly.
Panihea is, on the whole, more northern in distribution, and extends to the Pacific Coast: P. porllandia Grt., having been t.'iken in Oregon and Washington, as well as in Vancouver and elsewhere in British Columbia. It is not improbable that this species also will be found in Northern California and it may be differ- entiated from the other species of the genus by its whitish gray, ground color, the transverse lines broad and diffuse, and the reniforni spot obvious.
No rejiresentative of the genus Chnradrn has been taken nearer than Texas, nor is it known from any point west of the Rocky Mountains.
The Charadra decora Morr., descriix'd from California, is Mexican, but niav occur in Lower California and almost certainly does in .'Vrizona.
Mflenela is from the Huachuca Mountains in Arizona, and may |)erhaps oc- cur in the desert areas of Southern California. The habitus and type of mneulation is somewhat as in Charadra. or rather int<'rmediate betwi-en that and liaphia.
Raphia Illin.
For convenience the genus liaphia may bi' considered here because of its habitual and evin structur.-il resembl.iiiei- to the other genera more strictly referred
560 Pomona Coi.lkge Journal of Entomology
to tin- I'antliciiiac. The secondaries liave vein V as strong as the others, but there is a tendency to remove it further from IV, and from its strong and direct association witli the median. The head is retracted, small, front flattened, the tongue short and weak though perhaps useful for feeding; but the eyes are naked, unlike those of the Pantheid genera, wliicii are hairy. The thorax is sliort .iiid quadrate, the legs weak and short, and the general resemblance to the Notodontid structures quite as strong as in Demas. The antennae of the male are pectinated, while those of the female are simple.
Six nominal species have been described of which two, abiupta and fratcr, occur ill the Atlantic coast; but extend west to the Rocky Mountain region and through British America, almost across the continent: f rater being the most abundant and widely distributed. A scries of very much paler, more powdery forms, with the general type of maculation of f rater, makes its appearance in tiie foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, and extends to the south and south- west into New Mexico, Arizona and Southern California. These are coloradensis Cram., elbea Sm., pallula Hy. Edw., and Cinderella Sra.
Of these the latter onh' is known to occur in California, and all my examples are from Los Angeles County.
Cinderella is at once the smallest, most evenly colored and least contrasting of all the sjiecies. It is a pale, powdery, ashen gray, with all the normal markings present; but all powdery and diffuse — none of them sharply defined or contrasting. There is no connection between the median lines and the lower part of the median space is no darker than the rest of the wing.
I should expect to find pallida and probably elhea as well, in California.
ACRONYCTA
Species of inodiratiiy robust fonii, tending to becouu' slight in the smaller species. Head tending to become sunken, front flat or only convex, tongue moderate in length, tending to become soft and without function, palpi moderate or rather short, usually reaching about the middle of the front, eyes naked .•iiid without lashes. Thorax almost quadrate, without tuftings, vestiture a mixture of flattened hair and scales, tending to hairy. Abdomen untufted, reaching to or exceeding anal angle of secondaries and usually rather large in proportion to thorax. Legs moderate in size, tibiiE not spinose, anterior without armature at tip.
The primaries vary quite a bit in form, ranging from broadly trigonate to narrow, almost lanceolate, so that sections of the genus may be conveniently based on tile difl'ercnce. There is a certain uniformity of color and maculation which renders the species rather easily recognizable, independent of structure. The ground color is almost always of some shade of gray, ranging from almost pure white with a scant powdering of black, to an almost black suffusion over the entire surface. The maculation is always in black, almost always more or less broken, and many s])ccies have short black dasiies crossing tlic t. ]). line opposite the cell or anal angle, which has given the term "dagger niotiis" to the members of tin- genus.
Pomona College Joi-rnal of F.ntomoloov Si]
The species of this ffcmis were inonopraphed hy myself in the Prno. I'. S. Nat. Mils. Vol. XXI, in IHf)8, and Dr. Flarrison G. Dynr supplied deseriptions and a classification of the then known larvip. In IQ''!'. Sir (leorpe I". Ilanipson de.scrilx'd tlie species of the world in Vol. VIII of his Calalojfue of the species of Soctuidar in the British Museum, and Dr. l)y;ir then- adds further information on the early stapes in that puhlieation.
The species included here are those that are recorded as from California in the publications above cited, with a very few additions of species almost certain to occur within the State.
My own collection is very deficient in California matrri;il.
1. Primaries evenly trigonate, outer margin obli(|ue, apices
somewhat drawn out : niarkinf;s tend to break up into
spots or blotches on transverse lines; psi marks |irominent 2
Primaries abruptly widening at base, a|)ices rectnnjjular
or a little rounded, outer niargin a little arcuate;
vestiturc smooth, psi or dagger marks prominent. 7
Primaries broader, more evenly trigonate, apices
rectangular, outer margin more even; vestiturc
rough or stpiammose, psi or dagger marks wanting 9
Primaries short, trigonate. stumpy in appearance 10
Primaries longer, narrow, subequal, apices rectangular
or a little produced 1 1
2. No longitudinal basal dash, line or streak 8
.\ longitudinal black basal line, not joined to t. a. line 4
,S. Secondaries yellowish white in male, smoky yellow in
female; primaries with an ochreous tinge; a dagger
mark opposite anal angle, defined and crossing t. p. lini' haslnlifrrn
Secondaries grayish while in male, smoky gray in female; primaries bluish ash gray ; dagger mark opposite anal angle less distinct and does not cross t. p. line hrsprridn
i. Primaries with ground color white, maculation
tending to obsolescence frlina
Primaries with ground color blue gray ■'>
Primaries with ground color ash gray ^
a. Orbicular and reniform both present frit^itln
Orbicular absent, reniform present cyanrscrns
'i. Black powdered, veins somewhat smoky, giving a
strigate a)>pearanci- parifirn
7. Infernal margin of primaries darkened by a
black shading from base below the dash, to the
t. p. line mansiirin
Internal margin concolorons >*
S. Wry dark, even blue gray, t. a. line scarcely
Irnccabic, t. p. line and dashes distinct Irilona
562 Pomona College Journal of Entohjologv
Paler, with a reddish tinge, transverse lines distinct,
a quadrate black patch between ordinary spots quadrata
9. Dark ashen gray, washed with smoky; black shadings
tend to become strigate liturata
Bluish white, markings black, so that primaries
appear marbled marmorata
10. Primaries blotchy black and white, all the normal
Xoctuid markings present; secondaries smoky yellowish noctivaga
11. Maculation of primaries normal, median lines in
usual relation to each other, black basal
marks present; disc of thorax not uniformly blackish perdifa
Disc of thorax blackish ; t. a. line of primaries unusually remote from base, median lines abnormally close together, no black basal marks othello
Acronycta hastulifera S. & A.
This is a large species, expanding up to two inches in the female, smooth, evenly whitish graj' with a creamy tinge, all the maculation easily traceable but not contrasting. There is no basal streak, but a neat little black dash crosses the t. p. line opposite the anal angle.
The species has a wide distribution, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific; but is by no means common. I have male and female from California without specific data, and these do not differ from a bred pair from the Atlantic Coast. The species was not known to Hampson in 1909, and is not generally represented in collections. The larvae feeds on alder and has been described and figured.
Acronycta hesperida Smith
This is even a larger species than hasiidifera, the female reaching two and one-half inches in expanse. It is blue gray in color, very powdery, with all the maculation powdery and diffuse, broken and not contrasting. There is no dagger mark crossing the t. p. line opposite the anal angle, but there is a little black marked angle in the line that indicates its usual position.
This seems to be a Pacific Coast species, extending northward into British Columbia and eastward to Manitoba. Exact Californian localities are not avail- able, but the Sierra Nevada Mountains are indicated.
The larvw of this species also is known and is said to feed on alder.
Acronycta felina Grt.
This is a moderate sized, rather narrow winged species, the female reaching an extreme of nearly two inches. The ground color is white with a yellowish tinge and the maculation is not well marked. There is a narrow, slightly sinuous basal line, the t. a. line is indicated on the costa, and the t. p. line is continuous across the wing, consisting of an almost continuous paler shading, followed by a slightly darker one. Slender, inconspicuous black lines or daggers cross the
Pomona College JoinN.M. ok Entomoi.ooy 5'>.'?
t. p. line opposite the cell ami niwil angle. Tin- orhieulnr is elongate, pointed, slightly (lefinefl ; the reniforin is a dusky, lunate spot.
The type locality is Sierra Nevada, California, and the species is rare; most of those standing under that name in collections being erroneously determined. There arc none in my collection.
The larva- is said to feed on poplar.
Acronycta frigida Sm.
Similar to felina in general type of maeulation, but decidedly blue gray in ground, with all the mnculation represented more clearly and cleanly marked. The t. n. line is at least indicated and the t. p. line is obvious throughout. The basal black streak is obvious and there is a line of black scales in continuance, joining it to the black streak crossing the t. )). line, which latter streak continues across the terminal space to margin above anal angle. The black dasli crossing the t. p. line op])Osite the c<'ll is ei|ually distinct, and both orbicular and reniforin are well marked.
The type localities arc Truckee and Sii-rra Nevada, California, and the species seems to be rare. The larvii- is said to feed on willow.
Acronycta cyanescens Ilamps.
Resembles frii;i({a so closely that I had considered it identical. It is, how- ever, much more |)owdery and obscure, the markings diffuse and ill-defined, the •laggers crossing the t. p. line less obvious, the orbicular wanting. I am inclined to consider the latter character variable, and ([uite expect that well marked examples will have this mark at least traceable.
The type locality is \'ancoiiviT, and my own single exainpli- is from \'ietoria. British Columbia; but I have little doubt that the species will !«• found to extend down the coast, and into California along the mountain ranges.
Acronycta pacifica Sni.
Rather a sni;iller and more fully marked species than the three just preceding. The ground color is pale, but the surface is densely black powderi'd and the veins are black marked, so that the insect has a strigate appearance, which is especially marked beyond the t. p. line. The basal streak terminates at the t. a. line and has an obvious ti-ndency to fork, as jn the more eastern Cindrrclla. Both dagger marks crossing the t. p. line are obvious but no conspicuous, and both orbicular and reniforni are present.
The type locality is Sierra Nevada. California, and besidi-s the types I know of no other examples nt present.
Acronycta mansueta Sm. This is a smaller, broader-winged species than any of the preceding, the ground color of a smooth, even, pale blue gray. .-Ml the ordinary lines and marks are obvious, but not contrasting, the distinctive feature being the broad, blackish sh.ading along the inner margin. This extends from base to outer margin, but is broken before the t. p. line. It is quite similar to falcula in general type of
564 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
maculation but differs from all other related forms b^' the shading just described. The secondaries are white.
The species seems not rare and has been recorded from Los Angeles County, Nevada County, and Sierra Nevada, California.
It expands not quite one and one-half inches.
Acronycta tritona Hbn.
This is even shorter and more obtuse-winged than maustietn, with very dark blue gray primaries and dull, smoky yellowish secondaries. The t. a. line is practically wanting, the median shade is marked over the costal area, and the t. p. line is distinct across the wing, outwardly shaded with black and crossed opposite anal angle by a conspicuous black dash. There is a short black streak which tends to become furcated. Both orbicular and reniform are incompletely marked.
This is a wide-spread though hardly a common species : it ranges along the Atlantic Coast from Maine to Florida and has been reported across the country to Portland, Oregon, and the Pacific Coast generally. I have no Californian examples myself and no definite localities within that State are reported so far as I know.
The larva; feeds on Vaceiniuni.
Acronycta quadrata Grt. This is a striking species, expanding about l.TS inches, broad-winged but with distinct apices, very pale bluish gray in color, with distinct maculation and conspicuously contrasting black marks as follows : a broad basal streak, terminat- ing against basal line ; a quadrate patch between orbicular and reniform, a short broad streak from the outer portion of t. p. line nearly to hind angle. The t. p. line is outwardly shaded with black, and the median shade is diffuse and brownish. Altogether a very easily recognizable and unmistakable species.
I have only one Californian example, without date or definite locality, and no definite records as to distribution within the State seem available. In British Columbia and in Alberta it occurs in July and seems not rare.
Acronycta liturata Sm.
This is a dark ashen gray species, the primaries washed with smoky blackish, the secondaries white. The wings are rather elongate, of moderate width only, and the apices are well marked but not drawn out. The normal maculation is all present but obscure and diffuse, a blackish shade extends through the submedian interspace the full length of the wing, and a less obvious shading extends outward from the orbicular. The latter is characteristic, round, pale, with a round, dark central spot. The species expands nearly two inches and is very readily recog- nizable.
It is perhaps a question whether this species actually occurs in California; but I have seen it from Oregon and have had a doubtful Californian reference, which may justify noting the insert in this connection.
Acronycta marmorata Sni. Similar in type of maculation to liturata; but decidedly smaller, the pale shadings nearly white, so that the insect seems marbled. The mottling is less
Pomona C'oi.lkok .Ioihnai, ok F'ntomdi.oov 565
powdery and diffuse and the longitudinal sliadings arc nhst-nt. The rather large, wliite, round orbicular, with its small dark erntral s|)ot, is olmraeteristie and helps to define the s|)eeies ; the secondaries are soiled wliitisli.
The type locality is Folsoni, California, and my example is dated May 7, 188.'). It may he accounted rare.
Acronycta noctivaga Grt.
This is .'i conip.ir.itively small species, with stumpy primaries, the maculation a contrastinj; mottled black and white. The orbicular is small, round, hlack- riuf^cd, with a blackish central dot: the reniform is large, blotcliy, not sharply defined. In general type of maculation it is not unlike lilurata, but in all points more contrasting and less diffuse. The secondaries are smoky, with a yellowish tinge in both sexes. Tlie average expanse is about one and one-half inches or a little less, and tlie larva- are somewhat general feeders on low hushes.
I have no definite California locality for this species; but it has been recorded from Portland, Oregon, and New Mexico, and is of general occurrence throughout tin- Kastern and (ciilr.il I'nited ."stales; therefore Northern California is at least not improbable.
Acronycta perdita ("iii.
In this species the primaries are .igain more narrow and somewhat elongated. willi somewhat pointed apices and oblique outer margin. The ground color is a (lark blue gray and the maculation is black, diffuse, tending to become strigat<'. There is a dusky shading from base to outer margin throughout the lower half of wing, none of the tnmsverse lines are completely marked, and the ordinary spots tend to become obscure or to disa|)])ear — especially the orbicular.
There is more difference than usual between the sexes: In the male the secondaries are iilmust pure white, the primaries distinctly narrow and pointed, the maculation diffuse throughout. In the female the secondaries are smoky throughout, the i)rimaries decidedly broader, apices less marked, and maculation better defined. The females expand two inches or more; the males usually a little less. The larvie is reported as .feeding on alder, etc.
Sierra Nevada is the only California locality, and from that point it extends northward into British Columbia. I have it from Oregon and Washington as well; but it seems nowhere <'onunon.
Acronycta Othello Sm. Differs markedly in many respects from all the other Californian species. The primaries are narrower and more pointed in lioth sexes, although broader in the female than in the male. The median lines are very close together so that, with till- broad, diffuse median shade, the lower portion of median space is almost continuously dark. The basal and terminal area are dark blue-gr.ay without con- spicuous maculation, and contrast oddly with the contracted median space. The thoracic disk is uniformly blackish, and that shade extends over the collar and to the front. In the male the secondaries are white, in the female they are smoky with a blackish tinge. Expanse as in perdita.
566 Pomona Coi.lkge Joi'hnal of Entomology
The only specimens known to me are from San Diego, California, and were sent in by Mr. George H. Field.
Merolonche Grt.
This has the same general appearance as Acronycta, but the vestiture is coarser, more divergent, and this gives the species a heavier appearance. The head is small, rather closely applied to the thorax, front a little protuberant, eyes small, tongue weak and useless for feeding, antennae shortly pectinated toward base in the male, simple in the female. Altogether, while the habitus is unmis- takable, the structural differences from Acronycta are strongly marked.
There are only three species thus far known and these in such small series that they can scarcely be said to be well known. In my synopsis of the species in 1898, I separated them as follows:
Median shade line distinct, angulattd, forming the most prominent feature
of the primaries ; ordinary spots obsolete spinea
Median shade line subordinate or wanting; ordinary spots present Less powdery; all the ordinary markings fairly
evident; with a vague yellowish tinge lupin'i
Densely powdered, obscuring the ordinary markings;
total impression a bluish ash gray ur/tina
I had only the types of spinea from the Edwards collection, seven examples of lupini, and a series of ursina from Colorado, with which I associated three examples from Sierra Nevada, California, rather doubtfully.
In 1909, Hanipson, in his catalogue, makes quite a different separation while making no suggestion of an error in the identification on my part. He writes:
A. Forewing witli strong black medial diffused line lupini
B. Forewing with the medial shade indistinct
a. Forewing thickly irrorate with black ursina
b. Forewing suffused with purplish graj' tpinea Hampson had of lupini tliree types from tlie Grote collection; of ursina, two
females from British Columbia and Colorado, of spinea three examples — types — from the Grote collection. All the lupini and spinea came originally through Mr. Henry Edwards and Mr. Grote labeled all the specimens "type", some remaining in the Edwards collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History ; the others going with his collection to the British Museum.
It appears from the above that the species are variable, especially in so far as the median shade is concerned, Hampson finding it indistinct in his three examples of spinea, while in my seven it stood out strongly as compared with the same ornament in lupini. A better difference is, perhaps, that in spinea the ordinary spots are only indicated at best, or entirely absent; while in lupini they are well defined. Neither of the species is known in the larval stage.
Ursini Smith, was described from Colorado, and is recorded by Hampson from British Columbia. I have California examples, from the Sierra Nevada, which I believe to be the same; but there is at least a doubt, and a thorough col- lecting for the species of this genus should give interesting and important results
I
Pomona College J<iruNM. ok I-', n to mo loo v 567
Arsilonche Lcderer
Modi-ratcly stout spt'cics, ri'scnibling Leucania, with fine hairy vestiture, rather narrow, somewhat pointed primaries whicli b«-ar no trace of transverse raaculation. The liead is not so large as in Acronycta, yet scarcely retracted, and the eyes are of good size. Tongut- weak, not used for feeding, palpi small, antennae simple in both sexes. Thoracic vestiture close, forming no tufts.
The only Californian species is A. albovenosa Goeze, which occurs throughout Europe and the United States. In color the wings are very pale lutcous gray, fading to almost white, the veins are whitish, margined with slate gray, the intervening spaces of the ground color. A more prominent slate-gray streak runs through the sub-median intersp.-iee from the base, fading out toward the margin, anotlier starts in the median cell and widens outwardly, becoming diffuse. The secondaries are white or whitish, and the species average an expanse of 1.50 inches.
There is considerable v.'iriation in the depth of ground and in the relative distinctness of the longitudinal markings; but the general appearance of the insect is remarkably constant.
The larvip is said to feed on grasses, smartweed and willow. It is an carlv species and California examples are dated from January to March.
The American form was described as distinct by Grotc, as A. henrici, but practically every student who has compared series from the European and American faunal districts in early and adult stages has united the two. In his recent catalogue Hampson again separates them, differentiating the American form by the somewhat more acutely produced primaries, while the streaks and irroations are said to be bright red-brown as against darker brown for the European form. Neither of these characters is constant although, as a rule, the European specimens are more dull in appearance — in which respect this species agrees with most others which are common to both countries. In the east the larvip sometimes appear in very large numbers, although scarcely as an economic- ally important species.
A NEW SPECIES OF ClCADIDiE
W. L. DISTANT, LONDON, ENGLAND
Rihana Bakeri n. sp.
Head witli tht- front black and a small ochraceous spot at apex, vertex ochraceous witli a large transverse black maculate fascia ; ocelli red ; pronotutn ochraceous, a central longitudinal fascia angularly dilated anteriorly and pos- teriorly, and the furrows, black ; the anterior margin narrowly and the posterior margin broadly, pale ochraceous ; mesonotum ochraceous, with a large central quadrate spot united to a long obconical spot on each lateral area, black, the central spot is marked by a looped ochraceous line, and each lateral spot is outwardly ochraceous, the central spot is also narrowly longitudinally united with the basal cruciform elevation, before the anterior angles of which is a small black spot; abdomen above black, the segmental margins testaceous ; body beneath and legs ocliraceous, basal margin of face black with a central ochraceous spot; tegmina and wings hyaline; tegmina with the costal membrane, postcostal area, and basal half of venation ochraceous, a longitudinal streak to basal cell, about apical half of venation and suffusions to the bases of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth apical areas, black; wings with the venation greenish-ochraceous, the veins to the apical areas mostly black, tlie anal area outwardlj- and inwardly broadly ochraceous ; length of head more than half the breadth of space between eyes ; length of abdomen in male about as long as head and pronotum together; face moderately prominent, centrally longitudinally black, the lateral areas obliquely transversely striate ; opercula in male short, oblique, apically rounded, not extend- ing beyond base of abdomen, tlieir internal angles almost meeting.
Long. excl. tegm. male 17. female 18 mm. Exp. tegm. male 55 mm., female 57 mm.
Habitat. — Cuernavaca, Mexico. (Coll. Pomona College and Coll. Distant).
By the niarkiiiys of the tegmina. allied to /i. sn'nlci Dist. This species was collected l.v Mr. I). L, Crawford.
Pomona Coi.leoe Joi-hnai. of Entomoi.oov
569
■v-TT
Figure 187. Crangonyx alabamensis A, adult female; B, maxillipids: C, I'lr-t ;intciiii;i: H. sectiml antenna; E. palp of mandible; F. mandible; G. tirst maxilla; 11. culliiiv: id^cs of mandible; I. second maxilla.
A NEW SUBTERRANEAN FRESHWATER AMPHIPOD
VINNIE R. STOUT POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA
The specimens examined were collected near Auburn, Alabama, in October, 1898, by Prof. C. F. Baker, from the bottom of a well through which ran a, living stream.
Crangonyx alabamensis n sp.
(Figures 187 and 188)
Length 5 to 7 mm. Entirely blind. Antenna- a little longer than half the body ; flagellum with about twenty-two joints and much longer than the peduncle; accessory flagellum very small, two-jointed. Second antennae more than half as long as first antennae, peduncle longer than flagellum, which is 9-11-jointed. Second gnathopod longer that first gnathopod and differing from it as follows: basal joint one-third longer than first gnathopod and lacking the long hairs on posterior margin ; other hairs longer ; carpus bearing a finely plumose palp-like epiphysis of three or four branches; palm more oblique and armed in both pairs with a row of stout, obtuse, notched spines. Periopod five was not present on any of the specimens but probably very closely resembles periopod four. Uropod one with rami subequal, two-thirds as long as peduncle; second uropod with rami unequal, outer a little more than half as long as inner ; third uropod about half a.5 long as telson, ramus small and tipped with two or three spines. Telson about two-thirds as broad as long, and tapering but little to the entire, slightly rounded ajiex, which is armed with eight or nine slender spines.
Tliis species is closest to Crangonyx tenuis (S. I. Smith), taken in Connecticut, but differs from it in that the side-plates are not so shallow; first antennae much longer tlian second antennae, and with more joints than in C. tenuis; first gnathopod stouter, but second gnathopod more oblique ; second uropod extending farther than either first or tliird ; telson not arcuate.
•Miss Stout and Miss Stafford, advanced students in the Department of Biology, who have hcen makinp special studies of certain Amphipoda and Isopoda, have now worked out thoroughly these two interesting blind species taken many years ago in n well in Southeastern Alabama. The locality is far from any previous locality recorded for either of these genera. Only by accident, while fishing for large slugs on' the walls of a well, for use in the zoological laboratory, was running water discovered in the bottom of the well. A trap composed of old pieces of ragged wood was effectual in raising many specimens to the surface. — Ed.
Pomona Collkge .Foihnm. ok Kntomolociv
571
X,. /
I
Figure 188. Crangonyx alabamensis A, first Kiiathopod; B. sccomi Kiiatlioixnl; C, lirst pcrcipod; D, second pereipod; K. third porcipod; F. fourth pereipod; G, first pair of picopods; H, second pair of picopods; I. third pair of picopods: J. second and third pairs of uropoda and tclson; K, lirst pair of uropoda.
A NEW SUBTERRANEAN FRESHWATER ISOPOD
BLANCHE E. STAFFORD POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA
These specimens of Caecidoiea were found by Prof. C. F. Baker in the waters of a well in Auburn, Alabama, and represent an interesting new species.
Caecidotea alabamensis n. sp. (Figures 189 and 190)
The body witliout the antennae and the uropoda measures in length about 9 mm., in width about 1.50 mm. It is narrow and elongated, about six times as long as wide. The head is wider than long and a little narrower than the first thoracic segment. The anterior margin of the head is slightly excavate and distinctly narrower than the posterior margin. The eyes are absent.
The first pair of antennae has three basal articles and a flagellum. The first article is about twice as long as wide. The second article is a little longer than the first. The third is about two-thirds as long as the second and mucli narrower. The flagellum has about ten articles. The second antennse have six articles and a flagellum. The first four are small and about equal in size. The fifth is as long as the first four and about three-fourths as long as the sixth. The sixth is a little narrower than the fifth ; the flagellum has about eighty-five articles.
The maxilliped has a palp of five articles, the mandible a palp of three articles.
The segments of tlie thorax are very loosely articulated and the lateral margins of tlie segments are not contiguous. The second and third segments are slightly shorter than the first. The fourth and fifth are shorter than the third. The sixth and seventh are about equal to the second and third; they are more loosely articulated than the other segments. The epimera of the first segments are near the antero-lateral margin ; they are near the middle of the fourth segment and on the last three segments they have a post-lateral position.
The first two segments of the abdomen are short. The third is long and narrow with a medial lobe on the posterior margin and is once and two-thirds as long as wide. The uropoda arc a little longer than the terminal abdominal seg- ment. The peduncle is long and narrow, more tlian half as long as the abdominal segment. The inner branch is two-tliirds as long as the peduncle. The outer branch is about one-half as long as tlie inner brancli.
The first pair of legs is sub-chelate, has propodus armed witli two triangular processes and three spines. The other legs are ambulatory.
These specimens resemble Asellus in many features, very closely, and show tiie close affinity of Caecidoiea to that genus. The ijleojioda are vcrv similar to those of Asellus communis. The second jiair in the female is missing as also in Asellus communis. The third, fourth and fifth pairs are more elongate and nar- rower than tliose of Asellus. The form of the legs and mouth parts is also similar
Pomona Coi.lkoe Joi-rn.m, ok F.stomoi.oov
573
Figure 189. Caecidotea alabamensis A. dorsal view of male: I?, first nntcnna: C. uropod; D. niandihlc: E, first maxilla; F, second maxilla: G, maxillipcd.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 190. Caecidotea alabamensis A. first pair of plcopoda of female; B, l^rsl pleopod of n.alc: C, second pleopod of ma e: D, fourth leR of male; E, fifth leg of male; F sixth leg of male G. ^eNC n leg of n^ale; H, third leg of female; I, second leg of male; J first leg of "^ale, K mru pleopod of male; L, third pleopod of female; M. fourth pleopod of male, N, fourth pleopod of female.
Pomona Coi.leok .loniNAi. ok Entomoi.ooy 573
to that in Asellus communis. The body is much h)nger and the segments of the thornx are much more loosely nrtieiilated than in .hcllii.s communis. The trniiinal abdominal segments and the uropoda are also much longer and narrower than in ,lscllu.<i communis.
This Isopod is evidently not allii-d to either Caccidoiea richardsonae or to Caecidotea smithsii since the propodus of the first leg is armed with triangulnr processes. It falls much nearer to ('. stygia and C. nickajackrnsis. It differs from C. nichajackensis in having the first pair of legs armed with two triangular processes instead of with one triangular process at the distal end and one spine at the proximal extremity; also in the length of the urojioda, which arc shorter than the abdominal segment in C nickajackcii.ii.i. It is therefore most closely allied to C. slygia. But it differs from C stygia in having the propodus of the first leg armed with two large triangular processes only, and three spines whereas C. siypia has two large and three small triangular processes and no s])ines. The uropoda of this Isopod, C. alahamcnsis, are somewhat longer than the terminal abdominal segment. The outer branch of the uropoda is half as long as the inner branch whereas in C. slygin the outer is two-thirds as long as the inner.
In C. slygia the first two articles of the first antenna' arc subequal in length but in C alabamensis the second is longer than the first. In the former the flagellum of the first antenna- has twelve articles, in the latter it has but ten articles. In C. stygia only five articles are given for the peduncle of the second antennw whereas this Isopod appears to have six, four small articles instead of three, although this may be merely a difference in observation. The flagellum of the see<ind aiitcnnie of C. alabamensis has about eighty-five articles; that of C. ttypia has but seventy. The terminal abdominal segment of C. ttygia is less elongated than that of C. alabamensis, one and one-half times as long as wide in the former, once and two-thirds as long as wide in the latter. In ('. slygia the median terminal lobe is less prominent than in C. alabamenii*.
THREE ALARMING INSECT PESTS
DR. A. J. COOK POMONA COLLEGE, CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA
The fact that the owners of a single citrus grove paid out, in a single year, $25,000 to combat the red scale; that another orchardist lost $10,000 in the same time by the ravages of the mealy bug, and that thousands upon thousands of dollars are expended each year to stay the fell work of our orchard pests should arouse every rancher — yea, every citizen of our favored State — to the transcendent importance of this insect question.
Just now there are three species of insects that menace our orchards and our business interests to an alarming degree, and should cause every one of us to take notice.
The Mexican Orange-Maggot not only destroys the orange, but the mango and the guava. It is a grievous pest and its natural enemies are most remarkable for their absence. It is hard to suggest any way to control it should it gain a foothold in our groves. Mr. David L. Crawford, it will be remembered, found it widely distributed in the republic to the south of us. It would be easy to in- troduce it by rail or by boat. Quarantine is the only weapon at present available against this formidable scourge, and this should be used with the greatest skill and energy. Ports and railroad stations should be guarded with the most diligent effort and the most thorough vigilance. Any possible imperfection in our pres- ent quarantine should be speedily remedied, cost what it may of effort and money. Everyone sliould know the life history of this insect, so that the finding of several footless maggots in a fruit would at once cause an alarm to be sounded, that ex- tirpation at any cost might be secured.
The Mediterranean Fruit-Fly belongs to the same family of insects as the above, and in one respect is more to be dreaded than is the above, as it is the fatal enemy of nearh' all — twenty or more — of our most valued fruits ! Its de- struction would be as difficult as that of the other Trypetid. Moreover, it is al- ready present in our island possessions of the west — Hawaii. fVe must keep both these arch enemies from our shores! We have the advantage in this case, as we can search every arrival, as we would a suspect who might be smuggling diamonds or other precious stones into our country or bringing cholera or bubonic plague. We must stand close behind our State Commissioner of Horticulture in his effort to keep this unequaled pest from our orchards.
The third enemy that must be kept out at any cost is the new alfalfa pest, the Alfalfa Weevil. This snout-beetle bids fair to be a close rival of the terrible Cotton Boll Weevil of our Gulf States. The Cotton Boll Weevil has already robbed the cotton planters to the tune of millions. This new enemy is devastat- ing the alfalfa fields of Utah, and unless we can find some more effective remedy than any yet discovered its presence among us would be ruin to our most valued and profitable forage crop. This little weevil, scarce a quarter of an inch long.
Pomona College JornNAi. ov F.NToMoLoiiv 577
is very prolific. Mon- than one liiiiulrcd opgs Imvc l)c<-n found on a .single nlfalfn plant. Tliough nio.st alxindant in .spring and early sunnner, tlii-y may be found as eggs and larvae well into the fall. Hotli larva and imago feed on the plants. They winter as mature heetles and .so are easily introduced into new localities by the transporting of alfalfa hay. The weevils have often been found in cars, even the sleeping ears, and as the Salt Lake road runs direct from an infested region to our own Southern California, it is hard to sec just how we can quarantine against this dri'aded pest.
We must all become ae(|uaiiited with this insect (see Bulletin from Depart- ment of Agriculture, No. I.S7), and keep close vigil of all alfalfa fields, especially those along the Salt Lake Railroad, that any infestation may Iw quickly and thoroughly exterminated. The splendid work against the White Fly in such case nnist be re|)ealed. There must be no half-way work or triHing in case of any one of these three pests.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR., PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
"The field is vast. No one can explore it all. But one here and another yonder can gather and make record of new facts, correct past errors, diffuse new light. So, the more perfect knowledge, which here as in all departments of science, men work for, yet wait for, will be attained." — Dr. E. L. Greene, in West American Oaks.
Dr. J. M. Aldrich, of the State University, Moscow, Idaho, a leading student of the Diptera, has been granted an appropriation from the trustees of the Elizabeth Thompson Fund to "investigate the fauna of the waters and shores of western salt and alkaline lakes." He is planning a trip of at least six weeks this summer, beginning his studies at Great Salt Lake, Utah, where he has already done some work, and extending from there, westward through the Great Basin, as far as Mono Lake, California, making stops at a dozen points or more to collect and study the insect life in particular. From Mono Lake he may go into the Yosemite Park for a short visit, and then on to Owen's Lake, and via Mojave to Los Angeles. He will visit Pasadena and do some collecting in the vicinity, and also at Long Beach, the Biological Station at La JoUa, and return to Moscow by way of San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon. In a letter he writes: "The best feature is that my main object, the salt and alkaline lakes, will surely yield some fine results. The few things now partially known, and my brief observations at Great Salt Lake, show me that a big field lies here almost untouched; and the Diptera are the main order of insects in their adaptation to such an environment." We, in the Southwest, must give to Prof. Aldrich a royal welcome, and some boxes of flies.
Mr. Theodore H. Hittell has written a history of the California Academy of Sciences, which will probably be published this year by the Academy. It will be of great interest and inspiration to the present and future naturalists of Cali- fornia. The early development of science in California centered around the San Francisco Academy. The history of California science is unique and very interesting.
Mr. W. M. Mann, of Stanford University, is a member of the Branner Expe- dition to Brazil. It can safely be assumed that a large quantity of interesting material will be collected by that enthusiastic collector.
Mr. W. M. Davidson is in United States Department of Agriculture work near San Jose.
Mr. W. G. W. Harford, one of the pioneer students of natural history in California, died at Alameda on March 1. Mr. Harford was eighty years of age and had long been associated with the University of California and the California Academy of Sciences as curator and collector. He and Albert Kellogg, the botanist, often worked together. He was interested especially in conchology ; but
Pomona College Jocrnal ok Rntomoloov 57'J
did some collecting and study in other lines. A Southern California butterfly was named in his honor by Henry Edwards, Colias harfordii.
Dr. Fenyes, of Pasadena, will go East in May, to Cambridge and Washington, to do some work in the libraries there. He will also do some collecting in Kentuck\", \'irgiiii.i and Carolina.
Mr. J. R. Haskin, of I,os Angehs, h;is recently iii,i(le trips to San Diego and Arizona, getting a lot of interesting and valuable iiiat<rial, including the rare Melitaea neumoegenii of Northern Arizona.
Mr. J. C. BridwcU, of the University of California, has been stationed in the Imperial Valley for some time engaged in eert.'iiii problems in economic entomology.
The Biological Society of the Pacific Coast was organized at Berkeley on April 1, with Dr. \'. I,. Kellogg as President. It starts with a membership of seventy.
Mr. C. W. Metz, of Pomona College, will enter work in September as a fellow-assistant under Dr. Jordan at Stanford University. Mr. Metz has just had an extensive j)aper on the American bees of the genus Protopis published by the American Entomological Society. He has brought order out of chaos in this most ditiicult genus. The work of Swenk, and now of Metz, marks a radical departure from the extraordinarily superficial and confusing methods of work in American bees and wasps heretofore current, and is most timely and salutary.
.Mr. 1). L. Crawford, of Pomona College, enters work in September as a fellow-assistant under Dr. V. L. Kellogg, of Stanford University. Mr. Crawford has just finished very extensive work on the Psyllidae of the world. His studies have embraced the comparative anatomy of all the genera of the world, and he is presenting for the first time a complete systematic treatment of the whole group.
Mr. J. \V. Prizcr, of Pomona College, has been appointed technical assistant in eeonoinie entomology and plant pathology to the Manager of the San Diego Land and Town Comi)any, one of the largest horticultural enterprises in Southern California.
Prof. Baker, with a large party of special students, will spend the summer on the Coast where they have established a laboratory for work in marine zoology.
fAKl'S OK TlIK
invi:rti:hrata paciuca
For Sale and Fxcliaiigc
Vol. 1, pp. 1 12, HOMOPTER.\ (On the Gnathodus species of the .Abdominalis group, U. F. baker; A New Genus of the Typhlocybini, C. P. Baker; The genus Erythria in America, C t\ Baker; New Typhlocybini, C. F. Baker; Notes on Macropsis, C. F Baker).
Price 30 cents.
Vol. I, pp. 13-16, OBTHOPTER.\ (First Decade of Orthoptera issued in the Invertebrata Pacittca series, C. F. Baker; Additional Notes on Pacific Coast Orthoptera, C. P. Baker; New Orthoptera from Nevada, A. P. Morse).
Price 10 cents. Vol. I, pp. 17-40, DIPTERA (Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptera, I, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonajitera, C. F. Baker).
Price 60 cents.
Vol. I, pp. 47-70, HYMENOPTER.-\. (Descriptions of some new Hymenoptera from California
and Nevada, J. J. Kieflfer; New Hymenoptera mostly from Nicaragua, P. Cameron).
Price 75 conM.
Vol. I, pp. 71-84, ORTHOPTERA (Second Report on Pacific Slope Orthoptera, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by J. A. G. Rehn and C. F. Baker).
Price 35 cents.
Vol. I, pp. 85-92, NEUKOPTEROID INSECTS (Notes on Neuroptemid Insects of the Pacific Coast of North America, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species by Nathan Banks).
Price 20 cents.
l^Vol. 1. pp. 93-110, HYMENOPTERA (New western Mutillidae, I, C. F. Baker; On Some Hymenoptera collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nicaragua, P. Cameron; Descriptions of new species of Tiphiidae from Nevada and Southern California collected by Prof. C. F. Baker, P. Cameron).
Price 45 cents.
^ Vol. I, pp. 111-132, HYMENOPTERA (New Western Mutillidae, II, C. F. Baker; On some Hymenoptera, chiefly undcsoribed, collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Nevada and Southern California, P. Cameron).
Price 55 cents.
Vol. 1, pp. 133-140, HETEROPTERA (Notes on the Nvsius and Ortholomus of America, C. P. Baker).
Price 20 cents.
Vol. 1, pp. 141-1,59, HYMENOPTERA (The Bee Genus Pasiphne in North America. C. P. Baker; .\merican Bees related to Melecta, C. P. Baker; On New Vespidae collected by Prof. C. F. Baker in Western, North and Central America. P. Cameron; On Some Vespinae from Belize, P. Cameron; Descriptions of Three Species of S^'-inl Vespidae with Note on Polybia albopicta Sm., P. Cameron; New Species of Tiphia collected by Prof. C. P. Baker in Nevada and Nicaragua, P. Cameron).
Price 45 cents.
^ Vol. 1, pp. 160-178, HYMENOPTERA (Some New Gorytes— like Wasps, C. F. Baker; Descriptions of New American Tiphiidae, P. Cameron; A New Mutillid near Brachy- cistis, from California, C. P. Baker).
Price 45 cents.
Vol. I, pp. 17y-l!>8. HYMENOPTERA (Two New Bees of the Genus Ceratina, C. F. Baker; On Some North .Vmerican Species of Chartergus. P. Cameron; On Some Diplotcryga of Belize and Nicaragua, P. Cameron; New Halicfin.ie from the Western United States, J. C. Crawford).
Price 50 cents.
Any of these papers will be exchanged for any papers on Hemiptera or Hymenoptera Bot in our library. Send lists of duplicates and desiderata to
C. P. BAKER,
Pomona College,
Claremont, Cat
POMONA COLLEGE 'Our Tribute to Christian Civilization"
One of the best located, and best housed and outfitted Colleges on the West Coast, with a very full corps of unusually enthusiastic and energetic professors, and a large and very vigorous student body. The laboratories in Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are splendidly equipped, and such as any college might be thoroughly proud of. Offers full Literary, Classical, and Scientific courses. Possesses well-msnned schools of Music and Art, and offers exceptional facilities in Library and .Ihletics. The College should be judged by its output — Pomona has been very proud of hers.
Claremont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, beauti- fully located and desirable residence districts in California.
For further information, address
POMONA COLLEGE,
Claremont, California. ,
EXCHANGE
VOLUME THREE
NUMBER FOUR
DECEMBER 1911
C 0 n 1 1 11 1 s
DR. ALBERT J. COOK
CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSIONER OF HORTICULTURE
E3S1G. E. O KUWANA. S. 1. CRAWFORD. D. L. BANKS N. HALL. H V. M.
Plant Lice of Citrus Tr»«»
White Files o( Japan
American Psyllldaa V
Pseudoscorplons of California
Studies In Acarlna II
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
Dr^tartuunit nf Uiinlnaii nf ynmniia (Tnllryr
A. J COOK. D. So.. Head Professor CLAREMONT. CALIFORNIA. U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
Subscri])tion prict-. $1.00 to domestic and $1.25 to foreign postal countries. Reprints of any of the articles can be obtained at a nominal price.
The pages of the Journal are open especially to West American entomologists, but also general taxonomic papers from any source will be welcome.
Especially is this Journal offered in exchange for all entomological and zoolog- ical journals, and proceedings, transactions, and reports of societies, museums, laboratories, and expeditions. The separates are likewise offered in exchange for other entomological and zoological separates.
During 1909 the existence of the Journal was credited to the support of the Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association. It is to be noted, however, with due ap- preciation, that one member of that Exchange, Mr. A. P. Harwood, was the donor of one-half of the amount from that source. During I91I) the Journal is pleased to acknowledge a wider su])port, including the Ontario-Cucamonga Exchange, with Mr. A. P. Harwood, The Call Fruit Company, Tlie A. C. G. Fruit Exchange, The Covina Fruit Exchange, The Semi-tropic Fruit Exchange, The Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange, The Santa Paula Fruit Exchange, The Tulare Fruit Excliangc and the San Antonio Fruit Exchange.
Address all communications to
POMOXA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, C. F. Baker, Editor, Claremont, California, LT. S. A.
Pomona C-ollege Journal of Entomology
Volume I 1
I) I- r K M H I-. K 1 'H 1
NunibiT 4
Dr. Albert J. Cook
As he lookctl ciKliU-cn ycar> ago when lie eaiiie to California to live Thesr eighteen years have been given with wholly characteristic earnestness, energy and enthusiasm to the upbuilding of Cliristian citizenship in California. His appointnieni to the very important office of State Commissioner of Horticulture comes as a highly appropriate recognition of these long years of splendidly unselfish service to the public as a professional expert, and as a citizen. This Journal owes its oxisiem-p tirst and foremost to the energy and enthusiasm of Dr. Cook.
582 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
The following tribute to Prof. Cook was adopted as a formal resolution by the Claremont Poniological Club, and was published in "The Student Life" of Pomona College, and in the Claremont "Courier" :
"Pomona College is losing a man acknowledged by many very competent to judge as one of the greatest teachers and college professors in this country. Southern California is losing one of her most active and useful citizens. The whole State is gaining for the first time in her history, a professional man in an office which absolutely requires a professional expert of the broadest and best training.
"The loss to Pomona College will be felt most keenly by all of the students who have known Prof. Cook personally. His genial nature, his great heart, his tremendous and infectious enthusiasm, his keen interest in the personal welfare of every student under him — these things have made him greatly beloved to all. His interest in his students has never, through all the years, been a perfunctor}' one, but always a living, active interest, that went right out and fought for them ; an interest that not only helped them to find their life work and get into it. whatever it might be, but ever afterward supported and encouraged them to great efforts. In a quiet way, unknown to the public, he has even financially assisted deserving students to complete their work, and for this he has been repaid in some things beyond the value of money — loyalty and love.
"The efforts of Prof. Cook to place his department in the College upon the most efficient working basis have been unexampled, involving the most strenuous and unending endeavors, and leading even to severe personal sacrifices. The public has known little of this, so that the fight has to a great extent been a lone one for Prof. Cook. Without just such a man through these days of formative struggle in the building of the College the Department of Biology woxild never have amounted to anything. All that it has accomplished is simply a measure of this man !
"Prof. Cook's services to the general public arc warmly acknowledged by grateful men and women throughout the length and breadth of the State. His correspondence on horticultural and agricultural matters has for many years been of very extensive proportions — all religiously attended to with love and interest and on his own time and expense. He has for years been the main mover in the Claremont Pomological Club, a large organization, of great strength and usefulness. For all of these great services he has previously had no public acknowledgment, because the extent of his work has been known in the aggregate to but few. His reward has been found in the high regard of great numbers of our best people.
"Now conies tliis ap))oiiitment to the State Commissionership of Horticulture — whicli is, as Governor Johnson well says, one of the most important offices in the State — as the crowning event of Prof. Cook's remarkable career, and it is an ap])ointm('nt that will he a lasting monument to the critical discernment and good judgment of CJovernor Johnson. No man in the State or in the country at large could bring to just this particular work greater clean-cut and indubitable fitness than can Prof. Cook. No man would be able more surely to gather about
Pomona College .Ioihnal ok Entomology 583
liitn a staff of the brst workiiijf iiiatcrini in the wlioli- i-oiiiitrv, for no man knows our AuuTicnn workt-rs better, and no man is more favorably known to them in tlie liglit of a chief under wliom they might "jump in and do things' witliout anv of the petty repressive supervision that spoils so mueli good material in our piiblie offices. Prof. Cook is large-hearted, sympathetic, kindly, and broad enougli and big enough to make a good executive. The office is not only a great one in this State, but the greatest of its sort in the whole United States. \o otlier office of the kind involves .such great responsibilities. It carries a large corps of well paid assistants and jjrincely sui)|)ort. For the first time in tlie hist<iry of the State a professional man is now entering the office who knows thoroughly well tlie means by which these great possibilities may bi- practically developed to their greatest efficiency. Congr.itulations .ire due Prof. Cook, (iovernor .lohnson and the .Stati- of California .'"
At farewell exercises given in honor of Prof. Cook i)y tin- Colli-gt-. the follow- ing remarks may be quoted from the several speakers:
Prof. Haker said, in part: "Are we here to honor this man for his own sake or for his success.'' Success is an erratic will-o'-the-wisp, missing many who might use it well. This man is the same man today as he was last month. Governor .lohnson says that he was appointed solely upon his merits. What would we have been thinking of him today had he not received this appointment.' We have to consider these things at Pomona, where we arc sup))osed to learn how to look through the mask of pretence, sham and insincerity, straight into the face of the eternal verities. So I am going to speak of Prof. Cook in just such terms .as I would have spoken of him as a man, last year.
"I like to think of Prof. Cook as a plain human being like the rest of us. N\ r all have our good points — and our faults. So has Prof. Cook! I've told him about .ill his fault.s ! Now I wish to tell you about some of his traits worthy of emulation. Wouldn't the world l)C a fine place to live in if we always did that way - — it has always been Prof. Cook's way. And wouldn't the world be a great place to live in if we didn't have to die or be appointed Horticultural Commissioner in order to hear the finest things that might in justice be said of us! Not long ago I was blowing off to Prof. Cook about what / thought of a very unkind and incon- siderate thing someone had done. What he said was this: 'I do not understand it at all — I will talk wilh him about it.' Prof. Cook always lives in the open, and says nothing behind a man's back that he would not say to his face. If we could only all say that of ourselrrs, Claremont would be an annex of Paradise!
"In the twenty-five years I have known him intimately the Moving Finger has written much for Prof. Cook. Me could not get away from even "half a line' of all his history any more than you can get away from yours — and he docs not need to make the attempt. It is only ads that really characterize a man! 'By their fruits shall ye know them I' All of Prof. Cook's mental processes lead him ultimately to action. A matter is either deemed wholly unwise, and laid away, still-born, or else his line of thought runs something like this: 'Is it worth
584 Pomona College .Joiknal of Entomology
while? Is it of value to the human race? Is it within the bounds of human possibility? Then it can be done! Let us do it!' The men who transmute the intangible waves of thought and the sounding brass of talk into the throbbing engines of action are the men who really bless the world ! Prof. Cook knows no obstacles. Constantly throughout his extraordinarily active life he has been facing the apparently impossible and always winning through it all to success. It is great to work with such a man — not under him unless you are in good health ! His is the only spirit that gets work under way and gets it done. It is the spirit that wins!
"Pomona has lost a tremendous opportunity in not being able to discover some way in which to permanently harness up in her behalf the potent and far-reaching influences of which Prof. Cook is master. He is now no longer Prof. Cook of Pomona College, but the Hon. A. J. Cook of the State of California ! He goes into a field with extraordinary possibilities of usefulness to a vast number of people. But traditions of Prof. Cook, his matchless vigor and enthusiasm, his charity to all and his devotion and loyalty to his great ideals as a teacher and a citizen, will always linger about these halls and prove an inspiration to you and to me and to all students coming after us."
Prof. Hitchcock then spoke of his relation to the college and to the community, saying among other things: "Prof. Cook has done an heroic service in bringing Science to men. He was always interested in the advancement of the community. He originated the first Pomological Club in Claremont. Its immediate success brought about similar clubs in other places. Prof. Cook looks upon his appoint- ment as an enlarged opportunity to carry on the same work he has been doing here. He will never lose an opportunity to say a good word for Pomona. He is going away, but he will not forget us; his heart will still be with us."
Following a farewell response by Prof. Cook, President Blaisdell spoke as follows: "Men and women, this is a teacher who has spoken to us. He has not had large monetary rewards, but the particular, wonderful and unique reward of a teacher. Some here ought to hear the call to be teachers. There is a great field for our best manhood and womaniiood ! We have heard this morning the call of high citizenshij), the ringing challenge that no man shall go into office, unless he has the ability to fill the position! That call of large citizenship is upon you. We sliall miss much if we fail to keep floating that flag of high and noble citizenship."
The Associate Editor of "The Student Life" gives what may be taken as the viewpoint of the student body regarding Prof. Cook:
"A man living in tlie unselfish and eflfective service of others; a scientist always working for the perfection of his dejiartment; a teacher with the faculty of ins])iring in his pupils an interest in all tilings of Divine Creation — these and
Pomona (ollkoe Joihnai, of Entomoi.ooy 585
more is Prof. Cook, wlio It-avcs Pomona for broader (icliis of stTvicc. W'v honor him as a great scientist; we admire him as a suecessful teacher; as a friend wc entertain toward him a sentiment closely akin to love. Faculty and students join in a dee)) and sincere regret at the departure from Pomona of tliis man who, during his eighteen years of service here, has worked so hard and with such marvelous success in the upbuilding of the Hiologieul Dejiartment and of the College as n whole. Through his influence and training, men have gone from here to reflect credit ujjon their Alma Mater iu the scientific world. He has directed their thought and work into channels tliat have brought success to them and honiir to the College. He is indeed a great man who is the means to such ends.
"Although the loss to our teaching force is a serious one, yet who can estimate the honor that comes to Pomona in giving to the State of California such a man.' So we bid him Godspeed and unmeasured success in his new field of labor as State Horticultural Commissioner."
It will be of interest to all concerned to know that Prof. Cook has taken to Sacramento with him from Wntura county our Mr. E. O. Essig, "the best County Commissioner of Horticulture ever known in the State of California." He has also obtained for the work in Plant Pathology one of the most active and efficient men for all southern phases of that important work in the United States, Prof. Fawcett of Florida. He is also gathering about him many other good men, every one a man of ability and energy — Prof. Cook will not suffer any other kind.
APHlDIDiE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA VIII
Plant Lice Affecting the Citrus Trees*
E. O. EssiG
HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONER OF VENTURA COUNTY
Tliere has been much speculation in the minds of many of the citrus growers and horticultural commissioners in Southern California regarding the plant lice which affect the citrus trees. In fact, the ignorance regarding these insects, as expressed by the secretary of the horticultural commissioner in a neighboring county, certainly justifies tlie publication of a study such as this is intended to be. At a recent meeting held in Los Angeles by the Los Angeles County Horticultural Society, for the purpose of discussing the topic, "Insect Pests and Methods for Their Control," it was emphatically argued b_y members of the Los Angeles Horti- cultural Commission that the Black Peach Aphis, Aiphis niger Smith, was attacking certain orange groves in Southern California. When it was said that the Black Peach Aphis did not work on citrus trees there was such a confusion created in the minds of all present that I do not wonder if many of the citrus growers, especially in the districts where entire peach orchards are now being uprooted because of that insect, are not afraid that the citrus trees may go next. Though this is an extreme and remote possibility even under most ignorant direction, still it shows how little is actually known regarding these aphids, which are designated by the orchardists as small beetles, gnats, flies, etc., and it shows also liow great the value of a thorough knowledge of them will be.
Practically every locality in which citrus trees are grown, has been visited, and extensive collections of plant lice made for the purpose of this study. Perliaps some of these insects have been passed unobserved, but all the common injurious forms are here presented, and comprise four genera and five species as follows : Aphis cookii n. sp.. Aphis gosst/pii Glover, Macrosiphum citrifolii (Ashmead), Green Peach Aphis, Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and the Citrus Aphid, Toxopteru aurantiae Koch. All of these have been carefullj^ drawn and described from fresli and living specimens so as to get accurate color notes and body shapes.
In connection with the following descriptions I have also worked up, as thoroughly as possible, all of the natural parasites and predaceous enemies which prey upon the plant lice and which are responsible for their not doing greater damage ; in fact, these practically control all infestations on citrus trees, with the exception of sometimes a few localized cases during the early spring and summer months.
For the specific cases where tlie aphids are not controlled by natural enemies and where it is necessary to employ artificial means of control I have prepared spray formula", which are specially ada})ted for citrus trees, and which will usually bring immediate relief if applied as directed. It is sometimes very imi)ortant to have these at hand, particularlj' in cases of heavy infection of very young trees, where considerable damage may be done in a very short time.
*This masterly study of the Citrus Plant Lice, indicates again most clearly and indubit- ably, the preeminent importance of having only men with some technical training, for the important work in the office of County Horticultural Commissioner. It is not possible for men without this training to work either intelligently, or with safety to the important interests which they are supposed to guard. — EtI.
Pomona C'ollkge .J<irKN.\i. ok Kntomoloov
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It will be my aim to coiitiniinlly im|)rovc this first nrliclr by ndding doscrip- tions of new npliids, nntural cminies and better menus of nrtitieini eoiitrol. I invite the aid of all growers and other interested parties and ask them to send specimens wiiich have not been ineluded here, and I shall be )(iad to make anv determinations of plant lice, |)rovided they are shipped in large (junntities' with the host |)lnnt in a strong box so tliat the natural color and body shape can Ixi studied in conneetion with tin- aiiatoniieal eharacfers.*
Aphis cookii n sp. win'UIlU vivii'Miors kkmalk. (Figure lyi A).
lyid Aphis gossypii Glover-Essig, Pomona Jr. Ent. Vol. II.. pp. •i-i:i--i-H.
Length of body not including style 1.7;> mm., width of nitsothorax O.T" mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.78 mm., wing expansion T.-i' nun., rather large and robust form.
H
Figure 191. Aphis cookii
Prevailing Color — Dark gray or black with a whitish flocculence which makes it appear whitish. Ilrad — Hlack or dark brown, nearly twice as wide as long, with rather large .'intennal tubercles, but these are not at all promini-nt. A'yr* — Very dark red or brown, terete tubercles extending nearly at right angles to the eye- surface. .Ill If II line (Fig. 191. 1))- -On small frontal tubercles, not as long as the body, reaching to the bases of the cornicles, very sparsely haired, dark throughout, imbricated; lengths of articles: I. (1.08 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.35 nun. ; IV, o.JJ mm. ; V, 0.'2'2 nun. ; VI. O.ii mm. (spur 0..S mm.) ; total I..*!*) mm. It will be seen from the above that I and II are coequal. III longer than either IV or V, but shorter than \'l; IV and V coequal. The sensoria are distributed as follows: Article III (Fig. 191, C, C) with from sevinteen to twenty-eight large
588 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
circular sensoria scattered over the surface; IV (Fig. 191, 1, 2, 3, 4) with from one to three large circular sensoria, which may be scattered at the base or near the apex of tlie article, but thej' are usually on the basal half ; V with from two to three large circular sensoria (Fig. ipi, 5, 6) and in some instances one small one as shown in drawing. There is usually but one sensorium. The small group in the nail-like process of article VI is shown in Fig. 191, 7. Rostrum — Reaching to second coxse, with dark base and tip. Prothorax — More than twice as wide as long; dark, with very small lateral tubercles. Meso- and MetatJtorax — Wide, black, with prominent muscle lobes. Abdomen — Well rounded, dull green or brownish- green, bearing a transverse row of quite long white flocculence on each segment (not shown in the cut), which may nearly cover the entire body. Anal plate (Fig. 191, H) dark, hairy, three small marginal tubercles on eacli side. Cornicles — (Fig. 191, F). Short, somewhat ej'lindrical, witii wide mouth, base little wider than apex, narrowest just before the mouth, imbricated, black, longer than the style, length O.I6 mm. Legs — Moderatelj- long and hairy, black or dark brown throughout. Wings — Large, hyaline. Primary — Length 3.3 mm., width 1.2a mm. Costal vein stout, dark brown ; subcostal wide, brown ; stigma long and narrow, widest at the base of the stigmal vein, from whence it narrows to a point at the wing margin, the opposite sides are nearly parallel, length 0.95 mm., width 0.1 (J mm., amber brown ; stigmal vein arising three-fifths tlie distance from the base of the stigma, strongly curved throughout first lialf and slightly curved tliroughout the apical half, rather long, brown or amber ; first and second discoidals straight ; third discoidal twice branched, first branch arising one-third the distance from the base to the tip, short, parallel with the apical one-third of the stigmal vein, brown arising very near to the tip of the first branch (three-fourths the distance from the base to the tip), short, parallel with the apical one-third of the stigmal vein, brown or amber. Secondary — Length 1.8 mm., width 0.65 mm.; subcostal vein curved downwardly just beyond the base of the second discoidal and then curves down- wardly to original level to tip of the wing; first discoidal arising just beyond one-fourth the distance from the base to the tip of the subcostal, slightly curved outwardly, does not touch the subcostal vein or the wing margin ; second discoidal arising from the middle of tiie subcostal and nearlj' straight, does not touch sub- costal vein, but extends to wing margin; all veins brown. Style — (Fig. H and I). Bluntly ensiform, or conical, beset with stiff hairs, rough, dark, curving upward, length 0.12 mm.
APTEKOUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 191 B)
Length of body not including style 2.2 mm., width of abdomen 1.3 mm.
A larger and more robust form than the winged female.
Prevailing color — Very dark green or brown, covered with transverse rows of ratlier long white fiocculence on the bodj', giving it a grayish appearance. Body gradually widening from head to the middle of the abdomen and tlien rounds off to the style, robust. Head — With slight frontal tubercles, much wider than long, dull green or brown. Eyes — Red. Antennae (Fig , E) — On very slight
Pomona Coi.lkoe Joitknai. ok Entomoloov 58*'
frontal tubercles, imioli sliortiT than tlu' body, very spnrsrly Imircd, dnrk throu^li- out except the base of article III, imbricated. The lengths of the articles are as follows: I, O.I nini.; 11, 0.07 iiini. ; III. 0. V iiini. ; IV, 0.41 iiiin. ; V, 0.'.il mm.; VI. 0.4 mm. (spur 0.26 mm.) ; total \.:i[) mm. With .s<-nsoria on V and VI articles n.s in normal forms. Rostrum — Ueachinjj just beyond second coxa-, amber brown with darker bjise and tip. Prolhorax- .*^li({litly wider than head, with small lateral tubercles. Abdomen — Well rounded, dull green, covered with H<K-culenee, three small marginal tubercles on the sides. Coruiclet (Fig. , G) — Incrassate, nearly vasiform, imbricated, widest in middle and n;irrowest just before the mouth, often appear cylindrical with swollen tip, bl;iek, length 0.2 mm. Stifle ( Fig , .1 and K) — Conical or bluntly ensiform. rough, hairy, black. Iingtii U.I i nun., shorter than the cornicles.
Young — Much lighter in color than tin- .idults and almost destitute of the white flocculcncc.
Host — Orange trees, where it occurred in great numbers.
Locality — Collected by Horticultural Inspector C. H. Vary at Pomona, Calif. It has never been locited .•mywhere else and cannot ev«-n be found then- just now.
Date of Collection — Ajiril •I', 190,9. Serial number ii6.
The general appearance of this insect with its short antenna- and cottony covering is not unlike that of one of the members of the genus Lachnus and was so recorded by me at the time it was first obtained. Strange to say, when first collected by Mr. Vary it occurred in such numbers as to nearly ruin the infested trees. Prompt measures were taken to hold the pest in check and it soon disap- peared. Since then I have been unable to obtain fresh material. From the very beginning it did not appear to be Aphis gossypii Glover, but I thought it might be one of the various forms of that species and so describ»'d it as such. Since that I time have sent specimens to various of the authorities on this group and have received the following replies:
"Your letter of the l;Hh ult. at hand and I have gone over the slides you sent. I am returning them under separate cover and will s;iy that those labeled Aphis gossypii are not that species. ."- -H. F. Wilson, Oreg. .\grcl. Kxp.
Sta., Mar. 2, 1911.
"I feel certain that the insect that you have figured .is Aphis gossypii in (pilti- wide from that species. This insect is a very abundant one in Colorado upon our cucurbitaceous plants, especially infesting the cantaloupe. 1 have also material from the cotton i)lant in Texas and am quite certain that we have the species correctly determined. . . ." — C. P. Gillette, Colo, .\grcl. Exp. Sta., June 9, 1910.
"Aphis sp. .' No. »6. — It appears to be nearest related to A. gossypii, though there are too many sensoria in the third antennal joint." — Theo. Pergande. Hur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agrcl., June 12, 19H.
Not being able to place this as an already described species, I have felt justified in calling it a new species, and have named it in honor of Prof. A. J. Cook of Pomona College, whose work for th<- upbuilding of the citrus industry in this State is well known throughout the entire country.
590 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Aphis gossypii Glover
1854 Aphis gossypii Glover, Pat. Off. Rept., p. 62.
1882 Aphis citruUi Ashmead, "Florida Dispatch," vol. I, p. 2\\.
1883 Aphis cucumeris Forbes, 12th Rept. Ent. 111., pp. 83-91.
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 192 A) Length of bodj- not including style 1.35 mm., width of mesothorax 0.42 mm., greatest length of abdomen 0.(j5 mm., wing expansion 5.10 mm. Very small form. Prevailing color — Dark, black or very dark green or brown. Head — Much wider than long, black. Eyes — Very dark red or brown. Antennae (Fig. 192, c and h) — Arising directly from the head, not as long as the body, reaching to the bases of the cornicles, sparsely haired; articles I and II dusky. III with light base and remainder dusky, IV and V light yellow with apical halves dusky, VI dusky throughout; length of the articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.04 mm.; Ill, 0.22 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, 0.17 mm.; VI, 0.37 mm.; (spur 0.26 mm.) ; total 1.04 mm.; from seven to eight large circular sensoria on article III (Fig. 192, h), remaining article normal. Rostrum — Reaching to or slightly beyond third coxae, lemon yellow with the base and tip dusky. Prothorax — Slightly wider than the head, but no longer; black, with distinct lateral tubercles. Meso- and Metathorax — Black, with prominent muscle lobes. Abdomen — Smooth, dark green or greenish brown, with an irregular lighter area on the dorsum, ventral surface dull green, small lateral marginal tubercles extending from sides, anal plate (Fig. 192, a and b) dusky, hairy. Cornicles (Fig. 192, g) — Cylindrical, wider at base and gradually tapering to tip; imbricated, black, curved slightly outwardly in some specimens, length 0.2 mm. Legs — Normal, hairy, coxae black, femora of first and second pairs light yellow, femora of third jiair yellow with apical three-fourths dusky, tibiae yellow with dark tips, tarsi dark. Wings — Rather large for the size of the species, liyaline. Primary — Length 2.3 mm., width 0.95 mm. ; costal vein dark and well defined ; subcostal wide, yellow ; stigma long and narrow, tapering from the base of the stigmal vein to a point at the tip, amber in color, length 0.65 mm. ; first discoidal straight, second discoidal curved inwardly toward the body, third discoidal twice-branched and curved slightly inwardlj-, first branch arising near the middle of the vein, the second branch arising nearer the tip than the middle of the first branch — both of these branches curve toward the third vein. All veins are amber. Primary — Length 1.5 mm., width 0.55 mm.; subcostal curved downwardly at the base of the second discoidal and then curves upwardly to point of wing; discoidals nearly straight. Style (Fig. 192, a, dorsal, and b, ventral) — Conical or nearly cylindrical, hairy, green, with dusky tip, lengtii 0.11 mm. — a little more than half as long as the cornicles.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 192 B) Length of body not including style 1.8 mm., width of abdomen O.9 mm. Larger than the winged form and more robust, although many are oblong in shape, not as robust as the apterous forms of Toxoptera aurantiae Koch. Some slightly pruinose giving them a gray color.
\
Pomona College Jocrnai. ok F.ntomoi.oov
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Prevailing color — Black or dark olive grcj-n. //cm/- -Well rounded in the front, nearly as long as wide, lilaek. Eyes — Dark red or brown. Antrnnar (Fig. • 92, f) — Not arising from frontal tubercles, hut direct frinn the head, much shortt'r than the body- — not reaching to the bases of the cornicles; articles I and IF dark. FII and I\' ligiit i.nioii yellow. \' light 1. iiioii y.llcw with a dark lip. \'I
«szscE^g^
Figure 192. Aphis gossypii
dusky throughout; lengths of the .-irlieles: I. (l.o.s mm., 1 1, (l.i)(i nnn. ; 1 1 F. ii.;<'i mm. ; IV, O.irt mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0..<.') mm. (spur O.'i.T mm.); total 1 .',27 mm.; all articles sparsely haired; sensoria on articles X and VI normal, lioitrum — Reach- ing just beyond the third coxa-, lemon yellow with dark base and tip. Prolhora-z — V'ery short, with distinct lateral tubercle. Meto-and niplalhornx—Snrrovr trans- versely. Ahdomcn — ,*^mooth. dark green with irregular lighter markings on tlic dorsum and with small marginal tubercles on the sides, ventral surface dull green. Anal plate (Fig. , d .dorsal, and e, ventral) — Dusky, hairy. Cornicles (Fig. 192, i) — Cylindricjil. widest at base and gradually tapering to tip, imbricated, black, length 0.'27 mm. I'l'g^ — Normal, eoxie dark, femora light yellow, tibia-
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light yellow with dark tips, tarsi dark. Style (Fig. 192, d and e) — Conical or nearly cylindrical, hairy, dusky green to dark brown, length 0.13 mm.
Young — Dark green or brownish. Some are slightly pruinose.
Hosts — This insect has been taken in this locality only upon the tcndir growth of orange trees. Near Pomona it was found by the writer several years ago in great numbers feeding upon the tender shoots of young Valencia trees. At Santa Paula it has been found only upon the suckers of the Havana Seedling Sweet Orange.
This insect is indeed a very extensive feeder and has been taken from over fifty different plants throughout the United States. It was originally found upon the cotton plant and has since proven a great melon pest. It is known by the common names "Cotton Aphis" and "Melon Aphis." In this particular locality there are numerous melon vines growing near orange groves which have been infested with this louse, but I have never j'et found a single vine infested with this louse. I recently received a shipment of eight distinct species of plant lice from Imperial County, where the melons suffer from their depredations, but none of them proved to be this species, although this does not prove that it does not exist in that locality. It was not the most abundant this year if I may judge from this sending.
Locality — On citrus trees tiiroughout this State and also reported on various other plants. Taken in Orange. Los .A.ngeles, San Bernardino and \'entura Coun- ties by the writer.
Date of Collection — This species, like Toxoptera aurantiae Koch, is most abundant during the early spring months from February to ,Iune. Collected in large luuubers at Santa Paula, Mav 17. 1911. Serial number (i.
Natural Enemies — Subject to the attacks of the same natural enemies as are described under To.voptera aurantiae Koch.
In the Pomona College Journal of Entomology. \'(>1. I, pp. IT-tS. 1!)()9. I described this insect as Aphis citri Ashmead. In tiie same Journal, \'(il. II. pp. 22.S-22t, I9I". the species described as Aphis gossypii Glover has prov in to be a new and distinct species and is herein described as .Iphis rdokii n. sp. resembling the Pea and Rose .\|)hids.
Macrosiphum citrifolii 1 Ashmead 1 18H'2 Siphoiiophora citrifolii .\shmead. C,in. Knt. \'ol. XI\'. p. 92. WINGED viviPARors FEMALE (Figure 19.S A)
I.engtii not including style 2.2 mm., width of mesothorax 0.7 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.9 mm., wing expansion 9-0 mm. A large green louse greatly
Prevailing color — Bright pea green, shiny. Head — Slightly wider than long, amber to pinkish yellow in color, with rather large antennal tubercles. Eyes — Red. Antennae — (Figure 19-1' a). On rather large tubercles, longer than the body, with very few hairs, articles I and II dusky green, III dusky amber with cvtreme base light, IV^, V and VI dusky througiiout : the lengths of tiie articles are as follows (although these vary greatly): I. I). II inni. : II. 0.08 nun.: III. 0.71 mm.; IV, 0.7
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mm.; V, 0.67 mm.; VI, 1.0 mm. (.spur 0.76 mm.) ; tot.'il ;t.;<.s imii. Tlu-rc an- from fourtfen to rtftccn large circular .scnsoria in a row on articlr III /iiul u.siial iiuml)rr on V and VI. Rostrum — Rcaclu-s ni'arly to the sicond coxu-, dark at tip only; remainder, color of tiody. I'rolhorax — Mucli wider than long, light green in color, without lateral tuhercles. Mrso- and Metathiirnx — Dorsum light green with the miisch- lohes pinkish or amber, ventral side darker on middli-. .//x/o/hcii -Long and regul;irly rounded, light shiny green with a darker >;reen h>ngitudinai Iwind
Figure 193. Macrosiphum citrifolii on the middle of the dorsum, all green venlrally, may, or ni.iy nol, have red spi)ls on dorsum. Cornicles — (Figure 1J)1 g). Cylindrical, long, restricted before apex, with mosaic markings in the restricted area, nearly twice as long as style, color of body with the ,'ipical two-thirds dusky, h-ngth 0.7 mm. /-eg*- Long and slender, normally haired, coxif color of body, femora green with apical half dusky, tibiie dusky throughout, tarsi dark. If'ini;s — Hyaline. Primary — Length l-.rf nun., width \.i:> nun.: veins ending in dusky spot at wing margin: costal well defined, but narrow, light vellowish >rri-en : suln-ostal wide, light yellowism green;
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stigma long and narrow, light yellowish green, stigmal vein well curved and arising from the stigma at its widest point (just beyond the middle from the body); first and second discoidals nearly straiglit; third discoidal nearly straight, first branch slightly curving downward, second branch arising near the middle of the branch. All veins except those already specified are amber in color. Secondary — Length iA mm., width 0.65 mm.; subcostal curved upward near the tip, first and second discoidals straight and arising one-third and two- thirds respectively, the distance from base to tip of subcostal ; amber. Style — • (Figure 19^ m). Ensiform, hairy, color of body or slightly dusky, length ().,S'2 mm.
.-vpTERous VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 193 B)
Length of body not including the style 2.6 mm., greatest width of abdonun 1.35 mm. Larger and more robust than the winged form.
Prevailing color — Bright, shiny green. Head — Yellow. Eyes — Red. An- tennae— (Figure 19i b). On rather prominent frontal tubercles (more prominent than those of the winged form), longer than the body, slightly hairy, articles J and II color of the head. III dusky with light base, remaining articles dusky throughout, the lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.12 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.79 mm.; IV, 0.65 mm.; V, 0.59 mm.; VI, 1.2 mm. (spur 0.86 mm.) ; total 3.25 mm.; there are three or four circular sensoria on article III (Figure 19't b). Rostrum — Reaching just beyond second coxap, dark at tip only. Thorax — Widen- ing from the prothorax to the abdomen, yellowish green. Abdomen — Smooth, shiny green, with or without red dorsal spots. Cornicles — Same shape as those of the winged form, basal one-third or half green with remainder dusky, length 0.97 mm. Style — (Figure IQl n). Ensiform, hairy, green with margins slightly dusky, length 0.6 mm.
Young — Young are green and greatly resemble the adults in all characters.
Host — Found abundantly feeding on young seedling orange trees and upon the tender shoots and suckers of old seedling orange trees. Not taken on Valencia trees or on lemon trees, although it is not improbable that this insect does feed upon them as well as upon the seedling trees. The young shoots and buds may become so badly infested as to be entirely killed in a few weeks and care must be taken to keep this insect in check. Due to its green color it is seldom noticed until the twigs are beginning to show .-m unhealthy color.
Locality — Santa Paula, Cal. This insect has also been collected from nearly every citrus-growing section in Southern California. Wm. Davidson reports this species from Lindsay, Tulare County, Cal. (Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, p. .'i80, 19IO).
Date of Collection — April 7, 1911- Serial number 25.
In 1880 Wm. Ashmead described several forms under the heading of this insect, some of which were certainly not of this species, but were of the spcoiis Aphis gossypii Glover. His description is as follows:
"From observations made this year I find that from an egg laid by a fall oviparous female, which I described as follows :
" 'Young — Length .02 inch. Dark greenish brown, witli dark eyes and glassy white antenna' and legs.
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/
"'Male — l.cnjttli .01 inch, ('olor brown ami l)rown-l)lack ; iintcnniv brown, legs palf or yi'llowisli, posti-rior fcnioni slightly sliadi-d above with brown <ir black; fi'ct reddish; nectaries shorti-r than in female; wings hyaline, stignial s|)ot pale. These are rare among the first broods, and afterwards almost or entirely disappear.
" 'Female — Apterous, length i) or> to ().06 inch. Hroadly ovate. Dark brown- ish-black. Head between antennu* reddish; antennte seven-jointed, pale yellowish, .ipical ends of joints, three, four and five brown, six shortest, seven long, setaceous; legs pale yellow, latter two-thirds of the femora brownish or blackish, tips of tibia- and claws brown: m-ctaries slightly thickest at base, black and cylindrical, cauda di.stinct.
"'H'iiiireil I'iviparous Female — Length !.()() inch. Color black and shining; eyes red-brown, tubercles of antenna- black, vertex of head reddish; rostrum reach- ing back of middle coxa-; antenna- not <)uitc reaching to tip of abdomen; alxlomcn variable, brown-black, brown or olive-green; wings hyaline; stigma rather broad, brown, obliquely sharpened to a point at outer edge towards ape.x ; stigmal vein strongly curved, dark; three obli(|Ue veins, the third forked; hind wings with two oblique veins in all specimens but one, nectaries long, cylindrical and bl.aek ; cauda long and recurved, dark.
" 'I have watched these viviparous females breed on my orange trees and the rapidity with which this is done is simply astonishing. In a few days bnM>ds upon broods, or young colonies, seem to exist on all the tender new leaves and shoots, and still the part henogcnetic young keep coming. X'crily, if it were not for the I'lialcid Hies, ichneumons and other parasites, they would be the death of the trees. Hy the iniddli- of .March a change takes place in the broods. The young differ from their parents in shape, color .and size, ."^o different are they ns to discredit belief, .and had I not watched them breeding day by day on my orange trees, I should have felt justifii'd in describing them as a distinct species. Tln-y are undoubtedly a dimorphic form, and I give below a description:
" 'Dimorphie, I'iviparoiix, .Iplrroiix Female — Length, 0.08 to O.OJ) inch. Klon- nate; color of a uniform pale pea-green with more or less of a longitudinal shading of darker grei^n on the dorsum, with the surface more or less corrugated; eyes bright red, with a proniini-nt facet or ocellus springing out from hinder edge of ^.•lnle, giving it a tooth-like appearance; antenna- \'II jointed, pale glassy green, in iii.iture specimens the tip from the fifth joint is reddish; legs of the same uniform pall- green; cauda small, conical. Beak does not (|uite reach to tip of middle coxw.'
"The winged form agrees in every respect with the above description, and e.iti only be distinguished by having wings, the veins of which are very pale. These are rare, the majority being wingless.
"The mature viviparous femah- continues breeding .ind e.iti often be found surroimded by from twenty to thirty pale green young; occasionally a brown one will be found among them. These continue bri-eding for several generations, ulti- mately giving place to thi- original type, and by tlu- last of .\pril none can be found. Why this change of form occurs is yet a mystery, and needs further investigation. Towards the end all seem to be parasitized by a Trioxi/s. T. te-ttaceipes Cresson,
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which thoroughly eradicates tiieni." \Vm. H. Ashmead, Can. Ent. XIV, p. 88, 1882.
For no little time Siphunophura citrifolii Ashm. was considered a distinct species, but with the study of Aphis gossgpii Glover it was learned that many of the above dimorphic forms were of this latter species and that after all Ashmead had not described a new species at all, but had redescribcd Aphis gossypii Glover. This is what Theodore Pergande writes concerning Aphis gossypii Glover:
"In 1880 Mr. Wm. Ashmead redescribed this species in his pamphlet on "Orange Insects,' under the name of Siphonophora citrifolii, which he found to be infesting his orange trees, without being aware that the same insect infests also cotton and had been described previously.
"Again in 1882, Mr. Ashmead, in a paper on the 'Aphididic of Florida' in the Canadian Entomologist (Vol. XIV, p. 91), in discussing dimorphism among insects, besides reproducing his original description, makes the serious mistake of describing on page 92 another species as a dimorphic form of his citrifolii, which, however, according to the characters given in this description, is neither a true Aphis nor a Siphonophora, but appears to belong to the genus Rhopalosiphum. Mixed colonies of closely related and other species of aphides are frequently found infesting the same plant at the same time, which, however, does not indicate dimorphism." Insect Life, Vol. 7, pp. 310-Sll, 1895.
Xo doubt Mr. Pergande was referring to the descrijjtion of the diniorphic. viviparous, apterous females as described by Mr. Ashmead and this is without doubt the Siphonophora citrifolii of Ashmead. Although this may not be the insect which he originally described under that name, he, nevertheless, describes it as a dimorphic form and his description of this is adequate to decide that the Macro- siphum found on citrus trees in this state is the same as the Siphonophora citrifolii described by Ashmead. In spite of the fact that this species has been regarded, by many, as a synonym of Aphis gossypii Glover, this so-called dimorphic form is a good and distinct species and I trust that this description and the accompanying drawings shall serve to give it a proper place in the literature of the family Aphididae.
The species resembles in a number of ways the Rose Aphid {Macrosiphum rosae Linn.) and the Pea Aphid {Macrosiphum destructor John.) and might easih* be taken for either. Figure 194 shows a comparison of the antennae, cornicles and styles of these three species. It will be seen that the number of sensoria on the third antennal article of the winged female vary greatly, there being more than twice as many on M. rosae than on either of the other two; more on M. destructor than on M. citrifolii. The third antennal article of M. citrifolii and M. destructor have three or four sensoria each, while there are thirteen or fourteen on the third article of M. rosae. The third article of M. rosae is longer than that of M. citrifolii, while that of M. destructor is longer than either. The cornicles of M. rosae and M. citrifolii have a restriction at the tip with a mosaic figure in the restricted area, while the cornicles of .V. destructor are not restricted near the tip. Those of M. rosae arc dusky throughout, tiiose of M. citrifolii are dusky on the apical half or two-
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thirds, whil<' those of M. destructor nrc dusky only at the tips. Thr styles of .V. cUrifolii nre the smallest, of M. rosae next in size (both of these are quite hairy) while those of .V. drstruclor are mueh larger and nre nearly destitute of hairs. The general appearanee of .V. rosae is also easily told by the rosy forms and liv thr (lark legs, till- hlaek markings of the liiad. thorax, and ahdomrn. .N'either of the
[:=
Figure 194. Details of Macrosiphum citrifolii (a, b, g, h, m, n) : Macrosiphum rosae (c, d, i, j. o. p) ; Macrosiphum destructor (e, f, k, 1, q, r)
latter forms have these eharacters, exeept the darkenid areas on the ii'gs and these are mueh fainter.
Xatural enemies — Macrosiphum citrifolii .\shm. is very effeetually held in cheek in California by the predaceous ladybird beetles, Coccinella californica Mann, Hippodaviia convergens Guer. and Coccinella abdominalis Say and by the larvn- of the .Syr])hid Flies Si^rphus amrricanus Wied., AUograpIn oUliifua .Say., and I.asiophthicus pyrastri I,.
I am indebted to Mr. John ,luiie Davis for his aid in the determination of this species.
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Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Passerini GREEN PEACH APHIS
1761 Aphis persicae Sulzer, Kenz. Insect P. 105.
1843 Aphis dianthi Schrank, Fauna Boica, II.
1843 Aphis persicae Kalt., Mon. Pflz., pp. 93-94.
1847 Aphis persicophila Rondani, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bolog. .337-132.
1857 Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank, Koch, Die Pflz., p. 42.
1857 Aphis institutiae Koch, Die Pflz., pp. .'58-59.
I860 Mystts persicae Pass., Gali Afidi.
1867 Aphis persicaecola Boisduval, Mon. Ale}'.
1876 Myzus persicae Sulz-Buckton, Mo. Brt. Aphid. I, 178.
1879 Myzus achyrantea Monell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, V. I, p. 18.
1880 Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schr., Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. 111., p. 80. 1880 Myzus persicae Sulz., Thomas, 8th Rept. Ent. 111., p. 76.
1886 Myzus malvae Oestlund, list. Aphid. Minn., p. 31.
1908 Myzus persicae Sulz., Taylor, Jr. Ec. Ent, I, 83.
1908 Myzus persicae Sulz-Gill. and Taylor, Bull. 133-134 Colo. Exp. Sta.
1908 Myzus persicae Sulz-Gillette, Jr. Ec. Ent. I, 359
1909 Myzus persicae (Sulz), Fullaway, Ann. Rept. Hawaii Agrcl. Exp. Sta., 28-29.
1910 Myzus achyrantes (Monell), Williams, Aphid. Nebr., p. 63. 1910 Ehopalosiphuni dianthi (Schrank), Williams, Aphid. Nebr., p. 69-
SPRING MIGRANT
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure IQ.'' A)
Length of body 1.9 mm., width of mesothorax 0.5 mm.-, greatest width of abdomen 0.82 mm., wing expansion 6.8 mm.
Prevailing color — Green with dark dorsal markings. Head — Dark with lighter line at base, nearly as long as broad, with prominent, approximate, frontal tubercles. Antennae — (Figure 1.0,') G). Gibbous on the inner basal sides, longer than body, dark except base of article III, sparsely hairy, lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.43 mm.; V, 0.30 mm.; VI, 0.7 mm. (spur 5.2 mm.) ; total 2.19 mm.; .at least twelve sensoria on article III. Rostrum — Reaching to or nearly to second coxas, light with apical half dark. Prothorax — Black or dark with light band at central base and lateral basal corners light. Meso- and Metathorax — Shiny black. Abdomen — Green, brownish, or amber with darker dorsal markings as shown in drawing, ventral surface dusky. Cornicles — (Figure 184 E.) Cylindrical or slightly clavate, reaching beyond tip of abdomen, dark, length 0.42 mm., width at base .05 mm., greatest width 0.065 mm.; in some cases there is a light spot on the apical half which does not quite reach to the ajiex. Legs — Normal, coxa- light green; femora of prothoracic legs with apical half dusky, of the second and third pairs the apical two-thirds dusky; tibiae with dark tips; tarsi dark. Wings — Normal, hyaline. Primary — Subcostal vein wide, dusky; stigma long and narrow, dusky; veins amber brown (see drawing), length
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Figure 195. Myzus persicae A, wingcil viviparous Iciiialc: U. apterous vivi|>arous female; C, pygidium ol winged female, dorsal aspect; D. pygidium of apterous female, ventral aspect; E, cornicle of winged female; F, cornicle of apterous female; G. antenna of winged female; H. antenna of apterous female.
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3.2 mm., width 1.2 mm. Posterior — Normal, length 1.8 mm., width 0.53 mm. Style — (Figure 195 C). Ensifomi or nearly conical, sickle-shaped, dusky, lengtli 0.2 mm.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 195 B) Length of body 1.8 mm., greatest width of abdomen 0.95 mm.
Prevailing color — Bright yellowish green, shiny throughout. Head — Nearly as long as wide, with very prominent approximate and somewhat gibbous, frontal, antennal tubercles. Eyes — Red. Antennae — (Figure 115). On prominent tubercles, first article somewhat gibbous, reaching to base of the cornicles, articles I, II, III and basal two-thirds of IV light yeUow, remainder dusky, lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.43 mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.; V, 0.21 mm.; VI, 0.53 mm. (spur 0.38 mm.). Rostrum — Reaching to second coxae, light with dusky tip. Abdomen — Smooth, light green, anal plate dusky. Cornicles — Figure 195 Fl and F2). Slightlj' clavate, light green with apical two-thirds or but one-fifth dark, reaching beyond tip of style, length 0.5 mm. Legs — Light green throughout with dark tarsi. Style — (Figure 195 D). Conical, sickle-shaped, length 0.2 mm., light green.
This species is one of the most widely distributed and most variable of the entire family. It presents a number of distinct forms, each of which has been described as a separate and distinct species, causing much confusion in the literature of the family Aphididae. Perhaps no one has worked it out more thoroughly than has Prof. C. P. Gillette of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. In the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. I, p. 359-362, may be found his full descriptions. He separately describes the following forms: Young Stem-Mother, Adult Stem-Mother, Apterous Viviparous Female, Spring Migrant, Winged Vivip- arous Female, Fall Migrant, Oviparous Female, and Male. Of these I have described the Spring Migrant and the Apterous Viviparous Female, the forms most common in this locality. For the full descriptions see his article.
Hosts — I have obtained this species on citrus trees (Orange and Lemon). Potatoes, Malva parviflora L., and Tomatoes. It has also been reported as feedin"- upon the following plants: Amsinckia spectabilis F. & M., Brassica oleracea (Cabbage, Cauliflower), Celestial pepper {Capsicum annum var abbreviatuiii Fing.), Chrysanthemum indicum L., Cynoglossum sp.. Carnation (Dianthiix caryophyllum L.), English Ivy (Hedera helix L.), Plum {Prunus domestica L. ) . Peach {P. persica B. & H.), Groundsel {Senecio vulgaris L.), Sonchus asper \'ill.. Sonchus oleraceus L., Nettle {Urtica tirens L.), Prunus amygdalus amygdalux. Clierry {P. cerasus L.), German Ivy, Prunus insititia, Malva rotundifolia.
Locality — Taken by the writer in many parts of Southern California, at Claremont, Santa Ana, Santa Paula and Pomona. Date of collection — April ii. 1911. Serial number 22.
Note — I am indebted to .Mr. J. '1'. Moneil for tiie specific determination 'it' this species.
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Toxoptera aurantiae Koch. CITRUS APHID 1857 Toxoptera aurantiae Koch, Pflanzcnlausc pp. 251-255. 1880 Toxoptera aurantiae Koch-Buckton, Mon. Brit. Aphid, p. I.S5. 1910 Toxoptera aurantiae Kocli-Fullaway, Rcpt. Hawaii, .\grcl. Exp. Sta. pp. 3U-.Si2, for 190y.
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 196 A) Length of l)ody not including style 1.6 mm., width of tlie mesothorax 0.55 mm., grcate.st widtli of abdomen 0.75 mm., wing expansion ().5 mm. \ •.mall black form very common on Citrus in this State.
Prevailing color — Black, .sliining. Head — Narrow, but wider than long, black, witli inconspicuous frontal tubercles. Eyes — Very dark red, almost brown. Antennae — (Figure I96 I)). On inconspicuous frontal tubercles, longer than the body, but not reacliing to tip of style, slightly hairy, articles I and II dark through- out, III, IV and \' all transparently light or amber with dusky tips, VI amber with dusky band at nail-like jirocess and at the tip. Tlie lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.1 mm.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0..S7 mm.; IV, 0.31 mm.; V, 0.31 mm.; VI, 0.5'2 mm. (spur O.t'2 mm.); total 1.69 mm.; article III (Figure 196 G) has from six to eight large circular sensoria, IV (Figure 196 H) has one large circular sensorium three-fourths the distance from the base to the tip, V has a large circular sensorium near the tip, VI has the usual number of sensoria in the nail-li<e process. Rostrum — Reaching just beyond second coxw, light yellow with daik base and tip. I'rothorax — Twice as wide as long, shiny black, with distinct later A tubercles. Mesothorax — Siiiny black, muscle lobes prominent, making the meso- thorax much higiier than the other part of the body. Metathorax — Narrow trans- versely, black. Abdomen — Well rounded and smooth, shiny black or very dark brown with several small lateral tubercles on the margins. Cornicles — (Figure 196 C). Short, cylindrical, widest at base and narrowest at tip, with inconspicu- ously rimmed mouth, imbricated, black, length 0.^ mm., usually carried at right angles to the main axis of the body. Legs — Rather large, hairy; coxa- black, femora of fore-legs dark at tip only; femora of middle and hind legs amber with all but extreme bases black; tibiae amber with bases and tips dark; tarsi dark. If'ings- — Rather large and hyaline. Primary — Length 3 mm., width 1.1 mm.; costal vein narrow and well detined, brown; subcostal wide and dark; stigma, the most characteristic feature of this insect, is very black and can be readily distin- guished by the naked eye, long and narrow with the longest sides parallel, pointed at the tip, length 0.1 mm., width 0.15 mm.; stigmal arising near tip of stiguia, well curved ; first discoidal straight, light brown ; second discoidal curved slightly in- wardly, light brown; third discoidal once-branched, the branch arising near the middle of the vein (slightly nearer the tip from the middle), light brown. Sec- ondary— Length 1.7 mm., width 0..") mm.; subcostal extending to tip of the wing, curved upwardly between discoidals, downwardly just beyond base of the second discoidal, and thence upwardly to the tip; veins light brown. Style — Conical, hairy, black, length 0.1 mm., half as long as the conicles.
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APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 196 B)
Length not including the style 1.65 mm. or slightly longer, greatest width of the .abdomen 1.2.T mm. A dark robust form somewhat larger than the winged individuals.
Prevailing color — Velvety black, may or may not be shiny, some forms are slightly brownish-black. Head — Black, much wider than long. Eyes — Dark brown. Antennae — (Figure 196 F). On inconspicuous frontal tubercles, reaching to the bases of tlie cornicles, slightly hairy, articles I and II color of the body, III, IV and V light yellow with dusky tips, V^I light with dark band at nail-like process and duskv tip, lengths of tlie articles; I, 0.1 mm, II. 0.07 mm.; Ill, 0.37
*1
Figure 196. Toxoptera aurantiae
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mm.; I\'. O..SI iniii. ; \'. '•..'fl nun.; \'I. ().!■.') iinn. (spur O..S(i nun.) ; total l.(il mm.; circular .scnsoriuni fit ii\h-\ of (irtii-l<-.\' and u.sunl oiws in tlif nail-like prm-css. Prolkoras — With latt-ral tulwri'lcs at the Imsc. Meso- and Mrla-lhorax — Not dis- tinctly defined, .thtionifii — Robust, smooth with lat<Tal <lepressi(uis near front marf^ins. two marginal tuhrreles on each side, hiaek or dark hrown. CornirlrM - (Figure l<)() E). t'yliiidrieal, widest at hase and gradually tapering to tip which is slightly rimmed, imhricated, black, length O.'J nnn. I.f^' — .Normal, hairv, col- ored as in the winged form. Sti/lr — Conical, much wider at base than at apix, hairy, black, half as long as cornicles, 0.1 mm.
Young — The young apterous forms are from dull brown to bl.iek. while tb<- nymph.s are reddish brown.
Hosts — This species settles in great colonies on the tender twigs of orarge and lemon trees and may entirely destroy the new top on a young tree. They also feed upon the undersides of the leaves of suckers and tender shoots of old trees. In not a few cases old, tough leaves are attacked by this species. The presence of the insect upon the older leaves is usually recognized by the curling and tw-sting of the foliage so as to form a place of protection for them on the insides • ,{ the cup-shaped leaves. While this insect has In-en found feeding on Orange, Citron and Camellia in Europe and on I'elea, Straussia and Coffea in the Hawaiian Islands, I have been able to find it only upon citrus trees in this locality, where it seems to exist during the entire year.
Locality — Throughout the entire southern part of California. T;ikcn by the writer in San Diego, Orange, San Bernardiru>, Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Wm. Davidson also reports it at San .Jose.
Date of Collection — Occurs in this locality during the spring and early sum- mer months in abundance. Collected .\i)ril .S, 1911, when most numerous. Serial number 1 !•.
This species is easily mistaken for another small black aphis working in a similar manner and nearly always associated with it on seedling t'x-cs, Aphit gosst/pii Glover. It is easily distinguished from A. gossypii, with the unaided eye, by the black stigma on the primary wings as referred to above, and most easily distinguished under the micro-scopc by the third discoidal vein being but once branched instead of twice as in A. gosiypii.
Satural enemies — This insect is most elTectually held in check by the two inturnal parasites described hereinafter and by the larvic of the large .Syrphid Fly, Lnsiophthicus pyrastri I... although the larva- of the Syrphut americanui Wicd., and of Alloarapta oUliqun Say. play an important part in this. Of the ladybird beetles, Coccinella californica Mann, is the most important enemy here.
Mr. John .lune Davis, .Mr. .). T. .Monell, Prof. Theo. I'ergande and I'nif. \\ ni. Davidson h.ive aided nie uuuli in the di-lerniin.ilion of this species.
Natural Enemies of the Citrus Plant Lice CHRYSOPID.E
Chrysopa californica Coq. CALIFORNIA GREEN LACE WING OR APHIS LION
One of the most common insect predators, preying on all sorts of soft bodied insects, is the common green lace wing, called Aphis Lion because of its destruct- iveness to all plant lice (aphids). The eggs, larvae, pupee and adults are to be found everywhere in the fields, woods and orchards ; wherever there are infesta- tions of plant lice one is almost sure to find the larva of the Chrysopa. In the citrus orchards of Southern California they are very abundant and play an im- portant part in the control of many bad pests, but more important in keeping down the aphids which have already been described. When there is no prey in the orchards they go to the fields and brush to seek other game and return as soon as the lice begin to appear. The part played by this insect in an economic way certainlj' justifies a short description here in connection with the predaceous Coecinellids and Syrphid Flies.
Eggs — (Figure 197 B). The eggs are very small, pearly white in color, oblong in shape with the base drawn out to connect with a fine hair or pedestal which supports it nearly half an inch above the surface to which the hair is attached. The egg itself is not more than one-eighth of an inch in length. The adult insect has no doubt employed the method of placing her eggs on long stalks for the purpose of putting them out of the reach of other crawling insects which would otherwise devour them. They are deposited singly or sometimes in small groups on the upper sides of the leaves, or in fact on most any part of a tree, plant, or any other support.
Larva — (Figure 197 A). When first hatched the larva is, of course, very small, but grows very rapidly. The first born var}' from a very light yellow to a gray color. As soon as it leaves the egg the search for food. is begun and appar- (^ntly there are few insects which escape its appetite. At first only the very youngest plant lice are devoured, but it is not long before insects twice and three times as large as the chrysopid larva are destroyed. The full-grown larva varies from half to nearly a full inch in length, is bright yellow with dark red markings distributed as shown in the drawing. The head is equipped with a large pair of mandibles, grooved on the inner side, curved like a sickle and pointed. With these it penetrates the body wall and sucks out the contents through the grooves. The legs are short with sharp claws to clasp firmly the footing which it may have in order that it might, as is the habit, lift the prey bodilj* into the air where its struggles arc in vain, and jog it there until all of the body juices have been extracted. This operation can easily be observed in the field. So fierce are they that they devour not only mealy bugs, the larvte of Coecinellids, but their own kind. I have placed from four to eight in a small box or bottle and after a few days would find onlj- two, or more often, only one left. In order to make sure
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this point tlir operation Ims also bftn observed repentedlv. but eaniiibalisni is not uncommon among |)redaceous insects. Though the good from tliis insect is often great, I have often thought that the harm done, by eating other beneficial insects, more than overbalanced the good done. For instance we imported the C'occinellid enemy {Cryptolaemus montrou:irri) of tlie citrus mealy bug into our orchards at Santa Paula and it was impossible to go into the field without finding nearlv every chrysopid larva with the young of this ladybird beetle. In not a few instances entire colonies were entirely destroyed, and though many of the mealy bugs also fell a prey to the ehrysopids. they seemed to prefer the larva- of the ('ryi)tolivmus. But other than this I have seen very little to count against it, and as an a|)hid feeder alone the good is verv marked.
Figure 197. Chrysopa californica
Pupa — (Figure 1!>7 C and I)). When fully developed and re.idy to undergo transformations it spins a thin, hard-walled, globular, pupa case about itself (F'igure 197 C shows mouth open after escape of the adult. I) shows the cocoon) in some crack or crevice and remains dormant for some time. These globular pupa cases are often nearly covered with long white tilaments — not unlike cotton — by which they are fastened, and arc grouped together in small lots or may be single. It is this stage that is subject to severe attacks of internal parasites, which plays havoc with rapid develo))ment of numbers. The parasite. Isotirnmut icerifar How. is common here and has been reared in large numbers from the pupa eases of tin- green lace wing and also from the |)Mpa- of the Hrowii I, ace Wing {Si/mphiTohiut augustiis Banks).
.Idult — (Figure 197 F- and F'). The adult insect is from tive-sixteenths to three-eights of an inch long and twice as long including the length to the tip of the folded wings, of a beautiful green color with a longitudinal, dorsal, yellow band extending from the front of the head to the penultimate al>dominal segment. There are four large, membranous wings, wonderfully nerved (from which comes
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the name lace wing), and briglit transparent green. The head is yellow above, green beneath, and amber or brown on the sides. The thorax and abdomen are green excepting the dorsal yellow band. The legs are green with tips of the tibiae and the tarsi amber. Eyes large, iridescent green. Antenna- long and setaceous, light yellow or transparent white with .iniber tips. Tlie wing veins and the entire body are clothed with fine hairs.
COCCINELLIDAE
Feeding upon plant lice are always to be found the young or larvae of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae). There are three common aphid feeders which are to be found in nearly everj- orange orchard and which should receive special attention here. They are the common Red Ladybird Beetle Coccinella calif ornica, Mann, the Red Spotted Beetle Ilippodamia convergens Guer., and the Ashy Gray Ladybird Beetle Coccinella abdominalis Say. Besides these there are a few specimens of the genus Scymnus to be found, the most common and efficient being a small brown native species, Sct/m7ius sorditliis Horn.
Figure 198. A, Coccinella abdominalis; B, Hippodamia convergens: C, Coccinella californica; D, Scymnus sordidus
The eggs of these l.-idybird berths are laid in clusters not unlike bunches of cigars on end, and may be found almost anywhere, from board fences to the various parts of the foliage of a tree. They are small, pointed at both ends, and salmon colored. The accompanying photographs give a fair representation of different clusters. The eggs of S. sordidus are deposited singly and are very difficult to find.
The larvae as they emerge from the upper ends of the eggs soon begin their searcli for food, which consists of very small insects at first. They grow very fast and develop tremendous appetites. The body is long, very rough, hairy and dark with red or yellow markings on the dorsum. They have six legs and are capable of traveling very rapidly. As soon as they are fully matured they hang themselves up by the tail-end to some twig, leaf, limb, or any other convenient place of support and transform into the pupal stage. These pupae may be seen in considerable numbers almost anywhere in the orchards. They are of a reddish brown or gray- color with dark markings. Wiien touched or disturbed they will suddenly throw up the head as if to strike the assailant. From this stage emerges the adult beetle
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which prodiici-s morr fjfjfs and ln-giiis fuiothcr life cyi-lr. All of these Nta)(es may he foiiiul throti);hout thi- entire siinuiier and fall months, while the adult forms are found at any season of the ye.ir In Soiithirn ('aliforni.i.
Coccinella californica Mann. ( kc<l Ladylniil Hectic) (I'ifrnres l!)8 C and I<)<)) A scarlet-red beetle very common throii)rhout this State. Head hiack ; thorax M.iek with white or pale spot on each niar^rin ; elytra oranf{e or scarlet-red with no other marking than a small rhonihoidal dark spot at the middle hase, known as the .scutellar spot. I.eiipth .'i.d to ().() mm., width kO nun. to i.7 mm. l-'eeds on many (litTcrciit species of apliids.
Figure 199. Coccinella californica. A, :i<liili: 11, eKK>; C. Inrva; D. pupa.
Hippodamia convergens (lUcr. ( I'.lack SjxHtcd Red Ladybird) ( Figures I i)S B and ■iiH)) Ki'd heetle with twilvc hl.ack spots on the dorsum. Mead lil:iek ; thorax hlaek with two narrow white lateral margins and a very small median »hit<' spot at thi' hase; elytra varying from light to very dark red, each with six hIack spots, the posterior three invari.ably isolated among themselves and usually constant, thi- .interior spots usually sm.allest and variable; scutellar spot black, small: legs black throughout, .\verage length ."■.•,' nnn., .-iver.-ige width .S.'i mm.
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The larvH? when fully developed vary from one-quarter to nearly three- quarters of an inch in length. They are dull black with bright orange or yellow markings on the back.
The pupa; are amber or reddisli brown with transverse dark bands across the body and numerous dark spots on the dorsum.
This is the most common form we have in the southern part of the State and is a very important and helpful insect. It is being sent in great numbers by the State Commission to the melon fields of Imperial County to prey upon the melon aphis there as is also Coccinella californica.
Figure 200. Hippodamia convergens .A. adult; B. eggs; C, larva; D, pupa.
Coccinella abdominalis Say. (Ashy Gray Ladybird) (Figures 198 A and 201) Gets its common n.iiiic from its gray color. The following is a description after Thos. Casey:
"Broadly oval and strongly convex, very finely and obsoletely punctulate (the side margins as in Cycloneda) ; upper surface pale brownish-yellow, the head pale and immaculate; pronotum with a basal black spot at two-fifths from the middle and a short transverse spot before the scutellum, also with two posteriorly con- verging black spots at the center and .i narrow elongate spot on the median line
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joining tlie ante-scutclliir spot, imd, nt Intcral right nu(\ linsnl third, n .small roundi'd spot; scutclhini black in thf male; elytra t-acii with a suh-liasal transverse series of four small black spots, a median series of three spots, the inner the largest and transversely cresccntiform and, at apical fourth near margin, another small rounded black spot; under surface and legs pale. Length k'.'.') to ,">.-.i.') mm., width .<.!• to t.O mm. Jr. X. Y. Flnt. Sw. Vol. VII, p. y.S. 189!).
Figure 201. Coccinella abdominalis
.•\. .-Klults; B. egK*; C. I.irv.-i; I), pupa
In all there are seven black spots on the thor.ix and eight on each elytra or wing cover.
The larva- resemble those of Ilippodamia confer gens, but are a little larger and have very light or yellow spots on the dorsum instead of orange spots.
This insect works on v.irious plant lice of the orange, but is the most •ffectual check we have in this county on the Walnut Lou.se, Callipterus juglanH-
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icola Koch., which it sccnis to ijrtfcr to all otlitr apliids. There are millions of the eggs, larva", pupae and adults to be found in every walnut orchard in Ventura County and large numbers are found in the citrus orchards in the early spring before the walnuts begin to leaf o\it. It is by far the most important beneficial insect of the three herein described.
Scymus sordidus Horn. (Figures 198 D and 20'2)
This is one of the smallest of the aphid feeders, but very common in localities near the foothills, where it feeds especially upon Aphis gossypii Glover.
The larva is considerably larger than the adult, being nearly a quarter of an inch long and half as wide. It is easily recognized by its heavy coating of rather long, white, cottonj' wax and is often mistaken by citrus growers for a mealy bug.
Figure 202. Larva of Scymnus sordidus
The adult is scarcely more than one-eighth of an inch long and two-thirds as wide, light brown to very dark brown in color, and with elongated body. It is technically described by Thos. Casey (See P. C. ,Ir. Ent. Vol. Ill, \o. 3, |). .j'iO, Sept. IJ^Il) briefly as follows: "Body elongate oval. Length l.(i;) mm., width 0.9 mm. Pronotum piceous, minutely, not very closely, piinctulate, the sides not quite continuous. Elytra pale, with margins nubilously blackish, more broadly at base, finely and rather closely punctate. Abdominal lines extending outward externally parallel to the edge of the segment and a slight distance therefrom, prosternum relatively slightly wider between coxae, flat and whollv dcMiid of earnia'; genital or 'sixth' ventral segment, usually develo|)ed."
Tiiis insect is a native of California and especially abundant in the southern citrus counties, where it also docs good work on the citrus mealy bug.
I'oMON.V C'OI.LEOE JOCHN.M, OK EnTOMOLOOY 611
SYRPHIDAE
Always anionic tin- plant licr arr to In- fnimd uri-i-iiisli. flat, .sticky-lookinjf "worms" wliicli arc decidt-dly pointed at ono end and wliic-li do not liavf a distinct lu'ad, eyes or legs. Tlifsc so-cnlU-d "worms" arr tlic larvir or maggots of a two- winged insect or Hy of the order Diptera and tlie family Syrphidae, wliieli are commonly called Syrpliid or Flower-Flies. The larva- (Figure iOS A) vary from the minutest first-liatelied maggot to nearly an inch in lengtii, according to the species to which it belongs. They are usually light or dark green, hut some may he brown, orange, very liglit or nearly black. Those feeding upon the citrus plant lice and herein described are green with a longitudinal darker green or brownish stripe on the dorsum. The mouth is situated at the small end and all of the food is obtained by puncturing the body walls of the lice and then sucking out the contents. This operation is easily observed in the field. The maggot firmly sup- ports itself by the large posterior end, raises itself up and begins to blindly move its mouth-end about in quest of food. If it touches a plant louse it immediately raises it into the air and sucks it dry. This is very rapidly repeated, with very disastrous results to the lice. Wlien the larva is full grown it seeks some sheltered spot in which to pupate (transform into the adult fly). This it may do on the stems or upon tlie surface of a leaf. The pupa stage is shown in Figure 20.i B and is a long, roundish or oval, brown body, which shows no signs of life. F'rom this emerges the adult fly, which removes one end of the pupa case to escape. The adults under consideration are dark with transverse yellow bands across the abdomen as shown in the accompanying cuts. They are very swift fliers and are often mistaken for bees. They are common around flowers, feeding upon the nectar and from this habit get th<' names "Flower or Honey Flies." On hot days they are sometimes very numerous and are called ".Sweat F'lies" in the F'astern states. They deposit their eggs singly ui)on leaves and twigs which are infested with plant lice and these give rise to the green larva?.
While these insects do mucli to prevent the s|)read of the plant lice, they are in turn preyed upon by other insects. Ants, which foster and protect the i)laiit lice, kill and carry off the larva- in large numbers and greatly reduce their efficiency. Internal parasites also prey upon them. I have hatched a large one from the pupa- of Syrphus aincricaiius Wied. Insect Life, V^ol III, p. 1.5,S, reports the internal parasite Ilemilrle-t syrphicola Ashm. as being reared from Allograpia ohliijua Say.
There are three species here which are doing good work in kee])ing down the Citrus Plant Lice: a very large species. Lasiophlhicits pyrasiri Linn., tlie common .Syrphid. Syrphux atiifricaiiux Wied.. and the small species Allograpia ohliijua .Say. The following brief descriptions of the adult forms have lieen |)repared:
*Lasiophthicus pyrastri I. inn. (Figure -203) This is the largest of the tliree species named above and measures seven- sixteenths of an inch long. The large compound eyes occupy most of the head
•NOTE. I am indebted to Prof. C. F. Baker, of P..ni..iia r,,llrifr. f..r the iden- tification of these species.
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and they are dark Indian red or brown. The face is yellow and hairy, with median dark line. Antennte are black with long dorsal arista. Thorax iridescent dark blue or green, covered with long fine hair or pubescence. Scutellum same color as the mesothorax. Legs — coxa dark ; femora dark with tips light ; tibise amber or yellowish, slightly darker at tips ; tarsi dusky. Abdomen velvety black with three pairs of marginal curved transverse bands on the dorsum. These bands do not come together in the middle and really form six bands.
Figure 203. Lasiophthicus pyrastri A, larva; B, puparium; C, adult.
This is a very widely distributed and common species and feeds on nearly every species of plant lice. It is especially abundant on twigs infested with Macrosipkum ciirifolii Ashm., Toxoptera aurantiae Koch., and Aphis gossypii Glover.
Syrphus americanus W'ied.
(Figure 204 A) Altliougli this species is much smaller than the above described species, it is considered to be one of the largest species in the genus, averaging three-eighths of an inch in length. It greatly resembles Lasiophthicus pyrastri L. in general form and color. The eyes are dark reddish brown. Face amber yellow with dark band in the middle extending from base of the antennae to the mouth. Antenna;
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black, witli dorsal arista. Thorax iridescent grccii, covered with tiiii- lonjf hair. Legs — Coxa* dark; bases of femora dark: remainder of legs anilx-r brown. Abdomen rich sliiny black with three pairs of transverse yellow bands along the dorsal margins. These bands do not imite in the middle bv one-half tiieir lengths. There are also two very narrow transverse yellow bands extending across the dorsum near the posterior or anal end.
This, too, is a very common and widely distrilmtrd species and has been reported from nearly every section of this country.
Specimens were reared from twigs infested with Macroaiphum rilrifolii Ashm.. Tojoptera aurantiae Koch, and Aphis go-fsypii (Hover as well as from a great number of infestations of other connuon aphids.
4
B
f
A
Figure 204. A, Syrphus americanus; B, Allograpta obliqua
Allograpta obliqua Say (Figure 20i B)
This is the smallest of the tiiree sjiccies taken from citrus aphids. It is not as plentiful as either of the two species above, but is by no means rare. Length one-quarter of an inch. The body is dark and very slender. Eyes dark red. Face yellow with dark median line. Antennip amber brown. Thorax iridescent green. Scutellum light yellow. Legs light yellow. Abdomen dark with four transverse yellow bands on the dorsum and yellow longitudinal markings at the base of the ovipositor, which is amber brown or dark.
Reared from Toxoplrra aurantiae Koch and Aphis gostypii Glover.
INTERNAL PARASITES
Of the natural enemies of the citrus plant lice, by far the most cfTectivc are the internal parasites. The adult females of these true parasites deposit their eggs, by means of a long, sharp-pointed ovipositor, which |)ierces the body wall of the lice, within the living tissues, inside the bodies of the plant lice. The outside wound heals over in a short time leaving the egg tightly sealed within the body ready to h«teh. .\s soon as the egg is hatched the sm.all legless larva begins to feed upon liie tissues of the aphid and its development means the extinction of a louse. When the larva is fully developed and ready to leave the "mummied" louse it cuts a circular hole in the top of the body and escapes a winged insect ready to
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produce more eggs and to thereby destroy more insects. The life-cycle varies according to the time of year. In the colder months it covers from about ninety to one hundred days, while during the summer months it covers from eight to fifteen days.
Th<: so-called "Mummied" plant lice (Figure 205) are easily recognized before the adult parasite escapes by the inflated and discolered bodies which appear among the healthy individuals. These bodies are usually of a lighter color and finally become entirely bleached. The circular liole cut by the escaped parasites is always a sure sign of the presence of these beneficial insects. The "mummies" are fastened to the leaf, as soon as the louse is dead, by the larva of the parasite,
|
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'■'-'^sfsS |
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''';.*«5i^"- • • ]|fl |
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Figure 205
Mummied bodies of parasitized plant lice.
which cuts a slit in tlie lower side of the body and fastens the sides to the leaf or twig by excreting a mucilageous or web-like substance for this purpose.
So far, I have been able to collect two distinct forms of these liymenopterous parasites — one a very common Braconid, Aphidius testaceipes Cresson, and the other a Cynipid of the genus Charips (Allotria). Brief descriptions of these insects are as follows;
Aphidius testaceipes (Cresson) (Figure 206, left) 1879 Trioxyx testaceipes (Cresson) Comstock. U. S. Dept. Agrcl. Rept.
p. 208. Original description. 1888 Lysipiilehus testaceipes (Cresson) Aslnnead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. p. 667.
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C'rosson's Original Description
"Fcmah — Piccoiis or shining black, smooth and polished, iiiipuncturcd ; .iiriiidiblt'S and palpi pale; antenna- brownish black, sometimes more or less pale beneath, thirteen-jointed, the joints faintly fluted or grooved, the last one longest and thickest; wings iivaline, iridescent, stigma pale; legs, including coxa", yellow- ish-testaceous, the posterior pair generally more or less fuscous or blackish; abdomen often brown or pale piceous, with the first, and sometimes part of the second, segment more or less testaceous. Length 0.07 incli.
Figure 206. Aphidius testaceipes. ..ii Kli; Charips xanthopsis, <in rlRht.
"Habitat — Rock Ledge, Florida; Selnia, Ala., and I'oeomoke City, Md. Para- sitic upon an aphid infesting twigs of orange, an aphid on the cotton plant, and Aphis avenae Fabr."
616 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
In Southern California this insect is parasitic on Aphis gossypii Glover (the orange and cotton aphid) and on Tnxopicra aurantiae Koch. Collected by the writer at Santa Paula, California.
I am indebted to Mr. C. L. Marlatt for the identification of this species.
Cha,rips xanthopsis Ashm. (Figure 206, right)
1896 Allotria .ranthopsis Ashmead, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXIII., p. 18.").
Ashniead described this parasitic cynipid as having been reared from Siphon- ophora citrifolii in Florid? The species we rear here quite commonly from Aphi.i gossypii, and Toxoptera aurantiae, is very near to xanthopsis, if not the same thing. Only minute comparison with the type could settle the matter, however.
REMEDIES FOR PLANT LICE ON CITRLS TREES
Thougli it is sclcloin ncct-ssary to employ artificial means in dealing with these insects, yet any of the forms described may almost entirely overrun young trees. I know of such a case at Claremont in the year 1909, where a young Volencio orange orchard was badly infested and nearly all of the new growtli killed back as fast at it grew out. But even greater damage may be done to young buds placed in old trees. On these tender shoots the green louse, Macrosiphum citri- folii Ashm., is especially bad, and in such cases should be controlled by spravs.
In using sprays for these aphids, we must first take into consideration the tree and what it can stand. Though the citrus trees are evergreen and do not admit of severe winter sprayings, as do tlie dormant deciduous trees, yet the leaves are more resistant than are the tender leaves of the latter, and will stand more summer spraying, when it is most necessary for the insects under discussion. So far I liave never found any of the aphids depositing eggs to bridge over the winter months. Adult insects, however, ma\- be found in limited numbers through- out the entire year in Southern California, so we do not have to deal with a distinct egg-laying stage, which is ditficult to liandle except with very strong sprays. Neither do we have to deal with root forms, like the underground forms of the Black Peach Aphis (Aphis persicae-niger Sniitii) and the Woolly .\])his of the A|)plc {Schizoneura lanigera Haus).
The sprays recommended, then, are such as might be used on citrus trees and arc not intended as remedies for aphids on all trees and ]>lants, though many of them are standards and need but little additions of water to serve any purpose.
Spray Formulae
TOBACCO SPRAYS
ToB.vceo Uecoctions
(1). Tobacco stems, dust or waste i pounds.
Water \ gallons.
(2). Tobacco leaf 1 pound.
Water V gallons.
Steep the tobacco in the water for one hour .md api)ly in two applications of five days apart.
Co.M.MEHci.\L Tobacco Spravs
(1). Black Leaf Extract 1 gallon.
Water 30 gallons.
(2). "Black Leaf 40" 1 gallon.
Water 1000 gallons.
By adding one pound of soap to every fifty gallons of these sprays the efficiency is greatly increased.
Tobacco Decoction anu Soap
Tobacco leaves or waste 1 jiound.
Water ti gallons.
Soap 1 pound.
Dissolve the soap in the water and steep I lie tobacco in this solution for one hour.
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SOAP SPRAYS
Whale Oil Soap
Whale oil soap 1 pound.
Water 6 gallons.
EMULSIONS
Kerosene Emulsion stock solution
Kerosene 2 gallons.
Whale oil or laundry soap % pound.
Water (mu.st be soft) 1 gallon.
preparation Dissolve the soap in hot or boiling water ; add the kerosene (be careful of fire) ; agitate thoroughly with a hand pump until a rather thick, creamy liquid results. (This thorough agitation, by pumping back into the same vessel, is necessary to insure a proper emulsion, which will not damage the foliage.) For use add one gallon of the above stock solution to every twelve gallons of water.
Carbolic Acid Emulsion
STOCK solution
Whale oil soap 40 pounds.
Crude carbolic acid 5 gallons.
Water to mix 40 gallons.
preparation Dissolve the whale oil soap in the water, heating it to the boiling point (soap must be thoroughly dissolved) ; add the crude carbolic acid and cook for twenty minutes over a good fire (reserve five gallons of water to add in case the mixture begins to boil over). For use add twenty gallons of water to every gallon of the stock solution. This emulsion needs no agitation while being applied.
RESIN SPRAY Resin Wash
Resin 10 pounds.
Caustic soda (76 per cent) 3 pounds.
Fish oil 11/2 pints.
Water 50 gallons.
Place resin, soda and fish oil in a kettle with water to cover them to a depth of three or four inches. Boil and add water from time to time to make half or a third of the final amount for a stock solution, and for use dilute this according to the above formula.
QUASSIA CHIPS AND WHALE OIL SOAP
stock solution
Quassia Chips 1 pound.
Water 1 gallon.
Wliale oil soap 1^ pound.
preparation. Boil the quassia chips in water for one-half hour; add the soap and stir until all is dissolved in the boiling water. For use dilute with ten gallons of water.
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APPLICATIONS
It will often be necessary to 'i|>|)ly n siiifile .spray a number of times in order to get all satisfactory results. Tliese iipplieations should be made at intervals of from four to si.\ days until tiie insects disappear or greatly diminisli in numbers.
One of the greatest successes of a spray is thorough application under high pressure. With a common bucket or knapsack pump only the first can Ik; accomplished, but if even this is observed good results may be obtained. If, however, a power outfit can be had and a pressure of from one hundred to two hundred pounds maintained, one spraying will usually suHiee with excellent results. Young buds are not secure enough to bi- sprayed with :i power spraver, and must be treated with a hand pump.
An Ai'iiio Note According to tlie later revisions of the tribe Chailophoriiii and its included genera, the species described as Chailophorits salicirola n. sp. ( Pomona College Journal of Entomology, III, No. 3, p. 53'2, lyil) should be Thomaiiu salicicola n. sp.
/
THE WHITE-FLIES OF JAPAN*
S. I. KUWANA
IMPERIAL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
NISHIGAHARA, TOKYO, JAPAN
In this paper are listed eleven species of Japanese Aleyrodidse which have been collected by the writer and others, during the last few years. Three of these species were previously recorded and eight are new to science and described herewith.
The writer's thanks are due to Prof. A. L. Quaintance, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, for his courtesy in examining the specimens, and for his assistance in the determinations.
Aleyrodes citri Riley and Howard
Aleyrodes citri Riley-Howard, Insect Life, Vol. V, p. 219, 1893.
Aleyrodes citri Kuwana, The Insect World, Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 13-15, 1910.
On orange, in Nagasaki, collected by the writer in 1907, for the first time in this country. Since then it has been found by him on ivy in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Okayama, Yehime and Miye. It is not a serious pest in Japan.
Aleyrodes giffardi Kotinsky
Aleyrodes giffardi Kotinsky, Bui. 2, Div. Ent. Board Coinni. Agr. and Fores- try, Hawaii, p. 91, 1907-
Aleyrodes giffardi Okada, The Insect World, Vol. XIII, No. 11, pp. 7-10, 1909.
Aleyrodes giffardi Kuwana, Engei no Tomo, Vol. V, No. 12, pp. 52-51, 1909-
Aleyrodes giffardi Kuwana, The Insect World, Vol. XIV, No. 2, pp. 8-9, 1910.
On orange, in Shizuoka, collected by Mr. Okada and the writer, during the summer of 1908 for the first time in this country. It is a very serious pest of orange in some sections of Shizuoka, but it is not found in any other part of Japan as yet.
Aleyrodes shizuokensis n. sp.
(Figure 207, A-E)
Pupa case — Size about 0.99 by 0.70 mm. Broadly elliptical or subcircular. Colorless. No lateral fringe nor wax covering of any kind. Segmentation of abdominal region distinct. Margin crenate, separated from rest of case, forming a narrow border all around.
♦This article is an exceedingly important one for California interests. It is the lirst extended study of the White Flies of Japan. It is of especial importance, on account of our very extensive importations of nursery stock from that country to know just what white Hies wc are likely to receive sooner or later. The fact that the Citrus White F'ly is generally distributed there is of especial moment to us, and means that our vigilance in connection with Japanese shipments must be redoubled.
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Figure 207. A-E, Aleyrodes shizokaensis; F-H, Aleyrodes tokionis: I-L, Aleyrodet
akebiz.
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Vasiform orifice subovate or subtriangular in form. Caudal end pointed. Operculum not one-half the length of orifice, and in width not quite filling the open space, distal, free end truncate. Lingula well developed, nearly as long as the orifice, spatulated distal portion convex, enlarged, rather bulbous, the bulbous portion of which projects beyond the operculum setose.
Adult male — Length, 0.93 mm.; forewing, 1.28 by 0.57 mm.; hind femur, 0.27 mm. ; hind tibia, 0.10 mm. ; hind tarsus, 0.25 mm. Eye less constricted than in female, red in color. Body yellow, sutures of thoracic region dark, antenna^ and legs pale ; forewing with one rather indistinct dusky spot, near the apex. The third joint of antenna very long, longer than the rest of the joints together; the seventh joint is shorter than sixth. Tibia of second pair of legs less than two- third is also covered with minute markings as showing in the figure. Marginal rim penis tapering, much shorter than valves.
Adult female — Length, 1.26 mm.; forewing, 0.(JS mm. Larger than male. Eyes undivided, but deeply constricted about the middle.
Habitat — On 0.ralis corniculata L. in Shizuoka, collected bj' Mr. Masuda in 1908. Prof. Sasaki says that he has found a species of Aleyrodes on the same plant at Komaba, Tokyo, which may be the same as this new species.
Type in the entomological collection of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Ja])an, and cotj'pe in U. S. N. M.
Aleyrodes tokyonis n. sp. (Figure 207, F-H)
Pupa case — Size about 0.70 by OAQ mm. Elliptical in form. With hand lens ish in color, with margin pale. There is neither lateral jior dorsal secretion. Dorsum convex but sligiitly, with many faint polygonal markings ; the outer tliird is also covered witli minute markings as showing in the figure. Marginal rim rather wide, crenulation shallow. Abdominal segments well defined along the dorsimeson.
Vasiform orifice small, tubercled, subcircular ; operculum relatively the same siiape, filling the orifice ; lingula slender, distal end enlarged and densely setose.
Habitat — On Ilex inlcgra Thunb., Shihuya. Tokyo, collected by Baron X. Takachiho, Sept., 1909-
Type in the entomological collection of the lm])erial Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan, and cotyjie in U. S. N. M.
Aleyrodes akebiae n. sp.
(Figure 207, 1-L)
I'upa case — Size about 0.70 by 0.46 mm. Elliptical in form. U'ith hand lens
pale yellow, while head and abdominal region are brown. Lateral fringe much
longer than the body. This fringe is made up of slender, crystalline rods. The
marginal rim is narrow and minutely crenulated. Margin with many spiny setae.
Vasiform orifice subcordatc, anterior margin straight; operculum not as
broad as the orifice, about half its length, somewhat rectangular in form; lingula
Pomona Collkok Joihnai. cik KNT<iM(ii-i><iv 623
spahilntc, as long as orifice, distal part cnlargid and a|irx iM-aring two pairs of scttp.
Ilahitnl — On Akebia iiiiiiiiila l)<ii... at Mito city, c-ojl.ctrd hy C. I'likaya, August, 1907.
Typi" in tlir entoniologioal colli-ction of Imperial Agrieiiltiiral Kxperiinent Station, .Inpan, and cotype in L'. .*s. N. M.
Aleyrodes marlatti tjiiaintaiicc (FifTure 208, A-C) Alfi/roiiix miirlalli (^iiaintance, Tlie Canadian KritiMiiolugist, \'(>i, XXXI\', p. 61, I !)()•-'.
Aleyrodfs marlalli Kiiuana. Tlie Insect World. \'ol. Xl\', .\o. .'!. pp. 7-8, 1<)I0.
On orange, collected l)y tiie writer during the summer of 1!)07, in tlie following localities: Fukuoka, Nagasaki, Kuniamoto. Kagosliinia and Oita. It was also found by .Mr. Kuroyuw.-i, in Kinkiu Isl.ind.
Aleyrodes taonabae n. sj). ( Figure '208. I)- 1)
Egg — Size 0.16 by O.y!) nnn. F'.lli|>tical in form; stalk very short: pointed at distal end. Pale yellow in color with dark brown stalk.
Pupa case — Size about 1.1 by O.SS mm. Broadly oval in form, broadest about the middle. Color under hand lens, shining black; under microsco|)e, the color is brown, with sutures dark brown. Mature specimens moderately convex. There is a very short and squarely trinuned marginal fringe all round from the lateral wax tubes, extending out flat on the surface of leaf. Dorsum of ea.se is much corrugated, keeled for entire length. The tlioraco-abdominal suture is sinuate and extends to the marginal rim, somewhat wider on the sides. This rim is plainly demarked from dorsum by a thickened line all around. The margin is crenulated, the incisions quite uniform and acute. On cephalic end of case the transparent, subreiiiforni "eye spots" are very distinct.
Vasiform orifice elongate cordate; about three-fourths as broad as long, cephalic margin nearly straight, caudal end bluntly rounded; operculum subellip- tical, cephalic margin straight, about one-third as long as orifice; lingula usual, broad, extending quite to caudal end of orifice.
Adult female — Length about I. '2 mm.; forewing \.\ by O.tit mm., hind tibia O.-H mm., hind tarsus O.'iO mm. Color of body, uniformly pale yellow, except the frons, which is deep brownish; antennie and legs i)ale; eyes red, constricted in the middle; forewings marked with two irregular broken bands of orange red. each crossing wing about ec|uidistant on each side of caudal flexure of vine. There is also a small central spot, almost caudad of flexure. A small, irregular spot also occurs caudad of vcinlet, near base of wing.
Adult mall — V'ery like female, but small. Genitalia rather slender, slightly curved at tip and acute.
624
Pomona College Journal ok Entomology
I
spinosus.
Pomona t'oLLKOK Joihnai. oy KN'To.Miti.iiiiv 62."'
Habitat — On ({rape leaf, in Oknyn, colU-ctccl hv Mr. .Mntsiinioto, duritift sum- mer of 1910. It was also foiiiul on Taonaha japnniin Sy/.. in Oknyn and Tokyo.
This species is closely allied to A. marlatti, Imt ditTirs in tin- dorsal marking of pupa case and also the vrinff marking of adult.
Type in the entomological collection of lin))iri.il Agricultural Kxpirinimt Station, Japan, and cotype in I'. S. X. M.
Aleyrodes aucubae n. sp. (Figure '208, .I-K)
Pupa raxr — Size 0.80 by 0.66 nun. Broadly oval in form, prolonged caudad until it is lohelike at end. Color under hand lens, shining itiack ; under microscope, tiie color is brown, with sutures and rim dark. Slightly convex and without lateral fringe, covered thinly with white wax. centrally tiii' body segments are distinct; the margin is distinctly crenulatcd on the dorsum of thoracic region with many small transparent spots. On tlie dorsum near the outer limit of the abdominal segment.s are two rows on each side of small transpar<nt spots. .\ pair of very small setir near posterial margin.
Vasiform orifice rather small, broadly ovate; operculum almost as large as the orifice; lingula cannot be made out with certainty.
Habitat- — On Aucuba japonica Thunb., .'it Asukayama, Tokyo, collected by the writer in May, 1908.
Type in the entomological collection of the Ini))('rial .\gricultural Kxperiment Station, Japan, and cotype in U. S. N. M.
Aleyrodes euryae n. sp. (Figure 208, L-N)
Pupa case — Size about 0.83 by O.H.'i mm. Subelliptical, broadest at middle, and somewhat narrowed caudad and cephalad. Color on leaf under hand lens, shining black; under microscope dark brown. Dorsum with meso dorsal ridge; abdominal segments distinct. The margin without fringe. Marginal rim wide, somewhat wider on the side. The margin is finely crenulatcd, the incisions quite uniform and acute. There are two rows of small pores. On caudal end of dorsum, just within margin, is a pair of prominent setav
V'asiform orifice small, subcireular slightly wider than long; operculum large, broader than long; lingula almost as long as orifice.
Habitat — On Kurya nclinacra .Sez., at Nishigah;ira, Tokyo. <'ollectr(l by the writer. May, 1907.
Type in the entomological collection of Imperial .\grieultural F.xperinient Station, Japan, and cotype in U. S. N. M.
Aleyrodes camellia,e 11. .sp. (Figure SOS, O-Q) Egg — Size 0.20 by 0.07 mm., pale yellow. Stalk short, •-hapr oblong, taper- ing toward apical end, which is bluntly rounded, curved.
626 Po.MON'A College Joi'rnal of Entomology
Pupa case — Size about 1.20 by 0.88 mm. Somewhat octahedral in outline, widest at thoracic region, acute cephalad. Color, under hand lens, shining black; under microscope, deep black in color. Covered with a thin, glassy substance. The dorsum with a characteristic keel extending from the cephalic margin to the vasiform orifice. There is in the thoracic region, on each side, a short distance within the margin, a curved, depressed line, extending caudad to about the first abdominal segment. Abdominal segments extending out to marginal rim and strongl}' reflexed caudad. Along the abdominal segments with somewhat trachea- like structures which extend from the thoracic region to the vasiform orifice. Thickened, subovate rim, extending to the vasiform orifice. A pair of setae on the caudal end of the large, thickened, subovate rim.
Vasiform orifice semicircular, as broad as long; operculum subsemicireular. but larger than broad.
Habitat — On Tliea japonica I.., at Nishigahara, Tokyo, collected by the author, winter, 1908.
Type in the entomological collection of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, .(apan. and eotyjje in U. S. N. M.
Aleyrodes spinosus n. s]). (Figure 208, R-S)
Pupa case — Size 0.,')2 by 0.(i8 mm. Oval in outline. On the leaf, with iiand lens, shining dark brown, with brown spines projecting in all directions, mainly upwards. Medio-longitudinal ridge on dorsum. Abdominal segments distinct. The lateral fringe is very short or almost wanting. Under microscope pale brown; margin finely crenulated; tiie arrangement and comparative length of spines is shown in the figures.
Vasiform orifice sni.ill, sulicireular. but l)riiadrr than long, bounded by a chitinized band; operculum subsemicireular. hut longer than brcnad ; lingula obsecure.
Habitat — The host is unknown. This species was found by the writer among Coccidie from Formosa, lyof).
Type in the entomological collection of Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan, and cotype in U. S. N. M. (Nishigahara, Tokyo, August, 1911.)
Explanation of Figures
Figure 207
A, Aleyrodes shisokaensis, Pupa-case
B, Aleyrodes shisokaetisis, Det;iil of marginal rim of pupa-case.
C, Aleyrodes shisokaensis, Vasiform orifice of pupa-case.
D, Aleyrodes shisokaensis, Forewing.
E, Aleyrodes shisokaensis, Male genitalis.
F, Aleyrodes iokyouis. Pupa-case
G, Aleyrodes tokyonis, Vasiform orifice of pupa-case.
H, Aleyrodes tokyonis, Marking of skin about vasiform orifice.
PoMOVA C'OI.I.EOE .loiHNVI. of F.XTOMOLOOV 627
Ha. Aleyrodes lokyonis. Marking of dorsal skim of pupa-case.
I, Aleyrodes akelyiae. Young stage.
.F, Aleyrodes akehiae. Pupa-case.
K, Aleyrodes akelnar, X'a.siforni orifice of the same.
I., Aleyrodes akebiae. Detail of marginal rim of tlic same.
I iKiiic 2(KS
\. Aleyrodes marlatti. Pupa-case.
B, Aleyrodes marlatti, Va.siform orifice of pupa-cuse. (', Aleyrodes marlatti. Marginal rim of pupa-ease. I), Aleyrodes taonabae, Pup;i-case.
E, Aleyrodes taoiiahae, \';isiform oritiee of pupa-case.
F, Aleyrodes taonahae. Detail of marginal rim of puj)a-case.
G, Aleyrodes taonabae, Forewing.
H, Aleyrodes taonabae, Male genitalia.
I, Aleyrodes taonabae. Eggs.
J, Aleyrodes auriibae. Pupa-case.
K, Aleyrodes aucuhae. Vasiform orifice of pupn-case.
M, Aleyrodes euryae. Pupa-case.
M, Aleyrodes euryae, \'asiform orifice with the end of pupa-case.
N, Aleyrodes euryae, \'asiform orifice of pupa-case.
O, Aleyrodes camelliae. Pupa-case.
P, Aleyrodes camelliae. Detail of marginal rim of pupa-case.
Q, Aleyrodes camelliae, N'asiform orifice- of pupa-casi-.
R, Aleyrodes spinosus. Pupa-case.
S, Aleyrodes spinosus, \'asiform orifice with the end of pupa-case.
Ha, Aleyrodes tokyonis. Marking of dorsal skin of pupa-case.
AMERICAN PSYLLIDiE V
BY D. L. CRAWFORD STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA
Since completing the work of recasting the family and redescribing many species as based upon the collections then at hand, other accessions have come in from various localities. Among a collection sent to me by Mr. E. P. Van Duzee are three new species ; two species have been sent by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, and others of interest have been collected in Southern California. Among the latter are several very interesting, though previously known species, inhabiting coniferous trees at an altitude of about ten thousand feet above the sea.
Paratrioza ocellata Crawf. This species, originally described from Colorado, has been collected in Mil- ford, Utah (Bradley), and in Imperial County, California (J. C. Bridwell). On a spruce (species unknown to writer) on the summit of Old Baldy, near Clare- mont, Calif., this species was found in countless thousands, infesting the leaves and small bvigs. A slight disturbance of the branches would drive them forth to swarm about like gnats or midges. Tliis apparently was limitifl to the one species of spruce.
Trioza varians Crawf. Two specimens, a male and a female, were sent to me by E. P. Van Duzee, collected in the Selkirk mountains, British Columbia (Bradley).
Trioza aurantiaca Crawf. Specimens of this common species were taken by the writer on wild willow (Salix lasiolepis) at Laguna Beach, Calif., and near Stanford University, Calif., on the same food-plant.
Psylla americana Crawf. This species is very abundant, especially throughout the west, at all altitudes. Several specimens were collected at Laguna Beach, Calif. (Crawford) on Salix lasiolepis and some on the summit of Old Baldy at 10,000 feet altitude on Pinus ponderosa and spruce.
Psyllopa magna n. sp.
(Figure 209, B, D)
Length of bod}', 2.3 mm.; length of forewing, 2.7 mm.; greatest width, 1.1
mm.; width of vertex between eyes, 0.61 mm.; with eyes 0.92 mm. General color
yellowish brown to brown; notum faintly striped; facial cones ,i little lighter;
cubital cell of forewing brown. Insect quite large, robust.
Mead broad, deflexed, with eyes fully as broad as thorax or broader; vertex almost plain, with a slight foveal impression on each side of median line in rear center; anterior margin strongly elevated above base of cones, slightly emarginate at median line, witli anterior ocellus in front. Facial cones moderately large.
Pomona ('oi.i.K(iK .loriiNxi. ok K N'ToMoi.o(iv
629
parnllfl to plaiif of vcrtfx, liiil (Icflcxrd strongly tlicrcfroin at l»isc, broadly rounded at apex, not strongly divergent, pubescent. Kye.s prominent, dark; oeelli brown. I.nbruni not large; rostrum short. Antenna- almost as long as body, quite d:irk.
Thorax boarii, .iliiinsl (Int. quite coarsely punctuate. I'roiiotiun ((uite long, with lateral tubercle pronounced; pleurites long, large; forecoxa- large. Mind tibia' with small spur at base. Wings large, hyaline, with macuhr, rounded at apex, but not broadly so, about two and a half times as long as broad, broadest subbasally ; marginal cells sube(|ual, radial cell very large, long; |)terostigma small, narrow; with a macula at apex of clavus, one in Iwtli marginal cells and at apex of cubital cell: with a long macula covering posterior two-thirds of discoidal cell and extending as f;ir in as b.-ise of radial cell.
Figure 209. A, Trioza montana; B. Psyllopa magna; C. P. floridensis; D. P. magna; F, T. montana; F, P. floridensis.
.Vn/<'--.\bdomen l.irge. robust; ginital segment l.-irge; clas))ers short, stout, almost as long as anal valve, very broad at base, converging toward apex ; anal valve short, only slightly overreaching daspers, simple, slightly ))ubescent. Female — Genital segment l.'irge. darker than rest of abdomen, almost as long as same; dorsal plate slightly longer than ventral ; both (piite acute at apex.
Described from numerous males and females collected at Woods Hole, .Massachusetts, by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell.
Psyllopa floridensis n. sp. (l-'igure -id'). C, F) Length of liody, 1.2 mm.; length of forewing. 1..S mm.; greatest width, O.-'S mm.; width of vertex between eyes, 0.'27 mm., with eyes O.H mm. General color light yellowish to yellowish orange, with whitish stripes or spots on vertex and notum; pronotum with several light spots; dorsulum with median stripe; scutum with three dorsal stripes. Insect very minute.
Head quite strongly deflexcd, small, with eyes about as broad as thorax; vertex relatively long, strongly descending, broadly rounded on front margin.
630 Po.MONA College Journal of Entomology
quite deeply impressed discally on each side of median line, eniarginate above anterior ocellus. Facial cones very short, broad at base, broadly rounded at apex, not projecting much beyond vertex, almost parallel to it and depressed therefrom, slightly pubescent. Eyes relatively very large, globular; labrum moderately large; rostrum short. Antennae short, relatively quite stout, not as long as dorsum, black at tip.
Thorax quite strongly arched, not very robust, striped yellow and whitish; pronotum rather short ; lateral tubercle small but pronounced ; propleurites rather narrow, extending almost subhorizontally toward coxae. Wings small, quite hyaline, about two and a third times as long as broad, broadly rounded at apex ; first marginal cell large; pterostigma small; cubital petiole short.
Male — Abdomen short; genital segment small, rounded; claspers relatively large, with a projection near apex extending toward anal valve; anal valve scarcely longer than claspers, simple. Female — Abdomen stout ; genital segment not as long as rest of abdomen, acutely pointed at apex; dorsal plate very slightly longer than ventral.
Described from one male and one female from Seven Oaks, Florida, collected in May by E. P. Van Duzee. This species resembles rather remotely the European species Aphalaroitia succincta (Heeg.) but is a true Psyllopa.
Psyllopa ribesiae n. sp.
Length of body, 2.2 mm.; lengtli of forewing, 2.7 mm.; greatest width, 1.1 mm.; width of vertex between eyes, 0.55 mm.; with eyes, 0.87 mm. General color light brown to rather dark brown, sometimes a whitish pulverulence on notum; darker specimens with light median stripe on scutum and a narrow white stripe midway laterally, remainder dark; dorsulum brown with dorsal light stripe; pronotum lighter with dark maculae; vertex quite light with a few d.irk maculae. Body moderately large.
Head quite strongly defiexed, broad, with eyes fully as broad as thorax, or broader ; vertex elevated narrowly on occipital margin ; discally impressed quite deeply on each side by a fovea ; anteriorly bulging, rounded, emarginate at median line, not acute on each side. Facial cones moderately long, depressed a little below vertex at base, porrect, slightly divergent, subacute to rounded at apex, pubescent. Eyes large, black ; ocelli brown, conspicuous ; genae large. Antennae quite long, almost as long as body, brown, black apically.
Thorax broad, large, rather strongly arched, striped, punctate; pronotum long, with lateral tubercle quite large, rather indistinct on margin ; pleurites not large. Wings large, hyaline, broadh' rounded at apex; pterostigma quite large; marginal cells large, subequal ; veins set biseriately with very minute setae ; a dark macula at tip of clavus.
Male — Genital segment moderately large, rounded ; claspers quite short and slender, simple, well separated to base, acute at apex ; anal valve slightly longer than claspers, simple, broadest at base, narrow at apex. Female — Abdomen stout; genital segment short, about half as long as rest of abdomen, stout, acute at apex ; plates subequal in length.
P<lMONA C'ol.I.KOK .lorRN.M. OK F.NTOMOLOOV 631
Described from three males and seven females taken by Ellsworth Bethel at Boulder, Colorado, on leaves of Rihes longiflorum. This species somewhat resembles members of the genus Psylla in the wing characters, but in others it is very close to the genus Psyllopa.
Psylla alni trima.culata ii var.
Body dimensions approxiniately the same as for the variety americana Crawf. Body large; general color yellowish orange, with a large, dark, brownish orange macula on dorsulum cephalad, and two on each side of scutum with a narrow stripe of yellow between; eyes black.
Head and vertex similar to var. americana; vertex broadly excavate, short; facial cones of medium length, almost as long as vertex, scarcely differentiated sharply from vertex at base, divergent, quite acutely pointed at apex, scarcely pubescent. Thorax as in other varietal forms. Wings large, hyaline, broadly round<'d at apex ; venation quite similar ; pterostigma narrow. Female — Abdomen large; genital segment moderately stout, almost as long as rest of abdomen, quite acute at apex.
Described from two females from Gowanda, New York (E. P. Van Duzee). It is possible that future study will show this to be a distinct species, but hardly probable.
Trioza montana n. sp. (Figure '209, A, E)
Length of body. '■2.7 mm.; length of forewing, 3..S mm.; greatest width, 1.3 mm.; width of vertex between eyes. O-.i-t mm.; with eyes, 0.88 mm. General color greenish yellow throughout. Body quite large. This species is very similar in many respects to Triosa albifrons Crawf. The characters not mentioned here may be inferred to be the same as in that species.
Vertex discally with a foveal impression on each side, suleate at anterior I xtremity; roundly bulging forward over antennal bases, rather whitish to whitish yellow. Facial cones rather short, divergent, subacute at apex, strongly depressed from plane of vertex at base.
Thorax arched; pronotum moderately long; episternum moderately large; forecoxa- not large; dorsulum long. Wings large, hyaline, quite acutely rounded at apex, about two and a half times as long as broad; second marginal cell smaller than first; second cubital very long; radius long, curved; apex of wing within second marginal cell.
Male — Genital segment relatively small ; claspers short, stout, subacute at apex, not strongly arched laterally ; anal valve scarcely longer than claspers, simple, roundly acute at apex, broad at base. Female — ^Abdomen large; genital segment distinctly shorter than rest of abdomen; dorsal plate scarcely longer than ventral, quite acute at apex.
Described from three males and six females collected at the summit of Old Baldy, near Clareniont, Calif. (Crawford), on foliage of Pinus ponderosa, white fir (Abies) .-ind a spruce (species unknown to writer). This species, though
632 Pomona College Joirnal of Entomoloqy
resembling somewhat T. albifrons, differs from it in the characters of the male genitalia and the form of the wing, and to a less degree in cephalic characters.
Psyllopa ilicis (Ashmead) Crawf.
Psylla ilicis (nymph) Ashmead, Can. Ent. XIII (1881), p. 225.
Note — This species has been named ilicis, retaining the name given by Ash- mead to a larval form which he found producing galls on Ilex cassine, in Florida He describes very briefly the nymphal forms and states that "judging from tlu size of the pupa, it is probably the smallest species known." Although the food plant of these specimens at hand is unknown, yet it seems, almost beyond doubt, that this is the adult form of the same insect which Ashmead discovered on Ilci . It would be verj' interesting if this fact could be determined by some resident entomologist in Florida, and the same reported so that it might be known. Tin writer would be very glad to receive specimens which were taken on such a food •plant, or similar specimens taken on any food plant.
The generic name Cardiaspis Schwarz in Psyllida- is preoccupied by Am3ot in Hemiptera: Cardiaspis Amy., Annales Soc. Ent. de France (1846), p. l.nS Also, in Coleoptera, by Saunders (1866). I suggest as a substitute for this, Cardiaspina n. n. Schwarz describes it in Proc. Ent. Soc. of Washington, ^'ol IV. (1896), p. 72.
THE FSEUDOSCORinONS OF CALIFORNIA
N \T11 \ \ 11 \NKS II. S. DEI'T. AOHICULTI'RK, WASlllNUTON , I). C.
The Pseudoscorpions are a very strongly circuiiiscril)i-d group of tlic Arai-li- nida. Of tlie general a|)pearance of diminutive scorpions tliey differ in so many important structures as to be far removed from tliem in the system. They lack the post-abdomen or "tail" of the scorpions, and consequently the sting; they have no median pair of eyes, no sternum, no pcctines, and there are various differences in tiie legs and mandibles. Tlie scorjiions have four pairs of stigmal orifices on the venter of the abdomen, whereas the pseudoscorpions have but two pairs of stigmata. Practically all authors put them in an order by themselves, variously called Chclonethi, Chernetidea or Pstudoscorpionida. Their relationships are considered to be closer to the Plialangida and Acari than to the scorpions. The body of a Pscudoscorpion, or Chelifer, is seen to be of two principal parts, a large front part, not or only indistinctly segmented, the ccplialothorax; and a segmented posterior part, broadly attached to the cephalothorax, the abdomen. Attached to the front of the cephalothorax are the mandibles, chelicera- (or antennse of some authors), and a pair of long |)alpi ending in a large claw, these are the pcdipalpi. The legs are attached to the under surface of the cephalothorax, their coxa being approximated. The dorsal surface of the cephalothorax often bears on each anterior side one or two eye-spots, but there are a number of eyeless sj)ecies. In some forms there are one or two transverse furrows or grooves on the cephalo- thorax, and the surface is often granulated or roughened.
The mandibles, or chelicera-, are rather small, but in some forms large and conspicuous; they are of two joints, a large basal joint called the hand, or jjaturon, and a slender, curved apical joint or finger; the tip of the paturon is prolonged in a process of similar size and shape to the apical joint, the two lingers forming a claw. The apical joint is called the movable finger, and the other the immovable finger of the mandibles. The basal joint often bears a more or less branched process, the Hagellum ; while the movable finger often has a comb-shaped process attached more or less closely to its inner edge; this is the scrrula. The movable finger bears an apical process, sometimes reduced to a tubercle, but usually slender, called the galea, or stylet ; this contains the aperture of the silk glands, which are situated in the cephalothorax. The structure of these parts is of great value in classification. The pedipalpi consist of six joint.s; the basal is the coxa; then follow trochanter, femur, tibia, and the hand ending in two curved fingers which form a claw ; one finger is movable, the other but an extension of the previous joint. Each leg is composed of a coxa, trochanter, femur (usuallj- divided), tibia and a tarsus of one or two joints. The femur usually shows at its Iwse a triangular part cut off by a suture from the main portion. This basal piece is the trochantin. In some species it is so distinctly separated from the femur as to ap|)ear as a separate joint. The tarsi end in a pair of siniph- el;iws. and in some cases a membraneous ambulacrum, or arolium.
6,^4 I'OMONA C'oLLEGf: JomNAI- OF ENTOMOLOGY
The abdomen usually shows eleven segments above and nine below. Each segment has a chitinous plate on the dorsum ; in many forms divided longitudinally so that there is a pair of sclerites on each segment.
There are four stigmata near the base of the venter. Close up to the hind coxae is the genital lobe, which is sometimes traversed by folds, or grooves. The body and appendages are sparselv covered with hairs, in some species some or all are clavate.
There is but little external difference between the sexes; the abdomen of tin- male has the segments more closely pressed together, and often the edges are more angulate, or more roughened than in the female ; the legs may be more slender in the male, or the pedipalpi more thickened. There are few, if any, specialized secondary sexual characters, and no cases of protective coloring or of mimicry are as yet known. There is rarely anj' pattern of markings, their color being of a yellowish to reddish brown, or sometimes nearly black; a few are more or less greenish.
Chelifers occur nearly all over the world, except in very cold regions, but are more abundant in the tropics than elsewhere. In the tropics a few species live exposed on the foliage, but the great majority of species shun the light and are only to be found under bark, among dead leaves, on the ground, under stones or in caves. A few species occur on the seashore, and do not appear to mind the salt water.
Normally the}' walk slowly forward, with the pedipalpi extended; when dis- turbed they retreat quickly backward by a sort of jerky motion. It is evident that their eyes are not useful in recognizing objects, and touch seems to be their most important sense. The}- feed on minute, soft insects and mites ; many catch Collembola. Some, perhaps all, species hibernate in the adult condition, often in a little nest formed of bits of wood held together by silken threads ; one such nest was 4 mm. long and 2 mm. broad. Some species, perhaps all, mate in the spring. and the female carries her eggs in a mass attached to the base of the abdomen ; the young (of C. cancroides) hatch in July; ])robably there is but one brood a year, and the individuals live for several years.
Various species, mostly of the genus Chelanops, have been found attached to insects, often to flies. Several explanations have been suggested, such as for migra- tion, accidentally seizing the leg under the impression it was food, etc. Some species have been taken from under the wings of beetles. The genus Chelanop-i is blind, and it apparently seizes any moving object that comes close to the palpi; thus clasping a fly's leg it holds on under the impression that the prey will soon tire. It undoubtedly also serves as a means of distribution. A summary of these cases of insects carrying pseudoseorpions is given by H. W. Kew.*
The genera known from the Pacific coast may be distinguished by the fol- lowing table, two of them have not yet been recorded from California: 1. Cephalothorax with a transverse groove; abdominal scuta^ divided; mandibles small, with a stylet; the serrula att.iclRil above to the
*Anur. Naturalist, '.i .luly. liMU. i)|). U).S-21.).
I'oMoNv Coi.i.KiiK ,l<nnN\i. or KNrii.Mni.i>«v 635
movable finger, ct'plialotliorax roiiiiflfd in front : rim ale hairs often present; troelinntins pn-sent at least in lej{s III and I\'. (Cheliferidnr ) 'i Cephalothorax without transvirse (groove; alidoininai scutii- entire; no elavate hairs; eephalothorax nsiially triineate in front; niandibles usually large, the stylet often laeking. and the serrula iisiiallv de- taehcd above; usually no troehantins. (Ohiiiiilar ) .'<
■.'. l-'our eyes; ee))halothorax narrowed (|uite suddenly in front of the
eyes; no troehantins to femora I and II. but of two joints. (Gari/iiinar ) t Two or no eyi-s; eephalothorax ivrnly niuiidid in front; troehantins
to all legs. ( Chrlifi-riiiiif ) .S
3. Femur of palpus not pedieellate. gradually and slightly enlarged from base to tip; palpi very long and slender; usually two distinct eyes (except cave forms). Clielifrr
Femur of palpus distinctly pedicellate, suddenly enlarged near the
base; palpi short and stout; eyes usually wanting. Chrlauops
t. .\ntorior corners of ce))halothorax |)rolonged ; troehantins of hind legs
indistinct. I'srudogarifput
.Vnti-rior corners of eeph.-ihithor.ix not prolonged; Iroeh.iiitins dis- tinct. Garypiis 5. .Mandibli-s small and with a stylet; legs III and 1\' with trochanters. Olpiuni .Mandibles large, usually with stylet, no troehantins to anj- legs. (i (i. Tibia of paljjus Largest at tip. 7 Tibia of palpus l;irgest before tip. 8
7. F'our eyes; palpi long. Chthonius Two eyes; palpi shorter. f.i-chylin
8. No eyes; palpi long and slender. Blothrus Two eyes; stylet present. Iileoroiicus Four eyes. 9
9- Stylet present. Idrobisium
.No stylet. Ohisiuni
GARYPUS This genus includes large forms with four eyes, and a tapering cephalothorax;
a lunnber of the known species occur on the seashore.
Garypus califomicus lianks (Figure a 10, B) Dark brown or greenish brown, hand more re<l-brown ; legs pale; each of the abdominal scutie with a dark central spot; .'interior margin of ventral scutw also with dark dots. C'ephahithorax einarginale; femur of pedipal]) longer than the cephalothorax, tibia hardly convex on the inner side, hand .'ibout as long as the tibia, fingers longer than hand; legs long and slender. Length V.."> mm.
From Palo Alto and San Nicolas Island. Readily known by its tapering cephalothorax. four eyes and large size.
636
Pomona College Joi'hnal of Entomoloqy
Figure 210.
A, Idiohisiiim threvencti; B, Garypus c:i]ifoiniciis; C, under surface of Chclifer:
a, coxa; b, trochanter: c. genital area; d. troclumtin; e. spiracle; D, pedipalp ot Chelanops pallipes; E, pedipalp of C. acuminatus; 1-', jaw of Chthonius; a, flagellum;
b, serrula; G, pedipalp of Obisium macilentum.
PoM<iN\ ('<)I.i.K(;k .Iimiiwi. ok Kntomcii.oov 637
PSEUDOGARYPUS This genus w.is but rci-riitly m.-idc for .i forni iirigiiiallv placed in Garyput. to whicli it is nearly allii'd.
Pseudogarypus bicornis l^anks
('e|)lial()tli<>rax with a high ehvaled ridge on each side; eaeh h)Wer anterior eorner of the cephalothorax prolonged into a eonie tuherc-le. Pedipalpi long and slender, fingers niueh longer than the hand; all hard parts coarsely granulate. Brownish y<ll<nv. e.i)hMlothor.i\ .111. 1 p, .hp/ilpi d.irk.r. Two and a half millimeters long.
Record<(i by Silvestri from Sh.isl.i .'Springs; described from tin- Vellowslone National Park.
CHELIFER
(Figure '210, C) To this genus belongs the common ('. cnncroides frecpiently occurring in buildings in all civilized parts of the world. Three species have been recorded from California, but there are probably several others. 1. Tibia of pcdipalp a little convex on thi' inner side; fingers .-i little
shorter than the hand. a
Tibia not convex on tin- iiimr sich; (ingirs as long as the hand, cancroides a. Legs brown. fuscipes
Legs pale. scal>risrulu.i
Chelifer cancroides Linn. Dark reddish-brown or paler. The pedipalpi very slender, espcciallv in the males; the cephalothorax has some small, sharp-pointed tubercles, larger than the ordinary granidations. The species occurs in and around buildings all over the civilized world, often abundant in barns. From C'lareniont and Lake Tahoe.
Chelifer fuscipes I'.aiik.-;
This species is also reddish or yellowish brown, but has brown legs; the cephalothorax is minutely granulate; the outer ends of the dorsal .abdominal scutae are prolonged behind into acute spines.
From Claremont.
Chelifer sca,brisulis Simon This species is yellowish brown, with pale legs. The fingers arc shorter than the hand and the tibia is convex on the inner side ; the cephalothornx is strongly granulate, and with some larger acute tubercles scattered over it.
From Claremont, Mariposa, Lake Tahoe and Grant; quite common in the neighboring States.
CHELANOPS This, the largest genus of the family, is often kept as a section or subgenus of Chelifer, but the pedii)alpi .are so much heavier and the femur pedicellate that
638 PoMoXA College Journal of Entomology
it stands out as a well marked group, although the character (no eyes) upon which the genus was based is not constant. Five species are known from the State, but probably as many more will yet be recognized when these obscure Arachnids are more tlioroughly collected.
1 . Hairs on pedipalpi long and sinn)le ; abdomen long and of nearly equal
width throughout. oblongus
Hairs on pedipalpi siiort and of ter clavate, or thickened ; abdomen
broader in middle than at ends. 2
2. Fingers much shorter than the hand. acuminatus Fingers as long or nearly as long as the hand. .S
3. Inner margin of hand greatly swollen at base, two eye-spots. falidus Inner margin of luind evenly convex. i
i. Fingers nearly as long as hand and ratiier stout; tibia strongly convex
on inner side. dorsalis
Fingers longer than liand and very slender ; tibia also more slender. paUipes
Chelanops oblongus Say.
Body elongate, with subparallel sides ; cephalothorax smooth and sliining, this and pedipalpi with long, simple hairs of various lengths, the joints short and heavy, the fingers shorter than hand, femur about as long as cephalotliorax.
From Palm Springs.
Chelanops validus Banks
Cephalotliorax and palpi dark red-brown, scutae brown, legs brownish; cepha- lothorax and palpi with clavate hairs. Two eye-spots. Hand very large and strongl}- swollen on the inner side at base; fingers nearly as long as the hand.
Recorded from Lake Tahoe and Grant.
Chelanops dorsalis Banks
Cephalothorax and seutse brown, palpi red-brown, all with clavate hairs; no eye-spots; hand evenly swollen on inner side at base, fingers a little sliorter than hand, body short and broad. Two millimeters long.
Described from Lake Tahoe, also from San Francisco.
Chelanops pallipes Banks
Similar to Ch. dorsalis, but fingers longer than iiand and very slender; tibia also slender, less convex on the inner side ; liard parts with clavate hairs. Three millimeters long.
Taken in Southern California. |)robal)l_v near Los Angeles.
Chelanops acuminatus Simon
Cephalotliorax and palpi reddish brown, with short but not clavate hairs ; no eye-spots ; pedipalpi rather short, hand evenl}' convex on inner side at base, fingers much shorter than tlie hand and quite stout. Three millimeters long.
Described from Mariposa, also occurs at Claremont, Los Angeles and Sis- kiyou County.
I'oMdNV (lH.I.KCJK .!olHNM. OK KxTIIMllI.nli V 631
OBISIUM Tlu' species of tliis peiiiis are ratliir uiieoininoii : seieriil ociMir under stone*. so that more tlioroujjli collectinjj will prc)l)al)ly discover more tlinn the one species now known from f'alifornia.
Obisium macilentum Siiium (Fiijtire '210. G) Pale yellowish brown, legs jmler; hard parts shining; ccphalothorax one- fourth longer than broad, sides jiarnllel : mandibles al)out one-half the length of the cephalothorax ; pedi))al])i very long and slender, with long. fine, scattereii hairs; femur as long as the cephalothorax. fingers longer than hand. From Mariposa, Clariiiiont and Mt. .*shasta.
IDEORONCUS
The single species of this genus is very common in the Northwest, among fallen leax<s and in moss.
Ideoroncus obscurus lllo.
.Abdomen elong.ate, slender: eeph.alothorax a little longer th.in broad, slightly narrowed and rounded in front, with few scattered hairs; pcdipalpi rather short, femur hardly as long ;is cephalothorax. fingers shorter than hand, which is about twice as long as broad, all with fine, short, simple hairs.
From Lake Tahoe.
IDEOBISIUM One of the two species (I. Ihreveneii) is the most common Pscudoscorpion on the Pacific Coast ; the other species is known from only one specimen. 1. Cephalothorax broadest at eyes; fingers more curved; very large
species; dark, red-brown. magnum
Cephalothorax broadest behind: fingers nearly straight, of moderate
size, more yellowish brown. Ilirrvnirli
Ideobisium magnum lianks
Cephalothorax and palj)! dark red-brown, scuta- brown, legs pale. \ rounded tubercle in middle of front margin of cephalothorax; eyes less than one-half their diameter apart; stylet slender, with an outer bifid branch toward tip; pedipalpi much as in /. threreneli, with fine hairs, those on fingers quite short and dense. Length 6.5 mm.
From Mt. Shasta.
Ideobisium threveneti Simon (Figure 210. A) Pale reddish brown to yellow-brown: cephalothorax nearly square, but broader behind, and the front slightly rounded; eyes almost touching each other;
640
Po.MoxA College Journal of Entomology
pedipalpi quite heavy, femur as long as the ceplialothorax, fingers about as long as the liand, but little curved. Length 3 mm.
From Mariposa, Marin County, San Francisco and Clareuiont.
BLOTHRUS 1 . Fingers scarcely if any longer than the liand, curved and heavy. magnus
Fingers much longer than hand, very slender and nearly straight.
californicus
Blothrus magnus Ewing
Hard parts reddish brown ; ceplialothorax a little longer than broad. Pedipalpi
rather large and heavy, but femur longer than the ceplialothorax ; tibia long
pedicellate; hand not twice as long as broad; fingers heavy, curved, shorter than
hand. Length 4 mm.
From Shasta Springs.
Blothrus californicus Ranks
.More yellowish; ceplialothorax plainly longer than broad, anterior margin obtusely angled. Pedipalpi very slender; femur much longer than cephalothorax : tibia nearly as long as femur, long pedicellate ; hand slender ; fingers much longer than hand, slender, curved only near tip. Lengtli 2.2 mm.
From Southern California.
CHTHONIUS
(Figure 210, F) .\ii undetermined species of this genus has been recorded from Southern California.
STUDIES IN ACARINA II
II. V. M. HALL POMONA COLLEOK, < I.AHKMONT, CALIKOHNIA
Notaspis nuda, ii sp.
(Figure -Jll)
Lciijjth .")~7 inicTiu. Hl.'u-k. sniootli ami polislRii. AIkIouiiii loiimr tiidii broad, ovate witiiout wings. Mandible chelate. I.ainelhr blades on edge, hori- zontal. runnin<; from j)seiidostipnat:i sp. two-thirds of way to tip of rostrum. No cusps of lamella, the lamelliv tapering anteriorly so th.at the lamellar hairs arise
Figure 211. Notaspis nuda
642
Pomona Coli.egk Jouhnal of Entomology
from tin- front iiid of tluir basal liiR'. I..iiiHllar hairs, interlainellar hairs and rostral liairs all pectinatf : the rostral hairs arising from apophyses. Rostrum rounded. No translamella. Pseudostigmatie organ with rather long stem and gradually elavate head bearing a few short spines on distal end. Femora of anterior pairs of legs swollen but without apparent blades. Legs a little more than half the length of body, moderately set with long, fine, pectinate hairs ; a longer simple bristle projecting from distal end of jienultimate joint. Unguis tridactyle. Abdomen hairless.
Differs from X. microptera (Btrl.) in li.i\ing .i rounded rostrum, lamellfe tapering anteriorlj' instead of widest anteriorly, no terminal hair on pseudo- stigmatie organ and abdomen longer than broad. Three specimens under boards Claremont, Cal.
Figure 212. Oribata humida
PoMow Cni.i.r.Cth: .Idihnm. of F.ntomoi.oiiv 643
Oribata humida n. sp. (ri)juri- '212) Length 59() to (527 niicrni. Color clu-stnut, polislicd. Alicloim-n with wings. Mandiblr clu-lntc. I.aniillir iilndc-likc but nttai-hcd . ni'arly the wlioli- U-ngth liluntly tapering to tip of riulinu'ntnry cusps. I.nnicllar hairs, rostrnl hnirs and iiitcrlaiiifllar hairs stont, pectinate. Teetopcdiinn hhmt anteriorly. Translamella .1 mere line running between the lamella- just Imck of tips of cus])s. Pseudostigniatie organ slender, slightly fusiform, ;ind uniforndy pi'ctinate. The suture marking the anterior edge of abdomen with two notches near tlic median line. Abdomen li.'iirless, almost as broad just behind the wings as long, and roundly pointed posteriorly. Wings extending nearly to rostrum and rounded anteriorly. Legs slender, rather thickly set with luiirs, most of them (inely pectinate. One simple bristle at dist.al end of e.ach peiudtiniate joint. I'nguis tridactyle. Several speci- mens under board near hydrant, I.aguna Bcieh.
Key to near relatives oi O. alata
1. .V distinct suture on dorsum between ceplialothorax and abdomen. 2 No suture on dorsum between ceplialothorax and abdomen. 4
2. Pseudostigniatie organ short, clavate, length ()()() niicrm. O. alata Pseudostigniatie organ with long recurved jieduncle and fusiform head. .S Dorsum of .•ilidomeii witli fine longitiidiii.-il wrinkles, lingtli S.'iO mierni.
0. rugifroiis Dorsum of abdomen plain. O. dorxalit
1. I'seiidostigmatic organ setiform. O. netiformis illall)
Pseudostigmatie organ with long sleiidir peduiielc- .md gradually clavate
head. O. alata var. califorv'trn
Oribata alata \;ii. californica n. \ar. (l-'igure 213) Length t"! mierni. Color black. )iolislied. .\bdomi-n globular, with wings. .Mandible chelate. No lamella. Dorsal covering extends forward to rostrum without break. Hostrid hairs pectinate. No translamella. Interlamellar hairs not a|iparent. Pseudostigm.'itie organ straight with a long, thin peduncle and gradii.'illy clavate head which bears a few short spines on the distal end. .\bdonien smooth, hairless jind almost as broad behind the wings as three-fourths the length of body, ^^'ings project forward .almost to tip of rostrum and are rounded anteriorly .is shown by the right wing. The other wing shows the normal position .'iiid ajijiearanee, and as the species are divided on whether the wings are pointed or rounded anteriorly, this instance shows the care which must be taken in determination, even when seemingly definite and non-confusible characters are Used. The wings ;ire tr.ansversely sculptured. Legs sparsi'ly clothed with pectinate hairs and a long simple bristle projects from the end of penultimate joint of leg one. the two bristles almost meeting in front of rostrum. L'ng^is heterodaelyle. the middle claw being the heavii-st and o|iposed to the others as
644
Pomona College Joirnal of Entomology
shown in the small figure. Legs short and of moderate size. Tarsus tapers at tlic tip. Two speeimens, under boards, Claremont, Cal.
This form differs from 0. alata (Herm.) by the longer peduncle of the ])seudostigmatic organ. In this respect it is more like 0. dorsalis (Koch) which as Michael suggests may be a variety of O. alata. 0. dorsalis has not been reported from America and it might be well to consider it and my specimens as varieties of O. alata. My specimens differ sharply from the figure of O. dorsalis given by Michael in his article on the Oribatida? in "Das Terreich," 1898, by having no line across the dorsum between cephalothorax and abdomen.
Figure 213. Oribata alata,
californica
I'oMONA Col.l.KliK .IlllHNM. <>K K.NTOMOM'XiV
645
Lohmannia spinosa ii. s)>. (Figun- 'J 14) l.iiigtli ;"ilt inicrin. Legs folorlcs.s. Hotly .showing lilack and lirowii internal organs l)iit intcgnint-nt colorless. Abdomen without wings. .Mandibles heavy and chelate. No iauiellii-, translanu-lla nor teetopedimn. Pseudostigniatic organ witli moderately long pedniiele and gradually elavate head which is pectinate on distal half. Abdomen viewed dorsally is almost circular in outline with prominent tubercles from which arise long pectinat<- bristles. Side view seems to agree more easily with the generic feature — "almost c_vlindrical." The suture separating eephalothorax and abdomen becomes double ventrally. Maxillary palpus more than once and a half times the length of movable arm of chela of mandible. Legs .ibout half the length of body. Unguis nionodactyle s)). On each side of eephalo- thorax arc three superior bristles and two lateral bristles similar in size, shape and pectination to those on abdomen. Legs moderately set with fine pectinate hairs; a simple bristle, slightly longer, on the apex of penultimate joint. Under rotting board, ('lanniont, C.-il. One specimen.
Figure 214. Lohmannia spinosa
This species being placed in Lohmannia necessitates a slight modification of the generic description, i. c, the clause in regard to the rel.'ilive length of the palpus and the movable arm of chela of mandible must be moved to the specific descriptions of L. murcioidcs and L. paradoxa. Since my species fits the generic description so well in othir respects, and since the number of species in the genus is so small, I would prefer to make this correction rather than to establish a new gilius on such sli;;lit ehnr.'ietiTs.
Paraliodes n. g. .Vbdomen not segmented, dorsum of abdomen convex, smooth, fully chitinized, not carrying cast nymjihal skins. I'nguis frid.-ictyle. Genital and anal covers widely separated.
646 Pomona Coli-egk .Iochnal of Entomology
Paraliodes incurvata, n. s]). (FifTure 215) Length 595 to 720 niicrm. Color dark brown, almost black. Abdomen witlioiit wings. Mandible stout chelate. No lamellEB nor tectoijcdium. Rostral hairs curved, stout and smooth. Lamellar and interlamellar hairs arising from tubercles, straight, stout, smooth and separated but slightly more than rostral hairs. Pseudo- stigmatic organ rather short; with large, gradually clavate, finely pitted head. pointing forward, upward and slightly to the side. Femora swollen, with rudi mentary blades. Abdomen broadly ovate with three rows of stout smooth hairs on each side of dorsum, similar to those on the cephalothorax. The first row of Iiairs are slightly curved and lie about half way from the median line to tin margin. The hairs of the sub-marginal row are also only slight!}' curved, whilr
Figure 215. Paraliodes incurvata
those in the marginal row arc strongly bent. The marginal and sub-marginal rows of hairs extend about half as far forward as the other row. On the front, ujjper portion of the abdomen, almost directly over the angle between cephalothorax and abdomen is a broader hair which is coarsely serrate on the anterior edge. Thi' legs are short, about half the length of the bodj' and moderately set with fine pectinate hairs. A simple, longer iiair on distal end of penultimate joint. Unguis tridactyle. A deep re-entrant fold of the integument, shown in side view and by dotted line in dorsal view, marks the suture between dorsal and ventral plates. jNIany si)eciiiiens, under boards, Claremont, Cal.
Hermannia hieroglyphica ii. s]). (Figure 216) Length .'i71 niicnn. Color brown with black markings, rough ami dnply scul))- turcd. Abdonieii without wintis. ,M;iii(lil)lts chelate; no l;iiiullu'. tr.-inslanu-Ua,
Pomona Cni.j.r.tiF. .I<iiiixm. of KxT«).M<)i,o<iv
647
lamellar or interlaincllar liairs. Kostral hairs siiii|ilr ami similar to hairs on Ifjjs. Fseiiclostif^matif orfjaii with a sh<irt |><'(lunclc and larp- spherical head. Three pairs of short simple hairs on ]>osterior margin of alxlomen. Dorsum of nlKlomen with a lateral margin in wliieh the seulpturin^ is heavier than in the central portion; the two portions separated hv a douhle ridge around the posterior half, which continues as a single ridge around the anterior half of aluiomen. While the sliape of the seiilpturiiig is unsviiuiietrieal. iiolieealtly so on tin- erplialiithnrax.
Figure 216. Hermannia hieroglyphica
the sculptured areas are svnnnetrieallv distributed. The marginal area of the abdomen is crossed by heavy irregular black ridges radiating more or less from the center of the abdomen. On the posterior margin they are thicker and more bead-like. The central area of the abdomen is more irregularly marked, the heovicst markings running across the anterior end of this area and thence scatter- ingly down the center and around the lateral and |)Osterior margins of this central area. Finer p:ir.illil wrinkles lie latidiidinally beside the heavier central mark-
648
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
ings. The cephalothorax has a central area of heavy hieroglyphics around which are irregular wrinkles. The legs are also much irregularly wrinkled. There is an unbroken line marking the anterior margin of the abdomen. The tarsi are very sliort. unguis nionodactyle. Several specimens, under black scale (Saissefia old) , Claremont, Cal.
Differs from H. histriata (Nic.) in having a very short capitate pseudostig- matic organ, no interlamellar hairs, and no basin-shaped depression in center of posterior margin between the two median ridges nor curved hairs around posterior margin.
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VOLUME FOUR
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Pomona (Eollpii^ dloitrual of lEutouioloijij
FEBRUARY 1912
C 0 It t f n t s
1 . CHAMBERLIN. R. V.
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4. CRAWFORD. D. L.
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Chllopoda of California III
Breedtntf of Junonia coenia
New Staphylinldae V
Note on Certain Psyllldae
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II V TIIK KIIITOIt
Tin- Ix'^iuiiiii); of tlic fourth voIumk- of this Jouninl is iiii t-viiit to us. The Journal has bt-fii an fXiH-rinicnt from scvrral points of virw. Althou^li it has had contributors from many parts of tin- world, still it is distinctively a Southern California product, supported largely by this rej^ion, and in large part serving the economic and scientific interests of this particular commonwealth.
Competent men throughout the world have been a]>preciative enough to name it an important accession to scientific literature. We have labored hard to make it thoroughly worthy of the progressive and highly intellectual community from which it draws its support. Practical men have found in it, from time to time, matter of inmicdiatc usefulness, or have seen in it that activity in matters of basic importance which spells a safer and sounder practical life to humanity in years to come. As Mr. Harwood said of Crawford's work on the Mexican Orange Maggot, "Those results alone justify the expense of all these ent<Tpriscs." We cannot all be expert entomologists, even though our modern life is granted to be one long battle between human beings and insects for the j>ossession of the earth — a battle which is yearly costing humanity countless millions in money and myriads of lives — a battle which grows increasingly more complex as higher devel- opment proceeds. Just as wc cannot all l)c electrical engineers, even though electricity is of daily use among us, or expert chemists, even though chemical knowledge be the basis of most of our industrial activity.
We desire the rapid development of electrical engimiring. the deepest technical investigation of every possible phase of it; we want the subject to be absolutely mastered, with the ultimate end that electricity may become more perfectly the servant of mankind — a universal si>urce of strength. To serve this purpose there are many technical electrical journals. We desire the existence of these most earnestly even though they read like (Jreek to the layman, we commend them, we recommend them, and we would think ill of any electrical engineer who did not keep them at hand and use them as tools in his work and his studies. The same prinei)>le holds in the relation of chemistry to industrial development, and in the relation of entomology to agriculture, horticulture, and to |)ublic health. The number of professional entomologists is as yet entirely too small to even begin to support their necessary publications. So in this case we have turned to practical men of broad intelligence and great outlook, and the response has been hearty and vigorous. At the beginning of this year when Prof. Cook again laid the matter before some of the most i)rominent citrus men we have in the South, in all its varied and ini)>ortant bearings, they said. "This enterprise must be kept alive and active."
650
Pomona College .Ioi'hnal of Entomology
Apart from all other considerations tlie importance of the relation of these Journals to our educational interests is unquestioned. They have been the direct means of producing better horticultural commissioners, of better fitting students for advanced work along these important lines, and of furnishing an outlet for im- portant results obtained here through the activities of our own people. They are persistently holding up higher ideals in our county and state horticultural com- mission work, and these ideals must be built up and held up. pointedly and unceasingly. We are coming to demand as great scientific knowledge and tech- nical skill in these lines as we do in electrical engineering or in industrial chemistry. For this influence alone it is said that our Journals are worth all that has ever been put into them and much more.
Each year this movement in ujibuilding of scientific research and technical investigation has attracted to its support a greater and greater number of our strongest men, so that as the enterprise has grown in strength and extent, there has been support forthcoming. The services of many devoted men have been given to it without stint and without remuneration, to match the subscriptions of funds to cover the cost of publication.
So we enter upon another year of assured existence, with high hopes, and may the successes of this year make possible still other years of great work — work of which all Southern California and the scientific world may be proud.
THE CIIILOFODA OF CALIFORNIA III
KALPII V. CIIAMDICItl.l.N I'NIVKHSITV OK I'K.VSSVI.VANIA, IMIII.AI>K l.l-ll I \ . \-\.
Siihordir Geophiloidea
Tlif iiKinliiTs of this siihoriliT iirc (listril>iitr(l ovt-r tin- ciilirc c/irtli liiit pprfcr the wanner and dninpcr rf({ioiis, tlic nmjority (MTiirrinn in the northern lieniis- J)here. They are to h<- found in damp piaees un(h-r stones, h>j{s. h'nves, the hark of trees and lops, and in the liinnus of woods and gardens into which tliey (h-seetid, especially during dry ])criods such as recur in California.
In all the body is elongate and very slender and consists of from thirtv-onc up to one hundred and eighty-one segments, as in a t'nlifornin species here described for the first time. The number of segments varies not only from genus to genus and species but, with few exceptions, also within the species, the range in some species U-ing very great. The number ui most cases is quite regularly longer in femaU-s than in males, though the maximum for the one ordinarily overl.aps the minimum for the other. The antennie arc short and consist invariably of fourteen articles, excejiting in occasionally met eases where the antennir have been broken and are in process of regeneration. Eyes are always lacking. A basal plate, the tergite to which the prehensorial feet belong, is always well developed; while a small plate, remnant of a jjreceding tergite, mav or may not show between it and the caudal margin of the cephalic plate. The cephalic plate may or may not juissess a transverse suture, the frontal suture, setting off the front.'d region. The mandibles may bear only so-called pectinate lamellip, which consist of comb-like rows of slend»'r bristles borne upon a conunon base or plnte; or they may in addition, bear a strongly chitinized plate dentate along its distal edge, the dentate lamella, which, while usually entire, may be sulxlivided. The first maxilla- usually have their coxa? fused together at the median line to form a single ])late or coxosternum, but, more rarely, they may be entirely separate; distad each maxilla presents an inner division and an outer one, the latter, the palpus, being usually biarticulate but sometimes entire; at the distal exterior angle of each coxa and of the first joint of the palpus proper there may be a membranous process or lappet. The second maxillce, often spoken of together as the Labium, usually have the coxie fused in the middle line, though, as with the first ])air, they may remain distinct; the j)alpi are, in all known California species, triarticulate and may or may not terminate in a claw. Each leg-bearing segment exce|)ting the first and the last bears a pair of spiracles, each s])iracle opening through a sderite in the pleural region. The coxopleura- ( pseudopleura*, pleura-) of the last segment give exit through the so-called coxopleural |)ores to a munber of glands which may be many or few and may open separately or into one of two common larger pits at the edge of the last ventral plate.
The fauna of California includes an exceedingly interesting representation of this suliorder, showing a greater variety and richness than in any other section of the I'nited States. The C.alifornian families known may be thus separated.
652 Pomona College Journal of Entomolooy
Key to Families of the Suborder Geophiloidea
a. Mandible witii a dentate lamella and with one or more pectinate lamellae.
b. Antennse flattened, broad at base and attenuated distad; mandible with
several pectinate lamellae. Family Himantariidae
bb. Antenna cylindrical, filiform, not broad at base and attenuated distad;
mandible with a single pectinate lamella. Family Schendylidae
aa. Mandible without any dentate lamella; with one or several pectinate lamellse.
b. Mandible with two or more pectinate lamellae; coxae of first maxillse
entirely separate from each other; pleurae of prehensorial segment
exposed each side of basal plate.
c. Coxae of second maxillas broadly coalesced at middle; mandible with
several pectinate lamellse. Family Mecistocephalidae
cc. Coxae of second maxillae entirely separate ; mandible with but two
pectinate lamellae. Family Arrupidae fam. nov.
1)1). Mandible with but a single pectinate lamella ; coxae of first maxillse
fused with each other at least proximally ; pleura; of prehensorial
segment not exposed each side of basal plate.
c. Labrum entire, uniformly chitinized, coalesced with the cephalic
plate excepting at ends ; hypopharynx strongly developed ; palpi
of first maxillie thick, strongly arched together in a semicircle.
V amily Tarnpiyidae fam. nov.
cc. Labrum free (in ours) ; tripartite, or with the divisions clearly
traceable if secondarily coalesced ; hypopharynx not unusually
developed ; first maxillae not thus strongly arched in a semicircle.
d. Median piece of labrum extending along surface of the lateral
with which it is fused at least in part; at middle the edge
bears two conspicuously larger and more strongly chitinized
teeth ; chitinous lines of prosternuni well developed.
Family Soniphilidae
dd. Median piece of labrum entirely free, not bearing at middle
two teeth conspicuously larger and more strongly chitinized
than those adjacent; chitinous lines absent or but weakly
developed. Family Geophilidae
Family Mecistocephalidae
In this family the cephalic lamina is long and relatively narrow. The antennae arc filiform. The prehensorial feet are strongly developed and much exj)osed at sides of head from above, the pleurae of the segment also being distinctly exposed at the sides of the basal plate which is narrow. A prebasal plate is never present. The labium is tripartite with the median piece very narrow, its sides being parallel or nearly so. The mandibles bear several pectinate lamellae but no truly dentate plate. The coxse of the first maxilla' remain entirely distinct. No suprascutella or plates between tergites and spiraculiferous sclerite are present. The coxopleura? are pierced with numerous pores which are mostly
Pomona Coi.i.koe Joins-Ai. ok F.SToMoi.otiv 653
scntttrcd ovit tlic rutin- siirfai'c. Anal lcj;s with six articlfs distad of llic coxopli-iiriv.
Mrfistdrrphaliix is tin- only Nortli Anicrican fjfcnus of tlir family at present known.
Genus Mecistocephalus Newport
In this (jenus the head is very large with the cephalic lamina mueh lon){er than wide and uniformly narrowed from tin- front eaudad. The nntennu- are rather larp- and are a little attenuated from the proximal and distad. The lahruin has till' middle piece very narrow and acutely |)ointed distad while the side pieei-s hear a frinj;e of very sliorl pectinii'. In the first maxillie the branches are menihranous distad. Anal legs without claws.
So far as known the number of legs is invariable for each species.
In California there are two species of this genus, .V. limalux Wood and M. itnomalus Chamberlin, which arc easily separated on the basis of the number of pairs of legs, the fi>rmer h.iving forty-five and the Latter forty-one pairs.
Mecistocephalus limatus Wood
This is one of the connnonest members of the Geopliiloide.i in the eentr.il portion of the state and also ranges to the southern portion, though it is not often iiut with during the dry season. During the rainy months it often occurs in great numbers under the fallen leaves of wooded areas. It seems to be especially abundant about San Francisco Bay
A large robust species often attaining a length of (io nun. or more, while the head as a whole may be "i.'i to nearly .S unn. across in large individuals. The body is conspicuously attenuated from the head eaudad. The head and body are polished shining. Head and antennie dark reddish or chestnut in color; body and legs orange or rusty yellow, the dorsal scuta, especially on anterior portion of body, often with a narrow dark band along caudal edges. Antennae long, atten- uated distad. The claws of the preliensors when closed extend nearly to the distal end of the first antennal article, each prehensor armed with four strongly ehitinized teeth, one on each article, of which those of the first article and claw are largest. Anterior sterna with a deep longitudinal median sulcus which becomes less strongly developed eaudad. First spiracle much larger than the second, vertically elliptical, the others circular or nearly so. Last ventral plate strongly narrowed eaudad, triangular. Coxopleura of last segment with numerous small pores and usually one larger one distributed over most of the surface, the number few in inmiature individuals. Pairs of legs in lM>th sexes, so far as observed invariably forty-five.
Specimens have been examined from the following localities: Mill Valley, Sausalito, Herkeley (author); Stanford (Mann); and Claremont (Pomona College collection).
Mecistocephalus anomalus C'liamherliii
This species in size, coloration and geniral structure is very close to the preceding one. It is readily sep.ir.-ited in h.-iving inv.iri.ilily forty-on<- pairs of
654 Pomona College Journal op Entomology
legs as against the forty-fivf in liniatus. Tlic antennae are typically smaller and shorter.
Found by the author to be very common during the wet season about Mon- terey Bay. Also taken at Oroville (April. 1!)11). In both of these places it a|)pears wliolly to re]ilace limatus.
Family Arrupidae fam. nov.
Differs from tlie preceding family (as represented in California) in having the tliree divisions of the labrum, of which the median is larger, entirely unarmed; in having the coxae of the second maxilla> entirely sejiarate; and in liaving the mandible with but two pectinate lamellae.
Verhoeff's superfamily name Placodesmata, proposed for the Mecistocepha- lidae, may now, with better service, be employed to indicate the group formed by this family and the Arrupidae.
Genus Arrup gen. nov.
Labrum strongly ehitinized, edges all smooth; the median piece broadly triangular, witli the apex directed caudad. First maxillse with the outer branch long, entire, membranous distad ; no lappets. Palpus of second maxilla? triarticu- late. without a claw. Last ventral plate wide, triangular; coxopleural pores few, small. Antcnn* thick, sub-filiform. First joint of prehensors with a large, conical, strongly chitinized tooth; other joints unarmed. Anal legs unarmed.
Type. — Arrup pylorus sp. nov.
Arrup pylorus si>. nov.
Attenuated cephalad, more strongly eaudad. Dorsum with a sharply im- pressed longitudinal median sulcus. Fulvous in color ; head light reddish brown. Head widest anteriorly, narrowed to caudal margin which is truncate ; anterior margin extended forward from sides to middle. Antennae short, thick ; all articles short, decreasing from basal ones to the penult; ultimate longer than the two preceding taken together. Basal plate overlapped by the cephalic; exposed portion very short, but little more than one-seventh as long as the cephalic, 4.8 limes wider than long. Spiracles all circular, the first very much larger than tiie sicond. Last ventral plate wide, triangular, the sides converging caudad to iiK ft at .111 .ingle. Coxojileural pores tliree or four on each side, small, adjacent to edge of last ventral plate. .\nal legs in mali' erassate. Pairs of legs, forty-one. Length, 22 mm. (tyjie).
Localities. — .Sausalito and Berkeley (autiior. .Vpril. I'Ml).
l"";unily Tampiyidae fam. ikiv. Lalirum of one, uniformly chitinized piece, wliieli is (irmly co.ilesced with the labrum exce|)ting at the ends wliere the suture may be detected ; median portion conspicuously protuding, armed caudad with few stout teeth, the lateral jiortions pectinate. First niaxillw with outer branch distinctly biarticulate, the first article with a lappet, the apical joint thick, strongly bent inward and con- tiguous with its fellow. Palpi of second niaxilliP triarticulate, ending in claws, which are simjile, not toothed or pectinate. Prosternum with strongly developed
Pomona College Joi-rnal of Entomoloov 653
cliitiiiDus lines; its antrrior inrdinn ninrgin arint-d with two stout fonicnl ti-ctlL Siii>r.iscut<-lla absent. N'cntral porrs alisnit. Anti-miu' Hattcncd hut of cfiual width from li.-isc to apex, hcinj; nut at all attiimatrd. I'orcs of coxoplciirif scat- ter, d.
This family is cvidt-ntly very dose to the (loiiihrei^mntitlar, a family occur- ring in the i'hilippincs and Kast Indies, with which it forms a natural group. ( )ni' •^iniis at present known.
• ieiiiis Tampiya j,'cii, ikiv.
Lateral portions of the l.ihrum eone.ive. e.ieh pictinati- with few lij;htly chitini/ed prin-csses or spines, the middle portion protruding caudad and distally truncate, bearing a row of stout, conical, highly cliitini/.ed teeth. I.n))pets of first maxilla- very long. The claw of palpus of second niaxillii* long, smooth. Cephalic plate not wholly covering the prehensorial feet. Hasal ))lati- short, wider than cephalic pl.ite. Chitinous lines very strongly developed. Anal legs with large claws. I ly poph.irynx strongly devehiped. bifurcate anteriorly, ."spiracles all circul.ir. L.ist vnitr.il pl.it<- nioder;ite; pores sc.ittered over coxopliuru'.
Type. — Tiiiiipifia pi/liiriis sp. nov., the only species thus f;ir known.
Tampiya pylorus sj). ikiv.
C"ephalic plate trunc.ite c.iud;id. the sides conspicuinisly convex, anti-rior portion sub-triangular; .'iboiit equal in length .and bre.-idth. Antennii- rather n.irrow, flattened, of uniform width throughout. I'.alpi of second maxilla' con- spicuously flattened. Has.al plate very wide, wider than head, about three and a li;ilf times, or a little more, wider than long. Prehensors when closed with claws .almost even with front margin of head; joints all unarmed. Anterior median margin of ])rosternuni armed with two stout conical teeth. Spiracles nil circular, the first not spcci.-illy enlarged, those of ultimate segments becoming very small. Last ventral plate rather narrow, short, caudal margin a little incurved. Coxoplcural pores large, eight or more on each side, niostlv scattered over coxopleura. free from plate but a few covered by edge of the latter. Anal legs short, ending in stout claws. I';iirs of ligs. one hundred and twenty-Hv<-.
Locality. — Sausalito.
I'amily Geophilidae
In this f.'imily the l.abrum is tripartite, the middle pii'ce varying in relative size. Till- in.'indible be.irs but a single |)ectinate lamella and no dentate lamclln. The coxip of the first maxillir are coalesced at the middle. No su|)r.'iseutella are present. The subfamilies rej>resented in California may be distinguished by means of the following key:
Key t(i Suhtainilics
a. The eoxosternmu of second m.'ixilhc with halves nearly separated at middle; on each side a strongly chitinized suture running from the ecto-caudnl .ingle cephalo-mcsad (pleuro-sternnl sutun-). .Subf;iniily Cliilenophilinar
656 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
aa. Coxosternum witli lialves well united at middle; no such plcuro-sternal suture present, b. First maxillae without lappets ; middle piece of labrum very large, over- lapping the ends of the short lateral pieces, which are unarmed, dentate along its anterior edge; dorsum not bisulcate.
Subfamily Linoteniinae
bl). First maxillse witli well developed lappets; middle piece of labrum small,
the dentate margin eaudad, lateral pieces pectinate, dorsum biculcate.
Subfamilj- Geophiliiinr
Subfamily Geophilinae The two California genera belonging to tliis subfamily may be sc])arated thus :
Key to Genera a. Joints of jirehensorial feet not dentate within ; anal legs ending in claws.
Genus Geophilus Leach aa. Joints of prehensorial feet dentate within ; anal legs not terminating in claws, the claw being replaced by a small seventh article.
Genus ArenophUus Cliamberlin
Genus Geophilus Leach
In this genus the preliensorial feet, for tlie most part, do not extend beyond the front margin of the liead and are unarmed within or with but rudiments of denticles at base of claw. The basal plate is wide. In most species the last ventral plate is wide but in some it is but moderate or even narrow. The anal legs end in claws. The middle piece of the labrum is usually dentate and the lateral ones pectinate. In the species here included as belonging to the Cali- fornian fauna the ventral pores are numerous and arranged in a transverse band inunediately in front of the caudal margins of sternites.
The three known Californian species may be separated by means of the following key.
Key to Species a. Prebasal i)late cxi)osed ; last ventral plate very wide; coxojileural jiores in adults covered by edge of ventral plate, b. All spiracles circular ; claws of prehensorial feet extending beyond front margin of head. G. rubens Say.
bb. Anterior spiracles elliptical; claws of jjrehensorial feet not extending beyond front margin of head. G. regnans Cliamberlin
aa. Prebasal Jjlate not exposed; last ventral ))late narrow; coxo])leural pores small, a dozen or nion' on free surface of coxopleura.
G. naxintii.i Cliamberlin
Geophilus rubens Say. Robust ; .•itteiiuated eaudad but not cephalad. Typically there is a geminate and often int(Tru|)ted black band along the dorsum, though tliis may be entirely
Pomona C'oi.i.kok JornN.M. ok Entomoloov i'tS7
ab.sciit ; llic body ollicrwisc testaceous, llii- luad with prclicnsurial ft-t-l darkt-r as usual. Tin- spiraclos art- all circular. In the eastern states, where this species is common, the pairs of legs number most fre(|uentl_v forty-nine to fifty-one in the male and fifty-one to fifty-three in the female; but in Californian specimens studied, the numbers are most frequently fifty-nine to sixty-one, though in one specimen but forty-seven were j)resent.
Two of the California!) specimens studied were eoiii'cted on a sandy beach .il Pacific (irove by .Miss Helen N'ajjel of Stanford, to whom I am indebted for (lie same. They are large specimens which are paler tiian usual and lack tin- dorsal dark band. The author has collected it also at Oroville (April, l!)ll). A specimen collected at C'laremont is among material received from Prof. Baker. Wood reported three specimens, presum:ibly this same species, from the Santa Cruz Moiint.iins midiT the n;iine (1. liii-vi't.
Geophilus regnans C'lianilicrliii
.^ large species in which the body is wide anteriorly and atteiuiated eaudad iiiueh as ill the preceding species. The anterior spiracles are obli<|Uely elliptical, till- midiaii .iiKi caudal ones circular. The number of pairs of legs is mostly from seventy-seven to eighty-five, seventy-nine .'ind eigiity-oiic being |>rrhaps connuon- est. The length may be up to 70 mm.
Kvidently an abundant species in southern California. Numerous speein\ens have been seen from the following locilities: Clareniont (Baker), Los Angeles .•uid Pacific Cirove (author). It seems to be the eonuuonest (ifapliilio .'ibout ( l.in'iuont.
Geophilus nasintus Cliamberlin
Of marly s;inie form as the preceding, being narrowed but little eeplial.id and strongly eaudad. Pulvous in color, the head and prehensorial feet darker, reddish. No frontal suture evident. The claws of the jjrehensorial feet when closed about even with the front margin of the head. Spiracles all circular. The pairs of legs in the type specimen number seventy-three and the length of l)ody is i'i mm.
The exact locality from which the type came is uncertain; but the vial was among material from southern California received from Prof. Baker and is assumed to be from that region.
(ieiuis Arenophilus C'hainherlin In the species belonging to this genus at present known a frontal suture is evident and the jirebasal plate is absent or covered. The basal plate is trapezi- forni and conspicuously narrowed cephalad. The tripartite labrum has the free margin of all the divisions pectinate, the processes of the lateral ones being long and close set. The prehensorial feet are large and much exposed from above and tiie claws when closed extend well beyond the front margin of the head; the articles dentate within. The ventral pores are numerous and arranged in a singli' condensed area on each sternite upon which occurring. The last ventral plate is very wide. Kacli coxopleura with one or two large pits at or beneath edge of
658 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
ventral plate. Anal legs clawless, the claw in each being replaced bj' a small additional article.
One species occurs, soniewliat doubtfully, within the state.
Arenophilus bipunticeps Wood
Cephalic |)late truncate caudad and extending over the anterior border of basal plate ; bearing two sharply impressed sulci on caudal portion which diverge but little cephalad. Claws of prehensorial feet when closed extending much beyond anterior margin of head, the teeth of joints usually small. First spiracle vertically elliptic, larger than the second ; the immediately following spiracles may also be similar in shape, those of more caudal segments becoming gradually circular. Ventral pores in a large area in front of caudal margin which is truncate cephalad and extended angularly at middle caudad. Coxopleurae typicalh' with two large porigerous pits at each lateral edge of ventral plate; in some specimens tlie more caudal pit on each side may be broken into two distinct but contiguous pits.
A large species whicji has a large head from wiiicii tlie body is narrowed caudad.
Two specimens in a vial containing no locality label but among others from Claremont and undoubtedly collected at that place. In the eastern section of the United States this is one of the commonest and most widespread members of the suborder.
Subfamily Linoteniinae
Of the two American genera at present known as belonging to tliis sub- family, one, Linotenia, occurs in California.
The labrum has the middle piece relatively very large and toothed along the margin directed cephalad whereas the side pieces are small, in part overlapped by the median, and with edges wholly smooth or free from teetli or pectinae. The l)a]))i of tlie first maxilhv lack lappets. The dorsal plates are smooth, not bisulcate as in tlie preceding subfamily. \'cntral pores in a well marked transverse band in front of caudal margin, the band on more caudal segments usually divided at median line.
(ieiius Linotenia C. Koch
This is a eom)iact and eharly delimited genus. The s})ecies all have the body decidedly narrowed cej)lialad with the head small and characteristically narrowed anteriorly. The frontal suture is distinct. Antennte filiform. The claws of the prehensorial feet, which when closed, do not extend beyond the front margin of head and usually fall considerably short of it, bear at base within each a conspicuously large tooth. Tlie coxosternum, or prosternum, is without lateral chitinous lines. The coxopleur» bear several to many small pores. The anal legs terminate in claws.
Most species of the genus in life are bright reddish in whole or in ])art; but in .-ileohol the red piguunt fades le.iving the color mostly some shade of brown.
Pomona Colleoe Journal of Entomolooy
65')
Hut (iiii- spicifs is known at pn-st-nt ns oonirrin^j in C'llifDrnia. lliis twinfi tin- \nT)ir aiid widfspri-ad L. laevipes Wood.
Linotenia laevipes Wood
Svn. SIrifinmia parviceps Wood Slriiiitmia e pit r plica Wood Srolioplaiifx imprrialis Hrolcniann I.iiiotenui ruheltiana C'lianibi'rlin This handsome spci-ics occurs throughout most of California and ranurs northward into Washington. It may attain a Icrif^h of <)() mm. or more. In life Ihi' entire animal is red. hut ([uicklv fades in alcohol, the head with prehetisorial feet and anteiMm> usuallv retaininf; a deeper color. The IkkIv is robust and eonspieuouslv attenuated at the ends as usual. While usually free, tlie caudal .•infile of the head may he covered liy the basal plate, this beiiiji more frec|uently till- case app.-irentiy in tiie ni.ilrs tli.in in the females. The tooth at base of el;iws
Figure 217
A, Dorsal view of aiilcrinr region of a female specimen of Linotenia fulva (Sager) from Saluda, N. C, showing cephalic plate crossed by frontal suture, the broad basal plate overlapping the caudal angle of the cephalic, the prehensorial feet partly exposed at sides of head, and the proximal portion of antennae. B, Ventral view of the posterior end of the same specimen, showing the enlarged coxoplcurae pierced by the numerous coxopleural pores, the narrow last ventral plate or sternite between them. etc. C, The prosfernum and prehensorial feet of the Californian Linotenia la-vipes (Wood), showing the characteristically large tooth at the base of each claw within.
660 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
of preliensorial feet very large (see figure). Spiracles all circular, the first not visibly larger than the second. Last ventral plate very wide, strongly narrowed caudad. Coxopleurae with numerous small pores and usually on two larger ones, all arranged along and beneath the edges of the ventral plate. In immature specimens often only the two larger pores on each side evident. Anal legs in female slender, about equalling tlie penult in length, ending in a long claw; in the male greatly enlarged and flattened dorso-ventrall}'. In the Cali- fornian specimens examined the number of pairs of legs varies mostly from sixty-nine to seventy-five but often falls to sixty-seven and may be as large as ninety-one, as in a specimen from Oroville.
I have seen specimens from the following localities: Oroville, Pacific Grove, Berkeley, Stanford and Santa Barbara (author's collection), and from Claremont (Prof. Baker).
Subfamily Chilenophilinae (Ribautiina of Brolemann) This recently established subfamily is proving to be a large one, a con- siderable number of genera now having been found to belong to it. The grou)) is readily distinguished by characters of the second maxillae, these having the two halves of the coxosternum almost separated at the middle and each presenting a very conspicuous, strongly chitinized suture extending from the caudo-external angle meso-cephalad. Three genera are represented in California.
Key to Genera a. Side pieces of Inbrum extending over the middle one and meeting at the median line ; and legs ending in a strongly developed claw.
Genus Gnathomerium Ribaut
aa. Side pieces of labrum completely separated by the middle one ; anal legs
clawless or ending in a rather weakly developed claw.
b. Femur of palpus of second maxillae with a distinct process at distal
meso-dorsal angle ; anal legs ending in a small membranous seventh
article which replaces the claw. Genus JVatophilus Chamberlin
bb. Femur of palpus of second maxillae with no such process; anal legs
with but six joints and clawless or with a weak claw.
Genus Taiyuna gen. nov.
Genus Gnathomerium Riliaut
This genus is represented in North America by several species of which one is known to occur in California. A second species, G. vtahensis Chamberlin, common in Utah, may range into the mountains of this state.
The species of this genus are typically widest anteriorly and attenuated from the head caudad. The lateral pieces of the labrum extend mesad over the middle piece and are contiguous with each other at the middle line, the edge of the middle piece bearing teeth which ])rojeet out from beneath, the lateral pieces fronged with pectinae. Palpus of second maxilla triarticulate, all articles lacking special processes. Ventral pores not in definite areas. The anal legs consist of the usual six articles, the ultimate ending in a well developed claw.
Pomona College Joi-rnal ok Entomoloov 661
Gnathomerium melanonotum \\ .nxl
Syii. Mccistocrphalus limaius Wood
Mcrislocephalus quadratus Wood
Gfophllus •j;lah('r Hollinan This is a widespn-ad spi-cii's on the Pacific Coast, raii({iii>; tliroughoiit most of California and nortliward to Canada. It is conspicuously attenuated from tlie head caudad, resenihlinjj in its |)roportions a Mecislocephalux. The head and antcnnip are reddish brown, the latter tipped witli pale; the body is of the usual brownish yellow color but having in most a decided greenish or olivaceous tinge; along the dorsum there is counnonly n black stripe which is mostly geminate or double. The ceplialic plate is attenuated caudad. widely rounded posteriorly. Frontal suture distinct. Prebasal plate not exi)osed. The claws of the prelien- sorial feet when closed extend beyond the front margin of the head much ; first joint and claw armed within witli well developed teeth, the intermediate articles with inconspicuous denticles. The first sj)iracle nearly circular, being slightly vertically elli|)tie, and it is much larger than the second. The last ventral plate is moderately wide. The coxopleurte bear a number of mostly small jiores both below and above. The number of pairs of legs varies mostly from forty-seven to fifty-five, forty-nine and fifty-one being common, and in the southern i)art of the state the number ranges prevailingly from fifty-nine to sixty-five pairs. .Vilults mostly from .S,") to .'JO mm. in length.
Specimens from within the state have been seen from the following loe.ilities: Shasta Springs, Oroville, Pacific drove. Point I.olws, Sausalito. Berkeley .ind Stanford {collected by writer), and from Clareniont and neighboring mountains (Prof. Haker, collector).
(leiuis Taiyuna gen. nov.
Head large, the body scarcely narrowed ccphalad, strongly so caudad. The labrum with side pieces la))])ing well over the ends of the middle one but not contiguous mesally; middle ))ieces with many closely set, stout spines on free edge, the lateral pieces with comparatively few, these being bent strongly mesad. Palpi of first maxilliv with long membranous lappets. Palpi of second maxillH- wholly without processes. Ventral pores not detected. Last ventral plate narrow. Coxopleura' with a number of small pores. Anal legs composed of six articles beyond Coxopleura; claw absent or rather slender if present.
Type. — Taiyuna occidenialis Mcincrt.
Taiyuna occidentalis Mcincrt Syn. Gcophilus californiensis Bollnian. This species is widespread in the state and shows corresponding v.iri.ition. The number of pairs of legs in specimens about San Francisco, the type locality, varies from sixty-seven to seventy-five, seventy-one and seventy-three being conmionest; but, as usual with members of the group, in going south the number increases. At Los Angeles the author found individuals with as high as eighty- seven pairs (isanfus Chamb., var.) which seemed distinct until more abundant
662 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
material indicated inlergradation. Mr. Bollnian's californiensis seems to have been based on partly grown specimens of this species, his description agreeing completely with such so far as it goes.
Body as wide or nearly as wide anteriorly as at the middle, but strongly narrowed caudad. Head and prehensorial feet with prosternum brownish red ; antennae brown, pale distad ; body fulvous, more brownish cephalad ; legs yellow. Cephalic lamina longer than wide, narrowed from in front eaudad. Prebasal plate not evident, the cephalic overlapping the anterior border of the basal. Claws of prehensorial feet when closed reaching well beyond the first antennal article; first joint of prehensor with a tooth at meso-distal angle, the claw at base also with a somewhat smaller tooth. In large specimens the first spiracle is dis- tinctly vertically elliptic and much larger than the second, all others circular. The last ventral plate moderate in width, longer than wide, narrowed caudad. Coxopleura" with from four or five to thirty-nine or .so, the larger numbers occur- ring in individuals not fully grown ; some of the pores usually covered by edges of ventral plate, while one, often larger, usually stands apart from the rest on the more caudal surface of the coxopleura. Pairs of legs sixty-seven to eighty- seven. Length up to nearly 70 mm.
Localities. — San Francisco, Sausalito, Berkeley, Stanford, Pacific Grove, Monterey, Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, collected by the writer. A single specimen is also in the material received from Pomona College (Pillsbury, collector).
Taiyuna claremontus Chaniberlin
This species is known from but few specimens, mostly from Clarcmont. It differs from the preceding in having the anal legs armed with a distinct claw. Tile number of pairs of legs in the type is sixty-five and the length K') nun.
Genus Watophilus Chaniberlin
Lahruni with middle piece fully separating the lateral. First article of palpus and coxa at disto-ectal angles bearing long lappets. Coxse of second maxillae nearlv separated mesally ; the palpus with femur at meso-dorsal distal angle with a conical process and usually the succeeding article less distinctly produced at disto-ectal angle. Prosternum without chitinous lines. Claws of prehensorial feet extending beyond front margin of head ; articles of feet dentate within. Ventral pores absent. Last ventral plate wide. Coxoi>leural pores small, few. Anal pores present. Anal legs clawless, the claw being replaced by a small, membranous, seventh article. There is a tendency for the number of pairs of legs to be fixed for each sex in each species, variations from this mode not being frequent. The two California species known may thus be separated.
Key to Species a. Fairs of legs forty-one to forty-three; ex|)osed portion of basal plate eight
times wider than long. JV. errans sp. nov.
aa. Pairs of legs forty-seven to fifty-five; exposed portion of basal plate about
three and one-half times wider than long. Jf. laeius sp. nov.
Pomona Coi.i.eok JorRNAr of Rntomoi.ooy 663
Watophilus errans sp. n<iv.
A small sproirs imdi-r l.'i iiiiii. in Itnjjtii and sc«-miiij{ to lmv»- constantly forty-tlircf pairs of legs in the fi-nialc and forty-onr in the male. Tlu- body is yellowish white with the head of a pale reddish cast. The cephalic j)lnte is elongate with the sides weakly convex, a little converging at ends, more so cephalad ; caudal border truncate, overlapping considerably the basal plate, the exposed portion of which is very short, l«'ing eight times widiT than long, and is marked with a distinct longitudinal median sulcus. No frontal suture is present. Tlie nntennii> are short and strictly tiliforui. The claws of the prehensorial feet when closed extend beyond front margin of head; claw armed at base with a stout conical tooth, the first joint armed near distal end with a somewhat larger conical tooth. First spiracle subelliptic, larger than the second, others circular. Last ventral plate wide. Coxopleural pores small, few, mostly covered.
Locality. — Berkeley, Cal.. (author, .April, 191 1).
Watophilus laetus s|i. nov.
Held with sides iicirly pir.illil, a little converging e.ind.id. but slightly cxcurved ; c.iudal m;irgin truncate. The anterior ncirly so; corners not strongly round<'d ; much longer than wide (.'5:4). Basal plate much covered by cephalic, the exposed portion about three and one-half times wider than long, one-quarter as long as head. Anteiinie longer than in the preceding species. Claws of pre- hensorial feet when closed extending a little beyond front margin of head; tooth of claw small. Prosti-rnum wider than long (ll:f)). Last ventral plate wide, sides converging caudad, caudal margin a litth' incurved. Coxopleura pores few. l)artly covered. Distal joint of anal legs long and slender. Anal legs in male crassate proximally, the four distal artielis shiidir. I'.iirs of legs. forty-sev<-n to fifty-five. Length about l.'i mm.
Localities. — Stanford (NL-mn), Pacific (irove .ind Berkeley (author). The type is from Berkeley.
Family Soniphilidae
Of tile three genera at present known to belong to this family, two occur in California. They are characterized by having a coalescence between the jiarts of the labrum, the middle piece widely extending along the lateral to their outer ends in most cases where, at least fusion is evident ; at the middle of the free edge two decidedly l;irger and more strongly chitini/.ed teeth are borne, the adjacent ones being abruptly smaller, these middle teeth with in some several adjoining pairs in two of the genera extending directly; ventrad rather than caudad; lateral |)ortions of edge ])ectinate. The first maxillip may or may not bear well developed lap|)ets. .^second maxillir without ))leuro-sternal suture, the coxap broadly joined at nnddle. Chitinous lines of ))rosternum strongly developed. Anterior Iwrder of each anterior sternite is furrowed transversely, the furrow being guarded vcntrally as a ride bv a chitinous rim or flange beneath which fits the edge of the jireccding ()late.
The three gener.i may be separ.iteil by means of the following key:
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Key to Genera
a. Joints of prchciisorial I'ect not dentate within; claws not extending beyond the front margin of head ; last ventral plate very wide, b. Edge of labrum bent centrad at middle, its teeth extending in same direc- tion ; coxa of first maxilla without lappet, the proximal article of palpus with a conical process or lappet which is shorter than the distal article. Genus Soniphilus Chamberlin
bb. Edge of labrum at middle with teeth directed caudad; first maxilla with coxa and proximal joint of jialpus with long lappets.
Genus Tabiphilus gen. nov.
aa. Some joints of preheusorial feet dentate within; claws when closed extending
beyond front margin of head; last ventral plate but moderate in width.
Genus Poaphilus Chamberlin
Figure 218 A, Dorsal view of cephalic plate and aiitcnii,-e of Soniphilus scciindiis sp. nov. B, Cephalo-ventral view of labrum of the same, showing the two large middle teeth and the outlines of the lateral pieces over which the median extends. C, Labrum of Linotenia la'vipes (Wood), showing the large median piece which is dentate along the edge directed anteriorly, and the smooth lateral pieces with the lateral supports or lamina; fulcicntes. D, First and second maxillx of Gnathomerium melanonotum (Wood), showing the divisions of the first with the membranous lappets on each side, and, in the second, the conspicuous pleura-sternal sutures. E, Labrum of the same, showing how the lateral pieces extend over the median and meet at the median-line.
Pomona Coi.i.KCiK .Im iinm. ok F.NToMoi.ofiv 665
funiis Soniphilus llianilicrlin
'I'liis fjcniis as at prt-sfiit known nnhrncfs two spcfirs, the one (Icsfrihcd IhIow and S. rmliiiis Clianilu'rlin, the typi' of tin- gi-nus, n closely related sprcics from Iowa wliidi is but 1 .S mm. lonjj. In this frcniis the prclicnsorinl feet an; short, not attainin); the front margin of the head, and its joints arc nil unarmed within. The first mnxilhc have hut one la))pet on each side, this heiiif; an out- growth from the proximal jirtide of the paijius. Tile last ventral j)late is very wide. Coxopliiir.-il pores few .ind sin.ill. mostiv eo\ered liv the edge of the ventral plate.
Soniphilus secundus sjv imv,
(hitinous lines of prostirnnm not wholly complete. C'Inws of prehensorinl feet with a minute or obsolete denticle within, not attainin); front margin of head. Ci-plialic plate widest a little in front of caudal margin, narrowing moderately forward. Frontal suture not present. Basal plate very wide. I'ri'basal pl.'ite not exposed. The labrum has two very stout conical teeth at middle, the adjacent processes being abruptly less strongly chitini/ed and longer like those of lateral fringes. S|)iraeles all circular, the first larger than the second. First legs a little shorter and more slender than the second. Last ventral plate very wide, narrowed caud.-uL Two moderat<' sized pits on each coxopleura covered, or mostly so, by edge of l:ist ventral plate. Anal legs in female slender, longer than the penult, ending in a well developed claw. The body is attenuated strongly caudad and less strongly, though considerably, cephalad. Fulvous; head light ri'ddish yellow; antentm- yellow. Length ad 18 nun. Pairs of legs, in female forty-three, male forty-one.
Localities. — .S.iusalito (author, .\pril, li)ll), P.-ieific drove (author, .Iidy,
LOoy).
.\s indicJitid previously, this species is very close to the ty]>e species S. rmhiiif found in Iowa and Wisconsin; but it differs clearly in the character of the armature of the labrum. in the shape of the cephalic plate, in the larger basal plate and in details of the last ventral plate and the coxopleurip. The chitinous lini's of the presternum arc also less strongly developed.
Tabiphilus gen. iiov.
This genus is in general structure most clearly allied with the preceding; but it ditTers in having the edge not twisted ventrad at the middle, the teeth extending caudad as in most genera and not having the middle two (piitc so strongly differentiated from the others, and clearly in having two long membranous lappets on each of the first maxilla, the distal lappet being clearly longer than the distal article of the )>alpus. The one species known is larger and has a much larger number of pairs of legs than any one in the two other genera of the family.
Tabiphilus rex sp. nov. Hody light ferruginous. .Mlcniiated cephalad and more decidedly caudad. The ce))halic plate is truncate anteriorly and al.so posteriorly; the sides are straight and parallel from the caudal angles forward to about the beginning of
666 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
the anterior third where they rouund in niesad to the anterior margin ; longer than wide in ratio 17:15. Frontal suture not present. Antennae three times as long as the cephalic plate ; proximal article wide, nearly touching its fellow ; ultimate article equalling in length the two preceding taken together. Prebasal plate very slightly exposed. Basal plate three and eight-tenths times wider than the median length of the exposed portion. Claws of prehensorial feet when closed not attaining front margin of head; joints unarmed. Chitinous lines of prosternum strongly developed; prosternum much wider than long (about 4:3). Ventral pores few, in a transverse band in front of caudal margin of sternite. Legs of first pair a little shorter and more slender than those of the second, the succeeding few pairs gradually a little longer and thicker; anterior pairs clearly more robust than the posterior. First spiracle obliquely elliptic, larger than the second which with all the succeeding ones is circular. The last ventral plate is very wide with its sides convex, the caudal margin subtruncate. Coxopleural pores mostly covered, one or two only being partly exposed. Anal legs much stouter and longer than the penult. Pairs of legs, seventy-five. Length about 30 mm.
The type specimen was taken at Claremont by Prof. Baker and is the only specimen of tlie species seen.
Family Schendylidae
In tliis family the antennse arc tliin and filiform. The labrum is coni])osed of a single piece, the free edge of which is concave and dentate. Mandible with one dentate lamella, which may be divided into three parts, and one pectinate lamella. Supraseutella never present. The ventral pores when present, as they arc in all Californian forms, are condensed in a circular or elliptic area.
Prctitiiunfruis is the only genus now known to occur in California; but ScJieiidi/Ia is likely to occur. These two genera may be separated as follows:
Key t() Genera a. Claw of second maxilla excavated and pectinate ; dental lamina tripartite ; coxosterna of first and second maxillae grown together.
Genus Pectiniungtiis Bollman
aa. Claw of second maxilla not excavated on one side and pectinate; dental
lamina of mandible entire; coxosterna of first and second maxilla" not
grown together. Genus Srhciidi/Ia Bergsoe and ^leinert
Genus Pectiniunguis P.ollman
Labrum entire, deeply incurved, mcsally dentate. Mandible with dentate plate in three divisions. Coxosterna of first and second maxillae fused together. Claw of pallus of second maxillss concave on mesal side and finely pectinate along the ventral ])ores in a small circular field in front of caudal margin of sternites. Last ventral plate wide, each coxopleura with two ])origerous pits at or beneath edge of ventral plate. Anal legs six jointed, with or without claws.
Key to Species a. Anal legs without claws. P. aniericanus Bollman
aa. Anal legs with claws.
Pomona College Joihnal ok F.ntomolooy
667
Figure 219 A, Dorsal view of anterior end of Mecistoceplialus liinatus (Wood), showing the characteristic form of cephalic plate and its frontal suture, the narrow basal plate with the pleurrc exposed each side, the much exposed prehensorial feet, and the antenna-. H, ["irst and second maxilla- of the same showing the separation of the coxa.' of the first and the long palpus membranous apically and bearing no lappets: note also the extensive fusion of coxa- of second maxilla-. C. Dorsal view of anterior end of Arrup pylorus gen. et sp. nov., with the prehensorial feet removed; it shows the cephalic plate with antenn.x, the much overlapped basal plate with the plcur.-e each side. D. First and second maxilla- of the same, showing particularly the complete separation of the coxa- of the sccotid pair as well as those of the lirst; contrast with B. E, Prehensorial feet and prosternum of the same; note the char- acteristic teeth borne on mesal luargin of first joint.
668 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
b. Prebasal plate not exposed; pairs of legs, fortj'-five to fifty-three.
c. Basal plate, so far as exposed, but four times wider than long; cephalic plate longer than wide. P. heathi Chamberlin
cc. Basal plate verj' short, exposed portion about eight times wider than long; cephalic j)late nearly equal in length and breadth.
P. heathi catalinae subsp. nov.
Pectiniunguis americanus Bollman
While this species has not been taken actually within the state, it was originally described from Lower California and its occurrence within our limits is therefore very probable. In this species the body is depressed and but little attenuated. It is brownish 3'ellow in color with an interrupted geminate dark band along the dorsum. The cephalic lamina is equal in length and breadth, with the caudal margin a little incurved. Prebasal plate exposed. Spiracles large, ellil)tical. Coxopleural pits covered by last ventral plate. Anal legs entirely without trace of claws. Pairs of legs near sixtj'-fivc.
Pectiniunguis montereus Chamberlin
This sjiecies seems to occur quite commonly along the California coast from the southern portion north at least as far as Monterey Bay, from which it was first described. It is essentially littoral in habit, though it has been occasionally taken some distance inland. Specimens have been seen from the following localities: Dead !Man's Island, San Pedro, (Baker); Santa Barbara, Pacific Grove, etc. (author).
In general structure similar to 7'. americanus. In alcohol specimens are light brown to yellowish with the head somewhat darker. There may be two parallel dark stripes along the dorsum as in the preceding species. In life the adults are deeijer colored, some appearing red like a Linotenia. The body is decidedly though very gradually attenuated cephalad and more abruptly eaudad. The prebasal plate exposed. Cephalic plate considerably longer than wide, truncate caudally. Ultimate article of antennae shorter than the two preceding taken together. Pairs of legs, so f;ir as noted, fifty-five to sixty-one. Length up to 50 mm.
Pectiniunguis heathi L'hainheiiin
Body of same general iiabit as the preceding but smaller. Cephalic plate with sides widely excurving. Prebasal plate not exposed, the cephalic lapping over tlie basal. Ultimate article of antenna" about equal in length to the two preceding taken together. The first ten sternites have each a caudal median process which fits into a corresponding pit in the succeeding plate, this feature apparently more strongly develoj)ed than in monwreus. Pairs of legs, fortv-five to fifty-three. Length 22 mm.
Known from Cypress Point, Monterey County, where a sjieeimen was dug up from an Indian mound in sandy soil, .uul from Los Angeles, wlurc the ,iuth<ir secured a specimen also bj- digging.
Pomona Colleoc Journal op Entoholooy 669
Pectiniunguis heathi catalinae subs)). nnv.
Hi-nd Vfllowisli ; aiiti'iiiiic /iiul body palt- yfllowisli white. Ccphnlic pintc widfst anteriorly. luirroweil eaiulnd : (interior miirgin rounded, the caudnl triincnte; i(|unl in length and brendtli or very nearly so. Ha.sal |)late largely covered by the cephalic, the exposed portion being very short, about eight times wider than long. Claws of the ))rehensorial feet wlu-n closed extending a very little beyond front margin of head; joints of feet all unarmed. I'rosternuin with chitinous lines; wider than long (alH)ut '.^.SrlT). Antennir strictly filiform, not at all attenuated. Last ventral yt\i\tv wide, sides converging caudad. C'oxopleural pits two on each side, covered by edge of ventral plate. .\nal li'gs in male crassnte, ending in a claw. Fairs of legs, forty-five to fifty-one: Length about l(i mm.
Localities. — Catalina Island; C'laremont (Baker).
I'ainily Himantariidae
Antennip short, strongly flattened, broad at base and markedly attenuated distad. Labrum well developed, composed of a single piece which is free, and incurved and dentate along the margin. NLindible with a single dentate and with several pectinate lamella". I'rehensorial feet we.akly developed, not dentate within. The ventral pores are in a sharply delimited central area. Anal pores never present.
The two genera iiieludi-d in the key below are the only C'alifornian genera at present known; but Ilaplophilus, which is known from Montana and .Mississip])i, may be found to occur.
Key to ("icncra
a. Anal legs ending in sni:ill claws; on some of the middle segments supra-
scutella .'ire i>resent. (ienus Xolobius Cook
aa. Anal legs clawless; no sui)rascutella present. (Ienus Gosiphilus gen. nov.
Genus Notobius C<>,^k
Some of the segments in middle portion of the body with a row of supra- scutella or paratergites above the level of the spir.aculiferous scleritcs. I^abrum deeply incised at median line. Coxostcrnum of first niaxillir deeply incised at middle, almost comjdetely divided but still coalesced jiroximally. Last ventral plate very wide; coxopleural pores numerous, small, arranged along edge of ventral plate. Spiracles all circular. Anal legs terminating in a slender claw in adults.
One species known. \ second furiii, incrmis of Woo<l, is listed here tenta- tively.
Notobius teniopsis W^ood Syn. Chomaiobius meiicanut Seliwanoflf \otuhiui californicus Cook This is a very long species with from one hundred and twenty-nine to one hundred and forty-nine pairs of legs in individuals thus far observed, most having from one hundred and thirtv-threc to one hundred and forty-one pairs. Con-
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 220
A, Labrum of Arrup pylorus gen. et sp. nov. B, Labnim of Mecistocephalus limatus (Wood). C, Dorsal view of cephalic and basal plates with antennre of Tampiya pylorus gen. et sp. nov. D, Prosternum and prehensorial feet of the same, showing the characteristic teeth of the anterior median margin of the prosternum. K, Labrum of the same. F, Labrum of Pcctiniunguis montereus Chamberlin, show- ing also one lamina fulcicntis. G, Dorsal view of anterior end of Gosiphilus minor gen. et sp. nov., showing basal and cephalic plates with antenna^, the prehensorial feet being completely covered.
Pomona College Journal ok Entomology 671
spicuously narrowed from third fourth of length ccphalnd and ahniptly narrowed caudad; the head relatively very small. The eeplmlic plate is relatively wide, Well rounded in front, almost completely concealing the |)rehensorial feet from above. The flat anteiuiw are short, contiguous at base and pointed distad. Claw of prehensorial feet not att-iining front margin of head. Ventral pores in n sharply delimited median area which varies from circular to transversely elliptical in outline. Last ventral plate very wide, the numerous small coxopleural pores aggregated mostly along its edges.
Specimens have been seen by the author from Stanford, Claremout and Los Angeles. It is also known from .^au l)ii-;j(i ;in<l .M;irgarita Island.
Notobius inermis Wimd
L'nder the name llimaiilarium inermis. Wood described an individual from the Santa Crux Mountains. lie states that it is very similar to teniopsis but differs in having only one hundred and fifteen pairs of legs. The head is described as tri:ingul:ir and moder.'itely wide, the .-intennu- short and said not to be acuminate. l''ecl robust, short.
Genus Gosiphilus ^vii. nov.
Body much flattened dorso-ventrally, Labruni deeply incised at middle. The coxostermnn of first maxilln* deei)ly incised at median line but co.xa- not separated pruxiinally. Dentate jilate of mandible rather narrow. Paratergites or suprn- scutella absent. Last ventnil i)late wide. Coxopleural ])ores few, mostly covered. Anal legs dawless.
Apjiarently most closely allied with Uaplophilus. Established for three sj)ecies, all of which wcur in California and two of them known from nowhere else.
Key to Species a. Pairs of legs near one hundred and eighty-one. G. hakcri sp. nov.
aa. Pairs of legs less than one hundred.
b. Pairs of legs mostly flfty-flve to sixty-one. G'. minor s]). nov.
bb. Pairs of legs in the neighborhood of eighty-one. G. laticeps Wood
Gosiphilus minor sp. nov.
Cephalic plate widest caudad. conspicuously narrowed .'interiorly, sub-trian- gular, wholly covering the prehensorial feet; caudal margin weakly produced from lateral corners to a very obtuse angle at middle; much wider than long (as 31 :2,S). Basal plate very wide, narrowed from its anterior end caudad, two and one-half times wider than long. Antennae short, thick, contiguous at base. Prosternuin much wider than long (^8:17); chifinous lines very strongly developed. Prehen- sorial feet weak, joints unarmed, claws not attaining front margin of head. Spiracles all circular, the first considerably larger than the second. Ventral jwrcs in a sharjily defined transversely cllijitical area. Last ventral plate very wide, almost wholly covering the coxopleura-, sulxju.adrate, the sides but slightly con- verging caudad. Coxopleural pores few, partly covered. Anal legs in male
672 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
crassate, davate, the apical portion conspicuously thicker than the proximal. In the female slender, not attenuated distad. Pairs of legs, fifty-five to sixty-one. Locality. — Berkeley (author, April, I9II).
Gosiphilus bakeri sp. nov.
Cephalic plate widest caudad, being a little narrowed cephalad to anterior corners, the border in front of corners triangular; wider than long (in ratio 15:13). Basal plate short, a little narrowed caudad, not quite as wide as the cephalic, about two and eight-tenths times wider than long. Prehensorial feet completely covered by cephalic and basal plates ; claws weak, not strongly curved, not touching distally, short of attaining front margin of head. Prosternum very much wider than long (28:15); chitinous lines strongly developed and complete as usual. Spiracles all circular. Ventral pores in a circular or subcircular area just caudad of center of sternites. Last ventral plate wide, sides straight, moderately converging caudad ; caudal margin truncate. Coxopleural pits two on each side, the more caudal one partly covered and the anterior one wholly so by ventral plate. Anal legs clawless. Pairs of legs, one hundred and eighty-one.
One specimen from Claremont collected by W. C. Spencer.
Gosiphilus laticeps Wood
A long and slender species with the body conspicuously flattened dorso- ventrally. Pairs of legs somewhere near eighty-one, which is a common number. The antennse are short and conspicuously attenuate distad, contiguous at base. The cephalic plate is wide caudad and strongly narrowed forward. Spiracles small, all circular. Ventral pores in a transversely elliptic area. Last ventral plate wide, sides straight, moderately converging caudad. Coxopleural pores usually, at least, not evident.
Specimens have been examined from Pacific Grove, Claremont, Los Angeles and Catalina Island. It is common in Texas, the type locality, and the author has also secured it at Las Vegas, Nevada, where it was dug up in a garden.
IMiKEliDINCi OF JUNOMA COKMA INDliK
iiiGU ti:mpi;kah Ki:s niKorciii
TWl-MV -TWO SI CCKSSlVi: GEN 1- RATIONS
WILllKLM SCIIHAUKU I,()8 ANOEI.ES, TAI..
Hrccdiii); liiitt<r(liis in luit .iiiii lold tiiii|«ratiiris is mil a new idea, (icniiaii I'litoiiiiilo^ists, ('.specially, havi- cxpcriiiK'Htt'd in that line fur many years, and have piililishi'd their experiments, and I have no duiiht they will be followed by many interested entomolojjist.s, who have the time and Jjatienee. I hope that my little experieiiee puMished here, will interest others in joining me in this njost interestinj{ work, in which, to obtain In-st results, many students of widely separ- ated regions must co-operate. 1 wish to thank Mr. Fordyee (irinnell, Jr., of Pasadena, C'al., for his valuable help.
In the spring of the year l<)(t() 1 sowed some seed of I.inaria ri/mlxilnria, a little trailing plant, which is very useful for rockwork, and found later on this plant some caterpillars, at that time utiknown to me. I gathered all I could lind, and obtaiiud later sixteen chrysalides. As I had contemplated for some time prior to try some temperature experimenls, I bought a little chicken incubator, and bri'd the chrysalides in yi) degrees warm, damj) air, and in darkness. After five days the liutti-rHies emerged, and they were all our \vell-ki\own Junonia coenia. I noticed that all were somewhat dark in the ground color. However, I was disap])ointcd. .\s is the case with all experimental work, we connnonly expect great things, so nuich the more when we read condensed accounts of what other experimenters have accomplished. Yet it is a great thing to have patience to try things out, so I figured that all our thousands of different sj)ccies of butterflii's were not made at once ; they must have developed by the slow process of evolution.
.Vnybody who is interested in insect life will have marveled how quick the transformations from the egg to the imago take place in nature. In the summer- time with us, this cycle is repeated once, and by some butterflies twice. However, what will our readers say, to hear that by the use of artificial warmth, I was able to breed from the first generation in A|)ril, 1{)09, to November, lyil, that is, within two years and seven months time, twenty-two successive generations; and by keeping the citerpillars in 80 to <)() degrees temperature day and night, I succeeded, in a few generations, in finishing a comj)letc cycle in one month. This could not be kept up as trouble arose with contagious diseases. Other experi- menters have made tem))erature exiu-rinients, by breeding butterflies in artificial temperatures, hot as well as cold, and we have learned many new facts; yet there is still much to learn, as almost every experimenter formed a somewhat different theory, as to why these changes in color and markings, from the winter to the sunnner generation, take pl.ace. I have not heard that any cx])erimenter, here or abroad, has succeeded in breeding from his own stock of butterflies at any
674
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
rate, twent_v-two successive generations without crossing. To pair butterflies in captivitj', they need plenty of sunshine; and to grow tlie food plant for the caterpillars outside all the year around, needs a very mild winter, and we have both here. My first female in this experiment I caught near Los Angeles on April 25, 1909. It was very small, as are most of our butterflies which remain
Figure 221. Junonia coenia
A, iiorm.'il; H, C, D. I"., .spocinK-ns inlircil uiuKt liiyli loniperatiires.
for a long time in the chrysalis ; the first generation bred in yo degrees were all somewhat larger, and I have kept up the size of tiiis butterfly to the now twenty- second generation. Of course they need the very best care ; it is no easy task to keep the food plant always fresh for a hundred or more caterpillars to each experiment, witliout too much dampness in the breeding case, which will soon prove f.ital to the young c.-iterpillars.
Pomona Colleoe Journal of Entomoloot ^>75
My first gfiicration, of the yt-ar I9<"). were nil .somrwliat darker in color, ns IS flic case with niany otlu-r huttcrHifs, wlicii they an- hnd in darkness. I deter- mined to try t<i enij)liasizf tiiis dark eolor, by seleetinj; tiic darkest males, and pnir tlieni with tile darkest females, and then breed the descendants in the same wav in i)0 decrees warm, damp air, and in darkness. The second jjeneration came out in Au>{ust, 1 !)()(). They were only five days in the chrysalis; the ((round eolor was dark, as in the first generation, except a few, which reverted to the normal color (see Figure 251 A, representing a female, caught in I.os Angeles August 1. l.')()})). I bred a female in this second generation which had a black appendix on the large eye spot of the forewing (see Figure 2'2lB). The black eve spot of the forewing is always of the same color on the under side of the wing, but it is a little sin.'dler there. In my bred specimen of this generation tlu- .'ippendix is only on the ujjper side of the wing, the under side has the usual dark round center with a ring arourui it; only in later generations, when this new appendix becomes very large, is it visible also on the under side. This s))ecimen seemed too valuable to me to put in the pair cage, as all butterHies which arc used for pairing losi' so much color that they are not good for a collection. Besidi' this one just described, I got two nu)rc females with only a black [joint on the same place as this a|ipendix, though not connected with the black eye spot, but just below the dark ring and connected with it. I separated these two fenjales in a pairing cage, with I'Uough males to secure a mating, and in the next or third gi-neration, obtained two feniah-s with a point, as above described, and two others had a small spot, connected with the black eye spot, but not quite so large as in Figure 2-,' IB. The females with an apjjendix amounted to about ten per cent in the third generation; as I knew only one food plant at that time, and had only a few plants. I could not raise very many caterpillars to each generation, so my calculation may be not very exact. As I obtained not one male witli an appendix, I supposed the males would never get it, or the female must be progressive in this new development ; the last named conclusion proved true later. I bred u]i to N'ovember four generations, and as my food jjlants were almost consumed, I stored a dozen chrysalides in the warm room, to hatch them all out at once. But, aln.s ! Over night the ants got in the room, and there was nothing left, except a few empty cases of the chrysalides.
As Junonia does not fly in great abundance near I.os Angeles, I had to wait two years before I caught a fertile female, on April 'i.'), IftOp. At that time I found by chance that the caterpillars also take as a food ))lant our garden variety of Pentstcmon, which I have used ever since; and I found that these different food plants have no influence on the color of the butterflies. I bred this new line the same way as before, in <)() degrees warm, damp air. and in darkness. In the second generation I got out of ten females two with a point below the large eve spot of the forewing; and I noticed that all the females had the eye spot of the forewing enlarged, and the very small spot in the apex of the forewing was also enlarged; so was the small double white spot. From one generation to the other, the enlargement of the eye spot of the forewing became more marked; also the appendix became larger, and the percentages slowly increased. In the ninth
676 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
generation, I got, out of tliirty males, one with a small appendix ; this was the first appearance of this character in a male, although the e_ve spots began to enlarge several generations before. The very small spots in the apex of the fore- wing are now quite visible, whereas in the males of our local form, there is only a trace of it in the apex ; the very small double spots are in the male blue, whereas in the female these spots are always white; this is the best color sexmark in Junonia coenin. In tin- thirteenth generation appeared for the first time four females which have in the appendix a small light spot (see Figure 22 IC). While the eye spots of the forewings got larger in each generation, the eye spots in the hindwings were reduced in size. The large eye spots are in our local form elliptical, while in my breeding experiments, these ocelli became almost round. I bred in the twentieth generation twenty-seven females, all showing appendices, seventeen of these had double ocelli (see Figure 22 ID). The same generation produced twenty -nine males, seventeen showing appendices, two of these had double ocelli (see Figure 22 IE).
Beside these regular lines of experiments, I carried on many side lines; in one of these, I took a part of the chrysalides from the regular line, and bred them 90 degrees warm, damp ; this time in a light breeding cage. To produce as much light as possible, I built a mirror case, to reflect the light, without direct sunshine in it, as this would soon get too hot; here I hung up the chrysalides. After five days the butterflies emerged. As I expected, all were lighter in ground color, some were more yellow near the border of the hindwings, just as in our local form with which I started. This seventh generation out of the damp and dark breeding case, and bred in a damp and light breeding case, produced about the same percentage with an appendix as the seventh generation bred in the dark. I carried on this line in the mirror case, damp air, for seven generations ; and in each generation about the same ratio of increase of the new appendix was seen as in the old line bred in the darkness.
I now picked out only males and females witliout ajipendices ; paired these, raised the caterpillars and bred the chrysalides, in normal temperature, in day- light without direct sun, the average temperature being in the daytime 80 degrees, at night 65 degrees. That was in August, lf)10. The result was surprising! I got twenty females, ten with an appendix, two of these with double eye spots; and twenty-five males, seven with an appendix. Up to that time I had never obtained more than one or two males with an appendix, in one generation; and now came seven males at once, and that among limited numbers. I can't help but believe that this resulted from a little change in the temperature from the usual steady warmth of 90 degrees. I now |)aired these seven males with appendices, with the very best females with appendices; breeding the resulting chrysalides in 90 degrees temperature, in a damp and dark case. To my astonishment I got very few with appendices. In the next generation, from one hundred and eighty caterjiillars, I only got twenty-eiglit butterflies, nineteen females, seventeen with appendices, nine of these with double eye spots; and nine males, six with appendices.
Pomona Colleoe Journal op Entomoloov 677
In all my fxptTiincnts, I have used as parriits only normal rolort-d individuals, and bred tlif dcsftiidants the second lime in a normal temperature, with the results noted above.
As I di-sired to make otiier expirirncnls. by lireidiii^r J uniiniti ehrysaliiN in dry air, but eould not obtain any new ones from outside, I used thi-se just described butterHies, and picked out again all normal colori'd males. However, I had to use some females with appendices, as I had only one normal colori'd. The chrysalides of this third generation. I put in the mirror case with much light, yo degrees warm, but this time dry air, as I hail believed dry air would produi-e small eye spots. Nevertheless, I got seven feniales, six of which had appendices; and sixteen males, three with ap|)endices. In the fourth generation lired in dry air, I got sixty femah'S, forty with appendices, five of these with double eye spots; and (ifty-nine males, three with appendices. Most of these butferriies were somewhat lighter in color than our lix-al form. I bred another generation with the same result. Then I raised six caterpillars on a pot plant in the mirror case, as dry as possible, got the chrysalis there, and bred them there in <)" degrees. The result was striking, all the eye s])ots being reducicl in size. I hope to repeat this experiment Jigain later on.
I am also developing some most interesting results in breeding out continuous generations in cool air, and these will be recounted later.
It is now of exceeding importance that other species of the genus be bred under similar widely varying conditions in order that we may possibly come to understand the origin of some of the striking variations that may appear in these bred specimens, and jierhaps work out the relationships and phylogeny of all the species more fully. Dr. Dyar expresses the opinion to me that Junonia vellida of Australia is the most primitive type in the genus. I am exceedingly anxious to obtain eggs or chrysalids of that species, or any others of the geiuis and shall be glad to correspond with lepidoptcrists in any part of the world relative to the matter.
ZUR STAPHYLINIDENFAUNA VON NORD- AMERIKA 5. BEITRAG.
DR. MAX BERNHAUER GRUENBURG, OB. OESTERREICH
Proteinus densipennis nov. spec.
Niger, subopacus, antennarum articulo prirao pedibusque testaeeis, parum convexus, thorace baud sulcato, elytris densissime punctatis. Long 12-18 mm. Kalifornion: Sugar Pine, leg Dr. Fenyes.
Dem Pr. macropterus Gyll. am naechsten verwandt. von derselben Grosse oder Kleiner, von demselben durch die viel dichter punktierten Fluegeldecken, weniger gewoelbte Gestalt und die auf das erste F'uelilerglied Beschraenktc gelbe Farbinig leiclit zu unterscheiden. Durch die selir dicbt punktierten Fluegeldecken unterscheidet sich die neue Art auch von den ubrigen nordamerikanischen Arten niit nicht glaenzenden Halsscliilde liinlaenglich. Die Faerbung ist sebwarz bis braunschwarz, das erste Fuehlerglied der im ubrigen pechfarbenen Fuehler und die Beine hellgelb.
Der Halsschild ist nur wenig schmaler als die Fluegeldecken an der Wurzel mehr als doppelt so breit als lang, ohne Mittelfurclie, nur wenig glaenzcnd.
Die Fluegeldecken sind mehr als doppelt so lang als der Halsschild, fein und sehr dicht, niindestens doppelt so dicht als bei macropterus, der im uebrigen meines Wissens bisher, aus Nordamerika nicht nachgewicsen erscheint punktiert.
Beim Maennchen sind die zwei crsten Glieder der Vordertarsen erweitert, die Mittelscheinen schwaeh gekruemmt.
Es sei mir an dieser Stelle die Feststelling erlaubt, dass der im arktischen Nordamerika heimische Proteinus limbatus Makl. mit der unter diesem Namen verbreiteten europacisclien Art nicht identisch ist, weshalb fuer letztere Art der Namen crenulatus Pand. einzutrttcn hat.
Anthobium orientale nov. spec.
Rufotestaceum, subnitiduui, capite thoraceque alutoceis abdomine maris nigro, antennarum apice infuscata, articulis pcnultimis transversis, capite thoraceque fere impunetatis, hoc modiee transverse, elytris plus duplo longioribus, densius punctatis. Long 1.8-2.2 mm. New Hampshire (leg. Fall), Massachusetts (Mensel).
Von Anthdhium sorhi (iyl., \-oii wtlcluiu ich hisher ein auierikanisches Stueck nicht geschen babe, in folgendtn Pinikten vcrschicdcn.
Der Ko])f ist viel briiter, der Halsschild dagcgin sclniiaikr und lacnger, ungcfaehr mn die Haelfte breiter als lang und um ein gutes Stueck schniacler als die Fluegeldecken, die Scheibc meist mit einigen schwachen Eindruecken.
Die Fluegeldecken sind laenger und bedecken einen groesscren Theil des Abdomens, die Punktierung derselben ist weniger dicht. Endlich sind die Fuehler gegen die Spitze staerker verdicht, die vorletzten Glieder ziemlieh starkciuer.
Die Faerbung ist aehnlieh wie bei sorbi, jedoch weniger hellgelb.
Pomona College Journal of Entomology 679
Brim MaiMiU'lu-ii ist das srcliNtc Stiriiit ziiiiilicli tiif, lirrit l>o);i)j niisf;i- .sclinittcn. die Srliniki-I vi-rclickt.
Von difscr Art lit-fjcii inir scclis .Mariiiic-lu-ii vor. l)ii-si-ll>e sti-lit dciii rcclanguliim Faiitv. iiot-li iiatlicr. ist ji-dm-li diircli virl flai-ln-rc CJi-stnlt iind wcnigcr gcnindi-trii Ilalsscliild, sowic kiurziTf I'mlilcr audi von dlcsini ohti MiK'lio zu unttTsclii-idfii.
Anthobium fenyesi imv. spec.
Tfstacfiim. siil>nitidiiiii, alKioniiiu- maris prartor apii-i'm tcstaci-aiii ni)(ro, atitciinanim apiw pariiin iiifiisi-ata. tliorncc alutacco, sparsissimc piitictato, nit-dio hand I'analiculato, tlytris modico eloiigatis, posticc sul>triiiicati(. I-onj? 1."-- miii. \\'asliiiif;toii : Hariiij;, It-j;. Dr. Ffiiyrs.
Dciii Anihohium atrivrntre Cas. st-lir iialu- vrrwaiult, in dcr Kocrprrpcstnlt M lir acliiilic-li, jfdoi-li in nac-lifoljjcndcn Mrrkmalfn vcrsfliicdc-n. Dit- Farln- ist lic'litcr. dcr iliiitt-rlicl) hciiii Macnnclu-n an der S|)itz<', und Iwini Wciltcticn nan/. rostIiclij{i-ll>. Dcr Ilalsscliild ist vici fcincr und drcimal wcitlaciifijjcr ptinktiiTt; ilic Fliicgcldcckcn sind lici hcidcn Gcschlcctcm liiiitrr hrcit abgcstiitzt, waclircnd sic bcini W'ciliolicn (Its atrivrntre Cas. Iiintcn cinzclncn spitzijj ausgczogcn sind.
Kiidlicli ist die Cli-sclilccts auszcichnung dcs Macnnclicn vollstai-ndig vcr- scliicdcn, iiidcni nncinlich das scclistc Stcrnit an dcr Spitzc cinfach brcit hogcn- focrmig aiisgcsclinittcu ist und koine weifcre Aiiszeiehiiung tracgt.
leli besilze von dicser Art zwci Macnnelien und i-in Wcibclicn, wi-Iclic ieli saeninitlicll von nieincni liel«-n Frcinide, Dr. A. Fcnyes, in Pasadena glcicli den ucbrigcn liicr bcsclirieln iicn Arten criialten babe.
Artochia californica nov. .sjiec.
NigiTriiiia. siibiiitid.i. diiisc |umctntiis ct jmbescens, antcnnis, jmlpis pedi- buscjuc pieiis ; tlior.ace scnsiin latiorc qiiain longiore, latcribus rotundatis, clytris tliorace i)liis du|)lo longioribus. Long 2.5 mm. Kalifornicn: Sugar Pine, leg. Dr. Fcnyes.
Diircli die l:ingcn Fluegcldeekeii und diii seitlieli gerundcten Ilalsscliild sowic die dunkein Heine von dcr zwiiten Art: proiltictifroim Casey, den ieli niclit keinc gcwiss vcrscliieden.
Ticfscliwarz, mit j>coliliraeuncn Fueblern, Tastern. und Beincn. trotz dcr diclitcn Punktierung und Bcliaarung dentlicb glaenzend.
Kopf hall) so breit als der Halsschild spitzig drcicekig mit rucssclartig vor- gezogcneni Munde, vor den Augen mit zwci scliwachen Kindruecken, fein und dicht punktiert, mit grossen Augen und fast gnnz gcscltwundcncn Schlafcn. Die Ocellen sind von cinan<ler drcimal so weit entfernt als vom Augenrnndc. Fuelilcr macssig gestrcckt, die vorlctztcn Gliedcr kaum lacngor als briet.
Halsschild viel scbniaclcr als die Flucgeldcckcn dcutlioll brciter als lang. fein und diclit, glciclimassig punktiert, an den Seiten gerundct rtwas vor dcr Mittf am breitcstcn, nncb rueckwacrts zienilicb gcrnde vercngt, vom sl-irk gerundct verjungt, in dcr Mitte der Seiten mit cincr zicmlich tiefcn gruelx', welclie rueck- wacrts in den brcit gckchit abgcsctztcn Seitcnrand ucbergcht.
680 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Fluegeldecken inehr als doppelt so lang als brtit, naclirueckwaerts schwach erwcitcrt, ctwas staerker, dichter wie der Halsscliild punktiert.
Ephelinus arizonensis nov. spec.
Niger, subnitidus, dc^nsissime fortiter punctatus, elytris immaculatis, thorace longitudine brevier, jjostice vis attenuate. Long 2.2-2.6 mm. Arizona: Flagstaff, leg. Dr. Fen_yes.
Obgleieh icli keine der drei bislier bekannten Ephelinus Arten besitze, nelime ich keinen Anstand, die vorliegende Art in dieses Genus zu versetzen. Von den drei Leconte'schen Arten muss sicli die neue Art sehr markant schon durch die tiefdunkte Faerbung, die nicht gefleckten Fluegeldecken den kuerzeren, nach hinten nicht verengten Halsscliild unterscheiden lassen.
Einfaerbig schwarz, die Beine und manchmal die Fluegeldencken an den Schultern unbestimmt heller oder auch ganz dunkel-schwarzbraeun werdcnd.
Kopf breiter als der Halsscliild, breiter als lang, mit zwei grossen Gruebchen vor den Augen, ziemlich kraeftig und diclit punktiert, die Ocellen von einander viel weiter abstehend als von Augenrande, die Schlafen ungefaehr so lang, als der von oben sichtbare Auegendurchmesser. Die Fuehler massig lang, die mittleren Fuehlerglieder nur wenig langer als breit.
Halsschild halb so breit als die Fluegeldecken, gewoelbt deuetlich um ein gutes Stueck breiter als lang, nach rueckwaerts kaum, nach vorn stark verengt, ziemlich uneben mit einem erhabenen Spiegelfleck vor dem Schildchen, kraeftig und sehr dicht punktiert.
Fluegeldecken fast dreimal so lang als der Halsschild, in einiger Entfernung von der Xaht mit einer schwachen, wenig hervortretenden Laengsschwiele, kraeftig und sehr dicht ruenzelig punktiert, zwischen den Punkten glaeuzend.
Abdomen mattchagriniert und sehr fein und wenig dicht punktiert.
Bolitobius californicus nov. spec.
Niger iiitidus. thorace elytrisque, antcnnarum basi pedibusque pallide flavis, marginibus posticis scgmentorum abdominalium palpisque rufulis, thorace utrinque, elytris ante angulos posticos nigro-maculatis, capite latitudine paulo longiore, elytris seriebus dorsalibus 7-11 punctatis, abdomine sat fortiter, parce punctato basi Iseviusculo. Long 3-.5 mm. Kalifornicn: Mountains near Clare- mont, leg. Baker.
Dem BoL thnracicus F. sehr nahe stehend von dem selben jedoch sofort durch den laengcren Ko|)f, welclier gerade die Mitte zwischen den Arten der Subgenera Lordithon Tiioms. und Bolitobius s. st haelt, zu unterscheiden.
Der Kopf ist sehr wenig laenger als breit, glaenzend schwarz, die Fuehler inaessig gestreckt, die vorletzten Glieder bei breitester Ansiclit etwas breiter als lang, die zwei oder drei erstcn Glieder gelb, die uebrigen schwarz.
Halsschild etwas breiter als lang, glaenzend blassgelb, vorn jederscits mehr oder minder ausgedehnt gcschwaerzt.
Fluegeldecken mehr als um die Haelfte laenger als der Halsschild, in den Dorsalrcihen mit sieben bis elf Puiikti ii. blassgelb. vor den Hinterecken mit einer groesseren Schwarzen Makel.
Pomona Collkoe Joc^nal of Entouolooy 681
Abdomen zugcspitzt, pt-chscliwarz init rotlichcn Hintcrrac-ndern dcr Sog- mciitc, kriu-ftig und zicinlich wi-itlncufig ptinktiiTt, am driftc-n Ti-rgit in grosser, am viiTtfu ill gtringtrtn Aiisdriinung glalt, unpunkticrt.
Bolitobius arizonensis iiuv. spec.
Niger, nitidiis, elytris, antenuaruiii basi, |)alpi.s pidiliusque tcstaceis, uiar- ginibus posticis segmentorum alHluminalium rufuli^s, maeula magna ante angulos posticos elytorum nigra, capite brevi, transverso, elytris seriebus dorsalibus cireitt'r (juinque punetatis, ubdomine subtilius paree punetato. Long a. 8- 1 mm. Arizona: Williams, leg. Dr. L'enyes.
Mit liolttobius Ihuracicus \'. aeusserst nalie verwandt und fast nur durcii die Faerbung verseliieden.
Der lluls.sehild ist naemlieli einfaerbig tiefseliwarz, waeiirend bei Ihorai-icui V. selb.st bei den dunkel.sten Stuecken der I'orm biguttatus Stepli., \N'elche aueh in Nordamerika (Kalifornien, Pasadena) vorkommt, immer ein brciter Uasal und Seitenrand liellgelb erscheint.
Da ieli bisher an den allerdings nur wenigen bekannten E.\emplaren einen autTaelligen anderen L'nterseliied nielit naehweisen konnte, ist es sehr walirscliien- lieii, dass dieselben nur einer autlallenden auf Nordamerika bescliraenktcn passe des thoracicus I', angeiioercn. welelie jedocli jedenfalls cinen eigcnen Namen verdient.
Bolitobius elefas nov. spec.
Rufo-testaceus, nitidus, capite, peetore postico antcnnisque nigris, liarum articulis quatuor primis tcstaceis, pedibus flavis, abdoniinc rufo, segmenti septiuii apiee late albida, capite valde elongato, latitudine fere triplo longiore, abdomine fortius parce punetato. Long T-J) mm. New Jersey: Pike, leg. Warren.
Eine durch die stattlielie Groesse, den langen Kopf und die Faerbung liin- reicliend eliarakterisierte Art, die in die Naehe des liol. quacsilor Horn zu stellen ist.
Roetlilieligelb mit lielleren Heinen, der Hinterleib roctiieli, die Apikalliaelfte des sielHiiteii vollkommen freiliegenden Tergites weisslicligelb, die Fuehlcr, der Kopf und die Hiiiterbrust Scliwarz, die vier crsten Fuelilerglieder gelb, die I'luegeldeeken vor den Hintcrecken, mit einer unbestimraten bracunlichen Makel.
Der Kopf sehr schmal und lang, fast dreimal so lang als breit, spiegelglatt, neben und iiinter den Angen deutlieii maessig weitlaeufig punktiert; die Fuehler lang. die vorletzten Glieder bei l)reitester Ansiclit so lang als breit.
Halsscliild .so lang als breit, nacli vorn stark verengt, spiegcliijank. Flnrgcl- (lecken um ein Drittel laenger als der Halsschild, in den Dorsalreihen mit ungefaelir sex Punkten. Hinterleib zugespitzt, ziemlicli kraeftig und weiflaeulig, laeiigs der Mitte spaerlieh punktiert, die zwei ersten freiliegenden Tergife in der Mitte in groesserer .Vusdelinung unpunktierf.
Bolitobius nepigonensis nuv. spec. Piceus thoracis basi, elytris basi apice(|ue, marginibus |)osticis segmentorum abdominaliuni, antennis, palpis pedibusque rufoteslaceis : elytris thoraci- multo
\
682 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
longioribus, seriebus dorsalibiis qiiinquc ])uiictati.s. Long l.S mm. Ontario: Nepigon, Juni.
Mit Bol. dimidiatus Er. am naechsten verwandt, jedoch sicher durch die groessere Gestalt, viel laengere Fluegeldecken, die verwisclite dunklere Faerbung auf den letzteren und laengeren Kopf verschieden.
Die Farbe ist unausgesprochen pechbraun bis pechschwarz, die hintere Partie des Halsschildes, die Basis der Fluegeldecken breiter, der Spitzenrand schmaeler roetlich gelb, die Hinterleibsringe an der Spitze roetlichgelb.
Der Kopf ist fast laenger als breit, die Fuehler gegen die Spitze schwaecher erweitert als bei dimidiatus Er. die vorletzten Glieder weniger quer, bei breitester Ansicht etwas um die Haelfte breiter als lang.
Der Halsschild ist deutlich breiter als lang, die Fluegeldecken um ein gutes Drittel laenger als jener, in den Dorsalreihen mit ungefaehr funft feinen Punkten.
Hinterleib gleiclibreit. goldgelb grob beliaart, ziemlich kraeftig und an der Basis der Tergite namentlich an den Seiten ziemlich dicht punktiert. Ein einziges Exemplar.
Longipeltina nov. gen. Aleocharidarum
Elongata, fusiformis, antice posticeque sat attenuata. Antennae filiformes, elongatff. Caput postice modice constrictus, thorax oblongus latitudine sat longior, elytra ampla. Tarsi omnes quinque articulati, valde elongatis, posticorum articulus primus tribus sequentibus conjunctis fere aequalis.
Die neue Gattung ist systematisch wohl zweifellos in die Nahe von Chilopora Kraate zu stellen, wenn ich audi vorlaeufig beim Vorhandensein nur eines einzigen Exemplars die Mundtheile nicht untersuchen konnte. Sie unterscheidet sich jedoch von Chilopora sehr markant durch den nach vorn und rueckwaerts vcr- schmaelertcn Koerper, viel laengere Beine und Tarsen, sowie durch dtn verlaen- gerten Thorax, welcher viel langer als breit ist.
Longipeltina bakeri nov. spec.
Rufotcstacea, nitida, capite infuscato, abdomine piece, ano rufulo, antennis, palpis pedibusque flavis ; capite oblongo, subtilissiuie parcissinie, thorace subtiliter modice dense, elytris parum dcnsius punctatis, his illo paulo brevioribus, abdomine subtiliter parum dense punctato, postice sat attcnuato. Long S mm. Kalifornien: Cl.aremont, leg. Prof. Baker.
Roetlichgelb, ziemlich glacnzcnd, fein grau vchaart, der Kopf etwas ange- dunkclt, das Abdomen bis auf die hellcn Hinterraender der Seguicnte und der Spitze pechschwarz, die Fuehler Taster und Beine hellgelb.
Kopf wenig schmaeler als der Halsschild, laenger als breit, ])arallelseitig; sclir fein und spaerlich pmiktiert, die Schlaefen lang, fast doppelt so lang als die Augen. Fuehler langgestrcckt, laenger als Koj)f und Halsschild, ihr dritte Glied so lang als das zweite, das vierte Glied viel laenger als breit, die folgcnden allmaehlich breiter und kurzer verdend, die vorletzten Glieder nicht quer, das Endglied laenger als die zwei vorluTgilu lulcii zusanmiengenounnen. Die Schlaefen sind unten vollstandig geradet.
Pomona College Journal of Entouolooy 683
Halsscliild viel schiiiat'lcr als die Flucgrhlcckcn an den Scliuldcrn, um fin giitcs Stufck lacnm-r als brfil, an den St-itfii fast parallel, vor di-r Mittc ctwns (^•■riindct frwcitcrt, liintcr <I(T Mitti' drutlich ansijcscliwcift, ui'bcrall macssif; frin uiid iiiat'ssig diclit puiiktiirt. jil.iiriziiKJ, liintir der Mitti- ji-dorscits mil fiiu-in schwacht-n Scliracgi-indruck.
Fliicgfldfckcn i-twas kurziT als dt-r Malsscliild, iiacli riickwacrts crwcitrrt, am ninttrrandc iiincrliall) dt-r Hintcrcckfii dcntlii-li ausgcraiuk-t, dcntlich slacrkrr iind ('twas diditcr als di-r Halsscliild piinkticrt.
Hinterlfib nacli riickwacrts stark vcrcngt, glaciizciid, kauiii fciiicr aIht viel wcitlacufigcr als die Fliicgrldcckcn, liiiitcii viel feincr und niir spaerlieli puiiktirrt.
Bcine sclir laiig und sclilank, die Iliiitertarseti fast so larig als die Iliiiter- scliicncn, ihr crstos Glicd sclir laiig gcstrc'ckt, fast so lang als die drei folgenden zusamnicngciioniiuen, das zweite, dritte und vierte Glied zicnilicli glcicligeliildet, uiigefaelir viermal so Inng als breit, das Kiidglicd kurzer als die zwei vorlierge- iK'iidcn zusaininengcnoinnicn.
Ein eiiiziges Exemplar.
A NOTE ON CERTAIN PSYLLIDAE
D. L. CRAWFORD STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA
By an unavoidable delay in the publication of a more extensive paper on the Psyllidae, the manuscript of which has for some time been in the hands of the publishers, the description of the new genus Psyllopa, and of Psylla americana have not yet appeared. Reference was made to both of these names in my last pa])er on American Psyllidae V, in this Journal, pages 628-32. These descriptions will be published very soon.
On page 629 of the above mentioned article, the name Psyllopa fioridensis should be replaced bj- Psyllopa ilicis Aslimead, and the note on jiage 6.S2 relating to this species should follow the description.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
FORDVCE GRINNELL, JR. PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
"It Is not iiiiiiij;li t(i toil in our littk- corner of the field. We must kei'p our- selves in toueli with what is going on now, and what has been done during the past in that and surrounding parts of the domain of science. Many a time we may find that the results obtained by some fellow lalwrer, though they may have iiad but little significance for him, flash a flood of light on wliat we have been doing ourselves." — Geikie, in "The Founders of Geology."
Mr. H. H. N'ewcomb. formerly of Boston, an ex-j)resident of the Cambridgi- F.iitomologieal Club, has become a permanent resident of Southern California.
The .Monthly Bulletin of the State Horticultural Commission promises to be a useful publication. It is devoted largely to entomology ; and can lu- li.id free by any citizen of this state.
^Ir. E. K. Harvey, of Los Angeles, lectured on butt<-rHies before the Southern California Academy of Sciences, on December 16; exhibiting his large collection of beautifully mounted specimens from all parts of the world.
At a meeting of the Entomological Club, held on December H. at the resi- dence of Mr. J. R. Haskin, in Los ^Vngeles, Mr. Haskin reviewed Poulton's recent |)apers on the mimicry of North .\merican butterflies and adding some original ideas of his own. It was followed by a general and enthusiastic discussion. Mr. n. II. Neweomb was the leader of the opposition to the theory of mimicry.
.Mr. Karl R. Coolidge, who was in Los Angeles during December, is planning to leave for Southern .\rizona, for entomological collecting during the spring and summer.
The last number of the "Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History," issued in December, eont.'iined a valuable illustrated article on the Honey Ants of Point Lonia, near San Diego, by Percy Leonard.
Dr. Edwin C. VanDyke, of San Francisco, president of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society and Curator of Entomology in the California .Veademy of Sciences, spent January in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara.
The San Diego Society of Natural History held its annual meeting on Thursday afternoon, January 11. Its new building is ncaring completion; and they will then move their library and collections into the rooms.
Mr. Francis X. Williams, of the University of Kansas, spent the Christmas holidays at his home in San Francisco. He is a candidate for the Master of Arts degree at the University ; and is monographing the Larrid wasps of Kansas.
"Most attractive as an advertisement is that glass hive in which the bees are at work, in front of a Broadway grocery store; where there is in progress a sale of comb honey. Thousands stop to look at the busy little creatures in their work ; and doubtless recall the many lessons drawn from the 'busy bee.' " — Los Angeles Daily Times, Jan. 16.
686 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Dr. A. J. Cook, State Horticultural Commissioner of California, was in Southern California in January, and talked at Pomona on the warfare against the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. In a recent number of The California Outlook, there was an article on the same subject by Prof. Cook, with a photo of our Commissioner.
A bulletin on "Honey Plants of California," compiled by M. C. Richter, has been issued by the University of California recently.
Mr. VVilhelni Schrader, of Los Angeles, is commencing the construction of a specially planned building for his experimental work on butterflies, to be com- pleted about March 1.
On Thursday evening, January 18, the Entomological Club met at the resi- dence of Mr. V. W. Owen, in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, with eleven men present. Dr. Edwin C. VanDyke, of San Francisco, President of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society and Curator of Entomology in the California Academy of Sciences, gave a very interesting and suggestive talk on the origin, dispersal and distribution of insects, especially Coleoptera, on the Pacific Coast. His ideas and theories, divergent from those of Merriam and others, are based on his studies for many years on the distribution of the Coleoptera. In California he recognizes four faunal areas ; the southern extension of the Vancouverian fauna, the Sierran offshoot of the latter, the Californian area, and the Sonoran area ; above the Sierran are the Canadian, Hudsonian and Arctic zones, which, however, more or less intermingle. It is to be hoped that Dr. VanDyke will publish at least a preliminary account of his researches, so that the coast students may be able to study and test them in detail. A general and enthusiastic discussion followed the talk of VanDyke; exhibitions of specimens; and other entomological matters discussed. Finally those present adjourned to the dining room, where a sumptuous and elegant repast was served by the hostess.
The Second International Congress of Entomology will be held at Oxford, England, from August 12th to 1 7th, 1912. Further particulars will be announced shortly. The Executive Committee proposes to find for the members of the Congress lodgings in the town, or rooms in one or more of the Colleges at a moderate rate; rooms in College will be available for men only. The Executive Committee invites an early provisional notice of intention to join the Congress, in order to be able to make the arrangements for the necessary accommodation. Proceedings of the First Congress are in press and will be published shortly. All communications and inquiries should be addressed to the General Secretary of tlie Executive Committee, Malcolm Burr, care the Entomological Society of London, 1 1 Cliandos St., Cavendish Square, London, W. England.
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VOLUME FOUR
NUMBER TWO
Pomona (EoUn^P dlmtntal of ^utmunloijij
MAY 1912
Contents
CRAWFORD. D L ESSIG E O. DYAR. H.G HALL. H. V. M. FELT. E. P.
The Petroleum Fly o( California
Aphldldaeol Southern Calllurnla VIll
Some Lepldoptero Irom Mexico
Studies In Acarlna III
Diarthronomyla CallfornlcaiDlptero. Itonldae
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POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
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Pomona (college Journal of rLntomology
Volume W M A ^ 1 'M 2 Niiml)iT 2
Tllli FETROLEl M 1 LV IN CALIIOK.MA
Psilopa petroici (^oq.
I). I.. ( KAU Kdlll) STANFOIll) IMVEHSITV, CAMKOHMA
Th.it criuii- |)(triiltiiiii. so coiist.iiitly iixcl as n vi-ry i-tTcrtivc iiisfctiriilr. should he the linhitat in wliicli an inscj't passes its larval existence, seems ve-ry remarkable, to sny the least. Yet such is exactly the case. The larva of an Kphydrid Hy lives, feeds, and swims about in the pools of crude petroleum which are so numerous in the various oil-fields of California. That any animal could exist in such a medium, to say nothiii); of its ai)parent preference for it to other nu'din, at once demands our closest attention in ordi-r to determine liotr the or^raiiism exists therein. What special modification in adaptation, structure and physiology to fit it for succi'ssful life in its unusual life conditions does it possess ?
It is till- purpose of tlii> study to show the cxtern.-il .10(1 intirnal anatomy particul.arly in relation to its ad.iptation for its life, and, also, to determine the facts of nutrition and protection against the protoplasmic poisons which arc in the oil itself.
Not beinjf where 1 could have .leeess to .-my of the oil-fields and see thi- larva- and adults in their natural conditions, and bccausi- of the necessary lim- itations attendant to the scanty numbers of larvip at my disposal and the un- natural surroundings in which they must be placed, it is not possible to give here many facts of their life-history. Dr. C. O. Esterley of Occidental College, to whom I am indebted for sending nu' many live specimens for study, is studying the reactions to various stinuili and their life-liabits. so that my jiaper need not go into that ))hase at all. I wish here to acknowledge with hearty thanks the assistance rendered to me in this study by Dr. V. I.. Kellogg of the Department of Entomology, under whose supervision this study has been made, and to Prof. Robert E. Swain, Professor of Physiological Chemistry in tliis University, who is responsible for the facts herein related to nutrition.
The adult and larva have been known to scii-nce for only :i comparatively short time, having been described by Co(|uillet in 18<)9 (C.inad. Ent.. Vol. XXXI. p. 8). This original description is as follows: "Black, polished, not light colored, (iruinose exci'pf the lower part of the occiput, cheeks and sides of f.ace. whieli are thinly grayish pruinose; h:ilter<'s yellowish, the knobs white. Eyes densely hairy, most approximate at middle of face. Third joint of antennir slighlly longer tli.m second, the spines of the latter not reaching Ixyond the apex of anlennie. Wings hyaline, tinged with gray on nearly the costal half.
688 Pomona College Journal of Entomolooy
except sometimes a spot towards uptx of submargiiial cell; apex of second vein nearly twice as far from the first as from the apex of the third vein. I.engtii 2 mm. Described from eight specimens reared from larvae living in crude petroleum near I.os Angeles, California." In February. 1899. Dr. L. O. Howard (Scientific American, LXXX. p. 75) published a short article on the life-history and gross anatomy of tlie Hy and its larva; a brief resume of which is given here:
On May 20, 1898, Dr. Howard received from Mr. C. G. Kellogg alcoholic specimens of maggots said to live in crude petroleum near Los Angeles in very great numbers.* After a fruitless attempt to send live specimens in petroleum to Washington, Mr. Kellogg bred several adults from larvae in Los Angeles. Fifty larvEe were placed in petroleum in a shallow dish in a glass-covered box on June 18. In nine days the first maggots emerged from the oil, crawled to the under side of the glass cover of the cage and pupated the following day. On July 9 the first adults issued, twenty-two days after the larvK were placed in the cage. Live maggots were later sent to Washington in moss saturated with petroleum and one adult reared there. From these specimens Mr. Coquillet de- scribed the species as new to science. There are no records in our entomological literature of the habits of the species of Psilopa, to which genus this fly belongs. The records of other related genera are as follows : Ephi/dra and Halmopofa in salt pits in Europe, the former in salt pits in this country and in alkaline lakes in the west; Teichomyza in human urine; Notiphila in stems of water plants; Hydrellia in sap of trees ; Pelina and Parhi/dra in water — character of water not mentioned. The family is apparently subaquatic — some forms breathe by tracheal branchiae, others by protected sjjiraeles which can be elevated above the water. The petroleum larva breathes by tlie latter method ; only the two spiracles at the posterior end of the bod}' are functional, and these well protected. There- fore the habitat is not so remarkable as might seem at first. The adult is easily killed by petroleum. The food probably consists of dead organic matter ("insects") caught in these pools of oil. Mr. S. F. Peckham in his Report on the Technology and Uses of Petroleum, in the Tenth Census Reports, mentions the presence of maggots in the oil and seeks to prove thereby the animal origin of the petroleum. Dr. Howard thinks, however, that the food is entirely foreign to the oil, thereby indicating nothing as to its origin.
So far as is known to me this is the only article in entomological literature dealing with the liabits and structure of the larva.
The insect is probably found in many parts of the west where tliere are petroleum fields. Tlie type locality is Los Angeles where the oil-fields are very extensive. Prof. Esterley has seen them in the A\'hittier oil-fields so abundant as to give the appearance of "uiaggotty carrion." In small pools of oil shipped in for fuel at Pomona College, Claremont, Cal., I have found the maggots in considerable numbers. In fewer numbers I have found them as far north as Stanford Universitv. Further than tliis tlic distribution remains un-
*Tho larvae were first discovered liy Mr. (ii-orjic t'oiiipcrc, tlicii HDrticultiiral Iiispeetor in Los Angeles County. Heretofore he has not received duo crecht nor recojtnition.
Pomona Colleoe Journal op Entomoloov 680
known. It is <|iiitr proh.ildi-, lidwrvcr, tli.'il canful M-.ircli will rcvi-nl tlii-ni in many otlicr localities.
As mentioned in the resume of Dr. Howard'.s article, the H_v, I'lilopa pelrolei C"o(|., belongs to the family Kphi/driiliie (Diptera). nil the members of which are more or less suba(|uatic in the larval stage and live in all .sorts of peculiar and uncx])ected places, such as brackish wati-r of all kinds, slime and 00/.I-, human urine and excrement, etc.
The method of oviposition is as yet unknown, but in all (jrobabilitv the egj; are de))osited on the soil or sticks or leaves close to the petroleum pools, and Ihi- larviv on hatching innncdiately find their way into the oil. It scarcely seems pos- sible that oviposition is on or in the oil itself. However that may be, I havi- found exceedingly minute larvae, scarcely more than one or two millimeters in length, swinnning about in the petroleum.
The swimming, if it may be called such, is very slow and risemliles doselv the movements of any maggots in lifjuitied carrion or decaying fruit. The larv.a usually remains and moves about ne.ar or on the surface of the oil, although fr«- (piently it goes entirely under the surface for a considerable length of time. In fact the specimens which were sent to me by Professor Ksterley came in n small bottle half full of petroleum and were more than twenty-four hours in transit before they were opened in the laboratory here. .Many of them were at the bottom of the bottle and still alive and active when transferred to a shallow dish of |)etroleum. The explanation of the possibility of this will appear soon.
In watching the habits of the larva it was noted that when one, in swim- ming about in the dish, came to the edge of tlu' oil it immediately turned back towards the center of the dish. Some were found, however, to leave the oil and crawl oflF across the table. These soon became clean, without oil clinging to them, and n little later seemed to be drying up. A few hours after their emer- gence from the oil they became almost motionless, apparently very weak, and more or less shrivelled and dried. Death followed in twelve to eighteen hours. Till' eaus<> of death is probably two-fold; no opportunity of getting food when removed from the oil. ami the drying of the body tissue when not protect<'d by the |)etroleum.
I do not know how many days or weeks the larva lives, but when it attains the length of seven to ten millimeters, it crawls out of the oil to pupate. Tin- pupating habits in its native haunts have not been determined yet, but in tli<' labor.'itory it pupates in various places outside of the oil, such as on the cover of the cagi- as noted by Dr. Howard, or on the table surface within the confining bell-jar as I fouiul. In one dish I ))laced a little soil which soon became .sat- urated; also n small cork an inch long was ))laced in it. No ])U))ip were found outside the dish, so it would seem that ])U|>ation took place either in or on the soil, though none was found there. Two pupa* wi-re foinid in the sm.all cavities of till- cork, but there were several .adults th.at emerged from this one dish, show- ing that ])upation nnist have occurred somewhere else, also. These facts, how- ever, throw but little light on the natural habits, and these habits must be de- termined by .letu.'il tiild obsi-rvation. Prob.ibly pupation takes place in the oily
690 Pomona Coi,i.ege Journal of Entomology
soil surrounding tlie pool. About two wet-ks' time is required between pupatio and the emergence of the adult.
The adult fly is small and black and conspicuous. It always remains near the petroleum pools, flying about and over them when disturbed, and soon alight- ing again on the margin or on some projecting stone or stick within the pool. In this respect it is not at all different from the other flies of this family, whicli seem to frequent the larval habitat closely.
An examination of the larva externally shows that it is not strikingly abnormal in any way, except for the terminal spiracles, and even these are mor or less similar to other related maggots. The body consists of twelve segments distincth' marked, is elongate-ovate in form, roundly acute at the anterior end and less so posteriorly, with four processes at the posterior end projecting back- wards. The body is rather transparent, showing the alimentary canal easily to the naked eye. It is covered entirely with minute chitinous, spine-like processes, of the same color as the body surface, more or less variable in length and ratlur close together, though not crowded.
On each side of the venter of each segment, except the flrst two, there is a knob-like projection and two large ones on the dorsum of the next to last seg- ment. The anal segment is produced inferiorly into two long knob-like projec- tions, as in many other maggots, and superiorly into two similar projections, directed upward and backward, with the tips of each heavily chitinized and black. Near the tip of the heavily chitinized portion are four fan-like groups of cilia projecting out horizontally. These serve the same purpose as the flaps on tlic spiracular processes of the mosquito larva?, that is, keeping the tip of the process which bears the stigmata above the oil surface. The posterior segment which bears these processes is retractile into the pre-anal segment. When the larva goes under the surface the caudal segment is drawn forward and upward in a somwhat rotating fashion into the pre-anal segment and tiie latter closes over it. In this way the spiracular processes are entirely covered and protected from the oil. A maggot with its spiracles "telescoped" gives the appearance of being broadly rounded posteriorly with two black spots (the black tips of the spiracles) near the end.
At each side of the second segment near the front margin and r.itlier dorsad there is a smaller projection directed forward and outw.ird. which ))rotcets another pair of spiracles.
These, too, are telescoped, but in a difi'erent manner from tiie posterior ones; these are simply drawn straight in, truly telescoped, while the posterior pair are drawn forward into a definite cavity. Beside tiiese four spiracles there are no otiiers that are functional, so that their .ability to swim on, in, or even under tlie petroleum is casilj' understood. It is very interesting, indeed, to watch them under tlie binocular micro.scope go through the contortions of telescoping their exposed organs. That they should exist as long as they must have done in coming to my laboratory is very remarkable, even tliough it is learned that the spiracles may be drawn under cover.
Pomona Colleoe Joi-rnal of Entomolooy 6"'1
Till' lii-nd, MS ill r<-lat<-(l fi)riiis, is ri-tnu-tilc .•mil thus fn|)nl)li- of U-inf; pro- Ifcti-d. Tlic inniitli |mrts arc niiniinl with thi- usual hdoks. and nothiiift tliat is at all ahiiornial.
Twd int'tli<i(ls Wire followed in studyiiijj the iiitcnial strm-tun- of tin- larva. Ill order to st-c the trac-lital systi-lii clearly, livi- iiia^f;ols were put into iiielte<l trivcerine jfllv directly, thus preveiilinjj the air within the tracheu- from U-inff driven out. The transparency of the liody and the perfect retention of the air witliin (hiiii made the main trachcH" and even the finer net-work of the system he.-iiiti fully distinct ( I'Mgure 'i'i'i A). One straij{lit. continuous tuhe extends from I'jicli posterior spiracle to the correspondiiift »n«' near the anterior end, (jivinp off ill its course numerous hranelies outwardly which branch and n-hranch many times; iM'tween and comu'ctiiiji the two main tubes arc seven arches or loops directed forward, most of which jjive off minute branches at the apex of the .irch forward. Near the base of each main tracheal trunk there is an inferior branch, (piite large, which extends down and forward, one branch evtending back to the anal tij). the remainder (joinp toward the head end, supplying oxygen to the ventral tissu«-s. ."^o far the respiratory system is quite normal.
If there is anv adaptjitional variation from the normal we would natur.-illy look for it at the entrance to the tracheal trunks, and, in fact, it is just here that we find it. \i the dorsal invaginating fold at the base of the posterior spiraciilar processes the tracheal trunks each turn abru|)tly upward into the jjrocesses. .\bout the middle of the i)rocess the trunk enlarges to form a sub-globose pocket : from this enlargement it extends on to the ti|). o|)eiiing out .it five spiraciilar for.'iinena. or stigmata.
Transverse an<l longitudinal sections through the tracheal trunks at the posterior end show that the iiitima from the spiracle to the anterior end of the glolMJSc piH-ket is densely lined with long cilia, which apparently s»tvc to strain the air. as it were, by removing the ))articles of dust and oil which might find entrance (Figure i'i'i I)). The spiraciilar openings themselves are ])rotecti'd by a thin, sieve-like, ciliatc cover, easily visible in cross section. Looking at tlii'in from above, i'h situ, they ajijjear as five light pinkish spots on the black back- grouiul, arranged four around a central stigma. As nearly as can 1m- determined this cover consists of many cilia r.-idiating from the circumference. No tr.aces of a valve or of occlusor muscles are visible, and this is readily explained by tin- substitution for tlit-se of the telescoping of the entire stigma.
The anterior spiracles arc- much smaller, less conspicuously chilini/ed, and situated well forward near the ))Osterior c-nd of the head. These also an- ri-trac- tile. but, as already described, diffi-rt-ntly from the posterior |)air. As in tlii- others the tracheal trunk enlarges abruptly into a largt- sac near the surface and thence continues to the surfaci- in tin- form of a slend<-r, thickly chitinized tiibi- whieh exp.-inds at the tip into a large c.-ipiit with a number of fncet-liki- stigmata. Inti-rn.-illy the sac and tube an- lini-d with cilia, as in the case of the posterior . tracheu-. F.xtending in as far as the base of the tracheal sac is an invagination of till- ciiticular wall. When the spiracles are extended for bn-athing. the invag- ination is eontiiuuil outward in .-in evagination to the base of the tracheal caput.
^192 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
N^'lifii thf spiracles are retracted, tlur tracheal tube between the sac and caput shortens (it seems to be very elastic), drawing the evaginated portion after it into the invaginatcd pocket. These stigmata, also, are covered with a thin sieve- like, ciliate membrane.
The other method used in tiic internal study was imbedding in paraffine and sectioning serially with the microtome. Two killing reagents were tried.- Hot water at about 9-'> degrees Centigrade was found to be very effective in both killing them quickly, and, also, distending the body and preventing its contraction. After being in the hot water for a few seconds the larvae were run up through increasing grades of alcohol to harden the tissue, remaining in each at least three hours or often longer. Xylol was used as the clearing agent. The other method of killing was Tower's Solution, slightly warmed — C12 in 35 9( alcohol 95 parts, glacial acetic two parts, nitric acid three parts — was tried, but the larvae seemed to be too impervious and resistant even to the nitric acid to die quickly. They wriggled about violently for fully five minues, death resulting only after about ten minutes or longer. A combination of the two was then tried, killing them in hot water and then immersing them in Tower's Solution for two hours, then through the alcohols as above. The latter method seemed to yield the best results, when the sections were stained with Ma3'er's alcoholic carmine.
For examining the alimentary canal entire and in situ a very good method was found to be the mounting of the entire larva, cleaned, directly in Canada balsam. Slight clouding resulted, but after some time had elapsed it cleared up enough to present a beautiful view of the entire alimentarj' canal. This was sujjplemented, of course, with transverse and longitudinal serial sections.
The gullet is large, elongate-ovate, and has at its posterior end a movable valve at the entrance to the asophagus. In feeding, the maggot draws its head in and out rapidly, and at intervals the valve is seen to recede and open the passage to the oesophagus. When the valve opens a black droplet of oil can be seen to ))ass down tlirough the cesophagus into the proventriculus.
The (esoi)hagus is long and slender and passes into and traverses completely tiie jjroventriculus. The latter is large and spherical in shape and lies between the ventricular caecae. Between this and the ventriculus, or so-called stomach, there is a deej) constriction. The ventricular ca>c* are four in number, and in propor- tion to the size of the ventriculus are long and rather thick. The ventriculus is long, coiled once, thence passes on into the intestine, which is long, rather thick and coiled several times. Because of the contents these coils of the ventriculus and intestine are very conspicuous in the live larva, in contrast to the rest of the body which is almost transparent. The rectum is somewhat enlarged. Tlie .uius is on the venter of the pre-anal segment. The entire .ilimint.iry ean.il pulled out from the anus is several times longer than the larva.
A very striking character of the ventriculus, as seen in section, is the im- mense size of the epithelial cells and their large nuclei. These cells, in addition to having the large nuclei, are filled witii numerous minute globules, whieli ar.' probably the result of the absorption of the oily foods.
Of four larvw sectioned tr.-insversely and eight longitudinall}' all but one of each were found to be normal in their digestive canal, except for the large size of
Pomona College Juirnal of Entomoloov 693
tin; i-|iitluli;il crlls .'is (liscrilM-d ahovi-. In one sectioiu'd transvi-rsrly, lioweviT, .■iiid one IdiigiUicliiially, a very rfiiinrkalili- variation from the normal was found. In tlu'.M- two individuals, tliiTf is. an inner tulif within the vcntriculus, with its walls made up of larp' cells whieh .'ippear to he very similar to those of the veiitriculus. The exact origin and nature of this most extraordinary structure is not yet estahlished with certainty. It possihiy is a continuatitin of the U'sophagus into the ventriculus, but if this is so the cellular structure of the tube makes it widely different from the i)eritro|)hie membrane of Halbi.ani and others. In all eases in which the latter occurs it is not cellul.ir as in the present instance. I( appears to mc that the tube originate-s from a lateral invagination of the veii triculus wall near the front end, for, to all a|)peaninees at least, it has no cim nection with the u'sophagus .and is blind at the posterior end. I'igure K of tin plate shows this as it appears to me by the examination of the sections thus f;ir made. The certainty of this, however, has by no means been established and fn ■ that reason I will pass over this phase of the anatomy for the time being. .\l some future time the result of further study of larger series of individuals will be published, and it is hojied that this m.'itter will be njore definitely established Whatever this structure may be, it is .-in .astounding thing that it should be foun i in a few individuals and not in others.
The salivary glands are large and extend far back on each side of the alimentary canal. Just what role the saliva plays in the digestion and the break- ing up of the oil is not known, but judging from the extint of the glands, the role must be very important.
The secretory system is norm.il. consisting of two small malj>higliian tubules on each side of the ventriculus. The circulatory and nervous .systems, also, present no abnormalities nor any special peculiarities worthy of note here. The musculation, also, is normal as in other diptereous larva-, except that the muscles are very thick and powerful. This might be expected from their h.iving to swim about in such a thick medium.
.V very striking peculiarity in n-gard to the .ulipose tissue is noticeable both from examination of the entire specimen and from serial sections. The ImmIv cavity innnediately within the chitinous wall is very clear and transparent, ap- pearing very much as though it were gelatinous in composition. Surrounding the alimentary canal and extending almost from one end of the larva to the other is the adipose tissue in extremely large cells, eitlur grouped in clusters of five or six cells each or sometimes chain-like in disposition. They are unusually large, almost spherical in shape, with several large clear areas within each, rcprcsentin. -lobules of clear anim.al oil. These cells show the typical reaction to the alcoholic e.armine stain. Their function is prob.ably the assimilation of the necessarily oily foods, and for that reason, no doubt, .'idaptation has increased thi-ir size greatly. .\n organism ))assing all its larval existence in petroleum, if it takes fiHxl at all. must of course get its nutrition in the oil. From the normal structure of its mouth it is perfectly .apparent that the only way to get the nutrition is to swallow the oil and let the digestive canal t.ike from it whatever nutriment there is. What this nutriment is is r.itln r ditficult to d.iiionstrate actually. The petroleum piMils
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Figure 222. Details of larva of Psilopa petrolei Coq.
Pomona Coi.i.eoe .loi'nNAr. of Kntomoloov 605
in wliicli tin- iii.ij;j{i>t.s arc always fiiuiid arc rxposcd to tlic air, and consequently collect a larjje amount of foreinii orj{anic matter, such as insects that fall into the oil and die. bits of floating; organic particles, bacteria, etc., which compose a considerahh- part of the dust in the atmosphere, and, third, plant and animal juices which would Ix- found therein. It is conceivable that the ma);)(ots inif{ht swallow the oil and remove from it tliis forcif^n or);anic matter. This view, moreover, is streiiffthencd by the fact that when bits of raw meat are crushed and placed in the oil the larva- cluster about them and crawl (Uito them a very short time after the meat has been placed in it.
We encounter a dirticulty, however, in this regard, because of certain experi- ments that have been carried out by Dr. Ksterley. The oil. as it comes fresh from the well, may be considered quite free from the organic matter nientioneii nl)ove. Hy placing larvw in such oil and keeping the oil carefully sterilized and covered, it would seem that nothing but the .actual organic components of the oil itself would he available for the nutrition of the larvip therein. Yet young larvH- have Ix-en so placed and they have j)upated and emerged as imagines. From this it appears that tliey .ire able to derive nutrinu-nt from something beside the foreign organic ni.itter. Other experiments are re|)orted by Dr. Ksterley, such as rearing adults from young larvw placed in oil filtered through a (JoiH'h filter, sterilized and (■.■irefully covered. This. Ii()«e\(r, would jirobjibly not remove all fori'ign organic matter, leaving the plant or .-ininial juices which might be in thi- oil. There is a p.'irartine base in the natural ))etroleum, and it is prob.'ibly this which serves as the fo<Hi of the larva-, in addition to the foreign matter.
It is very rcniarkabh- that an organism is ;il)le to t.'ike into its .iliinent.'iry e.-m.'il such a substance as petroleum and not only survive, but actually derive its nutri- ment from it. By a remarkable adapt;ition and physiological changes from the normal the epithelium of tin- digestive canal is able to extract from the oil that part which is nourishing .'ind reject the ))oisonous part. This process, no doubt, is assisted by the large size of the epithelial cells and by the l.-irge :imounl of surface obtained by the length of the ventriculus.
To show the effect of petroleum on an un;id:ipted alin\enfary can.-il some of the oil was forced down the mouth of .-i largi- tomato worm. The worm showed signs of "sickness" in a short time, and died after about four days. During nil this tiuu' it remained in a contracted form, although it was offered fresh leaves to feed on. .'-similar results were produced on a large caterpillar by feeding it kerosene, :is reported by Mr. .Sh.afer. to whom further reference will be made sliortly.
I'liat this pliysit)logieal ;ula)itation of the digistive epithelium to poisons is very remark.able, is shown further by the following ex|)eriment. .\ eonsidernbic amount of white, powdt'red arsenic was thoroughly mixed with a small dish of petroleum and four larva- pl.aced therein. They were watched closely for a long time and appeared to .act perfectly normal, all the while swimming al)ouf and feeding as in pure oil. .Vfter three days one died very gradually, the other three lived for four days before succumbing to the poison. The significance of such an extraonlin.arv test is obvious.
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It is remarkable, too, that tlie petrokum docs not have a fatal effect on the larva from the external contact. In this connection the timely paper by Mr. George D. Shafer of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Lansing, on "How Insecticides Kill" is ajiropos. Mr. Shafer lias established several facts which have heretofore been mere conjectures or theories. Chief among these facts is tliat insecticides, such as kerosene, creosote, etc., kill the insect not by suffocation by plugging the spiracles or trachese, but by contact with the proto- plasm and resulting poisoning. The entrance to the body, Mr. Shafer states, is through the spiracles and not through the chitinous wall of the insect, except to a slight extent possiblj'. In a personal interview with him a number of facts were learned which are not mentioned in his paper. By immersing an insect in a liquid containing a stain which could be followed in its course through the insect tissue, and then dissecting the insect after a certain length of time, he found that the liquid enters through the spiracles, passes through the tracheal walls and thus has access to the protoplasm of the cells. Very slight, if any, traces were found of the liquid having entered through the chitinous cutieula.
This is borne out by some tests that I have made of the effect of crude petroleum on insects. A small droplet was placed on a number of plant-lice (Aphids) in such a way as to prevent its entrance into any of the spiracles if possible. In every case the insect was agitated, either by the unnatural and un- comfortable feeling of a heavy, sticky substance clinging to it, or perhaps by some pain occasioned by the oil. After the plant-louse had quieted down it seemed to be more nearly normal, though quiescent, and lived for nearly twelve hours. Leaf-beetles (Diabrotica soror) treated in a similar manner lived for thirty-six hours or more. Any insects, however, immersed in tiie i)etroleuni died within a very few minutes.
With these facts before us it is much more conceivable that an organism niiglit exist in petroleum, provided that certain adaptations had taken place. First tlie spir.ieles must be thoroughly protected, and, second, the absorption of tlie oil thnuigii the bony wall, however slight, must be counteracted. The first of these requirements is provided for, first, by the ciliate fans which are kept above the surface of the oil by surface tension and thus protect the stigmata from the entrance of oil into the spiracles, and, second, by the telescoping of tiie spiracular processes when the larva goes under the surface. The other requirement is met, probably, by the mass of clear, gelatinous (?) tissue beneath the cutieula. This prevents whatever oil might be absorbed through the body wall from being taken U]) b_v the protoplasm of the inner tissue.
Tests were made of the larvie in otlur li(iuids, to deterniiiie what effect these would have on the insects. It was found that in a li(iuid of a tliinner con- sistency than the petroleum the larvie were unable to come to tlie surface, and, therefore, would be killed in a eonqiarativcly sliort time. Even if the liquid were not deep enough to cover tlie larva-, the latter could not jirotect its spiracles on account of the inability of the eiliate fans to sujiport the spiracular processes when tlie surface tension was lessemd. If petroleum, however, was mixed witii other liquids so tii.it the consisteney of the iiiixtiire was thick enough to support the
Pomona Colleue .Ioihnai. ok Kntomoi.doy 697
liiidy (if the larvir, it was fomid tli.il lli( y wire a|i|iar<'ritly as liappy as- if if wen- jmri- iKtrolttiin. For iiislaiiii-. |>itr<>I(iiiii was inixtcl with ktrosiiic, half mid half, with xylol, hciiziiic. clovi- oil. cedar oil. and tiirpriitinr. ami iiom- of lin-sc inixtiircs had any apiiarcnt f\ il effect npon the hirvii-, even aflir tliey had heen in the licjuids for as lonfj; as four or five days. Keyond this len^jth of tinii- tlie test was not made, hnt I have no donlit hnt that l.irvie could lie reared to niatiirit\ in any of tlie above combinations with petroleum.
Animal and plant life seems to be able to adapt itself to almost any con- ceivable conditions of cnviromnent, and this instance only adds one more dlus- tration. thoujjli a most extraordinary oui', to the list which is already louff. Hoth to the popular reader who is .alw.iys interested in "strange" things, and to the Tuan who is interested in .ill e\ ohition.-iry adaptation, this study should Im- of Iwith interest and value.
Explanation of Figure
A. Tracheal system of larva, dorsal view, showing two p.iirs of spiracles .iiul
connecting tracheic. U. Lateral view of posterior portion of s.iuie. showing; infirior braiu'h. ('. Posterior portion of oiu- seguurit. showin-; chitinous spines on surface. I). ."Section through posterior spinicular process, cnlarftcd. showing three
stijfinata. K. Cross section of traj'lieal tube between stigm.at.'i .and sac. showing; he.ivilv
chitini/.ed wall .and internal cilia. !•'. .\nterior spiracle, with retr.action bcfrun. (i. Tij) of same, more enlarged, showing f.ieetted stigmata. H. Tirminal vii-w of |)ostirior spiraeul.ir process, showing live stigmntfl and
four ciliate f.ans. 1. I'.pitheli.'il cell of veiitrieulus greatly eril.irgi'd, showing large nuclei and
vacuoles. .1. Cross section of ventrieulus. showing iiour inv.agin.ation ( .■') with Imueii
collapsed. K. I.ongitudiii.'il section of pr(i\ ( ritrieulus .and ventrieulus to its tirst turn.
showing wli.at appears to be ,in iiiv;igin.ilion of the latiral wall. (cf. de- scription in text).
Bibliography I87!l Hagen. H. — Flies in a Petroleum Lake. .S.int.i Cruz County. California.
Proc. Boston Soc. .N.at. Hist., XX. p. I.'it. I'robably .a true Ephiidra
breeding in brackish w.ater of lake, not in petroleum. !H!)<) HownnL Dr. L. O. — Life-history and figures of same. .Sciiiititic .Vmerican.
p. 8 (copied above). 18!)!) Howard. Dr. L. O. — Life-history .and (igures of s.iuu-. .'^ciintiric .\merican.
LXXX. p. 7.^ (resume given above). IK!)!) Howard. L. (>. and Co<iuillet M. nlion of sanu'. F.nton)ologist. p. -J.'C"'.
Other works consulted
1!)10 Williams. V . X. — .Vn.atomy of the Larva of Ci-ciilomifia rcninicolo'ulct Wil- liams. Ann. F.nt. ."^oc. .Am.. 111. i)p. i.'i-.')?. (A midge living in exuded pine resin).
1911 Shafer, (uo. I).— How ( ontact Insecticides Kill. .Mich. Agric. Coll. F,xp. Station, Tech. Bull. 11.
APHIDID.^ OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA VIII
E. O. ESSIO
SKCRKTAHV OF STATE HORTICVLTURAL ( O.MMISSION
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
Soutlicrii Ciliforni.-i with its varied Hora and mild climate affords an ex- cellent place for the collecting and studying of Plant Lice (Aphididip). At first the field seemed unfavorable, especially was this impressed upon me during the first two years of my work on this family. This is accounted for, in a great measure, by lack of experience in field collecting and in close observation. Then too. the first operations were carried on in a much drier region than is usually found nearer the coast. In V^entura County, and particularly in the vicinity of Santa Paula, I have been able to take a great number of new species and even a few new genera, and all of this is practically the work of a single spring and summer. No doubt the same is true throughout a great part of the State and especially further south, the entire field being practically new. In fact I know of onlv one new species being reported south of Los Angeles and that by Prof. Cockerell. who described Aphis tetrapieralis Ckll. taken on Atriplex canescens tetraptera at La Jolla. (Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., I, No. 4., April 1, 1902). From some ten species received from Imperial County this summer, only four were known to me, but the material received was in such poor condition that a careful study could not be made, so as to warrant descriptions of new species.
As stated, further on, several of the new species and two of the genera are close links between other species and genera already described.
I wish to acknowledge, here, the special and most valuable aid of my brothers, S. H. F.ssig and F. AI. Essig. in collecting and in discovering many of tliese most interesting forms.
PEMPHIGUS Hartis;. Type Aphis bursarius Linn. Key ti) California .Species
1. \ot a gall-forming sj)eies ; subterranean, or partially so, in habits. 2 I'oriiiiiig galls, pseudogalls, or curling the leaves; distinctly serial in habits. .'?
2. Transverse sensoria only on .-intennjil articles III and IV. distinctly
subterranean. hctac
Transverse sensori.i on articles III, IV and \' ; only p.irtially subter- ranean in habits. cdlifoniirus S. Forming distinct galls. t Forming ])seudogalls or simply curling the leaves. 6 ■I. Forming large, singular galls on the ))(tioles near the bases of the
Icavt's; large numbers in each gall. .5
Forming m.any inoniliforni g.ills on the surf.iees of the leaves, a single
individual in each gall. popurniioitilis
5. Galls globular in form, antenna' rough with transverse sensoria on
antennal articles III, IV, V and VI. pupiiliciiulls
Pomona C'oi.i.eoe JniiiNAi. ok Entomoloov 600
(rails rloiiffati- oval, antiiiiia' siiioiitli uitlioiit (listiiicl Iransxcrsc-
scnsoria. populilranMrrrMiin
(i. l-'ortiiili^ psciKJofjalK caiisin;; tin- upper snrfafis of tin- lra\rs to fold to)i<tliiT aloiifj tlic mid-rilis; anlcniial arlicli-s I IF, I\', V ami \'l with transversa seiisoria, spur or unguis with i-onstrii-ted neck.
popul'uonduplifoliuii t'urliiij; till- leaves or on the youMf;er stems close lo the ^rouiiti : trans- verse sensoria cuily on articles III anil l\', uiii;wls without constrict- ed neck. f riixini-dipvtnlae I', hftae Ooanc. On common hcct {lii-lii vulfiaris I,.). First rcporti-d by Clarke on Hcct, Red Dock, and C'anaiprc (Uiiiitr: liiimriioxrpalus) , from Herke- ley, ri.iccr County, and I'alo Alto, California. Can. Knt. XXXV. p. -HH. I<)l>.{. Davidson rc))orts it from I'alo .Mto on Dock (Itiimei nccidrniiiliii) . ,Ir. F,c. F.nf.. III. p. .^7'-'. 1!)1<>.
/'. califoriiicus D.avidson. lirst (.aken on Huiiiiiuiilu.i lalifornuu.^ Henth at I'alo .Mto, California, hy Davids.ui. .Ir. Kc. Knt.. III. p. .S7.S. I!»l(l. Later taken hy the writer on the same |)lant ne.-ir NordliolT, California. Orijiinally d<-scril«-d as P. ranunculi Davidson, hut ren.-inuil /*. raliforiiiiuii hy same author. .Ir. F.c. Knt. IV. p. nt, 1911.
/'. populimonili.i Riley. ".'\bund;int in Tulare County on Populus frrmonii during; the summer months .at least." Davidson, .Ir. Kc. Knt.. Ill, p. .S7 1. IfMO. .\lso abundant on Populus trichocarpa T. & Ci. at Santa Paida. California, (sec description). .\lso taken by Davidson in Placer County, California. P. C. Jr. Knt. Ill, p. .S<)«. I9II.
/'. popiilicaulis Fitch. On I'opulus Irirlidrarpa 'V. \- (i. .at Palo .Mto, Cal-, ifornia. Davidson, .Ir. Kd. F'.nt. II, p. 'iW. I.QO}). Also taken in larjie innnhers on the same host at Santa Paula, California (see description).
/'. popnlltransrrrsus Riley, .\biuidant on I'opulux trichocarpa T. iS: (i. ;it Palo Alto, California. Davidson. .Ir. Kc. Knt. III. p. M^i. 1<>I0. Also taken by same Jiiithority in Placer County. C.iliforni;i. on Populus frrmonii Wats. P. C. .Ir. Knt. III. p. mis. 191 I.
/'. populiconduplifoVtus Coweii. Occiirriiifj on Populus trichocarpa T. & (i.. in April. Palo Alto. California. Davidson, .Ir. Kc. Knt. Ill, p. .C k l<)l<'.
/'. frasini-dipctalae F'.ssijj. Quite abund.'int on Mountain .\sh {Frajinut iliprtala) in the mount.ains near .Santa Paula. California. P. C. Pr. Knt. III. pp. i.!-.i.-)(i. Mil 1.
TRIFIDAPHIS Del. ( .iicrcio.
'r\])c Pemphigus radicicola Rssip
7". radicicola (Kssig) Del (iuercio. I'irsl t.aken by the writer at Claremont. C .ilifornia, whore it occurred on the roots of Aniaranthus retroftrxus I.. (Pijiwccd) and Solanum dounlasii Dunl. ( Nightsh.adc). P. C. Jr. Knt. I. pp. 8-10. Iflrtfl. 'r.aken also at Oxnard. California, on roots of Nightshade. M Snntn Pnuln, it is frequently found on the roots of Nightshade. Pigweed, and on Potatoes and irnrdeii Meets (always underground).
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Bibliography \'JOi) Pem,phigus rudicicola Essi";. P. C. Jr. Eiit., E. p]). S-10. orijfinal description.
1909 Trifidaphis radicicola (P'ssig) Del Guereio. Rivist.i di P.ital. V(tj;etalc. Anno, in, p. 332. Placed in new genus.
1 ;)().') T. radicicola Essig Del Guercio-Baker, P. C. Jr. Ent.. I,. ])]). 73-75. Translation of Del Guercio's article.
1910 T. radicicoln Essig Del Guereio-Wilson. Ent. News. XXI. p. l.J."). List of Genera.
1910 T. radicicola Essig Del Guercio-Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent.. II. pp. '283-28.5. Wing variations.
1911 T. radicicola Essig Del Guercio-Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent.. pj). 1 tl-152. Host plants and synonymy.
Pemphigus californicus Daxidson (The Woolly Plant Louse of the Buttercup) I9I" Pemphigus raiiuiicuii Davidson. Jr. Ee. Ent. Ill, })|). 372-373. Orig- inal description. 1911 Pemphigus californicus Davidson, Jr. Ec. Ent. IV, p. H L Renamed.
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 223 A) Length of body without flocculence 2.6 mm., width of mesothorax 0.9 mm., width of abdomen LI mm., wing expansion 6.7 mm. Bodi/ — Covered with a long white or bluish-white flocculence. Naked body of the typical Pe7nphigus shape, thorax little wider than abdomen. Prevailing color — With the flocculence white and black, without flocculence, black head, and thorax and dull green abdomen with brown appendages. Head — Broad base and well rounded in front between the antenuif, much wider than long, with two compound .ind three ocellar eyes, black. Ei/es — Compound eyes very dark red with a marginal terete tubercle on the after part; this tubercle is composed of two small ocelli (Figure 223, 2). This is the only instance of this kind I have ever noticed and a character not mentioned by Davidson in his description. Antennae — (Figure 223 C, E, F). Arising from near the sides of the head, bases widely distant, reaching to second abdominal segment; usually dark throughout; three a|)ical articles with lighter bases, all light at articulations, apical half imbricated, with very few short hairs; article lengths as follows: I, 0.12 mm.: 11. (».1'J umi. : HI. OAr> nun.: IV. 0.19 nnn.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.21 mm. (unguis or spur 0.03 mm.); total L.'it nun. Articles I and II usually coe(|ual. III longest, nearly as long as IV and V together and longer than I\' and \'I togetlur. IV sli(n-t<r than \'l. V longer than either IV or VI, and iiiiirc Ih.in twice as long as ritlnr 1 (U- II. \'l. with base approx- imately six tinu's as long as the unguis. Articles traversed by numerous long transverse sensoria which are very unevenly distributed. Ill has from nineteen to twenty-five, more often with twenty-oiu- : 1\". four to eight. In examining eight articles there wrrr to be found one with four, one with fi\e. two with six. three with seven and <iiie witli eight: article \'. with from one to four, thri-e .lUfi
Pomona Coi.i.ege .Ioihnai. oy Entomoi.ooy 701
fcmr Ininj; must coiiiinoii : \' I lias usually tlir ordinary siiisoria in tin- |ipih-i-ss, H-liicli may foiisist of tlirci-. Iloslrum — Kcaclics to tliiril roxii-, liK'it vi-liow with dusky l)asf and I'xfn-mr tip dark. Prolhoras Smooth, wider timn tin- lirnd, l>ut viTV short. Mark or very dark jirci-n. witliout tuhcrclrs. Mrto- and Mrln- Ihorax — Musrii- lohcs will di'vrhipi'd, dark brown to lilai-k. \intral surfai-i- (jrci-n l)<-tw<'i'n I'oxir. .lliiloiiifii — Wi'll roundfd and distinctly si-j{nii'nt<-d. dull jirnii in livinj; spt'ciuuns. hut turning orange or yellow shortly after mounting, with four rows of large, nearly circular, wax areas which differ little, in color, from the hiidy and which are difficult to skj- in fresh specimens; for this reason they are not indicated in the drawing. The four glands or wax areas occupy nearly an c-nlire abdominal segment, and each is filled with fine pores. In the living forms the abdomen is covered with a thick coating of long flocculence, while there is litth- or none on the head and thorax of the winged forms. There are to Im- noticeil dark spots along the lateral sides of the alxlomen in cleared specimens onlv. tlx-se Ix'ing located at the union of the segments. .\nal plati'. well rounded, dark. Corniclen — Watiling. Leps — Normal, dark, rich brown, with very few hairs. In fresh specimens the coxa- arc dark, femora, tibiir, and tarsi gri-enish brown. .\rticle I of the tarsus (Figure 'i'i.'J G) is very short and triangular, the second article long with the upjier end extending to the tibia, nearly seven times as long as I. Ifinss — Dusky hyaline throughout, normal in size. Primari/ — Length .'1 nun., width I imn. Venation normal for this genus. Costal vein widest at base ind narrowing to the stigma, dark brown. Subcostal nuich wider than the costal, dark brown. .Stigma short, bluntly (lointed at the end, nearly three times as Ion'/ as broad, dark brown, with the lower margin darkest, with the entire shadiu" somewhat mottled, lower margin with a row of short curved hairs. .Stigmal vi'in arising from tkc stigma slightly beyond the middle, curved throughout the basal one-third, may or may not be slightly undulate, rather long, wider at base. First and second discoidals with bases close together, and arising near the middle of tin- subcostal, slightly curved with the convex surface tow.Trds the tip of the wing, diverging from bases to tips, which are far apart (the tip of the second discoidal is midway between the tips of the first and third discoidals. Second discoidal with much deeper bend than has the first. Third discoidal obsolete for a consid- erable jiart of the base, the basal tip being nearly even with the middle point of the second discoidal and midway between it and the lower margin of the stigma, straight, slightly curved downward, or undulate, tip reaching the wing margin slightly nearer the tip of the stigmal vein than midway between the tips of the stigmal vein and the second discoidal. All veins yellowish to amber. Secondari) — Length '2 nnu., width O.fi nnn. Subcostal vein strongly bent downward at the bases of the discoidals, one-third the distance from its basi' to tip. Discoidals with bases close together. First discoidal short, slightly undulate. .Second discoidal much longer than the first, nearly in a line with a continuation of the sulu-ostal before it bends, well curved, with convex surfaci' uj)wards. .\11 veins yellowish. Slfilr — (Figure a2.S. 1). Tubercle-shaped, with base nearly twice as wide as the length, green or dusky brown, does not project lu-yond the last alidominal seg- ment or the anal )ilate.
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Figure 223. Pemphigus californicus Davidson
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AI'TKHOIS VIVII-AKlirs KK.MAI.K ( I'l^irc ti'^.S U)
Length of nnkcd body '2.!* iiiiii., width I ..i iiiiii. Wlini covcrrd with thr long HoorulciuT tlic mcasurciiu-nts ari' lu-arlv Iwii-c as jjrt-at. W<«/.i/ Knlirrly covt-rcd with lonj; white or bluish-while floeeuleliee. I'ret'ailinf; color — Naked ImmIv of living specimens dull green, of mounted speeimens rieli y<'llow. llrad — Light green with inedinn brown spot on the frontal between the nntennif, somewhat triangular in shape with base widest and the front straight, but narrow. K^rt — Kaeh com- posed of a grou)) of three ocelli which resemble a compound eye, the background of which is red (Figure ii'2.S, !•). Antennnc — (Figure '2'i.S I).S). Keaching nearly to the middle of the abdomen, slightly imbricated, with very few hairs, brown throughout witli articulations lighter, (in mounted specimens they appear brown or even amber). I.engtlis of articles: I, 0.11 nmi. ; 11, 0.15 mm.; Ill, 0..S2 mm.; IV, 0.17 mm.; V, O.'2'i mm.; \'I, 0.2 1 unn. (spur 0.04 mm.); total I.2I mm. .Article II is usually longer than I in the apterous form, being nearly a fourth longer; III is the longest, being more than twice as long as II. and nearly three times as long as I, but not twice as long as IV, though very nearly so; IV is shorter than III, V or VI; V is much longer than IV and nearly as long at W. The spur or unguis of the apterous female composes about one-sixth of the article. .Sensoria at the apical end of V and in the process of VI. Rostrum — Reaches to or slightly beyond the third cox», light green or yellow, with brown base and tip. I'rothorai — Green with a brown marginal spot on the front side, little wider than the head. Mesothorax — With a similar brown spot on eacli front margin. Kntire thorax otherwise green. Abdomen — .'smooth, light green. Entire l>ody traversed by four longitudinal rows of large oval glandular spots, which are con- colorous with the bod_v. These occupy nearly all of each abdominal segment on the dorsum. Anal plate sometimes jjrojecting beyond tip of abdomen, brown. Cnrnirlrs — Wanting. Legs — As in the winged form. Sti/le — (Figure 'Zi^. ,S). Hlunted. base innch wider than the length, brown.
Young — Covered with the long white flocculence from a very early stage, a few may be seen to be naked. The l>ody is a pale light green.
IIo.ll — This insect feeds on the California Wild Buttercup (lianunrulu.t californicus Benth) and collects in great numlx-rs on the stems, at or slightly below the surface of the ground. In a few cas«-s individuals were observed feed- ing on the stems a few inches above ground and on the undersides of the older leaves which lay on the ground. They are usually grouped in quite large colonies which are easily recognized by the large surplus of the white flocculence which has been rubbed from various individuals. .As soon as disturbed each insect inunediately lets go its hold and seeks shelter among the particles of earth fir leaves. .Small, white, elong.-ited eggs wi-re also obs<'rved on various |>arts of thi- stems.
/-orn/iV I/Collected by tlie writer on a small hill where the buttercups wen- growing plentifully under the shade of the live oak trees, near NordhofT. Cal.. at an .'iltitude of i,')0 feet. W. M. Davidson has collected this insect in the vicinity of .St.inford I'niversity, Palo .\lto, Cal.
Date of Collection— \])r\\ 2!), I'd 1. .Serial number .U.
704 Pomona College Journal of Entomoloov
Pemphigus populimonilis Riley (The Hr.ui-liki- fottoinvoDd (lall-lousc) 1897 Bull. U. S. Gtol. Surv., \'. p]). I.'i-l t. Orifjinal description. 1880 Thomas. 8th Rept. Kiit. 111., p. ^'05. Notes and description. *188() Mendenhall. Minn. State Hort. Soc. MSS. Listed. 1887 Oestlund. Aphid. Minn., p. 2 k Listed.
1890 Packard. Forest Insects, p. 434. Listed.
1891 Niswander. Bull. No. 2, Wyom. Agrcl. Exp. Sta. 1895 Cowen. Hem. Colo., p. 11 6. Listed.
1901 Hunter. Aphid. N. A., p. 78. Bibliography.
1908 Jackson. Syn. of Gen. Peni|)higus. Coluni. Hort. Soc., pp. 201-2()().
Description and notes.
1909 Gillette. Plant Louse Notes, Jr. Ec. Ent., V, p. S5G. Listed.
1910 Williams. Aphid, of Nebr., ])p. 10-12. Description and notes.
1910 Davidson. Calif. Aphid., Jr. Ec. Ent., Ul. p. ;374. Listed.
1911 Essig. Host Index to Cal. Aphid., P. C. Jr. Ent., HL p. Mil. Hosts
in California.
WINGED viviPARors FEMALE (Figure 224 A) Length of body 3.3 mm., greatest width of the thorax 1.2 nmi., greatest width of the abdomen 1.6 mm., wing exj)ansion 10.4 mm. Large species. I'n- vailing color — Body dark, covered with long white flocculence which gives it .1 bluish-white color. The flocculence may be very short or be replaced by a fine white powder, which always covers the ventral surface. Head — Black or dark slate, dorsal surface usually naked, ventral surface covered with fine white powdir. very small and narrow, being less than half as wide as the niesothorax, evenly rounded anteriorly and fitting tightly against the prothorax. Eyes — Very dark reddish brown or black, large. Antennae — (Figure 224 B). Reaching to base of the posterior wings or only to the base of the primary wings, black or very dark brown throughout; articles III, IV and V somewhat clavate; lengths of the articles: I, 0.(17 nun.; II, 0.08 mm.; Ill, 0.24 mm.; IV, 0.15 mm.; V, 0.14 mm.; VI, 0.21 nun.; total 0.89 mm. The sensoria are large, transverse and situ- ated as follows: III, six to nine; IV, three to five; V, one to four; VII one. Rostrum — Reaches to or nearly to the second coxae, dark throughout, but darker at tip. Prothorax — Slightly wider than the head, but very short, black. Meso- thorax — Black, lobes well developed and extending much higher than any other part of the body. Metathorax — Black with muscle lobes well developed. Abdo- men— Dark olive green to brown, covered with long white flocculence or fine powder (always so ventrally), widest near tlie middle and somewhat pointed at the posterior end, lateral margins of each segment with darker spot, which shows after the body has been cleared for mounting. Legs — Normal, hairy, black or very dark brown throughout. Wings — Subhy.-iline, large. Primary — Length 4. ,'5 mm., width 1.6 mm. Costal vein heavy, dusky; subcostal wide, dusky; stigma oval to oblong in shape, lower margin well-rounded, lower portion much darker than reni.-iinder, with several rows of short hairs, .-ill duskv; length 0.1)0 nun..
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width ()..S(t inin. Stipinal vein iiiKliilati'. nrisiiif; near llif tip of thr stif^iin and ratliiT sliarplv curved downward \nitil near tlii- middle, tlii-n curves upwardly until near the tip where it turn down, curves well rounded and not at nil abrupt, lirowri : first discoidal arisinj; near the middle of the subcostal vein and extending almost straijjht to the wing margin at an atigle of nearly V'> degrees to it, usuallv curves slightly inwardly towards the body; second discoidal rises near the base of the tirst, and extends nearly parallel to the third discoidal, curves slightly inwardly, much longer (nearly twice) than the first discoidal; third discoidal obso- lete at base, nearly |)arnllel with second discoidal but diverges towards the tip of the wing, the tip is midway between tips of the stigmal and second discoidal ; veins brown or amber. Secondary — Length .S.'i nnn., width (1.9 nun.; suln-ostal with two downward curves, one at the bases of the discoidals and the other two-
03^/SBfc^B^i:iQif(:i
'■■■HiiiJ'iTi'Tj^
Figure 224. Pemphigus populimonilis Riley
thirds its length; discoidals .arising at one-third the length of the snb-costal. where it makes a rather sharp bend, from a rather narrow brown or amlwr sj)ot, their bases close together; first discoid;il curving tow;irds the tip. while the set-- oiid curves toward the b.-ise of the wing: veins amber. Cauda — Well rounded and inconspicuous.
yiiimphs — The nymphs of the winged viviparous fem.'iles an- often very large U-fore their wings .'ire fully devi^loped. 'i'lie color varies from a light yellowish to a dusky green. The he:id is usually darker. The entire body is covered with a very fine white powiler .-md there is no sign of tloec'ulenee iinlil the .-idull stage is reached.
APTK.Ilors VlVIPMtors fkm\i.k>
.\pp;irently there .-ire no .iplerous forms o<-eurring in the galls observed in this locality.
//o*/i- -Infesting the common Cottonwood {/'opiilus trirhornrpa T. & G). forming rows of the bead-like galls on the leaves. The galls are formed more
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often on the undersides of the leaves, though not a few are formed from above, and along the margins or midway between the margins and the midrib in longitudinal rows. From the photograph (Figure 225) it will be seen that they are arranged indiscriminately also and maj' be very near the midrib in a single row or the rows niav extend transversely to the main axis of the leaf. They are formed by a pushing up of the leaf tissues and the infolding of the tissues around the margins of the galls so as to almost completely close the mouth. The surface of the galls varies from a light green to a dark red in color and is usually rather rough. Each gall is just large enough to conceal a single individual and grows witli its occupant.
Figure 225.
Shiivving lucinilifonn nal
Pemphigus populimonilis Riley . I'nuii \eiitral and dorsal surfaces of leaves.
Never more than one insect is found in a single gall, but often there are several guests in the form of the larva' of syrphid flies which completely destroy large numbers of the lice before they mature. Figure 226 shows the ojjened galls and in some are to be seen these maggots. It is difficult to find a single gall that does not contain at least one of them. The adult fly deposits her eggs in the gall while it is being formed and before the mouth closes up and thus defeats the object of protection whicli the galls should furnish the lice. If anything, the larvae of the syrphid flies are j)rotected from their natural enemies while they are feeding upon tliem.
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/V;/i/)/iiirH.v populimoiiilis Rihy whs first r. jH.rt.d on tin- iinrrow-l<avc-d ('ottoiiwood (Popiiliis liahamifrra I,, vnr. aiiguitifolia Torrt-v), but lias since been found fcc(lin({ upon Populus Irirhorarpa T. «: (1. first by Ciillcttc in Jr. Kc. Ent. II. p. .S/it), 1909, n»ar Portland. Orison. l)a\i(K()M nporls it from Popului frr- monli in Jr. Ec. Knt. III. j). 374. 1911.
LocalUi) — Tlif species as drscribt-d was taken in large numbers aloMj{ the banks of the Santa Clara River near .Santa Paula, Cal.
Dale of CoUcclion — .lune 'i'>. \[)\\. .Serial mniiber K).
Figure 226. Pemphigus populimonilis Kiley
L'n<li-r>i(le ol' ;i le.il' with the ^Ms opened so .is to show the .nphids .nml tlie larv.T
of syrpbid flies.
I have been .ilile to procure tbre<' descriptions of this insect; by Thomas (who practically duplicates the ori|;in.'il description given by Dr. Riley), .lackson and \\'illi;ims. From them I am led to believe that they arc all j)ractically the same as that of the original description of Riley. Either the species wa.s originally and afterward very jioorly described, or the species which I have described varies a great deal from the individuals t.'ikiii in the East. The following difTerences are noted :
Size — .\ll of the above descriptions agree exactly regarding the size of the species and their measurements are much less than those of the above specimens. I'or instance. Thomas gives i\.V unn. as the average wing expanse, whiK> the
708 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
average wing expanse of the speeies as taken here is slightly over 10 mm. All measurements were made with a camera lucida.
Antennal Articles — Antennal articles I, II, lY and V are given subequal, wliile I have found that I and II are nearlj' equal and that IV and V are prac- tically sub-equal, but that the articles IV and V are much longer than I and II (nearly twice as long or a third longer). Articles III and VI correspond verj' well.
Rostrum — In the specimens taken here the rostrum rarely reaches beyond the second coxie. Thomas reports it as reaching to the third coxeb.
n'iiigs — The venation of the wings agrees very well in all respects except the shape of the stigma. I have found it well rounded or nearly oblong instead of angular.
Though these differences are considerable, the general descriptions agree well and I feel perfectly satisfied that the species is as named. No doubt that with our earlv warm sjirings the young develop more lustily and this may account for the difference in size, which may also influence other characters.
Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch (The Poplar-stem Gall-louse) 18.59 Fitch. Rept. Ent. N. Y. V, pp. 84.5-849. Original description. 1868 Walsh-Riley. Am. Ent. Ill, p. 57 and p. 245. Description and notes. 1873 Le Baron. Rept. Ent. 111. III. p. UK^. Notes.
1879 Thomas. 8tli Rept. Ent. 111., j). 149. Description.
1880 Henry. Am. Ent. I, p. 205. Reference to galls.
1886 Oestlund. List Aphid. Minn., p. 55. Listed.
1887 Oestlund. Aphid. Minn. p. 21. Description. 1890 Packard. Forest Insects, p. 434. Listed. 1892 Osborn. Cat. Hem. la.. )). I. SO. Listed. 1895 Cowen. Cat. Hem. Colo., p. 115. Listed. 1901 Hunter. Aphid N. A., p. 78. Bibliography.
1903 Cook. Ohio Natural. IV, pp. 118-240. Bibliography.
1903 Clarke. Li.st. Cal. Aphid., Can. Ent. XXXV, p. 134. Listed.
1908 Vickary. Comp. Study of Ext. Anat. Plant Lice, pp. 4-5 and 15.
Anatomy. 190s .Jackson. Syn. Gen. Pemphigus. Proc. Col. Hort. Soc. )))). 5 1- and 83-86. Description and notes.
1909 Davidson. Aphid. In Vic. Stanford Univ.. Jr. Ke. Ent. vol. 11, p.
299. Listed.
1910 Davis. III. Ai)hid. .Ir. Kc. Kilt.. III. |). H 1. Listed. 1910 Williams. Aphid. Nebr., pp. !)-li>, DcscriiitioM and notes.
191 1 Essig. Calif. Aphid. P. C. Jr. Ent. III. (). Kil. C.ilif. Hosts.
wi.\(;En vivii'ARois kkmale (Figure 227 A) Length of body 2 mm., width of thorax 0.6 nun., width of abdomen 0.75 mm., wing expansion 6.7 mm. ]'rrr(iiling color — Nearly bl.-ick body .-ilmost or entirely covered with a long whitish llcieeuli iier which gives the body .1 bluish tinge. The
i
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Figure 227. Pemphigus popuHcaulis Fiu-li
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abdomen is dull green or brownish. Head — Small, nearly as long as wide, black. Eyes — Rather large and very dark — from dark brown to almost black. Antennae — -(Figure 227 C). Reaching nearlj- to posterior end of the thorax, black through- out except the base of article III, which is dull green. The lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.068 mm.; Ill, 0.24 mm.; IV, 0.078 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.2 mm.; total 0.766 mm. The last four articles are traversed by large transverse sensoria which extend almost entirely around the articles and which are distributed as follows: III with from ten to fourteen; IV, usually three; V, three to five; VI, seven to eight. Rostrum — Dull green with dark base and tip, reaching to the base of the second coxae. Prothorax — Black or dull greenish.
Figure 228. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch Showing the galls from both dorsal and ventral aspects of the leaves.
sliglitly wider than tlie head and narrower than the meso-thorax. Mesothorax — Well developed with raised muscle lobes, black. Metathorax — Black with prom- inent muscle lobe. Tliorax covered witli fine white powder. Abdomen — Oblong, dull green to brown, covered witli wliitish flocculence and fine wliite powder, with a row of darker spots along the lateral margins — a spot on each abdominal seg- ment. Legs — Dark throughout, normal, slightly hairy. Wings — Subliyaline, sometimes of a very dark cast, but alwaj's with a constant coloring. Primary — Length 3 mm., width 1 mm. Costal vein dark and well defined to the stigma ; subcostal widening as it approaelies tlie stigma, dusky ; stigma nearly three times
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ns long ns widr, roiiiidcd at apex, opposite sidrs nearly ]inrall<-l, duskv with basal half iniicli darker than the upper portion, hairy on lower Uirder; stignial vein arising near the tip of the stigma, evenly elirved throughout its entire h-ngth, hut not dee|)ly curved ; first and seeond diseoidals arising near the middle of the suh- rostal, bases close together; first diseoidal nearly straight; seeond discoidal nearly twice ns long as the first and curving inwardly ; third <liseoidal obsolete for a considerable part of the base, curving slightly towards the upjier wing margin, running nearly parallel to the main axis of the wing. All viins dusky. Si-ronil- (irij — Length '^.1 mm., width ().() mm. Subcostal vein with sh/irp downward Ix^nd one-third its distance at the base of the diseoidals and a more gradual downward lund two-thirds its distance from the base to the tip. Diseoidals arising from the first bend with their bases close together. First discoidal short, curvi-s toward the wing tip, with little slant; second discoidal with a sharp slant towards the apical lower wing margin, straight, considerably longir than the first vein; veins dusky. Cauda — Obsolete.
Nymphs — The winged viviparous females ns well as the stem mothers or a|)terous viviparous females were giving rise to great numbers of the young of the winged females, there being none of the apterous young produced in this way within the galls. These nymphs vary from almost transparent white or yellowish to a dusky green color with amber or pinkish thoraxes. Legs dull yellowish or whitish with dusky articulations. Rostrum light with dark tip and extending just beyond posterior base of the first eoxie and not ijuite to the second coxir. The bodies are early covered with a fine white powder which gives theni a ifrayish or whitish ajipearance.
APTKiiors vivii'Aiiors iKMALK OH sTKM-.MoTil KR ^Figure ii'i" B)
Length '2.."> mm., width •i.-2 nnn. Nearly globular in shape, though the body is distinctly fl:itti-ni(l. Prevailing color dull brown or gr«'en with white pateln-s of riocculenee distributed as shown in the drawing. Heail — Black, entirely cov- ered with white fiocculeiice excepting the .interior tip, very small. A'_yr» — Simple and located in jiosition of compound eyes. Antennae — (Figure -i-il I)). F'our articled, short, reaching to base of mesothorax ; article 1 dull bl.ackish, II dusky green. Ill and IV dull green or brown. The lengths of the articles are as follows: 1, O.Oti mm.; II, (M)~ mm.; Ill, 0. Hi mm.; IV, O.I -2 mm.; total 0. H nun. Rostrum — Dull green or brown with dusky tip and base, reaching to the second coxa-. Thoracic segments well developed and extending much higher than the head. Prothorajc — Almost entirely coveri'd with white floccuh-nee. Mesothorax — ■ With two marginal and two dorsal white ))atchis. Mctalhorax — With two mar- ginal and four dorsal patches. Abdomen — Two marginal (one on each margin) of every body segment and four longitudinal rows of dorsal patches. At the posterior end of the abdomen are two large marginal patches which nearly cover up the last segment.s and in front of these patches are but two dorsal )>atclics instead of the usual four on the alKlominal segments, body color dull green or brown. V^entral surface coverid with fine powder. Legs — Short, dusky through- out, hairy. Style — Obsolete.
712 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
At the date of collection, June ■-22, 1,911, there was to be found in evcrv globular gall a single stem-mother which was giving or had given birth to great numbers of the winged viviparous females. That this stem-mother produced the original gall is without doubt, for though great numbers of the winged forms have been continually leaving the galls, no new ones are being formed without containing a stem-mother. Either the stem-mothers are produced as a very late brood or they arise from eggs which are deposited by the late broods. The latter idea has been held by writers in the past and is more probable than the first, though in this state it is almost impossible to find any of the Aphids laying eggs, though they are known to do so in the Middle West and East.
Hosts — This species occurs associated with and on the same branches of the common Cottonwood {Populus irichocarpa T. & G.) as is Pemphigus popuUmon- ilis Riley, though it is easily told by its characteristic galls (Figure 228). These galls vary from the size of a large pea to a marble and are nearlj' globular in shape. They are formed at the base of the leaf at the base of the midrib or stem. The stem or midrib so twists as to form a semi-circular opening usually on the underside of the leaf with the opening down, while the leaf tissues serve to cover the twisted area so as to form a very perfect gall. So well is this made that after examining great numbers of them there were to be found no parasitic guests in the colonies and internal hymenopterous parasites could not be bred out of a large number of collected galls. The color varies from a light green to a deep bright red. The wall is thin so as to admit of a large space within. Figure 229 shows a cross section containing from fifty to two hundred individuals of all stages. It is noticeable that the gall remains completely closed until the winged forms are ready to emerge and then the opening is forced at a single point so as to allow but one to leave at a time. The older galls, however, are opened clear across.
This species has also been reported as feeding upon Populus monUlfera and Populus tremuloides , by Eastern and Widdlc Wisttrn writers.
Locality — On the cottonwoods .ilonf; the li.iiiks of the Santa Clara River near Santa Paula, Cal.
Date of Collection — Jvnie 22, 191 !• Serial nunilur .'{9.
Tribe CHAITOPHORINI General Characters
/)•(«///— liathcr short, widr. Hat. cov.rrd with fine liair-likc bristli's, wjiieh are often )jlaecd on quite large tubercles, especially in the young.
Antennae — Six articled, excejit in one genus (Sipli.a), which lias Init five articles, short, sehloui longer than the body. Not on prominent frontal tubercles. Covered with liair-like bristles same as the body. I'sually carried at right angles to the main .axis of the body or against the sides (es))e<Mally so in feeding).
Legs — Short and rather stout, hairy.
Wing venation, as in Aphitliiii, v<iiis sonutimrs with clouded borders.
Cornicles — Siiort, truncate. \ .iri.ilili' in length, .md not long<'r than one-tenth the length of the body.
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713
Sli/lc- Sliort. v.'irialilr in sli.-ipi', iisiiiilly liliint at tip.
I'roin tlii-sf fffiicrnl clinniftcrs it will hi- st-rii that this trihf iiicliicli-s vrry diverse eleiiients. However this may seem, from the vtTV lie^iiiniii); of thi" work on Aphididif in America this partieiilar trihe has almost entirely lieeii thrown into two genera, or I might say into but one. since the genus Sipha claims hut few species. This geinis is of course I'liailoiihorun KiK-h. The typical .Vinerirnn species, and so recorded hy I'rof. Oestlund (List Minn, .\phid.. p. 18, I8H(),) has long heen the type for comparing most of the species helonging in the above tribe, without paying much ,'ittenlion to the origin.al Kuropenn type or enileavor-
Figure 229. Galls of Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch Split to show the >;rcat niiiiihcr oi inhahit.inis.
itig to separate the widely varying forms into new genera. I'rof. II. !•". Wilson in the Canadian Kntomologist. Vol. XI. II. necemhcr. IfJIO. pages .S8i to .S88. has taken the Hrsl step in the direction of revision by creating a new g«'nus. Thomasia, out of what has been considered the .Vmerican type form for the genus <'haitoplioriis.
If one attempts to ni;ike .iny extensive determinations of tin- various species of this tribe by means of the literature of today, he cannot but have it forcibly brought to his mind, how poor the descriptions really are, and how difficult it is to accurately place .-i new insect even in the right gemis. This is. of course, largely
714 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
because of the loose characterization of the genera. Because of tlie past complica- tions, I have accepted the revision as proposed by Prof. Wilson and in attempting to place new species found it necessary (and I believe the characters of the species necessitate it) to form three new genera.
In examining the key it will be seen that the principal characters for separ- ating the genera are the comparative lengths of the spur of the antennal article VI with the base, the length and shape of the cornicles, and the length and shape of the style, all characters which are perhaps the most constant in this tribe. There are but five genera represented as follows: Arctaphis Walker, Chaitophorus Koch, Symdohitis Mordwilko, Thomasia Wilson, and Sipha Passerini. To these, I have added the following new genera: FAchochaitophorus, Micrella and Fulla- waya. If I accepted Wilson's classification at all I found that I could not place Micrella in the genus Thomasia because of the longer spur of antennal article VI ; it was impossible to place it with Arctaphis because of the shape of the style; it is certainlj' an intermediate between these two. Eichochaitophorus, because of the shorter antennal spur, cannot be placed with Arctaphis, though the style is of the same general character. This might have been overlooked, had it not been that the species described has a very distinct, constricted anal-plate which seems to place the genus somewhere between the present genus Arctaphis and the genus Callipterus. The long stipe of the style is different from that of the former, and in consideration of all the characters, I could not find a place for it in any of the older genera, so created the new one. FtiUawaya is a splendid new genus, com- bining to a remarkable degree characters of several widely separated genera. The body, in shape and construction, resembles greath' some of the species of Aphis, while the lack of cornicles suggests some other genera. The general clothing of hair is as in this tribe. The feeding habits differ from all other members of the tribe, so far as I know, this being a root and subterranean form rather than an aerial and leaf- or bark-eating form. It falls just between Sy7ndohius and Thomasia, though it is widely different from either.
According to the following Key to Genera and Species it will be seen that nearly all of the Eastern Chaitophorus fall in the new genus Thomasia and into this genus also fall the species recently described by me as Chaitophorus salici- cola (P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, p. 534, 1911). Also into this new genus fall Ch. populi- foliae Fitch, Ch. negundinis Thomas, Ch. viminalis Alonell (thougli this is some- what difficult to handle because of the varied forms and contradictory descrip- tions), and a new species, crucis, described in this article
Provisional keys to the |)rcsent known genera and to tlic taliforiiia species are as follows:
Key ti> Genera
1. Antenna- six articled 2 Antennae five articled. 8
2. Spur of article VI at least tliree times as long .is the base. 3 Spur of article VI not three times as long as the base. 6
3. Spur of article VI not more than five times as long as the base, cor-
nicles not longer than the base. 4
Pomona Colleoe Journal or Entomoi.oov 715
Spur of artic'li- \^I iiiorr tlinii rive times as long as tlir base, and cor- nicles longer than the base. ChaHnphorut \. Spur of article VI more than f<iur times as long as the base, cauHn
constricted at the base. 5
Spur of article \'I not four times as long as tin- base, and thi- eauda not
constricted at the base. Mirrrlla
5. Sti|)C of Cauda «'ell developed and on a conicil base, anal plati- con- stricted in the middle. Eichnrhailophorut Stipe of Cauda obsolete or not well diveloped and on a (juadrangular
base, anal plate well rounded. .Irclaphia
(). .\iitennii' about half the length of the Ixidy ;ind the spur of article \'l
considerably longer than the base. 7
.\ntenna> nearly as long as the body and thi' >>pur of .irtiele \' I shorter
or scarcely longer than the base. Si/itiilohiiiii
". Cornicles absent, body with lateral tubercles. Fiillntrai/a
Cornicles present, lateral body tubercles wanting. Thomnsia
8. Antenna- shorter than the body, cornicles very short and tapering with
flanged mouth. Sipha
KEYS TO CALIFORNIA SPECIES
CHAITOPHORUS Kodi. Type Aphis aceris I-inn. N'o California represiiitativc in this .St.ale to date.
MICRELLA n. tren. Tyiio M. monelli ii. sp. One species described.
.V. monrlli n. sp. On Sali.r Insinlrpis Hcntli. .■ind S. larvi/ratne Bebb., at Oxnnrd and Snntn Paula, Cal.
EICHOCHAITOPHORUS n. pen. 'ry|)c E. populifolii n, sp. One spcci<'s as herein described. K. populifolii n. s]). On Pojiulus trirhocnrpa T. & O., .Santa I'aula. Cal.
ARCTAPHIS Walker Type A. populi Linn. No Californi.i species reported.
SYMDOBIUS Mr.rdwilkn Type A. oblongus Heyden 1. Body small, nearly black, abdomen of .apterous female with lateral
body tubercles. macroilachifae
Body large, never black, abdomen of apterous female without lateral
tubercles. salicicnrlicit
S. macrostachi/ae n. sp. On Salix macrostachya Nutt., Santa Paula, Cal. .S. salicicorlicis n. sp. On base and roots of Salix laevigata Bebb., near Santa Paula, Cal.
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Pomona College .Iotrnal of Entomology
FULLAWAYA n. gen. Type D. saliciradicis n. sp. F. xalicirailicis n. sp. On roots of Salix laevigata Bibb, inches underground. S.mta I'aiila, Cal.
THOMASIA \\ilson Tv])e Ch. populicola Tho.s.
1. Article III of the antenna? as long or longer than VI. Article III of the antenna? not as long as VI.
2. Article III of the antennw co-equal with V[. Article III of the antennae decidedly longer tiiau \'I.
3. Veins of wing.s with clouded borders. Wing veins not clouded.
i. Antennae nearly as long as the body.
Antenna- little more than half as long as thr body. 5. Body of adult female nearly black witli Imigitudiiial. dorsum.
from tour to si.N
2 4
populifoliac
populicola
iiefruiidinis
I'imiiiali'!
iht-yellow on
salirirola
Body of adult female green with liglit green or yellow cross on the
dorsum. cnicis
T. populifoliac (Fitch). On Populux fremonti Wats. Collected in the cen- tral part of the State by Davidson. Jr. Ke. Ent. III. p. 375, 1910.
T. populicola (Thos.) Wilson. On Populus trichocarpa T. lit Ci. Collected in various parts of Ventura County by the writer. P. C. Jr. Ee. Ent. I. p. !)<), 1 <)!)!).
T. uegundinis (Thos.). On Xegundo aceroidc.i Mocneh. Collected by Dav- idson in the vicinity of Stanford University, Palo Alto. Jr. Ee. Ent. HI. )). 'M6, 1 9 10.
T. rimituilis (Mon.). On Sali.r sp. In the central part of the .St.itc by Clarke. Can. Ent. XXXV, p. 21.8, 1903.
T. salicicola Essig. In Ventura County on Sali.r hicrigata Hcbb. and Popu- lus trichocarpa T. & G. P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, p .^S K 1911.
T. crucis Essig. In Ventura County on SalLr mucrostachifa Nutt.
SIPHA Passcrini Tyije A. glyceriae Kalt. No species re|)orted in this State.
MICRELLA n. ^tn.
Ty\iQ M. monelli n. sp.
("icncral Cliaracters
Bodji — Very small, ratlur Hat, (■()\<ri(i with long, curved hair-like spines
which are strongly tuberculatc .it tlicir b.iscs in the young, but less so in the
adult forms. The general slia|)c is not unlike the members of the genus Thomasia
Wilson, but nuich smaller.
Head — Narrower than the protliorax and noticeably small in the adult ap- terous females. Antennae arising from the sides and not on e\<ii slight frontal tubercles.
Pomona College .Ioi-hnal ok ENToMoi.<i<iv 717
I'.iin Tlirif largr ocilli wliicli an- rid and \rry iiotit-ialilr in tin- winded fciiialfs; c'()iii|ioun(l vyvs with liTPtr fiilu-rclrs.
Antrnnae — Nearly as long as the body, rracliiiig liryoiiil llic liasts of tin- t(iriii»'li-s. Article III not ns long as IV and \' togetlier and not as long ns VI, or tile spur, with single row of large eireiilar sensoria. Spur of VI slightly more than tliri-e times as long as the hase. hut never four times as long, very thin or setaci-ous.
lioslruiii — Ti|) eoiiiing iiitween (irst and seeiind eoxn".
Corniclrx — Nearly as widi' or wider at the bases than the length, \iry sliglillv constricted before the mouth which has a very small rim or Hangi'.
Lrfrs — .Small and frail.
iSli/le — .Strongly tapering to a blunt tip which is usually straight across, not rounded or eoiistrieti'd at the base, no longer than the cornicles, with very few hairs.
AiKil I'ltili — Well developed, semi-globular, hairy.
H'ingx — Hyaline, norm:il in size, venation as in Thomania or (.'ha'itophorim. .ind fairly constant, incision in the upper wing margin at thi' tip of the stigma.
Micrella monelli n. sp.
WI.NCiKO VlVll'AHOIS KKMM.K ( I'igUre 'J.'fO .\ )
Length of body \.^i nnn., width of the mesothorax (l..'{<) mm., width of the abdomen 0.18 nnn., wing expansion kl nnn. Bodi/ — N'ery small, sh-nder, hairy. I'rrvaiUnfr color — Light green and black, //en*/ — .Small, nearly as wide as the prothorax, slightly wider than long, nearly straight across the front, hairy, no frontal tubercles, very dark green or nearly black on dor.snl and ventral surfaces. t.i/f* — Large, with tubercles, dark red, three large ix'<'lli. Antrnnae — (Figure *.i.S() (', I), K). Not on frontal tubercles, nearly as long as the body, slender, imbricated, with few hairs, articles I and II dark green, but not as dark as the head. III light green throughout, I\' light gre<-n with tip faintly dusky, \' light gree.n with tip nejirly black, \'I with base dark and base and apical one-third of the filament, or spur, dark. Lengths of the articles: I, O.d.'i mm.: II, O.O.SS uim.; Ill, 0.'.'|. mm.: IV, O.Ki mm.: V. 0.18 mm.; VI, O. tS mm. (base 0.10 nnn., filament or spur ()..S'.2 mm.) : total 1 .0,SS mm. Article I is wider and longer than II, 1 1 1 is shorter than \'I or the filament of \'l, not twice as long as either IV or \'I and not nearly so long as the sum of the two, I\' not so long as V and half as long as the spur of \'I. \'I with base much shorter than either IV or V and not (piite one-third so long as the filament, which is very slender. The large circular sensori;i are arranged in .a row on 111, varying from four to seven in number, riiere is but one large one at tlu' .apex of \' and on<' largi- one and many small lines on VI at the base of the filament. Rostrum — Reaches to the second ciixic. light green or yellow with dark tip. /'rof/iornj- -Scarcely wider than the head and not so long, hairy, dusky green, but lighter than the head or the other two thoracic segments. Mcsothorajr, dorsum dark green with nuisde lobes black, ventral surface all black except the coxh', which are light green. Mrtathornx — (Irecn with dark dors;il m:irkiiigs which ajipear in sh.ape like a goblet with tlie base at
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
J I K
Figure 230. Micrella monelli Essig
Pomona Coi.i.eoe .Ioirnai. of F.ntomoi.oov 71''
till' hasc of tlic sfffincnt .ind tlic top iiuniiist tin- iiirsotliorax. .Uidumen Si-arorlv wider than tlir tliorax, not distiiu-tly sfpiiciitid. Iiairv, lifflit nrrcii witli ini-dinii dorsal lilack |)att'iic.s and transverse dorsal dark Imnds across the last two aixliiininal sejiiiients. Of the dorsal patches the first is very small and is on the (irst si-ffinent, the si'ciiiid is Iarj;e and extends to the h)wcr iiinr);iiis of the cornicles. Anal piati- rounded and dusky f;reen. Cornirlrs — ( l''i({ure '2.'«) J). Sliffhtly lonjjer than the width of the base, hase widest, very slifjlitly or not constricted before the apex, mouth Harinj{ hut very little or none, with |)arallel broken lines around surfaei-, liffht ffreen (concolorous with surroinidin); body area), lenjjth (i.OM mm., width of the base O.OTS nun., width of mouth ().() Mi mm. /,«•/?»— Small, slender, hairy, transparently white or light grei-n throughout, ff'higt — Normal, hyaline. I'riinari/ — Length 1.8 mm., width (l.();"> nun., margin constricted at the tip of the stigma, venation fairly constant, but variable as in nearly nil memlN-rs of this tribi-. Costal, wide .-md distinct, dusky brown. .Subcostal little widi-r than the cost.'d, dusky brown. .Stigma cpiite oval, tip blunt or rather sharp, short, dusky brown, of a uniform color throughout, lowi-r margin hairy, length O.irt mm., width O.I mm. Stiginal vein short, well curved throughout, but strongest in basal half, tip clouded, arises lu'arer the tip than the middle of the stigma. First dis- coidal arising beyond the middle of the subcostal, straight or curved inwardly. .Second di.scoidal sub-obsolete at the base, straight, not reaching the margin of the wing, base midway between the bases of the first and second discoidals. Third discoidal normally twice-forked, obsolete at the base, first fork one-third the dis- tance from the base to the tip of the lower branch of that fork, .second fork one-half the distance from the first fork to the tip of the wing, or more often nearer tlie tip of the wing. Ti|)s clouded. This vein is often but onci- forked as has been observed in so many of the small species taken here. .Ml tlw veins are dusky brown in color. Srvoiiilari/ — Length I.'2."> mm., width 0. 1 mm. Normally with subcostal and two discoidals. .Subcost.'d undulate with strongest downward curve below booklets and beycnul the base of the seeiuid discoidal. Discoidals very light, bases not very far aj)art, the base of the second near the middle i>f the sulK'ostal, bases also obsolete, or nearly so. First vein slightly curved inwardly, second straight. Stf/le — (Figure '3.S0 H). .Short, tip nearly straight across with large spine on each lateral corner, base much wider than apex, slightly dusky or light green, length 0.0");") mm., width of base O.OT.'i mm.
M'TKHois vivii'Miors KKMM.K ( l''igure '2,40 H)
Length 1.1- mm., width of the abdomen 0.8 nun. Hotii/ — Wide and very flat, covered with long tuberculatc hairs. Prrrailiiis color — Transparently light green throughout. Jlead — .Small, narrower than the thor.nx, rounded, hairy, without antennal tubercles, ))ale light green. ^.'.V'"* — Compound eyes, bright red, with tuberehs. Antrnnai — (Figure '2.S0 F, G). Nearly as long as the body, reaching beyoiul the bases of the cornicles, very slender throughout, but a mere filament : apical third and remaining articles imbricated, colorless or transparently white throughout, very few hairs. Lengths of the articles: I, O.OtJ.'i mm.: IL O.Oi mm.; III. O.'J,". nun.; I\'. 0.17 nun.; \', 0.18 nun.: \'I. •>. t'-' nun. (base 0.1-i unu.. filament
720 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
0.3 mill.) : tlif rtlativf lengths compare well with those of tlie winged form. Usual sensoria on V' and VI. Rostrum — Not reaching to the second coxae, transiiarently white. Thora.f — Prothorax and mesothorax con.siderably narrower than the inetatliorax and the abdomen, light green. Abdomen — Well rounded, wide, flat, margin.s .show segmentation plainly, but it is not carried across the dorsum, very light green. Anal plate, well rounded, light, hairy. Cornicles — (Figure 230 K). Same general shape as those of the winged female, but larger, light yellow to coneolorous with body, length 0.08 mm., width of the base 0.0*) mm., width of the mouth ().():") mm. Usually slightly longer than broad. Legs — Slender and frail, hairy, transparently white throughout. Sttjle — Short, nearly conical, con- eolorous with body, length 0.0,') mm., width of base 0.065 mm., with few hairs.
Young — Transparently light green or yellow to colorless. Body bearing many large tubercles, each supporting a large curved hair or spine.
Host — Found feeding only upon the leaves of the tender shoots and suckers of Salix lasiolepis Benth. During the year 1910 they were exceedingly abundant and attacked all of the leaves, young and old, but never the bark. Very much honey dew was excreted, smutting the trees until they appeared black. This summer I was able to collect but very few. although a sharp lookout was maintained throughout the year. The wunged forms were exceedingly rare. This scarcity is jirobahly due to the ravages of the internal and predaceous enemies, which were exceedingly numerous both last year and this summer, the larvae of a syrjihid fly being predominant. On Septmber 14, IQll, I took this species in small num- bers from Sali.r Laevigata Bebb.
Locality — Found only on willows growing near the ocean beach on a fresh- water marsh just inside the sea-wall, three miles from Oxnard, Cal., on wli.it is known as the McGrath F.state. Though a careful search has been made of all species of willow trees in every other part of the county, I have never been able to locate this species in any other place except late in tlie fall along the Santa Clara River near Santa Paula. Cal.
Date of Collection — .July 1. I.OIO. and September I 1-. 1911. Serial iiuiiil)er 10.
Because of its long antennal filament and other characters wliieli exelude this species from Arctaphis (the constricted style) I have ])laced it in the genus Micrrlla. Having never collected wli.it I believe to be the true Chaitophorus Moncll, and without comparative material except published descri])tions, I sent this species on to Mr. Monell, asking him if it was identical with C. viminalis Mon. His reply was as follows: "No. 10 on Salix is a new species of Chaito- phorus" (St. Louis, Mo., Oct. ,'i, 1<)10). Because of his valuable aid in this work I am n.aming this species for him. A comparison of Micrella monelli n. sp. with the descriptions of Chaitophorus viminalis Monell and its synonym Chiiitophdrus nigrae Oestlund brings out some most notable differences, as follows:
I'llMO.NA Clil.l.KfiK .1(11 HNAI, Df F.NTOMOLOOV 721
Ch. viminalis \\>>u. Ch. nigrae t )i>il. M. monelli ii. sp.
lUiily l.<iif;lli l.;-)() iiilii. I.<iijr(|i 1.2 lo \.\ liiiii.
I.niglli I. .')■-' to l.().") Aplirous forms d/irk. SiiuiIIit sptTifs.
mill. Ill lc)iif;i St. .\|iti'riiiis forms vcrv
-Vptiroiis forms oft.ii I \' loiif;i r tliaii \'. Ii;;lil with none dark.
ilark. 'I'i|)s of sfjjmciits dark. l-'ilaiiicnt of \'I iiiticli
lutennai — loiif;<-r than III.
I'ilaiiniit slifflitly Ion- IV .sliortir timn \' in
r tli.iii III. winged and apterous
I \' .1 lilllr loiiij;(r than forms.
\ ■ I-<'Ks roliMst, tips (l.irk.
throughout
EICHOCHAITOPHORUS n. fjun. Tyijc E. populifolii ii. sp.
liotlil 111 wiiifjcd individuals tin- luad little narrower tli.iii thorax, and ilHloinen little wider th.-in thorax. In apterous forms the hody is broad across the middle of the ahdomen. tajiering anteriorly to a rather broad head and round- ing otf posteriorly to a blunted point, flat. Covered with long and short stout spines wliieh are situated on r.ather large body tubercles. Small species.
Ili'iid — Uroad across the front which is straight or well rounded. Antennae .arise from sides of the head just in frimt of the eyes. K.aving :\ wide space be- tween their bases. Without aiiteiinal frontal tubercles. I'ront hairv. Kycs — With terete m.arginal tubercles behind.
Anlcnnar — Not as long as the body, reaching to or slightly beyond the bases of the cornicles. Carried close to the sides of the Ixidy when the insect is feeding, at right angles with the main axis of the body when moving about. Article I wider, but little or no longer than II, III nearly or as long as I\' and \'I to- gether, but shorter tli.an \'l or the spur of \'I, the spur of \'l less than four times .'IS long as the base and always longer th.'in III and never so long as the sum of the lengths of I\', \' and the base of \'I. Sensoria large, eircul;ir, from three to nine on article III, none on I\', one at the .apical end of \', and one large and six small in the ])rocess of V'l. Sensoria on III situated in a single row, if three or four they are usually within the b.asal half, if eight or nine they extend nearly the full hiigtli of the .artiele. Articles imbricited.
liostruiii- In winged forms reaching just beyond the second coxa-. In .apter- ous forms re.acliing to third coxie.
Tlioraj- — Wider than head, but not wider than tin- .'ibdomeii.
Cornicli's — Truncate or nearly so, longer than wide, approximately as long as the style including the wide base. Wider at the Iwise, slightly H.-iring at the mouth, but not as wide as at the base, n.arrowest just before the mouth, with net- work of lines on the .surface.
Lfgs — Rather small and slender, but not abnormally so, well in proportion with the rest of the body, h.airy .is in Clinilitplinruii. Article I of tarsi one-third as long as article II.
SI i/li- or Ciiiida — Distinctly knobbed, restricted below knob and enlarged ag.'iin at base, which is wider th.an the diameter of the round or globular knob,
722 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
witli many long and sliort curving spines. Style usually hid beneath the pro- jecting pygidium or last abdominal segment which is well rounded and hairy.
Anal Plate — Distinctly bifurcated, but not as deeply forked as in the genus Callipterus, situated well under the body, with long and short curved s])ines which are set on slight tubercles.
Wings — Rather slender, normally typical Aphis venation, but very variable as shown in accompanying cuts (Figure 231, 1-19). Stigma rather short and oval in shape, about three times as long as broad, light streak near lower margin, below which is an irregular row of short hairs. Stigmal vein and first and second discoidals as in Chaitophorus, third discoidal variable, from once to thrice forked, though it is normally twice forked, locations of forks exceedingly difficult to fix and seldom constantly located, usually obsolete at the base. Veins without clouded borders. Membrane hyaline or slightly darkened. Finely punctured or scaled. Secondar}' wings with normally two discoidals, but often with but one.
It has been with a great deal of reluctance that I have created this new genus, and not without a vast amount of examination of both literature and speci- mens. I have also sent specimens to Prof. Davidson, who wrote: "I do not know of any aphid like No. l6. It seems to resemble C. nigrae Oestl. slightly but is not same species of course. Williams in his 'Aphididae of Nebraska' p. 27, says of Ch. nigrae, 'tail knobbed'." The species cannot belong to the genus Chaito- phorus as it now stands for in looking at the characters which determine the genus we find the following, which does not agree with the above description: "Antenna" on indistinct frontal tubercles; spur of the sixth segment longer than tiie third, and about six times as long as the sixth segment. Cauda very sliort, being but a knob, ^^'ing venation regular. Nectaries six times the lengtli of the cauda and constricted in the middle." Wilson, A Second Paper on the Genera in tiie Sub- family Callipterinae, Can. Ent. Dec. 1910.
The genus which it seems to most nscniblc is Arctaphi.s Walker, the type of which is Aphis populi Linn. According to Wilson, in the article referred to above, the cauda is a knob on a quadrangular base. The anal plate is broadly rounded. In the new genus the style has a distinct neck and is situated on a very distinct conical base. The anal plate is deeply notched in the middle so as to make it somewhat forked as in the genus Callipterus.
Ill a general way the genus under consideration lies between tiie old genus Chditopliorus aiui the genus Callipterus, having the general body eliaraeteristics of the fornur .uid the style and anal plate of the latter.
Eichochaitophorus populifolii n. sp. wiN(;ki) viviPAHors female (Figure 'i.'i 1 A)
I.riigtii of body 1 .() luiii., width of luesotliorax ()..) mill., widtii of the abdomen O.fi nmi., wing expansion ."> iiiiii. .\ very small .and active species. Prevailing color — Dull green head and thorax and light green abdomen. Bodij — Very thin and flat. Head — Well rounded anteriorly, bristled, dull or dusky green, some- times nearly black. Eyes — Dark red, small with distinct tuinrele. Antennae — (Figure 232, !-()). Not ([uite as long as the body, not on frontal tulxreli's. hairy.
Pomona ("oi.i.f.ok .Ioihnai. ok Entomoi.oov
72},
iinhricatrd. Article I dusky olive f{reeii. l)iit linliter ttmii the hiad.ll li^lit vellow, often slij^htly dusky, III and I\' li^lit yellow tlirouKliout, \ yellow with du.sky ti|), \'l dusky throughout. Tlu- lengths of the articles arc as follows: I, 0.03 mm.; II, 0.0.5 mm.; Ill, O..S() nun.; IV, O.'i.S mm.; V, O.!."; mm.; VI, 0.175 mm. (spur O..S7.'i mm.); total 1..SI,') nun. Articles I and II arc co-cqual. III is nearly as long .'IS I\' and V together, but shorter than \'I, IV is much longer than \', the spur of \'I is nearly f(Uir times as long as the article and is longer than article III. The lengths of the articles vary considernhly as the drawings of the article III show in the cut. hut the comparative lengths are fairly constant, .\rtiele III hears from three to nine r.tther l.irgi' eircul.ir seiisoria, \' and \' I he.ir the usual
Figure 231. Eichochaitophorus populifolii I'ssijj
uuMilier. lio.ll III III Ke.ielus just beyond the second coxa", transpar<'ntly white with red or brownish tip. Prolhorax — C'oncolorous with the head, and very little wider. Mesa- and Mrtalhorax — Dull olive green with lobes well developed and lil.'ick, shiny, .llxlomen — Flat, hairy, yellowish with dull or light green dorsal markings as follows: Large green transverse irregular band just behind the thorax; irregular green transverse band near middle of abdomen, this band curves deeply toward the Cauda in the middle; two green blotches just back of the cor- nicles, the bases of which blend into a transverse green band which extends across the dorsum; a green transverse band near the caudal end. Tip of alxlomen light yellow. These markings may vary, but there is always a large vellow blotch just behind the first green band, yellow areas around the bases of flu- eornieles,
724 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
and a yellow tip. Anal plate (Figure ij3i2, 18) very distinctly bitid, but not as nuicli so as in the genus Callipterus, very hairy or covered with long spines. The anal plate is usually hid by the pygidium which extends over it dorsally, light yellow in color. Ventral surface pale uniform green. Cornicles — (Figure 232, 10). Longer than broad, somewhat truncate, broader at the base and flaring at the mouth, narrowest just before the mouth, longer than broad, light transparent yellow, the base surrounded by a yellow area, surface covered with irregular mosaic figures which are nearly circular parallel lines at the base. Length 0.1 mm. Legs — Normally long and hairy, transparently j-ellow with femora and tips of the tarsi (Figure 232, 12) dusky amber. The femora of the metathoracic legs are darker than those of the other two pairs. Wings — (Figure 231, 1-19). Slender, hyaline to faint sub-hyaline and venation very variable. Primary — (Figure 231, 3-18). Length from 1.95 mm. to 2.4 mm., width from 0.65 mm. to 0.8 mm. Venation exceedingly variable within the species and within the same individuals. The most typical venation is shown in the wings of the winged female and may be expressed as follows: Costal wide to base of stigma, dusk}' brown; subcostal wider than the costal, dusky brown; stigma (Figure 231, 11) dusky brown, rather short and oblong, narrowest at base and widest at the base of the stigmal vein with both sides uniformly sloping to form a blunt tip, light streak near the ventral border and the area between the light streak and the bottom margin covered with about sixteen short curved hairs which are situated on slight tubercles, length 0.1 mm., width at stigmal vein 0.03 mm. Stigmal vein arises near the apical end of the stigma and is usually strongly curved downward in the first half and more gradually curved in the remaining half — may even be undulate. The discoidal veins are the most variable, but normally the first dis- eoidal is slightly curved outwardly at the base and from thence continues almost straight to the wing margin, it arises from the middle of the subcostal; second discoidal arises from the subcostal marly midway between the bases of the first and third discoidals, but slightly nearer the base of the first, is usually bent out- wardly; third discoidal is obsolete at the base, twice-branched, nearly parallel to the second discoidal, first branch arises near the middle and extends nearly straight towards tlie middle of tlie wing tij). tjie second fork being formed near the middle of the first branch, the lower branch runs parallel to the third vein. I'roMi tills normal venation will be found almost every conceivable graduation. The wings represented by Figure 231, 13 to 17 inclusive, are pairs, while the wings from .'i to 10 inclusive are taken from individuals whose other wings were normal. The coxtiil .■ind siihco.stiil veins are norni.al and constant throughout; the xli!j:»itil ri-iii is constant in a large majority of cases as in 3, I, 8, 10. I !•, 15, one of 1(), 17 and 18, but in .) the base is obsolete and the curve slight, in (i the base is .•ilso obsolete with a portion isolated from the ninaindt r. in the right wing of 13 it is undulati- as is also the eas<> in the right wing of Hi. In all it is noticeable that the greatest amount of curvature is in the bas.-il half of the vein. First dis- coitliil is str.aight as shown in (), 8. j), 10, I."). Hi. 17. in .i and ."i undulate, in K 7. II. 17 and 18 curved outwardly. Sfcoinl ilisroiiliil is straight in the drawing of till' winged female and in 8 and 1 I. slightly undiiliti' in ."> and (J, bent outw.-irdly
I
PoM( NA College Joi'unal of Entomoloov 735
ill tin- riiii.iiiKlir. Third li'i.tcnidnl iioniially twirt-liriiiiclu-d iis shown in A, .S. 8, 9. and the ri^lit wiii^s of pairs I I- and IK. In (i, ri^lit win);s of )mirs I.S, I I, \6 nnd IK, and liotli wiii^s of \Ci. tilt- rijflit wiii); of I.S shows a rudiment of n M-<-und branch near th»- wiiijj tip; the ffrcat diffiTciiic in tin- position of thi- forks of all of tlu-sf Vfin.s are iiotic-cahlc. In one case, the It-fl wing of IT. tlurt- is a third fork near tlir wiiifr margin and a ri-vt-rsi- third fork near thf margin of the right wing. Tlif base of tlir third discoidal is norinaliy obsoU-tr as is shown in nrnrlv every wing. In l(t the base of tin- first fork is broki-n up very badly, and in many cases the lower branehi-s of the two forks are badly twisted, but in spite of this it will be seen that tiiey are usually p:irallel. .\ll veins dusky brown. Srcoiiflari/ (Figure '2.SI, ].'>, II, \'> and !!(). .\lso variable in venation. Length from I..M mm. to 1 . 1 1- mill., width from U. .'<.'> iiim. to |I..'I7 mm. N'oriii.iilv with two diseoid/iK,
Figure 232. Eichochaitcphorus popjlifolii K~-ii;
but often with only one. .Siibeost;ii iin(iiilate. usually most strongly curved at the base of the .second discoidal, may or m.ay not extend to the tip of tiic wing. I'irst di.scoidal arises slightly beyond one-tiiird the distance from the Ivise to the apex of the subcostal, may be obsolete at the base or wanting as shown in I I and left wing of pair 1'2, straight, does not extend to wing margin, dusky brown. Second discoi<Ial arises near the middle of the sulx-ostal at its greatest bend, is considerably longer than the first discoidal. nearly straight or slightly Ix'nt out- wardly. Style — (Figure 2.S2. 7. 8. 9). Distinctly globular with a very narrow neck and a base wider than the knob, yellow, with rather long coarse spines.
726 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Resembles the style of the genus Callipterus, but is more knobbed than any of the members of the genus Chaitophorus which have been under my observation. Length 0.08 mm., width or diameter of knob 0.045 mm., width of base 0.06 mm.
APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 231 B and C)
Length of body l.-l mm., width of abdomen just in front of the cornieles 0.76 mm. A thin, flat and very small species. The entire body is covered witli long and short spines, each of which is situated on a tubercle (Figure 232, 14). Prevailing color — Green and yellow, variegated, or reddish brown and yellow, markings nearly always constant. Head — Broad across the front and nearly rec- tangular in shape, hairy, dusky green or dusky yellow, often with yellow median markings, nearly twice as wide as long. Eyes — Bright red, with lateral marginal tubercle behind. Antennae — (Figure 232, l6 and 17). Arising from near the sides of the head, reaching nearly to the bases of the cornicles, hairj' ; imbricated ; article I yellow, II dusky yellow. III and IV transparently white or yellow, V transparently yellow or wliite with a dusky tip, VI dusky throughout; lengths of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0. 55 mm.; Ill, 0.295 mm.; IV, 0.16 mm.; V, 0.115 mm.; VI, 0.45 mm. (spur 0.31 mm.) ; total 1.135 mm. I and II are practically sub- equal, III is as long or longer than IV and V together, but shorted than VI or the spur of VI, IV is longer than V, V slightly sliorter or nearly co-equal with the base of VI. The spur of VI not as long as the sum of IV, V and VI. Sen- soria normal on V and VI. Rostrum — Reaches to third coxae, transparently white or yellow with red tip. Prothorax — Of the older and larger individuals dusky green, in the j'ounger reddish females there is a distinct lateral yellow blotcli on each side of the dorsum. Meso- and Metathorax — With irregular green blotch on tlie median dorsum or a large red blotch covering the median third of the dorsal area and a yellow margin on each side in all cases. Abdomen — Flat, widest near the middle, rounded or pointed posteriorly, covered with stout hairs, mark- ings fairly constant and as follows: ground color either dark green or reddish brown (the larger specimens are usually green, while the smaller ones sometimes appear red or brown). In the larger green forms there are two marginal, trans- verse yellow blotches near the base which extend about one-third the width of the .abdomen from each side, in the middle of the dorsum is a large somewhat tri- angular yellow spot, a yellow spot around tlie base of each cornicle, and a median quadrangular or diamond-sjiaped yellow spot at the posterior end including the pygidiuni. In the smaller reddish individuals the markings are nearly the same, but lack the lateral yellow transverse spots near the base. These are partly included in tlie large yellow spots on the sides of tlie meso- and metathorax. The median dorsal spot is distinctly triangular, and the posterior yellow spot is sliglitly dusky near the extreme end. The anal plate is slightly, but distinctly bifurcate as in the winged forms and covered with long stout spines, color of the ventral body surface which is yellowish or greenish. Cornicles — (Figure 232, 15). In general shape, size and color they resemble those of the winged individuals, but perhaps a trifle shorter and wider at the base. Legs — Normal, hairy, transparently white or yellow, with femora slightl}' amber and tibia- and tarsi dusky amber.
Pomona College Joihnal ok F.stomoloov 727
Siifle — (I'ifjiiri' 2.S^, l.S). Distiiu'tly globular with small ni-ck and witir Imsc ns in winged .s|«-cinu-n.s, Vfllow, hairy, It-ngth O.oy nun., width or dianntcr of knoli O.Oj;") nun., width of base O-OS,') mm.
Young — (Figure 'l'.'>\ ('). Tin- first horn are pale yellowish green without eolor markings at all and with transparently white antennii* and legs. The older forms gr.'ulually assume the distinct dorsal markings either reddish or green with vi-llow spots until they have become as described under the adult forms. In some of these the style is pinkish instead of yellow.
Iloti — Found only on the upper surfaces of the tender, but most often on till' older leaves of the common wild Cottonwood (I'lipului Irirhuiarpa T. & (i.). It is never a stem feeder. A great producer of honey -dew upon which grows gri-at quantities of the black fungus. .\11 infested trees are easily told by their dirty black appearance. The insect is able to cling to the surface of the li'aves with a reniJirkable tenacity and it is almost impossible to jar or shake them ofT.
I.oralili/ — Obtained on cottonwoods growing along the .*^;inta Clar;i River fri>m Santa I'aula to .Sespe and .ilong the .Srspe Hivcr far up into tin- eaiiyon at an altitude of 2000 feet.
Dale of Collection — First t.-iken in the Sespe Canyon May 20, whc-re it oc- curred in great numbers on a single small tree. .Vgain collected at .Santa Paula August i and still shows up in coiisider.iblr niMiibcrs .it this d.-ite (.Sept. I.'>, l!)ll). .Serial number Iti.
Symdobius macrostachyae n. sp. wiNtiKO vivii'Miins KKMAi.K ( l-'igure 2.'!.'t .\)
Length of body ','.■,' mm., width of the mesothor.-ix 0.7 nnn., width of the .'dxlomeii O.J) mm., wing exjiansion (i nnn. Hotly — Medium in size, rounde<l, hairy. Prevailing Color — Bbtck or very dark, shiny or dull. Ileail — Large, much wider than long, broad across the front between the antennif. hairy, very dark green to black with light transverse basal band. Kyrs — Three large red ocelli on the dorsum of the head. Compoinid eyes Large, red, with tuln-rcles. Antennae — (Figure 2,'<.S C and D). Not on frontal tubercles, bases far apart, reaching to the third abdominal segment (a little more than half the length of the Ixnly), with long curved spines or hairs, three apical articles imbricated, articles I and 1 1 nearly as dark as the head, remaining articles amber brown to nearly black. Lengths of articles: I, 0.07 mm.; II, 0.07 mm.; III. 0.;U) mm.; IV. 0.18.S mm.; V. 0.17'! mm.; VI, 0.2(i mm. (base O.LS mm., spur O.LS mm.); total M l(i mm. I and II usually snbcqual though the first is often longer and always widi-r. Ill is by far the longest article, being nearly twic«' as long as W . mori- than twice as long as \'. and more than twice as long as the spur of VI, IV longer than V, \'I with Iwise and spur equal in length, in not a few instances the spur is slightly the longest. The sensoria are large, circular, irregularly arranged, and situated as follows: .\bout seventeen on III, usually two within the apical half of I\', one on V, and the usual ones at the base of the spur of VI. Roilrum — • Heaches to, nearly to, or slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen, dusky yellow with dark base and tip. Prothorax — Considerably wider than the he.id, but not as
^28
Pomona College Jovrnal of Entomology
wide as long, witli small scini-globiilar lateral tubercles near the base, black. Meso- and Mctathoraj: — Dark brown with muscle lobes well developed and black. Abdomen — Little wider than the thorax, dark brown, amber, or nearly black, with amber or brownish markings on the dorsum, between the dark transverse bands, and amber around the bases of the cornicles, as well as along the sides. Dark markings along extreme margins, covered with rather long spines. Anal plate well rounded, hairy, dark. Cornicles — (Figure 233, 1). Short, widest at the base and constricted just below the mouth, which is flared, dusky amber to dusky green throughout, length 0.08 mm., width of base 0.09 mm., width of mouth 0.06 mm. Legs — Normally developed, very hairy, coxae dark brown to nearly black.
Figure 233. Symdobius macrostachyae F.ssig
femora dark througliout, tibiie amber witii dark bases and tij)s, tips with a sharp spur or point on the inner side, tarsi dark (Figure 233, i). Article I com|)osing .about oiie-fiflli of the entire tarsi, including the claws, liairy. Jf'ings — Normally large and \euatii)n fairly eonst.iut. Primary — Length 2.7 mm., greatest width 0.9 nun. \'eins slightly clouded, with a de])ression in the margin at the tip of the stigma. Costal vein wide and dark. Subcostal wider than the costal, amber to the stigma. Stigma sliort, oval with blind tij), dark with lighter streak which is a continuation of the subcostal vein, below this light area the color is darkest .ind the .irea is hairy. length 0. .").") uuu., width O.KS nun. Stiguial vein arises near
I'OMONA C'(II.I.E(iE JoiHNAI. OK F.NTOMOI.OQV 72^)
till' liiuliilr of till' sli^iiia, may or may not Ix- siili-olisolctc at llir liasr, cloudrd darker near tlif liasc, curvi'd tliroii;{lioiit the liasal lialf. slightly iindiilatc. apical half nearly parallel with the upper liraiu-h of the second fork of the third dii- eoidal, dusky amber, l^'irst diseoidal arising lieyond the middle of the sulieostal. straight, often heavily clouded, more so than the other veins. Second diseoidal with base nearer the first diseoidal than the third discoiilal, nearly straight with .ipical one-fourth curved inwardly, does not reach the wing margin, ilusky amlH-r with faint clouded l«)rders. Third diseoidal only slightly variable, normally twice-forked, with first fork .'iliout (Uie-third ilistance from the basi- and the second fork half the dist;mce from the first fork to the tip of the wing, the upper branch of the second fork longer than the lower, slightly clouded, dusky amber. In only a few cases is this vein once forked. Srcoiiilari/ Length I.S mm., great- est width ()..') mm., dark clouded Jirea at the extreme tips, veins not doudi-d, vena- lion normal with two discoid.'ils. .'^ubeostal vein strongly bent downward at the base of the second diseoidal. which is below the booklets; hooklets just In-yond the middle of the upper wing margin. Discoidals with bases distant, one on either side of the middle of the subcost.'il. both obsolete for n very short distance at their bases, and both curve so tliat the convex surfaces are towards tlu' wing tip. the second vein curved most, i'(|ual in length, do not touch lower margin <if the wing. All veins dusky amber. Sti/le — ( l''igiire 'i.S.S, 'i). Very short and broadly conical, base three times as wide as the length, dark •rreeii. lenu'tli I'li-t ■■■m width 0.09 mm.
Al'TKHOrs VIVIPABOI'S KKMAI.K ( KigUrc 'J.'*,"* H)
Length -J.?.") mm., width of abdomen !.(» mm. liodi/ — Well rounded and slightly plump, but not short, hairy, medium in size, dorsum with many lobes and depressions. Prefailin^ Color — \'ery dark brown, reddish brown with black markings or black with dull brown areas between the segments and along the middle dorsum, shiny or dull. Hi'ad, rather small, wider than long, hairy, dark reddish brown with dark margins or nearly black. ./n/rHnnc— ( Figure 5.S.S F, and F). .-Vbout half as long as the body, bases distant, on the sides of the bead, not on frontal tubercles, hairy, articles I and II dark amber or reddish brown. Ill with base yellow or amber and the remainder dark brown. IV. ^' and VI dark amber brown with lighter areas at their articulations. L<'ngths of articles: I. 0.i>77 mm.; II. 0.0,5.5 mm.; III. 0.'2.i(i mm.; IV. O.I i mm.; V, O.I t mm.; VI, 0.18 mm. (base 0.10.) mm., s))ur O.OT.i mm.). I is longer or equal to II in length, but wider, III is the longest article, being ne.'irly twice as long as I\' and V together. l\' and V are subequal and each shorti'r than VI, but longer than the base, y\ with base longer than the spur, though these are sometimes sulx-qual. .Scn- soria on .-ipical end of V and at the base of tlu' spur on \'I. lioftrum — Reaching to the middle of the abdomen, yellow with dark base and tij). Prnthoras — .Vmber brown to dark brown with dark margins and aml>er middle, two depres- sions, one on each side, near the middle, two Hesby lateral lobes near the base. MrsolliorajT — Dark, nearly black, with middle amber or reddish brown area, sides distinctly lobed with curved depression in middle of each. Mrtolhorajr^ Short, nearly .'ill d.irk. with amber or reddish middle, depressions on each side,
730 Pomona College Joirnal of Entomology
lateral tubircle on each margin. Abdomen — Witli six rather Heshy lateral tuber- cles on each margin, large dejiressions between the segments near the lateral margins, color dark, nearly black, with dorsal median line and slight area between segments dark reddish brown, and with a reddish band across the base of the last segment. Cornicles — (Figure 233, 3). Same shape as those in winged form, basal half color of the body, apical half yellow, length 0.115 mm., width of base 0.115 mm., width of mouth 0.08 mm. Legs — Front pair very short, and middle pair shorter than the hind pair, hairy, colored as in winged form. Anal plate — Rounded, dusky. Style — Short, broad at base, about three times as wide as the length, broadly conical, hairy, yellow, pinkish or amber, slightly dusky.
Youns; — Young of the apterous females are amber, reddish or dark brown with a lighter longitudinal band on the median dorsum occupying most of the head, one-third the width of the thorax and considerable of tlie abdomen, where it is the widest.
Host — Feeding only on the younger stems of the white willow, {Salix macrostachija Nutt.), and associated on the same twigs with the small green aphid, Thomasia cruris. It is not a leaf feeder at all, lives in dense colonies, and pro- duces large quantities of honey dew, so that the infested trees are very black with smut. Usually found near the tips of the twigs and does not seem to feed upon the old bark at all. The apterous forms are very plentiful while winged individuals are scarce.
Locality — On low willow trees growing along the banks of the Santa Clara River in the vicinity of Santa Paula, Cal.
Date of Collection — August 25, 1911. Serial number 50.
This sj)ecies resembles most Chaiiophorus nigrac Oestl. (now a synonym of Chaitophonis vitt^inalis Moiull) in slia|)e and general color, but differs from that insect as described by Prof. Oestlund in the following:
Chaitophorus nigrae Oe-sll. Symdobius macrostachyae n. sp.
Antennae
Article IV a little shorter than V. Article IV usually a little longer
than V or subequal.
Base of VI about half as long as V. Base of VI nearly as long as V.
VII (spur of VI) as long as IV. The spur of VI nearly as little over
half as long as IV.
Rostrum
Rostrum rather short, reaching sec- Rostrum long, nearly as long, as long
ond coxa". or longer tli.m to the tij) of the abdo-
men.
Style
Style tubercle-like, or even knobbed Style bro.idly conical .ind not knob-
as in Callipterus. bed as in Calliptcrus.
Pomona Colleoc Journal of Entomoloov 731
Symdobius salicicorticis n. ?.p.
(The Willow Hark F-ousc)
WINGED viviPAUoi's KKMALK ( Fifjure 23 V A)
I.t'ii);tli 'J.I' linn., widtli of iiu-sotlior.ix 0.7 liilii., width of tlic alxioiiirii, l.l.'i iiitii., wing I'xp.'insion 7 mm. liody — RntliiT Inrgf, but roiisidcrnhly siiinllrr tliaii tlu- n|>t<Toii.s forms, widr and flat, covered entirely witli long fine Iinirs wliieli are situated on small tubercles. I'rcvailin'! color — Dark (treeiiisli brown. Ofler slightly jiruinose giving it the gravisli color. Head — Nearly as long as wid«', rounded in front, broad between the antenntr, black, with indistinct frontal tulx-r- eles. A'v'* — I.;irge. with tubercles, dark red. .■in/c;ifi(i«'--( Figure '.i^H. I and 2). On very indistinct frontal tubercles, reaching to the middle of the alxlomen (n little longer than h.ilf the length of the body), hairy, articles I and II dark, nearly as dark as the liead, tile remaining articles anilKT or light brown. Lengths of the articles: I, 0.08 mm.; 11, 0.07 mm.; Ill, 0. V8 mm.; IV, 0.'.'()."> mm.; V, O.-'l mm.; VI, 0..'tl mm. (base O.li;") mm., spur 0. !()."> mm.); total I.H.') mm. I and II nearly coecpud with the former, the largest and usually the longest. III is by far the longest article, being nearly twice as long as IV, more than twice as long as V and much longer than \'I, IV is slightly longer than V. but shorter than \'I. The spur .-ind the base of VI are nearly coecpial, though in the winged forms the spur is slightly the longer, imbricated throughout. The scnsoria are all circular .•ind vary greatly in size and distribution. On III they arc .scattered the entire length, varying in numlxTs from twelve to twenty, the average being sixteen or seventeen. On article I \' tin-re are from one to two, the first very near the base and the second near the middle. Out of ten average articles, six had one scnsoria and four had two. There is but one near the apex of V and five small ones and a single Large one on \'I at the base of the spur. Uostrum — Reaches just beyond the middle of the abdomen, whitish-yellow with a dark tip. Prolhoras — Without lateral tubercles, hairy, wider at base than at the apex, black. Mrso- and Mela- thorax — Black, with nni.scle lobes well di-veloped. hairy. Ahdnmrn — Flat, wide, last two segments narrow and extended, brownish-green with large and small transverse black markings, as shown in the drawing, dark spots along the lateral magrins, light around the bases of the cornicles. Ventral surface greenish. Anal plate extended, small, clouded green, hairy, rounded. Cornicles — (Figure 2.S+, 4). .'^ho^t. widest at the base, constricted just before the mouth, which is flaring very slightly, surface covered with fine network of lines forming a mosaic of long figures at the base and five or six-sided mosaic figures throughout the apical two- thirds, light yellowish green, length 0.08 mm., width of base 0.12 mm., width of mouth 0.07 mm. Les;.t — Rather slender, hairy, hind legs considerably longer than the first two pairs, coxiv dark, femora with basal halves yellow and apical halves amber brown, tibia- amber brown with apical half yellowish, tarsi (F'igure 2."?1'. 8) dusky yellow to dark amber brown; basal segment short and with prominent projection on lower side from which ari.ses a s))ine. one-half as long as the .second segment not including the claws. JVingn — Normal, hyaline with all veins very faintly clouded. Primary — Length 3.2 mm., width 1.1 mm. Veins faintly cloud- ed, dark brown, margin constricted at the tip of the stigma. Costal wide, brown.
732
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 234. Symdobius salicicorticis Essig
I'OMDNA C'OI.LKUE Joi'llNAI. Of F'. NTO.MOI.OOV 7.?.^
Siil)0<).st;il rxfcplioiwilly wi<li', occiipyiii); llii- ciitirr li.iii- iif tin- wiiijj, ricli lirowiu Stif^nn slinrt, oval. Iiliiiit at tip, hiut-r margin as well us apii-al half of tlir siil>- cDstal with a row of short hairs, mtircly hrowii and of a iiiiiforiii c'oU>r, h-iij{tli H.() iiiin., wicitli (>. I() iiiin. Stipiial vi-in arising from the iiiiddli- of thi- stigma rvcniy curved tliroujihoiit its lonjrth i-xi'cpt thf fxtrciiif lip, wliirh is i-iirvrd sli);htly thr opposite way. First discoidal arising from the middh- of the siiheostal vein, witli slifjht eiirve near the tip so as to have convex siirfaci- towards the winjj tip. Sec- ond discoidal arises ne;irly midway between thi- first and second discoidal, a litth- nearer the first, undulate, but may be nearly straight. Third discoidal twice- forked and fairly constant, obsolete at the b/ise, which is nearly midway lH-twe<ii the bases of the s<'Cond discoidal and the sti^mal veins, first fork about one-third tin- distance from the base to the tip of the vein, second fork about half the distnnci- from the first fork to the tip of the upper branch of the second fork, upper branch of sirond fork longer th;in the lower. Srcoitdiiri/ — I.en);th 1 .!> mm., width II. .').'> mm., with booklets two-thirds the distance from the base to the tip of tin- upper margin. Subcostal vein slightly undulate with no strong curves, brown. Discoidals arising, one on each side of the middle of tlii' subcostal, obsolete at the bases, both curved with convex surfaces towards the wing tip, the second vein with more slant towards the wing ti)) than the first. \'eins brown and very faintly clouded. Sti/le — Short, rounded or slightly conical, hairy, about as long •IS llie cornicles, dusky green.
M'TKIKllS VIVII'Mlots KKMM.K ( I'igUre 'I'M H)
Length .'i.--' nun., width of the abdouiiii I.S nun. liixlii Decidedly widi and flat, covered with long fine light hairs, uuich larger than tin- winged individuals, naked if taken undergrouiul .■ind pruinose if .abovi-. Prrrailinii color- Grayish to amber brown with d.arker brown markings, which may also be nearly black. .\ thin coating of white powdiT gives it the gray color. The ground color may v;iry from a light yellow, pink, or dark amber. Ilvatl — Nearly trapezoidal in shape with the base .and front parallel, wide and flat between the antenna-, with vi-ry short, indistinct frontal tubercles, reddish or yellowish brown to gray, with two darker spots near the base. Ei4es — Small, with distinct tubercles, red. An- Irnnae — ( I-'igure '.'.'U, (i and 7). Not half as long as the IxMly. on indistinct tubercles, hairy-hairs on tubercles; articles I and II eoncolonnis with h<-ad. Ill atul IV transp.'irently yellow to whitish, \' dusky yellow with dark amber apical one-half, \'I dark amber brown throughout. Lengths of tin- articles: L n.O!) nnn.; H. 0.07 mm.; III. O. t nun.; IN'. 0.'i-.i nun.; N'. 0.'.J mm.; \'I. 0.-H\ nnn. (base O.I.S mm., spur O.l.S mm.) ; total 1 .'.' t umi. The comparative lengths of the articles correspond well with thosi- of the winged females. Rostrum — Reaches beyond the third coxic. nearly to the middh- of the abdoimn. whitish with dark markings at the extreme tij) only. Tliora.r and .//if/omcHCi round color varying from whitish yellow, to rich yellow, amber, reddish brown to gray with distinct darker markings which may be rich dark yellow, brown or nearly black. These mark- ings, usually darker sliadi's of the ground color, are <piite variable in i-xtent. Thr dr.iwing shows an .-iverage type. The median dorsum is usually yellow or lighter
734 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
from tlie front to tlit- middle of the abdonirn with faint cross-lines connecting darker transverse areas on both sides (usually a single area on the side of each segment) which do not usually extend to the lateral margins of the body, the posterior half of the abdomen is decidedlj' darker than the rest of the body with light areas surrounding the cornicles and a light pygidium. In not a few indi- viduals this dark area extends forward, covering nearly all of the abdomen, but in such cases the light longitudinal median line is always distinct to the middle of the abdomen. The last two or three segments are extended and much narrower than the rest of the body. This extension is usually light, with dusky, small, anal plate at the tip. Cornicles — (Figure 234, 5). Of the same shape as those of the winged females, but larger, marked with mosaic lines, transparently white or yellow. Length 0.1 mm., width of base 0.14 mm., width of mouth 0.08 mm. Legs — Rather short and slender, first and second pairs very short, hairy, coxae dark amber brown, femora dark amber brown, tibia? yellow with dark brown tips, tarsi brown. Style — (Figure 2,S1, 9). Bluntly conical, smooth, short, width of base greater than the length, light j-ellow, with dusky margins, with very few hairs.
Tlie adult insects move very rapidly and are active for a semi-underground form.
young — The young vary from almost transparently white to yellow and dark amber, with or without dorsal markings.
Host — Found associated with Fullawaya saliciradicis at the surface of the ground, but mostly under ground feeding upon the bark of the Willow (Salij; laevigata Bebb.). It collects in large colonies, some of which were found four inches under the surface of the sandy soil. The individuals collected underground are not so dark nor so distinctly marked as those taken near the surface. Both winged and apterous females were abundant and were being preyed upon by the larvae of a red syrphid fly, which has not been determined.
Locality — Collected from the willow trees growing in the sand along the banks of the Santa Clara River in the vicinity of Santa Paula. Cal.
Date of Collection — August 16, 1911. Serial number 11.
This species somewhat resembles Melanaxantherium riifulus (Davidson) in size and geru'ral color, but differs in habits and in generic characters as both descriptions show. Fearing that it might be Mclanoxantheritnn saliceti (Harris), sjiecimens were sent to Mr. Davidson at San Jose, who has collected that species at Stanford University. His reply was that No. 1 1 compared favorably with William's Chaitophorus hruneri. Coni])aring it with this species we note the following differences:
Chaitophorus bruneri W illianis Symdobius salicicorticis n. sp.
Color Green, light or very dark. From a light yellow to amber brown,
sometimes with greenish brown cast. Cornicles In apterous form longer than liroid. In ajiterous form, the base is broader
than the length. In winged form, as long ,igain .is In winged form, the width of the
broad, base is much greater than the length.
Pomona Colleox Journal of Entomoloov 735
Hosts
I'vfds on till- leaves of Populus trrm- I'eeds on the l>ark of Willow (Salix
uloides. larvigata Bebb. ), and is a subterranean
form, or nearly so.
Williams' description of the sjieeific clinraeters incliidin); the len^fths of the antennal articles is deficient and a more extensive comparison is impossible. Tnn- that in many ways the descriptions agree very well, but from the differenees given above and esjiecially its habits, it seems to bi- a new species.
FULLAWAYA n. sen. Type F. saliciradicis n. sp.
finrti/ - Robust forms, the body of the winged female narrow at head, but mesothor.-ix, metathorax and aMomen nearly the same width. The l>ody of tin- apterous fi-male widest at the middle and tapering to a point posteriorly and to a rather broad front anteriorly. Coven-d with short fine hair and may or may not lie slightly pruinosc. Large species.
Ilrad — Considerably narrower than tli(- thorax, slightly |)oint<'d or straight across the front, with very indistinct frontal tubercles, especially so in the apter- ous fornvs. Covered with fine hairs. Nearly quadrangular in shape with the anti-nna' arising from the sides near the front.
Ei/rs — Large, with terete tubercles on the back margin.
Antennae — In the winged form a little over half the length of the body, not half so long as the body in the a|)lerous form: not reaching beyond the third abdominal segment. .-Vrising from the front sides of the head on very indistinct tubercles, or no tubercles at all. Covered with long hairs, each on a large tubercle. Slightly imbricated and rough because of the hair tubercles. .-Xrticle I usually shorter than IL never longer than II, though they may be coequal, I always wider. III much longer than either IV or V, though not nearly so long as the two together, not so long as \\. but longer than the spur, IV and V nearly sub- equal, the former usually a little shorter; VI the longest article, the spur nearly twice as long as the base and nearly coequal with articles IV and V, but usually a little shorter that either. The transition from the base of VI to the spur is not ,so great as in most a]>hids, the spur is nearly as wide as the base.
Rostrum — Reaching nearly to the tip of the abdomen, to the tip or even beyond the tip (in the wingc-d and young forms the rostrum may project beyond the tip of the abdomen), but in the robust apterous forms it does not quite ri-ac-h to the tip. Hairy along margins of the last joint.
Prothnra.r — Wider than the head, nearly rectangular in shape, with l;irge, semi-globular, lateral tubercles near the middle.
Abdomen — With lateral smaller semi-globular and rather pointed tubercles on each side. Practically all semi-globular in the apterous forms and two semi- globular ones near the middle on each side of the winged forms, the remainder rather pointed. Smooth, covered with fine hair, shiny or |)ruinose.
Cornicles — Entirely wanting.
736 Pomona College Jouknal of Entomology
Figure 235. FuUawaya saliciradicis Essig
Pomona Coli-eok Joihnai. ok F.ntomoi.oov 737
Legs — I.arpi-r, the first two pairs iicnrly of tin- snim- sizr, tin- liind jjnir iiiiicli lar^tcr, liairy. Tibia slifjlitlv Hari-il at the rxtmiir liasf, l-'irst article of llir tarsi verv small ami scarcrly lonjfrr on tlir uiidrr siiif than the widtli.
.S'/i//»-- -Hroadly rounded, nearly senii-cireulnr, liniry.
Anal Plate — Rather lar^e and well developed, nearly si'nii-circular in form.
/l';«^'.»--Sliort and hro.-id. witli ven.ation fairly constant. 1 1 valine or dti^kv siili-liy.aline. .'slijjnia short ;ind hhintly pointed at apex. Sti^nial vein arisinj; near the middle of the sti);nia and deeply curved llirouf;liout the first half. First discoid.'il stniifjht and norm:il. Second discoidal olisolete at hasc. str;iif(lit. Third discoidal normally twice-forked, ohsoh-te at Imse. first fork near the Imsc and second fork near the apex of the wing. Secondary with two parallel discoidals.
This genus is widely separated from all other genera by its uni(|ue com- bination of distinct characters. It has the rostrum and legs of the geiuis I.achnu*. the wing venation of Chaitophoriis and the body resembles soniewhat that of the genus Aphix. though there .an- no cornicles. In consi<iering the antennn- alone the insect might be placed in the tribe Chailophorini, but a study of the indi- vidual articles excludes it from Antaphh which has the spur of the sixth seg- ment above five times as long .as the segment. In Chaitaphorus the spur of the sixth segment is .about six times as long as the sixth segment and also longer than article III. In Si/mdohiiis the s))ur of the sixth segment is shorter than the segment. In Thomasia the spur of the sixth segment is shorter than the segment. From the description as giv< n .above it seems h.'irdly worth while to make further comparisons with the genera which it most resembles. I-'iilldirni/a has not th<' antenna- scgment.ation. stigm.'i, or stigmal vein of I.acbnus, nor the specific char- actiTs of Aphis. Though .a subterranc-m form it has neither the .antenna- nor the wing vcn.itloii of .iiiy yet described. In consideration of these facts I have not hesit.atdl to e.ill it a new genus. With others this species was sent to \V. M. Davidson of .>s.in .losi- who writes as follows: "No. ','() is certainly a peculiar insect. I am viry glad to h.ive specimens of it. N'ery liki-ly it is a new genus." The genus is n;im<-d in honor of Mr. Fnllaway. who lias worked extensively on tin- .'Xphidida- of H.-iwaii.
Fullawaya saliciradicis n. sp.
(Willow- Root I.ouse)
wiNtJKu vivii'AHors KKMALK (Figure 'i.'i.") A)
I.i^ngth of body .'!.'i nnn.. width of mesotliorax I.I mm., width of the nlMlo-
nien l..'1.") nnn.. wing expansion !) nun. .V large and robust species. liofii/ —
Smooth, covered with fine hair and purvelcnt throughout. I'rrrniling color —
Black and silvery gray which is due to a heavy coating of fine powdery white wax.
Some specimens arc almost entirely destitute of any of this powder. Head —
Nearly twice as wide as long, dull black, with very indistinct or no frontal
antennal tubercles, fine h.air on the front. Kifes — Dark red with distinct marginal
tubercle. Antennae — ( I'igure 2.S6, 8 and 9). On indistinct frontal tubercles,
half or a little longer than half as long as the Ixnly. reaching to the base of the
third .abdominal segment; cover<-d with long hair; color of segmcnt.s: I and II
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
dusky amber, darker than anj' of the rest; III, IV, V and VI amber brown. Lengths of the articles: I, 0.12 mm.; II, 0.12 mm.; Ill, 0.46 mm.; IV, 0.38 mm.; V, 0.38 mm.; VI, 0.6 mm. (spur 0.36 mm.); total 2.06 mm. Sensoria are dis- tributed as follows : from fourteen to sixteen large circular ones irregularly situ- ated on III, thickest near the middle of the article, sensoria uneven in size; one large sensoria at apical end of V, and one large and six small ones in process of article VI. Rosirum — Very long reaching to or almost to the tip of the abdo- men, yellow witii dark tip, margins of tip hairy. Prothorax — Much wider than
Figure 236. FuUawaya saliciradicis Essig
the head and nearly as wide as the nicsothorax, with large oval lateral tubercle (Figure 236, .0) near the middle margin, very dark, almost black with brown side and lighter basal transverse band. Meso- and Meiathorax — Dark reddish brown with muscle lobes, except scutellum, velvety black and covered with fine hair. Scutellum gra}'isli brown, Iiairy. Abdomen — Thick, nearly tlie same width throughout and rounding off abruptly at posterior end, ground color reddish brown, amber or nearly flesh color, covered with fine white powder which is specially thick in the depressions between the segments, lateral margins with
Pomona College Jouhnal of Entomoloov 739
pointed and rounded tulxreles, tliose near llie middle arc rounded (Figure 236, 7) while those near tlie base and the ]>yju;idiuni or posterior end are more or less pointed as in many of tlie s|)ecies of genus Aphis. In no other cose hove I ever seen these semi-globular tubercles on either the thorax or the obdouien ; there is also a row of lateral marginal dark spots on each side near the bose, i>r slightly behind the base, of each tubercle. Anal plate is rounded, hairy and dork. Ventral surface of the abdomen is same as the dorsal. Corniclet — Wanting. Leg! — Rather long and very hairy, hind legs much longer than the rest; coxw amber, covered with powder. Femora, bases yellow with remainder amber brown, tibia' dark amber brown, tarsi (Figure •■236, 3) dark amlwr brown, first article very short, ventral surface as long as the width. /rin^M-llather shorter and wider than common, hyaline or dusky sub-hyaline. Primary — Length * mm., width 1.7 nun. Costal wide to the stigma, brown; subcostal wider than costal with vein area in middle distinct, brown; stigma short, oblong, nearlv four times as long as wide, widest at base of stigma which is near the middle, rounds off to a blunt point near the apex, wing margin contracted at the apex of the stigma, dusky brown, length 0.85 mm., width 0.25 mm.; venation normal and fairly con- stant considering that this is a subterranean form; stignial vein arising from the middle of the stigma sharply curved, downward and upward bend throughout the first half and nearly straight througiiout the apical half, although there is a slight curve upwardly, brown, reaches the wing margin beyond half the distance from the stigma to the apex of the wing. First discoidal arises inside the middle half of the subcostal and is nearly straight, ba.se connected to the sulxrostal by a dark or dusky area or an extension of the subcostal area, brown, sometimes curved slightly outwardly with the convex surface towards the body. Second discoidal obsolete at the base, straight, ajjcx meets the wing margin midway between the apices of the first and third di.scoidals, brown, seldom even slightly curved. Third discoidal sometimes slightly variable, base obsolete, the third vein ])roj)er con- tinuing to the wing margin in a direction nearly j)arallel to the second discoidal, though the aj>ex gradually tapers towards the tip of the wing, in one instance this tip was forked thus making three forks in all (this is the only instance where this vein has been found forked), normally twice-forked, the first branch arising about one-third the distance from the base to the apex, this branch extends in almost a straight line towards the apex and docs not branch until near the tip — about two-thirds its distance from the first fork, brown. A'<Ton</<irv -Length i.C) mm., width 0." nun., subcost;il vein distinct and with two downward curves, one at the base of er.eii of the two discoidals. and with two upward curves, one Ix-tween the discoidals, and one under the booklets, basal half is bordered by a rather wide brow i area not un'ike tlmt of the suln'ostal in the primary wings; discoidals are obsolete at the has-' and run parallel; first discoidal arises just within the basal half of the subcostal, and the second discoidal just outside the basal half of the subcostal vein; all veins brown. Style — Short rounded, con- eolorous with the bodv, hairv.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
AI'TKROVS VIVII'AHOIS FK.MALE ( I'igurt' "iS'l B)
I.fiifitli of liody I-..") mm., widtli of abdomen '2. 25 mm. A larger form tlian the winged female Mitli more robust body. Body — Smootli, even .shiny, covered with fine soft hairs, often pruinose, especially if found near the surface of the soil — in some cases densely covered with fine white powder, widest at middle and tapering towards both ends. Prevailing color — From a yellowisli white, to flesh, rose, or grayish or even silvery due to the covering. The forms taken from deep under ground are very light and almost colorless and always without the pruinose substance. Head — Gray or dusky, with broad straight front and little or no signs of antennal tubercles, nearly quadrangular in shape, wider than long, with narrow
Figure 237. Fullawaya sal.ci-radicis Essifr On root of willow. Showing adult apterous viviparous females and a large horny larva of the red syrphid liy. which is the only natural enemy found preying on this aphid.
lighter band Jicross the base. Kifcs — D.irk nd. r.itlu r laruc with tubercle. Antennae — (Figure 236, 1 and 2). Not h.ilf as long .is the body, usu.illy reach- ing to tlic middle of the second abdominal segment, iiairy. the Ir.m.sition from the article VI to the spur very gradual; articles I .md 11 dark gray, concolorous with head. III ^-ellow with apical one-half amber, tip of segment distinctly con- stricted from last sensoria to the tip. I\', \' and VI dusky amber with slightly darker tips. Lengths of tin' articles: I. 0.07 mm.; II. O.l.S mm.; III. 0. t.) mm.; IV, 0.2<} mm.; V, O..SI) nun.; \I. (l.t!) nnu. (s|)ur 0.29 nnn.) ; total 1.7.! mm. Thus it will be seen that I is siiortcr th.in 11. wliilr in tjie winged form they were sub- .■(jual; 111 is longer tli;ui 1 \' or \ but not so long .-is both tog.-tiier. neitlier is it
Pomona College Joibnal ok Entomolooy 741
so \i>ufi .-IS mII <if \1, liut is li>ii;;rr lli.iii tin s|>ur; I \' is slightly xliortrr tlinn \'. I)iit llirsc i\r<- approximately Mil>fi|ii.-il ; \' I is not so long as I \' and \' togctlirr. tlioii^li niuc-li longer than either; the spur is not (|iiite twiee so long ns the base and is not so long ns the base and \' together. On artiele III there is usually a single row of circular sensoria, usually from four to tive, but often with but two and again with seven, as shown in the drawing; \' has large sensorium near apical end and sevi-ral (one large aiul six small) in the prociss of \'I. liiislrum — Nearly as long as the body, and in the younger forms longer, color of the body or lighter with dark hairy tip. /'r«//(ornj- — With rounded lati'r.il tubercle ( |-'igure -2.'<(), ).), much wider than the head ami about as wide, with light anterior portion and dull gray basal two-thirds, with lateral dark spot on each basal side. Meto- Ihorax — Light at anterior end, one-third with dark lateral spot on each margin, with also a basal lateral dark blotch which extends <in to the mctathornx, and a l.'irge dark median basal blotch covering nearly the entire dorsum. Melalhorax — With a continu.-ition of the black blotch from the mesothorax and two median tr.-msversi- dark bands near the basal border which do not touch in the middle. .Ilxlomfii "\\'i{h a \niiform pale color of from almost transparent white to a flesh, rose, gray or le;id color, with a row of lateral dark spots at the union of the seg- ments ,'ind a median dark band on tlu' last segment and a dark-tipped style. \'entr.il surface of a uniform color such as the ground color of the dorsum, it is more liable to be pruinose. With large semi-globular lateral tubercles ( |-"igurc •2^C). (i) as described in the winged form. .Vnal plate well rounded, dusky, hairy. Cornicles — Kntirely wanting. I.rgs — Rather stout and hairy; cox* light yellow, pruinose; femora yellow with Husky tips; tibia* amber brown with dark brown tips; tarsi dark brown. Slf/lf — Short, rounded, dull grayish-brown, hairy.
Youiiir — The young resemble the adult apterous females in color, being some- what lighter.
Both the winged .inil .iptrrous foriiis .are r.'itlier slow .iiid sluggish in tiieir movements, but droj) from the roots as soon as they are disturbed.
Host — Taken from the roots of the conunon Willow {Salix larrinala Hebb. ), near tlu' surf;ice and as far as from fourteen inches under ground. They arc found in light sandy soil along the river banks. It is a bark feeder and no forms were found above ground. They occur in rather large and compact c<ilonies. but may also be very scattered (Figure 'i:i~).
Locality — .\long the banks of the Santa Clara River, near .Santa I'aula, Cal.
Date of Collection — .\ugust 1(>, IJdI. .\pterous forms were f;iirly abundant, but the winged fem;iles se.'irce. .Vssoci.'ited with .•mother .Vphid. No. II, .Seri;il number 'Jd.
Thomasia crucis n. sp.
WIX<iEI) VIVII'AKOIS KE.MALK ( KigUrc 4.S8 A)
Length of body 1.'2 nnn., width of the nicsothornx ()..S.'» mm., width of the abdomen (t..")i nun., wing expansion .1.81 mm. Bodfi — .Small, distinctly marked and colored, covered with long curved spines, flat, and rather short, but wide. Prevailing color- — Rich green a!id black. Head — Large, rounded in front, nearly as long as wide, without antennal tubercles, dorsum very dark olive green to
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Pomona College Journal of Entomoloov
black, ventral surface very dark, front hairy. Eyes — Large, with distinct tuber- cles, dark red. Antennae — (Figure 238, 1 and 2). Reaching to the base of the abdomen, slightly longer than half the length of the body, arising from the head just in front of the eyes, all except first two articles imbricated, covered with a few long spines. Articles I and II dusky yellow or amber. III light at base with amber or very dark apical four-fifths and the extreme tip darker, IV, V and VI dark throughout. Lengths of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.045 mm.; Ill, 0.205 mm.; IV, 0.1 mm.; V, 0.08 mm.; VI, 0.21 mm. (base 0.07 mm., spur 0.14 mm.) ; total 0.69 mm. Articles I and II are often the same length, but the former is always much wider; III is not quite so long as VI, though very nearly so, but is much longer than the spur, IV is equal to or slightly longer than V, each of
Figure 238. Thomasia crucis n. sp
wliicii is about half of III or \'I. 'I'lii- scnsoria arc large and circular, being ar- ranged irregularly on articles III, I\', \' and in the process of VI as follows: from four to nine. Forty-four articles were examined and the following number of sensoria recorded: three had four, three had five, eleven had six, eight had seven, sixteen had eight, and three had nine, four had from one to three, sixteen were found with one, twenty-four with two, and six with three; V has from one to two — twenty-eight had one, and thirteen had two; article VI has the usual number (five to six) at the base of the spur. On III the sensoria are situated usually within the apical two-thirds; on IV liure is usually one in the middle and the others within the apical one-half; on V there is usually one in the middle
Pomona Collkoc Jou.;nal of Entomology 743
and the otluT mar the iipical end. Uuslrum iirnolics to the st-cond i-oxa-, liglit- gri-i'ii witli dusky tip. I'rolhuraj -Without lateral tulxTcle, wide and short, hairy, dark jfretii with lif;ht<r green transverse strip at apical border, ventral surfaee dusky greiii. Mrsollioraj- Dark green with niusele lobes black, or nearly so, ventral surfaee very dark with green area connecting the coxa-. Meta- Ihorax — Dark green with niusele lobes nearly black. Ahilomfii ~\\'v\\ rounded and Hat, covered with long sjiines, light green with dark dorsal markings - there are three large distinct green areas, one on the middle dorsum at the base and one surrounding each cornicle, with lesser areas as shown in the drawing. Ventral surface light green. Anal plate well rounded or slightly depressed near the middle, dusky or light green. Cornicles — (Figure '238, ,S). Short, base much wider than the mouth, gradually narrowing from base to the tip and smallest at mouth, which is not Hared, covered with fine network of lines, basal half dusky, apical half green to yellowish, length 0.()()5 mm.; width at base 0.075 mm., widtli at mouth O.Oi mm. Legs — Short, stout, hairy, light, with coxte dusky green, femora dark amber brown, tibia; light amber with dark bases and lips, tarsi dark brown. H'ings — Rather long for so small an insect, narrow, hyaline, venation variable, but usually of the normal "Chaitoiihorus" type. Primary — (Figure iJ.Sy, 1 to 11). Length 1.75 mm., widtli U.6.S mm. Costal vein wide to stigma, light amber to yellow; subcostal twice as wide as costal and of same color; first dis- eoidal arises near the middle of the subcostal and is usually straight though in many cases it curves with the convex surface .towards the tip of the wing (in one ease this is reversed — right wing of pair 3) ; second and third diseoidals with a tendency to unite at their bases (F'igure '239, (), 7, 10 and 11), though normally they are separated. Second diseoidal curved or straight — when curved, with the convex surface towards wing tip, the base usually midway between the bases of the first and third diseoidals, but a little nearer the latter, tip may show a tendency to fork as shown in 2, 5, (J in Figure sJSy. In one instance (Figure 239, ^) there is a strange figure connecting the first and second diseoidals; third diseoidal very abnormal and variable as shown in the drawings. It may be once, twice or thrice forked. In the normal vein (if there be such) the first fork is just inside the middle and the second fork near the middle of the second branch. In not a few wings there are faint but distinct clouded borders along the stiguial and diseoidal veins, darkest along first diseoidal. Stigma short, oblong with blunt tip, margin of the wing is d<-pressed or set in at the apex of the stigma, color dusk)' with basal ni:irgin lighter and hairy. Stigmal vein arising just beyond the middle of the stigma, mostly curved throughout the first half, slightly undulate, long, apical half nearly parallel with the upper branch of the second fork of the third diseoidal. Tips of the veins often clouded. Secondary — Length 1.1 mm., width 0.31 mm., normally with two diseoidals, though out of some fifty mounted specimens two wings were found without either diseoidal, and five wings were found with only one diseoidal and that the first one. Subcostal is always present and curved downward under the booklets, reaches to tip of wing which has a dusky spot at its apex. First diseoidal arising from the subcostal just inside its middle, straight, short, does not reach to the wing margin. Second
744
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
discoidal arises just outside the middle of the subcostal, obsolete, just a base, curves so as to have convex surface towards tip of wing, no longer than the first discoidal. All veins brown. Style — (Figure 2.S8, 4). Short, wider at the base than at the apex, which is nearly straight across, rough, with long hairs or spines, green, length 0.07 mm., width at base 0.08 mm.
APTERors viviPAHors FEMALE (Figure 238 B) Length 1.;? nnu., width of the abdomen 0.7 mm. Body — Flat, widest just in front of the cornicles, covered with long curved hairs or spines, well seg- mented, very small. Prevailing color — Rich green with a distinct light green or yellow cross on the dorsum (hence the name crucis), light spots or areas
Figure 239. Thomasia crucis n. s]i.
around tlic basis of the cornicles and a liglit posterior spot. The main axis of the cross extends in a longitiidin.-il liiii- on the dorsum from the base of the head to the end of the style, while the cross bar is a transverse band across the middle of the body. Surrounding the liglit area of the cross are dark green areas, which are darker than tiie rest of the body and which help to bring out the distinctness of the markings. Due to the smallness of tiiis species the cross cannot be dis- tinctly seen witiioiit the air of a liand lens. Heart — Large, considerable wider at the base than at the front, rounded between the .intennw, which are far apart, covered with long hairs, dark green with median b;ise lighter. Eyes — Large, dark red, distant from the bases of the antennae. Antennae — (Figure 238, 7 and 8). Reaching to the middle of the abdomen, slightly longer than half the length of the body, with fiw long h.iirs or spines, imbricated, light yellow with the tip
Pomona Collboe Journal of Entomoloov 745
of III dusky niiibcr, I\' sli^litly dusky throuffluiut with vi-ry dark tip, V niid \'I MTV dark throughout. Lengths of th<- artich-s: I, O.OH nun.; II, ().0.'5 nun.; Ill,
0.I.S8 mm.; IV, ().()7 i. ; V, 0.07 mm.; VI. ().I7.'> mm. (Imso O.OtJ.'i mm., spur
0. II mm.); total O.HT)^ nun. Artich's I and II usually rqual in li-ngth, with thf former much wider; III nearly twiee as long as either W or \', hut not so long as \'I. though shorter than the spur; IV and \' coeiiual. and l)oth short, eneh iM-ing hut slightly longer than the hase of \'I ; \'I longer than III. the spur nearly twice as long as the hase. Sensoria normal on V and in the prm-ess of VI. lioifrum — Reaching nearly to the third coxa-, green with and)er base and dark tip. Thorns — (ireen with light yellow upper portion of the cro.ss on the medium dorsum, ventral surface green. Ahdomrn — Green, tin- basal portion bearing the transverse h.ir of the yellow cross and the posterior Jjortion bearing the lower main axis of thi- cross, a light spot at each end of the transverse bar. and light areas around the inner bases of the cornicles, covered with long curved spines. \'i-ntral surface of a uniform dull green. Anal plate w»>ll developed and rounded, green. Cot- nirlrs — Light yellow or viry light yellowish green, wider at the base than at the apex, iu>t constricted before mouth, which is not flared, surface covered with n fine network of lines, wjiich form ;i mosaic near the apex. Length 0.0() mm., width of base 0.07 nun., width of the mouth 0.0 !• nun. Leg* — As in the wingi-d forms, Sli/lr ( I-'igure '2.S8, ()). Rounded at tip with sides nearly parallel, rough, spiny. little wider ,it the b.tse tii.in .it the tip, green, length 0.07 mm., width of base 0.07 uun.
Young — The young vary from .'i light yellow to a light green, usually have dusky head, antenuH*, tips of tarsi and tibia. The heads in thi> older individuals have a light dorsal, median line.
Host — This species has been observed feeding only on the undirsides of the leaves of the White Willow ( .S'n/i.r mnrroflarhiin Nutt.). on which it collects in dense colonies and ))roduees considerable snmtting.
Localitif — On the white willows growing along the b;inks of the .Santa (lar.i River in the vicinity of Santa Paula, Cal.
Diite of Collection — .\ugust ^.'>, 1!)1L Serial number 37.
In general appearance this insect at first appears to Ih' Kichochailophorus populifolii, because of the light dorsal markings and the size, but as shown by the descriptions, is (juite distant from that species. I know of no other species which is even near to the one just described.
SOME LEPIDOPTERA FROM MEXICO
HARRISON G. DYAR U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Prof. C. ¥. Baker lias liaiidcd ini- for idiiitificatiou a lot of Lepidnptera, taken in Mexico by Messrs. McCoimcIl and 1). I,. Crawford, 'riu- following species arc represented :
NYMPHALIDAE
Phyciodes elada Hcwitson, two S i . Cuailalajara (McCunnell).
LYCAENIDAE
Lycaena marina Rcakiit, one $ . Guadalajara (McConnell).
SYNTOMIDAE
Chrysocale principalis ^^'alke^, two $ 9, Oaxaca (Crawford).
Syntomeida melanthus Cramer, one 9 , Vera Cruz (Crawford).
Dinia asagrus Cramer, two S S . Tapacliula. Chiapas and \'era Cruz
(Crawford).
Sphecosoma cognata \\'alker. one S , one 9 , Vera Cruz (Crawford).
Isanthrene perboscei Guerin. one 9 , Jalapa (Crawford).
LITHOSIIDAE
Ptychoglene hasmatodes, n. s.
Black; forcwini; with a large crimson ]iatcli. occii|ivin!T most of the wing, leaving a very narrow black costal edge, a broader inner margin and a rather wide outer margin, which is oblique, widening toward tornus ; the patch varies in size in the individuals, in some extending down only to submedian fold, in others to vein one or below; the outer margin is a little indented at about vein four. Hind wing witli a broad costal ray, not attaining apex, nor crossing cell.
.Seven si)ecimens, mountains near Cuernavaea (Crawford) ; Poi)ocati|)etl Park, 8000 feet, .Tnne, 1906 (W. Schaus) ; Salazar. 10.000 feet (W. Schaus).
Type No. 1 1.42.0. U. S. National Museum.
Nearest to /'. rri/tlirophorii I'lldtr. but tlic r(<l patch much larger.
ARCTIIDAE
Apantesis proxima (Inerin, one 9, \''era Cruz (Crawford).
NOCTUIDAE
Chloridea obsoleta Fabricius, one S , Cnerne\aca (Crawford). Eupanychis mexicana ITamp.son. one 9 . Cuernavaea (Crawford). Prorachia daria Druce, one S , one 9 , Cuernavaea (Crawford). Oxycnemis mexicana Dyar. ..ne 9. Cucrna\aca (Crawford).
Pleonectyptera cuernavacalis, n. s. Brown, not reddish; lines pale, even, the outer a little lunl over etll. marked on the eost.i with bl.ickish shades; reniform l)resent, d.irk lirown tilled; sub- terminal line irregular, powdery, dotted, with ,a roinidcd bl.-ick cloud .at veins ."i-l..
Pomona Coi.i.eoe Journal op Fntomolooy 747
Hind wiiiff inorc nr.iyisli Ixit dark, whitish only mi (hi- disk, with ji faint dnrk ills<al niark and nfi outer nu-sial pale line. .Midonirn with a Intfral tuft of hlnrk h;iir near base. Kxpnnsr, '2:i nun.
Mnlo, Cuornavaca (Crawford).
Typo No. 1 H..SO. U. S. National .Museum.
The speeies resembles /'. riimulalis I)y;ir. but the subterinin.il line is brokiii ])(i«il(T\ .111(1 indistinet.
Yrias prophronis, n. s.
D.'irk. lustrous, violaeeous brown; lines black; inner irregularly flexuous; nniform upri;;ht. narrov; outer line exeurved over eell and inward to near origin of vein two. then to inner uiar|;in with a slight out-eurve; stditeriiiinal lines wa\y. |).ile. In the male, the tint is light violaeeous, the subteruiinal liui- slightly relicM-d. '{'he hind wings in this sex have three lu-arly straight blaek lines across tlie middle and a subteruiinal light maeular one; n creindate terminal blaek line on both wings. In the female the eolor is darker, more irrorate with blackish; a dark shade occupies the space between the outer and subterminal lines, the latter being rather distinctly relieved. The hind wing is also more darkly shaded '■'•in in the male, only the outer of the three median lines distinct, whili- the iihterminal punetiforni line has a erenul.ite black inner edging. Exjianse "J ^ mm.
Two m.'ihs. one female, Cnernnvaca CCrawford).
Tvp.- No, 1H.T1, U. ,S. National Museum.
Vi;ir to V. rritrntis Grote, but the outer line is less indented and ancled. ^^^ile tile sexii.il dimorphism is rather pronounced.
PYRALIDAE
Glyphodes qvadristigmalis riiicm'c. one S . two 9 9 , Cuernavaca
CCrawfnrdV
Glyphodes infimalis modialis, n. subs. Like a. in/ininlis Giienee in markings, but larger .and of more r<ibust build. Ixpansp S.") mm. -
One male. Cuernavaca (Crawford"). -■ > ^ ■ '*' Type No. 1 H.'!;!. V. S. National 'Museum.
Loxostege autocratoralis, n. s.
Fore wing yellow, the costa yi'llow-brown ; inner line nearly |)erpendicular to eosta. a little curved; orbicular and reniform brown, solid: outer line exeurved over cell to vein two, then perpendicular to inner margin; subterminal line brown, slender, close to the brown-shaded margin. Hind wing subhyaline whitish, shaded with yellow; a brown line on the disk, slightly erenulate over the nervules. stop- ping below vein two. where it is sharply bent upward: a brown marginal band, the fringe more reddish brown. Expanse 20 mm.
One female. Cuernavaca (Crawford").
Tvpi- No. 1 t V.S'2. V. .<^. National Museum.
Near T,. wnnralls T.cderer. but the markings more distinct, the subterminal line narrow and close to the margin.
748 Pomona College Journal ok Entomology
ZYGAENIDAE
Gingla phonicoruma, n. s.
Black; abdoniLii crimson cxccjit the basal and last two segments. The wings are without markings ; fore wing with veins 7-8 stalked ; hind wing with veins six and seven separated, vein eight with a long oblique cross-bar to end of cell. Expanse 16 mm.
One female, mountains near Cuernavaca (Crawford).
Type No. lH3i, U. S. National Museum.
SESIIDAE Four specimens, too much injured for identification.
GELECHIIDAE Avacampsis, ii. s. Cuernavaca (Crawford). The specimen lias been turned over to Mr. August Bu.sck, to be described later in another connection.
STUDIES IN ACAKINA III
II. V. M. II.\LI. roMoN A ( (ll.I.KliK, < I.MIKMdNT, lAL.
Notaspis pectinata n. sp. (Figurt- 2K)) Lcnjfth "SO to 8().l iniiTiii. Y<-llow brown, siiiooth, polishrd. Altdoiiicn lii'tnisplii'riciil, witlioiit wings. C'cplialotliornx broader than long. I.nini'lln- slight ridgrs converging in front where they are united by a translaniellar line alMtut as long a.s the lainellir. The cusps are reduced to mere tulwrcles. I.aiiiellar, inter- lamellar and rostral hairs long, stout and pectinate, the rostral hairs being less than half as long as the others. I'seudostiginatic organ pectinate, with rather
Figure 240. Notaspis pectinata n sp.
long pedunele and very gr.idii.illy clav.ite lie.id. .Vbdonieii with two rows of stout pectinate hairs on each side, similar to the interlnmellar hairs. Logs not quite so long as aMomen, sparsely set with pectinate hairs similar to Uic rostrnl hairs. I'nguls tridactile, last three pairs of legs inserted at the edge of the Iwxly. No blades apparent on femora. Several specimens under boards, C'Inremont, Cal.
750
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Tliis species is almost identical with Pergande's figure of Eremaeus pilosus in Bank's "Treatise." My specimens lack tlie simple bristle on the apex of the Ijcnultiuiate joints of the legs, and the body is slightly broader. Michael's key places tliis species as a Xataspis, ilosc to .V. scrrata. The species E. pilosus is referred to by Banks in his Catalofrue to his description of Sciilovcrtcx pilosus
Figure 241. Phthiracarus retalticus (on left); Phthiracarus contractilis (on right); Phthiracarus retalticus (side view, above).
in Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc. XXII, p. 11, which as Michael remarks is "appar- ently not a Sciitorcrtc.r, probably a Xulaspis (said to be so by Banks, in litera)."
I also i)r(scnt I lie followiii"- illustrations of niitcs whieli I Iia\e identified as:
Phthiracarus retalticus (Stoll)
(Figure 211)
This species was described from Guatemala. My specimens were found under drift-wood on salt m.irsli. i'.iwson Park, Conn., during August. The -length of my speeinuiis (from ti)) of .ibdoniin to dorsal suture) is 6H5 mierni.
Pomona Colleuk Joi-knal of Entomology
751
Phthiracarus contractilis ( I'crty) (Figure -.'H) This species was deserilH'd from decayed wood in Germany. My .speciiiieiis were found under drift-wood on salt marsh, Fawson I'ark, Conn., in Auf(U!it. Length of my specimens is 8.S8 niicrni. to 1 mm. (measured front tip of nhdomen to dorsal suture). The side view is identical with /••. rflalluus. Differs from that species as shown in figures by rounded tip of nhdonien and different forms of unguis as shown in the eorr«'s])onding small figures. The ventral views, with eephalothora.x closed down are shown, whili- the position of the eephnlolliora.x when open is indicated hy the dotted line.
Figure 242. Rhizoglyphus longitarsus \;ir californicus n \ar.
Rhizoglyphus longitarsus var. californicus n. var. (Figure 2J'2) Oiffirs from the species as descrilud hy Banks in tiie following particulars: The bristle at the tip of the penultimate joint is not as long as the larsu.s. The two spines on the hind tarsus are proximal to the middle of that joint. Length of my specimen, a male, .7 mm. Tarsus I in my specimen is much longer and thinner than that illu.strated by Banks in Bulletin LS. Tarsus I also has a cur\ed s|)ine at the tip which is almost as large a.s the claw.
Sent from Banning. Cal., where a colony was injuring the bark of an apple tree.
DIARTHRONOMYIA CALIFORNICA n. sp.
(Diptera, Itonidae)
DR. E. P. FELT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, ALBANY, NEW YORK
The species described below w;is reared by Mr. C. F. Stahl, Marcli 12, 191'2, from galls on Artemisia cnlif arnica, at C'laremont. C'al. This species is most easily separated from D. arte mi sine Felt, by the smaller number of antennal segments.
Gall — Length 1.,") nnn.. diameter ..'} mm. A brownish or reddish, sub-eonieal, tliin-walled growth protruding at an oblique angle from the under side of tlie narrow leaflets. The slender, darker tip of this monothalamous gall is pushed off by the escaping midge.
Male — Length 1.25 mm. Antenna? nearl\' as long as the body, sparsely haired, fuscous yellowish; fourteen segments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length nearly twice its diameter; terminal segment reduced, obtuse. Palpi probably biarticu- late. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum yellowish red, postscutellum fus- cous. Abdomen yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa light straw. Halteres probably pale yellowish. C'oxif and legs apparently fuscous yellowish, the claws slender, unident.ite. the ])ulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout: terminal elas|) segment short, greatly swollen; dorsal ))late .short, deeply and roundly em.-irijinate, the lobes broadly rounded: \entr.il plate short, broadly and roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded.
Female — Length 1..^) mm. Antennae extending to the base of the abdomen, sparsely haired, yellowish; fourteen subsessile segments, the fifth with a length nearly twice its diameter; terminal segments slightly |)roduced, tapering. Color characters nearly as in the male, except that the abdomen is deep reddish, the ovipositor nearly as long as the body, being yellowish; terminal lobes narrowly oval, with a length nearly twice the width. Tyi)e Cceid a226<}.
I'AKIS OK TIIK
INVKRTKHRATA PACIFICA
Fur Sulc uiid Kxchungc
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Price 10 cents. Vol. 1, pp. 17-40, DIPTERA (Reports on Californian and Nevadan Diptern, I, C. F. Baker, with descriptions of new species and genera by D. W. Coquillet; Two New Siphonaptera, C. F. Baker).
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VOLUME FOUR
NUMBER THREE
NOVEMBER 1912
^i.^
Contrntg
The Gall Midge Kauna o( Western North America
Aphldldae of Southern California X
The "Longulus" Scale
Cool Air Experiments With Junonia Coanta
1 FELT. E. P.
■2 ESSIG. E. O.
'3 KELL. D.
4 SCMRADER. WILHELM
5 BRYANT. H. C. -
Some Insects and Other Arthropods In the Diet of the Western MeadowlarK
6 HILTON. W. A. - Sensory Setae of Tarantula and Some of Its Relatives
7 LONGSTAFF, C. B. Butterfly HunUng In Many Lands 'BooK Review i
8 GRINNELL, FORDYCE - - - West Coast News Notes
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POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
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romona C^ollccrc Journal of rvntomology
Volume 1\' N()\l. Mlil.R 1 'M 2 Number 3
THE GALL MIDGE FAINA OF WESTLRN NOKTII AMERICA
E. P. KELT, AI.HANY, N. Y.
The followins: list suiiimarizcs oiir knowicdfje of tin' ;r»ll initio's in the western half of North Anieriea and should he of serviee in di^eetin^; the efforts of future investigators. There are in the Lestreiniinae. no representatives of the ffenus Catoeha, Xeptuiiiniyia and Xeoeato<'ha, while the five American t;encra referable to the lleteropezina- are remarkable for their absence from the list. Investigation in the eastern Tnited States shows that Miastor, with its peculiar pedoireiietie larva, is widely distributed, and it and it.s allies should be found in the inoister wooded areas of the west. There are eiffht American genera of Epidosaria- known, only three rejjresentcd by four species having lieen re<-orded from the west. The oak Hora must support a characteristic ("inctieornia fauna, yet none have been recorded, while the allied Schizomyia is represented by only one species. The prolific and varied Itonidinaria' are represented by relatively few species. The list is longer than we anticipated, yet it must be considered as onl.v an intniductidn to what systematic collecting will disclose.
LESTREMIINAE
Lestremia harberl Felt, New Mexico.
L. kaiisinnis Felt. Kansa.s.
L. dyari Felt. Ka.slo. H. C,
L. rrriKilis Felt. Kansas.
Micron rata corki rclli Felt. New Mexico.
.1/. spiiioaa Felt, Texas.
M. trrnna Felt, Texas.
Joanis.fia nromrsirnna VA\. New .Mexico.
Mi/rttphila funifiioln Felt, reari'd from mushrooms, California.
('ampfilomiiza h satin Felt, Texas and Colorado.
I'rii)iirlliis silvaiia Felt, Kokanee .Mountain. H. C.
/'. mnitilix Felt, Texas.
/'. simulator Felt, Kaslo, H. C.
/'. hoiildrri'iisis Felt, Colorado, Oregon.
/'. moutana Felt, Colorado.
Monarilia tuckrri Felt, Texa.s.
('ordiiUimijia hrrriconiis Felt, Kaslo, M. C.
754 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
C. coloradensis Felt, Colorado.
C. kasloensis Felt, Ka-slo, B. C. Corinthomyia currei Felt, Kaslo, B. C.
ITONIDIDINAE EPIDOSARIAE
Porricondyla tuckeri Felt, Kansas, ? New jMexico. P. barberi Felt, Arizona. Dirhiza hamata Felt, Kaslo, B. C. Holoneurus occidentalis Felt, Panama.
DASYNEURIARIAE
Bhabdophaga racemi Felt, reared from a small, clustered, rosette gall on willow, Manitoba.
E. rosacea Felt, reared from loose apieal bud gall on wild rose. ^lanitoba.
R. californica Felt, California.
R. occidentalis Felt, California.
R. normaniana Felt, reared from a small apical gall on willow, ^lanitoba.
R. rhodoides Walsh, reared from a large, loose gall on willow. ^Manitoba.
Dasynenra glandis Felt, reared from acorns, Missouri.
T>. yuccoiC Felt, reared from pocLs of Yucca angustifolia.
D. pergavdei Felt, reared from fruit of wild cherry, Colorado.
D. califoniica Felt, reared from bud galls on willow, California.
Lasiopteryr schirarzi Felt, reared from decaying wild fig branch, Panama
L. arizoncnsis Felt, Arizona.
Diarthronomyia artemisiae Felt, reared from sage bush, Colorado.
Z>. californica Felt, reared from a leaf gall on Artemisia, California.
Coccidomyia rrii Felt, reared from Erium liclitrnsioides Ckll. on Artem- isia, California.
Lasioptrra qurrciflnrac Felt, reared from galls on oak blossoms, Arizona.
L. allioniae Felt, reared from a stem gall on Oxybaphus (Allionia), Colo- rado.
L. arizoncnsis Felt, reared from stem gall on Senecio, Arizona.
L. ephedrae Ckll., reared from stem gall on Ephedra, New Mexico.
L. spinulae Felt, reared from stem galls on unknown plant, Arizona.
L. willistoni Ckll., reared from twig galls on Atriplex, New Mexico.
L. ephedricola Ckll., reared from twig gall on Ephedra, New Mexico.
L. tripsaci Felt, reared from leaf blades on Tripsacum, Texas.
L. cassiae Felt, reared from stem galls on Cassia, Arizona.
L. mnrtfcldtiana Felt, reared from sunflower seeds, Kansas.
L. I'crbcnar Felt, reared from flower stalk gall on Verbena, California.
L. diplaci Felt, reared from avoid stem gall on Diplacus, California.
Neolasiopicra trimcra Felt, reared from stem gall on sunflower, Arizona.
N. major Felt, Colorado.
I'OMONV rol.I.EGE JoiRNAI. OF P^NTOMOUKJV 755
N. hirsula Felt, reared I'mni stern (.'all on unknown plant. Arizona. A', coloradcnsis Felt, Colorado. ,
N. erigernniis Felt, reared from stem \ii\\\ on EriReron, Mis-souri. N. mimuli Felt, reared from twij: jrall on Mimnliis. Palifornin. Asteromyia rhriisothaiinii Felt, reared from leaf of f'hrysothamnus. Polo- rado.
.1. ngrnxtis 0. S., reari'd from >:a!l on Muhlenlierjria, \ew .Mexieo.
A. nihrn Felt, reared from blister (jail on Solidapo, Missouri.
A. grindfUar Felt, reared from IilistiT leaf trail on Orindelia, Califurtiia
OLIGOTROPHIARIAE
rhytophaqa raUftirnini Felt, reared from eiirrant. Rihes, Palifornia.
P rigidar O. S., reared from eliili-shaped twipr Rail on willow, Manitoba, ^fissmiri.
P. rrltiphiiJIin Felt, reared from obeonie leaf gall on Teltis, Iowa.
P. perncriilta Ckll.. reared from stem palls on willow. Tolorado.
JanrtieUa coJnradoixis Felt, reared from oval swelling at liase of pine needles, Colorado.
Olignfrnphus hithrii FeU. reared from bud gall on Junii)erus, Colorado.
Bhnpalomjiin rnlifornira Felt, reared from Haeeharis. California.
R. rorkrrfUi F'elt, reared probably from heads of Seneeio or aster, Colo- rado.
R. crassulina Ckll., reared from bud galls on aster. Colorado.
R. giinphnlndis Felt, reared from a woolly, polytlialamons gall on Arte- misia, Colorado.
R. higrlovioidrs Felt, reared from galls on Bigelowia, California.
R.pUnxn Felt, reared from dense, woolly apical gall on ? Antennnria. North "West Territory.
R. rruziann Felt, reared from Rolidago, California.
R. hfthrliaiin Ckll., reared from flower gall on Artemisia. Colorado.
7?. nltirnla Ckll.. reared from globular, woolly gall on .\rtemisia. Colorado.
7?. gutirrrrzinr Ckll.. reared from oval flower galls on fJutierrezia. New Mexieo.
R. higrlorinr Ckll., reare<l from gall on Rigelowia, Colorado.
R. nudihrrtinr Felt, reared from gall on Audibertia.
F!ackcnnm;iia portrrnr Ckll.. reared from twig gall on F^alix. Colorado.
Walshonnjia jioiiprrhin Felt, reared from fruit of Juniperus californiea. California.
ASPHONDYLIARIAE
AsphoiidiiUn hrrvicnuda Felt, Arizona.
.4 ninipilo PVlt. reared from gall on Larrea, Arizona.
.1. hi thili Ckll., reared from 0]iuntia, Colorado.
.1. buntfliaf Felt, reared from Bumelia, Texa.s.
.1. intcgrifoUnr Felt, reared from flowers of Rhus, California.
756 Pomona College Journal of J^ntomology
A. baroiii P^elt, Arizona.
A. artemisiar Felt, reared from galls on Artemisia, Arizona.
A. ceanothi Ve\i, reared from a terminal gall on Ceanothus, California.
A. hydrangeae Felt, reared from bud galls on Hydrangea, Missouri.
A. aittumnalis Beutm., reared from bud gall on Helenium, Missouri.
A. atriplicis Ckll., reared from twig gall on Atriplex, New ilexico. ,
A. neomexicana Ckll.
A.opuntiar Felt, reared from Cactus, Arizona. California, Colorado. Texas.
A. conspicua O. ,S., reared from Howcr gall on Rudbeckia, Arizona, Jlis- souri.
A.arizonensis Felt, reared from prickly pear, Arizona, Colorado.
A. prosopidis Ckll.
A. mentzeliae Ckll.
A. enceliae Felt, reared from leaf bud gall on Encelia, California.
A. diplaci Felt, reared from apical bud gall on Diplaeus, California.
Sckizomyia macrofila Felt, reared from galls on Amsinekia, California.
Vlcelln ntf.ricaiia Felt, reared from stem gall on Pisonia, Mexico.
ITONIDINARIAE
Endapliis americana Felt, reared from Eriupliyes galls, Arizona.
Contarinia sorghicola Coq., reared from seeds of Sorghum. Arkansas. Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, Missouri.
Cmitarmia coloracleims Felt, reared from budlike gall on I'iinis sropu- lorum, Colorad,').
Thecodi ptosis piuiradiatae. Snow <!c ^lills. reared from deformed needles of Phms radiaia, CaJifornia.
T. zauschneriae Felt, reared from ro.'-ette galls on Zauschueria, California.
Youngomyin (pirrvina Felt, reared from gloliular leaf galls on (Jitn-rns pumila, California.
Y. urnbelHiola O. S., reared I'roiu tlower buds of Sambucus, Missouri.
Dicrodiplosis calif ornka Felt, reared from a l's< ndococcus on Solanum, California.
I), gilhllii Felt, reared I'roni bud gall on I'iiius sidpidorinii, Cobu'ado.
Apliidohirs mcridionalix Felt, reared from Aphis gossypii, Colorado.
Mycodiplosis acarivwa Felt, reared from larva' feeding on red spider, California.
Aiilirociioda.r npiphihi Fell, reared from debris from bee combs, Califor- nia.
.1. iiiiicnipliilii Kelt. I'cared from a fungus. New .Mexico.
A. occidnilalis Felt, reared Iroui red sjiidcr, Caiirernia.
Ilnrmomyia roloradrnsis Ckll., Colorado.
Lfslodiplosis yurcac Felt.
Paradiplosis pnrihrniicdhi Ckll.. reared from Partlieniuiu, New .Mexico,
Ilniiidn liiipl,-insl Felt, reared fnim larva' in Si-olytid burrows, California.
Pomona ('(H.i.kcjk Joimsnai, of Kntoxioi/viy 7.'>7
/. texana PY'lt, Texas.
/. rcsinicoloklcx Wliiis.. rcarnl trom rcsiiunis cxiidatioiis iif I'iiius radiatii, • 'alirornia.
Species Not Referable to Well Defined Genera
Criilomiiid CiAin-iuliUit CUll.. narcil iVcim ilcr.inii.-d tl.«w.T lii-ails of Arte- riiisia.
('. frata Ckll.. rcarcil t'niiii willciw calilmf;!' pill, prohatily an in(|iiilini'.
AsphoiiiUilin (lan-'iai (). S.. rcarcil fnin siilxival, irrr^nilar swcliini,' on I iMrrya, California.
Crridomiiia iiiiiitiidiiii.i (Jill., n-arcil from terminal Imds of box i-lder, .Minne.sota.
('. pahnrri Ckll., a manuscript name |irop(ised liy I'nif. Coekercll for a jrall in the dry stems of Amarantiis.
Dii.iil III lira strohihiidi s, reared from a eone-like f,'all i n Mif:elo\via. jiossitily a Rhoj)alomyia, New Me.xieo.
APHIDID.E OF SOUTHERN CALFIORNIA X*
E. O. ESSIG SECRETARY OF STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
Tribe CALLIPTERINI
Certainly I cannot do better in presenting the chief cliaraeteristics, with the genera, and synonymy of the tribe CaUiptcrim than to give verbatim or the substance of the work of ilr. W. H. Wilson, who has published "A Key to the Genera and Notes on the Synonymy of the Tribe Cellipterini, Family Aphididse, " in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XLII, No. 8, pages 253-259, August, 1910. The chief cliaraeteristics of the tribe, the key to the genera, and characters and synonymy of the genera as well as those of the type species are all taken from his work. The keys to the California species I have worked up as fully as descriptions and material will allow. Though this article will add little to the general working public, yet it should be of some value to aphid workers in this state, and it is with this aim in view that it is undertaken.
Chief Characters
Body — Small, slender, delicately and beautifully colored. Young are usually covered with fine or glandular hairs, each arising from a small body tubercle, and which are sometimes retained in the adult apterous forms.
Antennae — Variable in length, slender, seldom shorter than the body, six-articled with the spur <)f article VI variable in comparison with the length of the base.
Rostrum — Short and stout.
Legs — Normally long, slender, with sliort fine hair, delicately shaded.
Wings — Rather long and slender, t)cautifully shnded or hyaline, venation as in Aphidini, constant.
Cornicles — Variable in length, oi' almost entirely wanting, usually short and tubercular.
Style — Globular with constricted base, hairy.
Anal plate — Large, distinctly bi-lobed.
Key to Genera
1. Antennal tubercles prominent antenna^ always exceedingly long. 3
2. Antennal tubercles wanting or very small ; antenna? variable in
length, sometimes shorter than the body. 4
3. Nectaries very long and large. 5 Nectaries very short and more or less constricted at the middle. 6 Nectaries little more than pores. 10
4. Nectaries distinct, usually being longer than broad at middle. 7 Nectaries little more than pores and l)roader than long. 10
*The last of this series of articles was iiiiinbered VIII by mistake. It should have been IX.
Pomona (Jum.kuk Joi k.n vl ok KNToiioUKiv 759
5. Ni'ctarit's lus long us one-rourth the li-iigtli ol' tlie luuly, or more,
und swollen in tiu- iiiiildle. Drtpanusiiihuin
Nectaries large and nearly one-rourlli the lengtii of tiie IhmIv,
swollen at the base and tapering toward the middle. I)n paiiapln.s
(J. S|)ur of sixth antennal segment longer than the segment. Calaphis
Spur of sixth segment not longer than segment. Eucrraphis
7. Antenna- Ktnger than the body, spur of the si.\th .segment long,
and about the same length lus the .segment. H
Antenna- shorter than the body, spur very .siiort, often being little
inore than a nail-like proee.ss, segment short. !)
8. Antenna; with spur at least a.s long as si.\th segment, and with little
or no antennal tubercles. Nectaries twice as long lus broad and constricted in th(- middle. Myzocallis
Antenna- with spur sliortcr than si.\th segmtiit, nectaries much
broadened at base. Eucalliptcrus
9. Antennal spur less than onchaif the length of the sixth .s(-gmeut,
nectaries not longer than broad at base, constricted in the mid- dle. Chroma phis
Antennal spur at least half lus long as the sixth segment, nectaries
short, about as long as broail and placed on a broad biuse. VaUiptcrns 10. Autcuuiu situated on distinct tubercles and nuicli longer tluin the body, nectaries but pores with raised t-dges, spur of si.xth .seg- ment long and tapering. Monaphis
Antenna- not on tub(-rcles and .scarcely long(-r than th«- body, nec- taries reduced to pores, spur of the si.xth joint nearly lus long as the joint. Mom Ilia
DREPANOSIPHUM Koch, 1855 Type Aphis platanoides Sclirank
Atitctniar — On distinct frontal tul)ercles which are elevated on the inner side, exceedingly long, lirst arti(-le gibbous on the inner side, third segment longest, spur of the sixth s(-giiicnt much longer than the base (Wil.son gives six times as long).
Rustniin — Short, last si-gmcnt long.
Legs — Moderately long.
Wings — Long and sU-nder.
Cornicles — Long, one-fourth tin- length of tin- body, ililatt-d at tin- base and middle.
atyle—" Ouf-UmiXU the length of the m-ctaries. oblong and globular at the tip; base broad, tai)ering to a constriction at the connection with the base."
Anal plate — "Broad and slightly emarginatcd."
I), platanoides iSchranki. On the European Sycamore il'latanus orien- talis). Collected in the vicinity of Stanford I'niversity, I'alto Alto, California, hv \V. .M. David.son. .Ir. He. Hnt. Ill, 377, 1010.
760 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
DREPANAPHIS Del Guercio, 190Q
Syn. Phymatosiphum Da\is Type Drepanosiphum acerifoliae Thos.
Antennae — Twice as long as the body; situated on distinct frontal tuber- cles; very slender and tapering; article III shorter than the spur of VI, which is at least eight times as long as the base.
Body— Uohusit, bearing long slender projections on the dorsum of the abdomen.
Cornicles — Nearly one-fifth as long as the body, swollen at liase and taper- ing outwardly.
Style — ' ■ One-half the length of the cornicles and globular at the tip, base broad and tapering towards the constriction between the base and the tip."
Anal plate — "Seemingly divided longitudinally and slightly emarginated in the middle."'
D. aceiifolii* (Thomas) Del Guercio. On Acer dcsyearpum. Collected by Davidson in the vicinity of Stanford University at Palo Alto, California, and listed as Macrosiphum acerifolii Thos. Jr. Ec. Ent. III. 380. 1910.
CALAPHIS Walsh, lcS63 Type C. betuella Walsh
BoJi/— Thorax long and slender, sides of abdomen with i)romini'ut tuber- cles, each bearing a single hair. Forehead narrow.
Antennae — ]\Iucli longer than the body, on large broad frontal tubercles with bases so close together as to give the forehead an appearance of the letter "U," articles III, IV, and V hairy, the spur of VI about twice as long as the base.
Wings — Long and slender, veins thick and dark, detlexed when in rest.
Cornicles — Short, about as long as the style, spindle-shaped.
Style — Short, thick, l)ase broad with globular tip, two-thirds as long as wide.
A)i(il plate — Slightly emarginated in middle, lobes rounded.
Key to California Species Article III of the antenna' longer than articles IV and V together, sen-
soria confined to the basal half of HI. castaneae
Article III of the antenna' not as long as IV and V tt)gethcr. sen.soria
confined to the basal two-thirds of ITT. betulaecolens
C. castaneae (Fitch) Gillette. Taken on Chestnut (Castanea sp.) at Berkeley, California, by W. T. Clarke. Can. Ent. XXXV, 24!), 1903. Also collected at Palo Alto by Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, 376, 1910.
C. betulaecolens (P^iteh) Gillette. On Birch (Betula sp.). Collected at Berkeley, California, by Clarke. Can. Ent. XXXV, 249, 1903. Davidson has also taken this species at Palo Alto, California. Jr. Ec. Ent. II, 301, 1909.
*This was first described as Siphonophora acerifoliae by Thomas, who afterwards changed it to Drepancsiphum acerifolii, tlicrebv hcaiiKing the genus and tlie ending of the species. 8th Kept. Ent. 111., page 195, 1880.
I'OIIOXA CoI.I.KdK JotKN Al. 1>K K.VTOMOUVJY "HI
EUCERAPHIS W alkcr. 1S70 r\])c Aphis betulae I,iiinaiiis
Body — Long, fon-hcnd narrow.
Antetiuaf — Much longer than the lioiiy, nearly one ami one-half times as long, situated on large, slightly gihhous antennal tuhereles, artiele I gihlious on the inner margin, article III four or five times as long a.s article VI (in- cluding both the spur and the hasci, spur of article VI slender and slightly shorter than the ha.se.
Wings — Long.
Coniiclfs — Short, hut slightly longer than hroad, somewhat tapenin;. .nii stricted in the middle, ends ol)li<|ue to the main axes.
Sii/h — Distinctly knohhed, constricted between the ha.se ami the knoli, hase tapering, longer than the cornicles.
Anal plati- — Rounded, without middle euuirgination.
No species of this genus represented in California to date.
MYZOCALLIS I'asscrini. I8<.0 PTEROCALLIS Passcrini. 18/0 Syns. CALLIPTEROIDES M.inhvilko, 18<14 TUBERCULATUS M..nlwilk<., 18'>4 SUBCALLIPTERUS Mnnlwilko, 18'M ? THERIOAPHIS W alker, 1870
Txpc Aphis coryli ( "mctze
Body — Prothora.x and body elongated, forehead with extended frontal ocelli giving it a pointed ciTect.
Anttnnm — As long, nearly as long, or longer than the body, not on frontal tubercles, spur of article VI not irn re than twice as long as the base.
Wings — Long and slender.
Cornicles — Ta(iering from the base, nearly as broad a.s long, often con- stricted near the middle.
Style — Globular, with narrow constricted base.
Anal plait — Deeply emarginated so as to be strongly bi-lobed.
Key to California Species
1. Spur of antennal article \'l not longer than the ba.se. 2 Spur of antennal article VI distinctly longer than the base. 4
2. Antenna' longer than the body. ulmifolii Antenna- not longer than the body, but may be a.s long. .'}
3. Antcunu' \i.sually ius l/mg as the Ixxly. apices of articles Ill-V only.
dark. i/ufn us
Antenna- seldom as long as tin- body, apices of articles II1-\'I dark. alnt
4. Antenna- shorter than the body. coryli Antenna- ivs long or lunger tlian the body. 5
762 Pomona College Journ.vl op Entomology
5. Article III of antenna' dark at tip only, body without dorsal mark- ings, hyaliiius Article III of autenme dark at base and tip. or wholly dark; liody
with dark dorsal niarkin^js on abdomen. aruiidicoleiis
M. ubnifolii (^lonell) Wilson. On Uhnus (iiiici-icanus L. Collected in the vicinity of Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, by Davidson. Jr. Ee. Ent., Vol. LL, 301, 1909, and Vol. Ill, 376, 1910.
M. qucrcus (Kalt.). First reported by Davidson, who collected it on Blue Oak (Qucrcus kcllogii*) and on White Oak (Q. lobata), in the vicinity of Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Jr. Ec. Ent., II, 302, 1909. Again reported on Blue Oak (Q. douglasU) and the White Oak at Palo Alto by David- son and also on Black Oak (Q. californica) near San Jose, California. Jr. Ec. Ent., Ill, 376, 1910. Later taken by the same author on English Oak (Q. robarf) and on the White Oak in Placer County, California. Davidson doubts if this is true M. qucrcus (Kalt). P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, 399, 1911.
M. aim (Fabr.) Passerini. Collected by writer on undersides of leaves of the common Alder (Alnus rlioinbifolia Nutt.), on some of which it occui*s in large numbers, llore or less scattering in the vicinity of Santa Paula, Califor- nia. (See description.)
.¥. coryli (Goetze) Pass. First reported by Clarke, who collected it on hazelnut (Corylus sp.) Berkeley, California. Can. Ent., XXXV, 249, 1903.
M. hyalinus (Monell). On Oak (Qucrcus imbricata). First collected by Clarke at Berkeley, California. Can. Ent., XXXV, 249, 1903.
M. arundicolens (Clarke). On Bamboo (Arundo sp.) at Berkeley, Cali- fornia. Collected and described by Clarke, Can. Ent., XXXV, 249, 1903. Davidson reports this species from Palo Alto, California, Jr. Ec. Ent., II, 301, 1909, and III, 376, 1910. C. W. Beers, Horticultural Commissioner of Santa Barbara County, collected this species at Santa Barbara, where it was badly infesting bamboo hedges.
M. alnifoliae (Fitch). In The Host Index to California Plant Lice (Aphididae), published in the Pomona College Journal of Entomology, this was listed as Callipterus alnifoliae (Fitch) under Alder (Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.). It is wrongly listed, as, the species has never been reported in this state, and sliould have been Lachmis alnifoliae (Pitch), which wa.s omitted in its place.
EUCALLIPTERUS .Scliuutcden, l'X)6 I y])e Aphis tiliae Liniiacns
BchUj — Tapering; front of iieail wide witli a tul)erele on each side of the frontal ocellus, each of the tubercles l)caring a single slender spine or bristle.
Antennae — Not on prominent tubercles, sligiitly longer than the body, slender, tapering towards the tij); first segment straigiit on the inner side, spur of article VI not longer tluiii the ba.se.
*Quercus douglasii 11. & A..'
Pomona ('()I,i.K(!e Juiknai, op K.MnMcu.H.N 763
WiiKjs — Lunj,' and sli'inlcr with iliisky marking's.
Cin-nicltii — Short, very wich- at tin- l>a.si', apiial part i yliiidriral. iiimith \i ly irrcfjular, with roiijjh ihIjii's.
Style — Three times as lonn lus the eornieles, tip kii()l>lie(l, iiiithlle sli^'htly iDiistrieted, l>asal portion as Ion;; as tlie apieal, extreme hase wider than the widtli of the knol).
Anal plate — Strongly lii-lol)ed, the eonstrietion forming' a "V" between the lobes.
E. tiliac (Linn.) Sehoiiteden. On the leaves of the linden (Tilia .sp.). Collected by Davidson at I'alo Alto, California, Jr. Ee. Ent., II, ;J02, 190'J. Again reported by the same author on Tilia aim riraiia at I'alo Alto. < 'alifornia. .Jr. Ee. Ent., Ill, 37G, 191U.
CHROMAPHIS Walker, 1S70 Type Aphis juglandicola Kalteiibach
Body — Short and stout; forehead wide, with lari;e oeellar tubercle in center and small tuberele on eaeh side.
Antennae — Shorter than the body, not on frontal tuliereles, spur of article VI much shorter than the base (ai)out (ine-eij;hth as lonj;).
^Yings — Loiifr and slender.
Cornicles — Short, eonstrielcd in the middle, mueh wider at iia.se than at the mouth, and tai)erinK.
Style — Short, ^'lobular nr kmilibed at tip. loiistrieled below the kmib and wide at the extreme base.
Anal i)late — Only slijilitly eonstrieted in the middle to form lobes.
('. juylandivola (Kalt.) Walker. Taken by the writer throufrhout the southern part of the state on the Cultivated P^njrlish Walnut (Jitylans rcgia L.). It occurs in great numbers on the undei-sides of the leaves. ( De.seription follows.) r. C. Jr. Ent.. 1, '>]. litOi).
MONAPHIS Walker, 1870 Syii Bradyaphis Mordwilko. 18'>4 Ty])c Aphis antennata Kaltcnbach
Body — Elongated, forehead narrow and ol)li(|U<' to the sides of the anten- nal tubercles.
i4ii<f»Hfl(— Longer than the body; situated on prominent, broad tuber- cles; spur of article VI slender and twice as long as the ba.se.
Wings — Long and slender.
Cornicles — Hardly more than pores with a chitinous ring around the edge.
Style — Short and broadly jiointed with knobbed tip i in this respect it differs from the rest of the genera).
Anal plate — Deeply constricted in the midille and forming two distinct lol)es: short.
So far no representatives of this genus have been reported in America.
764 Pomona College Jocrx-U. of Entomology
MONELLIA Oestlund. 1887 Type Aphis caryella I~itch
Body — Long and tapering, forehead raised in tlie middle and projeeted at the inner side of the base of each antenna.
Axfeiiiiap — Nearly as long as or longer than the body, not situated on frontal tubercles, spur of article VI equal to or slightly shorter than the base. (In Oestlund 's description of M. caryella he gives these ineasureinents: for the base 0.20 mm., spur 0.15 mm., Aphid. ;\Iinn. 45, 1887.)
Wings — "Folded horizontally close to the body in repose."
Cornicles — Little more than pores, sometimes very indistinct.
Style — Short, distinctly knobbed, with constriction below, base liroad.
Anal plate — Long, deeply constricted in the center, forming a "V" shaped area between the two distinct lobes.
Key to California Species
Antenniv slightly shorter than, or as long, as the body; apices of anten-
nal articles III-VI dark; legs entirely pale. caryae
Antenna^ longer than the body; articles III-VI dark throughout: tibtv
and tarsi of legs dark. californicus
M. caryae (I\Ionell) Gill. On Black Walnut, Berkeley, California. First
reported by Clarke. Can. Ent., XXXV, 249, 1908. Davidson reports this
species at Palo Alto feeding upon the common English Walnut. (Juglans
regia L.). Jr. Ec. Ent., II, 301. 1909, and III, 376, 1910.
M. californicus En. sp. Taken on Southern California Wild Walnut.
(Juglans californica Wats.) in the mountains north of Santa Paula, California.
(See description.)
Myzocallis alni (Fabr. ) Passerini (Small Alder Louse)
1794 Ai>his aliii Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. 215. Syst. rliyng. 298.
^4p/(i'.s- aliii De Geer Uberes, III, 32.
1837 Aphis mnculata Heyd. ilus. Sankerberg II, 297.
1843 Aphis abii Fabr. Kalt. Jlonogr. 137.
1857 Calliptcrus alni Fab. Kcch. Pflz. 211.
1860 Pterocalli.s alni Pass. Gali Afiidi 28.
1880 Pterocallis alni Fabr. Buck Brt. Aphid, III, 31.
1905 Pterocallis alni F-Ahr. Sellout. Aphid. Belg. 210.
1905 Pterocallis alni Pass. Kirkaldy. Can. Ent.. XXXXVII. 417.
1910 Callipliriis alni Kab. Davis. .Ir. Ec. Ent., 111. 41(i.
wiNGW) vivu-AHors FicMAi.E (Figure 1243. A)
Length of the body 1.2 mm., width of the mesothorax 0.37 mm., widtli of the ai)domen 0.5 mm., wing expansion 3.57 mm. Body — Very small, light in color, fiat, smooth in winged and tubcrculate in apterous forms. Pr( railing color — very light to saffron yclhiw witii green bldtdies on the abdomen. Iliad
I'll.MoNA ('nl.l,K(ii; JulHNM. (IK K.NTuMuUMiV 7(1*1
— marly jis Umt: as linm<l. yi-llow. Hi/is — Larjft'. tulii-nulHtf. Iiri^'hl canlmal 11(1. Aiitiiinar — (Kit;iire 1-4). Nt-nrly ns loiij; a.s the body, rt'nchinjf to, or nearly to the husrs t:\' the i-omiclfs ; (ii .«;|ii;lit frontiil tnlKTclcs; with few or no hairs: apical half iiiiliricatcd : articles I and II color of tlic head. Ill trans l>arcntly white with apical half dark, VI transparently white with apical third dark. V white with ajtical half dark, \'l white with ajiieal [lart of the ha.se and apical half of the spur dark. The sensoria are larjje. circular and arran^cfl in a sinjilc row on III, and normal ininiber on V and VI. On III there are from 4 to ti ( usually 4 or 5 i , all of which are more ofteti eniiiitiid in tln' jipieal half
Figure 243. Myzocallis aini ( Fab.) P.Ts.scriiii \, winRed vivip-iroiis female: B, apterous viviparous female: I, antenna of winded female: 3-5, third-antennal articles of winded females showinR the arrangement of the sensoria: 6, cornicle of winged female: 7, cornicle of apterous female: 8, tarsi and claws of apterous female: 9. anal plate of winded female: 10, style of winged female: 11 and 12, anal plate and style of apterous female: 1.1. antenna of apterous female.
The areas an^iind the lower two are darker than the siirrdutidmj: areas. The lengths of the articles are as follows: I, 0.(14") mm.; II, (t.()4r) mm.; III. 0.35 mm.; IV. 0.1!) mm.; V. O.IC iinii.; VI, O.KiH mm. (hase ().()!» mm., spur 0.07S mm.); total O.JI'iS mm. I and II are about e(iiial. III is liy far the longest, heinfr e(iual or nearly e(|ual to I \' and V toother. The iiiea.su rements of the articles as given are less than those given by Davi.s,* but the comparative
•Jr. Ec. F.nt. Ill, p. 416. I9I0
766 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
lengths are about tlie same. Kostntm — Reat-liing: midway between the first and second coxje, color of the body with dark tip. Proihorax — Slightly wider than the head, rather long and narrow, yellow or yellowish green Meso- and Meta-thorax — Concolorous with the rest of the body, the muscle lobes being small and yellow. Abdomen — Without hairs or body tubercles, distinctly seg- mented; rich or light yellow with darker green dorsal markings across the middle and near the posterior end. Anal plate — (Figure 9) conspicuously bifid, yellow, hairy. Cornicles — (Figure 6). Short, tubercular, longer than broad, light at base with apical two-thirds dark or duskj\ length 0.052 mm. Legs — Normal, very light yellow to transparently white with dark spot on the outer base of the tibia> of the hind legs, and the tarsi (Figure 8) with apical half dusky. Wivgs — Normal, rather slender. Primary — Length 1.6 mm., width 0.5 mm. Costal and subcostal wide but very light in color excepting the middle of the latter, which is distinct. Stigma — Rather short and blunt at the tip, light in middle with darker spot at the base (at the tip of the subcostal vein) and another larger dark spot at the tip. Stigraal vein very indistinct, especially at the base and tip, short and well curved (not nearly as long as the stigma). First diseoidal vein arising from the middle of the subcostal, dis- tinctly clouded (it being the only clouded vein), with clouded area ■wider at the base and tip. Second diseoidal arising midway between the bases of the first and third discoidals, curved with convex surface towards the wing-tip, dusky at tip, amber and distinct. Third diseoidal, arising very near the base of the stignia, well curved to the first fork, but branches of which are straight, second fork is midway from the first fork to the tip of the wing, upper branch of this fork slightly longer than the lower and arriAang at the wing margin midway between the tips of the stigma and the lower branch. All duskj' at the tips. Secondary — Length 1 mm., width 0.27 mm., tip dusky. Veins very faintly defined. Subcostal distinct, bent downward at the base of each dis- eoidal. First diseoidal arises near the middle of the subcostal, very faint, obso- lete at the base, slightly curved with convex surface towards the body, does not extend to wing margin, nearly at right angles to the subcostal. Second dis- eoidal arises from the subcostal midway between the base of the first and the wing tip (just under the booklets), faint, slightly forked at base, which does not touch the subcostal, slants slightly towards the wing tip, nearly straight. Style — (Figure 10) distinctly knobbed and hairy, yellow, length 0.07 mm.
ArTKRors vivii'ARofs FEM.VLE (Figure 243, B)
Length 1.2 mm., width 0.52 mm. Body — Covered with long glandular hairs arising from body tubercles: rather narrow; distinctly segmented. Prevailing color — Very light green or yellow 'with darker green dorsal markings near the middle and posterior end. Head — Large, nearly round, concolorous with the body or slightly dusla'. Antennae reaching nearly to the bases of the cornicles, transparently white or light yellow, articles III. IV, V with apical tips dusky. Yl with middle portion dusky. Lengths of the articles: I, O.O.^fi mm. : II. 0.045 mm. : III, 0.22 mm, : TV. 0.105 mm. :V, 0.105 mm. : VI. 0.15 mm. (base 0.09 mm..
Po.MON'A Col.I.KGK JoiRNAI. OK KnToMiH/KIY 7*i7
spur n.dd mm. > : total O.tltil mm. I and II an- usually r'(|ual in Itii^Mh, thiiU(;li the lattor is more ofton lon^fst, III is i'i|ual to IV ami V together, and VI with the spur is lontiiT tiien fithor IV or V. lio.itnim — Rcadit's nearly to or slightly beyond tlif socond coxa-, transparfiitly white with extreme tip dusky. Thorax — Very pale green or yellow with two darker jrreen dorsjil spots. Ahilinnru — Deeply sefTinented, and very routrh. due to the larjfe jflnndular tuhereles, pale yellow with darker preen dorsal hand aero.s.s the liaso and a simill (freon pateh just in front of the ha.se of the style. Anal plate f Figure II) as in the winired fenuile. Coniiclrs — (Figure 7). Same as in winped form except that they are yellow throughout. Legs — Very light yellow or transparently white throughout. Style — (Figure 12^. As in winged form, hut slightly larger, yellow, length 0.08 mm.
Young — Are very light in eolor, varying from a pah- whitish or yellow to light faded green. The entire hody is covered with long glandular hairs, eaeh of which is situated on quite a large hody tubercle.
Host — This spiM-ies is not [>lentiful, except in a very few instances. On nearly every Alder tree (Almis rhomhifolin Nutt) there may be found a few- individuals on the under sides of the leaves. On one small tree in the Santa Paula Canyon there were to be found thousands, the entire lower surfaces of the leaves being covered, but even here the winged individuals were very scarce. The presence of the insect is easily told by the smutting of the foliage of all infested trees.
Loealiti) — On the trees growing along all of the streams in thi' vicinity of Santa Paula, California.
Dale of CnUertiou — August Hi. 1011. Serial number 27.
MONELLIA califiirnicus n. sp. I Wild walnut Plant-lonse)
wiNctj) vmf.vRors fi:m.m,k (Figure 244. A)
Length of the body including the style, 2 mm., width of the mesothorax O.fi mm., width of the ahdr)men at widest place near the middle O.fl."? mm., wing expansion 5..') mm. A medium-sized plant louse. Prevailing color — Rich saf- fron yellow varying to a much lighter shade, with dark appendages. Jlead — Rounded anteriorly and base straight, nearly the shape of a half circle, yellow with a black longitudinal stripe venlrally at ihe base of eaeh antenna (Figure 1>1 and two short black stripes extending from the front backwanls between the bases of the antennu'. hhiex — Large, light with red i-enters. Antennae — (Figures O, 0. II) considerably longer than the body, slightly imbricated: article I lemon yellow with inner a[)ical margin dark, II lemon yellow with dark 'uncr margin and dark apical tip: remaining articles dark (almost black) throughout : lengths : I, 0.12 mm. : IT, 0.09 mm. : III, O.fiS mm. : IV. 0..t mm. : V. 0.45 ?iim. : VT, 0.45 mm. (spur 0.18 mm.) : total 2.20 mm. From the.se measure- ments it will be seen that I is longer than II, Til much the h>ngest, IV a little longer than V, V and VI sub-eipial (IV, V and VI nearly all equal), the spur
768
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 244. Monellia californicus n. sp. A, winged vivi))arous female: If, nymph of the winged female; C, anal plate of the adult female; D, base of the antenna showing the dark ring at base of the first article; E, head of nymph, showing tubercles; F, antenna of nymph; G, anteiina of the adult female; H, third antcimal article of the adult, showing the location of the sensoria.
Pomona Coi.i.kok Joi'rnai, of Kntomoukiy 769
111' \'I coniprisfs a litfli- imirc than a tliinl of tlic ciitiro articli- ami not as Utnn as bast» The sensoria on III an- usually confincti to the hasal half of thf ar- ticle; large, soinewliat eloiijiated and the nnmbers vary as follow: '.\ articles iiad <;. (I had 7, 11 had 8, i:? had ft, ;'> had 10, .T had 11, and 1 had 12. None were found with less than six and none witli more than I'J. Fntm 7 to 9 is the aver- asre. One sensoriuiii on article V and the usual nuniher in the proee.is of VT. Rostrum — Yellow with extreme tip dark, reaheinir .iust beyoml the first eoxir. I'rothnrar — Oradually wideninir from the base of the head to the mesothorax, not as wide as the latter, yellow with two lateral dorsal lilaek bands extending from the anti-rior almost to the base. These bands are narrow and do not reaeh to the mesothorax. Mfsolhnras — Well developed, yellow, the lobes sometimes pinkish or richer yellow. Mftalhnrajr — With well developed muscle lobe or scutellum. SIi(.'Iitly deeper yellow than the body proper. Ahtlnmrn -\^i']\ rounded, widest near the middle, bright yellow without darker <lorsHl mark- ings, except a dark spot where the cornicles should be and even this is ver.v ob.wure. Cnrnirlr.'! — Simply indicated by dusky spots on the abdomen. Lffjx — Normally long and haired; coxit" yellow, color of the body: femora dusky yellow or light yellow at base with apical tip almost black: tibia* black — tarsi black. These markings of the legs are constant and very characteristic. The dark spot on the femora is simply a black band around the extreme apical tip. Wiiifis — Nonnal for this genus. Primnr;/ — Lent'th 2.5 nun., width 0.0 nun. Costal vein black and heavy to the base of the stigma ; subcostal vein light .yel- low from base of wing to stigma, wide; .s'/i^Hin-sub-hyalinc, lightest in middle, dusky around edges with a dark spot or blotch at the tip of the subcostal (lower base of the stigma) and dark apical margin from the base of the third diseoidal to the wing margin ; sharp angle at base of stigmal vein and at apex ; nearly a parallelogram, with angles very sharp at base of stigmal vein and at tip: stigmal vein nearly obsolete, but mo.st distinct through- out its apical half, short and deeply curved, almost a semi-circumferenee, arises from near the apical end of the stigma where it forms a ver.v sharp angle; first diseoidal is very dark with margins narrowly and heavily clouded, arises from the subcostal at two-thirds its leneth from the base, nearly .straight: second diseoidal as dark as the first with a dark narrow border, arises near the ba.se of the stigma and curves inwardly: third diseoidal heavily clouded at its base, onl.v becoming lighter and very narrow towards the tip. brani'bing ver.v variable. th(> first branch usually arising near the middle, and the seccnd branch .just before the middli- of the first. ITowever. the second fork is .sometimes very near the tip of the wing and again it may be near to the third vein proper. Tn one such case the vein was thrice branched, the third branch arising very near the wing margin. Only one such instance was found. The drawing shows the nonnal wing. The stigmal vein an<1 the tips of the third diseoidal and its branches are amber brown with darker .spots at the apices of all the veins. Slfrondarii — Length 1.7 mm., width 0..'i mm., very light, with dusky tips; subcostal light amber, with shiirp downward bend two-thirds the distance from base to tip; first disccidal arises from the subcostal beyond
770 Pomona College Journ.\l of Entomology
one-third the distance from its base to apex, obsolete at base, straiglit, light amber ; second diseoidal arising from the bend of the subcostal, bends inwardly, light amber in color. Styh — (Figure I) globular, yellow, covered with long stout hairs. Anal plate — (Figure C) bifid and bearing stout hairs.
The body of the adult winged female is free from stout liairs or spines.
NYMPH OP WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 344, B)
As large as the adult female before the last moult. Prevailing color — Yel- low covered with dark or dusky capitate glandular hairs which are situated on body tubercles arranged in longitudinal rows — two rows of large tubercles, each tubercle bearing two hairs, and two lateral rows of tubercles, each tubercle bearing one hair. Head — (Figure E) covered with tubercles bearing the capi- tate hairs, yellow. Antennae — (Figure F) nearly as long or as long as the body. Articles I and II color of the head, each bearing a capitate hair. III, IV, V yellow with apical tips dark, VI with portion on each side of process dark, tip and base yellow. Rostrum — Same as in adult form. Legs — All transparently light yellow except the tarsi, which are amber or dusky (some- times black).
Host — Commonly found feeding upon the undersides of the older leaves of the Southern California Wild Walnut (Juglans calif ornica Wats.) but it sometimes occurs on the leaves of the tender shoots, infesting all parts of such foliage. The insects, like most of the members of this genus, produce great quantities of honey-dew upon which grows the black smut which gives the in- fested trees a very unsightly appearance.
Locality— At and in the vicinity of Sulphur ilountaiu Springs, about six miles north of Santa Paula, at an altitude of from 1000 to 1500 feet.
Date of Collection — July 1, 1911. Serial number 41.
This species resembles most Monellia raryae (IMonell) Oestl., but varies in the following:
Monellia caryae Monell Monellia californicus n. sp.
I'rolhora r
Yellow (Thomas). Yellow witli two liingitudimil black
bands on dorsum.
Antennae
Yellow with tips of the articles Articles I and Tl ]);u-tly yellow, i)lack. (Thomas.) while all of the remaining articles are
black throughout.
Shorter than the body. (Thomas.) Longer than the body.
Article VII (spur of VI) equal to Spur of article VI much shorter
or one-third longer than the VI. than the base. ( Some say shorter. ) (Thomas.)
^
I'oMoNA College Joirnal of Entomoixxjv 771
Wings
Held horizontally in rpst. Veins Never hold horizontally. Costal
pale. (Thomas.) dark, first, seeond and base of third
diseoidals dark and narrowly elondi'd. Sti^rma Miint at apex. (Thomas.) Stigma acute at apex.
Legs
All whitish exeept last joint of the Coxa' and all hut apex of femora
tarsi of winged individuals. (Will- yellow, tihia and tarsi dark through- iams.) out.
Named after the si)ecies of the Host Plant Jurjlnns caUfornira Wats.
Tribe LACHNINI
liod)i — I'sually lari;i', hairy, tlattcui'd. widest ,iust in front of the eornieles.
Antfuuai — Short, .seareely lonfrer than half the lensrth of the hody. not on frontal fuhereles; six artieled exeept Essi^ella. whieli has hut five; rather slender; hairy; artiele TH lon'.rest. usually as lonpr as TV and V together.
Legs — First and seeond pairs rathi-r .short; third pair exeeptionally long; stout ; hai ry.
Wing Vf nation — Primary wings with eostal. suheiistal. stigma!, and three diseoidals. the third being twiee forked. The first and seeond diseoidnls with bases often very elose together. Third <li.seoiilal sometimes very faint. Stigma usually Innsr and slender. Stigmal vein nearly always straight, but may be slightly curved. Seeondar.v wing with subcostal and two diseoidals.
Cnrnirlrs — Very short; conical: ring or poredike or entirely obscure or wanting; base usually as wide as the length.
Sti/Ir — H^iunded ; ineonspicuo>is ; or obsolete.
Of all the tribes in this family. perha|is there are none more difficult or obscure than the one under consideration. Wilson, in the Annals of the En- tomological Society of Anieri<'a. Vol. TV, pp. :il-54. has made the first advance in bringing the various genera and their synonyms together, losing this as a basis, T have attempted to fornndate, though in a ver.v rude way, a key to these known genera. This has been especially difficult, because of the fact that most of the types as well as the genera and many of the known species have been described in Europe and have received little or no attention from Ameri- can writers. Tt ha.s been neces.sar.v to select characters as they arc given in the original descriptions, and niany of these arc not fit nuitcrial for formulating a key. My chief aim in so doing is to get the key before the public and asking all to join in its revision and correction. Tt is to be understood then that the fcllowinvr is but provisional:
Provisional Key to Genera
1. Antenna^ with five articles. 8
Antenna' with six articles. 2
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Pomona Coixege Journal of Entomology
5.
First segment (if tlie tarsus equal to one-half of the second. eulnchnus
First segment ut tlie tarsus not nearly equal to half of the second. 3
Winged females usually present, tarsi of all legs two-segmented. 4
Winged females never found (as yet), tarsi of hind legs with but
one segment, other two pairs of legs with two segments. trama
Wings carried pentwise (normally), rostrum scarcely reaching be- yond middle of the abdomen. 5 Wings carried horizontally (folded flat on the back), rostrum of
apterous forms much longer than the body. slmnaphis
Stigma not reaching to the wiiig tip, not exceptionally long. 6
Stigma exceptionally long, and reaching around the tip of the
wing. longistigina
6. Abdomen witli a horn-like tuberch^ nn the median dorsum between
the cornicles. tuherolachnus
Abdomen without the liorn-like tuliercle on the median dorsum. 7
7. Bases of the first and second diseoidal veins usually close together,
third diseoidal often very faint, wings but slightly or rarely clouded. hchnns
Bases of first and second discoidals farther apart than in "Lach-
nus," third diseoidal plain, wings often darkly clouded. pfcrochlorufi
8. Tarsi with first segment half as long as the second. es.iigella Many of these genera are represented by but one species which fonns the
type, and but few are found in California. It is, therefore, unnecessary to give but the synonomy and type species of the most of them, while of those found in this state I shall also give a key to the species. (The type species and generic synonymy is strictlv after Wilson.")
EULACHNUS Del Guercio Type Lachnus agilis Kalt.
TRAMA Heyden Type T. troglodytes ITeyd.
STOMAPHIS Walkcr Type Aphis quercus Linn.
LONGISTIGMA Wilson Syn. Davisia I'd (luercio Tyi)C Aphis caryae Harris
Tuberolachnus Murdwilkd
? Syn. Schizolachnus Mord.
Type Lachnus viminalis I-'onsc.
T. vimiiialis (Fonse.) Mord. On .SV///.r fluriatilis Null, in Placer County
by WuL Davidsrn. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, p. 398, 1911. On S. macrostachya Nutt.
and S. laevigata liebb. in Ventura County by writer. (See in Litt.).
Pomona f'in.i,K(;i; .Ioiknu. hk K\toiiouh;\ TTit
LACHNUS Kiirnicister
Syn. Lachniella Del (luercio
Ty\H- L. fasciatus lUirm
LACHNUS r.urni. Key to California Species
1. Biidy very dark trrocii nr liruwii, (;r Miu-kisli. 2 Unily (lull fjreen or lifjht k'"'"''"- 4
2. Hddy secreting' ratlifr lout: llnciiilnu-e. occidental^ Body only i)urvi'li-nt. 3
I. iiody Mackisli i-loiidft! with hrown. ahictis
{{oily lijrlit ainl)i'r hrowu. junipvri
4. liody with little or no piirveleuce, lifjht frntn. alnifnlim
Hody with rather thiek j)urvelenee, dull ^reen with reddisii spots on dorsum. pini-radiatni
Ij. uitidi iildlis Davidson. In larne i-olonies on the undersitle of younjf shoots of .ItiV.v f/;a»i(/i.s Lindl. Jr. Ee. Knt., II, :{(»(•, llHllt. Taken in the viein- ity of Stanford Inivei-sity. I'alo Alto, California. Wint;eil form not deseriheil.
L. abiilix Fiteh. Reported by Davidson on Ahiis rniiroliir Parry (White I'ine), where it eolleets in larye eoloniis on the lindis. At I'alo Alto, Califor- nia. Jr. Ee. Ent., II., p. 2!»!), l!t(l!t.
L. juiiipiri De (Jeer. Taken hy writer on Tlnii/a urciili iilnlis. where it gathers in quite larjie colonies on the stems. Claremont and Santa Paula. California. P. V. Ju Ent.. Ill, pp. r)41-r>4:i, liUl.
L. aliiifoliac Fiteh. Reported on Ahtiis sp. (Alder) hy Clarke, at Berke- ley and Colfax, California. Can. Ent.. XXXV. p. 24)S. l!l(t!t. Also reported on Alder hy Davidson at Palo Alto, California. Jr. Ee. Ent.. II, p. :{i«i, 1!»0!I.
L. pini-radidlae Davidson. Found tin needles of Monterey Pine (I'hiiis radinta Ciord.). both in the green house and outside. Palo Alto, California. Jr. E.'. Ent., II, pp. 2!l!>-:{()(l. 1 !)((!».
Pterochlorus Rondani Syn. Cinara Curtis Dryobius Knch Dryaphis Kirk Tyjic Aphis roboris Linn. No species of this •.'cniis vi't taken in this State.
ESSIGELLA Del C.ucrcio
1 ypc Lachnus califomicus Kssip
E. califoniitiis (Essig) Del (iuercio. Taken by the writer on Cultivalecl
Monterey Pine {I iiiiis rai'.ialn (Jord. » on Pomona Colle>:e Campus, Claremont,
California, and at Santa Paula. Califi rnia. P. C. Jr. Ent.. I, p. 4, 1!)0!). (See
same in this paper.)
774 Pomona College Journal op Entomology
Tuberolachnus viminalis (Beyer de P'onscolombe) Morclwilko (The Large Spotted Willow Aphid)
1841. Aphis vinnnalis Fonsc. Ann. See. Ent. Fr. 1846 ApJiis salicis Curtis-Brt. Ent. Jr. Roy. Agrcl. Soc. 1848 Aphis saliyna Walker- Ann. Nat. Hist. 1872. Lachnus dentatus Le Baron-Rept. Ins. 111. II, p. 138. 1880. Lachnus dentatus Le Baron-Thos. 8th Rept. Ent. 111., p. 116. 1881 Lachnus liniinalis Fonsc. -Buck, Aphid. Brit. Ill, pp. 53-57. 1887 Lachnus liniinalis Fonsc. -Oestl. Aphid. ]Minn. p. 32. 1890 Lachnus dentatus he B.-VaQkard. Forest Ins. 593. 1890 Lachnus dentatus LeB.-Weed. Bull. A. E. S. 0. Tech. Ser. I, 117- 118.
id. Agr. Science 4, 155.
id. Rept. Columbus Hort. Soc. 166. 1892 Lachnus dentatus he B.-Oshorn. Cat. Hem. la. 129.
1904 Lachnus viminalis (Fonsc.) -Coekerell-Can. Ent. (Separate, date
not given.)
1905 Lachnus viminalis Boyer-Schouteden-Cat. Aphid. Belg. 207.
1908 Tuberolachnus viminalis (Boyer)-Mordwilko Ami. Mus. Zool.
Acad. Imp., Des. Sci. Tome XIII, 374. 1910 Tuberolachnus viminalis (Boyer)-^Iord. -Wilson. Ent. News, XXI,
p. 156. 1910 Lachnus vimi)ialis Fonsc. -Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, p. 374.
1910 Lachnus dentatus he B.-Davis. Jr. Ec. Ent., HI, p. 413.
1911 Lachnus viminalis Boyer- Wilson. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. IV, 52. 1911 Tuberolachnus viminalis (Boyer) -Wilson. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. IV,
52. 1911 Lachnus viminalis ( Boyer) -Essig. I'. C. Jr. Ent. Ill, 462. 1911 Tuberohchnus viminalis ( Bo.ver)-Mord.-Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent. Ill,
467.
\viNGii> vivu'AKois FEMALE (Figure 245, A) Length of body 4.2 mm., width of the mesothora.x 1.1 mm., width of the abdomen 2.1 iiiiii.. wing expansion 12 mm. The largest insect of this family which I have ever collected. Body — Large, rather flat, narrow anteriorlj' and bluntly-pointed abruptly behind. Covered with short fine hair and a thick coat of fine white powder. Prevailing color — From a dark brown to a rich gray, with black spots. Head — Small, much wider than long, rounded and broad in front, hairy, dark brown with very little white powder. Eyes — Large, dark i)rown, with terete tubercles. Antennae — (Figures D and E) short, reaching to the l>a.se of the thora.x, rather slender, bases far apart, hairy, dark brown tliroughout, lengths of articles: I, 0.09 mm.; II, 0.09 mm.; Ill, 0.55 mm. ; IV, 0.27 mm. ; V, 0.27 mm. ; VI, 0.25 mm. (spur or un.siiis 0.01 mm.) ; total 1.52 mm). Articles I and II are co-equal in length, though I is much wider and sometimes a little longer than IT; Til is by far the longest article
Pomona CoM.KciK Joiknai. ok Kntomciumiv
775
ami is ns lonfj or u little lon^'cr tluiu IV nml V to^'cthiT ; IV and V an- usually eo-e(iual, l)ut either one may l)e longer than the other. The iiieasiireiiientn of the articles IV, V and \'I of four antenna- are as follows:
(1) (2) (3) (4i
IV 0.11 mm. ().:n mm. 0.2(1 mm. 0.27 mm.
V 0.12 mm. (i.:i(l mm. 0.27 mm. 0.27 mm.
VI 0.1 mm. 0.2") mm. 0.27 mm. 0.25 mm.
Till' sixth article is usually the shortest of the last three. The spur of VI is e(iual to aliout one-sixth of the Icn^'tli of the entire article. Lart'e i-irciilar
.^.- :i.^ i»>ij I w.!! iii'"X ■>' j^l^
Figure 245. Tuberolachnus viminalis (Fonsc.) Mordwiiko \. winged viviparous I'cni.ilc; B. cornicle; C, tarsi; D and E, antennae of the same.
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Pomona College Journal of Entomology
sensoria are well distrib^ited on the articles as foUows: III with from 14 to 17, IV with from 3 to 5, V with 1 to 3, VI with 1. The surface of the antenna? are roughened by the large hair tubercles. Rostrum — Extending just beyond the third coxse, light amber near base and dark apical half. Prothorax — Scarcely wider than the head and not as long, widest at the base, dark brown with little powder. Meso- and Metathorax — Brown with black muscle lobes, which are high and well developed, covered with bluisli powder, and with fine silky hairs. (These cover the entire body.) Front narrow and base nearly as wide as abdomen. Abdomen — Well rounded with abrupt posterior ending, robust, bluish-gray with black spots set on dorsum in transverse and longitudi- nal rows, ground color rich brown, the whitish powder giving the grayish appearance in the living specimens. On the lateral sides near the base are irregular brownish patches, two of which form transverse bands which do not quite reach across the abdomen. These are caused by the lack of powder in the areas described, the ground color of the abdomen showing. The circular black spots are slight depressions, velvety in appearance and arranged as fol- lows: One spot just in front of each cornicle, a lateral longitudinal row on each side consisting of five large spots and one small posterior spot, first two anterior spots largest, a longitudinal row on each side just inside of the above- named row consisting of five spots, the two spots near the median tubercle the largest, two rows of small spots on the middle dorsum, two spots in each row in front of the median tubercle and two behind. The most characteristic thing about this species is the large dorsal tubercle, referred to above, which is situated on the middle of the doi-sum just in front of the cornicles. The base of this dark tubercle is about as large as the base of one of the cornicles, and from this wide base arises a sharp cone nearly as high as the distance across the base. There are usually si.x small lateral tubercles on each side of the abdo- men. The anal plate is well rounded, very dark brown and clothed with long fine hair. The ventral surface of the abdomen is light brown with a row of dark depressions near the lateral margins between each segment, covered with fine white powder. Cornicles — (Figure B) short, wide at the base, with surface concave to mouth, which is slightly flared, as'shown in drawing, the diameter of the base is a little more than three times that of the moutli, twice as wide as long, very dark brown or black, covered with silky hairs; width of base 0.5 mm., length 0.25 mm. Legs — Front and middle pair rather short, while the hind pair are very long, hairy, amber brown throughout, with the apices of the articles darker lirown. roTAZ— (Figure C) dark brown, article I about one- fourth as long as article II, hairy. Claws slender and very sliarp. Wbujs — Large, hyaline, rrimary — Length 5.5 mm., width near tiie tip of tlie .second diseoidal 2 mm. Costal vein wide to stigma, rich brown. Subcostal twice as wide as the costal, rich brown. Stigma narrow, about nine times as long as wide, rich brown throughout, pointed from the base of the stigmal vein to the tip. Stigmal vein arising near tlie tip of the stigma and extending nearly to the furthest tip of the wing, almost straight with slight l)end downward, yel- low. First and second diseoidals with bases close together and near the middle
Pomona Coi.i.KciK J<it knai, ok Kntomoumjv 777
of the siilicdstal, viTV distiilrt thriiiitrlioiit. l-'irst ilismidal straiKlit, Kcroiul dis- iditlal iiiucli iiiiirc slanting than the lirst ami lii-iit luitwanlly throiiKli the apiial half so that tlu- convex siirfact' is towards the tip of thr wint;. Third discoidal faint, niiicli less distinct than the other veins, twice forked, lia.se olisu- lete. First fork one-third distance and second fork two-thirds the distance from the base of the vein to the tip of tile last branch. All yi-llow. I'osti rior — Len>;th 3.4 mm., width 1.1 mm., siibeostal vein nearly strai^lit, liasjil half with yellowish insertion. Discoidals arising near the same place, their bases lieinK (1.2 mm. apart, on the subcostal about (inc-third the distance from the basi- to the tip. They diverge stron^jly from their bases to the tips, both strai»;hl, well- detined and yellow. Style — Ob.solete.
Ai'TEROlS VIVII'AKOIS KKMAIJO ( FifTure 24G, A)
Lenfrth of body 5.25 mm., width of abdomen 2.9 nnii. liixlij — Witlest just in front of the cornicles and tapering; ctT (gradually to the head and more abruptly to the ])ynidium ; robust, but much flattened. An e.xceedin>{ly larfje species. Covered entirely with short, fine silky hairs. I'n railing colur — (Jray to a bluish white or brown. Kntirely e(ivered with a tine wliiti' powder, (iroiind coltir of the body brownish, covered with black velvety spots, llfatl — Small, nearly a.s lonj; jus wide, nearly i|uadran;;ular in shape. mundinK in front, wide between the antennu', which arc nearly on the anterior sides, brown to pruinose. Kyen — Larjie, dark brown. Aiiltiina( — (Fijjnre (') reaching nearly to the second alulominal se<rment, hairy, roiiKh, brown thrauKhout; Icn^'tlis of articles : I, 0.1 mm. ; 1 1, (t.l mm. ; 1 1 1. (1.7 nun. ; IV, (l..{ mm. : V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. (spur O.Ofi mm.) ; total 1.7 mm. Articles I and II are eo- ec|uai. Ill much longer than any of the rest, more than twice as lonff as either I\' or \', l\' longer than V or VI, which are about eo-e(pial. A single large sen.sorium near apical end of IV and in the process of VI. iiostniiii — Reaehe.s nearly to the miiUUe of the abdomen, and)er brown with dark tip. ThoroT — Oray, with two transverse dark depressions between the segments. These de- pressions are nearly straight acrc-^s between the pro- and meso-thoracie seg- ments, with lateral ends curved upwardly between th<' iiieso- and meta-thoracie segments, and straight, but narrow in the middle between the thorax and th<' abdomen. Aliiloim >i — With small lateral nuirginal tubercles and large black median dorsal tubercle between the cornicles. This tubercle or cone is very large, occupying nearly one-third of the dorsum, nearly as high as the width of the base. The tip is pointed. The black abdominal spots are nearly circular in shape ami arranged in transverse and longitudinal rows. In longitudinal rows the arrangement is as follows: a single spot in front of each eorniele, a row of six large spots and one small spot on each side, just inside the base of the cornicles, another row betwien the cornicles and the tubercle on each side consisting /)f six .spots each, two median rows of smaller .spots, each consisting of three each in front of the tubercle (the spot in each row just in front of the tubercle very small and often not present), and one small .spot ju.st In-hind the ba.se of the tubercle. The two posterior spots in the extreme lateral rows and
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Figure 246. Tuberolachnus viminalis (Fonsc.) Mordwilko A, apterous viviparous female; B, cornicle; C, antenna of the same.
Pomona roi.i.KOF. Joirnm, of Knt(>mi)i,<x;v 779
the last spot in tlic row just iiisidi- form two trroiij)s of tlin-i- spots facli, m-nr the posti'rior cikI. (TIip location of tlics*- spots can he easily ascertained from the draw iiifr, which is accurate, having hecii made from a fresh specimen under tlie camera liicida.) Anal plate well rounded, hairy, hrown. Coriiirlrs — (Fij?- ure U*) similar to those of the win^icd form in shape and color, hairy; len(;tli ()..'}.") mm., width of base O.nU mm. />','/••>■ — As in the wint^ed form. Imt hind lept much loiifjer. iS7///f — Ob.solete.
Young — The younj; are reddish-hrown without the whitish powder, which is not secreted until the insects an- nearly Krown.
Hosts — Collected hy the writer on the limhs of Salir Uit riynlii Hehli. and S. inacrostachya Nutt. feeding; in larf;c colonics near the ground. In no eiuse were they found more than four feet ahove the surface of the ground. David- son rejjorts it on the Narrow Leaved Willow N. fluviatilis Nutt. in the northern part of the State, and on Salir sp. in the middle part of the State. It has been reported on Willow in the Central States, in Kn^land on N. (Iapli<iiii)itli s. and in other parts of Europe on N. vimiiialLi, from which it was prolmhiy named, and S. cincrea. So far as known, it feeds on nothing: hut the Willow trees.
Localily — This species has a very wide distrihutiou in this country, having been reported from all parts. In California it is also widely distributed. Davidson reports it from tlii' middle part of the State in the vicinity of Stan- ford I'niversity. The writer has obtained specimens from Fredcriik Maskey of the State Horticultural Commission, who collected it in the Imperial Valley, fix)m Claremont, \'entura and Santa I'aula. At the last-named place it is very abundant.
Pair of Colhclioii — August 11. l!)l(l. and Auf;ust ."). l!tll. It is plentiful throughout the summer months. Serial number 4.
This is indeed a ver.v distinct and interesting species. Though some have doubted the synonymy of the American form (L. diutaliis Le Haron) and the European form (L. liiniiialis Konsc. i, there is no doubt in my own mind that they are the sjime sjjeeies. I have studied the insect with great interest, com- paring its habits with those of the English species, as des<'ribed by (Jeo. H. Buekton in his .Monograph of British Aphids, pages 53-57. As he states, the species collect in large colonies (,n the bark near the ba.ses of the trees, each insect lying closd.v against its neighbor, forming a compact living uui.ss. Then there is the' method of keeping otT preying insects. The long hind legs are .so attached that the.v may be brought above the body in a perpendicular position, and whenever there is even the slightest disturbance the hind legs of every in- sect— great and snuiU — are set into a furious kicking motion over the IxKly. As all of the insects face the same way. any interfering object is soon kicked away from the colony. This action is aceomplishctl without moving any other part of the body — the abdomen renuiining always in its normal position. That the kicking is to ward otT parasites and the pn-dators. cannot l>e doubted, for. having examined thowsamls of eohuiies. I failed to .see but a very few para- sitized, and in no case were there to be found the larva; of the Syrphid tlies, though it docs not .seem possible that the kicking of these creatures couhl keep
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off such formidable enemies, unless it be accomplished by keeping away the adult flies and preventing them from depositing their eggs in the colonies. That the species is preyed upon by internal parasites is substantiated by Mr. Davidson, who states that the insect is "much parasitized by an Epliednis." But worse than any insect parasite or predator is a peculiar plague which, in this section, kills off absolutely every colony in certain areas. The insects re- tain their shape until the very last, and as soon as dead simply melt away. If one is touched it immediately falls as a drop of dark brown liquid. The skins of thousands still hang to the former places of lodgment, showing the situa- tions of a once prosperous colony. The contents of one of these melting bodies placed on a slide under a microscope shows thousands of small egg-shaped bodies, each with a small tubercle at one end. Whether these are the resting stages of bacteria, fungui or sporozoans I cannot say, but they are not to be found in the contents of healthy living specimens.
The attacks en the insects are greatest along the water's edge where the willows are growing in or near damp soil. In such places it is dilScult to find a complete colony, while back from the river there are no evidences of the plague, if so it be. An experiment was made to see if the disease could be communicated to other species of aphids, and accordingly a large number of the diseased colonies of the common Cottonwood Aphid (Thomasia populicola (Thos.) Wil- and liberate the body contents. This mixture was then poured over large colonies of the common Cottonwood Aphid (Thomasia populicola Thos. Wil- son), but none of them have yet succumbed to the disease. Specimens have been sent to the [Jniversity of California to ascertain, if possible, the nature of the malady. ,
The winged forms are exceedingly scarce, but those found carried their wings vertically and not horizontally, as described by Buckton.
Essigella californicus ( Kssig) Del Guercio (Montcrcv I'iiie Louse)
1909 Lachnus calif oniicus Essig. 1". C. Jr. Ent., I, pp. 1-4. Original
description. 1909 Essigella californicus (Essig) Del Guercio. Riv. Pathol. Vcg.-Pa-
via. Anno. Ill, N. 20-21. Formation of a new genus. 1!)09 Essigella californicus (E.s.sig) Del Guercio- Baker. I'. ('. .Ir. Ent.,
I, pp. 73-74. Translation of article by Del Guercio. The description of this insect having been my first attempt, and a very poor one, it has been my constant aim to re-draw and re-describe it so as to give it a more substantial place in the literature of the Family Aphidida'. In the original description tlie liody differentiations, esi)ecially of the thorax and abdomen, were omitted in the drawings; the measurements were taken witliout the aid of the camera lucida and tlierefore inaccurate; the text stated tluit the antennae of the winged female was six-articled instead of five, which was a printer's error; so far as I can now tell, there are no sensoria on the legs at all.
Pomona Coi.i.KciK Joikwi. ok KsToMouxiv
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\viN(iH> vivri'AKiMs ^■^MAI.K ( Piiiiiri's -241. A nnrl H) Lcnpth of hody 2.4 mm., width of the mi'.sothoriix li.«; mm., width of thi- abdomen 0.7 mm., wing pxi)an.sion H.5 mm. Hody lonir and narrow. frevaUimj color — (iri'cn and dark l)rown, some spwimcns an- ratlii-r tiark throtiKhotit. //(«(/ — Widf, short, roiindf'd in front, wider tlian the anterior portion of the prothorax, front with many h)n'r hairs exten<linj: forward, amber, yellow or unen. Eijfs — Nearly globular, with only an indieation of a terete marginal
Figure 247. Essigella californicus (EssIk) Del Guercio A, winged viviparous female; U, iiyinph of the winged female; C, apterous viviparous
female.
tuberele, dark red. yld/owMW'— (Figure '248. 1). Five-articled, short, reach- ing to the base of the primary wings, slightly hairy — the hairs short and stout, imbrieated. darker than the body — the eolorntion of the articles being: I and II green or eolor of the head. Ill green or amber at base with remaintler <lark, IV and V dark throughout with artieubtfions lighter: lengths of the articles: 1. 0.05 mm.: II. O.OC. mm.: III. 0.21 mm.: IV, 0.1 mm.: V. (1.12 mm. From
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theso measurements it will be seen that I and II are nearly equal, III is twaeo as long as IV and nearly twice as long as V, IV and V are nearly equal, though the apical article is a little the longer of the two. The sensoria are large and oval to oblong in shape. There are from three to four on article III, one on article IV, one large one and several smaller ones on article V in the process. The unguis or spur occupies about one-fifth of the last article and is tipped with several (usually four) rather stout hairs. Rosfnun — Reaches nearly to the base of the third coxae, light green or yellow with two marginal black spots nearly at the tip and a black tip. I'rothorax — Much longer than the head, but not as long as wide, widens gradually from the head to the base though the sides are nearly parallel, amber green with lighter green base and apex dusky ; ventral surface dusky green, biit lighter than the dorsum, covered with few rather long fine tuberculate hairs. Mesotlwrax — Wider than the prothorax, dark brown or nearly black, muscle lobes slightly pruinose, sides dull green ; ventral surface brown excepting the coxa?, which are green. Metathorax — Narrower than the mesa thorax, very short, muscle lobes black, pruinose, remainder dull green; ventral surface dull green. Abdomen — Oblong and evenly rounded, smooth, deep rich green (emerald), covered with small dark-red or dusky spots which are arranged in somewhat irregular transverse rows; from each of these spots arises a small tuberculate hair. Cleared specimens do not show these spots very well. Ventral surface of the abdomen dull green, distinctly segmented, may be slightly pruinose; anal and genital plates dusky; rather large tuberculate hairs on each margin near the posterior end and many long hairs on the anal plate. Cornicles — (Figure 248. 3, 4). Short, truncate, slightly wider at the bases and extending but a short distance above the body surface. "When looking down upon the cornicle there appears a dark semi-circle in the center which suggests that one side of the cornicle is cut down nearly even with the body, but a lateral view of it does not show this to be the ease. They are usually concolorous with the abdomen, but may be slightly amber or pinkish, or even sliglitly dusky. Legs — Hairy, lengths very uneven, first pair short and stout, second pair of medium length and stoutness, third pair very long and slender. These are used to clasp around the pine needles. The coxa' are green, femora amber with front margin darker, tabiip amber with dusky tips, tarsi (Figure 248, 5) dark. Article I nearly half as long as the second; lengths, I, 1 mm.; II, 1.5 nun. Wings — Long and narrow, hyaline, sHl)hyiilin(' (ir dusky. J^riiiinrji — Length 3 mm., width 0.95 mm.; costal vein well dcfini'd and wide to the stigma, though it is less than half as wide as the subcostal, basal half green, remainder dusky, subcostal wide, basal half green, remainder dusky, the color emerging from a light green at the base to the dark brown or dusky color of the stigma ; stigma long and narrow, strongly angulate, opposite sides nearly parallel, sliarp angle at the base of the stigmal vein, and at the apical end, dusky, almost black, length 1 mm., width 0.15 mm. ; stigmal vein well defined and dark, arises from near the apical end of the stigma, slightly curved upwards, but oft-times straight, nearly parallel
Pomona Coi.lkc.k Joirnai, ok K.NToMoi^iY
783
witli iIk' lliinl (lisididnl, tip fimTffi's at the wint; iiinrKin above tlio inidcUi' of
the fiid oT tin- wing; (liscoidals varialilc, is| iaily tlu' third disi-oidal which
is very indistinct, soniftiincs simph-, and om <■ forked as shown in the drawintrs iif the primary winirs (Fi^mrc L*4S. !t-l(i). these variations may he found <>m fho same insect as !t and 10 are pairs; first diseoidal well defined and dark, hase near tile middle of the sul)costal, straijfht or curves sli^fhtly inwardly; second discoi(hd arises hut a short tlistance from the hase of the first, curves inwardly, may 111' undulate, well defined and dark, these two discoidals arc fairly con- stant; third diseoidal faint or sul)-oi)solete, simple and uiululate, onee- hranchcd, (jhsolete at hjise ; if simple it is undulate and nearly parallel with
Figure 248. Essigella californicus ( Ks>.iK) Del Giicrcio 1, antenna of the winded I'enialc; 2, antennae of the apterous female: 3. top view and 4, si<le view of the cornicle of the winRcd female; 5. tarsi of winded female; 6. ventral aspect of the abdomen of the apterous female; 7 and 8, top and side view of the cornicle of the apterous female; 9-16, winR;s showing difTercnces in venation — 9 and 10 arc pairs fri>m two specimens.
the stifimal vein; if once hranched the fork is usually within the hasal half of tlui length, though this is variable as 11 shows the fork to be beyond the middle. In 14 and 15 the two branches of the fork are visible while the vein and fork are obsolete. Si'vondary — Lenfrth 2.2 mm., width 0.;j mm., dusky or sub-hyaline. Subecstal wide and well defined, dark, nearly .straiffht with an upward bend in the apical half, slightly undulate. i)is<'oidals well defined, dusky, obsolete at bases, both arise within the basal half of the subcostal. First diseoidal undulate, light at ba.se and darkens towards ai)ex ; second di.s- coidal curves inwardly, beeoming darker from base towards the tip. lioth di.seoidals may be nearly straight. Style — Obsolete. I'ngidiiitn — Well round- ed, dusky, hairy.
784 Pomona College Journ^vl op Entomology
NYMPH OF WINGED FEMALE (Fig^ire 247. B)
General color and size of the adult winged female, with dark brown wing pads- and more dorsal blaek spots and hairs, which are arranged in regular transverse rows. Pygidiuni dusky.
APTEROTis vivrPAROiis FEMALE (Figure 247. C)
Length of body 2.4 mm., width of abdomen 0.65 nnn. Body kmg aud narrow, and in not a few the head and thorax are as wide as the abdomen, the body sides being nearly parallel. The drawing shows the typical shape. Prevniling color — Light yellowish-green w-ith small red spots on the entire dorsum. Head — Rounded, wider than long but not as short as in the wnnged individuals, hair between the antennae often capitate, yellow or light green with several small red .spots bearing hairs on the dorsuuL Eyes — Nearly globular, red. Antennae— {Figure 248, 2). Reaching nearly to the middle of the mesothorax, imbricated, slightly hairy, coloration same as in winged forms, five-articles; length of articles: I, 0.06 mm.; II, 0.7 mm.; Ill, 0.2 mm.; IV, 0.1 mm. ; V, 0.12 mm. : total 0.55 mm. ; their comparative lengths about the same as the articles of the winged female. Large oval sensorium on article IV and the usual sensoria in the process of V. Rostrum — Reaching beyond the third coxte, light green with dark tip. Prothorax — Narrow, nearly as long as broad, apex narrower than head, widening .slightly towards the base, with many small red spots, each bearing a single fine tuberculate hair, light yellow. Mesothorax — Long and narrow, nearly as long as the width across the pos- terior end, green with red spots and hairs on the dorsum. Metathorax — Extremely short, not one-third as long as the mesothorax and a little wider, with a distinct transverse row of red spots on dorsum and several spots near the anterior margin, green. Abdomen — Green, nearly cylindrical, dorsum covered with transverse rows of small red spots, each bearing a fine tuber- culate hair. Some of these spots are very irregular and differ greatly in size, while all may be very poorly arranged in rows and appear .scattered. La.st abdominal segment and pygidiuni dusky, hairy. Ventral .surface ])alc green with two rows of five red spot.s each (Figure 248, 6) near the margins at the union of the segments. Anal and genital plates dusky. Cornicles — (Figure 248. 7, 8). Practically the same as those of the winged females. Legs— Lengths the same as in the winged individuals, hairy, amber yellow to amber brown throughout ; coxjc and bases of femora pale green ; tarsi amber brown. Style — Obsolete. Pygidium — Dark, liairy.
Hosts — First taken by the writer from cultivated Pine trees (Pinus radiata Gord) Monterey Pines, which are growing on the i'omona College Campus. The insects fire not in colonics but are scattered scjiaratcly over the entire trees. They are usually to be found most plentiful on tlic terminals of tlie branches and feed upon the needles, along which th(>y arc able to move very rapidly. In moving they clasp around the needle with all Feet, but particularly with the short front and the long hind legs. It is imijossible to
Pomona Coi.i.KciK Joihnm, of Kntomouhiy 785
shako tlipiii off except l>y violent and sudden jnrrin^'. Mr. W. M. |)ii\-i(ison has des(iil)ed an aplii<l (Larlnius pini-radiatar*) which is prohably synony- moiis with this species, fcedinfr upon the Monterey Pine ( f'iinis raliala (Jord.l and on the Silver or Dipper Pine (/'ihi/.s- .inhiiiiiina Doupl.) Am also in re- ceipt of a single winped species from Edith M. Patch. Orona, Maine, which prcatly resenihlcs this species, and which is without doui)t identical with it. It was taken from the White F'ine (I'ii)iis strDhus) at Stillwater, Maine.
Lorrt/iVi/— Collected by the writer at Pomona College, Claretnont, Cal., and at Santa Paula. Cal.
Dafe of coUerlinit — Durinsr the winter mouths of l!)08-lf)fl!) at Clarcmont ind on July 27. 1911. at Santa Panln. Cnl. Serial number 47.
Tribe PTEROCOMMINI General Characters
Body — Usually larpe and somewhat flattened; very hairy, the hairs short and fine, may or may not have lateral body tubercles.
Antenvae — T'snally shorter than the body, but variable in lenpth. six- articled, not on frontal tubercles, covered with lonp rather stout hairs, which have larpe ba.sal tubercles.
Legs — Stout, hind leps lonpest. very hairy.
Wing vcnaiinn — As in Aphidini. with little or no variations.
f'nrviclex — Lonper than tho.se in the tribe Chaitophorini. usually consid- erably lonper than broad, cither cylindrical or vasifonn. never very lonp.
Stti/Ip — Thick, short, well rounded with broad base.
In the followinp arranpcmcnt T am apain followinp Prof. Wilson and find that there has been considerable confusion in this tribe. Two penera are represented. Melmwranthrrium and Pfrrnconnna. Tt is stranpe ton that the only California species listed or described in this tribe were placed in the latter penera under the name Claflohiun. when both should have been i)laeed under the former. These penera Prof. Wilson se[)arates as follows:
Key to Genera Cornicles swollen or vasiform. niclanoranthcrium
Cornicles cylindrical. pterocnninm
MELANOXANTHERIUM Schoutcden
Syn. Melanoxanthus Puickton
Type Aphis salicis Linn,
Key to California Species
Body prayish brown or anib«>r. with distinct dorsiil niarkinps, .sliphtly
purvclent. ntfulus (Da\-idson)
'Lachnus pini-radiatae Davidson cannot he this species, because in his descrip- tion, Davidson Kives the measurements of the antennal articles: III, 0 48 mm.; TV. 0.28 mm.: V, 0.28 mm.; VI. 0.23 mm. From these it will be seen that the insect has six antennal articles and it is not possible that the spur was counted as a separate article, because of the lenprth of the sixth article. It must be a Kood and distinct species, though I have been unable to get specimens of it from Air. Davidson for comparative study.
786 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Body black, abdomen without dorsal dark markings, not
purvelent. saliciti (Harris)
M. rufidus (Davidson). On Salix sp., in the vic'lnity of Stanford Uni- versity, Palo Alto, Cal. Jr. Ec. Ent., II, 301, 1909.
M. saliciti (Harris). On Salix sp., in the vicinity of Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cal., Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent., II, p. 300, 1909.
Pterocomma Buckton Syns. Cladobius Koch
Aphioides Passerini Aristaphis Kirkaldy Type P. pilosa Buckton No members of this genus reported from California.
Melancxantherium rufulus Davidson 1909 Cla-doobius refulus Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. II, pp. 300-301. De- scription.
WINGED VTViPAEOUS FEMALE (Figure 249, A)
Length 3.25 mm., width of the mesothorax 0.95 ram., width of the abdomen 1.15 mm., wing expansion 9 mm. This is not the largest specimen. Davidson gives the following measurements: Length of body 3.8 mm,, expanse of wings 11.25 mm. Body — Rather broad and flat, large, entirely covered with rather long fine hair, often slightl.y powdery. Prevailing color — Dark grayish-brown or gray-ground color brown, covered with fine white powder giving it the gray color. HcmI — Small, widest at the base, much wider than long, broad between antenna?, dusky amber. Eijrs — Dark red with terete tubercles. Antennae— {Figure 250, 1 and 2). As long as the head and thorax, imbricated, hairy articles I and II dusky. III duslrv })rown with yellow base, IV dusky white with lighter base, V and VI dusky or dark throughout. Lengths of articles : I, 0.09 mm. ; II, 0.07 mm. ; III, O.fi mm. ; IV, 0.38 mm. ; V, 0.38 mm.; VI, 0.55 mm. (spur 0.33 mm.) ; total, 2.09 mm. antenna^ of one of the largest insects). I and II are nearly equal with the foriner, always longer and wider, III the longest article, IV and V equal or nearly so, in some cases IV is longest, in others V is longest, VI with spur much longer than the base, but not over one and one-third times as long. III with from eleven to thirteen largo circular sensoria, V with one near the apex, and VI with one large and four or five small sensoria in the process. Rn.itrum — Reaching to or slightl.y beyond the third eoxa% transparently light with the extreme tip dark. Prothorax — As long as the head and much wider at the base, with distinct lateral tubercles (Figure 250, 4) just back of the middle, greenish or dusky amber, when pruino.se with a lateral dorsal darker band parallel to tlie sides, ventral surface yellowish. Mesothorax — Deep amber, front median lobe and scutellar lobe lighter than the ground color, side muscle lobes dark, nearly black. All lobes well developed, ventral surface distinctly lobed — lobe on
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each side pinkish ainlitT. I'mir on vi-ntnil surface hhick, portion connecting coxiL' pink. Mctathorax — Muscle lobe dark niid)cr, remainder liKhter, ventral surface dark around coxiu with a li^rht liaud connecting them. Ahdomrn — Distinctly segmented, the lateral iriar^'in of each sepneiit with a distinct tubercle (Figiire 250. 5) shorter than those on the prothorax and a dark blotch around each tubercle, also with a transverse median brown band which may or may not be in two jtarts. and a spot between the secments near the lateral margins as shown in the drawing,'. Entire surface may be covered with a line
Figure 249. Melanoxantherium rufulus (Davidson)
A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female; C, cornicle of winged
female; D, cornicle of apterous female.
white powder, which is usually thickest between the .segments. Anal plate larixe, hairy, amber. Cormc/fs— (Fisrure 249 C). Va-siform, very narrow throughout the ba.sal half and enlarged and contracted in the apical half .so that the mouth is wider than the base but much narrower than the widest part, contracted just before the mouth, which is Haring. yellow or orange throughout, with often a dusky tip : length O.AS mm., width at ba.se 0.05 mm., width at narrowest place 0.04 mm., width at widest place 0.08 mm., width of contraction just before the mouth 0.45 mm., width of mouth 0.06 mm. Legs — Stout, hairy; front legs much shorter than the rest, middle legs longer than
788 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
tlie forelegs. Init iiiucli shorter tliaii the liind lej^'s, hind legs long with excep- tionally long femora ; eoxa» dusky white ; femora dusky white with apical one- half dark brown ; tibife yellowish amber with darker tips ; tarsi (Figure 250, 3) dark; article I one-fourth at long as II. Wings — Normal, hyaline, with venation constant and normal. Primary — Length 4 mm., width 1.4 mm. Costal well developed to the stigma. Subcostal wide, rich brown. Stigma rather long and narrow, with opposite sides nearly parallel, four times as long as broad, pointed at tip, rich brown. Stigmal vein short and well curved, arising beyond the middle of the stigma, the tip slightly farther from the tip of the stigma than is the base. Discoidals well developed and normal : first and second with bases quite distant, first straight, second bent out- wardly, with convex surface towards the tip of the wing, third obsolete for a short distance at the base, first fork near the middle, and second fork near the tip of the wing. All veins rich brown with a slight dusky area at their tips. Secondary — Length 2.4 mm., width 0.7 mm., venation constant, sub- costal undulate, distinctly twice bent, first downward bend slight and at the base of the first discoidal which is not far from the base of the wing (one- fifth the length of the vein), the second downward bend is much greater than the first and at the base of the second discoidal, which is nearly the middle of the subcostal, first discoidal obsolete at the base, straight, reaching to tip of wing, second discoidal bending slightly outwardly. Veins brown with dusky spots at their apices. Style — Short, rounded, amber yellow or orange with dusky tip.
apterous viviparous female (Figure 249. B)
Length of body 3.2 mm., width of abdomen 1.7 mm. Bodi) — Large, oval, tapering gradually towards both ends, covered with hair, pruinose, well seg- mented. Prevailing color — From reddish brown to gray, covered with a fine white powder which forms white or gray bands between the segments and a light longitudinal row on the middle of the dorsum. Head — Rather large, much wider than long, with front ocellus protruding forward, wide between the antenna?, amber lirnwn. Eyes — Large, dark red. Antennae— (Figure 250, 8 and 9). Half as long as the bod.v, not on frontal tubercles, hair.v, each hair on quite a large tubercle or swelling, I and II amber yellow. Ill and IV transparentl.v white or yellow with dusky tips, V transparently yellow with apical one-third dark, VI dark with extreme base light. Lengths of articles: I, 0.1 mm.; TI, O.OS mm.: TIT, 0.5 mm.; IV, 0.34 mm.: V. 0.35 mm.: VL 0.5 nun., fspnr 0.20 mm.^ : total 1.87 muL I is wider ami longer than TI. IIT as long or slightl.v longer than VI, IV and V approximately co-eqiuU tliough V is often slightl.v the longer, VI as long or nearl.y as long as III, spur longer than the base, but not nearl.y twice as long. Usual ninuber of sensoria on V and VI. Bostrioii — Reaches to the third abdominal segment, transparentl.v white with black tip. Prothorax — Light, reddish brown with few darker markings and a lighter basal band, with bhint lateral tubercle (Figure 250, 6) .iust below till' middle. Misn- and Mi lathorn.r — Each witli irregular trans-
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versi" (lark liamls ou the (lorsiiin, wliii-li lu-urly iiii'ft in tlu- iiiiddlf. Ahdomrn — Dt'pply si'tfiiicnted, eadi scgiiu'iit witli lateral tiilicrclf on both siiit-s (FiKurt- 2r)0, 7) aroiinil which is a dark si)ot, and two or ni/>re irn'jailar dark patchi-s whicli form two dark lon-fitiidiiial rows — one on caeh side of the \\)i\\X dorsal hand (see drawin-r). V<>nmks—(V\\r\\n' 24!), I)). A little stonier than iQ the winj:ed foirii. hut of the same general shape, yellow to oran(,'e in eolor
Figure 250. Melanoxantherium rufulus (Davidiion) 1-2, antenna of the winneil feinalo. tarsi >>i wiiii^eil icmali'; .1. larsi ni winded female: 4 and 5, prothoracic and lateral alidmninal liiberiles of wjnueil female: 6 and 7, same of apterous female; 8 ami 9, ;mlenna of apterous female.
with tile tip dusky in some instanees. hut not in all, length (l.;j(> nnn. Lfijs — As in the winged lorin and colored as follows: coxa- very ligiit yellow, femora with base yellow and apical two-thirds dark andicr. tihia- dusky hrown with tips very dark hrown, tarsi dark brown. N/.i//< — Large, nearly as wide as tin- anal plate, well rounded, nearly as Innp; as wide, hairy, dusky.
You)\g — Amber brown to yellow, er even transiiarcnily white, without the powdery covering and dark ilor.sjd markings.
790 Pomona College JournjVL of Entomology
Hosts — This insect is a bark feeder and may be found under the surface of the ground or away out on the very tender shoots. I have never found it feeding on the leaves, although Davidson states that it is found on the stems and the leaves. The favorite locality is on the bark which is at least one year old. In not a few cases it has been found four inches under the sand. In such cases the insects are very light green and the dorsal markings distinct, without any of the white powdery wax. I have collected it on Cottonwood {I'opulus trichocarpa T. & G-.) infesting the younger twigs, and on Salix laevigata Bebb., usually on the older bark. Davidson simply reports it on Salix sp.
Locality — Occurs in many parts of Ventura County and collected at Ventura, Santa Paula, and Sespe. Davidson collected it in the vicinity of Stanford University.
Date of collection — From March 30 to August 5, 1911. It is still plentiful to date (Sept. 5, 1911). Serial number 17.
This species collects in large colonies, which in their compactness resemble the colonies of Tuberolachnus viininalis (Fonsc.) Mord, described further on. Among the colonies are to be found many of the Syrphid larvae and not a few are parasitized. The species as it occurs here does not usually have the dusky tipped cornicles, though they are to be found. Instead of the cornicles being orange, they are more often light lemon yellow or nearly transparently white. Because of these variations I sent specimens to Prof. Davidson to compare with his types and he writes as follows: "No. 17 may be rufulus, although the third antennal joint is rather long, and the cornicles are pale at the apex." I can explain that the specimens sent to Mr. Davidson were obtained under ground and were somewhat bleached, which undoubtedly had something to do with the lightness of the cornicles. The difference in the length of the third antennal article is not sufficient to justify any separation, so I feel that the species is where it belongs.
Aphis maidis Fitch (Corn Leaf- Aphis)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1856 Aphis maidis Fitch. Kept. Ins. N. Y. I, 318-320. From 1856 to Feb. 20, 1909, see J. J. Davis in Technical Series No. 12, Part VIII, U. S. Dept. of AgrcL, Bureau of Ent., pp. 227-232.
1909 Aphis maidis Fitch-FuUaway. Ann. Rcpt. Agrcl. Dept., Hawaii, pp. 441-442.
litlO .l/(/n',s »ifl?(/w Fitcli-Williams. Aphidida^ of Nebr., pp. 47-49.
wiNGi';!) VIVIPAROUS FEMALE (Figure 251, A)
Lengtli of body 2.2 mm., width of the mesothorax 0.6 mm., width of the
abdomen 0.9 mm., wing expansion 7 mm. Bof/i/^Normal size, slender, more
than twice as long as wide, sliiny. I'rr vailing color — From a dark olive green
t(i a dull bluish-bhick. llnul — Small, ucarlv as long as wide, with short hut
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(listiiKl frontal tiihcrclt's, hhick. Eyes — Very dark red. .I/i/./ukk (Fijfun- l'i\, 1-4 and i^) . More than half as huijr as tlie IkmIv, roiu-hinj: to the base*! of thi' cornicles, slender, with very few Imirs, imlirieated, nearly hiack cxccpt- infr hasc of article III and at the articulations, henjrths of articles: I, O.OJI mill.; 11. O.O") mm.; Ill, 0.45 mm.; IV, (l.'iC nun.; V, 0.17 mm.; V'f, (\.M mm., (spur or (ilament 0.47 mm.); total. l.:iS nim. Article I is longer and larjfer
Figure 251. Aphis maidis I'licli A. winged viviparous female; H. apterous viviparous female; 1-4. antcnnal articles of wiiiRed female (1. third article; 2. fourth article; i and 4. tiftli articles); S. cornicle of vviuRed female; 6. cornicle of apterous female; 7, antenna "f apterous female; 8. antenna of winged female.
than II, III is lonjii'r than IV' or V. hut not as long as the spur of VI, IV always a little lonper than V, and twice as lonp a.s the base of VI. It is noticeable that in most of the descriptions of the middle-western forms the tilainent of VI is .shorter than III. while in practically every specimen col- lected here it is much hmL'cr th.in III ;iiid in a few cases almost a third lonjfcr.
792 Pomona College Jocirn.vl op Entomology
The sensoria are circular and irregularly distributed on articles III, IV, V, and VI as follows: III, from fourteen to twenty; IV, from four to eight; V, from two to four; VI, usually a single large one. Rostrum — Reaching to the second coxeb, very light or dusky yellow with dark base and tip. Prothorax — Narrow, wider at ba.se, as long or longer than the head, with distinct lateral tubercles just in front of the middle, very dark with lighter green transverse bands extending across the apical and posterior ends. Mesothorax — Much wider than the prothorax, muscle lobes well developed, lobes black, shiny, while the remainder of the segment is dark green. Metathorax — Not as wide as the mesothoras, dark green with muscle lobes black. Abdomen — Evenly rounded so that the posterior end is nearly as blunt as the base, with the exception of the protruding style and anal plate, smooth and shiny, evenly colored nearly black or very dark green — specimens do not show the marginal black spots referred to by eastern writers, probably because the dark color hides them. One minute posterior and one anterior lateral tubercle. Anal plate black. C or nkles— (Figure 251, 5). Cylindrical, constricted just before the mouth, which is ilaring, not reaching to the tip of the abdomen, imbri- cated, very dark or black, length 0.27 mm., average width 0.045 mm. Legs — Normal, covered with few fine hairs; coxa; black; femora amber yellow with apical two-thirds dark brown; tibia? amber yellow witli dark tip and base; tarsi dark. Wings — Hyaline, normal "Aphis" venation. I'rimary — Length 3.1 mm., width 1.15 mm. Venation variable and not at all constant. Costal vein wide, amber. Subcostal much wider than the costal, yellow to the base of the stigma. Stigma — Long and narrow, nearly half as long as the sub- costal vein, sharp, pointed at the tip, rich dark brown, length 1.05 mm., width 0.14 mm. Stigmal vein arises from near the middle of the stigma, strongly bent throughout first half and remainder nearly straight or undulate to tip of wing, rather long. First discoidal arising just inside the middle of the subcostal, nearly straight, rich brown ; second discoidal arising just beyond middle of the subcostal, base often sub-obsolete, curving with the convex surface towards the wing tip, nearly twice as long as the fir.st discoidal; third discoidal normally twice branched, with first fork near the middle of the vein and the second near the wing tip. In the specimens collected in this locality (fifty mounted specimens examined) more than half had the third discoidal only once-branched with the fork corresponding to the first fork of the normal wing, all branches a rich amber, base obsolete. Secondary — Length 1.8 mm., width 0.58 mm. Subcostal vein with deep downward bend under booklets and beyond the base of the second discoidal. Discoidals straight, obsolete at their bases, nearly parallel. Veins brown. Style — Slender, nearly cylindrical, aboiit half as long as tlie cornicles, dull green, hairy.
APTERors vrviPARoiis FEMALE (Figure 251, B)
Length 2.3 mnu, width of abdomen 1.1 mm. Body — Dull black, evenly rounded, showing little segmentation, smooth. Prevailing color — Dull green- ish-black, bluish-blark, or vclvcty-black, with no distinct l)ii(lv markings. Uiad
I'OMONA C'OLLEtiK JolKNAI. OK KNTtiWOI/U«iY 793
— Small, nearly as louj,' as wide, with distiuet, but short, anli-iiiiul tubvrcles, pointed iu l'rout,ilark with anilicr or hrowu I'l-out. Kyts — Dark red, to lintwn. Anil «/wit — (Figure '2bl, 1 ). Louyer tluiu half the length of the body, reaching to the bases of the eoruieles, with very few hairs, iuibrieated; articles 1 uud 11 dark amber brown, III dark amber base and remainder amber, IV, \', VI dark brown to nearly blaek. Lengths of the articles: 1, U.U'J mm.; 11, K.Uti mm.; Ill, 0.3 mm.; IV, 0.2 nun.; V, 0.17 mm.; VI, O.iiG mm., (spur or lilament, 0.47 mm.j ; toUd 1.38 mm. From these measurements it will be seen that the articles bear a similar relation to each other as do the articles of the antenna- of the winged female ami that the lilament is longer than article III. (There seem to be no inilividuals in which this is revei-seilj. Sensoria only on articles V and VI and on these normal. Kuslruin — lieaching t<j back margin of the second coxie, amber with ilark base and tip. I'ruthurax — Slightly wider than the heail, with ilistinct lateral tubercles. All thora.x. black and distinctly segmented with mcsothorax very short. Abilomi n — Smooth, dull black or very dark green, with one lateral anterior and a lateral jKjstcrior tubercle on each side, segmentation ou the dorsum partial or indistinct. Anal plate black or very dark. (Vruidcs— (Figure 251, Ij;. Cylindrical, smooth — not imbri- cated as in the winged forms — not reaching to the tip of the abdomen, .s»jme- times slightly tlaring in the middle, constricted just before the mouth which is llared, black, length 0.31 mm., average width O.Ool mm. Lrys — Lighter than in winged form; coxa; amber-yellow; femora with tip and front darker; tibiiu same as femora; tarsi dark brown. Utt/U — Slender, nearly cylindrical, half as long as the cornicles, dark green to nearly black, hairy.
Hants — Occurs iu more or less limited numbers on the ears and ta.s.«iels of the common sweet corn. In the coru-growing States of the Mississippi Valley this insect is a most serious pest and much study has been given to perfect control methoils. It attacks practically all members of the sorghum or corn family, and has been reported from practically every State in the United States and from the Hawaiian Islantls. I'rof. Clarke reported it from this State in the year 1903, but since that time it has received little or no attention.
Locality — Collected by the author in the vicinity of Santa I'aula. He- ported from the central part of the State by I'rof. Clarke and W. .M. Oavid.son.
Date of collection — Occurs throughout the summer month.s. Specimens studied were collected July 28, 1911. Serial number 48.
\aliiral Enemies — This species is quite extensively parasitized by internal parasites. The larvie of the native Scymnus (S. sordidus Horn) and the larvie of Syrphid Flies play an important part in keeping it down.
Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. (Pond Lily Ai)hid)
17G7 Aphis nymplMcac L\un. Syst. Nat. II, p. 734.
1794 Aphis nyinphiicae L'nm. P'abr. Ent. Syst. IV, p. 214.
1801 ^/)/ii.s /ii/»i/>/i(i(rtf Linn. Schrank. Fn. Hoica. II, p. 117.
1801 Aphis biitomi Schrank. Fn. Boica., p. 114.
794 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
1843 Aphis nymphttcac Linn. Kalt. Jlon. Pflz., p. 104.
1854 Bhopalo.siph iini iiynipliacae hinn. Koch. Pflz., pp. 44-45.
1854 Rhopalosiphum alismae Koch. Pflz., pp. 26, 44.
1854 Rhopalosiphum najaduni Koch. Pflz., pp. 45-4()
1879 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Buck. Mon. lirt Ajjhid., II, p. 12.
1893 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Osborne-Sirrine. Proc. la.
Acad. Sci., Ill, p. 98. 1893 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Osl)orne-Sirrine. Insect Life, V,
p. 236. 1895 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Cowen. Ileiii. Colo., p. 123. 1901 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Hunter. Aphid. N. A., pp. 106-
107. 1905 Rhopalosiphutn nympliaeaeFa.hr. Schout. Apliid. Belg., p. 236. 1905 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Kirkaldy. Can. Ent.
XXXVII, p. 415. 1908 Aphis aquaticus Jackson. Ohio Natr., VIII, p. 243. 1910 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Williams. Aphid. Nebr., p. 70. 1910 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Davis. Ent. News, XXI, pp.
245-247. 1910 Rhopalosiphum numphaeae Linn. Davidson. Jr. Ec. Ent. Ill, p.
377. 1910 Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Davis. Jr. Ee. Ent., Ill, p. 494.
WTNGED vivir.vRous FEMALE (Figure 252, A)
Length of body 1.5 mm., width of the mesothorax 0.4 mm., width of the abdomen, 0.65 mm., wing expansion 4.8 mm. Body — Small, oval to oblong in shape, dark, dorsum smooth and often shiny, ventral surfaces of the thorax, head, antennae and legs covered with rather long white flocculence. This is secreted on the lower surface of the thorax and is evidently gathered up by the appendages coming in contact with it. Prevailing color — Light yellowish- green to a dark olive to almost blackish-green, with the white flocculence under the thorax. Head — Nearly as w-ide as the prothorax, pointed In front, with small frontal tubercles, dark olive-green, pruinose ventrally. Eyes — With distinct tubercles, large, red. ^l«<e«»ae— (Figure 252, 1, 2). Reaching to the middle of the abdomen, but not to the bases of the cornicles, on short but distinct frontal tubercles, which are wide apart at the ba.se, imbricated, with very few hairs, dull olive green to dark amber throughout. I^engtiis of articles: I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.05 mm.; Ill, 0.25 mm.; IV, 0.14 mm.; V, 0.118 mm.; VI, 0.38 mm., (base 0.09 mm., spur 0.29 mm.) ; total 0.988 mm. Articles I and II large and co-equal; III longer than either IV or V, but not quite as long as the two together, IV always slightly longer than V, VI longer than any of the rest, the base much shorter than either IV or V, the spur longer than III and longer tiian IV and V together, the apical fourth is not imbricated at all, a very notic('al)le characteristic. The sensoria are circular and vary in size and .siiape as well as in iimiihcr. Artidr 111 has from five to thirteen, but
F'o.MOW Cnr.I.KCK JofRNAL OF K.N'TOMOIXKJV
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usually iiiiif <>r flcvcii, 1\' lias none; V has one near the api-x, anil tlirce or four on VI at the base of tln' spur. Koslnim — Yi-llow with dark tip, floe- (iilont. rt-ai-hiiiK to the third coxii-. I'rolhonis — Little widi-r than tin- head. with small lateral tulienles, dark olive green with lighter green transverse hands at hase and apex, ventral surface dusky green, tloeeuient. Misi>- and Mctathoras — Dark olive green with hlaek inusele lohes, ventral surfaci- dusky green, Hoceulent. Abtlnmrn — Well rounded, lateral edges lohed. with snudi tubercles, dull olive green with dark longitudinal dorsid and lateral hands with few dark cross hands. These markings are very irregular ami often
Figure 252. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) A, winged viviparous female; B, apterous viviparous female: I and 2, antenna of winged viviparous female; i, <lorsal aspect of style of winged female; 4. cornicle of winged female: 5. lateral aspect of the style of winged female; 6. cornicle of apterous female; 7. style of apterous female; 8 and 9, antenna of apterous female.
obscure; ventral surface dull green, siniwth. Anal plate well rounded, rough, hairy and nearly black. C'or/iiV/fs— (Figure 252. 4). I>oiig, elavical, extreme ba.se wide, ba.sal half very narrow and widening throughout the apical half. slightly constricted just before the flaring mouth, the swollen portion much darker than the remainder which is rather dark olive green. They tlo nr)t reach to the tip of the style, length 0.2.") mm., greatest width i>.ii4 mm. Lrgs — Very small, dark, with very fine and short hairs, ("oxa- dark: femora didl green with apical two-thirds nearly black; tibia- didl green with ba.se and tip very dark; tarsi ilark. All joints pruino.se or rtocctilent on the under sides. ^r»«(;A- — Normal, hyaline. I'rimnnj — Length 2.2 nun., width 0.8 mm., rather slender; costal wide, brown; stibcostal much wider than the costal, brown:
796
Pomona College Journ.vl op Entomology
stigma rather long and slender with sharplj' pointed tip, nearly three times as wide as the length, rich brown in color, length 0.6 mm., width 0.16 mm. Stigmal vein arising a little nearer the tip than the middle of the stigma, strongly curved throughout the basal half, but slightly curved throughout the apical half, rich brown. Discoidals brown, well defined, and normal ; first discoidal arising just inside the middle of the subcostal, straight, reaches to the wing margin; second di.scoidal arising just outside the middle of the sub- costal, slightly curved with the convex surface towards the wing tip, not quite reaching the wing margin; third discoidal obsolete at the base, twice-forked, first fork just above the middle of the vein, second fork near the tip of the wing, the upper branch being nearly twice as long as the lower branch. Sec- ondary— Length 1.2 mm., width 0.36 mm., normally veined with subcostal and two discoidals. Subcostal undulate, greatest downward bend at the base of the second discoidal; first discoidal ob.solete at the base and not reaching to the wing margin, curved with the slightly convex surface towards the wing tip, arising inside the middle of the subcostal ; second discoidal arising l)eyond the middle of the subcostal, which the base touches, straight, not quite touch- ing the wing margin. Style — (Figure 252, 3 and 5). Rather long, ensiform from a dorsal aspect and sickle-shaped from a lateral aspect, covered with small rough scaly projections, with four rather long curved hairs arising near the middle, dull olive green (may be slightly covered with whitish powder), length 0.12 imn., or about half as long as the cornicles.
jU»terous viviparous female (Figure 252, B)
Length of the body 1.5 mm., width of the abdomen 0.8 mm. Body — Oblong oval, to nearly globular in shape, small, shiny above and floeeulent under thorax. Prevailing color — Light green, dull olive green, to almost black, dorsuTii perfectly smooth, ventral surface of head, thorax and appendages floeeulent, as in the winged forms. This flocculenee seems to be a striking characteristic of this species and is evidently a protection against the water. Head — Rather large for so small a body, with small, but distinct frontal tubercles, much wider than long, somewhat lighter than most of the body, being a dull amber brown dorsally with fine powder on ventral .surface. Eyes —Large a.s in the winged form, red. Antennae— {Figure 252, 8, 9). Reaching to the middle of the abdomen, a little over half the length of the body; on short, but distinct frcntal tubercles, with very few hairs; imbricated except articles I, II and the apical one-fourth of the spur of VI ; dull blackish-green throughout Avith short, fiocculent clinging to the under surface of the articles. Lengths of the articles: I, 0.055 mm.; II, 0.055 mm.; Ill, 0.186 mm.; IV, 0.134 mm.; V, 0.12 mm.; VI, 0.38 mm., (base 0.08 mm., spur 0.3 mm.) ; total 0.93 mm. The comparative lengths compare very well with those of the winged individuals, only III is not so long, and IV is but slightly longer than V. Sen.soria normal on V and in the process of VI. Rostrum — Reaching beyond the tiiird coxa^ and nearly to tlie middle of the abdomen, light yellow with extreme base and apical one-half diirk. Thorax — Dull olive green with
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slifflitly (larkiT latcnil iiun'rins. viiitriil siirtarc cdvcrcd witli lonj: white flown Ifiice. I'rothorax with small lateral luhfri-les. .lt(/omfn— Smooth, iliill olivp frrpcn, with ilark dorsal iiiarkirK; rfsfinblinir a letter "W". hut whieh is often (lesifrnateil l>y merely a median dorsal and two lateral lontritiidinal
darker lines, with small lateral tnhen-les, ventral surfnee s th, withont
P')wder or Hneenlencp, dull frr<'<*n. Anal plate, rounded, larire, rouirh. hairy, very dark >rroen. Coniirhs — (FiRure 252. ti). Same shape as those of the winped form, olive to liurhter irreen with apieal one-(ifth darkest, lenjrth <t.27 mm. Legs— As in winged forms. .Sf/y/r — (Fimire 2r)2, 7^. Ensiform or slitrhtly eonieal with hast widest and slifrhtly taperintr to a roumled point, sickle-shaped, roiif^h, with four spines near the middle, dark olive jfrcvn, li'npth 0.13 mm. (about half as lonp as the eornieles).
Yoiiug — The younir are usually mueh liijhter in eolor. hut many of these .ire very dark olive green.
ffo.ils — This peculiar aphid inhabits plants which grow in the water and is usually found near the \vati>r line. It was taken by the writer in preat numbers from the common California Tule {Tiiphn Intifolin L.I cm whieh it was gathered within the first foot above the water line. European writers hav(> reported it on the White Water Lily CVi/"i/>A'J"J nlhn). Water I'laintain {Aiistiia planlaf/o). Water (Jladiele (liiilinniia umhfllnliis). Pond Weed ( I'o- fnnioftt'toii nataiis), Tiipha major, f^agitta aagitlifnlia, TI]i<lrorhnns morsus- rniial, and Lnnna ffihba. In the United States it has been reported on Pond Lily (.Vi/<»/>/iir(7 ndornia) in Towa, on Arrow I^caf { Saiiillnrin rnrinhill.'i) in Colorado, by Cowen, on Philolria ratinrhnsr. Calla. and Lcmna sp., in Illinois, by Davis, and on Pnhfrjouiim sp. in California by Davidson.
LnraJihi — Taken on Tules growing in the water along the banks of the Santa Clara River about three miles east of Santa Paula, Cal.
Dntr of coUrction — It exists throughout the latter part of the sununcr and was collected August 28. 1011. Serial number "il.
Though this insect inhabits plants whieh grow in the water it has never been able to escape a host of enemies in the form of the larva* of Syrphiil flies and internal parasites, which are constantly destroying them.
THE "LONGULUS" SCALE
D. KELL HORTICULTURAL INSPECTOR
This scale has been known in the Claremont and Pomona district some three or four years, during which time it has been steadily on the increase. It can now be found extending (in that part of the county of Los Angeles which lies east of San Antonio Avenue) from Fifth Street on the south, nearly to the Base Line on the north, mostly scattered thinly through the groves, but in certain localities focussed into serious infestations.
In the groves thus affected the black smut due to its presence is seen to cover the trees with a sooty pall.
Name — So far, we have been given no autlioritative name for this scale, the name Coccus hesperidum var. Io7igulus having been bestowed on it by Mr. Essig (now Secretary of the State Horticultural Commission) on the assump- tion that it was a variety of the Soft Brown scale. ^Ir. Essig, however, has recently informed the writer that he no longer holds this view.
Hatch — According to the writer's experience this scale has one very definite hatch every year, commencing about the beginning of May, and end- ing, the two years I have had it under observation, on practically the same date, August 21.
The young are born viAaparously. Occasionally, on looking under a hatch- ing female, I have found from one to four white, pellucid, egg-like bodies among the new-born scales. I have never found these under a greater propor- tion than about 5% of the old scales. I do not know whether these are the eggs of the scale, or of some parasite. Exit-holes of a parasite are occasionally found, but not very often.
One finds as many as twenty-five to thirty under the old females at one time, but I do not know the total number she would bring forth. Not more than 200, perhaps, but this is only a guess.
In the hatching season the old scales often vary considerably in size, giv- ing the appearance of an uneven hatch, but one finds newly-born young under quite small females, and I think that probably all are almost equally mature. At any rate, I have so far found no new-born young before May, and no live adults after August 31. This would give al)out the same length of hatch as the normal hatch of the black scale in this district, but beginning and ending a month earlier in the year.
Appearance — The newly-horn scales arc lively, oval in slinpe. i-Mthcr deep yellow in color. They soon settle on the young twigs and the leaves, favoring especially the under .surface of the leaf. A few will be found along the mid- rib, but the majority are scattered over the under surface evenly, with fairly equal distances between individual scales. A few, also, will be found on the upper surface. Once they liave settled down they remain quiescent. You may
Pomona Culi.wje Joirnal ok Entomoi>ooy 799
occasionally ^et them to walk l>y detaching one gently from the leaf-surface, or may even (rarely) find one walking of its own a<'cord, hut they now move slowly and uncertainly, in distinction to their hrisk movements when they first emerge from undi-r the old shell.
Before they have settled down for the first time they are opaque, hut onee settled they seem very (|uickly to hecome transparent, with the alimentary canal showing through as a darker streak down the middle, and two whitisli streaks on each side extending from this median lino to the edges of the scale. I helieve these white stn-aks are caused hy grooves on the uniier surface. The general color of the scale at this age is light green, hut it is .so trans-parent as to he almost indistinguishahle from the leaf-surface with the naked eye. The shape is a blunt oval. The eyes show up as minute Idaek dots. There is a deep, slit-like anal cleft. They resemble most the young of the Soft Brown scale, but are transparent and green, rather than yellow and opaipie, and lie flatter on the leaf, appearing to adhere closely to it like a mere film, while the young of the Soft Brown is thicker and the central portion more raised, so as to be convex, or dome-shaped.
As they grow older they become more yellowish, and begin to retire from the leaves onto the twigs. By the end of January I have fouml this migration almost completed, though a few will occasionally be found to have stayed on the leaf till death. On the twigs they soon lose their yellowish tinge, and assume a .sort of dull, mottled gray color (very different from the glazed ap- pearance and yellowish or light brownish color of the hesperidum). They are now no longer flat or film-like, but convex in profile, oval in o\itlinc, and soft to the touch. (I think "Soft Gray scale" would be a good descriptive popular name for this scale.)
The f\dl-grown scales would probably attain a length of about three-six- teenths to one-fourth inch. I have never found them on tlie fruit, nor on twigs thicker than a cedar pencil. I have found them on every kind of citrus tree, but not on any other. They are arranged on the twigs, when they occur in large numbers, in a characteristically imbricated manner, like fish-scale.s, and being now all in the adult stage, they look very different from the indis- criminately arranged nia.sses of all sizes which is characteristic of brsprriilum.
Death — Soon after the hatching begins the surface of the mother scale l)ecomes dry, and light brown in color, and begins to adhere less closely to the twig. When the young are all born the shell is vcr.v apt to drop off. leav- ing a whitish mark. One does not often find old shi-lls of the year before, as is the ca.se with the black scale. The whitish mark referred to is formed l>y the debris, apparently, of some envelope which must invest the young before birth, for a little pile of this debris is always found umler the old shell along with the new-born young.
fliiiut — This .scale throws out a great deal of honey-dew. lln- resulting smut making the trees very dirty. The earliest date I have ol)served the honey-dew is April 20. As a rule, it does not smut up the trees till the navels are all picked, but the Valencia fruit becomes much soile<l.
800 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Fumigation — A very peculiar characteristic of this scale is its resistance to hydrocyanic gas fumigation quite soon after it has been hatched out, while it is still in the early greenish or yellowish stage, in fact, and should be easy to kill. Last year the latest date on which a good killing was obtained was October 9, but this year no useful work has been done on it since September 13. On the other hand, if fumigated before the young has all been born (August 21 the last two years) perfect results cannot be looked for, as though all the young scales, including those still under the old shell.s, can be killed, the mothers are not killed, and continue to bring forth young. Practically, how- ever, the number of unborn young still remaining after, say, July 15, would probably not be large enough to be serious. This would give us a fumigating season lasting from July 15 to early in September. This would be too early, most years, to get a good killing with the black scale, while fumigating as early as July would be liable to drop fruit unless very cool nights happened to be available. With regard to the dosage, very good results have been ob- tained, between the dates mentioned, with doses as low as the half schedule, while after the end of August very poor results have been obtained with dose as high as one ounce of cyanide to the hundred cubic feet. I hope to be able to give more definite results before next fumigating season. I do not think there is much use in fumigating for "longulus" from now on until July 15.
Spraying — We have tried various sprays on this scale, and have killed a fair proportion, probably, of those reached by the spray, but in no case was a result obtained that could be looked upon as satisfactory.
COOL AIK EXFERI.MHNTS WITH JUNOMA COEMA
WILHELM SCIIRADER
In my first article on tcmppraturp experiments, pul)lishc<l in Vdlinne 1\'. Xo. 1 of this Journal, I described only Itreedinj,' exinrimeiits at tlie warmth of 90 decrees, and as I found that eool air has a very difTi-rent inlluenee on the formation of the markinfjs and eolor of this hutterlly, I determini'd to >rive these experiments a very eareful observation, and to repeat them several times, to he sure that it is the eool temperature only, whieh prodiiecs these chanpes.
In the fall of 1010 I took eitrht.v-five younp caterpillars from my thir- teenth generation whieh were bred in DO deprees damp air, and in darkness, and raised these younfi taterpillars in a shad.v place, in an open shed, where tlie lowest averaffc temperature at nifrht, for the first half of October, fell to t!0 deijrees and th(> hifrhcst averape in the daytime from 11 to 9 o'clock was about 75 dgrees. I obtained the first chrysjdidcs on October ITth, anrl the first butterflies, bred in the same temperature on October 26th. In this part of the thirteenth generation. I got a high percentage with double ocelli on the fore wing: however, what was still more remarkable, all had both ocelli of the hind wing greatly enlarged: this was .so much the more striking as in the previous generations lired in a warm temperature, the ocelli of the hind wing beeame slowly reduced in size, from one generation to an/ither. This enlargement of the spots was not the only result, as many developed new small oeelK, which were between the large and small ones and just above the latter. This is shown in Fig. 253, 1. The remainder of the chrysalides from the caterpillars raised in a cool temperature I bred in 90 degrees warm, damp air, and in darkness; here also there was the same result, but there were not so many with the new small ocelli, and the ground eolor was darker (Fig. 253, 2). In all bred in a cool temperature the ground color is sonu-what lighter near the bor- der, and shows generally a yellow band on the outerside of the ocelli of the hind wing, the same as in our local form: the lighter ground color occurs in all bred in cool temperature, in darkness as well as in the light. The under- side also ehaniri's in color. In all Jnn/mia bred in warm, dry air. in darkness or in light, the under side of the hind win-r is lariroly of a uniform gray, only the middle field is somewhat darker: this gray color occurred alwa.vs in the twelve successive generations bred in a warm temperature: however, the thir- teenth -rcneration bred for the first time in a cool temperature shows the under side of the hind wing, and the tip of the fore wing a brownisb-reil color, with the middle field .somewhat violet: this color deepens with the fall in tempera- ture, and the length of time the chr.vsalides are exposed to it. This change in shade will easily account for the variously colored undersides of .7. roenia in our Ea.stern and Middle Western States, where it is cold enouch to eive the chrysalides a long rest.
802
Pomona College Joubnal of Entomology
Pomona Coij.eoe Jouknai. of Entomoukjy 803
On the 27th nf XovciiiIht. 1010, I took iiirifty lialf Known cntt'rpillnrs. from my foiirteontli frcneration bred in a warm ti-mporaturp. and raised thorn in darivness. wlicrc the av(>ratrc <'()hlest ti'mperntiirc at night was 5(i di'jjrfcs, and the average highest in the daytime was fiG degrees. I obtained twenty- three ehrysalides from December the 8th to the 21st; these were also bred in ilarkness, and in a eool temperature. During the last part of December the average was slightly cooler than in the first part of the month; and in Jan- uary the coldest was at an average of al>out 4r) degrees, and the warmest aver- age for two hours daily fif) degrees; the last days were warmer, and on January 23d I got the first butterflies: on the 2Sth T brought all chry.salidcs in to the warm temperature of 70 to 85 degrees, and on January 30. 1011, I obtained a female; see the rcprodiK-tion, 3. From these twcnt.v-thn'c chrysalides bred in coolness, and in darkness, all the males and females had the ocelli of the hind wing greatl.v enlarged, and three of tlu'm were almost as good as 3; all four showed the confluence of the ocelli, an<l by man.v there were new small inter- mediate ones confluent with the small ocelli below, b>it not with the large ones, as shown in 4. Tt will be noticed that in this last one the black ocellus on the right side of the butterfly appears pale; however, it is really not so, but of a very deep blaek, and when one looks down upon it, in the direction of the overlapping scales, this black appears smooth like very dark blue silk. This smooth surface appears on the plate light in color; if this butterfly had lieen mounted on the left side of the plate, then the ocellus on the left side of the butterfly wouhl appear pale. This female, with one other male, flew out ten days later, although the ehrysalides were kept for the last thirteen days at 80 degrees. I put the last one on January 11 th in a eool temperature again, and the butterfly emerged ^^arch 23d : it was a female, the black in the ocelli was not so smooth as in 4, but the ocelli of the hind wing were ahnost like 3. Tt may be asked why these three butterflies did not emerge with the others. Per- haps my method of caring for them may make this clear. T was in the habit of cutting off all the leaves or part of the stem where the ehrysalides or sus- pended caterpillars h\inL'. T then put them in small boxes with a table outside on the box, registi-ring the date, the number of the ehrysalides. or su.spended caterpillars, with notes as to where they were obtained. Tf any caterpillars liad spun their silken tufts and were ready to hang, T cut the part carefully off where the caterpillars hung .so that the others coidd not eat off the surround- ing support. Now it often happens that these caterpillars will leave their first scaffold and seek another place in the box. ITowever. in the ease of these individuals which did not come out with the others it may have been that the cooler temperature prevente<l them from finding a good jdace to rest ami they were delayed ten da.vs in coming out.
As I have said in my first article, all generations bred at 00 degrees had the ocelli on the fore wing, and the appendix slowly enlarged, but the ocelli of the hind wing became .slowly reduced in size. Now this thirteenth generation for the first time bred in a eool temperature had the ocelli of the hind wnng greatly enlarged, and the appendix of the fore wing was in .some still there:
804 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
in some specimens tlu' black (;cclli (if the fore wintr were not more perfectly round bxit appeared angular, one angle pointed upwards to the small ocelli in the apex, and these had a little appendix in the direction of the large ocelli ; see 3 and 4. The longer I keep my stock by steady inbreeding, the more it seems to develop a tendencj' to connect these two ocelli of the fore wing, like those on the hind wing bred in a cool temperature ; it may take a long time to accom- plish this ; however, it is not impossible. When I consider how the appendix developed below the large ocelli in the fore wing, in a few specimens to almost separate ocelli, surrounded by wdiite, where no trace of an extinct ocellus exists, on the iipper or under sides; then I have no doubt that I will sometime be able to breed specimens with these two existing ocelli connected. On the hind wing the confluence of both ocelli wa.s more apparent; already in the first few generations bred in 90 degrees warm damp air, the large ocelli of the hind wing developed from an elliptical shape to a round one. When we view J. coenia on the under side, we find on the hind wing, in the outer field, five small spots, the second and the last one are generally somewhat larger, and are surrounded with a small ring; these two eorrespcnd in place with the two ocelli of the upper side. I do not know as yet whether these small spots on the underside are in progressive evolution, or are disappearing; however I find that the enlargement, and the development of new ocelli is progressive on the upperside, on the fore wing as well as on the hind wing. The enlargement and confluence of the ocelli of the hind wing, is as yet only visible on the upper side; however, it may develop later on the underside, and the enlarge- ment and confluence is in the line of these small spots on the under side.
Besides these caterpillars raised in a cool temperature and in darkness, T kept another lot at the same temperature, but in a light glass, just to see if lightness or darkness w'ould influence the color of the butterflies. T bred the chrysalides in light also, and I found, that the color and the markings of the butterflies did not differ in a marked degree from those bred in dark- ness. I obtained from this experiment the same enlargement of the (leelli as previously described.
Another lot of cateriiillars raised in the same cool temperature, and the chrysalides bred at 90 degrees, and in darkness, just as all my twelve suc- cessive generations were bred which had only the enlargement of the ocelli of the fore wing, showed now, also the enlargement of both ocelli of the hind wing, however not confluent, like .3. This seems to preve that the beginning of the enlargement of the ocMdli of the hind wing takes ]ilaee |u-eviously in the caterpillar. This was a new pliase of llie work. I had sonn' time before thought about it, and was now prepare<l to investigate it to some degree. I took the chrysalides from caterjiillars which were raised at about 80 degrees and bred some of them in light, and some of them in darkness, and in about the same degree of coolness as the chrysalides from which the large ocelli came. As T had expected. T obtained none with mai'ked enlargeiiu'nts of the ocelli.
PoM()N\ Cnl.I.KGE JofRNAI. OK KnTOMOUXJV XI,')
Why is it tliiit smli ttnat fnliirp-mcnt aiul r.iiiiliicino ol' tin- <M.lli <|im-s not ofcur in nature? I have ncvi-r sci'ii any, an<l liavi- ni>t reaii any tli'scrip tions. Dr. W. Horn of hi-rlin, Gcmiany, and Dr. II. Skinner «r I'liilatlelphia .say that tiicy are nowhere deserilietl. Alter all my e.xperiiiient.s up to tin- pre.s- ent it .seeni.s to me tliat the teuileney towards the enlar>;ement of the oeelli develops slowly by lireedinj; this hiittertiy always in !HI decrees warm, damp air; anil that hy seleetint; the.se small liejjinninns of the enlar(;ement of the oeelli, and hy steaily inhreedinj; of the same, 1 was ahle to inen-ase the per- eentap-. This enlur>;ement showetl only on the fore wins, "s lonjf as the eaterpillars and ehrysalides were hretl in a warm tempi-rature; hut it neede<l a cliaiij.'e of temperature from steaily !t(t decrees to eoolne.ss, to produce these enlargements of the oeelli of the hind wing. This seems so strange to mo, that I <an not tind a good explanation. After my last experiments, lM>wever, 1 think the solution of this strange phenomenon should he found in a study of the eaterpillar.
In the fall of liUl 1 tried these eool experimi'Uts again, witli tin- same result; however. I lost all my ehry.salides in one experiment, where I hatehed the eggs in ipiite a eool temperature, and spent a long time trying to raise tin- eaterpillars al.so in a eool temperature, and every ehry.salis died later. I think they were too weak to develop the imago. However, I have one more interesting ease: I eaught an egg-laying feiiude on July ;"», 1!M1. at Los .\ngeles and began to breed from these eggs a new line in !H) degrees warm, damp air, and in darkness, just the same as my t Id line bred in !lll degrees. In this newly eaught female I eould not see any marked difTerenee from our loeal form; but as I wished to be sure about it. beeause when I change the food for the eaterpillars. it hii|ipens sometimes, that I overlook a eaterpillar or chrysalis and throw it away, and later .see one i>f my b\i1tertlies with an a|>peiiilix tly in the garden. W'iien Jiiii<»ila finds its food plants for the caterpillai-s, it will stay for many days in the .same surroundings, even when frightened it will always come back. I rai.sed from the first i-ggs one hundred caterpillars and ehry.salides in normal temi>erature, and thirty-ine eaterpillars in SO degrees, and the chrysalides of these in !)() d •;:r. es warm, damp iiir, and in darknes.s. All the butterflies from the hundred caterpillars raised and emerged in normal summer temperature were like my newly caught female in markings and size. However, the other h.t of butterllies whose eaterpillars were raised in 70 to SO degrees, and the ehrysalides bred in HO degrees warm, damp air. and in darkness, the nudes and the t'emales were both very large, but the ocelli were snmll in proportiin to the size of the wingH. These small ocelli and i ther later developing dilTerences constituting our local form, make me believe that the newly caught fenudc. or its direct ancestor, came from a dry region. ])erhaps Arizona. In the third gem-ration I got a few females with a very snudl beginning of an appendix on the black ocellus of the fore wing, however these were lost again in later generations, only the large ocelli of the hind wing became more circular, like those in my ohi line liri'd in !M1 degrees. From this new line from the fourth generation.
806 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
I took 140 very young caterpillars, and raised them in a cool tem- perature, and later bred the chrysalides in about the same degree of coolness as the chrysalides from which I bred 3, with the confluent ocelli. I got the butterflies from February 3d to the lltli, and here I obtained none with a marked enlargement of the ocelli of the hindwing — see two reproductions, 5 and 6. All were lighter in ground color, especially on the border; 5 has an unusual amount of yellow on the hind wing, it forms a band on the outer side of the ocellus; this yellow color shows in the plate dark, and so shows this specimen to be darker than it really is; 6 has no yellow band, and the fore wing has a dark blue ground color, especially on the inner field. As these caterpillars and chrysalides w^ere bred in the same degree of coolness to produce the enlargement of the ocelli of the hind wings, and produced only ocelli of normal size, it seems to show that they were not yet bred long enough through successive generations in 90 degrees warm, and damp air, to develop the tendency towards the enlargement of the ocelli.
As I am to begin now, to build my new experimental station, I hope to have it in full working order by next fall, and will then experiment on a larger scale. Should my readers find this series of short articles interesting enough, I hope to be able to continue them next winter.
SOME INSI-CTS AND OTIIl-R AkTIIR()l»()I)S IN
THE DIET OF TlU: WESTERN
MEADOW EAR K
IIAKol.D C. ItUV ANT
In L'onncition with tlu' iiiv<sti(;iiti(iii into the cuonoinif status of certain liiiils, now heintr carried on l»y the Ciilil'ornia State Fish and (iaino Coni- rnission and the rniversity of California, many interesting things reg^arding their food-hahits are l)eing diseovereil. For some time we iiave known that certain birds destroy <|iiantities of insects. It lias only heen of late, however, that we have attempted to determine the real kind and nuantity taken. Kvidenco furnisheil hy the V. S. Uiological Survey and economic ornitholo- gists have revealed some facts of unusual interest. The present investigation is not only substantiating some of these facts but has furnished some interi'St- ing new evidence.
The (piantity of food reiiuired by birds necessitates that the numbers of in.sects taken be very great. Stomach examination of the western meadow- lark {SlunnUa iitylala) has shown that this bird often takes as many as twenty large cutworms, thirty to forty ground beetles, ten to twenty crickets or grasshoppers, and fifty or more ants to a meal. As the time of digestion is between two and four hours the amount of fooil found in a mcadowlark's stomach re|)resents the amount taken during the four hours before the bird was killed. Si.xy-six mcadowlarks taken in the vicinity of Kl Toro, Orange County, California, averaged ten gras.shoppers per stomach during the six months, June to Xovend)cr. IJIll. Seventy-three and twenty-three hundredths per cent of all the food taken by these sixty-six birds during these six months was made up of grasshoppi-rs. Individual birds must have averaged over thirty grasshoppers a day during this tinu*.
But pcrhajis of more interest than the ([uanlily of life destroyed by this liird is some of the pe<'uliariti<'s of its diet. The ordinary articles of diet are ground beetles (Carabidu", Tencbrionida-), grasshoppers, crickets, cutworms, wireworms, plant bugs ( Pentatomidae), certain bees, wasps and ichneumon Hies, and ants. The extraordinary articles of diet can be summed up a.s, centipedes, millii)cdes, scorpions, certain crustacca, snails, spiders, and pro- tected and stinging insects.
(iround l)eetles arc taken each mimth of the year. The following are those most often taken: I'lt rostirlnis sp., Ciilatlnis nifudllis, AnisoilarU/liis sp., ('laitiiiis sp., Kit odes sp., lilapsliniis sp., and Cotnoiilis subpubesccns. Among the other beetles identified are Silpha sp., Drdstiriiis .sp., Mxjapniflus alliriiniis. Limoiiiiis rolifoniiciix, Liminiiiix canis. Cardiophonis tiiifhrosus, Sapriinis sp., Sphi nophtirus sp., and Pinhrolira sorni: Weevils and snout beetles including nuMnbers of the family Curculionidae form a considerable l>ercentagc of the bei'tlcs taken as food.
808 Pomona College Journ.vl of Entomology
Grasshoppers usually form the largest percentage of insect food for the year. The following species have been identified: Melanoplus differ entialis, Camnula pellucida, Arphia sp., Conozoa behrensi, and Oedaleonotus enigma. The common black cricket {Gryllus sp.) and the Jerusalem cricket {Stenopel- matus sp.) are also regular articles of diet.
During the spring months cutworms and caterpillars form a large per- centage of the food. Wireworms {Drasterius sp.) and other beetle lavvx are taken to a less extent.
Among the Hemiptera the stink bugs (Pentatomida;) are the ones most commonly found in the stomachs, also the cicada {Platypedia sp.). Species of Fodisus and Euschistus have been identified. The leaf hopper Stictocephala franciscana has been found in several instances. Corimaelina sp. and Anasa sp. are also taken as food.
Ants form the largest percentage of the hymenopterous insects taken. Messor andrei, Pogonomynnex calif ornicus, Fornica sp., and Camponotus sp., are naturally most often found in the stomachs. Ichneumon flies and certain black wasps have also been found. The common honey bee is occasionally taken.
Among the Diptera, tlie drone tiy {Eristalis sp.) and pupaj of flower flies {Syrphus sp.) are the only representatives which have been identified.
Certain of the common centipedes {Scoleopeiidra sp.) are often found in the stomachs of the western meadowlark. Still more remarkable is the fact that some of the millipedes {Julus sp.) are even more often found in their stomachs. Millipedes are usually considered to be well protected from attack by certain secretions which produce a pungent odor.
In the stomachs of two western meadowlarks taken in the vicinity of Sau Diego, two adult scorpions were found, they having been well beaten to pieces before being swallowed.
Almost the only crustaceau fuiiiul iu the stomachs has been the coimnon sow-bug [Porcellio scaber). Only one meadowlark so far has contained the remains of snails. These appeared to be the couunon small variety.
Spiders and their egg cases form a rather constant percentage of the food of the western meadowlark. The egg cases appear to l)e taken more often than the spiders themselves. The grass spiders (Agalenichc), form the largest per cent. Daddy-long-legs are also taken.
Among the insects which are usiuilly considered protected from attacks of birds are the cow' killers (Mutillida-). Stomachs of at least six of the meadowlarks examined have contained cow killers {Sphacrophthahiui sp.). These insects were but slightly crushed, and it seems strange that tlie birds were able to swallow them without being stung. Several wasps have been found in the stomachs. In one case a couple of birds had eaten over a hun- dred white ants {Termopsis sp.?).
There has been considerable discussion of late as to whether butterflies are eaten by birds. The U. S. liiological Survey in the examination of more than 40,000 stomachs have found but four records of birds eating butterflies,
Pomona Com.kije Joirnal ok Kntomoux.y hoo
■ami (iiie of tliesc pruhahly n-latcs to thf captiii-f of a very n-criitly fmcrjjrd spwiiiK'ii, or to one torn from the pupa iM-fort" fiiitTjtenct', as it was afcuiii- panifd l)y a pupa of tlu' saiiif species." Whether Initterrties are too aetivc to he eaufiht. whether they are too dry, or whether they have a disa^reeahle taste, are questions still awaiting solution. In tiie investination of an out- lireak of hutterHies (Eugouin ciilifoniica) in northern California during the summer of litll, it was found that Mrewer hlaekhirds were feeding on this hutterll.V to a eonsiderahle extent, and that the western iiieadowlark, western kinjrhird, blue-fronted jay. and Say phoehe oeeasionally took one of the insects.
The following,' de|)eiidal)le observation made hy .Mr. .lohn (J. Tyii-r of Fresno, California, also furnishes evidence of tiic fact that butterflies are occasionally, at least, destroyed by birds: "■ While strolling aion^ the road ea.st of this city the writer noticed a field of alfalfa that was infested with yellow butterflies. A nearer approach revealed the presence of .several moadowlarks, and I was so fortunate as to see one of tlie.se birds seize a butterfly and make away witii it. I am not prepared to sjiy that the victim was actually swallowed, but it was certainly captured and killed." During tiip i>ast summer the writer saw Hnglish sparrows tr.vintr to catcli cabliai;e liutterMies (I'ontia sp.) which were abumlant in a K'lrden near Los Manos, .Merced County. One bird was actually seen to ca|)ture a butterfly.
Another interesting find was the larva of the morning cloak butterfly ( En rati rasa antiopa). This larva is one of the most hairy of our caterpillars. Other siiuiU hairy catcr])illars have also been found in the stonuichs. ISotli the larva and the pupa of the sphin.x moth have been found.
Thus we see that l)irds althoUj^h having a preference for certain articles of diet, do (iccasionally pick up certain other forms of life wliicli we have often considered to be entirely protected by stings, hairs, or no.xious secre- tions. We have still much to learn of the food-habits of binls. The actual part which they play in the interaction of organisms is a problem of im- portance. The economic value of the western meailowlark does not depend so largely on the fact that it destroys only injurious insects, as that it destroys insects. The various proportions taken pri>bably represent availability rather than preference.
SENSORY SETJE OF TARANTULA AND SOME OF ITS RELATIVES
WILLIAM A. HILTON
The general sensory terminations of insects are found in hairs. These setiK are of about the same type throughout the group and consist of hollow extensions of chitin which may be microscopic or much larger. The base of the hair is usually movably, articulated in a chitinous ring. Below the cuticle and level with the liypodermal cells, there is at the base of each hair a larger "trichogen" or hair-producing cell. Sensory structures similar to sette in insects have been described and figured in the Crustacea and some of these have been found with the bases of the hairs solid so that nerve fibres cannot penetrate very far into the hairs. Judging from methylene blue preparations
Figure 254
Sketch of a section throuKli a body scum- iiair of an insect, showing the penetration of a nerve liljre into the l)ase of the hair.
studied in section (Hilton '02), the nerve fibres of insects go only to the basal portions of the hairs and there terminate on one side (Figure 254).
In a study of the hairs of insects, spiders and other arthropods, it becomes necessary to distinguish l)et\veen the hollow sensory setie and tlie solid eleva- tions of the cuticle which are either very uuicli smaller or very much larger and heavier. These minute hair-like elevations and the larger spines or projections seem to he hirgcly for protection. 'I'liey are undoubtedly also for
POMOXA f'()I.I.Ef;i; JotRXAI, OP KxTOMOI/MiY 811
sonsiitioii. aUliouj;li proliaMy scrviiiK' a vi-ry ditTcrciit puriiiisc and stiniiilatin(( a dillVrcnt part of the nervous system, perhaps part of the siih liypoilennal nerve plexus knowu to oeeur in many artliroptxls. These minute hairs will Ite eonsidereil at this time only in so far as they may represent parts of hollow sen8t)ry seta'.
One of the most noticeable features of tarantula is the >;reat ahundanee of Ions; hairs. The.se are espeeially numerous on the lej;s and alidomen hut may he found on all jjarts. Two general types may he reeo)j;ni/.ed at onee. Ions rather lar^e seta- often brown or of a red eolor and short ilark ones often ma.s.seil together antl giving; the appeara!iee of black velvet. Moth of these are hollow and seem to be simply f;reatly modified haii-s of the ins«'et type. The lont; brown or red hairs of tarantula are the most eonspieuous. Some of these are as long as six mm. They are strongly ehitini/eil. rather slender, with a large eavity whieh is usually somewhat larger at the base. ICspeeially towards the tip, along the shaft, a tine pubeseenee is evident. In Figure 255, 1, there is shown a hair of this typo. Near the joint-s of the h-g there are fewer shorter, heavier hairs, almost spines, siieh as shown in Figure 255, 2. Between the long and heavier hairs of the legs and body there are luuiierous fine set-in whieh are (piite plume-like lH'eaus4' «d" the numerous tine ehitinous branches extending off from the shafts of the hairs. Sueh a one is shown in Figure 255, '.i, while Figure 255, 4, is a snuiller one from a leg. It is these seta- or hairs similar to them, that cause the legs and liody to appear dark. Modifications of this sjime type are found densely ma.s.sed on the feet or other extremities where the dark velvet appearance is most marked. These hairs are often enlarged or tlattened at the tip. Figure 255, 5, G and 7, are of this sort.
.N'ear the mouth there are a number of long and short rather red hairs with very little pubescence upon them. A snuill one of these is shown in Figure 255, 8. Some of these red hairs about the mouth are much like the usual type, but numy are long, slender and in .stune eases tlattened somewhat.
Comparison was made between the seta- of tarantula and other spitlers from a number of dilTerent families. In all, the usual type of seta was found, and the plume-like hairs, although less abundant, were found in almost every representative. Figure 25(). 1 and 2, are from one of the Lyeosidie. The first figure was taken from the back of the abdomen and was much like some of those of tarantula, but was not so abundant. The second was a large hair "f tile simple type from a leg.
Figure 255, U, 4 and 5, are from the Kpeiridie, Kpt ini iji tnmn ; 4 from the caudal end of the abdomen is a simple hair with a high base.
Figure 255, H, 7 and 8, are from the ThomisidiV (Thaiialiis sp.) where, in addition to the usual tyjie of simple hair there are at least the.se three sorts of setie with side projections; ti, from the abdomen, is a short plumed hair with thicker projections also; 7 is a short plumetl hair; 8 is a setji with sec- ondary projections on one side. This last st>rt is verj' abundant on the legs.
812
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 255. Setae from a tarantula (Euryphelma californicum) One and two arc enlarged 75 times, all the rest 325 times. 1, long, slender hair from a leg; 2, short, heavy hair from the under side of a leg near a joint; 3, hair Irom the thorax; 4, one of the smaller hairs from the back of the abdomen; 5 and 6 setae from a foot pad; 7, tip of hair from a foot pad; 8, one of the smallest red hairs from about the mouth; 9 and 10, base and tip of a hair similar to 1 and I, only more highly magnified.
l'().MONA (•|)I,I.K(ii; Jol KNAI, OF KNTuMuUKiV 813
III a iiiiiiilM'r of other familit-s of spiders examined there were no hiiirs of unusual types. In a few there were only a very few |)luine-like setie as in the Afreleniche (Atjilmn iinrvia). where there were only a very few liairs like JMtrure 255. !).
Seta" were also stiKJiid in rxaiiiplis of more distantly related j;roups of arthnipods. Figure 2M. 1(1, 11 and 12. are from a youHK Limulus. A rather usual type of hair is shown in l(t. The tips of sonu' of the seta- have lateral projections sueli as shown in 11. A simple type with its eomniuni- cation throutih the ehitin is shown in 12.
.\m(in}r the l'edipal|)ida. there are many hairs of the usual type such as Fi^jure 2r>(), 1. hut 2 shows a rather different structure where the hair projects from a little mound, and 3 shows simi)le elevations from which there are no hairs ])rojeetinf;.
Jfemhers of the I'halan^ida examined show rather usual types of hairs, similar to 4 and 5. which were found on various parts of the hody of Lrobunum sp.
Atnontf the Solpujiida no new types were (>neountcred.
The hairs of Aearina are hoth of the u.sual sort and also plume-like. Herlese ('12) recently descrihed many types of plume-like hairs in various species. The.se seta' were chictly from the body.
The hairs of the jiseudoscorpions are of the usual tyjic and so far as studied no other kinds are present.
(^ominfi now to more distantly related groups we have Fijjure 2">(;, 8 and 9, from a lar^e dipIo|)od. The Hrst c)f these shows a hair of usual type with its canal through the thick cuticle. The second of these fifiures shows a lar(?er. heavier hair located on a little nuuind with the ha.se hollowed out hut the cavity very slisjlit beyond this point.
Figure 2.")(), 10-14. shows simple hairs from a chilopod. Srnlopi nilni sj). Sonu- of the smallest of thi'se are just simple projections from a slipht eleva- tion, one is a minute hollow elevation. Some of these simple hairs show stages in their develoiiment.
Pa.ssinir now to aiv>ther "^riiu]) of arthrojiods we find in a member of the Onyehophora, Pnipnliis. very few hairs but numerous mound-like elevations over the surfai'cs of the body. Sonu' of these little mounds are jrrouped to- gether and from sonu^ of thest' trin- siinple seta> project : as is .shown in FiRiire 2.5(i. K). Some of the larirer elevations have several seta-, but most of the mound-like elevations have none, and probably represent a very primitive sensitive structure.
Conclusions
The hairs of tarantula are of two chief kinds, the usual simple sort and the plume-like structure. They are of many sizes from larpe and thick to short and slender. All of these hollow hairs are undoubtedly sensory, but the preat variations in form and structure are probably not altogether due to special sensory functions and may be more for protection. Spiders with
814
Pomona College Journ-il op Entomology
abundance of hair are found to some degree living in similar situations, but plume-like setae are found in many different groups of Arthropods, and in certain families such as the Therophosidse and Thrombidiidffi, they are very marked.
12
u
Figure 256. Setae from spiders and Limulus
All are enlarged 325 times. 1 and 2, liairs from the leg of one of the Lycosidae, the base of 2 is shown; 3, 4 and 5, setae from one of the Epeiridae, the bases of 3 and 4 are shown; 6, 7 and 8, hairs from one of the Thonididae: 9, one of the very few phinie-like hairs from one of the .-\galaendae; 10, 11 and 12, setae and parts of setae from Limulus.
Among artiiro])()ds tliere has been, in the past, evidence from the Golgi and methylene l)hie methods that nerve fibres from bipolar sense cells pene- trate seUv; some of the evidence by Bethe ('96), Duboscq. Holmgren ('98), Schreiber ('98) and many others. Some Golgi preiKirations gave impregna- tion results which seemed to show tliat the whoh- hollow of the liiiir was filled
Pomona College Joirnal of Entomology
815
V
&,
"^ 10
II 12
13 14
•(A^'v-
U 5
o
16
Figure 257. Setae from various groups of Arthropods \11 cnlarRod .125 times. 1, liair I'roni antcnn.i of one ot the I'ciJipalpida; 2, nioiiiul with sunken hair from the thorax of one of the Pcdipalpida; 3, small elevations on the thora.x of one of the Pcdipalpida: 4 and 5, hairs from one of the Solpiifgrida; 6 and 9. hairs from a scorpion: 7 and 8, bases of hairs from a dipiopod; 10 to 14, hairs of Scolopendra; 15, complex mound ot Perlpatus; 16, complex mound of Peripatus with a simple hair.
816 Pomona Coi.lege Journ-U. of Entomology
with tlio nerve fibre. This result was criticised and the nerve terniinatioQ was found to be exaggerated in thase eases. In some Crustacea it wa.s found that the base of the hair was shut off from the shaft so that no nerve strand could penetrate very far into it. In insects most of the hairs seem to be hollow from base to tip or nearly to the tip, with often some granular substance in the cavity. In work done with methylene blue and sections of material stained by this method nerve fibres were traced into the hairs but only a short distance into the shaft, Hilton (1902). As yet the few injections which have been tried with tarantula have not shown nuieh, but a study of the hairs seems to show no barrier to the penetration of the nerve fibre. It seems doubtful, however, whether the very long hairs of tarantula contain nerve fibres in very much of their length.
In tarantula many hairs which at first sight seem to be of the simjile type and without pubescence are found under higher powers of the micro- scope to show delicate projections. It is probable that hairs of this sort are of wide occurrence. It is intere-sting to note in this connection that the hair shown in Figure 3, Plate III, in Villane's ('81) early paper on the histology of insects is of this type.
Among the seti? of other arthropods exclusive of Crustacea, spiders and insects, we find the simple hair of medium size the most usual type. In some of the hairs of diplopod.s we find thick hairs with a very small central cavity beyond the base. In Pedipalpida there is a simple type in the sort of hair which projects from a mound. Very simple types of hairs were found in ScoJopendra where the hairs were minute projections only. These simple types .show something of how sets may have developed, as little knobs on the surface which became sensitive by means of a more or less definite nerve termination and later came to grow out longer and form a hollow projection and develop a collar from the little mound at the base. We have all stages shown in the figures: the little mounds, the littl# projections with mounds and without them.
The generalized Peripatus is interesting to examine in this connection. Here we find the predominating sensory projections are little elevations; some of these become farther .specialized by secondary knobs and now and then from these last, little hair-like hollow projections have been formed.
It is hoped at a later date to make a study of the sensory structures of spiders with some experiments on the functions of the setiv.
Important References 1912 Berlese, A. Thrcmibidiidiv " Bcdia." Vol. VIII.
1896 Bethe, Das Nervcn.system von Careinus menas, Anh. f. Mie. An<it.
1897 Duboscq, O. Sur la termination des nerfs sensitifs des chilopods
ann. de I'Univ. de Grenoble. 1895 Holmgren, E. Zur Kenntniss des Ilaiitnervsystems der Arthro- poden. Anal. Am. 1895.
I'OMONA CoI.I.KGE JoURNAI, OF KnTOMOIXx;Y 817
1902 Hiltou, W. A. The Body-sense Hairs of Lepidopterous Larviu.
Am. Nat. Vol. XXXVI. 1896 Neinee, Boliiimil. /ur Keniitiiiss di-s p.riphori-n N<'rvcns>st<-'ins
eini«rer Crustnceen. Anaf. Am. 1S97 NusJuinm and Schrciher. Roitrim' /iir Ki-nntiiiss di-s periplioriselifn
Nervensystcnns bei den Crnstacien. lii»l. dinlrnlbl.
1891 Katli. O. Voin. Ziir Keuntiiiss dt-r IlauUiniu'sorjtiuie der Crusta-
ceen. Zool. Ajiz.
1892 Hath, O. V^om. I'l-ber die von ('. fluiLs licschriebj'ne Nervenen-
dit:iiuf^>n in den Sininshjiapcn dep Crustnceeu. Zonl. Am. 1894 Hatli, (). Voni. I'elier die Nervt-neiidipiiipen der llautsinnesorsrane
dtr Arthiopodcn nach Bi-handluu;; niit der McfhyU'nblau und
Oomailherniothode. lUrifMn tlrr nalur. QcseUsch. zu Freiburg. 189() Rath, 0. Voni. Znr Kenntniss der Ilautsiiinesorgane des sensiblen
Nervensysteins der Artliro[)()dcn. Zcit.irlir. /. wisa. Zool. 1890 Retzius, G. Znr Kenntnias des Nervensystema der Crustaceen,
Biol. Unt. K.F. 189') Retziiis, G. Das sensible Nervensystem der Crustaceen. Biol.
Unt. N.p. 1898 Schreil)er, W. Noch ein Wort iiber da« peripherische sensible
Nervensystem bei den CrnstAceen. .Anat. Ane. 1881 Villanes. Sur les terminations nerveuses sensitives dans la piau
de qiielques inseeta. C. R. Acad. Sc. 1883 Villanes. Reoherches sur I'histologie des insects et sur les ph6no-
nienes histolo^ques cjui aecompagnent le developpement postem-
bryonnaire de ces animaux. Th. Pair.i.
BUTTERFLY HUNTING IN MANY LANDS
C. B. LONGSTATF LONGMANS & CO.
Tliis book, as the title indicates, is the work of a tield naturalist. The material, which fills about seven hundred pages, covers the collecting trips made by the author in practically all parts of the world. There are five colored plates showing some of the most interesting and beautiful insects from widely separated regions. While there are numerous accounts of insects seen and captured, the collection of Lepidoptera is chiefly described. Mention is made of the chief species captured on the various trips and accounts are given of the conditions under which they are found. In addition to this there are most interesting sketches of travel from place to place, with descrip- tions of lands and peoples.
Although there is much to interest the general reader besides entomological material, no one is at any time far from the description of the occurrence or the capture of insect forms. The book is indeed as the author states in the preface: "An attempt to put into readable form the technical diaries of a wandering entomologist. ' '
Naturally to the field .entomologist this book chiefly appeals, but to all interested in collecting or in biological work out of doors, it is a very inter- esting volume. To the entomologist as to the general reader the pleasing accounts of trips taken and specimens obtained cannot fail to awaken interest. The book is also more than an account of field trips and of travel, for it is in a sense an autol)iography giving so much of the causes which led to the author's interest in entomology.
There are first notes of early fiohl trips in England and then follow the accounts of longer expeditions as follows: India and Ceylon 1903-4, Algeria in 1905, South Africa in 1905, West Indies and South America 1906-7, Ceylon 1908, Egypt and Sudan 1909, and finally New Zealand and Australia in 1910.
At the end of the book is a chapter on bionomics, in which a number of interesting ()l)servations are brought together, especially on mutilation by foes, the results from experiments on palatibility, mimicry, list and shadow, inverted attitude and .so on. Not much of this is really new, but it is all interesting. In the appendix are four plates with tran.slations of papers by Muller on hair tufts, scent glands, scent organs, etc., of Lepidoptera.
This hook is in its way an important contribution to our literature of field naturalists, and many parts of it. as the descriptions of early collecting in P^ngland, will rank well with onr best accounts of such work.
William A. Hilton.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
KORDYCE (iRINNEI.L, JK. PASAOKNA, CAMKt)RXIA
•It is only needful tiiat one shall reail and think, and the work of others, wliicli may have been published half a eentury ago, will 8UgKi"8t Homethin^ to you whieh it never sug^jested to anyone before, and which may oeeupy your attention for years. " — Francis E. Sipher.
I'rof. Vernon L. Keilonj;, of StanfonI I'niversity. iitti-ndt-d llie Seeond International Congress of Entomology, at Oxford, Knglaml, last August; he contributed a paper on the distribution of the Mallophaga. and acted as <'hairman of one of the sections.
Dr. Charles Lincoln Edwards luis licen ap[>ointcd Naturalist of the I'ark Department of Los Angeles, in charge of the proposetl Zoologii-a! (iardens in Grinitli Park. Entomology will be represented, as outlined in the first pub- lication of the Los Angeles Zoological Society, issued in August.
Dr. Aliu'rt J. Cook, State Horticultural Conunissioner, has been delivering lectures in various parts of California, during the past summer, on the work of the Commission.
Messrs. Newcomb, llaskin and I'ooJidgc. of Lus Angeles, have ri-i-cntly taken a considerable seri<'s of the very interesting buttertiy, Lycat lui nrurona, on .Mt. Wilson, the first part of September, wliich was described in l!l(»2 by Dr. Skiiuiir-, from one female.
Mr. .1. R. llaskin. on his recent trip to Northern Arizona, took a nice series of Thrcla halcsux.
Mr. J. C. Hridwcll. Instructor in Entomology, I'niversity of California, was in Southern California during the past summer, collecting especially in the S.nn .lacinto Mountains, and Los Angeles County, and getting many inter- esting Ilymcnopfcra. lie spoke to a meeting of the Entomological Club in August on his San Jacinto trip.
Mr. Wilhelm Schrader is constructing an elaborate and specially planned building for his experimental work with the Lepidoptera, near IjOs Angeles.
Mr. II. C. F'all, of Pasadena, spent his sunnner, as usual, in Uoston. study- ing part of the time at the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
In the Dctober number of Th(> Auk. an ornithological magazine, there is an article by Francis II. Allen, cntitb-il " Remarks on the Case of Roo.sevelt vs. Thayer. With a Few Independent Suggestions on the Concealing Coloration (Question." The paper is of interest to all naturalists intercstcil in animal bionomics.
Reeherehes E.sperimentales sur Its Mccanismes du Mclanisme et I'Al- binisme ches les Lepidopteres, par Dr. Arnold Pictet. Memoires do al Societe
820 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 111-278. 5 plates. 1912. This paper is reviewed in "Nature" by F. Merrifield, for October 3, 1912, in an article entitled : "Experimental Researches on Variation in the Coloring of Lepidoptera." The following quotations from this review might be suggestive and instructive :
"Melanism is a sign of vigor and health; albini.sm, on the contrary, of the enfeebling of the organi.sm. ' '
"The cause of variation may be generally stated thus: An individual ■which in the course of its ontogeny makes less pigment than its congeners, albinises ; inversely, it melanises if it makes more pigment than is normal ; the quantity of pigment is much more important than chemical modification
of it."
"Lepidoptera, Dr. Pictet tells us, with very few exceptions, vary in only two directions, melanism and albinism."
"Dr. Pictet 's valuable researches certainly cannot be considered to exhaust the subject of the cause .of variation in the coloring of Lepidoptera."
Mr. Prank Walter Weymouth, who recently received the degree of Master of Arts from Stanford University, in the Department of Zoology, for a thesis on a group of crabs of Monterey Bay, spent the summer at Woods Hall ]\rarine Laboratory, and is now at Johns Hopkins University, where he is candidate for the degree of Ph. D. He read the Phi Beta Kappa poem at Stanford, last May; the title was "Earth."
Dr. A. Penyes, of Pasadena, is monographing the Aleocharinac (Staphy- linidae) for the Genera Insectorum, ])ul)lished in Brussels, Belgium, by P. Wytsman.
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I
VOLUME FOUR
NUMBER FOUR
iflunial ai Entinunlmjii
DECEMBER 1912
JAN 1.61913 '
Contents
WEINLAND. H. A. ESSIG. E. O.
ALEXANDER. CHARLES P HILTON. W. A. COLE. F. R. BACON. GERTRUDE
The Cosmopolitan Habits o( the Fruit Fly
Host Index to Calltomla Plant Lice II
The American S[>ecles of Adelphomyla Bertiroth
A Preliminary Study of the Central Nervous System of Spiders
Notes on the Dtptera of Laguns Beach
Some CoUembola of Laguna Beach
Shorter Articles and Important Literature of the Past Year
GRINNELL. FORDYCE - ... News Notes
TlUe Page and Index to Volumas 111 and IV
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POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
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Address all communications to
POMONA COLLEGE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY,
W. A. Iln-TON, Acting Editor. Clareniont. California, I'. 8. A.
romona C>olleae Journal of Entomology
Volume 1\' 1) K C K M Bl. K I'M: Number 4
THE COSMOPOLITAN HABITS OF THE FKLIT FLY
(Ceratitis (^apitata. // V/V/)
II. \. WKIM.WD
Of all the [K'sts we have or know of attacking' fruit crops siu-li as thosf trrown in California pi-rhaps the MiMlitfrrant-an Fruit Fly is thf worst. Should it lie ncc^'ssary to inakc a choice of pests, taking the worKl at largo, from wiiich we siioulil likely receive the most damage in this state should it he inipttrted, tho Mediterranean Fruit Fly would without douht he the one ehosen.
The rea.sons for this are several. One is the fact that tiie attack of a sinplc insect upon a certain fruit ahsolutely ruins that fruit for any purpose. The worst scale or root ju'sts we have may kill the tree in time, may smut the fruit or cause it to he .small or of an interior trrade. hut none of tiiem make at once each and every fruit attacked ahsolutely worthless as does this pest. Another reason is that it is one of the most cosmopolitan in.sccts in its hahits of which the world knows.
A list of all the fruits of all countri^'s from which it has been hred would he alarmint;ly long and would not present the facts I wish to hrint; forth. The nature of these fruits, the appro.ximate number of tlies per fruit, and the adaptability of each as a host is rather the topic of this discussion.
I base these stat^ements on the conditions i)revailinj; in the Hawaiian Islands for the reason that the conditions are su<'h there that the Hy has ample choice of host fruits and a very suital)le climate, piving valuable liasis for sueh a discussion.
First, let me sjiy that one phase of Nature's plan seems to be to destroy by decay the fruits her trees produce, in order to hasten the cycle time of those elements of which the fruits are composed, pettinp them back into the soil to be used in future crops. The whole family of fruit flies seems to have been created for this purpose even to the tin.v Dro.sophilids or vitM'par flies which we have all over the world and which are so common wherever there is decaying fruit. The only ditTerence between this family and other fruit flies, particularly the Mediterranean Fruit Fly is that the Drosojiliilids do not bepin their work till natural decay sets in or until some bruise or abrasion is made in the skin, while this fly bepins earlier in tho pame, often liefore the fruit l)epins to ripen. Thus the Drosophilids are a vahiable a.sset to horti- culture, while some of the higher forms are an extreme pest.
822 Pomona College Jouknal of Entomology
Let me also state in the beginning that well known fact that when the eggs of female flies are developed after copulation, they must soon he laid l)e there favorite host fruit present or not. Thus the spread of sueh a pest has more to do with th^e food content of the fruits and adaptability to the growth of the maggots than to the fact whether or not eggs are placed therein. I have found cysts of undeveloped and dried-up eggs under the skin of leiiums, very green guavas and papaias, showing that when sufficient favorable fruit was not available, the eggs were laid upon the fruits nearest to the right conditions. I also have noticed upon the star apple, a fruit containing a quantity of quick hardening lacteal fluid in the skin, numerous female fruit flies held solid by the hardening of this fluid on the ovipositor before ovi- position was completed. Tests showed however that only a small percent of eggs thus laid developed.
I do not mean to say that the fly will deposit eggs in any and all fruits promiscuously, but the many different kinds of fruits which breed the fly show that it is able to adapt itself to many conditions. The limit of its powers of adaptability to different kinds of host fruits is impossible to determine, yet observation of its relation to certain styles of host fruits gives basis for certain conclusions.
The thickness or hardness of the skin of fruits is apparently not a serious detriment to the development of this fly. In Australia \\ has been bred from the passion fruit, which has a very hard skin, much resembling an eggshell, though not brittle. Flies closely related, {Dacus cucurhitae), and of very similar habits have been bred from the water lemon in Hawaii which is very similar. The thickness of tiie skin then cannot be considered a safeguard.
The presence of certain acids in the fruits in small C|uantities does not prevent development either if we can .iudge from the fact that the fly thrives in oranges, grai)ofruit, and certain varieties of limes. As for lemons, we have no record of its being bred from tliciii though we have evidence that the eggs had been placed therein.
As for juicy fruits, such as the peach, mango, etc., it is interesting to note that the number of flies produced in proportion to the size of the fruit is lower than in certain pulpy fruits. 1 have found that it is easy to drown the maggots in the juice of decaying fruits in laboratory jars if too many fruits were put in a single jar. The growth of the maggot rapidly causes a putrid juice to form which, should the wliole fruit be full of maggots, would furnish enough juice to drown probably the smallest ones, if not some more mature. The instinct of the fly seems to regulate this so that not too many eggs are laid in a fruit. ConseqiU'ntly, though the orange, for instance, is compara- tively a large fruit, the number of flies bred per fruit is usually about 15 to 25. It is interesting to note that in addition to this fact with rcganl 1o the peach, the fly stings tiiis fruit when it is still small and very green.
Three pulpy fruits, however, give us some interesting data, namely, the Coffee berry, the Mock orange {Mvrraya exotica), and the Kamani nut or
I'OMONV ('i>l,l.i:(ii: JoiIlN \|, OK KNToMnl^KiV
M2:i
.M<-xican almmul. 'I'lir coff^-c Imti-.v ami tli.- ino.-k (.ram;.- an- li.-tli alMiiit 111.- size of the cn.l of a little firiffiT. y.-t <'acli of th.-iii will hm-.! from six to twelv.- tli<-s per fruit, tlioii-.'li tlii-y will lie miicli sniHlIrr than tlios.. Iir.-.i fr.im n fruit such as till- fig, in which, it seems, they Hiid better miurishment. The Kamniii nut, which is ahniit the size of the California almoml. I.ree.ls a startiing •iiimher for its size.— froin I w.iitytivc to tifty Hies per nut.
Figure 258
In thcNi' pulpy fruits, the hull insti'ail of the herry or nut is the part affected, while tho berry, though hrought to the ground perhaps a little earlier than otherwise is not materially injured. CofTee growers on the island o' Hawaii state that they are unable to see any damage to their cotTee due ti the work of the Hy, although it breeds literally by the millions therein. In portions of South Africa, this fly i.s eonunonly known as the coffee fly since it is most often foun<l where there is eofree. The fact of tiie similarity of this kauumi nut to our almonds and walnuts leads to the pos.siliility that unle.s.s containing too much tannic ai'id, the hull of these might add to the ff)od supply in California at a time when litth- else was available.
824
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 258 is a diagram showing some of the most important host fruits in Hawaii and the seasons when they are in bearing. The circles and portions of circles represent periods during the year when the host fruits are to be found. It will be noticed that the wild guava and Chinese orange have a continual cycle while the eugcnias, strawberry guavas and Kona oranges have certain main seasons with intermitt-ent fruiting l)etween. It is difficult to
Figure 259
establish seasons for many of tiiesc fruits as they fruit at different times in different localities, and with some it is not an uncommon sight to see flowers, green and ripe fruit on the trees all at once. However, it can be seen that at any time of year there are at least six host fruits in bearing, one or two of which are wild. Is it any wonder that the fly has continued to increase in numbers in Hawaii, defying all methods of control?
Figure 259 shows a corresponding diagram made witli Southern Cali- fornia conditions in mind. Tlie fly has been bred from all the fruits shown in the diagram, those marked with D in Hawaii, and those iniirk(Hl with X
Pomona Com.koe Joiknai. ok KNTuMoUMiv 825
n-pditiil liy W. T. Kirk of New Ztalaiitl. This m»'aiis lluit tlic prolmMi- cycle for Smitherii California would be :
Dt'ci'iiihtT — Karly citrus fruits.
.lanuary and February — Oranjres and grapefruit.
.March — Oran{;es, grapefruit and early lo(|uat.s.
April — Oranet's. grapefruit and lo(|uat.s.
.May — Orantjes. irrapefruit, some ]oi|uats and early (•herrie.s.
June — Scatterintr citrus fruits, cherries and early tijrs.
•luly — Apricots and t\tis.
August — Peaches, nectarines and pears.
Septeniher — Peaches, nectarines, pears anil plums.
October — Plums, quinces, apples.
November — Doubtfully any.
Considering the similarity of prunes to phims and the similarity of tho almond to the Kaiiwini nut. these two might also servi' a.s hosts and lengthen the list.
This discus.>-ion, it will be noticed, is totally without refereni'c to climatic conditions, the relation of which to tlu' fruit tly is very hard to accurately determine. However, from the history of its work in .similar latitudes in .\ustralia and South Africa, we have ample rea.son to think that should it by ;iny means gain entrance to California, it could thrive in winter in some stage in the .southern |»art of the state at least, and jirovc to this state and i-ountry the most .serious pest of its history.
HOST INDEX TO CALIFORNIA PLANT LICE, II (APHIDIDiE)
E. 0. ESSIG
SECRETARY STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
The first and original index was a compilation of all that could be found in literature of California Aphidida^ as well as all of the notes made from the ohservations of the writer, and was published in Pomona College Journal of Entomology, Vol. Ill, No. 2, pp. 457-464, :\Iay, 1911.
The following includes som-e which were overlooked in the last article and new species, all of which have not been reported heretofore:
Alnus rhombifolia Xutt. (Alder) MyzocaUia alni (Fab.) Pass. Santa Paula, Cal., August 16, 1911.
Artemisia californica Less. (California Sage) Mucrosiplnnii frigidac Oestl. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, 548, 1911.
Ash see Fraxinus dipetala H. & A.
Aster sp. Macros! pint ni nulbcckiac (Fitch). Santa Paula, Cal., August 15, 1911.
Astragalus leucopis Torr. (Loco Weed) Aphis incdiaigitns Koch. P. C. Jr. i]nt., 529, 1911.
Atriplex canescens tetraptera
Aphis tilraptd-alis Ckll. Pull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, No. 4, April 1, 1902
Boston Fern sec Nephrolepis exaltata
Buttercup see Ranunculus californicus Kenth.
California Sage see Artemisia californica Less.
Ceanothus hirsutus Xutt. Aphis ccanolhi-hirsiili Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, 527, 1911.
Chrysanthemum indicum L.
Muvrosiphiiin rudln il,i(i( (Fitch). Santa Paula, Cal., Sci)tciiiber 16, 1911.
Citrus aurantium L. (( )range) Aj}his cooki E.ssig. Pomona, Cal., April 4, 1909. Aphis gossypii Glover. Santa Paula, Cal., May 17, 1911. Macrosiphum citrifolii (Ashm.). Santa Paula, Cal., April 7, 1911. Myziis prrsicac (Sulz.). Santa Paula, Cal., April 14, 1911. To.roph ro aiiraiitiac Koch. Santa Paula. Cal., .\pril 'A, 1911.
Citrus limonum L. (Lcnmnj MijZKs persicac (Sulz.) Santa Paula, Cal., April 14, 1911. Toroptera aurantiae Koch. Santa Paula, Cal., April 3, 1911.
Pomona f'oi.i.KcK .Toiunm, ok KNToMouniV 827
Cotton\voo<l sec Populus trichocarpa T. & (i.
I'ern, I'.ostoii, sec Nephrolepis exaltata
Fraxinus dipctala II. & A. (Moimtaiii Ash) I'( III pliit Ills fiii.riiii-iliiii laUir Kss'm. V. V. Jr. Ent., Ill, ')')(>, 1!M1.
Juglans californica Wats. (Southern California Wihl W'ahuit) Cullilili Ills I iilifoniii IIS Essig. Mt.s. near Sniitn I'auln, ("al., Jiilv 1. Htll.
Lemon sec Citrus limonum L.
Loco Weed sec Astragalus leucopis Torr.
Lupinus albifrons (Lii|)iiici MfKiosijiliiiiii allnfnnis Hssii:. 1'. C. .Ir. Ent., IIL ')4L l!tn.
Lycopcrsicum csculentum .Mill, (Tomato) Miiziisiiirsicai (Siilz. '. Santa I'aiila. ("al., April 14, lUll.
Nephrolepis exalta ( ISoston icrni l,li„l,l,nis i„i>hnl,ii„l,s Davis. 1'. ('. Jr. Ent.. Ill, :)4ti. lidl.
Orange see Citrus aurantium i.
Potato sec Solanum Tuberosum L.
Populus trichocarpa 1. & (1. (Cottonwood) Eikiirliaitdplntrus popiilifolii Essi{;. Santa Paula. Cal.. Aut'ust 4, 1!M1. Ml laiio.niiilli) riiim rufiiliis ( David.son >. Santa Paida. ("a!.. Auuust .'i. lull, Thoiiinsia salkicola Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent. III. .".:{4. PHI.
Ranunculus californicus Pentii. ( l]uttercu|>; I I III /ill if/ us iiilifiiniii us Davidson. Nordlioff, Cal., April 2I>. Plll.
Sajje, California, see Artemisia californica Less.
Salix laevigata i'.ehb. (Willow) Dariilsoiiia salicinulicis E.ssi^r. Santa Paula, Cal., August Iti. IIUI. Ih/ailniiliis pn-stiiiacai (Linn.) Schout. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, r).J7, PMl. Mm nisiplniiii laivignlm Essig. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, ')"»(), 1!)11. Micra momUa Es.sig. Santa Paula. Cal., July 20, 1011. Siiindohiii.i salivinirtiris Pissig, Santa Paidn. Cal., August Iti. PMl. Thomasia saliricola Es.sig. P. C. Jr. Ent., III. i'^M. 1!M1. Tiibnolachiiiis vimiiialis (Fon.sc.) Mord. Santa Paida, Cal., August IL
Salix lasiolepis r.ciuli. Miirn tiiniiiUn Essig. Santa Pjiula. Cal.. Scjiti'iuhiT l.">. 1!M1,
Salix macrostachya .\utt. Siiniiliiliiiis iiiarrostnchiitii Essig. .Santa Paula. Cal., August 'J.'i. I'.Ml. Thiiiiiasia criicis Essig. Santa Paula, Cal.. August 2"), 1!M1. Tiibirolachniis vimiiialis (Konsc.) Mord. Santa Paula, Cal., August 5,
PtlL
iitn.
828 Pomona College Journ.u. of Entomology
Solanum tuberosum L. (Potato) Mijziis pcrsicac (Sulz.). Santa Paula, Cal., April 1-4, 1911. Trifidapliis radicicola (Essig.) Del Guereio. Santa Paula, Cal., June 10, 1911.
Thuya occidentalis Lachnus jiinipcri D-e Geer. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, 5-13, 1911.
Tomato see Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.
Tule see Typha latifolia L.
Typho latifolia L. (Tule) Hlnipaliisapliinii iiiiiii [ihdi ne (Linn.) Koc-h. Santa Pavila, Cal., August 28, 1911.
Viola sp. ( Violet) Idioptrru.^ ncphrdcpidis Davis. P. C. Jr. Ent., Ill, 541, 1911.
W alnut. Wild, see Juglans californica W'ats.
Willow see Salix
THE AMKKICAN SPHCIKS ()! ADHLIMIOMVI A lii:K(iK()Tll (TIIH LlD.i: Dll'l.)
CHARLI'i; }'. AI.KXAMiKH ITII VCA, NEW YORK*
Till' .small si/.i' ol l\u- iraiU'-Hifs cunstitiitiriK tin- (ii-niis Atlilphomyia UtTgr.' t'lititlt's tlu'in to tln' uhiih' of Miiro-liinnopliilini. tin- majority of the (It'scrihed forms Immhh much smallt-r tlum mi-mltrrs of allied Kfiicra.
Some confuMon has arisen recently, repinlinn the identity of the most common of the three known American species and the purpose- of th*- present article is to straighten out this iml>roKlio. The first mention of an American representative was in an article hy the author- in which « new species niiiiula) was d«>scril)i'd and a second species referretl, provisionally, to the widely-distrihutcd European form, nt iiilis llal. This latter spci-ies was af^in mentioned, and its venation ligured in a second article' and here, alst), was referred to si iiilis. There has always Iwcn a i|Uestion in my nnnd retrardin^ the specific identity of tin- American and Kuropean forms and I have taken the opportunity to send specimens to Mr. F. W. Kdwards, who kindly com- pared the American s|M'cies with European specinn-ns of si nili.i in the Itritish .Museum collection and reports that the two forms are ilistinct. I jjive a key to the known American species and descrilie two new forms.
American Species of Adelphomyia
1. Wings with cell .Ml ahscnt. cayuga sp. n. Wings with cell .Ml |)ri's<'nt. 2
2. I'uhescence in cells of wings lacking or sparse; eross-vein r not
evident; cros.s-vein hi short or ohiiterated : gt-neral color of Innly pale yellow. miiiiila Alox.'
I'uhescewe in c<'lls of wings i-onspicuous : cross-veins r and m
distinct : hody color more lirownish. amiricaiin sp. n.
Adelphomyia americana sp. n. 1!)11 A(l<li>h'iiii!iiii s) Iiilis Alexander. Can. Ent. liUl Adilpliiiiiiiiin SI Iiilis A\exnmh'r. Ent. News.
Small sjieeies (length, 9. 3.><-4 mm. i ; radial cross-vein present; cell Ml pr<'sent ; plunv almo.st unieolorous. dull yellow. i Length, 3.2-:}.r» mm. ; wing, 4.:J-4.(j mm. K'oreleg, femur, 3.7 mm.; tihia. 4.1 mm.; tarsus, 3.8 mm. .Middle leg. femur, 3.1) mm. 9 Length. 3.8-4 mm. : wing. .)-."). 3 mm.
* Contribution from the EiilmuoliiKicil l.abor.itory, Cornell I'niversitv. 1 Bergroth; .Mitthcil. Naturl. Gesell. Hern; p. 134; 1«91. 2. Alexander; Canad. Kntoni.: .Aug 1911. 3. Alexander; Entomol. News; Oct. 1911.
830
Pomona College Joiirn-\l of Entomology
Rostrum and palpi light brownish-yellow; antennsp light brown. Front vertex and occiput light brownish-yellow, with a sparse greyish bloom.
Thoracic prjvscvitum dull yellow, rather shining, without apparent stripes, scutum, scutellum and postnatum similarly colored. Pleura' uniform dull yellow. Halteres pale, uniform throughout. Legs — Coxfp and trochanters dull brownish- yellow; femora similar, slightl.y darkened apically; tibiiv and tarsi uniform brownish-yellow. Wings almost hyaline, veins light brown. Venation (Figure 260, A, or Ent. News, 1. c.) — Sc' very long, Se- far removed from its tip; cross-vein r present, inserted on R2 about its own 1-ength beyond the form of R2+3; ill much shorter than I\n-|-2 be.vnnd cross-vein m. Short hairs in most of the distal cells of the wing.
Figure 260
Abdominal tergum brown with a narrow, darker, median line and a narrow pleural band of the same color; sternum pale yellow, almost con- coloro\is with the thoracic pleura".
Ilolotype, 6. Woodworth's Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y.; alt. 1650 ft.; Aug. 22, 1<)10. (Alexander, coll.)
Allot.vpe, 9 , with the type.
Paratypes, 30, 6 $. Sport Is., Sacandaga R., June 28, 1911; Wood- worth's Lake, Gloversville and Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y. ; Ithaca, Tomp- kins Co., N. Y.; September, 1911.
Types in Author's Conei'tion
Paratypes in British Museum of Natural History, V. S. Nat. ilus., (Jornell University and in author's collection.
I am indebted to Jlr. Edwards for the following coniparison of ainrrirniia with the European senilis:
I'o.Mli.NA Cul.I.KciK .IiilHWI. OF K\T(iM< il^NiV 831
•"l. The pliMini' 111 .1. anil riciiiiii arc iiiiicoloriiiis odiri-oiiN ; in A. muiliii thi-y arv rcddisli-hrowii ahuvc ami In-low, nion- (M-lin-oiiN in tin- iiiitiiUf.
2. The marginal croKs-vcin is present in A. am) riniua, ulis<'nt in .1. si ml is.
M. 'i'lic (genitalia an- ilifTcrent in tlit- two species Init as we have only one male, I <lo not watit to ilissect it. without which I cannot properly make out the structure. "
Adelphomyia cayuga ■>{>. u.
liUr^'c species (length. 9. ■'> miii.): radial cross-vein indistinct; cell Ml ahsent.
9. lenptli .") nun.: win"; ">.l nun.
R»)struni. palpi and anteiuiie lifiht hrown. Front. mtIcx mihI occipul hrown.
Thoracic pnescutiun uniform linht hrown without apparent dorsal strip<ii; scutum, scutellum and |)ostnHtum lighter-colored yellow. i'leuni- lifflit hrownisli-yellow, hrijfliter colored on the inetapleiine and on the posterior l>ortions of the nu'sopleune. Legs rather uniform liftht hrown throughout. Wind's rath.er uniformly suffused with dark, nu'mhnine distinctly darker colored than in <inn ricana or iiiliiiita ; veins lijjht hrown. Venation ( FiK>ir<' 2t)0, 1{) — Sel rather lonjr, ahout five times as lon^; as Se2 ; R2-|-:{ in a line with R2; eros.s-vein r not evident; Im.sal deflection of R44-i'> in a line with eros.s-vein ;-»i ; cell Ml ahsent, i. e.. Ml and M2 fuM'd to the winjr-marjrin. A short l)uheseenee in the apical portions of the win^r. tips of cells Kl. Fi2. \Vi, H-'). .M2 iind .M:i heing included.
Alidominal ter^'um iiiid sternum luiiforndy lirown.
Ilolotype 9 (halsiim slide i. \'anishint,' Hruok. Ithaca, N. Y Aujf. Hi. I'll 2. (Alexander, coll.)
Tyi)e in author's collection.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF SPIDERS
WILLIAM A. HILTON
It is surprising how little work has been done on the central nervous system of spiders. Most that we know of this organ in arachnids is due to earlier investigators. There are the papers of Trevianus in 1832, Brandt in 1840, Grube in 1842. Then there is the work of Schimkewitsch in 1884. The first extensive account of the central nervous system studied by modern methods is by St. Remy in 1890, where a number of brains or supKBSopha- geal ganglia are considered. There are also the numerous papers by Patten on Liuuilus and his recent book on the origin of vertebrates.
The following preliminary study has been made from dissections and serial sections from the nervous systems of members of the family Avicu- larioidea. Figure 261 and Figure 262 are drawn from tarantula Eury- phelma californicum. Two chief masses of the central nervous system are easily recognized in the cephalothorax. The part corresponding to the sub- esophageal, thoracic and abdominal ganglia is larger and as shown in the figures has five pairs of large nerves given off from it and one unpaired nerve in the caudal region which goes to the abdomen and branches a number of times. The lower four pairs of nerves are slightly larger than the abdominal and these go to the legs. Just in front of the first pair of leg nerves is the slightly smaller one on each side of the ganglion; this runs into the palpus. Fibers from all of these nerves penetrate more or less deeply into the ganglion and each one is intimately associated with numerous large and smaller nerve cells. The cells are for the most part ventral in position and fibers from them and from other parts form an intricate net- work in the central portion of the ganglion, all indications of special areas of cells and fibers being lost at such points.
The five pairs of nerves and the caudal unpaired one have to some degree the appearance of being made up of several portions as seen in the gross structure. The distribution of these nerves so far as could be deter- mined without special stains, was such as to indicate that they were made up of afferent and efferent components.
Figure 2()2, A, shows some of the main brandies of a nerve as it passes ilnwii a h'g. Petrunkevitch, '09, has described the nuiscles in the legs of i'holcus, but a general examination of the appendages of tarantula has shown more complex contlitions. The muscles will not be considered especially at this time. In the first four joints of the front leg shown in the diagram, the muscles are more distinct and when the nerve is exposed from above, branches may be seen as sliown in the figure. The nerve in this part of its course runs nearer the upper side of the leg so that most of the muscles shown are extensors. In the last three joints, the main nerve trunk
INlMONV ('ol.l.K«!F JilI'RNAI, OK Ks'TOMOUMiV
833
runs in to the Iduit swrlaci- of tin' li'u. rnilialily tin- inon- i-roxinml part (if tilt' iicrvu t'lirnishcs more niiisciilar braiiclit-s wliilc its nitin- distal parts from tlu'ir position seem to c-ontain a larger proportion of sensory tibt-rs.
Tlu" ni'rve trunk ffoinR to a palpus has a soniPwliBt similar course as the large nerve in the lefr, l)ut the niuseles are not so distinct. Here also the main trunk is more deeply situated in the distal segments and runs next to or very near the <*liitin in the last joints of the appendage. (Figure 2ti2, H. >
Aside from these eleven large trunks which supply thi' alMlomen and larger appendages, there are numerous snutll nerves between the others aa
Figure 261. Nervous System of Tarantula, X5 .\. from above: H. from tlu- side, <nl.irt;i-<l live times: ( ). ocular hmnchcs; C. chcHccral branches; P, palpal trunk. In .\ the darkest portion of the drawinR indicates the position of a part of the digestive tract. In B d.irk portion of the figure in the supr.TsophaRcal portion, is a part of the digestive tract; a light area above the ocular lobe is also a part of the digestive system.
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Pomona College Journal op Entomology
I
shown in the diaf^raiii, some of these at least seem to be confined to the cephalothorax.
Extending up from the great cephalothoracic ganglion is the supras- sophageal mass which partly surrounds a portion of the digestive tract. Its center is fibrous, nerve cells are above and on its sides. (Figures 261 and 263) . The most conspicuous nerves from this portion are those of the ehelicenv and the ocular branches. The first of these pairs is the larger. Each of this pair divides into three branches, two of which are distributed to the head region and the base of the chelicera, the other enters the chelicera and divides into three, the lower of these goes in deeply and reaches nearly to the chitin and seems to be largely a sensory branch. The upper is probably a muscular branch and the middle one was traced up to near the tip of the appendage.
In dissections and sections there was some evidence of visceral nerves coming off from the suproesophageal ganglion. Other small nerves were also found but from surface views and sections there was little indication of more
Figure 262
A, palpu.s; B, leg with the ceplialic side up from the right of a tarantula. B is the first leg and it and the palpus is shown as opened up from above. Some ot the muscles and chief nerves are shown, X2.
than seven distinct parts of the nervous system; one for each pair of nerves. The fusion of all parts was so complete in the adult as to almost obliterate all subdivisions. However, there is some indication of segments in the adult beyond the last leg division.
In a general study of the structure of tlie nervous system intricate con- nections were noted between all parts of the ganglionic mass, by means of fibers connecting the seven easily recognized regions. Adjoining segments were found fused by many fibers, more distant segments had po.ssibly fewer communicating strands with the exception of the supru'sophageal, whicli seems to have very extensive connections with all lower portions. The larger nerve trunks are probably all mixed except the optic.
The nerve cells of the cephalo-thoracic-abdominal ganglion are mostly ventral in position. Those of the supra?so])liageal mass dor.sal and lateral. As compared with insects there seem to be fewer very dcn.se masses of fibers in the central portions of the nervous system.
Pomona Colleok Joprnai, of Kntomoixxiy
a35
I fef
Figure 263. Sections Through the Nervous Systems of Brachybothrium sp.
The positions of cells and libers is shown at various levels A, cross section near tile caudal end: H, higher up, showing dense masses of substance amon^ the tibers; C, more cephalad; D, section through sub and supr.TSophaKcal masses, with the intestinal opening? in the center: K, lonKiludinal section near edge: K, same as E, only farther in.
836 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Publications Mentioned 184U Brautlt. ReL'herche.s sur ranatoiuie des Araigueos. Ann. Sc.
Xai. 2e Ser. Kill. 1842 Grulie. Einige Rcsultate aus rntersiu-lmngcn iilipr tlie Anatomic
der Araneiden. 1893 Patten, W. On tlie Morniiolofjry and Pliysiolojry of the Brain and
Sense Organs of Limulus. 1912 . The Evolution of Vertebrates and their Kin. /'. Blnhc-
sion's Son d- Co., Phila. 1909 Petrunkeviteh, A. Contributions to our knowledge of the Anatomy
and Relationships of Spiders. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Vol. II,
Xo. 1. 188-4 Schimkewitseh, W. Etude sur I'anatomie de I'Epeire. Ann. <l(s
Sc. Nat. Zool. 6 ser. XVII. 181() Trevianus, Ueber die innern Hau der Araehniden. Zrifschr. f.
Physiol. 1890 Saint Remy, G. Contribution a 1 'etude du eervean ehez les
Arthropods Tracheates. Theses a la Faculti des Sciences de
Paris.
N()Ti:s ON mi: i)ii>ii:ka oi i.A(ir.\A hiiacii
K. K. (-(II.K
I
iilhl th.- > Miinc
(lilsh
Ktlcc wavi'
TliiTc wiT.' iiiiinv tlifs olitaiiic.l Ir.nii tin- v.-j;i'lali«iii hack Inuii tin- Im-h.-Ii from the great swnniis cf thtiii nlxnit the kilp which was stnwn aloiiK shore. The sand is also a jjotul colh-ctinc place for some species, ami are fciiml in wet places ami even in the spray of the waves as they over the nicks. There were countless thon.santls of the lar(;e ami small •Ilia. TIk- larper .species is often on the wet rocks, tlyinj; upwards as the s come rolling in, and settlinif hack as the water sulfides again.
I
Figure 264. Neopogon sp
In tl:e last report of the Lagiina Marine Lalioratory only a siirfaee study was made of the Diptera and oidy a part of the collection wa.s reported in. Since that time a nundier of forms have heen added to the list of Diptera from Laguna. There were two mistakes in thi- last report. Aeeonl- injr to Aldrich, I'rof. Mine made a mistake in determiniiiLT tln' asilid sent him as Stiili<ti>ii(joii Irifasriatiis Say. (Figure 2t)4i.
This Hy ai-eording to his <-lassifieation is of the genus Xntiwiion an<l an undescrilicd species. Hack, in his monograph, attrihutetl Irifa.iiintii.s to Southern California: Williston <lid thi' .s<ime. This new species has upward directed white pile around tin- margin "f tin' ^i-ntillnin Uc/zi has nuMislicd
838
Pomona College Journal op Entomology
a paper on the Dasypogonina? since the work of Back, and has made several new genera. All of the American species are put in the new genus Neopogon. (His paper is in the Annales of the Hungarian National ]\Iuseum). Aldrich believes that both Back and Williston were wrong in identifying trifnaciatus from Southern California.
The other mistake was due to Aldricli. The small tiy determined by him as AUotricJioma n. sp. (Figure 265) and published in the Laguna Report as Allot richoma Uttornlis i.s- Atisaa pyginaea Haliday. Aldrich somehow traced it wrong in Becker's and kindly rectified the mistake. The specimen was de- termined by Becker, who is the author of the current monograph of the European species. This is an European species described many years ago.
Figure 265. Atissa pygmaea Hal.
Lipovhaftu slossof^iac. which was figured in the Laguna Report, was dis- covered first on the Florida Coast, then on the west side of the Gulf of Mexico, then on the (jalifornia coast. It is, according to Aldrich, a southern species, and is found in large numbers at some of the Southern California beaches. It was quite rare at Laguna. It differs greatly from most ephyrids. Williston thouglit it an ^scinid at first.
There was another slight mistake in the last Ijaguna Report. The Scatopse was named califoi-iiiaiia in the figure and califonncti in the trxt. It should be calif ornica.
There are a number of fiies that were collected and not reported on last year. The collection has not been fully cla.ssified as yet, but considerable additions can lie nuidc to last year's list, thanks to the determinations made by Aldrich.
STRATIOMYIDAE
Euparyphus apicalis Coc|. New to Aldrich. Dcseril)(>(l by Co(iuillet from Siskiyou Count}', Cal.
Pomona Coi.i.kck Joikwi. ok KNToiioi^KiY 839
SCENOPINIDAE Scenopinus fenestralis l.iiiiK- Two spcfiiiu'ns wiTc I'dllccicd at Lamina.
EMPIDIDAE Paraothallasius aldrichi Mil;m<Icr Parckthallasius s|). This is an iin<|.tii ininid spcciincn ami is lar^'rr tluin ahlriilii. Iiiit rfsi'iiilili's it iniirli.
DOLICHOPODIDAE Hercostomus occidcntalis n. sp.
This tfray dolidiopriliil luis a hiti-rally coinpn-sM'il i-diiii'al alxluiiicn. The fvcs arc ri'd and thi- tliorax iridcsi-cnt with nn-tallii- (in-fiis and Mucs. The (XM-iput is concavr and the head slitrhtly wider than tin- thorax. The antonna- arc short and thick witli a lonp hare dorsal arista. At the end of tlie sccoml joint is a circlet of short spines. The third joint is rounded on the end. The head is Hat and the eyes ipiite larni- and not contiK^iioiis. The antenna' are yellowish in color. The front is pray and pilose, and the Ic^rs lipht yclhiw, thickly covered with short spines.
The spines are most all reelinate. There is one large supra-alar hristle. two pairs f f lonp intra-alar, and two larpc hristles on the back end of the scutellum. There are two larpe ocellar hristles, one larpe hristle over the eye, two pair of notapleural, and a lonp hristle just under the propleura. There are three heav.v spines on the front of the fore feintiri^, one larjfe hristle on the humeral callnsity. two en the middle fem«jr^, and one on the hack of the hind fpm()r^i. There are two small ocellar bristles and the aclirostichal and clorsocentral hristles are small. The winps arc hyaline Lenpfh :J.2ri mm., winp the same.
There was onl.v one specimen collci-tcd at Latruna.
Dolichopus bakeri This species was determined by Aldrich from a female. The thorax is a l)cautif>il bronze and preen color. The hind tarsi arc .vellow at tin- ba.se. The third joint of the antenna' is larpc and round. (See Fipure 2<>()'. The antenna- are black with pra.v jiile on tlie third joint. The front is (lurple. The arista is dorsal, lonp, slender, and bare. The sides of the alMiomen are a red bronze color and the rest of the body a metallic preen. The face is white pilose, the eyes (|uite larpc with a black <'cntcr and a reddish inarpin. ' See Fipure 2(Hi). The spines are heav.v and black and reelinate. The .spines ri the tarsi are lonp and (piite heavy. There are two lonp ocellar and two very lonp supra orbital bristles. Tlie empodia are suiall and white. The head is sliphtly wider than the thorax. Winps hyaline. Lenpth of lly 4.50. Iicn<;tli of winp 4 mm.
840
Pomona College Joi'rn.u, of Entomology
Dolichopus afflictus «'. s. - (^iiite a iiuniluT of these were eullei-ti'il.
SYRPHIDAE
Paragus tibialus
Quite coiiiinon at Lagiiua.
Of the family Borborida- there were several sjjeeies eollected. all of the genus Liuiosina. These speeies wei-e undetermined. ^lelauder having most of the material on tiie family. They were found with tiie ephydrids in large numbers.
AGROMYZIDAE Leucopis bella - ^ A small gray tly. The larva' are eylindrieal. thicker ]Histeri(u-ly and creep like gecmetrids.
Leucopis nigricornis
Agromyza puella .Msj.
Figure 266. Head and Wing of Dolichopus bakeri
OSCINIDAE Chlorops assimilis cninmdn ^ Another species of Vhlnrops was quite common. Aldrieh only worked it out to the genus. Tt is a reddish yellow fly with eyes and top of abdomen blaek. They were found witii a speeies of Meroinijza. a small slender yellow tly with gray markings and dark spots on the abdomen.
ANTHOMYIDAE
There were four genera of this family eolh'i-ted. Anthomyia. Pegomyia, ("u-nosia and Ilydrota-a. All of tliese flies \\-ere fciund along the beaeh about the piles of kelp and .sea weeds.
SARCOPHAGIDAE
Two speeies of Sareojiiiaga were found in the deeaying kelp. 'I'iiey pi"obai)ly breed in the rotting piles of sea weed and moss tlirown u|)on the beach.
SOMi: COLLEMBOLA OF LAGl NA HI-ACH
(IKKTHI'DK incoN
This paper is tin- Hrst of a scries to lie written upon tlu- ( 'iillemlKila. it is tile result ol' work upon s|)eeiniens eolleeted at IjUKunu Heaeli. Califor- iiiii. (luring tile suiiiiiier months of July ami August, 1!n2.
The eoast at iiaguna is very meky and is a most fnvorahle piaet- for 'licri' colleetin}; at hiw tide, for at that time the rocks covcri-il witli s)»awee<l arc exposed for considcrahle distance oceanward. Along some parts of the licacli the r(.cks can he overturned and it was on the underside of these that the ('i:|lendM la were found. When the stones were overturned the ( 'olleniholn did not appear at once, luit after most of the water had drained off. They were caught l>y a camel's hair lirush that had hecn dipped in alcohol. These insects \vcr<' net found in all rocks hut were most numerous on large ones, the upper sides of which were thickly covered with algtc, and the under sides «itli !\ grciit nmiilicr of worm cases, sniidl Imlcs and cavitii's. They were
\::..„^ ^J
Figure 267. Isotoma bidenticula Giitli. I'Tiiiii the side.
never found on the upper side or on the under side of small, smcMith stone.s. At high tide the rocks were too far under water to overturn. At low tide it was found that there were no Collemholn at the high tide mark. Rocks at the very edge of the water contained a few and they hecame gradu- ally more alnindant farther out. At the lowest minus tide, they were found as far out in tlie water as it was possilile to turn over the stones, although they did not occur in as great numltcrs as a little nearer shore. This means that these insects must remain in these rocks under water for weeks and even iiiciiths at a time. ('. 1!. Davenport has descrilied .some ('ollemlM)la from ('(Id Spring Hcach hut entirely in relation to the .sand. None were found at Lasuna en the heaeh in tlu' sand; they were confined entirely to tin- roek.s. However, one of the species. Isoloinn hissilsii, that Davenport found in the sand was found at Laguna. It has a dilTcrent relation at Iwtguna. jinihahly it remains in air cavities under the rocks on this coast.
842
Pomona College Journal op Entomology
The Colleml)ola were not widely distributed along the shore for they were ioiind only on the rocks of one eove. Farther up the coast the majority of the rocks were immovable, and on those that could be overturned, prac- tically no specimens were found. Nowliere did they appear in any very great abundance. They were all very small, less in size than those found on land. As far as the specimens have been determined, the representatives of only the one family Entomobryida^ were found, and only two genera of these. Entomohrya and Isoloiita. This paper is concerned only with the last of which tlierc were fewer in luimbcr.
Figure 268. Isotoma bidenticula Gntli. Dorsal view.
Isotoma bidenticula ((iuthrie)
(Figures 207, 268 and 2(19)
Fiuiiul uiidcr the largest rocks below the mean tide mark at hiw tide. Length 1 Mini. Color — Dark, dull brown, mottled. Ventral side dark; light at the Juiiftiiin of body segments; furcula and legs light. Body — Long, sul)cylindrical ; sparsely haired. Head — Slightly elongate. Antenna^ (Figure 269, C) short, little longer than head; segments four, stout and rounded. I shortest, II longer than III, and IV longest, (iuthrie in his description of this species states that III is longer than II, but this is not so with those that I IoiiikI. Oci'Ui, sixteen. In each eye spot (Figure 269, D) there are two w hiih are sinaller tiian the other six, i)robably showing degeneration. These are ditferent in this respect tlum those described by Guthrie. The ocelli of his are all the same size. Post-antennal organ (Figure 269, E) is present. Thorax — Tiie three segments not fused, eacii licar a ])air of legs that have five joints; short coxa and trochanter; femur iiiiicii longer; tibia still longer; tarsus very small and has two claws (Figure 269, A) without teeth; legs short. Ventral tube on first segment; tenaculum on second. Abdomen — Segments III and IV about equal in length; IV, V and VI fused so as to almost ajipear as one. Furcida ( Figure 269, F) on penultimate segment ; short.
Pomona Com.eok Joirnai, ok Kntomoi^kjy
«4:<
not reaching ventral tube; not sicndi-r ami tapiTiiii;. MHiiiiliriiiin slightly loiiffcr than dcntcs and niiicroni's toKctln-r; (ini- sorrations on d(irs4il i-djfe of (Iciitis: sparsely haired. .Miierones (Fi«iire 2t>!f, Mi Itidentieiilnte; first tooth luirizontal, lonff, slender. iMr\in>r Imt sli^'htly: seeond tootii vi-rtical and (•iirv<"s slif,'litly ceplialail.
Ilahilal — Xova Zemlila. Northern Siheria. and (ireenlatid.
Figure 269. Isotoma bidenticula Gutli.
\ tardus with two daws; B, niiiornncs; C. .•.ntcnna, P. eyes of one si.lc: E. post-
antonniil .>r>;an; !•. Iiirciila
Isotoma besselsii (Packard)
I Ki Hiiro 270 1
Very few of those speeiin«'ns wore found. In ponoral appearance they
look almost oxaetly like the /. hidrnliriila. althoiiffli sliphtly smaller. Tho.so
were hard to identity as they resembled lioth the Isnlomii iniiiinia (rtiithrio)
844
Pomona College JorRXAL of Entomology
and the /. besselsii (Packard) but with apparent diiferenees. They resemble the /. minima perfei-tly except for the position of the teeth on the inuerones. Because of tliis important difference I have provisionally classified mine as /. besselsii.
Len<;th .To.l mm. CoJeir — Hrown, yellow at junction of segments, fur- cula and legs light; ventral side dark. Body — Subeylindrical, sparsely haired. Head — Elongate. Antennte (A) about as long as head, segments four; I shortest, IV longest, II and III subequal ; different from those de- scribed by JIaegillivray. "First and second segments dilated, as broad as long and twice as broad as the third or fourth." In my specimens, I is as
Figure 270. Isotoma besselsii Packard, A to I).
.•\, antfiina; I*, claws; C, dcntcs anil mucroiios: D, imicroncs; E. niucroncs of
I. minima, after Guthrie.
bi-(iad as lona', Imt tliis is nut true of II. Also 1 and II are not as broad as 111 and l\'. Ocelli, sixteen. Thorax — Segments not fused. Joints of legs same as /. hiili iil ii iiln : tenant hairs on tibia; claws (Hi um-urved: superior claw wide al the hjise but narrow at the ape.x : inferior claw with inner margin dilated at base. Ahdoiiii ii — Segments sul)ei|ual; W . V and VI appear to be fused. Kureula sluirl, stout, not reaching xcntral tube; manu- brium slightl.v longer than denies ; miicrones (D) tridentieulate ; distal tooth long and but little I'lirved; second and third teeth of about the same length, vertical, on opposite sides of the nuicrones and nearly opposite each other.
Pomona Caha.euk JorRSAi, ok Kntomouhiy S4r>
M\iiT()iics of /. iiiiiiiiiiii ( (iiithrici (Ki have "tin- ilistnl tooth nimost strnijrlit. till- anti'-tlistiil tooth dose to. iin<l at rit;ht ani;l<'s to it; |iroxiiiial tooth siiialh-r and s<-t alxiiit thi' iniilillf of the iiiiicroix- pointing Mlii;htly ilistal- wards." The iiiucronc rt'scnihlcs thotsc cf /. minor (Schaff) ; thi- ilistal to«itli is tlir saiiir. the st-cond and tliird arc in thr sanif position hut only onf of thi'iii is vertical, the other is almost horizontal.
Ilahitat — I'olaris liay in the Aretie n-jrions, S|iit/.lieri;en. .Mas.saehiisetts Hay, and Cold Sprint; Meach.
,; Important References
IHfm MaeKillivray, Alc.x. I). 'I'lie Aim-rii-an Spcrirs of Isotonia. Cnii-
(iiliaii Etilomologi.ti, Vol. ;i>', p. 17. l!)(i:{ Davenport. ('. li. The Collendioia of Cohl Spring Hea.h with
Special Reference to the .Movements of the I'odiirida-. l!li):{ (iiithrie, Joseph K. The Collenihola of .Minnesota. I!l(l7 liinnanieni, Walter M. Die Apteryfjotenfauna Finlando. /. .1//-
</< Hit iiii r Ti it. l!tl(l CollinKe, Walter E. and Sli.iehothain. .lolin W. The Aptery).'ota
of Hertfordshire, '/'hi .Imirunl of Kroiioinir fiioloini. Vol. .'>.
p. 9-,.
SHORTER ARTICLES AND SOME IMPORTANT LITERATURE OF THE PAST YEAR
THE PEPPEK TREE CATERPILLAR
For several years the pepper trees at Klerksdorp, Transvaal, says William Moore in tiie Agrieultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, have been regularly stripped of their leaves by the pepper tree caterpillar.
The moth is pure white in color, the female being about three-cpiarters of an inch in length and one and one-half inches across the expanded wings; the male is somewhat smaller. The caterpillar when full grown measures about one and one-quarter to one and one-half inches in length. The body is black; has two nari'ow pale yellow lines on each side and is clothed ^\nth burnt orange colored hairs whi(th give it a yellowish appearance. The legs are dark brown ; the forelegs are red in color. The young caterpillars have hairs much shorter, so that they appear blacker.
The moth lays her eggs at about the beginning of October, in a cluster which forms a band about one inch in length around the petiole of the leaf or young twig. They hatch in about twenty to twenty-five days, and the young caterpillars innnediately begin feeding upon the leaf nearest to them. The progeny of one moth seem to live in a cluster unless forced to scatter because of lack of food. The feeding is done at night. By the middle of December the caterpillar has reached full size. It pupates in an oval cocoon, and these may he found most abundantly on the ground under an infested tree. The moths of the second brood appear in the last of February or the first of JIarch. These lay their eggs, and the ciiteri)illars arc found on the trees in Ajiril. They reach full growth by the end < f .May and jiupate. passing tlie winter in this ccndition.
The parasite i\' tlic caterpillar, the tai-hnid tly, which resembles the house lly, but is soiiu'what larger, is comparatively ineffective because of its appear- ance tlie second time. i. e., from maggots in the December caterpillars, about three iiumths before the second brand of caterpillars appear, and have no place 1(1 lay tlicir eggs except as tlicy may find another kind of caterpillar, 'i'hus all the llics may die leaving no i)rogeny.
11 the |)c|iper trees are sprayed during April and .May with a solution of two pounds of lea<l arsenate in one hundred gallons of water, the injury from the caterpillar will be slight, the tadmid tiy being alilc to destroy most of the cafei-pillars which a|)p('ar,
Rov E, St. Clauj.
Pomona ("(>i.i,K(!K Joirnai. ok Kntomoi/kiy s47
AN ATTKMI'T TO (O.NTUOL AN olTUKKAK OK A WKI,!, KNOWN
I'KST*
TtKOKCK \V. \T\V<HII> AI.HANV, NKW YORK
Atti-iition \v;is callid to tin- pn-sj-ncc of a Irw fiitiTpillars of tin- Ki|>\v moth late this season, just at the time wlicn tht-y were crawiiiijf aii<l Ix-fon- |)ii|)atinfr. An cxaiiiiiiatidn of tlif premises was iinmediately made in the resiih-nee secti<in where tlie (Uitl)reak oeeurred. The area involved was aluiut •JiMt l)y ;{()() feet. Caterpillars were found on the trunks of old apple trees, on fences and in sIxmIs and eliieken coops to the numlii-r of aliout 1,011(1. The hack yard fences, chicken coops, brush and all litter were gathered and hurned. The infested trees were allowed to stand until pupation cea.sed. Then they were cut to the ground, sawed into short lenjfths saturated with kerosene and Iturned. .Man.v of the trees were hollow and within were found moths and pupa- of last year and cpiite large innnhers of fresh pupa-. The l(M-ation was in the hack .varil section of residences in tin- midst of much disorder. The apple trees were old <,nes, .some ol them live to seven feet in ciri-umfereni-e. I''-H:g ma.sses were fo\ind in every coneeivahle plaet' — under old pieces of carpet, under hoards lying on the ground, in the cornices of sonn- of the residenci>ii and elsewhere. At the Hrst di.scover.v, all trees, including the street frees within a radius of (idO to iS(M) feet, were liurla]>ped with hurlap about eight to ten inches wide, folded and tied tightly about the trunks. These were exam- ined carefully during the period that the caterpillars were moving, and daily some caterpillars were found, but only close to the center of infestation. About forty large trees were burned, as were also twenty-five cords of stove w(M)d in which the insect had taken refuge, (iardens, fences and lawns, in addition to kindling wood, were <lestriiyed and the loss to the owners of the property from the shade of the large trees wa.s considerable; the intention wa.s to completely eradicate the colon.v. Indications are that perhaps not more than a single mas.s of eggs started the infestation about three sionmers previous. ('I<;se attention was given to ever.v eone<-ivable detail and it nuiy be interesting III know that some of the residents in the houses had recently moved to other parts. I'ropert.v taken from the yards of the infested area was hMjked up
and in one ea.se a boy's sled was found under which were two or thr 'gg
mas.ses.
This otitlircak will be kept very cliscly under the care of compi-tent inspceti rs and as .soon as the frost ilestroys vegetation thorough si"o\iting will be resorted to in the search for egg ma.s.ses of the gip.s.v moth. It would seem almost too much to hope that the last insect lia.s been found and destn)yed but it is believed that the work was done so thoroughly that success has attended the etTort.s.
•In spito (if ihc enormoii.s sums whicli have lu-cn cxpcntlcd .iml .1 provuled to keep it in check, the Ripsy moth ttocs on extending its terrltor>
848 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
ALFALFA WEEVIL
In the ^lonthly Bulletin of Horticulture, G. E. ^Merrill preisents an inter- esting paper on the Alfalfa Weevil {phijtonomus posticus).
He says: "It passes through four complete metamorphoses. The egg'^ are small, oval in shape and when first laid are lemon yellow in color. The eggs average ten in number, are usually laid in the spring. The hatching season varies ecnsiderahly. When first hatched, the larva feeds on the inner part of the stem in which it hatches, and in a few days works its way out and finds a leaf bud, upon w iiirh it feeds and grows.
"In cold weather the weevil seeks to hide under all kinds of trash that might lie found in the field. In warm weather they liecume active, mate, and begin their work.
"They spread by mc;iiis (,f crawling, tiying, wind, freight cars, wagons, etc. Most of the state of I'tah is inlcsted witli this weevil, and they are making different experiments to do away with, the pest. The best method so far is to cultivate the field after each cutting with a spring tooth harrow with a wire l)rush attachment.
"California is protected from the pest to some extent by the high moun- tains and the (juarantine law, but to make sure of the protection it is up to every grower to keep a keen outlook for the pest and when he discovers some- thing that is destroying his alfalfa he should notify someone whose business it is to look into the case."
C. A. Perrln.
THE ACTIVITY OF PROSPALTELLA HERLESEI HOWARD AGAINST DIAi^PIS PEXTAGOXA TARG. IN ITALY
(Translated into English by L. 0. Howard in thi" August, 1012, Journal of Economic Entomology)
In Italy 1hc white scale of the iiiuiiicrry {Dinspis piiila()(iiia Targ. ) has spread very rajiidly and done great damage since its apparent introduction from Japan prior to ]\Iay 10, ISSH-. In 1891 the government, by law, enforced the scraping and pruning of trunks and branches of the trees, as well as spraying with insecticides, but the tri'atment, with extended use, proved vain.
Prof. Berlese in 1 !)()(> introduced Prospallrlla bcrlcsri How., parasitic in America on Diaspis amufjdaii, into the region ai)out Jlilan. The same parasite was subs('<(uently brought in small numbers from Japan. With the spread of ProspaUcUa in these localities and the conse{|uent reduction of Diaspis, branches from parasitized trees wei-e distributed tliniugliout tlie iiiuJIicrry regions of the country.
Tile effectiveness of I'mspalifUa is attributed In the I'ai-ts tliat it is migra- t(iry tiii'ough flight, tliat it seduously searches out and oviposits in the par- tlienogenetic fenude of Diaspis, and that it is itself parthenogeuetic and very prolific, hatching four or five gencraticuis a year. Because of these ciuirac- teristics it is waging so effective a warfare on the white mulberry scale that Prof. Berlese predicts the early extermination of the latter from Italy.
Wm. liRKWSTER.
I'oMdNV CoI.I.F.CK JoCRNM, OK KnTOMOIvDOY 849
rilK I'OSSIULK KTI()I,0(;|(AL HKLATIO.V oF CHIMAIN IUTIN<i INSKCTS TO TIIK Sl'KKAl) OF INFANTIM': I'AKALYSIS
Hy Unifs iiiitl ShcppHid. in An^riist .loumiil of Kioiiomii- Kntoiimlntfy
( M' late a cociil (li'iil lit" attriitiiiii lias Itccii attrai-ti'il towards infantile paralysis {iiriili i piili iiiii- poliiiwiii litis ^ nwinK t" " >«liKlit fpiiliMiiir in South- iM'n Calirornia, but very little is rt-aliy known coni-i-rninjf tin- i-liannclK of inl'i'i-tiiin of tlii.s disease.
Consideralile field werk dnrintr the suiniiier of IMl'J has I n earrii'd on
in various cities of Massaehusetts, and the restdts of this work, to^'i'ther with a eonsideration of the e|)ideiiiiolo<;y of the disease so far as known, points very strongly toward liitiuf; tli<'s as carriers of the virus; particularly the comnion stahle fly {Hlomosi/s calcitrann L. ) possil)]y aided hy another hitin)r (ly (Tnbniiiis liiieola). So far tliis hypothesis has |iroven correct, no fai-ts to the contrary liavinie: heen discovered.
Some of the domestic animals are sti-onfily suspected of lieiny afTJicted with acute epidemic poliomyelitis, and if so. another channel of infection may he open, namely, ticks.
At present the relation hetween animal and human paralysis is l)ut im- perfectly understood, and it is imihahle that studies alon^r this line may hrinjf out some very interestini; facts conccrnintr the spread of ai-ute epidemic poliomyelitis in man.
More recent investifration seems to cuntinii the earlier work iiu'iitinned ahove. N. W. DwiEi.s.
rNCOXSIDKK'KI) FACTOHS l.N DISKASK TKANS.MISSK iN HY
HLooDsrcKiNt; inskcts
Written liy Fn-deriek Knah in April. 1!I12. Journal of Economic Kntomology)
Since it ha.s become recognized that certain hlood-suckint' insect.s arc secondary hosts of pathogenic parasites, all in.sects feeding in this way have come under suspicion.
In order to transmit these diseases, it is neces.sary that the insect l)0 do.sely associated for some time with man. As example of this cla.>is then' are Aidrs calopus, the host of the vellow fever parasite, and CuUi (luinijurfas- rintiis. host of filariasis and dengue fevers. With these, individuals are always present with man to ai-t as intermediaries. Anrtther example of this cla.ss of insect is the large hemipter Tiiolitiiia (('niiorhiiiu.'!) niffjistiis in Brazil, trans- mitter through biting of a dangerous trypano.some. This bug does not o<'eur except in close associatien with lunnan beings, as to food, habitation, etc. Aiiophilfs in transmitting nudaria will be found, when ch)sely studied, to lie thus intimately connected with man also.
There are no .specimens of Aiiopht h s <in the upper ( "hairres river, which is uninhabited. Suitable breeding iilaces for the .species are then', yet Imm-hilso of the ab.scnce of human beings for food, the mo.s<|uitoes do not exist.
W. B.
850 Pomona College Journ^vl of Entomology
SOilE INSECT PESTS OF THE CALIFORNIA LIVE OAK
R. W. DOANE
Jouroiil Ecunoiiiic Entomology, August, 1912
T\u' following were mentioned: The oak tree moth, the tussoek moth, at least three speeies of leaf miners, carpenter worm, oak tree Cerocoi-cus.
W. A. Hilton.
THE YELLOW Cl'RKANT FLY OR GOOSEHERRY FRUIT FLY (EPOCHRA CANADENSIS LOEW.)
.1. H. PAINE
P.syehe, Oetober. 1912.
Observations were taken in the vicinity of Stanford University.
The adult females go about the fruit at the time of laying with a constant fluttering of the wings. As a rule the fly prefers a berry that has not been stung before, but mcst of the fruit under observation had been stung twiee or oftener. After puncturing the skin the hole formed remains small, but later the area about the egg turns brown and makes a very conspicuous spot. In the vicinity of Stanford, egg laying is continued through April to the middle of May. When the presence of the larva^ causes the berry to ripen and drop prematurely, it turns red with black blotches. The larvw penetrate the ground to a dcptli of nn inch or so and change to pupa\ There appears to be but one br(;< d. the insects remaining inactive in the ground for ten months.
Several remedies have lieen suggested:
1. Fre(|uent burning of fallen currants.
2. Removal of toj) soil underneath the l)ushes to a (h'ptli of two or three inches.
•S. A mulch of coarse straw or lia.v well packed about the bushes to jirevent the flies from emerging.
4. Allowing young chickens to run under the hushes at the time of the ripening of tlie fruit.
5. Pick and desti'o.y the entire cr(i|i while gi'cen.
t). A metliod tried with success by the author was to cover the entire hush with mos(|uito netting to keep the flies away from the fruit.
W. II.
WlllTH ANTS IN NATAL
In the October number of the Sciutli .M'ricaii .\i;ric-ultufal -iournal. Mr. Claude Fuller, the Goveriuiient eiitomolugist in Natal, gives a detailed account of the white ants in that province. The most common as well as the most iiarinful species is the Tcrmfii iiatahusis. which lias been taken destroying live
i
Pomona Coi.i.eoe Joirnai. of Kntomoukjy S")!
wattlrs ami Iccdiiit: u|>()ii tin- mitrr l)ark of old pcadi tn-cs aii<l i-m-Hlypti. It is this kind that coiiiiuonly attarks liuildintjs. Thr iiiarrhiiin ttTiiiitf (//(«/«- Iinii4s iiiiisxdinhiriis) is wi/ll known for thi- spoilation of crops of ffniwinj; j;rain, while tlu- insidious terniiti- {Ttnii's hailiiis) is fri-i|iii'ntly t'liilty of injury in canr-Hi-hls ntwly set out. altliou^h no harm is ilonc to (;rown tii-lds. Other speuius which arc more or less harmful arc Calntirmts (linlintu sin, T. hilrrirhi.s, T. ritlgaris T. Iiiccrlii!). T. parrus, T. hiliihaliis, tJiilirmts Iriiurviiix.
Within the last twelve years there has arisen upon the town lands of I'ieternuiritzliurfr, a small suliurli. anil tiie whole of the area luiilt over has iieen inhabited Ity termites, prcsumahly from time inimciiiorial. It is estimated that there are ninety-three nests per acre on this >rround. The villas which sprea<l over this area arc all of brick; many arc especially constnicteil with a view to circumventint; white ant attack, and in most at h-ast some measures have l)cen taken in that direction, but all suffer more or less. Amoni^st them is a l)uil<lin^' upon raised .larrah posts, and built of wood and iron: berx-ath is a clear space of about two feet, and li^bt and air penetrate freely under it. This house has never been attacked, although on wooden posts, and it is thought to be due to the fact that the ground undcrncatii is dry. well veiiti- bited and exjiosed to linht, uudvint; an environment wholly unsuited to the tastes of the white ants. Mr. Fuller cites eipht other cases where the termites had found tiieir way into buildings throujih ilcfcets so slijiht as to entirely escape the notice of the builders. That such l<io|)heles arc t"ound by ti'rmites even where expensive precautions are taken is not altojrether due to their liappeninjr upon them in the course of their indeterminable •'voyajres of dis<'ovcry, " but they arc attracted alonf; the directions whicli they take. .Man's ingenuity fails before those stiiiuili whicli impel the in.scct um-rrinnly towards a food supply almost as a nmth is driven to the lijiht. not con.sciously nor out of curiosity, but because it cannot helj) itself.
The attack of the insects upon fruit trees ami in wattle and other planta- tions is a eonnuon complaint. It is a curious fact that peach trees are not eaten by Natal termites, ami advantage has been taken of this to ^rraft plums upon peach roots. Plum, apricot, apple. an<l pear trees are verj- susceptible to attack, while citrus trees and the more tropical fruits are taken only under exceptional circumstances.
In preiiarinj; t;roun<l i-ither for buililinn purposes or for agriculture it has been found that the termites can be eradicated by forcinjr arsenic and sulphur funu's into the nests. This must be done, however, before the ground is disturbed. The same method is used but with less success in orcbanls and plantations where the termites become troublesome. When found in buildings, carbiin bisulfide repeatedly poured into nests which nuiy be found beneath
houses or in the walls, has usually been su ssful in driving away the pest.s.
Roy E. St. Ci.air.
852 Pomona College Journal of Entomology
lj:s ZOOCECIDIES DF NORD DE L'AFKIQUE
C. HOW.VKD
Ami. (Ic la Scic Ent. de France. Vol. LXXXI. 1912.
This is a paper of 128 pages. It takes up the galls on the various groups of plants beginning with the Alga:- and ineluding eonifers and many of the other groups of plants where galls are better known. There are two pbites and over two hundred small text figures.
TRO.MHIDIID.E
ANTONIO BERLESE
Redia, Vol. VIII, 1912.
Practically all of this number is taken up with the 290 pages of tliis paper. There are a nuinlier of line cuts and one doulile colored plate.
FEEDING HABITS OF SCORPION FLIES
In the Entomologist, for November, 1912, F. W. and II. Campion consider the feeding habits of scorpion fiies. Their observations .show that these insects are carnivorous, they feed on dead animal matter, they do not catch and devour living prey.
DIE SEIIORGANE DER LARVA UND LMAGO VON DYTISCI'S MARGINALIS
KARL GHNTHER Zcit. f. Wiss. Zool. C. Bd. Ill, 1912.
The stemiuata show two sorts of receptive cells, horizontal rods with small sense cells and vertical ones with large visual cells. The rods are, in general, hollow structures bound together by tlie distal ends of sense cells. Near the .six stenimata on either side of the larval head are the so-called eye-spots, "AngenHeck, " described for the first time. These are considered to be visual organs. Tliry have vitreous bodies, ti'ue i-ods. and are connected l).v a nerve with the ()|)tic gauulii n. Tiie stemmata last through metamorj)hosis, so that in the imago they arc without lens and vitreous body. With the development of the retinula the central cell of the eight moves basalwards, from the seven radial i-ctiiiula cells in the proximal row. It does not form a part of the rhabildiii. wliieli is ilii' prciduet of seven cells.
Iris and retinal piL'iiient were distinguished, they iiave their erigiii from
(lill'ercllt ceil elements, tile piiillient cells and the retinal cells.
W. II.
Pomona C'om.kue Joiiiwi. of Kntomoi^k-.v 853
1)1 K IIALTKHKN DKK Dl ITKKKN
moo I'Kl.l (JSTAKI>T
Zfit. f. Wiss. Z(x)l. Htl. ('.. H., 1, 1!»12.
This is a larfful anatomiial study of tlic haltcrfs of scvi-ral s|n'cio.s of flit's; Snrriiphaga rannaria, ('nlliphora fri/throcfphala, Si/rphiis ballfatuti and Kristalis tewox.
The nerves poiiifr to the halteres are from the thin! thoraeie ^ariKlion, or from tliat part of the fused tlioraeie eentral nervous system which wouhl correspond to the third panplion. The nerve is as lar>»e or larger than the other nerve which pees to the win^fs (Fipiir<' 271 ). Fijrure 271, A. is a copy from the author's drawing of this or^an in Krislnlis. from the dorsal side. Fipure 271, H. is from the ventral side. There an- three main repioiis, tile hase, the stalk and the head. On the dorsal siiie of the lia.se are two patches of sensory structures and one similar one on the ventral siJe. In the head is a furrow, and on it a few .sensory hairs of the usual type.
The author recognizes three types of sensory organs: (1) papilla', .such as those at the ba.se of the organ; (2) sense hairs, such as tho.se on the head; (:{) chordotonal organs. The,«e last lie under the ventral chitinous plate on the l)a.s)»l part of the organ (Figure 271, H).
The ni-rves which enter the halteres are large and seem to he entirely sensory although coming off from the lower part of the thoracic ganglionic ma.ss, they have a rather direct pathway through the ganglion to the con- nectives which run to the suhcsophageal ganglion, as is shown in the copy of tlie author's figure of a longitudinal scctimi through the ganglion ( Figure 271. (' and DV
The nerve on each side divides into two upon entering the sensory structure and the smaller one on the ventral side supplies some sen.se organs on that side. The larger nerve is connected with sensory terminations on each side (Figure 271. E). There is a chitinous mass partly separating the.se two nerves.
Of the ha.sal papilhe. the author makes two types, one sort where the nerves end in slight elevations, and the kin<l wht're there arc almost no elevations of the chitin.
The chordotonal organs are similar to those found in other locations among insects hut seem to he not complete enough to he organs of hearing. As to the function of the papilhe and otiicr sense organs, the author is still in doubt. Hy some they have been considered to be olfactory organs, but the author does not favor this becau.se he thinks their structure is not enough like those well known in other arthropods. lie thinks it possible that tin- chordotonal organs may be for deti'cting strain and stre.ss. perhaps something like a mu.scular sen.se. Similar sense organs as those found in the halten-s (X'cur in the wings of insects.
Some exj>eriments were performe<l with living tlics. When both halteres were removed tin- insects were unable to fly. and if thn>wn into the air fell
854
Pomona College Journal of Entomology
Figure 271 haltere of Eristalis from the dorsal side showing sensory areas, S, at the base; B, haltere from behiw showing sensorj' and chordotonal areas, the last indicated at L; C, nervous system of a fly, showing nerves to the halteres, H; D, longi- tudinal section of the thoracic nerve center, showing nerves connected with the halteres, passing by direct tracts into the snbesophageal connectives, H: E, longitudinal section of the base of a haltere showing the two nerves and the two types of sensory structures found in the base; F, diagram much enlarged of the chordotonal organ of the fly.
iiiilt
' It'Mll
I '
Pomona ('om,k»je Joirnai. ok ENToMou>tiY H^yiy
stniiKlit to the ^Moiinil. If placwl on tht'ir liacks they coulti only ri>.'lit tlicni- silvcs witli ilitTiiiiIty. If only one orniin was rt'iiiovt'd tho insects H.-w Imik and forth Imt awkwardly and with hesitation and were easily hroiitrht to the V'round. Tliat tin- tlics ;;o in cin-lcs wlien one of tlu'se stnietnres is removed WHS not (thserved.
Weirdaiid considers the eliordotonal orpins are for the purpoNe of steering
and the pajiiiiary ortrans ar insiih-red hy him to he for the jnirpose of per-
eeivinn the streiiffth ami metluid of movement of the halteres. This may he true, the author thinks. Imt has found no \va.» to test this hy experiment. He tried experiments in makinp tlie lialteres iinniovahle hy shellae. Imt this produced the same result as when tliev wi-re ri>m">vi'il
\V. II
IlISTOI.OdlSCMK STIDIKN IHKH INSKKTKN TT HAS SHNSIUI.K NERVKXSYSTKM DKR .KSCH.NALARVKX
ALEXUS ZAWARZIN
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. {". Hd.. 211. 1012
The sen.sory nerve cell of the hipolar type is found in connection with tlic peripheral sensory structure, either a knoli or a hair. In the lahrum a (.rroup of cells enervate one organ. From the spindle-sha|>ed cell there are two proces.ses, one to the central nervous .system — this may he varicose — and one to the sensory orpui.
Besides cells of this type there are .some of the author's t.V]>e TI. with characteristic tree-like peripheral jiroeesses. Cells of this t.vpe have their proee.s.ses distrihuted to the nuMuhranes hefween sepnients and appendajres. Cells of this .sort have not always heen considered to he a part of the .scnsorv nervous system.
W. II
sTATisciiK si\ni-:s()K(;ank hkt dkn nkpidf.x
\V VI.TKR H VIN VCKK
Zool. .lahrl.. I'd. X.XXV. Il.tl. 2. I!»12.
This extensive article covers a hundred and sixty-six pages ami it is illustrated with twelve text figures and four douhle plates.
There is an account of the larva of \i pa riiitna L.. with special referenci- to the ahdoniinal sense organs. Then follows a study of ontogeny of the organ.s and then a discussion of them in the adult of this species. There is a very full account of the form and structure of these organs in this species and closely related ones, with some discussion of their fum-tions.
The so-called sieve-formed stigma which are found in three pairs on the alidomen of mendters of this group, are t)reatliing organs, organs fif hearing or
856 Pomona College Journal op Entomology
rudimentary structures, as authors have called them. They are the organs which serve the orentation of these animals as they crawl under water.
These structures of the adult are preceded by eight sensory pits of the larva which serve a similar purpose. The pits are abundantly supplied with nerve fibers and trachea and may be surrounded and often covered with sensory hairs. At the regions of the depression there are numerous little pores leading down through the chitin.
W. 11.
UBER DIE CHORDOTONALORGANE IN DER WURZEL DER SCHMETTERLINGSFUGEL
RICH.\RD VOGEL
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. C. Band, H. 2, 1912.
This article is concerned chiefly with the structure of these organs in the fore and hind wings of the Lepidoptera. In general the structure of these is much like that of .similar organs in various parts of other insects, such as in the bases of wings, appendages of other sorts such as antenn*, mouth parts, legs and in the abdomen. The function of these structures with a tympanum such as the author describes in some Lepidoptera has been thought to be for hearing, those without this membrane are not so well understood. The hypothesis of Loeb and others which considers these simpler organs to be static, the author believes has much to support it.
As to the organ in Lepidoptera, there is no proof that it is for hearing, or indeed that these animals have such a sense. Especially in satyrs where there is a good tympanic membrane, it seems there is at least an organ for perceiving sound, whether it be noise or tone is, however, a harder question. As others have mentioned, the author considers the possibility of butterflies perceiving tones or sounds not audible to the human ear.
w. n.
DAS GESCIILECIITSLEBEN DES DYTISCUS MAKGINALIS L. ]. TEIL DIE BEGATTUNG
HANS BLUNCK
Zeit. Wi.ss. ClI Bd., 2 Heft., 1912.
In this paper there is a consideration of the periodicity of the mating habits, a discussion of polygamy and polyandry. There are descriptions and figures of the male and female sexual organs and a consideration of the sexual habits and fertilization. Abnormal sexual parts are also considered.
W. H.
Pomona Coi.t.KciK Joih.nai, ok Rxtomoixkiv 857
IHHR DKN 'I'I1()I{.\.\ \()N <;i;yi.l.rs ixiMKSTICVS
(Kill Hiitiatr /III- Vcrf^'liiclmnj; ilcr Anatomic mid ilfs Mi'clinniHins iltt* Iiisokti-nlciln's, inlu-Nondt-ri' des FIujc'Ihi
KrNFTER TEIL
Die iiaclii-iiilirydnale iiietain(>r|ilio.so iin rrston Stadiuin.
OR. FHIEDRICII VOSS
Zfit. f. Wis-s. /ool. CI Hd. 4, 1!I12.
This is one of the most detailetl and extensive piwes of work so far under- takfii with a sinfrlo species of insect as a liasis. This part tive alone covers over a hundred jiapes and is illustrated by means of five beautiful colored plates. Any further suininary of this jrn-at work would In- impossihli' in a fi'W words. W. II.
I'.AC INI) .MKCllA.MS.MIS DK.S KHCHl'TrUM SE.MINIS UKl DKN BIKNKN. WKSl'K.X IND AMEISKN
Al.K.XA.NDKR .\P.\M
Zool. .lahrl). Hd. XXXV. Heft. '-». 1!I12.
There is a description of the receptaeulum of Apit ituUifira. Hnmhun. solitary wasps, Vtxpa. Funnica, Camponotua. There are twenty-five fipun-s in the text and three douhle plates in colors.
GLIKDKRINO INI) KKi.NK .Ml SKILATl K DKK UKINK V<).\ ME lilts roMOS INI) EOSKS T(>M().\
IIKI.NRICII PREI.I.
Zool. Anz. Hd. XL, N. 2/3, HM2.
The muscles of the legs of the.se animals are considere<l and their positions indicated in diatrrams. In f;lancing over the figures of the muscles of these three legs it is interesting to notice that there is quite a little tlifferenee in the origins and insertions of the different mus<'les in each of the animals con- sidered hy themselves and compared with each other.
VKHCLKI IIKNl) ANATO.MISCIIK rNTKHSlCIUNKKN IHKH DKN STKfllAlM'AKAT DEK A.MKISKN
EMU, FOERSTER
Zool. Jahrb. Hd. XXXIV, II. :}. 1912. This is a detailed anatomical study of the anatomy of the stinging appar- atus of ants. Representativi's from several families were studied and lu'sides a number of text figures shewing the mechanism of the sting, there are two double plates in colors giving the various honologus ehitinous part.s in colors and the outlines of the various muscles connected with them.
W. II.
858 Pomona College Journal op Entomology
UBER DIE KOFFDRLSEN EINIGER NIEDEREN ORTHOPTEREN
SERGIUS SUSLOV
Zool. Jahrb. Bd. XXXV, H. 1, 1912.
This is not only a study of the glands in Orthoptera but a consideration as well of the comparative anatomy of these organs in both insects and myria- pods. It is illustrated by three plates.
UBER DIE .MORPIIOLOGIE DER HETEROPTEREN UND HOilOPTERENSTIGlMA
HEINO MAMMEN
Zool. Jahrb. Bd. XXXV, H. 1, 1912. Diagrams are given .showing the anatomy and mechanism of these open- ings, and the conditions in a large number of .species as figured and described. Stigma were found with one, two and three muscles.
ZUR BIOLOGIE UND MORPHOLIGIE EINIGER PERLA-ARTEN
VON EDWARD SCHOENEMUND
Zool. Jahrb. Bd. XXXV, H. 1, 1912.
In this article is given first a short description of the life conditions of Perla and then a more extended account of the morphology of each of the three largest species, the Perla marginata, Perla maxima, and the Perla cepha- lotes. The tracheal system is of special significance. It appears in six brush- like appendages on the sides of the thorax and two on the inner side of the base of the cerei.
The writer believes Perla to be a very ancient insect group because of the simple structure of the body, the equal development of the abdominal segments and especially t)ecause of the long caudal appendages.
Edith IVIcConnell.
THE LACINIA IN THE MAXILLA OF THE HY.MENOPTERA
ALEX. D. MAC GILLEVRAY
Ann. Ent. Soc. of Am., September, 1912. Vol. V, No. 3. The lacinia were found to be present in the maxilla' of practically all the Ilymenoptera examined. The only exception found was in tiie short tongued bee, Augochlora.
ANATOMY OF TIIE TOiMATO-WORM LARVA. PUOTOPARCE CAROLINA
ALVAH PETERSON
Ann. Ent. Soc Am. Vol. V, No. 3, 1912. This is a consideration of the extci-nal and internal structure. It includes three plates of line cuts illustrating: digestive, respiratory, nmscular and nervous systems.
Pomona Com.ecje JofRNAL ok Kntomoixxiy 859
OUSKHVATIONS ON TlIK KCOLOOY OF I)KA<iON-FLY NY.MI'IIS: HHACTIONS TO I.KillT AN'I) CONTACT
C. K. Rll.KY
Ann. Kilt. S.ie. Am. Vol. V, No. :j, 1!M2.
In thi'ir natural lialiitat tlu'V n-spond stpongly to contm-t. Tlicy rcsponii ni'iratively to stronj; lij;lit : this is a photic response and not a reartion to tem- perature. They also exhihit a "elaspinj; response." sei/ini; eaeh other around the thura.x and alidomen Ity means of their thoraeie appendages. Sometimes as many as fifty individuals are ela-spetl toj;<'ther in this way. The respon.s*' of these nymphs to photic stimuli may he overcome hy response contact. It seems to tlie writer that the l)ehavior of the nymphs with respect to litfht and
contact nuiy not 1 ntircly of a reflex mechanical nature. Such movenieiitM
are not always precise and definite; .sometimes they are considerahly nuMlilied. May they not. as Homes has shown with respect to i'anatra, pos.sess sonu' of the <'oncomitants of the pleasure pain-reaction? The two .sort.s of n-spon.ses seem to be heneticial to the nymphs. Such responses not only aid in conceal- ment from enemies, but al.so a.ssist in obtaining f<K)il. Beneficial reactions are fre(|uently '" plcasureable. " at least they are not usually "painful." On the other hand injurious respon.ses are often "painfid." certainly not ''plea.sant." The nymphs are Kuided fairly well by their "likes" and "dislikes," if such terms may he used.
THK NORTH AMERICAN DRAtJONFLIKS OF THE (JKNIS .KSTHNA I'niversity of Toronto Studies Biological Series
K. M. WALKER
The first part of this work is taken up with a <letailed account of the trenus Aesthna, beinfr mainly a study of the general life historj". Then follows a key to the North American species, for both males and females, as well as the known nymphs. Thorou^rh descriptions of the sixteen spe<Mes are given. There are twenty-eight j)lntes, inchiding six colored plates of the adults.
Mabel (Uernsey.
IBKR VKRSONDRISKN BFI LFl'IDOl'TKRKN
DR. PAUL SCHULZE
Zoologischer Anzeiger. April 30, 1912. The moulting fluid glands, which have never before been notice<l in the adult, were discovered in an adult Spilosoina lutnnn. The.se are apparently the source of a secretion — probably protective — which lia.s been observed on
the prothorax of certain Lcpitloptcra.
Mabel Guernsey.
860 Pomona College Journal op Entomology
THE FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA— PARTS I-V.
O. A. JOILVNNSEN, PH. D.
■Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912.
On account of their small size and obscure habits these flies have received but little attention from entomologists, so this work with its 82 genera and 428 species is especially interesting. "It presents a synopsis of the fungus gnats or Mycetophilida", of North America, with descriptions and tables for all genera and species and life histories when known." The work is well illus- trated, chiefly by means of half-tones.
NEUE TERMITEN AUS DER ZOOLOGISCHEN STAATSSAMMLUNG IN MUNCHEN SOWIE EINEGEN ANDEREN SAMMLUNGEN
KURT VON ROSEN
Zool. Anz. Bd. XXXIX, n. %. 1912. Nine new species are described and very good figures are given of the heads of the .soldier class of some of these.
W. H.
WEITERE BEITRAGE ZUR KENNTNIS DER BLINDKAFERFAUNA DER OSTALPEN UND DBS KORSTES
PROF. D. v. .JOSEF MULLER
There are five new species described, several subspecies and a new genus.
MYRIAPODA IN THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM
H. W. BROLEMANN
Rec. Aust. Mus., Vol. IX, No. 1. This paper of about forty pages is illustrated by means of thirty-four text figures. As the author states, there are added to the observations fur- nished, full descriptions borrowed from more recent authors and as complete synonymical indications as possil)le. There are two new genera given and several new species and subspecies.
W. H.
NUOVl GENERI E NUOVE SPECIE DI CAMPODEID.E (THYSANURA)
F. SILVESTRI
Boll. Lah. Zool d. sc. Sup. in Portici, Vol. VI. 1 ill 12.
The new genus Metricampa is described with the sjiecies packardi, froih
Taeoma. The new genus Ilohx-ampa witli the new species wheeleri from
Shasta Springs, California. A new species, Eiitrychocampa wilsoni, is de-
scril)ed from Los Angeles (Mt. Lowe). Another new genus, Hvinicampa, with
Pomona f'oi.i.fXiK Jocrnai, ok KNTOMoiiOav Hfil
one species from Mexieo and five new npeeieH of the gt-nm CampoiUa nrr (lescriheil ; of these ('. ktUogfii is from Mt. Lowe. Spti-iinms were alwi mentioned from San Franeiseo and raeitie (irovc
In another artieh- in the sjuiie piihlieation tin- same author puhlishes a jiaper on the ("ampodeida- of Kurope, in whieh twelve new species are dc- serihed. There are also several other articles liy the author in this niiiuher a.i well as a niimher of papers by otinr writers.
W. II.
DIK THR.MITKN .lAl'A.NS
.NII-S 11(11. M(iRKN
Ann. Zool. .lap. Vol. VII, I't. I, lfM2. The species of Japanese teririites known to the cntomoloffists of Ktimpc and America are very meaKcr. Twelve are de.scrihed in this paper.
W. II.
DIK UK'ADINKN JAl'ANS— II
PROF. S. M.\1>;iTMI'RA
Ann. Zool. Jap. Vol. VII. I't. I, 1912. Of the family .Meml»racida' seventeen new species are deserilx>d. Of the family Ja.ssida- there are twenty-six new species jjiven. In tiiis last jrroiip five new genera are de.scrihed. W. H.
A RKPORT ON SO.MK RKCKNT COLLKCTIONS OF FOSSIL C'OLEOP- TERA FRO.M THK .MIOCKNK SIIALKS OF FLORISSANT
II. K. WICKIIA.M
Hnl. I'niv. loa. Vol. VI. No. :l, l!n2.
Tlu' remarkalile iireponderence of Rhynchophora noted earlier hy .Sciulder seems well s\istained. This group was undoiihtedly a dominant one during .Mioi-ene times. The seed weevils had a strong representation during this time.
The author was not ahle to find the atfinities with the Central American fauna sus]>ectcd hy Scudder. The spi'cies studi)'<l were more closely relate<l to tho.se in the I'uited States. Bizarre structures of an.v description were conHpieii- ously lacking. There seems to he no well marked difTerence in the average size of recent beetles of given genera when compared with their presumed relatives of Miocene rocks. No really large family or .series of families seems to l>o entirely lacking. Small t'oleoptera of all families are extremely few in collections.
There arc seven plates of line cuts in the article.
W. II.
862 Pomona College Joi'rnal op Entomology
UNTERSUCHUNGEN UBER BAU UND DIE LEBENSWEISE DER
LYMEXYLONIDEN, SPEGIELL DES IIYLECOETUS
DERMESTOIDES L.
F. GEBMER
Zeit. Wiss. Zool. CI Bd. IL i, 1912.
The male and female beetles have different maxillary palpi. In the male they are greatly modified and in them terminate large nerves of smell in olfactory terminal organs. These serve to find the female and are necessary organs for this purpose. The antenmv are also important sensory organs.
The imago takes no nourishment during its short life. The larva takes a little over a year in development. These larva? burrow in wood but none of it passes through their alimentai-y tracts. A fungus is found in the burrows in which the larvw live. It is Enclomyeces hyocoeti; it probably grows on the ground wood of the cavities. It is upon the spores of this fungus that the larvje live.
In H. flabeUicornis, tlie male antenntt are modified, the palpi normal. The female has simple mouth parts.
In Lymcxylon navalc the male palpi are modified.
In tropical forms of tliis group the palpi or antennae are modified in the male. W. H.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE VERTEBRATES AND THEIR KIN
WILLIAM PATTEN
P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Phila., Pa., 1912. Those who are familiar with Prof. Patten's previous work will not be surprised that he considers arthropods and especially arachnids as being the nearest to present day vertebrates. The chief basis of work is the king crab Limulus and there are numerous figures showing the anatomy and all stages of development of this animal, given in comparison with living and fossil verte- brates, arthropods, and other groups. The book is a rather large one, having nearly five hundred pages, and is illustrated by about three hundred figures, practically all of which are original. JIany of the figures are simply line cuts, but are beautifully done. The whole book is well compiled and much inter- esting information is given the reader. The whole plan of the work, of course, is to support the author's theory and whether one accepts his conclusions or not, it is necessary to admit that the work itself appears to be one well wortli careful consideration. W. H.
EVOLUTION OP THE WEBS OF SPIDERS A concise and comprehensive abstract of an article on this subject by J. H. Comstoek of Cornell University appeared in the Annals of the Ento- mological Society of America for March, 1912. The discussion begins with the statfement that, since all spiders use silk in caring for their eggs, while
i
roMliNA t'ol.I.EOK JoIKNAI, OK KNTtJMOUXiV Sti3
only a i)art of tliciii list" it in i-nptiirini; tlu'ir pn'y, the foniitT must have lifcn tile ])riiiiary utility, and this use varies in amount from tl»> few threads of the Pholeus to the elahorate ejfK >*«<■ of tlie (iltipttivraninm niniiyi rum. Some of the more spe<'ialized ways of utilizing' tin- silk, are hy the hurrow spider for stri'Mtrtiienin^r the walls of the tunnel or hy the tra|>-door spider in its specialized lid. or the Ariailiiu in its remarkahly contrived tuhe. Nothint; can he said deliuitely as to the way in which the weh-nuikin^' lialiit arose, hut it seems pruhahlc that the spinning of a dra^' line was one of the first steps, and the next is nut diflicult to imagine. Working in a limiteil space, the spider wotdd cross and recross this line till somethitiK of a weh was formed, ami if perchance an insect were entangled in it, the process would he complete. The simpler wetis, such as that of the I'holriis, are just those irre^rular nets made of the same kind of silk as the drajr line. In advaru-e of the I'boltua are the !iinyphiida>. the sheet weh weavers, and the Ajjelnida' with the a<ldition of the funnel-shaped retreat. All of these wehs, formed of one kind of silk, are simply to entanfjle the insects until the spider can reach them, hut during the evolution of the weh-uuikinjf hahit, many families have developed special ortrans for producing a viscid silk for holding the insect last. The Theridiida* have the simplest form, a visciil licpiid thrown over the prey, hut then- is a s])ecialized organ, the com!) on the tarsus of the fourth legs, for flinging the silk. Other families use a thread or hand of the viscid silk in making the weh and in these wehs of eond>ined nuiterials, two lines of speeiali7.atiuD are recognized. The first is a simple foundation and a complex structure of the viscid which nuiy he a simple or complex hackled hand. The second, a per- fected founilation and an unspecializcd use of the viscid silk, finds its culmina- tion in the orh- weaving spiilers, the I'lahoridu' anil the Argiojiida-. The steps in the huililing of an orh weh are very interesting. First the outer frame- work, the permanent part, is made, and then in the open space thus formed the radii are stretched. At their converging point the huh is erected and from this a spiral guy line is sjuin upon the radii, to hold them together for the next process. After all this has hecn formed of dry silk, heginning at the outer edge, the spider adds the loops and turns of viscid silk, destmying the spiral line in the process. The remainder of the article is devoted to exam|>les of orh-weaving spiders of ilifTerent kinds ami closes with a tahular arrange- ment of the steps in the perfection of weh-making.
Ki.izvBKTii .Iack.>^.
Till', Sl'lDEH HOOK
J. II. COMSTOCK
Douhleday, I'age & Co.
To the general reader as well as to tho.se more i)articularly interestetl in
zoology, this hook must he of interest. The suh.iect matter covers over 705
pages and there are also over 7tKt illustrations. .Much of the material included
is new ami all is clear and well prc.sented. Among the interesting material
864 Pomona College Journal op Entomology
there are many photographs from sjjider webs. These were obtained only after I)atient experiment.
This work shouhl go far towards making tliis rather neglected group of animals better known.
A PROBLEM IN THE FLIGHT OP INSECTS
HERBERT OSBORN
Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Vol. V, 1912. One of the prevalent tlight movements among the slender winged species, is the backward motion taken by so many of them in tiying. The hawkmoth in its approach and retreat to flowers, takes a most decided backward move- ment, the backward flight of a honey bee, in its initial tlight from the hive, when it is fixing the location of the entrance of the hive, is also one of the best examples of this mode of flight. The explanation of this movement is accounted for on the basis of an adaptation in the wing for a forward and backward movement. The angle of the wing is so placed with reference to the axis of the body, that it represents different degrees ranging from a right angle to one of 35 to 45 degrees. "The direction of force of each wing would form an angle to the median axis of the body, and that at a point where these would neutralize each other, the effect would be to produce a stationary con- dition of the insect whereby it would hover at a fixed point, and that a slight further rotation forward would serve to i)ush the insect in a backward direc- tion." JI. Moles.
MIiMANOMMA SPECTRUM, EIN NEUER DORYLINENGAST DES EXTRE.MSTEN MIMIKRY TYPUS
E. WASSMAN
Zool. Auz. Hd. XXXIX, 1912. Among the guests of the driver ant Dorylus (anomma) nigricans 111. subsp. spostedti, there were found in two different migrations a most peculiar form. It appeared like an ant to some degree, but proved to be a beetle of the family Stapliylinida\ This remarkable form was given a new genus MinKiiioiiiiiiii, witii the specific name of spectrum.
W. H.
A I'HOTECTIVE ADAPTATION IN A BRAZILIAN MEMBRACID
WM. M. MANN
Psyche, Vol. XIX, Oct., 1912.
The author tells of ('. h(ski (ierm. which has a very large pronotum. The
specimens he first attem|)ted to capture flew away, leaving the large pronotum
behind. He believes that this structure is distinctly an advantage to the
animal, its use being coiiiparable to the loosely jointed tails of certain lizards.
W. H.
Pomona ("m.i.KciK Joirnai. ok E.SToMoiiOov Hfi.'j
HKITRAGK Zl H KKNNTNIS DKS GENKRAHOrsWKCKSKLS HKI KINKiKN AIMDID.K
I. KI.<H>N1TSKI
Zool. .lahrh. Md. XXXIII. U.-ft. 5. 1!)12.
Tilt' s[)efit'.s considcrt'd in particiilHr an- Siphoiiopiira rosar, Aphix hi'iltrar, A. saleccti, Chai tophariis tixtuilhialiis and ('. arfris. ThtTc an* nunicrouK diagrams and tal)K's. The pcnoral n-sults an- as follows:
Elvery one of the investigated aphid races pos.sess<>s a single partieular (•yele whieh consists of parthenogenetie and sexual generations. The oocur- renee of the sexual animals and also the other eliaraeters of the cycle, (occur- rence of the winged forms, rest periods of eggs, etc.), are depen<lent upon inner causes. The outer factoi-s i-an only lead to somatic changes, also to such whieh consist of the cheek of development and various different ipiantitativc modifications. I)ut they can call forth no generative changes, which modify the method of propagation in (|ualitative regard.
There are two particular types of cycles. In one group of individuals with one year there is a complete and close<l cycle. I'ndcr this come the sexual animals for the most part, after a certain nuud)er of the parthcnogcnctic gen- eration. The second grou[) has an incomplete cycle whose geneological stems can propagate themselves unbroken through a very long time by partheno- genesis. Fnnn these stems the branches separate gradually, which en<l with sexual animals.
WEST COAST NEWS NOTES
FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR. PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
A chit'l's amang you taking notes, And faith! he'll prent it. — Burns.
"II n'est aucun voyageur qui ne puisse faire bonne observation et apporter au moins une pierre digne d'entrer dans la construction de ce grand edifice." — H. B. de Saxtssure.
"Since the greater refinements and thoroughness of scientific methods and the enormous and ever-increasing mass of literature have inevitably led to extreme specialization, it is more than ever important to look beyond tlic immediate limits of one's own subject, and to note its points of contact witli other lines of research." — Seward.
Mr. H. H. Newcoml) and .Mr. Karl R. Coolidge are planning a trip to San Diego.
Rev. George W. Taylor, a well-known student of Pacific Coast Entoniologj' and other branches of natural history, died, at Nanaiiiio, British Cohuubia, last August.
"Within the next few weeks ground will be broken in Golden Gate Park opposite the ileniorial ^luseum for the new Academy of Science building. Contracts already have been let for the first wing to cost $120,000. For six years experts have been working on exhibits and M^hen completed the contents of the building will greatl.v surpass those of the old museum on Market Street, destroyed by the fire of '['MW.''—Thr. S. F. Argonaut, August 31, 1912.
Mr. Joim C'duistdck, formerly secretary of the Entomological Section of the (Chicago Acadcm.v of Sciences, is now living in Los Angeles.
William Greenwood Wright, a pioneer naturalist of California, died December 1. at San Bernardino. lie was the author of "ButterHies of the West Coast," published in San Francisco in 1!)05, and of many short articles in various journals. He was also a well-known botanical collector and his name appears often in the "Botany of California." He was well known on the Pacific Coast and will alwa.ys l)e remembered in connection witli tiie ]>ioneers of science on this Coast.
In the magivzine section of the Los Angeles Times of Deeenibei' 1, there is an interesting account, with illustrations, of the work in ])reeding huttertiies. of Miss Xinu>na IMcGlashan of Truckee, Calif. She is the daughter of C. F McGlashan, well known as a collector of Lejiidoptera, and a pioneer who camr to California in the earl.y days with the ill-fated Donner party, of which he wrote a history.
k
I
Exchanges and Determinations
Tliy.ianoptcra and Psyllidae of the two Americas, including many cotypes to excliange for material in these groups from any part of the world. Prompt determinations of new collections made on request.
IV F.. Cii \«i<iiii), .st.iiifiinl I'lini rsitv I' () . ('iiiiforiii;i
\\';inti(l i)y piin-jiasr or f.\<.'lmii>{c. pupiif, cofiioiis or rgut of niiv Caluralae of till- Wist and South, especially California and Mtxico.
.fosKiMl .^EVKR. S.S.'> K. ii)th .St.. Niw York Citv..
Named Coccidae, Aphididae. and Coccinellidae of California to exchange for named species of these groups from other regions.
E. (). Ks.'iiii. I)r|)iity Hortifidtiiral C'oiiiiiiissioiiiT, .Sneraiiu-iito, Californin.
Named Californian Acarina (Mites and Ticks), mounted on slides, for similar material from other parts of the world.
H. \'. M, TIm.i.. Pomona College, Claremont. California
Aleocharinac (Staphylinidae) of the world. Will buy and exchange. Dr .\. FenyES, Box W, Pasadena, California.
Wanted by exchange. Moths, from the Western States, especially Noctuidac. Will endeavor to determine species sent for names. Will name any North American butterflies for privilege of retaining a set.
F. GrinnEU.. Jr.. >72 N. Marengo Ave., Pasadena, California.
Fine named .AiiK-rican Cicadidae to ixchangc for Cicadidac fmm any part of the world.
Named Californian and Mexican Diptera and Orthoptera (some new) to exchange for desiderata in these groups from other Western States or from Mexico, Central or South .Xmerica.
Also named Californian and Mexican Coleoptcra to exchange for named Southwestern or Mexican Coccinellidae, Scarabaeidae. Cerambycidar. nr Rhynclwphora.
C. F. R.\KKR. I'omona College. Claremont. ( Mif'^r"!'.
American Entomological Co.
35 Stuyvesant Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Dealers in Insects of All Kinds
Largest Stock in the T^nited States Makers of the ONLY GENUINE HAND MADE SCHMITT INSECT BOXES and Insect Cabinets as well as Cases of all description. Manufacturers of the CELEBRATED AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL COM- PANY INSECT PINS and dealers in Entomolog-ical Supplies of all kinds. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION
Our new Insect List No. 7 just out — price 25 cents. Can be used as a Check
List since three-fourths of all the species of Lepidoptera of the
world are represented in it.
WANTED Fleas from Mammals and Birds
For inslruclJ07is and terms, address
HON. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD
Arundel House, Kensinfjton Palace (iarden London W., England
The Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany
as applied to SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Published bv the Department of Biology of Pomoiia College
This new Journal is the only one of the sort in America. It supplies a very urgent need and covers a field of the very first importance
Beginning with the year 1911
A fully illustrated quarterly in the same style as the Pomona Journal of Ento- mology, and issued at a very nominal price — $1 to domestic and Si. 25 to foreign postal countries. Send for sample copy.
Address Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany Claremont, California, U. S. A.
Exchanges and Determinations
Thysanoptcra and Psyllidac of the two Americas, including many cotypcs to exchange for material in these groups from any part of tiie worhl. Prompt determinations of new collections made on request.
D. L. Cr AwroRn, Pomona College. Claremnut, California.
Prosopidac of North .\mcrica and CoUvtes of Me.xico to e.\changc for species not in my collection. Prompt determinations of western and south- western material made on request. Also named Californian Noctuxdac — some new — to exchange for West Coast sj>ecies not in my collection.
C. W. Mi:tz, Pomona College, Claremont, Californi.i
Named Coccidac. Aphididae. and Coccincllidac of California to exchange for named species of these groups from other regions.
E. O. Essir,, Horticultural Commissioner, Santa Paida. California.
Named L'aliforiiian Acaniia (.Mites and Ticks), mounted on sliilcs, for similar material froin other parts of the world.
TI \'. M. TIai.i.. Pomona College, Claremont, California.
Aleocharinae (Staphylinidae) of the world. Will buy and exchange. Pk. .\. FenyKS, Box W, Pasadena, California.
Wanted by exchange. Moths, from the Western States, especially Noctuidac. Will endeavor to determine species sent for names. Will n.ime any North American butterflies for privilege of retaining a set.
F. Grin NELL. Jr., 572 N. Marengo .'\ve., Pasadena, California.
Fine named .Xmerican Cicadidae to exchange for Cicadidae from any part of the world.
Named Californian and Mexican Dipicra and Orthoptcra (some new) to exchange for desiderata in these groups from other Western States or from Mexico, Central or South America.
Also named Californian and Mexican Coleoplera to exchange for named Southwestern or Mexican Cocciuellidae, Scarabacidac. Cerambyeidae, or Rhynchophora.
C. F. P.AKKR. Pomona College. Claremont. California.
American Entomological Co.
55 Stuyvesant Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Dealers in Insects of All Kinds
Larg-est Stock in the United States Makers of the ONLY GENUINE HAND MADE SCHMITT INSECT BOXES and Insect Cabinets as well as Cases of all description. Manufacturers of the CELEBRATED AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL COM- PANY INSECT PINS and dealers in Entomological Supplies of all kinds. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION
Our new Insect List No. 7 just out — price 25 cents. Can be used as a Check
List since three-fourths of all the species of Lepidoptera of the
world are represented in it.
WANTED Fleas from Mammals and Birds
For i7istructions aiid terms, address
HON. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD
Arundel House, Kensinpton Palace Garden London W., England
The Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany
as applied to SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE
PublisJied by the Departmetit of Biology of Pomona College
This new Journal is the only one of the sort in America. It supplies a very urgent need and covers a field of the very first importance
Beginning with the year 1911
A fully illustrated quarterly in the same style as the Pomona Journal of Ento- mology, and issued at a very nominal price — Si to domestic and Si. 25 to foreign postal countries. Send for sample copy.
Address Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany Claremont, California, U. S. A.
Exchanges and Determinations
Thysanoptera and I'syllidac of the two Americas, including many cotyiK-s to exchange for material in these groups from any part of the world. Prompt determinations of new collections made on request.
n. K. Cr.vwford, Pomona College. Claremont, California.
I'rosopiiUu- '1 X.'ith \incrita riinl iHllitrs <>t Mi-xirn tn exchange for species not in my collection. Prompt determinations of western and south- western material made on request. .Also named Californian Noctuidae — some new — to exchange for West Coast sp'C'cs not in my collection.
C. \V. Mktz, Pomona Cnllcsjc, Claremont, California.
\amcd Cocckiiic, . \ phididac. and Coccincllidac of California to exchange for named species of these groups from other regions.
v.. O. Kssic, Horticultural Commissioner, Santa Paula. California
Named Californian Acarina (Mites and Ticks), mounted on slides, for similar material from other parts of the world.
H. V. M. Hai.i., Pomona College. Claremont. Californi.i
Alcochariiujc ( Stai)liy!inidae ) of the world. Will Iniy and exchange. Dr. .a. Fknyks. Box W. Pasadena. California.
Wanted by exchange. Moths, from the Western Slates, especially Xoctuidac. \\'ill endeavor to determine species sent for names. Will name any North American butterflies for privilege of retaining a set.
F. nRTNNKi.t . 1r.. T'72 X. ^Tarengo Ave.. Pasadena. California.
Fine named .American Cicadidae to exchange for Cicadidac from any part of the world.
Named Californian and Mexican Piptcra and Orthoptera (some new) to exchange for desiderata in these groups from other Western States or from Mexico, Central or South .America.
Also named Californian and Mexican Colcoptcra to exchange for named Southwestern or ^fexican Coccincllidac. Scarabacidac. Ccrnmbycidac. or Rhynchophora.
C. F. R.\KEK. Pomona College. Claremont. California.
Exchan(j:es and Determinations
Thysanoptcra and Psyllidac of the two Americas, including many cotypcs to exchange for material in these groups from any part of the world. Prompt determinations of new collections made on request.
D. L. Cr.vwford, Pomona College, Claremont, California.
Prosopidac of Xorth .Xiiicrica and Collctcs of Mexico tn cxchanjio for species not in my collection. Prompt determinations of western and south- western material made on request. Also named Californian Noctuidae — some new — to exchange for West Coast species not in my collection.
C. W Mi:tz. Pomona Colle'.^'e. Claremont. California.
Named Coccidac, Aphididae. and CoccincUidae of California to exchange for named species of these groups from other regions.
E. O. Essie, Horticultural Commissioner, Santa Paula. California.
Named Californian Acarina (Mites and Ticks'), mounted on slides, for similar material from other parts of the world.
II. Y. M. H.M.I.. Pomona C<illege. Claremont. California.
Alcocharinac ( Staphylinidae) of the world. Will buy and exchange. Dr. .\. Fi;nvi:s. P.ox W. Pasadena. California.
Wanted by exchange, Moths, from the Western States, especially Noctuidae. Will endeavor to determine species sent for names. Will name any North American butterflies for privilege of retaining a set.
F. Criwfi I , Ir . >72 N. Marcncro Ave.. Pasadena. Californi.i
Fine named .\merican Cicadidae to exchange for Cieadidae from any part of the world.
Named Californian and Mexican Diplcra and Orthoptera (.some new") to exchange for desiderata in these groups from other Western Stales or from Mexico, Central or South .-Vmerica.
Also named Californian and Mexican Coleoptcra to exchange for named Southwestern or Mexican Coccinellidae, Scarahaeidae, Ceramhycidae. or Rhynchophara.
C. F. B.VKEK, Pomona College. Claremont, California.
American Entomological Co.
55 Stuyvesant Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Dealers in Insects of All Kinds
Largest Stock in the United States Makers of the ONLY GENUINE HAND MADE SCHMITT INSECT BOXES and Insect Cabinets as well as Cases of all description. Manufacturers of the CELEBRATED AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL COM- PANY INSECT PINS and dealers in Entomolog-ical Supplies of all kinds. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION
Our new Insect List No. 7 just out — price 25 cents. Can be used as a Check
List since three-fourths of all the species of Lepidoptera of the
world are represented in it.
Bulletin No. 2 Claremont Pomological Club
The Purple and Red Scales
Containing an important series of papers on these subjects. We still have
some copies which we should be glad to send free to libraries,
specialists or growers. Sending stamp,
Address DR. A. J. COOK Pomona College, Claremont, California
The Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany
as applied to SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE
Published by the Department of Biology of Pomona College
This new Journal will be the only one of the sort in America. It will supply a very urgent need and cover a field of the very first importance
Beginning with the year 1911
A fully illustrated quarterly in the same style as the Pouiona Journal of Ento- mology, and issued at a very nominal price — SI to domestic and SI. 25 to foreign postal countries. Send for sample copy.
Address Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany Claremont, California, U. S. A.
POMONA COLLEGE
"Our Tribute to C'.liristian Civilization"
One of the best loiatcd, ati<l best housed and outKtted Colleges on the West Coast, with a full eorps of enthusiastic and enerKetic instruetors, and a larKe and vifrorous student body. The lalioratories in Hiolojjy, Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy are well eciuipped. The Colle^re offers full Ijiterary, Classical and Scientific courses; it possesses well-manned schools of Music and Art, and offers exce|)tional facilities in Library and Athletics.
Clareniont is admittedly at the center of one of the most salubrious, l)eau- ti fully located and desirable residcnci- districts in California.
For further iiifoniiatiou. address
i'OMONA COLLKtiK.
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