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HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

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POPULAR HISTORY

OF

BRITISH CRUSTACEA;

COMPRISING

A FAMILIAR ACCOUNT OF THEIR CLASSIFICATION

AND HABITS.

BY

ADAM WHITE,

ASSISTANT, ZOOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, BRITISH MUSEUM.

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LONDON :
LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

"1857.

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JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, PRINTER,
LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

PREFACKH.

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In the following little Work there are brief descriptions
of upwards of four hundred species of Crustacea, found in
and around the British Islands. The dredgings of Messrs.
Couch, M‘Andrew, the Thompsons, Gosse, Spence Bate,
and others, have shown that Colonel Montagu and Dr.
Leach, with their correspondents, had only opened the rich
field of this branch of Marine Zoology, while Dr. Baird, by
his gatherings and discoveries among our fresh waters, has
nobly occupied ground which, in this country at least, had
been all but neglected before his time. The admirable
work of Professor Bell, on the ‘British Stalk-eyed Crus-
tacea,’ contained many species, and at least one remarkable

genus, previously undescribed; while the publication of that

vl PREFACE.

work has stimulated the exertions of naturalists, so that
species of the group, previously unknown, are added almost
every year to our Fauna. Dr. Kinahan has described, only
a month ago, a fine distinct new species of Crangon, dredged
in the Irish Sea, where Professors Allman and Melville and
the late Mr. Thompson of Belfast were so successful. The
researches of Mr. Spence Bate and his correspondents have
quadrupled the list of Amphipods, while naturalists eagerly
expect the fine work on these Crustacea and their allies,
which he and Mr. Westwood are preparing to publish in
the same form as that of Professor Bell.

In the following popular history of British Crustacea, the
general arrangement is that of the classical ‘ Histoire Na-
turelle des Crustacés,’ by Professor Milne-Edwards. Among
the Amphipoda, I have been chiefly guided by Mr. Spence
Bate’s synopsis, published in the February number of the
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ In the Ento-
mostracous portion, I have compiled almost exclusively
from Dr. Baird’s valuable volume, published by the Ray

Society, adding a few species discovered by Dr. Baird and

PREFACE. vil

Mr. Rupert Jones since the publication of the work. For
many valuable extracts on the habits of the Crustacea, I
am indebted to the various papers and works of Colonel |
Montagu and Messrs. Gosse, Couch, Kingsley, Goodsir, and
others. The plates have been drawn by Mr. G. B. Sowerby,
F.L.S., chiefly from specimens in the cabinets of the British
Museum. The figures of Entomostraca have been for the
most part selected with Dr. Baird’s kind permission from
his volume on the subject. For the drawings of all the
figures in Plate X., as well as for the original figure of
Peltidium, 1 am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Spence
Bate. For various valuable notes on habitats of the many
rare British Crustacea dredged by the Rev. Alfred Norman,
and for a few curious notices of the Guernsey Crustacea, I
am indebted to the Rev. Alfred Norman and Dr. Lukis.

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June, 1857.

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LIST OF PLATES.

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PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Stenorynchus tenuirostris. 2. Arctopsis lanata.

PLATE IL.

1. Maia Squinado. 2. Eurynome aspera. 3. Xantho florida.

PLATE Iii.

1. Pirimela denticulata. 2. Polybius Henslowu. 3. Portu-

nus puber.
PLATE IV.

1. Pinnotheres pisum: a, male; 6, female. 2. Gonoplax an-
gulata. 3. Ebaliatuberosa. 4. Thia polita. 5. Corystes Cassive-
launus.

Vv
PLATE V.

1. Dromia vulgaris. 2. Lithodes Maia. 3. Pagurus Bern-
hardus. 4. Porcellana platycheles.

re

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE VI.

1. Galathea strigosa. 2. Palinurus homarus.

PLATE VIL.

1. Scyllarus Arctus. 2. Callianassa subterranea. 3. Gebia
stellata. 4. Potamobius Astacus.

PLATE VIII.

1. Nephrops Norvegicus. 2. Crangon vulgaris. 3. Alpheus
ruber. 4. Calocaris Macandrei.

PLATE IX.
1. Hippolyte spinus. 2. Palemon serratus. 3. Diastylus
Rathkii. 4. Mysis Oberon. 5. Cynthilia Flemingii. 6. Squilla

Desmarestii. is
PLATE X.

1. Orchestia littorea, var. 2. Montagua monoculoides. 3.
Anonyx Edwardsii. 4. Tetromatus typicus. 5. Westwoodia
cecula. 6. Iphimedea obesa. 7. Dexamine spinosa. 8. Jassa
pelagica. ;

PLATE XI.
1. Corophium longicorne. 2. Chelura terebrans. 3. Hyperia

Latreillei. 4. Phronima sedentaria. 5. Caprella tuberculata.
6. Cyamus ceti.

LIST OF PLATES. x1

v

PLATE XI.

1. Arcturus longicornis. 2. Idotea tricuspidata. 3. Idotea
appendiculata. 4. Anthura gracilis. 5. Limnoria lignorum.
5 a. Wood bored into by ditto. 6. Asellus aquaticus. 7. Onis-
coda maculosa.

¥
PLATE XIII.

1. Lygia oceanica. 2. Porcellio scaber. 3. Munna Kroyeri.
4. Praniza ceruleata. 5. Anceus maxillaris. 6. Spheroma ser-
ratum. 7. Cymodocea emarginata.

v
PLATE XIV.

1. Nesea bidentata. 2. Campecopea hirsuta. 3. Cirolana
Cranchi. 4. Eurydice pulchra. 5. Aiga bicarinata. 6. Coni-
lera cylindracea. 7. Rocinelamonophthalma. 8. Ione thoracica:
a, male; b, female. 9. Phryxus Hippolytes: a, male; 6, female.

PLATE XV.

1. Apus cancriformis. 2. Chirocephalus diaphanus: a, male ;
6, female. 3. Artemia salina and larva.

PLATE XVL.

1. Daphnia pulex: a, male; 6, female. 2. Polyphemus pe-
diculus. 3. Evadne Nordmanni. 4. Eurycercus lamellatus.
5. Cypris vidua. 6. Candona reptans.

Xil LIST OF PLATES,

PLATE XVII.

1. Cythere albo-maculata. 2. Cypridina Macandrei: a, shell;
b, animal, 3. Cyclops quadricornis: a, male; 6, female; ec, d,
larve. 4. Diaptomus Castor.

PLATE XVIIL

1. Anomalocera Patersonii. 2. Cetochilus septentrionalis.
3. Notadelphys Ascidicola. 4. Peltidium purpureum.

PLATE XIX.

1. Argulus foliaceus. 2. Lepeophtheirus Strémiu: a, male;
b, female. 3. Pandarus bicolor. 4. Lemargus muricatus. 5.
Anthosoma Smithii.

PLATE XX.

1. Nicothoe Astaci: a, 6, larve. 2. Lerneopoda elongata.
3. Lerneonema Spratte: a, three specimens attached to a
Sprat. 4. Lernea branchialis.

POPULAR HISTORY

OF

BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

INTRODUCTION.

A Lonpon fishmonger told the writer that some of the
largest shell-fish dealers in the Metropolis sold, every year,
as many as sixty thousand Lobsters and twelve thousand
Crabs. He assured him that many an ordinary fishmonger
in London found sale for some eight or ten thousand of
these Crustacean commodities. But who can calculate the
number of Shrimps and Prawns consumed annually in Lon-
don by those who are fond of such dainties? Bushels of
the former are daily sold in Billingsgate to be retailed by
the pint, there being from 100 to 150 Shrimps in every
pint; while hundreds of pounds’ weight of Prawns meet
with purchasers, who find 200 Prawns in every pound, and
aa

2 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

retail them by the dozen. These are the chief Crustacea
eaten in London, exclusive of thousands of the Shore Crab,
which may be seen, by the side of Whelks and Periwinkles,
on stalls in the poorer neighbourhoods, where they find ready
purchasers in many a ragged gourmand.

The great Craw-fish, or Thorny Lobster, and a limited
number of the small fresh-water Cray-fish—in all, some
eight or ten species of Crustacea—exhaust the list of the
members of this class of animals, sold as food in our Metro-
polis. Although Crustacea directly do not greatly add to
our supplies of food, yet they indirectly assist very mate-
rially im contributing to our wants. The great mass of fish
derive their principal food from the smaller members of this
class, which swarm in our seas by myriads ; and, in this way,
Crustacea contribute greatly to our comfort. They are the
nutritious food not only of vast shoals of fish, but of swarms
of sea-birds, some of which feed almost exclusively on them,
particularly in the Arctic parts of the ocean. Crustacea also
form the bulk of the food which supports the vast bodies of
the Whale tribe, as may be seen somewhat further on, under
the description of the Wysidide, one of the families of the
order Stomapoda. The small terrestrial species,—such, for
instance, as the little Hog-lice of the genera Oniscus and

INTRODUCTION. 3

Porcellio,—are greedily eaten by our poultry and by many of
the smaller birds, who find these exquisite titbits creeping
among stones, or at the roots of trees. We must look, too,
at the members of this class in another point of view ; they
are pre-eminently the scavengers of the sea, removing and
assimilating many an object which would otherwise prove a
nuisance. On this part of the subject we may quote the
words of one who has long studied the subject both on our
own coasts and on the shores of foreign lands. Mr. Gosse
remarks :—

“The Crabs are the scavengers of the sea; like the wolves
and hyzenas of the land, they devour indiscriminately dead
and living prey. The bodies of all sorts of dead creatures
are removed by the obscene appetite of these greedy Crus-
tacea; and there is no doubt that many an enormous Crab,
whose sapidity elicits praise at the epicure’s table, has rioted
on the decaying body of some unfortunate mariner. But
what of that? Let us imitate the philosophy of the negro
mentioned by Captain Crow. On the Guinea Coast, people
are buried beneath their own huts, and the Land-crabs are
seen crawling in and out of holes in the floor with revolting fa-
miliarity : notwithstanding which, they are caught and eaten
with avidity. A negro, with whom the worthy Captain re-

4. HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

monstrated on the subject, seemed to think this but a rea-
sonable and just retaliation, a sort of payment in kind; re-
plying with a grin and chuckle of triumph, ‘ Crab eat black
man; black man eat he !’?”’*

Some of us have witnessed the moulting of a Crab, and
mysterious does it seem to the novice in Natural History
when he finds that a hard Lobster or Crab, with a coat of
stony hardness, and which requires great strength of arm and
knife, and even of hammer, sometimes, to open and cut or
break it, casts off its old covering entire—the joint of every
part of its thousand-jointed body, antennee, foot-jaws, claws,
and tail. And not only does it cast off these hard external
parts, but the very linings of its gills, of its stomach, of its
eyes and of other parts are thrown off, and thus, when the
creature has escaped, the shell seems as perfect nearly as the
animal itself. We often see cases from the Brazils of a gaudy
Grapsus, yore delicate even than the new-coated animal—
seeing the parts are translucent ; and the cases are only the
cast-off skins, rejected by what naturalists call eedysis, but
our Saxon forefathers would have termed moulting.

Mr. R. Q. Couch, a most able naturalist, remarked at the
anniversary meeting of the Cornwall Natural History and

* Gosse’s Aquarium, p. 198.

INTRODUCTION. 5

Antiquarian Society,* that he could never understand how
“that broad flat surface inside each claw could be got rid
of without injury to the new claw; however, by attentively
watching the process in several instances,” he continues,
“ T observed that in the act of drawing out the new claw, the
edge is cut through by these flat horny plates, the divided
parts immediately closing again, and speedily becoming so
adherent as to preclude their being re-opened.” He has
also observed another fact, and it is this, that when “ Crabs
cast off their claws and get new ones, the process can take
place only in the joint which is nearest the body; if any
other be injured, they bleed to death; but if the nearest
joint be removed, there is little blood lost, and over the
wound a thin film forms, in the middle of which is a
tubercle. The common opinion among naturalists ap-
pears to be, that the new claw immediately begins to form,
and at the next casting of the shell it is perfected, though
it be small; but this is incorrect; when the old claw is
separated, the scar immediately forms, and remains till
the creature casts its shell. After the shell is cast, the
tubercle in the centre of the scar suddenly enlarges; and
under it may be discovered a small claw doubled on itself

* Nov. 1855, reported in ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 4972.

6 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

beneath the membrane of the scar; this remains in a soft
state until the Crab again casts its shell, when the new
claw is set at liberty, is straightened out, and becomes hard
and calcareous like other parts of the body; so that a claw,
instead of being renewed and perfected at once, or at the
first casting of the shell, is not so in reality until the shell
has been cast the second time.” Were a similar process to
take place before the eyes of any one-on a creature as bulky,
say, as a buffalo, no flight of the imagination could conceive
of anything more marvellous ; and yet it is a common occur-
rence, one of the works of Him whose ways and name are
Wonderful.

From the observations of the late Sir John Dalyell, pub-
lished in the Report of the British Association for 1851,
we may state that Crustacea begin to throw off their shells
even in the embryo state in which they first appear after
having left the egg. After every change they assume more
and more of their perfect form. While the Crab is young,
and growing rapidly, frequent exuviations occur at brief in-
tervals, from three to five in the course of a year. Just
before the change the animal almost ceases to feed, and
becomes rather inactive; when the process has commenced
it is effected in the course of a few hours, body and limbs

INTRODUCTION. ?

alike being relieved of their hard coating. The creature
continues very shy until the new shell acquires firmness and
strength, and retires into some crevice of a rock or stone.
When Crustacea lose a limb by accidents or by rencontres
with an enemy, it grows again at the next regular period of
exuviation.

Professor Edwards and other eminent naturalists regarded
the inner pair of the antennz as being organs of smell, and
the outer or longer antenne as organs for hearing. Dr.
Farre bas shown in Gadathea, Mr. Huxley in the Stomapoda,
and Mr. Spence Bate in the Short-tailed Crabs, that the
reverse of this is the case, the shorter antenne: being audi-
tory organs, and the longer or outer antenne being used
in smelling, or at least in some similar function. Mr.
Warrington’s observations on the Shrimp, given further on,
directly confirm the observations made by the needles,
knives, and microscopes of these anatomists.

Mr. Wilson* relates in a very pleasing way a mode of
catching Crabs used by the Arran fishermen, which may be
new to most of our readers, as well as the moral he so cle-
verly derived from it. |

* © A Voyage round the Coasts of Scotland and the Isles,’ by James Wilson,
F.B.S.E : vol. i. p. 26.

8 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

“We happened to be astir in a small boat in Brodick
Bay, about three o’clock one beautiful summer morning.
Our chief object was to watch the soft uprising of those
‘fleecy folds, voluminous and vast,’ which during early twi-
light hours brood over the yet sombre valleys at: the base of
Goat-fell, and to watch the rosy tints as they descended
from peak to peak, while

‘ Fair Aurora, lifting up her head,
All blushing rose from old Tithonus’ bed.’
But we soon perceived two men in a small craft, who
seemed quite unconscious that

‘The flaming chariot of the world’s great eye’

was now almost upon them. Their little boat hung mo-
tionless on the then waveless mirror of the Bay, in about
ten feet depth of water; and after for a minute or thereby,
holding their faces close upon the surface, they seemed sud-
denly to pull a long pole out of the water, with something
adhering to its extremity. We soon found that they were
taking advantage of the glassy stillness of the water to
overlook the early walk of Crabs. They no sooner saw
these crusty crustaceans on the subaqueous sand, than they
poked them behind with their long staves ; the Crabs turned

INTRODUCTION. 9

round to revenge the indignity, and, hike Russian gens-
@armes, seized upon the unsuspecting poles. These latter
were slightly shaken by the fishermen, as if in pain or ter-
ror ; the angry creatures clung all the closer, and were then
rapidly hoisted into the boat. The moral we drew at the
time, and have since maintained, was, that neither Crab nor
Christian should ever lose his temper.” .

The following definition of Crustacea is that given by
Professor Milne-Edwards, in his classical work.* Animals
with the body divided into rings which are generally very
distinct, moveable, and horny or calcareous, without an
inner skeleton properly so called, and bearing a double
series of members, almost always very distinctly articulated,
and forming the antenne, jaws, etc., and legs, of which
there are usually five or seven pairs. The nervous system
is generally very distinct, ganglionic and longitudinal. The
respiration is in general aquatic, and is always by the
branchiz or the skin; the circulation is in general very
distinct ; there is almost always an aortic heart, and proper
blood vessels. The sexes are separate.

Many if not most of the Crustacea undergo, like Insects,

* «Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés,’ vol. i. p. 231. Many of the cha-
racters in the following work are compiled from the Professor’s three vols.

10 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

curious transformations, so that in their early stages there
is but little, if any, resemblance to the mature form.

The Crustacea are primarily divided into two natural
groups, the smallest and the last treated in this work* hav-
ing the mouth prolonged into a sucker, so that they are
nourished from the animal fluids which they obtain from
the creatures on which they are parasitic ; the largest group
contains the Crustacea whose mouths are furnished with
jaws with which they masticate their food.

Of the latter group, the most important and largest series
is that in which the eyes are borne on pedicels and are
movable: hence their name, PopopHtHatMa. In these
the thorax is covered by a great shield called the carapace,
while the legs are partly adapted for walking and partly for
seizing. They form two orders, Decaropa and Stomapopa.

Orver I. DECAPODA, Zafr.

In the species of this Order the branchiz are fixed on the
sides of the carapace, and enclosed in special respiratory ca-
vities. The mouth apparatus consists of six pairs of mem-
bers, so that the number of thoracic legs is reduced to five

* The Siphonostoma and the Lerneade.

INTRODUCTION. be |

pairs, hence the name of the Order, Decapoda.* The order
is divided into three suborders—Brachyura, Anomoura, and
Macroura—the characters of which will be found under
their respective heads.

Suborder I. Bracnyura, Latr.

In the species of this division the abdomen is very
slightly developed, and not employed to assist the animal
in swimming ; it is folded under the body, and has no
traces of appendages on the segment which precedes
the last. The sternal plate is rather wide between all the
legs, and is never linear: the surface of the carapace
generally divided by grooves, for the most part correspond-
ing with the muscular insertions, and which circumscribe
regions of the stomach, heart, genital organs, branchie,
etc. The abdomen is generally very much wider in the
females than in the males: in the latter it is more or less
triangular, while in the former it is oval.

Tribe 1. OXYRHYNCHITA, M. Hdw.
Carapace contracted in front ; front part projecting, and
forming generally a very prominent beak.t Mouth ap-

* Aexa, ten; zrovs, odos, a foot.
+ Whence the name,—oftvs, sharp; puyxos, a beak.

12 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

paratus nearly quadrilateral, very broad in front, and far re-
moved from the front. Orbits directed outwards. All the
Crabs of this tribe seém to be essentially maritime. None
of them live in fresh water, or seem to frequent the shore.
They are generally found in very deep water ; and, notwith-
standing the legs in most cases being very long, their mo-
tions are generally sluggish, and when taken from the water
they quickly perish.

The legs of this family of Crabs are generally long and
very slender; and, as Mr. Gosse remarks, they tempt us to
think that, if we were so furnished, ‘““we might cover the
ground in a style that would put to shame the old giant-
slayer’s seven-league boots.”

Mr. Couch, in his ‘Cornish Fauna,’ Part I., pp. 66, 67,
observes that the length of the legs in this set of Crabs “ ne-
cessarily leads to slowness of motion, but they are well fitted
to a residence among rocks and stones covered with sea-
weeds, among which they stride with little difficulty. In the
winter they become almost if not altogether torpid, conceal-
ing themselves at this season either in deep crevices of rocks
or imbedded in the soil; for the Corwich Crab has been ob-
served, when caught at the time of its first activity in Apmil,
to have the inequalities of its carapace covered with the mud

INTRODUCTION. 13

of the bottom. It is, perhaps, at this period of repose that
the crops of seaweeds and corallines fix themselves, as they
are often seen beautifully adorning them; shells of different
species, but especially Oysters and Mussels, are also found
adhering, and on the smaller kinds, as of Znachus and Pisa,
sponge will grow so luxuriantly as to conceal the whole ca-
rapace, with tufts on the legs to the extremities.”

These long-legged Crabs are frequently covered with sea-
weeds, sponges, and other marine productions, which so com-
pletely change their appearance as to render them no longer
recognizable. In this way Macropodia occidentalis (Guil-
ding, Linn. Trans. xiv. 335) disfigures itself in the West
Indian Seas, and watches for its prey. The British Spider
Crabs (Inachus and Arctopsis) are often completely covered
with masses of algze, the roots of which take a secure hold
amongst the hairs that clothe the carapace and limbs (Bell’s
Brit. Crust. p. 24). Say and Le Sueur fancied that these
marine productions were merely entangled mechanically,*
but there can be no doubt that they grow and flourish on
their strange locality. |

Professor Bell has watched the Arctopsis (Pisa) tetraodon
waiting for its prey. He remarks that the Crabs of this

* Journ. Acad. Sc. Phil. vol. i. p. 80.

14 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

species, “notwithstanding their timid and lazy character,
seize the object of their anger by a sudden and unexpected
snap, and nip with great force, holding on with extraordinary
firmness and tenacity, although unable, from the bluntness~
of their pincers, to inflict awound.”* He was reminded of
the mode employed by the slow-paced Lemur (Ofolicnus tar-
digradus) when seizing a bird.

Famity I. MACROPODIAD 4, M. Edw.

Legs slender and extremely long; the second or third
pair always longer than the fore legs, and more than twice
the length of the postfrontal portion of the carapace. Pro-
fessor Milne-Kdwards believes that the Crabs of this family
live chiefly on marine worms, planariz, and small mollusca.

Gen. I. STENORHYNCHUS,} Lam.

Carapace triangular, and produced in front into a beak-
like projection, which is bifid. Orbits circular ; eyes not re-
tractile. Outer antenne with the first joint very narrow ;
the second inserted on the sides of the beak, and the third
much longer than the second. ‘The mouth apparatus much

* Brit. Crust. p. 25. + Maxpos, long ; zrovs, modos, a foot.
+ Srevos, slender, and fuyxos, a beak.

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i. Stenorhynchus tenuirostris. 2.Arctopsis lanata

INTRODUCTION. 15

longer than wide; outer jaw-feet narrow, third joint oval,
fourth longish. Fore feet shorter, but much stouter than
the others ; the hand swollen, and the fingers slightly bent.
Abdomen in both sexes of six joints.

Srenoruyncuus Rosrratus,* L. sp. Slender-legged
Crab.—Beak not reaching the end of the peduncle of the
outer antennz ; epistome on each side with a little spine
placed near the auditory organ; carapace above with va-
rious spines.

Appears to be common on the coasts of Great Britain
and Ireland, from Orkney to Cornwall. The Rev. G. Gor-
don finds it in the Moray Firth (Zoologist, 3681), and Dr.
Howden in the Firth of Forth, in sandy or muddy bottoms
(Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edin. Jan. 1853). At Weymouth
it spawns between May and August.

STENORHYNCHUS TENUIROsSTRIS, Leach, sp. (PI. I. fig. 1.)
Slender-beaked Spider Crab.—Beak extending beyond the
end of the peduncle of the outer antenne ; arms more slen-
der than in the last species, and spinulose on the inner
margin.

Not so common as the last; first found by Dr. Leach
‘among Crustacea collected at Torquay, and found abun-

* Cancer rostratus, Z.; Cancer Phalangium, Penz.

16 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

dantly in deep water on the coast of South Devon and Corn-
wall. In Scotland it is taken occasionally in the Moray
Firth and on the coast of Berwickshire.

Mr. Thompson,* of Weymouth, describes it when alive
as being of a lovely pink or puce colour.. The ova are of a
light orange-brown.

Gen. 2. ACH ASUS, Leach.

Beak very short. Outer antenne with the first joint
united to the front, and extending beyond the inner canthus
of the eyes; the second joint inserted on the sides of the
beak, and completely exposed from above. Third joint of
the jaw-feet longer than wide, and nearly triangular, the
fourth joint springing from its anterior and outer angle.

Fore legs slender and short, the other pairs filiform, the
second ending in a straight, long nail; the terminal joint of
the four last is large, compressed, and falciform. Abdomen
in both sexes of six joints.

Acuaus Crancutt, Leach. Cranch’s Spider Crab.—Ca-
rapace with two tubercles in the median line. Abdomen in
male and female six-jointed.

* Ann. Nat. Hist. 1853, xii. p. 68.

INACHUS. 17

A, small species, from six to eight lines long, first found
by J. Cranch in Falmouth Bay, and named by Dr. Leach
after that distinguished collector, who perished on the Congo
expedition. Mr. Thompson, of Weymouth, dredged two
specimens at Weymouth, August 18, 1852, in six fathoms,
shingle and weedy bottom. One of these was a female, and
had two single ova; they are of a deepish yellow colour.
Mr. Eyton has got it off the Isle of Man. A specimen was
taken at Penzance by Mr. Couch (Rev. A. Norman).

Gen. 3. INACHUS, Padr.

Carapace about as wide as long, with a very short beak.
Hye-peduncles can be folded back and lodged in the orbital
cavity. Jaw-feet with the third joint longer than wide;
nearly triangular, the fourth jomt attached to its anterior
and outer angle. First pair of legs very small in the female ;
in the male, rather thick, and sometimes three times the
length of the body; the following legs cylindrical, those of
the second pair always longer than the front pair; the four
hind pairs end in a very long cylindrical joint, which is
pointed and very slightly, if at all, bent ; the abdomen formed
of six joints.

18 , HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

The species of this genus are of small size, the body co-
vered with down and hairs, among which Sponges and Zoo-
phytes often grow.

Inacuus Dorsetensis, Penn. sp. Scorpion Spider Crab.
— Beak very short, wide, and deeply notched down the mid-
dle, the stomachal region of carapace furnished with five
spines or tubercles, the middle and posterior are very large
and strong, and four small spines are placed before them in
transverse line.

First found at Weymouth, and subsequently over the
south coast. Mr. Barlee dredged it in Shetland, and Dr.
James Howden in the Firth of Forth. The Rev. George
Gordon remarks that it is “the most abundant of the slen-
der-legged Crabs in the Moray Firth. On one occasion
twelve full-grown specimens were taken from the stomach
of an ordinary-sized cod, of which fish in this locality it
seems to be a favourite morsel.”* The Rev. Alfred Nor-
man remarks, that it is abundant in the Clyde, and is very
frequently entirely invested with a sponge.

InacHus DorHyNcHUs, Leach. Leach’s Spider-Crab.—
Stomachal region with three points arranged in a triangle.
Beak longer than in the last, divided by a fissure. Fore
ae * Zoologist, 3681.

INACHUS. 19

legs of the male thick, not reaching beyond the penultimate
joint of the second pair of legs.

This species seems to be pretty generally distributed on
the coasts of England and Ireland. Mr. Eyton finds it off
the Isle of Man, and the Rev. A. Norman describes it as
not uncommon among the Channel Islands. Mr. Thomp-
son, who finds it at Weymouth, describes the ova as large
and of an orange-brown colour; the colour of the animal is
dingy purple, brighter on the fore part of the carapace.

Inacuus Leprocuirus, Leach. Slender-armed Spider
Crab.—Stomachal region with three spines placed triangu-
larly. Fore legs of the male slender and reaching beyond
the penultimate joimt of second pair of legs. Sternum of
the male furnished with a small oval polished tubercle.

First found by Mr. Cranch on the coast of Devon or
Cornwall; it is found in Ireland. The Rev. G. Gordon
(‘Zoologist,’ 3681) says that five specimens were taken
from the stomach of a cod in the Moray Firth in 1849, and
some were subsequently found in the Forth. The Rev.
Alfred Norman found it not uncommon in forty fathoms,
seven miles off Falmouth; he has taken also a fine specimen
of the female in the Firth of Clyde.

20 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Fam. MATADA, M. Edw.

Legs of moderate size; the second and third pair never
double the length of the postfrontal portion of carapace ;
first pair often longer and thicker than the following: ba-
silar portion of outer antennze much developed.

Gen. 4. ARCTOPSIS, Zam.*

Carapace more or less triangular; the front elongated
and armed with four horns directed forwards, the two cen-
tral forming a kind of beak. yes with short peduncles,
which can be reflected in the orbits. Outer antennee with
first joint narrow. Abdomen seven-jointed in both sexes.
First pair of legs in male much longer than the others.
Four hind pairs of legs with spines on the lower surface of
the tarsi; second pair of legs much longer than the third.

ARCTOPSIS TETRAODON, Penn. sp. our-horned Spider
Orab.—Carapace a fourth longer than wide, posterior part
regularly rounded, side with four strong spines; third and
fourth joints of fore legs tubercular.

Carapace and greater part of legs covered with a dense
coat of short hairs.

* Pisa, Leach.

ARCTOPSIS. Pal

Not a very common species. Mr. Bell finds it abun-
dantly at Bognor, where “they are found concealed under
the long hanging fuci which clothe the rocks at some dis-
tance from the shore,’ where they congregate in vast num-
bers in the prawn and lobster pots. “TI have seen probably —
thirty amongst the refuse of one of these, attracted no doubt
by the garbage which is placed in them as bait.” Mr. Bell
found the males to be larger than the females. Mr. Eyton
obtained this at the Isle of Man, and the Rev. A. Norman
at Guernsey and at Budleigh Salterton. —

Axcropsis Lanata, Lam. sp.* Gibds’s Crab. (Plate I.
fig. 2.)—Hind part of carapace triangular, lateral margin
without spines; branchial region on each side with a strong
spine; the whole carapace covered with dense villous hairs
much longer than in the last species.

South coast of Devon, Cornwall, and Sussex; Isle of Man
(Mr. Eyton); Guernsey (Rev. A. Norman).

* Cancer biaculeatus, Montagu; Pisa Gibbsiit, Leach; Arctopsis lanata,
Lam. Syst. An. s. Vert. p. 155 (1801), an older name than either Montagu’s
or Leach’s.

22 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 5. HYAS, Leach.

Outer antennze with the first joimt of the movable stem
flattened and widened on the outer side. Carapace wide,
rather depressed. Legs much as in Pisa, only longer; the
tarsus of the four hind pairs without spines on their lower
surfaces.

Hyas Araneus, L. sp. Great Spider Crab.—Carapace
narrowed in front, and without any distinct contraction
behind the orbits.

Common on various parts of the coasts of Scotland,
England, and Ireland. Dr. James Howden, for instance,
says that it is frequently met with on sandy beaches, as at
Musselburgh, in the salmon stake-nets, where it indulges
its carnivorous propensities on the fish left dry by the tide.* -
Dr. Howden adds, that the Hyas feeds during the day, and
seems to prefer its food a little high. Sir Robert Sibbald
calls it the Harper Crab. It is very common in the Moray
Firth, near low-water mark. Mr. Gordon says that the
fishermen there call it “ sea-tead,” that 1s sea-toad.

Hyas coarctatus, Leach. Contracted Crab.—Carapace

* Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edin., Jan. 1853.

HYAS. 93

widened in front, and then distinctly contracted or notched
behind the outer orbital angles.

A small species widely distributed. Mr. Barlee found it
in Shetland; and it occurs in most parts of the coasts of
England, Ireland, and Scotland. The Rev. Alfred Norman
has supplied me with the following note :—“ Abundant, and
very fine off the Isles of Arran and Cumbrae in the Firth
of Clyde, and at Oban. It inhabits the coralline zone.
This species varies very greatly in size in different localities.
The following is a comparison of specimens taken at Sand-
gate, as given by Mr. Bell and others, from the Moray
Firth, given me by Mr. Gordon, with these from Cumbrae.

Baoan Moray Firth. Cumbrae. |
gate. | wale. | Female.| Male. | Female.|
in. line.| in. line. | in. line. | in. line.| in. line.
Length of carapace . - . .{| 1 3/010/011}111]1 5
Breadth of ditto. . . . .|0 9/0 6/0 73/1 5]011
Length of first pair of legs. .| 1 9/1 O34 1 O | eat ects

I have likewise taken it at Falmouth. Mr. R. Couch in-
forms me that it is not common on the Cornish coast, and
that the specimens are always of small size there.”

24 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 6. ‘MATA, Lam.

Outer antenne with the movable stem inserted within
the inner canthus of the orbit, and exposed to view. Cara-
pace oval, somewhat pointed im frent; beak very strong,
formed of two diverging horns; carapace, especially on the
sides, with spines and tubercles. Front legs, even in the
male, scarcely longer than the others, the fingers pointed at
the end. . Abdomen, in both sexes, of seven joints.

Mata Squinavo, Herbst. sp. Zhorn-back Crab. (Plate I.
fig. 1.)—Carapace of a roundish-oval form, covered with
sharp spines ; beak prominent, its two horns slightly diverg-
ing. Found abundantly-on many parts of our coasts.

The Rev. Charles Kingsley* gives the following lively
picture of the important services of this Crab as a remover of
nuisances. “In the boat, silent and neglected, sat a fellow-
passenger who was a greater adept at removing nuisances
than the whole Board of Health put together; and who had
done his work, too, with a cheapness unparalleled; for all
his good deeds had not as yet cost the State one penny.
True, he lived by his business; so do other inspectors of
nuisances : but nature, instead of paying Maia Squinado,

* Glaueus ; or, the Wonders of the Shore, pp. 1838-135.

Plate II.

Sowerby del. et ith. Vincent Brooks Imp.
1Mais. Squnado 2 Eurynome aspera. 3.Xantho florida.

MAIA. 25

Esquire, some five hundred pounds sterling per annum for
his labour, had continued, with a sublime simplicity of
economy which Mr. Hume might have envied, and admired
afar off, to make him do his work gratis, by giving him the
nuisances as his perquisites, and teaching him how to eat
them. Certainly, (without going the length of the Caribs,
who uphold cannibalism because, they say, it makes war
cheap, aud precludes entirely the need of a commissariat,)
this cardinal virtue of cheapness ought to make Squinado
an interesting object in the eyes of the present generation,
especially as he was at that moment a true sanatory martyr,
having, like many of his human fellow-workers, got into a
fearful scrape by meddling with those existing interests and
‘vested rights which are but vested wrongs,’ which have
proved fatal already to more than one Board of Health.
For last mght, as he was sitting quietly under a stone in
four fathoms water, he became aware (whether by sight,
smell, or that mysterious sixth sense, to us unknown, which
seems to reside in his delicate feelers) of a palpable nuisance
somewhere in the neighbourhood; and, like a trusty servant
of the public, turned out of his bed instantly, and went in
search; till he discovered, hanging among what he judged
to be the stems of tangle (Zamznaria), three or four large

26 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

pieces of stale thornback, of most evil savour, and highly
prejudicial to the purity of the sea and the health of the
neighbouring herrings. Happy Squinado! He needed
not to discover the limits of his authority, to consult any
lengthy Nuisances’ Removal Act, with its clauses, and
counter-clauses, and exceptions, and explanations of inter-
pretations. | Nature, who can afford to be arbitrary, because
she is perfect, and to give her servants irresponsible powers,
because she has trained them to their work, had bestowed
on him and on his forefathers, as general health inspectors,
those very summary powers of entrance and removal in the
watery realms, for which common sense, public opinion, and
private philanthropy are still entreating vainly in the terres-
trial realms; so, finding a hole, in he went, and began to
remove the nuisance, without ‘ waiting twenty-four hours,’
‘laying an information,’ ‘serving a notice,’ or any other
vain delay. The evil was there,—and there it should not
stay; so having neither cart nor barrow, he just began
putting it into his stomach, and in the meanwhile set his
assistants to work likewise. For suppose not, gentle reader,
that Squinado went alone; in his train were more than a
hundred thousand as good as he, each in his office, and as
cheaply paid; who needed no cumbrous baggage train of

MAIA. ray |

force-pumps, hose, chloride of lime packets, white-wash
pails, or brushes, but were every man his own instrument ;
and to save expense of transit, just grew on Squinado’s
back. . . . There he sits, twiddling his feelers, (a substi-
tute, it seems, with crustacea for biting their nails when
they are puzzled,) and by no means lovely to look on in
vulgar eyes; about the bigness of a man’s fist; a round-
bodied, spindle-shanked, crusty, prickly, dirty fellow, with a
villanous squint, too, in those little bony eyes which never
look for a moment both the same way. Never mind: many
a man of genius is ungainly enough; and nature, if you will
observe, as if to make up to him for his uncomeliness, has
arrayed him as Solomon in all his glory never was arrayed,
and so fulfilled one of the few rational proposals of old Fou-
rier, that scavengers, chimney-sweeps, and other workers in
disgusting employments, should be rewarded for their self-
sacrifice in behalf of the public weal by some peculiar badge
of honour or laurel crown.” Mr. Kingsley then proceeds
to give a graphic picture of the corallines, ete., growing on
the back of the crab, the polypes in which live on the tiny
atoms of decaying matter (Campanularia, Crisida, Coryne),
etc.

Mr. Gosse observed at Ilfracombe, in 1852, the sloughing

28 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of a large Spider Crab,* which had retired to a crevice and
was resting thete, face outwards. The old carapace was
completely covered with parasitical zoophytes and alge.
When securing it, he felt the body fall away from the cara-
pace, and on looking at the Crab, he saw the new carapace
perfectly formed and coloured, with no marks of injury
where the slough had parted from it; the limbs and the
under parts still remained invested. After being some
time out of the water, as he carried it home, he covered
it with its native element, when it seemed very inert and
exhausted. Ina short time he observed the whole of the
limbs, the abdominal segments, the sternum, and all the
parts of the mouth to come off entire, being connected by
the common integuments. He observed the hind legs were
freed first, and the animal pulled the front pairs out, first
tugging at one and then at another, as if from boots. . Mr.
Gosse observed that the joints, as they came out, were a
great deal larger than the cases from which they proceeded.
The parts had a jelly-like softness when extruded, and
seemed to be compressed as they were liberated, by the
fluids being forced back, and returning through their vessels,
they distended the freed portion of the limb. The branchie
_ Ana. and Mag. N. Hist. 1852. X. n.s. p. 216.

PARTHENOPIDA. 29

were beautifully represented in the exuvie; the teeth on
the edges of the claws closed accurately on each other in the
renewed crab, although there was scarcely a trace of them
distinguishable in the slough, the teeth having been pro-
bably worn smooth by use. Mr. Gosse did not observe
“any of the struggling that is sometimes spoken of; it
seemed to be a very easy and simple matter. The new
integuments were perfected, though soft, before the old
were thrown off, and the immediate cause of the separation
of the crust appears to be the sudden growth of the animal
within, forcing asunder the upper and lower crusts at the
posterior margin ;. then the pulling out of the limbs pre-
sents no more difficulty than what depends on the enfeebled
condition of the muscular energy.”

Fam. PARTHENOPIDA, M. Edw.

Four hind pairs of legs much shorter than the fore legs.
First pair large; in the male, and sometimes in both sexes,
very much longer than the others. JBasilar joint of the
outer antennze almost always slightly developed, not united
to the front. Carapace more or less triangular.

A family very feebly represented in the British seas. In
the seas of warmer climates there are many fine species.

30 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

The large Parthenope, from which the family name is de-
rived, looks like a piece of rock, corroded by the action of
the waves.

Gen. 7. KURYNOME, Leach.

Eyes retractile ; hands more or less triangular, and armed
with teeth. Carapace covered with asperities. Beak hori-
zontal, and divided into two triangular horns. Outer an-
tennee with the first jomt ending at the inner angle of the
orbit, the next joint springing from its upper edge, so that
the movable stem, which is prolonged under the beak,
seems to spring from the inner canthus of the eyes. Abdo-
men in both sexes of seven joints.

EuryNome aspera. Strawberry Crab. (Plate IL. fig. 2.)
—Of a rosy colour with bluish tints, rugose, with a large
triangular tooth at the outer angle of the orbit, and three
or four smaller ones along the side margin on the branchial
region. Anterior legs tubercular, slightly compressed, nearly
straight in the female: the other legs rugose, and furnished
with a crest which is most distinct on the third joint.

Found in deep water, though not very commonly, on
various parts of the coast. The Rev. G. Gordon found it
at Lossie Mouth, in the Moray Firth. Dr. James Howden

EURYNOME. ot

in the Firth of Forth, off Prestonpans and Port Seaton,
where it is often incrusted with minute algee and mud, so
as to be easily overlooked. Mr. M‘Andrew dredged it in
Loch Fyne. On the south coast of England it is met with
in several places, and also on the Inish coast, as in Belfast
Bay and elsewhere. The Rev. Alfred Norman remarks that
it is always found on hard ground and in deep water: he
finds it abundantly in the Firth of Clyde and at Oban.

This is sometimes called the Strawberry Crab, from its
being covered over with pink tubercles on a white ground,
so that it has some resemblance to the fruit whence the
name is derived. ‘These tubercles consist of short cylindri-
cal columns, truncated at the end, and terminating in po-
lished red or white hemispherical knobs. Mr. Gosse, in his
‘Aquarium,’ p. 137, has given an account of its habits.
He remarks :—‘‘ The Strawberry Crab is a climber. If it
were a terrestrial animal, I should say its habits are arvo-
real. ‘True, it now and then wanders over the bottom of its
abode, with slow and painful march, the hind feet held up
at an angle above the level of the back; but generally it
seeks an elevated position. We usually see it in the morn-
ing perched on the summit of some one of the more bushy
weeds in the Aquarium, as the Chondrus or Phyllophora

32 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

vubens, where it has taken its station during the night, the
season of its chief activity, as of most other Crustacea. It
interested me much to see it climb; seizing the twigs above
it by stretching out its long arms alternately, it dragged up
its body from branch to branch, mounting to the top of the
plant deliberately, but with ease. While watching it I was
strongly reminded of the Orang-otan at the Zoological Gar-
dens; the manner in which each of these very dissimilar
animals performed the same feat was so closely alike, as to
create an agreeable feeling of surprise. This circumstance
led me to think of another; the resemblance was not only
in habit, but in conformation also, viz. in the great length
of arm. This is obviously an adaptation for climbing in the
Quadrumane as well as the Crustacean ; and afew examples
occurred to my remembrance in which a similar structure
is associated with the like habit. All the Monkey tribe,
for instance, and the Sloths of South America, which are
almost exclusively arboreal, have the anterior limbs exces-
sively long. Many of the Longicorns among Beetles are
remarkable for their developed arms, and these are essen-
tially tree insects. Again, among the Spiders, the per-
pendicnlar web-makers, as Epeira, Tetragnatha, etc., which
run to and fro on the tracery of their slender lines, hike sea-

CANCERIDA. 33

men manning the shrouds on a fleet gala-day—have the an-
terior legs much elongated.”

Its eggs are of a bright red transparent coral-colour.
The young has the beak spiny on the outside, the sides of
the carapace have only two lamelle, and the abdomen is
tuberculated. Mr. Hailstone has described it in this state
as a distinct species, under the name of Z. spinosa.

Tribe 2. CYCLOMETOPITA,* MM. Edw.

_ Carapace very wide, and regularly arcuated in front ;
contracted behind.

Some of the species are essentially organized for swim-
ming, and are found on the open sea; others live near the
coast, but never quit the water; some live as long out
of the water as in it; while others dig in the-sand a sub-
terranean cave, into which they retreat. (M. Edw. l.c., i.
367.)

Fam. CANCERIDA, M. Edw.

Carapace wider than long, narrowed somewhat behind,
the frontal sides forming a segment of a circle. Legs not
adapted for swimming; the hind ones similar to the others,
and ending in a pointed, claw-lke toe.

* KukdAos, a circle; petwzor, front.

34 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

This is an extensive family, though there are but few
species found in this country. One of these however is
ealled tHE Cras par excellence, and is highly esteemed as
food. ‘The crust of most of these Cancerid@ 1s very strong
and hard.

Gen. 8. XANTHO, Leach.

Carapace wide, back somewhat flattened, the hind legs
more or less compressed. Latero-anterior margins of cara-
pace about the same length as the posterior part, with three
or four strong teeth; abdomen with seven joints im the fe-
male, and only five in the male. Movable stem of outer
antennz springing from the inner angle of orbit, inner an-
tenn transversely folded.

XantHo FroRTDA, Mont. sp. Montagu’s Crab. (Plate
II. fig. 3.) —Fingers black, rounded, and without the slightest
trace of grooves. Fore legs swollen and large, the following
short, furnished with hairs on the upper margin of the third
joint. Carapace reddish-brown, the claws black. :

Found abundantly on the coasts of Cornwall, and less
frequently on those of Devonshire and Dorsetshire; and
also on several parts of the Irish coast. Mr. Gosse finds
that with its flat back, when kept in an Aquarium, it causes
great disorder, by turning over the stones, even when of con- —
siderable size.

XANTHO. 3D

XANTHO RIVULOSA, Risso, sp. isso’s Cral.—Fingers
grooved, brown, the bosses on the carapace more depressed
than in the preceding. four last pairs of legs furnished
with hairs along their upper margin. Carapace yellowish,
spotted with red.

Common on the coast of Cornwall, under stones about
low-water mark, where it was first ascertained to be British
by Mr. Couch.

Xanruo Tupercuara, Bell.—The carapace slightly de-
pressed in front; hands and wrists tuberculated, rugose ;
fingers nearly black, the movable one with three grooves ;
third joint of the four last pairs of legs minutely toothed
on the upper edge, the three terminal joints covered entirely
with hair.

Found by Mr. Couch in Mount’s Bay, whence he first
sent it to Professor Bell, who described and figured it in
his classical work.

Gen. 9. CANCER, Z.

Sides of carapace in front with many teeth or lobes placed
close together. Movable stem of outer antenne springing
from under the front, and completely out of the orbit, from
which it is separated by a prolongation of the basilar joint

36 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of these appendages, which is united with the front. Inner
antennee longitudinally folded.

Cancer Paaurus, L. Common Crab.—Carapace granu-
lated above, latero-anterior margin nine-lobed, the lobes
close to each other and entire.

Generally distributed on our coasts. In Scotland it is
called “ Parten.”

Couch* says that in Cornwall the female is called “ Bon-
Crab,” and begins to breed when about three inches across
the carapace. Among the multitudes of young found be-
neath stones at low-water mark, Mr. Couch has never seen
a female. The male is called in Cornwall the “ Stool Crab,”
and not uncommonly weighs twelve pounds, whilst the fe-
male is rarely of half that size. Mr. Couch says, ‘‘ Although
this crab is sormewhat affected by cold weather, so that it is
most abundantly caught in summer, its activity is not di-
minished by it, and some may be obtained at all seasons.
The fishery, therefore, is more influenced by the danger to
which the pots, set to take them, are exposed in stormy
weather, than by the absolute scarcity of the crabs. Their
haunts are along the edges of rocks, in situations varying
from low-water mark to about twenty fathoms; and the

* Cornish Fauna, p. 68.

CANCER. ay

Selection is perhaps as much influenced by the facility of
hiding or burrowing as by the supply of food.”

From Mr. Gosse’s ‘ Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devon-
shire Coast,’ p. 174, the following extract, of “A Crab at
home,” is derived. ‘‘ At the water’s edge, at the outer base
of the Capstone, at low-water spring tide, I was looking
about for Actinias, when peering into a hole I saw a fine
Crab, not of the very largest, but still of very nice table
dimensions. I poked in my arm and took hold of him;
and though he made vigorous efforts to hold fast the angles
and notches of his cave with his sharp toes, I pulled him
out and carried him home. I noticed that there came out
with him the claw of a crab of a similar size, but quite
soft, which I supposed might have been either carried in
there by my gentleman to eat, or accidentally washed in.
After I had got him out, for it was a male, I looked in
and saw another at the bottom of the hole, which appeared
to me considerably smaller. I debated whether 1 should
essay this one also, but reflected that I could only eat one
at a supper, and that moderation in luxuries is becoming;
‘so,’ said I, ‘friend Crab, stay there till next time; I may
find you here again on some other auspicious morning.’
When I arrived at home, however, I discovered that I had

38 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

left my pocket-knife at the mouth of the crab-hole. I felt
loath to part with my old knife, and therefore at once put on ~
my hat, running hard, for fear the tide, which had already
turned, might be too igh. I got to the place however just
in time, found my knife, and then took another peep at the
crab: it had not moved, and thinking that if I could not
eat it myself I might ask my neighbour’s acceptance of it,
I drew it out with my fingers, as I had done with the former.
But lo! it was a soft Crab, the shell being of the consis-
tency of wet parchment, and the colours (all except those of
the carapace) being pale. It was a female too, without any
sign of spawn, and had lost one claw; strange, that 1 had
not thought of connecting the soft claw that I had drawn
out before with this crab that I saw at the bottom; but I
carefully put the helpless creature into the hole again, and
saw that it settled its legs and body comfortably in its old
quarters, and there I left it; for our crab is worthless for
the table in this condition, unlike the Land Crabs of the
West Indies, which are esteemed peculiarly delicate in their
soft state. What then are we to infer from this association ?
Do the common Crabs live in pairs? and does one keep
guard at the mouth of their cavern while its consort is un-
dergoing its change of skin? If this is the case, it is a

PILUMNUS. 39

pretty trait of cancerine character, and one not unworthy
of their acute instinct and sagacity in other respects. The
male displayed no appearance of the moult, its coat being
of a shelly hardness. I have no doubt that the claw of its
mate was unintentionally torn off, in its efforts to grasp some
hold, when resisting my tugs in dragging him out.”

Gen. 10. PILUMNUS, Leach.

Carapace convex above, and more or less covered with
longish hairs. Outer antennee with the first joint small;
second joint nearly as long as the first, lodged in the inner
orbital canthus, and extending beyond the front. Four hind
pairs of legs hairy. Abdomen in both sexes of seven joints.

PILUMNUS HIRTELLUS, Linn. sp. Harry Crab.—Latero-
anterior margins of carapace, with four spines placed on the
same line; front divided by a deep fissure down the middle.
Fore legs unequal in size. The colour of this Crab is
brownish-red, with dull yellow spots. The legs are banded
with a dull yellowish colour.

Found on the southern and western coasts of England,
and also on the Irish coasts. On the South Devon coast
the Rev. Alfred Norman finds it in fifteen fathoms.

40 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 11. PIRIMELA, Leach.

Carapace nearly as long as broad. Onuter jaw-feet with
the third joint having the fourth inserted by its inner edge,
and prolonged much beyond it over the epistome. Abdomen
of the female of seven joints, of the male formed of five.

PIRIMELA DENTICULATA, Mont. sp. Toothed Pirimela.
(Plate III. fig. 1.)—Carapace smooth, strongly bossed on
the stomachal, genital, and branchial regions; concave on
the hepatic regions ; latero-anterior margins on each side,
with four or five strong flattened teeth. Hands furnished
with a slight crest above, and one or two grooved lines on
their outer face.

Not a very abundant species. It is found on the south
coast of England; Mr. Norman says it is apparently not
uncommon among weeds at extreme low-water mark in
Guernsey and Herm. It has been found also on the coasts

of Scotland and Ireland.

Fam. PORTUNIDZ, Leach.
In these the last pair of feet are much flattened out side-
wise, and the toe in particular is dilated into an oval, thin-
edged plate, which, striking obliquely upon the water, acts

Plate iil.

Soweclsy del ct hth .

1. PBirimela denticnlata .

Vincent Brooks Imp.

2.Polbybius Henslown.

3.Poruanus puber.

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CARCINUS. 4]

as an oar, with that peculiar action which is known to boat-
men as sculling. . . . “None of our native Crabs are ‘ at
the top of the tree’ in the swimming profession. ‘Their
efforts, even those of the best of them, are awkward bun-
glings, when compared with the freedom and fleetness of
those I have seen in the Caribbean Sea, and among the gulf-
weed in the tropical Atlantic, which shoot through the
water almost like a fish, with the feet on the side that hap-
pens to be the front all tucked close up, and those on the
opposite side stretched away behind, so as to ‘hold no
water,’ as a seaman would say, and thus offer no impedi-
ment to the way. Our species are obliged to keep their
pair of sculls continually working while they swim ; a series
of laborious efforts just sufficient to counteract the force of
gravity ; and the seesaw motion of the bent and flattened
joints of the oar-feet is so much like that of a fiddler’s
elbow, as to have given rise to a very widely-adopted appel-
lation of these Crabs, among our marine populace.” *

Gen. 12. CARCINUS,+ Leach.

Carapace nearly as long as wide, the front projecting ;

* Gosse, Aquarium, p. 195.
+ Kapxwvos, a Crab. Mr. Dana places the genera Carcinus, Portumnus, and

4.2 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACHA.

latero-anterior teeth five. Hye-peduncles short. Tarsi of
hind legs very narrow and lance-shaped.

Carcinus Ma&Nas, Linn. sp. Common Shore Crab.—
When alive, greenish; carapace slightly granular m front ;
front ending in three rounded lobes; inner edge of wnist
with a strong spine.

The most common species on our coasts. It is very vo-
racious. Dr. James Howden refers to this Crab and the C.
Pagurus, as being often very injurious to the salmon-fisher.
He has seen trout and mackerel reduced to skeletons in a
very short time, and grilse and salmon often rendered unfit
for market by an unseemly scar, the work of these marauders.
In the Moray Firth, according to the Rev. G. Gordon, it is
occasionally employed as bait; particularly the “ peelarts,”
or those specimens which have just cast their shells.* An
anomalous parasite, named Sacculina Carcini, is found on
this Crab: it is apparently destitute of the organs of man-
ducation.t
Polybius in a distinct family from Portunus, which he names Platyonychide,

after its characteristic genus, Platyonychus.
* Zoologist, p. 3682. + J.V. Thompson, Ent. Mag. iil. 452.

PORTUMNUS. 43

Gen. 18. PORTUMNUS, Leach.

Tarsus of hind legs very wide, lanceolate. Carapace longer
than wide, and much contracted behind; front with one of
the teeth on the middle line; a single fissure on the upper
orbital margin. Abdomen of male with five segments.
Tarsus of second, third, and fourth pairs of legs narrow
and not adapted for swimming.

PortumMNus Latipes, Penn. sp. Pennant’s Swimming
Crab.—Carapace with the latero-anterior margins furnished
with very small teeth ; front legs short. It is of a dull
purplish-white, mottled with a darker hue. Found on the
south and west coasts of England and on the Irish coasts.
In Scotland it has been found on the shores of the Firth of
Forth and of the Moray Firth. The Rev. G. Gordon re-
marks that it seems never to move so far from the land as
to become the prey of any of the more rapacious fish.

Gen. 14, POLYBIUS, Leach.

Carapace nearly circular, the legs all flattened; the tarsi
of second, third, and fourth legs wide and lanceolate, those
of the fifth oval.

The Rev. Alfred Norman informs me that he has seen

4.4 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

the sandy beach between Hayle and St. Ives quite strewn
with their exuvie, and he was informed by Mr. R. Couch
that the Polydius is gregarious, swimming in shoals, and
thus occasionally occurring in great numbers on the south
coast of Cornwall.

Potysius Henstowit. Henslow’s Swimming Crab. (Plate
III. fig. 2.)—Carapace quite smooth and flat above. Body
very depressed; front with five triangular teeth.

First obtained by Professor Henslow on the north coast
of Devon, and subsequently found in various parts of the
southern coast of England. It was named by Dr. Leach
after the learned naturalist who first discovered it.

This is named Nipper Crab by the Cornish fishermen.
Mr. J. Couch, in his ‘ Cornish Fauna,’* observes that this is
more a swimming crab than any of the others; “for whilst
the other British species of this family are only able to shoot
themselves along from one low promontory to another, the
Nipper Crab mounts to the surface over the deepest water
in pursuit of its prey, among which are numbered the most
active fishes, as the mackerel and Rauning pollack (Merlan-
gus carbonarius), the skin of which it pierces with its sharp
pincers, keeping its hold until the terrified victim becomes
exhausted. We are witnesses of this curious method of

* Part I. p. 71.

PORTUNUS. 45

obtaining food in the summer only, at which season the
fishermen’s nets intercept them and their prey together ;
and it is probable that in colder weather they keep at the
bottom in deep water; from which however I have never
seen them brought in the stomachs of fishes. So far as my
observation extends, it is chiefly or only the male that pur-
sues this actively predaceous existence ; but that for a time
they also remain quietly at the bottom appears from the
fact, that while for the most part the smooth and flattened
carapace is clean, I have seen it covered with small coral-
lines (Sertularie).”

Gen. 15. PORTUNUS, Fadr.

Carapace broader than long; front narrow, projecting.
Outer antennz inserted on the same line as the eyes and
the inner antenne, their basilar joint united to the front,
and completely separating the orbit from the antennary fos-
sette. The tarsus of the second, third, and fourth pairs of
legs elongated, narrow, pointed, and grooved; tarsus of the
hind legs very wide, oval. Abdomen of male triangular.

Mr. Gosse found the young of a species of Portunus on
the Devonshire coast. They were about one-fifth of an inch
in length, and had assumed much of the form of a crab,

4.6 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

having passed from their state of Zvea to “that secondary
condition known as Megalopa.’ Ue thus describes some
specimens which he caught and placed in a vase. Their
abdomen projected like a long slender tail behind, and was
armed at the end with fine radiating pencils of hairs. “The
eyes, which were very large, projected on each side, being
set on thick footstalks; and as they were of a brillant green
hue, and very lustrous, they formed a conspicuous feature of
the little animals. They manifested a sensibility to light
correspondent to this development. At mght they congre-
gated on that side of their glass prison which was next the
candle; and when [I transferred the light to the opposite
side, they immediately scuttled across and crowded up as
close to it as possible. They would follow the candle round
and round the glass, shifting as it shifted, and stopping when
it stopped. They were very nimble in swimming, generally
keeping near the surface.”* They died off very fast, but
not before one or two underwent their change, which Mr.
Gosse was able to recognize as that of Portunus.

PortruNnus PUBER, Linn. sp. Velvet Crab. (Plate III. fig.
3.)—Front armed at least with ten teeth or spines ; carapace
densely covered with hairs ; front legs of moderate size, and

* Aquarium, p. 157.

PORTUNUS. 47

covered, as well as the following, with a dense pile, inter-
rupted by raised longitudinal lines, which are granular on
the hands and smooth on the hind legs.

Not uncommon on the south-west coast of England, and
on the Irish coast. In Scotland the Rev. G. Harris has
taken it m the Moray Firth. Mr. Norman says that it is
eaten and considered a great delicacy in the Channel Islands,
where it is known as the Lady Craé. That gentleman says
that hufdreds of them may frequently be seen on the shore,
the refuse of the lobster pots ; and he has likewise frequently
taken it under stones at low water off Tenby, and in the
Firth of Clyde.

From Mr. Gosse’s ‘Aquarium’ (p. 195) we derive the
following description :—“ An old male of the Velvet Fiddler
is a striking and handsome Crab. His body generally is
clothed with a short velvety pile of a pale brown or drab
hue, from beneath which here and there shines out the
glossy deep black shell, especially where rubbed, as at the
edges. The fect, particularly the plates of the oars, are
conspicuously striped with black; the large and formidable
claws are marked with bright scarlet and azure, as are also
the foot-jaws and face, while the eyes are of the richest ver-
milion, projecting from hollow black sockets.” This species,

48 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

when apprehensive of assault, uses its powerful claws “to
strike transversely, as a mower uses his scythe.” <A speci-
men which Mr. Gosse kept he found to be shy and recluse.
«He at once slid into the most obscure recess he could find,
beneath the dark shadow of two pieces of rock that formed
an arch. For some days he remained gloomily in his new
castle ; but at length he ventured out, under the cover of
night, and would wander about the floor of the tank. But
he never lost his cautious suspicion, and the approach of the
candle was usually the signal for a rush back to his dark
retreat. He was a fit representative of one of those giants
that nursery tradition tells of, as infesting Cambria and
Cornwall, ‘in good King Arthur’s days.’ Gloomy and
grim, strong, ferocious, crafty, and cruel, he would squat
in his obscure lair, watching for the unsuspecting tenants
of the tank to stray near, or would now and again rush
out, and seize them with fatal force and precision. As the
Giants Grim of old spared not ordinary-sized men for any
sympathy of race, so our giant Crab had no respect for
lesser Crabs, except a taste for their flesh. I had two or
three full-grown Soldier Crabs; themselves warriors of no
mean prowess; two, at least, of these fell a prey to the
fierce Fiddler. His manner of proceeding was regular and

PORTUNUS. 49

methodical. Grasping the unthinking Soldier by the thorax,
and crushing it so as to paralyze the creature, he dragged
the body out of the protecting shell. The soft, plump abdo-
men was the Zoune bouche ; this was torn off and eaten with
gusto, while the rest of the animal was wrenched limb from
limb with savage wantonness, and the fragments scattered
in front of his cave.”

Portunus Housatvs, Fabr.—Front with three small teeth.
Carapace much depressed, minutely granulated. Hind legs
with tarsus rounded at the end.—Found on various parts
of the coast: Sandgate, Firth of Forth.

PortuNus corrueatus, Penn. sp. Wrinkled Swimming
Crab.—Carapace convex, and covered with transverse granu-
lar lines, which have hairs inserted on them. Front project-
ing, and divided into three lobes, of which the middle pro-
jects beyond the lateral lobes. Sides of carapace with five
teeth, very sharp and nearly equal.

Not a common species. First found on the shores of the
Isle of Skye: it occurs also in Plymouth Sound. The Rev.
Alfred Norman has taken it, but rarely, in Cornwall.

Portunus Lonerpers, Risso.— Front wide, projecting,
entire or slightly four-lobed. Legs very slender and very
long; second pair of legs longer than the first pair, and

E

50 HISTORY OF, BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

very much shorter than the third pair. Carapace with the
latero-anterior margins short.

Cornwall (Mr. Cocks) ; off Falmouth in deep water (Rev.
A. Norman); Oxwich Bay near Sandwich, and Mount’s
Bay (Mr. Bate).*

Portunus pLicatus, Risso.—Front with three strong
triangular teeth ; carapace with the surface unequal, some-
what granular, and covered with hairs, considerably nar-
rowed behind.

A common species on many parts of our coasts as far
north as the Moray Firth. This species and the next are
ealled in Cornwall, Harbour or Mary Crabs; they are very
ravenous, and fasten eagerly on any animal substance that
comes within their reach. (Couch, ‘Cornish Fauna,’ p. 72.)

Portunus mMarmoreEus, Leach. Marbled Fin Crab.—
Front with three small blunt teeth; carapace very slightly
granulated, without hair, symmetrically marked with buff
and brownish-red. Hind legs with the tarsus pointed at
the ends.

Not uncommon on our coast. Mr. Bell remarks that
“the colours of this species are exceedingly varied and

* This has been described by Mr. Spence Bate as the Portunus Dalyelli.
Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vii. 321.

PORTUNUS. 5]

beautiful, particularly in the males. Buff, light brown,
deeper brown, and brownish-red, are arranged over the
carapace in varied but always exactly symmetrical patterns.
The only way in which these beautiful markings can be
preserved is, by raising the carapace, taking out the soft
parts, and drying the specimens im a shady place in a brisk
current of air.’ At Sandgate, in May 1844, Mr. Bell pro-
cured nearly four hundred specimens of this species at two
casts of the dredge ; and he remarks that “it is very curious
to observe how local these cleansers are. In the former
year, at Bognor, I found multitudes of Portunus Rondeletii,
which absolutely swarmed in the Prawn and Lobster-pots ;
but not a specimen of any other species was obtained there.
The place of these is supplied at Sandgate by the present
species, whilst farther to the west P. puber and P. depurator
appear to occupy the ground, and perform the same im-
portant office of scavengers of the sea.’’*

Portrunus pusittus, Leach. Dwarf Fin Crab.—Cara-
pace very convex and bossed, without hairs ; front project-
ing much, divided into three lobes, central one projecting
beyond the side one; hind legs with the tarsus lanceolate.

Hab. British coast, from Shetland to Cornwall. In the

* British Crustacea, p. 106.

52 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Moray Firth and the Firth of Forth it is very common, and
also in the Firth of Clyde (Rev. A. Norman).

Portrunus arcuatus, Leach.—Front of carapace entire,
or very slightly two-lobed ; second pair of legs shorter than
the first pair, and nearly as long as the third pair. Cara-
pace granular, the penultimate lateral tooth much smaller
than the others.

Generally distributed on the coast. Mr. Bell says that
its habits are very similar to those of the other species of
the genus; “they are active, bold, swimming with agility,
and seizing with great sharpness and pinching severely with
their acute claws. They are gregarious, like most of their
congeners; and I found them extremely abundant at Bog- |
nor, where they constantly infest the prawn-pots, and, as
the fishermen believe, keep the prawns from the bait.”*
The Rev. Alfred Norman remarks that this species is abun-
dant in Falmouth harbour, in four fathoms; he finds it in
the Firth of Clyde, in the coralline zone.

Tribe 3. CATOMETOPITA, WM. Edw.
Carapace generally quadrilateral or ovate, with the front
nearly straight. Eyes often on long pedicels.

* British Crustacea, p. 99.

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Plate IV.

Sowerby del. et th . ® Vincent Brooks Imp.

1Pinnotheres pisuin, a@male. 6 fem. 2.Gonoplax angulate.
3.Fbaha tuberosa . 4. Thia polite. 5.Coarystes Uassivelaunus.

PINNOTHERES. 53

Some of the species live inside bivalve shells, but the
greater number live free. Some of the exotic species, such
as the Land Crabs of the West Indies, only visit the sea
to hatch their eggs; others, as the species of Ocypode, can
run with great agility.

Fam. PINNOTHERIDZ, Leach.

Carapace circular, at least as long as wide. Abdomen of
the male with the second joint much narrower than the
corresponding part of the sternal shield. Front generally
very narrow. Lye-stalks very short. Fourth joint of outer
jaw-feet fixed at the top or outer angle of the third joint.

The species of this family are of small size, and they live
parasitically within the lobes of the mantle of bivalve shells.
The females are much larger and much more soft than their
mates.

Gen. 16. PINNOTHERKES, Latr.

Front wide enough to conceal beneath it the inner an-
tenne. The outer jaw-feet, when closed, semilunar in front,
very wide behind; the inner antenne transverse. Carapace
and body circular, and rounded above. Abdomen of male
very small; of female much swollen and wider than the
sternal shield.

54 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Although the species of this family are very small, and
of themselves would form but a small addition to the food
of man, yet they are, in some places where they abound,
eaten along with the testacea on which they are parasitic.
Mr. Say, after his description of a species found in the
common American oyster (Ostrea Virginica), adds, that those
who are fond of oysters seldom reject the Pea Crab, and that
in the States, in those places where the fresh oyster is opened
in considerable numbers, the little Crabs, though only seven-
twentieths of an inch long by two-fifths wide, are often col-
lected apart and served up to gratify the palate of the gour-
mand.*

PINNOTHERES PISUM, Penn. sp. Common Pea Crab. (Plate
IV. fig. 1.)—Carapace soft. Front prominent in the male,
not extending beyond the bent line formed by the front part
in the female. Lower edge of the hands fringed with hairs.
Abdomen of female circular.

Commonly found in the common Mussel, and sometimes
in the common Cockle, but rarely in the Oyster ; the female
(fig. 6) is much more common than the male (fig. a). Mr.
Bell describes the male as being variable in colour. It is
generally of a pale yellowish-grey, with somewhat darker

* Journ. Acad. Se. Phil. i. 68.

PINNOTHERES. 55

symmetrical markings. The female is generally somewhat
transparent, brown above, with a yellow spot over the front
and an irregular one on each branchial region; the abdo-
men yellow, with a large central triangular brown spot.

PINNOTHERES VETERUM, Bosc. Pinna Pea Crab.—The
lower margin of right hand in the female furnished with a
small spine. Abdomen of female generally oval; in the male
the carapace has the front slightly notched.

Devonshire and Ireland, in the Pinna ingens and in Mo-
dioli, and also the common Oyster.

Both male and female are brown. ‘This is the species
found in the Mediterranean, and whose history, mingled with
much fable, is recorded by some of the ancient authors.

In the poet Oppian* the story of the Pinnotheres is
recorded according to the ancient belief of its life and
manners. We quote the translation of this story given by

Pennant.
“Tn clouded deeps below the Pzxza hides,

And through the silent paths obscurely glides ;
A stupid wretch, and void of thoughtful care,
He forms no bait, nor lays the tempting snare ;
But the dull sluggard boasts a Craé his friend,
Whose busy eyes the coming prey attend :

2

* Halieut., lib. u., quoted by Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 2.

56 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

One room contains them, and the partners dwell
Beneath the convex of one sloping shell ;

Deep in the wat’ry vast the comrades rove,

And mutual interest binds their mutual love;
That wiser friend the lucky juncture tells,

When in the gaping circuit of his shells

Fish wandering enter; then the bearded guide
Warns the dull mate, and pricks his tender side ;
He knows the hint, nor at the treatment grieves,
But hugs th’ advantage and the pain forgives ;
His closing shells the Pizza sudden joins,

And *twixt the pressing sides the prey confines.
Thus fed by mutual aid, the friendly pair

Divide their gaius, and all the plunder share.”

Fam. GONOPLACIDA), M. Edw.

Carapace rhomboidal, its front margin and sides forming
continuous lines. Front very wide, occupying generally a
third of the length of fore margin. Outer antennee hori-
zontal, and lodged beneath the front. Eye-stalks very long.
Abdomen of male with second jot narrower than corre-
sponding portion of sternal plate.

The species of this family appear to be restricted to the
seas of the Old World ; but one species is found in our seas;
this however is a well-marked member of the family.

GONOPLAX. : 57

Gen. 17. GONOPLAX, Leach.

Eye-stalks very long. Carapace much wider than long.
Front legs of the adult male nearly five times the length of
the carapace; in female about twice the length of carapace.
Abdomen of male with seven distinct joints, as in the female.

The Mediterranean species, which is allied to ours, was
observed by Risso to swim with great ease, and often to
come to the surface of the water, without however ever
leaving it. It feeds on small fishes and radiated animals.

GonopLax ANGULATA, Penn. sp. Angular Crab. (Plate IV.
fig. 2.)—Carapace armed on each side with two small spines
directed forwards. Arm cylindrical, spined about the middle
of its upper edge, the wrist with two spines.

Coast of Devon and Cornwall. In the latter county, ac-
cording to Mr. Couch, it is common in moderately deep
water, and often in the stomachs of fishes. It has been
taken on the Irish coast. Mr. Cranch observes* that these
Crabs live in excavations formed in the hardened mud, and
that their habitations, at the extremities of which they live,
are open at each end. The fore legs of the adult male are
nearly five times the length of the carapace ; but in younger

* Leach, Mal. Pod. Brit. t. 18.

58 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

specimens they are not much longer than those of the fe-
males, in which they are about twice the length of the shell.

Fam. GRAPSIDZ, Bell.

Carapace square. [ye-stalks very short. Front very wide,
occupying nearly half of the fore margin of the carapace.
Abdomen of male with the second joint nearly as wide as
corresponding part of breast, and reaching nearly to the
base of hind legs.

A most widely distributed family, containing a great num-
ber of species chiefly found in the warmer parts of the globe.
The species here recorded can only be considered as an acci-
dental visitor.

Mr. Macleay, in the first volume of the ‘Transactions
of the Zoological Society,’* alludes to two species of this
family as characteristic objects in ‘the general appearance
of a sandy seashore in the island of Cuba; . . . when every
object to the dazzled eye seems quivering under the broiling
sun,” the Goniopsis ruricola and Grapsus pictus may be seen
running over the seaweed that has been left by the tide.
The former of these usually inhabits the muddy mouths of
rivers or mangrove marshes in bays, while the Grapsus fre-

Voli p. 184:

PLANES. 59

quents an open sandy or rocky coast. Both the species
are exceedingly suspicious and active, the Grapsus on being
alarmed running swiftly for shelter to the sea, while the
Goniopsis makes for the holes which it forms in the mud.

Gen. 18. PLANES, Leach.

Carapace longer than wide. Front projecting and simply
inclined. Tarsi thick and spined. The species of this genus
are found amongst the Gulf-weed (Sargassum natans), which
seems to be their natural haunt; so that the occurrence of
these crabs on our coasts is a mere accident.

Puanes Lrsnauana. Floating Crab.—Carapace smooth ;
behind the outer orbital angle there is a small tooth, more
or less marked.

Occasionally washed up on the shores of Devonshire and
Cornwall. This is a common Crab among the Gulf-weed,
and may have been the species pointed out to his some-
what mutinous companions by the greatest of navigators,
as an indication that they were not very far from land; a
sign by which he contrived to keep up their spirits, dis-
heartened by long sailing over an ocean apparently without
a shore in the direction their ships were making. Milne-
Edwards has named this genus Nawtilograpsus. The spe-

60 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

cies of the allied genus Brachynotus is found in the Medi-
terranean; it has been found under the tail of the Zestudo
Midas, or Turtle.

Tribe 4. OXYSTOMATA.
Fam. LEUCOSIADZ, Leach.

Carapace more or less circular in general outline; the
outer jaw-feet, when closed, triangular, and sharp-pointed
in front (Plate IV. fig. 3a). No branchial openings before
the front legs ; outer antennz rudimentary.

This family and the following belong to the tribe Oxy-
STOMATA, or Pointed-mouthed Crabs, so called from most of
the Crustacea included in it having the mouth-apparatus
triangular, the front portion being narrow and pointed.
The family Lewcosiade has been lately monographed by
the able hand of Professor Bell, in the ‘ Linnean Transac-
tions.’ The family is very feebly represented in our seas ;
many of the exotic species and genera are very striking and
peculiar Crabs.

Gen. 19. EBALIA, Leach.

Carapace knobbed, its sides slightly dilated, its general
form rhomboidal ; outer jaw-feet with the palpus not dilated

EBALIA. 61

‘on the side. Abdomen seven-jointed, some of the joints
confluent ; in the male narrow (Plate IV. 4), in the female
broad (Plate IV. c), the last joint very small, and imbedded
between the base of the foot-jaws.

EBALIA TUBEROSA,* Penn. sp. Plate LV. fig. 3. Pennant’s
Nut Crab.—The latero-anterior edge of carapace divided into
two lobes by a fissure ; carapace raised, with a blunt crest
and three branches, the front on the median line of stomachal
region, and the two others on the branchial regions.

Found on various parts of our coast as far north as
Shetland, where it was procured by Mr. Barlee.t The
Rev. Alfred Norman has found it occasionally in Devon
and Cornwall, and remarks that it is “abundant and fine in
fifteen fathoms on hard ground in the Firth of Clyde.”

‘Mr. Gosse in his ‘ Aquarium’ (p..161) gives us some
particulars of the habits of this little Crab. He describes it
as “inert, folding its legs on itself when touched, and re-
maining motionless for some time. It buries itself in the
gravel, descending backwards; this is a somewhat slow pro-
cess, suited to its usual phlegmatic habit. It brings its
hindmost pairs of feet on each side together, then thrusting

* Cancer tuberosus, Pennant ; Ebalia Pennantii, Leach.
+ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 356.

62 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA,

down their united points opens and expands them, forcing
apart the gravel; at the same moment the posterior part of
the body is brought down into the hollow thus made, and
the action of the feet is repeated. The process is continued
until the hinder parts are covered, and the muzzle alone is
visible, with the two claws. Thus it sits quite still, remind-
ing one of a toad, the broad triangular pedipalps, that fit so
close, occasionally opening, like the folding doors of a tiny
cabinet, and allowing the palpi to be thrust out to wipe the
minute eyes. The face, when examined with a lens through
the glass walls of the Aquarium, has a most funny expres-
sion, being singularly like that of an ancient man.” Mr.
Gosse found that the Ebalia was chiefly active at mght: its
activity however is not great.

Exatta tumMeracta,* Mont. sp. Bryer’s Nut Crab.—
Carapace sub-rhomboidal, smooth, with a smooth reflected
margin, and three round elevations placed triangularly.
Colour pale dull yellow ; arm scarcely twice as long as it
is broad.

Found at Weymouth, and at other places on the coast of
England and Ireland. The Rev. Alfred Norman took one
specimen at Budleigh Salterton in 1852.

* Cancer tumefactus, Montagu ; Ebalia Bryerii, Leach.

EBALIA. 63

Epatta Crancutt, Leach, sp. Cranch’s Nut Crab.—
Front rather deeply notched ; latero-anterior marvin of the
carapace entire. Arm three times as long as it is broad.

First found by Cranch in Plymouth Sound, and subse-
quently found elsewhere on the coasts of the British Islands.
The Rev. G. Gordon reports it to be very frequent on the
fishing grounds of the Moray Firth. “This Crab frequently
affords the best preserved specimens of Crustacea that are
to be found in that curious agglomeration of the vestiges of
organic life—the contents of the fish stomach. [rom their
small size, they often escape the bruising power of the teeth,
and the hardness of the carapace resists for a time the attri-
tion and the dissolving power to which they are afterwards
subjected.”*

Fam. CORYSTIDA, Leach.

Outer antenne very large; hind legs of same size and
kind as the others, and employed for the same purposes ;
sternal plate narrow and elongated.

Eleven or twelve genera of this family are known to
Naturalists; three only of these are British; one, Z/ia, an
interesting addition to our Fauna, discovered on the Irish

* Rey. G. Gordon, in ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 3683.

64 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

coast. Most of the species burrow among the sand, for
which they are well adapted by their peculiar structure.

Gen. 20. ATELECYCLUS,* Leach.

Carapace wide, nearly circular, arcuated in front, and
contracted behind; the edges with many teeth. ‘The pits
in which the antenne are placed, longitudinal; the front
toothed. Fore legs strong, short. Abdomen of male of five
distinct joints, that of the female of seven, the last nearly
as large as the preceding, and reaching nearly to the mouth.

ATELECYCLUS SEPTEMDENTATUS, Mont. sp. t—Carapace
almost smooth on the stomachal region, armed on its la-
tero-anterior margins with teeth, alternately large and mode-
rate. Hairs on the legs very long and silky.

In deep water on various parts of the coast from Shet-
land to Cornwall; it was first found by Montagu on the
coast of Devonshire. On the Cornish coast it is very com-
mon. Mr. Couch remarks that this species must abound
at the depth of twenty to fifty fathoms, as he has found
thirty in the stomach of a single Cod, and almost every Ray,
opened for several days in succession, was found to contain

* Aredns, imperfect ; kudos, a circle.
+ Cancer (Hippa) septemdentatus, Jont.; Atelecyclus heterodon, Leach.

THIA. 65

them (‘Cornish Fauna,’ p. 74). In Devon it is named the
Old Man’s Face Crab.

Gen. 21. THIA, Leach.

Carapace heart-shaped, much contracted behind, smooth
and arched only from side to side; front wide, lamellar, and
considerably projecting; front legs short and compressed ;
the other legs still shorter, and terminating in a straight
and very sharp joint. Abdomen nearly of similar form in
both sexes.

Tuta pouira, Leach. Polished Crab. (Plate IV. fig.
4,.)—Carapace very smooth, and margined with long hairs.
Eyes very small. When alive the carapace is of a rosy
hue.

Dr. Scouler obtained a specimen at Roundstone, Conne-
mara, which he sent to the British Museum. Dr. Melville
sent three specimens to Mr. Bell from Galway; they were
found buried in the sand. Their smooth, slightly arched
carapace and whole form are well adapted for this habit.
It seems to be a common species in the Mediterranean.

66 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 22. CORYSTES, Latr.

Carapace much longer than wide, with a few teeth ; front
lamellar, forming a triangular beak. Outer antennz very
large, much longer than carapace, and furnished on upper
and lower margins with a row of long hairs. Fore legs of
male very long. ;

Mr. Couch thus refers to the use of the long antenne.
He says that our species burrows in the sand, leaving only
the ends of its antenne projecting above the surface; he
supposes that these organs are of some use beyond their
common office of feelers, perhaps assisting in the process of
excavation. He remarks, “‘ When soiled by labour, I have
seen the Crab effect their cleaning, by alternately bending
the joints of their stalks, which stand conveniently angular
for this purpose. Lach of the long antenne is thus drawn
along the brush that fringes the internal face of the other,
until both are cleared of every particle that adhered to
them.”*

Corystes CasstveLaunus, Penn. sp. Pennant’s Long-
armed Crab. (Plate LV. fig. 5.)—Carapace swollen, with two
irregular waving grooves, which to the fanciful eye seem to

* Cornish Fauna, p. 74.

DROMIA. 67

mark out the appearance of a face; three spiniform teeth
on the side of the carapace, separate from each other.
Found at various parts of the British and Irish coast.

Suborder IJ. Anomoura, WZ. Edw.

In the various species of this suborder, which connects
the short and long-tailed suborders, the cephalo-thoracic
portion of the body is always much more developed than
the abdominal part. ‘This, in some of them, is doubled in
under the carapace, in others it is extended. The fifth pair
of legs, and sometimes indeed the two hind pairs, are not
formed for walking, but are rudimentary, and transformed
into organs for holding with, or at least are situated above
the level of the other legs. ‘The inner and outer antenne
are generally well developed. in one of the groups, con-
taining Dromia and Lithodes, the abdomen has no terminal
appendages, while in the other, containmg the Hermit Crabs,
that part is furnished with a pair of movable appendages.
The sternal plate is generally linear between the three last
legs, and widened in front.

Fam. DROMIADA, M. Edw.

The body is more or less globular, and the front of the

68 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

carapace bent down. ‘The eyes are short, and lodged in
well-formed orbits: the inner antenne are very short, and
lodged in a groove.

Gen. 23. DROMIA, Faér.

Carapace thickly covered with short hairs ; two hind pairs
of legs small, raised above the others on the back, and end-
ing in a double claw, by means of which they can attach
themselves to marine substances, such as sponges.

Haan tells us that the Dromia Rumphvi and other species
are not eaten by the Japanese, who regard them as poison-
ous.”

Dromta vutearis, M. Edw. (Plate V. fig. 1.)—Carapace
strongly knobbed above; the sides between the eyes and
the middle with four broad teeth, of a deep brown colour,
with pinkish claws.

When young, the abdomen very much resembles that of
the Macroura, being thick, and ending im a fan-like expanded
fin, and furnished beneath with false swimming-legs. In
this state the Dromia seems adapted for swimming; but
in the adult state, when the abdomen is smaller and bent
under the body, the creature seems to be very sedentary.

First recorded as British by Dr. Gray, who obtained a spe-

* Faun. Jap. 107.

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LITHODES. 69

cimen in Billingsgate Market, amongst oysters from Whit-
stable in Essex, in 1825. Mr. Ingall found it at Beachy
Head, in Sussex, in 1848. Dr. Lukis told me, in 1856,
that this species is taken in fine condition among the Chan-
nel Islands. :

Fam. LITHODIADA, Leach.

Carapace generally very much covered with spines, and
ending in a longish beak. Inner antenne long and ex-
posed ; the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs very long ;
the fifth pair very short, and not used in walking.

Gen. 24. LITHODES, Laér.

Carapace triangular, covered with spines. Beak very
long; fifth joint of outer jaw-feet oblong, and seldom wider
than the fourth. Carapace with its last ring not united in
the same piece with the preceding, but free, and even mov-
able. Hind legs very small, and folded back into the interior
of the branchial cavities.

There are five or six species of this distinct genus now
known to naturalists. Mr. Dana* describes one of these,

* Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition, i. p. 428.

70 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

the Lnthodes antarcticus, as bemg abundant in Fuegia,
where it is found in water between two and three fathoms
in depth. It creeps along the bottom with sluggish mo-
tion, as it has neither legs nor appendages fitted for swim-
ming.

Lirnopes mata, linn. sp. Northern Stone Crab. (Plate
V. fig. 2.)—Beak very long, at the end with two short di-
verging teeth; legs and carapace covered with spines.

Mr. Harris (‘ Zoologist,’ 3002) describes a specimen newly
taken out of the water as being of a burnished dullish scarlet.

Coast of Scotland ; and also dredged between the Isle of
Man and the Mull of Galloway. Spmy as this species is,
even in its young state, it becomes the prey of some of our
fishes, as it is occasionally found in their stomach.

Fam. PAGURIDZ, Leach.

The greater part of the species of this family are remark-
able for the more or less complete state of softness of their
abdomen, the appendages of which are not symmetrical.
The two hind pairs of legs are short. ‘The abdomen is long
and rather slender, almost entirely membranous, and rolled
on itself. The animal, in order to protect this soft part,

PAGURUS. T4

lodges it inside an empty shell, which it carries about with
it, and to which it fixes itself by means of its hind legs.

Gen. 25. PAGURUS, Faér. Sortprer Cras.

The abdomen is turned on itself, and has a pair of appen-
dages at the end, which are not symmetrical. The inner
antenne are short, and are only slightly longer than the
peduncle of the outer antenne. ‘The species of this coun-
try ‘are peculiar in having acuminate fingers, with the tips
of those of the larger hand calcareous; and although the
fourth pair of feet are subcheliform, the scabrous area or
rasp of the hand is confined nearly to the posterior edge”
(Dana). : |

“The Soldiers (as indeed becomes their profession) are
well known to be pugnacious and impudent, yet watchful
and cautious. Indeed, their manners and disposition, no
less than their appearance, bear the strongest resemblance
to those of-Spiders. Two of them can scarcely approach
each other without manifestations of hostility; each warily
stretches out his long feet and feels the other, just as Spiders
do, and strives to find an opportunity of seizing his oppo-
nent in some tender part with his own strong claws. Gene-
rally they are satisfied with the proofs afforded of mutual

te ; HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

prowess, and each, finding the other armed at all points, re-
tires ; but not unseldom, a regular passage of arms ensues ;
the claws are rapidly thrown about, widely gaping and
threatening, and the combatants roll over and over in the
tussle. Sometimes, however, the aggressive spirit 1s more
decided and more ferocious. One in the Aquarium of the
Zoological Gardens was seen to approach another, who
tenanted a shell somewhat larger than his own, and, sud-
denly seizing his victim’s front with his powerful claw, drag
him like lightning from his house, into which the aggressor
as swiftly inserted his own body, leaving the miserable suf-
ferer struggling in the agonies of death.”’*

When the P. Bernhardus is the tenant of the whelk-
shell, it is a common thing to find the spire occupied as the
seat of the Actinia parasitica, a fine animal-flower. Mr.
Gosse has observed that this association is not the only one
that exists. “ While I was feeding one of my soldiers, by
giving him a fragment of cooked meat, which he, having
seized with one claw, had transferred to the foot-jaws, and
was munching, I saw protrude, from between the body of the
Crab and the whelk-shell, the head of a beautiful worm,
Nereis bilineata, which rapidly glided out round the Crab’s

* Gosse, Aquarium, p. 163.

PAGURUS. 7s

right cheek, and, passing between the upper and lower foot-
jaws, seized the morsel of food, and, retreating, forcibly
dragged it from the Crab’s very mouth. I beheld this with
amazement, admiring that, though the Crab sought to re-
cover his hold, he manifested not the least sign of anger at
the actions of the worm. I had afterwards many opportu-
nities of seeing this scene enacted over again; indeed on
every occasion that I fed the Crab and watched its eating,
the worm appeared after a few moments, aware probably
by the vibrations of its huge fellow-tenant’s body that feed-
ing was going on, and not by any sense of smell. The mode
and the place of the worm’s appearance were the same in
every case, and it invariably glided to the Crab’s mouth be-
tween the two left foot-jaws. L was surprised to observe
what a cavern opened beneath the pointed head of the Verevs
when it seized the morsel, and with what force compara-
tively large pieces were torn off and swallowed, and how
firmly the throat-jaws held the piece when it would not
yield. Occasionally it was dragged quite away from the
Crab’s jaws and quickly carried into the recesses of the shell.
Sometimes in this case he put in one of his claws and reco-
vered his morsel ; at others he gave a sudden start at miss-
ing his grasp, which frightened the worm, and made it let

74 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

go and retreat; but sometimes the latter made good his
foray, aud enjoyed his plunder in secret.” Mr. Gosse in-
forms us that at Weymouth this worm is specially prized by
the fishermen as bait; and so well aware are they of its
habits, that they commonly break all whelks containing the
Crabs, in order to extract the Nereis which they know to be
within.

Mr. Gosse has observed the Soldier Crab changing his
residence for a more roomy one. For an amusing descrip-
tion of the “ flitting” we refer our readers to the pages of
the ‘ Aquarium’ (pp. 167-171).

Pagurus Bernuarpus, Linn. sp. Soldier or Hermit
Crab. (Plate V. fig. 3.)—Second and third pairs of legs
spiny and tubercular on their upper edge; their last joint
slightly twisted, somewhat widened towards the end. Hands
strongly tuberculated.

Common everywhere on our coast, inhabiting different
shells according to its age and size. Sometimes, as at Peg-
well Bay, the creature selects one of the land-shells which
suits its purpose, such as that of the large common Snail
(Helix aspersa). The Hermit Crabs are used for bait; the
young, Mr. Gordon observes, are often called by the igno-
rant “the spawn of the Lobster.”

PAGURUS. 75

Pacurvus Pripeavuxi, Leach. Prideaua’s Hermit Crab.
—Second and third pairs of legs with the edges nearly
smooth; their tarsal joint straightish, grooved on the sides,
and very gradually diminishing in thickness towards the
end. Hands simply granulated.

First sent from Plymouth Sound by Mr. Prideaux to Dr.
Leach, who named it after him. It has been found in other
parts of the English, Irish, and Scottish coasts. The shell,
inhabited by this Hermit Crab, is frequently parasitically
invested by the curious Adamsia. maculata. The Rev.
Alfred Norman finds it to be very abundant in the Clyde ;
he says, “ I have never found the dAdamsza associating with
P. Bernhardus.”

Pacurus Cuanensis, Thompson.—Fore feet unequal,
hispid, spinous; the palpus of the outer antennee as long as
the eye-stalk ; their basal tooth denticulate on the inner
side, half as long as the palpus.

A species found by Mr. Thompson at Portaferry and in
Bangor Bay, and by Dr. Drummond in Belfast Bay. The
Rey. G. Gordon finds it in the Moray Firth, and Mr. Eyton
off the Isle of Man. The Rev. Alfred Norman finds it fre-
quent at Weymouth, and at Cumbrae, and Lamlash Bay in
the Firth of Clyde.

76 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Pagurus vLip1anus, Thompson.—Carapace with a mi-
nute beak ; inner antennze the length of the basal portion of
the outer; fore feet nearly equal ; hand elongated, the sides
parallel, roughly granulated; mner margin of the wrist
toothed.

A small species found by Mr. Thompson at Portaferry.
Dr. Howden met with it in the Firth of Forth, and the Rev.
Alfred Norman off Cumbrae.

Pacurus Fascratus, Bell—A smooth species, with the
anterior legs unequal; the hand oval, smooth; eye-stalks
as long as the penultimate joint of the outer antenne, and
nearly half as long as the whole of the inner antenne ; body
and legs banded alternately with red and blue.

Described by Professor Bell from a drawing of a specimen
found at Falmouth by Mr. Cocks.

Pacurus Hynpmanni, Thompson.—Fore legs unequal ;
hand oval, minutely granulated, outer margin denticulated ;
eye-stalks much shorter than basal part of outer antenne ;
inner antenne four times as long as the eye-stalks; second
joint of lower antennz long.

Found by Mr. Thompson at Portaferry, and in Belfast
Bay by Dr. Drummond. It is a common species in the

Firth of Forth, according to Dr. James Howden. The Rev.

PAGURUS. 77

Alfred Norman finds it at Weymouth and Falmouth, but
remarks, “ My finest specimens are from the Clyde, where
it occurs in ten to fifteen fathoms, in muddy bottom.”

Paeurus Lavis.—LHye-stalks short and thick, reaching
to the middle of the third joint of inner antenne; hand
minutely granulated, polished, with two obsolete teeth at
the base towards the inner side, and a minute tubercle at
the outer. .

Found by Mr. Thompson at Portaferry, and by Mr.
Cocks at Falmouth. Dr. Howden finds it in the Firth of
Forth, and Mr. Gordon observes that it is abundant in the
Moray Firth, and that, judging from the habit of the fishes
that prey on it, it does not come near the shore. Mr. Kyton
takes it off the Isle of Man.

Pacurus Fores, Bell.—ilye-stalks club-shaped, as
long as the basal portion of the inner antenne; hand with
irregular depressions, rough, and strongly denticulated on
the inner side ; the whole of the legs with numerous small
reddish-brown spots.

Found by its first describer, Professor Bell, among some
Paguri sent to him from Falmouth by Mr. Cocks. It is
found in the Firth of Forth but rarely, according to Dr.
James Howden.

78 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Pacurus T'Hompsont, Bell.—The whole of the legs hispid
and spinous, anterior pair unequal ; the wrist as long as the
hand ; eye-stalks extending to half the length of the last
joint of the peduncle of the outer antenne; spine of an-
teunee curved outwards, and furnished with a row of small
spines on the outer edge.

First described by Professor Bell from a specimen dredged
in fifty fathoms, by Mr. Hyndman, in the entrance of Bel-
fast Bay.

Pagurus Dittwynu, Bate.—First pair of feet unequal,
left much longer than the right, second and third joimts
armed with teeth ; outer antenne shorter than in any other
British species, not so long as longest fore-leg.

First described by Mr. Spence Bate from a specimen
taken near the Worm’s Head, Swansea, where it is said to
burrow rapidly in the sand. It is also found in Cornwall.

Fabricius has described in his Supplement (p. 414) a
Pagurus from the coasts of Scotland, under the name of
P. Araneiformis. It may be one or other of the preceding.

Fam. PORCELLANIDA, M. Edw.

Tail ending in swimming-plates, much as in the Ma-

PORCELLANA. 79

eroura. Fifth pair of legs filiform, small, folded up above
the others. Sternal plate very wide, and nearly circular.

Gen. 26. PORCELLANA, Leach.

Carapace as wide as long, suborbicular, and depressed
above. yes small. Outer antenne very long. Outer
jaw-feet very large. Front legs very large, and more o1
less flattened. Abdomen wide, folded under the carapace
on the sternum, of seven distinct rings, and with a terminal
swimming-fin of five plates.

PoRCELLANA PLATYCHELES, Penn. sp. Broad-clawed
Crab. (Plate V. fig. 4.)—Hands wide and flattened, their
claws triangular. Forehead projecting, and divided into
three flattened teeth, the middle one not grooved; second,
third, and fourth pairs of legs hairy.

-Common on the coast, under stones.

Mr. Kingsley* gives the following picture of this Crab :
—‘“ Turn a few stones which he piled on each other at ex-
treme low-water mark, and five minutes’ search will give
you the very animal you want,—a little Crab, of a dingy
russet above, and on the under side like smooth porcelain.
His back is quite flat, and so are his large angular fringed

* Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore, p. 152.

SO HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

claws, which when he folds them up he in the same plane
with his shell, and fit neatly imto its edges. Compact little
rogue that he is, made especially for sidling in and out of
cracks and crannies, he carries with him such an apparatus
of combs and brushes as Isidor or Floris never dreamed of ;
with which he sweeps ont of the sea-water at every moment
shoals of minute animalcules, and sucks them into his tiny
mouth.”

Mr. Gosse, in his ‘ Aquarium’ (p. 47), has given some
interesting observations on the habits and structure of this
little Crab, whose usual abode is in the crannies and clefts
of rocky ledges, and beneath stones which he at the verge
of low-water. He says, “ As soon as it is dropped into the
Aquarium, it throws out its abdomen or tail, and gives seve-
ral smart flaps with it, which shoot it along diagonally back-
wards, as if to say, ‘Though you see I am a Crab, I have
learned to behave myself in some things like my courtly
cousins, the Lobster family” But he is not much of a
-swimmer; the flaps merely bring him to the bottom slant-
wise, instead of perpendicularly, whence he does not rise
again. You turn your head away, and on looking again
you cannot think what is become of your Broad-claw! I
have put in half-a-dozen at a time, and have been asto-

PORCELLANIDA. 81

nished that in a few moments not one was to be seen; till,
perhaps weeks afterwards, on cleaning out the tank, I have
found every one clinging fast to the under side of some
piece of stone that lay on the bottom. When I knew this,
I placed flattish stones so close to the glass sides that I
could look beneath them, and had the pleasure of finding
them occupied by the Broad-claws. The crevice formed by
the inclination of the stone to the bottom may be very nar-
row, and I am not sure but that the Crab likes it all the
better, for he is expressly formed for such a dwelling ; his
body is particularly flat, his legs move in the same plane,
and his claws, though large for his size, are remarkably flat
also, thinned out, as it were, to an edge; so that the whole
animal has somewhat the appearance of having been crushed
flat by the pressure of the stone under which he lives. Here
then is a beautiful adaptation of structure to habit; but
there is more of the same kind. The Crabs are carnivorous,
and in general they are very active, wandering continually
in search of prey, which they seize, when observed, with
their claws. How is our little Broad-claw to live, clinging
fast to his cranny, which he forsakes not from one month’s
end to another. Like the thrifty housewives of London,
who do not go to market, but have their bread, and meat,
G

§2 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

and groceries brought to their door.” Mr. Gosse describes
how this is managed. All the joints of the external pedi-
palps are fringed with hair which curves inwards. Mr.
Gosse thus proceeds: —“ Watching a Broad-claw beneath
a stone close to the side of my tank, I noticed that his long
antennee were continually flirted about ; these are doubtless
sensitive organs of touch, or some analogous sense, which
inform the animal of the presence, and perhaps of the na-
ture, of objects within reach. At the same time I remarked
that the outer pedipalps were employed alternately in mak-
ing casts, being thrown out deliberately, but without inter-
mission, and drawn in, exactly in the manner of the fringed
hand of a Barnacle, of which both the organ and the action
strongly reminded me. I looked at this more closely with
the aid of a lens; each foot-jaw formed a perfect spoon of
hairs, which at every cast expanded and partly closed. That
you may understand this better, I must say that the foot-
jaw resembles a sickle in form, being cqmposed of five joints,
of which the last four are curved like the blade of that im-
plement. Each of these joints is set along its inner edge
with a row of parallel bristles, of which those of the last
joint arch out in a semicircle, continuing the curve of the
limb ; the rest of the bristles are curved parallel or concen-

PORCELLANIDZ. 83

trical with these, but diminish in length as they recede
downwards. It will be seen therefore that when the joints
of the foot-jaw are thrown out, approaching to a straight
line, the curved hairs are made to diverge; but as the cast
is made, they resume their parallelism, and sweep in, as
with a net, the atoms of the embraced water.” Mr. Gosse,
in examining these hairs with the microscope, finds that
each individual bristle is set on each side with a row of
short stiff hairs, projecting nearly at right angles to its
length. These hairs meet those of the adjoining bristle
poit to point, and so on in succession; and so there is
formed a most: perfect net of regular meshes, which must
enclose and capture every animalcule that floats within its
range, while at each outcast it opens at every mesh, and
allows all refuse to be washed away or fall to the ground.

PoRCELLANA LONGICORNIS, Linn. sp. — Hands long,
straight, and thick, their claws slender. Forehead divided
into three lobes, the middle one deeply grooved; second,
third, and fourth pairs of legs with few hairs.

Common under stones and in crevices of the Lschara fo-
liacea. The Rev. G. Gordon, writing on the Crustacea of
the Moray Firth, observes that the voracious Cod does not
overlook these puny Crabs, but, in feeding on them, makes

84 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

numbers compensate for its small size. The Rev. Alfred
Norman remarked, that the southern specimens are smaller
and paler in colour than those he took in the Clyde, under
stones at extreme low water. Mr. Couch* has described a
minute Porced/ana found by him in Cornwall on a coralline
from deep water; he has named it P. acanthocheles. He
says that “on the ridge of the second section of the hand-
legs there are two well-marked spies. The carapace in
front is divided into three scarcely separated portions.”
This seems to be only a young specimen of P. longicornis.

Suborder III. Macrovura, Latr.

This suborder, of which the Lobster is a well-marked ex-
ample, is distinguished by the great development of the
abdomen, which is generally extended and longer than the
carapace ; the seven rings of which it is composed are all
movable, and the first five have generally each a pair of
false feet, with two terminal plates finely ciliated on the
edges, and which act as oars when they swim. The abdo-
men is furnished at the end with a large swimming tail
formed of five plates arranged like a fan.

* Cornish Fauna, p. 76.

* GALATHEID. 85

All the Crustacea of this suborder are essentially swim-
mers. They walk but little, and do not leave the water.
The abdomen and the great fan-like tail are the principal
organs of locomotion.

Fam. GALATHEIDA, M. Edw.

Outer antennz without movable plate. Body depressed ;
the fifth pair of legs very slender, not fitted for locomotion,
and folded back above the base of the preceding pair. The
carapace is depressed and rather wide, but is longer than
broad; it ends in a beak which projects more or less, and
covers the base of the eye-peduncles. ‘The front legs are
large, and terminate in a well-formed pair of fingers. ‘The
abdomen is as wide as the carapace, and longer than that
part. This family seems to connect the Macroura and Ano-
moura ; and indeed, by many naturalists it is regarded as a
portion of: the Porcellanide. Very little is known of the
habits of the species of this family. A curious species, the
Grimothea gregaria, was found, on Captain Cook’s voyage,
in great shoals off the coast of Patagonia, where, from the
softness and delicacy of its covering, it must form most
acceptable food to many a fish and sea-bird. Mr. Couch,
in a communication to Professor Bell on the habits of one

S6 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of the British species, Galathea strigosa,* remarks, that
although it is, generally speaking, very slow in its motions,
yet in swimming it darts from spot to spot with the ra-
pidity of an arrow. It seeks the shelter of stones, or some
hole in the rock to which it can withdraw on the slightest
alarm. Mr. Couch adds, “It is very remarkable to wit-
ness the accuracy with which they will dart backward, for
several feet, into a hole very little larger than themselves.
This I have often seen them do, and always with pre-
cision,”

Gen. 27. GALATHEA, Faér.

Carapace with the surface covered with grooves, furnished
with small hairs. Beak prominent and spined on the sides.
Eyes large, without any trace of an orbit. Front legs large,
long, and depressed. Abdomen extended. (Plate VI. fig. 1a
shows its outer jaw-feet. Mr. Gosse, in his ‘Tenby,’ p. 169,
tabs. 7 and 8, figures the young of Ga/athea in two stages ;
the latter figure bears considerable resemblance to the adult
animal, while the former has no resemblance to it, with its
long spine projecting from the forehead, and two spines from
the hind part of the carapace.)

* History of British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 202.

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GALATHEA. . 87

GALATHEA SQUAMIFERA, Mont. sp. Montagu’s Plated
Lobster.—Beak short, wide, armed with nine spine-like teeth.
Front legs wide, flattened, spiny on the sides, and furnished
above with scale-like tubercles. Outer jaw-feet with the
third joint much longer than the second. Greenish-brown,
occasionally tinged with red.

Under stones at low-water mark, south and west coast of
England, Irish coast, Firth of Forth. The Rev. Alfred
Norman found it at Cumbrae, in the Firth of Clyde.

GALATHEA sTRIGOSA, Linn. sp.. Common Plated Lobster.
(Plate VI. fig. 1.)—Beak triangular, and armed with seven
strong, spine-like teeth. Front legs broad, very spiny, spined
on both edges. Outer jaw-feet with the third joint shorter
than the second. Red, with blue lines and spots.

Found in deeper water than the last. Mr. Harris has
found it as far-north as the Moray Firth, and Dr. Howden
takes it in deep water near the Bass, at the mouth of the
Firth of Forth.

Mr. Couch remarks of this species, in his ‘ Cornish Fauna’
(p. 76), that it is “incapable of any motion but backward,
and rarely rises above the bottom, where, by a laborious
motion of its tail, it contrives to retreat from its enemies;
but its usual progress is creeping, and by the legs only.”

88 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

GALATHEA NEXA, Embleton. Hmbleton’s Plated Lobster.
—Fore legs with the hands hairy, and without spines; the
outer jaw-feet with the third joint shorter than the second.

A small species, first found by Mr. Embleton. The Rev.
G. Gordon says it is frequently brought up by the lines set
for Haddock and Cod in the Moray Firth (‘ Zoologist,’ 3684).
In the Firth of Forth it is frequently dredged in mud, in from
three to twelve fathoms (Dr. Howden).

Mr. Norman found it at Falmouth, in fifteen fathoms.
Mr. Bell procured specimens from Loch Fyne and Shetland;
and by Mr. Thompson’s account it is also found on the coasts
of Down and Antrim.

Gen. 28. MUNIDA, Leach.

Resembles Galathea in many of its characters, but differs
chiefly in the formation of the beak and legs: the beak is
a long, style-like spine, with a similar but shorter spine on
each side at the base; the front legs are very long, slender,
and cylindrical.

It seems to be to this genus and to the very same species
that the Calypso periculosa of Risso 1s to be referred; this
Crab is said to be very unwholesome when eaten, and the

SCYLLARIDA. 89

spines of its beak are reported to give venomous wounds.
(See Desmaret’s ‘ Considerations’ p. 193.)

Monipa Bamrrica, Penn. sp.* Long-clawed Lobster.—
Abdomen with the second and third segments furnished
with some small spines on their front margin.

Found in deep water from Shetland to Cornwall. It was
first described by Pennant, who received it from the Banff-
shire coast. Mr. Robert Gray finds it in the Firth of Forth,
at Dunbar. It is common on the Irish coast. The Rev.
Alfred Norman finds it in the Firth of Clyde, where how-

ever it is by no means common.

Fam. SCYLLARIDZ, Latr.

Carapace wide. Outer antenne without movable plate.
Fifth pair of legs similar to the preceding, and not folded
back above them; all the legs one-clawed; outer antennz
very large and foliaceous; abdomen very wide and ending
in a swimming tail, fan-like as usual, but having the plates
soft and flexible for three-fourths of their length. The first
abdominal ring without appendages, but each of the four
following segments has a pair of false feet; in the male, the

* Galathea rugosa, Fadr.; G. longipeda, Zam. ; Munida Rondeletii, Ber.

90 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

‘first pair of false feet is very large, and have two wide folia-
ceous plates, the following have only one plate, of which
the size rapidly diminishes; in the female, all these ap-
pendages are much more developed, and form a support for
the egys.

Gen. 29. SCYLLARUS, Fadr.

Gace longer than wide; the orbits situated not very
far from the front angles of this shield; the sides of cara-
pace are parallel.

These Crustacea are said to prefer shallow water with a
soft bottom, in which they dig holes deep enough to con-
tain them, and where they spend the greater part of their
time, only leaving this retreat when searching for their food.
Dehaan tells us that the Scyldarus ciliatus, a purplish-red
species with very small blue points, is a favourite food of
the Japanese (‘ Fauna Japonica,’ p. 153).

Scytiarus arctus, Linn. sp. Zhe Broad Lobster. (Plate
VIL. fig. 1.) ——Beak-like prolongation of carapace very wide
but not projecting, and ending in front in a straight mar-
gin: carapace with scale-hke tubercles, and armed on the
median line with a series of spines; outer antenne large
and strongly toothed; abdomen sculptured above. Colour,

Plate VII.

:
x
®
=
id
*
;

Sowerby delet Lith. Vincent Broaks np .

1 Soyllarus Arctus 2Callianassa subterranea 3 Gebia stellata.
4 Potamoabius Astacus.

PALINURIDZ. 9]

brown with transverse red lines on the abdomen. Length,
three inches. :

Pennant records this as having been found by Dr. Bor-
lase, on Careg Killas, in Mount’s Bay, Cornwall, and a spe-
cimen, procured in Cornwall in 1856, was sent to Sir Wm.
Jardine, Bart. It occurs among the Channel Islands, as I
am informed by Dr. Lukis of Guernsey. This species
abounds in Greenland, where, according to Otho Fabricius,*
it forms the principal food of the Alea arctica.

Fam. PALINURIDZ, Leach.

Body nearly cylindrical. Outer antenine very thick and
long; basilar joint very large. Legs all ending in one toe:
sternal plate very wide. (Plate VI. fig. 2 a represents one
of the outer foot-jaws.) |

There are many species of this family in different parts of
the world. They are generally esteemed as food. Siebold
says that the P. Japonicus is much prized in Japan, and
that the Japanese take out the meat and viscera, and having
dried the shell, exhibit it in some of their festivities at the

New Year, as the symbol of old-age.t

* Fauna Greenlandica, p. 243. + Dehaan, Fauna Japonica, p. 159.

92 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 30. PALINURUS, Faér.

Carapace spiny, its front margin with two thick, horn-like
spines projecting over the eyes and the base of the antenne.
Outer antenne very long and thick, the basal joits very
large and spiny. Legs all ending in one toe. Middle of
the front of the carapace with a small more or less project-
ing, beak-like tooth.

PaLINURUS VULGARIS.” Spiny Lobster. (Plate VI. fig. 2.)
—The lateral horns of the front smooth above and armed
below with many sharp little teeth.

Of a purplish-brown, with dull white spots.

Common on the southern coasts of England and Ireland,
whence it is sent to the London market, where it is much
esteemed as food. Mr. Couch (‘Cornish Fauna,’ p. 77)
says that its long and unyielding antenne frequently hinder
it from entering the Crab-pots. He adds that, “keeping
in companies, it also gets entangled in the trammel net, and
in some abundance on the fishermen’s lines.” It is often
called the Craw-fish, and sometimes the Red Crab.

* Cancer Homarus, Z.; Palinurus quadricornis, Fadr.; Palinurus vul-
garis, Latr.

CALLIANASSA. 93

Fam. THALASSINIDA, Bell.

Abdomen very long, its teguments not very firm: cara-
pace small and much compressed on the sides; sternal plate
almost linear throughout its whole extent. Front legs
large; outer antenne without a movable plate, excepting
in the genus Calocaris.

It would seem that some of the exotic species of this
family must have the power of occasionally leaving the
water and remaining out of it for a considerable time, as
one species is reported to do considerable injury to newly
made roads, by burrowing in them and making holes.

Gen. 81. CALLIANASSA, Leach.

Carapace very small, without a beak. Lye-stalks almost
lamellar. Third pair of legs very wide near the end, their
penultimate joint almost oval; it is with this pair of feet
chiefly that the Caldanassa digs its burrow in the sand.
Second pair of legs two-toed. Front legs very large, one
of the hands much more developed on one side than the
other, compressed.

Abdomen very large and somewhat depressed; widest
beyond the middle.

94 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Mr. Say* describes a species of this genus as indigenous
to the United States; the exuviee of this, partieularly of its
large front foot, occur very frequently on the sea-beach of
the southern States, early in the spring. The Crab itself is
seldom seen, owing to its recluse mode of life. He found
the living specimen by digging in the sand of the bay shore
of the river St. John, in East Florida, about eighteen inches
below the surface. “It had formed a tubular domicile,
which penetrated the sand in a perpendicular direction to a
considerable depth, the sides were of a more compact con-
sistence than the surrounding sand, projecting above the
surface about half an inch or more, resembling-a small
chimney, and rather suddenly contracted at top ito a small
orifice. The deserted tubes of the Callianassa are in many
places very numerous, particularly where the sand is indu-
rated by iron into the incipient state of sandstone; they are
always filled up, but may be readily distinguished by the
indurated walls and summit often projecting a little above
the general surface.”

CALLIANASSA SUBTERRANEA, Mont. sp. Mud-burrower.
(Plate VII. fig. 2.)—Colour during life more or less orange,
sometimes yellow on the sides and on the tail, the arms

* Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, i. p. 240.

AXIUS.

usually pink. The crustaceous covering very thin. Mov-
able finger of the large claw blunt and scarcely toothed
beneath ; wrists and hands smooth; middle plate of caudal
fin very broad, but much shorter than the side hanes
Length two inches (exclusive of arms).

First found by Colonel Montagu, at the depth of nearly
two feet beneath the surface, on a sandbank in the estuary
of Kingsbridge. It seems to be not uncommon in the
Moray Firth, as parts of it are often found in the stomach
of the Haddock. (Rev. G. Gordon in ‘ Zoologist,’ 3684.)

Gen. 32. AXIUS, Leach.

Outer antennz nearly as long as the body, the peduncle
furnished above with a small movable ‘spine; inner an-
tennze with two sete nearly as long as the carapace; outer
foot-jaws rather slender, pediform joints nearly of equal
length. Front feet unequal, compressed, two-toed, the
other pairs slender, compressed, simple: carapace much
compressed ; abdomen rounded above, the five intermediate
joints of nearly equal length ;.the caudal joint elongate-tri-
angular.

Axius stirHyNncuUsS, Leach. Slow Shrimp.—Beak short,

96 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

stout, elongate-triangular, with a raised granular margin
and a raised central longitudinal line; first ring of abdomen
short; central caudal plate elongate-triangular; a row of
spines on outer surface of hand.

Sidmouth, Plymouth, and Cornwall. Mr. Couch, in his
‘Cornish Fauna’ (p. 77), says that, “this species, like those
of the genus Ca//ianassa, has the habit of burrowing in the
sand, from which it rarely emerges, and then it seeks shelter
in a crevice covered with weeds, for it is sluggish in its
motions, and if distant from a soft bottom in which to sink,
incapable of escaping an enemy. A female that I obtained
loaded with spawn, was dug out of the sand in the middle
of summer.”

Mr. Couch describes* what he regards as a species dis-
tinct from A. stirhynchus, but without assigning it a name;
he thus distinguishes it :—‘“ Beak stout, short, elongate-tri-
angular with a raised, festooned margin, and a raised, cen-
tral longitudinal line; first ring of abdomen small, and on
its fore margin are two projections which pass forward and
join the hind portion of carapace; central caudal plate quad-
rangular.”

* Zoologist, Oct. 1856, p. 5282.

GEBIA. 97

Gen. 33. GEBIA, Leach.

- Carapace with a triangular beak. Outer antenne with-
out a scale at their base. Outer jaw-feet pediform. Second
pair of legs with one toe; all the legs indeed, except the
first, have but one toe. Abdomen long and much narrower
at the base than towards the middle; it is depressed and
ends in a large fin, of which the four side-plates are foliaceous
and very wide. First ring of abdomen with a pair of very
small filiform appendages; the four succeeding segments
with three pairs of false swimming-legs.

Gepia sTELLATA, Mont. sp. Mud-borer. (Plate VII.
fig. 3.)—Colour yellowish-white, covered with minute stel-
lated orange spots. Front of carapace roughened with
minute spines arranged in longitudinal rows. Length
nearly two inches.

First found by Colonel Montagu at Kingsbridge, where
it seemed to inhabit the subterraneous passages made by
Solen vagina; but there is no doubt that, like some others
of its family, it is a great borer itself.

Gupta DELTURA, Leach.—A much larger species than
the preceding; with the back of the abdomen membrana-
ceous, outer lamella of the tail slightly rounded and dilated

H

98 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

at the tip, the inner plate truncated, hands furnished with
lines of hairs.

Hab. Plymouth Sound and Moray Firth. In the latter
locality, according to the Rev. Mr. Gordon, it is more com-
mon than the Gebia stellata, of which however it may prove
to be only the female, as it is found associated with it m
the same burrows. Mr. Couch finds the remains of this
abundantly in the stomachs of rays and thornbacks, caught
in from thirty to fifty fathoms of water.

Gen. 34. CALOCARIS, Bel?.

Eyes rudimentary, subglobose, without any pigment or
cornea. Outer antennee with a large triangular scale at the
base. First pair of legs very long, compressed; fingers very ;
long, slender, much flattened ; second pair with two toes ;
the others one-toed, long and slender. Carapace very large,
with a sharp beak. Abdomen long, compressed, enlarged
about the middle, contracted at each end. Central plate of
tail longer than broad, rounded.

This remarkable form, first described by Professor Bell, is
founded on a species first dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew, in
compliment to whom it is named.

CALOCARIS. 99

Catocaris Macanpret, Bell. (Plate VIII. fig. 4.)—Of
a very thin structure, its texture being slight and flexible.
When alive it is of a delicate pink or pale rose; the whole
of the feet and other appendages are hairy.

Found by Mr. M‘Andrew in Loch Fyne and the Mull
of Galloway; and subsequently, when dredging in the Firth
of Forth, in 1851, he got a quantity of haddocks, the sto-
mach and intestines of one of which were filled with it. He
found it also in the Isle of Skye and off Mull. The Rev. G.
Gordon (‘Zoologist,’ 3684) found it in the stomachs of
haddocks taken in the Moray Firth. Mr. Thompson had
got the hands in the stomach of a flat-fish off the Irish
coast. Professor Bell remarks that Mr. M‘Andrew and
the late Professor Forbes “ have completely established the
remarkable fact, that it occasionally mhabits a depth of no
less than one hundred and eighty fathoms, in which situa-
tion it is fossorial in sandy mud. Now it is clear that at
such a depth, and of fossorial habits too, distinct vision
would be useless and unavailing; and this at once accounts
for the rudimentary character of the eyes, which are entirely
white.”

100 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Fam. ASTACIDH, Leach.

Outer antennz with a movable plate at the base. Body
elongated and slightly compressed; carapace well deve-
loped, with a moderate-sized beak covering the base of the
eye-stalks. First pair of legs very large and two-clawed ;
second and third pairs slender and two-clawed; fourth
and fifth pairs one-clawed. Abdomen nearly of the same
breadth throughout ; side of each segment extended like a
plate, so as to cover more or less completely the base of the
false legs. Tail very large, and broad outer plate on each
side with a transverse joint.

Gen. 35. POTAMOBIUS, Leach.

Beak depressed and very wide at the base, and armed on
each side with a tooth. Last thoracic ring movable.

A genus confined to fresh-water. It is found in rivers
and brooks. The species are very voracious.

Poramopius FLUViIaTILIs.* The Liver Cray-fish. (Plate
VII. fig. 4.)—Beak of the length of the peduncle of outer
antennze, each side armed with a tooth situated about one-
third from the end, and furnished with a slight elevation

* Cancer Astacus, Z.; Astacus fluviatilis, /a4r.; Potamobius fluviatilis, Leach.

ASTACUS. 101

down the middle. Carapace finely granulated, of a greenish-
grey.

Hab. Rivers and streams, betaking themselves to holes
in the banks.

This species is eaten, but has no great flavour. =»

Gen. 36. ASTACUS, Fuér.

Beak narrow, and armed with several teeth on each side;
Eyes spherical. Last joint of carapace cemented to the
preceding. Outer antenne with the basal plate small, and
resembling a movable tooth. Hands extremely large, and
compressed, the wrist. elongated.

Astacus Gammarus.* Jodster.—Beak longer than the
peduncle of outer antenne, armed on each side with three
conical thick teeth; there are no teeth on the under sur-
face.T

Found generally on our rocky coasts.

In fishing for lobsters, according to Mr. Couch (Cornish
Fauna, p. 78), bait is used which is tainted, or has been pre-

* Cancer Gammarus, Z.; Astacus marinus, Fabr.; Homarus vulgaris,
M. Edw.

+ In the American Lobster the under side of the beak has two conical
teeth placed near the point.

102 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

served by salting. According to that author, Lobsters are
much less abundant in Cornwall now than they were for-
merly. He says one fisherman used to take 640 in a week,
where now he perhaps does not take half that number in a
season. ‘The reason assigned for this falling off is that the
fishing for congers is not followed as formerly, and it is
certain that the conger-eel feeds eagerly on them. It is
also likely that the great demand has diminished their num-
bers. Mr. Bell tells us that the principal supply in the
London market is from Norway, whence at least 600,000
are annually sent. The older fishermen in the Moray Firth
assured Mr. Gordon that the Lobsters on the Elginshire
rocky coasts were so diminished in numbers, fifty years ago,
by parties who supplied the London market, that they have
ever since been comparatively rare.*

In Dickens’s ‘ Household Words’+ there is an amusing
article devoted to Lobsters, from which we may make a
short extract. “They are a kind of marine Muscovites,
bristling with rage against every one,—fierce, hard, horny
and pugnacious, always tearmg and rending something,
and losing their limbs with as much indifference as if ‘they
belonged to some salt-water Czar. . . . If you wish for

* Zoologist, p. 8684. 7 July 29, 1854,

ASTACUS. 103

evidence of their pugnacity, look at their claws. One of
them is always a great déal smaller than the other. Observe
the left claw, with which the Lobster (like a human being
sparring) wards off the blows aimed at him. Examine the
right, or striking claw. That which now garnishes the
dexter limb is not the real original cheliform, but a sup-
plementary pair of pincers, thrown off long ago in some
midnight submarine brawl. In case of emergency your
thorough-bred Lobster parts with a claw, with as little con-
cern as a man tearing the tail off his coat in a hedge, when
a mad bull is after him. ‘The late Sir Isaac Coffin, who
used to tell a great number of odd stories, was once witness,
he said, to a terrible battle between two armies of Lobsters
in the harbour of Halifax, in Nova Scotia. They fought,
he declared, with so much fury that the sea-shore was
strewn with their claws. Sir Isaac was the admiral on the
station, and ever afterwards, when he saw a Lobster, he
pointed to the disparity between the claws in corroboration
of his story.”

The “ tail,” or rather abdomen, of the Lobster, the joints
of which fold so beautifully on each other, suggested to
James Watt the idea of a flexible pipe, which he con-
structed for some Water Company.

104 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

To give some idea of the number of Lobsters brought
to London,—that mart for everything edible,—it may be
mentioned that between May and June, 1855, upwards of
40,000 Lobsters were sent from the Orkneys alone, one
dealer having shipped 24,000. Hach Lobster averages
2s. 6d. in London; so that to the Orkneys alone £5000
were derived in these two months from the Lobsters of
her rocky coasts.

Dr. Lukis, of Guernsey, kindly informed me by letter,
that, during the summer season, 3050 Lobsters are exported
from the Channel Islands to Southampton every week, and
are collected by local traders from the Islands as follows:
from Guernsey 1500, from Sark 1000, from Jersey 500,
and from Alderney 50. They are never sold by weight;
the trade price is variable according to the season: im the
summer it is about ten shillings per dozen, by numbers,
of all sizes; the best, sorted, at from twelve to fourteen
shillings per dozen. The numbers consumed in the Islands
are very considerable, but difficult to ascertain.

* Witness, July 4, 1855.

‘a Ca,
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NEPHROPS. 105

Gen. 37. NEPHROPS, Leach.

Beak slender, and furnished with several teeth on each
side. yes large and kidney-shaped. Lamellar appendage
of outer antenne is wide and long. Fore legs long and
prismatic; hand of the two following pairs compressed.
Last ring of carapace slightly capable of motion.

Nepurors Norveeicus, Linn. sp. Norway Lobster.
(Plate VIII. fig. 1.)—Carapace pubescent, armed with points
on the stomachal region, and with three granular lines on
the posterior half. Hands furnished with four serrated
crests. Abdomen with transverse and oblique grooves
filled with a close-set pubescence. |
Common on the Scottish and some parts of the Irish
coasts. Dr. Howden says that in the Firth of Forth it is
common in deep water. It is much esteemed as food.

The Rev. Alfred Norman takes it in the Firth of Clyde.

Tribe CARIDITA.

The Crustacea of the next four families belong to a
division named Salicoques by the French. Their body is
generally laterally compressed; the abdomen very large,

106 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

and its teguments horny. The outer antenne are furnished
at the base with a very large plate, which conceals their
origin. The legs are for the most part slender and very
long, and the false swimming-feet are enveloped at the
base by the lamellar prolongation of the segments of the
abdomen. ‘The tail-fin is large and well formed. ‘This
group is very extensive in species, and includes the well-
known Shrimp and Prawn.

Fam. CRANGONIDA, M. Edw.

Inner antenne inserted on the same line as the outer.
First pair of legs terminate in a subcheliform hand. (Plate
VIII. fig. 2 a, shows inner antenne; fig. 0, the outer.)

The Arctic species of this family are much larger than
the others. In some of the northern seas, particularly in
the Bays of Spitzbergen, these Shrimps appear to abound,
and must supply food even to the walrus and seal.

Gen. 38. CRANGON, Fobr.

Carapace considerably depressed. First pair of legs
strong, ending in a flattened hand, on the front edge of
which there folds down a movable fang ; two next pairs of
legs very slender—the second generally ending in two small

CRANGON. 107

claws; the third, fourth, and fifth pairs one-clawed—the
fourth and fifth pairs much stronger than the others. Ab-
domen very large. ,

CraNGON vuLGARIS.* Common Shrimp. (Plate VILL.
fig. 2.)—Second pair of legs nearly as long as the third.
Carapace and abdomen nearly quite smooth; there is a
small spine on the stomachal region, and one above each
branchial region. Middle plate of fin pointed, and not
grooved above.

It is in spawn all the summer months; the ova are of a
dirty-white colour. When alive of a greenish-grey, spotted
with brown. When boiled this does not become red like
most of the group.

Common on the coast on sandy bottoms, in which it
buries itself by means of its hinder legs, which are stronger
than those preceding them; it heaps the loose sand on itself
with the antenne.t ‘This is the Shrimp caught in such
quantities on our coasts, and used as food.

Crancon Fasciatus, Risso. Banded Shrimp.—A trans-
verse brown band on the fourth ring of the abdomen, which
is somewhat gibbous and considerably narrowed behind ;

* Astacus Crangon, Herbst ; Crangon vulgaris, adr.
y~ Couch, ‘Cornish Fauna,’ p. 79.

108 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

the peduncle of the inner antenne is much shorter; the
lateral spines of the carapace are scarcely marked, and there
is no sternal spine between the base of the second pair of
legs. Nearly an inch long.

Salcombe Bay, Devonshire (Alder). First ascertained to
be British, and described in Professor Bell’s work (p. 259).
Mr. W. Thompson got two at Weymouth, in June 1853;
one of these was in spawn: the eggs were of a rich brown.
The Rev. Alfred Norman obtained it at Falmouth.

CranGon spinosus, Leach. Spiny Shrimp.—Second pair
of legs much shorter than the third pair. Carapace armed
with five rows of teeth; abdomen nearly smooth; the third
and fourth segments slightly keeled; the fifth, sixth, and
seventh channelled.

Plymouth Sound (Prideaux) ; Falmouth (Cranch) ; Wey-
mouth (W. Thompson, who observes that its eggs are of a
dirty-white, tinged with green); Moray Firth (Gordon) ;
Shetland (Mr. Barlee dredged it off the Haaf in 1851) ;
off Oban (Rev. Alfred Norman).

Mr. Gosse* describes a specimen when alive as being
drab or pale wood-brown, with a defined band of opaque
white across the fourth segment, a much broader one across

* Ann. and Mag. 1853, p. 384,

CRANGON. 109

the front of the carapace, and an irregular broad white
band running down longitudinally on each side, so as to
unite these two, leaving an oblong mark of drab insulated
in the middle; tail-plates with a transverse drab band ;
under parts of body and legs spotted with crimson.

Craneon scutprus, Bell. Bell’s Shrimp.—Carapace
with several raised lines, each of which is armed with two
or three small teeth, two spines on the median line, one
considerably behind the other; second pair of legs much
shorter than the first, with two toes; abdomen distinctly
sculptured; third, fourth, and fifth segments sharply keeled;
sixth and seventh channelled.

A small species, 7-10ths of an inch long, first described
by Professor Bell* from specimens dredged at Weymouth
by Mr. Bowerbank. Mr. Gosset found it there not un-
commonly. He says it varies much in colour; in one of
its most common conditions the ground-colour is a plain
drab, studded with minute blackish dots and stellate specks
of reddish-brown ; body, especially the abdomen, elegantly
clouded with pale sienna-brown in a sinuous but symmetri-
cal pattern ; sinuosities in some parts edged with pale blue ;
and there are three more conspicuous spots of bright azure-

* British Crust., p. 263. + Ann. and Mag. 1853, p. 155.

110 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

blue, set at equal distances along the median line of abdo-
men, each of them like a half ocellus with a black pupil.
An undulating line or macular band of azure crosses the
front of the thorax. The projection of the wrist of the
anterior foot on each side, like an angular elbew, gives a
peculiar look to this Crangon.

The Rev. Mr. Gordon says this species is not uncommon
in the Moray Firth. The Rev. Alfred Norman informs me
that he dredged two specimens in Lamlash Bay, Isle of
Arran, in five fathoms water with a sandy ground.

CRANGON TRISPINOSUS, Hailst. Hailstones Shrimp.—
Carapace with three spines on the thorax, one m the middle,
and one on each side. Sometimes one-and-a-half inch long.

Hab. Hastings (Mr. Hailstone), where it was called “* Pug
Shrimp,’ Weymouth (Mr. Gosse). Mr. Gosse* describes
its manners as resembling those of its congeners, burrowing
in the sand, or rather sinking into it, by the rapid displace-
ment of the sand by means of the false feet. When alive, its
colour consists of a vast number of ruddy golden stars closely
set, interspersed with black and pale specks, on a pellucid
grey ground. Qn the fourth abdominal segment there is a
speck of pure opaque white in the median line near its hind

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 384.

ALPHEUS. lll

edge. The eggs, according to Mr. Thompson, are of a light
red-green colour.

CraNncon Bispinosus, Westw. Westwood’s Shrimp.—Cara-
pace with two prominent spines, one behind the other; and
on each side a row of flat blunt notches.

Hastings (Mr. Hailstone).

Fam. ALPHEIDA, M. Edw.

Antenne inserted on two rows, the inner above the outer.
Beak very small and flattened. Legs stout, and scarcely
ever showing traces of flabelliform appendage or palpus.
First pair of legs very stout and thick; the three last pair
of legs always one-clawed. ,

Gen. 39. ALPHEUS, Fuér.

Carapace prolonged in the form of a hood over the eyes.
Beak small and sometimes wanting. Outer pedipalps more
or less slender and elongated, broad and somewhat foliaceous
at the end. ‘Two first pairs of legs didactyle ; the first pair
strong, one of them much larger and stronger than the
other; second pair weak and filiform, the wrist many-
jointed ; three last pairs of legs monodactyle.

112 - HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Aupueus ruBER, M. Edw. dwards’s Red Shrimp.
(Plate VIII. fig. 3.)—Beak small; no spine on outer side
of the basal joint of outer antenne. ‘The large hand with
four longitudinal blunt crests, two on its upper margin, and
two on its outer face; its lower margin blunt; the movable
toe much shorter than the fixed one; a spine on the upper
margin of the two arms, at some distance from the end.

Found by Mr. Cocks, of Falmouth, in the stomachs of
cod-fish. Mr. Cocks found a perfect specimen, which he
gave to the Rev. Alfred Norman. ‘This species must live
at a very considerable distance from our coast. The genus
is a numerous one in species; they are chiefly found in the
tropical seas, particularly in the West Indies and im the
Indian Ocean.

ALPHEUS AFFINIS, Guise.*—Deep scarlet colour, except
on the chelz, which are mottled with yellow; median line
of carapace prolonged anteriorly into a short beak; supra-
orbital vaults each furnished at the end with a minute spine.
Front legs unequal, the larger hand having on the upper
edge two keels, one behind the other, each terminating in

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 278, fig. p. 280. Mr. Guise thinks
this may be the Azppolyte rubra of Hailstone, on which Mr. Westwood
founded the genus Dzenecia. :

AUTONOMEA. Ws

front in a small tooth projecting forwards ; two keels on the
outer surface of the claw, the lower one having a short
tooth ; the movable finger not shorter than the immovable
one, flattened on the sides, and broad at the poimt; the
immovable finger triangular, strong, and forming a kind of
socket, into which the opposing finger fits by a tubercle at
its end; lesser pincer with a toothed keel on its upper
edge, equal in length to the others, but thinner, narrower,
and much less robust; second pair of legs didactyle, slen-
der, and having the wrist many-jointed.

Hab. Islet of Herm (Channel Islands).

Gen. 40. AUTONOMEA, Risso.

First pair of legs only with two toes. Inner antenne
double, one filament longer and thicker than the other;
outer antenne much longer than the body.

AutonomMea Ottvit, Risso. Long-horned Shrimp.—
Body smooth, semitransparent, yellowish. First pair of legs
fine red above and clear yellow beneath; outer antenne
whitish. |

Mr. Couch records this in his ‘Cornish Fauna’ with the
following observation :—‘This species has been hitherto

I

114 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

unknown as British, but I have examined several specimens
taken from the stomachs of fishes from the depth of fifteen
or twenty fathoms. Some of these were of larger size than
described from the Mediterranean; one, not the largest,
measuring three inches from snout to tail, with antenne of
the length of five inches” (p. 79).

Gen. 41. NIKA, Rasso.

First pair of legs dissimilar; one on right side with two
toes, one on left with one toe only. Beak very small.
Inner antennz slender and ending in two long filaments.
The outer jaw-feet are pediform, long, and stout. The
fore legs are stronger than the following.

This is the genus which Dr. Leach described under the
name of Processa ; the first species is the Processa canalicu-
data of that author; the name here adopted is prior to Dr.
Leach’s, and is given to it from the species being eaten.on
the coasts of the Mediterranean, as the Shrimp is eaten here.

Nrxa EDULIS, Risso. /2isso’s Shrimp.—Two-toed hand
longer than the wrist, both straight; middle plate of tail
grooved down the middle, and furnished above with two
pairs of small spines. It is about two inches long.

ATHANAS, 115

South coast of Devon, rare. According to the Rev. Mr.
Gordon, it is not rare in the Moray Firth.

Nixa Covucuit, Bell. Couch’s Shrimp.—The two-toed
hand shorter than the wrist, the former slightly curved, the
latter much more bent ; middle plate of the tail not furrowed.

First described by Professor Bell* from a specimen found
in Cornwall by Mr. Couch, so well known for his observa-
tions on this and other classes of marine animals, in com-
pliment to whom it is named.

Gen. 42. ATHANAS, Leach.

Beak simple, small, not toothed on the edges. Inner
antenne with three filaments; mandibles strong, with a
palpiform, short, very wide, two-jointed appendage. LHyes
not prominent, and yet not covered by the carapace as in
Alpheus. Tail with outer lamina divided transversely. First
pair of legs long and very strong, unequal in size, ending
in a thick two-fingered hand, the fingers of which are short
and stout.

ATHANAS NITESCENS, Leach. ontagu’s Shrimp.—Beak
sharp, not so long as the peduncles of the inner antenne; a

* British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 278.

116 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

spine on each side at the base. Hands unequal, swollen ;
second pair of legs with the wrist of five or six joints.
Length about an inch.

Coasts of Devon and Cornwall; Moray Firth; County
Clare, Ireland. |

When alive it is of a dark sea-green hue, and its well-
developed pincers give it so much the aspect of a Lobster,
that, as Mr. Gosse observes, “it is generally believed, with-
out doubting, by the fishermen, to be the young state of
that much-honoured Crustacean. The habit of this pretty
little species is to congregate in some small hollow covered
by the tide, usually beneath the shelter of a protecting
stone; so fond is it of companionship, that if you find one
you may pretty surely calculate on more. I have taken,
one by one, as many as fifteen out of a hollow hardly more
than a foot square.” *

Fam. PALAAMONIDZ, Leach.

Antenne inserted on two rows. Beak large, lamellar,
compressed, and toothed. Legs stout, without appendages
at their base. The two first pairs generally furnished with

* The Aquarium, p. 38.

Wise

bea

et De ey
Pay Jui’ a
ica an

de

Plate IX.

Sowerby del. «lth. ‘Vincent Brooks imp.

1. Hippelyte spinus. 2.Palemon serratus. 3. Diastylus Rathkii. 4. Mysis sp.
o. Gynthilia Flemingii. 6. Squilla Desmarestii.

HIPPOLYTE. Hi?

two toes, but slender. The three last pairs always only
one-clawed. .

Body laterally compressed and rounded above. This
family abounds in species, some of which are pre-eminent
for the great length of their fore legs and their large size.
The species referred to are found in the tropical seas.

Gen. 43. HIPPOLYTE, Leach.

Inner antennz ending in two many-jointed filaments,
one of which is broad and excavated on its lower surface. _
Abdomen .often abruptly bent. Beak very large, fixed,
compressed, and generally strongly toothed. Anterior legs
with two toes; second pair of legs with the wrist many
jointed.

Hipponyre spinus.* Sowerby’s Shrimp. (Plate IX. fig. 1.)
—Base of the beak produced behind into a crest, which is
armed with four or five large teeth; the beak itself with
many small teeth above. Abdomen very gibbons, its third
ring prolonged like a beak over the next joint. Length
nearly two inches.

This species is found abundantly in the Arctic Seas.

* Cancer spinus, Sowerby ; Hippolyte Sowerbei, Leach.

118 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Mr. Sowerby first described it from a specimen found on
the Scottish coast. One was found at Newhaven. Mr.
Bell records two specimens as being in his collection, which
were dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew in deep water off the Isle
of Man. The Rev. Mr. Gordon takes it in the Moray
Firth; while Mr. Barlee has dredged it off Shetland. The
Rev. Alfred Norman writes to me that he has dredged a
specimen in deep water with a muddy bottom, off Oban, and
that he has seen a second from the same spot, which was
taken by Mr. W. Templer: he adds, “I have reason to
think that it is not unfrequent in that locality.”

Hippotyte vartans, Leach. Leach’s Shrimp.—Beak
springing from the front of the carapace, longer than the
peduncle of the inner antenne, with a spine near the base
and another near the tip; two (and sometimes three) teeth
on the lower edge.

A small species, usually of a clear green colour, but
varying much in hue, being often also brown.

Abundant on the South coast and on the Irish coast ;
found also in the Moray Firth. The Rev. Alfred Norman
finds it at Cumbrae and Lamlash Bay. This seems to be
the H. vulgaris recorded by Dr. Howden as very common
in pools at low water in the Firth of Forth, as at Preston

HIPPOLYTE. 119

Pans and Crail. The variation in colour generally agrees
with the prevailing colour of seaweed in these pools; some-
times it has the red hue of De/esseria, at other times it is
dark green or light green, and the colour sometimes remains
for months after death.*

Hipponyre FascieEra, Gosse.t The Plumed Hippolyte.
—Beak straight, acuminate, with two teeth above, the one
at the base and the other near the apex ; two teeth below,
the one near the middle the other near the tip. Body
studded with deciduous tufts of plumes.

Hab. Weymouth Bay. Length 7-8ths of aninch. The
most remarkable character of this species is the presence of
six tufts of plumose bristles on each segment of the body ;
each tuft consists of from ten to fifteen plumes, diverging.

It is generally pellucid-white, clouded with opaque drab,
and generally blotched with dark reddish-purple.

Hippotyte Grayana, Thompson.—Beak long, hollowed
out above and below; above, unarmed, with one tooth near
the tip ; beneath, with three teeth. Abdomen compressed,
of even depth as far as the posterior edge of the third seg-
ment, and then becoming suddenly very much contracted,

* Dr. Howden, Trans. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin, Jan, 1853.
+ Gosse, Ann. and Mag. 1853, p. 153.

120 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

and of almost equal size throughout ; process of third seg-
ment very prominent. Colour brown, with a reddish tinge
in many places.

Found by Mr. Thompson in Weymouth Bay.

Hiprotyts Mrronerit, Thompson.—Beak straight, acu-
minate, without a spine on the upper portion; beneath, with
a three-toothed keel and a small tooth near the tip. Of a
beautiful, clear, dark green. Length sixteen lines.

Found by Mr. Thompson in Weymouth Bay, in from
four to six fathoms water. The Rev. Alfred Norman, in
his MS. notes on the British Species, remarks: “ J have met
with two Hippolytes at Falmouth, in rock-pools at low
water, which seem to answer to the description of those
which Mr. Thompson of Weymouth has named Witchelli.
The rostrum is toothless above; one specimen has two
teeth, and one at the apex below; the other has three
teeth, and one at the apex. Although however my speci-
mens have no tooth at the base above, yet in the place
where [ have invariably found the basal tooth in varians,
there may be seen a slight rising in the rostrum. I con-
sider my specimens to be a variety of varians. At the
same time, I have never, except in one of these two
instances, found a specimen of varians with four teeth

HIPPOLYTE. PST

below; nor have I ever seen one with the basal tooth above
absent.”

Hiprotyte. Wurret, Thompson.—Beak longer than in
H. varians, not so acute at the tip, with no spine on the
ridge, with a minute spine near the tip on the under side,
thus making three spines on the under side; carapace less
gibbous, and spines on it shorter: outer antenne with the
scale longer and narrower; inuer antennee with the thick
filament stouter and more bent. Length, one inch and
2-8ths; the most slender of the British species. A species*
first found by Mr. Thompson, at Weymouth, in from four
to six fathoms water. It is of a lovely dark meadow-green,
with a whitish band running down the carapace; the ova
are palish yellow.

Hiprotyre Crancuit, Leach.—Beak short, incurved at
the base, with three or four teeth above; the tip with two
teeth, the upper the largest, beneath without spines.

South coast of England. Loch Fyne. Mr. Gosse ¢
says it is one of the most common of the smaller Crustacea
inhabiting the deeper parts of the coralline zone in Wey-
mouth Bay. He describes its colour when alive as follows.

* Described Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. 1853, p. 110. pl. vi. fig. 1.
+ Ann. and Mag. 1853, p. 155.

139 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

“The upper parts nearly white, the rest light pellucid purple,
in which the blue or the red element prevails in irregular
patches. The hue is most positive on the legs, where it is
banded ; on the terminal segment of the abdomen ; on the tail-
plates, and on the false feet. The extruded ova, which form
a large mass, are white, becoming olive. Sometimes the
whole animal is of a pellucid drab hue, with scattered pur-
ple specks. A narrow band of whitish drab runs along the
median line of the abdomen, and expands into a broad oval
spot on the fourth segment.”

Dr. James Howden alludes to a species near this, which
is common at Crail in Fife, and was taken in Orkney also by
Professor Fleming. He describes it as having a shorter beak,
more depressed, and not bidentate at the tip; the wrist of
second pair of legs with seven joints, and the central plate
of tail as having five pairs of teeth instead of four. (Trans.
Roy. Phys. Soc. 1853.)

Hippotyte Yarrevii, Thompson.—Beak short, bent
downwards, incurved at the base, with four spinous teeth
above; apex tridentate, upper tooth the longest, middle tooth
longer than the lower one. Third segment of abdomen more
prominent, and running more to a point. Colour brown,
blotched with a darker or claret colour. Length 3-4ths of
an inch.

HIPPOLYTE. 123

Found by Mr. Thompson in Weymouth Bay, in from
five to seven fathoms water. The Rev. Alfred Norman
writes to me, “I think that this must be added as a syn-
onym to H. Cranchu. . . ..Great latitude must be allowed
to the Palemonide in the teething of the rostrum.”

Hippotyte Txompsoni, Bell. —Beak straight, deep,
sharp, continuous, with a sharp keel which extends from
near the hind margin of the carapace, with eight teeth, four
of them on the carapace ; beneath, with three minute teeth
near the tip. 7 Nearly an inch long.

Described by Professor Bell from a single specimen, ob-
tained by Mr. Thompson of Belfast from the north-west
coast of Ireland. Mr. Gosse* found it on the Devonshire
coast. He remarks that the denticulations on the upper
edge of the beak are not simple serratures, but are triangu-
lar spines articulated to the edge.

Mr. Thompson, of Weymouth, observes that the ova are
of a dirty green. The Rev. Alfred Norman, in some notes
on British Crustacea, with which he has favoured me, re-
marks, “ I have never seen the teeth below so large as they
are represented by Professor Bell ; they are, in fact, all but
invisible to the naked eye. In some specimens preserved

* Ann. and Mag. 1853, p. 155.

124 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

dry I cannot see them at all, but I believe they are always
present, but are rendered invisible by particles of dust on
the rostrum. Most of my specimens are from Lamlash
Bay, where it is not uncommon in six to ten fathoms.”

Hippotyre Barweet, Bate.*—Beak one-third the length
of the carapace, the front slightly turned up; the lower
margin smooth, the upper armed with four teeth, the two
centre of which are partially confluent.

Hab. Sea off the Shetlands (Mr. Barlee). Described by
Mr. Bate from a mutilated specimen, the colour of which,
when dead, was greenish. It is named in compliment to
Mr. Barlee, a gentleman who has been most successful in
his exploration of the seas that wash the Shetland islands,
where he has discovered many Mollusca and Zoophytes to
be abundant, which are either rare or not found in more
southern parts of the British seas.

Hippotyre Pripeauxiana, Leach.—A very small species
with a straight beak, unarmed above, and with one or two
spines beneath in front.

Coast of Devonshire, where it was found by Mr. Pri-
deaux, a correspondent of Dr. Leach, who named this
species in compliment to its discoverer.

* Spence Bate, Anu. and Mag. N. Hist. 1852, x. p. 357. pl. v. B. fig. 1.

PANDALUS. 125

Hippotyte PANDALIFoRMIS, Bell.—Beak extending be-
yond the scale of the antennz, nearly straight, slightly
turned upwards, with seven teeth on the upper and three
on the lower edge ; eyes very large; abdomen very slender.
Length an inch and a half.

Described by Professor Bell from two specimens dredged
by Messrs. M‘Andrew and Forbes in Loch Fyne, at a
depth of about twenty fathoms. The Rev. Alfred Norman
has taken five specimens in Lamlash Bay ; in some of these
specimens there are four or five teeth on the under side of
the beak.

The specific name is given to this [Hippolyte from its
great general resemblance to the next genus, Pandalus ;
it is one of those curious species which seem to connect
genera, and are so interesting to those who study the philo-
sophy of arrangement in Natural History.

Gen. 44. PANDALUS, Leach.

Inner antenne ending in two many-jointed filaments ;
outer antennz very long; the fore legs short, with only one
toe. Beak very long, compressed, turned upwards at the
end, and toothed both above and below: second pair of
legs with two toes and a many-jointed wrist.

126 - HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

The British species, according to Dr. Leach,* is very
abundant at Yarmouth, where it is used as an article of
food, and is so much esteemed there for the table, as to
afford constant employment during the summer season to
several fishermen, who take it in abundance at a consider-
able distance from the shore, and name it from that circum-
stance the Sea Shrimp.

PaNDALUS ANNULICORNIS, Leach. Ainged-horned Prawn.
—Beak as long as the carapace, front half without teeth,
except a small one near the tip. Three last pair of legs
armed with spines.

First found by Professor Fleming in Shetland and in St.
Andrew’s Bay, coast of Devon, and Coast of Norfolk at
Yarmouth; Irish coast. The Rev. Alfred Norman has
found it at Clevedon in Somersetshire, and in Lamlash
Bay in the Isle of Arran.

Mr. Gosset remarks that the teeth on the upper edge of
the beak are triangular spines articulated to the edges; with
a fine needle they may be moved to and fro on their articu-
lated bases.

* Mal. Pod. Brit. t. 40. + Ann. and Mag. 1853, p. 155.

PALEMON. 127

Gen. 45. PALAIMON, Foor.

Inner antenne ending in three many-jointed filaments.
Second pair of legs stronger than the fore pair, and having
the wrist of one piece. Beak long and strongly toothed
beth above and below. yes large and prominent.

The species of this genus are much sought after and
esteemed for their delicate flavour. When cooked they
turn red.

Patz&MoN sERRatUS, Fabr. Common Prawn. (Plate IX.
fig. 2.)—Beak extending considerably beyond the lamellar
appendage of the outer antennee; much bent back near the
end, and bifid at the tip; the upper margin smooth on the
front half, and armed on the posterior part with seven or
eight teeth.

A common species on most parts of our coast; it is much
sought after as a dainty. Mr. Couch remarks that the
largest specimens are found on the rockiest coasts, where it
seeks ihe shelter of large stones and places overhung with
weeds, He adds that this species prefers the stillest waters,
advancing and retirmg with the tide; in summer it prefers
water that has a distinct feeling of warmth, and in winter
it seeks what is at that season less cold than at the margin,

128 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

but never far from land. The Prawn is usually taken with
a bag-net suspended from a circular ring of iron at the
end of a pole. It is a tempting bait for most sea-fishes.
(‘Cornish Fauna,’ p. 80.)

From one of Mr. Gosse’s delightful chapters im his
‘Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast,’* we extract
a few descriptive sentences of the appearance of the Prawn
when gliding gracefully along in its native haunts, and not
as we generally see it, boiled, on a plate. “ The tail-fans
are widely dilated, rendering conspicuous the contrasted
colours with which they are painted; the jaws are ex-
panded, the feet hanging loosely beneath. Now one rises
to the surface almost perpendicularly ; then glides down
towards the bottom, sweeping up again in a graceful curve.
Now he examines the weeds, then shoots under the dark
angles of the rock. . . . This Prawn, that comes to our
tables decked out and penetrated, as it were, with a delicate
pellucid rose-colour, beautiful as he is then, is far more
beautiful when just netted from the bottom, or from the
overhanging weed-grown side of some dark pool... .
There he is, . . . with extended eyes, antenne stretching
perpendicularly upwards, claws held out divergently, with

¥ P39.

PALEMON. 129 .

open pincers ready to seize, and feet and expanded tail pre-
pared in a twinkling to dart backward on the least alarm.
Look then at his cephalo-thorax, or what you would per-
haps call the head, the cylindrical shield that you would
pick off as the first essay towards eating him. Its ground-
colour is a greenish-grey, but so translucent that we can
hardly assign any hue-proper to it; this is marked with
several stripes of rich deep brown, running longitudinally,
each stripe being edged with buff. Then the body, or more
correctly the addomen, is marked with about a dozen stripes
of similar colour, but set transversely, girding the segments
round with a series of dark lines; and the last segment
before the setting on of the tail-fins has three lines running
lengthwise again. Now we come to the tail. But here
the pen fails; only the pencil could convey an adequate
idea of this exquisitely painted organ. ‘The four oval plates
that play over each other, and that form a broad and power-
ful fin when expanded, are bordered with a pale red band;
the outer pair have in the centre a red spot, the inner pair
a streak of the same hue; each plate has near its extre-
mity a spot of cream white (much larger on the outer
pair), made more conspicuous by being broadiy margined
by reddish-brown. Finally, the plates are studded all over
K

180 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

with red specks, which, when magnified, are seen to be stars.
Besides these colours, there are scattered over the body, in
symmetrical order, several spots of opaque cream-white,
and some of pale chestnut or fawn-brown. And to close
this enumeration of colours, the claws and feet are light
blue, encircled at regular distances by bands of which half
is deep purple, and the other half pale orange. I have not
spoken of the fringes of the jaw-plates, nor of those that
terminate the tail-fin, but the structure of these is exqui-
sitely fine, especially when examined with a lens.”

Mr. Gosse says,* “It is pretty to see the Prawn fed.
When a morsel of food is dropped through the water near
its head, the excessively long antennze (especially the long
filaments of the superior pair, which are carried perpendi-
cularly upwards) seem principally to take cognizance of its
presence and of its qualities. The eyes, though evidently
alert, are I think less trusted. As the morsel comes within
reach, the second feet, the principal organs of prehension,
are stretched out, with the two fingers widely extended ;
these seize it with the most easy action possible, and in a
moment thrust it towards the mouth.” Mr. Gosse, at
another part of the volume, has shown that the first pair,

* Aquarium, p. 173.

PALEMON. 131

which are shorter and more slender than the second, are used
by the Prawn to keep his polished coat of mail scrupulously
clean. These front feet ‘are beset with hairs, which stand
out at right angles to the length of the limb, radiating in
all directions like the bristles of a bottle-brush. These
are the Prawn’s washing brushes, especially applied to the
cleansing of the under surface of the thorax and abdomen.
When engaged in this operation, the animal commonly
throws in the tail under the body, in that manner which we
see assumed in the pink specimens that are brought to
table, which is not however the ordinary posture of life,
the body being nearly straight. Then he brings his fore
feet to bear on the belly, thrusting the bottle-brushes to
and fro and into every angle and hollow with zealous
industry, withdrawing them now and then, and clearing
them of dirt by passing them between the foot-jaws. The
reason of the inbending of the tail is manifest ; the brushes
could not else reach the hinder joints of the body, and still
less the swimming-plates ; but by this means every part is
brought within easy reach. Sometimes the brushes are
inserted between the edge of the carapace and the body,
and are thrust to and fro, penetrating to an astonishing
distance, as may be distinctly seen through the transparent

182 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

integument. Ever and anon the tiny forcipes of the hand
are employed to seize and pull off any fragment of ex-
traneous manner which clings to the skin too firmly to be
removed by brushing; it is plucked off and thrown away,
clear of the body and limbs. The long antenne and all
the other limbs are cleaned by means of the foot-jaws prin-
cipally.”’

Mr. Warington has published in the ‘Zoologist’ for May
1855, many interesting observations on the Natural History
and Habits of the Prawn, and.from this account we borrow
a passage describing its change of skin. ‘‘ When the period
arrives at which the Prawn is about to throw off its old ex-
ternal covering, it ceases to feed, and seeks about from spot
to spot in a restless and fidgety manner, until it has fixed
on a locality apparently sufficiently adapted for the purpose
required, and suited to its fancy; for this really appears at
times to be the case. The third, fourth, and fifth pairs of
legs are then stretched out wide apart, and the feet hooked
so as to hold firmly upon the surrounding substances, in
such a way that the body may be poised and capable of
moving freely in all directions, as though suspended on
gimbals. The Prawn then slowly sways itself to and fro,
and from side to side, with strong muscular efforts, appa-

PALEMON. 135

rently for the purpose of loosening the whole surface of
the body from the carapace; the two pair of prehensile or
didactylous legs are at the same time kept raised from the
eround, stretched forwards, and frequently passed over each
other with a rubbing motion, as if to destroy any remaining
adhesion; the eyes also may be observed to be moved
within their covering by muscular contraction from side to
side; and when every precaution appears to have been
perfectly taken for the withdrawal of its body from its
too limited habiliments, a fissure is observed to take place
between the carapace and the abdomen at the upper and
back part, and the head, antenne, legs, feet, and all their
appendages, are slowly and carefully drawn backward and
out from the dorsal shield, until the eyes are quite clear of
the body-shell or carapace, and appear above the upper
margin of it; the Prawn, thus half released, then makes a
sudden backward spring or jerk, and the whole of the
exuvium is left behind, generally adhering by the shell of
the six feet to the surface it had selected for its purpose.
. .. At the moment the Prawn has been thus liberated
from its old envelope, it rolls on the surface of the ground,
perfectly helpless, for it is at first evidently so soft that it
does not possess the power of supporting its own weight

134 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

erect upon its feet, while the beautifully delicate antenne
float from its head like gossamer threads through the water.
In a short time, however, it plunges or springs, by a strong
muscular exertion of the abdomen, from place to place,
stretches its webbed tail and the large paddles of its
swimming apparatus, and soon retreats into some dark and
sheltered corner, where it remains, continually exercising
its various organs, until such a period as the new invest-
ing membrane shall have become sufficiently hardened to
allow of its venturing forth among its companions without
danger, for during all this interval it is hable to their
attacks whenever it comes near them, and is obliged, by a
series of forcible leaps, rapidly to evade their attempts, and
escape out of their way. When the newly-coated Palemon
first makes its exit from its hiding-place, its appearazice is
doubly beautiful ; the colours are so clear and bright, par-
ticularly the orange and rich brown bands which encircle
the pale blue prehensile feet, the various markings are so
defined, and the small spines and fringes of hair so clean
and well developed, and the deportment of the creature
itself is altogether so bold and vainglorious, as though
proud of its new vesture, that it cannot but command the
admiration it seems to seek.”

PALEMON. 135

PaLzMon squitia, Linn. sp. White Shrimp.—Beak
not extending beyond the lamellar appendage of outer
antenne, nearly straight, and toothed above throughout
with from seven to eight teeth, while there are three or four
below.

A much smaller species than the P. serratus, and appa-
rently not uncommon on our coasts. The Rev. A. Norman
tells me he-takes it off the Isles of Cumbrae and Arran,
and at Falmouth and Land’s End, in rock-pools. Other
species beside this are named “ White Shrimp.”

PaLz#MoN varians, Leach.—Beak quite straight, tip en-
tire ; above with four to six teeth, beneath with only two.

Not a common species; it is met with on the coasts of
Devon and Dorset, and is also taken on the Imish shore.
The Rev. Alfred Norman finds it off the coast of Guernsey,
and in a note he kindly informs me, “I have taken this
species in great abundance at Clevedon, in a ditch far above
ordinary high-water mark, of which the water was scarcely
at all brackish ; it was in company with myriads of Aissoa
ventricosa. 1 found some also further up in a stream of
clear running water, along with Aplerus hypnorum and other
fresh-water shells.”

Patamon Leacuu, Bell.—Beak nearly straight, with

136 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

five or six teeth above and three beneath; one only of the
former situated behind the line of the eye-notch; tip gene-
rally emarginate.

Described first by Professor Bell* from specimens found
in Poole Harbour; Mr. W. Thompson finds it at Wey-
mouth in spawn in June; the ova are of a brownish-drab
colour. The beak is covered with innumerable reddish
dots.

Fam. PENZAIDA, M. Edw.

Antenne inserted on two rows; the lower, if not both
pairs, generally very long. Beak small or wanting. Legs
slender, their base almost always furnished with a more or
less developed lamellar appendage ; third pair of legs often
furnished with two claws. Abdomen very long and com-
pressed. |

There are but few species of this family found in our
seas; there are many species in the warmer parts of the
world, many of them found in the estuaries of rivers, and
highly esteemed as food.

* British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 307.

PASIPHAA. 137

Gen. 46. PASIPH A, Savigny.

Beak very short and simple; the carapace much narrower
in front than behind; peduncle of inner antennz slender
and ending in two many-jointed threads. First and second
pairs of legs two-toed, rather stout, and nearly of equal
length, armed with spines on their third joint; the three
following pairs of legs very slender, one-toed, and more or
less adapted for swimming; the fourth pair generally the
shortest. Abdomen much compressed on the sides, and
very long; the false legs of the first ring end im a single
plate, the four following pairs have each two short swim-
ming plates.

PasIpH#A stvavo, Risso. Sword Shrimp.—Outer plates
of the tail-fin much longer than the inner pair, which are
longer than the central piece.

Found at Bridgewater by Mr. Baker, and off the Irish
coast by the Rev. J. Bulwer. Specimens from the British
Channel were sent to Professor Bell by Mr. Baker, and two
were found by Mr. M‘Andrew in the Irish Channel, which
he gave to Professor Bell.

This Shrimp is very much compressed, and the body,
when alive, is white and transparent, each joint being

138 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

banded with red; the eyes are black; the antenne and
legs are red, and the tail-plates are dotted with red. I am
indebted to the Rev. Alfred M. Norman for the following
note. ‘This beautiful Crustacean occurs in the British
‘channel at Clevedon, occasionally in great abundance. It
was called by the fishermen who procured them for me,
‘the White Shrimp.’ It is taken in nets suspended from
poles, and placed near the mouth of the little stream that
runs into the channel at ‘the Pill;’ these nets are set to
take Shrimps, Sprats, and other fish, which the tide as it
goes out leaves in them. Although the fisherman is always
on the spot to secure his fish as the tide recedes, he assures
me he has never once seen a Pasiphea alive. I conclude
therefore that they cannot bear exposure to the air, and die
instantly on leaving the water. Colour white, and the
appearance jelly-like; the antennze, articulations of the
abdomen, pedipalps, hands, and caudal laminz are more or
less coloured with rich crimson, as Risso has described
Mediterranean examples. It is a most lovely and remark-
able species.”

Gen. 47. PENAUS, Fadr. sp.

Body much compressed ; inner antenne short, first joint

STOMAPODA. 139

of upper antenne very large and excavated above, so that
the eyes can lodge in the cavity; carapace with a crest
down the middle, and a groove on each side of this crest.

First, second, and third pairs of legs two-toed ; the wrist
of fourth and fifth pairs of legs not ringed. The false
abdominal legs terminating in two ciliated plates. The tail-
fin long, its middle plate triangular and grooved beneath
down the middle.

Prenzvs Caramorte, Risso, sp. Davies’ Grooved Shrimp.
—Beak shorter than the peduncle of upper antenn, with
twelve teeth on its upper edge, and beneath with one.
There are three grooves on carapace, one on each side of
beak, and a third shorter one separating the two grooves on
the posterior part of carapace.

British coast, very rare, taken on the coast of Anglesea
by the Rev. H. Davies. It is a common species in the
Mediterranean, where it attains the length of seven inches.

—

Orver II. STOMAPODA, Zatr.

In the species of this curious order, the branchie are
always external, and not lodged, as in the preceding order,
in inner chambers of the carapace. These gills, instead of

140 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

being composed of plates or of simple filaments, are com-
posed of cylinders arranged parallelly, from which arise
other smaller cylinders, and these in their turn are also
ciliated. There are seven, and in some cases eight, pairs of
legs ; and as they are often near the mouth, the name of the
Order has been derived from this circumstance.* There are
generally six pairs of abdominal appendages.

Species of three families of this Order have been found
on our coasts, but those belonging to the families Sgusdhde
and Phyllosomade can scarcely be regarded as indigenous.
Some of the exotic species of Sgwil/a are very large and
striking, while the transparent Phyllosomata and curiously
spined glassy Hrichthus and Alima are among the most
wonderful of all the Crustacea. The species of the family
Mysidide are often very abundant, and in some parts of
the world are important to man. One species, Mysis
fleruosus, is thus referred to by Sir James Clark Ross ;+
“Tt inhabits some parts of the Arctic Ocean in amazing
numbers, and constitutes the principal food of the pro-
digious shoals of Salmon that resort thither in the months
of July and August, and upon which the inhabitants of

* Sroua, a mouth; and zous, 7rodos, a foot.

+ Appendix to Ross’s Second Voyage, p. 85.

MYSIS. 141

Boothia depend in a great measure for their winter store of
provisions. It is also the chief food of the whale, by which
such a prodigious quantity of fat is produced in the body of
that immense animal. During the summer they assemble
im vast myriads at the mouths of rivers, but in the winter
they are more generally distributed along the whole line of
coast, and, together with the Argonauta arctica, are to be
seen in every crack that opens with the tide, even at the
coldest period of the year.”

Fam. MYSIDIDA, M. Edw. Opossum SuHrimpes.

All the legs of the same form, and fitted for swimming.
Thorax thick and compressed on the sides. Carapace with
the margins folded under at the base of the legs, and
nearly concealing all the thoracic ring. Abdomen much
developed ; there are six or eight pairs of thoracic legs,
which are provided with a well-developed palpus, which
makes them appear double.

Gen. 48. MYSIS, Zatr.—(Plate IX. fig. 4.)

No thoracic branchiz. One or two pairs of foot-jaws ;
hind feet complete. False abdominal feet very small, and
without branchial appendages, the last two feet furnished

142 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

with them ; in the male this appendage is very small, but in
the female it is greatly developed, and the two form a pouch
in which the eggs are deposited and the young are hatched,
hence they have been named Opossum Shrimps, from this
pouch somewhat resembling in use the pouch of the Mar-
supial animals.

These Opossum Shrimps are frequently met with in
countless myriads towards the surface of the Greenland
Sea. They seldom approach the shore or retire to the
lower part of the ocean. Otho Fabricius, in his ‘ Fauna
Greenlandica,’* which is a model for a work of that na-
ture, has described three species; two of these (Mysis pe-
datus and M. oculatus) called IMerak and Irsitugak by the
Greenlanders, small though they be, form the chief part of
the food of the common Whale (Balena mysticetus). As
he remarks (p. 33), it is, at the first thought, truly wonder-
ful that so large an animal should be supported and acquire
so much fat from so slender and trifling a subject; but
when one reflects on the abundance of them being so great
that the Whale, when it opens its mouth, must draw in
many thousands at a gulp, the wonder is diminished. The
little shrimps seem to play about the fringes of the “ whale-

P. 245.

MYSIS. 143

bone,” and swimming about them freely, seem to enter the
gullet as it were of their own accord.

Its swimming-feet are in continual motion, the walking
feet remaining fixed; it moves along with its body in a
horizontal line, but occasionally jumps like a little Shrimp.

Mysts CHAM&LEON, Bell.— Middle plate of the tail bi-
furcate; beak blunt, not more than one-third the length of
the eye-stalk.

Abundant on our coasts, as at Weymouth (Professor
Bell) ; Moray Firth (Rev. G. Gordon); Firth of Forth,
Cumbrae, Lamlash Bay, rock-pools. Channel Islands (Rev.
A. Norman).

It varies much in colour, from grey to green and brown ;
and according to Mr. Norman, is “ certainly by far the most
common species of the genus.”

Mysis Lamorna, Couch.*—Beak bluntly triangular ;
middle plate of tail deeply bifurcate, and about half as long
as the second ; antennal scale reaching beyond the peduncle
of inner antenne. Small and stout species, generally of a
deep arterial blood-colour ; a very light and active species.

Mount’s Bay.

Mysis vutearis, J. V. Thompson.—Middle plate of

* Zoologist, Oct. 1856, p. 5286.

144 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

tail lanceolate, with the apex pointed; beak short, bluntly
triangular; antennal scale, nearly as long as the carapace.
Treland, abounding in the. river Lee (J. V. Thompson) ;
Weymouth (W. Thompson, who observed its ova to be
brownish) ; Bay of Findhorn and Canal of the Loch of
Spynie (Rev. G. Gordon, who observes that in this locality,
in the autumn months, a continuous line of this species
may be observed miles in length). Arnold’s Pools, Guern-
sey (Rev. A. Norman).

Mysis propuctus, Gosse.* Long Opossum Shrimp.—
Elongate, slender. Beak lanceolate, nearly twice as long as
the eyes. Peduncles of inner antenne elongate, curving
outwards ; second and third joints together as long as the
first. Scale of outer antenne about half as long as the
carapace, strongly toothed.

Weymouth Bay.

Colour pale umber-brown, redder towards the tail, outer
tail-plate hyaline, with a large stellate spot of red on its
basal half. Eyes black.

Mysis Grirrirusta#, Bell.—Middle plate of tail lanceo-
late, contracted near the base, tip pomted ; beak lanceolate,
much longer than eye-stalks; antennal scale scarcely longer

than beak.
* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, p. 156.

MYSIS. 145

Torquay (Mrs. Griffiths) ; Weymouth (W. Thompson,
who observed it in spawn June 14, 1853).

Mysts Operon, Couch.* — Beak bluntly triangular,
reaching as far as the circumference of the cornea; middle
plate of tail lanceolate, tip rounded, and the rounded por-
tion with two diverging teeth.

Mount’s Bay (Couch).

“A perfectly translucent species, the large black eyes being
the chief points by which it can be detected. It is very
graceful in its movements, and unless when much disturbed
it hovers very quietly and elegantly about and among the
bunches of pendent seaweed; but when disturbed it in-
-stantly seeks shelter, either at the bottom or in some
crevice.”

Mysts, n.s. (Plate IX. fig. 4.)—Antennal scale much .
longer than eye-stalk. When alive so transparent that in
a tumbler of water nothing scarcely can be seen but its
black eyes. None of the other species are so. It is much
smaller than any of them.

Falmouth (rock-pools at), Rev. A. Norman, April 1855.

* Zoologist, Oct. 1856, p. 5284, and figure.

146 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 49. MACROMYSIS.*

Upper antenne armed with a scale. First, second, and
fifth segments of the abdomen bearing fins like the JZysis,
third and fourth with the peduncles biarticulate, and each
peduncle giving off two branches; the outer branch of
the fourth very long and slender, sem1-articulated.

MacromystIs LoNGIsPINosus, Goodsir.— Whole body of
a dark yellowish or greenish colour. Beak very short, but
sharp-pointed ; upper antennal scale of the same length as
the last joint of the peduncle ; lower antennal scale twice as
Jong as the peduncle, three-quarters of an inch long.

Firth of Forth (Goodsir).

Macromysis BREVIsPINosuS, Goodsir.—Whole body of
an opaque white, with a row of black spots down the back
of the abdominal] segments. Beak of considerable length,
but not sharp; upper antennal scale not so long as the pe-
duncle; lower antennal scale four or five times as long as
the peduncle. Length an inch.

Firth of Forth (Goodsir) ; Bangor, County Down (W.
Thompson). This species and the preceding were discovered
and described by Henry Goodsir, who accompanied Sir John

* Themisto, Goodsir.—Edin. New Phil. Journ. 38. A name previously
employed by Guérin Ménevilie for a genus of Crustacea,

CYNTHILIA. 14.7

Franklin on the voyage of the ‘Erebus’ and‘ Terror’ He
and his companions must have long ago perished in the incle-
ment regions where their ships have been so long frozen in ;
but it is hoped that the journals may yet be recovered.
Goodsir, by a letter received from one of the party, had
been busily engaged dredging in the Arctic seas, and many
a valuable observation on Crustacea (his favourite subject)
has been lost to science.

Gen. 50. CYNTHILIA.*

Subabdominal fins composed of two joints; four last fins
with the terminal plume double, with an opaque, bifurcate,
and convolute organ rising between each.

Cyntuiuia Fieminei, Goodsir. (Plate IX. fig. 5.)—
Whole body of an opaque straw-colour, with the netted
portion of the eyes black. Lower antennal scale nearly
twice as long as the peduncle. Beak slender and finely
pointed ; edges of middle plate of the tail spined. Length,
eight lines.

Firth of Forth, This was found and described by the

* Cynthia, J. V. Thompson. Name preoccupied and changed to Cyn-
thiha.

148 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

late Henry Goodsir, who named it after the Rev. Dr.
Fleming, Professor of Natural History in New College,
Edinburgh. He found it in shallow water.

A species of the genus Zhysanopoda has been found in
Britain—the 7. Couwchii: the gills im this are in the form
of plumes at the base of the feet; the last pair of feet are
unbranched. The type of the genus was found in the At-
lantic Ocean. Professor Bell thus characterizes the

TuysaNnopopa coucutil, Bell.—Branchize with only one
series of leaflets. Middle point of the trifid apex of the
central caudal lamina not half the length of the lateral
ones.

Cornish coast (Mr. Couch) ; found in the stomach of a

~ -mackerel.

Fam. DIASTYLIDZ, Spence Bate.
Gen. 51. DIASTYLIS, Say.

Carapace produced in front as a beak. Eyes confiuent
on the top. Five segments of thorax exposed behind cara-
pace. Upper antenna short, scarcely reaching to the fore
margin of carapace. Lower antenna longer than the
upper. First five abdominal segments without appendages,

DIASTYLIS. 149

the sixth furnished with two limbs, ending in -double sty-
lets; central tail-piece long, produced imto a style. A
curious genus, the first character in the general appearance
of which, as Mr. Spence Bate remarks in his elaborate
Paper,* is that of its bemg a mutilated creature ; the re-
duced form of the members generally gives the species the
appearance of wanting many of their limbs. Agassiz and
others have said that these creatures are the young of
certain genera of Macroura, such as Alpheus, Palemon, and
Hippolyte, but Mr. Harry Goodsir has clearly shown that
they are adult animals, perfect in themselves; and that
they belong to the Stomapeda is proved by Mr. Bate, not-
withstanding their being sessile-eyed.

Mr. Goodsir remarks that the various species swim with
very great rapidity ; and on stopping, they fall to the bottom
on the sand or gravel, without attempting to lay hold of
anything, seldom using their feet as a means of prehension.
He has often placed the point of a needle on their thorax,
and pressed them down into the sand; the animal immedi-
ately frees itself, with very little apparent trouble, by means
of its tail. The end of this is placed against the needle,
with one of the styles on either side of it, and by pressing

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June 1856.

150 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

upwards in-this way, it soon regains its liberty. They are
found on sandy banks, chiefly frequenting those where there
is a little seaweed. Mr. Bate adds that the larva quits the
pouch in a form closely resembling that of the parent. He
has obtained the young of two British species, a Cuma and
Diastylis.

Duastytis Raraki, Kroyer, sp. (Plate IX. fig. 3.)—
Alauna rostrata, Goodsir.—When alive, of a_ beautiful
bright straw-colour, inclining to yellow.

Hab. Firth of Forth (Goodsir); Moray Firth (Rev. G.
Gordon) ; Arran, St. Ives (Barlee) ; Falmouth (Webster) ;
Plymouth.

Gen. 52. CUMA, Edwards.

Carapace not produced into a beak in front. Four seg-
ments of thorax complete, and exposed behind the carapace.
Upper antenne single-jointed and scale-like, lower short.
Abdomen, sixth joint with double-branched stylets. Centre
tail-piece wanting.

Cuma scorpioweEs, Montagu, sp.— When alive, of a fine
straw-colour, delicately tinged with pink, which is brighter
in certain lights; shell rough with shallow fovee.

EUDORA. 151

Devonshire (Montagu); Firth of Forth (Goodsir) ; Moray
Firth (Rev. G. Gordon).

Cuma Epwarpst, Kroyer; Spence Bate.-—Less com-
pressed than the last, more pointed in front, and five seg-
ments behind the carapace.

Weymouth (Professor Williamson).

Gen. 53. HKUDORA, Spence Bate.*

This differs from Cuma in having the upper antenna ob-
solete, lower antenna very short, consisting of a peduncle of
three joints, and a filamentous terminal appendage.

Eupora TRUNCATULA, Spence Bate.—The lateral angles
of the carapace meet in front of the antennal segments, and
are somewhat raised above them. ‘The lower front edge is
considerably produced, and gives a truncated character to
the appearance of this species ; its margin is serrated.

Plymouth Sound, within the Breakwater; sent to Mr.
Bate by W. Webster, Esq. Some of the specimens had

eggs in the incubatory pouch.

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June 1856.

152 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen, 54. HALIA, Spence Bate.

Carapace elongated, compressed, covering the thorax,
except the three posterior segments. The four hind legs
without an appendage. Central tail-piece rudimentary.
Upper antenna prominent, lower membranaceous.

Hatta tRIsprnosa, Goodsir, sp.—Carapace long, much
compressed, its dorsal ridge surmounted by two or some-
times three spines; the ambulatory division of the first
pair of legs extremely short; the second thoracic segment
well developed.

Firth of Forth (Goodsir) ; Moray Firth (Rev. G. Gordon).

Gen. 55. BODOTRIA,* Goodsir. .

First to fifth abdominal segments each armed with a
pair of bifurcated finlets. Two terminal scales of caudal fins
single-jointed.

Boporrra ARrENOSA, Goodsir.—Carapace nearly oval,
beak wanting; upper antennee quite obsolete, lower of con-
siderable length, ending in two long spines. Length five
lines.—In fhe Firth of Forth (Goodsir).

* The Latin name for the arm of the sea in which Mr. Goodsir found the
species.

SQUILLID. 153

Gen. 56. VENILIA, Spence Bate.

Carapace with the lateral angles meeting in front of an-
tennal segments. ‘Two pairs of well-developed antennz.
Five hind segments of thorax exposed. Central tail-piece
rudimentary.

VENILIA GRACILIS, Spence Bate-—Carapace long and
narrow, each of the five front abdominal segments with a
pair of swimming feet.

Moray Firth (Rev. G. Gordon).

Fam. SQUILLIDA, M. Edw.

Body long and generally depressed. First pair of thoracic
legs very large, and adapted for seizing and securing their
prey, the last joint folding upon the other and strongly
armed; the next three pairs much smaller and generally
placed on the mouth, appearing to serve for holding their
food: they terminate in an oval hand, armed with a mov-
able fang; the three next pairs slender, cylindrical. Cara-
pace divided into three lobes; a rostral movable plate and

well-developed gills.

154 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 57. SQUILLA, Paér. Mantis Sueimpe.

The three last pairs of legs with a long styliform appen-
dage ; the fang of the great first pair of legs lamellar, and
strongly toothed on the inner margin.

The Sguille of zoologists are not the Sgulle of the
ancients, but a genus of remarkable long Crustacea with
large eyes, curiously shaped, and fore legs with a spined
claw which they can fold against the arms; a long, but
small carapace, which contains chiefly the parts of the
mouth, the antenne and appendages, while the stomach,
viscera, and branchiz are disposed in other parts of the
body. The stomach occupies the four segments which follow
the carapace ; the branchiz are behind, on the under side of
the body, and nearly quite exposed. The abdomen is long,
with very distinct joints, the two last segments often cu-
riously spined and grooved, while the appendages at the
end can be spread out much like the tail of a lobster, and
must assist the creatures much in moving; their legs, ex-
cept the first pair, are feeble. 7

In the Mediterranean they are called Sea Mantises, or
Prego-Dieu, from their fore legs resembling the corre-
sponding parts in the well-known group of insects called

SQUILLA. 155

Mantis. The fishermen in Provence, from their having
apparently a greater number of legs than other Crustacea,
and from their long, jointed bodies somewhat resembling
those of the centipede, call them Galero, which means
many-legged, or Scolopendra.* The species found in the
Mediterranean are generally found at considerable depths ;
they live in sandy places where they can easily procure their
food, which seemed to M. Roux to consist chiefly of anne-
lids and fragments of the Actinia effata.*

According to Risso, the females, when they wish to de-
posit their eggs, which they have under their abdominal
appendages, retire to rocky places. The Sgucd/e are timid,
avoiding danger; they swim much after the fashion of
Lobsters.

Squitta Desmarzstit, Risso. (Plate IX. fig. 6.) —Cara-
pace scarcely ridged; rostral plate elongated and rounded
i front; fang of first pair of legs with five teeth. Abdomen
smooth and swollen in the middle, and with three longitu-
dinal crests on each side. It.is of a yellowish colour dotted
with brown, but is sometimes of a delicate rosy hue. Length
about four inches.

Off Brighton and Cornwall, and at Guernsey. Dr. Lukis,

* Roux, Crust. de la Médit. pl. v.

156 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

in 1856, told me of two living specimens which had been
taken at Herm and Jethou. On the French coast it does
not appear that this is a very rare species.

Dr. Lukis* has published the following observations on
the habits of a specimen which he kept alive in a basin
of sea-water for two days. “It sported about, and, after
a first approach, exhibited a boldness rather unexpected.
When first alarmed, it sprang backwards with great velo-
city; after which it placed itself in a menacing attitude
which would rather have excited the fear of exposing the
hand to it. The prominent appearance of the eyes, their
brilliancy and attentive watching, the feeling power of the
long antenne, evinced quick apprehension and instinct. I
brought a silver teaspoon near them, which was struck out
of my hand with a suddenness and force comparable to an
electric shock: this blow was effected by the large arms,
which were closed, and projected in an instant with the
quickness of lightning. An apparent anxiety to keep the
head and claws in front, made me suspect that the animal
lodges its hinder part in holes or recesses, from which it
can strike at its prey or other passing objects.”

Sauitta Mantis, Rondelet, sp.—Fang of first pair of

* Mag. of Nat. Hist. viii. p. 464.

SQUILLA. 157

legs with six long teeth ; abdomen above with eight longi-
tudinal rows of small prominent crests.

Cornwall, first recorded as found in the British seas by
Professor Bell, who obtained a specimen from Mr. Couch,
which was procured about a couple of leagues from the
shore, where the bottom was rocky with some spots of
sand. When alive it is of a very pale yellowish-grey.
Mediterranean specimens attain the length of six or seven
inches. ¥

Dr. Lukis found on the coast of Guernsey a species of
Phyllosoma, which he has described under the name of P.
Sarniense. The species of this remarkable genus, when
alive, are transparent like crystal, and are very flat; the
legs are very long and slender, while the eyes are on long
stalks. A species of the genus has been met with in the
Mediterranean, but it is in the tropical seas that these
curious creatures occur most abundantly ; the eyes are blue,
and contrast strikingly with the glassy transparency of the
rest of the body. Dr. Lukis informed me in the summer
of 1856, that three living specimens of this glassy Stomapod
had been taken floating near the surface.

158 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Division EDRIOPHTHALMA, Leach.

In the Crustacea of this division the eyes are sessile, that
is, are not elevated on foot-stalks, while the body is more
or less distinctly divided into three parts; the different
parts of which the thorax and abdomen consist are almost
always very distinct from each other, and movable. There
is no great dorsal shield corresponding to the carapace of
the Podophthalma, neither do they breathe, like the latter,
by means of gills, but by the aid of a portion of their limbs,
the structure of which is wholly or partially modified for
this special purpose.

The animals of this division are small in size and mostly
found in the sea or on its shores, where they abound; and
by the removal of decaying animal and vegetable matter,
they effect great good, while they afford ample stores of
food to many fishes and sea-birds.

Orper AMPHIPODA.

The abdomen, in the species of this order, is always well
developed, and furnished with five to six pairs of limbs.
The head is formed of a single segment, and has generally
only two sessile eyes and two pairs of antennze, though in a

AMPHIPODA. 159

few instances there are four eyes, and in one genus only a
single pair of antenne; the mandibles are furnished with a
palpus. There are branchial vesicles under the thorax ;
the first five pairs of abdominal limbs differ in form, and
are used in locomotion. The females carry their eggs
beneath the thorax, frequently in flabelliform appendages
fixed to the base of their legs.

The species are all small; Professor Edwards knew not
any that was longer than eighteen lines, but they make up
in numbers for any deficiency in size. They are found in
every sea. Some of them abound in the Arctic regions,
and as an instance of their voracity and abundance, Dr.
Sutherland* mentions that in Davis’s Straits he has seen an
entire seal reduced to a perfect skeleton in less than two
days by the attacks of the Gammarus arcticus ; he adds,
“‘T observed a dead seal in the water, which an Esquimaux
had been towing for three hours. A great number of these
active little creatures were in the water around it, and they
could be seen going in the direction of one of the wounds
in the skin, by which they entered a large chamber which
they had hollowed out beneath in the flesh and blubber, of
which they are very fond.” ‘The arrangement of Amphi-

* Voyage in Baffin’s Bay and Barrow’s Straits, i. 142.

160 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

poda, which is here adopted, is mostly from Mr. Spence
Bate’s Synopsis in the February number of the ‘ Annals and
Magazine of Natural History.” That gentleman has made
the Order his special study, and has added many genera and
species to our Marine Fauna.

Fam. ORCHESTID.

Adapted for leaping. Mandibular palpus wanting. Body
compressed ; epimera broad. ‘Two shortish posterior caudal
appendages. Upper antenne shorter than basal jomts of
lower antenne.

Gen. 58. TALITRUS, Laér.

First pair of feet simple in both sexes. Second pair of
feet not subcheliform ; upper antenne shorter than the two
basal joints of the lower ones. Lower antennz long.

The species of this genus live in great companies, and
prey on garbage stranded on the coast, devouring quickly
both animal and vegetable matter. They can dig into the
sand with their fore feet.

Tatirrus Locusta. Common Sand-hopper.—More or
less of a horny colour. Antenne reddish ; those of the male
longer than the body. Second pair of legs much smaller

TALITRUS. 161

than the first, feeble; fifth joint smaller than the fourth,
flattened, rounded at the end.

Common on all our sandy coasts, where it forms the
principal food of the ringed plover and many shore birds.
Colonel Montagu remarks that it is one of those creatures
whose service is most apparent in contributing to the clear-
ing away of putrid matter.

It is to this species Archdeacon Paley alludes in the
26th chapter of his ‘ Natural Theology,’* as an instance
of the abundance of happiness in the lower creatures. He
says, ‘ Walking by the sea-side, in a calm evening, upon a
sandy shore, and with an ebbing tide, I have frequently
remarked the appearance of a dark cloud, or rather very
thick mist, hanging over the edge of the ‘water, to the
height perhaps of half a yard, and of the breadth of two
or three yards, stretching along the coast as far as the eye
could reach, and always retiring with the water. When
this cloud came to be examined, it proved to be nothing
else than so much space filled with young Shrimps, in the
act of bounding into the air from the shallow margin of the
water, or from the wet sand. If any motion of a mute
animal could express delight, it was this ; if they had meant

* P. 458, 12th ed.
M

162 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

to make signs of their happiness, they could not have done
it more intelligibly. Suppose then, what I have no doubt
of, each individual of this number to be in a state of posi-
tive enjoyment, what a sum, collectively, of gratification and
pleasure have we here before our view !”

Mr. Halliday has observed* a small beetle, Ci/lenum
laterale, feeding on this Sand-hopper. It seizes them by
the soft parts of the under side, and in this way, though the
beetle be very small, it is able singly to master game many
times its own bulk. Sometimes three or four beetles may
be found together attacking a Zaditrus of the largest size.

Gen. 59. ORCHESTIA, Leach.

First and second pair of feet subchelhform; upper an-
tennee shorter than the two basal joints of the lower ones.
Jaw-feet blunt at the tip. First pair of legs much smaller
than second pair, simple in neither sex.

OrcHESTIA LITTOREA, Leach. Shore-jumper. (Plate X.-
fig. 1.t)—When alive, yellowish-brown ; the body smooth,

* Ent. Mag. iv. 252.

+ We are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Spence Bate for the original
drawings of Plate X.

Plage ee:

Sowerby del.et lith. Vincent Brooks imp

1. Orchestia ltorea var 2% Montagua monoculoides 3. Anonyx Edwardsii 4 Tetromatus.
typicns. 5.Westwoodea ceecula. 6. Iphimedia-cbesa . 7 Dexaminé spinosa. 8.Jassa

pelagica '

ALLORCHESTES. 163

glossy. Head small. Hand of first pair minute, subcheli-
form in both sexes; hand of second pair of feet very large
in male, feeble in the female; front edge oblique, convex. °

Common on our sandy coasts, and having the same habits
as the Zulitrus.

OrcHestia DesHayesit, Audouin.—Hands of second
pair of legs strongly arcuate above; their front edge very
oblique, concave, and ending in a prominent pointed tooth,
so as to be almost semilunar.

Rare on the southern coast (Plymouth).

ORCHESTIA L&VIs, Spence Bate.—Second hand in the
male long and triangular, and without a thumb or tooth
on the palm.

Found at Swansea by Mr. Spence Bate, who first de-
scribed it. :

Gen. 60. ALLORCHESTES, Dana.

Upper antennz about half the length of the lower; the
basal joints of the lower not completely fused into the facial
wall of the head. Olfactory spine rudimentary. First two
pairs of feet subcheliform ; mandible without palpi.

_ ALLorcHESTES Danai, Spence Bate.*—Upper antenna
* Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist., Feb. 1857.

164 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

reaching to the end of the peduncle of the lower; the lower
one-third the length of the animal. First pair of feet con-
siderably smaller than the second; hind edge of the palm
of the latter ending in a blunt point.

Found at various parts of our coast. Mr. Bate has had
it sent from the Moray Firth by the Rev. Mr. Gordon, and
from Penzance and Falmouth by Messrs. Barlee and Web-
ster.

ALLORCHESTES IMBRICATUS, Spence Bate.—Upper an-
tenne longer than the peduncle of the lower; central edge
of the dorsal surface keel-shaped; each of the segments
surmounted by a small tubercle.

Penzance (Mr. Barlee).

Gen. 61. GALANTHIS, Spence Bate.

Lower antennz scarcely longer than the upper; man-
dibles without palpi. Telson divided.

GaLANntHIs Luspsockiana, Spence Bate.—Hands of
both pairs of jaw-feet subcheliform and subequal.

Found by Mr. Webster at Falmouth, and by Messrs.

Harris and Barlee at Penzance.

OPIS. 165

Fam. GAMMARIDZ.

Adapted for swimming ; mandibles with a palpus. Body
generally compressed. Antenne ending in a flagellum,
not like legs. Two posterior caudal appendages sometimes
short. Legs long and slender. The antenne assist the
Gammari very much in obtaining the minute particles of
food which abound in the water. Say* describes a species
as striking an object of a proper size, when it comes within
a moderate distance of its mouth, into the grasp of the
four front feet, the first pair of which seem to be most

employed.

Gen. 62. OPIS, Kroyer.

First pair of legs armed with claws of great size; second
pair of legs not subcheliform; upper antennze with an ap-
pendage, and thick at the base.

A species of Opis, said to be O. typica, has been found
in Ireland (Strangford Lough, W. Thompson). ‘This was
picked off Algze brought up from a depth of fifteen to
twenty-three fathoms, where they grew on soft sandy ground.

* Journal of the Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. i. p. 375.

166 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 63. MONTAGUA, Spence Late.

Antenne nearly equal in length ; upper without secon-
dary appendage ; mandibles without palpi. Hands of both
jaw-feet subcheliform; coxz of four front legs very much
developed; posterior false feet single-branched. Telson
entire.

In memory of the late Colonel Montagu, one of the most
eminent naturalists, who discovered and described so many
British animals.

MontaGua MoNocULOIDES, Montagu, sp. (Plate X.
fig. 2.)—Second joint of the peduncle of the upper an-
tenne shorter than the first ; palm oblique, occupying only
half the length of the hand.

Found by Montagu on the South Coast of Devon, and at
Plymouth by Messrs. Stewart and Bate.

MontaGua MARINA, Spence Bate.—Palm nearly the whole
length of the lower side of the hand.

Macduff and Banff (whence it was sent to Mr. Bate by
Messrs. Gregor and Edwards), and also at Plymouth.

Montacua ALDER, Spence Bate-—Hand square, fur-
nished with a small thumb ; palm denticulated.

Northumberland coast (Mr. Alder).

LYSIANASSA. 167

MonvaGva POLLEXIANA, Spence Bate.—Hand of second
jaw-foot furnished with a large thumb, which is formed by
a deep cleft in the palm.

St. Ives (Mr. Barlee).

Gen. 64. DANATA, Spence Bate.

First pair of jaw-feet simple; last pair of false feet with
a single stylet.

Named in compliment to Mr. Dana, the American na-
turalist, whose labours as a student of Crustacea are almost
incalculable. |

Danata puBia, Spence Bate.—Coxe of the second,
third, and fourth pairs of legs denticulated at the margin.

Mr. Bate has. not mentioned the locality of this species.

Gen. 65. LYSIANASSA, M2elne-Edwards.

Upper antenne short, pyriform, furnished with a secon-
dary appendage. First jaw-foot simple, second long and
feeble. Telson simple.

Lystanassa Costz, M. Edw.—This species, in which

168 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

the lower antennze is scarcely longer than the upper, has
been found at Plymouth by Mr. Spence Bate.

Lystanassa AUDOUINIANA, Spence Bate——Lower an-
tennz much shorter than the upper ; filamentary appendage
to the upper rudimentary.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

Lystanassa Cuausica, Milne-Edwards.—Lower an-
tennee longer than the upper, and longer than the entire
animal.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate). |

LysIANAssA MARINA, Spence Bate.—Lower antenna
longer than the upper, but not half so long as the entire
animal.

Plymouth Sound (Mr. Spence Bate); Banff (Mr. Edwards).

Gen. 66. SCOPELOCHEIRUS, Spence Bate.*

Upper antennz furnished with a secondary appendage.
First pair of jaw-feet ending in a brush,t second cheli-
form. ‘Telson double.

SCOPELOCHEIRUS CRENATUS, Spence Bate.—Head fur-

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1857.
+ Hence the generic name, from oxomnAos, a brush, and xeip, the hand.

ANONYX. 169

nished with a small beak ; upper antennee very large at the
base; secondary filament consisting of but one joint; a
deep notch in the ninth segment from the head.

Widely distributed, as it has been found by its describer
at Plymouth, and by Mr. Edwards at Banff.

Gen. 67. ANONYX.

First and second pairs of legs subcheliform; the upper
antenne with an appendage, and thick at the base. Telson
scale-like, with a central division.

ANONYX ALBUS. A small species, ofa white colour; has
been found at Clevedon, in Somersetshire, by the Rev. A.
Norman.

It is perhaps to this genus that the Gammarus nolens,
Johnston, Zool. Journ. i. p. 179, may be referred ; it is
about three or four lines long; the antenne have a whorl
of short spines at each joint ; the arms and legs are mono-
dactyle. It is found at Berwick amongst confervee.

ANONYX ELEGANS.*—General colour yellowish-pink ; eyes
red ; lateral plates adorned with scarlet stellate markings, of
which there are five or six on those nearest the head, they

* Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 243,

170 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

become gradually fewer on those towards the tail, so that
not more than one appears on the hinder plates. Length
six lines.

Bangor, Belfast Bay, in from five to six fathoms (Messrs.
Hyndman and Thompson).

Anonyx Epwaxpsi, Kroyer.* (Plate X. fig. 3.)—
Lower antenna scarcely longer than the upper. Widely
distributed. Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon) ; Banff (Mr.
Edwards) ; Plymouth Sound (Mr. Bate) ; Falmouth (Mr.
Webster).

ANoNYX minutus, Kroyer.—Lower antenna nearly three
times as long as the upper; the scale-like coxe of the two
hinder legs produced, so as to cover the two next joints.

Plymouth Sound (Mr. Spence Bate).

Anonyx Hoxsotu, Kroyer.—The scale-like develop-
ment of the hinder legs zo¢ produced so as to cover the two
next succeeding jonits.

Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon) ; Plymouth Sound (Mr.
Bate).

ANONYX AMpULLA, Kroyer.—Lower antenna five times
as long as upper.

Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon) ; Banff (Mr. Edwards).

* This and the four next species are briefly described by Mr. Spence Bate,
Ann. and Mag. Feb. 1857.

TETROMATUS. 171

ANONYX DENTICULATUS, Spence Bate.—Posterior and
lower end of the ninth and tenth segments from the head
produced into a tooth-like process.

Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon) ; Banff (Mr. Edwards).

Gen. 68. TETROMATUS, Spence Bate.

Head projecting forwards into a snout; eyes four, not
compound; upper antenna in advance of the lower, proceed-
ing from the end; lower situated far behind. Mandible
with palpus ; jaw-feet imperfectly prehensile.

TerRoMATUS TyYPICcUsS, Spence Bate. (Plate X. fig. 4.)—
Head and front segments much compressed ; upper antenna
half as long as the lower, the latter the length of the ani-
mal; hind margin of the tenth segment from the head not
ornate.

Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. patente Plymouth (Messrs.
Smyth and Bate).

Trerromatus BELLIANus, Ena: Bate.—Upper antenna
not so long as the peduncle of the lower ; hind margin of the
tenth segment from the head ornate.

Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon) ; Plymouth Sound (Mr.
Spence Bate).

i732 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 69. WESTWOODTIA, Spence Bate.

Shell of the head developed in front beyond the head, so
as to look like a hood, and produced into a poimt; upper
antenne situated before the lower, not appendiculated.
Telson entire.

Named in compliment to J.O. Westwood, Esq.; a genus
of Hymenopterous insects also bears the name of this most
distinguished entomologist.

WestwoopIA C#CULA, Spence Bate. (Plate X. fig. 5.)
—liyes converging into a single organ, situated above and
in advance of the upper antenna. First jaw-foot subprehen-
sile ; second, simple, fringed on the fore margin of the pro-
podos with a brush of hair.

Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon) ; Plymouth (Mr. Spence
Bate).

Gen. 70. KROYERA, Spence Bate.

Head as in last; hands of jaw-feet well developed and
formed by the carpus being produced so as to meet the
apex of the dactylus.

Named after Kroyer, the able Danish Naturalist, who
has specially studied the Amphipodous Crustacea.

PHOXUS. lis

KRoyERA CARINATA, Spence Bate.—The joints from the
sixth to the tenth from the head strongly keeled.
Banff (Mr. Edwards).

Gen. 71. PHOXUS, Kroyer.

Head produced into a beak; upper antenne with two
terminal filaments; mandible with a palpus; jaw-feet sub-
cheliform ; last pair of legs very small.

PxHoxus Kroyeri1, Spence Bate.-—Upper antenne reachi-
ing scarcely beyond the end of the beak; lower antenne
much longer.

Plymouth (Mr. Bate).

Puoxus Horportt, Spence Bate.—The peduncle of the
upper antenna reaching quite to the end of the beak; the
lower scarcely longer than the upper.

Plymouth (Mr. Bate).

Puoxus piumosus, Holboll.—Upper antenne reaching
beyond the lower; the penultimate segment of the pe-
duncle of the lower produced below into a scale-like pro-
cess; hair on the animal plumose.

Plymouth (Mr. Bate).

174: HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 72. SULCATOR,* Spence Bate.

Upper antenne half as long as the lower, forked with
two filaments. Lower antenne with the second joint flat-
tened. Second and third pairs of legs two-clawed. Telson
double.

So called by Mr. Bate, from the furrow which the species
make in the wet sand when crawling.

SuLcATOR ARENARIUS. Sand-ploughing Screw.—Ante-
rior coxe largely developed. Basis of three hind legs de-
veloped in tht form of scales, claws of these legs obsolete.
Colour of a pale muddy grey.

Falmouth (Dr. Leach) ; Oxwich and Rhosilly Bay, near
Swansea (Spence Bate); Moray Firth (Rev. Mr. Gordon).

Mr. Bates says of this species, that, “ unlike the Zudzé7i,
Gammarus, and other allied genera, it is remarkably sluggish
in its habits, and lives almost wholly beneath the sand, into
which it burrows, and from which it appears only to come
out just after the receding of the tide, when it gropes to
the distance of about a foot, and again burrows beneath its
surface. The legs, which by their formation are all lessened

* Spence Bate, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1851, p. 318. Originally de-
scribed under the name of Be//za, a name preoccupied by Milne-Edwards in
Crustacea. ;

SULCATOR. 175

in their capability as members of perambulation, obtain,
through the great expanse of surface which each joint dis-
plays, a paddle-like power, by which they are enabled to
progress through the sand without resorting to leaps and
bounds, the usual mode of passage among the 7u/itri, or by
crawling whilst lying upon the side, after the manner of
Gammarus and other Amphipoda.

SULCATOR MARINUS, Spence Bate.—Basis of three hind
legs not developed in the form of scales.

Banff (Mr. Edwards) ; Macduff (Mr. Gregor).

Mr. Spence Bate, in writing on the habits of Sulcator
arenarius,* remarks that naturalists suppose the respiratory
process to be carried on in Amphipoda “by a current ex-
cited through the agency of the natatory feet, passing con-
tinually over the branchiz situated beneath the thorax ; but
the peculiar habits of this animal, living as it does chiefly
beneath the sand, must materially interfere with the passage
of such a current. Then may we not presume that the
great extent of dermal surface, which is prolonged by large
hair-like processes, may offer a medium through which the
blood may be aerated, and so lessen the dependence of vital
action upon the waters circulating freely over the branchial

* Ann. and Mag., 2nd series, vol. vii. p. 319.

176 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

organ? This seems to be supported by the fact, that blood-
discs pass into the hair-like processes on the surface of the
flabella in the Brachyura.”

Gen. 78. DARWINIA, Spence Bate.

First seven joints after head inflated ; upper antenna not
before the lower, without secondary appendage. All the
feet terminating in simple hooks, not subcheliform. .

Named in compliment to Charles Darwin, Hsq., author
of ‘ Researches in Natural History, made during the voyage
of the Beagle,’ of two volumes on the Cirripedes, and many
other celebrated works.

Darwinia compressa, Spence Bate.—Head produced
into a beak; eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth segments
slender and weak, lying compressed beneath the body.
Upper antenna stouter and longer than lower. ‘Telson
single, lanceolate.

Banff (Mr. Edwards) ; Macduff (Mr. Gregor).

Gen. 74. IPHIMEDIA, Rathhe.*

Not compressed ; upper antenna without secondary ap-

* Genus added to our Fauna by Mr. Spence Bate, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1857.

DEXAMINE. 177

pendage. Telson simple. First jaw-foot simple; second
subcheliform.

IpHimepIA oBusA, Rathke. (Plate X. fig. 6.)—Head
produced into a beak ; upper antenna as long as the lower ;
the dorsal ridge of the segments, from the seventh to the
tenth, with two parallel spines.

Tenby (Mr. Webster); Macduff (Mr. Gregor); Ply-
mouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

Gen. 75. ACANTHONOTUS, Owen.

First jaw-foot subcheliform. Telson divided ; mandible
palpigerous.

ACANTHONOTUS TESTUDO.—Head armed with a beak;
the eighth to the eleventh segments produced behind into a
strong spine; the hind margins also denticulated on the
sides; anterior coxz produced each to a point, the fifth
directed posteriorly.

Banff (Mr. Edwards) ; Macduff (Mr. Gregor).

Gen. 76. DEXAMINE, Leach.

Four front legs nearly equal, with one finger, armed with
a compressed, filiform, subovate hand. Antenne with the
N

178 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

first joint shorter than the second. yes oblong, not pro-
minent, inserted behind the upper antenne. ‘Tail on each
side with three double styles, and furnished above on each
side with a movable style.

DexAMINE spinosa. Spined Sea Screw. (Plate X.
fig. 7.)—When alive of a deep red-brown, and highly
glossy; the four hind plates of the abdomen are keeled,
and produced into a spine; head with a short beak; upper
antenna with the second joint longer than the first.

Coast of Devon, and elsewhere, dragged on shore amongst
marine plants and zoophytes.

To the genus Deramine belongs the Cancer carino- spi-
nosus, Turton, which Mr. Spence Bate has more fully de-
scribed under the name Gammarus Moggridgei (Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. N.S. vol. vi. p. 318, t. 10, fig. 10).

The Rev. A. Norman has found it at Clevedon, Somerset.

DeEXAMINE BIspPINosa, Spence Bate.—Second segment of
upper antennz not so long as the first; eighth and ninth
segments only produced into a spine.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate); Penzance, Falmouth,
Moray, and Macduff.

DEXAMINE GorponIANA.—Eleventh segment furnished
with a spine.

ISMA. 179

Moray (Rev. Mr. Gordon).

Dexamine Fucitcota, Leach, sp.—Of a testaceous ash-
colour, varied with red; with no dorsal spine.

Found by Dr. Leach among uci on the coast of Devon;
at Falmouth by Mr. Webster, and at Youghal by Mr. Ball.

Gen. 77. CALLIOPE, Leach, Spence Bate.

Upper antenna without secondary appendage. All the
feet with strong semi-prehensile claws. Telson single.
Mandible palpigerous.

Catttorpr Leacui1, Spence Bate.—Antenne subequal ;
first and second jaw-feet subcheliform, subequal.

Devon (Dr. Leach) ; Moray (Rev. Mr. Gordon).

Gen. 78. ISASA, Wilne-Ldwards.

Upper antenna with secondary appendage. All the feet
prehensile. Telson reduced. 7

Is#a Montaeur, M. Edw.—Upper antenna rather longer
than the lower. First jaw-foot smaller than the second.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

oe

180 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 79. LEMBOS, Spence Late.

Upper antenna with secondary appendage small; first
jaw-foot larger than the second; third leg very short ; fifth
very long. Telson rudimentary.

Lemos CamBriensis, Spence Bate-—First hand with-
out a thumb.

Glamorganshire (Mr. Spence Bate).

Lemgos versicuLatus, Spence Bate.—First hand with-
out a thumb; second scarcely prehensile, the fourth and
fifth joints furnished with a strong brush.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

Mr. Bate has described two other species from the South
of England—ZL. Websterit and L. Danmoniensis—both fur-
nished with a thumb on the first hand.

*

Gen. 80. LONCHOMERUS, Spence Bate.

Like ZLeméos. Fourth joint of first jaw-foot produced
into a long spine ; hence the name, from Aoyyos and pepos.

LoncHomerus GRacitis, Spence Bate.—Spine of fourth
joint of first jaw-foot as long as the fifth jomt; the fifth
joint longer than the sixth; the terminal claw ornate.

2

GAMMARELLA. 181

Polperro (Mr. Loughrin) ; Glamorgan ; Plymouth (Mr.
Bate).

Gen. 81. EURYSTHEUS, Spence Bate.
First jaw-foot smaller than the second. Upper antenna
with secondary appendage. .'lelson cylindrical.
HURYSTHEUS TRIDENTATUS, Spence Bate.—Palm of second
jaw-foot convex, furnished with three obtuse teeth.

Plymouth (Mr. Bate) ; Macduff (Mr. Gregor).

a

Gen. 82. GAMMARELLA, Spence Bate.

Antennee like Gammarus, and upper with secondary ap-
pendage. Last pair of false legs with a single branch.
Telson single.

GAMMARELLA ORCHESTIFORMIS, Spence Bate.—Upper
antenna longer than the lower; hand of first jaw-foot small,
hand of second very large and oval; caudal appendages
short.

Polperro (Mr. Loughrin).

182 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 838. AMATHIA, Rathke.

Upper antenna with secondary appendage ; telson entire ;
animal shaped like Gammarus.

AMATHIA CARINATA, Rathke. Head with a small beak ;
centre of the dorsal surface surmounted by a distinct keel,
commencing at the head and terminating with the caudal
segmenis.

This species, described by Rathke as a native of the
shores of the Crimea, has been recently sent to Mr. Spence
Bate from Banff by Mr. Edwards.

os

Gen. 84. GAMMARUS, La?r.

Upper antenne slender, and furnished at the base of the
fourth joint with a small jointed bristle. Tail above fur-
nished with tufts of spines.

First and second pairs of legs sibehulioon: the others
not prehensile; six hind pairs of legs similar to each other.
Telson double.

Gammarus Locusta. Common Coast Screw.—Of a horny
colour; body smooth, glossy, compressed; eyes lunated.
Length an inch.

GAMMARUS. 183

Common on all the coasts of Britain. Colonel Montagu
observes that this species is wholly marine, never quits the
water by choice, is incapable of leaping, and seems to have
very little use of its legs out of that element; for when de-
prived of water it les on its side, and endeavours to force
itself along by the action of its tail. If put into fresh
water, it soon dies.

GaMMARUS CARINATUS.*—Body clouded with red and
horn-colour, and sometimes with white, and sprinkled with
minute yellow dots. Segments of the back strongly keeled,
hind margins with distant granules.

Berwick, often taken in baskets used for catching crabs.

Gammarus MaRINuS. Leach’s Coast Screw.—The process
between the antennz somewhat pointed.

Hab. South coast of Devon. Strangford Lough (Thomp-
son); Ballysodare, Shgo (Mrs. Hancock).

Gammarus Cametotoprs. Bent-eyed Coast Screw.—Hyes
flexuous, shaped somewhat like the letter S. Found in
the sea near Loch Ranza in the Isle of Arran (Dr. Leach) ;
River Lagan, Belfast (Messrs. Hyndman and Thompson).

Gammarus MacuLatus. Spotted Coast Screw—Body
smooth, glossy; back dusky, with a faint yellow band

* Dr. Johuston, Zool. Journ. iv. 52.

v -
184 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

across each segment, and a row of yellow spots along each
side. Hyes oblong, red, running backwards.

Sea-coast near Berwick ; rare.

Gammarus rFuLUvisTitis. fresh-water Screw. — Kyes
ovate; three last joints of body smooth; lower pair of
caudal fins rather the longest ; legs rough.

Found im fresh-water ; cannot leap, and dies very soon
when taken out of water.

Gammarus Graciuis, Rathke-—Upper antenna much
longer than the lower. Last pair of hind false feet with
the stylets unequal.

Plymouth (Mr. Bate).

Gammarus pALMATus, Montagu.—First jaw-foot with a
very small hand; second, with hand very large and square ;
last joint scimitar-shaped.

Devonshire (Montagu); Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

Gammarus Ornonis, Edwards.—Hands subequal, long
and narrow towards the extremity. The last of the false
feet with the stylets equal.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

GaMMARUS LONGIMANUS, Leach.—Second hand much
larger than the first, very long, and not narrowing towards
the extremity; last caudal stylets equal.

GAMMARUS. 185

South coast of England (Dr. Leach); Plymouth (Mr.
Spence Bate) ; Belfast (Mr. Thompson).

GAMMARUS BREVICAUDATUS, Edwards.—Lower antenna
not reaching to the end of the peduncle of the upper.
Last pair of candal stylets extremely short.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

GamMARus GROssIMANUS, Montagu.— When alive, pale-
yellow, sometimes mottled with pink. Hands of second
pair of jaw-feet large, ovate, compressed ; the fangs long
and hooked, folding on the edge of the hand. Length five
lines.

Rocky shores; common in pools left by the receding tide.

Devonshire and Berwick, Plymouth.

GAMMARUS IN#QUIMANUS, Spence Bate.—Second pair
of jaw-feet with the left hand four times as large as the
right. A dorsal spine on the eleventh segment after the
head, and two smaller placed laterally on the next.

Polperro (Mr. Loughrin).

GaMMARUS? PALLIDUS, Spence Bate.—Upper antenna
shorter than the lower. Hands large, with last joint well
developed and fringed internally with teeth.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

186 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 85. UROTHOE, Dana.

Upper antenne scarcely longer than the peduncle of the
lower. Coxze moderately developed. Jaw-feet prehensile ;
last joint of other feet styliform. Telson double.

Urornor ELncans, Spence Bate.—Hands of Jaw-feet
very small. Upper antenne shorter than the lower. Last
pair of caudal stylets feathery and subequal.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate). Mr. Bate remarks that
this scarcely differs from the species described by the Ameri-
can naturalist, which is a native of the Sooloo Sea.

Gen. 86. NIPHARGUS, Schiedte.*

Eyes wanting ; upper antenn longer than the lower:
the accessory flagellum minute, two-jointed ; last pair of
egs with the inner style very short, the outer much length-
ned and two-jointed.

The type of this genus is a native of the subterranean
grottos of Adelsberg in Carniola, where it occurs in little
pools in the hollows formed by the dripping ; 1t springs

* Stockholm Transactions, 1851. Halliday in ‘ Natural History Review,’
Jan. 1857, p. 41.

BATHYPOREIA. 187

very mimbly, and is difficult to catch, making for the
bottom immediately on being disturbed. Besides the Pro-
teus anguinus, these caves have several peculiar insects and
Aptera. Dr. Schicedte has described, in the work cited, as a
new species the Wiphargus, which Mr. Westwood exhibited
at the Linnean Society (Proc. Linn. Soc. April, 1853) as
N. styquus.

Nipuarcus AQUuILEX, Schicedte. Zhe Well Screw.—
Snow-white ; the epimera are all shorter than their corre-
sponding segments in depth; eighth, ninth, and tenth seg-
ments nearly equal in depth. From three to four lines in
length.

Found in great numbers in a well near Maidenhead, the
water of which was, in consequence, rendered unfit for use.
May not this be the Gammarus subterraneus alluded to by
Leach in the seventh volume of the ‘Edinburgh Ency-
clopeedia ’? ;

Gen. 87. BATHYPOREIA, Lindstr.*
Upper antenne with second joint of the peduncle pro-

* Mr. Spence Bate now refers his genus Thersites to this, and the species
T. Guilliamsoniana to Bathyporeia pilosa.

188 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

duced from the lower side of the first. Second jaw-foot
ending ina brush. ‘Telson double.

Baruyporeta PiItosa, Lindstr.—Lower antenne as long
again as the upper. Mr. Spence Bate records this as having
been found at Weymouth by Professor Williamson.

BaTHYPOREIA PELAGICA, Spence Bate.—Lower antenne
six times as long as the upper.

Sent to Mr. Bate by the Rev. Mr. Gordon from the
Moray Firth.

Gen. 88. LEUCOTHOKE, Leach.

First pair of jaw-feet with two toes, thumb two-jointed,
basal joint subovate ; second pair with a dilated compressed
hand, furnished with a bent thumb. Five hind pairs of
legs slender. Telson single.

LLEUCOTHOE ARTICULOSA, Montagu. Jointed Coast Screw.
—Body elongated and laterally compressed. Antenne of
three joints ; head with a short down-curved beak. Telson
long and lanceolate.

Rare on the south coast of England. Mr. Spence Bate
finds it at Plymouth, and the Rev. Mr. Gordon has sent it
from the Moray Firth.

CERAPUS. 189

LevucorHor Frurina, Savigny.*—Hand of the first jaw-
feet short, of the second long, and narrower than in the
last ; palm denticulated.

Banff (Mr. Edwards).

Fam. COROPHIDZ.

Adapted for crawling. Body more or less depressed,
linear; abdomen straight; eighth and following segments
not fused together; epimera very narrow, mandibles bear-
ing a palpus. Antenne like a leg.

The following genera are placed in the subdivision named
Domicola by Mr. Bate. The different species “ live in abodes
of their own construction ; some burrow in wood, some in
clay; some erect tubes of mud, or stones and weed, and
others build nests with materials united by a substance
secreted by the animal” (Spence Bate).

Gen. 89. CHRAPUS, Say.

Animal inhabiting a case ; the antenne without flagellum ;
two of the toes with two joints.

* Mr. Spence Bate at first regarded this as a new species, which he named
L. procera.

190 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Some, if not the majority, of the species of the group
named Podoceride by Leach, inhabit a tube considerably
resembling that of the Caddis-worms (Phryganeide). Mr.
Say has described* one of these, a native of the sea-coast
of the United States. The Cerapus tubularis, as he calls it,
is about a quarter of an inch long, and is found amongst
seaweeds on the beach of Hgg-harbour. It is a very active
little animal, running with great ease amongst the alge
and corallines, notwithstanding the encumbrance of its cy-
lindrical tube. The true feet are included in the tube, ex-
cepting the two front pairs, with which it seizes its prey and
conveys the captures to its mouth. ‘The four elongated an-
tennee, which are more than half the length of the creature,
are employed as walking feet. When the Cerapus swims
about, the half of the body is projected from the tube, and
is suddenly and often bent, so that it advances by a series
of jerks. The tube, Say thinks, is not constructed by the
Cerapus, who chooses, much after the fashion of the Hermit
Crab, the residence, abandoned or tenanted, of a Zubularia,
one of the Annelids very common on the coast. This abode
is always in proportion to the size of the animal; although

* Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, of Philadelphia, vol. i. pp. 49-52, pl. iv.
fig. 6, 7-11.

CERAPUS. 191

it seems to mvest it closely, the Cerapus, whenever anything
is in the way which prevents it proceeding, can turn its
body without difficulty, and the head may very soon be seen
protruding from the opposite end of the tube, so that either
extremity may be used as the front part. Say believes that
the chief food of the Cerapus consists of the animal of a Ser-
dularia, but there is little doubt that, like the Corophium, it
feeds on various small marine worms, as well as on other
small sea animals.

Kroyer has met with the Podocerus Leachii in the Baltic ;
it lives in a membranaceous tube.*

Cerapus Wuirte1, Gosse.—This seems to be very par-
tial to the submerged tufts of the Chondrus crispus, that
alga which when dry is sold as “Carrageen Moss.” Mr.
Gosse, who described it in his ‘ Naturalist’s Rambles on
the Devonshire Coast,’ p. 382, remarks as follows :—*“ It
must be sought at extreme low-water, about the sides of
rocks that are laid bare only at the spring-tides of March
and September, and the alga itself will be masked under a
crowd of Laomedea, Sertularia, Anguinaria, Pedicelline,
and other parasitic zoophytes, and half covered with a thick
coat of dirty floccose matter, the ejecta, as I suppose, of these

* Nat. Tidssk. iv. 164.

192 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

creatures. Among these, and assisting to conceal and me-
tamorphose the plant, you may find a number of conical
tubes, varying from one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch
in length, made of a somewhat tough papery or leathery
substance, of a dusky colour, and of a rough surface. They
are stuck upon the fronds of the seaweed in all directions,
without any order, some laid along, others standing erect ;
sometimes singly, sometimes associated. From the open
extremity project two pairs of stout jointed antenne, both of
which are armed on their under edge with double rows of
spreading spines, like those of the mterior antenne in Ca-
prella. ‘These well-armed organs are affixed to a large oval
head, just in front of two black eyes, and are thrown about
incessantly, forcibly clutching at the water, or rather at
whatever may be passing in the water. The head ordinarily
just projects from the mouth of the tube sufficiently to see
what is going on without, and what prospect there is of
a successful throw; but sometimes the creature protrudes
his first two pairs of feet. . . . The animal in its tube much
resembles the larva of the genus Phryganea, that anglers
value under the name of Caddis-worms. There, however,
the case is composed of minute pebbles, bits of shell, etc.,
imbedded in a glutinous silk, with which the interior is

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sedentaria

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‘ Caprella tuberculata

6. Gyamns Ceta

COROPHIUM. 193

smoothly lined. In our little Crustacean, I do not know
of what it is made, or how, but it seems to be homogeneous,
and is certainly of home manufacture, and not the tube of a
zoophyte surreptitiously obtained, as has been supposed to
be the case with the Cerapus tubularis of North America.
Perhaps, however, closer examination might refute the
charge of piracy brought against that species.”

Gen. 90. COROPHIUM.

Lower antenne much longer than the upper and without
flagellum, only the first pair of legs furnished with a flagel-
lum. Hand of second pair of legs not dilated. Body nearly
cylindrical, elongated, slightly compressed.

CoropHiuM LoNnercorNE. (Plate XI. fig. 1.)—Male
much larger than the female; third joint of lower antenne
much thicker than the fourth, and having in front a thick
pointed apophysis. Legs with long hairs, most abundant on
the second and seventh pairs. f

Coast of England. Berwick. Common in the antumn, in
pools of brackish water left at the sides of the river on the
recess of the tide (Dr. Johnston) ; Moray Firth (Rev. G.

O

194 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gordon). Dr. Johnston* remarks that, “in summer it
crawls about the muddy shores; but in autumn and winter
it lurks in cylindrical holes which it makes in the clay near
high-water mark. These holes exactly resemble those that are
made by a worm; they are about two inches in depth, per-
pendicular to the surface, and nearly parallel to each other.
As great numbers are bored close together, the clay appears
as thoroughly drilled as does a piece of wood that has been
eaten with the maggot of the wood-beetles.”

The habits of the Corophium longicorne have been studied
by M. D’Orbigny, of Rochelle,t who observed them in the
Bay of L’Aiguillon, near that place, where they are called
Pernys. During the winter he believes that they retire to
the deep sea, as they do not begin to appear till the month
of May, when they are found living in holes in the mud,
and disappear at the end of September. The roughness of
the waves causes the sand and shingle of shallow parts of
the bay to collect in elevated ridges ; the depressions between
these and the ridges are tenanted by various Annelids of
the genera Nereis, Amphinome, Arenicola, etc., which, when
the sea comes up, show themselves at the holes of their

* History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, 1842-1849, p. 78.
+ Letter to Latreille, Enc. Meth. x, 164, 165 (Podocere).

CYRTOPHIUM. 195

retreat, and seize the marine animalcules on which they
feed. The Corophiwm, which runs very quick, wages war
on these Annelids, and pursues them relentlessly. Numbers
of them may be seen attacking sea-worms ten or twenty
times their size, and even small fish and mollusca that come
in their way are eaten by them. Millions of them may
sometimes be seen beating the mud with their large antenne,
in pursuit of their food. In their turn, they become the
prey of many birds and fishes. |

Although Mr. Bate does not appear to have met with
any species of Say’s genus Unciola, we may mention that
Mr. Gosse found the Unciola irrorata of the American na-
turalist i our seas.* ;

Gen. 91. CYRTOPHIUM, Dana.

The first to the seventh joints after the head, inflated ; the
following joints compressed. The last false feet rudimentary.
Telson scale-like.

CyrtopHium Darwini, Spence Bate.—Dorsal surface
imbricated ; the fourth false foot longer than the fifth.

* Mr. Gosse has figured this species in the first part of his excellent
Manual of the Marine Zoology of the British Isles, p. 141 (fig. 256, on
p. 189).

196 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Falmouth (Mr. Webster).

Gen. 92. ERICHTHONIUS, Iidne-Hdwards.

Lower antenna not pediform. ‘Thumb developed on the
carpus of the second jaw-foot. Posterior false feet single
branched, ending in hooks. ‘Telson furnished with curved
spines. .

ERICHTHONIUS DIFFORMIs.—Thumb on the second jaw-
foot two-pointed.

Found at Swansea and Plymouth by Mr. Spence Bate.

Gen. 93. SIPHONCCETUS, Kroyer.*

Lower antenne subpediform, longer than the upper.
First and second jaw-feet prehensile. Posterior false feet
single branched, terminating in hooks. . Telson furnished
with teeth or hooks. The five pairs of legs ending in curved
spines. ,

SrpHonacetus Kroyeranvs, Spence Bate.-—Upper an-
tenna short; terminal joint of front legs styliform and with-
out a curve.

* So named by the Danish naturalist from the animal living in a siphon,
or tube, which it constructs of different materials.

PODOCERUS. 197

Weymouth (Professor Williamson).

SIPHON@CETUS CRASSICORNIS.—Basal joint of upper an-
tenna having the anterior superior margin developed into a
horn reaching to the end of the second joint.

Sent to Mr. Bate from the coast of Northumberland,
where it was found by Mr. Alder.

Gen. 94. PODOCERUS, Leach.

First and second pairs of legs stibcheliform ; the lower
antennee without flagellum, and like a leg; the eyes placed
on a projecting lobe of the head; second pair of legs much
larger than the first pair, and their hand better adapted for
holding.

A genus of small species which live among séaweeds,
and seem to feed principally on zoophytes.

-Popocrrus variecatus, Leach.—Whitish, varied with
reddish ; first pair of legs small; the hand slender and elon-
gated. Hands of second pair somewhat oval. A tooth on
the middle of the hind margin of last thoracic and first ab-
dominal ring.

Found on various parts of our coast, as on the Bell Rock
(Mr. Stevenson) ; Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

198 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

PopocERUS PULCHELLUS.—Hye-bearing lobes prominent ;
rings of the back without teeth. Hands of second pair of
legs very large, and armed beneath with two rounded teeth.
White, varied with reddish.

South coast of England, and Berwick (Dr. Johnston) ;
Swansea (Mr. Spence Bate) ; Bantf (Mr. Edwards).

Gen. 95. JASSA, Leach.

Hyes not prominent. The four front legs with ovate
hands; the second pair larger, the inner edge armed with
spines.

Mr. Spence Bate believes that this genus is founded
merely on females of the preceding.

Jassa PELAGICA, Leach. Bell Rock Screw. (Plate X. fig.
8.)—Body ash-coloured, varied with brown; the hand of
second pair with its inner edge notched im a lunar form.

Found on the Bell Rock by Mr. Stevenson, the engineer,
when superintending the erection of the lighthouse.

Jassa FaALCATA, Montagu. Wontagu’s Rock Serew.—Body
crimson or mottled, with a mixture of white. Hands of
second pair of legs with two spines on the imner edge.
Length five lines.

PLEONEXES, 199

Hab. Torcross, Devon, amongst Sertularia and Algae.

This is perhaps only the other sex of the preceding. Mr.
Thompson found them together in Strangford Lough.

It is perhaps to this genus that the Gammarus spinipes
of Dr. Johnston is referable (Zool. Journal, iv. p. 417).
The body is white, with transverse red lines ; hand of second
pair of legs dilated, tip triangular, one-toed, furnished on
the under side with a strong spine. Found by Dr. Johnston
among Sertularia taken from a fishing-boat, so that it pro-
bably inhabits deep water.

Gen. 96. PLEONEXES, Spence Bate.

Upper antennze without secondary appendage. Peduncle
of the lower antennz reaching nearly to the end of the
upper antenne. Jaw-feet subcheliform. -Posterior true
legs prehensile.

Pironexes GamMaRorpEs, Spence Bate.—Lower an-
tenne not pediform. Second jaw-foot with hand nearly
square and larger than the first.

Penzance (Mr. Barlee).

200 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 97. AMPHITHOE, Leach.

Upper antenne the longest, without a bristle at the base
of the fourth joint. Tail above without bundles of spines.
Hands ovate or filiform. First and second pairs of legs
subcheliform.

Mr. Bate remarks that the species of this genus “ build
nests made of weed and material of their own secretion.”

AmPpHITHOE RUBRICATA. Montagu’s Coast Screw.—Body
slender, usually reddish, or pale pink, minutely and closely
speckled with darker spots of the same hue. Hands ovate,
without notch.

South coast of Devon (Montagu); Strangford Lough
(Hyndman and Thompson) ; Springvale, Down (Thompson).

AMPHITHOE LITroRINA.* Johnston's Coast Screw.—Body
smooth, olive-green, speckled with minute black dots ; back
of segments deeply punctured; a deep semilunar fissure
between wrist and hand.

Near Berwick, amongst Conferve, in pools left by the
tide; also Springvale, Down, Ireland. It lives, says Dr.
Johnston, in a furrow from one to two inches long, com-

* Gammarus punctatus, Johnston, Zool. Journ. iii. pp. 197 and 490;
the specific name preoccupied by Say, so it has been altered by Mr. Bate,

SYNAMPHITHOE. 201

posed of pieces of seaweed, and lined internally with a thin,
smooth, and glutinous membrane. ‘This furrow is attached
to the under side of stones, or is imbedded in some entangled
seaweed. A male and female reside in each. Dr. Johnston
adds that he has seen them, when expelled from it, repeatedly
return and re-enter it.

AmMPHITHOE optusATA. Leach’s Coast Screw.—Of a pale
brown, usually mottled with rufous brown, especially about
the legs; arms four, the front pair very small, the others
furnished with large hands, the claw a little hooked, always
blunt at the end. Length three-eighths of an inch.

Saleomb Bay.

AMPHITHOE DUBIA.—Horny colour, with a few red lines
on back. Hands equal, oblong, not much dilated, and spa-
ringly ciliated.

Near Berwick, amongst Conferve, in pools left by the
tide (Dr. Johnston).

' Gen. 98. SYNAMPHITHOH, Spence Bate.

Second jaw-foot larger than the first; posterior false feet
with one branch squamiform, the other ending in two hooks.
Telson terminating in a single strong hook.

202 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

SYNAMPHITHOE HAaMULUS, Spence Bate.-—Antenne sub-
equal; posterior true legs scarcely prehensile.

Moray Firth (Rev. G. Gordon) ; Penzance (Mr. Harris).

SYNAMPHITHOE CONFoRMATA, Spence Bate.—Upper an-
tenn longer than the lower; posterior true legs subpre-
hensile.

Plymouth (Mr. Spence Bate).

Fam. CHELURIDZ, Allman.

Body scarcely compressed. Abdomen abnormal; two or
three segments united and irregular; six caudal styles, dis-
similar; antenne short, leg-like.

There is but one genus of this family, the species of
which burrows into wood, and, along with the Lvmaoria,
helps to destroy woodwork washed by the sea.

Gen. 99. CHELURA, Philippi.

The fourth, fifth, and sixth segments united into a styli-
form joint. Upper antenne shorter than the lower, fur-
nished with a secondary appendage. Lower antenne with
segments of filament fused.

CHELURA TEREBRANS, Philippi. (Plate XI. fig. 2.)—Jaw-

CHELURA. 203

feet imperfectly cheliform ; tenth segment from the head
produced into a large spine posteriorly.

This species was known to Dr. Leach, as there are speci-
mens from the English coast in his collection in the British
Museum. According to Professor Allman, Messrs. Mullins
and Ball first found it in Ireland, in excavations formed in
the timber piles of the jetty in Kingstown Harbour, near
Dublin.

Major Martin found it at Ardrossan, and Mr. Spence
Bate at Plymouth.

On its habits, Professor Allman* observes as follows :—
“ Chelura terebrans is an active little animal, swimming on
its back, and employing its thoracic legs to adhere to the
timber which it has selected for its ravages. ‘The large la-
mellar appendages, placed near the anterior end of the great
abdominal trunk, do not appear to be employed in swim-
ming, they are kept thrown upwards on each side of the
spinous process of the third abdominal segment, and seem
in no way subservient to locomotion ; they are not confined
to any particular sex, and it is difficult to assign to them
any office, unless it be that of keeping the excavations
formed by the amphipod free from the detritus of the

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xix. pp. 367, 368.

204 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

timber, and from other extraneous bodies which might in-
terfere with respiration. When removed from the water
and placed upon a resisting surface, the little Crustacean
bends the abdomen under the thorax, brings the terminal
appendages between the antennz, and then suddenly resum-
ing its straight condition, springs to a considerable distance.
The habits of Chelura terebrans are truly xylophagous,
and it excavates the timber not merely for the purpose of
concealment, but with the object of employing it as food,
which is apparent from the fact that the alimentary canal
may be found on dissection filled with minutely comminuted
ligneous matter. It will freely attack a piece of timber
placed with it in a glass of sea-water, so that its habits may
be studied in confinement. Timber which has been sub-
jected to the ravages of Chelura presents a somewhat diffe-
rent appearance from that which has been attacked by Lzm-
noria terebrans. In the latter, we find narrow cylindrical
burrows running deep into the interior, while the excava-
tions of Chelura are considerably larger, and more oblique
in their direction, so that the surface of the timber, thus un-
dermined .by these destructive animals, is rapidly washed
away by the action of the sea, and the excavations are ex-
posed in the greater part of their extent, the wood appear-

HYPERIA. 205

ing ploughed up, so to speak, rather than burrowed into.
Upon the whole, Chelwra would seem to be a still more
destructive creature than even Limnoria.”

Tribe HYPERITA.

Head very large. Mandibles large, generally ending in
crests rather than teeth. First pair of | jaw, of three joints,
the two last lamellar, the thorax of six or seven joints; some
of the legs prehensile and of curious form ; end of abdomen
adapted for swimming but not for leaping.

The species of this tribe are more or less parasitic, some
of them being attached to Fishes, and others to Medusz.

Fam. PHRONIMADA.

Second pair of antenne styliform, and not capable of
being folded on themselves. Body swollen, head very
large; some of the true legs prehensile.

Gen. 100. HYPERIA.
Body wider than high, swollen above, blunt in front,
swollen towards the middle, and considerably narrowed be-
hind. Head very large, the eyes occupying its greater part.

206 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

First pair of antenne simple, conical, very short. Two first
pairs of legs not prehensile. Telson lanceolate.

Hyperta Latreriiit, Milne-Edwards. (Plate XI. fig. 3.)
—Of a brownish colour, about eight lines long; the lower
antenne as long as the upper, and of the same form; the
first six or seven joints of the filament of upper and lower
antennee fused ; five last pairs of legs nearly all of the same
size ; terminal abdominal plate triangular, blunt at the end.

Found on the south coast of England, and obtained by
Mr. Ball in great numbers in the cavities of a Rhizostoma,
at Youghal. ‘To this genus also belongs the C. Gammarus
Galba of Montagu, found on the south coast of Devon, and
met with by Mr. Hyndman, on the Dublin coast, in the
pouches of Rhizostoma Cuviert. Mr. Spence Bate regards
this as synonymous with Montagu’s species.

Hyprrta optivia, M. Edwards.—Lower antenna longer
than the upper, and the segment of the filament of the
upper antenna only fused ; the legs long.

Moray Firth, Rev. Mr. Gordon, who sent it to Mr. Spence
Bate.

METOECUS. 207

Gen. 101. METOECUS, Kroyer.

Two first pairs of legs much shorter than the following,
and ending in a little two-toed claw, the movable finger of
which has at the end a little rudimentary nail.

Merorcus MepusaruM, O. Fabr., sp.—Five last pairs of
legs very slender, the three last longer than the others.

Coast of Devonshire (Gosse).

This curious parasite lives in the cavities of various
species of Acalepha. Mr. Gosse met with it in those of the
Red-lined Chrysaora ; he thus alludes to it in his ‘ Natu-
ralist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast,’ p. 867. “A
little shrimp-like creature, about half an inch in length,
with large, lustrous green eyes, makes these chambers his
residence, dwelling in them as in so many spacious and
commodious apartments, of which he takes possession, I am
afraid, without asking leave of the landlord, cr paying him
even a peppercorn rent. ‘There, however, he snugly en-
sconces himself, and feels so much at home, that he is not
afraid to leave his dwelling now and then, to take a swim in
the free water, returning to his chamber after his exercise.”
What Mr. Gosse believes to be the larve of this, are like -
minute white specks, “not larger than a grain of sand,

208 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

shaped somewhat like a toad, with the abdomen distinctly
separated, narrow, and bent abruptly under, in the manner
of the Brachyura.”

Gen. 102. PHRONIMA.

Head large, vertical ; two antenne inserted, one on each
side of the front ; tail ending in styliform threads. Body
very soft, half transparent. Legs all long, slender, and
feeble; the fifth pair the longest, directed backwards, and
ending in a strong, swollen, two-fingered claw.

PHRONIMA SEDENTARIA. Lleming’s Hermit Screw. (Plate
XI. fig. 4.) —Body nearly transparent ; two first pairs of legs
compressed and prolonged at the end.

Found by the Rev. Dr. Fleming at Burray, among the
Shetland Isles.

This curious creature lives inside a cylindrical cocoon,
open at both ends; the latter is of a gelatinous texture, and
is probably formed of the body of some Beroe.

We have apparently in the British Islands more than one
species of the family Zyphid@ ; they are not well made out.
The antenne in this family are inserted on the lower part of
the head, and are folded three or four times on each other.

DULICHIA. 209

Fam. DULICHIADZ), Spence Bate.

The seventh and thirteenth segments from the head
absent. Coxe of the last two true legs fused with the body
of the animal.

Gen. 1038. DULICHIA, Kroyer.*

The sixth and seventh pairs of legs attached to the sixth
segment after the head ; last pair of false feet absent. Tel-
son single.

Duricuia porrectA, Spence Bate.-—Upper antenne half
as long as the body. Second gnathopod with a long,
straight, spine-like thumb proceeding from the posterior ex-
tremity of the palm. Hands not armed in the female.

Sent to Mr. Bate, from Macduff, by Mr. Gregor.

Douticuia FaLcata, Spence Bate.—Upper antennz as
long as the animal. Thumb at the extremity of the palm,
crooked.

From the same locality as the preceding.

* Two species first described by Mr. Bate under the generic name Dyope-
dos: he subsequently ascertained that they belonged to Kroyer’s genus.

210 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA. —

Orver Il. LAMODIPODA.

This Order is restricted to a small number of species, all
of curious form, in which the abdominal portion of the
body is 1 a very rudimentary state, being represented by a
scarcely visible tubercle. Body cylindrical or depressed ;
head very small; the six thoracic rings very distinct ; legs
exposed at base; sometimes there are seven pairs, some-
times five, third and fourth pairs sometimes represented by
tubercles from which spring iamellar or vesicular appendages.
The female has the egg-pouch on the second and third
rings. Mr. Spence Bate merges this Order in Amphipoda.

Mr. Gosse has given much information on the habits of
_the British species, in one of his works.* He is describing
the genus Caprella. These Crustacea are found on the
pinnated branches of the zoophyte, Plumularia cristata.
“They are as much at home in the tree-hke zoophyte as a
family of monkeys in their arboreal bowers; and indeed
their agility, as they run from branch to branch, catching
hold of a twig just within reach, and pulling themselves in
an instant up to it, then stretching out their long arms in

* Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast, pp. 379-381.

LEMODIPODA. _ 211

every direction, strongly reminds me of the spider monkeys
of South America. One needs little systematic knowledge
to see that they are highly predatory. Strange, spectre-like
creatures they are, or rather skeleton-like, with long, slender
bodies, composed of few joints, and wide sprawling limbs
set at remote distances—and such limbs! ‘Two pairs of
stout antenne, bristled with stiff spines, project from the
head ; then the first and second pairs of legs, but especially
the latter, have the last joint but one developed to a great
size, while the terminal joint is so formed as to shut down
upon it, just as the blade of a clasp-knife does upon the
handle. Then, to add to the efficiency of this instrument of
prehension, the great joint which represents the haft is
armed with a double row of spines set at an angle, so as to
make a groove, into which the blade falls, and this latter is
cut along each side of its edge into fine teeth, like those of
a file. I find several species, even on the same small frag-
ment of weed if it be tolerably well peopled with Plamu-
larie or Pedicelline, some much larger than others, and
beautifully mottled with transparent ruby-colour on a clear
horn ; and there is a species larger still, of a dull purplish-
red hue. But all have pretty much the same manners, ex-
cept that the smaller species are more agile. These manners

212 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

are excessively amusing. The middle part of their long
body is destitute of limbs, having, instead of legs, two pairs
of oval clear vesicles; but the hinder extremity is furnished
with three pairs of legs armed with spines and a terminal
hooked blade like that already described. ~With these hind-
most legs the animal takes a firm grasp of the twigs, and
rears up into the free water its gaunt skeleton of a body,
stretching wide its scythe-like arms, with which it keeps up
a seesaw motion, swaying its whole body to and fro. ver
and anon, the blade is shut forcibly upon the grooved haft,
and woe be to the unfortunate Infusory or Mite or Rotifer
that comes within that grasp! The whole action, the pos-
ture, the figure cf the animal, and the structure of the
limb, are so like those of the tropical genus Mantis among
insects, which I have watched thus taking its prey in the ~
Southern United States and the West Indies, that I have no
doubt passing animals are caught by the Crustacean also in
this way, though I have not seen any actually secured. The
antennze too, at least the inferior pair, are certainly, I should
think, accessory weapons of the animal’s predatory warfare.
They consist of four or five stout joints, each of which
is armed on its inferior edge with two rows of long, stiff,
curved spines, set as regularly as the teeth of a comb, the

LEMODIPODA. CA

rows divaricating at a rather wide angle. From the sudden
clutchings of these organs I have no doubt that they too
are seizing prey; and very effective implements they must
be, for the joints bend down towards each other, and the
long rows of spines interlacing must form a secure prison,
like a wire-cage, out of which the jaws probably take the
victim, when the bending in of the antenne has delivered
it to the mouth. But these well-furnished animals are
not satisfied with fishing merely at one station; they climb
nimbly and eagerly to and fro, insinuating themselves
among the branches, and dragging themselves hither and
thither, by the twigs, on a straight surface. When march-
ing (the motion is too free and rapid to call it crawling)
along the stem of a zoophyte, the creature proceeds by
leaps, catching hold with the fore limbs, and then bringing
up the hinder ones close, the intermediate segments of the
thin body forming an arch, exactly as the caterpillars of
the geometric moths do. Bat the action of the Crustacean
is much more energetic than that of the caterpillar. In-
deed, all its motions strike one as peculiarly full of vigour
and energy. I have seen the large red species swim, throw-
ing its body into a double curve like the letter S, with the
head bent down, and the hind limbs turned back, the body

214 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

being in an upright position. It was a most awkward
attempt, and though there was much effort there was little
effect.”

Fam. CAPRELLIDA.

Body elongated, cylindrical, and very narrow. Four well-
developed antenne. Legs long and slender. Coxe fused
with the body of the animal.

Animals not parasitic.

Gen. 104. CAPRELLA, Lam.

Second and third thoracic rings without legs, but each
furnished with a pair of branchial vesicles or lamelle.
Head swollen in front and narrowed behind. First pair of
antenne much longer than second pair, which latter are
pediform.

Mr. Henry Goodsir* says they cast their skins often: be-
fore the process commences, the animal is so languid as to
appear dead; a slight quivering motion then takes place,
when the skin bursts transversely on the head and down the
middle thoracic segments.

CAPRELLA LINEARIS. Pennant’s Skeleton Screw.—Uead

* Edin. New Phil. Journal, xxiii.

CAPRELLA. 215

elongated, without teeth or tubercles ; lower antenne ciliated.
First joint of thorax not swollen above the insertion of se-
cond pair of legs; the hands of second pair nearly oval,
truncated in front and below; the male has three teeth, the
female only one, on the lower margin. Half an inch long.
“ On the coast in various places. Devon; Firth of Forth;
Berwick Bay, among corallines, in deep water.

CapRELLA Lzvis, Goodsir. Smooth Skeleton Screw.—
Larger than the last, being an inch long. Head nearly
triangular; swelling on the first joint of thorax, near the
hind edge.

Firth of Forth (Goodsir).

CAPRELLA ACANTHIFERA, Leach. Spined Skeleton Screw.
—Head oval, short, and rounded above. [First joint of
thorax swollen above insertion of first pair of legs; second
pair of legs very hairy; their hand strongly notched beneath,
and with a strong tooth below. Length, half an inch.

British coast.

CAPRELLA TUBERCULATA, Goodsir. Goodsir’s Skeleton
Screw. (Plate XI. fig. 5.)—Allied to the last, but may be
distinguished by the double fringe of spines on the lower
edge of the inferior antenne: the upper antenne are also
much shorter than in preceding species.

216 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Firth of Forth (Goodsir) ; Strangford Lough (Hyndman
and 'Thompson).

Capre.ta acurirrons. Leach’s Skeleton Screw.—Head
oval, surmounted by a point; lower antennee much ciliated;
first joint of thorax cylindrical, not thicker than the head.

British coast.

CapRELLA PHASMA. Montagu’s Skeleton Screw.—Head
round, surmounted by a point; first joint of thorax nar-
rowed behind, armed with two strong spines one before the
other.

South of Devon (Montagu) ; Isle of Man (Dr. Fleming).

Colonel Montagu, in the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ * records
his observations on the Caprella phasma. He remarks that
‘the female differs in possessing several plates or valves
beneath the body, situated between the two pairs of fins;
the office of these is to carry and protect its eggs or young,
at which time they extend very considerably, and form a
kind of pouch. We have seen this receptacle distended
with ova, from fifteen to twenty, readily distinguished through
the transparent plates. In this part a very strong pulsation
is observable.

«While examining a female in a watch-glass of sea-water

* Vol. vil. p. 67.

CAPRELLA. de

under a microscope, we were agreeably surprised to observe
not less than ten young ones crawl from the abdominal
pouch of the parent, all perfectly formed, and moving with
considerable agility over the body of the mother, holding
fast by their hind claws, and erecting their heads and arms.
On a small species of Fucus a vast number of these curious
insects were collected, of both sexes, and of all sizes. When
at rest, they only held by their hind claws; in motion, the
arms were also used, and the progression was somewhat
similar to that of the looper caterpillars, or larve of the
moths of the Linnean division of Geometra.”

CaPRELLA spinosa, Goodsir.—Similar to last; differs
chiefly in the first thoracic segment having five spines; the
segments are considerably longer; the first pair of feet are
minute and slender. Of a pale white-colour; the eyes
black. An inch long.

Firth of Forth (Goodsir).

Mr. Bate refers this with doubt to the genus Proted/a of
Dana, and to the species named gina longispina by
Kroyer.

918 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 105. PROTO, Leach.

All the rings of thorax furnished with legs: there are
seven pairs of these organs; the second, third, and fourth
pairs have a vesicular appendage at their base.

Proto pepata, Leach. Miiller’s Spectre Shrimp.—Up-
per antennz very long, lower antenne very short. Fifth
pair of legs very short; palm of second jaw-foot convex and
slightly denticulated.

South coast of Devon (Montagu) ; Plymouth (Mr. Spence
Bate) ; Bell Rock (Dr. Fleming); Berwick Bay (Dr. John-
ston) ; Moray Firth (Rev. G. Gordon).—Desmarest found
this species abundantly on sponges, and fancies that it feeds
on the substance of the animal which forms them.

Proro Goopstrit (Spence Bate) differs chiefly from the
preceding in the palm of second jaw-foot being concave.

Moray Firth (Rev. G. Gordon).

Fam. CYAMIDZ.

Body depressed, oval. Eyes compound; two very small
ocelli on vertex; antenne very close together at the base.
Five pairs of legs, more or less prehensile; second and third

CYAMUS. 219

joints of the thorax without legs, but bearing very long
cylindrical respiratory appendages, which are generally bent
over the back.

The species of this family are parasitic on the whale and
dolphin. They gnaw the rough thick skin of these marine
animals more or less deeply. There seem to be several
species of Cyamus, attacking different parts of the bodies of
these bulky beasts, some preferring the head and others the
fins and other parts of the body.

Gen. 106. CYAMUS, Latr.

Head small, truncated, united to first thoracic segment.
The characters of the genus are those of the family.

Cyamus cett. Whale Louse. (Plate XI. fig. 6.)—Bran-
chial appendages simple, and furnished at the base with two
unequal and pointed appendages.

Under the fins, etc., of the whale.

Cyamus ovaLis.—Body much wider than in last; four
pairs of branchial appendages in both sexes, those of third
ring with a single short slender appendage at the base, those
of the fourth ring with two of unequal length.

Lives in clusters on the hard projections of head of whale.

The Cyamus gracilis and Cyamus Thompsoni are also re-

220 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

corded as British; the latter was found on a dolphin, and is

described by Mr. Gosse.

Orper Ill. JSOPODA.

Most of the Crustacea of this distinct Order would have
been included in the genus Oxiscus of Linneus. The ab-
domen is much developed; the body is depressed, in gene-
ral rather wide and divided into segments. There are gene-
rally fourteen legs, which terminate in a pointed claw. The
most of these legs in the female have a large horny plate,
extending horizontally inwards, and forming with the others
a large pouch beneath the thorax, which contains the eggs.
Mouth-apparatus well developed. Many of the rings of the
abdomen are often confounded together, so as to appear a
single joint. The tail is formed of a variable number of
segments bearing the branchiz, and often furnished with
plates which cover them. Many of the species form the
favourite food of fish, and the remains of them are often met
with in their stomachs.

The first Suborder contains the Walking Isopods, in
which the last false legs are styliform or opercular, but never
form a lamellar caudal fin.

Plate Xl

8

Sowerby delet lith.. Vincent Brooks Imp.
LA 2.12 ea + pe 4, Anthura

1 Arcturus ay Fee 2. ldotea’ tricuspidata . 3. Ido

ote
sracilis. 5. lammoria lignorum . 5.a Weod bored into by d° 6. Asellus aquaticus.
7 Joniscoda maculosa.

ARCTURUS. 22]

Fam. IDOTEID/.

Terminal appendages of the last false legs very large,
lamellated, covering all the lower surface of the abdomen,
and not projecting beyond the first segment, which is shield-
like and very large.

Gen. 107. ARCTURUS, Laér.

Body long ; the four first pairs of legs lamellar at the end,
not fitted for walking or seizing; the three last pair of legs
formed for walking. Antennee like legs, and employed in
seizing and enclosing the prey: the young of the great
Arctic species adhere to these organs by the legs.

ARCTURUS LONGICORNIS, Sowerby, sp. (Plate XII. fig. 1.)
—This species and the two next have the fourth ring of
thorax as long as all the others together. The body of this
is rugose, and, with the antenne, is nearly an inch long.

The eggs are red, and adhere to the under side of the
largest segment of the body.

First observed by Mr. T. W. Simmons, entangled in the
nets of the fishermen, off Dysart, near Inch Keith (Sowerby) ;
Cullercoats, Northumberland (Dr. Clarke); Falmouth and
Firth of Clyde (Rev. A. Norman) ; Berwick (Dr. Johnston).

Ax HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

AncTUkUS INTERMEDIUS, Goodsir,* sp.—Resembles the
last, but its prominent parts are more boldly thrown out:
upper autenne are longer than two first joints of the lower;
a double row of tubercles on each side of the body. Length
from four to five lines; straw-coloured, spotted with brown.

Firth of Forth (Mr. H. Goodsir).

ARcrurRuUs GRACILIS, Goodsir, sp.—Slender, quite smooth;
upper antennee nearly as long as the three first jomts of the
lower. Dirty-white, with brown spots. Length, seven
lines.

Firth of Forth, off Anstruther (Mr. H. Goodsir).

Mr. Goodsir has had all the species alive. They select a
branch of coralline and keep that branch exclusively to
themselves, defending it with the greatest vigour against all
intruders; they use the true thoracic feet to fix themselves.
Their natural mode of progression is swimming. “ It is
amusing to see one of these animals resting, in an erect
posture, on a branch of coralline, by means of its true tho-
racic feet, waving its body backwards and forwards, throw-
ing about its long inferior antenne, and ever and anon

* Goodsir, “‘On two new species of Leachia,’ Edin. New Phil. Journal,
Oct. 1841. Mr. Goodsir restricts the name Arcturus to the Aretic species,
and applies Dr. Johuston’s name Leachva to the three British species.

IDOTEA. 223

drawing them through its anterior fringed feet for the pur-
pose of cleaning them. It frequently darts from its branch,
with the rapidity of lightning, to seize with its long an-
tenne some minute crustaceous animal, and returns to its
resting-place to devour its prey at leisure.”

Gen. 108. IDOTEA.

All the legs ending in a pointed claw, and so adapted for
walking ; abdomen furmished beneath with two large simple
plates, which do not extend beyond the side of the terminal
- segment. Body considerably elongated, and not much di-
lated about the middle. The various species are found
amongst seaweeds near the shore.

Iporea peLacica.—Front slightly notched ; second jouit
of abdomen with a small keel down the middle, rounded at
the end, and with a blunt tooth in the middle; antennz one-
third the length of the body.

Found at different parts of the coast. Common on the
Bell Rock.

Iporea tricusPipaTa. Zhree-toothed Idotea. (Plate XII.
fig. 2.)—Body elongated, nearly linear. Cinereous, dotted
with brown; the back marked with a yellowish-white lon-

224 HISTORY Of BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

gitudinal line. The tail with three teeth, the middle one
longer than the others. The antenne reach to the third ring
of body.

Not uncommon on the coast.

Iporea Emareinata. Notched Idotea.—Body oval, elon-
gated. ‘Tail truncated, notched. Antenne one-third the
length of the body. Reddish-yellow or cinereous; sides and
end of tail always pale.

British coast.

Toorea tinearis. Slender-bodied Idotea.— Body elon-
gated, linear ; tail somewhat contracted at the base, with
the end dilated, truncated, notched, and with a tooth at
each side; blackish brown-above, whitish on the sides.
Outer antenne of the length of the body; the third joint
longer than the fourth. |

South coast of England ; Ilfracombe.

Iporga acumtnatTa.—Body of an oblong oval shape ; tail
rather sharply keeled down the middle; the keel produced
into a point; colour, yellowish or reddish, with three longi-
tudinal rows of dusky spots.

Coast of Devon.

Tporea APPENDICULATA. (Plate XII. fig. 3.)—Body very
narrow, and deeply toothed on the sides. Abdomen lan-

ASELLIDA, | 225

ceolate. Legs very slender, and placed near the side of
the thorax.
Coast of Devon; Sidmouth.

Gen. 109. ANTHURA, Leach.

Body very slender; antennz very short, of six or eight
joints. Tail furnished with two plates on each side. First
pair of legs with a small, slightly swollen hand, which is
subchelate, the six following pairs slender.

ANTHURA GRACILIS, Montagu, sp. (Plate XII. fig. 4.)—
Body nearly cylindrical; head elongated, and nearly as wide
as the thoracic segments; last segment of abdomen rounded
at the end.

Coast of Devon.

Fam. ASELLIDZ.
End of the abdomen with style-shaped appendages.

Body more or less elongated and often linear; first pair of
antenne very small, inserted near the median line; abdo-
men of several distinct joints, the last large and shield-
shaped. )
The species of this family are all aquatic. Some of
Q

226 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

them (the Apseudide) have the first pair of legs ending in
a two-clawed hand, while in the others (Limnoriada@) the
first pair of legs resembles the others. -

Gen. 110. APSEUDES, Leach.

Body elongated, depressed, nearly of same breadth through-
out. First pair of antenne short, slender, with many-jointed
thread at end; second pair outside the first, thick and
rather long ; peduncle of four joints, succeeded by a many-
jointed thread; the first pair of legs short, with a large
swollen hand; second pair wide, flattened, spiny, and appa-
rently adapted for digging; the five last pair slender. Ab-
domen ending in two long threads.

ApseuDES TALPA, Montagu, sp. Mole Hog-louse.—Yel-
lowish-white. Head pointed. First five segments of ab-
domen very hairy on the sides, the last as large as all the
others taken together.

Coast of Devon (Salcombe). It was first observed there
by Colonel Montagu, who remarked that the two long
caudal sete are capable of closing together instantaneously.
It is about four lines long.

7
ww
~

LIMNORIA.

Gen. 111. TANAIS, Wilne-Edwards.

Similar in many respects to the last. Antenne very short,
without many-jointed thread at the end. Second pair of
legs similar to the following pair. The three first rings of
abdomen more developed than the following.

Tanats Dutoner, Audouin, sp.*—Upper antenne much
thicker, but scarcely longer than the lower. Five lasé pairs
of legs nearly of the same length. Abdomen without hairs
on the sides. ‘Two lines long.

Inish coast, Giant’s Causeway (W. Thompson).

Gen. 112. LIMNORIA, Leach.

Body capable of being contracted nearly into a ball.
Eyes distinct, granular. Tail of many segments, scarcely
narrower than the body, the last somewhat rounded. An-
tennze in pairs, one placed over the other.

Limnoria LiGNoRUM, Rathke, sp. Boring Lnmaoria.
(Plate XII. fig. 5.) —Body ash-coloured ; eyes dark-brown.

Woodwork in the sea. Common.

This very destructive little boring creature was first

* Westwood proposes to separate this species under the name of Axiso-
cheirus. Aun. Sc. Nat. xxvii. p. 330.

228 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

described as British by Dr. Leach.* It was sent him by
Mr. Stevenson, the builder of the Bell-rock light-house.
Dr. Leacht remarks, “ It occurs in the greatest abundance
at the Bell Rock, in the old woodwork used whilst the light-
house was building, which it perforates in a most alarming
manner, entering to the depth of two inches or more, boring
in every direction. They seldom or never deviate from
a.straight line in their perforations, unless interrupted in
their progress by a knot in the wood, when they pass round
it. The female is one-third larger than the male, and may
be readily distinguished by its pouch, which is easily seen,
and in which the eggs and young ones after their exclusion
are carried. The young ones in those 1 examined were
generally seven in number, in some few nine, and in one
instance only five.” One of the authors of the ‘ Introduc-
tion to Entomology,’{ says that m December, 1815, he was
favoured by Mr. Lutwidge of Hull, “ with specimens of
wood from the piers at Bridlington Bay, which wofully con-
firm the fears entertained of their total ruin by the hosts of

* Rathke described it in 1799 as the Cymothoa lignorum (see Skrivt. af
Naturh, Selsk, v. 101, t. 3, f. 14). It is the Lemnoria terebrans of Leach.
Dr. Coldstream has published an elaborate monograph on Lzmuoria in vol.
xvi, of the Edin. New Phil. Journal.

+ Linn. Trans. xi. 371. + 6th ed. vol. i. p. 203.

LIMNORIA. 299

these pigmy assailants that have made good a lodgment in
them, and which, though not so big as a grain of rice, ply
their masticatory organs with such assiduity as to have
reduced great part of the woodwork which constitutes their
food, into a state resembling honeycomb. One specimen
was a portion of a three-inch fir-plank nailed to the north
pier about three years before, which is crumbled away to
less than an inch in thickness; in fact, deducting the space
occupied by the cells which cover both surfaces as closely as
possible, barely half an inch of solid wood is left; and
though its progress is slower in oak, that wood is equally
hable to be attacked with it. If this creature were easily
introduced to new stations, it might soon prove as destruc-
tive to our jetties as the Zeredo navalis to those of Holland,
and induce the necessity of substituting stone for wood
universally.”

It has been found at various parts on the coast, as, for
instance, on the shores of the Firth of Forth, where Dr.
Coldstream observed it, and made it the subject of an
excellent memoir. Dr. Moore, in ‘Charlesworth’s Maga-
zine of Natural History,’ stated that for forty years its in-
jurious powers had been known in the harbour of Plymouth,
where it is called “the gribble.” It has been found on

230 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

various parts of the Irish and Scottish coasts, sometimes
associated with an almost equally destructive Crustacean
already described, the Chelura.

Gen. 1138. ASHELLUS, Geoffr.

Caudal appendages long. Front legs the largest; claws
simple. Eyes small, lateral. Lower antenne of the same
length as the bristle-bearing joint of the outer pair. Body
oblong, depressed, and deeply divided into nine joints ; one
being the head, seven the thorax, and one the abdomen.

AseLLus aquaticus, L. Water Hog-louse. (Plate XII.
fig. 6.) Head large ; inner antenne shorter than peduncle
of second pair; peduncle of posterior appendages of abdo-
men cylindrical, with two stylets of same length. Six or
seven lines long.

Common in fresh and stagnant water: the male much
Jarger than the female. Its usual walk is slow, but when
pursued it can run quickly. i

Gen. 114. JAURA, Leach.

Caudal appendages very minute. Front legs not thicker

MUNNA. 231

than the others. Eyes moderate. Legs provided with
bifid claws.

J#RA ALBIFRONS, Leach. White-fronted Hog-louse.—
Ash-coloured, with the forehead whitish; eyes placed close
to each other.

Sea-coast, very abundant among seaweeds and under
stones, in many parts of the British Islands.

Gen. 115. MUNNA, Kroyer.

~ Kyes pedunculated, immovable; filiform part of upper
antennz double; walking legs very long. Lggs carried in
a large oviferous pouch situated between the thoracic legs,
and composed of four large plates.

Munna Kroyeri, Goodsir. Long-legged Hog-louse.
(Plate XIII. fig. 3.)—Hyes very prominent, and the whole
body very spiny, and of an ochrey-brown hue; first pair of
legs prehensile.

‘Length of body one line; span of legs three lines.

Firth of Forth (H. Goodsir). It is quick and active in
its movements, running along tlie branches of the smaller
corallines with great rapidity. Mr. Goodsir never observed
it swim; in fact, it is not adapted for that mode of pro-

p a5 a HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

gression ; when pursued along the bottom, it runs quickly,
but often stops suddenly, turns round, and becomes assailant.

Gen. 116. ONISCODA, Laér.

Caudal appendages long. Front legs largest; claws
bifid. Eyes moderate, somewhat vertical ; antenne four ;
the lower shorter than the bristle-bearing joint of the outer
pair.

Oniscopa MAcuLosa, Leach. Spotted Hog-louse. (Plate
XII. fig. 7.)—Body ash-coloured, varied and spotted with
brown.

In the sea, among Alge.

Fam. ONISCID..

The species of this family appear to have only one pair of
antenne ; the other pair being in a rudimentary state. Ab-
domen formed of six perfectly distinct segments; the last
of these does not acquire the dimensions which it exhibits
in the other Jsopoda, where it serves as a shield to the false
branchial feet ; it is, on the contrary, very small, and some-
times even rudimentary. Their legs are slender.
~ The species of Oniscide are not so aquatic as the other

Plate XI.

Sowerby del et lith 6. Vincent Brooks Imp

llygia oceamica. 2.Porcellio scaber. 3-Munna Kroyeri. 4. Piraniza ceruleata.
5. Anceas maadllaris. 6.Spheroma serratam. 7. Cymodocca anarfinate .

LIGIA. 950

members of this order. Most of them live always on the
ground, while others live long out of the water without
suffering. None of them however live long in very dry
places ; damp appears to be necessary to their existence.

There are two divisions of the family: in the first, one
British species only occurs, the Ligia oceanica. The basal
joint of the last false legs is slender, elongated, and com-
pletely exposed, and ends in two much-elongated, style-
shaped appendages. In the second division, contaming
Oniscus, Philoscia, and Porcellio, the basal joint of the last
false legs is short, and does not reach beyond the end of the
last segment of the abdomen.

Gen. 117. LIGIA, Fadr.

Outer antenne with the last joint compound; inner an-
tenn very short. Caudal appendages, two on each side,
inserted close together at the tip of a small joint attached
to last segment of abdomen. :

Liera oceanica, Linn. sp. Great Sea-Slater. (Plate
XIII. fig. 1.)— Back of segments rough with depressed
granules. Antenne not quite so long as the body. Varies
much in colour, in size, and in the number of the joints of
the outer antenne.

234 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Sea-shore, very abundant.

The species occur in moist places, under stones and slates.
The female carries her eggs and even her young beneath the
thorax; the young have at first only six thoracic rings and
six pairs of walking legs; the seventh ring is rudimentary.
These Crustacea seem to feed indifferently on vegetable and
animal matters, and are themselves preyed on by birds.

Gen. 118. ONISCUS, Zazér.

Outer antennze with the base concealed by the projecting
front margin of the head; these appendages are eight-
jointed; the tail appendages are four-, the side ones two-
jointed. ©

Oniscus aseLLus, L. Land-Slater—Body smooth, of a
darkish-grey above, with two rows of yellow spots on the
back, and on each side two rows of whitish spots; the under
side of the body whutish.

Very common in gardens and damp houses.

Gen. 119. PHILOSCIA, Latr.

Outer antenne exposed at the base, with eight joints.

PORCELLIO. 235

Tail abruptly narrower than the body; its appendages are
four, the side ones being two-jointed.

Puitoscta Muscorum, Scop.—Body above ash-brown or
reddish, sprinkled with little dots and-marks of grey or
yellow, under side wlutish. ‘

In damp places, as among the moss at the roots of trees.

ee

Gen. 120. PORCELLIO, Latr.

Outer antennz with seven joints, by which character it is
chiefly distinguished from Onzseus. In Scotland these crea-
tures are commonly called “Sclaters.” Dr. Asa Fitch* has
well described the use of these common little Crustaceans.
He says that they are “everywhere common about the
roots of trees, under logs and stones, in the crevices of the
foundation walls of our buildings, and in our cellars; and
they are particularly numerous under any logs or billets of
wood. They occur, in short, in all situations that are damp,
cool, and dark. Frequently by night, in wet weather, they
crawl about the rooms in our dwellings. They are perfectly

* First Report on the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State
of New York, p. 118. Albany, 1855.

236 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

innocent and harmless, subsisting upon decaying vegetable
and animal substances. They afford a dainty bit to domestic
fowls, which devour them with avidity, and are always scratch-
ing our yards in search of these more than any other article
of diet. This is their chief importance in an economical
aspect, and being so abundant they form an item of no small
value to the poultry-breeder, though one of which but little
notice is taken. In former times the species of this family
were highly reputed for their supposed medicinal virtues, and
old books upon the Materia Medica inform us that when
dried and pulverized ‘they have a faint, disagreeable smell,
and a somewhat pungent, sweetish, nauseous taste, and are
highly celebrated in suppressions, in all kinds of obstruc-
tions of the bowels, in the jaundice, ague, weakness of sight,
and a variety of other disorders.’ And the wine of Mull-
pedes, prepared by crushing these animals, when fresh, and
infusing them in ‘ Rhenish wine,’ is spoken of as ‘an ad-
mirable cleanser of all the viscera, yielding to nothing in the
jaundice and obstructions of the kidneys.’ In the light of
modern science we can impute the cures attributed to these
creatures only to the effect produced upon the imagina-
tion of the patient, and the curative powers of nature,
for, beyond some slight demulcent qualities, they must be

ARMADILLID &. 237

wholly inert, and are now wisely discarded from the phar-
macopeeias.”

The species of this country have not been much investi-
gated, and there is little doubt that some of the many species
recorded in Brandt’s ‘Conspectus of the Onzscide, will be
found to be indigenous. Among those recorded may be
specified —

PorceLiio scaBeER, Latr. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)—Body
oval, wide, and covered with roughnesses, largest on the
head and thorax, and very small on the abdomen. ‘The
frontal median lobe of the head is entire and triangular.
It is of a darkish lead-colour, often varied with whitish
blotches.

Common under stones and among rotten wood.

PorcEtLio Lzvis, Latr.—Body smooth; head with the
front arcuated, the middle lobe very little developed; of a
uniform greyish-brown; below the knees of each leg there
is a dusky spot.

In similar localities as the former, but not so common.

Fam. ARMADILLIID.

Of an oval form; the posterior appendages of the ab-

238 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

domen fill up the notch between the two last rings, and do
not extend beyond the edge. When touched, they have the
power of rolling themselves into a ball.

Gen. 121. ARMADILLO, Latr.

Latreille gave this name to these creatures from their
habit, when disturbed or alarmed, of rolling themselves into
a ball, like the curious, jointed, mailed mammalia of South
America commonly so called. In some places they are
called “ pill-beetles,” the former part of the name derived
from their appearance when rolled up being that of a pill.
The last false feet have the basilar joint very large, and almost
entirely filling up the notch between the fifth and sixth seg-
ment of abdomen. The body is highly convex above, and
very blunt at both extremities. The outer antennz are seven-
jointed, inserted in a hollow of the front ; the lateral caudal
appendages do not project ; the apical joint triangular.

ARMADILLO vuLGARIS. P2l/ Beetle.—Body smooth, of a
greyish-brown hue, with the hind margin of the rings of a
yellowish hue. :

Not uncommon in different parts of the country.

The next sub-order of the /sopoda contains those species
which can swim; the abdomen ends im a large fin, furnished,

PRANIZA. 239

on the sides, with lamellar pieces belonging to the last pair
of false legs; the last segment of the abdomen is always
lamellar and much larger than the segments before it. The
legs are short, and formed for walking or for holding on.

Fam. PRANIZIDZ.

In this family the thorax is composed of five rings, and
the limbs corresponding to the two first pairs of legs are
rudimentary, or wanting. ‘The five last pairs of legs are
slender and formed for walking. Abdomen narrow, but well

developed.
Gen. 122. PRANIZA, Leach.

Pranize are minute marine Crustacea. By means of their
legs they can creep on the bottom, which they do slowly ;
but they swim with greater rapidity, propelling themselves
forwards by the quick motions of a series of ciliated fins
placed beneath the tail. Of their economy nothing is known.
They are characterized by having four unequal antennz ; two
sessile eyes ; an elongated body divided into three segments,
of which the two anterior, or thoracic, are very small, and
the third, or abdominal, very large. They have ten legs, a

HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

pair to each segment of the thorax, and three pairs to the
abdomen ; while the jointed tail is armed beneath, and at
its end, with foliaceous appendages, that appear to be both
motive and respiratory organs.* The head is small and
rounded, and the mandibles are concealed.

PranizA C#RULEATA, Montagu, sp. bluish Praniza.
(Plate XIII. fig. 4.)—Abdominal segments blue; last seg-
ment of abdomen bifurcate at the top; a line and a half in
length.

Hab. Shores of Devon (Montagu, Linn. Trans. xi. 15,
t. 4, fig. 2); the male is found usually on rocks, while the
female seems to be generally fixed to the branchie of dif-
ferent fishes.

Montagu, Otto, and Westwood, from finding the Pranize
amongst parasitic Crustacea, etc., conclude that like the
Caligi they are found onfish. M. Audouinyt mentions that
he and Edwards met with them amongst small Crustacea on
the shore of the English Channel, at low water. They were
free, and walked about among the seaweeds with their legs.
They employ their abdominal appendages in swimming,
and have the pieces of their mouths constantly in a state

* Johnston, Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 521.
+ Note to Westwood’s paper, Ann, Sc, Nat, xxvil. p. 327.

PRANIZA. 24]

of motion, like those of the Decapoda. Mr. Halliday in-
forms us that the young Pranize are of the same form as the
adults.

Risso has described two Mediterranean species (H. N.
Hur. Mer. v. 83). One of these livesin numbers in the in-
terstices of madrepore tufa, formed at great depths in the
sea; it is an active species, and sometimes fixes itself to the
gills of the Physis tinca, a species of fish. Both these Pra-
nize usually cling to seaweeds and corallines, and when they
leave them, they swim with great quickness, and being
very nimble, elude the grasp of any one who tries to catch
them. |

PRANIZA FuscATA, Johnston.*—Abdominal segment red-
dish-brown, two lines long, subcylindrical. Head, thorax,
tail, and legs colourless and transparent ; eyes black, great
segment of a reddish-brown. Head pointed. Antenne
lateral, four-jointed, the ultimate joint long and divided by
many transverse lines. yes lateral, large, compound, like
those of insects. Thoracic segments very small, with a pair
of legs to each; abdomen ovate, with a translucent edge,
furnished with three pairs of legs, one from the anterior
margin, one from the middle, and one from a projecting

* Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 521, f. 99.

“ew

24,2 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

tubercle at the base. Legs taper, five-jointed, armed with
a simple nearly straight claw. ‘Tail straight, five-jointed ;
joints equal, distinct, armed on the under side with four
rows of compressed fins ciliated on the margins, and the
ultimate joint terminated besides with four similar ais
dages and a triangular process between them.

The large segment is, in some specimens, smooth and
even, but in others it is raised at the top into two oval
bosses that greatly resemble the elytra of a MMeloe, and are
beautifully punctured. The same parts are visible on the
ventral surface in Joth varieties, but much smaller in that
whose back is smooth. It may be a sexual distinction.

A letter from A. H. Halliday, Esq., dated October 9, 1847,*
conveyed the following information : “I found a species of
Praniza pretty common on the clayey shores of Strangford
Loch last week, in company with Anceus maxillaris. They
were in small cavities on the surface of the clay, under stones,
sometimes singly, oftener two, or even three and four in
each hole; the smaller slender green ones were few in com-
parison. You will find some of the new-born young with
them, having all the characteristic form of the parent, but
the posterior thoracic segments not so completely confounded

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. n. s. 1848, vol. i. p. 65.

ANCEUS. 243

together. I have given but a hasty,look at them, but have
not recognized males among the adults.”

Fam. ANCEAD ZA.

Head very large, and armed in front with two great jaws
resembling a pair of pincers.

There is some likelihood that Anceus may prove to be
one of the stages of Praniza.

Gen. 123. ANCEUS, Risso.

Head large, four-sided, nearly as large as the thorax,
which has five distinct segments; the jaws are large and
prominent.

ANCEUS MAXILLARIS, Montagu, sp. Aunt-like Jaw-bearer.
(Plate XIII. fig. 5.)—About a line and a half long. It is
found in the same places as Praniza, and has been thought
by some naturalists to be the other sex.

South coast of England, where it was first noticed by
Colonel Montagu. Mr. Halliday found it on the clayey
shores of Strangford Lough, in Ireland, associated with

Praniza.

244 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Fam. SPHH#ROMID A.

Thorax of seven distinct segments, generally all capable
of motion; seven pairs of legs almost equally developed.
Abdomen very large; the five first rmgs of the abdomen
slightly developed, and generally united; the last false legs
terminating in one or two plates, the outer one only mov-
able. Head large and transverse. The legs only adapted
for walking.

Most of the species can contract themselves into a bail
when alarmed, and some of them have the power of making
holes in the softer rocks.

Gen. 124. ‘ SPH AROMA, Laér.

Eyes not reaching the front margin of the first segment
of the body. Body seven-jointed. Tail entire at the tip,
the base on each side furnished with two equal leaf-lke
appendages ; outer plate of last false legs folded under the
inner one.

Dr. Johnston (Zool. Journ. in. p. 151) describes the S. ru-
gicauda as swimming with considerable velocity, and often
on its back. It contracts itself into a ball when alarmed ;
and it can live a considerable time out of the water.

SPHEROMA. 945

SPHEROMA SERRATUM, Fabr. sp. Serrated Sea Pill-ball.

(Plate XIII. fig. 6.)—Body smooth; tail very smooth,

obliquely truncated on each side, the lamelle elliptical,
sharp, the outer serrated externally.

Of an ashy colour, or whitish marbled with red.

Rocky shores ; very common.

SPHHROMA RuGICAUDA, Leach. Rough-tailed Sea Pill-
ball.—Body smooth; tail rough, with its lamelle rounded,
the outer scarcely toothed externally. Body ash-coloured,
lineated, and spotted with black.

Island of Ulva; where it was found by Dr. Leach. Ber-
wick-upon-Tweed (Dr. Johnston).

SpH#RoMA Hooxeri, Leach.—Body smooth; the last
joint of the tail furnished with two oblong tubercles. Ash-
coloured or reddish, with minute black punctures.

Coast of Suffolk, whence it was sent by Sir Wm. Jackson
Hooker to Dr. Leach. The Rev. Alfred Norman finds it
at Clevedon and in Guernsey.

There are other recorded British species, but they are
but imperfectly characterized.

24.6 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 125. CYMODOCEA, Leach.

Eyes reaching the front margin of the first segment.
Body seven-jointed ; not capable of being completely rolled
into a ball. Tail on each side at the base furnished with
two slightly-compressed appendages, outer largest; tip
notched. Front of head swollen, and not produced above
the base of the antennz.

Cymopocga truncata, Leach.—Body slightly granulated,
its terminal appendage entire and truncated at the end;
third and fourth joints of abdomen with two dorsal tuber-
cles, the hind ones the largest.

Coast of Devonshire (Montagu); dredged in Lamlash
Bay, in the Isle of Arran, by the Rev. Alfred Norman, and
found by the same gentleman under rocks, low-water, at
Herm. Belfast Bay (Thompson).

Cymopocea EMaARGINATA, Leach. (Plate XIII. fig. 7.)
—Abdomen with its terminal segment notched at the end ;
third and fourth joints each furnished with two tubercles,
of which the latter is the largest.

Mount Edgecumbe, near Plymouth, and Falmouth.

Cymopocea Monraeur, Leach.—Body somewhat linear ;
sixth segment of thorax with a prolongation, which is flat-
tened above.

Rae a ar
in y

on

Plate XIV.

Sowerby del sec lith. Vincent Brooks imp.

1. Nes#a bidentata. 2. Campocopea hirsuta. 3. Grolana Cranchii, 4 Eurydice
pulchra. 5. £ga bicarinata. 6. Conilera cylindracea. 7.Rocinela monophthalma.
8.Jone thoracica, a,male, 6 fem 9. Phryxus .Hippolytes, a male, b, female.

NESAA. 247

Coast of Devon. This and the following species swim
with great swiftness and elegance, and can execute rapid
and varied evolutions.

Cymopocra ruBRA, Leach.—Of a red colour; body some-
what linear, fissure of last joint equal in breadth through-
out, sixth segment without prolongation.

Coast of Devon. Cumbrae, Firth of Clyde (Rev. Alfred
Norman).

Cymopocra viripis, Leach.—Of a green colour; body
nearly oval; fissure of last segment of abdomen very wide
at the base.

Coast of Devon.

rs

Gen. 126. NESAGA, Leach.

Last segment of the tail (last false legs) on each side with
a straight, slightly compressed appendage. Body six-
jointed; last joint larger than the rest. Antenne seta-
ceous, nearly equal, upper with a very large peduncle, two-
jointed, basal joint the larger.

Nes#a sBipentaTa, Adams. <Adams’s Sea Pill-ball.
(Plate XIV. fig. 1.)—Body smooth, sixth ring terminated
behind by two sharp points; abdomen with its last ring

948 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

rugose, and with two tubercles. Of an ash-colour, slightly
streaked with blue or red. About four lines long.

British coast. Cornwall (Polperro).. Vagon Bay, Guern-
sey (Rev. Alfred Norman).

Gen. 127. CAMPECOPEA, Leach.

Last segment of the tail with a curved compressed ap-
pendage on each side. Body six-jointed, last joint same size
as the rest. Antenne setaceous, upper longest, peduncle
two-jointed ; a very ample space between the antenne.

CamPeEcopEa HIRSUTA, Montagu, sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 2.)
—Of a brown colour, the last segment of abdomen marked
with some pale blue spots ; body covered with short hairs.
Length 14 line.

Hab. South coast of Devonshire.

CampEcoPEA Crancuit, Leach.—Shghtly hairy; sixth
ring simple, without spines.

Falmouth (Cranch.)

es

Fam. CYMOTHOADZ.

Thorax of seven rings, movable on each other; the first

CIROLANA. 24.9

five rings of abdomen in general well developed and almost
always distinct from each other; the last false legs termi-
nating in two plates. Head generally small. First three
pairs of legs generally (or sometimes all) with a strong claw,
enabling most of the species to attach themselves to fish and
to hold on.

Most of the species are more or less. parasitic, being at-
tached to fish, to which they can adhere by means of their
strongly-hooked legs. In some parts of the United States*
the fishermen say that the fish-lice are “‘ necessary to the
life of the fish, and as a proof of it, they observe that if the
louse be taken from him, the fish will die, although thrown
into the water; but it is probable that the death of the fish
is not owing to the removal of the parasite, but to its being
withheld too long from the water.”

Gen. 128. CIROLANA, Leach.

Abdomen six-jointed. Eyes granulated. Small plates of
the posterior ventral appendages larger and wider than the
inner. The legs have very small claws, and are adapted for
walking.

Crrotana Crancuit, Leach. (Plate XIV. fig. 3.)—

* Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. i. p. 396.

250 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Body smooth, punctured ; last joint of abdomen triangular,
rounded at the end. .

West coast of England, where it was found by Mr. Cranch,
after whom it was named by Dr. Leach. The generic name,
as well as that of Coni/era and Rocinela, were formed by Dr.
Leach from the word Carolina by transposing the letters,
and by changing one of the a’s into an e in the two latter
names.

CrroLana HirtIPES, M. Edw.—A larger species than the
last, and distinguished by its very hairy legs, was found on
the Irish coast by the late Mr. Thompson of Belfast. Pro-
fessor M. Edwards describes it as a native of the Cape of
Good Hope.

Gen. 129. HURYDICE, Leach.

Eyes distinct, lateral, not granular. Upper antenne with
the basal joint of moderate size. Body seven-jointed. Tail
six-jointed, last joint the largest. Lower antenne of the
length of the body.

Evryrice putcura, Leach.—Of an ashy colour, beauti-
fully variegated with black ; last joint of the tail semi-oval.

Bantham, South Devon ; found in the sea; it swims very

CONILERA. 251

quickly. In Ireland it has been found at Larne and at
Carrickfergus (Thompson).

Gen. 180. XGA, Leach. Fisu-Lovuse.
Hyes large, granular, oblong, oblique, marginal. Upper

antenne with a very large basal joint, which, with the
second, is wide and compressed. Body seven-jointed. Tail
six-jointed, last joint the largest, the base on each side fur-
nished with two leaf-like appendages.

Aiea BIcARINATA, Leach. (Plate XIV. fig. 5.)—Last
joint of abdomen with two obliqne keels; its extremity trun-
cated and notched.

British coast, rare.

Aiea TRiIpENS, Leach.—The last joint of the tail with
three keels, which are produced beyond the tip into teeth,
the inner process truncated.

Scotland (Dr. Leach) ; Ireland, Belfast (Col. Portlock).

Gen. 181. CONILERA.
First two joints of upper antennee nearly cylindrical. Hyes
small, separate, not at all prominent. Sides of the seg-
ments of abdomen nearly straight.

252 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

CoNILERA CYLINDRACEA, Montagu, sp. (Plate XIV. fig.
6.)— Body smooth, not punctured; last joint of abdomen
longer than wide, rounded at the end and the sides, arched
about the middle.

Coast of Devonshire (Montagu).

Dr. Lukis of Guernsey has kindly informed me of the
habit of this species. He took upwards of a dozen feeding
together within the orbit of the whiting. The globe of the
eye was nearly detached from the surrounding parts. The
fish was large and did not seem out of condition. The
Conilerg must have been there some time, as they were re-
markably blanched (Letter, July 18, 1856).

Gen. 132. ROCINELA, Leach.

Two first joints of upper antennee nearly cylindrical. Eyes
very large, somewhat convex, converging in front and nearly
approaching.

Roctneta DanmonieEnsis, Leach.—Ofa horn-colour, with
dark-coloured eyes.

Plymouth Sound (Dr. Leach).

ROCINELA MONOPHTHALMA. (Plate XIV. fig. 7.)—Eyes
nearly occupying the whole surface of the head.

EPICARIDITA. 250

Berwickshire, found by the late Dr. Johnston on codfish,
and on the coast of Northumberland, by Mr. Howse.

Tribe EPICARIDITA.

The species of this curious tribe are all completely para-
sitic, and confined to members of the same class. The
females gradually grow larger and more deformed, while the
males remain very small, and in their structure have more
resemblance, than their partners, to the ordinary [sopoda.
In both, the antenne are more or less rudimentary; the feet
are very short, and adapted for laying hold. The abdomen
is slightly developed, and is gradually contracted to the ex-
tremity ; its sixth segment is very small and without appen-
dages, or furnished only with two membranous unjointed
filaments; the mouth is furnished with lamellar jaw-feet
and mandibles which have no palpi; all the parts of the
mouth seem adapted for suction, as well as for the division
of solid food. In the male, the body is formed of thirteen
or fourteen distinct joints; one forming the head, seven
the thorax, and five or six the abdomen. In the females,
the rings of the abdomen, and even those of the whole

254 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

body, are confused together, the thorax is very wide, and
the eyes cease to be visible.

Fam. LONID.

Abdominal appendages filiform and surrounding the ab-
domen.

Gen. 1383. IONE.

Body, in the female, pyriform and very flat, in the male,
narrow and elongated; the abdomen of six segments, each
bearing a pair of membranous, cylindrical, slender, very
long appendages ; in the female the appendages, fixed to the
five first segments, are very long and arborescent. The head
of the male has two pairs of antenne.

Tone THoRACcICA, Montagu, sp. (Plate XIV. fig. 8.)—
Colour generally orange, appendages whitish; male much
more slender, and without cirri on front of the body.

Colonel Montagu remarks, “‘ This curious species inhabits
the thoracic plate of Callianassa subterranea, concealing
itself between the fleshy part and the shell, and forming a
tumour on one side. From this situation I have extracted
it alive, and have kept it in that state for several days in a
glass of sea-water.” In the few specimens observed by

BOPYRUS. 255

Montagu, they were always attended by the male, who
attaches himself firmly by his claws to the appendages. He
adds that the very disproportionate size of the sexes is wisely
adapted to an animal whose habitation is so confined.

Fam. BOPYRIDZ.

Abdominal appendages lamellar and concealed beneath
the abdomen.

Gen. 184. BOPYRUS, ZLazr.

Male much smaller than the female, narrow and elon-
gated ; head with rudimentary antenne; Jegs very short ; the
abdominal segments with false legs, like small membranous
lobes, scarcely perceptible. Female five or six times larger
than the male; body pyriform and very depressed, and
always more or less bulging on one side; her abdomen is
very wide at the base, and gradually contracts to a point,
its lower surface has five pairs of false legs, each consisting
of a single membranous triangular plate.

Found beneath the carapace of Prawns of the genera
Palemon and Hippolyte, their presence being indicated by
an external swelling of that part. The French fishermen

256 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

at one time believed these curious parasites to be young
soles.

Bopyrus sQuiLLaRuM, Latr. Shrimp-fixer—Antenne
of the male completely concealed beneath the front of the
head. Body of the female somewhat elongated. Colour
pale greenish, above glossy ; abdominal membranes dark at
their edges.

Common on the carapace of the Shrimp, which is dis-
figured by the lodgment of this animal distorting the shell.
This tumour forms a secure asylum for the protection of the
soft membranous bodies of these parasites. Colonel Mon-
tagu remarks that the dissimilarity in the sides of the Bo-
pyrus is occasioned by the unequal pressure they receive
from the carapace of the Shrimp; this growth is therefore
not constantly alike, but depends on the side of the carapace
tenanted by each individual.

Bovyrus Hipprotyres, Kroyer.—Antenne of the male
projecting in front of the head ; body of the female oval.

The late Mr. Thompson of Belfast found this on the
Hippolyte varians, taken on the coast of Galway.

PHRYXUS. 204

Gen. 135. PHRYXUS, Rathke.*

Antenne four, short, slender. yes (of the male) small.
Back of the female flat, of the male convex ; abdomen of
the female convex, of the male flat; legs of the female in-
clined towards the back, those of the male formed for walk-
ing. Branchize of the female large, two-lobed ; those of the
male rudimentary.

Puryxus Hrpporyres, Rathke-—Female with scarcely
any legs on one side of the body; the lobes of the branchiz
larger and somewhat oblong; the tail of the male produced
into a short blunt point.

Found on a species of Hippolyte, and also on the White
Shrimp on the coast of Sussex (Bond. Proc. Ent. Soc. April,
1846). Another species of Phryxus is found on the Pagurus
Bernhardus on the Norwegian coast; it is described and
figured by Rathke. This species is most probably also a

native of our seas.

* Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xx. p. 40.

258 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Division ENTOMOSTRACA.*

Aquatic Crustacea covered with a shell of a horny or
leathery substance, formed of one or more pieces, in some
resembling a bivalve shell, in others a buckler which either
entirely or in part envelopes the body and the limbs of the
animal ; branchiz attached to the feet or jaws; feet jointed
and fringed with hairs. They undergo a regular moulting
or change of shell, in some amounting to a species of trans-
formation.

Legion BRANCHIOPODA.

Mouth with organs adapted for mastication; branchiz
many, attached to the feet; body sometimes naked, but
most usually with a buckler-like envelope, in some enclosing
only the head and thorax, in others the whole body; feet
all bearing branchie; antenne two or four, jointed, and
generally ciliated; eyes sometimes two or three, but often
only one, or so close to each other as to appear single. The
species are all free, swimming at large in the water.

* Evtowos, an insect ; ootpaxoy, a shell.

APODIDA. 259

Orpver l. PAYLLOPODA.*

Body naked, or with only the head and thorax covered
by the carapace; feet many, from eleven pairs to sixty;
joints foliaceous and gill-like, chiefly fitted for respiration ;
eyes two or three, in some placed at the end of movable
pedicels ; antennz one or two pairs, generally small, and not
assisting the animal in swimming; mandibles generally
without palpi.

Fam. APODIDZ, Baird.

One pair of antenne, short and styliform; eyes two,
sessile; young only with one eye; feet sixty pairs, all
branchial ; nearly the whole body covered by a large shield-
shaped carapace ; body formed of numerous rings.

Dr. Baird observes, “The number of articulations or
separate pieces of which the body of these animals is com-
posed, is extraordinary. Scheeffer, with wonderful patience,
undertook the task of counting them, and in a table, in
which he enumerates them seriatim, reckons the number to
be 1,802,604; and Latreille says that we may safely take
them to be not less than two millions” (Brit. Ent. p. 25).

* dvddoyv, a leaf, and movs, rodos, a foot.

=
260 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

The dpus swims on its back as easily as on its lower sur-
face, using the feet, which are constantly in motion. Its
food seems to be chiefly the smaller kinds of Entomostraca,
the shells of which they can readily break with their man-
dibles. Their eggs retain their vitality for a great while;
as the little creatures have been known to appear in a ditch
that was suddenly filled with water after having been dried

up for two or three years.

Gen. 136. APUS, Scopoli.

Plate XV. fig. 1 a, shows the head viewed in front.

Apus CANCRIFORMIS, Scheeffer. Shzeld-Shrimp. ~ (Plate
XV. fig. 1.)—Brownish-yellow, clouded with darker colour ;
shield covering more than half the body, ovate.

Hab. Pond on Bexley Common. Devonshire, Bristol.
(Baird, 1. c. p. 31.)

Fam. NEBALIADZ, Leach.

Antenne two pairs, large and branched; eyes two, pe-
dunculated ; twelve pairs of feet, eight for breathing, and
four for swimming. Carapace large, enclosing the head,
thorax, and part of the abdomen, as if in a bivalve shell.

Plate XV.

Sewerby del. et lith . Vincent Brooks inp.

lApus canazformis 2 Chirocephahus diaphamus, a,male, b,female
SArtemie. salma & larva.

BRANCHIPODIDZ. 261

Montagu describes the upper pair of antenne, when the
Nebalia moves, to be in constant motion, as well as the ab-
dominal feet, while the lower pair are usually motionless

and brought under the body.

Gen. 187. NEBALIA, Leach.

Nepauia Brees, O. Fabr. sp.—Body ovate, of a pale-
yellow colour ; lower antennz as long as the body.

Length three-eighths of an inch.

Hab. Devonshire, west coast of Ireland, Shetland Islands.
(Baird, |. c. p. 38.)

Otho Fabricius says that the female carries her eggs
beneath the thorax during the whole winter; these begin
to hatch jn April, and appear in May, when they are very
lively, and adhere to the mother. The adult is not very
active. On our coast they are found under stones, lying
on mud amongst hollows of rocks.

— —_—__——

Fam. BRANCHIPODIDA, Baird.

The body without carapace; two pairs of antenna, the
lower in the male prehensile ; the eyes two, on peduncles (in
the young there is but one eye); eleven pairs of feet, all

262 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

branchial, that is, formed for breathing with. The animals
of this family swim on their backs. Dr. Baird records
seventeen species from various parts of the world in his
monograph of the family (‘ Proceedings of the Zoological
Society for 1852’).

Gen. 188. CHIROCEPHALUS,* Prevost.

Abdomen large, of nine segments, and ending m a tail
formed of two well-developed plates ; lower antenneze in the
male cylindrical, and furnished at the base with fan-shaped
and digitiform appendages.

CHIROCEPHALUS DIAPHANUS, Prevost. Fairy Shrimp.
(Plate XV. fig. 2.)—An inch and more long when adult,
and nearly quite transparent. ‘Tail bright red; the large
basal joint of. the antenne of a transparent bluish-green
tipped with red; the back of the female is blue. (Fig. @ is
the male, fig. 4 the female.)

Hab. Pools on Blackheath, Epping, Brighton, Hammer-
smith, Bristol; Devon, near Chudleigh.

Dr. Baird says that this species is found in stagnant
water, very often in the ditches and deep cart-ruts on the
edges of woods and plantations. He states that the only

* Xerp, a hand, and kepadn, a head.

CHIROCEPHALUS. 263

place near London where he has met with it, is on Black-
heath. ‘They swim upon their back, and in fine warm
weather, when the sun is not too strong, they may be seen
balancing themselves, as it were, near the surface by means
of their branchial feet, which are in constant motion. On
the least disturbance, however, they strike the water rapidly
with their tail from right to left, and dart away like a fish,
and hasten to conceal themselves by diving into the soft
mud, or amongst the weeds at the bottom of the pool.
It is certainly the most beautiful and elegant of all the
Entomostraca. The male is especially beautiful. The un-
interrupted undulatory wavy motion of its graceful bran-
chial feet, slightly tinged as they are with a light reddish
hue, the brilliant mixture of transparent bluish-green and
bright red of its prehensile antenne, and its bright red tail,
with the beautifully plumose setee springing from it, render
it really exceedingly attractive to the view. The undulatory
motion of its branchial feet serves another purpose in addi-
tion to that of keeping the animal suspended in the water.
The thorax or body of the animal has been described, when
floating on its back, as like the cavity of a little boat, the
feet representing the oars. When these are in motion, they
cause the water contained in this cavity to be compressed,

964 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

and to mount up as along a canal, carrying in the current
the particles destined for its food towards the mouth. It
seems to be constantly, when in this position, employed in
swallowing and digesting its food, its masticatory organs
being in perpetual motion.’’*

The Fairy Shrimp seems to live on dead animal or vege-
table matter.

Dr. Shaw, who has given a history of it,t tells us that
the females deposit their eggs in March and April, without
any settled order, and perfectly loose in the water. They
appear to the naked eye like very minute globules, “scarce,
if at all, exceeding in size the particles of the farina in a
mallow ; and what makes this comparison the more just is,
that each ovum, when magnified, is extremely like one of
the globules of farina in that plant, for it is thickly beset on
every side with sharp spines.” These, Dr. Shaw supposes,
may probably be intended to assist in causing them to
adhere to the substances on which they fall when extruded,
as well as defend them from the smaller water-insects,

* Baird, Brit. Entomostraca, pp. 47, 48.
+ Linnean Transactions, vol. i. pp. 103, 110.

ARTEMIA. 265

Gen. 139. ARTEMIA, Leach.

Abdomen long, formed of six divisions, shortly bilobed,
and not divided into two caudal plates; the lower antenne
of male flat, broad, and not furnished with any appendages.

ARTEMIA SALINA, Linn. sp. Brine Shrimp. (Plate XV.
fig. 3 a, larva.) —Body linear, nearly half an inch long.

Hab. Saltpans at Lymington, Hants.

From Dr. Baird’s work we make the following extract
on the habits of the Artemia salina. They are found ex-
clusively in salt-water, and though they do occur in salt-
marshes, still they are to be found in greatest abundance in
water that is very highly charged with salt. ‘ Myriads of
these animalcula,’ says Mr. Rackett, ‘are to be found in
the salterns at Lymington, in the open tanks or reservoirs
where the brine is deposited previous to the boiling. It
attains the desired strength by evaporation, from exposure
to the sun and air, in about a fortnight; a pint contains
about a quarter of a pound of salt; and this concentrated
solution instantly destroys most other marine animals.’ In
these reservoirs there is always a certain quantity of this
strong brine allowed to remain, and there these little
creatures are found in greatest abundance and in greatest

te

266 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

enjoyment ; whilst in what are called the sun-pans, where
the brine is made by the admission of sea-water during the
summer, and which are emptied every fortnight, they are
never found at all. During the fine days in summer they
may be observed in immense numbers near the surface
of the water, and as they are frequently of a lively red
colour, the water appears to be tinged with the same hue.
‘There is nothing more elegant,’ says Mr. Joly, ‘ than the
form of this little Crustacean ; nothing more graceful than
its movements. It swims almost always on its back, and
by means of its fins and tail it runs in all directions through
the element it inhabits. It may be seen to mount, descend,
turn over, spring forward, curve its body into the form of
an arch and then rebound, and deliver itself up to a thousand ~
bizarre and capricious gambols. ‘Their feet are in constant
motion, and their undulations have a softness difficult to
describe. The tanks or reservoirs are called clearers, as
the liquor becomes clear while in them, and this effect is
attributed by the workmen to this constant and rapid
motion of their feet. ‘So strongly persuaded,’ says Mr.
Rackett, ‘are the workmen of this fact, that they are
accustomed to transport a few of the worms from another
saltern, if they do not appear at their own.’”’ *
* Baird, Brit. Entomostraca, p. 58.

DAPHNIAD A. 267

Orpver CLADOCERA*

Body, except head, which projects, quite enclosed in two
shells, joined on the back. Feet four to six pairs; joints
partly cylindrical, and partly foliaceous and branchiform.
Hye single, and very large. ‘Two pairs of antenne; the
lower branched, large, and used in swimming. Mandibles
without palpi.

Fam. DAPHNIADZ, Baird.

Upper antenne generally very small; lower large, gene-
rally two-branched. Five or six pairs of feet, enclosed
within the shell. Intestine straight.

Feet in constant motion, and giving an undulatory motion
to the water, and establishing a current towards the mouth.
Dr. Baird informs us that the various species of this
family are only to be met with in fresh-water, generally in
ponds and ditches, some preferring those in which there is
much duckweed (Lemna) floating on the surface; others
delighting in horseponds where cattle come to drink. They
are often found in myriads; and as some of the species

* KaAados, a branch, and xepas, a horn; from their branched antenne.

268 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

assume a red colour, it has been said that they have com-
municated a bloody hue to water. Dr. Baird has observed
large patches of water of a ruddy hue, and ascertained the
cause to be an immense number of the Daphnia pulez ;
“the myriads necessary to produce this effect are really
astonishing, and it is extremely interesting to watch their
motions. Ona sunshiny day, in a large pond, a streak of
red, a foot broad, and ten or twelve yards in length, will
suddenly appear in a particular spot, and this belt may be
seen rapidly changing its position, and in a very short time
wheel completely round the pond. Should the mass come
near enough the edge to allow the shadow of the observer
to fall upon them, or should a dark cloud suddenly ob-
scure the sun, the whole body immediately disappears,
rising to the surface again when they have reached beyond
the shadow, or as soon as the cloud has passed over. They
are very prolific.’”’*

Subfamily DAPHNINA.

Furnished with five pairs of feet; lower antenne two-
branched; one branch divided into four, the other ito
three joints.

* Baird, Brit. Entomostraca, p. 78.

Plate IP.

ltr

Sowerby del lth. Viricent Broaks rp.

iDaphnia pulex,a,male , b fem .2.Polyphemus pediculus. 3 Evadne
Nordmanm 4 Eurycercus lamellatas, 5 Cyprisvidua .©.Candona reptans.

DAPHNIA. 269

Gen. 140. DAPHNIA, J/iler.

Head produced downwards into a more or less prominent
beak. Upper antennz exceedingly small, one-jointed, and
situated under the beak ; lower antenne large and powerful.
~The largest British species is not above + of an inch long.

Dapunia PuLEX, Linn. sp. Branched Water-flea. (Plate
XVI. fig. 1.)—Carapace oval, transparent, dorsal margin
smooth ; lower extremity of the valves ending in a sharp
spine serrated on the edges. .

Hab. Pools and ditches of standing water. Common
from April to January.

Dapunia psitracea, Baird.—Carapace oval, transparent;
head large, squarish, front part beaked like the beak of a
parrot; dorsal margin of the carapace serrated.

Hab. Pond on Blackheath (Dr. Baird).

-Darunia Scoa#Frert, Baird.—Carapace nearly circular,
surface finely reticulated; head small. The largest British
species.

Hab. Ponds, Bexley Heath, Kent; and ponds, Norwood
Green, Surrey.

Dr. Baird describes the motion of this species through
the water as being peculiar; it is a tumbling, heavy sort

270 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of movement. In a vessel in which he kept some, he fre-
quently saw them turn head-over-heels, throwing a regular
summersault ten or a dozen times in succession.

DapHNiA VETULA, Miiller, p.; Baird.—Carapace ovate,
small, transparent ; striated hinder extremity without spine ;
head blunt, small, beak not very prominent.

Hab. Ponds and ditches, in summer and autumn.

DAPHNIA RETICULATA, Jurine, sp.—Carapace rounded-
oval, slightly greenish, surface covered with a complete
mesh-work of small hexagonal cells; lower extremity with a
short spine; head rather small, without beak; sixth seg-
ment of body with a spur.

Hab. Ponds and ditches, in summer and autumn.

DapPHNIA ROTUNDA, Strauss.—Carapace almost quite
round, lower extremity with a short blunt spine; colour
reddish; sixth segment of body without a spur.

Hab. Ponds and ditches near London.

Daprunia Mucronata, Miiller.—Carapace with its front
edge quite straight, and ending below in a spine of some
length; the whole creature is of a dark gray.

Hab. Ponds about Isleworth. Dr. Baird found two
varieties there; one has the head rounded above, the other
has the head ending in a sharp point directed upwards.

MOINA. 271

Dapunta Jarpinit, Baird.—A small species, described
in 1857 by Dr. Baird ; it has the head produced into a sort
of spine, while the carapace terminates posteriorly in a long
spine.

Galloway fresh-water loch (Sir W. Jardine). This species
forms part of the food of the trout.

Gen. 141. MOINA, Baird.

Head rounded and blunt ; upper antenne of some length,
one-jointed, rising from the front of the head, near the
centre ; lower antenne very large and fleshy at the base.

Morna recrirostris, Miiller, sp——Carapace oval, trans-
parent, rounded at the back, and ciliated along the fore-
margin.

-Hab. Pond on Blackheath.

Morna Bracuiata, Jurine, sp.—Carapace olive-colour,
bulging very much behind. Abdomen at the end, with
eight short spines, and two long stout claws.

Hab. Pond on Blackheath. Dr. Baird found this species
first mm a stagnant pool nearly opposite old St. Pancras
Church, in 1844; the ground was shortly afterwards built on.

272 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 142. MACROTHRIX, Baird.

Upper antenne flat and one-jointed, pendulous from the
beak ; filament from end of first joint of front branch of
lower antenne much longer than any of the others ;* eye
accompanied with a black spot.

MacrorHRiIx LATICORNIS, Jurine, sp.—Carapace oval,
transparent, colourless, smooth.

Hab. Ponds at Southall and Highgate, Middlesex ; Bel-
fast.

Near this, and probably only a rosy-coloured variety of it,
is a species which has been named MZ. roseus. It has been
found abundantly in Lochmaben Loch, in Dumfriesshire,
where it forms great part of the food of the fish called the
Vendace. Dr. Baird says it swims horizontally, and that
the motions of its arms, as it bounds through the water, are
soft and graceful.

el

Gen. 143. BOSMINA, Baird.
Upper antenne long, curved, cylindrical, consisting of

* Hence the name Dr. Baird has given it, from wakpos, long, and Opi, a
hair.

SIDINA. 273

many small joints, and projecting from the end of the beak ;
lower antenne small.

The most common British species of this genus has been
found abundantly in the common drinking-water of Lon-
don, supplied from the New River and Highgate ponds (Dr.
Baird).

Bosmina Lonetrostris, Miiller, sp.—Animal very small ;
carapace rounded behind, bulging in front, and terminating
below ina sharp point. Dr. Baird tells us that the motion
of this curious little creature through the water is caused
by numerous and very rapid strokes of its lower antenne.

Bosmina Corecont, Baird.*—Double the size of the
preceding; carapace rounded below; antennz fully longer
than the whole body.

Lochmaben Castle Loch (Sir W. Jardine, Bart.).

The food of the Vendace.

Subfamily Srpina, Baird.

Furnished with six pairs of feet ; upper antennz of mode-
rate size ; lower antenne two-branched, a row of spinous
filaments springing from the edge of the larger branch.

* A new species, lately described by Dr. Baird.

274 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

| Gen. 144. SIDA, Strauss.

One branch of lower antennze with three joints, the other
with two joints.

SIDA CRYSTALLINA, Strauss.—Carapace elongate-oval, very
transparent, truncated at the lower end.

Hab. Ponds in Northamptonshire and Surrey, and near
Dublin and Killarney, but not very common.

Dr. Baird describes its motion through the water as being
a sort of rapid running movement. He says the animals
“are generally inactive, and adhere in a peculiar manner by
the back of their head to the side of the vessel in which they
are contained, remaining there for hours.”

Gen. 145. , DAPHNELLA, Bazrd.

Lower antenne very large, both branches formed only of
two joints.

DapuneLtta Wrnett, Baird.—Carapace elongated, and of
a beautiful clear crystalline transparency.
Hab. Ponds between Twickenham and Whitton, Middle-
sex, and ditch near Richmond, opposite Isleworth’ This
species was named by Dr. Baird in honour of the late Mr.

POLYPHEMUS. 975

William Wing, an admirable draughtsman of Insects and
Crustacea, and an assiduous student of Natural History in
general.*

Fam. Il. POLYPHEMIDA.

Four pairs of feet, not included in the carapace. Eye
very large. Lower antenne two-branched, one branch with
four joints, the other with three. Lower part of carapace
having a large empty space for the ova and young.

Gen. 146. POLYPHEMUS, Miller.

Head distinct from the body. Abdomen long, projecting
externally from the-shell. The eye is so large in the adult
that it seems to occupy the whole head.

PoLYPHEMUS PEDICULUS, Linn., sp. (Plate XVI. fig. 2.)
— Body oval, separated from the head by a deep notch.

Hab. Ditch near Richmond, opposite Isleworth. Dr.
Baird observes that it always swims on its back, and gene-
rally horizontally, with quick repeated motions of the an-
tenne and legs, which carry it rapidly through the water.

* The genus Diaphanosoma of S. Fischer is synonymous with the above,
and perhaps the species (D. Brandtiz).

276 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 147. HEVADNE, Loven.

Head not distinct from the body; abdomen short, scarcely
projecting from the shell.

Evapne Norpmannt, Loven. (Plate XVI. fig. 3.) —Nearly
colourless, except the back part of the eye, which is black.

Hab. Firth of Forth. The late Mr. Goodsir, who perished
in the Arctic regions, on the unfortunate Franklin expedi-
tion, first found this species in the British seas. It is very
active, and forms part of the food of the herring. The
specific name was given to it in compliment to Professor
Nordmann of Helsingfors, an able writer on parasitic Crus-
tacea and other classes of animals.

Fam. Ill. LY NCEIDZ.

Two pairs of antenne ; upper very short ; lower of mode-
rate size, branched, each branch divided into three joints.
Five pairs of legs. Eye single, but with a black spot in front
of it. Abdomen jointed. Dr. Baird informs us that Jurine,
by isolating the young successively, obtained jifteen genera-
tions of one of the species of this family, Chydorus spharicus.
The various species swin rapidly, directing themselves by a

CHYDORUS. aTF

rapid motion of their lower antennz and legs. Their food
consists of both animal and vegetable matter.

Gen. 148. HEURYCERCUS, Bazird.*

Subquadrangular. Abdomen very broad, formed like a
flat plate, densely serrated. Beak blunt, shghtly curved
downwards.

HURYCERCUS LAMELLATUS, Miller, sp. (Plate XVI. fig. 4.)
—Largest of the family; carapace olive-coloured, ciliated
on the front margin. |

Hab. Ponds and ditches in summer.

Gen. 149. CHYDORUS, Leach.

Nearly spherical. Beak very long, sharp, curved down-
wards. Lower antenne very short.

Cuyporvus spHz&Ricus, Miller, sp.—Shell round, smooth,
olive-green.

Hab. Ponds and ditches during all the year.

Pritchard says that the young of this species play near
the parent and swim towards her for protection ; she en-
closes them within her shell.

* Evpus, wide, and kepkos, a tail.

278 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Cuyporus GLososus, Baird.—Shell quite globular, six
times larger than in C. sphericus, spotted with black.
Hab. Ponds in the vicinity of London.

Gen. 150. CAMPTOCERCUS, Bazrd.*

Oval; abdomen very long, slender, and very flexible,
much serrated. Beak blunt, slightly curved downwards.

Camprocercus macrourus, Miller, sp.—Shell pellucid,
whitish ; abdomen very long and slender. The animal, Dr.
Baird tells us, can twist its abdomen completely round in a
circle, and then, unbending it, thrust it far out beyond the
shell.

Hab. Highgate ponds, and other places near London.

Gen. 151. ACROPERUS, Bazrd.

Shell rounded behind, somewhat harp-shaped, terminating
in an obtuse point projecting forwards. Lower antenne long.
Beak blunt, curved downwards. |

ACROPERUS HARP, Baird.—Sheli strongly ribbed, some-
what obliquely, giving the shell some resemblance to a harp.

* Kaprros, flexible, and Kepkos, a tail.

PLEUROXUS. 279

Hab. Ponds and ditches in Scotland and England.

Acroprrus wanus, Baird.—Not a seventh part the size
of the preceding.

Hab. Pond at Norwood Green, and near Southall, Mid-
dlesex.

Gen. 152. ALONA, Baird.

Shell quadrangular, striated longitudinally. Lower. an-
tenne short. Beak blunt and nearly erect.

ALONA QuADRANGULARIS, Miller, sp.—Shell transparent,
deep-brown.

Hab. Ponds and ditches.

ALONA RETICULATA, Baird.—<A very small species, with a
_ closely reticulated shell. Found by Dr. Baird in a pond near
Southall.

Atona ovata, Baird.—Ovate, transparent, larger than A.
quadrangularis.

Hab. Pond on Blackheath.

Gen. 153. PLEUROXUS, Baird.*

Front margin prominent on upper part ; lower part trun-

* TlAeupoy, a side, and ogvs, sharp.

280 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

cated, or cut sharp and straight. First pair of feet very large.
Beak sharp, curved downwards.

PLEUROXUS TRIGONELLUS, Miller, sp.—Shell somewhat
triangular, transparent. Beak curved downwards.

Hab. Ponds in England and Scotland.

PLEUROXUS UNCINATUS, Baird.—Shell somewhat trian-
gular, fluted. Beak curved upwards.

Hab. Pond between Hanwell and Southall.

Pievroxus HAMAtTuUS, Baird.—Much smaller than either
of the preceding, and very transparent.

Hab. Yetholm Loch. Dr. Baird says this may prove to
be the male of the first species.’

Gen. 154. PERACANTHA, Baird.

Oval; lower extremity of the shell somewhat curved back-
wards and along with the upper end of the front margin,
beset with strong hooked spines. Beak sharp, curved
downwards. :

PeracantHa TruNcATA, Miiller, sp.—Shell nearly oval,
and longitudinally striated.

Hab. Ponds and ditches.

CYPRID. 281

Lecion LOPHYROPODA.*

Mouth furnished with organs fitted for mastication. Bran-
chize few, attached to the organs of the mouth. Body with
an envelope, either shaped like a shield, enclosing head and
thorax, or shaped like a bivalve shell, enclosing the animal.
Feet not exceeding five pairs ; joints more or less cylindrical
and fitted for locomotion. Hye one. Two pairs of antennee,

one pair used in locomotion.

OrpverR OSTRACODA.+

Body enclosed in a two-yalved covering, like a bivalve
shell. Hind jaws bearing branchie. No external ovary.
. Feet, two and three pairs, adapted for progressive motion.

Fam. CYPRIDZ.

Two pairs of antenne; upper long, with numerous joints
and a pencil of long filaments; lower stout, and like feet.
Hye single. Feet two pairs.

Dr. Baird thus describes the shell of these curious ani-
mals: “The substance of these valves is compact and very

* Aogupos, with stiff hairs, and zrovs, a foot.
+ Oorpakoy, a shell; from the animal being enclosed in a covering like a
bivalve shell.

282 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

brittle, and seems to be endued externally with a species of
varnish, to protect them from the action of the water; as
whenever they rise to the surface, the shell becomes per-
fectly dry, and floats there in spite of the animal’s struggles
again to immerse itself.”

The Cypride are found in stagnant water, living on dead
animal matter and confervee. They deposit spherical eggs
upon plants, fixing themselves when so engaged so firmly
that no agitation of the water displaces them; the eggs are
hatched in a few days. Before they acquire the adult state,
they undergo several moultings. Dr. Baird says, “ The re-
newing ef the shell forms a fine example of the process of
exuviation; the change which takes place being most com-
_ plete, for not only does the shell itself fall off, but the ami-
mal even casts off the internal parts of the body, the fine
pectiniform branchie, and the minutest hairs clothing the
sete of the antenne,” etc. He informs us that when the
ponds in which they live dry up in summer, they bury
themselves in the mud, and are thus often preserved in the
moisture until the fall of rain again fills their habitations.
The eggs, even when the mud in which they are placed is
dry and hard, do not lose their vitality. The Cyprid@ are
very lively and active.

CYPRIS. 283

Gen. 155. CYPRIS, Willer.

Lower or feet-like antenne furnished with a pencil of
long hairs. Animal swims freely in the water.

Cypris TRISTRIATA, Baird.—Shell oval, somewhat kidney-
shaped, hind part with three narrow bands or streaks. Shell
in front deep-green, behind paler-green.

Hab. Near London, and in Berwickshire.

Cypris vipua, Miiller. (Plate X VL. fig. 5.)—Shell oval,
dull white, with three waved black fasciz; shell all round
furnished with fine, short hairs.

Hab. Near London, etc.

Cypris monacHa, Miiller.—Shell rhomboidal, surface
reticulated, upper part white, lower part dark, shaded with a
yellow-green.

Hab. Near London, etc.

Cypris rusca, Strauss.—Shell oval, brown, covered with
fine hairs.

Hab. Near London, Hampstead, etc.

Cypris compressa, Baird.—Shell rounded, compressed,
brownish-grey at each end, with fine hairs, surface dotted.

Hab. Yetholm, and near London.

Cypris ovum, Jurine, sp.—Shell oval, light-brown dined

284 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

with green; valves smooth and beset all round with fine
hairs.

Hab. Yetholm, and near London, in ponds and streams.

Cypris Joanna, Baird.—Shell rounded, ovate, brown,
with an orange mark across the back of the shell, covered
with minute black dots, and beset all round with stiff hairs.

Hab. Pool near Abbey St. Bathans, among the Lammer-
muir Hills.

Cypris ELONGATA, Baird.—Shell wedge-shaped, white,
transparent, hairy, hind part narrow and considerably elon-
gated.

Hab. Yetholm.

Cypris Westwoonpi, Baird.—Shell kidney-shaped, ele-
vated, green; valves covered over with long hairs.

Hab. Yetholm.

Cypris cGipsosA, Baird.—Shell ovate and elevated, the
centre with a large hump; valves hght-green, with short fine
hairs.

Hab. Near London.

Cypris CLAVATA, Baird.—Shell oblong, flattened in front ;
valves light-grey, with a dark-coloured ray running from the
centre towards the hind extremity, which is marked with an
orange-coloured spot.

CYPRIS. 285

Hab. Near London.

Cypris srricata, Miiller.—Shell subovate, glabrous,
margins ciliated; valves brown, with three white fascie.

Hab. Kast Lothian.

Cypris ELLIPTICA, Baird.—Shell nearly elliptical, light-
green, clouded with darker patches on the sides of the shell.

Hab. Highgate.

Cypris sELLA, Baird.—Shell ovate, globose, of a light-
green all over, the back and side marked with a patch of
darker hue.

Hab. Clapham (pond on the Common).

CypRIs AURANTIA, Jurine, sp.—Shell oval, finely polished,
orange, posterior half with an oblique, broad, lighter band.

Hab. Blackheath, Windsor, Dover.

Cypris CUNEATA.*—Carapace valves wedge-shaped; whole
carapace of a deep-green colour, and covered with fine hairs.

Hab. Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh.

Cypris Ginna, Ramdohr.—Carapace oblong, compressed;
valves marked across the middle by two unequal parallel
furrows, situated side by side; of a dull-yellowish colour.

Hab. Fresh-water ponds and rivers. First detected as
British by Mr. T. Rupert Jones, who remarks (‘ The Ento-

* A species published by Dr. Baird, in the Pro. of the Zool. Soc. for 1850.

286 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

mostraca of the Tertiary Formation,’ p. 15), that it is a
common species, but has escaped observation to some ex-
tent, as it has the habit of remaining on or in the mud,
rather than swimming in the water and crawling on the
weeds. In this love of the mud, and habit of crawling, it
very much resembles the species of the next genus.

Gen. 156. CANDONA, Baird.

Like Cypris, but the lower antenne have not the pencil
of long hairs or filaments. The animal creeps at the bot-
tom or upon aquatic plants, mstead of swimming freely
through the water.

CaNDONA LUCENS, Baird.—Shell somewhat kidney-shaped;
valves pure white, pearly, nearly opaque. ©

Hab. Near London, etc.

CANDONA REPTANS, Baird. (Plate XVI. fig. 6.)—Shell
ovate-elliptical ; valves very pale green, variegated on the
front and hind margins.

Hab. Near London, ete.

One of the largest of the bivalve Hntomostraca found in
our fresh-water. Mr. Rupert Jones finds it abundantly in
a fossil state, in peat deposits and in fresh-water marl.

CYPRIDEIS. 287

CaNDONA HISPIDA, Baird.—Shell oval, uniform brown;
valves very rough; surface covered with spines.

Hab. Near London, and Yetholm.

Canpona overecta, Miiller, sp.—Shell oblong, oval,
valves flattened, pellucid, quite smooth, anterior part rather
narrower than posterior; colour dull-white.

Hab. Near London, ete.

CaNDONA SIMILIS, Baird.—Shell elliptical, flat, narrower
behind than in front; white, with two orange spots on back.

Hab. Clapham Common. Dr. Baird observes that. the

‘motion of this species is very deliberate; when it creeps
along the plants, it first puts one foot forward and then lei-
surely draws up the other.

Canpona Lacrya.*—Valves of the carapace oblong,
ovate, the surface smooth and shining, and of a dull size.

Hab. Charing, Kent; and Regent’s Park.

A very small species.

CypripEIs Ttorosa, Rupert Jones. (‘ Entomostraca of the
Tertiary Formation,’ p. 21, pl. u. fig. 1; and woodcut, p.
16, fig. 2.)—Found in the pleistocene sands of Essex ;

* A species described by Dr. Baird, in the Proc. Zool. Soc. subsequently
to the publication of his work.

288 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

occurs as a recent species living in the Gravesend ditches,
where Mr. Pickering “found it in great numbers, attached
to the cases-of caddis-worms, in a ditch which runs on the
land side of the Thames bank, between Gravesend town and
Coal-house Point, near an old mill; the water flowing into,
and not from the Thames, except at high tides.”

Fam. CYTHERID ZA.

Two pairs of antenne, the upper not furnished with the
pencil of long filaments. eet three pairs.

Gen. 157. CYTHERE, Willer.

Feet not enclosed in the shell, three pairs; abdomen
short. One eye. Carapace valves in front and behind,
usually ornamented with a marginal series of fine spines.
It is chiefly in sea-water that the species of this genus are to
be found, especially in the little pools among rocks on the
sea-shore. Dr. Baird observes, “They live among the fuci
and confervee, etc. which are to be found in such pools; and
the naturalist may especially find them in abundance in those
beautiful, clear, little round wells which are so frequently to
be met with, hollowed out of the rocks of the sea-shore,

Plate XVIl.

Sowerby del tisth. 7} “Varacent Brocks Imp -

Liythere alboanaculata . 2. Cypridine. Macandra , a, shell 6, animal 3 Cydops
quadricornis , a jrnale, b female, cd, larve: Aree Castor.

Aa ted, ] . “TS
ea Veaek: pana Ag! ©
i: , Pr Mu ~%

CYTHERE. 289

’ which are within reach of the tide, and the water of which is
kept sweet and wholesome by being thus changed twice
during every twenty-four hours. In such delightful pools,
clear as crystal, when left undisturbed by the receding tide,
these interesting animals may be found, often in great num-
bers, sporting about amongst the confervee and corallines
which so elegantly and fancifully fringe their edges and
decorate their sides, and which form such a glorious sub-
aqueous forest for myriads of living creatures to disport them-
selves in. Sheltered amongst the ‘umbrageous multitudes ’
of stems and branches, and nestling in security in their forest
glades, they are safe from the ravages of the advancing tide,
though lashed up to fury by the opposing rocks which for
a moment check its advance ; and weak and powerless though
such pigmies seem to be, they are yet found as numerous and
active in their little wells, after the shores have been deso-
lated by the mighty force of the tide which has been driven
in in thunder by the power of a fierce tempest, as when the
waves have rolled gently and calmly to the shore in their
sweetest murmurs.”* The various species have never

been observed to swim; they walk among the branches.
CyTHERE FLAvipA, Miiller.—Shelloblong, narrow, smooth, °

* British Entomostraca, p. 167.

U

290 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of a pale yellow horn-colour, transparent; front extremity —
sharper than the posterior.

Hab. Cockburnspath, and in sand from Torquay. And also,
according to Mr. Jones, abundant as a fossil in the Crag of
Suffolk.*

CyrHERE RENIFORMIS, Baird.—Shell kidney-shaped,
rough with hairs, both ends nearly equal in size; centre of
valves covered with a calcareous-looking crust.

Hab. Berwickshire, and North Foreland, near Dover.

CyTHERE ALBO-MaAcuLATA, Baird. (Plate XVII. fig. 1.)
—Shell oblong, both ends and the lower margin densely
hairy ; dull-brown, covered with short spines, except where
marked with two white, smooth, shining spots.

Hab. Berwick Bay, and near Dover.

CyrHerE ALBA, Baird.—Shell obovate, broadest in front ;
white, the margin purer white than the rest of the shell.

Hab. Sea-shore at Dunbar.

CYTHERE VARIABILIS, Baird.—Shell oval, narrower in
front, varying in colour and marking from fine flesh-colour
to dark-brown, and often marked with streaks.

Hab. Coast of Berwickshire, Dover.

CyYTHERE AURANTIA, Baird.—Shell somewhat kidney-

* The Entomostraca of the Tertiary Formation, p. 51.

CYTHERE. 29]

shaped ; valves smooth, glaucous, bright-orange. A very
minute species.

Hab. Berwick Bay.

CyYTHERE NIGRESCENS, Baird.—Shell gibbously ovate,
hinder end with a sharp point; valves smooth, of a dirty-
black colour.

Hab. British coasts.

CyTHERE MINNA, Baird.—Shell elongate-ovate, pointed
behind; valves white. The largest British species met with
by Dr. Baird. |

Hab. Deep water near Shetland, where it was dredged
by Mr. M‘Andrew.

CyrHERE tNoprnata, Baird.—Shell oblong, ovate, white,
with a slight orange-coloured mark on upper edge; each
valve with a gibbous projection about the middle.

Hab. Small pond between Hanwell and Southall, Mid-
dlesex. Dr. Baird called this “ enopinata ’”—unexpected—
from its curious Aaditat, it being the second species only re-
corded as inhabiting fresh-water. It is a very small species,
- and always creeps at the bottom.

CyrHeRE aNGustatTa, Munster, sp.—Shell oval-oblong,
pale yellow-surface polished; when seen under the micro-
scope it is covered with small asperities.

292 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Hab. Devonshire, Dorset, Tenby.

Cyrnere acuta, Baird.—Shell oval, convex, pointed at
both ends, pale horny; in shape somewhat resembling a
grain of oats.

Hab. Arran, in sand.

CyTHERE PELLUCIDA, Baird.—Shelloblong, kidney-shaped,
narrow, both ends rounded ; pellucid, of a white colour.

Hab. Boston, in sand.

CYTHERE IMPRESSA, Baird.—Shell oval, very convex, sur-
face covered with impressed punctures; colour dull blackish.

Hab. Torquay, in sand.

CyTHERE QuaDRIDENTATA, Baird.—Shell oval, oblong,
narrower in front, and produced there and terminating in
four distinct prominent teeth. Shell white, surface longi-
tudinally striated.

Hab. In sand.

CyTHERE CONVEXA, Baird.—Shell rounded, very convex,
and resembling in appearance a small Cowrie-shell. The
surface with numerous white raised points, radiating round
the circumference.

Hab. Torquay; Tenby, in sand.

CYTHEREIS. 293

Gen. 158. CYTHEREIS, Rupert Jones.

Valves of carapace oblong, dorsal and ventral margins
parallel to each other ; surface irregular, ridged, tubercular ;
margins toothed or crenulated. Animal unknown ; probably
like Cythere.

Cytuereis Wuriret, Baird.—Shell oblong, flat; margin
continued straight to the end; the centre of each valve with
a sharp crenulated crest.

Hab. Torquay and Tenby, in sand.

Cyrueretis JonEsi, Baird.—Shell thick, oblong; narrow
end flattened, with seven strong teeth projecting from the
end; centre plane and smooth.

Hab. Isle of Skye, in sand.

CyTrHEREIS ANTIQUATA, Baird.—Shell oblong, very thick,
roughly granulated with two or three thick ribs along the
centre of the valves; circumference wrinkled.

Hab. Isle of Skye, in sand.

BAIRDIA SUBDELTOIDEA, Munster, sp.; Rupert Jones.—
Has the carapace triangular, gibbous, acute at the extre-
mities, smooth or setiferous, and sometimes finely punctate ;
right valve smaller and more angular than the left. This

294 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

is widely distributed both recent and as a fossil. Mr. Jones
says that as a recent species it occurs in Britain, in the West
. Indies, Mauritius, Manilla, and Australia. It has been found
in the London clay of Copenhagen Fields. See ‘ Entomo-
straca of the Tertiary Formation,’ p. 52.

Fam. II. CYPRIDINADZ, Baird.

Eyes two, pedunculated. ‘Two pairs of feet-like antenne.
Two pairs of feet, one always within the shell. Abdomen
ending in a broad lamellar plate, armed with strong claws
and hooked spines.

Gen. 159. CYPRIDINA, I. Edwards.

This genus, the characters of which are those of the fa-
mily, is essentially marine. The pair of feet within the shell
forms a peculiar organ, apparently for supporting the ova.

Some of the exotic species are highly luminous, and are
described by Mr. Arthur Adams, who observed one in the
Eastern seas, as being very quick in motion, darting about
with great velocity, and constantly revolving.

Cypripina Macanpret, Baird. (Plate X VIL. fig. 2.)—
Shell oval, sharply pomted at both ends; convex surface
dotted over with small points; anterior edge deeply notched.

COPEPODA. 295

Hab. Between Lewis and Skye; dredged by Mr. M‘An.
drew in seventy fathoms.

CypRIDINA INTERPUNCTA, Baird.*—Shell oval, less con-
vex than the preceding; surface dull-white, densely and
coarsely covered with impressed punctures.

Hab. Off the Isle of Skye; dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew.

- Cypripina Brenpa, Baird.—Shell oval, rounded at both
ends, rather narrower in front, and deeply notched; dull-
white; valves smooth and tumid.

Hab. Shetland Islands, off Noss, in eighty to ninety
fathoms; dredged by R. M‘Andrew, Esq.

Cypripina Maria, Baird.*—Carapace valves elongate,
oval, same size at each end; white, shining, mottled with a
few spots of dull-white, and covered with minute punctures.

Hab. Off the Isle of Skye (R. M‘Andrew, Esq.).

Orver Il. COPEPODA.

Body divided into several very distinct rings. Envelope,
a buckler, enclosing the head and thorax. Mouth with
foot-jaws. Feet, five pairs, mostly adapted for swimming

* Described by Dr. Baird in the Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1850.

296 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

(and hence the name of the Order, from xw7n, an oar, and
mous, a foot). Ovary external.

Fam. CYCLOPIDA.

Head and body not distinguishable, being consolidated
with the first segment of the thorax. Two pairs of foot-jaws.
Five pairs of legs; the fifth pair rudimentary. One eye.
The male has a swollen hinge-joint to both antenne. The
various species are found in fresh or salt water. Dr. Baird
observes, “The fresh-water species abound in the muddiest,
most stagnant pools, and in the clearest springs; and the
ordinary water, with which the inhabitants of London are
supplied for domestic purposes, often contains them in great
numbers. The marine species are to be found frequently
in immense quantities in small pools on the sea-shore, within
high-water mark, living among the seaweeds and corallines
which so elegantly fringe the beautiful little wells and clear
round pools which are hollowed out in the rocks on the
coast, and are to be met with in equal profusion in the open
ocean, where, by the curious luminous properties they pos-
sess, they assist in producing that beautiful phosphorescent
appearance of the sea, the cause of which formerly puzzled
naturalists.” Jurine has calculated that a single specimen of

CYCLOPS. 297

the female of the Cyclops quadricornis may be the progenitor
in the course of one year of 4,442,189,120 young. The
young are so unlike the adults, that some naturalists have
formed different genera for their reception.

Miiller has shown that the Cyclops above mentioned has
great power of resisting cold. He froze some in a glass ves-
sel, and exposed them for twenty-four hours in a state of
congelation ; on thawing them he was surprised to find them
alive,*the females swimming about with their bags of eggs.
Plate XVII. fig. 3 c, d, shows some of the changes they
assume before acquiring their perfect form.

Gen. 160. CYCLOPS, Willer.

Foot-jaws large and strong, branched; antennules sim-
ple; ovaries double (fig. 3 4). The male has both antenne
swollen. (Plate XVII. fig. 3 a.)

Cyctops quapricornis, L. (Plate XVII. fig. 3.)—
Thorax and abdomen very distinct from each other, the
former twice the size of the latter. It is a variable species,
differing much according to age, locality, and other caircum-
stances ; it is sometimes white, at other times tawny, green,
or red.

Hab. Ponds and ditches. Common everywhere.

298 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 161. CANTHOCAMPTUS, Westw.

Foot-jaws small, simple ; antennules simple ; ovary single.

CaNTHOCAMPTUs MINUTUS, Miiller, sp.—Thorax and abdo-
men not distinctly separated from each other, composed of
ten segments, gradually diminishing in size as they descend.
The animal frequently turns up the posterior part of the
body over the other, like the species of Staph bane

Hab. Ponds and ditches of fresh-water.

Cantuocamptus Srromu, Baird.—Thorax and abdomen
of ten segments, gradually tapering to the end; antennz of
eight short joints.

Hab. Sea-shore at Cockburnspath, and at Dover.

CANTHOCAMPTUS FURCATUS, Baird.—Thorax and abdo-
men very distinctly separated, composed of ten segments,
the first the largest, the last ending in two short lobes,
from which proceed four sete, two much longer than the
others.

Hab. Sea-coast, Berwickshire; Kent; Dorset.

CaNTHOCAMPTUS MINUTICORNIS, Miiller, sp.—Thorax of
four segments, each terminating at the back in a sharp
spine; abdomen of five segments, last one bilobed, with a
stout seta half the length of animal.

ALTEUTHA. 299

Hab. Berwick Bay; Dover.

Gen. 162. _ARPACTICUS, MU. Edwards.

Foot-jaws forming strong cheliform hands; antennules
simple; ovary single.

ARPacticus CHELIFER, Miiller, sp.—Thorax of. four, the
abdomen of six, segments; the last one ending in two long,
finely-serrated, bristles, fully the length of body. Head
beaked.

Hab. Sea-shore, Berwickshire ; Kent.

ARPACTICUS NoBILIs, Baird.—Three times larger than the
A, chelifer; the whole animal beautifully coloured with green,
red, and purple; thorax large, rounded, of four segments ;
the body of six slender segments, the last bilobed and with
four setee, two long and two short.

Hab. Berwick Bay, and Dover.

Gen. 163. ALTEUTHA, Bazrd.
Foot-jaws small, simple; body flat. Fifth segment of
body with two strong falciform appendages. Dr. Baird
found the curious species on which he founded the genus

300 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

in Berwick Bay. He describes its motion as very peculiar ;
it generally swims on its back, and instead of darting for-
ward through the water, like the other species of the family,
it springs with a bound from the bottom of the vessel,
where it remains when undisturbed, up to the surface of
the water. It effects this by curling its body into a ball,
and then suddenly assuming a straight position.

ALTEUTHA DEPRESSA, Baird.—Body depressed, flat, broad;
eye of a fine ruby colour.

Hab. Berwick Bay.

Fam. Il. DIAPTOMIDZ, Baird.
Head generally distinguishable from the body, though

firmly articulated with first ring of thorax. ‘Three pairs of
well-developed foot-jaws. Five pairs of legs, last pair of
different structure from the others, and differing from each
other in the two sexes. One eye. In the male, one of the
antenne alone is furnished with a swollen hinge-joint, with
which he seizes and holds the female.

Gen. 164. DIAPTOMUS, Westwood.

Head distinguishable from the thorax; thorax and ab-

ANOMALOCERA. 301

domen each of five segments; antennules composed of two
branches.

Diapromus castor, Jurine, sp. (Plate X VII. fig. 4.)—Of
a transparent hue, delicate red, sometimes blue; antennz
long and strong, of about twenty-six joints.

Hab. In ponds and slow-running water.

M. Jurine has named the species Castor, or the beaver,
from a fancied resemblance he saw in the abdomen of the
female, when loaded with eggs, to the tail of a beaver.

Gen. 165. TEMORA, Bazrd.

Head joined to first segment of the thorax; thorax of
five, abdomen of three, segments; antennules two-branched ;
five pairs of legs, the first four with a branch of two joints.

Temora Frymarcuica, Gunner, sp.—Body dark-brown
(in spirits) ; antennze very long, of twenty-four joints.

Hab. Coast of Ireland.

Gen. 166. ANOMALOCERA,* Zempleton.
Head distinguishable from body, with a beak divided at

* From avwuados, dissimilar, and xepas, a horn.

302 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

tip into two sharp points, and ending at the base on each
side in a sharp, hooked spine. Thorax in six, abdomen in
four, segments. Antennules not two-branched. Anterior
antenna of male geniculated, swollen. Foot-jaws strongly
developed. Eye in the male pedunculated. Mr. Lubbock
has observed five eyes in this genus, four upper, one lower.*
The species swims with a lively and constant motion, and
jerks out of the way when pursued.

ANOMALOCERA Patersoni. (Plate XVIII. fig. 1.)—It
is about three lines long, and when alive is very brilliant.
Mr. Goodsir describes it as having a luminous appearance,
apparently caused by the splendid metallic colours with
which it is adorned, sapphirine and emerald prevailing.
These colours disappear rapidly after death.

Hab. Irish and Scotch coasts.

Fam. III. CHTOCHILID.

Head distinguishable from body, but firmly articulated
with the first ring of thorax. Three pairs of strongly deve-
loped foot-jaws. Five pairs of legs. Two eyes. Right an-
tennz in male furnished with swollen hinge-joint.

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, pp. 164, 165.

Plate XVII.

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CETOCHILUS. 303

Gen. 167. CETOCHILUS,* Roussel de Vauz.

Head furnished with two small, styliform prolongations.
Antennules of two branches, of nearly equal size. Foot-jaws
not branched. Thorax of six, abdomen of four, segments.
Last pair of legs formed like the others.

Dr. Baird gives the following account of the reason why
the founder of the genus gave it the name :—‘“ Vauzeme
was attached to a vessel employed in the whale fishery in
the Southern Ocean, and for four months the crew were en-
gaged in the neighbourhood of Tristan d’Acunha, in the
South Atlantic, without his ever having been able to observe
what formed the food of the whales. Leaving that quarter
however at the end of that time, and steering for Cape
Horn, he, one morning in the month of February, observed
the surface of the sea streaked with red lines, several miles
in extent, and giving the appearance of blood to the water.
The experienced sailors on board immediately announced
that they had now reached the pastwre of the whales. Ac-
cordingly they very soon afterwards saw them sporting about
in the midst of these ruddy banks. Upon examining the
water thus coloured, Vauzeme found it caused by an im-

* From xntos, a whale, and x:Aos, food.

304 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

mense number of small Crustaceans, which were of a red
hue. They swarmed in myriads on the surface of the sea,
and, when the wind was boisterous, a whole bank of them
could be taken up by a wave and carried on board the vessel,
covering the deck and the clothes of the sailors. The whales
swallowed them in myriads, and they served for food, not
only to them, but to the Coronule and Tubicimelle which
live as parasites upon their skin. The American fishers on
that station informed him that these little creatures, in the
fine weather of October and November, remain concealed
deep under the water, but that after that time they come to
the surface to lay their eggs.” *

The late R. H. Goodsir observed in the Firth of Forth
that during the summer months animal matter in great
masses abounds on the surface of the sea. The fishermen
call it maidre. On a minute examination of this matter, he
found it to consist of Cirrhipedes, Crustacea, and Acalepha.
Amongst these the moving masses of Hutomostraca were
very conspicuous; so much did they abound that it was
almost impossible to see anything even a few inches below
the surface. He adds, “If a clear spot is obtained, so as
to allow the observer to get a view of the bottom, immense

* British Entomostraca, p. 234.

CETOCHILUS. 305

shoals of codfish are seen swimming lazily about, and de-
vouring their minute prey in great quantities. Occasion-
ally small shoals of herrings are seen pursuing them with
greater agility. . . . Great numbers of Cetacea often fre-
quent the neighbourhood of the island at this time, droves
of dolphins and porpoises swimming about with great acti-
vity, and occasionally an immense rorqual may be seen,
raising his enormous back at intervals from the water, and
is to be observed coursing round and round the island.”
_ Among the Hntomostraca the red Cetochilus was very marked,
the sea being sometimes slightly red with them.

The observing Arctic voyager and whaler cannot fail to
be struck with the elegant motions of these creatures. For
instance, my friend Dr. Sutherland, who was surgeon of
the ‘Sophia’ on her Arctic search for Sir John Franklin
and his comrades, thus refers to them in his Journal of May
23, 1850 :—“ Entomostraca of very large size (Cetochilus)
darted in the water with the swiftness of arrows. Nothing
could exceed the gracefulness of their motions, when, with
every jerk, the two long oar-like antenne were thrown ellip-
tically in the form of curves along “the body, but not touch-
ing any part of it, until they met at the last segment. It
was only during the rapid movements of the Cetochilus that

x

306 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

the antenne assumed this position, for it could be seen
making slow progress in the water with the antenne at
right angles to the body. The antenne are surmounted
by a tuft of bristle-like spines pointing backwards. The
last segment of the body terminates also in a number of
‘spines or sete, which, in many individuals, are of a beau-
tiful reddish and pearly colour, and by means of which a
person is enabled to detect them in the water. They are
always on the alert to elude and escape from their pursuer.
When the water is but slightly agitated they dive from the
surface, and, in a few minutes, when it becomes still, they
can be seen ascending slowly, but rarely using the antenne.
I could only obtain specimens by including them in a large
quantity of water taken up suddenly, from which they could
be separated subsequently by straining through a calico bag.
A bucketfull (two gallons) of water often produced twenty
to thirty individuals, and sometimes twice that number.
They never survived a single night, even though kept in
their native element in avessel. From their constant dart-
ing from side to side of the vessel, perhaps it is a safe in-
ference that the fear of danger in their new situation may
be one of the chief causes of the early extinction of life.”*

* Dr. Sutherland, ‘ Voyage to Baffin’s Bay,’ vol. i. pp. 71, 72.

NOTODELPHYS. 307

CETOCHILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, Goodsir. (Plate XVIII.
fig. 2.)—Bright-red and slightly translucent; about a line
and a half or two lines long. Antenne very long and
slender, of twenty-four joints, the twenty-second and twenty-
third joints each furnished with a long seta pointed down-
wards and inwards.

Hab. Firth of Forth.

Next to Cetochilus Dr. Baird provisionally places the next
genus, which he says must form the type of a new family.

Gen. 168. NOTODELPHYS, dAl/man.

One eye. Head and first ring of thorax consolidated.
Thorax of four, and abdomen of four segments. Upper an-
tenne many-jointed ; lower prehensile. our pairs of foot-
jaws. Ovary, a large sac placed behind the last ring of the
thorax, and within the parietes of the body.*

Noropretpuys ascrpicota, Allman. (Plate XVIII. fig.
3.)—Upper antennz of twelve short joints, each with one
or more setee. Abdomen somewhat cylindrical.

Hab. Belfast Bay, and other Imsh harbours: found swim-
ming freely in the branchial sac of the Ascidia communis.

* Hence the name, from ywros, back, and SeAgus, matrix.

308 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 169. PELTIDIUM, Philippi*

The body covered with a large shield formed of seven seg-
ments ; first segment the largest. Two large, six-jointed an-
tenne. Legs, six pair; first pair simple, with a long claw ;
the second, third, fourth, and fifth-pairs with two branches ;
the sixth pair simple. Tail with the tip bifid, and bearing
bristles.

Petriptum purPUREUM. (Plate XVIII. fig. 4.)—Our
figure is from an original drawing by Mr. Spence Bate.
The species was first ascertained to be British by that gen-
tleman, who took it on the southern coast.

ea

Gen. 170. HERSILIA, Phelippi.t

Body covered with a large shield formed of four segments.
Antenne, two, large, filiform, five-jointed. Feet, four pairs;
three with a bifid pinnule, the fourth simple. Tail with a
bifid tip, and bearing bristles.

HeERsILIA AvoDIKoRMIS.—This curious Crustacean was

* Wiegmamn, Archiv, 1839, 132, taf. iv. f. 12.
+ Wiegmann, Archiv, 1839, 130, t. iv. f. 9, 10, 11

PELTOCEPHALA. 309

first found by Dr. Philippi in the Mediterranean. Mr. Spence

Bate discovered it on our southern coast.

Lxeeion IIT. PAACILOPODA,* Laitr.

Mouth adapted for sucking. Feet partly formed for walk-
ing or prehension, and part branchiferous, and fitted for
swimming. Body in the greater part of the species enclosed
almost wholly within a buckler, consisting generally of one
piece, sometimes of two.

The various species are parasitical on fishes and other
aquatic animals.

Orver SLPHONOSTOMA,+ Latr.

Mouth furnished with a tube which has styliform man-
dibles. Thorax composed of several distinct rings, and with
three or four pairs of feet. Foot-jaws well developed.

Tribe 1. PELTOCEPHALA, MZ. Edwards.

Head shaped like a buckler,t provided in front with fron-
tal plates and short antenne of two flattened joints.

* TlIo:xiAos, various, and zrovs, foot.
T Sidwy, atube, and croua, a mouth.
+ Hence the name, weArT7, a shield, and kepadn, a head.

310 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Dr. Baird says: “The mouth-apparatus consists of a large
well-developed sucking-tube and appendages, adapted for
puncturing the skin of the animals upon which they live as
parasites, and for sucking the juices of their bodies; and
three pairs of foot-jaws, constructed for enabling them to
fix themselves upon their prey.” When young they undergo
a series of metamorphoses.

Fam. ARGULIDA, Leach.

Head like a large circular-shaped shield. Antennze short,
thick, two-jointed ; second pair of foot-jaws replaced by a

pair of large suckers. (Plate XIX. fig. 1 a, 4.)

Gen. 171. ARGULUS, Miller.

ARGULUS FOLIACEUS, Linn. sp. Mish Argulus. (Plate XTX.
fig. 1.)\—Rounded-oval ; carapace notched on either side
in front, transparent, slightly greenish, and marked on both
sides by branched veinings of darker hue.

Hab. On various kinds of fresh-water fish in the neigh-
bourhood of London : it is most commonly met with on the
stickleback.

Dr. Baird says, it “is an exceedingly pretty and graceful

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CALIGIDA. dl]

little animal, and as it can leave the fish upon which it feeds,
and swim freely in the water, there are many opportunities
for watching its gambols through its native element. It
generally swims in a straight line, but it frequently suddenly
changes its direction, and often turns over and over several
times in succession.”* Its swimming-feet are in constant
motion, and serve also for respiration. Dr. Baird says that
when it wishes again to fasten itself to its prey, the Argulus
approaches a fish, and quietly allows itself to be hurried along
in the current caused by its motion through the water, till
it touches it, when it quickly attaches itself to the under
part of the pectoral fins. The males are considerably
smaller than the females: the latter have as many as four
hundred eggs, which, having slipped off the fish, she attaches
im a mass to a stone or some solid body. The female has a
black mark on each lobe of the abdomen.

Fam. CALIGIDA, Baird.

Head shaped like a large buckler, having in front large
frontal plates. Four pairs of feet furnished with long plu-
mose hairs. Antenne small, flat, two-jointed. Second pair

* British Entomostraca, p. 252.

312 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of foot-jaws of two joints, and not like a sucking-disc.
Segments of thorax uncovered. Body more or less oval,
depressed. Eyes two, close together: in the living animal,
of a red colour, and slightly projecting.

The species of this family are found on various fishes in
the sea. They adhere to the body among the scales, being
attached by their foot-jaws. They can move to any part of
the fish. They die soon after the fish is taken from the
water. There seems to be some doubt as yet about their
food. ‘The most minute observers seem to think that it is
chiefly, if not wholly, on the mucous juices of the fishes
that they subsist, those juices which cover the body of the
fish, aud for secreting which in abundance there are, in most
fishes, a series of particular pores. The fishes on which they
are found are generally weak and diseased. The young
Caligide, when first hatched, are very different in appear-
ance from the adult: they closely resemble the young of the
Cyclopide, and undergo, like them, a number of changes of
skin before they assume the completely-developed form of
the parent.

CALIGUS. 313

Gen. 172. CALIGUS, Willer.

Thorax of only two distinct jomts. Frontal plates with a
small sucking-disc on the under surface of each side. Fourth
pair of feet slender, of one branch, and used for walking.

CaLiaus priapHANUS, Nordmann.—The male has the cara-
pace large, and nearly round; thorax much smaller than
carapace.

Hab. On the turbot, gurnard, mackerel, coal-fish, cod-
fish, and others, in Belfast Bay.

Caticus rapax, M. Edw.—The female has the carapace
oval, much longer than broad; frontal plates large and
nearly straight in the centre; antennz very large. The male
rather smaller than female, and has the last joint of thorax
smaller; the abdomen is longer and narrower.

Hab. Belfast Bay: on the gurnard, John Dory, whiting,
and other fishes.

Catigus Mutreri, Leach.—In the female the carapace
is oval, rather longer than broad; the frontal plates large,
notched in the centre. Antenne with basal joint large.
Abdomen very short and rounded. In the male the last
joint of thorax is smaller and more rounded.

Hab. On cod and brill.

314 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Caticus cENTRODONTI, Baird.—Carapace, in the female,
obovate, narrower in front; frontal plates deeply notched
in the middle. Thorax much smaller than carapace, last
joint squareish, lower margin crescentic. Abdomen very
small, quite concealed by ovarian tubes when filled with
ova. In the male the carapace is large, the thorax much
smaller.

Hab. Found on the tail and fins of the Pagedlus centro-
dontis, Dublin.

Gen. 173. LEPEOPHTHEIRUS,* Nordmann.

Thorax of two distinct joints. Frontal plates without
small sucking-discs on their under surface. Fonrth pair of
feet slender, of one branch, and serving for walking.

LEPROPHTHEIRUS Stromu, Baird. (Plate MRE. fig. 2.)
—Carapace, in the female, oval ; frontal plates not very pro-
minent; length of body, about half an inch; horny tuber-
cles on hind part of thorax, large and simple. Male much
smaller than the female.

Hab. Berwick : on salmon.

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS PECTORALTS, Miiller, sp.—Carapace, in

* From Aemos and @etp.

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS. ; 315

female, oval ; frontal plates small, notched in centre; caudal
plates small; sternal fork with simple sharp-pointed branches.
Thorax as long as carapace.

Hab. Belfast Bay and other parts of our coast, on the
flounder, John Dory, mackerel, sole, and dragonet.

LeprorHTHErrus Norpmannu, M. Edw. sp.—Carapace,
in female, rounded-oval, diaphanous. Frontal plates promi-
nent in centre, not notched. Thorax much shorter than’
carapace. Oviferous tubes long and slender.

Hab. Coast of Antrim, on the Orthagoriscus mola.

LepsopuTHEirus Hippoetosst, Kroyer, sp.—The whole
animal beautifully marked with pink or reddish spots, dis-
tributed in an irregular pattern over all the carapace, thorax,
abdomen, and outer surface of fourth pair of legs. Sternal
fork twice bipartite.

Hab. On halibut, in Berwick Bay.

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS oBscurus, Baird.—Carapace large,
rounded-oval. Thorax much smaller than carapace. The
abdomen small, square. Caudal plates stout, and giving
off four long, finely plumose setee. Sternal fork with each
branch bifurcated. The fourth pair of feet very long and
stout.

Hab. On brill taken in Belfast Bay.

316 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS THompPsoNI, Baird.—Carapace round;
in the male rather broader. Abdomen long, the length of
thorax. Caudal plates short, rather broad. Sternal fork
with sharp, simple branches.

Hab. Ireland: on the turbot.

Gen. 174. CHALIMUS, Burm.

Feet as in preceding. Thorax with four distinct seg-
ments. Frontal plates without sucking-discs, but furnished
with a long and slender appendage from the centre of fore
surface.

Dr. Baird remarks on this curious genus, which Kroyer
was disposed to think might prove the young of Caligus,
that the long and slender organ above alluded to ends in a
“round expansion like a sucker, by which it fastens itself
to the body to which it is found attached. The presence
of this organ would lead us to suppose that this animal
must lead a much more sedentary life than the rest of the
Caligide, and it would appear in this respect to connect it
with some of the Lerneade, which we shall find to possess
a somewhat similar organ of prehension.”

TREBIUS. 317

CuaLimus scomBri, Burm.—Carapace elongated-oval,
somewhat narrower in front. Thorax of four distinct seg-
ments. Abdomen large, of three joints.

Hab. Belfast Bay: attached to Caligus Miilleri.

Gen. 175. TREBIUS, Kroyer.

Fourth pair of feet slender, and divided into two branches,
adapted for swimming. ‘Thorax possessed of three distinct
joints. Frontal plates without sucking-discs.

TREBIUS cAUDATUS, Kroyer.—Male much smaller than
the female; in the latter the carapace is oval, the first pair
of foot-jaws is large and strongly toothed at the apex; the
abdomen is long and narrow, and ends-in two small tails,
which have one short and three long plumose bristles. In
the male these tails are larger.

Hab. Belfast Bay: on the skate. First found in these
islands by the late Mr. Thompson.

Fam. PANDARID.

One of the prettiest of the families of the fish-parasites.

318 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

The head is shaped like a small buckler, and furnished with
frontal plates. There is a series of one or more pairs of
lamellar appendages, which extend along the back of the
thorax. The egg-bearing tubes straight, external.

Gen. 176. DINEMOURA,* Latr.

The plate-like appendages covering the thorax are two
only. The first three pairs of feet are setiferous; the pos-
terior are foliaceous and membranous.

The first species here quoted, and figured, with all the
others in Dr. Baird’s excellent work, when viewed from
above, resembles somewhat an undressed doll with the head
and neck and part of the legs removed.

Dinemoura aAuata, M. Edw. sp.—Oblong; about half
an inch long. Dorsal plates of a chestnut-colour, and with
pale, scattered dots.

Hab. Berwick Bay: on the Beaumaris shark.

The late Dr. Johnston, of Berwick, first described this as
British. He remarks (Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 203)
that it appears to be parasitical on several species of fish;
and that the creature generally attaches itself to the sides
of the branchial covers, and adheres tenaciously, by thrust-

* Aus, two, vnua, thread, and ovpa, tail.

PANDARUS. 319

ing the claws of the first and third pairs of foot-jaws through
the skin.

Drivemoura Lamna#z, Johnston, sp. — Linear-oblong ;
dorsal plates smaller than in preceding, oval, smooth, and
of a pale colour; cephalothorax with a brown blotch in
front; centre of upper part of last segment of thorax with
a long black spot.

Hab. Berwick Bay: on a Beaumaris shark (Lamua Mo-
NENSIS) «

Gen. 177. PANDARUS, Leach.

There are several pairs of plate-like appendages covering
_the thorax. All the feet fitted for walking, and armed near
the end with short thick hooks. Dr. Baird adds, that
“these hooks are evidently useful to the animal in moving
or walking, by enabling it to attach itself to the bodies upon
which it creeps.”

All the species are parasitic on the shark tribe; soethat
these ferocious tyrants of the sea are themselves subject to
fish-lice.

Panparws Bicotor, Leach. (Plate XIX. fig. 3.) —Body

elongated-oval. Cephalothoracic segment, and the second
‘

320 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

and third thoracic plate-like appendages, marked in the
centre with black patches. A variety (P. Bosciz) appa-
rently of this has the body of a pale colour.

Hab. Torcross, Devon, on the Mustelus vulgaris and
Galeus. Mr. Cocks, of Falmouth, took the species from a
specimen of the Curcharias glaucus, captured a few miles
from Falmouth harbour in 1849.

Fam. CECROPID, Baird.

Head as in Pandaridez. There is a single plate-like ap-
pendage on the dorsal surface of the thorax. The oviferous
tubes are concealed under a shield-shaped plate, and twisted
in many convolutions.

The naturalist, Dr. Baird tells us, who went out in the
expedition under the command of the “unfortunate La
Peyrouse,” found a poor diseased sunfish, on the coast to the
north-east of Nootka Sound, infested by different species of
parasites (the one on the gills was a Cecrops); and it is on a
species of sunfish (Orthagoriscus mola), occasionally caught
on our coasts, that the British Cecrops has been always
found.

LEMARGUS. aon

Gen. 178. CECROPS, Leach.

Plate-like appendage small and rounded. The male has
all the feet, and the female only the first three pair, adapted
for walking, and armed at the tips with short, stout spines.
The oviferous tubes are very long and slender, and are
twisted on each other in numerous loops, and lie concealed
in the hollow space between the abdomen and the large,
buckler-shaped, last segment of the thorax.

Crcrops Larreriii, Leach.—Of a pale horn-colour ;
front edge of carapace deeply notched; the plate-like ap-
pendage and last thoracic segment of the body less deeply
notched ; hooks at end of foot-jaws deep black. Length of
female, an inch; of male, about the third of an inch.

Found on the gills of the sunfish, occasionally caught on
the coasts of England and Ireland.

Gen. 179. LAMARGUS, Kroyer.

Plate-like appendage of considerable size; the feet are all
foliaceous and branchial ; upper segments of thorax distinct
and small; males, as in last genus, much smaller than the

females.

322 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

LaMarGus moricatus, Kroyer. (Plate XIX. fig. 4.)—
Plate-like appendage and the last thoracic segment finely
toothed round the lower margin, and both deeply notched.

This species has been found, like the last, on the sun-
fish (Orthagoriscus mola).

Tribe 2. PACHYCEPHALA.

Head generally much smaller than in the preceding, and
generally rather thick, and blunt. Antenne much longer,
and of five and six or even more joits; basal joints of feet
detached from each other.

Fam. ANTHOSOMADZ, Baird.

Head of considerable size ; near the mouth there is a pair
of large foot-jaws, armed with strong hooks. Thorax fur-
nished with plate-like appendages. There are three pairs of
foliaceous feet.

Gen. 180. ANTHOSOMA, Leach.

Dr. Baird remarks on this genus, that “from the form of
the feet and the large development and prehensile structure
of the foot-jaws, it is evident that the animals are incapable

ERGASILIDA. 323

of much motion, and are more adapted than any of the others
we have yet described for living strictly as parasites. They
seem to bury their beak in the flesh of their prey, and no
doubt cause much irritation to their unwilling host. The
gill-covers to which they were found adhering, showed the
marks of inflammation of long standing, as they were much
thickened.” *

Antuosoma Smirut, Leach. Bud-like Shark-sucher.
(Plate XIX. fig. 5.)—Of an elongated-oval form, and of a
yellowish-white colour, with a black spot on the middle of
_ the head, disappearing after death.

Found sticking on a shark (Zamna Cornubiea) thrown
ashore at Exmouth. Dr. Leach gave this the generic name
from the creature having some resemblance to the half-opened
bud of a flower.

Fam. HRGASILIDA.

Head of moderate size, rounded. Body oval or pyriform;
the thorax sometimes much enlarged laterally. Feet very
small and branched ; abdomen well developed.

* British Entomostraca, p. 298.

324 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Gen. 181. NICOTHOE, Hdw. & Audouin.

Two eyes ; antenne slender, many-jointed ; foot-jaws very
small. Thorax of female enlarged on the side into two large
wing-shaped lobes ; in the male these appendages are want-
ing. There are four pairs of feet, which are two-branched
and jointed. The body is jointed.

The species of this curious genus is found attached, often
in considerable numbers, to the gills of the common Lobster,
and remains firmly fixed among the filaments of these organs.

The male, according to Professor Van Beneden,* is much
smaller than the female, and leads a free life, as does the
young female at first : as soon as the latter fixes itself to the
branchie, lateral prolongations appear, to the height of the
fourth thoracic ring. In the adult state these appendages
seem to form the whole animal.

NicorHor astaci, Aud. & Edw. Lodster Louse. (Plate
XX. fig. 1.)—Of a rosy hue, about a line long. Dr. Baird
has found it on the gills of the Lobster in the London
market in March and April, and Mr. Cocks in a Lobster
taken at Falmouth, in September.

* Mémoire sur le Développement, etc., des Nicothoés, in vol. xxiv. of
the Mémoires de l’Académie Royale de Belgique.

Plate XX

1. Nicothoe Astaci, /a.6. larva .2.Lemaopeda dongata .3.Lemeeonema Spratta ,3a,three
Specimens attachedto a Sprat . 4. Lamea branchialis.

LERNEAD&. 825

OrveR LERNEADZ.

The mouth suctorial ; thorax not jointed. Feet and other
organs of thoracic segment nearly rudimentary. Body very
outré in appearance.

The animals of this Order were placed by Linnzeus among
the worms, and most authors followed the illustrious Swedish
naturalist, as Dr. Baird tells us, till M. Surriray, a French
physician at Havre, “made the important discovery that the
ova were contained in the long filaments suspended from the
abdomen, and that the young, when born, bore no resem-
blance to their parent, but on the contrary were extremely
similar to the young of the Cyclops ;” and shortly after Pro-
fessor Nordmann clearly established their characters to be
those of the Crustacea. |

These fantastically-formed creatures are all parasites on
fishes: Dr. Baird says, ‘‘ We find them in all instances more
or less deeply fixed in the tissue of the parts upon which they
have taken up their habitation, and often so deeply lodged,
that little else but the oviferous tubes are visible externally.
There they remain, living at the expense of their host ;
those that inhabit the branchie, or are deeply fixed in the
soft tissue of the bodies, drinking up the blood; and the

326 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

others, which are fixed less deeply, and take up their abode
under the fins and such places, sucking the slimy juices of
the skin.” The young have a large eye, and are furnished
with two large pairs of swimming-feet, and are nimble and
active, so that, as Dr. Baird says, “it is not the least curious
part of the history of these singular-looking animals that the
young should thus stand on a higher stage of development
than the mother.”

The first tribe is named Anchorastomacea, by Dr. Baird,
from the females being fixed to their prey by means of the
foot-jaws, which are strong and armed with hooks. There
is one pair of antenne; the thoracic feet are nearly rudi-
mentary, or represented by large appendages. The males
are very small, free, and unattached, and totally unlike their
partners.

Fam. CHONDRACANTHID, Baird.

Foot-appendages large, cartilaginous, generally three
pairs; three pairs of foot-jaws.

Gen. 182. CHONDRACANTHUS, Delaroche.

This genus derives its name* from its appearing to be

* Xovdpos, cartilage, and oxavOa, a spine.

LERNENTOMA. 327

stuck over with cartilaginous spines or tubercles. The ovi-
ferous tubes are very short, broad and flattened.
Cuonpracantuus Zui, Delaroche-—Body short and
thick ; upper part of thorax covered with short, conical,
sharp-pointed spines. = *
Found on the gills of the Zeus fader.

ee ee

Gen. 183. LERNENTOMA, Bélainv.

This genus differs from the last chiefly in the oviferous
tubes being long, either club-shaped and stout, or slender
and twisting.

LeRNENTOMA cornuTA, Miller, sp.—Head oval, rather
elongated in female; head in male very large and swollen.
The antenne project. In the female there are two pairs of
thoracic appendages visible, each divided into two digitations.
Length of female, three lines; of male, the quarter of a line.

Found by the late Mr. Thompson on the branchie of a
sole caught in the Irish Sea.

LERNENTOMA ASELLINA, Linn. sp.—Male like that of last
species ; the female has a small head placed at the end of a
long slender neck ; the thorax is broad, and has two pairs

328 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

of three-fingered appendages on the upper half; on the
lower part there are three simple appendages.

Found on the gills of Zrig/z, at Falmouth.

Lernentoma Lopui, Johnston, sp.—The oviferous tubes
in the female are very long, slender, and twisted. Head on
each side with a process directed backwards. Thorax divided
into four portions by as many contractions.

Found on the -Angler-fish (Lophius piscatorius), on the
coasts of Great Britain and Ireland.

Dr. Baird has named the second tribe

ANCHORACARPACEA, from the species being fixed to their
prey by means of two long appendages arising from the
thorax ; these unite at the base or near the tip only, and
end there in a rounded button-like knob. There are no
thoracic feet or appendages representing them. In the family
Lerneopodade the arm-shaped appendages are long and
united only at the tip.

Gen. 184. LERNEOPODA, Blaine.

In the female the body is elongated and oval; the head
short and thick ; there are two pairs of foot-jaws; the ex-
ternal ovaries are moderately long and cylindrical. In the

LERNEOPODA. 329

male the body is divided into two nearly equal ovoid por-
tions, one being the head, the other the thorax.

The first species mentioned here was figured by the late
Dr. Scoresby in his ‘ Arctic Regions.’ It is found attached
to the eye of the Arctic shark, and seems to blindit; the
sailors believe this shark to be blind, as it pays not the least
attention to the presence of man, and does not draw back
when a blow is aimed at it with a knife or lance.

LERNEOPODA ELONGATA, Grant, sp. Grant's Shark-sucker.
(Plate XX. fig. 2.)—This is three inches long; the thorax
is long and narrow, and has two long cylindrical arms, con-
siderably longer than the body; ovaries nearly the length of
the entire body. Dr. Baird mentions that a specimen of
this Arctic species was taken from the eye of a shark taken
on the English coast; its arm-shaped appendages were in-
serted into the cornea to the depth of nearly a fourth of their
length.

Lerneopopa GALel, Kroyer.—Length about three-fourths
of an inch; ovaries not quite equal to length of thorax.

Found on the Squalus Galeus, taken at Belfast.

LerNnEopoDa SALMONEA, Linn. sp.—Body obovate, thorax
obcordate, two arms linear, approximated ; ovaries thick, as
long as the whole animal; white. Length, half an inch.

330 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

Found on the gills of the salmon.

In salt-water, according to Miiller and Dr. Knox, the
salmon is subject to the attacks of Caligi, which adhere to
his mteguments, and when in his migrations he runs up
rivers, the fresh-water destroys them; in the fresh-water again
he is attacked by another parasite, the Lerneopoda salmonea
(Baird, Brit. Ent. t. 35, f. 6), which fastens on his gills,
and when the salmon gets into the sea again, these vital
organs are cleared from the parasite.*

Fam. ANCHORELLADA, Baird.

Arm-shaped appendages very short, and united from the
base, so as to resemble a single organ.

Gen. 185. ANCHORELLA, Cwv.

Head of female small, at the end of a long neck, generally
curved backwards; two pairs of developed foot-jaws, and a
third rudimentary. Ovaries of moderate length. Male
very small.

ANCHORELLA uNnctNnaTA, Miiller, sp.—Body milk-white,
oblong ; the arms short, ending in a rounded knob. The

* Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xii. 471.

LERNEONEMA. 331

female is from six to eight lines long, while the male is only
the fourth of a line.

Found on the fins and gill-covers of the cod and haddock,

ANCHORELLA RUGOSA, Kroyer.—Body nearly square, a
little notched on the side. Ovaries rather longer than the
thorax. Length about three lines.

Mouth of Gadus cellarias, taken on the Irish coast.

In the next tribe, the females are attached to their prey
by the front part of their body only, the whole head being
thrust into the tissues of the animal, and are retained there
by horns which spring from the hind part of the head.
Dr. Baird has, from this peculiar structure, named the tribe
Anchoraceracea.* The feet are either very small or want-

ing.

Fam. PENELLAD, Baird.

There are several pairs of feet situated on the under
surface of the body, near the head, but they are very small.

Gen. 186. LERNEONEMA, . Edw.
Body long, slender, narrowed in front and ending im a

* Ayxvpa, an anchor, and Kkepas, a horn.

a5 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

~

swollen head, furnished with two or three curved, horn-like
appendages; abdomen long and simple. Ovaries long,
slender.

LerNEONEMA Spratr#, Sowerby, sp. LHye-sucker. (Plate
XX. fig. 3.) —Neck leng, with about a dozen constrictions.
Body slender; head with two narrow, somewhat hooked
horns behind; ovaries long and slender.

Length of the body, an inch; of the ovaries, an inch and
a half. E:

Attached to the eye of the sprat.

LerNreoNeMA Barrput, Salter.*—Head with one simple
hook, shaped like a horn; ovaries brightest emerald-green ;
body of a flesh-colour. Length, five-eighths of an inch ;
ovaries, one inch, four lines.

Hye of herring: Devonshire coast, near Teignmouth (Dr.
Salter).

Lerneonema Encrastcoii, Turton, sp.—Body cylindri-
cal, brown-horny colour; neck long, white, without con-
strictions. Length of body, about half an inch; of the ova-
ries, fully an inch.

Attached to the body of the sprat: Swansea Bay and
Treland.

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vi. p. 86, pl. vii. B.

LERNEA. 333

Fam. LERNEOCERADZ, Baird.

Under surface of body without any vestiges of feet or
other appendages.

Gen. 187. LERNEOCERA, Blainv.

Head with horn-shaped appendages, simple and symme-
trical. Ovaries straight, and of moderate length. Body
long and slender.

LERNEOCERA CYPRINACEA, Linn. sp.—Head with four
long, slender, horn-shaped appendages. Length of animal,
about eight lines.

Barbut mentions this as a common species on the sides
of the carp, bream, and roach, in many of our ponds and
rivers; but Dr. Baird says he has not seen specimens of
this species.

Gen. 188. LERNEA, Zinn.

Body more or less twisted; head with horn-shaped
appendages, irregularly branched; ovaries twisted into
round masses; abdomen of considerable size.

LERNEA BRANCHIALIS, Linn. Gv/l-sucker. (Plate XX.
fig. 4.)—Whole animal of a firm consistence, being hard

334 HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA.

and horny; the body of the thorax swollen in the middle,
and twisted on itself like the letter S.
Gills of the cod: found in Ireland, in Belfast and Dublin

Bays.

SUPPLEMENT.

Dr. J. R. Kinahan* has lately described a strikingly dis-
tinct species of Crangon as the

Crancon ALLMANNI, Kinahan. Channel-tailed Shrimp.
—Carapace smooth, excepting a small spine on the median
line of the gastric region, and one on each branchial; second
pair of legs as long as third; sixth segment of abdomen
deeply channelled above; channel continued as a shallow
groove on terminal segment ; third joint of anterior pair of
legs spined ; a minute spine between the insertion of second
pair of legs in males; in the female, spine obsolete. Length
from one inch and a half to three inches. It is of a bluish-
grey colour, dotted over with brown, red, and gold.

Found by Dr. Kinahan in the coralline zone of the Irish

* Proceedings of the Dublin Natural History Society, vol. iv. p. 81.

SUPPLEMENT. 335

Sea, near Bray, County Wicklow, in December 1856, and
February 1857.

Dr. Kinahan has described as Pagurus Eblanensis what
he himself subsequently thinks may be the P. ulidianus ;
and under the name of Porcellana priocheles, what is
perhaps “merely a young form of P. Jongicornis.”” He has
kindly forwarded to me the brief description of what he
deems a new species of Hippolyte, found along with the
Crangon, and at Dalkey.

Hrepotyte ANpDReEwsII, Kinahan. Allied to H. Cranchii.
—Apex of rostrum with three teeth above ; median plate of
tail furnished with five pairs of lateral spines ; external an-
tennee longer than body; second pair of legs five-jointed.

Colour rose-pink, with darker bands ; ova bright emerald-

green.

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337

INDEX.

—#—
PAGE

Acalephe, parasite of.. 207 | affinis (Alph.) .......
acanthifera (Capr.).... 215 | alata (Din.) .........
acanthocheles (Pore.).. 84 | alba (Cyth.).........
Acanthonotus........ 177 | albifrons (Jera)......
0G ae 177 | albo-maculata (Cyth.) .
i 16 | albus (Anon.).....-...,
Pramas. 5s sa 16 | Alderti (Mont.) ......

BeMOpers... 64.14), : 278 | Allmanni (Crang.) ...
acuminata (Idot.) .... 224 | Allorchestes.........
geuta (Cyth.) . 5..23,, 292 | hai 5 eas
acutifrons (Capr.) .... 216 imbricatus......
Adelsberg caves(Niphar- | pijona.. 2a reat,
gus found in)...... RY 2 a
ss need Ge) | FUIDHCUS se ote te. 4
bicarinata....... 251 BE eo
— tridens ........ 251 i! eae ea

338

Amiphipoda. .:.... ..<7 M2
ONPNIEBOS | 5 sia’: oa de
1 See ete

———- littorina. . ; «.<.é

—— obtusata .......
TabFicatas ... .s
ampulla (Anon.)......
wmichorella os: 2 002i).

Pemteeus ft ic aS
maxillaris ......
angulata (Gonoplax) ..
angustata (Cyth.).....
“Anisocheirus
annulicornis (Pand.) ..
Awnomalocera <2. P77t
Anomoura ....

aye (5 ASS eth sare

ampiila;. <5 0%
denticulatus ....
— Hdwardsii......
elerans *.<5.4. oe

INDEX

PAGE PAGE
299 | Anonyx Holbolli...... 170
182 nolens .) > .aaaee 169

182 | Antenne, organs of smell
158 and hearing........ 7
200 | Anthosoma.......... 322
201 | Anthosomade........ 322
200: | Anthura...; 7.6220 225
201 gracilis: Jeane 225
200 | antiquata (Cyth.) ..... 293
170 | Apodide... :. ..) ae 259
330 | apodiformis (Hers.).... 308
330 | appendiculata (Idot.).. 224
243 | Apseudesi: Ss] Sree 226
243 talpe .:. . ee 226
£57 | pus .. 250 ee 260
291 cancriformis .... 260
227 | aquaticus (Asellus).... 230
126 | aquilex (Niph.) ..:... 187
301 | Araneiformis (Pag.)... 78
67 | araneus (Hyas)....... 22
169 | Arctopsis ..::Soeeaee 20
169 habits ‘of . 72. 3e 13
170 lanata . US ae 21
171 tetraodon ...... 20
170 |} Arcturus... >> 75s 221
169 gracilis -.~. Sanaa

INDEX.
PAGE

Arcturus intermedius.. 222 | Atelecyclus..........
—-— longicornis ..... 221 | Athanas .. a:
arctus (Scyll.) ....... eat) Hitesrenet 1)" FPF,
arcuatus (Port.)...... 52 | Audouiniana (Lys.)...
arenarius (Sulc.)...... 174 | aurantia (Cypr.)......
arenosa (Bod.)....... 152 | -—— (Cyth.) ........
eralwics. 2 020%, 310 | Autonomea .....:.°.
pamela Seti. 2 SPN 310 Olevat. (UR ISCIRDS
pemiaddhde 2. TEMES] | Axios: 24... PS
memamilon: . 4 Seb 238 stirhynchus.....
rpaeticus £25. SESE 299
weran Crabs... 2: 7 | Bairdia subdeltoidea ..
mrecina 2 PS Peo 365 | Bardi (Leriy') 2707.

sali 2. oes PORCH | Bamifica (Mun.)° 27792?
articulosa (Leuc.) .... 188 | Barleei (Hipp.)........
ascidicola (Not.)...... 307 | Bathyporeia . . ,
Beier, eM. Pa, 225 pelaetea? . Peene!
asellina (Lern.) ...... 327 pilosa . eR:
mecllie’.: 22> SPPESVET woe | Beilia: . 222. eee

aquaticus’ +... ). 330 | Bellianus (Tetr.) 2 9).%

(Onisc.)........ 234 | Bell-rock lighthouse....
aspera (Huryn.) ...... 30 | Bernhardus(Pag.)......
waar (Nie.)*? rrr rh 324 | bicarinata (Aiga) .....
mapacidar)/8 heres: 100 | bicolor (Pand.)........
Astacus ......2..... 101 | bidentata ewes: Fu ner.

Gammarus...... 101 | bipes(Nebalia).......

340 .- DES.

PAGE
Birds, hog-lice eaten by. 3
bispinosa (Dex.) ...... 178
bispinosus (Crang.) .... 111
Madottia:.« os}; 152
Bon-Crab of nae ila 36
DMyrider (cus 255
Papyrus. uo eee 255

squillarum ...... 256

Hippolytes ...... 256
Bposmina ; . / fUt44e6 Rie: 272
brachiata (Moina)...... 271
Manclivurary! fo ti<!iide bok
branchialis (Lern.) ..... 334
Branchiopoda......... 258
Branchipodide........ 261
Brenda (Cyprid.) ...... 295

brevicaudatus (Gamm.).. 185
brevispinosus (Macrom.). 146

Brine-Shrimp......... 265
Broad-claw .......... 80
Broad Lobster... ...... 90
Bryer ‘Gb. vs}. 2 vad aee
ceecula (Westw.) ...... 172
Caddis-worms ........ 190

Gahipide't ieee ee

subterranea......
Calliope
Leachii < /:50 G84
Calocaris =... 4. fPbee

eS ce op tt ety r » oan

-—— Macandrei ....
Cambriensis (Lembos) . .
Campecopea. .

Camptocercus

Cranchi:. .«.76eha

hirsuta. .

Camptolops (Gamm.)..
Cancer . oe
woes Pacur US 2.4

Canceridee
cancriformis (Apus) ....
Candona
Canthocamptus

Caprella .

Gosse.....

—EEEE

habits of,

see ee ee ee ee

o 6 2 (@ 6 0 ke

es Mr.

Goodsir .
— Montagu

acanthifera ......

acutifrons

Caprella levis
linearis

spinosa .....
tuberculata
Gaprellides . cis 2 3
Caramote (Pen.) ......
| a

mzenas
ipidita's .. cand Oe
carinata (Amath.) .....
Grays) \ is) 3 fA
carinatus (Gamm.).....
Cassivelaunus (Cor.)....
Castor (Diapt.)........
Catometopita.........
caudatus (Treb.) ......
Cecropide .......
Geerops:. . sve we Hh
centrodonti (Calig.) .
Cerapus.....
dubulariss ue 4,
Whitet...... 2/2044
ceti (Cyam.)......
Cetochilide ........:.
Getochilus. . 02. / iis.

see ee ee we ®

INDEX.

PAGE

Sb) Chalimns 42/145 0.29%
216 | chameeleon (Mys.) .....
216 | Chausica (Lys.)........
207 | cheifer (Arpat i222 i:
StS | Ottedlura.: <Packe raya 2:
214 — terebrans......
139 | Oheluridee. $2... 20 00.

41 | Chirocephalus .

4.2 diaphanus.......
105 | Chondracanthide......
182 | Chondracanthus.......
9s | Chydorus... 6 20. 02/40)
183 | Cillenum laterale feeds on

66 Sand-hopper .......
30% | Utrolanas 22/204) RU

52 Cranchi.... 228
317 hirbipesis: wikis
320 | Cladocera....-............
$21.| clavata (Cypr.)......5
314 | Cleanser Crab ........
189 | Climbing of Crab......
190 | coarctatus (Hyas)......
191 | Cod, food-of ...-....04-3:41
219 | ceeruleata (Pran.)......
302 | Cold, power of resisting .
303 | compressa (Cypr.)......

240
297
283

342 INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
compressa (Darwin.) ... 176 | Crangon Allmanni..... 334
conformata(Synamph.).. 202 bispinosus....... 111
CS ee eee 251 fasciatus, ...<sjienedd 107
cylindracea ...... 252 sculptus .... 109
convexa (Cyth.)....... 292 Spinosus:,.)<jsiraaie 108
Copepoda....... .. 295 | ——trispinosus ...... 110
Corallines on Crabs.... 18 vulgaris ..619 ) ales
Coregoni (Bosim.)..... 273 | Crangonide .......... 106
cornuta (Lern.)...... 827 | crassicornis (Siphon.) .. 197
Corophide. . . 189 | Craw-fish........-= ae
Gorpphium .. . caihieca<s 193 | crystallina (Sida) ...... 274
longicorne ...... 193 | Cuanensis (Pag.) ...... 5
corrugatus (Port.)..... 49 | Cuba Crabs .......... 58
MBHVStES ok. Sumredlaia 66 | Cama... ...0. 1) see
Cassivelaunus.... 66 | - Edwardsi....... 151
Corystide . Seren die — scorpioides...... 150
Goste: (Lys.).. .ceeearid 168 | cuneata (Cypr.)........ 285
Couchii (Nika) ........ 115 | Cyamide .. 218
(Thys.)., - Gorell} 148 | Cyamus ...........agnenee
ke a atl 34, 36, 37 cell . { J) uae 219
Cranchii (Acheeus)..... 16 ovalis .....40 eum
(Camp) (o.02} (cree 248 | Thompsoni ... 220
— (Cir.) ....0.-0.. 249 | Cyclometopita ........ 33
— (EHb.) .......... 62 | Cyclopide .....viiaines 296
(Hipp) s:.o.s0nas Skt Cyelops .... 2s, 28Rl 297
Ciaticon... 2 sex) se 106 — eylindracea (Con.)..... 252

Cymodocea ........
emarginata ..

rubra ....

truncata

pircas F-9t }\ abo:
Cymothoadee
Cynthilia ....

AE Ge... sadedeer

Gyorideis, . ......

Mperidmae 655 hak

@ypridinade. . .. 2...

cyprinacea (Lern.).....

Cypris
Cyrtophium

retusa & @ 2 6

Darwinii >, ...

Cypress he elec nt

MOGI 650s... wealiodgers

Gemends. 5. 2... «aay

Danmoniensis (Lembos) .

See Oe.) 44 oe nee he

Daphnella ..... sates.

Montagui........

Sig is al BSOnas ©

“sre eset eevee es eee

“se ee © ©

INDEX 343
PAGE PAGE
246 | Daphnia......... 269, 270
246 | Daphniade .......... 267
246 | Darwinia... 176
247 | —— compressa....... 176
246 | Darwinii (Cyrt.) ...... 195
24%; |. Decapodatcsss..... ele
248 | deltura (Gebia)....... 97
147 | denticulata (Pirim.).... 40
281 | denticulatus (Anon.).... 171
287 | dépressa (AM.): ceeetstl s 300
294 | Deshayesii (Orch.)..... 163
294 | Desmaresti (Squilla)... 155
333: | detecta (Cand.), 22.2029. -287
283) | Dexamine’ ... 2. 646% 177
195 | -—— bispinosa ....... 178
195 | —— fucicola.... 179
288 Gordoniana ..... 178
293 spinosa... 5... Saee
283 Diaphanosoma ........ 274
diaphanus (Calig.)...... 313

163 (Chiro:) ¢reedneuwt 262
167 | Diaptomide.......... 300
167 | Didptomiis)... chalice 800
286 | Dristylis) avos.. 4 adit ee
252 RathKigerk} 150
274 | difformis (Ericht.)...... 196

344 INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
Dillwynii (Pag.) ...... 78 | elegans (Anon.)....... 169
Dinemoura. .3 22. . vs? 318 (Uroth.)*:.seeees 186
Demucola ¢. 2... 5 088 189 | elliptica (Cypr.) ....... 285
dorhynchus (Inachus) .. 18 | elongata (Cypr.)....... 284
Dorsettensis (Inachus).. 18 (Lern.).. J 86 pereBBS
Dromia.............. 68 | emarginata (Cym.) ....: 246
vulgaris ........ 68 (Idot.). « ..<f8Ua 224
Dromiade. .:.:... 405: 67 | Encrasicoli (Lern.)..... 332
dubia (Amph.)}........ 201 | Entomostraca......... 258
(Danaia). £4.) # 167 | Epicaridita........5.. 253
Wulichia - 5.6 pee 2s ee 209 | Ereasilide ........ 323
faledta si. Sb fees 209 | Erichthonius.......... 196
porrecta 2.2546. 209 difformis........ 196
Dalichiadwe!. 4... ve 0SO9 | Wedora: . 2. 2 die Vee 151
Dulongii (Tanais)...... 227 truneatula....... 151
Dyopedos.:.. 2.543 .4: 209 | Hurycercus... 22520023 277
Burydice .....2..2293 250
Woalia. . 6 ss ow POEM: 60 pulehra ...2.2 20% 250
Cranchit 2222929: 62 | Eurynome........2:2:°° 30
—— tuberosa........ 61 aspera |. JS) game 30
tumefacta ....... 61 | Burystheus... 2.09240! 181
Eblanensis (Pag.)...... 335 tridentatus ...... 18}
Edriophthalma........ 158 | Wvadne........0 2828 276
edulis (Nika).......... 114 | Hye-sucker........::. 332

Edwardsi (Anon.)..... 170

(Cuma)......... 151 | Fairy Shrimp ......5.: 262

fiesta (Dul.) /. 2.2... «.

fasciatus (Crang.)......

fascigera (Hipp.)
Ferocity of Crab ......

Finmarchica (Tem.)....

Wash-louse.. 1...) 4...) dvs
Fish-parasites. 249, 312, 825
flavida (Cyth.) .. er
Flemingii (Cynth.).....
florida (Xantho).......
~ fluviatiis (Gamm.).....
(Pot.).... 10200 sisi.
foliaceus (Arg.)........
Forbesii (Pag.)........
fucicola (Dex.). 2. i%4i
furcatus (Canth.)......
furina (Leuc.)

fuscata (Pran.)........

INDEX. 345

PAGE
209
198
107

76
119
48
41
301
2
251

289
147

34
384
100
510

17

379 |
298 |

189

283 |
241 |

164

164 |

PAGE
Galithed sx2)s eid ali. 0:2 86
Je a 88
squamifera ...... 87
_—-— strigosa......... 87
Galathendat. 2. L.vag.es 85
Galba (Gammar.)...... 206
Galer (lierii.) . . . austsrss 329
Galero of Provence... .. 155
Gammarella .. . . 324424 oh6h
orchestiformis.... 181
Gammarida. .. ¢i. 346 165
Gammaroides (Pleon.).. 199
Goimimarus. 2.223 anna 182
brevicaudatus .... 185
eamptolops ...... 183
carinatus..(. #saulss 183
fluviatils..\.d940:14 184

——— gracilis ......... 184
——— grossimanus ..... 185
Ineequimanus .... 185
locust: yoe.k du. 9! 182
longimanus...... 184

—— maculatus....... 183
—— marinus......... 183
— Othonis........ 184

pallidus 2.7.4 ia 185

346

Gammarus palmatus. .

PA ois Wik, sha

Guaoplax «215:

grossimanus (Gamm.) ..
Guilliamsoniana (T.). .
Gulf-weed Crab.......

delinra (ia. ough
stellata: : «.:t0.204
saiiba (Cypr.) oi03... ce
gibbosa (Cypr.) ......
Gillsueker 2.2)... ...(se
globosus (Chyd.) .....
Goenoplacide:,...... ..2.5.5):

angulata ........
Goodsirii (Proto.)......
Gordoniana (Dex.)....
gracilis (Anthura) ....
GAR eL eerie terete
——- (Gamm.)........
—— (Lonch.).......
FY¥en.),. .... We

Grapsida...2 4ouekti ere
Grayana (Hipp.) ......
Gribble of Plymouth ...
Griffithsie (Mys.).....

Grimothea gregaria ..

INDEX
PAGE PAGE
104)| Dalian. < doo Ree 152
97 trispinosa . ...cesi) 42
97 | hamatus (Pleur.) ...... 280
97 | hamulus (Synamph.).... 202
285 | Happiness of lower ani-
284, mals... Cah bees 161
334 | Harbour Crab ........ 50
278 | Harper Crab)... sade
66 | harpee (Acr.)... .. [eee 278
57 | Henslowili (Polyb.)..... — 44
57 | Hermit. Crab. < ..camae 74
218) |. Hérsilia occ... Ge 308
178 | heterodon (Atel.)...... 64
225 | Hippoglossi (Lep.) .... 315
220°) Hippolyte.../.geckee 117
184 | —— Andrewsii....... 335
180 | —— Barleei ......... 124
153 | —— Cranchii ........ 121
58 fascigera .'.25 119
119 Grayana~:?).0. 2) eee
229 | —— Mitchelli........ 120
144 pandaliformis .... 125
85 | —— Prideauxiana..... 124
185 spinus ... aan 117
187 | —— Thompsoni...... 123
59 Varians siete 118

Hippolyte Whitei.....
Barrels sf wie

Hippolytes (Phryxus) ..

hirsuta (Camp.).......

lrfeltus (Pil)... 2...
lngiapes (Cor.)-2 >... 0h.
hispida (Cand.) .......
Hollbolli (Anon.)......
Ome) 5s hla
holsatus (Port.) .......
Hookeri (Spher.) ....
RS OT. it's) talons

MEANEUS cop ea ck shee

Tdotea .

Wdnteides .. 2.57 x. Te

imbricatus (Allorch.) ...
impressa (Cyth.) .....
i ee ee oe

coarctatus ......
Hyndmanni (Pag.).....
[ae a oe a
Latredin |, s.cinxre
—— oblivia.........

Bipperita ty. 5 . na

INDEX.
PAGE
121 | Inachus Dorsettensis ...
122 leptochirus .....
257 | inzequimanus (Gamm.)..
248 | inopinata (Cyth.) .....
39 | intermedius (Arct.) ...
250 | interpuncta (Cyprid.)...
Dior | Levine sabe ahs eyo vat
170 thoraciwaly YS: 4
Lehok: | Teeiarlesice De oc aR
49 | Iphimedia......
245 OUESE cca
22 | irrorata (Unc.) ..
ae tb Breas hs cos eat
22 Montagui ......
Caer Wsppordars fo 2 peste ciale
205
OMG FTE ne ere ne
206 al bifromsisers:teyyshs
205 | Jardinu (Daphn.)
JASE? sepa sort hee af
223 faleatane’'! 7h
221 — pelagica ........
164 | Joanna (Cypr.).........
292 | Jonesii (Cyth.)........
ly
18 | Kroyera...

347

PAGE
18
19

185
291
222
295
254
254
204
176
Lid
195
179
179
220

230
230
270
198
198
198
284

548 INDEX
PAGE
Kroyera carinata ...... 173 | Lembos Cambriensis ..
Kroyeranus (Siphon.)... 196 versiculatus......
Kroyeri (Munna) ...... 231 | Lepeophtheirus........
(Phrox:) 28". 173 | leptochirus (Inachus) ...
Lernea:s . 2. -o ee
lactea (Cand.) . ... 287 | Lerneade.....:
Lady Crab of ‘Ohi Lernentoma ..........
Islands...... 47 | Lerseocera ):.- SOS
Peemarus V2 srs! 321 | Lerneocerade.....
Leemodipoda.......... 210 | Lerneonema..........
Isevis (Capr.): 2 2 2. 215 | Lerneopoda ...)P205F
(Orch.)... 163 | Leuecosiade ..........
— (Pag.)........ 77 | Leucothoe.....
(Pore.). . 237 articulosa........
lamellatus (Eur.) ...... 277 | —— furina....
Lamne (Din.) .. 319) Ligia :.220 35225 00M
Lamorne (Mys.) .... 143 oceanica ........
lanata (Arctopsis)..... 21 | lignorum (Limn.)......
Hand Crabs .9 27 22 2. 3/6 | Limnoria . 2s 2.2.0 5e
laticornis (Macr.)...... 272 lignorum........
latipes (Port.) .......: 43 | linearis (Capr.)........
Latreillii (Hyp.)... 206 | -—— (Idot.)...
Leachia. . . 222 | Linnzana (Planes).....
Leachii (Call.) ........ 179 | Lithodes.... 10% 7508
(Palzem.). . 135 - Mala .. 95a
Eembos «0.0.4.2... 507888 | hhitthodiade S07

INDEX.
PAGE
littorea (Orch.),....... 162 | Lysianassa Coste......
littorina (Amph.)...... 200 Hi ne
PSteD: .... abe see 101
Re a ee 324 | Macandrei (Caloc.).....
locusta (Gamm.) ...... 182 | ——— (Cyprid.) .......
(Yalitras): 5.0.06}: 160 | Macromysis..........
Henchomerus ....,,-»- 180 brevispinosus .,..
Sraeng 55422) «apse 180 longispinosus .

London, numbers of Lob-
sters and Crabs soldin_ 1
longicorne (Coroph.).... 193
longicornis (Arct.)..... 221
ES So ae a C4
longimanus (Gamm.)... 184
longipes (2 eee.
longirostris (Bosm.).... 273
longispinosus (Macrom.) 146

Lophu (Lern.)........ 328 |

Lophyropoda ......... 281
Lubbockiana (Gal.).... 164
lucens (Cand.) ........ 286

Macropodia occidentalis .
Macropodiade ........
Marrothrn <6 niet eat
MAR CLON Sos). 4.42 pyar -
macrourus (Campt.)....
maculatus (Gamm.)....
maculosa (Onisc.)......
meenas (Carc.)........
Mata 3 giana sobre ae
15a ne eee pe
Squinado. .’........,
Motadse:. oii wiinceee ts
Maidre, or food of fishes
Mantis (Squilla).......
re

| Mariz (Cyprid.).......

Luminosity of sea...... 296 |
a 276 |
Jiysianassa ..........- 167
Audouiana ...... 168
——— Chausica........ 168

marina. (LVS.) oy <2 an ce:
(Mont) 5, cu

349 -

PAGE
168
168

99
294
146
146
146
13
14
272
84.
278
183
232
42
24.
70
24.
20
304
156
154
295
168
166

350

marinus (Gamm.)......
(Sulcator) .......
marmoreus (Port.) .....
Mary rab ys Ee
maxillaris (Anceus) ....
Medusarum (Metoecus) .

Metoecus

minutus (Auon.)

monacha (Cypr.)

monoculoides (Mont.) ..
monophthalma (Roc.) ..
Mon Setas <.24 nee bis
Aibderiin ti) 28

Wiatitie: .. . le ee

Medusarum......
Minna (Cyth.) ........
minuticornis (Canth.)...
(Genta) 235 005-
Mitchelli (Hipp.) ....

Mogeridgei (Gamm.)...
Maman Site pete

monoculoides ....
pollexiana .......
Montagui (Cym.)......
(isaa)ce Rte
Moulting of Crab.....

INDEX
PAGE PAGE
183 | mucronata (Daphn.).... 270
175 | Mud-burrower ........ 94
50 | Mulleri (Calig.) ....... 313
50 | Munida:.; .2c ener 88
243 | “Munna : : >: 1.) eee 231
207 Kroyeri . £07 aoe
207 | muricatus (Lem.)...... 322
207 | muscorum (Phil.)...... 235
201 | Mysidide *: Tres 141
296 | ‘Mysis'.)°? “So eReaae 141
170 chameleon .. 143
298 | —— Griffithsie . 144.
120 Lamorne ..... 143
178 | \£1-Oberon!':)) ee 145
271 | —— productus .. 143
283 - vulgaris > ./.t/ 143
166
aoe >| manus (Acr.)*i dese 279
166 | Nautilograpsus........ 59
166 {| “Nebalia:: ..2* J: 261
166 bipes.: >i. 5222p7aeeae 261
166 | Nebaliade ..7. 2.7. 3"550
167 || (Nephrops . . :s9 ee 105
246 Norvegicus ...... 105
S795) WNesxa: ?> >>. See 247
4 bidentata........ 248

Meeai(Gal chews . Sate
Mmothibte) 62 x... A034
nigrescens (Cyth.) .....
ROrire ccs ce es, OM

Mipharens, . 2.2.2.6 0%

squiles *. A.)

Nipper Crab of Cornw

nitescens (Athan.).....
nobilis (Arp.) .......

nolens (Gamm.) ......
Nordmanni (Evadne) ..

Ghee. 84

Norvegicus (Nephr.) .

Notadelphys..........
et Orabes 26 x32. ANP!

Oberon (Mys.)........
obesa (Iphim.).......
Oerivia (Hyp:)i. 2. Wa.
Guscarns (Lep:) «3 02%
obtusata (Amph.)......
oceanica (Ligia)......
Old Man’s Face Crab ..
Whva (Aut.). etext. 32

INDEX.
PAGE

83"! Oniscidar se lasuere #x4
amt: || Qniscoda, ) 2 sviveisw'l .
291 macnlasaidouay).
114 | Oniscus ..
114 | —— asellus..........
MUG | Sopiss. cebees widteo’ »
186 | types waeruliel.
187 | Opossum Shrimps ...

44.5) Qeohestia o. .layesiirl,
25 Deshayesii ......
299 bewigi- Lewauthahe
169 litforea,, 0.9 #034
a6 | Witehestidas sis. iMaes?.
315 | orchestiformis (Gamm.) .
LOG | (Getracoday: ... .. allege:
307 | Othonis (Gamm.)......

61, | ovalis (Cyami)r: sehaene

ovata (Alon) siisa Jen 2

145 | ovam: (Cypr:) «2... sag
v7 | Gxyrhynehiia:...: sven
206) Oxystomata . 5.22000"
315
201 | Pachycephala.........
230 | Pagaride? (Geed) Aude

65 | Pagurus (Cancer)......
BLS |i Pageasws* ys 2s es

352

Leachii ...

varians...

Palemonide.........
Paley on habits of Sand-
hopper; «|. eee

Palinuride .
Palinurus....
vulgaris . .
pallidus (Gamm.)..
palmatus (Gamm.) .

pandaliformis — ).

Pandalus .......

“2 e@ 8 @

Cuanensis......
—— Dillwyni........
-—— fasciatus ........
Porhesias si s0:. <>.
—— Hyndmanni....

—— levis...........
—— Prideauxil.....

— Thompsoni.....
-——ulidianus........
Pracetion. 3S. 2. SS)

Ser¥arus «). 2622/60. |.
pqmilla.. ..2~ 2 ebs

INDEX
PAGE
18°| Pandaride sesso
14 | Pendarus, ....~ +s.2300
75 | Parthenopide.........
a8 | Papphea ....- <2. 5a
76 sivado .... ... sake
77 | Patersonii (Anom.) ....
76 | Pea-crab. .) n+, see
77 | pectoralis (Lep.) ...
75 | pedata (Proto) ........
78 | pediculus (Polyph.) ....
76 | pelagica (Bath.) .......
127 (Idot.). ¢scgeeeee
135 (Jasga) >... > ieee
127 | pellucida (Cyth.) ......
235 | Peltidiam..i-1/) eames
Lah | Peltocephala.. ... se delet
116 | Peneide .. ‘gs
Penweus . «.,.:.\. ae
161 caramote /{.uih3 Ge
91 | Pennantii (Eb.) .
224 Benellade.. ...dayhhue
92 | Peracantha.....
185 | phasma (Capr.)..
132] Pinloscia ... . sas deaee
125 MUSCOTUM W'S steah
Lb | Phpxzus .: .... 2) fae

Phoxus Hollbolli .....

Kroyerii ..

Phyllopoda ......

Phyllosoma Sarniense ..

Pill Beetle ...
pilosa (Bath.).....

mrerrminas ss 0S SS.

veterum ....

pisum (Pinnot.) ......

Pirimela .....

Plated Lobster...:.:..
platycheles (Pore.) ....
Piconexes «...6.34 24158

plumosus.......
Weroniina > 22. 6.2.2.
sedentaria .....
Plironimadz..:...:..
meryaus .) eles. 229°
Hippolytes .....

PSU 30 ose 5

denticulata .....

INDEX.
PAGE
173 | Pleonexes Gammaroides .

Pleuroxusy 2070)4

plicatus (Port.).......
plumosus (Phox.)......
Podocerus: : <. 0/244

Porcellana .......

3 => seaben ee

porrecta (Dul.)......
‘Partemigs <32755.5. 23.

latipes .....3..

Portanidas. .2)5 J sche

pulchellus......
variegatus.......
Podophthalma .......
Poecilopoda : 284.73"
polita (Thia.)s + «2 20.99%
pollexiana (Mont.) ....
BAA DUIS. 10. on EE,
Henslowii.......
Polyphemide........
Poly phemus. ...... ose

longicornis ......
platycheles .....
Porcellanidee:/_4¢°)) Axe

353

PAGE
199
279

50
173
197
198
197

10
309

65
167

43

44:
275
275

79

83

79

78
235
237
237
209

| B54

corrugatus.......
holsatus
longipes
marmoreus ...
—- plicatus
puber.:c-niatwide
pasillus 5. eloge
Potamobius ....2¢ 4 0h
anit... .kiedé . do
cxruleata..... <4.
Jusrate. 28 weiaws Lt
Pramizides 3c. int oudad

eeceer ee ee

Prideauxiana (Hipp.) ..
Prideauxii (Pag.) ......
priocheles (Pore.)......
procera (Leuc.)......

Pirie yo ais, 5.0. TA
productus (Mys.)......
Proto :

INDEX.
PAGE
45 | psittacea(Daphn.)......
52 | puber (Port.) ;:ieweepe
49 | pulchellus (Podoc.) ....
49 | pulchra (Eur.) ........
49 | pulex (Daphn.)........
50 | punctatus (Gamm.) ....
50 | purpureum (Pelt.)......
46 | pusillus (Port.)........
51
100 | quadrangularis (Alon.)..
239 | quadricornis (Cycl.)....
240 | quadridentata (Cyth.) ..
241
239 | rapax (Calig.).........
127 | Rathki (Diast.).......
rectirostris (Moina.). .
$54 | Red Crab... ........ cae
124 | reniformis (Cyth.)......
75 | reptans (Cand.)........
335 | reticulata (Alon.)......
189 (Daphn.} 2a
114 | rivulosa (Xantho)......
49 | Rocinela... .. sansa
218 Danmoniensis....
218 monophthalma. . ..
218 | Rondeletii (Mun.)......

PAGE ©
269

46
198
250
269
200
308

51

279
297
292

313
150
271

92
290
286
279
270

35
252
252
252

89

roseus (Macr.) ......
rostratus (Sten.) ....
rotunda (Daphn.)....
ruber (Alph.)........
Fabra (Gym)... 2.2.) 4:

rubricata (Amph.)

rugicauda (Spheer.) ....
rugosa (Anch.)......
rugosa (Gal.).........-

Le a rs
Gmina (Art.)..2icteisa
Salmon (arctic), food of .
Salmon, parasite on....
salmonea (Lern.) ......
Salt-pans at Lymington .
seaber (Pore.): 220.0. 4i
Scheefferi (Daphn.) ....
Scavenger-crab........
scombri (Chal.) .....
seorpioides (Cuma) ....
sculptus (Crang.)....

Sepllaridae.. 2.5. sen
WMRSTUS nieces ance:
aretua J32} aii
ciliatns dil. %

INDEX. 355

PAGE
Ged load x52 00): ot HED
Seaweeds on Crabs .... 13
teal, dead, and Gammarus 159
sedentaria (Phron.) .... 208
sella (Cypr.).......... 285

septemdentatus (Atel.).. 64
septentrionalis (Cet.) .. 307

serratum (Spher.) ..... 245
serratus (Palem.)...... 127
Shark-parasites .... 319, 323
Ghiee-erab!. 3...an lie 42
Shrimp . 107
25h 2 cd DY a 274
Gens ot. gle 273
similis (Cand.)........ 287
Siphoneecetus......... 196

crassicornis...... 197

Kroyeranus...... 196
Siphonostoma ........ 309
sivado (Pasiph.)....... 1387
Skeleton Screw........ 215
uber sees) abil ke 234
Sloughing of Crab ..... 28
Smithii (Anth.) ....... 323
Soldier-crab .......... 71

Sowerbei (Hipp.)...... 117

356

Spectre Shrimp........
spheericus (Chyd.) .....
Splicergmia tes.) Soc cbes
Hookeri

rugicauda........

ep @'e ale wee

serratum .. 2...
Spheeromade ...
Spiter-crab |(xedigg asin
spinipes (Gamm.)......
- spinosa (Capr.).....
—— (Dexam.)......
(Kuryn.) ....
spinosus (Crang.)......
spinus (Hipp.)........
Spiny Lobster ........
Sprattze (uern.)........
squamifera (Gal.)......
squilla (Palem.).......
squillarum (Bop.)......
Pemallidee 2) -( dee
Squinado (Maia)
stellata (Gebia.) .......
Stenorhynchus
rostratus

ee! 0, 0) ene

stirhynchus (Axius) ...

INDEX
PAGE
218 | Stomapoda...........
277 | Stone-crab . .¢ peeia
244 | Stool-crab of Cornwall...
245 | Strawberry-crab.......
245 | strigata (Cypr.)........
245 | strigosa (Gal.)......-.
244 | Strom (Canth.) ......
15 (Lep.)... doe
199 | subterranea (Call.) .....
217 | subterraneus (Gamm.)..
178 | Sulcator........ <a
33 arenarlus........
108 marinus /,/ as
117 | Swimming Crabs ......
92 | Sword-shrimp ........
332 | Synamphithoe ........
87 conformata ..
135 hamulus ........
256
§53-| Talitrus ...i. (J68G8e
24 Jocusta. 9.224008
97 | talpa (Apseudes) ......
14 | Tanais ........ 288
16°) Temora...... 12232589
15 | tenuirostris (Sten.).....
95 | terebrans (Chel.) ......

INDEX.
PAGE

terebrans (Limnoria)... 227 | trispinosus (Crang.)....
testudo (Acanth.) ..... 177 | tristriata (Cypris)......
tetraodon (Arctopsis) .. 20 | Trout, food of ........
Tetromatus ........ “171 =| truncata (Cym.) ......

Bellianus: ...>.% 171 (Pera). a.n53 Seve:

typicus ... 171 | truncatula (Hud.)......
Thalassinide...... 93 | 'Tube-makers.....ivi05..
A@emisto’. >, ..\.s6 1) 446 | taberculata (Capr.).\ -3
Mpersites .. Jai Yims 187 (Xantho)< Intl.) 3.
Se ae 65 | tuberosa (Hb.) ........
—— polita .... 65 | tumefacta (Eb.).......
Thompsoni (Hipp.) .... 123 | Typhide.............

Plea ysl. ie. ole | tgpica (Opis). 03029}
——- (Pag.)........ 76 | typecus (Tetr.)). : 2-08.
thoracica (Ione)....... 254
2 rae 24 | ulidianus (Pag.)
Thysanopoda . 148 | uncinata (Anch.) ..

Couch: <. 28.2 148 | uncinatus (Pleur.)..
Timber destroyer.. 204, 227 | Unciola........
torosa (Cyprid.) ...... 287 Wroraba’ fae 70):
MBBS... States ad]. |: Unothoeey. > eae Se
tricuspidata (Idot.) .... 223 elemang! 2.4545 5:
tadens (Alga.)........' 251
tridentatus (Hur.) ..... 181 | variabilis (Cyth.)......
trigonellus (Pleur.) .... 280 | varians (Hipp.)........
trispinosa (Halia.) ..... 152 (Palcom;)).. 2.0...

2B

398 INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
variegatus (Podoc.) .... 197 | Westwoodia.......... 172
Velvet-crab .......... 46 | Westwoodia ceecula .... 172
Vendace, food of .. 272, 273 | Westwoodii (Cypr.).... 284
Venilia gracilis........ 153 | Whale, food of. . 141, 142, 303

versiculatus (Lembos) .. 180
veterum (Pinnoth.) .... 55
vetula (Daphn.) 270
vidua (Cypr.) ...... 283
viridis (Cym.) ...... 247
vulgaris (Armad.)..-°... 238
(Crang.) .. 107
—— (Dromia)...... 68
—— (Hom.) ........ 101
—— (Mys.) ....... 143
-—— (Palin.)....... 92
Walking Isopods .. 220
Water-flea. . 2.0.25. .4.5°/ 269
Websterii (Lembos).... 180 |
THE

Whale-louse ... .catg 219
Whitei (Cer.) .. “22 3333 ee
(Cyth.).).. shea
(Hipp.) ... 2. 7a
Wingii (Daphn.) ...... 274
Woodwork destroyed by
Limnoria ,. ... 23
Xantho .. +) see 34
— florida.......... 34
rivulosa .... 35
—— tuberculata .. 35
Yarrelli (Hipp.) .. 122
Zei (Chondr.) 2%. 327
END.

JOHN EDWARD TAYLOK, PRINTER,
LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.7!

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