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MUS. SORE. 2061
LIBRARY

8 25 1953
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

eee eT

LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

SN A STONE RL EI IE EE

=%
_ REGULATIONS FORY THE LIBRARY

oF HE

Massachusetts Morticultwal Society,
ee Hae

ARTICLE I.
All Books, Manu , Drawings, Kngravings, ‘Paintings, Models, Fur-
xg

niture, and othe les appertaining to the Library, shall be confined
to the special ca the Committee on the Library.

ARTICLE II.
When any books or publications are added to the Library, a list thereof
shall be posted up in the Library Room, and all such additions shall be
withheld from circulation for the term of one month.

ARTICLE IIf.
The following Books of Record shall be kept :—

No.1. A Catalogue of the Books.

No. 2. A Catalogue of the Manuscripts, Drawings, Engravings, Paint-
ings, Models, and all other articles.

‘No. 3. A list of all Donations, Bequests, Books, or other articles pre-
sented to the Society, with the date thereof, and the name
and residence of the donor.

ARTICLE IV.
Rare and costly books shall not be taken from the Library Room. A
list of such works as are to be withheld from circulation shall be made
out from time to time by the Libr ary Committee, and placed in the hands

of the Librarian.
ARTICLE V.

No more than two volumes shall be taken out by any member at one
time, or retained longer than three weeks; and for each volume retained
beyond that time a fine of ten cents per week shall be paid by the person
so retaining it. And a fraetion of a week shall be reckoned as a whole
week in computing fines.

ARTICLE VI.

Every Book shall be returned in good order (regard being had to the
necessary Wear thereof with proper usage), and if any Book shall be lost
or injured, the person te whom it stands charged shall, at the election of
the Committee on the Library, replace it by a new volume or set, or pay
for it at its value to the Society.

ARTICLE VII.

- All Books shail be returned to the Library for examination on or before
the first Saturday in July, annually, and remain until after the third Sat-
urday of said month, and every person neglecting to return any Book or
Books charged to him as herein required, shall pay a fine of twenty cents
per week, for every volume soretained. And if at the re-opening of the
Library, any Book Shall still be unreturned, the person by whom it is
retained shall pay for the said Book or set, as provided in Article VI,
together with any fines which may have accumulated thereon; and a
notice to this effect shall be forthwith mailed to him by the Librarian.

ARTICLE VIII.
No member shall loan a book to any other person, under the penalty of

a fine of $1.00.
ARTICLE IX.
When a written request shall be left at the Library for a particular
Book then out, it shall be retained for the person requiring it, fcr one
week after it shall have been returned.

ARTICLE X.
Every book shall be numbered in the order in which it is arranged in

the Books of Record, and also have a copy of the foregoing regulations
affixed to it.

Li

Minh
mya

Vat

1)

—«PPostelsia
Ne OO?

Postelstia

The Wear Book of the
Minnesota
Seastdoe Station

St. Paul, Minnesota
1902

First Bodition
Two Hundred and Fifty Copies

MUS. CGRP. 2001.
~ LIBRARY

EB 25 1953

HARYARO
UNIVERSITY

hoe my,

Pr pil

The Contents

Uses oF MARINE ALG IN JAPAN, - Shee!

K. Vendo.

REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS
IN COLORADO, EAST OF THE DIVIDE, - 19

Francts Ramaley.

THE PHYLOGENY OF THE COTYLEDON, - 55
Harold L. Lyon.

BOTANIZING IN JAMAICA, - - - - 87
Lilotse Butler.

ALG#& COLLECTING IN THE HaAwalIIAN

ISLANDS, - - - - - a) 133
} Josephine E. Tilden.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE ALG# IN

JAPAN, SR - - - E77
K. Yendo.

THE KeLps or JUAN DE Fuca, - ell 'aeco}e!

Conway MacMillan.

‘

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NY

Laden
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—e—————<— St

Ge fo ie FR

Did

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MMO S42 fe Re

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: Vas

Word of Juntroduction

The seven papers herein presented
were first given before the members
of the Minnesota Seaside Station dur-
ing their season on the coast in 1901.
While they are of the nature rather
of fireside talks than of formal scien-
tific lectures, yet it has seemed worth
while to preserve them. To the mem-
bere, of the Station this, littl book
will be a valued souvenir, recalling to
their minds delightful days and nights
beside the sea. To others, as a col-
lecuion, ot botanical essays, or as a
document from the youngest of the
American marine biological stations, it
may not be altogether without interest.

Cises of PMarine Alaae
in Japan

Cises of flarine Algae in Japa

K. YENDO

Japan consists of a group of narrow
islands with the interior rough and
mountainous. Owing to the irregularity
of the surface, the coast line is very
long and a large share of the popula-
tion is brought in contact with the
sea. Under these circumstances they
have learned to make economic use of
many marine alge. I! propose to men-
tion briefly the more important alge
which are generally used by the inhab-
itants of Japan. It is not my intention
at this time to describe the plants of
more restricted use. I have given in
each instance the international, followed
by the Japanese, name and a short
statement of the particular economic im-
portance.

4 Postelsta

es
—————=

Ulva lactuca (Aosa). This is called
ereen laver by the English, and is
abundantly made use of in Japan as a
garnishment for salads and fish. It is
particularly prized as a table decoration
and is used very much as the English
and Americans employ lettuce’ or
parsley.

Enteromorpha linza and cntestinalis
(Awonori). The xteromorpha plants
are collected and dried in the sun either
in the form of bunches or) sheets”) Hie)
dried plant is baked slowly over a char-
coal fire and is afterwards powdered.
In this condition it is used as a con-
diment and to flavor the sauces of meat
and fish. It gives a peculiar savor and
is principally used by the peasantry.

Codium mucronatum and lindenbergit
(Miru). After collection these plants
are bleached in fresh water and dried
in the sun. To prepare them for food

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Postelsta 5)

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they are boiled or sometimes baked.
Their use is not very common.

Phyllitis fascia (Haba-nori). Young
plants of this species are collected and
laid out in sheets after a method which
will be explained more in detail in con-
nection with the uses of Porphyra. The
sheets are dried in the sun and afterwards
baked, powdered and eaten with soy.

Haba-nori is used principally by the
peasantry of the Province of Awa and
Sagami.

Chordaria abietina (Matsumo). This
is particularly abundant in _ northern
Japan, where it is collected and packed
in salt. It is cooked with soy and
is a common food of the poorer classes
in the north. It is also employed in
the preservation of mushrooms, which
are washed with fresh water and layered
in tight barrels in which the salted sea-
weeds are preserved.

6 Postelsta

os

—

Mesogloia decipiens (Mozuku). Like
Phyllitis, this is collected while young.
It is preserved in salt, and when ready
for use thoroughly washed in fresh
water and eaten as a salad with vinegar.
Its use is general all over Japan.

Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame).
This species is used in several ways.
Dried bales are common articles of mer-
chandise. After washing with fresh
water it is used as an ingredient of soup,
cooked with soy, or eaten as a salad with
vinegar. <Alaria esculenta is similarly
used, by the Scotch and | Imishij iia.
peasantry of northern Japan cut off the
ripe sporophylls of Undarta and press
them into a slimy liquid with a peculiar
and distinctive odor. This they mix
with boiled rice. I have tried to eat this
mixture, but without success.

Laminaria (Kombu). Several spe-
cies of the genus are important articles of

Postelstia 7

food for the Japanese and are exported
to China, the business amounting to sev-
eral hundred thousand yen each year.
The Lamznaria fishermen use long poles
with forks or sickles at the end. With
these they wind up the long lamine—
sometimes forming belts a hundred feet
in length and two feet in width—down
to the point of attachment, when the
plant is either pulled from the rocks or
cut off just above the holdfast. The
laminz are then dried in the sun on the
- sand beach, packed in bundles and bales
and shipped to the markets. The two
most important species commercially are
L. jgapontca (Shinori-kombu) and JL.
angusta (Mitsuishi-kombu). The former
is broad, long and thick when folded ;
the latter narrow, short and stiff and pre-
pared in bundles, not in bales. The
smaller variety is used in confectionery,
while the larger is made into a tea

8 Postelsia

eee

(Kombu-cha), boiled in soup or cooked
in a variety of ways. One form in which
Laminaria is very much relished by the
common people is the so-called Kombu-
mati or Laminaria roll. To make this,
the dried weed is boiled in fresh water
for a while and cut up into pieces of the
desired length and width. Portions of
dried herring, cod or other fish are
wrapped up in the boiled alga and then
recooked in dilute soy, soup or milk.
Laminaria is also used upon New Year's
day as a festoon, and for this purpose Z.
vadicosa (Antokume) is utilized, but not
as a food.

Ecklonia bicycles (Arane). This is
used by the peasants in the same way as
Undaria and as a decoration. £. cava
(Kajine) has no food use, but is an im-
portant decorative plant.

Cystophyllum fusiforme (Kijiki). The
young fronds are collected and dried in

Posteltsta 9

the sun, in which condition they are
a well-known article of merchandise.
Cooked in soy it is eaten by the peas-
antry, but not by the better classes.
Sargassum (Moku or Mo). More
than a dozen species of this genus are
found along the Japanese coast as inhab-
itants of the sub-littoral region in middle
and southern Japan. The plants are
collected, dried and used as fertilizing
material. One species, S. exerve, takes
an attractive green color when dried, and
on New Year’s day is intertwined with
Laminaria in the decorations of the
home. These plants occupy much the
same place in Japanese life that the
holly does among the English.
Porphyra (Asakusa-nori, amanori or
norl). This is one of the most important
food plants of Japan. It is used by
every class of people in a variety of ways
and is cultivated in many districts. The

10 Postelstia

-_——————

plant is collected, made into sheets and
baked. The method of cultivation is
as follows: Slender, bushy twigs are
planted in regular rows in shallow and
brackish water. Enough space is left
between the rows to permit the passage
of canoes. Late in winter or early in
spring the Porphyra plants gather on the
twigs as purple leatf-like sheets between
tide marks. The tiny pieces are col-
lected with wonderfully expert fingers,
most of the work being done by girls or
women. ‘They are washed for a time to
remove the mud and sand and are then
laid out upon reed mats which are placed
in the sun. The layer is made as thin
as possible, the plants adhering to each
other by their own gelatine. When
such a sheet is quite dry it is peeled off
from the surface of the mat, folded and
ready for market. When baked before
a gentle fire, Porphyra acquires a re-

BPostelsia aU)

markably agreeable flavor; the rule of the
cooks is to bake until the purple color
changes to green. After cooking, /or-
phyra is eaten with soy, powdered and
employed as a condiment or made up
into sushi. This occupies somewhat the
same place in the Japanese menu as the
sandwich does in Europe and America.
A sheet of Porphyra is laid out, boiled
rice spread upon it, strips of meat or fish
laid upon this, and the whole then rolled
Be waiter, which it. is cut, im. slices.
Everyone eats sushi.

Nemalion lubricum (Umi-zomen). In
some parts of Japan this plant is dried
and bleached. It is then eaten with soy
or vinegar, but its use is not common.

Gelideum corneum (Ten-gusa). Next
to Laminaria and Porphyra this is per-
haps the most important alga in the list
of economic species. From it the agar-
agar of commerce is manufactured. The

12 Postelsta

plant is dried and bleached and taken to
the markets. In the agar-agar factories
the raw material is boiled in water and
converted into a semi-transparent, glue-
like liquid, which is allowed to cool in
the air. This fresh agar-agar, called
Ten by the Japanese, is a favorite sum-
mer dessert. In the winter the) Penis
prepared in large shallow boxes, cut into
long blocks and frozen, in which condi-
tion itis known as Kan-Ten. It is used
in confectionery and has also its use in
the bacteriological laboratories of the
world as a culture medium. One defect
of agar-agar in the last named use is its
opacity. Methods of electro-bleaching
have been devised by one of my friends,
which will perhaps obviate this difficulty.

Chondrus crispus, elatus and ocellatus
(Tsuno-mata, Hosokeno-mimi). These
plants are dried in the sun and are after-
wards boiled up into a starch for linen

a

i

Postels

PLATE |.— Planting Twigs for Porphyra.

Postelsta 138

or used as a washing compound. The
solution is supposed to have a cleansing
value, but what it may be is not yet very
clear. C. ocellatus has been employed
by one of the assistants in the Tokyo
medical college as a material from which
to manufacture agar-agar, upon which
pure cultures of amceba have been de-
veloped. C. elatus is a food plant of
the peasantry in northern Japan.

Gigartina teedtz (Catanori). This
and some other species of the genus are
occasionally cooked, but their use is
not general.

Gymnogongrus flabelliformts (Okitsu-
nori). This plant, with its varieties, is
used as a table garnishment and for
sauces. It is first dipped in hot water
to dissolve the phyco-erythrin and used
after it has turned green.

Sarcodia sp. (Yosaka). This beau-
tiful red plant, the species of which has

14 Postelsia

not yet been determined, is a favorite
food of the fishermen in middle Japan.

Gracilaria confervotdes (Ogo-nori).
The plants are treated with lime-water
or dipped in hot water to change the
color from pink to green, after which
they are used as garnishments. This
is a favorite variety in the city of Tokyo.

Digenta simplex (Makuri). A prod-
uct of southern Japan, this plant is
dried and sold by the apothecaries.
Its extract has been generally regarded
as a valuable infantile remedy, but it is
not so popular a remedy as formerly.
It holds its own in the provinces and 1s
regarded by the country people as the
Europeans did Corallina officinalts.

Campylephora hypnoides (Ego). This
is prepared similarly to Gelideum cor-
neum. \t makes a stiff jelly, which is
used for food with sugar or soy, much as
is cornstarch by the Americans.

Postelsia 15

ooo
—_———_—

Glotopeltis calliformis (Funori).
This species, with others of the genus,
is occasionally used as a food, being
cooked in soup. Its more ordinary use,
however, is as a starch for clothes. The
plants are bleached, boiled a little and
then dried in sheets. These are bought
in the markets by the housewives and
boiled up again in fresh water. A gelat-
inous liquid is thus extracted, which is
diluted. The clean linen is dipped
therein, dried and ironed.

Grateloupia affints (Comenori) and
G. filictna (Mukade-nori). These plants
are dried, and after dipping in fresh
water are eaten with vinegar or soy.
Their use is not very general.

The above will serve to give an idea
of the extent to which algz are utilized
by the Japanese. I add herewith the
export statistics for leaf laminaria, cut
laminaria and agar-agar for the period

16 Postelsia

a
Sa

from 1890 to 1894. China is the prin-
cipal customer of Japan for these alge
and algal products.

Crport.
(Chiefly for China.)

LEAF LAMINARIA,

LOOO. Nu 26,769,764 Ibs. 563,04 yen
POOM Cu eet 26,356,521 "| OmevOa ain
TSO2 wie 36,713,303 “° )) SOmene amet
POOR Meh ets 32,719,468." (Gas igs
1894.00.65 351851,245 ‘ 467,235 **
CUT LAMINARIA.
TOON Wiis 6,072,560 Ibs. 148,492 yen
POON i aunt 5,000,462 $! HIG, FO it.
DOOD UN NY 6,498,207.) 55") gion
LOO Siu. 6,035,038 ‘97a B460n.
1894.....- 51999,134 ‘* 139,793 “
AGAR-AGAR,
BOO i ane 1,026,624 Ibs. 323) 44Al mem
BOOT ici 1,200,239 °°) \\ AR amar
FOOD ei, 1,260,202.) RO ivone | an
POOR Ie 1,452,728 °°) NOS ahaa

£So4 NN 1,298,422 .)8) iO ig Wala Sy

oe ene =
it

a

—

Postelsia

PLATE |].— Bales of Laminaria for Export to China.

ASU AME Wace 6 sede
f ‘Yeath ea ‘

i
i a i
f :

Postelsta fa

————
———E

The amount of the algz consumed in
the home country is not exactly known.
It is only known that the number of the
Porphyra sheets manufactured in the
year 1894 amounted to 11,232,900. As
Porphyra is rarely exported abroad, this
whole amount should have been spent
in a year.

The following is a description of the
three Japanese prints that accompany
this paper: The colored print with the
gilt scroll and foreground represents the
Ainu people gathering Kombu (Lamzn-
aria). ‘This is from Hakodate and is the
actual cover of a Kombu cake. The

other colored print represents a girl

going out with a bamboo basket to
collect Nori (Porphyra); the ‘‘brush-
garden” is seen in the background. The
uncolored print shows the process of
Nori manufacture; three girls are en-
gaged in cleaning the plant; a boy is

18 Postelsta

making it into sheets; another girl is
stretching the sheets upon a reed screen
to dry them. J wo coolies are carrying
away the packages which are ready for
shipment. This print is the commercial
wrapper used by S. Kubata, of Tokyo,
and it has been thus employed in his
family for two hundred years.

Postelsta

PLATE Ill.— Commercial Packages of Enteromorpha.

Remarks on the
Distribution of plants
in Colorado
Cast of the Mibtde

i

ay

la

Postels

PLATE IV. —A Colorado Mountain Lake.

Remarks ow the Wistribution of
‘plants in Colorado Cast
| of the Wibiode

FRANCIS _RAMALEY

To understand the character of the
vegetation on the eastern slope of the
Rocky Mountains it is necessary to know
something of the climate. It may be
said at the start that this is an arid
tesion, Lhe annual rainfall on the
plains and in the lower foot-hills is about
30 cm. This is not evenly distributed
throughout the year, but about one-half
of the total precipitation occurs in the
spring months. The summer, autumn
and early winter are very dry. Occa-
sional local showers in summer or snow-
falls in autumn are not enough to lay
the dust. In the high altitudes there is,
however, somewhat more moisture than

oD Postelsia

on the plains. The prevailing winds are
from the west. They cause a rapid
drying up of moisture, for they are warm
and dry. The sun shines brightly most
of the time. Cloudy days are rare, ex-
cept at the time of the spring snows in
April or May.

Deciduous trees will not grow with-
out irrigation except in the creek bot-
toms and narrow canons. The plains
are covered with plants which show
special adaptations to meet the peculiar
conditions of climate. There are the
succulent cactuses, the hairy sage brush
and species of Astragalus, the well pro-
tected Yuccas. With many plants the
growing season is very short; thus the
sand lily (Leucocrinum montanum) ap-
pears first above ground the latter part
of April. It soon flowers and develops
fruit, and by the middle of jume (ewe
above-ground parts of the plant have

Postelsta 23

———_—

withered completely. By July the prai-
rie grasses have turned to hay. The
summer and autumn bring forth few
plants except among the hills, where the
growing season is much later than on
the plains.

Plants of roadsides and waste places.
The visitor to Colorado who may be
interested in plants is likely to be sur-
prised at the great number of familiar
weeds to be seen in’ vacant lots
and neglected places in cities and
towns. Everywhere east of the divide,
at altitudes not greater than 1,700
meters, many of the commonest plants
are identical with those of the states
fanener east. One may see in early
spring the dandelion, shepherd’s purse,
peppergrass and Lappula and later in
the season the round-leaved mallow,
sweet clover, barnyard grass, pigeon
grass, species of Poa, red clover, plan-

24 Postelsita

tain and Russian thistle. In dry places
occur numerous prostrate species, such
as Verbena bracteosa, purslane, knot-
grass, spurges and species of Amaran-
thus. In moist places such plants as
Rumex and folygonum abound, and
with them numerous sedges. Among
the late flowering plants are the prickly
lettuce, dog-fennel, ragweeds, tall flea-
bane, asters, /va, sunflowers, cone-
flowers and cockleburs.

The plants just named are widely
distributed. They form an important
part of the flora not only of eastern
Colorado, but of the Mississippi basin
generally. Some are the common intro-
duced plants known everywhere in east-
ern North America, some are natives of
the Eastern States which have migrated
westward with man, some are western
representatives of genera well known by
other species farther east.

la

la

Postels

PLATE V.—A Dry Creek Bottom.

Postelsia 25

Besides the plants named there are
many to be noted which are more or less
distinctly western. “The Mexican poppy
(Argemone) is perhaps the most conspic-
uous roadside plant of the region. The
large white flowers first appear in May
and the plants often remain in blossom
all summer. Gaura coccinea, various
evening primroses and the species of
Mentzelia are conspicuous. Alfalfa,
(Medicago sativa), which is cultivated in
this region as a forage plant, has escaped
to the roadsides, and its dark green
foliage and somewhat somber bluish
flowers are everywhere seen. In early
summer one may see an abundance of
yellow flowers, Sophias, and in the
autumn Grindelias of the same color
peehten) (the /waste places.’ Of) the
Graminee the numerous western species
of Louteloua, Agropyron and Stipa
should be mentioned together with such

26 Postelsia

individual species as Andropogon halit
and Sztanion brevifoltum. Probably the
most striking plants of midsummer are
Cleome and Luphorbia marginata. Of the
plants of less conspicuous appearance
Solanune rostratum and other species of
Solanum, Salvia lanceolata, Chenopodium
ambrostotdes and the everywhere abun-
dant sage bush (4rtemista spp.), make
up aconsiderable portion of the ruderal
flora. The zonal distribution of road-
side plants is well illustrated in many
places, especially where there is an
irrigating ditch at the side of the road.
This serves to keep some considerable
space moist while the other parts of
the road are very dry. The distance
through which the water of the ditch
seeps varies with the character of the
soil bat there can almost always be
recognized an intermediate zone between
the wet and dry places. Plants which

Postelsia 27

commonly grow in dry soil are certain
prostrate species as previously mention-
ed, also some species of Agropyron,
Sztanion, Grindelia, Artemisia and prick-
ly lettuce. In the slightly moist places
may be the Mexican poppy, alfalfa,
Cleome, Euphorbia marginata and rag-
weed. In the ditches and pools occur
the common green and blue-green alge,
the arrowheads, water plantains and
watercress. On the ditch banks there
are sedges and grasses with species of
Roripa, Rumex, Polygonum and Bidens.
Some species are able to establish them-
selves in all the three zones mentioned;
perhaps the best example is found in
the dandelion, which 1s almost univer-
sally distributed. Sometimes the plants
mentioned above as occurring in the
drier places may succeed in getting a
foothold in the more favored soil, but
it is seldom that the other plants are

28 Postelsia

able to make themselves at home in
the dry and dusty highway. Many
roadside plants occur in great abun-
dance. When the dandelions are in full
bloom, one may look up a street in many
a country town and see two broad golden
bands flanking the roadway and giving
the scene a wonderfully gay aspect.
This great profusion of individuals at
certain seasons and in given localities
causes striking changes in the landscape.
Within a stone’s throw of a compact
yellow field of dandelions may be a
group of Mexican poppy (4rgemone),
with its showy white flowers and dusty
green foliage. In midsummer the sun-
flowers line the railroad grades, while
early in September the country roads
for miles show bands of white on either
side due to Euphorbia marginata, or in
other places they are pink with a pro-
fusion of the tall and beautiful Cleome.

Postelsta

PLATE VI.—1. Roadside Group of Argemone.
2. Senecio on Mesa, looking Westward.

Postelsia 29

The plants growing at the sides of
the lower mountain roads are generally
the same species as are found on the
plains. As higher altitudes are reached,
however, the number of characteristic
roadside weeds diminishes. The follow-
ing plants generally thin out or com-
pletely disappear at the altitude named:
Euphorbia marginata 2300 meters,
Cleome and prickly lettuce 2400 meters,
Mexican poppy 2500 meters, Grindelia
and /va 2600 meters, plantain and
shepherd’s, purse 2700 meters. The
figures just given are correct only in
a very general way, since the distri-
bution of these plants is determined
not only by climatic and edaphic con-
ditions, but also by opportunities for
the dissemination of seeds. In the
town of Ward, one of the oldest min-
ing camps in the State, where there
has been a good opportunity for dis-

30 Postelsta

tribution of weeds, the plants met with
in the streets are nevertheless chiefly
mountain species. There are also some
few plants which have come up from
lower altitudes. A list of plants of
waste places made in late summer in
such a locality would include Physarza
didymocarpa, Gilia inconspicua, Achillea
lanulosa and various species of Rumex,
Polygonum, Potentilla, Artemisia, Aster,
Hordeum and Grindelia. ‘The prickly
lettuce and shepherd’s purse occur spar-
ingly. All of these plants are so few
and far between that one may almost
say that there are no weeds in high
altitudes.

Plants of the Mesas. The mesas
are long, gently sloping, flat topped
ridges extending from the bases of the
foothills out towards the plains in an
easterly direction. They consist usually
of rock debris more or less decom-

Postelsta 31

posed. The vegetation on the north
slopes of the mesas differs, more or
less markedly, from that of the south
slopes. The varying amount of mois-
ture and sunshine are the important
factors in determining this difference.
The east and west ends of the mesas
are also different in their plants. The
west end, being closer to the foothills,
is sheltered from the afternoon sun,
while the east end is not thus pro-
tected. In the spring, small streams from
the melting snow on the hills water
Glie west) end) of) ‘the mesa.) Phe
snow also lies longer there. Pine trees
and quaking asps grow there, while at
the east there are no trees at all.

If cne travel westward on one oi
these mesas a distance of one or two
Bilometers| in the spring | of the. year
he sees a gradual transition from the
xerophytic formation of cactuses, Y2ceca,

32 Postelsia

Astragalus, sage brush and _ desert
grasses to the semi-xerophytic pine
groves with their Pzdlsatillas and lark-
spurs. The shrubs Cercocarpus, Rzbes,
Edwinta and the skunk bush (hus
trilobata) grow among the pines or
east of them for a distance. The last
named shrub is abundant on the north
slopes of mesas, even well out from the
hills. If one look westward from the
plains into the ravines between two
adjacent mesas, the south side of the
ravine, i.e. the north slope, will be
seen well covered with skunk bush,
while there are but few of these plants
on the south slopes.

Sometimes a mesa will have cer-
tain shrubs growing near the top on
the south slope, but none farther down
on the same slope. Since it is mois-
ture chiefly which determines the dis-
tribution of the shrubs, this may seem

Postelsia

PLATE VII. —1!. Pasque Flowers on Mesa.
; 2. A Thimbie-berry in Lower Foot-hills.

Postelsia 33

odd, for it would be expected that the
top of the slope would be the driest
piace, ot all, It 1s so im) most hills.
The mesas, however, have flat tops,
on which the spring snow lasts for a
lone time: As it slowly melts, the
water trickles down the sides and is
absorbed by the soil not far from the
top of the slope. There is sufficient
moisture on the north slope to permit
the growth of shrubs for some distance
away from the foothills. In general the
tops and the north sides of the mesas
ave the same plants. At the eastern
end of mesas the north and _ south
sl@pes) ave. quite’ gentle.’ (Here the
plants are alike on the slopes and on
the top which becomes the east slope
at the terminus of the mesa. All the
plants now are species of the plains.

The flora of the mesas is a com-
plex of mountain and plain species.

34 Postelstia

————

Together with the lower foothills the
mesas form the battle ground where is
waged the war between the highland
and the lowland plants. At one sea-
son of the year the vegetation of the
mesas has the character of the moun-
tain region. At another season the
prairie plants are more abundant. The
changes may take place with almost
kaleidoscopic speed. The slight
change in the angle of) the: ‘suns
ays replaces the white flowered prairie
sand lily (Leucocrinum) with the blue
Pentstemon or larkspur of higher alti-
tudes. Later the prairie Vucca comes
into blossom, and then there appear
ereat yellow masses of Arnica, the near
relatives of which belong to the higher
altitudes. ,<dlhen ) come’again’ praine
plants, the wall flower Lyrystmum and
the yellow puccoon (Lithospermum).
Soon appear the white and purple

Postelsia 35

oo

——s

prairie clovers (Petalostemon spp.) and
the sunflowers. With the coming on
of autumn the mesas are green with
the herbage of Senectzo and Gutierrezia,
which, as they come into blossom, im-
part a yellow tinge to the entire land-
scape. These two dominant species of
the herbaceous flora of autumn have
arrived from different regions. The
Senecio (sp. undet.) occurs regularly in
the mountains at higher levels, while
Gutterrezta is properly a plant of the
plains, and in northern Colorado does
not ascend into the mountains at all.

The Plants of the Lower Foothills.
These resemble those of the mesas.
Similiar conditions of moisture and heat
prevail. For the most part the lower
foothills are sparingly covered with
pines. The north slopes of hills are
better provided with trees than the
south slopes. Spruces and cedars are

36 Postelsia

found in the gulches. Quaking asps
form small clumps and patches in
slightly moist soil. The narrow leaved
poplar, the cottonwood, chokecherry,
alder and various willows find places
along the streams. The mountain
maple (Acer glabrum), Opulaster, alder,
Juneberry, Adwinia, Cercocarpus and
Ribes occur on the hillsides in various
situations. One of the first plants to
flower in the spring is the Oregon
grape (Berberis agutfolium), a low
woody plant whose leaves remain green
throughout the winter. The _herba-
ceous plants are chiefly those previously
mentioned as occurring on the mesas
or to be mentioned later in discussing
the mountain parks. The foothills,
like the mesas, vary much with the
different seasons. bBeautifully green
after the spring snows, they remain of
this color for a month or two, when

Postelsta

he.

PLATE VIII.—I. View on Top of a Lower Foot-hill.
2. Scene in a Mountain Park.

Postelsta 37

the failing rain lets them wither to
yellow or brown. If one be among
the hills, many minor changes of color
ameeto be seen. Phe! pale) blue Py/-
satillas are followed by yellow wall
flowers and Physarias, these, as sum-
mer draws on, by pink Phloxes, blue
Pentstemons, the yellow Thermopszs,
pink Geraniums, purple Evrigerons and
Lacinartas and yellow Seneczos. Per-
haps the most beautiful and striking
plants of the lower foothills are the
Eriogonums, such as £. umbellatum
and &. hallii with large umbels of yel-
low flowers. Whole hillsides, at one
time blue with Pextstemon, shine forth
soon after with the brilliant lemon yel-
low hue of Lriogonum.

In the canons and gulches of the
foothill region the hackberry, box elder,
poplar, sumac, gooseberry (Azdes sfp.),
poison ivy (Rhus rydbergit), Edwinia,

38 Postelsta

thimbleberry (/rudus deliciosus), alder,
dogwood, rose and hazel are the most
noticeable woody plants aside from
the coniferous trees. The pines occur
almost everywhere, spruces and cedars
in moist places and junipers only on
dry hillsides.

Although one can thus mention a
large number of deciduous trees and
shrubs they have very little influence
in determining the appearance of the
landscape, except late in the season,
when their brilliant autumnal colors
enforce our attention to them. The
dominant woody plants are certainly
conifers. They stamp their individu-
ality upon the entire plant community.

It may seem strange that no men-
tion has been made thus far of mosses,
liverworts and ferns. ‘These plants are
represented by only a very few species
and comparatively few individuals.

Postelsta 39

Marchantia and one or two other thal-
loid liverworts, a few mosses and a few
leafy liverworts are scattered sparingly
here and there in moist and well shaded
places. It is a rare thing to see a well
developed mat or carpet of moss larger
than a man’s hand. During the wet
season a few mosses are rather abun-
dant on exposed rocks. Their season
for growth is very short, perhaps a
month or six weeks. Then they be-
come dried up and do not grow again
until the following year. The horse-
tails are represented by only two or
three species and these are not at all
abundant. One needs to know a local-
feywell in) order tobe! able to’ find
enough of these plants for class work.
Woodsia, Cryptogramma, Asplenium and
Pteridium are met with in moist situa-
tions, but, as moist situations are not
common, these ferns are by no means

40 Postelsta

common. Species of Selaginella find
a foothold on exposed eastern slopes.
Their distribution is very uneven on
different hills. Some hills) tiaye) jan
abundance of individuals, while others
have) very few) of mone at) all

Fungi are everywhere scarce. There
are very few agarics to be found any-
where among the lower hills or on the
plains. Puff balls are seldom seen;
shelf fungi are almost unknown. A
few ecidia in the spring, and certain
rusts, mildews and blights in late sum-
mer, form the principal’ part)jot) ene
fungus flora.

Of all the lower plants the lichens
are of most interest. Cladonia, Usnea
and feltigera are not uncommon on
stumps and logs, but the rock lichens
are a source of perennial joy to all
who ramble among the hills. Every
rock has its patches of olive, pale

Postelsia 41

green, yellow, red or brown lichens.
Sometimes a huge boulder is com-
pletely covered with lichens of one
color, or it may be mottled with irregu-
lar markings of various colors. In the
canons vertical walls of granite are
streaked with orange, green and red.
Great areas of solid color, many meters
mciameter, delicht the’ eye.) A trip
through a narrow canon reveals the
most marvelous color effects at every
funm/or the road.

Plants of the Mountain Parks and
Fligher Foothills. The mountain parks
are somewhat level stretches of land
shut in on all sides by high mountains
On iiis,) They vary ‘from:'a few to
very many square kilometers in extent.
The altitude of these parks in the re-
gion being considered is usually from
2,500 to 3,000 meters. Plants to reach
these parks from below must make

49 Postelsia

their way up narrow canons or else
over the passes, which may be from
200 to 500 meters higher than the
parks themselves. This peculiar situa-
tion of the parks leads to a paucity
of plants from lower altitudes and an
abundance of more peculiarly mountain
forms. On account of the somewhat
greater rainfall, there is a nearer ap-
proach to mesophytic conditions than
in the lower foothills. Many plants
which, at lower altitudes, seek the protec-
tion of narrow gulches are here able to
thrive in the open. The blue colum-
bine (Aguzlegia cerulea), one of our
most conspicuous and well known plants,
is quite abundant in many places.

In the parks there are generally some
small stretches of meadow land along
the streams with abundant growth of
sedges and grasses. Willows, poplars
and alders fringe the creeks and ditches.

BPostelsta 43

Pentstemon secundifiorus and the mari-
pose) lily may occur) in) these | moist
places. The beautiful shrub Daszphora
fruticosa 1s found here, although often
erowine) in much) drier’) places. ))))\\\Phe
fire weed (Chamangrion) sometimes
occurs in great abundance. On shaded
creek banks grow a few agarics, and
here and there leafy liverworts find
place on a fallen log or dead stump.
A few mosses occur here too, and
thallose liverworts, especially Marchantza.

It must not be supposed that the
mountain parks have a_ characteristic
Hera of their own.) It is the) fora of
the foothills of the same elevation
merely modified by conditions of dis-
tribution and slight physiographic
peculiarities.

In these parks and on the surround-
ing foothills, the coniferous trees are
the dominant plants, although here are

44 Postelsia

found also many groves of small quak-
ing asps no larger than apple trees.
The coniferous trees do not usually
form dense forests,. except occasionally
on certain hillsides. The parks are for
the most part rather open, permitting
the development of a grass flora. With
the grasses, especially along rocky
ledges, there are many profusely flower-
ing perennials, such as harebells (Cam-
panula spp.), Eriogonum spp., Allium
spp., species of Aster, Erigeron and Pent-
stemon, besides the plants named in
the previous paragraphs.

When a given species of plant has
a wide vertical distribution a single trip
to the mountains will show it in every
stage of development. In the lower
altitudes it may be in flower or fruit,
higher up in bud, and still higher bare-
ly starting from the ground.) 1iiiies
example, a collector be anxious to ob-

ostelsia

PLATE IX.—1. Leucocrinum, the Sand-lily.
2. Effect of Wind at High Altitudes.

Postelsta 45

tain the columbine and he allows the
time of flowering in the lower hills to
Bass by, he may still, two or three
weeks later, get the plants in prime
condition by climbing to an altitude
of 2,500 meters or more.

Wvents) of Very Fegh Aliztudes. At
is only in the sub-alpine regions, at
an altitude of about 3,200 meters, that
distinctly mesophytic conditions pre-
vail. Where the timber has not been
cut or burned, the shade permits the
snows to lie until June or July. The
eround may be quite wet all summer.
Summer showers are frequent. Con-
siderable areas of swampy ground
occur at the bases of the high moun-
tain peaks. There are also many
ponds or small lakes. In wet places
there are sedges and some marsh
grasses. Polytrichum, Funaria, Sphag-
num, and other mosses are found where

46 Postelsta

conditions are favorable. There are
some fleshy fungi. Of plants with
conspicuous flowers the following may
be mentioned: Joneses uniflora, Kal-
mia glauca, Pyrola spp., Pedicularis
spp., Pentstemon spp., Elephantella
grenandica, Castilleja spp., Linnea
borealis, Mertensia sibtrica, Sedum
rhodanthum, Primula parryt, Polygo-
num bistortotdes, Gentiana spp. Nearly
all the species and some of the gen-
eta ate ;quite strange) to ome) wiojms
familiar only with the plants of the
lower foothills.

Snow covers the high peaks, except
where these are very precipitous, until
late spring. Often large snow fields
remain the year round. The) upper
limit for the growth of trees on the
mountains of northern Colorado is
about 3,700 meters. In some jplaces
it is lower, in some places higher.

Postelsia 47

This upper limit is commonly called
fae timber line.’’ Whereis’) no) defi-
nite ‘‘snow line;’’ this changes with
every storm or with every sunny day.

The trees in the higher regions show
the effect of wind to a pronounced
degree. The winds blow mostly from
the west and the trees assume a very
one-sided appearance. Near timber
line they are all very much dwarfed
and gnarled.

The mountain tops are made up
of rocks, either in’ large masses, or
broken up by the action of frost into
irregular boulders. There is but little
gravel or soil in which plants might
find place. Nearly all the plants of
the peaks occupy crevices or other
sheltered places.

Above timber line there are almost
no woody plants, although a few willows
less than a decimeter high are found

48 Postelsia

—_——

on the highest peaks. Of) the) crumbly,
alpine plants mention may be made
of the following: Szlene acaulis, Aren-
avia sajanensts, Dryas octopetala, Mer-
tensia alpina, Polemonium confertum,
Phacelia glandulosa and species of
Saxifraga, Draba and Erigeron.

Concluding Remarks. What has
been said of the distribution of plants
in Colorado refers entirely to that part
of the State east of the front range
and drained by the South Platte river.
In crossing the range to the west, a
new flora is encountered, and in pass-
ing the divide which separates the
drainage areas of the Platte and the
Arkansas, many southern plants are met
with.

An attempt has been made to in-
dicate in very general terms the na-
ture of the plant population in different
situations. Plants of the plains have

Postelstia 49

not been discussed fully, but many are
mentioned in the accounts of roadside
plants and plants of the mesas. The
plains are more or less well known to
everyone who has lived in the Missis-
sippi basin, for the plains are merely
exaggerated prairies, larger and drier
than the prairies of the north central
states, but otherwise very similar.
Where the plants of the plains meet
the mountain forms on the foothills and
mesas, there is a mixed flora, rich in
species both of western and more
eastern genera. Few of the plains
plants ascend to any great altitude, and
few mountain forms make their way
fitout! on the plains. The Yucca
and certain cactuses of the plains may
reach an altitude of 2,000 meters, or
a little more. Many roadside plants
creep up even higher. Very few plains
plants pass above 2,300 meters.

50 Postelsia

—— ee

Of the plants on the foothills and
in sub-alpine regions, many are well
known farther east at ordinary altitudes,
although not occurring in the plains
region of Colorado. Mention may be
made of Dasiphora fruticosa, Putsatilla
hirsutissima, Arctostaphylos uva urst,
Chamanerion angustifolium, Populus
tremulotdes, Pyrola spp. Throughout
the foothills the dominant plants among
trees are conifers; in fact the other
trees are so few that they may almost
be left out of account so’ far as the
general appearance of the landscape is
concerned. ‘The quaking asps in some
places, however, are in sufficient num-
bers to make an appreciable showing.

Perhaps the one feature ot) jee
vegetation to which special attention
should be called is the natural mass-
ine /of’ plants of a) species tanec
areas. Instead of a few plants of one

Postelsia 51

kind and a few of another there may
be a hundred or a thousand individuals
@f a species crowded together. At
flowering time these masses are most
striking in appearance. Whole hillsides
on )areat gullies, will be blue. with
Pentstemons or yellow with Aruicas.
Masses of Arnica plants in flower on
the; ifoothills; can be seen for long
distances as distinct yellow patches.
These plants are not to be considered
as exceptional. Many other species
also occur in large masses. This is
especially the case with early flowering
species. The months of May and
June make the growing season for
most plants. In those months the
colors of the hills and gulches change
very quickly. ‘The various species blos-
som one after another in quick suc-
cession. After the summer solstice the
green hills and mesas change to brown,

52 Postelsta

——_—_—__—

but in late summer they become green
again when the large composites are
well grown. When these composites
are in flower there is a greenish yellow
color everywhere, but in’ 2 shert/ tue
this is brown once more.

It is a common idea among tourists
and even ‘residents that there are)me
bright autumnal colors in Colorado
There is, however, no foundation for
this belief. The poison ivy, the grape
and the Virginia creeper are quite as
briliant in the Rocky Mountains as in
any other region. dwiuza assumes a
most beautiful coppery red color in
autumn, and the hills and canon sides
are everywhere aflame with sumacs
and roses. It is true that in the cities
one may miss the brilliant reds of the
hard maple and black oaks, for these
trees are seldom planted, but there
are instead the yellow cottonwoods,

Postelsta 53

locusts, soft maples, walnuts and elms.
Another wrong idea which is quite
prevalent is that the Rocky Mountain
flowers are without much odor. Some
flowers here, as elsewhere, are scentless,
but there is no reason for thinking that
all, or most all, are different from the
plants of other regions in this respect.
The more familiar one becomes with
the plants of the Rocky Mountains,
the more he becomes impressed with
mie fact that they are much’ like the
plants of the eastern United States.
The flora of the eastern slope of the
ereat divide shows at every turn its
close relationship to the flora of other
parts of the Mississippi basin.

Che Phylogeny of the
Cotpledor.

Che Whylogeny of the Cotypledon,

EVA RIO Dy lee enviar

A theory concerning the phyloge-
netic origin of any plant structure must
necessarily be, in major part, but spec-
ulation, for in such discussion one can
Mee ‘determine all the factors which
may have induced the mutations, nor
keep in view all the transitional stages
which led up to the ultimate organ.
Any reasonable hypothesis well grounded
on observed facts may be offered as a
contribution to science, since it fur-
nishes a basis for the correlation of
facts. The results of investigations as
tiey are recorded from time to time
do not stand out as simple isolated
facts, but through existing theories help
to explain and interpret other phe-
nomena.

57

58 Postelsia

An hypothesis concerning the phy-
logeny of any organ involves the phy-
logeny of the organisms possessing that
organ, in this case the Angiosperms.
That the Monocotyledons and Dicoty-
ledons have a common ancestry there
is no reason to doubt. One would
hardly suppose that the similar com-
plicated cytological phenomena of em-
bryo-sac development and endosperm
formation were simply parallelisms in
two groups of different phylogenetic
origin. The once credited theory how-
ever, that the Angiosperms were de-
rived from Gymnosperm stock, receives
little support in the light of modern
research; the evidence now obtainable
pointing rather to the separate genetic
origin of these two groups from pteri-
dophytic stock. Any discussion as to
whether they represent diverging lines
from an originally seed-bearing an-

Postelsta og

cestor, or are two. distinct groups
in which the seed-habit has been sep-
arately evolved, must at present be
purely speculative. It is quite improb-
able that modern Pteridophytes rep-
resent, in any considerable degree, the
ancestral prototypes of the Angiosperms.
Nevertheless, interpretations of angio-
spermic structures must be cast in
terms of pteridophytic morphology.
The characters assumed by the cot-
yledons of many Angiosperms upon
germination apparently place them in
the category of leaves, in fact the
resemblance is so marked that this
interpretation has been generally ac-
cepted by botanists without serious
question. Sachs writes: ‘‘We see that
Cesalpino uses the same word ‘folium’
without distinction for calyx, corolla
and ordinary leaves; just as he, and
Malpighi a hundred years later, un-

60 Postelsta

hesitatingly regarded the cotyledons as
metamorphosed leaves. In fact the
envelopes of the flower and the coty-
ledons approach so nearly to the char-
acter of leaves that every unprejudiced
eye must instinctively perceive the re-
semblance.” This explanation) ime
doubt first grew out of observation
upon dicotyledonous seedlings having
epigean cotyledons which took on the
character of leaves. Comparative study
of embryos showed that hypogean cot-
yledons were homologous structures,
which failed to assume the photosyn-
thetic function. The investigations of
Gertner, Poiteau and Mirbel, recorded
now for almost a hundred years, es-
tablished the fact that the cotyledon of
the Monocots was an homologue of that
of the Dicots. Poiteau originated and
Mirbel supported the doctrine, which re-
celves credence to-day, that the epiblast

Postelsta 61

of certain grasses represents a second
vestigial cotyledon, thus indicating a
dicotyledonous origin for this family.

Nageli, however, departed from the
universal view when he said: ‘‘ Der
Embryo der Gefasskryptogamen und
der Phanerogamen ist kein Caulom,
sondern ein Thallom, wie das Moosspor-
anegium, aus dem er phylogenetisch her-
vorgegangen ist; die Samenlappen sind
keine Phyllome, sondern Thallomlappen.
Andem Embryo tritt als neue Bildung
der Stengel auf.” He implies that in
its ontogeny the plant recapitulates its
phylogeny, that as an embryo it is
simply in an undifferentiated ‘thallom’
condition comparable to the moss spo-
rophyte from which it was phylogenet-
ically derived, and that the stem, phylo-
genetically of more recent origin, later
arose as a new structure through the
differentiation of the thallome. But

62 Postelsta

Nageli’s hypothesis effected no percep-
tible modification in the prevailing
theory which is today generally accepted
as portrayed in the following quotation
from Geebel’s Organography. ‘‘I need
only say here that the cotyledons, which
so frequently differ in form from the foli-
age leaves, are merely arrested forms of
these, the arrest being sometimes per-
manent, sometimes transient.”

Many students of angiospermic em-
bryology have recognized difficulties in
this interpretation, but have accepted
it for want of a better. It is based
solely upon the resemblance which the
cotyledons of certain seedlings bear to
the foliage leaves, while their origin,
structure and primary function would
seem to disclaim such a relationship;
for the cotyledons do not arise as
exogenous lateral outgrowths upon the
growing point of a stem, as do all later

Postelsta 63

foliar structures, and even when
epigean, as Goebel notes, they usually
differ in a marked degree from the
ordinary foliage leaves. If similiar in
outline, there is almost always a decided
difference in venation. These variations
have been explained as a retention of
the form of ancestral leaves by the
cotyledons. Were this true one should
expect to find similar cotyledons
throughout a family, or at least among
the species of a genus.

The habitual production of three
cotyledons of equal rank by WNuytsza
floribunda would, according to the foliar
theery, indicate that it represents a
third class of Angiosperms (Tricotyle-
dons) in which three leaves instead of
two or one were originally arrested in
Ee) Seed. |) But, asa) matter’ of) fact,
numerous dicotyledons occasionally pro-
duce embryos with three and sometimes

64 Postelsia

———_——

four perfect cotyledons, as for example
Acer.

The production of an apparently
dicotyledonous embryo through the
bifurcation of the originally single coty-
ledon of Nelumbo, has suggested that
this might have been the method of
origin of the dicotyledonous habit. In
Nelumbo the cotyledon is at first a
crescent shaped mound of tissue run-
ning around the rear upper surface of
the embryo. The plumule (arises)im
the sinus between the points of the
crescent. The pseudo-cotyledons later
arise through localization of growth so
that ultimately they occupy positions
on either side of the plumule as in a
truly dicotyledonous embryo. ‘The ces-
sation of growth in the median line,
and its localization in the wings of the
cotyledon, take place at an early stage
in the embryogeny. The transition

Postelsia 65

from this pseudo to the truly dicoty-
ledonous habit would be brought about
by the continued earlier cessation of
srowth along the median line, and
finally its complete localization in the
wings of the cotyledon, 7. ¢., on either
side of the plumule. The monocoty-
ledonous condition would then be con-
sidered the more primitive, and the
. question would now arise as to the
ancestral origin of this structure in the
Monocotyledons themselves.

The function of the cotyledon in
the Monocots is pre-eminently that of
a nursing organ to absorb the food-
materials from the endosperm and turn
them over to the use of the growing
embryo, as illustrated in the germina-
fons), et |) corn, cocoanut) and others.
Primarily it is an embryonic organ,
and its phylogenetic origin should be
looked for in simpler types of embryos.

66 Posteltsta

In the embryogeny of certain Pterido-
phytes there occurs a simple protrud-
ing mass of tissue between the root
and shoot fundaments the sole function
of which is that of a nursing organ,
a genuine haustorium, which absorbs
nourishment from the gametophytic
thallus for the sustenance of the young
embryo. It is to the pteridophyte em-
bryo in a simple way what the coty-
ledon is to the embryo of a Monocot,
and is in fact to be considered as a
more primitive type of cotyledon. This
in brief is an outline of an hypothesis
which seems tenable.

In its ontogeny a seed-plant ex-
periences two distinct environments,
the one characteristic of its intrasemi-
nal life, the other of its extraseminal.
The intraseminal life, which begins
immediately upon the formation of the
oosperm, is passed within a definite

Postelsta 67

limited space. During this period of
its existence the plant lives wholly as
a parasite, nourishing itself upon the
food-materials stored in the adjacent
tissues. It is a true parasitism fostered
by the parent for the good of the
species. It is not a condition originat-
ing in seed-plants, but traces back to
the first simple Bryophyte which re-
tained the oosperm within the female
reproductive organ and nourished the
young sporophyte from food-materials
of its own accumulation. The extra-
seminal life is the continuance of a
habit which the sporophyte later de-
veloped of assuming an independent
vegetative condition after the tissue of
the gametophyte had been exhausted.
The retention of the female gameto-
phyte within the sporangium marks the
origin of the seed-habit, but the para-
sitic habit of the sporophyte was. al-

68 Postelsia

ee

ready a condition of long standing. Is
there. any ' reason) ,\to))))supposeuielmae
this retention of the gametophyte has
caused the embryo sporophyte to dis-
card the ancestral nursing organ, the
nursing-foot, and employ in its place
foliage-leaves, structures characteristic
of the free life of the sporophyte?
From this point of view a cotyle-
donary structure first)makes iii.
appearance’ mm the) Plepaticss) jie
sporophyte of Azccta absorbs nourish-
ment throughout its entire surface, but
that of Marchantia responds to _ its
parasitic condition by the _ sterilization
and specialization of a portion of its
tissue as an absorptive organ, com-
monly termed the nursing-foot. In
Marchantia the nursing-foot consists en-
tirely of tissue derived from the hypo-
basal cell of the segmenting oosperm,
but in Axthoceros and the Jungerman-

Postelsia 69

eee

niaceze a portion, and in some forms
the greater part, is contributed by the
tissues derived from the epibasal cell.
All the moss sporophytes possess a
nursing-foot which is developed from
the hypobasal cell with additions of
epibasal tissue. Passing from the con-
dition in Marchantia to that seen in
the more highly differentiated spor-
ophytes of the Bryophyta, there seems
to be a gradual diminution in the rel-
ative size and importance of the hypo-
basal portion of the foot, the absorptive
function being discharged almost wholly
by the more bulky epibasal portion,
as may be especially well seen in
Spracnum., in the Lycopodine the
hypobasal portion has abandoned its
primary absorptive function and_ ac-
cepted another connected with the
change in oosperm orientation. The
functional nursing-foot in the Lycopo-

70 Posteltsta

dine is developed entirely from tissues
of epibasal origin. In the Filicinee and
Equisetine the foot is developed irom
a part or the whole of the hypobasal
cell, without additions of epibasal
tissue.

An explanation of this displacement
of the foot primordium in these cryp-
togamic embryos is to be sought in the
changing inter-relationship of the sporo-
phyte and gametophyte, and the grow-
ing importance of the free) ite oigene
sporophyte. The ultimate independence
of the latter was realized through the
evolution of a new structure, the root.
Whether the root primarily arose as a
terminal or lateral structure, from tissue
of epibasal or hypobasal origin, is a
matter of speculation and of little im-
portance to our present discussion. In
either case as the sporophyte came to
pass the greater part of its life as an

Postelsia 71

independent organism, the axial rela-
tion of the stem and root would be-
come of more importance to the plant
than the axial relation of the stem and
foot, and as the stem and root must
both become free from the gameto-
phyte, the foot would necessarily
Come to) occupy a lateral’ position
mitavenespect to the vegetative’ axis
on yene plant: The embryos of the
Bryophyta are bi-polar, the foot occu-
pying a basal position, but with the
adwent ot the root in the Pteridophyta
their embryos become tri-polar. When
a main vegetative axis is established,
however, it is between the two members
which will persist in the bi-polar veg-
etative body.

(he establishment of this axial
polarity at earlier or later periods in
the embryogeny of different plants
accounts for the apparent displacement

(2 Postelstia

of the. primordia.’ Uhe)) influence) jot
their ultimate positions has been carried
back so far in the embryogeny of the
ferns, which very early become inde-
pendent, that there has evidently been
a displacement of the primordia within
the oosperm itself, for the root primor-
dium arises from a hypobasal octant
diametrically opposite the stem primor-
dium, and the foot arises as a lateral |
organ from two other hypobasal octants.

In the embryogeny of the sporo-
phyte the Monocotyledons as a class
show considerable diversity. The
greater number of investigated types
conform more or less closely to a
definite scheme, of which the em-
bryogeny of Alisma affords a good
example. The oosperm first di-
vides by a basal wall at right angles
to the longer axis of the embryo-sac.
The hypobasal cell (next the micro-

Postelsia 73

pyle) becomes the suspensor cell, while
the epibasal cell through further divi-
sions produces the cotyledon, stem-
apex and primary root. The first divi-
sion in the epibasal cell is parallel to
the basal wall. The embryo now con- '
Sises) (@t)/a)) row of three cells.) Hrom
the apical cell the cotyledon is de-
veloped, from the central cell the stem
andyireot primordia.’ Although’ the
cotyledon arises as a terminal member
in respect to the original axis of the
embryo, it is a lateral member with
respect to its position upon the vege-
tative axis which is later established.

Of the embryos of the Pterido-
phytes, that of Selaginella shows the
nearest approch to those of the Mono-
cotyledons. This does not necessarily
indicate that it should be considered
an ancestral type. Although originat-
ing laterally, the cotyledon of a Sela-

74 Postelsia

ginella embryo very early comes to
occupy a terminal position opposite the
suspensor. he stem apex originates
terminally, but is forced into a lateral
position by the growth of the cotyle-
don. The root originates in the tissue
adjoining the suspensor opposite the
stem. In the Monocots this displace-
ment has become a constant character,
the terminal position of the cotyledon
being apparent from the earliest divi-
sions of the embryonal cell.

The transition from the monocoty-
ledonous embryo to the dicotyledonous
embryo, as illustrated by Velumbdo, has
already been indicated. It is the result
of a division of the cotyledon primor-
dium followed by a further displace-
ment of the primordia.

The remarkable change in the em-
bryonic conditions instituted by the
seed-habit readily accounts for the rapid

Postelsia 75

departure of the cotyledon in the Angi-
osperms from the ancestral pteridophy-
fHetype. “Lhe embryo) ef) a) typical
Pteridophyte is attached to a fixed liv-
ing organism, growing on or in the soil.
All the nourishment absorbed by the
cotyledon is passed on directly and is
used by the continuously growing
embryo. The seed-habit, on the other
hand, divides the ontogeny into two
distinct periods of growth with an in-
tervening dormant period. The intra-
seminal life is a prolonged embryonic
period during which the plant depends
entirely upon neighboring tissues for
nourishment. In its own tissues or
with it in the seed must be stored a
food-supply which will enable it to
establish itself in an independent con-
dition on the resumption of growth.
While an Angiosperm embryo is obtain-
ing its independent condition the cot-

76 Postelsta

yledon is enclosed in a non-living
movable seed-coat. The problem
of food:storage in the seed is met
in the various well known ways
by different Angiosperms. The primi-
tive methods of storing it in the
megaspore and gametophyte were no
doubt first supplanted by the forma-
tion of the perisperm and endosperm,
but a more advanced condition is
arrived at in exalbuminous seeds where
the food-materials are stored directly
in the tissues of the young embryo
rather than in an intermediate structure.

In the seed the cotyledon neces-
sarily assumes new functions and a
greater importance due to the extended
embryonic period. Primarily a nursing-
organ, it readily assumes the additional
function of a storage-organ, accommo-
dating itself to the available space
within its investments. The multifari-

Postelsta rie

ous cotyledons which result through
a greater or less degree of response
to the divers influences surrounding the
intraseminal life need not be enumer-
ated here.

The assumption of the vegetative
habit by some cotyledons is a natural
outcome of their becoming epigean upon
the germination of the seed. For all
portions of the seedling exposed to the
light produce chlorophyll to provide
for the immediate needs of the young
plant. The cotyledons usually become
epigean through the elongation of the
hypocotyl, a structure appearing for the
first time among the Angiosperms. Its
development was made possible by the
fact that the cotyledons need not remain
in or at the surface of the soil during
germination—a condition arising with
the seed-habit. The hypocotyl is differ-
entiated between the primary stem and

78 Postelstia

ee

root and is essentially different from
either, as has been amply demonstrated
by several investigators. That many
epigean cotyledons should acquire the
form of true foliage-leaves is not alto-
gether remarkable, for they are func-
tionally similar structures in the same
environment.

With our present meager knowledge
of the embryology of Gymnosperms, it
is a difficult matter to explain the varied
unique developments of their embryos.
With the exception of Guetum and
Welwitschia, the embryogeny begins by
repeated free nuclear divisions within
the oosperm. In the conifers the num-
ber of nuclei resulting is limited to a
few which pass to the base of the
oosperm and by free-cell formation
organize the proembryo. In the cycads
and Gzzego a large number) )on\iree
nuclei are produced which in Cycas

Postelsta 79

organize the huge bag-like proembryo,
mide in \Gzrego they enter into a
compact tissue from which the embry-
onal stem and root primordia are later
differentiated.

The so-called cotyledons of the
Gymnosperms are, so far as definitely
known, true leaves arising as exogenous
outgrowths. upon the growing point of
the stem.

Gnetum and Welwittschia in their
embryogeny show the least departure
from the pteridophytic type. Free
nuclear division does not take place,
the oosperm giving rise directly to a
suspensor on the end of which an
embryo is produced. When germinat-
ing, as the root pushes out from the
seed, there is developed’ at the base
el the stem ia’ lateral protuberance
which remains in the seed and absorbs
nourishment from the endosperm and

80 Postelsia

——EE——EE
—_——____—.

passes it on to the rest of the em-
bryo. The orientation of this feeder,
as Bower terms it, is not constant in
its relation to the other members of
the embryo.’ It always ‘occurs )jmse
above the transition plane between the
stem and the root, but its position on
the circumference of the embryo is
determined by the direction of gravity.
The seed of Welwittschia is more or
less flattened, and no matter which
side up it lies when germinating the
feeder is developed on the concave
surface of the embryo as the root
grows out and down into the soil. It
may then arise in either of two posi-
tions. The seed of Guetum is poly-
symmetrical and the planes of symmetry
of the embryo bear no definite rela-
ition to the direction of gravity during
germination. The feeder always arises
on the under side of the embryo and

Postetsia 81

hence may be developed at any point
on the circumference. Bower readily
shows that this feeder is the homo-
logue of the nursing-foot in the Pteri-
dephytes: Clearly then) itis a) tue
cotyledon, and in its position and func-
tion during germination is remarkably
similar to those of the Monocots.
The Gymnosperms are an ancient
seed-bearing race, and the peculiar
modifications in embryogeny are un-
doubtedly due to the long continued
intraseminal parasitic habit of the
embryo. These peculiarities may be
looked upon as being induced by habit-
ual parasitic nutrition, just as remark-
able morphological changes of the
extraseminal plant body have _ been
wrought by parasitism in many Angio-
sperms (Orobanchacee, Rafflesiacez,
etc.). The abundance of nourishment
in the seed might be considered the

82 Postelsta

cause which has led to embryonal propa-
gation (polyembryony) in many species.

The embryos of Guetum, Welwit-
schta and probably of Gzxkgo and the
Cycads produce true cotyledons which
remain in the seed during germina-
tion. While the embryos of Gunetum
and Welwitschia remain embedded in
the tissue of the gametophyte, they
apparently absorb nourishment more or
less throughout their entire surfaces, the
cotyledon remaining indistinguishable as
a definite organ. As soon, however,
as the stem and root begin to leave
this tissue the growth of the cotyle-
don is rapid and it quickly assumes
proportions commensurate with its func-
tions. From this example afforded by
the embryos of Guetum and Welwitschta,
we might conclude that the cotyledons
of Conifer embryos are never called upon
to function and hence never develop.

Postelsta 83

SUMMARY,

1. The typical embryos of the
Pteridophyta and Angiosperms differ-
entiate into three primary members—
the cotyledon, stem and root.

2.| Cotyledons are not arrested
leaves but are primarily haustorial or-
gans originating phylogenetically as the
nursing-foot in the Bryophytes and per-
sisting throughout the higher plants.

3. The monocotyledonous condition
is the primitive one and prevails in
the Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Mono-
cots and some Gymnosperms. The
two (sometimes more) cotyledons of
the Dicots are jointly the homologue
of the single cotyledon of the Monocots.

4. The cotyledon always occurs at
the base of the primary stem.

5. The hypocotyl is a structure pe-
culiar to the Angiosperms, being differen-
tiated between the primary stem and root.

84 Postelstia

6. The so-called cotyledons of the
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, with
the probable exception of Gzvkgo and
the Cycads, are true foliage-leaves.

NortgESs.

1, The exact method of origin of
the so-called cotyledons of Gzuzkégo and
the Cycads is unknown, but their posi-
tion’ at the base of the Stem and
their conduct during germination are
strong evidence in favor of the view
that they are homologues of the
feeders of Guetum and Welwttschia,
and hence true cotyledons.

2. In Guetum the suspensor some-
times branches, when an embryo is
produced on the end of each branch.

3. The repeated displacement of
the cotyledon to different points on
the circumference of the embryo would
seem to indicate that an area entirely

Postelsta 85

around the axis was potentially coty-
ledonary, a maximum _ development
taking place at such a point as is in
the most favorable position to function.
Thus, it occurs next the suspensor in
Lycopodium and opposite the suspen-
sor in Selaginella. In Guetum it
develops at that point on the circum-
ference which will be nearest the seed
while the vegetative condition is being
established. In the Monocots it ex-
tends nearly and sometimes quite
around the axis, but usually experiences
maximum development on one side.
In the Dicots equal growth takes
place at two points diametrically oppo-
site each other.

If it should be maintained that
the primitive root originated as a
terminal member, the originally basal
cotyledon would then have become a
ring of tissue around the embryo at

86 Postelsta

ooo

the junction of the’ stem! and }jsaor:
Conditions later arising made it nec-
essary for the stem and root to come
out on the same surface of the gameto-
phyte, when only one side of this
cotyledonary ring could remain em-
bedded in the prothallium. The dif-
ferent positional relations which the
various embryos bear to the gameto-
phytes would bring different portions
of the cotyledonary ring into favorable
positions to function. In the seed the
embryos of Angiosperms are brought
under conditions which seem to stim-
ulate development throughout almost
the entire cotyledonary ring.

Botanising tn Jamatca

Botanising in FJamatca

ELoIsE BUTLER

A strong desire to study tropical
vegetation resulted in my embarking
with my sister from Boston on a Mon-
Gayo vevening’) im June, 1891) Om) a
banana steamer accommodating a few
passengers bound for Port Antonio,
Jamaica. After a day and night of
fog we reached the Gulf Stream, and
soon sailed apparently upon a veritable
‘“sea of glass.” The smooth, glassy
waves were occasionally spread with
carpets and streamers of golden brown
seaweed, Sargassum bacctferum, and
frequently schools of flying-fish with
silvery wings rose a foot or more
from the water and gracefully floated
in the air some distance before drop-

ping again into the sea. As we had
89

90 Postelsta

read that these fish did not use their
wing-like fins to direct their flight,
but simply gave a flying leap into the
air, we were interested to see that often
one turned in its course. This action
seemed to prove that the fish did
really fly somewhat as a _ bird does.
We also saw for the first time the
Portugese-men-of-war gliding rapidly
over our ‘‘sea of glass” like large soap
bubbles driven by gentle winds, and
reflecting rainbow hues in the sunlight.
We watched the changing clouds, occa-
sionally a dark curtain falling between
sky and water somewhere off in the
distance, and we were informed ‘‘there
is a shower over there.” We gazed into
the wonderful deep blue sea of the
tropics, a blue so intense as to seem
almost tangible. We played whist, or
read seated upon the hurricane deck.
We fed the Mother Carey chickens

Postelsia 91

with crumbs from’ the \table) and
pressed specimens of Sargassum which
the sailors kindly fished up for us by
means of long boat hooks. The speci-
mens varied as regards the length and
madthvrof) the fronds; and they’ have
been classified as Sargassum bacci-
ferum and S. bacctiferum forma
angustune.

On Saturday we saw the first land
since leaving Boston. San Salvador
came into view as a mere speck on
the horizon. We watched this speck
most intently until we were enabled to
make out a lighthouse on a long, low
strip of land far away to our right.
Then we again watched it recede from
view, recalling all we could remember
and imagine of Columbus’ wonderful
experiences on that first momentous
voyage to the new world when this
island came into view to cheer his

92 Postelsta

despairing men and to reward his un-
paralleled faith and courage. The
excitement of seeing San Salvador had
barely subsided when we were informed
that we were about to cross the
Tropic of Cancer. It was intensely
interesting to realize the moment we
were crossing that imaginary line, and
we marveled that man had _ been
enabled to formulate accurate rules by
which sailors could locate their position
at any time upon the trackless deep.
After a most gorgeous sunset, with
such forms of clouds and such _bril-
liant colors as can never be witnessed
elsewhere than far out at sea, dark-
ness following soon without the linger-
ing twilight of the North, we were
gazing for’ the first time wpon)) the
Southern Cross. Poets and writers of
romance had so inflamed our imagina-
tions regarding this constellation that,

a

I

Postels

PLATE X.— Port Antonio, Jamaica.

Postelsia 93

we must confess, it did not quite
meet our expectations. But we may
have seen it at a disadvantage, as it
‘was very near the horizon.

Sunday morning the mountains of
Cuba appeared like clouds over the sea,
but soon we were sailing close by the
eastern shore, and could distinguish the
scanty vegetation upon the sides of the
mountains, most curiously terraced and
grooved by deep ravines.

Monday morning we awoke to find
ourselves gliding into one of the most
beautiful small harbors in the world,
and our eyes were feasting upon trop-
teal scenery, And the half. of its
marvellous beauty and fascinating
interest had never been told.

Our second voyage was in 1894, at
about the same season of the year.
But, though now the Fruit Company’s
steamers were much larger and swifter,

94 Postelsia

ee

and the accommodations for passengers
were not so limited, the time spent
at sea was much less enjoyable, as,
owing to continuous rainy weather, we
never saw the sun from the beginning
to the end of the voyage. Moreover,
our state-room sprang a leak, and we
were drenched in our berths; yet our
ardor for studying plant life in Jamaica
was not in the least dampened, for we
had no sooner returned from this trip
than we began to plan for a third; but,
there were so many difficulties to sur-
mount, the summer of 1900 arrived be-
fore we were enabled to spend another
four weeks on the island. This last
sea voyage in a steamer, yet again so
much improved as to seem impossible
for the Fruit Company to do any more
for the comfort of its passengers, was
varied by days of rain and of sun-
shine, the latter predominating.

Postelsia 95

The fruit steamers always enter at
Port Antonio, then sail along the coast
west to Lucea, or east to Morant Bay,
sometimes rounding the eastern point
and continuing along the southern
shore to Kingston, stopping at numer-
ous little harbors between these
ports to take on bananas, and usually
returning to Port Antonio to clear.
It was our custom to remain aboard
the steamer while it was sailing about
the coast; and, during the loading of
bananas, we went ashore to search
the beaches for seaweeds, or to stroll
through the streets of the little villages
to note the different varieties of fruits
and flowers by the wayside and in the
gardens of the negro cabins. In this
way we had opportunities to make
collections at many places besides
those at which we made lengthened
stops for that purpose.

96 Postelsta

There being no wharfs excepting at
a few of the larger ports, in order to
go ashore at some places, we were
lowered from the steamer’s side into
a row boat, manned by two or three
negroes and used for bringing bananas
to the vessel, the waves tossing the
boat so violently that we had to be
skilfully caught by the boatmen as
though we were bunches of bananas.
After rowing as near the shore as
possible, we were again taken in the
negroes’ arms and carried through the
shallow water to dry land. These
dark stevedores were most picturesque
creatures; they were invariably clothed
in rags, tied and fastened on in most
ingenious ways. Patches of all hues
and shapes were attached here and
there among the tatters. Their head-
gear also was particularly interesting.
Gaudy bandanas, straw and felt hats

Postelsia 97

in every stage of dilapidation, brim-
less crowns and crownless brims, caps
of various materials, one even of fur,
were among the head coverings we
noted. The women often wore flower
and ribbon-trimmed hats over turbans.

Whenever the conditions were not
favorable for us to go ashore we never
ceased to be amused by watching the
loading from the vessel’s deck. The
streets and footpaths leading from the
surrounding hills and mountains to the
little coast village near which our vessel
was anchored were sometimes thronged
with carts of fruit drawn by single
mules and pairs of mules or oxen, or
donkeys with deep panniers hanging
from each side, a negro woman or child
perched on top guiding the animal with
a single rope fastened about its nose,
and pedestrians, men and women, also
loaded with bananas, the men carrying

98 Postelsia

———.

bunches in their hands and the women
invariably carrying them on their heads.
The women carried all their burdens
on their heads, from a spool of thread,
or vial of medicine, to a full calabash
of water, or heavily loaded basket.
Row after row of these grotesquely
garbed negro men, women and _ chil-
dren, all chattering, laughing or scold-
ing, making a perfect babel, marched
down into the water, often waist deep,
to deposit their bunches of bananas in
the waiting boats, which, as soon as
filled, were rowed off to the steamer,
where the fruit was passed up to other
colored men standing at openings in
the hold of the vessel. Every bunch
as it was handed up was counted by
a man whose especial duty it was to
keep the tally, and his

Postelstia 99

————__—_

‘‘Banana one,

Banana two,

Call this one three,
Banana four,

Call this one tally-o-0-0!”

rang out in his musical voice as a
cheering song.

The limits of this sketch will not
permit me to more than allude to a
few of our many interesting experiences.
There was no hotel at Port Antonio
in 1891, and the only available place
for the accommodation of strangers was
at a lodging-house, standing on a steep
bluff overlooking the harbor, conducted
by a handsome, dark creole. Colored
servants, big and little, were numerous.
Everything was done for our comfort
and happiness in the peculiar way the
mistress and servants had of doing
things. Fresh from New England
homes, we were much interested in

100 Postelstia

ee

noting the differences between creole
and Yankee housekeeping.

We arose at daybreak and went to
the bath-house, which was provided
with a large stone swimming tank,
supplied with water from a mountain
stream. The cold morning bath is
absolutely necessary in the tropics to
keep the system in tone. After being
served with coffee, we started on our
collecting tour, remaining out until about
ten, when we returned to take another
bath and attire ourselves in fresh gar-
ments for breakfast. This second bath
and entire change of clothing was al-
ways necessary after collecting, whether
we went wading in the ocean, or walk-
ing in the woods, for we were always
wet and muddy whichever course we
took.

While exercising in the tropics one
perspires very profusely. Then showers

IX JLW1d

.) eueueg

"SAO

Postelsta

Postelsta 101

are so frequent that the soil and rank
vegetation are reeking with moisture.
We always carried an umbrella to pro-
feet us from ‘the \sun’ or from) the
showers. Though we could not long
exercise in the sun’s direct rays, be-
neath the shelter of our umbrellas the
heat was more easily endured than
when botanizing many summer days at
the North. Jamaica is in the line of
the cool trade winds, so when in the
shade, one is very comfortable. More-
over, the temperature is never so high
in Jamaica as it is in our hottest sum-
mer weather, the thermometer ranging
from the sixties (Fahrenheit) to about
ninety as the highest.

After breakfast we usually worked
upon our morning collections until time
to dress for five o'clock dinner, an-
ecner light lunch of cake and fruit
being brought to our room between one

102 Postelsta

and two o'clock. Dinner was much like
the breakfast, with the addition of a
usually delicious, strangely concocted
soup and a dessert. About eight in the
evening we were served cake and tea
in our rooms, or in the drawing room,
wherever we might be. The general
cooking at this house was done by two
or three old witch-like negresses over
an open fire in a dark cavern ina
precipice forming the boundary wall to
one side of our yard.

Our room was small and crowded
with ‘‘missus’ things,’ which were not
removed for our accommodation. A
large bed with one starched sheet and
an indescribably hard mattress, a big
wardrobe, a bureau, a washstand and
our two large trunks so filled the room
that one could scarcely stand between
the bed and surrounding furniture. All
the drawers and various boxes under

Postelsta 108

the bed also contained ‘‘missus’ things,”
and the big cockroaches rattled around
in them all night, to the disturbance
of our slumbers. We had to use the
bed by day for a work-table, having
also a little folding table that we car-
ried with us, which we could tightly
squeeze between bed and bureau, and
upon which we washed out our sea-
weeds for mounting. It was very ludi-
crous, when using this folding table, to
have to scramble out over the bed
covered with specimens to get to the
door, or to close our jalousied win-
dows when a _ heavy shower came
beating in.

Little maids came in every morning
while we were off collecting and scrubbed
the toon) using a dark colored | tea
made of mangrove bark, the scrub-
bing brush being a cross section of a
cocoanut gathered before ripening. We

104 Postelsia

a

also. saw floors polished with sour
oranges cut in halves, and with a tea
made of Mormordica Charantia L., a
pretty little vine bearing a yellow flower,
which the natives called ‘‘Cerasee
Tea.” The floors everywhere received
more attention than any other part of
the dwellings. To our knowledge, cob-
webs and dust were never removed
from their usual lodging places on
windows, mopboards, etc.

While upon household matters, I
will briefly relate our boarding ex-
periences elsewhere, when revisiting the
Island. In 1894 we disembarked at
Annotta Bay, a little, low-lying village
between the mouths of two sluggish
rivers, and said to be the most un-
healthy place in Jamaica. We passed
the first night at ‘‘The Army and

d

Navy,” an imposing name for a primi-

tive little hostelry. We were given a

Postelsia 105

large room having two single _ beds,
each provided with the one stiff sheet,
but we carried sheets with us after
our first experience. At breakfast we
were served first a saucer of oatmeal
and milk. This looked homelike, but
one taste was sufficient, for it was
simply saturated with smoke. Bacon
and eggs came next with the same
result, and so on to the fruit. This
we could eat, but we were surprised to
see the waitress take our plates, throw
their contents out of the open window
and return them for us to eat our
fruit from. All refuse is disposed of in
this simple manner. Turkey buzzards,
called ‘‘Jim Crow” birds, sit perched
on the roofs, or near-by tree tops, on
the alert to fly down and gobble up
every scrap of waste food thrown out.
These birds are protected by govern-
ment for scavengers.

106 Postelsia

oe

On rising from the table, we passed
to the window and gazed down upon
an enclosed yard in which was a little
cook-room made of rough boards, roofed
over, and on the four sides beneath
the roof was a broad open space, out
of which poured dense clouds of smoke.
In the center of this room stood an
iron cook stove, the only one we saw
on the island, and the stove was pro-
vided with the usual pipe, which neither
entered a chimney nor protruded from
any aperture, but simply left off about
a yard above the stove. It was cer-
tainly no less than a miracle that any
human being could stand and cook in
such an atmosphere; but the flavor of
the food was no longer a mystery.

One of the officers of the Fruit
Company stationed at this port called
on us early.in the day; and, as he was
to be away with his family, he asked

Postelsia 107

oo

Bs)/to) accept’ the; use of! his cottage,
housekeeper and retinue of servants
while we were to stay in Annotta
Bay. We accepted his exceedingly
generous offer and a week of great
enjoyment followed.

Our time here, and elsewhere, was
spent much as at Port Antonio; but,
instead of being cramped in one little
room, the whole house was ours; the
housekeeper and servants, living in little
cabins at one side of the large back
yard, coming into our cottage only to
serve our meals and to tidy the rooms.
The cottage stood on the pebbly sea-
shore, thus being very convenient for
our seaweeding. Our housekeeper, a
dark creole, served us the most deli-
cious, meals) we! had’) yet\eaten in
Jamaica. But, had we given the prep-
aration of the food much thought, our
stomachs would have rebelled. From

108 Postelsta

our dining-room we could look out
upon the large yard enclosed by a line
of tall cocoanut palms, and, if our meal
was in preparation, see several negroes,
big and little, stooping over little wood
fires between three bricks arranged in
a triangle. In basins on these fires
were steaming the various concoctions
later appearing on our table in regular
courses as fragrant soups, made dishes,
strange native vegetables, fish, meat,
desserts, etc. If the time of looking
out happened after a meal, we would
see the servants stooping over basins
of cold water, washing the dishes, which
were never wiped, but laid on the
ground to dry, knives, forks, spoons,
cups, saucers, plates,—everything. We
would also see in that yard, frolicking in
and out and over the drying dishes,
numbers of little half-naked pickanin-
nies, a goat and two kids, dog and

Postelsia

PLATE XI|.— Loading Bananas.

Postelstia 109

five pups, and a flock of hens and
chickens.

One day while here we drove many
miles into the interior along the _be-
witchingly zigzag course of the wag
water, to Castleton Gardens, the Arnold
Arboretum of the tropics. Here we
saw noble specimens of every species
of palm on the globe, and many mar-
vellous growing, blooming things that
still haunt our memories. The bam-
boos everywhere charmed us, standing
in clumps, gracefully bending like groups
of Prince of Wales feathers. Another
interesting tree was the banyan, intro-
duced from India. The seed of the
banyan, when lodged on another tree,
takes root, grows rapidly and strangles
its host. Branches grow down to the
cround and also take root, a single tree
thus forming a miniature forest.

After leaving Annotta Bay we

110 Postelsia

boarded two weeks at Morant Bay, in
a delightful old Spanish mansion, an
ideal tropical home on a steep hill with
higher hills rising to the right towards
the distant Blue Mountains towering
among the clouds. In’ front)/and)ito
our left, we overlooked banana and
cocoanut plantations intersected by wind-
ing rivers emptying into the bay, which
bounded our horizon at a distance of
three or more miles. We were accorded
the use’ of ‘the ‘‘trap’ and) a) driver
to take us to the shore when we wished
to seaweed; but the water was always
so tempestuous in this bay that our
alez collections were not so abundant
here as elsewhere. We took long
drives to the mountains for ferns, once
going to Atalle Gap in the Blue Moun-
tains, a place famous for its) cote:
plantation. The Blue Mountain coffee
is considered by epicures the best in

Postelsia diet

ooo

the world, and the whole supply is
shipped to London. This drive was
@me) ef the)'red)letter\(days . of) our
experience. We gathered most lovely
Henms, gold) and) silver, and) ‘others
remarkably rare and beautiful, and saw
many wonders in scenery and plant
life.

Another remarkable drive was_ to
Bath, where is the famous hot sulphur
spring boiling out of the mountain, side
by side with a stream of cold water.
Both the hot and the cold water are
conveyed by pipes into a_ near-by
building provided with stone tanks for
bathing. Here sufferers from rheuma-
tism and all cutaneous diseases are
speedily cured by the hot baths. Dur-
ing our last trip we boarded a week at
the village and took the baths, to our
ereat delight. The hot sulphur water
soothed tired nerves and muscles, and

112 Postelsia

cured an eruption on face and hands
caused either by a vegetable poison,
or by getting over-heated.

In the neighborhood of the hot
spring flourished a great variety of rare
ferns. The scenery all about was ex-
ceedingly lovely, diversified, as every-
where in Jamaica, by rivers gliding
rapidly over rocky beds, and cutting
their way to the sea through moun-
tains, thus forming many narrow val-
leys, which are often constricted to
deep gorges with perpendicular walls.
These walls are always draped with
tangled vines, drooping ferns and or-
chid-covered trees wherever a root can
take foothold. Soil is not necessary on
this wonderful island for the growth of
vegetation. The rocks, brick and stone
walls, the trunks of trees, the roofs
and very doorsteps of dwellings, have
growing upon them mosses, ferns, or-

Postelsta 2

ee

chids and very many other forms of
plant life.

At Bath we had a charming tem-
porary home at the lodgings of Mrs.
Duffy, who is widely known and appre-
ciated by all travelers in Jamaica.

Perhaps the neat, home-like attrac-
tions of Mrs. Duffy’s lodgings would
not have impressed us so forcibly if we
had not come to them from a week at
Manchioneal, where our accommoda-
tions at the only house open to stran-
gers were intolerable. The lodgings (a
name applied to the small hostelries
throughout the island, there being no
hotels, excepting at a few of the larger
settlements) were admirably situated for
our work, close to the shore at the
head of the little harbor. Our _ sea-
weeding was so successful here that we
were willing to endure even greater
hardships. The mistress of the house,

114 Postelsia

when not lying in a drunken sleep,
maundered aimlessly about the rooms,
carrying on a monologue in a most
peculiar, high-pitched, whining tone.
The food was. scanty, unpalatable
and poorly served.

We had the entire first floor to
ourselves, the family occupying the
basement, the fumes of the landlady’s
rum often coming up through our floor.
My bed was far the worst I had yet
encountered. Our sheets and _ pillow-
cases we saw washed, starched and
ironed after our arrival, though we had
telephoned for our rooms several days
before. Two immensely heavy mat-
tresses filled with something hard and
lumpy were piled on a bedstead with-
out springs. These mattresses were
so much thicker at one side than at
the other that to keep on the bed |
must lie crossways, my head on the sill

Postelsta 115

of a little jalousied window, against
which the bed stood, and my _ feet
hanging over the front edge. Perhaps
I might have enhanced my comfort by
reversing the mattresses, but I feared
to touch them, as they were unclean
and the probable abode of centipedes
and scorpions. With a proper mistress
this might have been an ideal resort,
as the house was pleasant, the sur-
roundings charming and the air cool,
the prevailing winds coming from off
the bay.

When ready to leave Manchioneal
we started out to see if we could find
a banana cart to take us to Bath, and
succeeded in getting the promise of a
cart and driver to be at our lodgings
at precisely half-past eight in the morn-
ing. Strange that, with the experience
we had had in waiting for the move-
ments of the natives in all parts of the

116 Postelsta

island, we should get impatient as
the minutes passed, then hours, until
it was eleven o'clock, and no cart. I
would wait no longer, but hastened off
to learn why our equipage did not ap-
pear. I found the cart broken, and no
attempt made to repair it, or to inform
us of the mishap. I indignantly turned
away and went in search of another
cart, and was so far successful that I
was promised one as soon as a man
could go to the pasture and drive up
the mules. Again I returned to the
lodgings to sit and wait. In the vicin-
ity of two o'clock the cart arrived. It
was a two-wheeled affair, much like our
ordinary tip-cart, drawn by a mule har-
nessed with ropes into the thills, and a
little donkey tied on the left front cor-
ner to assist. The cart was too nar-
row to hold our one trunk crossways,
so it was pushed in at one side of the

PLATE XIIl.— Palm-thatched

Bamboo Cabin.

Postelsia 1h7

a
ao

back, the hand baggage occupying the
space at the side of the trunk. Two
small chairs were put in front for us to
sit on. But there was not room enough
for us to sit side by side; so one was bol-
stered against the driver and the other
against the trunk with her feet beneath
the other’s chair. We presented such
a ludicrous spectacle that we longed for
some one with a camera to take our
picture to send the friends at home.
We laughed until we ached, with the
tears streaming down our cheeks, and
held on with both hands to keep from
beme jolted out. As the mule ‘and
donkey trotted and cantered up hill and
down, our cart rattled and joggled so
that we could scarcely hear each other’s
voices. No wonder that when we
arrived at Mrs. Duffy’s after being
‘(drawn in a cart” three hours we were
charmed with our new home.

118 Postelsia

Again we took a cart back to Man-
chioneal to connect with the mail coach
for Port Antonio, driving part of the
way along the coast and stopping at
every available place to seaweed. We
found the coach was not due until three
o'clock in the morning, and after much
demurring decided to go to bed to get
some sleep. It happened that I had
just dropped my watch and broken the
main spring. No one in the neighbor-
hood owned a timepiece. We asked
the landlady how we _ should know
when it was time to be ready for the
coach. She replied ‘‘O, you will know
all right. At eleven the roosters will
crow a little, and again at twelve; at
about half-past two they will crow some
more and at dawn they will have the
big crow—the whole lot crowing all
together.” Well, we must lie awake to
listen for the cock crowing. It was not

Postelstia 119

difficult to lie awake, for, after a week’s
comfort at Mrs. Duffy’s, my sister could
not drop to sleep on her Manchioneal
bed; so after a brief hour of endurance
she exclaimed, ‘‘Come, the rooster has
crowed. It is eleven, and I am going
to dress and sit up the rest of the
night to watch for the coach.” So we
both dressed, got our luggage ready
and sat by the open door to keep our
vigil, Though common sense, taking
the place of a timepiece, told us that
it was not three o'clock, the waves
beating on the rocky shore every few
moments sounded like the coach tear-
ing along over the street, and we would
snatch up our hand bags, a plant
press filled with specimens, a large
basket of unmounted seaweeds and our
umbrellas and rush down the steps on-
to the street to hear nothing in either
direction but the beating waves, the

120 Postelsia

re

croaking of lizards and the many in-
sect voices of a tropical night. Then
we would return with our bundles to
our chairs to repeat this performance
many, many times before the coach
actually appeared.

‘We had a remarkable ride with
our monkey, jumping-jack driver, in
the early dawn, through a picturesque
region, much of the way skirting the
seashore. At first we were rather terri-
fied at the reckless driving up and
down steep hills, through dark woods
and across rivers without bridges, the
water often rising to the body of the
coach. The driver continuously lashed
the mules, first on the right, then on
the left, the whip lash circling rapidly
to and iro, ‘the performance) peme
occasionally diversified by his dashing
down beneath the fender, the mules
still on the jumping canter, te eaten

Postelsia 120

and refasten an unhooked trace, but
always coming up all right on his seat
again, though we feared every disap-
pearance over the fender would be his
last. As we approached a village, our
driver, without seeming to cease for a
moment his antics with the mules,
would whisk out a horn and blow an
ear-splitting blast which reverberated
through the surrounding woods and
hills, with the result that when we tore
up to the little wayside cabin labelled
postoffice the mail was always ready.
- At Port Antonio there is now one
of the finest hotels in the world, at
least the most enjoyable at which we
ever tarried, built and managed by the
Prot) Company. Here) we lived. in
luxury until we were ready to embark
for home.

On our third trip to Jamaica we
left the steamer at Montego Bay, an

122 Postelsia

interesting old town with many of the
buildings with massive stone and _ brick
walls dating back to the Spanish pos-
session, and fewer of the usual little
board and bamboo-woven cabins.

Our lodgings here were most beauti-
fully situated on a high bluff overlook-
ing the town with its background of
wooded hills, and the little semi-
circular bay with its circling arms of
land burned in) luxuriant) tropical
foliage. From the sea our Roman
villa-like lodgings loomed up very im-
posing, but, truly, distance lent en-
chantment. For, though the house
was large, the rooms airy and pleasant
and the situation most desirable, shift-.
less housekeeping and monotonous fare
spoiled much of the charm.

From Montego Bay we took the
steam cars across the western end of
the island to Kingston, stopping off for

Postelsta 123

a day or two at Mandeville, a_ hill
resort with an ideal climate and re-
mincing one of ja ‘village in) rural
England. From Kingston we returned
by the new railway across the eastern
end of the island to Port Antonio,
stopping on the way at Bog Walk, far
famed for its rare ferns.

Columbus in describing Jamaica to
Queen Elizabeth is said to have crushed
aeplece ol) paper tightly inthe) palm
of his hand, and on releasing it ex-
claimed: ‘* There’ is Jamaica!” Cer-
tainly, a true description of the island,
which is entirely made up of mountain
chains and peaks with intervening nar-
row, steep valleys. The coast is scal-
loped all about with little bays with
usually bold shores. Annotta Bay is
the only village I recall having any ex-
tent of level land.

As there is no perceptible tide at

124 Postelsta

Jamaica, our seaweeding was conducted
rather differently than at the North.
The seaweeds found upon the beaches
were dashed up by unusually high
waves after a storm; therefore collec-
tions made from the wrack were apt to
be fragmentary. At Port Antonio,
from the ‘shore at one side of the
bay, extended a large coral reef over
which the water was shallow. Here,
wearing our bathing suits, we could
wade out and gather quantities of
‘‘Mermaid’s shaving-brushes” (Pezczt-
lus capttatus Lamarck), Caulerpa, Udo-
tea, Halimeda, Corallina, etc., rooted in
the sand after the manner of terrestrial
plants, and Galaxaura, Dictyospheria,
Cymopolta and various others on the
rocks. At other ports such seaweeds
as Dictyota, Gelidium, Turbinaria, Sar-
gassum, Padina, Amansia, Laurencta,
etc., grew on rocks off bold shores,

Postelsta 125
down which we could not clamber;
other species in muddy eel-grass flats
fay out from land, so that) our sea-
weeding had to be done from boats.
Two or three negro boatmen rowing us
wherever we desired to go, we jumped
overboard (wearing bathing dresses and
long-legged rubber boots), and fished
about for the weeds. Where the alge
grew on rocks the water was usually
very rough and we were often in danger
of being washed off our feet; but we
would cling to each other, one steady-
ing the other while she dived for a
desirable specimen. In this way at
Annotta Bay we gathered quantities of

39

‘fairy umbrellas” (Acetabularia crenu-
fata Lamour) and ‘‘tiny cat-tails”
Dasyctladus claveformis |Roth| Ag)
growing together on small stones and
completely covering them, in water over

our heads. The boatmen kept as near

126 Postelsta

as possible to render assistance if we
should meet with disaster.

The water was so muddy over the
eel-grass flats that we had to dredge
for our specimens with our fingers
down among the roots. Of course we
feared various stinging things, the
water being plentifully supplied with
them, but we never received any in-
jury worth considering. One day,
when dredging off Montego Bay, we
were continually stepping on some-
thing that felt through our rubber
boots like drowned kittens. At last we
had the temerity to reach down and
bring up one of the objects, and to our
great joy and surprise it proved to be
an unfamiliar seaweed (Avrainvillea
longicaulis | Kutz.| Murr., and Bood).
The plant was a most disgusting fleshy,
hairy, dark brown thing, each specti-
men harboring colonies of small sea

Postelsta 127

animals, causing us much trouble to
cleanse the plant for preservation.

At Manchioneal we made a ‘‘ great
find,’’?among other valuable collections.
One day we brought our boat up
among some big boulders close in-
shore, beneath the bank of the village
street.) We clambered) out) to’ reach
the sides of the boulders and were
rewarded by finding large patches of a
gloriously beautiful weed of most vigor-
ous growth, and its color varying shades
of purple. We instinctively felt that it
was new to science, and we were eager
to place it in the hands of the authori-
ties on alge. The plant proved to be
Gracilaria domingensts Sond, which
had been noted but once before,
in 1869.

But this is not our only experience
One rems)) (kind?) On (our: first; ‘trip: to
Jamaica: on)\our) \sail)) wp) the) ‘coast

128 Postelsta

before leaving the stream, we picked
up, while ashore a few moments at
Hope Bay, a bit of seaweed like
a piece of stiff, greenish-gray fringe.
This puzzled the algologists for a long
time. They decided it) was) mew) jn
science and were considering what to
christen it, when Mr. Collins, in an old
French work, stumbled upon a discrip-
tion of our Lzagora (decussata), long
since dropped out of the books as a
freak of the imagination of the author
Montagne, no specimen of such a
Liagora ever having been) seen Mby
living scientists. We had the romantic
honor of rediscovering a plant and vin-
dicating the veracity of the old, long
dead naturalist. This seemed much
more interesting than discovering the
the plant for the first time. But this
honor, too, was in reserve; for, on our
last trip, we found several new species,

Postelsta 129

also a’ plant im fruit; never before
found in that condition, and a species
never before found outside the Red
Sea, also several Australian species.

Unlike the huge alge of the north-
west Pacific, the seaweeds of Jamaica
rarely attain a meter in length, Lzagora
decussata Mont, Sargassum and Turbin-
aria being the largest species. Neither
do brilliantly colored specimens abound.
The deficiency in size and bright coloring
is counterbalanced by the odd, beau-
tiful and fantastic shapes, as exemplified
in the genera Penicillus, Caulerpa, Udo-
tea, Padina, Anadyomene, Chamedorts,
Acetabularia. The proportion of lime-
encrusted forms is large, as species of Zz-
agora, [lalimeda, Galaxaura, Corallina.

The fresh-water alge, as far as I
have observed, are not as abundant as
in the North, or widely different from
northern species.

130 Postelsta

All other vegetation is extremely
varied. The forests are not made up
of many trees of one sort, but at every
turn different species are encountered.

Many of the marine algz are local
in distribution. For instance, on our
second voyage we made an especial trip
to Hope Bay to collect specimens of
our Liagora decussata. ‘We found it in
windrows and filled our collecting bag,
then inverted: our open umbrellas and
filled them, and, that not satisfying us,
we gathered up our dress-skirts and
filled them, going off the beach to the
waiting carriage staggering under our
loads. This we found at no other
place, although diligently searched for.

Jamaica is truly the naturalists’ par-
adise. It is a paradise for the ento-
mologist as well as for the botanist.
Insects abound. A kind of ant met us
in swarms everywhere. Big, shiny, light

Postelsta 181

brown cockroaches dropped eggs like
black beans with a comb-toothed edge
about our rooms. Ticks, jiggers and an-
other infinitesimal little creature torment-
ed us somewhat, but we had soothing
remedies to allay the discomfort caused
by their bites. Lizards darted about our
rooms and everywhere through the shrub-
bery. But, best of all, there is no ser-
pent in our Paradise. There never were
any harmful snakes in Jamaica, and the
few harmless ones have been extermi-
nated by the mongoose, imported from
East India to destroy the rats in the
cane-fields. Centipedes and_ scorpions
are said to be present, but, though we
searched for them beneath rocks and
fallen decayed tree trunks, we never saw
any except those preserved in alcohol.
We were assured that we could penetrate
to all parts of the island and never meet
with any harm from man or beast.

Algae Collecting in the Pawatian
Fslands

Algae Collecting in the Hawatian
FJslands

JoseErpHINE E. TILDEN

After spending several summers in
work on the coasts of Washington and
Vancouver Island, in which region the
algal flora is, for the most part, arctic
in character, it seemed that a study of
tropical marine and fresh water vegeta-
tion would be beneficial. Previously
no special collecting of this sort had
been done in Hawaii, so that the dis-
covery of interesting, rare and new
foums )j)mieht be expected.) Accord-
ingly, a trip to this group of islands
was planned.

The party, consisting of my mother,
myself and Miss Caroline M. Crosby,
left Minneapolis on April 30, 1900,
arriving four days later at Vancouver,

135

186 Postelsta

od
SS

British Columbia, where we _ went
aboard the steamer ‘‘ Miowera” in
blissful anticipation of our first voyage
on the Pacific ocean. In reality, so far
as we know, nothing of interest occurred
during the following nine days. There
were fierce bleak winds and _ threaten-
ing skies and _ wild, swelling seas,
under the influence of which was lost
all i desire to study alez,) tropical
or otherwise.

At the end of eight disagreeable
days came one pleasant one. The sun
shone and the air was deliciously
balmy. As our steamer was bound for
Australia, preparations were being
made for three weeks of hot weather.
Saloons and state rooms were reap-
pareled with fresh white draperies, and
the sailors exchanged their dark blue
uniforms for white duck. Strange look-
ing sailing vessels and other craft were

Postelsta | 137

around us. Flying fish were abundant.
Above all, land was in sight. Soon a
hazy outline of mountains was made
out. Diamond Head was distinguished ;
red hillsides and green valleys slowly
became visible, and at last the fringe
of coconuts on Waikiki beach. It was
easy now to understand the nautical
term ‘‘hug the shore,” for we were all
ready to embrace any form of soil that
would allow a firm foothold. As we
swung in towards the dock at Hono-
lulu, we were not disappointed in see-
ing the naked Hawaiian boys swim out
to the steamer ready to dive for pen-
nies which the passengers threw over
to them.

We of course looked for alge
around the wharf, but in vain. The
only sign of vegetation of any kind
were the wreaths of flowers (leds)
which the brown natives wore on their

138 Postelsia

—

hats, around their necks, or carried in
their hands.

Probably no visitor was ever disap-
pointed in Honolulu. Passing through
the streets, perhaps the thing that im-
pressed us most strongly was the num-
ber of ideally beautiful homes. The
houses are not remarkable in them-
selves, but each is set in the midst of a
grove of graceful trees, shrubs and folli-
age plants. A hedge of //zbzscus, with
its mass of scarlet, an arbor covered
with the trailing vines and purple blos-
soms of the 4ougainvillea, or a veran-
da or fanaz festooned with the green
and white of the Stephanotis, gave the
color and variety needed to offset the
predominating foliage green; for flower
beds are rare in Honolulu. Glimpses
of hammocks and tennis grounds made
one feel that perhaps it was not worth
while to spend quite so much time in

Postelsia 139

labor.) It was |) with’ regret) that) we
turned our steps away from the city,
for it was necessary to find a suitable
collecting spot and begin work at once.

Having made a round trip journey
over the Oahu Railroad and Land Co.
line, the only railroad on the island of
Oahu, we decided to locate our camp
at the plantation of Waianae, thirty-
tivee, miles west of | Honolulu. | The
third day found us comfortably estab-
lished in pleasant rooms. A large un-
used, well-lighted back room in the
railway station building was given us
for a laboratory. We made tables ex-
tending around three sides of the room
out of trunks and packing boxes. In
front of one window the microscope was
set up for Miss Crosby, and at the
other were my quarters, where I could
attend to my mounting and pressing.
Certainly no more could be asked. It

140 Postelsia

———__.

all seemed like a fairy tale. Our sur-
roundings were perfect. Our new
friends overwhelmed us with kindnesses.
If only the alge were forthcoming !

There was low tide early the next
morning, and down to the beach we
hurried. With a feeling of despair we
scanned the rocks, for disappointment
stared us in the face. To one accus-
tomed to the mammoth seaweeds of
the Straits of Fuca, which ageressive-
ly compel attention, the Waianae
beach seemed absolutely barren. But,
finally, a little, odd-appearing plant
was discovered, and then a second, and
down under a ledge of rock a bed of
queer red bags, and, in a word, it was
six weeks before we were able to stop
collecting alge on the shores of
Waianae.

There was found to be very little
difference between low and high tide,

Postelsia

in

PLATE XIV. — Hawaiian Fan-palm with Bread-frui

Background.

ine
eye

Postelsia 141

about three feet in reality, but the low
tides were generally accompanied by
high waves, so that it was always difh-
cult to collect.

We used to rise at five, awakened
by the horribly discordant lay of a
clock with a Chinese alarm. Atter a
breakfast of rice, sweet potatoes, stewed
mangoes or fresh coconut, we _ has-
tened to the laboratory for our collect-
ing aprons, pails and knives, and then
were off for a two or three mile trip
up or down the beach. Among the
more conspicuous and common forms
growing on the rocks here were the
following: Microdictyon umbilicatum,
with its curious net-like frond; the
somewhat remarkable Dictyospheria fa-
vulosa,; Flalimeda tuna; Caulerpa taxt-
folia, looking like a Lycopodium pros-
trate and half buried in the sand; two
interesting varieties of Cladophora

142 Postelsia

which have recently been pronounced
new by Herr Brand—Cladophora com-
postta contracta Brand and Cladophora
montagnet wataneana Brand. Incom-
ing waves generally brought a supply
of Codium adherens and Codium tomen-
tosum, both of which are known as
aalaula by the Hawaiians and used,
uncooked, as tood. In\eentain
places were beds of the well-known
Padina pavonta. Hydroclathrus cancel-
latus was a stiff, brown, perforated
cushion. Turbinaria ornata, one of
the most highly specialized types of the
Fucacez, bearing its fruits on_ short,
stiff, umbrella-like branches, grew al-
ways just where the waves were so
strong and high that no one could
possibly reach it. Two species of Sar-
gassum, growing together, extended
over a wide area and were not seen
again on the islands. The fronds of

Postelsta 143

these, ground up into bits and mixed
with raw fish torn into small shreds,
formed a sort of salad very highly
prized by the natives. Boiled with
squid, they were also regarded as a
great delicacy. The native name was
limu kala. The red algze were most
common. Aspfaragopsis sanfordiana had
the appearance of a little pink or flesh-
colored pine tree, and, though most frail
to the touch, it stood with ease the
onslaught of the waves. Wrangelia
penicillata, a pretty, brownish-green,
filmy, fern-like plant, grew in tide pools
which were constantly replenished by
dashing waves. Deep, shaded crevices
in the reefs were lined with growths of
the dark red rosettes of Amansia
glomerata. Several species of Galax-
aura and Liagora were common.
Miss Crosby carried in her collecting
apron a hammer and chisel, being

144 Postelsia

always on the watch for lichens, and
she used frequently to work among the
rocks on the hillsides while I was being
entertained in the tide pools below.
Quite often we would eat a very
early breakfast, get our collecting im-
plements into one of the trunks, and
prepare’ to ‘take the’ | first train) ies
some other plantation. On the morn-
ing of June) 2nd, for) instance) joum
destination was Aiea. At ten minutes
past seven we boarded the first pas-
senger train going towards Honolulu.
For)\a ‘distance of ' eight miles: (ihe
road skirts the seashore and _ then
turns landwards or mauka through rice
and sugar plantations, Ewa Mill,
Waipahu, Pearl City. We reached Aiea
at eleven minutes past eight. Like all
rice fields in Hawaii, this one is
worked entirely by Chinamen,) they
alone being able to endure the con-

Postelsta 145

a
eS

ditions of location and climate neces-
sary for the cultivation of this cereal.
On one side of the railroad track was
the broad, muddy inland lake or bay
of salt water, Pearl Harbor; on the
other side were the terraced plots or
fields, flooded to a depth of several
inches with water and separated by
narrow raised earthen ridges on which
the careful Chinaman doubtless suc-
ceeded in walking, but which many
times proved treacherous to our un-
steady feet. A rice plantation, laid
out as it generally is on the low flats
at the foot of a valley, where moun-
tain streams empty into the sea, is
an ideal collecting ground for certain
kinds of alge. . While the rice plants
are growing and until they are mature,
they are kept under water which is not
stagnant or sour, but which flows off
gradually and is constantly renewed.

146 Postelsta

The almost stagnant ponds, the slug-
gishly flowing streams in the ditches
and the muddy banks all have their
peculiar inhabitants. |

The reward of the morning’s work
was some very interesting things.
Floating in the somewhat brackish
water of the outer, larger ditch, nearest
the beach, were found soft, corrugated
masses, bright blue-green in color,
Aphanothece prasina. Here also were
tangles of the narrow cylindrical fronds
of Exteromorpha intestinalis. Farther
back in one of the plots, among the
roots of the rice plants, was an abun-
dance of fruiting Chara. Living with
it was the familiar and omnipresent
flydrodictyon reticulatum. One entire
terrace, higher and somewhat drier
than the others, was covered with the
pale brown silky masses of Con/ferva
sandwicensts. Another single plot was

Postelsia 147

in the possession of Glwothece fuscolutea,
whose soft, blue-green, gelatinous colo-
nies floated in extensive layers on the
surface of the water.

During the morning we had one of
our numerous ‘‘experiences.” While
engaged in our work we observed a
Chinaman come out of his house and
begin solemnly to walk back and forth
along the ridges of the field. Over his
shoulder he carried a long pole to which
were suspended some queer looking ob-
jects. He then set up a howling or
wailing that fairly congealed our blood,
so weird and uncanny were the sounds.
We at once concluded that there had
been a death in the Chinaman’s family,
and, feeling that we were intruding on
his most sacred feelings, we lowered
our voices to whispers and prepared to
depart. At that moment another Chi-
naman came toward us and we tried to

148 Postelstia

nr

ask:about the sad occurrence; but from
his very poor English we made out that
a wedding feast was being held in the
first Chinaman’s house, and the musi-
cal disturbance was a part of the cere-
monies. We returned to our work with
lishtened hearts and renewed energy.
Later on in the forenoon a Spanish
luna talked with us, and from him we
were somewhat mortified to learn that
the wailing of the Chinaman was sim-
ply a common device to scare away the
birds from the young rice plants.
There were many other early morn:
ing rides through sugar and rice plan-
tations, and we frequently beheld sights
that caused us to rub our eyes and
suddenly ask each other if we were
really experiencing this life, or only
dreaming. On sugar plantations there
were big irrigation ditches, sometimes
flooded, sometimes dry for several days.

Postelsia

PLATE XV.— Wine-palms in Hilo.

Postelsta 149

Osctllatorta, Phormidium, Anabena,
Pithophora and Cladophora flourished
here. While collecting in such places
we were always surrounded by a crowd
of onlookers, of various colors and
degrees of intelligence. It was Miss
Crosby’s self-appointed task to interest
these visitors and keep them from
‘‘bothering.”’ In her explanations of
various things she often got her hearers
wild with enthusiasm, and she learned
to speak ‘‘pigeon-English.’’ The Ha-
wailan name for alez was ‘‘limu,” and we
were therefore called the ‘‘limu ladies.”

Sometimes we would all three of us
go off for a stay of several days at a
more distant place. We spent four
days at Waikiki beach, where numerous
new marine forms were picked up from
the ‘‘wash.” Both here and at Waianae
we had many opportunities of seeing
surf-riding, by native men and boys.

150 Postelsta

er

The surf board is shaped like an iron-
ing board, three feet wide and nine
feet long, The man swims) jeut)ite
smooth water, selects a wave of the
right kind and mounts his board. It
receives the momentum of the surf and
he rides in on the surface of the water
and is landed safely on the beach.
Several days were spent at the hotel
at Waialua, ‘‘by the sea,” and, though
camping out and roughing it have their
charms, we thoroughly enjoyed our
stay at this place, Haleiwa, ‘‘beautiful
home.” We shall always remember
the wide, pleasant verandas, the
charming surroundings and the good
times we had here. Like all Hawaiian
hotels, there are cottages attached to
the main structure for those who prefer
them to the inside rooms. Each room
is fitted with electric lights and tele-
phone connections. It was great fun

Postelsia 151

to telephone our wants to the office and
then, looking out of the window, per-
celve a nimble Japanese servant come
skipping through the grounds to attend
to us, always in the politest and most
satisfactory manner possible.

At one time we made a visit of ten
days on a private plantation on the
northeast side of Oahu, and it was with
the greatest difficulty that we could
make up our minds to leave it. After
finishing our work in the afternoon we
tised))/to) sit on)\'the grass) under the
coconut trees until time to go in bath-
ing. In the evening we had after din-
ner coffee on the veranda, and our host
read aloud, or we talked. It certainly
was anything but easy to do our reg-
wan work’ here: In) addition’to) rice
fields and taro patches, here were all
Sorts, of fruit) orchards! and) a large
number of curious introduced plants

152 Postelsia

from Australia and Asia, besides an
interesting family of the sacred Chi-
nese cattle.

One day we visited the Kaliuwaa
falls at the head of the valley by the
same name, attended by three of the
sons of our host and guided by an
interesting old Hawaiian, ‘‘Jo.” At first
we followed the dry bed of the stream,
and afterwards, reaching water, we did
some difficult scrambling over stones and
boulders and wading through deep holes.
On our way we frequently refreshed our-
selves with guavas, which are yellow on
the outside like a lemon, and rose-pink
on the inside, and which one eats, skin,
seeds and all, and then wants more.
The mountain apples were as beautiful
in appearance, but are quite insipid to
the taste. The algal finds consisted of
a species of Stigeoclontum one or two
feet in length; a Scytonema in dark red-

Postelsta 153

——__—-
—EEEEE

dish layers on stones in the stream.
With it were tiny, blue-green cushions
of a Tolyfothrix and a Nostoc. When
the falls were reached we were in-
structed by our companions to make an
offering to the goddess of the waterfall,
which we did in true Hawaiian style,
building a tiny pile of stones on one
or two large leaves, and so we made
ourselves safe from falling stones, which
otherwise, we were assured, would strike
us. On the sides of the cliff washed by
the spray of the waterfall, among mosses
and liverworts, was found what seemed to
be a WNostoc, but which turned out to be
Aphanothece nagelit. After a hard up-
ward scramble among Lazxtana patches
and on the exceedingly slippery dried
grass of the mountain side, we were
taken to view a sandalwood tree, said
to be the only one left on the island of
Oahu. Some of the roots, twigs, berries

154 Postelsia

and leaves were taken, and we also found
some fine specimens of aerial roots
of the screw-pine and some Ti plants.

On the 27th of June we embarked
on the ‘‘Kinau” for the island of Ha-
wall. This voyage is compared, by
those who know, to the crossing of the
English channel. It is unnecessary to
say that we privately relinquished all
hope of seeing Paris. At certain times
during this trip a kind steward is wont
to visit the different staterooms and
sroups of people, announcing that the
sea may be ‘‘a bit choppy” for the
next hour or two. The unhappy pas-
sengers, whites, Japanese, Hawaiians,
Chinese (and dogs), cast themselves
into their berths or lie prone on the
deck. It is better, however, to forget
these hours.

At/tT a. M. the steamer )stood) om
from Mahukona, and the sailors pre-

Postelsia 155

pared to transfer the freight in small
boats, used because there is no dock.
Realizing that our condition would be
much relieved by so doing, we induced —
the captain to allow us to land. It
being at the time of low tide, we ex-
amined the rocks for seaweeds, and for
the first time made the acquaintance of
Ahnfeltia concinna, a succulent, brittle,
brownish-red seaweed, afterwards found
to grow in abundance on the rocks in
ilo) harbor, ‘at. Punaluw and )Pahala,
therefore probably extending entirely
around the island of Hawai; though, as
far as I know, not growing on the rocks
en ether’, Oahu or, Kauai.) Since the
plant is so common along these shores,
and of considerable size, it is easily
distinguished by anyone enough inter-
ested to look out for it.

We found Hilo to be very delightful
and quite different from Honolulu, ex-

156 Postelsta

cept in the people, who were just as
kind to us and made our stay with them
as happy as did our friends in Oahu.
As soon as we were nicely settled, we
made ready for the journey to Kilauea,
thirty-one miles from Hilo. ‘The four-
seated stage, drawn by four horses, was
comfortable and the road as fine as the
government roads in our own Yellowstone
Park. Along the way, after we had
reached the dense forest, many new
plants were noticed. Datura arborea, in
full bloom and fragrance, was passed.
The most striking feature of the land-
scape was the bird’s nest fern, Asplentum
nidus, perched among the branches of
the screw-pine and other trees, looking,
as its name implies, like the home of some
gigantic bird. Other smaller perching
plants, mostly ferns, mosses and liver-
worts, clothed tree trunks in the greatest
luxuriance. Ophioglossum pendulum was

a

i

Postels

PLATE XVI. — Monkey-pod Trees,

Mouth of the Waiakea

River, Hawaii

Postelsta 157

collected here. This was also our first
opportunity of seeing the tree ferns. The
journey occupied about six hours’ time.
Arrived at the Volcano House, and
having immediately made the four mile
trip to the volcano, we turned our at-
tention again to the alge. It was
hoped that there might be hot spring
forms in the neighborhood, and, on gaz-
ing into the depths of steaming crevices,
we were able to see evidence of blue-
green coatings on the rocks _ below.
But the sulphur fumes were too sug-
gestive, and it did not seem desirable
to pursue investigations further. So
the only alga collected at Kilauea was
a poor little undeveloped ormdscta,
which grew as a bright green crust on
dirt and stones under dripping tanks
back of the Volcano House. This is at
an elevation of 4,440 feet.

On account of a runaway, I believe,

158 Postelsia

—
Se

stage connection between the Volcano
House and Pahala, a plantation on the
south shore of the island, was inter-
rupted. After frantic efforts to make
our meaning clear through the telephone
to sundry Chinese and Hawaiians in
Pahala, we at last got the jean eaila
kind-hearted white man who promised
us a team and driver to take us down.
We thought our troubles ended, but the
next morning found us, three women
with a trunk of collecting supplies,
occupying a stage drawn by a white
horse and a black mule and driven by
a native boy of about eighteen years.
At first the road was not very bad,
but inside of a few miles it became fright--
ful, and cannot be adequately described.
We were in a most ludicrous situation,
had it not been so dangerous. Never
were) all four wheels on) alevelis
front wheel would pass over a large

Postelsta 159

ee
——————

block of lava while a hind one was
dragging through a deep hole, and this
continued through a constant and
decided decline for a distance of twenty-
three miles, with variations in the sizes
of holes and lava blocks. The animals
were not matched in their manner,
temper, or gait. The horse held back
the mule pulled sturdily forward. As
a result, the carriage at brief intervals
swerved from the ‘‘trail,” the driver
always waking up just in time to back
us away from some yawning precipice,
while the cold perspiration stood on our
brows. For more than twelve hours
we clung every minute to the seats to
keep from being thrown from the car-
riage. The jolting and shaking were
terrible. To keep up our spirits we
sang, even descending in our misery to
‘Sing this round over and over again’;
but this only served to attract the

160 Postelsta

attention of the driver and he paid
less heed than ever to the horses. We
were fortunate, indeed, to reach Pahala
at nine that evening. We were very
hospitably entertained here by Mr.
Chong, a Chinese gentleman, who did
everything possible for our comfort.
We had planned to visit Punaluu,
seven miles away, on the seashore, by
going on the plantation train from
Pahala. Greatly to our disappoint-
ment we found that the Fourth of July
celebration also included the third of
July, and no trains would run. Finally,
through the aid of one of our new
friends, a Portuguese man was induced
to take Miss Crosby and myself down
at seven o'clock the next morning, on
a car run by gravity. It was some-
thing like a hand car, but had only a
platform, two seats and four wheels.
We thoroughly enjoyed being whizzed

Postelsia 161

pee

over the high and shaky trestle-works and
around sharp turns. I think the man
went slower than usual, for sometimes
the car stopped on an upward incline,
and then he had to get out and push.
If there was any danger, it did not
trouble us, and we jumped off at
Punaluu with our botany can and press,
with a feeling as of descending from the
clouds. I believe now that we would
have accepted an invitation to go some-
where in a balloon, provided we were
promised an opportunity for collecting
alge when we got there.

During our day at Punaluu there
was but one drawback to our happiness,
and the question haunted us—how were
we to return to Pahala? But we man-
aged to explore a large area of the shore,
and found an interesting spring, called
Kauila, long held sacred by Hawaiians,
and in which we found various forms

162 Postelsia

of Conferva, O5cdogonium and Clado-
phora. With the help of a native man
and woman who were able to swim out
and collect alge on a rocky point,
clinging there when the waves washed
over them, we got quite a few new
salt-water forms. At four o'clock in
the afternoon a Portuguese boy ap-
peared on horseback, leading two sad-
dled horses. Mr. Chong had _ helped
us out of our dilemma in this way.
However glad we were to accept his
kindness, it was a case of falling from
the frying pan into the fire, for at least
one of us had never been on a horse’s
back before. Our party was soon in-
creased by a lonely Japanese on a
small nag. In this way we made the
long uphill ride of seven miles, and
were not thrown or killed in any other
way. But Hawaiian horses do _ not
seem to understand the American use

Postelsia 163

or

of the reins. We were told that to
hold the reins tightly would make the
horse gallop, to do something else would
make him trot, and so on, but we
never learned what to do to make him
stand still, or go to the right or to the
left, or to stop standing on his hind
feet n) iinfact, to tell the) plain truth, 1
never dared touch the reins at all, but
held on with both hands to the front
ou tne)/saddie)’ On the contrary, J am
sure that Miss Crosby dzd hold the
reins, for her horse was always turning
round and round, or pawing with its
front feet in the air, or galloping, and
when I caught up with her she would
say that she was tired of walking
ame hac) just) taken a) littl’ canter,
We came into Pahala in the midst of
the horse-racing festivities. The plan-
tation hands had decorated the one
street with their national flags and red

164 Postelsia

oe
ete

and yellow buntings and many gay-
colored lanterns, and were plunging
madly back and forth on their fastest
steeds. Imagine our dismay at being
led through this gay scene by our two
cavaliers ; but there was no help for it,
and one of the two horses suddenly
became alive to the fact that something
was going on, darted forward and ran
under a low flume, thereby nearly wip-
ing his rider from the saddle.

The next day being the ‘‘ Fourth,”
we celebrated by walking straight from
Pahala to the beach, over four miles
of the roughest pahoehoe lava. As the
shore rocks were steep and high, we
were not able to do much collecting,
but the booming of the waves was won-
derful, and except that sound there was
perfect silence. We felt that we were
standing on a very young earth and
were seeing, as it were, the first attempt

Postelsta

Coconut Palms, Hilo.

PLATE XVII.

Postelsia 165

of nature to cloth a new land with
vegetation. The flow is quite a recent
one, and one or two species of lichens,
a fern and a flowering plant were the
sole occupants of the bleak looking
waste. The number of plants grew
more and more abundant as we left
the beach, but were still restricted to
these few species for about two miles.

By the next morning our courage
had come back, and at six o'clock we
were on our way to the Volcano
House with the same tterrible road,
driver, team and carriage as_ before.
We had thought it impossible to take
that drive again, but it was our only
alternative unless we wished to remain
in Pahala forever. It was really not
quite so bad going up as it had been
coming down. We had dinner that
night at the Volcano House and at 2:30
A. M. were aroused to take the stage

166 Postelsia

for Hilo. We arrived there at 10:00
o'clock in a dilapidated condition. The
three sudden changes, from the dry
heat of Pahala, to’ the icy (fame jai
Kilauea, and then to the damp, sultry
heat of Hilo, were too much for us.
and we were all more or less prostrated
for some hours. On July 7th, we
walked eight miles to and from the
falls of the Waialuka river, where we
found a Lyngbya, two Oscillatorias, a
Scytonema and an O5cdogontum.

Our next trip was along the north-
east shore of Hawai to the Waipio
valley, sixty-five miles from Hilo. This
time we had a comfortable two-seated
carriage, a pair of good horses and a
Japanese driver. The roads) were) m
excellent condition and the scenery
wonderful. This coast is made up of
bold precipices, so that marine collecting
had to be given up, but the conditions

Postelstia 167

for the growth of fresh-water algze were
very favorable, as there is a heavy
rainfall in this section, and running
streams and dripping cliffs are numer-
ous. As these rivers cast themselves
into the sea from the high rock walls,
beautiful cascades are formed, which can
be plainly seen from the deck of the
‘‘Kinau” if one is interested in looking
out. I believe that between Hilo and
Waipio valley there are about ninety-
seven gulches, each one causing a
deviation in the road from a quarter
to a half of a mile, and meaning a
long downhill and a_ correspondingly
long uphill ride on the opposite side.
Our driver could /a/R absolutely no
English, but he was able to swear
dreadfully in English, and did so very
deliberately whenever the horses balked.
@his)};occurred |) atthe’ foot’ of each
hill, presumably because it was here

168 Postelsia

that he invariably applied the brake.

In the mouth of Hakalau stream a
Stigeoclontum grew attached to pebbles.
It was said that the Hawaiians used it
for bait for mullet, which would bite at
no other substance. Some fine desmids
were also gathered from cliffs under
dripping water in Hakalau gulch. Far-
ther on, at Laupahoehoe, some dark
brownish globules, JVostoc thalli, were
picked off the mosses on wet cliffs. On
these cliffs were also found a dark blue
skin, a Cylindrospermum, and a gray
slimy coating which proved to be Gleo-
capsa gquaternata. At Kukuihaele, where
the Pacific sugar mill is located, we
made a stay of several days. From
here we explored the lovely Waipio
valley and the mountain streams. Ina
taro patch was found Axzabena varia-
bilis, some Chara and diatoms. A
memorable trip was our horseback ex-

Postelsia 169

—_———_———.

cursion up the mountain trail to the
head waters of the mill flume. My
horse ran away before I was on him
five minutes, and Miss Crosby’s stood
on his hind legs most of the time, but,
partly because we were assured that
they were the gentlest horses on the
plantation, and mainly because we were
so delighted with the wild luxuriance of
ferns and mountain trees, we got the
better of our first fright and did our
ditch jumping and slippery climbing
with comparative ease. When the
horses could go no farther, they were
tied, and we went afoot the rest of the
way on elevated flumes—wooden ditches
about two feet wide and one foot deep,
some of them twenty-five feet from the
ground. On the boards of the flume
were attached the fronds of Mostoc com-
mune, and in the falls of the stream
were beds of small, black, shot-like

170 Postelsia

ees
oe

balls, Mostoc verrucosum. Before going
back to the horses we gathered speci-
mens of eight or ten new ferns, among
them Pszlotum triguetrum, and some
tree lobelias, shrubs three to six feet
high, with very large flowers.

July 17th found us back in Hilo, and
we were soon on our way to Puna dis-
trict, where we wished to work in the
vicinity of Green lake. The house
and grounds of our host occupied the
level crater of an extinct volcano, now
completely carpeted with grass. Ina
second crater, quite near to the first,
was the sheet of water known as Green
lake. In this there was found to be
but little except a few desmids and
Cladophoras. We had _ heard of a
warm spring in this neighborhood, and
the next morning made a search for it.
The water was not particularly warm,
being only 31° C. at the time we took

Postelsta ila

poe

a reading, but several good things were
growing in the water, and we were
glad to find them. On the way back
to Hilo we stopped several times to
examine the shallow pools scattered
about in the pahoehoe, and in most of
them fine desmid material was found.

Another short excursion was made
from Hilo. We were rowed in a whale-
boat by four big Hawaiians down the
shore a few miles to ‘‘Sekonet,”’ where
conditions were considerably different.
A number of lagoons are just inside the
shore line on the beach, and in these
were an interesting onxostroma and
some other forms peculiar to brackish
water.

Again we consigned ourselves to the

b)

mercy of the ‘‘Kinau” and returned to
Honolulu to store the collections ac-
cumulated from Hawaii. With a fresh

supply of preserving cans and drying

172 Postelsia

paper, but with waning ambition, we
went aboard the little ‘(James Makee,”
which carried us to Kealea plantation
and Kapaa beach, on the island of
Kauai. It being vacation time, we
were given the teacher's cottage, and
kept house by ourselves again. The
marine flora here resembled very much
that of the western shores of Oahu, and
was totally different from that of Ha-
wall. We were able to collect again at
low tide. There was an abundance of
Lryopsts, Caulerpa, Amansia and some
Dictyota.

Having secured a good Japanese
driver and a carriage with ball-bearing
wheels, we started on a journey to the
most northern point of the island. The
roads were in good condition, we had
very pleasant weather and thoroughly
enjoyed every moment) of the)/drive:
At Hanalei we collected on the coral

Postelstia

PLATE XVIIIl.— North-east Coast

of Hawail.

Postelsta 173

SS eet
eee

reef, where two species of the interest-
ing red seaweed, J/artensia, were se-
cured. This had not been seen at any
other point. In some rice fields there
were found Pithophora and other Chlo-
rophycez. From here we drove back
to Kapaa and on south to Nawiliwili,
one of the most southern points on the
island. We stayed at this place all
day, with nothing special to do. So
we dined at a Chinaman’s on mince
pie, sorghum and bread, bought up all
the Hawaiian fans, mats and baskets we
could find, besides a quantity of polished
coconut calabashes, and collected the
third species of Sargassum known from
these islands, Sargassum polyphyllum.
After a weary wait we were picked up
in the afternoon, along with a drove of
sheep, and carried in a small boat two
miles out to sea, where the steamer,
‘“W. G. Hall,” lay rocking frightfully.

aie Postelsia

Without going further into detail, we
reached Honolulu next morning, where
a few days were spent in putting away
the preserved specimens in trunks, see-
ing to the soldering of large tin vessels
and having packing boxes fitted up. It
was extremely difficult to take care of the
specimens preserved in formaline, which
were in tin cans, for the salt in the air
and water caused the tin to rust very
quickly, and all vessels had to be sol-
dered and resoldered during the time
we were on the islands.

On a certain dark, rainy night at
nine o'clock we said a reluctant good-
bye to our kind Honolulu friends, and
went out on a tugboat to the ‘‘ Aor-
angi,” up whose dark looming sides we
had to climb on a swinging ladder. In
two weeks more we were back in Min-
neapolis, arriving there on August gth.
Every tin can in the collection was

Postelsia 175

ee ee

eee

leaking, yet all specimens came through
in perfect condition.

We shall always look back upon our
visit to the Hawaiian islands with the
fondest memories. The new friends
that we made are now classed among
our truest ones. Entire strangers as
we were, they took us into their homes
and)nearts.. Lo all of them) we give
our deepest appreciation and gratitude.

Che Mistribution of felarine Algae
in Japan

Che WMistribution of Marine
Algae in Japan

K. YENDO

A glance at the map will show the
islands of Japan extending like a festoon
along the Asiatic coast from lat. 22° N.
to lat. 51° N. The southern islands of
the series are warmed by the tropical
current, while the northern shores re-
ceive the cold stream from Behring sea.
Accordingly the marine flora, tropical
in southern Japan, changes to arctic as
one travels northward.

Before entering upon the details of
algal distribution, it will be well to
explain the course of the prevailing
ocean currents along the coast of
Japan. They may be briefly described
as a warm and a cold current. The

warm current is the main north equa-
179

180 Postelsta

torial stream, which, turning towards
the north in the vicinity of the Philip-
pines, runs along the Loochoo islands.
At the Kiushu islands, it divides into
two streams, the main or eastern being
known as the Japan or Black current.
This runs still farther northward and
northeastward to Vancouver island, on
the opposite side of the Pacific ocean.
It is this current which washes the east
coast of the main island (Honshu) of
the Japanese archipelago, running as far
north as Kinkwa-san island in the
summer, but in winter pushed aside by
the cold stream from Behring sea, so
that at this time of the year it can-
not be traced farther north than Cape
Inuboi.

The lesser of the two branches of
the north equatorial stream is known
as the Korean current. It washes the
western coast of the Kuiushu_ islands

a

i

Postels

PLATE XIX. — Bay, with Marine Station in Distance.

NS

Postelsia 181

and flows into the Japan Sea through
Isushima straits. Although this branch
is rather a weak stream as compared
mith), the eastern current, it) travels
farther north, washing the west coast
of Japan until it disappears in the sea
off the northern shore of Hokkaido
(Yesso). |

The cold currents are originated at
Kamtchatka. One of them runs south-
westward along the coast of the Kurile
islands, washing the southeastern coast
of Yesso. Bending southward it disap-
pears in the Pacific near Kinkwa-san
island in summer, and at Cape Inuboi
in winter. These two points on the
coast of Japan, where the currents
meet, are dreaded by mariners on ac-
count of the rough water. |

Another branch of the cold current
from Behring sea comes down along
the west coast of Saghalin island, wash-

182 Postelsia

os
S SUEEEEEeeemeaeeemmed

ing the east coast of Siberia and Korea.
Of this current only a small portion
touches the west coast of Yesso as an
undercurrent. Thus the Japan Sea,
with the tropical current on the Jap-
anese side and the Arctic on the
Siberian, shows remarkable climatic dif-
ferences on the same degree of latitude.
Otaru, where frosts are unknown, lies
on the same parallel with Vladivostock,
with its semi-arctic winter climate.
Hakodate, situated at the Sangar
strait (this name is probably a cor-
ruption of Isugarn strait), between the
mainland and Yesso, has an especially
interesting marine flora. A branch of
the eastern cold current escapes to the
Japan Sea, washing the Yesso side of
the strait, and the west warm current
enters the same strait along the
Honshu shore. It is here that I have
made particular study of the alge.

Postelsta 183

The whole algal region of Japan
may be briefly divided as follows:

(2) Pacific side.

1. From Kurile islands to
Kinkwa-san island.

2. From Kinkwa-san island to
the southern end of Kiu-
shu island.

3. From the southern end of
Kiushu island to Formosa.

(6) Japan Sea side.

1. From Iki island to Ojika
peninsula.

2. From Ojika peninsula to
the north.

Gy \Pactyic stde.|\ 1. Krom Kurile
islands to Kinkwa-san island.

In this region we find a_ subarctic
flora, although a gradual change may
be noted from one extremity to the
other. The gigantic Porphyra (Diplo-
derma), Thatlasstophyllum, <Arthrotham-

184 Postelsia

nus, Alaria fistulosa, etc., flourish luxuri-
antly on the coast of Kurile island,
their southern limit being in the vicinity
of Shikotan island. Constantinea rosa-
marina, fucus evanescens, Pelvetia (Lu-
cus) wrightit, Desmarestia aculeata, Des-
marestia ligulata, Delesseria crassiforia,
Delesseria serrulata, Odonthalia dentata,
Agarum turnert and many other arctic
representatives come down as far south
as near Hakodate. It is in this region
that enormous quantities of Laminaria
develop, a plant that is collected and
dried for export to China. The Lawz-
narie of Hakodate are as luxuriant as
the Lessonia, Alaria and Nereocystis
beds of the Minnesota Seaside Station.
Along the coast of Hakodate to Kink-
wa-san island, Alaria crassifolia, several
species of Laminaria, Amphiroa creta-
cea, Stenogramma interrupta, Agarum
turnert, Costaria turnert, etc., reach their

Postelsta 185

southern limits. Of course by no means
all the important species can be men-
tioned in this brief account. Those
that I have named are among the most
notable, and will give an idea of the
aleal facies. That the subarctic flora
is dependent upon the influence of
the eastern branch of the Behring cur-
rent is capable of clear demonstation.

2. From Kuinkwa-san island to the
southern end of Kiushu island.

In this region the district from Kink-
wa-san to Cape Inuboi is for the most
part sandy beach, with only a few
roeky points here and there, The
algal flora, so far as it is known from
these two favorable spots, appears as
a mixture of cold and warm current
forms. This is as would be expected
from the distribution of the current.
A poor specimen of Chordaria abietina
has been picked up at Cape Inuboi,

186 Postelsia

—
—

but has never been seen farther south.
Undaria (Ulopterix) pinnatifida, an
important plant of the northern waters,
is found in dwarfed condition in Tokyo
bay. No information has been received
concerning this form from regions
farther south.

The rocky coast in the vicinity of
the mouth of Tokyo bay is a rich and
beautiful submarine garden. Both
many indigenous alge of Japan and
forms of the Australian flora are known
from here. This, however, is the region
best studied, and in it is located the
Marine Biological Station of the Im-
perial University of Tokyo. Acanthopel-
tis gaponica, Chondrococcus japonicus,
Callophyllis japonica, Campylephora
hypnotdes, Martensta australis, Prionttis
angusta, Delisea pulchra, Codium mam-
milosum, Codtum lindenbergtt, Caulerpa
anceps, Caulerpa racemosa, Galaxaura

Postelsta 187

actinotrichia, Brachycladia australis,
Flydroctathrus cancellatus, several species
of Laurencia, Suhria japonica, Cysto-
phyllum fusiforme and many other
beautiful plants are found in this vicin-
ity. Nearly a dozen species of Sar-
gassum are to be looked for here. In-
stead of the Laminarias and Alarzas,
so characteristic of the northern coast,
one now finds £cklonia (E. cava and
£. bicycles), which, together with Sar-
gassum, cover densely the sublittoral
rocks. Only one Laminaria (L. radi-
cosa) can be collected in this district.

The chain of volcanic islands which
connects Bonin island with the Province
of Izu enjoys a warmer climate, and
the marine flora is somewhat tropical,
that of the southern end of Bonin
island being altogether so. The current
washing some of these islands influ-
ences also the entrance of Tokyo bay

188 Postelsia

and brings in some plants, such as
Boodlea coacta and Microdictyon.

3. From the southern end of Ki-
ushu island to Formosa.

Several tropical types of Cawlerpa,
Galaxaura, Liagora and Acetabularia,
besides Ulva reticulata, Halimeda tuna.
Ceratodictyon spongtotdes, Vanvoorstia
mirabilis, Chylospora jungermanniotdes,
Chlorodesmts comosa, Hlalicoryne wrightiz
are among the principal representatives
of this region.

The coast of Formosa is not yet
wholly studied, but a few specimens
have been collected during botanical ex-
peditions from the Imperial University
of Tokyo. Judging by these, and as
indicated in the reports of Heydrich,
Martens and others, it is unquestionably
a tropical locality.

In this region there are no gigantic
forms; Sargassum duplicatum (?) and

PLATE XX.— Marine Station of the University of Tokyo.

Postelsia 189

a few other species of the same genus
showing the largest individuals. The
flora is not poor in small and beautiful
varieties, many of them being peculiar
types. Amphiroa rigtida, previously
known from the Gulf of Naples only,
has been collected in the southern part
of Kiushu island by myself.

(6) Japan Sea stde. 1. From Iki
island to Ojika peninsula.

This region is washed by the minor
branch of the warm current, and the
flora is much influenced by it. The
whole facies is of rather special char-
acter. Several species of Sargassum,
Codium mucronatum, Padina pavonia
and Caulerpa okamurat are also found
here, as well as on the corresponding
part of the Pacific coast. In general,
this portion of the coast is for the most
part sandy beach, and consequently

- poor in algz. Such subtropical plants

190 Postelsta

as are able to accommodate themselves
to the comparatively cold water make
up the principal population. There are
several indigenous plants known from this
region, but not a very large number.

2. From Ojyika peninsula to the
north.

This district, although influenced by
the minor branch of the warm current,
is dominated by the arctic stream com-
ing down the Siberian coast, and the
whole aspect of the marine vegetation
is similar to that of the eastern shores
of Yesso. For example, Agarum tur-
nert, Costaria turnert, Amphiroa creta-
cea and FPelvetia (Fucus) wrightit may
be found along the coast from the
vicinity of Hakodate all the way to
Saghalin island. Laminaria and Alaria
also flourish here, but Arthrothamnus,
Thalassiophyllum and Constantinea have
not hitherto been reported from this

Postelsta 191

side. Fucus evanescens and Tichocarpus
crinitus appear luxuriantly on the coast
of Rishiri island. In brief, the eastern
and western coasts of Yesso are closely
related to each other in respect to algal
distribution. The species of Laminaria
are abundantly developed along the
entire coast, and have been particularly
studied by Professor Miyabe.

One word concerning the Marine
Laboratory at Misaki. It stands three
miles from the fishing village of the
same name at the entrance of the bay
of Tokyo, and is eight hours distant
from the city by steamer. There are
two buildings erected, one for dormi-
tory, the other for laboratory, purposes.
The vicinity is famous for its beautiful
scenery and healthful climate. On one
side of the laboratory buildings are
brackish coves, and on the other both
sandy beach and rocky shore. The

192 Postelsia

a

—— ee

region about the station is extremely
rich,’ both im fauna \and im’/flora:

It is now but a few months since
Rear-Admiral Beardslee paid his second
visit to Japan. His first was under
Commodore Perry, some half century
ago, as a result of which the mysterious
country was unlocked. ‘The exact land-
ing place was learned by some gentle-
men of Tokyo from Admiral Beardslee,
and they decided that there should be
a monument to commemorate the event.
The precise spot is very near the Ma-
rine Laboratory. It would be both
pleasant and interesting for American
botanists to visit Misaki and study the
marine vegetation in the shadow of the
monument which marks the first foot-
prints of their forefathers who intro-
duced American civilization to Japan.

Che kelps of Juan de fuca

Che helps of Juan de Frca

Conway MacMILLan

Among seaweeds the kelps include
some of the largest, most widely dis-
tributed and most important forms,
economically. They are_ technically
classified among the brown algz in the
family Laminariacez, which comprises
some twenty-five genera, seventeen oi
which are represented in the Straits of
Fuca. Kelps occur most abundantly in
ime colder) sea, waters, and’ are) very
poorly developed, or altogether absent,
in tropical oceans. In the circumpolar
regions, both north and south, they
find their best and most favorable hab-
itats. Many of the genera are either
monotypic or with but a limited num-
ber of species. Alarta, with upwards
of twenty species, and Laminaria, with

195

196 Postelsia

————

more than thirty, are the largest genera,
and these are also widely distributed,
some reaching the southern hemisphere.
The region of the Pacific)icoaseiiat
North America exhibits the largest
number of monotypic genera, and may
with reason be considered as the most
advantageous coast in the world for
the study of these forms.

Most of the kelps are very large
organisms, for algze, and some of them
are truly gigantic plants. One variety,
Macrocystis, is credited with pro-
ducing the longest stem of any plant
in the world, measurements of a thou-
sand feet having been reported. An-
other type, that of Lessonia, has been
described by Hooker as a submarine
tree, and its massive trunk and hun-
dreds of leaf-like branches certainly
convey the impression of an arboreal

habit. The bladder kelp, ereocystzs,

Postelsia

A
A

<<

MAX

RA AS
MOA

PLATE XXII. — Plants of Cymathere.

Postelsta 197

——

reaches a length of one hundred feet at
the Minnesota Seaside Station. From
such large plants as these there is a
gradation down to the little glove-finger
shaped Adenocystis and the attenuated
Chorda, no thicker than a straw. The
last-named plant does not show a dis-
tinction between stipe and lamina, but
the rest have a plant-body, sharply
differentiated into three principal areas,
the holdfast, the stipe and the lamina,
while some of them, such as Lessonia
and EZgrvegia, reach a high degree of com-
plexity through repeated bifurcations of
the lamina, or through the production
of innumerable outgrowths. Kelps are
best developed in the sublittoral or
elittoral zones, along the shore, and
their bodies show remarkable structural
adaptations to the different situations
which they prefer. Generally speaking,
kelps do not occupy positions so high

198 Postelsia

ee

upon the shore as are favorable for
rockweeds (Fucus) or &nteromorpha.
A long exposure at low tide is not ad-
vantageous for their growth. Thus
Postelsta, and certain varieties of Alaria
which grow at the highest level, select
stations where they are constantly wet
by the surf, and /ostelsza, in particular,
is one of the most beautifully adapted
of all the surf plants. Others are cov-
ered at mid-tide, and here again the
peculiarities of the different genera will
be evident. Hedophyllum, for example,
not so strongly anchored a plant, pre-
fers quieter nooks, while Lessonza, with
its strong trunk and firm anchorage,
maintains itself in powerful surge. Still
other kelps select lower levels, and are
not exposed, even at low tide. Thus
Costartia is rarely uncovered, Pterygo-
phora grows on the bottom of deep
tideways, and Wereocystis floats its

Postelsta 199

bladders off shore in six fathoms of
water. Indeed, each variety seems to
show a preference for certain conditions
of submergence, aeration, wave impact
and illumination to which it is particu-
larly adapted, and when these condi-
tions approach the optimum one will find
the species in greatest abundance and
perfection.

Unlike the related rockweeds, kelps
are not known to reproduce by means
of sperms and eggs. The sole repro-
ductive bodies which they form are
asexual spores or gonidia, produced
sometimes in large numbers, a hundred
or more at a time, in microscopic sacs.
These sacs, intermingled with sterile
filaments, are aggregated upon special
surfaces of the laminze in patches of
more or less regular shape and size.
Such patches are known as sori. Some-
times they occur upon the ordinary

200 Postelsia

——
SL UEEEEEEEEEEEeeenael

lamina. This is the condition in Lam-
inarta, Nereocystts and other genera.
In Pterygophora sori do not occur upon
the central lamina, but only upon the
lateral pinne, while in Alaria and Egre-
gta special outgrowths of the stipe known
as sporophylls are produced, and these
are covered by the sori. In Pleuro-
phycus the soral area is limited to the
midrib of the lamina.

In color the kelps are for the most
part a rich olive-green. Deeply sub-
merged portions are commonly of 4
lighter tint, as may be’ |seen) im) (tie
holdfasts of Mereocystis. Stipes are
often darker and those of Pterygophora
are almost black. Soral patches are
frequently of a darker color, sometimes
approaching chocolate-brown, and may
easily be recognized by this character.
The lamina itself is much darker in
some varieties than in others. Thus

Postelsta 201

the very dark olive-brown Lamznaria
bongardiana may be recognized at a dis-
tance from the lighter and more olive
plants of fedophyllum with which it
is associated. In texture most of the
kelps are leathery, and large specimens
of Laminaria are much like great
leathern aprons, hence the local name
of Devil’s Apron along the eastern coast
of) North) America.) |) The texture’ of
Postelsta laminz is, however, more like
rubber, while the stipes of Lessonza and
Pterygophora are like wood when fresh,
and altogether horny when dry. The
pinne of Pterygophora, when fresh, have
the feel of thin sheets of celluloid, and
the stipe of Mereocystis is distinctly
cartilaginous.

Many of the Laminariacee are
edible, and species of the genera Alaria,
Undarta and Laminaria are gathered
in different parts of their range for food.

202 Postelsia

The plants are also utilizable as fertil-
izer, and are collected for this purpose
upon many coasts. The Chinese in
particular use quantities of kelp for
food, and bales of the dried seaweed
are an important article of export from
Japan.

Individual kelp plants begin their
lives as microscopic spherical olive-green
gonidia released in immense numbers
from the myriad sacs of the soral areas.
Carried about by the waves, they find
lodgment in some tiny crevice of the
rocks, or upon the body of some plant
already established. The little sphere
becomes divided by partitions, at first
parallel with the substratum, and de-
velops into an ovoid body somewhat
smaller than the head of a) pin and
affixed by a little circular disc, known
as the primitive disc. Thus at a wery
early age the main distinction between

Postelsta 2038

—_———-

the holdfast on the one hand and
the free portion on the other is estab-
lished. As the little kelp increases
in size, the distal portion becomes
flattened into the lamina (except in
the lower genera, such as Chorda),
while the intermediate portion of
the body remains more or less cylin-
drical and takes on the character of
stipe. | Hemispherical emergences are
formed at the base of the stipe, which
grow out, become forked repeatedly,
and affix their ends to the substratum,
thus contributing new points of anchor-
age for the plant as it grows larger
and offers greater resistance to the
surf or surge. At first the young kelps
an inch or two in height look very
much alike. Each plant at this stage
has the appearance of a small leaflet,
usually somewhat lanceolate in outline,
with a short, translucent stalk, fixed by

204 Postelstia

little rootlet-like outgrowths to the sub-
stratum. Some varieties retain this
shape throughout their lives, reaching
perhaps an enormous size. Thus Lamz-
naria saccharina increases in size until
the leaf is a foot wide and more than
six feet in length. In others the prim-
itive lamina becomes split in the grow-
ing region, which lies between the
summit of the stipe and the base of
the lamina, and the mature plant is
quite different in appearance from the
young form. By repeated splitting of
the lamina, the hollow, massive stipe of
Postelsia, a foot or so in height, comes
to bear a tuft of a hundred or more
slender, lanceolate, furrowed leaflets, giv-
ing to the plant somewhat the aspect
of a miniature palm, hence its common
designation as the ‘‘sea palm.” Simi-
lar repeated splittings in the closely
related (Vereocystis result in the produc-

a

i

Postels

PLATE XXIIl.—

Rocks covered with Alaria and Hedophyllum.

Postelsta 205

—

————EE,

tion, on the bulbous end of the stipe,
of two groups of ribbon-like leaves six
inches or so in width and twenty-five
or thirty feet in length. In Lessonza
the splitting results in a tree-like system
of branches, the ultimate branchlets of
which are produced terminally as slender,
flat leaflets, and the whole plant may
be six feet in length or more.

Not only by the longitudinal split-
ting which has been described and the
subsequent growth and differentiation of
the parts do the mature forms come to
differ from the young in general appear-
ance, but also in some genera by the
regular production of outgrowths upon
the stipe or lamina or upon both. In
Pterygophora, for example, the young
plant is of the ordinary simple unilami-
nate appearance, but after it has be-
come a few inches in length out-
growths appear right and left upon

206 Postelsta

the stipe below the base of the lamina,
and these develop into leaf-like pinnz
reaching a length, in vigorous plants, of
three or four feet. Successive pinnz
are developed in acropetal order until
the plant comes to consist of a mass-
ive| trunk two: or) three) imekes)iim
diameter, bearing at) the \emdaj)iamee
tuft of ribbon-like leaves with eroded
apices, only one of which, the central
lamina, was originally established as
such. In Alarza tufts of small lamine
or sporophylls are produced upon the
stipe below the main leaf. In 4gvegza
innumerable small outgrowths arise both
upon the stipe and upon the lamina,
some of those upon the stipe becom-
ing inflated into bladders which serve
to buoy up the organ, others giving
rise to soral patches, while those upon
the lamina contribute to the _ starch-
making tract of the plant. When ma-

Dostelsta 207

——<—_——.

ture, the Agregia plant in which the
process of longitudinal splitting has
also gone on looks like a tuft of fringed
straps, thirty or more arising from a
single holdfast and prolonged twelve
or fifteen feet into the water.
Another modification of the primi-
tive leaf which should be mentioned is
the perforation which takes place in
lamine of Agarum and Thalassiophyllum,
so that the mature frond has the appear-
ance of a porous plaster. Agarum, in-
deed, is known as the ‘‘sea colander”
on account of this peculiarity. In Cos-
taria and Dictyoneuron the lamina be-
comes strongly ribbed or reticulated,
while in many of the genera the lamina,
at first thin and homogeneous, becomes
at an earlier or later age provided
with a midrib. In some of the species
the general surface of the lamina
‘remains smooth, as in all the young

208 Postelsia

forms, while in others as the plants
increase in age the lamina becomes
characteristically wrinkled, ribbed or
furrowed. Such lamine are beautifully
displayed in Eisenia, Macrocystis and
Postelsia.

Anatomically the kelps offer many
points of special interest. At a very
early age the epidermis is differentiated
from the cortical tissues within, and
almost as soon a distinction arises
between the pith and the area sur-
rounding it. Branches of the holdfast
are not provided with pith. This area
is similarly developed in stipe and
lamina. Anatomically the stipe and
lamina are fundamentally alike, thus
indicating that they should be taken to-
gether and considered in contradistinc-
tion to the holdfast. The principal
areas may be characterized briefly as
follows: The epidermis is composed of

Postelsia

PLATE XXIV.— Plant of Dictyoneuron.

Postelsta 209

small quadrate cells with dense chroma-
tophores. The outer cortex, comprising
those layers underneath the epidermis
of similar appearance with it, is distin-
Suiswed irom the inner cortex by the
much larger cells and less copious con-
tems ol the latter, Uhe inner cells’, of
the inner cortex are often somewhat
peculiar. Thus, in Wereocystis they are
extended into thermometer-tube-like
sieve) tubes.) Cells of this. character
apevalso found in. Afacrocystzs., In
Pterygophora the innermost cortical cells
ane ‘sclerenchymatous. | The pith is
composed of a web of loosely anasto-
mosing filaments embedded in gelatine.
In bulbs of Nereocystis, in which the
cavity 1s produced by the distension of
the upper part of the stipe, with des-
truction of the pith, remnants of the
pith may often be found, looking like
cobwebs stretched over the inner wall

210 Postelsia

of the bladder. In the pith-web many
of the anastomosing tubes are joined
by flaring ends: These are (the age
called trumpet-hyphz. Reserve food
material is often stored in) the) pitm

Different genera of kelps have their
anatomical peculiarities; thus, in some,
mucilage ducts are formed in the
cortex, while in others they are quite
absent. In some, secondary thickening
of the stipe occurs. This is\/truejor
perennial forms, such as Lessonza and
Pterygophora. Many of the _ largest
kelps, however, are annuals, and in
these, ¢« g. in Nereocystis, secondary
thickening will not be found. In Lesso-
nia or Pterygophora cross sections of
the stipe show rings of growth, in gen-
eral appearance not unlike those of an
exogenous tree. As a matter on) i4ee
they are produced in a manner pecul-
iar to the kelp, but im so fan asi eney

Posteltsia 911

are the expression of a rythmical in-
crease in thickness, they may be com-
pared with the growth rings of land
plants.) Such secondary thickening
takes place in the holdfast of Pterygo-
phora as well as in the stipe.

Even in the soral areas some ana-
tomical differences can be discovered
which will serve to individualize the
different genera. Thus, in JVereocystis
the cuticular lamella, which is thrown
off as the epidermal cells prolong them-
selves into paraphyses with basal lat-
eral spore-sacs, separates in a contin-
uous plate and has the appearance of
an exceedingly diaphanous membrane.
In Pterygophora and Lessonia the cuti-
cle under these circumstances becomes
separated in the form of caps, one of
which surmounts each spore sac and
becomes greatly thickened. Differ-
ences, too, in the’ shape and size of

a9 Postelsia

od
ee

the soral components and in the
average number of gonidia seem to be
constant for the different species.
Inasmuch as the same problems of
maintenance confront kelps and large
land plants, one is not surprised to
find similar physiological tissues in both
kinds of organisms. Thus both have
the limiting layer, the epidermis; both
the photosynthetic areas, the chloro-
phyll-containing cells; both the strength-
ening areas and skeletal apparatus, with-
standing the shock of the waves in
one instance and the impact of the
wind in the other; both the conduc-
tion paths, the reserve tissues and the
Sporogenous tracts. Indeed, the con-
ditions are not so very different after
all, for land plants may be regarded
as submerged in the atmospheric ocean,
subject to its currents, changes in den-
sity and temperature, just as plants

aes

i

Postels

PLATE XXV. — Reef with Fringe

of

Postelsia.

Postelstia 213

of the sea are submerged in the watery
ocean.

The following genera of kelps are
knewn to occur in the Straits of
Muca or in the immediate) vicinity:
Chorda, Alaria, Agarum, Thalassio-
phyllum, Laminaria, Hedophyllum, Pleu-
vophycus, Pterygophora, Eisenia, Cyma-
there, Costaria, Lessonia, Postelsia,
Nereocystis, Dictyoneuron, Macrocystis
and Lgregia. In this group all the
tribes of the family are represented,
and it includes forms from the simplest
and lowest to the most complex and
highly differentiated. It will be desir-
dible to! take up) in order and), briefly
characterize each generic type.

Chorda. Here are included twine-
shaped kelps without distinction between
stipe and lamina. The lower part of
the frond is solid, the upper hollow.
The plant when growing resembles

214 Postelsia

loose, irregular coils of heavy olive-
green cord.

Alaria. ‘The laminz are often very
long, up to fifty feet. They are) ous.
vided with a strong midrib, and carry
on the stipe, right and left, tutts ‘on
sporophylls. One variety at the Sea-
side Station is abundant upon reefs
just offshore, and another is found
intermingled with Postelsta, and grow-
ing as a surf plant.

Agarum. The broad leaves of
Agarum are provided with a distinct
midrib, and are perforated with large
numbers of circular or elliptical holes.

Thalassiophyllum. In the matter of
perforations the plants classified here
resemble Agarum, but there is no mid-
rib, and the leaf is somewhat one-sided
in appearance.

Laminaria. The frond is broadly
leaf-like, without perforations, lateral

Postelstia 215

outgrowths or distinct midrib. There
is a well-marked stipe, and the sori are
somewhat irregularly disposed upon the
Sumace oi the leaf.

Fledophyllum. ‘The leaves are almost
sessile upon the holdfast, and spread
out like those of a cabbage. Other-
wise the plants closely resemble the
type of Laminaria.

Pleurophycus. Here is classified a
Laminaria-like plant with wrinkled leaf
and strong, wide, strap-like midrib, upon
which the sori are produced.

Pterygophora. This is a_ perennial
plant, the stipe of which becomes very
strong and massive, and shows distinct
rings of growth. At the tip is borne a
single leaf with indistinct midrib and
ereded tip. Springing from the stipe
below this terminal lamina are numer-
ous ribbon-like leaves with rounded

216 Postelsta

——

ends, without midribs, and with irreg-
ular sori basally disposed.

Ezsenia. The short, stout stipe is
forked, and each division bears termi-
nally a tuft of wrinkled, serrate leaves
a foot or more in length. The general
habit of the plant is much like that
of Postelsta, from which it can be
distinguished by the strong forking of
the stem and the much greater size
and length of the leaflets.

Cymathere. From a small, disc-
shaped holdfast, springs a long, slender,
ribbon-like lamina with short stipe and
a triplicate longitudinal fold along the
middle.

Costarza. The leaves are broad,
very much wrinkled and often perfo-
rate. There are commonly five strong
longitudinal ribs, three of which are
prominent on the upper surface and
two on the lower.

Postelsia

PLATE XXVI.— Plants of Alaria.

Postelsia alive

Lessonia. The stipe is very strong
and massive and is repeatedly forked
into branches and branchlets. Each
ultimate branchlet carries a slender,
elongated lamina, some of which are
provided with midribs, others without.
Postelsta. From a strong holdfast
-rises a tubular stipe a foot or so in
height, upon the end of which is
borne two close tufts of slender
wrinkled laminz up to three or four
inches im length, or even more. The
plant is characteristically a_ surf
plant.

Nereocystts. The general habit is
something like that of Ezsenza and Pos-
telsta, but the stipes grow to a great
length in the deeper waters offshore,
becoming swollen at the summit into
bladders, or pneumatocysts, sometimes
six inches in diameter. Upon the top
of the bladder, ribbon-like leaves often

218 Postelsia

ee
es

several yards in length are produced ©

in two tufts.

Dictyoneuron. A peculiarity of this
genus is the gradual dying away of
the stipe, which, however, forks repeat-

edly, separating the laminz, which are

reticulated somewhat as in Costaria,
but much slenderer.

Macrocystis. From the strong hold-
fast arises commonly a stipe which forks
once or more in the ordinary manner,
but all subsequent splittings of the
lamina are one-sided, giving rise to
extremely long (up to a thousand feet),
rope-like branches, at regular intervals,
upon which are borne the wrinkled
laminz, each provided with a _ pneu-
matocyst at its base. | :

Evregia. This plant, which is the
highest of the kelps, produces, from its
strong holdfast, short, forked stipes,
which are prolonged into slender, strap-

Postelsia 919

shaped ultimate branches, upon the
tips of which the wrinkled laminz are
Boric,’ not at first clearly to be dis-
tinguished from the strap-shaped stipe.
Great numbers of lateral outgrowths
are produced, those upon the stipe
beme many of them developed as
swimming bladders, or as sporophylls,
while those upon the margins of the
lamina neither become swollen nor give
rise to sori.

Of the preceding genera Azsenza
is perhaps the least abundant in the
Straits of Fuca. Specimens have been
reported, however, from the Sound, and
fragments ascribed to this genus were
collected during the winter of 1901
near Victoria. Thalassiophyllum does
not seem to be particularly abundant,
and only a few specimens of Chorda
have been seen from this locality. The
others are all decidedly abundant, and

220 Postelsta

the more highly organized forms, such
as Lessonia, Postelsia, Macrocystis and
Egregia, are everywhere displayed in
their special habitats. Few groups of
plants are more admirable as objects
of study than the kelps, for not only
are they interesting in themselves, but
they illustrate with extraordinary clear-
ness and simplicity many of the
important laws of structure, function,
adaptation and geographical distribu-
tion. Situated as it is, the Minnesota
Seaside Station should become a cen-
ter for the investigation of these re-
markable organisms of the sea.

Ander

Acanthopeltis japonica, = - = - - 186
Acer - - - - - - 64
—glabrum- - - ~ - - 36
Acetabularia, - - - - - 129, 188
—crenulata Lamour, - - - 125
Achillaea lanulosa, - - - - =O
Adenocystis, - - - - - 197
Agarum, - - = - 207, 203. 204
—turneri, - - - - 184, 190
Agropyron, - - - = - 2527
Ahnfeltia concinna, - - - - 155
Alaria, TH4))'1.97;) E90, 195, 198,) 200) 201), 206, 213) 214
—crassifolia, - - = - 184
—esculenta, - - - - - 6
—fistulosa, - - ~ - - 184
Alisma, - - - - - Sg
Allium, - - - - - - 44
Amansia, - - - - - L24") 172
—glomerata, - - - - 143
Amaranthus, - - ~ - - HI ey
Amphiroa cretacea, - - - 184, 190
—rigida, - - - - - 189
Anabzna, - - - - - 149
—variabilis, = - - = - 168
Anadyomene, - - - - - 129
Andropogon halii, - - - - = 120
Anthoceros, - - - - - 68
Aphanothece negelii, = - = - 153
—prasina, - - - - - 146

Aquilegia coerulea - - - - = Ma

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, = - - 2 a
Arenaria sajanensis, - - = ‘y :

Argemone, - - 5 - - - 25, 231m
Arnica, - = = = = 34, 51
Artemisia, - - 3 - - 26,27, 30
Arthrothamnus, - - + - 184, 190
Asparagopsis sanfordiana, - - - - 143
Asplenium, - - = - - - 39
—nidus, - - - - ~ 166
Astragalus, - - = - - 22, 32
Aster, - - = - - - 30, 44
Avrainvillea longicaulis - - - - 126
Berberis aguifolium, - - - - 36
Bidens, - - - - - SA 77)
Boodlea coacta, - - = - - 188
Bougainvillea, - - - - - - 138
Bouteloua, = 2 i ; 7 25
Brachycladia australis, - - - - 187
Bryopsis, - = - - - 172
Callophyllis japonica, - - = - - 186
Campanula, - - - - - 44
Campylephora hypnoides, - - - 14, 186
Castilleja, - - - = = - 46
Caulerpa, > - - - 124, 120, 172, \188
—anceps, - - - - - 186
—okamurai, - - - - - 189
—racemosa, = = - - 186
—taxifolia, - - - - =. An
Ceratodictyon spongioides, - - - 188
Cercocarpus, - - - - - 32, 36
Chamezdoris, = - es - = 129
Chamenerion~ - - - - = miso:
—angustifolium, - - - - 43
Chara, - - - - - 146, 168
Chenopodium ambrosioides,_ - - - = 026
Chlorodesmis comosa, - - - - 188

Chondrococcus japonicus, - - - - 186

Chondrus crispus, - -
—elatus, -
—ocellatus, - =

Chorda, - -

Chordaria abietina, =

Chylospora jungermannioides,

Cladonia, - -

Cladophora, - -
—composita contracta,
—montagnei waianeana,

Cleome, = =

Codium adherens, - 2
—lindenbergii, -
—mammilosum, =
—mucronatum,
—tomentosum, -

Conferva, - -
—sandwicensis, -

Constantinea, - =
—rosa marina, -

Corallina, = -
—officinalis, 2

Costaria, - as -

—turneri, - -
Cryptogramma, -
Cycas, - - -
Cylindrospermum, =
Cymathere, - -
Cymopolia,
Cystophyllum fusiforme, -
Dasiphora fruticosa, -
Dasycladus claveformis, -
Datura arborea -
Delesseria crassiforia, -

—serrulata, .
Delisea pulchra, = =
Desmarestia aculeata, -

—ligulata, - -

=) LOZ, (203.2135) 200
7 5 5, 185
- 188
2 i a6
SAE, TAQ tO?

- - - 142
- - 142

- 20;)'27;) 28, 26
~ - 142

= - 4, 186
- - 186

fF F 4, 189
- - 142

- - - 162
- - 146

- - - 190
- = 184
124, 129
3 i I4

= Mi BOO, ZO7 236 216
71 LOA.) EGO
A rm Asoo
‘ 2» 78

- - - 168
- 213, 216

= male 124
- SiO Oy,

Fi i 43, 50
- - 125

- = - 156

- - 184
= - - 184
- - 186
- - - 184
= - 184

Dictyoneuron, -
Dictyospheria,
—favulosa,
Dictyota, -
Digenia simplex,
Diploderma,
Draba, -
Dryas octopetala,
Ecklonia bicycles,
Ecklonia cava,
Edwinia, -
Egregia, -
Eisenia, .

Elephantella groenlandica,

Enteromorpha,

—intestinalis,

—linza,
Equisetine, -
Erigeron,
Eriogonum, -

—umbellatum,

—hallii,
Erysimum,

Euphorbia marginata, -

Filicine, -
Fucus, - -

—evanescens,

—wrightii,
Funaria, =
Galaxaura, =

—actinotrichia,

Gaura coccinea,
Gelideum, -
—corneum,
Gentiana, -
Geranium, 2
Gilia inconspicua,
Ginkgo, - -

- 208,

207) ZI 3 N2io

- - 187

32, 36, 37, 52
207, 213, 218, 220
213,\ 210, 217, 219

. * 34h
26, 27 2a w2e
= = 70
- - 198
- 184, IQI
- 184, 190
= i * 45
I24, 129, 143, 188

4 - 30
78, 79, 82, 84

Gleocapsa quaternata, - -

Gloeothece fuscolutea, - - - - 147
Gloiopeltis calliformis, - - - - 15
Gnetum, - - - - 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85
Gracilaria confervoides, - : - - 14
—domingensis, - - - - =i) (as
Graminez, - - - - - - 25
Grateloupia affinis, - - - . aS
—filicina, = > - - 15
Grindelia, - = = - 25, 27, 29, 30
Gutierrezia, - . - - - - Vvels
Halicoryne wrightii, - - - - - 188
Halimeda, - = = = 2 124, 129
—tuna, - = - - - I41, 188
Hedophyllum, - - . LOS, 201, 203) 205
Hibiscus, - - - - - - 138
Hordeum, - - - - = - 30
Hormiscia, - : - - - - 157
Hydroclathrus cancellatus, - - - 142, 187
Hydrodictyon reticulatum, - - - - 146
Iva, - - - = - aia 2A, 20
Kalmia glauca, - - - : =) 46
Lacinaria, - = - - - - 37
Kaminania) (-/ 6, 8, 9, 1, 16, 17, 184, 187, 190, TOL
- - - LOS, 200), 201,213, 204/205
—angusta, - - - - - 7
—bongardiana, - - - - 201
—japonica, - - - - - a
—radicosa, - - - - SH) qa OT,
—saccharina, - - - - 204
Lantana, - - - - - - 153
Lappula, = = - < - aes
Laurencia, - - - - - - 124, 187
Lessonia, LOAN LOO, UGO7 2004 205) 2LO, 211,203) | 2h7,, 220
Leucocrinum, - - - - - 34
—montanum, - - = - 1) eee
Liagora, - - - - =) £29, 0431) LSS
—decussata, - - . 128; 129), 230

Linnza borealis, - - - - - 46

Lithospermum, - - : = = gia
Lycopodine, - - - - - 69
Lycopodium, - - - - - 85, 141
Lyngbya, - - - - - = 166
Macrocystis, - - 196, 208, 209, 213, 218, 220
Marchantia, - = : - 39, 43, 68, 69
Martensia, - - = = = 173
—australis, - - - - - 186
Medicago sativa, - : - - - 25
Mentzelia, = 2 = - - i 25 a
Mertensia alpina, - - - 2 - 48 4
—-sibirica, - - - - =) WAG #
Mesogloia decipiens, 5 - - - 6 {
Microdictyon, - . - - - 133 8
—umbilicatum, - - - - 141
Moneses uniflora, - - - - - 46)
Monostroma, - - - - - 171
Mormordica charantia, - - - - - 104
Nelumbo, - - - ° - 64, 74
Nemalion lubricum, - - - - = iA ae
Nereocystis, - 184, 196, 198, 200, 201, 204, 200,
- - - - 210, 20 E, Quo eng
Nostoc, - - - - - 153, 168
—commune, - - - - - 169
—verrucosum, . - - - 170
Nuytsia floribunda, - : - - - 63
Odonthalia dentata, - - - - 184
Oedogonium, - : ~ - 162, 166
Ophioglossum pendulum, - - - - 156
Opulaster, = - - - - DiiimaieS:
Orobanchacez, - - - - - 81
Oscillatoria, - - - . - 149, 166
Padina, - - - - - 124, 129
—pavonia, - - - - 142, 189
Pedicularis, - - - - - 46
Polemonium confertum, - - - - 48

Peltigera, - - - - - - +40

Pelvetia wrightii, - - - - 184, 190

Penicillus, - - - - - - 129
—capitatus, - - - - eel)
Pentstemon, - - - 34) 37,1445) 40, 51
—secundiflorus, - - - - -43
Petalostemon, - - - - - 35
Pteridium, - - - - - - 39
Phacelia glandulosa, - - - - Sana: te)
Phormidium, = - - - - 149
Phyllitis, - - - - - - 6
—fascia, - - - - - 5
Phlox, - - - - - SNE
Physaria, - - - - - - 37)
—didymocarpa, - - - =O
Pithophora, - = - - - 149, 173
Pleurophycus, - - - = 200, 213, 215
Poa, - - - - - - 23
Polygonum, - - - - THEE Waearayl ea)
—hbistortoides, - - - - 46
Polytrichum, - - - - - Si ees
Populus tremuloides, - - - - 50
Porphyra, . - - = 5 VOM LOD nT LOS
Postelsia, — - 1QS)) ZOL,''204,/ 208, 2037214, 210) 217 2200)
Potentilla, - - - - - =F AiO
Primula parryi, - - - - - 46
Prionitis angusta, - - - - - 186
Psilotum triquetrum, - - : - 170
Pterygophora, LOS; 200; ZOL,/ 205,209; 210; Zur) 2139205
Pulsatilla, - - - - - 32, 37
—hirsutissima, - - - - 50
Pyrola, - - - - - 46, 50
Rafflesiacez, - - - - - 81
Rhus rydbergii, - - - - Siam
—trilobata, - - - - - 32
ules)! = - - - - - 32, 36, 37
Riccia, - - - - - - 68
Roripa, - - - - - Sey)

Rubus deliciosus,_ - - - - - 38

Rumex, - - 7 = - = 27, 30

Salvia lanceolata, - = = - us 26
Sarcodia, - - - = 2 =) Quem
Sargassum, - - Q, 124, 120, 142) 187 eoo

—bacciferum, - “ 2 H 89, OI

—var. angustum, - - - x oI

—duplicatum, = - - - 188

—enerve, - - = : 9

—polyphyllum, - : u z 173
Saxifraga, - - - - = - 48
Scytonema, - = - > 152, 166
Sedum rhodanthum,~ - - - - ahi sata
Selaginella, = - - - 40, 73, 85
Senecio, - - - - - 35; 37,
Silene acaulis, - - - - - 48
Sitanion, = - = = 5 Me

—brevifolium, - - - - 26
Solanum, = - - ; - Sie

—rostratum, - - - - 26
Sophia, - - . - - =.) 25
Sphagnum, - - = - - 45, 69
Stenogramma interrupta, = 5 ; - 184
Stephanotis, - - - - - 138
Stigeoclonium, - - - - 152, 168
Stipa, - 5 - 2 - - 25
Suhria japonica, - - - - = EOF
Thalassiophyllum, - - 183,° 190,207, 2103, 25a) 250
Thermopsis, - - - - - = aa
Tichocarpus crinitus, - - - - IQI
Tolypothrix, - - - - - Beasts:
Turbinaria, - - - - 124, 129

—ornata, - - - - - 142
Udotea, - - - - - 124, 129
Ulopterix, - - = - - - 186
Ulva lactuca, - - - - - 4

—reticulata, - - - - - 188
Undaria, - - - - - - 201

—pinnatifida, - - - “ 6, 186

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