—

Di Atte Bes
Pyne inate

settee -

ee YS ak >

eee eras

PPPS a tits ee

ater asthe ate ts wee TS Oe ae

Age See ie oS
- OO eae OPT ees

Ng Pacer haber SSPE Naee
pee rae ae

pn Ee
pene Se ow

ere intel
Ot bade
. ae

Ay aetata tet eats

’

pg eta

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

vs GO)
ES

LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

’

¥ Aus ria | rhe > iy
» Lets ae

a
ia | - R
Gs i ,.er p3
ols :
: iw “4 4
» nie
(8 5 ha .
=a? ; F
re
. os ¢
‘
}é 2 ep
a ia
™ @ ae
: - 7 A -
J et) ee) A pee

act eGR
IPR. = * «

®-t

ey vier te i!

MUS, COMP, ZOOL!
1. /BRARY

Ser & 1984

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY
bore HD

PrEazgopy Museum or Natura. History

YALE UNIVERSITY
Number 82 June 5, 1964 New Haven, Conn.

A ‘TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE DISTINCT A
GROUP OF THE WOLF-SPIDER GENUS PARDOSA
IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
(ARANEIDA, LYCOSIDAE)

Beatrice R. Voce’

Universiry oF CoLtorapo Museum, Bounper, CoLorapo

INTRODUCTION

The distincta group of the genus Pardosa in America north
of Mexico is a group of six closely related species. Their phy-
letic relationship is indicated by similar color pattern and geni-
tal morphology, and five of the six species occupy the ‘‘same”
habitat. Five of the species, P. montgomeryi, P. orophila, P.
utahensis, P. xerophila and P. yavapa are found in the Rocky
Mountain states from New Mexico north through Wyoming.
P. distincta is found throughout the Rocky Mountains, includ-
ing Canada, and eastward to New England. While P. distincta is
one of the most frequently encountered Pardosa species in the
Rocky Mountains, the other five species of the group are rarely
seen because of their size and restricted choice of habitat. This
paper is a taxonomic review of the group.

1 Present address: Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.

2 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

The author wishes to express her deepest appreciation to Dr.
W. J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural History
for his kind help and suggestions and for the loan of specimens
from the Museum’s collections. The author would like also to
express her appreciation to Dr. H. G. Rodeck of the University
of Colorado Museum and to the Graduate School of the Uni-
versity of Colorado for their support of her research; to Dr.
Harriet Exline (Mrs. D. L. Frizzell) for reading the manu-
script and suggestions; to Dr. U. N. Lanham and Mr. C. J.
McCoy for criticism of the manuscript; and to Dr. C. L.
Remington of Yale University for assistance in its preparation
and publication. Thanks are also extended for the loan of col-
lecticns by: Dr. H. W. Levi of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard University, including paratypes of P.
utahensis; and Dr. D. H. Lowrie of the Los Angeles State
College of Applied Arts and Sciences. Much of the material
examined was collected by the author during 1961-1963 for the
University of Colorado Museum, and is cn loan to the author.
Specimens of each of the species (except P. montgomeryi) are
being deposited at the Yale Peabody Museum.

DISCUSSION

The distincta group as defined here includes the following
species: Pardosa distincta, P. montgomeryi, P. orophila, P.
utahensis, P. xerophila; and P. yavapa. These six species are
characterized by a distinctly light median longitudinal band on
the dorsal side of both cephalothorax and abdomen, in at least
the females; melanism sometimes obscures this marking in the
males. The median band begins near the posterior end of the
ocular quadrangle and extends caudad the length of the spider.
The edges of the median band are rather sharply delineated
from the bordering dark bands. There is usually a pair of
lighter bands ectal to the dark bands on the cephalothorax,
which are in turn bordered by dark bands, more or less narrow,
at the edge of the carapace. Laterally, the abdomen is lighter,
but there are no well-defined lateral bands. At the anterior end
of the abdomen, in the median band over the heart, is a dia-
mond-shaped mark, with its anterior corner truncated. The
diamond is outlined in dark gray, brown or black, and its

ser s 1964

HARVARD
June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa \AN\VERSIT3.

interior may be dark or the color of the median band. The
males of P. distincta, P. xerophila and P. yavapa sometimes
have enough melanism to obscure the median band, especially
on the abdomen, but occasionally on both tagmata. Even so, the
characteristic pattern is apparent on immature males, or in
mature males at the beginning of their ultimate instar.

Close similarities of genital structure also characterize the
group. The terms used for the male palpus are the conventional
ones, and the terms used to describe parts of the female geni-
talia are shown in figures 1 and 2.

The epigynum is characterized by a median guide elevated
above the epigynal plate (that is, toward the viewer in a ventral
view), and the basal portion of the guide is expanded for about
14 to 24 the length of the guide. At the anterior end of the
median guide is a small hood which extends over the guide. The
lateral sides of the epigynum are not elevated above the abdo-
men and the epigastric plate has no rim other than the hood.
The openings to the internal structures are covered by the
expanded base of the median guide. The two halves of the
reproductive system are not connected by a common atrium. The
darker sclerotization of the internal parts of the reproductive
system shows through the epigastric plate, ventral view. In a
dorsal view, the atria are above (toward the viewer) the lateral
portions of the basal expansions of the median guide. The atria
connect to the seminal receptacles which are at about a 45°
angle to the longitudinal axis of the animal. Deviations are in
P. orophila where they make a greater angle with the axis, and
in P, yavapa where the angle is less. The seminal receptacles
are somewhat dumbbell-shaped, and their anterior ends lie
parallel to the longitudinal axis.

The median apophysis of the male palpus is quite long and
slants diagonally across the ventral side to the distal end of the
palpus. The tip of the median apophysis turns dorsad, just over
the edge of the cymbium. The median apophysis is more or less
curved at the middle, or with a bulge about the middle of its
length. There is a short hook-shaped process at the base of the
median apophysis which is turned ventrally. The embolus is
of moderate length, slender, and crosses the palpus at about the
middle, at right angles to the long axis of the palpus. The tegu-

4. Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

hood

epigynal plate

anterior shank ; ;
median guide

expanded base

internal structure

epigastric furrow

seminal receptacle
atrium

fertilization duct

Figure 1. Epigynum (diagrammatic), ventral.
Figure 2, Epigynum (diagrammatic), dorsal.

lum is cup-shaped and partly encircles the base cf the median
apophysis. The patella of the pedipalp is not particularly
enlarged, and the palpus is not conspicuously hairy.

The spiders of the distincta group are small, with average
length about 5 mm, but individuals of P. distincta 7 mm long
are commonly encountered. P. distincta is found in moist hab-
itats: marshes, stream margins or meadows which remain green.
P. orophila, P. utahensis and P. yavapa are found generally
on dry slopes, underneath pine trees. There is no obvious dif-
ference in habitat preference of these species, and any of them
may be found in suitable location within their ranges. P. yavapa
is found alone where the pine needle litter is two or three inches
deep, or with P. orophila or P. utahensis where the pine litter

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 5

does not prevent growth of grass or other vegetation. In
Boulder County, Colorado, the writer has taken P. orophila
only in the company of P. yavapa, although there sometimes
appears to be local segregation. P. utahensis is usually found
alone, but it may occur with P. yavapa. P. utahensis can be
found on open prairies and under sage brush, as well as in pine
forests. Of the four species mentioned above, P. wtahensis tole-
rates the hottest, driest conditions. P. orophila and P. utahensis
do not seem to occur together. Near forest streams, it is possible
to collect P. distincta, P. utahensis and P. yavapa together, at
least in adjacent microhabitats. The isolating mechanisms of
the species must be ethological and mechanical. No hybrids have
been reported, although these species have ample geographic
and seasonal opportunity to hybridize. P. montgomeryi and
P. xerophila are not included in the above discussion since the
author has had no field experience with them. Dr. Gertsch states
(personal communication) that they occupy the same dry hab-
itat in a pine forest as does P. yavapa. Throughout the common
range of these three species, sympatric occurrence of any two
species is more common than solitary occurrence of a species.
Occasionally all three occur together.

The distincta group is closely related to several other species
of Pardosa. P. delicatula, P. milvina, P. mulaiki and P. pauxilla
are all small spiders and have epigyna similar to those in the
distincta group. P. delicatula and P. milvina may be excluded
because the palpi of the males of these two species are unlike
the palpi of the distincta group. The palpi of males of P.
mulaiki and P. pauwilla are similar to those of the distincta
group, but their median apophyses are quite short, not reaching
the edge of the cymbium. The distincta group is thus limited to
the six species which resemble one another in the genitalia of
both sexes, in color pattern, habitat, and frequent sympatric
occurrence.

Selected measurements of the species are given in Table 1.
The figure given is the average of measurements taken from ten
specimens (unless otherwise noted) which were collected at the
same time from one place. An ocular rule was used for measur-
ing, not permitting accuracy greater than tenths of millimeters.
Measurements of eye relationships have been omitted because

N
ore
6
7,
Ss 06
Z9 G9
= 19 9
(=|
oe
4 G9 99
= 9 Lg
>
a sG €9
Ha) e 5
3 6S Z9
Vv
Ay
ue :
c oF 60
al
8
=
eg 09 6'9
A)
je)
a
6L zs
OL 6'L
Gy Lh
OL eh
So IW 4eT) <1 4e7

vEGL any
ayy MM Arey dure)
0) 91930 “XUW MUN

OFEL AINE 8

Av NOW
JOH “SOU FIN OVUM
‘O.) oypordy “7INV
296 ALIN 06
ssundg ope.oply
OY) L9p[Mog “O'TOOD

6961 Pun,’ 6T
topinog “MS Ta 7
‘O) topmnog “O'IOD

6961 euny’ 6

ssundg opraoply
‘OD Jepinog ‘O'1OD

cool A[ne

yard S.lopysny

‘OD MIO) “ZIUMV
vE6l Bny

OY M Arey dure)
0) 91930 “XUW MAN

Z96L PUN, ZZ-61
ayR'T pnqosoy seg
‘0D uoqi®) “LNOW

ZOGT AINE 8
OPUOJUY “MW “IW EZ
‘09 sofou0) ‘O'1OD

GT 0% — oS i I P ppydosan’ gy
61 9S 8°P g'¢ GG i 5 vpydosan gy
91 0% VE Lv cv Ol P wvdvanli"g
Ll GG 8b gg 0G Or 6 vdvanlig
oT 6 VP Ig 8h OL RP sisuaynyng
9'T $% 8p 6S ZG OL G& sisuayvjn
9'T VG UV 8'P EP OL 2 npydoso* gy
9'T LZ SP 9g 0G OL 6 npydoso'g
ST 61 Ge 6 Ve Pp 2 wMsamohpuow * gq
GT Cie jicte! ZG Gp } 6 twhsawmohjuou Gg
0% 9% oF ug a ol Po wjoursyp "qd
0% Va 6b TL 9G Ol & 9}9UL8IP “
‘1 CZ at Vg 8h Ol P wyoUnssip
ST VG Lv v9 VE Or 5 ppoUnpsip
qapIa Yysu9] “Ulu *xPul Yue, ON x98 Y sorodg AypRoo'T
soedeiey sovdeieg ‘Atpuy *AIPUT [e810],

(WU UT d4e SyUBTIAINsRoUl [[e) *T

WTA J,

i~

G-G-G

GGG

I Bq}

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa

uoryeurds
“yuo A

ie |

I PII
-yed
vIqhy,

PP vpydosax

& vprydowaeg

2 wvdvank “g
: 6 vdvavh-g

2 sisueynin |
& siswayn]n *]

P npydo.so*g
& vpydoso’g

2 hsamohyuout *

& whsaumohyuou *

2 wpourssyp “d

PQ mpounssip ‘d
§ wyourysip “d

be6l Jny
ayy MM Arey dure)
0) 91930 “XHIN MUN
OVGL A[NE 8

AIP N OTA
JOH “SOU “VA PFU M
‘OD oyoedy “71M V
B9GT AVIA 02%
ssundg ope.opl sy
‘OD tepmnog “O'TIOO

S961 eunf’ 6T
LOp[Nog “AAG “TUL p
‘O.) Loppnog ‘OTTO

S961 9unf’ 6

ssuntdg opr.oploy
0) tepfnog “O'IOD

CG6L A[ne
yleq S.lopysny
‘OD ASIYIOD “ZIWV

VE6L Bny
oy Atey dared
OD) O19O “XIN MUN

G96T PUNL’ ZZ-6L
oye] pnqosoy yseny
‘OY uoqg.ey) “LNOW

z96L Aine 8
OVUOJUY “AA “TUL EZ
‘09 sofau0D ‘O'TOD

AT suns

rT GG 9% 0% q's =
Ll 6S Ls Og Lit €'8
PT 8% id CANE: 16 a9
roam | VG 6% VG G6 a9
GT aa 8% EZ G6 G9
VT 6% O's GZ 66 V9
VT 9% 9% OG 6'8 Lg
PI LiG 6% VG G6 6G
imal 61 CG LT OL oP
al 9% LG 8% 0'6 19
Lil Gs WE 8% GTI SL
LT Oe ge 6% SII OL
oT Zs ls GZ 9 OT regh
oT eS Zs LG OTL OL
AI sns AI ®I® AT inway AT sy III Ba]
-IB], -Ivyeyo -yed »
VIQhT,

xos Y satoodg

AyI[BOO'T

(ponuryu0o) *] aATAV,

8 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

the writer feels that they are not significantly different in
this group from the genus as a whole, and ocular placement is
not one of the important characters in recognizing these species.

For the same reason measurements of labium and sternum are
omitted.

It is interesting to note the effect of latitude on the size of
P. distincta, The females in the population from about 45°N
(Carbon County, Montana) average 0.2 mm longer and the
males average 0.4 mm longer than those in the population from
about 87°N (Conejos County, Colorado). The average length
of carapace is the same for female of both groups, but the
northern males average 0.1 mm longer carapace. The legs of
the northern group are longer than the legs of the southern
group: about 0.6 mm for the first three pairs of legs, and
0.8-0.9 mm for the fourth pair. Southern males show greater
melanism than the northern ones, being generally much darker,
and the pattern more obscure. Western males, in general, are
much darker than Eastern ones, especially those from New
England. There, the males and females of P. distincta are the
the same color.

The colors given below, except for P. verophila, are from
specimens kept in alcohol not more than two years. The pat-
terns and colors are very useful in separating species, but it
must be remembered that the colors change in alcohol. While
there is normally no marked change for about five years, speci-
mens older than this tend to become brownish. Reds and yellows
are soluble in alcohol and are the first colors to change or disap-
pear. Some of the subcutaneous white markings seem fairly per-
manent, and the hair colors show little change. The basic pat-
terns can still be discerned in older specimens, even though the
colors have faded.

ARTIFICIAL KEY FOR SEPARATING THE SPECIES OF

THE DISTINCT'A Grour OF GENUS PARDOSA

1. Females 2

Males

~

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa

Or

With a bright cherry red spot posterior to eyes,
and with a mustache of white hairs on sides of
HOVERS: 2 6g hy Sie ane ae Cte ce een Etat reanonee

No spot of color posterior to eyes, or if present
never cherry red, mustache not of white hairs ...

Median band of cephalothorax tapering to nearly
OLE at POSPELION EMG. cio) o 05% beat wu olierey oer

Median band with parallel sides or tapering
slishtiy but never to a point 2. on... .2.2... 55

Heart mark on dorsal side of abdomen brown or
gray, color darker than median band ..........

Heart mark rosy or yellow, color not especially
darker than median band

Median band of abdomen posterior to heart
consisting of paired triangles or circles; expanded
base of median guide large, more than 14 the
LETS ON CLETTITV (2 Rr eae ea One er eee

Median band posterior to heart without markings ;
expanded base of median guide not large, less
than *5athe length of guide 23.0% ctry500 45

Expanded base of median guide large and round,
about 14 the length of guide; epigynal plate
small

Expanded base of median guide small and round,
about 1/3 the length of guide; epigynal plate
extensive

Median apophysis of palp large, with strong
longitudinal corrugations ; tip blunt and extending
past retrolateral margin of cymbium so as to be
conspicuous in dorsal view

Median apophysis without strong corrugations
and not conspicuous in dorsal view ..........

orophila

yavapa

or

utahensis

montgomer yi

distincta

verophila

distincta

10 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

8. With bright cherry red spot posterior to eyes:
median apophysis with slender base and promi-
Mont prmedian, -beIge. ¢.- acho cess cuss ate toe iale ee orophila

No distinct color spot posterior to eyes, or if spot
present, never bright cherry red; median
apophysis without slender base and prominent
median DORIS 5.21% «ac dion stars waa SEP 9

9. Median band of cephalothorax tapering to nearly
A POiit tk POStETiOr CNG «20 suns © eae ese ee yavapa
Median bands of cephalothorax with parallel

sides, or tapering slightly, but never to a point .. 10

10. Spider mainly dark; median band on cephalo-

thorax and abdomen not distinct ............ verophila
Spider with light and dark bands; median band
of cephalothorax and abdomen dist-nct ........ 11
11. Median apophysis of palp arched anteriorly,
without a bend at base; embolus not concealed
byateomluni +. 2sa5 be Sean eek he Gok ae ee ee utahensis
Median apophysis with a conspicuous bend at
base, not arched anteriorly; embolus generally
Comcealed “by otequluia oP ok ie selec acre were montgomeryt

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
Pardosa distincta (Blackwall)

Lycosa distincta Blackwall, J., 1846, Ann. Mag. Nat. Sci. (1)
17:32. Marx, G., 1890, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. .12:561.

Pardosa pallida K.merton, J. H., 1885, Trans. Conn, Acad. Arts
Sci. 7:496; 1902, The common spiders of the United States,
Boston:82. Peckham, G. W. 1887, J. Morph. 1:396-400, 418;
1895, Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 10:237. Marx, G., 1890.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 12:565. Banks, N., 1892, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil. (1) :68; 1895, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 8:429; 1916, Proc.
Acad Nat. Sci. Phil. 68:81 (—emertoni= distincta). Slosson, A. T.,
1898, J. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 6:248. Britcher, H. W., 1908, Proc.

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 11

Onondaga Acad. Sci. 1:129. Montgomery, T. H., 1903, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 55:653; 1904, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
56:267,271. Bryant, E. B., 1908, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1 -OG-

Pardosa emertoni Chamberlin, R. V., 1904, Canad. Ent. 36:175 (n.
nov. pro pallida Emerton, praeocc.) ; 1908, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil. 172,190. Banks, N., 1907, Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv. 31:
172,174,180; 1910, Nat. Hist. 29:570. Comstock, J. H., 1913, The
spider book, New York: 651, 653, 657. Emerton, J. H., 1920,
Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst. 12:330; 1924, Ent. News 36:12+4.
Bishop, S. C., and C. R. Crosby, 1926, J. El. Mitch. Sci. Soc.
41:209. Crosby, C. R., and S. C. Bishop, 1928, Cornell Univ.
Agr. Exp. Sta., Mem. 101:1068. Chickering, A. M., 1932, Pap.
Mich. Acad. Sci. 17:351. Chamberlin, R. V., and W. Ivie, 1933.
Bull. Univ. Utah, 23(4):49. Kaston, B. J., 19385, J. Morph.
ao 191-1936, Ent. Amer. (n:s;) 162103, 107:

Lycosa pallida Franganillo, P.. 1910, Broteria 9:12 (7?) (species
uncertain ).

Pardosa distincta Banks, N., 1910, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 72:59
(=pallida=emertoni). Petrunkevtich, A., 1911, Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. 29:570. Crosby, C. R., and S. C. Bishop, 1928,
Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper Sta. Mem. 101:1068. Chickering, A.
M., 1934, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 19:578. Gertsch, W. J., and
H. K. Wallace, 1935, Amer. Mus. Novit. 749:1. Kurata, T. B.,
1937, Canad. Field Nat. 51:115. Kaston, B. J., 1938, Bull. Conn.
Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 60:184; 1948, Bull. Conn. Geol. Nat.
Hist. Surv. 70:332, 333. Gertsch, W. J., and W. L. Jellison, 1939,
mmer. Mus. Novit. 1032:3. Levi, H. W.,.and L. R. Levi, 1951,
Zoologica 36(4) :225. Levi, H. W., and H. M. Field, 1954, Amer.
Mid) Nat. 51(2) :455. Lowrie, D: C. and ‘W- J. Gertsch, 1955,
Amer. Mus. Novit. 1736:5.

Femare. Appearance in alcohol. The general appearance of the
dorsal side of the spider is pale yellow marked with gray or brown.
Eye region dusky to about posterior eye row. Carapace generally
with five longitudinal bands; median band light, inner lateral bands
dark, outer lateral bands light, with marginal dark line. Median
band of abdomen pale yellow as on carapace, with dark grey out-
line of diamond at anterior end. Region of diamond tending to be
rosy or yellow ochre. Lateral bands of abdomen dark grey or brown.
If the spider is light enough there appears another pair of pale

12 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

outer lateral bands with indistinct edges. Ventral side of female
pale and not conspicuously marked, except for seven dark spots on
sternum between adjacent coxae of walking legs. Abdomen with
two darkish lines on posterior end, extending toward spinnerets.
Spinnerets pale. Chelicerae, palpi and legs pale and unmarked.
Abdomen with subcutaneous patches of white pigment, especially
noticeable on ventral side.

Epigynum. (figs. 5, 6) Anterior shank of median guide fairly
stout and straight-sided. Expanded base about 2/3 the length of
guide, with rounded shoulders convex anteriorly. Hood with straight
posterior edge and cordate anterior edge.

Mate. Appearance in alcohol. The male ranges in color from that
of the female, especially in eastern North America, to nearly com-
pletely black, in the southern Rocky Mountains. A pale male has.
in addition to the markings of the female, a dark V on the sternum
and the seven spots between coxae are larger and more conspicuous.
Palpi pale, but clothed with darker hairs. Ventral abdominal lines
extending farther anteriorly and heavier than in the female. Distal
end of first metatarsus sometimes with dark ring. A dark male, the
longitudinal bands of the carapace almost entirely obscured. Median
band reduced to a brownish patch at posterior end of carapace, and
outer lateral bands reduced to brownish patches; carapace otherwise
black. Abdomen dark grey, but black outline of heart and two black
bands lateral to median band discernible. Sternum entirely black or
light with black blotches. Femora black with an irridescent blue
sheen; more distal segments light or varyingly marked with black.
Melanism seems to be a secondary sexual character, since the imma-
ture males resemble the females in color. The males of P. distincta
are the most often variable in color of the species in the distincte
group, color being dependent on geography and probably on age
of instar. Some populations have males with all degrees of melanism.

Paxpus. (figs. 17, 20) Palpus with large median apophysis slant-
ing diagonally across to distal end of palpus, and extending over
edge of cymbium. Median apophysis with conspicuous bend in the
middle of its length and conspicuous longitudinal corrugations. Tip
of median apophysis turning dorsad. Terminal apophysis a small
pointed process. Tegulum rather deeply cut out around base of
median apophysis. Embolus with base near anterior end of bulb,
extending caudad, turning to cross bulb at right angles to its long
axis, tip hidden behind median apophysis.

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 13

Diagnosis: The corrugations on the median apophysis distin-
guish P. distincta from all other members of the group. The rounded
anterior lobes on the expanded base of the median guide of the
epigynum serve to distinguis’ the female from all other members
of the group. Some of the males of P. distincta may superficially
resemble P. sternalis, which is also quite black, but the palpi are
clearly different. The embolus of P. sternalis is strongly bowed in
an anterior direction as it crosses the bulb, and in P. distincta the
embolus is straight.

Type locality: Vicinity of Toronto, Canada. ( ? )

Distribution: Pardosa distincta occurs throughout the Rocky
Mountains from Arizona and New Mexico north into Alberta;
eastward across north central United States and Canada, and in
the New England states.

Data from material examined: COLORADO. Boulder Co.: numerous
localities. Chaffee Co.: O’Haver L., 11,000’, Sawatch Mts., 5 July; Cotton-
wood L., 9800’, Sawatch Mts., 10 July. Conejos Co.: 7 mi. W. Antonito, 9
July; 23 mi. W. Antonito, 9 July. Custer Co.: Beaver Crk. Springs, 3 mi.
E. Pringle, 7 Aug.; Lake Crk., 9000’, Sangre de Cristo Mts., 1-3 Aug.;
Sangre de Cristo Mts., 12 July. Douglas Co.: Cherry Crk., at Colo. Hwy.
83, 26 Apr. Eagle Co.: 3 mi. NE. Dowd, 29 July. Fremont Co.: Hayden Crk.,
7900’, Sangre de Cristo Mts., 11 July. Gilpin Co.: Lump Gulch, 1 Aug.
Grand Co.: 1 mi. E, Fraser, 20 June; Troublesome Crk., 11 July. Gunnison
Co.: numerous localities. Hinsdale Co.: 45 mi. W. Creede, 10,000’, 16 July;
San Cristobal L., 9200’, San Juan Mts., 2 Aug.; 3 mi. E, Slumgullion Pass,
12,000’, 6 July; Lake Fork of Gunnison R., 13 mi, SW. Lake City, 12,000’,
7 July; 6 mi. SE. Lake City, 12,800’, 29 June, Jackson Co.: 5 mi. S, Walden,
11 July. Jefferson Co.: 10 mi. SE. Bailey, 12 June. Laramie Co.: Laramie
R. Valley, Medicine Bow Mts., July. Mesa Co.: 7 mi. S. Glade Park, 21
June; Mud Sprgs., Pinyon Mesa, 8 June, 22 June. Mineral Co.: Creede,
9000’, 8 July; North of Creede, July. Montrose Co.: Buckeye Res., 5 mi.
NE. Paradox, 19 May, 24 June, Park Co.: 5 mi. W. Bailey, U.S. 85, 8 July;
14 mi. E. Fairplay, 26 July; 12 mi. E. Fairplay, U.S. 85, 9 July; 3 mi. W.
Fairplay, U. S. 85, 9 July. Routt Co.: 4 mi, SW. Gore Pass, Colo. 84, 21
June. Saguache Co.: Cocheto a Creek, 24 mi. SE. Gunnison, 10,700’, 27
June; 5 mi. E. Cochetopa Pass, 11,000’, 10 July, San Miguel Co.: Telluride,
11,400’, 20 July; 10 mi, N. Sawpit, 20 May. Summit Co.: Frisco, 18 July;
1 mi. W. Frisco. 25 July. CONNECTICUT, New Haven Co.: Branford.
MASSACHUSETTS. Barnstable Co.: Wellfleet, 28-31 Aug. Middlesex Co,
MINNESOTA. Polk Co.: 8 mi, SE Warren (Marshall Co.), 5 July. MON-
TANA. Carbon Co.: East Rosebud Canyon, numerous collections, NEW
MEXICO. Rio Arriba Co. Sandoval Co.: Jemez Mts. SOUTH DAKOTA.
County not given. Spring Creek, 11 mi. NE. Hill City, 29 June. UTAH.
San Juan Co.: W. of Buckeye Reservoir (Montrose Co., Colo), 26 June.
VERMONT. Windham Co.: S. Newfane, 17-26 June; Jamaica, 11 July.
WYOMING. Fremont Co.: Twin Butte, 15 mi, NNE Pavillion, 7900’, 6
June. Teton Co.: Jackson Hole, numerous collections, late June—August.

14 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82
Pardosa montgomeryi Gertsch

Pardosa montgomeryi Gertsch, W. J., 1934, Amer. Mus. Novit.
698 :24. Gertsch, W. J., and H. K. Wallace, 1935, Amer. Mus.
Novit. 794:3.

Fematre. Appearance in alcohol. Carapace generally glabrous.
Median band and outer lateral bands yellow ochre. Inner lateral
bands sienna brown marked with small wedges of dark brown with
their bases at outer edge of band. Median band expanded posterior
to eyes into a pair of rounded lobes. Thin dark lines border lobes in
lateral dark band. Median band with two indistinct finger-like
anterior extensions to middle of ocular quadrangle. Eye region dark
sienna brown. Clypeus and sides of face yellow ochre, continuing
without demarcation to outer lateral bands. Carapace edged with
thin dark line. Abdomen with unbroken pale yellow or whitish
median band and two dark grey lateral] bands extending around
sides of abdomen. Median band marked with a sienna diamond over
heart, edged in grey. Dorsal sides of legs vellow ochre, femora
marked with broken brown annulations. Ventral side paler than
dorsal side, immaculate, except for subcutaneous patches of white
in the abdomen.

Erieynum: (figs. 7, 8) Expanded base of median guide 1/3 to
14 length of guide, tapering smoothly but fairly abruptly to anterior
shank. Anterior shank thin and tapering anteriorly. Hood extending
slightly over anterior end of median guide. From the posterior
corners of hood, two arms extend caudad, parallel to sides of
anterior shank. These arms are not always distinct. Sometimes, in
addition, a pair of arms extend from the anterior corners of hood
parallel to the anterior edge of epigastric plate, that is, perpendic-
ular to posterior arms and main axis of the spider. Again these are
not always distinct. Sides of expanded base convex, so that the
posterior end is not the widest part. Epigynal plate wider than
long with lateral lobes pointing laterally.

Mate: Appearance in alcohol. Carapace of male slightly hir-
sute, median band yellow ochre to raw sienna, anterior end in
middle of ocular quadrangle, widest posterior to eves, and tapering
slightly at posterior edge of carapace. Head glabrous, shiny, eye
region dark brown to black. Inner lateral bands burnt sienna, with
darker wedges pointing medially. Outer lateral bands vellow ochre

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 15

or raw sienna with dark line at edge of carapace. Abdomen with
median band yellow ochre or light yellow. Diamond mark over heart
more than half the length of abdomen, raw sienna or brown edged
with dark grey. Sides dark brown or grey. Legs yellowish, femora
darker, especially on first legs. Ventral side yellow, unmarked.
except subcutaneous white patches on abdomen. Face, chelicerae and
palpi brown.

Paupus: (Figs. 18, 21) Median apophysis moderately stout,
bending strongly near base, elongate. with tip turning dorsad and
resting on retrolateral margin of cymbium. A short stout spine
at base of median apophysis turning ventrally. Embolus concealed
behind tegulum. Terminal apophysis indistinct.

Diagnosis: P. montgomeryi resembles P. xerophila with which
it is sympatric and P. utahensis with which it is probably allopatric.
Females of P. montgomeryi have a much smaller expanded base of
the median guide than do females of P. utahensis. The heart mark-
ing of P. montgomeryi is dark and the heart marking of P.
verophila is light. The females of these two species may also be
distinguished by the shape of the epigynal plate. The epigynal plate
of P. montgomeryi is wider than long with lateral lobes pointing
laterally. The epigynal plate of P. xerophila is longer than wide
and lateral lobes point anteriorly. The males of P. montgomeryi
have a distinct light median band on the abdomen, by which they
are easily separated from P. xerophila, which is marked with a dark.
indistinct median band on the abdomen. Males of P. montgomery?
are distinguished from P. utahensis by the median apophysis which
bends at the base in P. montqomeryi but arches anteriorly in P.
utahensis.

Type locality: Given as Edinburg, Hidalgo Co., Texas, but
this is undoubtedly incorrect and should be Camp Mary White.
Otero Co., New Mexico (Gertsch, pers. comm.). ( ¢ )

Distribution: Arizona, New Mexico, Durango. Probably not
Texas. (fig. 4.)

Data from material examined: ARIZONA. Apache Co.: White Mts.,
17 mi. NE. White River, 8-10 July. Cochise Co.: Rustler’s Park, Chirica-
uhua Mts., 3 July, 1 Aug. Coconino Co.: Flagstaff, July, NEW MEXICO.
Otero Co.: Camp Mary White, 9-12 Aug. Sandoval Co.: Jemez Mts.

16 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

Pardosa orophila Gertsch

Pardosa orophila Gertsch, W. J., 1938, Amer. Mus. Novit. 636:28.
(n. sp.) Gertsch, W. J., and H. K. Wallace, 1937, Amer. Mus.
Novit. 919:3 (=P. yavapa Gertsch and Wallace, non Chamberlin).

Pardosa yavapa (non Chamberlin) Gertsch, W. J., and H. K.
Wallace, 1935, Amer. Mus. Novit., 749: fig. 9. Gertsch, W. J.,
1935, Amer. Mus. Novit. 792.:18 (part).

Femate. Appearance in alcohol. Pardosa orophila is the most
brightly colored spider of the distincta group. Ocular region dark
brown across first two eye rows and between lateral eyes of second
and third eye rows. Brown extending posteriorly and continuing as
inner lateral bands. Median band beginning near second eye row,
having either a straight anterior edge, or with two rounded lobes,
and passing posteriorly to end of carapace. Posterior to third eye
row it broadens out forming a round spot which is a bright cherry
red. Median band constricted posterior to spot, then flaring slightly
and tapering to posterior end of carapace. Color gradually changing
from cherry red spot to yellow at posterior end. Inner lateral bands
uniform dark brown, rather wide and with distinct edges. Narrow
outer lateral bands yellow with broad brown line at margin of
carapace. Median band of abdomen composed of several patches of
color, all lighter than lateral bands. Heart marking light brown or
rust, edged with dark brown. Two yellow diamonds lateral to ante-
rior end of heart marking edged with brown. Lateral to posterior
end of heart marking are two triangles edged with brown. Five or
six pairs of triangles continue to spinnerets. The center of each
triangle has a small dark spot bearing a thick dark hair. In older
specimens this pattern gives the appearance of a light median band
with transverse dark markings. Spider entirely clothed with light
grey hair. Legs often quite red, especially patellae and tibiae, with
irregular dark annulations. Legs also quite hairy, with conspicuous
spines on dorsal sides of femora. Ventral side of female yellow,
sternum marked with dark color, but with yellow median line.
Coxae immaculate, yellow. Ventral side of legs generally dark.
Abdomen yellow with a pair of darker lines running longitudinally,
but they are not conspicuous since abdomen is clothed with light
hairs. Clypeus red, as are sides of face below eyes. There is a
“mustache” of white hairs on both sides of the face beginning
posterior to first eye row and extending to the posterior eye row.
The mustache is also found on immature males and females.

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa i

Epigynum. (figs. 9, 10) Expanded base of median guide about
1/3 the length of guide, with a small square posterior end. Two
round lobes at anterior corners of expanded base, extending past
base of anterior shank and lateral to it. Anterior shank with short
narrow base, expanding anteriorly to form a large saddle-shaped
platform. The platform is not quite twice as large as the expanded
base. Shank not continuing anteriorly past the concave anterior edge
of platform. Hood narrow, long and pointed posteriorly, over-
lapping raised platform slightly.

Mate. (Not previously described) Appearance in alcohol. Median
band of carapace beginning between second and third eye rows,
expanding to a round spot posterior to eyes, and tapering to pos-
terior end. Round spot bright cherry red, median band gradually
changing to yellow ochre at posterior end. Eye region surrounding
median band and wide inner lateral bands dark brown. Median band
and inner lateral bands clothed with brown hair. Narrow outer
lateral bands of carapace yellow and edged with wide dark band at
margin. Abdomen with light median band composed of patches of
color and lateral bands dark brown. Median band ranges from
yellow to red. Heart area marked with brown diamond, edged with
dark brown or dark grey. Two pairs of yellow or red diamonds or
triangles edged with dark color, lateral to heart marking. Median
band posterior to heart marking composed of five or six paired
triangles of yellow or yellow ochre, edged with dark color. The
center of each triangle with a small dark spot bearing a thick
dark hair. Paired triangles separated by bands of red or brown.
Abdomen clothed with yellowish or brownish hair. Dorsal side of
legs red, especially patellae and tibiae, with irregular dark annula-
tions, femora dark brown. Ventral surface of male light. Sternum
brown with yellow median Line. Center of abdomen vellow or rusty
with dark patch in genital region. Ventral side of femora uniformly
dark, all other segments light including coxae. Clypeus and sides
of face below eyes red, and “white mustache’ found on the female
is brown and inconspicuous in male. Chelicerae and endites red
marked with brown, palpi uniformly dark brown.

Paps. (figs. 19, 22) Palpus somewhat long and narrow. Median
apophysis extending diagonally across bulb toward distal end. tip ot
median apophysis turning dorsad and caudad at edge of cymbium.
Base of median apophysis wide, but constricting greatly after leaving
tegulum. Anterior edge of median apophysis straight, posterior edge
convex, forming a large bulge in middle. Tip slender but tapered

18 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

only at end. Base of median apophysis bearing short hook-shaped
process. Tegulum not especially enlarged, not overhanging cymbium.
Embolus beginning at anterior end of bulb, extending caudad to
tegulum, then turning laterally across palpus dorsal to median
apophysis. Terminal apophysis a blunt wedge at base of embolus
and not extending to midline of palpus.

Diagnosis: The cherry red spot posterior to the eyes usually
serves to distinguish adults of P. orophila from other species in the
distincta group. The epigynum of the female is characterized by the
saddle-shaped platform of the anterior shank of the median guide.
The palpus is characterized by the basal constriction and posterior
bulge of the median apophysis. Immature specimens of P. orophila
may be separated from P. yavapa by the white mustache on the
sides of the face below the eves. It is almost the only character
which will separate immature members of the two species and is
found on both immature males and females of P. orophila.

Type locality: Boulder Canyon, Boulder Co., Colorado. ( 2 )

Distribution: Arizona. New Mexico, and eastern side of Rocky
Mountains in Colorado. (fig. 3).

Data from material examined: ARIZONA, Cochise Co.: Southwestern
Research Station, 5 mi. W. Portal, 6-20 July, 5-15 Aug.: 7 mi. W. Portal,
4 Aug. Coconino Co.: Flagstaff, nr. base of Sunset Peak, 17 Aug. COLO-
RADO. Boulder Co.: Eldorado Springs, 12-13 May, 4 Aug.; 5 mi. NW.
Boulder, 7000’, 8 May, 26 May, 2 June, 8 June,; Boulder, 12 March. Custer
Co.: Smith Creek, 7 mi, SW. Wetmore, 10 Aug. Fremont Co.: 8 mi. W.
Canyon City, 4 Aug. Huerfano Co,: Dog Springs Arroyo, 16-19 June; 2 mi.
N. Gardner, 16 June. Jefferson Co.: Plainview, 6 Apr., 20 Apr., 18 May,
27 May, 9 June. NEW MEXICO. Bernalillo Co.: Sandia Mts. Lincoln Co.:
(two localities) Sandoval Co.: Jemez Mts. MEXICO, CHIHUAHUA. 10 mi.
W. Namiquipa, 3 July; Sammil, W. Primavera, 7000’, 2 July. DURANGO:
Otinapa, 7500’, 7 Aug.; Palos Colorados, 8000’, 5 Aug.; Puentes, 7500’, 23
July; Otinapa 8200’, 12 Aug.

Pardosa utahensis Chamberlin

Pardosa utahensis Chamberlin, R. V., 1919, Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer.
12:258 (n. sp.) Gertsch, W. J., 19384, Amer. Mus. Novit. 693 :23

(=distincta). Gertsch, W. J., and H. K. Wallace, 1935, Amer.
Mus. Novit. 794:1, 3 (=4distincta). Levi, H. W. and L. R. Levi,
1951, Zoologica 36:225. Lowrie, D. C. and W. J. Gertsch, 1955,

Amer. Mus. Novit. 1736:5.

——

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 19

fot

a P. orophila

@® P.utahensis

Figure 3. Distribution of P. orophila and P. utahensis. In Colorado the
symbols represent county records, elsewhere they are usually
single collections.

Fremate. Appearance in alcohol. Carapace marked with five longi-
tudinal bands. Median band yellow or peach colored, beginning at
posterior eye row, bulging slightly posterior to eves, extending
posteriorly to end of carapace with parallel sides. Inner lateral
bands dark brown, with well-defined edges, outer lateral bands
yellow with dark line at carapace margin. Ocular region brown,
clothed with grey hair. Median band of abdomen vellow or yellow
ochre. A brown or rust diamond outlined with dark grey marking the

20 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

heart area. Median band posterior to heart area with scalloped
edges, and composed of indistinct paired circles. At the center of
each circle is a dark spot bearing a thick dark hair. Lateral bands
of abdomen brown becoming lighter at lateral edges. Abdomen
clothed with light hair. Dorsal side of legs tan, noticeably hairy and
spiny. Ventral side of spider yellow, immaculate, but clothed with
long black hair especially on sternum and legs. Face yellow.

Epicynvum. (figs. 11, 12) Expanded base of median guide about
2/3 the length of guide. Expanded base flaring slightly from pos-
terior edge for nearly its length, then tapering abruptly to anterior
shank. Anterior shank wide adjacent to expanded base and tapering
to a narrow stem at anterior end, usually causing a secondary pair of
shoulders on the median guide. Hood rounded on posterior margin,
and often trilobed. Anterior edge of hood not raised above epigynal
plate.

Mate. Appearance in alcohol. Carapace and dorsum of abdomen
similar to female. Median band tends to be darker, sometimes with
a rusty spot posterior to eyes. Legs brown and hairy. Ventral side
pale, or darker than female. Sternum sometimes with dark blotches.
Clypeus, sides of face and chelicerae yellow or brown. Palpi dark
brown.

Patpus. (figs. 23, 26) Median apophysis extending diagonally
across bulb toward distal end, tip of median apophysis turning
dorsad and slightly caudad at edge of cymbium. Median apophysis
with bulge at midsection and arching anteriorly. Base of median
apophysis with hook-shaped process turning ventrally. Tegulum
wider than long, with an anterior bulge at middle of its anterior
edge covering base of median apophysis. Terminal apophysis a short
blunt hook.

Diagnosis: The females of P. utahensis resemble those of
P. distincta. P. utahensis is a darker yellow, and the median band
on the abdomen is darker than the median band on the carapace.
In P. distincta the median band is the same color on both tagmata.
The epigyna will usually separate the two species. In P. utahensis
the anterior edge of the expanded base of the median guide tapers
to the anterior shank, and in P. distincta the anterior edge is convex
anteriorly, forming a pair of shoulders. In P. utahensis the anterior
shank usually has a secondary pair of shoulders which P. distincta
lacks. The epigynum of P. utahensis cannot always be distinguished
from that of P. yavapa. The shape of the median band on the

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 21

carapace will separate females. In P. utahensis the median band
has parallel sides at the posterior end, and in P. yavapa it tapers
to a point. This same character is also used to separate males of
the two species, which, again, cannot always be separated by their
palpi. The male of P. utahensis can be distinguished from other
males of the distincta group by the anterior arch of the median
apophysis of the palpus. P. utahensis is probably allopatric with
P. montgomeryi and P. xerophila and is clearly separable by
genitalia from these 2 species.

Type locality: Chalk Creek, Summit Co., Utah. ( 9 )

Distribution: Utah, Colorado, Wyoming as far north as Yellow-
stone Park. (fig. 3)

Data from material examined. COLORADO. Alamosa Co.: Mosca
Pass, 9300’, Sangre de Cristo Mts., 8 July. Boulder Co.: 4 mi. SW. Boulder,
11 May, 3-4 June, 19 June; 3 mi, NW. Ward, 27 July; 2 mi. S. Ward, 6
Aug, 8 Aug.; 4 mi. W. Jamestown, 6 Aug. Chaffee Co.: O’Haver L., 11,000’,
Sawatch Mts., 10 July; Cottonwood Crk., 10,000’, Sawatch Mts., 5 July.
Conejos Co.: 7 mi, W. Antonito, 9 July. Custer Co.: Lake Crk., Sangre de
Cristo Mts., 12 July. Eagle Co.: 10 mi. N Wolcott, 21 June. Grand Co.:
Troublesome Crk., 11 July; 2 mi. W. Parshall, 12 July. Gunnison Co.: 1 mi.
S. Gunnison, 7600’, 12 Aug.; Crested Butte, 9000’, 8 Aug.; Taylor Res.,
12,000’, 29 June. Hinsdale Co.: 40 mi. W. Creede, 9600’, 16 July; 45 mi. W.
Creede, 10,000’, 16 July; 1 mi. S. Spring Crk. Pass, 6 July; San Cristobal
L., 9200’, 2 Aug. Jackson Co.; 5 mi. S. Walden, 11 July, Lake Co.: W. of
Twin Lakes, 11,000’, 24 July. Mesa Co.: 7 mi. S. Glade Park, 21 June;
Grand Junction, June, July; Grand Mesa, June, July. Mineral Co.: Creede,
9000’, 8 July. Montrose Co.: Buckeye Res, 5 mi. NW. Paradox, 19 May, 29
June, Park Co.: 2 mi. E. Fairplay, 29 Aug. Saguache Co.: Gold Basin Rd.,
10 mi. S. Gunnison, 8200’, 18 June; 5 mi. E. Cochetopa Pass, 10 July.
UTAH. Garfield Co.: 9-step Crk., Aquarius Plateau, 17 Aug. San Juan Co.:
W. of Buckeye Res, (Montrose Co., Colo.), 25 June. Sevier Co.: Fish Lake,
1 July. Summit Co.: Chalk Creek, 8000’ (paratype), date unknown; Mill
Creek, Uinta Mt., 21 Aug. County not given. Wildcat Ranger Sta. 15 mi.
N. Boulder, 2 July. WYOMING. Carbon Co.: 5 mi. EK. Medicine Bow,
29 June. Fremont Co.: Twin Buttes, 15 mi. NE. Pavillion, 6 June. Teton
Co.: Many localities in Jackson Hole, late July—early Aug. Washakie Co.:
11 mi. SW. Worland, 14 July.

Pardosa xerophila Vogel, new species

Frema.e. Appearance in alcohol. Dorsal side of carapace with
five longitudinal bands. Eye region dark brown. Median band yellow
ochre, beginning in middle of ocular quadrangle and extending to
posterior edge of carapace. Median band parallel-sided. Inner lateral
bands brown with dark brown wedges, their bases on lateral edge
of band. Outer lateral bands yellow ochre. Carapace edged with

22 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

black. Dorsum of abdomen with yellow median band. Heart marked
with diamond more than 1% the length of abdomen. Diamond yellow
or peach, edged with dark gray trailing posteriorly. Lateral bands
brown or gray and narrow so that yellow of sides shows dorsally.
Lateral margin of lateral bands not distinct. Dorsal sides of legs
yellow ochre, spiney, and clothed with fine brown hair. Distal ends
of fourth tibiae brown. Ventral side yellow, unmarked except for
subcutaneous white patches on abdomen. Face dark brown above
first eye row. Clypeus and sides of face pale yellow. Chelicerae
yellow ochre, unmarked. Spines on ventral side of tibia I 2-2-2.
The distal pair is about 1/3 the length of the other pairs of spines.

Epigynum. (Figs. 13, 14). Epigynal plate longer than wide.
Expanded base of median guide about 1/3 the length of guide, with
rounded anterior shoulders, flat base. Anterior shank thin, long,
and tapering anteriorly. Hood small thick crescent at end of median

guide.

Mate. Appearance in alcohol. Carapace of male glabrous, almost
uniformly chestnut brown, median and outer lateral bands only
slightly lighter. Median band lobed posterior to posterior eye row
as in female. Posterior portion of median band with dark hastate
mark, and parallel-sided. Inner lateral bands marked with dark
wedges as in female, their bases forming the ectal margin of inner
lateral bands. Outer lateral bands little lighter than inner lateral
bands, but fairly wide and with dark border at carapace margin.
Abdomen fairly uniform in color, with no particular separation into
median and lateral bands. Color dark grey overlaid on yellow, which
shows through as pockmarks. Heart marked with brown diamond
outlined in dark grey, median band continuing posteriorly as a row
of overlapping triangles, outlined in grey, their apices pointing ante-
riorly. Ventral side of spider light. Sternum golden yellow and
venter with dark markings in genital region. Abdomen with sub-
cutaneous patches of white pigment. Clypeus, sides of face and
chelicerae chestnut, but chelicerae streaked with yellow. Palpi
chestnut.

Paupus. (figs. 24, 27). Median apophysis extending across bulb
at right angles to long axis, and turning dorsad over edge of cym-
bium. Median apophysis somewhat stout and with a bulge at middle
of its posterior edge. Embolus short, extending caudad from its ante-
rior base, turning across bulb but not extending to median apophysis.
Terminal apophysis lacking distinctive shape. Tegulum somewhat
flattened posteriorly and bulging on side away from median apophysis.

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 23

Diagnosis: P. xerophila may resemble P. distincta and P.
utahensis but is probably allopatric to them. Genitalia will serve to
separate P. verophila from these two species. P. xerophila and P.
montgomeryi are usually sympatric and are difficult to separate.
The females of P. werophila have a light mark over the heart and
P. montgomeryi have a dark mark. The epigynum of P. xerophila is
usually longer, the anterior shank longer in proportion to the base,
and the lateral lobes of the epigynal plate point anteriorly. The
lateral lobes ot the epigynal plate of P. montgomeryi point laterally.
The males of P. xerophila are dark and have the median band of
the abdomen obscured which separates them from males of P. mont-
gomeryi in which the median band of the abdomen is light and
distinct. Males of P. xerophila can be distinguished from P. yavapa
by the shape of the median band of carapace which tapers to a
point in P. yavapa, but has parallel sides in P. xerophila. The palpi
are distinct.

Type: Female holotype from White Mountain Reservoir, east
of McNary, Apache Co., Arizona, 8 July 1940 (leg. W. J. Gertsch).
Four paratypes, females, same data as the holotype; holotype and
3 paratypes in the American Museum of Natural History, 1 para-
type in the Yale Peabody Museum.

Distribution: Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, Durango.
(fig. 4)

Data from material examined: ARIZONA. Apache Co.:
White Mt. Res., E. of McNary, 8 July 1940. NEW MEXICO.
Otero Co.: Camp Mary White, 9-12 Aug. Sandoval Co.: Jemez Mts.

Pardosa yavapa Chamberlin

Pardosa yavapa Chamberlin, R. V., 1925, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
67:231 (n. sp.). Gertsch, W. J., 1934, Amer. Mus. Novit. 693 :24
(=saniuana) ; 19385, Amer. Mus. Novit. 792:18 (part). Gertsch,
W. J., and H. K. Wallace, 19385, Amer. Mus. Novit. 794:3.

Pardosa saniuana Chamberlin, 1928, Canad. Ent., 60:94 (n. sp.).

Fremate. Appearance in alcohol. Median band of carapace begin-
ning at posterior row of eyes, sometimes with anterior projections.
bulging posterior to eyes forming a round spot, constricting then
bulging laterally again, and tapering to nearly a point at posterior
margin of carapace. Median band sienna anteriorly, changing to

24 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

| /
| Q P-montgomeryi

4
P.xerophila

)
|
|
|

| @ P.yavapa

Figure 4. Distribution of P. montgomeryi, P, xerophila and P. yavapa.
In Colorado the symbols represent county records, elsewhere
they are usually single collections,

yellow ochre posteriorly. Eye region rich dark brown and glabrous.
Inner lateral bands rich dark brown and wide, extending nearly to
carapace edge. Outer lateral bands lighter and broken by patches of
dark brown, or entirely obscured. Median band on abdomen light
and composed of sienna or rust colored patches. Heart area marked
with brown diamond outlined in black. Paired diamonds or triangles
outlined in black posterior and lateral to heart. The center of each
triangle with dark spot bearing a thick dark hair. Lateral abdominal

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa 25

bands dark gray over rust, giving brown appearance. Dorsal side of
legs sienna with dark gray annulations on all segments. Ventral
side of spider more or less light. Sternum and abdomen may be
marked with dark blotches. Coxae often yellow. Annulations on legs
may extend to ventral side. Clypeus sienna or rust, sides of face
brown, chelicerae and palpi marked with dark brown.

Epicgynvo: (figs. 15, 16) Expanded base of median guide usually
less than half the length of guide. Posterior edge of expanded base
straight, sides bulging slightly. Anterior shank constricting anterior
to expanded base, bulging and constricting just posterior to hood.
The bulge in the anterior shank is supported by a ramp to the
epigynal plate. The sides of the ramp taper from the shank to the
epigynal plate. The overall appearance of the median guide is a
somewhat distorted hourglass. Hood roughly a trapezoid.

Mate. Appearance in alcohol. Carapace dark and glabrous.
Median band dark chestnut with the same shape as in female,
tapering to nearly a point at posterior edge of carapace. Inner
lateral bands mahogany, extending to edge of carapace, completely
obscuring outer lateral bands. Ocular region mahogany and glabrous.
Pattern on abdomen often more or less obscured, heart area a rich
red-brown outlined with dark grey. Dorsal side of legs light or
dark with indistinct annulations. Ventral side of spider more or
less marked with dark grey, coxae usually yellow. Face and cheli-
cerae mahogany, except for median anterior edges of chelicerae
which are yellow. Palpi mahogany.

Paxpus. (figs. 25, 28) Median apophysis of palpus not strongly
diagonal as it crosses bulb; tip turning dorsad and slightly caudad
at edge of cymbium; quite thick at midsection, and tapering to a
stout point at tip; base bearing hook-shaped process turning caudad.
Tegulum covering less than one quadrant of bulb, having a nearly
square corner at center of bulb. Embolus extending in posterior
direction, then turning across bulb dorsal to median apophysis.
Terminal apophysis indistinct.

Diagnosis: The shape of the median apophysis of the male
palpus of P. yavapa distinguishes it from all other males of the
distincta group except P. utahensis. The “hourglass” shape of the
median guide of the epigynum distinguishes the female of P. yavapa
from other females except P. utahensis. In both sexes these two
species can be separated by the shape of the median band on the

26 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

carapace. In P. yavapa the sides of the posterior part of the median
band taper to nearly a point, and in P. utahensis the sides of the
median band are parallel.

Type locality: Yavapai Co., Arizona (stomach of toad) ( 2 )

Distribution: Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado. (fig. 4).

Data from material examined. ARIZONA. Cochise Co.: Barfoot Peak,
6 July, 1 Aug., 22 Aug.; Rustler’s Park, 3 July; Carr Cyn., Huachuca Mts.
22 July, 31 July; Promontory Butte, 1 Sept.; Mt. Lemmon, W110.45, N32.25,
21 May. Coconino Co.: N. Rim Grand Canyon, 15 July. Pima Co.: Summer
Haven, 21 May, 14 July, COLORADO. Alamosa Co.: Mosca Pass, 9300’,
Sangre de Cristo Mts., 8 July. Archuleata Co.: Piedra, 7000’, 21 July.
Boulder Co.: Eldorado Springs, 13 May, 20 May, 3 Aug.; 4 mi. SW.
Boulder, 11 May, 4 June, 19 June; Boulder, 14 March, 19 March, 7 May;
4 mi. NW. Boulder, 7000’, 30 April, 8 May, 26 May, 2 June, 8 June; 3 mi,
SW Altona, 4 Aug. Chaffee Co.: O’Haver L., 11,000’, Sawatch Mts., 10 July;
Maysville, 14 Aug. Custer Co.: Smith Crk., 7 mi. SW. Wetmore, 10 Aug.;
Alvarado Creek, 11,000’, 12 July; Lake Creek, Sangre de Cristo Mts., 12
July; Sangre de Cristo Mts., 12 July. Douglas Co.: Devil’s Head, 8000’, 15
July. Fremont Co,: Hayden Creek, 7900’ Sangre de Cristo Mts, 11 July.
Gunnison Co.: Crystal Cyn., Elk Mts., 9500-11,000’, 3 Aug. Jefferson Co.:
10 mi. SE. Bailey, 6900’, 12 June; Plainview, 18 May, 27 May, 9 June.
Mesa Co.: 17 mi, NE, Gateway, 23 June. Mineral Co.: West Fork Crk.,
7800’, 20 July. Montrose Co.: N. rim of Black Canyon of the Gunnison R.,
29 July; Buckeye Res. 5 mi. NW. Paradox, 26-28 June. Sagauche Co.: 5 mi,
FE. Cochetopa Pass, 10,000’, 10 July. NEW MEXICO. Bernalillo Co.: Sandia
Mts.; Cienega Cyn., Sandia Mts, Lincoln Co. Rio Arriba Co. Sandoval Co.:
Jemez Mts. San Miguel Co.: Las Vegas, Camp Luna, 11 June. Taos Co.
UTAH: San Juan Co.: W. of Buckeye Res. (Montrose Co., Colo.), 28 June.
County not given. Wildcat Ranger Sta., 15 mi. N. Boulder, 2 July.

SUMMARY

The distincta group of the genus Pardosa is composed of
six species which are highly similar in color pattern, genitalia
and habitat. The species are described, including Pardosa wero-
phila Vogel, new, and the first description of the male of P.
orophila. Distribution maps and collection records are given:
and a key for separating adult specimens of this group.

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa

nN

~

Plate I—Figs. 5, 6, Pardosa distincta. 5. Epigynum, ventral 6. Epigynum,

dorsal.

Figs. 7, 8. P. montgomeryi. 7. Epigynum, ventral. 8. Epigynum,
dorsal,

Figs. 9, 10. P. orophila. 9. Epigynum, ventral. 10. Epigynum,
dorsal,

Plate

Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

Imm

IIl—Figs. 11, 12. Pardosa utahensis, 11. Epigynum, ventral. 12.
Epigynum, dorsal.
Figs. 13, 14. P. verophila. 13. Epigynum, ventral. 14, Epigynum,
dorsal.
Figs. 15, 16. P. Yavapa. 15. Epigynum, ventral 16. Epigynum,
dorsal.

June 5, 1964 The distincta group of Pardosa

Plate III—Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. ‘
Fig. :

. Pardosa distineta, left palp of male, ventral.

. P.montgomeryi, left palp of male, ventral,
. P. orophila, left palp of male, ventral.

. P, distincta, left palp, retrolateral.

. P.imontgomeryi, left palp, retrolateral.

. P. orophila, left palp, retrolateral,

30 Postilla Yale Peabody Museum No. 82

Imm

Plate IV—Fig. 23. Pardosa utahensis, left palp of male, ventral.
Fig. 24. P.xverophila, left palp of male, ventral,
Fig. 25. P. yavapa, left palp of male, ventral.
Fig. 26. P, utahensis, left palp, retrolateral.
Fig. 27. P.xerophila, left palp, retrolateral.

Fig. 28. P. yavapa, left palp, retrolateral,

yy BY: ,

VAS
aa

wv HNN UN

4 066 305 244

aoe

—_

Oe eer