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THE 


POWERS OF THE CREATOR 


DISPLAYED IN THE CREATION; 


OBSERVATIONS ON LIFE AMIDST THE VARIOUS FORMS 
HUMBLER TRIBES OF ANIMATED NATURE: 


PRACTICAL COMMENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 


BY 


SIR JOHN GRAHAM DALYELI, 
KNIGHT AND BARONET. 


IN TWO VOLUMES, 
CONTAINING 


NUMEROUS PLATES OF LIVING SUBJECTS, FINELY COLOURED. 


VOLUME It. 
(Posthumous Volume), 


COMPREHENDING FORTY-SIX PLATES. 


LONDON: 
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
~” M.DCCC.LIII. 


Wane ; 
Wau JOON, 08 alae a4 
CUI: - 


EDINBURGH: 


PRINTED BY MACPHERSON & symp, 12 sr DAVID SES 
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CONTENTS 


OF 


VOLUME SECOND. 


CHAPTER I.—HIRUDO—Tue Lrecn, 


§ 1.—Hrrvupo MoRIcAtTA, 
2.—HIRUDO VITTATA, 
3.—HirupDo ANCEPS, 
4,—-HiruDO CAMPANULATA, 
5.—UDONELLA CALIGORUM, 
6.—Hirupo 0cTO-OCULATA, SEU VULGARIS, 
7.—HirupDO SANGUISUGA, 
8.—HtrrupDo MEDICINALIS, 
9.—Hirupo COMPLANATA, 
10.—Hirupo sTAGNALIS, 
11.—Hrrupo TESSELLATA, 
12.—HIRuDO VITRINA, 
13.—HrrupDO FLAVA, 

PECULIARITIES OF THE LEECH, 


CHAPTER II.—VERMES, 


Section I.—Gorp1us, 
* 
§ 1.—GoRrDIUS FRAGILIS, 
B.—GoRDIUS MAXIMUS, 


C.—GorDIUS TANIA, 
* * 


lV CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER Il.—VERMES.—Continued. 

§ 2.—GoRDIUS MINOR, 
A.—GORDIUS MINOR VIRIDIS, 

A 1.—GoRDIUS GESSERENSIS, 

A 2.—GORDIUS ALBICANS, 
B.—Gorp1Us GRACILIs, 
C.—GorpIus ALBUS, 
D.—Gorpiuvs AQUATICUS, 

§ 3.—GORDIUS SPINIFER, 
a.—GORDIUS VIRIDIS SPINIFER, 
b.—GORDIUS PURPUREUS SPINIFER, 
c.—GORDIUS FRAGILIS SPINIFER, 
d.—GORDIUS FASCIATUS SPINIFER, 

§ 4.—GoRDIUS SIMPLEX SEU INTEGER, 
a.—GORDIUS INTEGER FUSCUS, 
b.—REMARKS, 

GORDIUS ANGUIS, 
Section IJ.—VeErmicu.t, 
a.—VERMICULUS CRASSUS, 
b.—VERMICULUS RUBENS, 
c.—VERMICULUS LINEATUS, 
d.—VERMICULUS COLUBER, 
e.—VERMICULUS VARIEGATUS, 
Sxctron III.—Ascaris, 
1.—AscaRIS FLUSTR#, 
2.—ASCARIS GADI, 
3.—ASCARIS LEONIS, 


CHAPTER III.—PLANARIA, 
§ 1. a.—PLANARIA CORNUTA, 

PLANARIA CORNICULATA, 
b.—PLANARIA ELLIPSIS, 
c.—PLANARIA FLEXILIS, : 
d.—PLANARIA MACULATA, (ATOMA ?), 
e.—PLANARIA HAUSTRUM, 
a.—PLANARIA HEBES, 
b.—PLANARIA LACTEA, 
c.—PLANARIA FODINA, 
d.—PLANARIA ARETHUSA, 
f-—PLANARIA VARIEGATA, 
g-—PLANARIA ALBA, 
h.—PLANARIA GRACILIS, 
i.—PLANARIA EXIGUA, 
k.—PLANARIA ALG, 
a.—PLANARIA FALCATA, 
b.—PLANARIA STAGNI, 


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CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER IU.—PLANARIA.—Continued. 
c.—PLANARIA FECUNDA, 
d.—PLANARIA FLUSTRE, 
e.—PLANARIA VORAX, 
f.—PLANARIA GRAMINEA, 
g-—PLANARIA CUNEUS, 
h.—PLANARIA PRASINA, 

PLANARIA NIGRA, 
a.—PLANARIA SERPENTINA, 
b.—PLANOIDES FUSCA, 


CHAPTER IV.—NAIS—LUMBRICUS, 
I.—Nals, : 
§ 1.—NAIs LACUSTRIS, 
2.—NAIS PROBOSCIDEA, 
T.—Lumpricus, 3 
§ 1.—LUMBRICUS CIRRATUS, 
b.—LUMBRICUS MAXIMUS, 
2.—LUMBRICUS MAXIMUS, VAR. 
c.—LUMBRICUS CAPITATUS, 
d.—LUMBRICUS LITTORALIS, 
e.—LUMBRICUS TERES, 
f-—LuMBRICUS HIRSUTUS, 


CHAPTER V.—NEREIS, SPIO, 
I.—NEREIS, 

§ 1._NEREIS TERES, 
2.—NEREIS HIRSUTA, 
3.—NEREIS LINEATA, 
4.—NEREIS BULLATA, 
5.—NEREIS PARVA, 
6.—NEREIS ARIES, 
7.—NEREIS REMES, 
8.—NEREIS ELLIPSIS, 
9.—NEREIS FULGENS, 

10.—NEREIS FOLIATA, 
11.—NEREIS CONTORTA, 
12.—NEREIS MONOCEROS, 
13.—NEREIS PUNCTATA, 
II.—Spio, . 

§ 1.—SpIo SETICORNIS, 

2.—SPIO CELATA, 


CHAPTER VI.—APHRODITA, 
§ 1.—APHRODITA CIRROSA, 
2.—APHRODITA SQUAMATA, 


vl CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER VI.—APHRODITA.—Continued. 
§ 3.—APHRODITA VARIANS, 
4.—APHRODITA VELOX, 
5.—APHRODITA ARCTA, 
6.—APHRODITA ACULEATA, 


CHAPTER VII.—SABELLA, 
§$ 1.—SABELLA ALVEOLARIA, 
2.—SABELLA BELGICA, 


CHAPTER VIII.—TEREBELLA, 
§ 1.—TEREBELLA LITTORALIS, SEU ARENARIA, 

2.—TEREBELLA FIGULUS, 
3.—TEREBELLA TUBERCULATA, 
4,—TEREBELLA CONCHILEGA, 
5.—TEREBELLA MACULATA, 
6.—MIscELLANEOUS, 

1, TEREBELLA TETRIX, 

2. TEREBELLA PECTEN, 

3. TEREBELLA OSTRES, 


CHAPTER IX.—AMPHITRITE, 

§ 1.—AMPHITRITE VENTILABRUM, 
2.—AMPHITRITE BOMBYX, 
3.—AMPHITRITE FLOSCULA, 
4.—MIScELLANEOUS, 

1. Fasricra, 
2. AMPHITRITE LuNA, 
3. FILIPORA FILOGRANA, 


CHAPTER X.—MISCELLANEOUS, 
1.—PRIAPULUS CAUDATUS, 
2.—CLYMENE BOREALIS, 
3.—SIPHONOSTOMA GELATINOSA, 
4,—PuHerusA MULLERI, 
5.—NEREIS HIRSUTA, 
6.—NEREIS PECTINATA, 
7.—NEREIS PHASMA, 
8.—OcroDACTYLUS INHERENS, 
9.—SPHERULA, 

10.—ANIMALCULA, 
11.—MELICERTA RINGENS, 
12:—CARBASARIA FIMBRIATA, 
13. ANIMALCULUM CRUCIATUM, 
14.—CERCARIA, 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER XI.—GASTEROPODES, 
APLYSIA DEPILANS, 
DORIS, : 
Section I.—Trrronta, 
* 
1.—TrirontA HomMBERGHI, 
2.—TRITONIA CERVINA, 
Section II.—Tritronta, 
* * 
1.—TRITONIA PINNATIFIDA, 
2.—TRITONIA PUNCTATA, 
3.—TRITONIA DIVARICATA, 
4.—TRITONIA CONIFERA, 
Section I1.—Dorts, 
1.—Doris VERRUCOSA, . 
2.—DorIs ARGO, 
3.—DorIs Noposa, 
4.—Doris CRISTATA, 
5.—DoriIs CLAVIGERA, 
Section II.—Eouts, 
1.—Eo.Lis PLUMATA, 
2.—EoLtis RACEMOSA, 
3.—Eo.is MINOR, 
4,—Ko.is DEAURATA, 
5.—EOLIs VIRIDIs, 
6.—EOLIs SANGUIFER, 
7.—EOLIS CONSPERSA, 
8.—EoLIs INEQUALIS, 
9.—EOLIS MONOCEROS, 
10.—EOoLIs TENAX, 
11.—Eo.LIs HYSTRIX, 
12.—EoLIsS PURPUREA, 
13.—EoLis PAPILLOSA, 
EoLiIs VENTILABRUM, 
LIMAPONTIA, 
THE NAUTILINE, 


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TO THE BINDER. 


The Binder will place the Plates thus :— 


Puate I. Hirudines, to front . : : : : » Page 
ie Hirudo octo-oculata, 
Ite Hirudo sanguisuga, 
LV. Hirudo stagnalis, 
Vv. Hirudo vitrina, 


VI. Gordius fragilis, . : 
VII. Gordius fragilis, figs. 1, 2, 3, 


WARD: Gordius fragilis, figs. 1 to 15, 
VILI. Gordius maximus, 
TX. Gordius viridis, 
Xe Gordius tenia, 


D,@ Gordius spinifer, 


UTE Gordius fuscus, 
XIII. Gordius anguis, 
XLV: Planaria cornuta, 

Vi: Planaria lactea, 


XVI. Planaria lactea, 
XVII. Nais, 
XOV LT: Cirratulus, 
XIX. . Lumbricus marinus, 
XX. Nereis and Spio, 
XXI.~ Nereis hirsuta, 
XXII. — Nereis bullata, 
XXIII. Nereis remex, 
XXIV... Aphrodita, 
XXV.\— Sabella, , 
XXXVI. Terebella littoralis, 
NXVII. y Terebella figulus, 
DORVAL. Terebella conchilega, 
X XIX. Yerebella tuberculata, 


107 
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133 
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144 
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147 
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166 
175 
183 
191 
199 
197 


Puate XXX. 
XXXII. 
XXXII. 
XXXII. 
XXXIV. 
XXXV. 
XXXVI. 
XXXVII. 
XXXVIII. 
XXXIX. 
XL. 

XLI. 
XLII. 
XLIII. 
XLIV. 
XLV. 
XLVI. 


Amphitrite ventilabrum, 


Amphitrite bombyx, 
Amphitrite bombyx, 
Amphitrite bombyx, 
Filipora filograna, 
Priapulus, 
Miscellaneous, 
Aplysia, 

Tritonia Hombergii, 
Spawn, 

Tritonia cervina, 
Tritonia pinnatifida, 
Doris verrucosa, 
Spawn of Doris, 
Eolis plumata, 

Eolis sanguifer, 
Nautiline, 


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5. PART aie 


ERRATA. 


14, for XXI. read XXIII. 
15, for XXII. read X XI. 
21, for XXII. read XX. 

23, for 10 read 11. 

23, for 11 read 12. 

27, for XXVII. read XXIX. 


27, for XXVII. read XXVIII. 


30, for XXXII. read XXXI. 


2), for XXXV. read XXXVI. 


Page 212 


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PREFACE. 


Durine the time in which the first volume of this work, published 
in 1851, was passing through the press, its estimable author was in a 
very delicate state of health. So reduced, indeed, was he by a lingering 
illness, that he felt himself unequal to the task of compiling an Analytical 
Index, according to the plan which he had followed in the two volumes 
on ‘* RARE AND REMARKABLE ANIMALS OF SCOTLAND ;’ and a few weeks 
after the publication of the volume, his disease terminated fatally. 

Sir Joun Datyett had contemplated proceeding immediately with 
the preparation of the second volume, if his life had been spared, and, 
towards the accomplishment of his object, he had, to some extent, ar- 
ranged his notes of descriptions of species, intending to correct and 
transcribe the whole for the press. Several Plates had likewise been 
executed, and many drawings were in some measure assorted as materials 
ready to be placed in the hands of the engraver. 

In this state of things, it was considered by his Sister, who always 
lived with him, as a duty, to make an effort and save for the public benefit 
a large amount of valuable information, the result of the continuous la- 
bour, through many years, of an acute, patient, and intelligent observer. 
This zeal to promote the author's fame, and advance at the same time the 
interest of science, was naturally to be looked for from the individual re- 
ferred to in the 2d volume of “ Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland,” 


p. 99, where, in reference to the Cristatella, he says, “ I am indebted to 
Cc 


Xil PREFACE. 


the sedulous care of an affectionate relative, the companion of all my 
excursions, the encourager of all my exertions, in so tedious, laborious, 
and difficult a work, for the finest of any—that exhibited to the British 
Association, taken by herself from the garden pond at Binns House, in 
Linlithgowshire.” Another passage, dictated by the same grateful con- 
siderations, occurs in the same volume, p. 124, under Plumatella repens. 
“ Of these an admirable example occurred near a ruinous mansion called 
Fenton Tower, in the county of Haddington, about twenty-one miles 
east of Edinburgh, for which I was indebted to that same affectionate 
companion of my excursions already noted, who takes the liveliest in- 
terest in all my pursuits, and who values the beauties of Nature as de- 
monstrations of the Divine essence vouchsafed to the gaze of admiring 
mankind.” 

When this affectionate relative had somewhat recovered from the 
bereavement which deprived her of a valued companion, she resolved to 
undertake the task which he had contemplated. Difficulties, however, 
of a formidable kind at once presented themselves. The state of the 
manuscripts was such, that, independent of their almost illegible charac- 
ter, which the intelligent printers of the former volume could alone 
decypher, there were so many erasures and changes of nomenclature, as 
to render much caution requisite in judging of the latest views intended 
to be expressed. Many of the references to the Plates, in consequence 
of the numerous alterations which had taken place in the text, required 
to be corrected. The unfinished Plates, and the Figures which had 
not been engraven, stood in need of assortment, and a careful revision. 
Much of this indispensable labour she only could perform, and here her 
efforts were above all praise. But there were portions of the task in 
which some assistance was needed. This Sir Joun Datyett foresaw, 
should the work prove a posthumous one, and had expressed to his 
relative a hope that I might, perhaps, endeavour to give her the requi- 
site aid ; especially as I had for many years previous to the publication 
of the “ Rare and Remarkable Animals,” urged upon him the propriety 
of giving to the world those observations, in the making of which he 
had expended so much successful labour. In proof that such efforts 


PREFACE. xiii 


had repeatedly been made to rescue important results from private 
obscurity, and render them available to naturalists in general, the follow- 
ing note, which accompanied the presentation of the first volume of that 
work, may here be inserted :— 


“© My Dear Proressor, 

“ Have the goodness to accept a copy of my humble commentary on 
the Works of Providence. 

“ Though endowed with my own share of perseverance and resolution, 
I confess that the iniquitous obstructions I suffered in its progress had 
nearly compelled me to abandon the prospect of completion. 

“ But your kind indulgence always encouraged me to advance, there- 
fore I may say the existence of my work is mainly owing to you. 

“ Believe me ever yours, with infinite regard, 
“ JouN GraHAM DALYELL.” 

“(14 Great Kine Srreer, 21st August 1847.” 


In these circumstances, I willingly furnished the little aid in my 
power towards the completion of the volume, interfering, however, in 
the smallest possible degree, with the style, the nomenclature, and the 
phraseology of the descriptions, so as not to destroy the identity of the 
materials employed. The publication, being a posthumous work, will, of 
course, be regarded with all the tenderness and generosity usually dis- 
played on such occasions ; while the numerous highly interesting and 
original observations which it contains, will be read with delight and 
gratitude by all philosophical naturalists. 

As several Plates, in a finished state, have been found in the author's 
repositories, together with descriptions of their contents, which are 
considered by his relative worthy of publication, it is intended to form 
these into a Supplement, to contain at the same time an Analytical 
Index of the two volumes, with a Biographical Sketch and Portrait of 
the Author. 


Joun FLeminc. 
New Coiiece, Epinsurcu, 
15th July 1853. 


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CHAP T HR 1 
HIRUDO—THE LEECH. 


Awone the numerous tribes of the lower animals distributed through- 
out the universe, none has attracted equal notice perhaps as the Leech, 
and that from periods of the most remote antiquity. Its form, its mo- 
tions, its habits, are well adapted to excite the curiosity of the illiterate 
beholder, and, above all, its utility in alleviating the afflictions of man- 
kind, have gained a distinction for it which is denied to all the rest. 

Though widely known of old, in general, the detailed investigation 
of the history of the Leech has been reserved for the latest era of scienti- 
fic observers, and the most advanced state of science. 

Doubtless the noted peculiarities of the Medicinal Leech led to the 
study of others, whether from motives of mere curiosity, or from the 
hopes of finding them endowed with similar properties. Such expecta- 
tions however have been disappointed ; for among a genus, abounding suf- 
ficiently in the variety of its species, I believe that no one is yet discovered 
which can be so satisfactorily employed in relieving human distress. 

It is true that in this country there are leeches that will suck the 
blood, and eat the flesh of animals; and that in some distant regions 
others prove a kind of pest to man, but none seem as yet habituated to 
the same office wherein the Medicinal Leech is so useful at home. 

Independently of the practical value of this animal, wherever it can 
be found, certain singular facts are exposed by various species of the 

A 


2 HIRUDO. 


genus Hirudo, which cannot but be interesting to the physiologist, and 
assuredly deserve to be farther known and suitably appreciated. 

I might have been deterred from offering farther observations on 
this, a very interesting subject in Natural History, considering the 
valuable treatises already published by such distinguished authors as Dr 
James Rawlins Johnson, Professor Stefano Delle Chiaje of Naples, M. 
Moquin Tandon of Montpellier, and many others, wherein a historical 
and descriptive view of the whole is taken, especially by the last. But 
certain species, both marine and fresh-water, have occurred to me, which 
seem rarely distributed. Besides, my endeavours to preserve all animals 
alive, afford opportunities of presenting several new facts in the history 
of some, and accurate representations of the form of others. 

There is nothing in the whole circle of literature which has hitherto 
experienced so total a failure as the last. I cannot specify a single 
treatise containing even tolerable figures of the Leech ; and although 
very familiar with various species named by different authors, it is very 
rarely that I have derived any assistance from the figures offered in 
illustration, or have been able to identify them with my own. This 
defect, however, must be ascribed equally to the imperfection of the 
creature, which is not selected while vigorous, and to the deficiencies of 
the artist. 

Many doubts have been expressed regarding the just position of the 
Leech in the Systema Natura, and sometimes by those who apparently 
question whether there is any specific order or arrangement of things 
manifested by the Creation. Yet the tribe of leeches is, if I may so ex- 
press it, absolutely saz generis; none other has been hitherto shewn in 
close approximation. It seems to stand apart. At present it is brought 
nearer to the simple Vermes than either its general formation or its 
general habits sanction. But there being many reputable works, which 
T have not been able to procure, on the subject, probably they contain 
sufficient illustrations. 

The Leech is a soft bodied, elongated, annulose animal, of the most 
variable form. Both extremities dilate, in each constituting a sucker, 
affixing it firmly to any foreign substance. It cannot advance unless the 


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sucker in front is relieved, carried forward, and secured, when the pos- 
terior is relieved, carried forward, and secured in like manner, whereby 
the animal has taken its step. This process is repeated, while adhesion 
constantly prevails. The Leech also swims quickly by undulations in the 
water. It feeds on animal and vegetable substances ; and it multiplies 
by means of ova. 


§ 1. Hirvupo muricata—The Skate Leech.—Plate I. fig. 1. 


Length eight inches ; extreme diameter seven lines. Body round, 
tapering slightly from the middle towards the two extremities, each of 
which dilates as a large circular sucker. The whole body profusely 
tuberculated ; the tubercles rising about a line, disposed in regular circles, 
and susceptible of being flattened. A portion of the neck near the head 
differs somewhat from the rest, in forming a broad belt of lower tubercles. 
Neither eyes nor ocular specks are to be discovered. 

The body is annulated, as may be discovered from young specimens, 
for this becomes imperceptible with their growth. Between seventy and 
eighty distinct circles were enumerated in one extending about two 
inches in length, by a line in thickness, the tubercles seeming to be ar- 
ranged in about eight longitudinal rows. 

During quiescence the animal adheres firmly by the posterior sucker ; 
it forms in its extent a logarithmic curve, with the oral disc expanded 
or otherwise in the-centre. Now the disc appears as a hollow hemi- 
sphere, which unfolds as a flattened surface, to be applied to neighbouring 
objects when the animal commences its progression. While altogether 
disengaged, the lip of the hemisphere contracts so as to render it spheri- 
cal. When employed, it is unfolded flat ; the mouth appearing in the 
centre, environed by concentric rings of different lines. The exterior 
ring was in one specimen greenish, the next white, very narrow, within 
a broad grey ring. Eight low tubercular prominences are disposed on the 
margin of this oral sucker ; sometimes four, as were on the disc just 
described. There is a considerable contraction of the diameter of the 


t HIRUDO. 


body where the posterior sucker joins it ; and here is the orifice of the 
intestinal canal, as demonstrated by a continuous sanguinary stream 
sometimes discharged from it. 

This animal is always of a dull or dingy colour, varying from oil green 
to brownish, or in young specimens reddish-brown, bluish, or greenish, 
but on the whole generally tending to oil green. A lighter spotted 
stripe sometimes runs down the back ; and some of the young have ap- 
peared reddish, encircled by lighter belts. 

Certain authors have ascribed two short horns in front to the Skate 
Leech; but I have never seen any of the genus Hirudo with prominent 
external appendages, nor can I find that any such are known to the 
Scotish fishermen. The aspect of the animal however is so peculiar, and 
the skin being rough while all others are smooth, that it cannot be 
mistaken.—Plate I. fig. 1. 

I have not learned that any variety, such also as some authors 
speak of, dwells in our seas. 

The Hirudo muricata has received a name most appropriate, as 
indicative of its appearance, which no prudent practical naturalist would 
have proposed to change. 

This animal preys on the living skate, and it is said also on some 
other flat fish. The fishermen, who are not particularly veracious, affirm, 
that they are to be found in dozens on a single skate, excavating the 
very flesh. They say likewise, that they are very numerous about the 
beginning of June ; and certain it is that at no time are they rare. 

The Skate Leech cannot ever be induced to feed in confinement, 
though offered various animal substances, among which was a young 
skate, extracted from its capsule. If cavities be actually seen in the 
surface of adults, it is highly probable that the flesh has been consumed 
to reach the blood, which seems to be the chief subsistence of the Leech. 
Some species of fresh-water leeches are greedy of flesh, as we shall see 
afterwards ; for it is an error to believe, as has been frequently asserted, 
that the animals of this genus live entirely by suction. The streams of 
blood discharged in confinement by the Skate Leech prove the quality of 
its sustenance. 


HIRUDO. 5 


The firm adhesion of the sucker to the skin of its prey must render 
this animal a cruel and inveterate ememy. It is seldom detached by the 
fishermen without suffering injury ; but when adhering to hard substances, 
by inverting, it may be removed with comparative facility, by inserting 
the edge of the thumb nail evadually under the sucker. 

During the day this singular leech reposes in absolute quiescence, but 
towards evening, its wonted coil relaxes in wider curves, and it rears 
itself erect on the plane of position, with the head turned inwards. 
The quiescence of a solitary specimen, however, is interrupted by the 
introduction of stranger leeches of its own kind; their society is evident- 
ly gratifying. Five having been collected in the same vessel, all began 
to intertwine their necks together after fixing the sucker ; they stretched 
and curved, or contracted the body, yet without shifting from their re- 
spective spots of adhesion. Such movements continued for hours. 

Meantime, small and almost transparent vesicles, as it appeared, 
each formed like a grain of oats, were observed protruding from the neck 
of the animal. These extended about three lines ; each being connected 
to the neck by a slender filament, also transparent. Two milk-white 
parallel oblong substances were exposed within. 

The number of these vesicles is variable, according to the specimen. 
In each of two a vesicle issued from that ring of the neck which was 
next the lowest ; each of two others had three.—In one of the leeches, 
two vesicles, in near approximation, issued from the fifth or sixth row of 
tubercles, lower than the neck. At first three appeared in the second 
leech : and six or seven, some days later, whereof four then issued from 
the neck. On the day subsequent, they seemed to have increased to 
nine or ten. About five such objects were protruding from the neck of 
a middle-sized specimen of the leech, on the day after being committed 
to the vessel of a previous occupant ; and from the neck of its companion, 
two of the same kind, appearing flaccid, which might have been mistaken 
for two short horns. 

Authors have ascribed two short horns to the Skate Leech, under 
which specific character, indeed, it stands in the Linnean Systema Na- 
ture. Farther, it is thus represented in Barsut's Genera Vermium,— 


6 HIRUDO. 


Plate I. fig. 8 ; whith work professes to contain certain figures deline- 
ated after Nature. I have never seen either fresh-water or marine 
leeches with appendages of any kind ; and although one foreign animal 
has been incorporated with them, I apprehend that it should be removed 
to another genus. But, in treating of the Hirudo muricata, it is not im- 
probable that some superficial observer has mistaken the vesicles for 
horns. 

Among the various conjectures which I indulged on the subject, 
that seeming the most probable, centred in the vesicles being animals of 
parasitic, or some organic structure susceptible of protrusion, and retrac- 
tile ; and thus I left them for many years. 

But, after the facts above narrated in the history of the Cualigus 
curtus occurred (Vol. I. p. 248), and having reverted to the subject, it 
appeared to me that the mysterious animal was to be identified as a 
variety of the same race. In this I was confirmed by observing figs. 2 and 
3, among the various delineations which sometimes oceur along with the 
Udonella. Such was the solution of the enigma.—Plate I., figs. 1-10. 

The Skate Leech propagates by eggs or capsules, of very remark- 
able configuration, more or less numerous, according to the fertility of 
individuals ; and they appear either singly, which is rare, or in a con- 
siderable group,—perhaps fifty on the exterior or interior surface of a 
shell—Fig. 11. 

The capsule consists of a sole, a short stalk surmounted by a spheroid, 
with a distinct umbo on the side. The capsule altogether is about three 
lines, and the spheroid which contains the embryo, or leech, about two 
in diameter. 

Such capsules are firmly agglutmated by the sole to the substance 
whereon they are deposited. They are originally white, or of the faint- 
est carnation, of a fine soft downy aspect, with the neck orange or yel- 
lowish. They darken gradually from the time of production, and in four 
or five days, the original white is converted to olive-green, or dull wax- 
yellow. They are produced singly, free of all gelatinous matter. 

The capsule is a very singular object, quite peculiar ; insomuch that 
it bears no resemblance to the ovum of any other animal. How many 


HIRUDO. 7 


varieties are found in this simple yet wonderful provision of Nature, for 
the perpetuation of living beings,—an egg, through the means of that 
which scarcely occupies definite space in its origin,—of that wherein 
susceptibility of receiving the vital spark may subsist during time incal- 
culable ? 

The capsule consists of a coriaceous, tough, thick imtegument, full 
of tenacious, albuminous, brownish matter. It contains only a single 
embryo, which penetrates the lateral umbo in issuing forth to the light. 
Then the young animal is about an inch in length.—Figs. 12, 15. 

Thus, an aperture in the umbo always denotes its vacancy,—the 
state wherein most of them are recovered from the sea ; for the young 
has generally forsaken its interior. 

The propagation of this species is not strictly confined to any sea- 
son, though belonging chiefly to summer. On opening twenty capsules, 
on September 27, only one contained an embryo. 

A snow-white capsule, very recently produced, was observed in a 
vessel containing a leech, on the 19th of January. Next day, the colour 
had darkened, but the centre of the sole still remained white, nor was 
its ultimate hue attained ina week. A different specimen produced a 
capsule on March 27, another next day, and a third on the 1st of April. 
Thus, the capsules are produced singly, one at a time, though the inter- 
vals may be short. Those of numerous groups, of forty, fifty, or more, 
being in immediate approximation, proceed from a single specimen. 
They form in an extraordinary manner, compared with the external 
capacity. Probably, therefore, they come successively to maturity in 
the ovarium. All may belong to the same animal. On the 10th of 
January, a leech occurred, adhering to the fragment of a shell, bearmg 
seventeen capsules ; an eighteenth was produced on the morning of that 
day week, almost white when noticed ; a nineteenth appeared next day, 
and a twentieth on the 22d of the month. All seemed to be from the 
same parent. 

The greatest number ever seen in a group was fifty-four, of which 
six were in a tier above the others. But all are usually in a single stra- 
tum, wherein the capsules are dispersed irregularly. There is little dis- 


8 HIRUDO. 


parity in the size of the capsules of the same group ; but the whole cap- 
sules of one group are sometimes much smaller than those in another. 
A general correspondence appears in the form of all. None produced by 
other leeches, or by any other animals, bear the smallest resemblance to 
them. 

The Skate Leech is very patient of abstinence. Though most vora- 
cious in the natural state, all subsistence, as already observed, is rejected 
by it in confinement, although in such a condition it survives a long time. 

It occasionally seems to die of repletion from previous excesses. A 
large specimen, taken in the end of June, had suffered a slight injury, pro- 
bably from pressure in detaching it. In three days it sickened, and at the 
upper part rent asunder. The animal had burst ; when the whole cavity 
of the animal was discovered to be occupied by a mass of clotted blood. 

Another specimen proved extremely turgid in autumn, when taken, 
which I ascribed to the blood which it had absorbed. But, the continued 
distension during four or five weeks, induced me rather to conjecture that _ 
it was owing to the enlarging of the ovarium. In a few days, however, 
the discharge of a quantity of blood, partly clotted, proved the true 
cause. The animal then lost its adhesive faculty : it died, and I found 
it quite straight and rigid, extending far over the edge of its vessel. 

Two large specimens having been obtained on the 7th of July, 
were preserved for delineation, because there was a considerable diffe- 
rence in their appearance. One was so turgid that the papille of the 
surface were almost obliterated. Nevertheless, it remained in health, and 
discharged a copious stream of bloody matter eighty-four days after- 
wards. 

The Skate Leech is not rare. 


Prater I. 
Fig. 1. Hirudo muricata—The Skate Leech ; head, a ; sucker, 0. 
Parasites, Udonella adhering to the neck. 
The same, enlarged. 
Another, natural size. 
The same, enlarged. 


x pe oo 


HIRUDO. a 


Fic. 6. Group of Udonella from the Leech, natural size. 
7. A specimen magnified ; anterior, a; sucker, 5. 
8. Another. 
9. Anterior extremity of the Udonella, more highly magnified. 
10. Supposed capsule pertaining to the Udonella, magnified. 
11. Capsules of the Hirudo muricata, deposited on a shell. 
12. Young Leech, bred from the capsule, extended. 
13. Young Leech, bred from the capsule, coiled. 
14. Capsule, recently produced in confinement, still almost white. 
15. Capsule, produced in confinement, darkened with age. 


§ 2. Hiupo virrara—The Belted Leech—Plate I. Fig. 16. 


Length above two inches, breadth three lines, thickness one line ; 
body flattened, smooth upper surface, slightly convex. Anterior extre- 
mity formed as a cup, occasionally flattening, and applying like a dise to 
other substances ; posterior extremity broad, thin, and large im propor- 
tion to the animal, employed asa sucker. That of a very large speci- 
men of the Hirudo vittata, one extending eight or nine inches, was of 
smaller diameter. The body is chiefly whitish and speckled, somewhat 
transparent, so as to expose ten pair of cells within. Ten projections, like 
hemispherical blisters, border each side of the animal, rising and falling 
as if by respiration ; no eyes could be found. 

It generally remains erect on the broad or adhering sucker, often 
waving to and fro.—Plate I. fig. 16. 

Four specimens were obtained on July 23. Next morning I ob- 
served what I supposed six capsules produced in the course of the night, 
and in three days, other three of larger size. In another vessel, con- 
taining two specimens, eight of a similar description were produced. 
Those subjects did not bear any resemblance to the capsule of the 
Hirudo muricata, being only a minute spherical segment, nearly a hemi- 
sphere, about the third of a line in diameter, and of dingy yellow colour. 
On another occasion, nineteen of the same subjects were produced in a 
vessel containing twenty-four leeches on the 20th of November. Their 

B 


10 ; HIRUDO. 


appearance is limited to no particular season. The latter were larger 
than the others, being about the sixteenth of an inch in diameter. 
Though preserved a long time, they did not undergo any change ; and 
as nothing tended to elucidate their nature, I ceased to consider them as 
connected with the propagation of the leech. Some are represented 
Plate I. figs. 17, 18, 19, natural size ; and fig. 20, enlarged. 

Some capsules, of an oval form, have been seen in vessels containing 
similar leeches. 

Nothing of a particular interest has been disclosed by these animals ; 
some are in more active motion than above described, though still ad- 
hering by the sucker, which has appeared very thin and transparent. 
In certain positions, the microscope discovers that the body consists of 
numerous annulations. 

Some specimens being replete with blood on coming from the sea, 
the sustenance of those animals may be considered as probably derived 
from sources similar to that of the Hirudo muricata. 

Their faculties are certainly very obtuse ; or a particular state is 
attended with particular incapacity. If left dry above the surface of the 
water, they do not descend in quest of it, but remain on the spot to 
perish. 

Fig. 2 represents a group of smaller leeches, which may be the same 
as the preceding in earlier stages ; but their features were not equally 
definite, farther than in the appearance of the sucker. 

An animal somewhat of the same character is represented in the 
Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle. I can scarcely presume to identify 
mine with that represented by Chamisso and Eysenhardt in the Nova 
Acta Physico-Medica, Academie Leopoldino Caroline Nature Curiosorum, 
tom. x. p. 350. ; tom. xxiv. fig. 4, Brusiz, 1821. 


Prats I. 
Fic 16. Hirudo vittata. 
17. 18, 19. Supposed capsules, natural size. 
20. Three capsules, enlarged. 
. 21. Group of leeches, supposed the same as fig. 16. 


HIRUDO. 11 


§ 3. Hrrupo ANCEPS. 


There cannot be any doubt of the genus to which the two preced- 
ing species belong. It is otherwise with the present subject, which is 
introduced here provisionally, for its place rather seems intermediate 
between the Hirudines and the Vermes—more nearly approaching the 
former. 

Above sixty years have elapsed since the animal was introduced as 
a leech to his fellow naturalists by Otho Frederic Miiller, under the 
name irudo grossa. It was received as such for a long time unchal- 
lenged, but M. Moquin Tandon proposed, more than twenty years ago, 
to exclude it from the genus. 

I speak with diffidence, from having been able to obtain only a 
single specimen, probably a variety, as the reader who has an opportu- 
nity of comparing Miiller’s account with mine may allow. 

Length, when extended, nine lines, breadth three ; body tapering 
slightly to the anterior extremity, which is obtuse. The posterior extre- 
mity terminates in a sucker of considerable diameter, colour wax yellow. 

A waving intestine down the centre is perceptible. Two dull red 
specks are indistinctly seen towards the anterior. 

The whole animal is of a very gelatinous aspect. A specimen of the 
Cyprina Islandica and an Ascidia were among the same collection as the 
Leech. I did not discover the latter until vitiation of the water had 
ensued, when it was found somewhat weakened, adhering to the bottom 
of the vessel containing them. However it recovered by careful treat- 
ment.—Plate I. fig. 22, Hirudo grossa at rest ; extended, fig. 23. I 
could not ascertain its food. 

The animal was first observed by me on May 8. I cannot affirm 
when or on what it was taken. 

On occasion of delineation, the artist thought imternal spawn per- 
ceptible. 

The creature became enfeebled on the 30th. Next day I believed 
it dead, but erroneously. It had lost the faculty of adhesion on the 


12 HIRUDO. 


12th of June. The orifice of the oviduct which, as in leeches, is near 
the anterior extremity, was greatly dilated on the 14th. And through- 
out the night of the 15th, a vast quantity of spawn was discharged. 

This consisted of transparent albuminous matter, wherein the ova 
were imbedded, each containing a solid yellow globule, im a much larger 
transparent sphere, from the dimensions of which the ova appeared 
considerably apart from each other.—Spawn, fig. 24 ; a portion enlarged, 
fig. 25. 

The animal was now much reduced ; and, on the 20th of June, had 
become greatly disfigured. Nevertheless a new mass of spawn was dis- 
charged ; and the parent was evidently dead. 

The whole spawn subsequently disappeared. 


Puate I, 
Fic. 22. Hirudo grossa at rest. 
23. Extended. _ 
24, Spawn. 
25. Portion of the same, enlarged. 


§ 4. Hrrupo campanuLata—T'he Bell Leech.—Plate I. figs. 26, 27. 


Two specimens of this animal occurred among a quantity of mis- 
cellaneous marine collections, but whether they were young or adult, no 
circumstances enabled me to judge. 

Length, when extended, thirteen lines, body round, diameter about 
half a line. The anterior extremity dilates as a very broad disc, some- 
what like a flattened hand-ball ; the posterior extremity dilates in the 
same manner ; sucker very large proportionally. Colour of the body 
dark olive, finely speckled with yellow. Disc and sucker very pale. 

These animals were extremely restless. They perished in a fort- 
night from accidental impurity of the water. 


Prare I. 
Fic. 26. Hirudo campanulata. 
27. The same enlarged. 


HIRUDO. 13 


o 


§ 5. UDONELLA cALIGORUM.—Vol. I. Plate LXVI. fig. 11. 


Among those ordinances for which human reason cannot account, 
is that paramount decree of Nature prompting living animals to destroy 
each other. 

Amidst such wonderful means to kindle the spark of life ; amidst 
the complex machinery to sustain it ; the care and precautions for its 
transmission, how can it be credited that there are countervailing 
agencies purposely devised for destruction ? 

Yet certain it is, that one-half of the animated world will readily 
devour the other; nay that one more powerful being will remain the 
only survivor among all its fellows. 

Neither numbers nor dimensions distinguish the assailants ; some 
are mere atoms; others bear along the most gigantic proportions. 
Myriads of diminutive creatures wage a deadly war against a single 
victim ; or myriads of victims fall an instantaneous prey to a single de- 
stroyer. The end is the same, the devoted must perish. 

But the modes of destruction are different. Sometimes the flesh is 
consumed ; sometimes the blood is exhausted. 

In all this the final object of Nature can be scarcely mistaken, as, 
unless for the purpose of destruction, the victim would not have been 
provided. 

In as far as hitherto ascertained, all the species comprehended by the 
present genus fall within the class of destroyers. If doubts subsist of 
the fact, it is perhaps from the defects of history. Thus their sustenance 
is soft and succulent. 

Among the crustaceous animals, or those with shelly integuments, 
recently described, we have spoken of a parasite, the Caligus, which infests 
various kinds of flattened fishes. This singular parasite is itself infested 
by another, of altogether a different nature, and of infinitely smaller di- 
mensions. 

My attention was directed to it between twenty and thirty years 
ago, when first observing the Caligus. 


14 HIRUDO. 


I was afterwards gratified to find that it had come under the notice 
of Dr George Johnston, who, considering it a leech, had named it 
Udonella caligorum. 

This is a minute white cylindrical animal, with a sucker at the 
posterior extremity, whereon it rises erect, or swings the body in all dif- 
ferent positions. The integument is too opaque to expose the contents 
distinctly. None of my specimens extended to more than two lines, those 
of Dr Johnston have equalled four, nor have they been alike opaque. 

This animal is not always present on the Caligus, but it sometimes 
appears in great numbers. By gross enumeration about 150 were com- 
puted as adhering to a dead Caligus. 

There are frequently present along with specimens on the Caligus 
numerous clusters of extremely minute capsules, as they appear ; some 
full, and others of the same cluster empty. But whether these belong 
to the Udonella is uncertain. 

Extremely minute specimens of the Udonella are occasionally seen 
on the neck of the Hirudo muricata, lurking among the prominences. 

Though a longer series of observations, conducted under favourable 
circumstances, might be requisite to determine the precise position of the 
Udonella caligorum, it may safely receive a provisional place among the 
Hirudines. 


§ 6. Hirupo Ocro-ocuLata, seu vuLGARIS.—The Kight-eyed Leech.— 
Plate II. 


I have not ascertained that more than four marine leeches, including 
the HZ. grossa and Udonella, belong to Scotland. But those inhabiting the 
fresh-water are perhaps more than in due proportion to the space which 
the whole territory occupies on the surface of the globe. If the number 
specified here have fallen under the notice of one individual, it may be 
readily presumed that more have occurred to others. I consider it for- 
tunate when we can study the genera of animals without having re- 
course to those of foreign seas. Ifthe matter be viewed philosophically, 


_ MCZ WBRARY | 
HARVARD UNIVERSETY 
CAMBRIDGE. MA'USA = - 


VI. 


10 


16 


Hite wl? : PIE 


PLA. 


HIRUDO. 15 


does it derogate from the interests of physiologists that the products of 
the creation are accessible ? 

Authors seem to have been perplexed in finding a name for the 
Hirudo octo-oculata different from that by which it is thus distinguished. 
But I do not see that any of them merits preference. Therefore I mean 
to retain Hirudo octo-oculata or vulgaris in the little I have to say on the 
subject, trusting to render it sufficiently explicit. 

The concomitant delineations will aid the description. 

The principal distinctions that I have observed among many speci- 
mens consist in size and in colour. They are larger or smaller accordingly, 
lighter and darker, all tending to red or brownish-red, plain, or figured. 

Length above two inches ; breadth above a line and a half; body 
nearly linear, flattened, especially when in motion.—Plate II. fig. 1, 
quiescent ; fig. 2, extended. 

This animal is divided into numerous segments, 99 or 100, accord- 
ing to M. Moquin Tandon; the sides bounded by a clear margin, scarcely 
visible unless in a state of repletion. Eight minute black ocular specks 
are on the anterior extremity ; six of them distributed singly ; but the 
last on each side having a fellow, thus constituting a pair ; fig. 3, en- 
larged.” One of the pair is in continuation of the ocular arc, as it may 
be called ; the other is inner or nearer to the medial line of the body. 

Viewed from a distance, the animal is of smooth, plump, uniform 
aspect ; but narrower inspection shews it to be of reddish-brown colour, 
mottled with black, as if divided into compartments, whence another 
more expressive specific name might have been given perhaps—Hirudo 
tapes, the Carpet Leech. Considerable difference subsists in the intensity of 
colour, but the elements of all are reddish-brown, sometimes very dark, 
and rendering the aspect of certain subjects of much coarser appearance 
than others. The peculiar marking of the surface is not to be over- 
looked.—Fig. 4, enlarged. 

This species is less impatient of the light than many others. It is 
very restless ; but, like all the rest, more tranquil in the morning. 

It isa fierce, active, and voracious creature ; feeding greedily on 
flesh, and even waging a destructive warfare against its own tribe. 


16 HIRUDO. 


Seven having been taken and consigned to a vessel, I found one of them 
soon after attempting to swallow the Hirudo stagnalis, which, though of 
small dimensions, seemed too large for its gullet. The head of the prey 
is first absorbed ; and, as all predacious animals apparently employ a 
definite mode of attack, this may be the best way of defeating resistance. 
As if in just retaliation, the eight-eyed leech is itself the victim of others 
of its more powerful kindred. In the natural state it seems to subsist 
also on the succulent plants, and on decaying wood, but always preferring 
animal substances. Though feeding copiously in confinement, its size 
declines progressively ; the excretions are in the form of long thickish 
spiral threads. 

This species is very extensively diffused in Scotland. It is found 
in lakes, ponds, streams, and marshes. The quality of the specimen de- 
pends much on the abundance of food, and the facility of retreat. Many 
dwell on aquatic plants, or oceupy the under surface of stones. If a 
quantity of the former be pulled up, and heaped on the ground, the 
leeches soon quiting their haunts descend as if in quest of shelter, when 
they will be readily found on the earth below. They seem always to 
retreat downwards. 

From the facility of procuring and preserving the Hight-eyed Leech 
it is particularly convenient for observation. But the labours of the 
naturalist are commonly abbreviated by casualties, especially the sus- 
ceptibility of disease, which few specimens escape. The sucker and whole 
lower portion become motionless, and covered with mould, so that the 
upper half is living while the under is dead. Perhaps the temperature 
of an apartment is too high, or so different from its wonted dwelling as 
to prove pernicious. 

No species is more adapted for shewing the progress of the embryo, 
from the moment it becomes visible until fair maturity, and issuing forth 
in perfection from the ovum of the parent. 

This is properly a capsule, with an integument, not a shell, and of a 
brownish-yellow colour ; the longitudinal segment of an ovoid, smooth 
and convex. The longest capsules extend about two lines and a half, 
by somewhat less in breadth. The longer axis is always parallel to the 


HIRUDO. WW 


corresponding axis of any cylindrical substance, whereon the capsule is 
deposited—for example a bulrush. Its position is frequently oblique, on 
substances of greater diameter. A red speck is readily seen at each ex- 
tremity of those of lighter colour. 

Some of the capsules are found vacant, and thence abortive in pro- 
duction. Others contain from one to twelve minute white specks, the 
elements of as many future embryos.—Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, capsules after 
nature ; figs. 10, 11, enlarged. 

The embryos are scarcely perceptible by the naked eye, and are dis- 
persed like grains irregularly in the capsule. None are evidently con- 
fined by any peculiar involucrum ; nor are they arranged in any definite 
or reciprocal position. The form of the advancing embryo is so irregular 
as to occupy in appearance a great portion of the capsule.—Figs. 12, 
13, 14, 16. If several embryos occur in the same capsule, there is scarcely 
room for their growth. The young leech at length escapes in proper season. 

In a vessel containing two leeches, two capsules were deposited on 
August 27. Ten single specks seemed to be included in one of them, 
aud apparently seven pairs, together with a single speck, in the other. 
The contents of the latter had, to my appreliension, resolved into single 
specks in a few days. But the capsule proved wholly abortive ultimately. 

On the Ist or 2d of September six or seven of the ten in the other 
capsule were enlarged, as if inflated ; and on the 13th of the month, six 
or seven pale, dingy leeches, ranged together longitudinally, were dis- 
covered occupying the capsule in common. Observation had been in- 
terrupted during the interval. The motion of these animals, sensible on 
the 14th, became gradually more evident on the 21st, when the body 
was curving and extending. Finally five of them escaped through one 
of the red spots above mentioned, on the 29th, though apparent ma- 
turity prognosticated an earlier exit. Two still within the capsule some- 
times advanced from below, as if irresolute whether to attempt the same 
means of liberation. One adventured on it next day, and the other on 
that following. ; 

Thus thirty-one or thirty-two days had intervened between deposi- 
tation of the capsule and the maturity of its contents. 

c 


18 HIRUDO. 


On the 13th of August several leeches had been committed to a 
cylindrical vessel of water, for the purpose of obtaming their capsules. 
One appeared in four days, which contained five specks. Two of these, 
however, proved either illusive or abortive ; but three of them, enlarging 
circularly at first, had become oval in the course of development, as 
embryos, within a week. Eleven days subsequent to the production of 
the capsule they extended and contracted ; yet neither external eyes nor 
internal organs were visible. They were of singular structure, the whole 
being formed as if by united vesicles or large globules ; all having some 
rotundity,—nothing angular. It could not be determined whether they 
were hollow. Two of the embryos were nearly equal; the third, between 
them, smaller. In a fortnight they occupied nearly the whole capsule ; 
and in eighteen days from its production very little of it remained free. 
In twenty days the lower half of the young appeared deeply corrugated, 
yet no segments were perceptible, neither could circulation of the blood 
be discovered. Quite a different character distinguished the upper half 
of the animal, in being perfectly smooth throughout, thus inducmg me 
to conclude the dark portions of the other to be intestinal. The eyes 
appeared as minute specks across the front of the upper surface. The 
surface of the skin had a reticulated aspect, and there were slight remains 
of the vascular structure above described, fig. 14 ; one of the embryos 
enlarged, fig. 15. No other motion than simple contraction and exten- 
sion was then sensible. 

Two having attained maturity forsook the capsule thirty days after 
it was deposited ; the third, testifying much activity, escaped two days 
later. 

Thus, in August and September, the eight-eyed leech comes to ma- 
turity in thirty or thirty-two days after production of the ovum con- 
taining it. 

The young leeches on exclusion extend to about the third of an inch, 
and are of pale amber colour, swim actively amidst the element, and 
adhere by the sucker in the course of the day. 

It is of the deepest interest to the reflecting mind to watch the pro- 
gressive evolution of matter from the moment the dormant spark of life 


HIRUDO. 19 


shall be elicited. Here the regular advance is completely disclosed by 
the transparence of the capsular integument. It is seen that life may 
subsist a considerable time ; that the component parts may be greatly 
enlarged or refined before the attainment of such vigour by the em- 
bryo as enables it to demonstrate its own animation. Several days 
before the young leech adventures to escape, the eyes have become 
visible, a pair on each side, being situated at some distance behind the 
lunate series of four in front. Transparence of the capsule also exposes 
the great disparity of the brood, and that it is in every possible arrange- 
ment: farther, that the relative position of the young is altered, and 
that they traverse their prison in all directions previous to seeking an- 
other abode. 

Several capsules are produced by the same parent, both prolific and 
abortive, and in various numbers, independently of which the embryos 
are also contained in various numbers. It is difficult, however, to attain 
accuracy, as the production of some capsules may precede the selection 
of specimens of the leeches for observation. One specimen, taken July 
26th, produced four capsules from the 29th of that month until the 8th 
of August. The third was vacant of specks ; the first, second, and fourth 
contained eight, six, and five respectively. Another, taken August 19th, 
produced the last of five capsules on the 25th of September. Each of 
the first two contained ten embryos, the third eight, and the fourth seven. 
The fifth proved abortive. Thirty-five young, therefore, had come from 
the same parent. 

Where there are several embryos, some are generally abortive ; but 
there is no definite proportion in this condition. 

At first the capsule is almost transparent ; and, it may seem singular, 
that there are no previous sensible indications of its presence in the body 
of so small an animal as the eight-eyed leech. Its actual production is 
rarely to be witnessed. 

Some’ days after several specimens had been taken, it was observed 
that one of them, affixed by the sucker, exhibited an enlargement of the 
body, at about a third of the length from the anterior extremity. It con- 
tinued twisting itself very slowly, in such a manner that sometimes the 


20 HIRUDO. 


back, and sometimes the belly, was next the side of the glass, to which it 
still adhered. The mouth of the animal was frequently directed towards 
the enlargement, which was bounded by two slight contractions of the 
body. The motions continued half an hour, no covering meantime invest- 
ing the enlargement. But two small light brown glutinous drops having 
fallen down among the water of the vessel, a very thin pellicle seemed 
to be formed on the outside of the ovoidal part of the enlargement. This 
pellicle thickened over it, occupying the imterval between the two con- 
tractions, which comprehend the orifice of the oviduct. Yet no sensible 
pellicle covered it, that is, the orifice. Tenuity might render the pellicle 
invisible. Perhaps we may conjecture that the pellicle forms a capsule, 
surrounding the body of the leech, which is withdrawn through the red 
specks seen at its extremity after receiving its complement of ova or the 
matter containing them from the oviduct. The capsule was evidently 
formed outside of the animal. While it became more and more con- 
spicuous another leech in the vessel tore off a portion with its mouth ; 
when the original leech around which it was formed having contracted 
and withdrawn the head, the ragged capsule slipped over like a sheath, 
and fell to the bottom. 

The whole process was extremely singular, nor is it altogether very 
intelligible. Yet there seems no illusion. It rather indicated that the cap- 
sule was formed externally by some exudation of the body ; and the leech 
apparently straining itself to bring up something, the embryonic matter 
produced the ovoidal form of that portion comprehending the orifice of the 
oviduct. The body having discharged its contents might be contracted 
and withdrawn from the capsule, which, if entire, would remain aggluti- 
nated to the vessel. If the exudation is from the oviduct, it is not evi- 
dent how it can invest the body. The brownish drops fallen down shew 
the existence of fluid matter. 

Two years preceding the incident above related, I had an opportu- 
nity of observing the progressive formation of a capsule. It first re- 
sembled a film, through which about a third of the animal's body pro- 
truded downwards. After remaining almost quiescent, the head being 
withdrawn, the capsule remained much disordered, and shapeless. But 


HIRUDO. 21 


the head having been again introduced, and also withdrawn several 
times, the capsule was in some minutes fashioned into a broad ovoid, the 
embryonic specks being shifted about by the pressure of its parts, while 
the leech seemed occupied in diffusing it on the glass, and after promot- 
ing its adhesion, it was forsaken. 

Now the capsule was nearly transparent, exposing five white specks 
towards the centre. It underwent scarcely any change in an hour. With 
the lapse of five hours it had acquired the fine brownish colour of others. 

It is evident, therefore, that the capsule is originally a film formed 
around the body of the leech, and through which a portion of the an- 
terior, comprehending the orifice of the oviduct, passes. Farther, that 
it receives the embryonic specks directly from the oviduct itself ; but 
whether in fluid matter, or in a common involucrum, or separately, is 
uncertain. 

There are only two obvious modes whereby the capsule can be pro- 
duced ; first, as an entire sac ; second, as an exudation, like the protecting 
silk, or sheath so often quoted, from the surface of the skin. 

The capsule is always pellucid originally, and great irregularity 
always subsists in the number, the position, and the progressive evolu- 
tion of the embryos. 

In the years 1803 and 1812 a leech occurred to me in the parish of 
Abercorn, which I was induced to consider a variety of the octo-oculata. 
Having no opportunity of afterwards revisiting the spot, which was a 
small marsh, I directed a quantity of its contents to be transmitted in a 
pitcher, being then fifteen miles distant, expecting to find some of the 
subjects resembling those previously obtained. 

I was not disappointed ; they confirmed my earlier observations, in 
as far as denoting that they had been made on a slight variety of the 
Hirudo octo-oculata or vulgaris. 

This variety rather exceeds the dimensions of ordinary specimens. 
It is of a fine, smooth, uniform colour, of delicate aspect. The body, 
consisting of numerous segments, is wholly environed by a broader, 
clearer, and more distinct margin than the other. No speckling, mottling, 
or reticulation distinguishes the surface. But there is some irregu- 


22 


HIRUDO. 


larity, though not sufficient to disturb the position of the animal as a 


variety. 


A specimen fed on white-fish in preference to flesh. 
This variety is also found in the city of Edinburgh, in a ditch or 


rivulet of a 


hollow, about fifty yards south of Athole Crescent, which 


has afforded the finest specimens, figs. 17, 18 ; head of another specimen 
enlarged, fig. 19. 


j Puate IT. 


Fic. 1. Hirudo octo-oculata (vulgaris), the Kight-eyed Leech, crawling. 
2. The same, quiescent. 
3. Anterior portion, shewing the number and distribution of the eyes, 
enlarged. 
4. Section of a specimen, shewing the aspect of the surface, enlarged. 
5. Capsule. 
6. Capsule observed in the course of formation, as it appeared the day 
after production. 
7. Capsule produced on August 3. 
8. Capsule produced on August 3. 
9. Capsule containing eleven embryos. 
10. The same, enlarged. 
11. Capsule with embryos, enlarged. 
12. Development of embryos on August 9, in capsule produced August 3. 
13. Development of embryos on August 9, in capsule produced August 3. 
14. Development of embryos twenty days after production of the capsule. 
15. One of the embryos of the capsule fig. 14, more enlarged. 
16. Capsule containing embryos, 16th August 1843, enlarged. 
17. Variety of Hirudo octo-oculata, crawling. 
18. The same, at rest. 
19 


. Anterior portion or head of a specimen of the same, shewing the 


distribution of the eyes, enlarged. 


§ Hirvpo sancuisuca— The Horse Leech.—Plate III. 


This species being so familiar, by name at least, to most people, 
especially those dwelling in the country, and being so profusely dispersed 


WEIE 


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HIRUDO. 23 


(ot 


throughout Europe, any notice of its peculiarities may here seem unne- 
cessary. But it is notorious, that many of the less skilful are frequently 
embarrassed in distinguishing the Horse Leech from the Medicinal Leech, 
and that nothing is more common than the substitution of the one, 
which is of no medical use in human distempers, for the other, sometimes 
proving of special benefit. Thus a few general observations on some of 
the characteristics of each, may assist those in case of necessity, who have 
no better means of ascertaining the difference—premising, however, that 
on this, as on all other occasions, my remarks are applicable to those 
animals alone that have been in my own possession. 

The Horse Leech presents a considerable diversity of aspect, accord- 
ing to the individual specimens. I do not know whether this may truly 
indicate the diversity of species ill-defined, whether variety, or to the 
want of uniformity among them, which may be identified. The whole 
tribe undergoes such extraordinary alterations and modifications of form, 
size, and colour, that the observer may be very readily deluded. 

Length above five inches ; figure round ; at rest, or while swimming, 
it is flattened. The body is divided into numerous segments, amounting 
to ninety-eight, according to M. Moquin Tandon, exclusive of the suckers. 
Ten ocular specks are marginal on the anterior extremity, set with 
tolerable regularity. But these must be sought for in younger specimens 
only, for, in adults, they are either quite inconspicuous, or to be disco- 
vered with the greatest difficulty,—easily to be credited in endeavouring 
to apply the microscope to so restless an animal. Amidst the different 
shades of colour, green is always predominant. This is either uniform 
throughout on the back, or speckled with darker lines: it is lighter on 
the belly, which is sometimes yellowish, when the speckling becomes 
more conspicuous. Occasionally the belly is dark-blue. Several slight 
variations frequently occur, so that such modifications are perplexing. 
—Plate III. figs. 1, 2. 

The observer may be farther embarrassed by the successive altera- 
tion of the aspect of some specimens. Leeches of full size are seen almost 
black ; but, if the light fall in a certain direction on the back, two 
variegated lines, still darker, may be discovered. A specimen extending 


24 HIRUDO. 


above two inches and a half, proved, appearing in general the soundest 
of any of the leeches, particularly embarrassmg. The body was round, 
deeply annulated, of dusky reddish-brown, with ten marginal specks on 
the anterior. This leech fed readily on fish, and it devoured a specimen 
of the Hirudo octo-oculata. In common with all the specimens of the 
sanguisuga, it frequently left the water. With the lapse of seven months 
the colour had become dull green, with some black spots on the under 
surface ; and in a year from the date of its capture, it had become quite 
green, the same spots still remaining.—Fig. 5, back ; 4, belly ; 5, head, 
enlarged. 

This is an active, bold, and clever animal, frequently crawling out 
of the water, and apparently always ready to quit its vessel. None of 
the tribe surpasses it in voracity. Few animal substances are rejected. 
All kinds of fish, dead or alive, seem acceptable. Penetrating the cavity 
of the larger fresh-water shells, the Horse Leech takes up a permanent 
dwelling there, until emptying them of their contents, should it be able. 
Several of this and the preceding species, the octo-oculata, having been col- 
lected from the same place, one of the latter, half swallowed by a Horse 
Leech scarcely double its size, was discovered struggling for liberty. But 
its ferocious enemy, adhering firmly by the sucker, and undulating its 
body in the water, as if to aid deglutition, occupied three hours in finish- 
ing its task,—when it appeared much distended by so copious a repast. 
Another attempted to devour a dead leech of a different kind, absorbing 
the smaller extremity here, as the former did with its living companion ; 
but the latter proved too large for its gullet. Considering the strength 
of the prey, indeed, and the adhesion, it appears a hardy effort of leeches 
to devour each other, unless under great disparity of size. 

A quantity of sand and rocky pellets are often discharged by these 
animals when recently taken, which may be perhaps ascribed to the 
nature of the creatures swallowed entire along with them. 

Leeches seem to be readily injured by excesses in feeding. Adhesion 
of the sucker becomes impaired ; and knots or enlargements of the body, 
indicate a distempered condition. They are then benefited by crawling 
through clefts and crevices, or among stones, with which last, and with 


HIRU DO. 25 


mud, their natural habitation, the vessels of all should be provided. 
Likewise abundant replenishment with water at short intervals is essen- 
tial, as the copious exuviation of such animals sometimes renders it 
turbid. 

The Horse Leech is of easy preservation from its natural habits. Its 
appetite for fish, flesh, or vegetable matter, is very promiscuous ; and it 
remains long out of the water uninjured, not only resting beneath stones 
on the margin of ponds or marshes near its native haunts, but im cap- 
tivity, adhering to that portion of glass vessels above the surface of the 
water. 

Favourable opportunities, and suitable treatment, might perhaps tend 
to establish those which I have considered only varieties, to be distinct 
species, as purposed by some of the continental naturalists. 

Two small specimens, neither exceeding an inch and a half, were 
taken among others in May. A row of black spots of lighter hue ran 
down each side of the back.—Fig. 6. One of these two having crawled 
out of the vessel, its body had accidentally sundred. Ten spots were seen 
on the margin.—Fig. 7. 

The specimen which had been mutilated survived two months, when 
I thought I observed a papilla prominent on the wound. But the sub- 
sequent disappearance of the animal, induced me to conclude that it 
had fallen a victim to some one stronger of its kind. 

The restlessness of the Horse Leech is in proportion to the tempera- 
ture of the atmosphere, and the effects of hunger. No creature is more 
susceptible of cold. In the middle of summer, specimens quite torpid, 
ure found under stones beyond the margin of the waters. 

Collectors sometimes attempt to palm the Horse Leech for the Me- 
dicinal Leech upon their neighbours. I once received half a dozen from 
an apothecary in Edinburgh, desirous to know of what species they were, 
as he had been offered about fifty. These were small, dark, with black 
specks on the belly. 

The owners of lakes and marshes likewise very often conclude that 
they have discovered sources of profit from the presence of these animals, 
supposing them the medicinal species. 

D 


26 HIRUDO. 


While at North Berwick, several years ago, I was informed that a 
small pool on the summit of a rocky islet, Craigleith, at some distance 
from the shore, abounded in the Medicinal Leech. Having obtained be- 
tween twenty and thirty specimens, dwelling among thickish mud, all 
proved on examination, to be the Horse Leech. They were rather under 
middle size, none exceeding three inches in length, when animated by 
the heat, for, although taken in the month of July, they were almost 
torpid. 

About the same proportion of the Horse Leech may be taken from 
under stones on the margin of a lake, as found in the water. 


Parte IIT. 
Fic. 1. Hirudo sangwisuga, The Horse Leech ; back. 
2. Belly. 
3. Young specimen subsequently becoming green; back. 
4. Belly. 
5. Head with ocular specks. 
6. Variety? back. 
7. Head with ocular specks. 
8. Variety? quiescent. 
9. The same in motion. 
10, The same enlarged. 


§ 6. Hirupo mepicinatis—The Medicinal Leech.*—Plate II. fig. 11. 


Perhaps no animal of the known universe has contributed more to 
alleviate the sufferings of mankind than the Medicinal Leech. Hence 
its utility as the principal remedy in many distempers has been high 
and permanent. 


* Mr Brightwell, an accomplished naturalist, observes, that the Medicinal Leech is 
found occasionally in the neighbourhood of Norwich. Also that a dealer in leeches residing 
in Norwich, keeps a stock of about 50,000 in two large tanks of water floored with soft 
clay, wherein the animals burrow. Many capsules were found by Mr Brightwell deposited 
by the leeches in the tanks, which the owner had always neglected or destroyed from igno- 
rance of their nature.—Brightwell on Hirudo geometrica, and some other species of British 
Fresh-Water Leeches, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., v. ix. p. 13. 


HIRUDO. | 27 


Inexperienced observers, and even some medical practitioners, less 
accustomed to note the minutiz distinguishing the lower animals, may be 
aided in their knowledge of the Medicinal Leech, by the accurate figure 
of a fine specimen, Plate III. fig. 11. 

Although this animal be very often confounded with the Horse 
Leech, which bears the greatest resemblance to it in form and habits, 
the difference between them will be sufficiently conspicuous on compa- 
rison. 

The Horse Leech is of coarser aspect. Its colour generally of uni- 
form green. If variegated, it is with darker spots or speckling, often 
different, being fainter or stronger, with sometimes a very narrow yellow 
marginal line down each side. 

Fine specimens of the Medicinal Leech, also green, are distinguished 
by six yellow lines of peculiar form alonggthe back, the four interior re- 
sembling a chain, which alone are enough of themselves to characterize 
the animal amidst all its kindred. 

Much allowance must be made at all times, however, for the inten- 
sity and various shades of colour, partly derived, it may be, from the 
fluid matter lubricating the skin of such creatures. 

The Medicinal Leech is alike restless, and as voracious, as any others 
of its kind. It can scarcely be confined, never failing to quit its vessel 
whenever opportunity permits. But none has been subject to more 
mistaken treatment from ignorance of its true nature, or has been the 
source of more notorious errors. From observing it survive a long time 
without any substantial aliment, many conclude that none is required,— 
that it may live in total abstinence. Because its position is often shifted 
in stormy weather, it is alleged to be an infallible barometer, not only 
for the present, but that it gives certain prognostications of wind or 
rain. But the gradual extenuation of the Medicinal Leech amidst pure 
water, proves its common nature with all other animals requiring food, 
and its thirst for blood indicates the quality of its sustenance. It is an 
animal which devours flesh greedily in confinement. The soft bodied 
tribes denominated Vermes, Mollusca, and their congenera, besides many 
others, are peculiarly susceptible of immediate external impresssions, or 


28 HIRUDO. 


of such as are derived through the medium of fluids. Heat, together 
with the purity of the surrounding element, conjoined with hunger, 
form the principal stimulus to activity. Absolute torpor follows expo- 
sure to even moderate degrees of cold. Hence the secret, regarding 
which, reserve is sometimes practised—immersion of leeches in tepid 
water to facilitate their use on application. The size and vigour of all 
the tribe depend much on genial temperature, together with the frequent 
and copious renewal of their native element. Their survivance other- 
wise is only a testimony to the tenacity of life. Here, and in the greater 
and sudden atmospherical alternations, will be found the source of those 
barometrical demonstrations ascribed to the Medicinal Leech. These 
originate in its susceptibility of external impressions. 

Like the former, this animal has ten marginal specks or eyes, and 
these are generally so obscure,gthat it is difficult to find them. There is 
little besides that is remarkable in its appearance. Its size is very variable, 
those being considered full-grown which extend three, four, five, or six 
inches. Some are even larger. 

The Medicinal Leech is known to be indigenous in different parts 
of Scotland. I once received three from Lochleven, one of them a fine 
specimen, Plate II. fig. 11, which is represented rather above the na- 
tural dimensions. Two also reached me from Muthill, said to have been 
taken in Loch Fleury, described as on the summit of a hill near Blairn- 
lone, three miles south of Comrie, and six miles west of Crieff. A pool 
near the Loch of Menteith has been named as containing this animal, and 
also certain ponds belonging to John Burn Murdoch, Esq. of Gartincaber. 
A lady in the county of Fife, is the reputed owner of a pond containing 
Medicinal Leeches, which she reserves exclusively for the use of the 
poor. Likewise I have been told of a leech distinguished by yellow 
lines, but of more questionable identity, mhabiting Loch Turrit, about 
three miles west of Crieff. 

Besides the preceding, various other places have been named, though 
I do not repose much confidence in the species reported, without seeing 
specimens. 

The leeches from Muthill were very large. On carrying them to 


HIRUDO. 29 


an apothecary’s for comparison, they proved at least thrice the size of 
any of his stock. They had been taken by a person accustomed to the 
capture of leeches as a source of emolument. Here, of late years, they 
had become scarce at the places previously affording them. 

Speculative persons have suggested the expediency of attempting to 
breed the Medicinal Leech in sufficient numbers in Scotland, for the 
purpose of dispensing with foreign supplies. I recollect, during the Pen- 
insular war, that they had become extremely scarce, and were sold at 
an extravagant price. I doubt not that the experiment might succeed 
to a certain extent, though it might be only one of curiosity. 

Dr Fleming, a learned and zealous naturalist, the Professor of Na~ 
tural Science in the New College of the Free Church of Scotland, lately 
apprised me of an interesting fact as within the sphere of his own know- 
ledge. Above twenty years ago an apothecary, whose name I forget, 
dwelling in the town of Cupar in Fife, having a convenient rill of water, 
together with a pool in his garden, succeeded in breeding the Medicinal 
Leech. Penetrating the sides of the pool, the animals there deposited 
their ova or capsules, one of which Dr Fleming shewed me. It is of a 
singular nature, a perfect ovoid, of spongy texture, thick sides, and com- 
paratively large diameter. It is of'a greyish, brownish, or yellowish colour. 
Each of such capsules contains several young. 

Breeding the Medicinal Leech is rendered the source of profit on 
various parts of the continent of Europe. 

M. Moquin Tandon suggests the expediency of promoting its mul- 
tiplication, and refers to a letter of the same year, from M. Chatelain, 
acquainting, that from 1140 adults he had obtained 7000 young. 

Until recent years the Medicinal Leeches reached Scotland by rather 
a circuitous route. They were imported chiefly from Sweden through Lon- 
don, from dealers following that trade exclusively. An apothecary having 
commissioned ten thousand, as he informed me, they were packed among 
grass in two large bags, and sent by sea. Two hundred and fifty perished 
on the passage, which occupied ten or eleven days. Numbers of five 
hundred or a thousand are said to be conveyed in a bag without either 


30 i HIRUDO. 


grass or humectation ; and they are distributed im Edinburgh and the 
neighbourhood, or even at some distance, in chip boxes. 

Of late, however, an extensive dealer has established himself in this 
city, to the great convenience of the public. 

A considerable traffic in leeches has recently sprung up between 
France and the province of Constantine in Africa. They are carried by 
the native Arabs in earthen vessels to the city of that name, and sold 
there at the rate of about half a guinea per thousand. The amount of 
this branch of trade is computed at £12,000 or £15,000 annually. 


Prats III. 
Fic. 11. Hirudo medicinalis. 


§ 7. Hirupo compLanata—Gilossipora tuberculata.—Dr James Rawlins 
Johnson.—Plate IV. fig. 1. 


It must be certainly accounted very absurd, though proposed by one 
of our most distinguished naturalists, to change the name, sufficiently 
established, of an animal, because some spot, wart, or tubercle, or a 
few additional stripes or hairs, happen to be observed which were pre- 
viously unnoticed. Therefore I prefer as explicit enough, the name 
formerly bestowed on the present subject. 

The Hirudo complanata, or flattened leech, extends an inch and a 
half in motion, and nine lines when at rest. It is comparatively thin, 
the body resembling the outer longitudinal section of a pear. Instead 
of the soft and flexible consistence of the preceding leeches, the body is 
rigid, and the skin somewhat hard, so that certain observers have as- 
eribed a crustaceous character to it; neither does the animal swim. It 
is remarkably quiescent, its motion always slow, and effected by bring- 
ing the sucker and the head in juxtaposition, when the head being re- 
lieved, is secured as a farther advance, and being secured again, the 


PETVS 


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Lea 
as 


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= ii 


ie 


HIRUDO. ou 


sucker is brought forward to complete the step. But the mode of pro- 
gression will be better understood from inspection than by description. 
Six black eyes or ocular specks are disposed in three pairs on the surface 
of the anterior extremity, fig. 3. The posterior extremity has a very 
firm adhesion by the sucker. A margin of peculiar conformation, waved 
and tuberculated, environs the body. Three tubercles, susceptible of 
elevation and depression, rise from each convexity, fig. 5. The various 
hues of the animal are considerably modified according to habitation, 
age, and sustenance. Young specimens are dingy yellow. Grey is 
always predominant in adults ; the back generally ash grey, with two 
rows of short dark streaks. Some are spotted white, many altogether 
greenish, or very dark. Such diversity appears in the disposal and the 
fashion of the colours, that it is probable they will afford sufficient means 
for establishing more than one variety. 

Where transparency admits, the interanea of all leeches, filled with 
the blood of other animals, present a curious and interesting object. 
Here there are ten lateral cells diverging from each side of a main trunk 
in the middle, all connected with a common proboscis, and coloured ac- 
cording to the nature of the food absorbed by it. It was from the dis- 
covery of this tongue or proboscis, other leeches having only substances 
like indurated glands for teeth, that induced Dr James R. Johnson to 
constitute for this species the genus Glossipora. 

The natural abode of this species is in lakes or ponds, on the under 
surface of stones, on decaying wood, or in the recesses formed by the 
folds of the Iris and other aquatic plants. It frequently assumes a 
supine position, remains a long time motionless, or affixed by the sucker, 
undulates its extended body like some others of its kind. It is often 
difficult to be removed without injury, but it always drops off spontane- 
ously on very short exposure to the air. 

The H. complanata feeds abundantly on both animal and vegetable 
substances. It is greedy of mussel, dwelling long over it, and absorbing a 
great quantity. From this quality of food the body is often stained of 
greenish hue, though the interanea be less conspicuously distinguished 
by repletion. But this indicates the dispersion of the sustenance through- 


32 HIRUDO. 


out the system, by means which merit the attention of those investigat- 
ing the comparative anatomy of animals. The natural and favourite 
prey, however, seems to be the Helix peregra, within which, as an insi- 
dious and implacable enemy, it wages perpetual and destructive war. 
None of the leeches are deterred by disparity of size, or of strength, 
from the attack. The smaller, as well as the larger, assail their objects, 
regardless of the external safeguard provided by nature. The leech be- 
comes quickly sensible of the introduction of its prey into the same 
vessel. Then relaxing from its wonted sluggishness, it begins to mani- 
fest symptoms of activity. Meantime the victim shews no apprehension 
at the advance of its deadly enemy, nor does it make any attempt to 
escape. One or two leeches now seat themselves on the shell, and as the 
tenant protrudes freely, they stretch their heads towards the opening, en- 
deavouring to insinuate them within, whereby a lethal wound may be in- 
flicted on some remote organ. The prey then struggles violently to free 
itself, but in vain. The assailant, adhering firmly by the sucker, cannot 
be dislodged ; and these very exertions for liberation from its enemy, which 
might be most effectual in shaking off another invader, tend to expose 
the body still more to invasion. The creature seems to become incapable 
of retreating within the shelter of its impenetrable dwelling, and of closing 
up the entrance for protection. While ascending the sides of the vessel 
to free itself of such an oppressive incumbrance, its life is gradually 
wasting, the faculty of adhesion fails, and it tumbles to the bottom, over- 
come by its merciless foe. 

Whether the victim perishes first by exhaustion of the fluids or con- 
sumption of its flesh, is uncertain ; but the darkening of the intestinal 
pouches of the assailant shews that it has fed copiously on the prey. 
These pouches are rendered exceedingly conspicuous, displaying their 
regular distribution, and the peculiar conformation of the lowest pair. 

Disparity of size is no protection to the Helix, for the largest of the 
prey seems unable to contend with the smallest of the enemy. On one 
occasion two leeches of inconsiderable size advanced to the attack, each en- 
deavouring to insinuate its head under the victim’s shell. The first retired 
without having produced any sensible effect ; the second persisted perti- 


HIRU DO. 33 


naciously ; and now the animal protruding from its shell was evidently 
suffering. In this state I left them for several hours, finding the shell 
empty on my return, while the appearance of seven other leeches in the 
vessel plainly indicated that all had shared in the slaughter. 

The margin of all ponds inhabited by the flattened leech and the 
Helix peregra is strewed by myriads of these shells. Before ocular de- 
monstration of the preceding phenomena, I was inclined to ascribe 
the havoc among the latter to some kind of epizooty, such as that which 
is incident to every animal, according to its kind, from the highest to 
the lowest, rather than to a ferocious enemy. But this enemy has as 
little mercy on the Patella fluviatilis (Ancylus), a diminutive limpet, 
though the mode whereby the prey, more defensible, perishes, has not. 
been observed. 

The Helix above named seems to be preferred to all other food ; 
but the leech will sometimes devour mussel and other animal substances. 

This species begins to propagate at an early period. There are 
prolific specimens under half an inch in length when extended. The 
chief season of breeding is March and April, and it continues through- 
out summer. Many are very prolific. Ten of eleven specimens, 
taken promiscuously for observation, produced ova in the course of 
a month. ‘The mode of propagation is very remarkable, nor do I know 
that it has been sufficiently investigated, either by myself, or by other 
naturalists. Six or seven specimens were sent to me from the dis- 
tance of fifty miles, and along with them some of their natural prey. 
What I considered an incipient ovarium was visible in some of the largest 
during the third week of March. Though not uniform in all, this re- 
sembled a regular collection of granules down the middle of the body. 
Where most distinct the under surface of the animal exposed the interior 
on March 20, as in fig. 11. Subsequent observation seemed to indicate 
that the granules occupied pinnate interanea, or were arranged in that 
form. Then they were yellowish, very conspicuous, and in certain speci- 
mens contrasting much with the grey colour of the belly. If truly the 
elements of originating ova or capsules, I was unable to follow their pro- 


gress by slight gradations. 
E 


34 HIRUDO. 


However, in a stratum of ova which appeared on the surface of the 
belly of two of the smaller leeches in the collection on March 22, and 
contained apparently in two somewhat circular compartments, I com- 
puted thirty-three in the larger leech. In both animals a few, seen 
less distinctly, seemed to be under the stratum. All the ova were quite 
opaque, not of equal dimensions, but of little sensible difference, and were 
computed to be about a quarter of a line in length. 

It is thus that the ova appear externally on the body of the parent. 
Their number, as well as the number into which the whole are divided, 
is various, according to the individual producing them. On the 29th of 
March seventy-five appeared in four compartments, the smallest or 
highest with only eleven. This specimen, fig. 8, was delineated next day. 

The compartments are generally about four in number, as seen with 
tolerable accuracy ; by superposition there may be more. They are not 
superficial strata however, but seem upon being dislodged, to be contain- 
ed in real transparent capsules, each probably invested by its own in- 
teguments. This displacement may be effected by insinuating the thumb 
nail suddenly under the sucker. Three capsules, containing twelve, 
thirteen, and fourteen ova respectively, separated entire, and fell to the 
bottom of the vessel on March 22. Instead of twenty-four ova, as I had 
computed in them, there were thirty-nine ; one portion is represented’ as 
on March 26 ; fig. 13, enlarged. The parent made no search after them 
on separation, and affixed itself to a part of the vessel where none lay. 

On the 5th of April nascent leeches were issuing from the preceed- 
ing capsules-; and the contents of one were entirely dispersed. Therefore 
those naturalists who affirm that the ovum does not hatch if detached 
from the parent are mistaken. 

This ovum is of regular conformation, as may be discovered through 
the thin integument of the capsule. Herein the embryo reposes during 
the progress of evolution. At an early period it appears as a long obtuse 
ovoid, then the body is bent, and the head and tail in contact ; and next 
they recede from each other, and the embryo straightens. The whole 
embryos are sometimes seen in motion within the capsules, and at length 
escape from an aperture in the side. They are then pale grey, and 


HIRUDO. 39 


cylindrical ; and although hatched in twelve or fourteen days after produc- 
tion of the capsule, they remain long attached to the body of the parent. 

The whole brood of fig. 12 consisted of about one hundred young, all 
which had forsaken the parent in forty-three days after the capsule was 
produced, though some returned temporarily. They feed very soon, as 
may be discovered from the contents of the interanea.—Figs. 7 and 16, 
enlarged. 

The young frequently assemble in numerous clusters on the side of 
their vessel after having quited the parent, and in a short time abandon 
it, each departing to provide for itself. 

These animals have a tendency to dwell in society, especially towards 
the close of autumn. Ifa number be then introduced into a vessel, with 
one of the valves of some of the testacea reversed, all will crowd under 
it for shelter. 

They are generally very inactive, and will remain entire days mo- 
tionless among the mud. 

This animal is an excellent guide to some obscurities in the history 
of the leech. Its history affords the following conclusions :— 

1. The Hirudo complanata is dispersed in the greatest profusion in 
Scotland. 

2. It appears in much variety of size, colour, and general aspect ; 
sometimes uniformly dull, sometimes speckled, sometimes with a margin 
formed of rectangular compartments. 

3. It feeds on different animal and vegetable substances, but its 
natural prey is the Heliw peregra. 

4. It produces several capsules invested by a transparent integument, 
and the young, after production, remain attached to the under surface of 
the body. 

5. Embryos, distributed in regular numbers, become visible in the 
capsules at a very early period. 

6. The embryos attain maturity in twelve or fourteen days, and 
then issue from an aperture in the side of the capsule. But after quit- 
ing it, they remain for some time attached to the body of the parent. 

7. A single adult may produce one hundred young. 


36 HIRUDO. 


Prate IV. 
Fic. 1. Hirudo complanata ; the Flattened Leech ; adult, back. 

2. Another specimen. 

8. Head of fig. 1, enlarged, shewing the eyes. 

4. Head of fig. 2, enlarged, shewing the eyes. 

5. Margin of fig. 1, enlarged. 

6. Margin of fig. 2, enlarged. 

7. Interanea as displayed after feeding. 

8. Young specimen already propagating ; back. 

9. Belly of the same, with ova. 

10. Belly of an adult, with incipient ova. 

11. Belly of an adult, with*numerous ova. 

12. Belly of another specimen, with numerous ova. 

13. Capsule or matrix with ova, enlarged. 

14. Group of young from the capsule. 

15. Young seventeen days old, from the capsule; back, enlarged. 

16. Belly of the same; the sucker yet inactive. 


§ 8. Hrrupo sragnatis—The Pond Leech.—Plate IV. fig. 17. 


This is an animal widely diffused throughout Scotland, though, per- 
haps, not in equal profusion as the preceding. It is smaller, not so broad 
in proportion, nor alike of varied colours. The largest specimens scarcely 
exceed an inch in length ; they are of more taper form, and more uniformly 
grey ; and they dwell in lakes, ponds, or ditches, and im places with but 
little water, lurking under stones, and especially beneath the bark of 
decaying trees and branches, where its abode is permanent. Two dis- 
tinct large black eyes may be observed in the front of this leech, from 
which the name ordinarily assigned to it is derived. The margin of the 
body is of peculiar formation, being a series of convexities, forming that 
kind of border called inverted in the technical language of heraldry. It 
appears to me that im some perplexed cases regarding identity of species, 
and perhaps of genera, their solution might be aided by resorting to the 
margin of the subject. 

On the whole, the pond leech is more slender, and testifies more 
activity, than the flat leech ; also its adhesion by the sucker is slighter in 


HIRUDO. 37 


power, though it does not drop as readily off branches, stones, or other 
substances on exposure to the air. 

It feeds on the vegetable matter among which it dwells, and it like- 
wise consumes fish. 

Having accidentally committed a quantity of decaying leaves to a 
vessel containing eight or ten specimens, I saw them four or five hours 
afterwards on the side, with beautiful vivid red matter filling the inte- 
ranea, thus shewing the minute differences between the formation of 
these organs, and those of the Hirudo complanata, while corresponding 
in general arrangements. When compared with the animal itself, and con- 
trasting their own peculiar conformation and colour, they proved among 
the most interesting appendages of animation. 

‘In prosecuting my enquiries into the history of those creatures, I 
availed myself of certain facilities offered by a decaying boat which lay 
on the margin of a pond, and served as a receptacle for the leaves of 
trees on the progress of autumn. 

Here the leaves macerating in the rain water, afforded a nidus for 
numerous larve of the musquito tribe wherein to undergo their meta- 
morphoses. I was now in a condition to ascertain that one of these animals, 
of the brightest vermilion colour, was the natural prey of the leech. Yet 
none of the larvee were in the pond, nor any of the leeches in the boat. 

When the prey is introduced to vessels containing the leeches, they 
raised themselves on the sucker, as if surveying around ; then some one 
bolder than the rest advanced, endeavouring to affix itself to the victim, 
which having effected, the position is pertinaciously maintained in spite 
of its writhing and struggles. Should such an attack occur at night, 
an empty brown, transparent skin, scarcely visible, is all that remains 
of the prey in the morning, while the intestines of its enemies are 
seen replete with the red substance that constituted the body. It is 
singular how the fleshy matter of the prey is extracted, while the inte- 
gument is left quite entire. 

Besides repletion with the red larva, the viscera of the leech is often 
full of a darkish substance, either animal or vegetable, for it possibly con- 
sumes the softer portions of decaying plants. But the naturalist will 


3g HIRUDO. 


always obtain the most favourable and interesting inspection of them by 
supplying the favourite prey. 

The pond leech breeds in the end of May or the beginning of June, 
and sometimes afterwards. I do not know that it is equally prolific as 
the preceding subject, the complanata; but their mode of propagation. 
bears a narrow resemblance to each other. 

An irregular cluster of ova is first seen indefinitely through the thin 
skin of the under surface, far down the animal, and rather towards the 
sucker. These daily grow more distinct, appear whiter and spherical, 
and may be enumerated as nine, or in greater number. But they are 
not external. Such was the aspect of a prolific specimen on the 15th of 
August.—Plate IV. fig. 23. 

The breeding season may be earlier or later. On June 25, many of 
this species were taken from a small pond in Heriot Row garden, in the 
centre of Edinburgh, where they dwell in vast profusion. At that time 
all the young were hatched. Like those of the Hirudo complanata, not 
one was free from young ones. 

The Hirudo bin-oculata and complanata dwell together in lakes, where 
they may be found at almost every season, but the preferable period for 
observation is generally between the beginning of April and the begin- 
ning of September. 


Prats IV. 
Fic. 17. Hirudo stagnalis ; bin-oculata—the two-eyed leech, adult, back. 
18. Belly of the same. ‘ 
19. Head and eyes enlarged. 
20. Margin enlarged. 
21. Larva whereon the Hirudo bin-oculata preys. 
22. Fly from the same. 
93. Prolific Hirudo bin-oculata, under surface, shewing a cluster of 


spawn. 


§ 9. Hinupo tessettata—The Chequered Leech.—Plate IV. fig. 24. 


I have been much perplexed in endeavouring to identify this ani- 
mal with the Hirudo tessellata, or Chequered Leech, of the Linnzxan sys- 


HIRUDO. 39 


tem, allowing that to be the interpretation ; nor are my doubts altogether 
dispelled. 

Animals may be identified with others from general resemblance, 
or the peculiarities of their parts ; but it is the constant subject of regret 
that in too many descriptions and representations, the obscurities and the 
fallacies utterly preclude recognition of the truth. 

It is quite obvious that the vast majority of the leeches offered in 
illustration have been delineated from dead, preserved, or rather decay- 
ed specimens, or from those half-starved by injudicious treatment. 

The generic character may be said to consist in the presence of the 
posterior sucker ; the specific character, in the absence, the presence, the 
number and position of the eyes ; but of any one of all these the skilful 
naturalist will avail himself. 

The anterior extremity is either a flattened disc, or merely a ten- 
dency to an obtuse triangle. Such a condition appears in the octo-oculata, 
the medicinalis, and sanguisuga, the complanata and stagnalis, but often 
very indefinite. Or the disc is lanceolate, as m those of which we have 
still to speak, the ¢essellata, vitrina, and flava. 

I could not discover eyes in any of the four marine species, wdonella, 
grossa, muricata, vittata. 

In the fresh-water leeches, especially the subject of examination, 
the eyes have been as follows :— 

Two on the front of the head—Hirudo bin-oculata—Hirudo flava. 

Six in three pairs on the front of the head—Hirudo complanata. 

Eight set around the margin of the head—Hirudo octo-oculata. 

Hight set in four pair in the middle of the anterior surface—Hirudo 

tessellata—Hirudo vitrina. 

Ten set around the anterior margin—Hirudo medicinalis—sangui- 

Suga. 

These are the only arrangements I have seen in twelve different 
leeches occurring to me in Scotland. 

Although both extremities possess the faculty of fixture, it is chiefly 
predominant in the posterior organ,where the adhesion is generally very 
powerful if the subject be vigorous. 


40 HIRUDO. 


It seems to me that sufficient distinctions are afforded among leeches 
to constitute species, by very definite characteristics among the whole 
twelve enumerated. Yet authors have not been so fortunate as to seize 
those, and placing individuals beyond all doubt and difficulty. 

The figure of: the Chequered Leech, at rest, is the longitudinal half 
of a pear, between five and six lines in length, by about the same in 
width across the longest diameter ; when extended, it stretches about 
two inches and a quarter, when the width at the base is three lines, and 
the diameter of the sucker one line. The anterior extremity when ex- 
tended, is somewhat of a long lanceolate form, with four pair of black 
eyes down the middle, very distinct, the outer pair rather smaller than 
the others. The body is environed by a broad, thin, crenate, not chequer- 
ed margin, with a row of yellow tubercles. 

The body is divided into segments somewhat broad, and divided by 
narrow circles. Its substance is wholly gelatinous—quivering with the 
slightest motion. 

This is infinitely the finest and most beautiful of the Scotish leeches, 
generally of a fine translucent green, speckled black and yellow. Some- 
times there appear several longitudinal rows of yellow specks interspersed 
with black specks ; sometimes all are disposed ,with less regularity.— 
Plate IV. fig. 24. Hirudo tessellata, quiescent, under surface ; 25, in motion, 
upper surface ; 26, eyes ; 27, margin ; all those figures somewhat en- 
larged. 

The colour undergoes considerable variation. It fades as the water 
becomes stale, and revives in a deeper green when renewed. The belly 
is leaden-grey, minutely speckled. 

The viscera of this leech are more numerous, and of different forma- 
tion, from those of any others. When replete they are alike conspicuous, 
and probably less so, according as they are more or lessempty. They seem 
constructed after the same general plan, however, as the viscera of the com- 
planata and stagnalis. In a small specimen replete with food, they seem- 
ed to consist of eighteen pair diverging from right and left of the main 
trunk or stomach.—Fig. 28, back ;,29, belly ; 30, the same enlarged. 

I have been unable to ascertain the nature of the food, which may 


HIRUDO. 4] 


be animal and vegetable substances, possibly the inmates of the Testacea. 
I once thought some portions of the Veronica beccabunga in decay had 
been consumed, and at another, that a different leaf, the only substance 
accessible, had been also consumed. Yet the fact was not corroborated. 
Neither have any experiments with the Testacea proved satisfactory, 
chiefly, however, because they may not have been sufficiently made. It is 
only on discovering errors that we may hope to correct them. Yet 
the naturalist is very often, and very unexpectedly, disappointed. The 
food in the viscera has always seemed dark. 

These animals are frequently in motion. I had one which could 
not be said ever to rest. It traversed its prison incessantly, as long as 
in my possession. During progression the two extremities are approxi- 
mated, to enable the creature to take its step, wherein it resembles cer- 
tain caterpillars. The body then rises in great convexity above the 
surface. 

Being an animal rarely disseminated in Scotland, I have never had 
the good fortune to find specimens so early in the season as to expose 
immature ova. Perhaps they propagate at an early age, probably by ova 
borne in a transparent capsule, round the surface of the belly, or affixed 
to it, and that the embryos bursting thence in segments in the same 
way, affix themselves to the surface of the skin. This habit seems pecu- 
liar to the young of the flattened leeches, the complanata, stagnalis, and 
tessellata, or in other two of which we have yet to treat. 

Here the observer is very liable to delusion in computing the young 
from a single parent in any of three species here named. Nor can he 
fix it with any certainty, without a previous enumeration of the capsules 
pertaining to each. 

The young do not adhere permanently to the same adult, for they 
shift their position. Therefore no uniformity is seen in their number. 

Karly in July I observed at least 150 young adhering to the belly 
of a specimen, which appeared very careful of them,—folding its body 
longitudinally as if for their protection, while it crawled along. The 
brood attached to another still remained late in September. 

When departing, the young animals cluster on the sides of their 

FE 


49 HIRUDO. 


vessel, sometimes as many as fifty being together, whence they disperse 
to establish themselves independently. 

Six weeks after the preceding specimen, apparently so prolific, had 
been taken, the young began to desert it, transferring their abode to ano- 
other specimen in the same vessel. 

Both specimens were found dead two or three weeks subsequently ; 
but with the exception of a few stragglers, all the young had collected 
in agroup on the side of the vessel. ‘They thence dispersed themselves, 
and afterwards died in October. 

The young are sometimes grey, finely speckled or green. They 
swim supine under the surface of the water, though ill adapted for moving 
in such a position. A cluster affixed to the parent has appeared bluish. 

Some adults are greyish green, but their natural colour seems grass- 
green, speckled yellow, and somewhat changeable, and, as above said, the 
colours may be revived, by renewing the element. 

I have found this animal in Coldingham Loch in Berwickshire, and 
in the counties of Edinburgh and Linlithgow. I was indebted to Sir 
Walter Trevelyan, Baronet, for several specimens from the island of Bute. 
Nevertheless the species is rare, and it seems to have disappeared entirely 
from some places where it dwelt a number of years ago, 


Pate IV. 
Fie. 24. Hirudo tessellatata (sew gelatinosa), the Chequered or Gelatinous 
Leech, quiescent, upper surface. 
25. The same active, under surface. 
26. Outline of the head, shewing the position of the eyes. 
27. Margin. 
28. Specimen having fed, back. 
29. The same, belly, shewing the interanea. 
30. The same, enlarged. 


§ 10. Hirupo virrina—TZhe Glassy Leech.—Plate V. Figs. 20, 21, 22. 23. 


Nothing can more favour the study of the naturalist, than an oppor- 
tunity of inspecting the transparent animal, when he beholds the free 


LLIVE 


Teer 


ak 
Ss 
“a 
> 


villi be fae ‘LP 


: Tt Pel a 


HIRUDO. 43 


and unconstrained operation of the vital functions. Their play is with- 
out violence to the living being, or the suffering inseparable from artifi- 
cial exposure of the parts. Neither convulsions, contraction, nor irrita- 
tion impair or impede the due exercise of the peculiar functions pertain- 
ing to the respective organs. 

But this is an advantage to be very seldom gained. We have just 
witnessed some approximations to it, which, in this particular race of 
animals, can be scarcely carried farther. 

The peculiar form of the head, the number or arrangement of the 
eyes, and the consistence of the body, distinguish the preceding species. 
That which is before us is not quite so strongly marked, but it evidently 
belongs to the same division of the genus Hirudo. 

I regret, however, that only a single adult specimen has come into 
my possession, discovered by the same affectionate relative, the com- 
panion of all my excursions and researches, as noted, when speaking of 
the Cristatella in a previous treatise. 

The deficiency of adults, however, has been fortunately in a great 
measure compensated by a profusion of the young ; affording still ano- 
ther example of the benefit that may be eventually derived from preser- 
vation of a single specimen. 

The subject in question extends above two inches, tapering slightly 
from near the sucker, where it is between two and three lines in breadth. 
The head is lanceolate, with four pair of black eyes, in the middle of the 
surface, disposed much as in the Chequered Leech, but the animal not 
being in as favourable a position, a less distinct view has been obtained. 
The body is divided into numerous narrow segments, so numerous, that at 
first sight I supposed it a small specimen of the sanguisuga or Horse Leech. 
The colour is universally dark green, and its appearance much of the 
character exposed on the fracture of a common dark green bottle. The 
surface is faintly speckled under the microscope ; and the belly somewhat 
paler. Like the éessellata, the substance is tremulous, though to a slighter 
degree than in that animal.—Plate V. fig. 20, Mirudo vitrina, back ; 22, 
belly ; 21, head irregularly contracted ; 23, young specimen. 


44 HIRUDO. 


When this subject was obtained on July 24, many of its young were 
adhering to the belly. They were of a faint purple colour, and I rather 
think that ova or capsules also were present, but I could not ascertain 
the fact. It is always very embarrassing when animals are concealed by 
each other. 

The first of the young quitting position was on the 5th of August, 
when about a line in length, of a pale grey colour, with a head evidently 
lanceolate, like the fessel/ata, wherein eight black eyes were distinctly ex- 
posed, arranged in four pairs, fig. 23. This is an accurate representation 
of the animal. 

The form of the viscera could not be precisely discovered, owing to 
opacity of the parts. But among the same collection two small leeches 
were found, with the same number of eyes, disposed in a similar manner. 
In these, numerous ventral sacs, nearly pimnate, stood across, and were 
of a very ornate form. These small animals, between two and three lines 
long, were probably of the same species, but both so restless, that to 
obtain drawings of them proved impracticable. Indeed, no creature can 
equal the leech in this respect ; nor does it seem to me that the delinea- 
tion of living specimens has been attempted at almost any time. The 
patience and perseverence of the artists employed on those represented 
here were admirable. 

The parent was not observed to consume any kind of food ; hence 
it was soon reduced in size, and much weakened. A few of the young 
continued to separate, but the presence of so many as remained, was evi- 
dently very injurious. The animal suffered much, and its sufferings were 
aggravated from the presence of such a multitude, entirely precluding 
the application of the belly, and its adhesion to any substance whatever. 

All the young had forsaken the parent on the 8th of August, when 
they proved to be no less than sixtyin number. But the parent scarcely 
survived ; and contracting to the dimension of a quarter of an inch it 
died. 

All the young were of a flattened figure, and adhered to the side of 
the vessel. 


s 


HIRUDO. 45 


This creature is very rare. It dwells in some pools opposite Craig- 
crook Castle, three miles west of Edinburgh.* 


Pate V. 
Fig. 20. Hirudo vitrina, back. 
22. Belly, with young adhering. 
21. Head irregulary contracted, enlarged. 
23. Young leech bred from the parent, enlarged. 


§ 11. Hirupo rrava—The Yellow Leech.—Plate V. figs. 1-19. 


This is one of the few leeches which we are enabled to distinguish 
by the form of the head. 

These animals, which are incessantly variable in shape, seldom afford 
such permanent features as contribute to their distribution im natural 
order. Hence we are ready to combine more than one to obtain a suffi- 
cient aggregate of characteristics. Nor do those features depend on the 
external shape of the animal exclusively, for they may beneficially com- 
prehend casual occurrences belonging to the animal. 

The number of the eyes in the individual species of this genus are 
two, as in the d7n-oculata and the present subject ; six in the complanata, 
eight in the octo-oculata, eight in the tessellata and vitrina, ten in the 
medicinalis and sanguisuga. Ihave found no further varieties. But in 


* A single specimen of this species was found by Mr Brightwell in the river at Costessey, 
in the county of Norfolk; which, with a query, he conjectures to be the tessellata. He ob- 
serves that his specimen was nearly cylindrical, about an inch long, colour green, “ with two 
indistinct whitish longitudinal series of spots above, aud two spots underneath ; the whole 
body magnified, appears studded with small dark irregular spots.” He kept this specimen 
about two months. He now found that the young, which were attached to the parent, 
amounted to 143. The eyes of the parent could be scarcely discovered with a lens, those 
of the young were conspicuous. 

It rather appears that this is not the gelatinous leech, though presenting some remote 


analogies in the longitudinal series of spots above—Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., v. ix. 
p- 13. 


46 HIRUDO. 


those with eight, the eye is disposed in two different arrangements, being 
either marginal, or in four pairs. 

The length of the specimens of this species when quiescent, was from 
six to more lines; when extended about fourteen lines. General form 
not unlike the Medicinal Leech. Form of the head lanceolate or trout- 
shaped. Eyes two, black, in front. The viscera consist of thirteen pair 
of transverse sacs, sufficiently conspicuous in some specimens. The body 
is composed of numerous segments slightly indented. 

The predominant colour is yellow, sometimes very vivid, sometimes 
dusky ; and there are specimens whose contrasting hues expose four 
longitudinal rows of beautiful yellow spots, running down the whole 
back to the sucker, which itself has a marginal circular row. Under the 
microscope these, so ornamental to the eye, prove to be only irregular 
transverse short marks. 

Though the general form of the animal while quiescent corresponds 
with that of the medicinalis, it is not so thick, plump, and heavy as the 
tessellata, nor alike tremulous. Also some of the young at an early stage 
appear quite cylindrical. 

Much of the beauty of this animal depends on the colour. Besides 
the four rows of yellow spots down the whole back, there is a marginal 
row on each side, which can be seen from below.—Plate V. fig. 1. Hirudo 
flava, young ; 2, the same, enlarged ; 3, head more enlarged ; 4, another 
specimen, natural size, back ; 5, the same, enlarged, sucker a; 6, belly 
of the specimen fig. 4; 7, the same, enlarged, sucker @ ; 8, head more en- 
larged, shewing the eyes. 

It has not appeared what is positively the food of the yellow leech. 
The ponds wherein I have found it abound more with decaying leaves 
than with anything else which was likely to afford it sustenance, and it 
always reposes on or under them. 

This species breeds chiefly from May until August, and is a fine 
example of what, in more important living beings, might be called a 
marsupial gestation. Hence a great correspondence is shewn with the 
nature of those with which it has been more associated, as with the dzn- 
oculata and complanata, 


HIRUDO. AT 


About the 20th of May, a faint, dull, whitish patch appeared on the 
under surface of a specimen which had been taken in the course of spring. 
It seemed as if sunk in the flesh, and of indefinite form. But in a week 
it was so far advanced as to exhibit about forty ova, rather irregularly 
disposed. When viewed from below, they were much more distinct, and 
in two days appeared globular, and of a fine yellow. 

Another prolific specimen was taken on June 5. Being committed 
to a glass vessel it adhered to the bottom, and continued to do so while 
the vessel was reversed. Now, a large portion of the belly was discover- 
ed to be invested by a stratum of eighty-three spherical ova, like beautiful 
minute pearls. They were arranged in six rows with tolerable regularity ; 
but I could not determine whether they were contained in a pouch, or 
simply adhered to the belly of the parent.—Fig. 9. Next morning it had 
shifted its position. Twenty-seven of the ova having been detached, 
they lay at the bottom of the vessel. 

More continued to separate, so that on the 19th, only three remain- 
ed attached to the body of the parent. Many had also decayed. 

Those in preservation were of a fine vivid yellow colour. But they 
were resolving into a different form, and becoming more plump and 
yellow, but not extending over above a line in length. 

On the 21st a group of ova was delineated, the individuals appa- 
rently contained in a transparent segment. Unluckily they did not 
reach farther maturity ; nor were any of them divested of the involu- 
crum.—Fig. 11. 

On the same day, the 21st, the parent was entirely free of ova. 

I regretted the loss of the young, from the difficulty of finding spe- 
cimens to complete my course of observations. 

However, another specimen exhibited brood on July 11, amounting, 
as I conjectured, to seventy or eighty spherical and ovoidal yellow ova 
or capsules. It may be here remarked, that the natural evolution of 
spherical ova with a flexible integument, is necessarily into an ovoidal 
form, as mere prolongation of two opposite parts must have this result. 

This new specimen was rather under size, for there is a great and 


48 HIRUDO. 


frequent disparity in the dimensions of all soft animals ; and it was rather 
languid and contracted. Its eyes did not appear round, but somewhat 
irregular under the microscope.—Fig. 12, 

The ova were expanding to vivid yellow young on the 234d, all still 
adhering to the belly of the parent.—Hig. 14 enlarged ; a cluster of ova 
more enlarged, fig. 15. 

In two days longer, they seemed to be very deeply indented by a 
number of segments, and some as if a deep cleft had been received in 
front, though these appearances subsequently proved illusive. The 
young animals were slightly curved, and they lay close together. I 
rather impatiently expected them to be free in a few days, for they did 
not admit of convenient observation. 

Allthe young were still 7v situ applied to the belly of the parent on 
the 28th of July ; several were liberated on the 29th. 

The indenting segment had been computed as containing twelve or 
thirteen. But it was now evident, from the free application of the micro- 
scope, that the supposed annulations or segments, were thirteen pair of 
ventral sacs within the integument of the body, and exposed by its trans- 
parence ; farther, that the supposed cleft was only an interval near the 
sucker. Likewise, the yellow colour plainly resulted from the contents 
of the sacs ; and it was further discovered that the young animals had red 
eyes. 

A favourable opportunity occurred of inspecting one which had 
quitted the parent, when it appeared that adhesion to the belly is not 
by the sucker, which is very large, but too weak to be effectually used 
for some time; that the red eyes are very conspicuous ; and that the 
contents of the ventral sacs are speedily dissipated when they appear in 
greater number, as if composed of smaller compartments.—Fig. 18, en- 
larged ; more enlarged, fig. 19. 

Thus a tolerably connected series of observations on the yellow 
leech was obtained, though some important points of its history still re- 
main for elucidation. 

The animal is rare. 


HIRUDO. 49 


Puate V. 
Fic. 1. Hirudo flava, the Yellow Leech, young. 
2. The same, enlarged. 


Head more enlarged, shewing its form, and the position of the 
eyes. 


~ 


w 19 


4. Hirudo flava, adult specimen, back. 
5. Sketch of fig. 4 enlarged ; sucker 8. 
6. The same, belly; sucker a. 
7. Sketch of fig. 5 enlarged; sucker a. 
8. Head more enlarged. 
9. Prolific female slightly enlarged, with a stratum of ova or capsules, 
under surface. 
10. Early appearance ‘of spawn in a prolific specimen. 
11. Intimate appearance of seven embryos, enlarged. 
12. Prolific female. 
13. Head of the same, enlarged. 
14. Under surface of fig. 12, more enlarged. 
15. Cluster of ova, more enlarged. 
16. Young still attached to the parent, enlarged. 
17. The same when further advanced, and free. 
18. One of the young farther advanced, most of the contents of the 
viscera being discharged, more enlarged. 
19. Head of the same, shewing the red eyes, enlarged. 


The leech is an animal of very peculiar habits, and the more likely 
to attract notice, on account of its being brought into such immediate 
contact with mankind,—extremely restless in its nature, most voracious 
in its appetites, greedy of blood, and patient under protracted abstinence, 
—these are sufficient, with its real properties, to render it an object of 
interest, without resorting, as in fabulous eras, to imaginary virtues for 
embellishment. Its utility in assuaging human calamity ought to be of 
itself sufficient. 

The leech exhibits many peculiarities. It is social, or it is solitary ; 
dwelling under cover, and numbers clustering together, protected by 
stones, shells, and other solid coverings, or descending among the mud on 
the approach of winter. 


G 


50 . HIRUDO. 


Though active m the finer season, these animals generally shun the 
light ; its presence seems to create uneasy sensations. But it must appear 
somewhat remarkable, that in the Hirudo muricata or Skate Leech, no 
organs of vision have been:as yet discovered. 

Leeches are extremely dependent on the temperature of the atmo- 
sphere. What is genial to most other animals is refrigerating to them, and 
at a very moderate degree torpor succeeds activity. All are extremely 
voracious whenever opportunity offers, greedily devouring fish, flesh, and 
other animal substances. Nor are the succulent parts of vegetables al- 
ways rejected. Their voracity is such that they obviously perish of 
mere repletion. The muricata, medicinalis, and sanguisuga absorb blood 
in great quantities, but it does not seem to be the aliment of some 
others. We have seen how bold and insidious an enemy one may be, from 
which there is no escape, and which nothing less than the life of its 
victim can satisfy. 

A few breed readily in confinement, but rarely those the most valuable 
to mankind. Of others it seems almost impracticable to obtain the pro- 
geny. The propagation of a few, however, discloses some interesting facts 
in physiology. 

It is a cruel and a common error, to believe that the Medicinal 
Leech can sustain life on water alone, and that withont renewal. Un- 
equivocal symptoms demonstrate that emaciation is inseparable from 
abstinence, and that nothing is so grateful as general warmth and the 
renovated element. 

It does not appear that the history of the leech has advanced in pro- 
portion to the number of the literati who have rendered it the subject 
of discussion. 


VERMES. 51 


CHAPTER IL 


VERMES. 


NorninG promotes the advance of learning equally as approbation 
and encouragement. Nor can the ardent student of Nature receive a 
more chilling reproof, than by finding the subjects of his predilection 
treated with contempt. 

If the Author of the Universe deemed the whole animal portion of 
it worthy of creation, how can that production exist which may be ra- 
tionally despised of man ? 

But ignorance, prejudice, or presumption, are too ready to attach 
qualities to mere external aspect, to deny properties unseen, or to deride 
as worthless what they do not comprehend. 

Yet true it is, that the rarest virtues often lurk unseen, whence 
the earliest duty of the wise, the liberal, and the just, is to probe diligently 
and deeply those marvellous works of Nature continually exhibited to 
our half-frozen senses. 

It was peculiarly unfortunate that so distinguished an author as 
Linnzus, a naturalist of the highest order, and the first who founded an 
improveable system, should have comprehended an immense class of ani- 
mated productions under the general denomination of Worms. Not only 
does it include a vast variety of living beings void of any common fea- 
tures appreciable by ordinary observation, whether in relation to form 
or habits, but because the appellation Worms, however justly applicable 


52 VERMES. 

to a great part of the creation, summons an host of the animal world into 
special notice, represented both in sacred and profane writings as utterly 
worthless, to be regarded with abhorrence, and fit to be destroyed with- 
out mercy. 

Mankind, the willing instruments of prejudice, and yielding to their 
destructive propensities, have avoided the investigation of many interest- 
ing phenomena of living nature, and have failed in the precepts of reason, 
as well as the moral principle of humanity, to inculcate the duty of pre- 
serving life. 

Have they heedlessly forgotten the will of the Diyme Author, who 
saw it good that they should be ? 

Opposed by discouragement so great, less surprise must be excited, 
when it appears that this ample division of the animal world has been 
neglected, and even despised. Few, indeed, cared for such beings, unless 
those who were superior to vulgar prejudices, or who, by penetrating a 
little farther into the history of some of these curious subjects, found 
inexhaustible sources of admiration. 

The mysterious origin and abode of worms in the human body, and 
in that of various animals, and their generation amidst decay and putres- 
cence, augmented the aversion entertained against them. Nor had the 
lights of science, until later eras, divulged the metamorphosis which many 
such loathsome creatures were destined to exhibit, as they passed into 
beautiful insects, decked in the gayest colours. 

Every modern naturalist is disposed to admit how little this parti- 
cular field has been cultivated—not from being unworthy of cultivation, 
but from being difficult, obscure, and neglected, insomuch, that scarcely 
more is known than some of the Linnean genera, and those proving 
noxious to the human frame. In all attempts at delineation, also, they 
are commonly exhibited after the rudest fashion, with a few exceptions, 
from the labours of the more accomplished authors. 

Let us reflect, however, on the obscurity of their abode, on their 
variable form, on their lability to perish, whereby even simple expo- 
sure to the light is often destructive. 

The absence of prominent parts renders it difficult to impose the 


VERMES. 55 


characters of discrimination ; the ductile, flexible, and variable body 
precludes determination of its true extent and figure. Neither can it be 
told whether the specimen is young or adult ; mutilated or entire. The 
position of the mouth is frequently concealed during life from the most 
acute observer ; and if there are ocular specks or eyes, they are hid in 
the dingy hue of the skin. The food is for the most part unknown ; 
and the mode of perpetuation is seldom within the hope of discovery. 

Worms are soft, smooth, naked, round or flattened animals, void of 
external organs, of variable form and dimensions, with a sliding, sinuous, 
or serpentine motion, and dwelling chiefly in animated bodies, or in the 
waters. 

In a general sense, worms are smooth, and void of external organs, 
nor, strictly speaking, is the body distinguished by conspicuous seg- 
ments. 

But in a special sense, worms are animals with smooth bodies, of 
variable form, extent, and dimensions. 

From the late institution of the various sections and genera, and 
the subdivision of the great family of Worms, many considerable portions 
are withdrawn from what was long understood to constitute the whole. 
A new vocabulary, also, has been invented, which it will probably take 
a long time to interpret and rectify. There seems too great a propen- 
sity for the adoption of whatever is offered as a novelty in phraseology, 
whence it is embarrassing to declare that the subjects of our investiga- 
tion are identified with those which are the study of our fellows. 

In the hope and expectation, therefore, of shunning both collision 
and confusion, frequently concomitants of each other, and perhaps as 
leading ultimately to simplification, I shall be content’ with specifying 
general descriptions of some individual specimens which have occurred 
tome. The true scientific arrangement of the subject will remain for 
those better skilled than I am, and who contemplate a wider range. The 
indulgent reader may still consider these efforts as contributing to the 
promotion of knowledge. 

Great latitude must be permitted here, for if we consider worms as 
divided into, 1. Those with smooth, simple, elongating bodies ; 2. Those 


54 VERMES. 


which are obviously hispid, or bearing external organisation ; and, 3. The 
segmentive or Annelide kinds, much is still wanting. It is not clear 
where one genus terminates, and another begins, or where, in nume- 
rous instances, the subject has the precise characters of integrity or 
mutilation. 

It is self-evident that the great embarrassment to forming a suitable 
and permanent arrangement of worms, orginates from the mutability of 
form, and the absence of external organs. The latter are most import- 
ant features, whether from shape or position. And as neither the site of 
the mouth can be discovered in many during life, nor have they visible 
eyes, what effectual substitutes shall be chosen by the naturalist ? 

Worms are smooth, soft animals, inhabiting the sea, fresh-waters, 
the flesh or intestines of living creatures, and elsewhere, susceptible of 
various form by extension, contraction, or inflation,—all under extraor- 
dinary modifications. 

By a peculiar provision of Nature, a copious secretion lubricates the 
body, apparently designed as a preservation from abrasion by the harder 
substances amidst which they dwell, and to facilitate their motion 
amongst them. Perhaps it is present im all. ; 

This substance, which belongs to the hispid as well as the smooth, 
to the Annelides alike with the simple worms, is produced of very un- 
equal quantity and quality. Sometimes it is abundant, ropy, and trans- 
parent, and secreted from the whole surface, from certain parts of it, or 
partially from organs for peculiar portions only. In some it is consoli- 
dated as a silken sheath, wherein the tenant has a permanent dwelling ; 
in others it is the lining of a covering framed of indurated materials, and 
mixed up with other elements, such as mud, sand, or stones. It is 
an ingredient in the paste, compounded by a few for their protection, 
and it is bountifully provided as a testaceous dwelling for the Serpulx, 
and others of the vermicular tribes. 

The real distinction, position, and faculties of the organs secreting 
a viscid matter for the lower animals, and the solid, hard, resisting shell 
of those considered far above them, is yet but insufficiently understood. 
But it is produced in such a manner as to be only an addition to what 


VERMES. 5d 


already exists, or the covering is totally cast off when several new and 
durable integuments may be generated, either speedily within short, or 
leisurely at long intervals. 

Tn the following observations regarding form or appearance, I do 
not aim at any thing more than recognition of the subject from external 
aspect. 


I. GORDIUS. 


Body smooth, round, or flattened, sometimes very long, and casting 
itself in a knot. Mouth a longitudinal slit in the under surface, some- 
what behind the anterior extremity. Sides of the head cleft by a groove. 

This genus, which seems sufficiently definite as, 1. Gordius fragilis ; 
2. Gordius spinifer ; and, 5. Gordius simplex.* 

The chief external characters of the genus, therefore, are a groove 
on each side of the head, and a slit in the under surface for the mouth. 


1.—Gorpivs FRAGILIS.—Plate VI. figs. 1, 2; and VIL. fig. 1. 


Having received the subject of this paragraph in the dusk as a fish 
from its captor, ] was induced at first to consider it as a kind of eel / 
nor would any ordinary spectator have probably thought otherwise. 
In appearance, in colour, and in motion, it bore an intimate resemblance 
to many specimens of the most common species. 

But this creature is one of the rarest, and among the most re- 
markable animals of Scotland ; which, from certain external characters, 
seems intimately allied to the Gordius race. 

It is infinitely the largest of any among the whole vermicular tribes 
with which we are now engaged, that is, those void of obvious articula- 
tions, and prominent external appendages. 


* Lamarck comprehends the genus G‘ordius under a section of the Planarian tribe. 
But the definition proposed by him will not apply to those distinguished here by the generic 
name.—Tom. iii. p. 610. 


56 VERMES. 


The length of the specimen was fifteen or sixteen inches, breadth 
an inch, and thickness about a quarter of an inch ; the whole of a flat- 
tened form, nearly linear, diminishing slightly both im breadth and 
thickness towards the posterior extremity, which, like the anterior, is 
obtuse. A thin border environs the body, which, sundered transversely, 
is elliptical. 

The anterior margin of the animal is cleft horizontally in front by 
a shallow groove, deepening as it descends some way down each side of 
the head ; and there is a dilateable slit, a quarter of an inch long in the 
under surface, near the extremity of the head, denoting the mouth. 
Colour universally grey, darker on the upper surface ; the thin border 
and under surface lighter. 

No specks or eyes were perceptible. 

This animal swims very actively in long, smooth undulations, the 
edge or margin of the body being uppermost during its course around 
the interior of its vessel, which will sometimes continue for hours. But 
I cannot speak of its precise position, either in a vessel of large capacity, 
or in the sea, not having witnessed it in either.—Plate VI. fig. 1. Gordius 
in motion ; fig. 2. transverse section, shewing the figure of the body. 
Plate VII. fig. 1. under surface of anterior portion, shewing the form 
and position of the mouth, and the marginal groove. 

After its lively exercise on the second evening, I found the animal 
contracted, motionless, and apparently dead next morning, which was 
the subject of no little regret, from not having had an opportunity of 
obtaining a correct delineation, always so important in illustrating natu- 
ral history. It allowed itself to be lifted by the hand without the least 
resistance ; yet, when committed again to recent sea water in another 
vessel, all its activity was resumed, which continued till a late hour of 
the night, when both then, and from subsequent observation, I concluded 
it to be of nocturnal habits. 

The alternate activity and quiescence of this creature are alike singu- 
lar. Instead of the languid exertions and tardy motions common to the. 
vermicular genera, the gradual unwinding of the sluggish bodies of 
some, and the extension of others from their secret retreats, the Gordius 


CF Tiprman 
Mcz EISKARY . 


HARVARD UNIVERSHTy _ 
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA 


VERMES. 57 


Jragilis pursues a speedy course amidst its element, occasionally pro- 
truding its snout on the side of the vessel above the surface of the water. 

Naturalists are aware that the peculiar attitudes, motions, and habits 
of animals, may aid them in determining the position of those whose 
proper place is obscure in the Systema. On this occasion, nevertheless, I 
must speak with much reserve, having neither beheld any such appear- 
ances as just described protracted among the worms properly so denomi- 
nated, nor having any certainty that the specimen under observation was 
entire. 

Its state is very different during quiescence. Then, contracting to 
about a third of the original length, it flattens and broadens, and appears 
quite inanimate.—Plate VII. fig. 2. 

The intestinal canal runs through the whole body, from the mouth 
to the posterior extremity. At some distance from the anterior extre- 
mity, a large portion of the animal was full of a yellow substance, partly 
exposed by a section, but of the nature of which I could not form any 
satisfactory conjecture.—Plate VI. fig. 1. Indeed, my anxiety for pre- 
servation, prevented me from taking the necessary means of ascertaining 
this fact. 

Several species of the Gordius feed ravenously. Lamarck is mis- 
taken in affirming that they subsist by the suction of liquids only. The 
present specimen was evidently distended at times by water. It refused 
the animal substances offered, either from being unsuitable, or because 
the temperature of the atmosphere was too low, which precludes the feed- 
ing of many creatures of the lower orders. 

Notwithstanding the gigantic proportions of this specimen, consider- 
ed as a worm, I am ignorant whether it was entire—whether it was not 
originally twice as long, a fact extremely probable, and that for various 
reasons. 

While full of life and vigour, the creature being exhibited to an in- 
genious naturalist, sprung so far up the side of its vessel, as to be in dan- 
ger of coming over. But having been prevented at the time, I felt ap- 
prehensive that the body was strained. 

My fears proved too true, for within the space of fifteen minutes, 

H 


58 VERMES. 


three inches of the posterior extremity were observed sundering from the 
remainder, the animal at the same time becoming quiescent. The frac- 
tured parts being connected only by means of the mtestine, I separated 
them with scissors. 

The sundered portion contracted next day to an inch and a half on 
transference to another vessel. 

Now the mutilated trunk remained at rest, but when committed to 
recent’ sea water, its wonted gambols commenced as if nothing had hap- 
pened. 

The preceding facts led me to conclude that the animal was a Gordius, 
or nearly allied to the race ; for rupture of the body is incident to that 
genus, and the parts frequently remain contracted, flattened, and still, 
after it has taken place. 

The portion thus sundered did not perish, it contmued either quies- 
cent, as seen, Plate VII. fig. 8, or extended and crawling as fig. 4,—on 
October 15, after losing a fragment, fig. 10, on the preceding day. The 
same having generated a papilla at the lower extremity, was seen on De- 
cember 19, as fig. 5. 

This large sundered portion, fig. 3, which had separated on October 
12, was carefully preserved, in hopes of its reproducing the parts defec- 
tive at each extremity. Fora considerable time its dimensions continued 
almost stationary. Nevertheless the wounds healed, the anterior part 
shewed an incurvature, and the posterior extremity was prolonged into a 
more regular shape, with the lapse of sixty-eight days, or on 19th Decem- 
ber, as exhibited by fig. 5. 

Four months subsequent to the mutilation, the form had undergone 
still greater improvement. But neither was a marginal groove to be dis- 
covered in front, nora slit below, denoting the mouth, as in perfect animals. 

This was not the only mutilation of the trunk of this specimen. 
Other three portions had separated from it on October 19, and these 
being followed by more, only five inches of this trunk or original animal 
remained entire. In three weeks from the date of its acquisition, symp- 
toms of decay were indicated, it became disfigured ; yet when reduced 
farther to only two inches in length on October 25, life was not extinct, 
though no animation could be recognised on the subsequent day. 


VERMES. 59 


This creature literally fell to pieces, whereof there were nine in 
whole, of various dimensions, counting the subdivisions of some of them. 
All, excepting two, decayed soon after separation. 

Of these let us denominate one A, already described, being origi- 
nally fig. 8, and now follow its history, meantime reserving that of the 
other to be denominated B. 

The portion A made no conspicuous advance farther than healing of 
the wounds, and, in the end of March, it did not appear as vigorous as 
previously. On April 14,1 found it subdivided into three portions, 
being figs. 6, 7, 8; and on May 3, another portion was separating from 
the lower extremity, fig. 9. A fragment had separated considerably 
earlier, on 14th October, fig. 10, reducing it to the shape represented 
fig. 4. On May 11, that subject A had decayed, which exhausts its 
history.—Plates VI. fig. 1.; VII. fig. 2. 

The second surviving portion of fig. 1, is represented by fig. 11, as 
on November 27, and now denominated B. A small white papilla from 
the lower part of it was discernible on November 3, which had now re- 
sembled a stout white horn, the upper margin being of a deeply indented 
heart shape, thirty-eight days after separating. This regeneration ad- 
vanced much more rapidly than that of the surviving portion A, and ap- 
peared as fig. 12, on December 19, the unusual mildness of the season 
having probably promoted increment. 

At this time (and afterwards), I was induced to conjecture that 
both A and B had some means of absorbing food, from black slender 
rolls occasionally seen in their vessels. 

In 100 days this portion B somewhat .exceeded an inch in length, 

but still without any indication of a marginal groove, or of a slit below. 
The upper surface appeared, on January 28, as fig. 15, two months later 
“than fig. 11. It extended just an inch and an eighth when crawling ; 
and the form of the newly generated part was very regular, thick, and 
convex, with a lighter colour, and a margin bordering the thick and 
darker portion. The original part was remarkably thick, swelling like 
two bluff cheeks, with a kind of dark grey-yellow tinge, and a light pale 
grey margin. 


60 VERMES. 


This portion B had separated on or about the 20th October ; there- 
fore 100 days had now elapsed. 

Although still more satisfied there were excretory rolls, three weeks 
later I introduced some mud into the vessel, though uncertain whether 
it was available in any shape. 

B continued augmenting, it was very vigorous when delineated for 
the last time with the newly generated part, on April 14.—Plate VII. 
fig. 14. 

After considerable agitation on April 50, B lost a portion then sepa- 
rating from the upper part, whereby it was greatly disfigured. The 
separating portions delineated May 3, as fig. 15. 

Minute fragments only remained, which were still surviving on the 
25th of June, fig. 16, but had disappeared on the 2d of July. 

Such is the history, as nearly as I could follow it, of the specimen 
represented. 

It had been obtained on the 2d of October, and the latest surviv- 
ance of a fragment was known to be on the 25th of June. 

Just about a year afterwards, namely, on the 5th of October, ano- 
ther specimen, broken into four portions, reached me, which had been 
taken the preceding evening, not far from the same place as the former. 

The largest portion was about six inches long, but it afterwards ex- 
tended to ten or eleven ; and I concluded that the specimen, if entire, 
must have been twice the dimensions of the other. 

As far as entire, it was the same in formation and in colour, grey 
above, the margin light, a portion of the edge of one of the parts reddish, 
as if from weather. The groove was conspicuous on the sides of the head, 
while the mouth, as a large slit, appeared in the under surface. 

The second largest portion ruptured in two while lifting it on the 
first day of acquisition, and another into several parts in the course of 
the same afternoon. 

The anterior division, which had extended ten or eleven inches, 
bending and curving with vigorous action, exhibited some undulatory 
motions, resembling those of the first specimen, and I entertained expec- 
tations of its survivance. 


VERMES. 61 


But in this I was disappointed. The animal became broken up into 
at least ten portions, and none of these lived above a week. 

A considerable quantity of thick creamy matter was discharged by 
most or by all of them. 

The ruptured parts of the first portion exposed internal contents, 
resembling an immense immature yellow ovarium ; and some yellow 
pellets appeared on the bottom of its vessel, which soon decayed. This 
may be seen in a portion, Plate VII. fig. 17. I felt uncertain, however, 
as to its real nature, and I was rather disposed to consider as ova many 
thousand whitish spherical globules discharged on the 1st day of May.— 
Fig. 18, enlarged. 

I am confident, that had the ruptured portions of these animals sur- 
vived, complete reproduction of the defective parts would have ensued. 
It is singular that the same tendencies were manifested by all the small 
parts after subdivision, as by the largest portions before it. It is sin- 
gular also, that such active regeneration downwards, and a growth at the 
same time tending upwards, should have occurred simultaneously. 

Had mutilations of a vigorous specimen taken place in summer, re- 
dintegration might have been promoted by the more favourable tempera- 
ture of the atmosphere. 

This animal is extremely rare. Very few of the fishermen are ac- 
quainted with it. Nor do I know that any entire specimen has come 
under the inspection of any naturalist. Mr Henry Goodsir, one of pre- 
eminent abilities, observes, in a brief notice,* that the largest portion of 
three specimens which came at various times into his possession extended 
about a yard ; and ina sketch, probably designed to represent it, the 
posterior extremity is defective. Mr Goodsir does not say where, or 
when, this specimen was found. But a fisherman acquainted me that 
he had given him a specimen in 1843 ; and Mr Goodsir shewed me a 
portion of the anterior, extending to a few inches, comprehending the 
mouth, which he had preserved in spirits. 


* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, v. xv., Plate XX. figs. 1, 2. 


VERMES. 


Gordius fragilis in motion. 


. Transverse section, shewing the shape of the body. 


. Gordius fragilis quiescent. 
. Anterior part; under surface, shewing the site and appearance of 


the mouth. 


. Portion sundering from the body, October 11. 
. The same in motion, October 15, having previously lost the frag- 


ment, fig. 10. 


. The same, having generated a papilla at the extremity. In motion, 


December 19. 


. The same (denominated A), as appearing April 14, after losing two 


portions. , 


. One of these portions separated from fig. 6. 

. Another of these portions separated from fig. 6. 

. Appearance of fig. 38, A, as on May 3. 

. Fragment, which had separated from fig. 4 on the preceding Octo- 


ber 14. 


. Portion B, as appearing 27th November, or thirty-eight days after 


haying sundered from the Gordius. 


. The same as advancing, December 19. 

. The same, with its generated appendages, 100 days old, January 28. 
. The same, as advancing April 14. 

. Spontaneous mutilation having followed the preceding representa- 


tion; the remainder as appearing May 3. 


. Final appearance of B, fig. 3. 

. Sundered portion, exposing the yellow interior of the Gordius. 
. Ova. 

. Ova, a little enlarged. 


Prats VIL* 
Fic. 1. Upper surface of another specimen in motion—the anterior extremity. 
2. A broken off posterior extremity. 
3. The mouth. 


TESTE 


Ze 
o7 


00MM 


JZ. 
Pla 


PL. Vi. 


Wane 
Piety 
f 
ou, 


Thee ay 
Pt ie al 
1 

tu 


VERMES. 63 


B.—Gorpiws maxiuus—Sea Long Worm.—Plate Wi fet 


Though the history of the Gordius fragilis be involved in a con- 
siderable degree of perplexity, by its rarity, and by certain peculiarities 
of habit, together with my reluctance to destroy any part of what I had 
so little prospect of replacing, no hesitation can restrain the free exami- 
nation of the present subject, which may be considered the type of the 
genus, assigning only a provisional place to the other. 7 

The ignorant spectator of the Sea Long Worm, might at first sight 
precipitately conclude, that here is an animal designed by Nature only — 
to be rendered an inconvenience to itself. But were we aware of all the, 
works, and of what was designed by the wisdom of Providence, we 
should find some marvellous examples of Omnipotent Power, instead 
of simply wondering at the exhibition of immoderate and disproportioned 
dimensions. 

If the elephant be the most gigantic among the modern terrestrial 
quadrupeds, so may the Séa Long Worm be deemed in relation to all its 
fellows among the vermicular tribes of the deep. We behold the elephant 
as an entire and perfect: animal, or, if having undergone accidental muti- 
lation, we can determine the defective parts ; we can know the loss, and 
can compute the precise effect of restoration. But who can affirm that 
he has ever beheld the Sea Long Worm entire 2? That he had before him 
this giant of the race, perfect im its simplicity, or that he can conjecture 
what is truly wanting ? Or who can presume that those apparently of 
largest size shall grow no more ? 

To credit the fishermen of the regions where this creature dwells, it 
is found twelve yards in length ; nay, some even describe it as double 
that extent. But none of many falling under my notice, have exceeded 
ten feet, or little more. 

A specimen six or eight feet long is about a quarter of an inch 
broad when extended, and somewhat less in thickness. But it is, indeed, 
most difficult to judge of the actual and relative dimensions of an animal 
whose size and proportions are varying every moment.—Plate VII. fig. 1. 


64 VERMES. 


A groove in the margin of the anterior forms it into two lips of about 
equal thickness, and descends some way down each side of the head, which 
is a distinctive feature—Plate VIII. fig. 2. The mouth, a longitudinal 
slit, extending four lines, is in the under surface, at a short distance from 
the anterior margin, but seldom perceptible, and varies in length with 
the extension and contraction of the body. No other external organiza- 
tion is sensible, for although ocular specks, if such is their character, be 
recognisable in the young specimens, as afterwards explained, they are 
obscured by the subsequent alteration of the adult. 

As the body of the adult, at some distance above the lower extre- 
mity, begins to taper downwards, it probably terminates in a point. 

The whole body is of a fine uniform dark purple colour, sometimes 
verging on black, presenting a beautiful velvet-looking surface. The 
anterior margin is pure white. 

A great proportion of the length is traversed by a vivid red intes- 
tine, diminishing near the lower extremity to the diameter of a hair. 
When this organ was extracted from a specimen ten feet long, it extend- 
ed between five and six feet.—Plate IX. fig. 1. But it is difficult to 
say what it may be when distended with food, its office being perhaps 
alimentary. 

This animal is subject, as the former, to separate into fragments, 
while these are sometimes divested of the whole intestine. Thence we 
may presume, that the extremities of this organ are attached to places 
which have little resistance. Vitality is preserved by it for a consider- 
able time after separation from the other parts of the animal. 

I was a long time perplexed regarding the food of the Gordius 
maximus. A creature so unwieldy and unmanageable in itself, appeared 
to be very ill adapted for overcoming any resisting prey. In the natural 
state, it certainly enters the tube of the Amphitrite to devour the tenant. 
And in one instance, it seized and devoured a Jerebella before me, which 
had lost its protective dwelling, and this, too, in spite of the size and ap- 
parently superior strength of the prey. It feeds on mussel also. 

The Gordius wraps itself up in an intricate knot ; whence the deri- 
vation of its race. Perhaps the prey entangled amidst the folds falls an 


VERMES. 65 


easy victim. It is greedy after what is readily got. Portions of mussel 
are acceptable, and then the mouth, distending widely, gradually absorbs 
them. If the valves of a small shell be sundered, the animal fastens 
on one of them, drags it away, and consumes the contents at leisure. 
The dimensions of the intestinal canal admit the absorption of a great 
quantity of food, whereby the subject appears very different on repletion 
from its aspect under abstinence. 

Many other circumstances, combined with the preceding facts, prove 
the necessity of preserving specimens from their earlier stages. 

A small and slender animal, involved in a knot, lay among some 
corallines ; when removed to a moistened glass slider, it extricated the 
head, and unfolded the body, now extending three inches by about only 
half a line in breadth. Two black specks, of considerable size, were ex- 
posed amidst the white of the anterior extremity under the microscope ; 
the cleft, forming two lips, was sensible, and the whole body appeared 
striated longitudinally with lighter and darker lines. Thus it was seen 
in October, Plate VIII. fig. 3 ; head, enlarged, fig. 4. In three months 
it extended five inches. At this period I observed, for the first time, 
that it was wont to enter the tube of the Amphitrite ventilabrum, and 
concluded that it devoured the tenant. This conjecture was strengthened 
by the speedy disappearance of several of these animals from the vessel. 
Other food, likewise supplied, was drageed down among the mud and 
consumed. 

Owing to the great difference in the appearance of this specimen 
from adults, I had supposed it another species of the Gordius maximus, 
the one being of a uniform purple colour, but that under view, distinctly 
striped as a ribband. Some months later, however, their identity seemed 
probable. At the period of a second delineation, half a year subsequent 
to the first, the specimen extended twelve inches. Its growth had been 
rapid.—Fig. 5. To this its voracity greatly contributed. The anterior 
surface broadening much after a copious meal, exposed lighter lines ; and 
in fifteen months from the date of the acquisition of the specimen, they 
became very conspicuous on feeding. Sometimes such distension attend- 
ing a greedy repast, made me apprehensive that the body would burst. 

I 


66 VERMES. 


It had thus undergone an extraordinary change from its meagre, lank, and 
empty form in abstinence. Now it was rather of a greyish-green colour. 

Stones or clean shells should be always stored in the vessels of such 
animals, for they never fail to encircle them as the knot wherein the 
body is involved gradually unfolds, which prevents rupture, either on 
account of unmanageable length, or of immoderate repletion. A glass 
cylinder was here substituted, which the animal encircled for want of 
another hard substance. In a year and ten months from the date of ac- 
quisition, it extended two feet and half, when it was delineated for the 
third time.—Fig. 6. 

Owing to accidental impurity of the water nearly a year afterwards, 
the body of this growing specimen ruptured into several parts, some of 
them surviving for about another year. Thus the animal lived entire 
towards four years in captivity, during which time it had attained com- 
pletely three feet or more in length ; and, including the separated por- 
tions, its survivance extended towards five years. Though enlarging 
rapidly, if we take the preceding facts as the ordinary course of nature, 
this creature's life should be of long duration. 

In examples originally of considerable size, rupture into parts of all 
different dimensions soon after being taken frequently occurs, when a very 
remarkable process follows in the eversion of the interior. The intesti- 
nal organ having separated spontaneously, the portions are so many tubes, 
when the purple velvety outside becomes the inside. How this ensues 
can be explained only by presuming, that one extremity of the hollow tube 
folding inwards is followed by the rest, until the inversion is complete. 

Though I do not recollect to have witnessed the permanent preser- 
vation of such ruptured animals or their parts, amputation of the ragged 
extremities of specimens will save them, when vigorous reproduction 
will sometimes ensue. Indeed, this is a precaution to be adopted with 
many of the lower and simpler animals ; removal of the injured flesh 
or skin, leaving only that which remains unhurt or entire, commonly 
proves beneficial. One having ruptured the day after arrival, I severed 
about six inches of the anterior part of the body for preservation. From 
the great lubricity of the surface, it is ready to elude even the sharpest 


VERMES. 67 


scissors, leaving the section ragged or oblique. Here the wound being 
clean it healed completely. In about seven weeks, this specimen extend- 
ed about twelve inches, when it was delineated, fig. 7. The computed 
dimensions of such animals, so variable, however, are somewhat arbitary. 
In eighteen months from the time of this experiment, its length had 
augmented to about eighteen inches, when it perished accidentally. 

Similar experiments have chiefly failed of success. The portion, de- 
signed to be. preserved, has gone to decay, though deprived of the in- 
jured parts. I endeavoured thus to save two sections of a ruptured speci- 
men, one being an inch and a half of the anterior extremity, the other 
about three inches of the body below it. The wound of the former seem- 
ed to heal in about a week, and both those of the latter appeared to be so 
in three or four weeks. But although the thicker end was always in ad- 
vance while crawling, it had not acquired that peculiar configuration 
distinguishing the head of the genus during the course of seven months, 
when both sections perished accidentally like the former. 

As light is commonly pernicious to the vermicular tribes, those por- 
tions supplied with mud were kept chiefly in the dark. 

The intestinal tube is so tenacious of life, that it moves for several 
days after separation from the body. When small, or seen in sections, 
it much resembles a distinct animal, and hence have expert naturalists 
been apparently deceived. Probably of two subjects, called Vibrt marini 
by Delle Chiaje as other species, one represented, tom. ili. tab. xliii. fig. 1, 
may be identified as a portion of fig. 1, Plate IX. of this volume. 

The intestinal canal has been of a vivid red in all my specimens ex- 
cept one, wherein, what I considered the same organ, was white. 

It is said by Mr Davies, in the Zransactions of the Linnean Society, 
v. xi. p. 294, that he had a specimen of the Gordius maximus measuring 
twenty-two feet long when dead. Having previously poured spirits on 
it in a bottle, a proboscis, eight inches in length, was projected from the 
emarginate part of the front. This, also, I conjecture, may have been a 
portion of the intestinal tube, for I am not aware that the creature has a 
proboscis. 

The dimensions and real aspect of such an animal are extremely de- 


68 ; VERMES. 


lusive ; nor should the observer hastily determine that what he beholds 
is permanent. The upper portion of a specimen having been sundered 
for preservation, it soon appeared like a black leech, in contracting to 
fifteen lines in length, and enlarging to twice its natural breadth. No one 
could have easily told what it was. 

The actual dimensions of the Sea Long Worm being doubtful, so is 
it difficult to ascertain the number and position of the specks or eyes on 
the head. A young specimen, one extending only an inch and a half, 
had two distinct large round specks in front, as in the striped specimen 
just described, and other three at intervals in a straight line behind each, 
being eight in whole. These were very conspicuous, because there was 
more white than usual in the front of the head. But in all animals of 
the kind, others, though present, may be lost in the darker colour be- 
hind. This last specimen resembled the former in the body, having been 
striated longitudinally. 

Whether such specks, common to a multitude of the lower animals, 
be only rudimentary ocular organs, or actually endowed with visual func- 
tions, must remain a very obscure point in physiology. But the Gordius 
is quite sensible of the presence of light ; nor does this seem confined to 
the anterior extremity. Sometimes while the head is in concealment, the 
body hangs down in folds, from a higher position, and then evident un- 
easiness is testified on the approach of a candle, and an exertion to with- 
draw from its influence. 

The natural dwelling of a creature so little adapted for long excur- 
sions or predatory attacks, should be in the vicinity of those softer ani- 
mals constituting its prey. Specimens coiled up within the double valves 
of old oyster shells, are dredged from the bottom of the sea in various 
parts of Scotland. I was indebted for the largest and finest ever in my 
possession to Dr Duguid, who sent it from the Orkney Islands to Edin- 
burgh. Others found among miscellaneous collections, may have for- 
saken their retreat on disturbance. I once procured two specimens, each 
some feet in length, by splitting off the slab of a soft shelving rock near 
low water. Very small specimens thus coiled up, are sometimes seen 
floating, which is owing less to specific levity, than to the repulsion of 


KIT 


Bs 
/ if, 
ClUMd « 


JM LPL A 


VERMES. 69 


the lubricating matter investing the body. Its abundant secretion is 
essential to protect the animal, or to facilitate the progress of so unwieldy 
a creature among the indurated substances. 

Length and lubricity combine in endangering removal amidst mis- 
cellaneous collections. The specimen not only slips readily from among 
the fingers, but in proportion to the quantity extricated, the hazard of 
rupture is augmented. It will generally free itself gradually, rising up 
to the side of a vessel, especially if some impurity be imparted to the 
water. But force is never to be employed, or more than sweeping the 
whole parts together with a feather when liberated. 

The Sea Long Worm obviously lives a number of years. Its extra- 
ordinary dimensions, independently of direct evidence, would be a strong 
presumption of the fact. Yet the slightest abrasion of the skin seems 
incurably fatal. 

When clean hard substances, empty shells, stones, glass cylinders, 
and the like, are introduced into their vessels, these creatures quickly 
take advantage of their vicinity by encircling them, and thus preserving 
their body from injury, as security against abrasion and rupture. It is 
always wound around very firm and solid substances. 

A large specimen of a brownish or greyish colour, not of the fine 
velvet black, first occupied the valves of an empty oyster shell. Innu- 
merable white ova, almost like dust, appeared in its vessel, on the 21st 
of May ; but I know not whether mature, as the animal was ruptured. 
A group from the rent was delineated, fig. 8, and several free, fig. 9 ; both 
figures enlarged. They were white and perfectly spherical, and in myriads, 
so that their multitude had probably effected the eruption of the parent. 

The delicacy of all the aquatic vermicular tribes, exposes them to 
destruction from very slight vitiation of their element. They endea- 
vour to escape by ascending the side of the vessel, so as to be nearer 
the surface. Some, without any impurity of the water, are induced, by 
the smoothness of the glass, to crawl so far as to be scarcely able to re- 
cover the place they have quitted, and frequently become agglutinated 
to the spot, where they perish. 


70 VERMES. 


Prate VIII. 
Fic. 1. Gordius maximus, the Sea Long Worm; adult. 

2. Anterior part of an adult, shewing the marginal cleft. 

3. Young specimen. 

4. Anterior portion of the same, shewing two black specks on the sur- 

face of the front, enlarged. 

5. The same specimen half a year after its delineation, as fig. 3. 
. The same after having been kept twenty-two months from the first. 
7. Anterior portion, which, for preservation, had been severed from 

the body of a specimen, and subsequently regenerated the lower 


Dd 


extremity. 
8. Cluster of ova, enlarged. 
9. A few detached ova, enlarged. 
10. Ova, of the natural size. 


Prate IX. 


Fic. 1. Gordius maximus, intestine. 


C.—Gorpius ranta—The Ribband Gordius.—Plate X. Figs. 1, 2. 


Length sixteen inches or more ; breadth of the anterior above a 
line. The head and sides of the anterior cleft ; mouth a slit below, very 
conspicuous. Colour from dull reddish-brown to pale red ; belly paler. 
A white stripe traverses the whole length of the back, which is divided 
in the centre by a dark line, thus rendering the animal very like a rib- 
band.—Plate X. figs. 1, 2. 

The colour of the back consists of five’ lines, the two exterior stripes 
being the broadest, having a white line withm each, and the central dark 
line between them. No specks or eyes have been discovered. The ex- 
tremity of the anterior is white. 

This animal takes shelter in empty shells, or im the tubes of other 
tenants of the deep, from which it may be dislodged by vitiating the 
water. But it is the last of all that I have seen, which, yielding to the 
offensive medium, quits its haunts. 

On June 1, a vast quantity of spawn, consisting of innumerable 
minute spherical white ova, figs. 3,4, amidst a thin glairy matter, ap- 


EXE 


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This 


VERMES. fl 


peared in the vessel containing fig. 1. This animal is not rare, but 
seldom seen above four inches long. ‘The finest specimens I have had 
were from Alexander Wood, an intelligent fisherman at Cellardyke. 

The resemblance of the Planaria dorsalis of Miiller to this'Gordius, 
renders it probable that he has mistaken a mutilated portion of the an- 
terior for an entire specimen; not an uncommon error among natu- 
ralists. 

Specimens have survived many months in my possession. 


Prater X. 
Fic. 1. Gordius tenia. 
2. Another specimen. 


3. Ova. 


u 
4. Group, enlarged. 


§ 2. Gorprus minor.—The features of the two preceding species are 
sufficiently distinctive in the position and form of the mouth, the 
anterior portions, and in their extraordimary dimensions. Yet it must 
be allowed, that we are ignorant whether the form of the posterior 
extremity of the first has been ascertamed. But the characters of all 
the species comprehended in this paragraph are not equally strong,—and 
although some of them may be thought prominent enough, probably we 
are deficient as to others, either to determine their varieties, or to assign 
them with confidence to their proper place. Accidental mutilation may 
have removed a part essential for shewing form, size, or colour, while 
the observer believes his specimen entire and perfect. Patience, time, 
and numbers are perhaps his surest safeguard here. However, he can 
searcely expect any protection against the constant delusion of varieties. 

The only permanent characters of the animals of this paragraph, 
are the form of the head, and position of the mouth. They are of various 
colours, especially white, green, brown, reddish, and purple. <A fine 
specimen, eight inches long, occurred of pale purple. They dwell under 
stones, in fissures of the rocks, and they take shelter under any miscel- 
laneous mass that may be in their vicinity. The elasticity of the body 
renders all computations of the true dimensions equivocal. 


I 
bo 


VERMES. 


A.—GorDIUS MINOR viripIs.—Plate UX. Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 


This is a littoral animal, dwelling chiefly under stones on the shore 
within the flowing tide. Length seven or eight inches ; breadth a line 
or more. The head is distinguished by a groove, as that of the Gordius 
mavimus, and, like it, the mouth is a longitudinal slit in the under sur- 
face of the anterior. Colour universally green ; darker on the upper 
surface, paler below.—Plate IX. fig. 2, head, shewing the groove ; slightly 
enlarged, fig. 3. ; 

This animal feeds voraciously on mussel. It reposes frequently on 
the side of its vessel, sometimes so high as to be partly out of the water. 

Ropes of spawn, containing numerous white ova or capsules, are pro- 
duced by this species in February, March, and April, or other seasons. 
A specimen taken in September, spawned in the middle of March, and 
others continued spawning throughout that month in surprising quan- 
tities. 

The specimen, Plate IX. fig. 2, spawned profusely in March and 
April, and in different quantities, of very remarkable appearance and ar- 
rangement on different occasions. The first rope exceeded two inches 
in length, by above a line in diameter, fig. 4. ; a portion of the spawn 
deposited a month later, fig. 5. 

The former consisted of a double row of somewhat. spherical, per- 
fectly transparent, ova or capsules, with an apex directed inwards to 
the longitudinal axis or centre of the rope, each ovum containing two 
white germs, as discovered by the microscope, fig. 6. The second por- 
tion, fig. 5, consisted of a rope of the most transparent. albumen, with 
ova or capsules amidst it, each containing from three to seven pure white 
germs. The capsule or integument was almost invisible from extreme 
transparence. These capsules being so disposed, that four of them oc- 
cupy the diameter of the rope, the long rows, with their white contents, 
form a rich and interesting microscopical object, fig. 7. 

A specimen lived some time in familiarity with the Gordius maai- 
mus, apparently apprehending no danger. 


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VERMES. 73 


A |.—Gorpius GrssErRENSIS—Planaria Gesserensis.—Miiller. 


Probably the Planaria Gesscrensis of Miiller should have a place here, 
for it does not seem to belong to the genus selected for its reception. 

Length three inches and a half; figure nearly linear ; extremities 
obtuse ; six or more black specks around the anterior margin. A slit 
below indicates the mouth. Colour universally different shades of green ; 
sometimes tending to brown or pale carnation. Numerous lighter nar- 
row circles, at considerable intervals, with a minute pale speck on the 
side of each, environ the body, resembling faint annulations. 

A considerable quantity of glutinous, or almost silky matter, is 
secreted by the body. This secretion diminishes in abundance, propor- 
tionably to the duration of confinement. 

The animal sometimes feeds on mussel. It dwells under stones on 
the shore. 

In confinement it reposes thus, or among mud during the day ; and 
if several be together, they associate at night on the side of their vessel, 
above the surface of the water. 

Specimens have survived two years. 


Prats X. Fig. 5. 
A. 2.—Gorpius ALBIcANs— Whitish Gordius.—Plate XII. Figs. 5 a, 6. 


I speak with diffidence of this, which is a littoral animal, assigning 
it also only a provisional place, for I have not succeeded in ascertaining 
such features as are sufficiently prominent. 

Length two inches and a half; breadth the sixteenth of an inch ; 
form linear, somewhat flattened ; extremities obtuse.—Plate XII. fig. 5 a. 
On the anterior margin are numerous black specks, and behind them, at 
some intervals, two clusters of specks, also black. All these are very 
minute, and scarcely to be examined without decollation, fig. 6. Colour 
of specimens universally from dingy white to dark grey. Sometimes a 
lighter line runs down the back, and a waved intestine may be discovered. 

K 


74 VERMES. 


Motion smooth and gliding, the body being completely extended. If 
reversing its course, the animal folds on itself. 

While crawling, occasional swellings of the body are seen, with pro- 
portional reductions which disappear as the linear form is resumed. 


Prats X. 
Fig. 5 a. Gordius albicans. 
6. Head, enlarged; shewing the superficial specks. 


B.—Gorpivs GRAcILIS.—To preserve some connection in this subject, 
I shall here advert to another animal of this tribe, though it may not 
prove to be exactly in its place, under the denomination, of Gordius gra- 
cilis —Plate IX. fig. 8. 4 

This animal extends three inches in length, in a roundish form, 
scarcely above the twelfth of a line in breadth or diameter. In motion 
it becomes as slender as a fine white horse hair, the extremity scarcely 
visible. The anterior part, when contracted, is reddish, fading gradually 
downwards to white. The whole, if coiled up, is faint carmine ; but ex- 
tended, it seems white. 

No specks or eyes could be discovered. This species feeds greedily 
on mussel, sucking it by the mouth, which is below, near the anterior 
extremity ; and drags the food to the place of its own retreat. 

Five or six specimens were taken on June 11, one of which, on the 
20th, emitted a rope of spawn proportionally as large as that of the species 
just described. It was in a fold half an inch long, therefore an inch if ex- 
tended : the breadth of the fold nearly halfa line. Under the microscope 
the ova were white, opaque, not quite spherical, immersed in a transparent 
substance ; all as seen two days afterwards, fig. 9. In a few days a num- 
ber of animalcula were produced by the ova. I could ascribe them to 
no other origin, and that such was the case, was proved by the identity of 
those contained in the ova, and such as were free. Those creatures ap- 
peared mere specks in the water, swimming with considerable expedition. 
Keeping chiefly below, both in a vessel and in a watch-glass, they con- 
gregated towards the side farthest from the light, which induced me to 


VERMES. 75 


conclude that they avoided it. There was some disparity of size among 
those of a group viewed by the microscope, fig. 10. 

Subjected to higher magnifying powers, they were in general of a 
fine regular, broad, oval form, apparently soft, with the oval slightly 
variable in its proportions ; the body flattened, and begirt by a fringe of 
cilia. ‘Two black specks like eyes stood in front, on the margin, some- 
what behind the anterior extremity, fig. 11. 

I could not discover any black specks corresponding to what I con- 
sidered such, in the parent animal, which seemed to be invited from its 
retreats by the light. 

Prosecuting the history of the animalcula was impracticable, for 
various reasons.¢ I should have even hesitated to speak of incidents so 
anomalous, but for the hopes of attracting the notice of practical natu- 
ralists, who may wish to avail themselves of opportunities to illustrate 
the species farther. 

This animal seems to contain a double ovarium, one portion towards 
each side of the body, wherein the ova are disposed in clusters, unless 
this be some part of its individual organization. But this is to be seen 
only in the most transparent specimens. 

On July 7, animals were produced from spawn of June 30. 


C.—Gorpius ALBus.—Certain peculiarities lead me to assign this a 
provisional place. I cannot affirm that all the specimens I have had 
were entire, or that they had the whole features to be held characteristic 
of the Gordius, though exhibiting some of them. 

Length three inches or more ; breadth under two lines ; body flat- 
tened, almost linear ; both extremities somewhat acute ; colour palest 
carnation, almost white, with a slight red speckling on the upper surface 
of the head. The presence of eyes could not be detected by the micro- 
scope.—Plate IX. fig. 12, ; head, fig. 13. 

This animal feeds voraciously on mussel, projecting a pure white 
proboscis from the under surface of the anterior, and absorbing large 
portions. 

A specimen protruded the proboscis when touched with a feather. 


76 VERMES. 


I then endeavoured to free it from the mud, which seems its natural 
bed, when the proboscis protruded again, and was discharged along 
with the whole intestinal organ, also white, connected with it. 

The portion thus separating extended as a cylinder three inches long, 
especially towards the anterior, where the tubular part constituting the 
proboscis was evidently of stronger texture, and half a line in diameter. 
It displayed much action and contortion for a considerable time, not being 
quite inanimate during three days, as is seen of the intestinal organ of 
the Gordius maximus. 

The animal now retreated among a quantity of mud introduced 
into its vessel along with a shell for protection. It was crawling 
about four or five months afterwards, and in seven or eight had possibly 
repaired its loss, from appearing equally full and plump as originally. 
Indeed it had never been extenuated. 

Accidental exposure to the sun proved fatal to this specimen ulti- 
mately. The body ruptured into several portions, which could not be 
preserved. 

It survived nine months, exhibiting no other peculiarities, unless 
the formation of a very slight sheath of glutinous and earthy matter. 

A second specimen had been mutilated. 


Puate IX. 
Fic. 12. Gordius (minor ) albus. 
13. Head slightly enlarged, shewing the groove. 


D.—Gorpivs aquaticus—Lhe Hair Worm.—Plate IX. Fig. 14. 


All the preceding species of the Gordius dwell in the sea ; the sub- 
ject of the present paragraph is an inhabitant of the fresh-waters of 
Scotland. 

I am ignorant of its extreme dimensions, nor, owing to particular 
circumstances, have I been able to preserve the detail of the habits of 
the specimens falling into my possession. 

This animal extends seven or eight inches in length, by scarcely the 


VERMES. 77 


third of a line in thickness. It is of a cylindrical form, the head deeply 
indented by a groove ; the posterior extremity obtuse. The whole is of 
a dark liver-brown colour, almost black. 

The Gordius aquaticus is extensively dispersed. I have found it in 
greatest numbers in a small spring well in Linlithgowshire, a few feet in 
diameter, and not above three feet deep, where it lay at the bottom, and 
could be easily brought up with the decaying leaves. It occurred in 
Coldingham Loch, besides various other places. 

But after having obtained numerous specimens with facility from 
the well, a subsequent search there, after an interval of several years, 
was unsuccessful. 

A vulgar prejudice ascribes whitlow to the bite of the Hair Worm, 
which has no means of inflicting a wound. Likewise there is little doubt 
that the like prejudice, crediting this animal’s metamorphosis to an eel, 
arises from its appearance. 

A person in Edinburgh, belonging to the establishment of the Royal 
Bank, alarmed by an unusual sensation in his throat after a copious 
draught of water, contrived to free himself quickly in extracting one of 
these animals. ‘Two days afterwards, it was brought to me and delineated 
while in a lively condition.—Plate IX. fig. 14. 

Specimens remain very long plain and entire amidst the water 
wherein they die. 


§ 3. Gorprus sPINIFER.—The subjects of the preceding paragraph are 
definitely characterised by a deep indentation of the head, a slit in the 
under surface indicating the position of the mouth, and an obtuse extre- 
mity, terminating the gradually diminishing body. 

Here we are presuming that such subjects are perfect, and that 
neither anterior nor posterior extremity has been mutilated. 

There is another section, corresponding in general character, but dis- 
tinguished by the termination of the body in a spinous or cartilaginous 
process. 

The specimens I have had of the former, invariably wanting this 


78 VERMES. 


latter feature, have rendered it difficult to credit that all were mutilated, 
and that none were entire. 

Nevertheless, with animals so readily exposed to mutilation, and 
whose reproductive faculties are so energetic, it is impossible to avoid 
perplexities regarding their integrity. 

Some of the preceding specimens were preserved a long time with- 
out any symptoms of regeneration ; yet their resemblance to the subjects 
of this paragraph, with a spinous prolongation, is so close, that I must 
almost consider the description of both only as provisional. 

Specimens distinguished by the eaudal process, however, are not 
nearly so common as the others, on the contrary, they may be accounted 
rare. 


a.—GORDIUS VIRIDIS SPINIFER.—Plate XI. Fig. 1. 


Length about three inches ; head and body resembling those of the 
Gordius minor viridis already described, the groove being very distinct. 
The posterior extremity terminates in a retractile, spimous, or cartilagi- 
nous prolongation, and equalling about a sixth of the length of the body. 
Colour mountain green. 

The spinous prolongation is a spontaneous protrusion, that is, it can 
be retracted completely, especially when the animal is at rest, and when 
gliding along it is drawn out to the slenderness of a human hair, actually 
becoming invisible from extreme tenuity without a lens, or being placed 
ona black ground. ‘This prolongation is very flexible, forms various 
curvatures, and displays peculiar action independently of the body. 


Piate XI. 


Fic. 1. Gordius viridis-spinifer. 


b.—GORDIUS PURPUREUS SPINIFER.—Plate XI. Figs. 2, 3, 4. 


Among several specimens there has been scarcely any other distinc- 
tion than colour ; nor can I venture to specify what may be the dimen- 
sions of the species. 


ISRO 


il 


i 


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Hi H er es ny Me vy 
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i 
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ol Wy 
a ee, 


y! 


VERMES. 79 


A fine specimen, about eight inches long, had the spinous prolonga- 
gation extending about a quarter of an inch. This prolongation appeared 
somewhat muricate under the microscope. Another specimen, four inches 
long, was of a deep red purple, all except the anterior margin, which 
appeared yellowish. Its prolongation rather exceeded a quarter of an 
inch. 

A thin specimen extended about three inches, and the prolongation 
half an inch more. The colour of the anterior part was dark purple, but 
about fifteen lines of the posterior, including the prolongation, pure white. 
This latter portion had been undoubtedly a reproduction, as its com- 
mencement proved somewhat smaller than the dark part, which was 
nearly two lines thick. The specimen came from Shetland. It must 
have been large originally. 

Very faint circles were just perceptible on the body at considerable 
intervals. In certain positions there is an indistinct appearance of an- 
nulation in some of this flattened race. 


Piate XI. 
Fic. 2. Gordius purpureus spinifer. 
3. Head of the same, slightly enlarged. 
4. Posterior extremity. 


¢.—GORDIUS FRAGILIS SPINIFER.—Plate XI. Fig. 5. 


Total length three inches and half, of which the spine equals half 
an inch ; breadth two lines. Colour universally reddish-orange, unless 
a small portion of the posterior extremity, which alone with the spine 
was white. This probably indicates reproduction of a mutilated speci- 
men, which must have been of more ample dimensions, especially when 
we allot above half an inch to the spinous prolongation. 

This specimen shewed some peculiarities which I had not observed 
of others ; such as forming a very slight silken sheath, and the head 
tapering almost to a point when the animal was in motion. In quies- 
cence, the lower portion was much broadened. One or more enlarge- 


80 VERMES. 


ments seemed often passing down the whole body from the anterior ex- 
tremity. 

In five weeks a fragment, along with the spine, separated from the 
extremity, and crawled about the vessel. Twelve other portions, of 
various dimensions, also separated in the course of the same and the suc- 
ceeding day. 

As the specimen seemed falling to pieces, I removed it to another 
vessel, where no mutilations followed for three or four days. A small 
fragment was then detached from the extremity, and next day another, 
not the sixteenth of an inch, on replenishing the vessel with water, 
which continued crawling. But the animal itself betrayed symptoms of 
suffering, in its endeavours to protect the mutilated extremity. 

In six weeks from the date of acquisition, its whole length while 
crawling, did not exceed five-eighths of aninch. Two deep constrictions 
towards the posterior extremity, also threatened the further loss of a 
fragment equalling an eighth of an inch, so that the portions of the body 
actually remaining entire, hardly extended half an inch, or the seventh 
part of what was originally the whole animal. Accordingly, the two 
portions separated, one on the subsequent day, the other on that fol- 
lowing. 

Thus the creature literally fell in pieces ; and it died when only a 
quarter of an inch of the anterior extremity subsisted. 

Considering the first mutilation, which was evidently replaced by 
the white extremity and prolongation, the subject unimpaired must have 
been of considerable dimensions. 


Puate XI. 
Fic. 5. Gordius fragilis spinifer. 


d.—GorDIUS FASCIATUS SPINIFER—Zhe Belted Spine Gordius.—Plate XI. 
Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9. 


Length two inches and a half, or more ; breadth under the sixteenth 
of an inch ; figure semicylindrical ; anterior extremity obtuse, cleft by 
a groove ; posterior extremity terminating in a spinous prolongation. 


VERMES. 81 


Mouth a slit in the under surface of the anterior extremity Upper sur- 
face, with two large black specks in front, and several smaller ones behind 
them. Colour from light orange to reddish ; the body encircled by a 
number of white belts. Margin of the anterior extremity white. 

In this species the spinous prolongation bears a great proportion to 
the length of the body, sometimes being equal to a fourth part of it ; and 
it is so flexible, that small specimens seem almost capable of casting a 
knot on it. The number of belts is irregular, nor do I know that they 
indicate anything but merely a diversity of colour. 

Specimens are liable to rupture ; and it is rather in the vicinity of 
the belt that the separation ensues. This incident is the consequence of 
injury, when a white fluid matter, thicker and heavier than water, 
escapes. 

A specimen, with twenty-four white belts, ruptured in many parts 
after secretion of a quantity of glutinous matter, and perhaps the rudi- 
ments of a speck. The ruptures were principally at the belts. By this 
means the intestinal canal, about half the length of the animal, was 
liberated.—Fig. 10, enlarged. 

Another specimen, encircled by seventeen white belts, ruptured into 
six portions, all which enlarged in nine weeks, but their size diminished 
in five or six weeks longer.—Figs. 11, 12, enlarged. 

Of two fine specimens, figs. 6, 13, neither large, the latter, accident- 
ally washed out of its vessel, fell on the carpet, where it was found to 
have ruptured in two. The sundered portion healed in twenty days by 
a prominence on the anterior ; but although surviving six months, until 
lost accidentally, no specific indications of what would be considered a 
head were shewn. It moved, yet from some contraction, never in a 
straight line. Sundered extremity of fig. 13, fig. 14. Symptoms of re- 
generation were early manifested by the mutilated trunk, which, in nine 
months, was terminated by a white spinous regeneration of considerable 
extent, restoring the integrity of the specimen, fig. 15. 

The regenerating cartilaginous or spinous organization is originally 
pellucid. 

This animal involves itself in a knot. It is rare. 

L 


82 VERMES. 


The tendency of the species to rupture into fragments is very singular. 
I doubt not that regeneration as perfect beings would ensue with all in 
the progress of time. 

Herein is found a definite analogy, establishing the kindred of worms 
of the Gordius tribe, indented by a marginal groove of the anterior, and 
distinguished by a slit as the mouth in the under surface. 

Unless for this latter character, the last species described might be 
comprehended in the genus Polia, proposed by Professor Delle Chiaje. 


Puate XI. Gordius spinifer. 
Fic. 1. Gordius viridis spinifer. 
2. Gordius purpureus spinifer. 
3. Head of another specimen, enlarged. 
4. Posterior extremity and spine of fig. 2. 
5. Gordius fragilis spinifer. 
6. Gordius fasciatus spinifer. 
7. Another specimen, enlarged. 
8. Mouth in the under surface, enlarged. 
9. Head with black specks, enlarged. 
10. Intestine, discharged on spontaneous division, enlarged. 
11. Fragment. 
12. Fragment. 
13. Specimen, mutilated of the lower extremity. 
14. Lower extremity of fig. 13. 
15. Extremity, as regenerated by fig. 13. 


§ 4. Gorpius 1nTEGER.—We have seen that different sections may be 
formed of the group we have named Gordius, though the external dis- 
tinctions of the animals be faint and few. Yet, if we be not mistaken in 
the perfection of the parts, which in some respects is problematical, they 
are sufficient. 

Still a third section remains, which, should it not have been necessary 
to introduce the subject the more intelligibly, ought properly to have 
stood the first. 

It would seem enough for distinctive arrangement, that the anterior 
margin of an animal is cleft ; and another, in addition, terminates by a 


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E POM f. SUL 


VERMES. 85 


retractile spine. If a third animal exhibits neither of those features, it 
must be placed in a separate group. Therefore I shall avail myself of 
that distinction. 

It would require time, accidental observation, and opportunity, to 
determine whether all varieties of the vermicular tribes under considera- 
tion do not involve their long, slender, unmanageable bodies, if truly such, 
in a knot. 


a.—Gorpius Fuscus.—The Brown Gordius.—Plate XII. 


Length eighteen inches ; breadth an eighth of an inch ; body flat- 
tened ; extremities obtuse, anterior generally somewhat angular. Back 
mottled brown, belly pale. Motion smooth and gliding. 

This animal involves itself ina knot. Here there is no sensible cleft 
or groove of the anterior, nor any spinous prolongation of the posterior 
extremity. 

The mouth is apparently in the anterior part. In pale specimens, 
specks are perceptible on the margin. Being extremely minute, they 
will be sought in vain on those that are dark. Head of a specimen shew- 
ing the specks.—Plate TX. fig. 15. 

Three of those animals, being all entwined as in a common knot, first 
one protruded its head to the right, then another to the left, and the third 
unfolded itself between them. The whole three, as if by common consent, 
extricated themselves, while the anterior portion of each advanced. 

Sometimes several individuals remained a long time thus implicated. 
I have seen at least half a dozen, of different shades and dimensions, all 
protruding the head from their complicated assemblage in different direc- 
tions. Other animals, such as the Nereids, occasionally take refuge 
among them with impunity. 

As long and unmanageable animals are frequently entangled among 
corallines, or the refuse of miscellaneous matter, the mass should be de- 
posited on an ordinary earthen or china white plate, with a clean flattish 
shell in the vicinity, which, being discovered, they will crawl under it for 
shelter. 


84 VERMES. 


While a specimen forms itself into a knot, it will often remain in 
that state for a considerable time ; nor does this species seek concealment 
as much as the Gordius maximus. 

Two specimens, in separate vessels, spawned in April. The ova oc- 
cupied a thin albumenous matter, which was in great profusion ; that from 
one of them, almost entirely covering the bottom of a vessel two inches 
in diameter ; that of the other less abundant. A vast number of white 
ova escaped from a third specimen verging to decay, also in April. None 
of all these proved prolific.—Plate IX. fig. 16, mass of spawn, enlarged ; 
fig. 17, group of ova, more enlarged. 

I have never possessed a specimen entire exceeding eighteen inches 
in length. But one reached me in June from the Shetland seas, which, 
judging from the portion preserved, must have been quite three feet long, 
and a third of an inch broad. Very few specimens exceed seven or eight 
inches. Most of the colour of the back of so large a specimen had been 
effaced by abrasion ; the belly was pure white. 

Specimens have survived many months in confinement. 


Prats IX. 
Fic. 15. Gordius fuscus, head. 


16. Ova amidst the albumenous matter, enlarged. 
17. Group of ova, more enlarged. 


Puate XII. Gordius fuscus. 


b.—I have never seen any variety or diversity of colour on the pre- 
ceeding species. All the examples were marked with precisely the same 
uniformity, unless, perhaps, in some slight lesser or greater intensity of 
colour. 

There are other Vermes, which may be possibly of the same section 
of the Gordius, whereof colour, though I admit it is too often a fallacious 
guide, may be a true distinction, and which we are compelled to receive, 
at least provisionally, from want of other features. 

Let it be observed, that many worms have no external prominences 
rising above the smoothness of their skin, or depressions sinking into it. 


V. 


Vie Wy ye 
DPS Cnipblee. 


a 


VERMES. 85 


That neither specks nor eyes, nor the position of the mouth, can be dis- 
covered in the living specimens ; that the student of animated nature 
cannot destroy his subject, and if perishing in his possession, it often goes 
so speedily to decay, that it is impossible, were he even a skilful ana- 
tomist, to avail himself of dissection. 

Thus, until enabled to ascertain the structure and habits of the living 
products of the creation, we are compelled, for convenience, to assign 
them an equivocal position in the Systema; destined, we hope, to be rec- 
tified by time, experience, and the united labour of naturalists. 


Gorpius ANGuISs.— The Snake- Worm.—Plate XIII. 


The subject of this paragraph is one of the most remarkable among 
the tenants of the deep. It is a genuine snake in miniature, of delicate 
form and proportions, decked in lively colours. 

The length of the snake-worm is thirty inches or more, its diameter 
little exceeding that of a crow-quill, or under the eighth part of an inch. 
It forms itself into various graceful folds, and can fabricate a silken case 
for its own reception, which is always shorter than the body. 

When dislodged from the sheath, the body is seen to be round, taper- 
ing towards an obtuse lower extremity ; the head obtuse, originating from 
the rudiments of a frill on the neck, where there are four notches. The 
mouth is in the extremity of the anterior part, as appeared from several 
specimens. 

I have not observed any dark specks or eyes as in many of the other 
worms, nor have I seen any specimen implicated in a knot, notwithstand- 
ing its apparent inconvenient extent ; nevertheless, if several be in the 
same vessel, they are intertwined, and seem entangled among themselves, 
though each can free itself speedily. 

The colour of the animal is usually red and white, finely contrasted. 
—Plate X. fig. 7. The red, for the most part, scarlet or vermilion. 
But the creature must be subjected to occular inspection, and in more 
than one specimen, for enabling the observer to discover how the colours 
are disposed. 


. 


86 VERMES. 


The body is environed throughout by a number of pure white circles, 
commencing at the head.—Fig. 8. A longitudinal dorsal line, a ventral 
line, and two lateral lines, all nearly equidistant, and pure white, also 
traverse the length of the body. Many of the circles are double. A row 
of minute white specks, beginning at some distance from the head, inter- 
poses between each of the lateral and the dorsal lines.—Fig. 9. Some 
specimens have no white specks ; and, when present, they give the whole 
a very ornamental appearance. 

This animal adheres to substances but slightly in the course of its 
motion, whence, combined with its figure and specific gravity, it has 
difficulty in ascending the side of a glass vessel. 

The mouth of this animal is in the very extremity. It opens with a 
wide horizontal gape, as if the creature had an upper and under jaw. This 
was well exposed by a very fine specimen—not inferior to any I have 
ever had brought to me—on the 27th June 1850. 

Ova.—This specimen has ruptured into several pieces. A number, 
perhaps 1000 or 1500 most minute reddish-brown ova, appeared in the 
vessel to day (June 29.), of which I set some apart in watch-glasses. 

The Gordius anguis forms a pale grey thick glossy silken sheath, of 
considerable tenacity, reflecting the prismatic colours even in artificial 
light. Although of ample width, the sheath does not exceed a sixth 
part of the animal’s length. Herein it reposed in unequal parallel longi- 
tudinal folds. 

The sheath is sometimes abandoned, either transiently or perma- 
nently, or its occupant wanders about the vessel, and returns to lie there 
during weeks, protruding the head occasionally. This covering is proba- 
bly formed by an exudation, very profuse, from the whole or part of the 
body. Not only do its sides appear to be thickened by successive aug- 
mentations, but the tenant repeatedly forsakes the old sheath to form a 
new one, which in turn is deserted also. 

The fine specimen, Plate XIII., had originally concealed itself in the 
empty sheath of the Terebella conchilega, of which I was ignorant until it 
spontaneously issued forth. It survived three months, and then perished 
from the excessive heat of the weather—others have survived a long time. 


VERMES. 87 


One specimen, if not a variety, extending eighteen inches, was uni- 
versally chocolate-red, with the wonted white. The four longitudinal 
white lines were present as usual ; and the body was encircled by about 
200 narrow white belts. A transverse section of the body would have 
been elliptical. No evident distinction indicated the head, and the 
posterior extremity was quite flat and obtuse. The skin, like that of 
the others, was perfectly smooth, with a fine soft velvet aspect. This 
animal formed a very transparent sheath. Once, on replenishing of the 
vessel with recent sea-water, a pellucid new sheath appeared in a few 
hours.—Plate X. fig. 10. 

A very fine specimen of this kind occurred on April 18th, said to be 
brought from the deep-sea fishing. It was of a delicate chocolate colour, 
with innumerable pure white circles. I cannot affirm that it was entire, 
but it was of very considerable dimensions, perhaps little inferior to those 
of the former. 

Among the same collections were large portions of the full-grown 
Gordius anguis, of the ordinary colour, and such as were alive, appeared 
of superior size. 

In the end of April and beginning of May, large specimens appear 
plump and full, as if occupied by a growing ovarium. 

Two very fine large specimens were sent to me on the 3d October. 

There also appeared, on extricating them, a small fragment of ano- 
ther specimen, nearly half an inch in length, which, delineated, slightly 
exceeded the natural size on the 8th. 


Prate XIV. Gordius anguis—The Snake Worm. 


~ Puate X. 
Fic. 7. Gordius anguis—The Snake Worm. 
8. Head, enlarged. 
9. Section of the body, enlarged. 
10. Anterior portion of a different specimen. 


88 VERMES. 


II. VERMICULI. 


The contents of the present section being merely accumulated notes, 
scarcely forming a definite history of any particular tribe of worms, and 
several species being associated together for want of prominent characters 
and sufficient information, let me be permitted to introduce these miscel- 
laneous observations, under the title of Vermiculi, to the notice of na- 
turalists. Had I enjoyed sufficient opportunities on the occurrence of 
specimens, more ample notes might have aided their description and clas- 
sification, and accurate delineations might have guided both myself and 
other enquirers. 

But such desiderata were often impracticable, therefore the subject 
is necessarily very imperfect. 

All observations require confirmation from several or from succes- 
sive specimens, which alone can prove the uniformity of structure or ap- 
pearance. 

Few conclusions are deducible from injured specimens, sickly sub- 
jects, or such as have faded colours. 

I have sometimes thought of an arrangement by which might be dis- 
tinguished, 1. Those wanting specks or eyes ; 2. Those where specks of 
indefinite number were evidently present ; 5. Those with two eyes ; 4. 
Those with four eyes. Although examples of all these may be given, I 
do not know that they are satisfactory. Besides, we always require the 
perfect animal, being aware that it is so ; and to be assured that this uni- 
formity of such distinctions prevails along with the other general features, 
whether of form or of habits. 

Certain animals may be brought provisionally within the scope of 
these paragraphs, from inability to find a better place for them ; and to 
such they may be transferred when favourable opportunities offer. 


a.—VERMICULUS CRASSUS.—Plate X. fig. 11. 


Only one specimen, in a feeble state, and possibly having suffered 
some mutilation, has occurred, so that the subject is introduced here from 


VERMES. 89 


the hopes of recognition by a more fortunate observer ; for I cannot 
affirm that it afforded me a satisfactory view. 

But, in as far as I could judge, during its presence here for three or 
four weeks, the body is thick, fleshy, smooth, round, tapering to each 
extremity, extending twenty-one lines by four in diameter. The mouth 
appeared to be a short slit, widening upwards below the anterior extre- 
tremity ; and what I was induced to consider as the opposite extremity 
was surrounded by a row of cylindrical fleshy spines of moderate length. 

The body, apparently round, has a flat narrow belly, whereon the 
animal crawls, like the narrow sole of the Doris, and of which the edges 
close and broaden in the same manner. Its adhesion is slight ; the belly 
occupying about a fifth part of the circumference. The skin was smooth 
and uniform, without segments, or the least indications of them. 

This animal seemed sufficiently vigorous at first, and next morning, 
was swimming on the surface of the water. Its form was extremely 
variable ; and it is not impossible that it may belong to some genus un- 
known to me.—Plate X. fig. 11. 

On September 29th, it produced about 150 very minute ova, from 
the extremity of the lower portion, of a dull yellowish-green. Some were 
dull, while other specimens were quite transparent, spherical under the 
microscope, or nearly so, and with an opaque solid nucleus. This was 
large in proportion to the surrounding albumen, either ovoidal or pyri- 
form, the latter, perhaps, denoting incipent evolution.—Fig. 12. A fort- 
night later, it produced more ova, in a thin transparent jelly ; at which 
time it had taken shelter under some stones. 


PLATE X. 
Fic. 11. Vermiculus crassus. 
12. Ova. 


Examples have been already given of worms with specks on the head, 
combined with other, and perhaps more predominant features. 


6.—VERMICULUS RUBENS.—Plate X. figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 


Length, two inches and a half, or more ; breadth, two lines ; body 
M 


90 VERMES. 


linear, flattened. Head obtuse, with ten or twelve black specks on its 
surface.—Plate X. fig. 13, specimen ; 14, head enlarged. A white pro- 
boscis is darted from the anterior extremity. The predominant colour 
is red, with short vivid red or yellow streaks. A stripe, generally yel- 
lowish, runs down the back, and a broader stripe down the belly. 

I have had various specimens, mutilated, and some with obtuse ex- 
tremities, believed to be entire. None would feed, nor did they manifest 
any prominent features. 

One, which died in June, was full of spawn, apparently nearly ma- 
ture. 

These animals take shelter in shells and other cavities. I conjec- 
tured that a specimen had formed a slight silken sheath. 


PLATE X. 
Fic. 13. Vermiculus rubens. 
14. Head, enlarged. 
15. Another specimen ; back. 
16. Belly. 
17. Anterior portion of the same. 
18. Minute specimen, supposed the same. 


c.—VERMICULUS LINEATUS—The Line Worm.—Plate X. figs. 19, 20. 


Of Vermiculi with two distinct eyes, the Vermiculus lineatus extends 
to thirteen lines, and is very slender. Anterior extremity obtuse, with 
two black eyes on the surface, near the front. Posterior extremity taper- 
ing. Colour universally dark grey, with a white line down the back ; 
anterior extremity, wherein the eyes are seated, white. Motion smooth 
and gliding. 

A smaller specimen, with similar eyes, but the anterior portion ruddy, 
I conjectured might be a young animal of the same species. 

From the motion of these creatures, the eyes are not readily ob- 
served. 


PLATE X. 
Fia. 19. Vermiculus lineatus. 
20. Head, enlarged. 


VERMES. 91 


d.—More than one of the Vermiculi have occurred with four distinct 
eyes in definite position and arrangement. 


VERMICULUS COLUBER—Serpent-headed Worm.—Plate X. figs. 22, 23. 
« 

So many worms resemble serpents in miniature, that to find distinc- 
tive corresponding names, expressive of their figures, would be a pre- 
carious attempt. 

1. Length, an inch and a half; breadth, a line. Body flattened ; 
anterior extremity obtuse, posterior tapering toa point. Head enlarging 
from the narrower neck, with a dark quadrangular spot on the surface, 
towards the front, a small black eye being at each angle. Body univer- 
sally cream colour. Motion smocth and gliding. Marine and littoral. 


Pate X. 
Fig. 22. Vermiculus coluber. 
23. Head, enlarged. 


2. A variety, or distinct species, of small dimensions, occurs also asa 
littoral marine animal. This extends above two lines, by less than the 
third of a line in breadth, and israther of a ruddy colour. Figure flatten- 
ed ; eyes large, black, and distinct, and set in the same arrangement as the 
former. The enlargement of the head is less definite. Motion gliding. 


PLATE X. 


Fic. 24. Vermiculus coluber 2 


e,—VERMICULUS VARIEGATUS— Variegated Worm.—Plate X. figs. 25, 26. 


Length, eight lines ; thickness, about the fifteenth part of its length ; 
form, cylindrical ; extremities rather obtuse. Towards the front of the 
upper surface are four black eyes, set in long quadrangular arrangement ; 
the two posterior are difficult to be seen. Colour universally variegated 
red and white, with a white line down the back. 


92 VERMES. 


This animal always ascends the side of its vessel, where it uniformly 
establishes itself in a horizontal silken tube, close to the surface of the 
water. 

It is rare, and it survives readily. Marine. 

’ 
PLATE X. 


Fic. 25. Vermiculus variegatus. 
26. Specimen enlarged. 


Note.—The authors of observations on, the Vermes have devoted 
themselves greatly to the Entozoa, whereof, very few being offered to me, 
I cannot say anything interesting of their nature. But there is one, the 
Ascaris, which, if I mistake not, has been always considered intestinal, 
which occurs frequently in very different situations, as well as in the 
places ascribed to it. 


1.— Ascaris rLustRa.—Plate X. fig. 27. 


Length, half a line ; body slender, nearly cylindrical ; extremities 
acute. Colour, dark grey or brownish, with a darker line in the centre 
of the anterior extremity, denoting an internal organ. Extremities pel- 
lucid. Two very conspicuous black specks, resembling eyes, are seated 
just at the origin of the anterior pellucid part. 

Some of these animals appeared among a number of the decaying 
corpuscula from the Mlustra carbacea, which they frequently penetrated, 
as if in quest of food. 

It may be questioned, perhaps, whether this is truly one of the 
Ascarides. 


PLATE X. 


Fic. 27. Ascaris flustrw, magnified. 


“34 
vs 


VERMES. 


2.—AScARIS GADIL—Plate X. fig. 28. 


Ten or a dozen of these animals were sent to me by Mr Mather, a 
skilful miniature painter in Edinburgh. They had been just taken from 
the stomach of a cod, which contained two middle sized haddocks besides. 
{ have seen none exceeding their dimensions, the largest extending two 
inches and a quarter, by about the third of a line in the middle, where 
thickest. The body tapers to each extremity, the head being the smaller. 
Externally, they seemed quite smooth, and of a yellowish or cream colour 
throughout. Their vivacity precluded the use of the microscope. But, 
under a lens, some internal organization was obscurely perceptible through 
the skin. 

None survived the eighth day in sea-water. 


Piate X. 
Fias. 28, 29. Ascaris gadi. 


3.— ASCARIS LEONIS.—Plate X. figs. 30, 31. 


A fine young lion, promising to be of docile disposition, in the Edin- 
burgh Zoological Gardens, apparently quite healthful, was seized with 
convulsions, September 1. 1840, in which it died on the subsequent day. 
No obvious cause could be assigned for its death. But on dissection, mul- 
titudes of Ascarides were found in the intestines, for some of which, while 
alive, I was indebted to Dr Dumbreck, who has always paid much useful 
attention to the wild animals of that establishment. 

These Ascarides extended fifteen or sixteen lines ; the body cylindri- 
cal, about the fourth of a line in diameter, and tapering to either ex- 
tremity. They were quite smooth, of a brownish-yellow colour, exhibit- 
ing no peculiarities, but the wonted rigidity of the genus. Some con- 
signed to spirit of wine were converted to pure white next day. 

None of the various Ascarides I have seen have been distinguished 
by any noted or conspicuous difference. 


Piate X. 


Figs. 30, 31. Ascaris leonis. 


94 VERMES. 


It is not improbable that sufficient reasons may be found for re- 
moving some of the animals comprehended in this chapter from the place 
assigned to them. The subject is extremely obscure. Indeed, nothing 
can render it more obscure than the presence of equivocal, and the ab- 
sence of definite characters, whereon alone we can rear a system ; and to 
this may be added, the want of additional specimens, whereby to solve 
our doubts. 

From the preceding detail, however, the reader will discover how 
much remains to be done for reducing the Vermes to some useful arrange- 
ment ; although I might have augmented the number of animals described, 
it is unsatisfactory to dwell on what must be very imperfect. Nor do 1 
pretend to more than offer a few materials, to aid the undertaking of 
systematic naturalists. 

Herein I feel confidence, that much assistance will be derived from 
the drawings of the living specimens. 

No part of the flesh of animated bemgs seems to be exempt from 
parasite worms of many different kinds, whose presence is generally ex- 
tremely pernicious ; but it seems doubtful whether any but such larvee as 
undergo metamorphosis to other stages prey on the dead. 


PLANARIA. 95 


CHAPTERS TEL 
PLANARIA. 


From the earliest periods of history, various animals of the lower 
orders have attracted notice, either on account of singular conformation, 
for their useful properties, or from their noxious nature. But others, 
equally deserving observation, have been overlooked, despised, and ne- 
glected, as if quite unimportant among the nobler works of the creation. 

Formerly the credulous were more ardent in quest of marvels, than 
of the undisguised simplicity of truth. Nor did they seek those marvels 
which bounteous nature is always prepared to disclose to them, for the 
purpose of mental elevation, or in adoration of the Omnipotent Architect. 
Rather than pursue knowledge for their own improvement by disco- 
very, they descended to the baser objects of imposture and deception, 
whether active or passive, to hold their fellows in controul. Had they 
been exalted, by the purity of intellectual contemplation, to a due esti- 
mate of the religion of nature, by the structure of the animated universe, 
unspeakable sources of admiration would have opened before them. 

It does not belong to mankind to pronounce the perfections or the 
imperfections, the use or the uselessness, of what has come from the 
hands of the Creator, or that the aspect or dimensions of one creature 
has rendered it more worthy a place in the scale of beings. These are 
points inscrutable. 

But this does not repress our desire to become still better and better 


96 PLANARIA. 


acquainted with all the phenomena of nature, and especially of animated 
nature, as far as our limited faculties will admit, seeing we are ourselves 
one great portion of it ; and as the farther we 80, so shall the mind be 
exalted higher. 

The stimulus thus given to inquiry, has induced the later study of 
naturalists to rescue from oblivion many of those beings unknown to the 
superficial, or contemned by the ignorant ; and now they prove alike in- 
teresting as those familiar for centuries. Some of them also serve to 
replenish the void which seemed to be interposed between the various 
animal tribes of the earth and of the waters. 

Among them, perhaps, may be ranked the race of Planarie—one that 
had been totally overpassed until a very recent era. 

But having previously submitted my earlier observations on several 
species to the learned, and the subject having been since infinitely better 
treated in the works of Dr James Rawlins Johnson, Professor C. Baér 
of Koningsberg, and M. Duges, only a few supplementary remarks and 
figures shall be inserted here. 

Ennumeration of species, under the correction which may be effected 
with time and observation, will add to the Fauna of Scotland. 

Transition from the simple Vermes to the Planaria seems to be 
direct and immediate, whether from those comprehended in the genus 
Gordius, or from those associated under the less definite name of Vermi- 
culi. In the present state of knowledge, I believe that it can be scarcely 
determined where they meet. 

It is not only difficult to give a snide definition of the genus 
Planaria, but to specify the subdivisions into which it may be parti- 
tioned, their perishable, soft, unmanageable, and generally opaque bodies, 
prove a formidable barrier to the operations of the microscopist and the 
anatomist. Thus the ordinary observer, in default of better guides, has 
often to rely on the external form and habits of his subject. 

This, however, will not protect him from erroneously adopting the 
young of many Vermes as adult Planari@; nor from classing as inmates 
of the tribe the planulze of Zoophytes destined to undergo a remarkable 
metamorphosis. 


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33 


PLANARIA. 97 


The genus Planaria is susceptible, perhaps, of the subdivisions which 
some naturalists propose to establish from the form of the body, the posi- 
tion of the mouth, and the nature of the intestines.* These might be 
useful, were it expedient to adopt the principles found to be practicably 
applicable only in a few species. 

One obvious section may comprehend a Planaria with a flattened 
body, specks or eyes on the upper surface, and an extensile proboscis 
from the under surface. 

Another section might comprehend those with bodies not flattened, 
and two or more distinet eyes on the front of the upper surface, 

But we are in fact scarcely prepared with materials sufficiently de- 
finite for systematic arrangement, whence we must still submit to be oc- 
cupied with rather a heterogeneous collection, selecting such specimens 
for classification as expediency points out. 


§ 1. a.—Panarra cornuta—The Horned Planaria.—Plate XIV. 
Figs. 1, 2, 3,4; Plate XV. 


This is the largest of the Scotish Planaria, one specimen having 
occurred fifteen lines long, nearly half as much in breadth, «i line thick, 
and of a fine ruddy orange hue. But specimens only two-thirds of its 
size, are the usual dimensions of full-grown adults. 

The Horned Planaria is of an oval shape, comparatively thin and flat, 
the posterior part rounded, the anterior or head peaked, with two stout 
obtuse horns, tending to a triangular form, rising from the back of the 
neck. At the root of, and partly ascending each horn, are several black 
specks, together with a few more somewhat behind them. Both sets vary 
in numbers and distribution in different specimens, a remark applicable 
to most of the soft-bodied animals, where specks are present. A milk- 
white strong cartilaginous cylindrical proboscis, directed downwards, 


* Duges, Recherches sur les Planaries, ap. Annales des Sciences Naturalles, tom. xy. 
p- 139; tom. xxi. p. 72. 


N 


98 PLANARIA. 


issues from the anterior part of the under surface ; and at some distance 
further down is seen the stomach, distributing its numerous ceca to the 
very margin of the body. Finer specimens are speckled red above—paler 
below. Many are of plain, uniform, cream yellow. But the colour de- 
pends greatly on the nature of the food, by which the aspect of the animal 
is entirely changed. Most of those vividly speckled when taken from 
the sea, become quite pale on protracted confinement.—Plate XIV. fig. 1. 
back ; fig. 2, belly. 

It is only on repletion with food of peculiar quality, that the beau- 
tiful interanea can be discovered. Nor is it easy to describe the difficulty 
of representing them accurately, from the size, motion, and opacity of 
the subject. An expert artist, Mr Daniel M‘Culloch, succeeded only 
after the labour of many hours, and the exercise of extraordinary patience. 
Their appearance in an enlarged view is exhibited at fig. 3. Their horns 
may be computed at a sixteenth of the length of the body, perhaps elongat- 
ing more in proportion to the increase of size. It is doubtful whether 
their office is in any respect tentacular, because they are always carried 
upright, or incline a little when the animal is in motion. 

But this is a slugglish inactive creature, unless when stimulated by 
heat or hunger. It is very impatient of any, unless the gentlest, augmen- 
tation of temperature. 

The body is smooth ; it is protected from abrasion by a glutinous 
secretion, which, perhaps, is also instrumental in its agglutination to the 
same spot, should it remain long motionless. 

All the Planarize feed on animal substance, and many eat voraciously. 

The natural habitation of the Horned Planaria is at the depth of 
some fathoms in the sea. In confinement, a shell or stone should be 
provided for its retreat, as it is induced by the smoothness of a glass vessel 
to crawl so far above the surface of the water, that the glutinous matter 
is exhausted, when it becomes incapable of returning, and perishes. 
Also, if the vessel be brimful, it glides over the edge. 

The regenerative properties of the animal are great. Desperate 
wounds and lacerations heal speedily. It survives extraordinary mutila- 
tions, whether accidental or experimental. A specimen having lost the 


PLANARIA. ’ 99 


head and horns, together with much of the anterior portion of the body, 
recovered the whole. This animal was of considerable size and of variegat- ° 
ed colour originally, but the renovated parts were pale, and the horns small. 
The cartilaginous proboscis of another, after separation, the effect of some 
injury, testified vitality during three or fourdays. It would appear that 
the peculiar texture of this organ is adverse to its indissoluble union with 
this softer, more gelatinous, and perishable substance of the body. 

This is a prolific species of Planaria ; several hundred ova are pro- 
duced in April, May, and other seasons, by a single individual. These 
ova are minute, originally white, then dingy yellow, and ultimately yel- 
lowish-brown. They are always deposited in a single stratum, irregularly 
disposed, but the stratum frequently tends to a rectangular figure, and 
it is probably augmented at intervals. The side of a vessel is commonly 
preferred.—Fig. 1, spawn, enlarged. 

Notwithstanding the prospect of progeny from many parents I was 
uniformly disappointed, and my disappointment so often reiterated, that 
I despaired of success. 

Nevertheless my observations and researches were protracted during 
two and twenty years, because perseverance can sometimes attain what 
is denied to all other and more artificial modes of enquiry. 

On April 29, I procured a fine specimen of the Planaria cornuta, 
which spawned soon afterwards. The spawn had been breaking up for 
two or three days preceding May 24, when multitudes of extremely 
minute yellowish specks were swimming in the water. Their motion 
was sufficiently active, without being very quick ; it was pursued in all 
directions ; and the spawn being contained in a small cylindrical jar, the 
specks crowded to the side next the light, whereon numbers remained 
almost stationary. 

Subjected to the microscope under a power magnifying sixty diame- 
ters, they proved of very singular formation. About five short, obtuse, 
rudely fashioned yellow rays, bordered a solid, compact, central, reddish 
portion. Two of these rude like fingers seemed to belong to one part, 
and three to that opposite. But the whole shape underwent vuriation. 

These animals left the field of the microscope so expeditiously, that 


100 PLANARIA. 


it was only by taking advantage of their predilection for the ight, which 
attracted many to the side of a watch-glass, that an accurate drawing of 
a group could be completed.—Plate XV. fig. 1. In five days these ani- 
mals were evidently farther advanced, though still furnishing a very 
imperfect view, from altermg their position, and tumbling over in the 
water in an irregular manner. Now, however, they had about six marginal 
fingers projecting, and these were completely bordered by active cilia. 
The middle was of deeper red than previously ; and not very remote from 
the centre, two dark specks like eyes, appeared on the upper surface, fig. 2. 

I could discover only two on June 5, which seemed to be unchanged. 
All had disappeared on the 5th, on which day the parent also had perish- 
ed from the excessive heat. 

From all these circumstances I was induced to conclude, that these 
animals are the larvze which metamorphose to the Planaria cornuta. 
But many parts remain for investigation, always difficult where the sub- 
jects are either minute or rare. And we have already seen that it has 
been impossible for us to follow the various stages of their development. 

From various other examples not so scrupulously investigated, the 
spawn was apparently hatched in twelve or fourteen days, at which time 
a multitude of animalcular specks swam amidst the water. 

The size and vigour of the parent decline after spawning, and the 
colour fades to dingy white. 

The Horned Planaria lurks in the crevices of empty shells ; or, for 
the most part, lies buried in mud, when recovered from the sea ; whence 
it may be dislodged by imparting some impurity to the water. 

Specimens survive readily for a considerable time. Between forty 
and fifty have afforded the substance of the preceding observations. : 


Prate XIV. 
Fic. 1. Planaria cornuta, back. 
2. Belly. 
3. Specimen viewed from below, shewing the distribution of the inter- 
anea, enlarged. 
4. Spawn, enlarged. 


PLANARIA. : 101 


PLaTE XV. 
Fic. 1. Supposed larvee of the.Planaria cornuta from the spawn. 
2. Larvee farther advanced. 
3. Empty capsules. 


Note-—The preceding is the only species of Planaria known to me 
with large and distinct horns towards the front of the head. But a num; 
ber of years ago another occurred, to which I shall be content with a 
general allusion, having been unable to resume my littoral researches 
when most likely to be successful, and that also was horned. 

Length about eight lines ; extreme breadth three ; body thin, flat- 
tened, dingy yellow, and, on the whole, much resembling the Planaria 
flewilis, both in aspect and motions. ‘Two very short obtuse white horns, 
projecting not the fourth of a line, rose perpendicularly from the upper 
surface, in nearly the same position occupied by the ocular specks 
of the flevilis; and on the interior of the root of each horn, were 
eight or ten minute specks, disposed irregularly. Spawn, consisting of 
spherical ova or capsules, was deposited in September. When farther 
advanced, each capsule seemed to consist of four compartments. 

Whether this was a specimen disfigured by some monstrosity, or 
whether the organs were natural, I cannot presume to determine. The 
artist had no hesitation regarding its form. 


Pate XIV. 
Fic. 5. Planaria (corniculata), back. 
6. Belly. 
7. Spawn. 
8. Portion of the same, enlarged. 


_6,—PLANARIA ELLIPSIS.—Plate XIV. Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 


As many of the lower animals gain an important accession of parts 
with age, I mistook this species for a long time as the young of the Pla- 
naria cornuta. Further experience proved their difference. 

Length four or five lines, or somewhat more ; breadth half an inch ; 


102 PLANARIA. 


body thin, flattened, nearly oval, especially in earlier stages ; anterior 
margin even ; numerous black specks, arranged irregularly towards the 
edges of the front, and an irregular cluster behind them. Twenty of the 
former were enumerated in a specimen extending only three lines. 
The colour of the body is either wholly red, speckled red, or with a red 
line over the site of the proboscis. Some specimens are cream-yellow, 
with red and white lines intermingled on the back. 

The nature of the food seems to have much influence on the colour, 
which, if brighter, always fades with time. 

Under the microscope, all the vascular interanea are seen terminat- 
ing in a fork near the margin. 

This animal spawns in June. The spawn is deposited in irregular 
quadrangular patches, which are perhaps successively enlarged. 


Prats XIV. 
Fic. 9. Planaria ellipsis. 
10. The same, back, enlarged. 
11. Belly. 
12. Another specimen, enlarged. 
13. Head of a specimen, shewing the specks magnified. 
14. Arrangement and appearance of the coloured interanea, enlarged. 
15. Spawn. 
16. Spawn. 


c.—PLANARIA FLEXILIS—The Flevible Planaria.—Plate XIV. Figs. 17, 18, 
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 


The occurrence of numerous examples since the publication of my 
former observations, enables me now to add a few essential illustrations 
to the history of the Planaria flewilis. 

Specimens generally attain six or seven lines in length, by half as 
much in breadth. But under favourable circumstances, perhaps attain- 
ing larger dimensions. A large specimen once reached me from a dis- 
tance, which in vigour must have been at least ten lines in length, and 
of apure white colour. The body is extremely thin and flexible, scarcely 


PLANARIA. 103 


exceeding the thickness of ordinary writing paper. On the upper sur- 
face, towards the anterior, are four clusters of black specks. The orifice, 
whence the proboscis protrudes, is situate far down the under surface. 
In form, the animal gradually tapers downwards from its broad rounded 
anterior.—Plate XIV. fig. 17., Planaria flewilis, back ; 18, belly ; 19, site 
of the specks magnified, shewing their appearance and position. 

This Planaria does not yield to any of the tribe in voracity. It can 
extract a Limnea of considerable size from the shell ; or sometimes in- 
volving the living prey in the folds of its flexible body, carries it off to 
be devoured at leisure. It feeds so greedily as to endanger its own life, 
a hump rising above with replenishment within. But all Planarise can 
endure protracted abstinence, as-is not uncommon among the Carnivora 
in general, and their hunger is sated at indefinite periods. 

The chief season of propagation is in August, or during the preced- 
ing and subsequent months. But it spawns occasionally at other times, 
even in December. A single individual deposits a dull yellow stratum, 
which tends to a quadrangular shape, and which consists of 300 or 400 
ova, figs. 20, 21. Under the microscope, the ovum seems a spherical 
capsule, divided into four compartments, as if investing four embryo 
Planarié ; and some contain two or three globules besides, figs. 22, 23. 
This division is less conspicuous in many ; and to judge by the progeny, 
I have conjectured it to be an optical illusion. The embryo attains ma- 
turity in about fourteen days, and when only one exhausts the whole 
contents, and quits the ovum, it is not to crawl below like the parent, 
but to swim at large in the surrounding element. 

Patches of spawn, the ova being imbedded in slight albumenous 
matter, were produced on the Ist of July. When subjected to the 
microscope, two cross lines apparently divided the ovum into four com- 
partments. On the ninth day, however, each ovum was discovered to 
be occupied by only a single embryo, pursuing a slow horizontal course 
around the interior circumferences. On the 14th, the ova had broken 
up, when a multitude of corpuscule, or young Planarize swam rapidly 
through the water. These beings were of yellowish colour, broader and 
more obtuse proportionally than the adult, fig. 24. A high magnifying 


104 PLANARIA. 


power could discern two pair of eyes in each, possibly the rudiments of 
the four clusters belonging to full-grown animals, fig. 25. When with- 
drawn from the dark, the young Planariz rose in great numbers towards 
the surface of the water, congregating on the side next the light—and, 
as mere atoms they were just visible. 

Without equal regularity to the cells of a honeycomb, the vacant 
spawn bore much resemblance to them, fig. 26. 

The Planaria flewilis lives in society, occupying the lower side of 
stones, the crevices of loose shelving rocks, or the cavities of shells, and 
sometimes sinking entirely amidst mud. It must be considered littoral, 
being found rather lower than half tide on a soft muddy bottom. 

The body is extremely thin, and les close to the substances prefer- 
red, from which it may be carefully washed off with a feather while kept 
under water ; or by vitiating the surrounding element, it is forced from 
its haunts to seek a purer medium, and ascending to the surface, it often 
lies there supine. 


Prats XIV. 
Fic. 17. Planaria flexilis, back. 
18. Belly. 
19. Anterior surface, shewing the site and appearance of the specks, 
enlarged. 
. Patch of spawn. 
. Another. 


> 


bo 


. Portion of spawn, enlarged. 
. Portion of spawn, farther advanced. 


bo po by wb 
— 


= 09 


. Young Planaria from the spawn. 
. Young Planaria from the spawn, with two pair of eyes. 
. Empty capsules left by the young, enlarged. 


bo po bo 
Or 


l—) 


d.—PLANARIA MACULATA (ATOMATA ?).—Plate XIV. figs. 27, 28, 29, 30, 


9 9 
31, 32. 


The preceding three species of Planarie can be satisfactorily recog- 
nised as quite distinct. But the tribe is numerous, and the distinguish- 


' 


PLANARIA. 105 


/ 
ing characteristics of some others are more feebly imprinted, so that it 
is frequently doubtful whether they are not merely varieties. Thus, I 
would be rather understood to offer the following observations as general 
illustrations of the nature of the genus ; at least until better opportu- 
nities shall enable the observer to ascertain the complete and absolute 
distinction of species. 

The Planaria maculata extends six lines in length, by nearly three 
in breadth ; both extremities very obtuse. Four clusters of minute 
black specks are on the upper surface, at some distance behind the an- 
terior extremity. The posterior clusters consist of about ten specks each ; 
the anterior clusters are more diffuse, and the specks sometimes. so much 
dispersed as to lose that character. The former are not seated ona 
lighter ground, as in the Planaria flewilis. This Planaria is wholly spot- 
ted or speckled with chesnut-brown, on a ground of wood-brown. 

The only difference I have been able to recognise between it and the 
Planaria flewilis, consists in the uniformly greater obtuseness of the ex- 
tremities, especially of the lower extremity ; and if there be any distinc- 
tion between this species and the atomata, it seems to consist in the finer 
and more minute speckling of the latter. There is no speckling of the 
Hlewilis, that of the maculata is occasionally very dark. 

Spawn is deposited from August until December, and always in 
quadrangular patches of ova, amidst slight adhesive albumenous matter. 
A patch produced in December, consisted of about 100 ova, each rather 
a flattened sphere, including a single embryo, which, in advancing to- 
wards maturity, performs a very slow revolution around the interior of 
its prison, such as, with some, to require ten or twelve seconds to com- 
plete the circle, and with others half as long. This will recall, very for- 
cibly, a similar revolution or circuit, beheld in some of the embryonic 
Gasteropodes. August is the chief breeding season. The spawning is 
not confined to a single patch ; and after the first, a considerable interval 
may elapse before the second appears. 

These creatures dwell under stones, especially if of considerable size, 
at about half tide. I have not observed them seek to lodge under any of 
small dimensions. They prefer a flat smooth surface. 

0) 


106 PLANARIA. 


I have had numerous specimens, but without being able to identify 
them with either the Planaria tremellaris, or Planaria atomata. How- 
ever, this is not on account of the scalloped margin with which these species 
are represented, for I doubt if any of the marine species shew any 
marginal irregularity, unless from constraint, so that such distinctions 
are delusive. 


PLATE XIV. 

Fic. 27. Planaria maculata, back. 
28. Belly. 
29. Another specimen, back. 
30. Another specimen, belly, enlarged. 
31. Back, slightly enlarged. 
32. Another specimen, somewhat enlarged. 
33. Anterior surface, shewing the position of the specks, enlarged. 
34. Patch of spawn. 
35. Spawn, more enlarged. 


e.—PLANARIA HAUSTRUM— Lhe Scoop Planaria.—Plate XIV. Figs. 36,37, 38. 


Length above a line ; breadth about a third of the length ; snout 
straight, body flat, flexible, the sides often folding so as to resemble a 
scoop. The body tapers from about the middle to the posterior extremity, 
which is pointed, whereon the animal rises erect ; also adhering by it. 
Colour brown, speckled. Motion swift, beg the most active of any of 
the Planariz. 

No specks or eyes perceptible. Marine. 

This species dwells in the pools among the rocks at Eyemouth, at 
somewhat within half tide. Specimens may be obtained by washing a 
quantity of marine plants, especially the Fuci, in a white basin, or a large 
white saucer. 

Some have survived nine months. 

The Planaria convoluta of Miiller, has considerable analogy to this 
species. 


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Pate XIV. 
Fic. 36. Planaria haustrum—the back, 
37. The same enlarged, belly 


§ 2. All the preceding Planariz are inhabitants of the seas ; they 
have a certain correspondence of figure, being thin, flat, scarcely thicker 
than writing paper, and swimming with violent action in the water. 
But these characters chiefly apply to the first four ; the diminutive size 
of the last impeding observation. They are fierce and voracious animals. 
I have never seen any resembling them in the fresh-waters of Scotland. 

There are some marine Planariz, however, of different aspect and 
habits, participating more of the general features of such as dwell in lakes, 
ponds, and marshes, which merit a few observations. 


a.—PLANARIA HEBES—The Sluggish Planaria.—Plate XVI. figs. 3, 4. 


Length above three lines ; breadth above half a line. Body plump 
above, flattened below ; anterior extremity even ; eyes, two in the middle 
of theneck. Colour universally wax-yellow ; when emaciated cream-yel- 
low or dingy white. The colour is somewhat dependent on the quality 
of the food. 

The whole figure of this, which is a marine Planaria, bears much 
resemblance to the Planaria panniculata of fresh- waters. 

Two specimens survived eight or nine months. 


Puate XVI. 
Fic. 3. Planaria hebes. 
4. The same, enlarged. 


6.—PLANARIA LAcCTEA—The Milky Planaria.—Plate XVI. figs. 5, 7, 8, 9. 
Plate XV. figs. 4, 5 6. 


This being the type of the genus Planaria usually selected by na- 
turalists, greater interest may be, perhaps, felt in its history. But there 


108 PLANARIA. 


is none of which I was longer disappointed of finding specimens, year after 
year, yet always unsuccessfully, and only in two places has it hitherto 
occurred to me. One of these is Philipston Loch, twelve miles west of 
the City of Edinburgh ; the other, a pond in Red Braes garden, within 
a mile of this our northern metropolis. There it dwells in the greatest 
profusion. 

Full-grown specimens extend nine lines, by nearly a line and a half 
in breadth. Body almost linear, with the front even, and posterior ex- 
tremity rather acute ; slightly convex above in repletion, and flattened 
in abstinence. Naturalists assign two black eyes to this species towards 
the anterior margin of the upper surface. In two subjected to the micro- 
scope, I found four eyes, two larger towards the angles of the head, and 
a black speck, not a fourth part as large, in front of each. The natural 
colour of the animal, which can be discovered only when it is in a state 
of abstinence, is pure white. This is affected by every kind of food.— 
Plate XVI. fig. 5. 

But when replete with sustenance, whether red or dark, the curious 
and beautiful arrangement of the interanea is displayed. The food is ab- 
sorbed by a proboscis, the site of which, and that of the stomach, are de- 
noted by a clearer elliptical portion in the centre of the under surface, pro- 
longed downwards. Almost the whole body is occupied by fine pinnate in- 
teranea, being so many ceca, as I conclude, distributed from around these 
organs, and reaching to the marginal belt.—Plate XV. fig. 4. The form 
of these internal organs will be better understood from an accurate en- 
larged view of a specimen. The upper and under portion are represented 
on a scale still larger, figs. 5, 6. . 

I cannot speak positively of the propagation of this Planaria. Dr 
James Rawlins Johnson, a very acute naturalist, sent me along with a 
number of preparations of various Planarize, what he considered the 
ovum. About fifteen years ago I procured a fine specimen, and next 
day observed the ovum, Plate XVI. fig. 9, on a leaf in the vessel, on 
July 3. It was a perfect ellipsoid, of a brownish colour. But I was dis- 
appointed of progeny. I have had at least 500 of these animals taken 
at different seasons of the year, and still none were prolific ; therefore, if 


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propagating by ova, as I presume is the case, some short intervals have been 
accidentally omitted. Many of the largest survive readily during several 
months. 

These creatures feed alike on animal and vegetable matter, particu- 
larly, as I think, on decaying leaves, when the intestines seem to be 
coloured very dark. But the animal, on the intestines being emptied of 
their contents, always becomes pure white. 

The Planaria lactea lives in society. Both in the natural and artifi- 
cial state, it lurks among decaying leaves. I have seen between eighty 
and ninety huddled together on the under surface of a large decaying 
beech leaf. 

Tt is an animal of nocturnal habits. Let a large collection of miscel- 
lancous matter be made from the places where it dwells, and emptied 
into a capacious vessel holding a gallon and a half, by adding such a 
quantity of fresh-water that a fourth or fifth part of the vessel above re- 
mains clear and free, the Planariz: beginning to move in the evening, 
and gradually ascending the sides, may be observed in multitudes floating 
supine on the surface. But many willbe found to have descended in the 
morning. 


Pirate XVI. 
Fic. 5. Planaria lactea, abstinent. 
6. Another specimen having fed, back. 
7. Belly. 
8. Head, enlarged. 
9. Ovum. 


Prats XV. 
Fic. 4. Planaria lactea having fed, and the interanea full, enlarged, to shew 

the distribution of the vessels. 

5. The same, anterior portion, shewing the eyes and the formation of 
vessels, more enlarged. 

6. Posterior portion on the same scale. It will be observed that here 
the middle part is omitted, and only both the extremities repre- 
sented. 


110 PLANARIA. 


Note.—The genus Planaria has received much embellishment from 
the pursuits of two naturalists, M. Duges of Montpellier, who has en- 
deavoured to divide it into sections, founded chiefly on the position of the 
principal organs—and Mr Darwin. 

The latter has discovered no less than twelve terrestrial species, ten 
of which he describes. Mr Darwin also describes five new marine species. 
Most of those animals belong to South America, and to some other dis- 
tant regions visited by Mr Darwin.—Annals and Magazine of Natural 
History, v. xiv. p. 241. 


¢.—PLANARIA FopINE—The Quarry Planaria.—Plate XV. Figs. 7, 
So alO: 


Length a quarter of an inch or more ; body full, plump, diminishing 
towards the anterior extremity, and obtuse behind.—Plate XV. fig. 7 ; the 
same, enlarged, fig. 8. Two yellow eyes are very conspicuous near the 
anterior extremity, fig. 9. The mouth, apparently below, also near the 
anterior extremity. This Planaria feeds greedily on mussel. Colour 
pale, dingy yellow. Motion swift. 

On crawling up the side of a glass jar, they readily drop from their 
position ona slight shock, being apparently timid. Their natural dwel- 
ling is among mud. 

This animal propagates in August and September, producing sphe- 
rical yellow ova. 

Specimens were taken in July from an old quarry at Fenton Tower, 
in the county of Haddington. On August 14. two of them appeared on 
the side of a jar, each with a large ovum, considerably higher than the 
middle of the body. A month later, an ovum was also seen occupying 
the body of several, seemingly full-grown individuals, though appearing 
in some, which are in an earlier stage. The ovum is best seen from be- 
low, as the belly is paler, and the parts thinner, fig. 10, slightly enlarged ; 
fig. 11, more enlarged. I have not observed more than one ovum at a 
‘time in a specimen. Probably it is generated from the posterior extre- 
mity, and ascends upwards. 


PLANARIA. nalt 


About the middle of September, I selected five prolific Planarix, 
which were isolated in watch-glasses. An ovum was visible in each. In 
three days three were free of the ovum, and after three days, I observed 
two ova in each of the two watch-glasses. But it appears that in general 
the ovum is deposited within twenty-four hours of the time the Planaria 
is isolated. When produced, such ova are of a reddish-orange colour, 
fig. 12. 

During the progress of such experiments, the Planarize had multi- 
plied greatly in the vessel, and many white, minute, animalcular subjects, 
about half a line long, which I conjectured to be the young, were crawl- 
ing on its sides. 

The adults lurk below among mud. This animal is rare. 


Piate XV. 
Fic. 7. Planaria fodine—Quarry Planaria. 
8. The same, enlarged. 
9. Head, shewing the eyes, enlarged. 
10. Prolific specimen (with an ovum), slightly enlarged. 
11. The same, more enlarged. 
12. Ova. 


d.—PLANARIA ARETHUSA—The Fountain Planaria.—Plate XVI. Figs. 10, 
Tee Wot a los TOR Wi. 1S obo: 


Nothing is more perplexing to the naturalist than shght and inde- 
finite distinctions, and the natural and accidental changes incident to the 
lower animals. He may be thence led to constitute new species from 
simple varieties, or to admit as permanent what is only transient. It 
is scarcely possible to guard against such errors, which are of perpetual 
occurrence. 

The Planaria arethusa occupied my attention a number of years ago, 
when some general points distinguishing its nature were established. 
But the diversities occurring among a number of specimens dwelling ¢ 
seventy miles apart from the subjects previously under investigation, 
suggested that the latter might be a new species. It will not be void of 


112 PLANARTA. 


utility to shew other naturalists the fallacies to which they may be ex- 
posed. 

In as far as I can judge, this Planaria is not to be identified with 
the Planaria torva, as described and represented by authors. 

Of above 100 specimens, collected from what is called the Dropping 
Well at Foulden, in Berwickshire, the largest exceeded seven lines in 
length, by a line in breadth. They were of various colours. Some al- 
most white, cream-yellow, brownish-yellow, blackish, grey, and other 
hues, not excepting greenish. Many seemed sparsely speckled with 
whitish tubercles. In all the back was the darker surface. 

These creatures feed readily on animal substances, also on the muci- 
laginous softer parts of decaying vegetables. In a state of repletion, 
the distribution of the interanea, somewhat lower than the second ven- 
tral pore, becomes visible. The aperture for protrusion of the proboscis, 
is a little higher. The margin of the body, both here and in several 
other species, remains always transparent, thus denoting extraordinary 
delicacy of the vessels if any pervade it. 

Among the favourite substances most accessible, is the snow-white 
pupa, dwelling in the same place with the Planariw. Of this they are so 
greedy, as actually to devour it alive. If divested of the covermg wherein 
it reposes awaiting its metamorphosis, the creature is beset on all sides 
by a ravenous multitude of these diminutive enemies. In vain it wrestles 
and struggles to be free of such contemptible assailants, those which 
apparently are incapable of protecting themselves. But the proboscis 
of the Planaria, now a formidable weapon, sheathed in the vulnerable 
parts of the abdomen, absorbs the softer matter, and the predacious host 
retreat elutted with the contents, leaving only an empty skin behind, with 
the thorax and limbs entire. 

The colour, size, and whole aspect of the animal, are materially 
affected by the quantity and the quality of the food. One of large dimen- 
sions, from dingy white, became slate-grey in ten days. The specimens, 
Plate XVL., figs. 10, 11, were blackish-grey and brown. The position of 
two eyes is very distinct in the head, enlarged, fig. 12, and they become 
still more conspicuous when compressed between two glass plates, as 
practised by some naturalists, fig. 13. 


PLANARIA. 115 


This animal, in common with its kind, is protected from abrasion 
by a superficial glutinous secretion investing the body, whereby it may, 
perhaps, find the means of its suspension in the water, as if by a thread, 
which is frequently practised. If truly so, we need not seek for any 
secretory organ near the posterior extremity, as appearances might lead 
the observer to conjecture. Many having congregated on a plant hung 
in the vessel containing them, some detached themselves successively in 
order to descend, but several individuals, at once, taking advantage of 
a thread belonging to their neighbours, which was discernible by a magni- 
fier, broke it from their accumulating numbers, and the load, precipitated 
amidst the fluid, dispersed below. The glutinous matter may be drawn 
off the body of the animal on quitting its hold or adhesion to any surfaces. 

The propagation of this animal remains still as obscure to me as it 
did many years ago ; when, from numerous specimens, I could never ob- 
tain any progeny, though most anxiously desired. Then it was not un- 
common that a portion of the extremity separating became a new and 
active animal by regeneration of the higher parts. In the course of his 
interesting treatise on the genus,* M. Duges remarks, that he could not 
discover any sexual organization in the Planaria subtentaculata, which 
bears some analogies to the Fountain Planaria. 

It is alike singular that the spontaneous division of the body wit- 
nessed in the course of my earlier observations, never occurred in those 
of later date, among 150 or 200 Planariz taken, as above, in several suc- 
cessive years. At the time of making them, I did not entertain any 
doubt regarding the identity of the species. 

The animal nevertheless enjoys a vigorous reproductive faculty, 
whereby those portions violently sundered from its body are restored by 
new evolutions. The specimen, fig. 10, being divided into three parts on 
September 14, the tail alone survived. Here a new head advanced far 
in three weeks, fig. 14, and in other three, had become nearly symmetrical, 
fig. 15, after which it survived long as an entire animal. 


* Duges, Recherches sur l’Organization et les Mceurs des Planaries, 1828, ap. Annales 
de Sciences Naturalles, tom. xv. p. 69. 


114 PLANARIA. 


Only the head of fig. 11 survived mutilation, also on September 14 ; 
it had become nearly symmetrical on October 24, by acquiring a new tail. 
But the brown colour of the original was now converted to grey, fig. 16. 

Of a third specimen, subdivided into three portions, all had become 
entire and nearly symmetrical animals in twenty-eight days. The middle 
portion had regenerated both a head with its two eyes, and a tail. The 
lowest section had regained a head and eyes ; and the highest, preserved 
by its ova, had acquired a tail. Thus the more prominent parts of the 
external organization were multiplied from the original two to six, by 
experiment.—Fig. 17, head, with a regenerated tail ; fig. 18, middle sec- 
tion, regenerating both head and tail; fig. 19, tail, having regenerated a 
head. 

That similar redintegration would restore the integrity of mutilated 
animals, I had ascertained many yearsago. These observations, together 
with the skilful and successful experiments of Dr James Rawlins John- 
son, render the farther prosecution of the subject, to which I personally 
feel peculiarly averse, altogether unnecessary. 

These Planariz dwell in springs or fresh-water rills, under stones, or 
involved in leaves. They are exceedingly sensitive of atmospherical al- 
terations. When the thermometer fell suddenly from 65° to 56°, they 
scarcely continued moving. 

Though numbers inhabited the well above specified, and a rill at a 
short distance from it, none could be found in a pond within 100 yards 
of the former. Several of the lower tribes, however, abounded there. 

Desirous of ascertaining what changes might have taken place 
among these animals after an interval of twenty-five years,*whether in 
aspect or properties, I took some from the same spring-well that had 
formerly supplied me in Linlithgowshire. Now, I hardly recognise the 
precise spot from the numerous changes the neighbourhood had under- 
gone. But the appearance of the animals I succeeded in procuring was 
the same, chiefly slate-grey, of various intensity, a few brownish. Food 
seemed very scanty in their vicinity. The details of my purposed object 
were accidentally defeated. 


PLANARIA. 115 


Puate XVI. 
Fic. 10. Planaria arethusa, adult, dark grey. 

11. Adult specimen, brown. 

12. Head of a grey specimen from the General's Well at Binns, shew- 
ing the position of the eyes, enlarged. 

13. Specimen from the Dropping Well at Foulden, compressed between 
two flat plates. From the elegant pencil of the lady of Dr George 
Johnson, no less accomplished in the arts than her husband in 
the sciences. 

14. Lower extremity of fig. 10, severed September 14, regenerating a 
head on October 4. 

15. The same, haying become an entire and symmetrical animal, Octo- 
ber 24. 

16. Anterior extremity of fig. 11, severed September 14, regenerating 
the rest, as on Oetober 24. 

17. Anterior section of a specimen, as on October 24, which had been 
partitioned in three on September 26. 

18, Middle section of the same specimen, as on October 24, now rege- 
nerating both extremities. 

19. Posterior section of the same specimen, as on October 24, having 
regenerated a head. 


f—PLANARIA VARIEGATA.—Plate XVI. Fig. 20. 

Awaiting some future opportunity of verifying a few observations 
made on a single specimen, a place is here assigned provisionally to this 
animal. 

Length, an eighth of an inch ; extreme breadth, the twelfth of an 
inch. Figure of the body somewhat resembling that of the Planaria 
arethusa, but proportionally shorter and broader, like that which I for- 
merly denominated the Planaria panniculata, bemg enlarged in the 
middle. The head obtuse. Subtentaculated, lower extremity acute. 
Two large black eyes on the neck, considerably apart. Colour, alternate 
black and yellow belts. Motion smooth and gliding. 

This is a beautiful animal, plump and heavy, the belly flattened. 


116 PLANARIA. 


In crawling up the side of a vessel, it is liable to drop to the bottom, 
but its descent seems to be retarded by an invisible thread. Marine. 
The specimen survived several weeks. 


Prats XVI. 
Fic. 20. Planaria variegata, enlarged. 


g-—PLANARIA ALBA.—Plate XVI. Figs. 21, 22. 


Length nearly three lines ; thickness the fifth or sixth of the length ; 
body roundish ; extremities obtuse ; anterior extremity the smallest. 
Two circular very black eyes, at about the fifth of the whole length, be- 
hind the anterior margin ; colour pure white ; motion smooth and gliding ; 
intestinal organ not pinnate. Marine. 


Pirate XVI. 
Fig. 21. Planaria alba, enlarged. 


22. Anterior portion, shewing the position of the eyes, enlarged. 


A.—PLANARIA GRACILIS—Slender Planaria.—Plate XVI. fig. 25. 


Length a third of a line ; body rather linear, flattened ; eyes two, 
black towards the upper surface ; mouth apparently below, under the 
eyes ; colour white ; motion swift, swimming through the water. Several 
specimens taken during June in Lochend. 


Puate XVI. 


Fig. 28. Planaria gracilis, magnified. 


?.—PLANARIA EXIGUA.—Plate XV. Figs. 15, 14. 


Length a third of a lime ; form a double cone when in motion ; two 
black eyes on the surface of the neck ; colour of some specimens reddish 
in the middle, and when crawling too near the edge of the water, they 
contract into a reddish spot and perish ; motion swift. A dark globular 


PLANARIA. 117 


ovum appeared in a specimen during September. Taken among weeds 
in Redbraes Pond. 


Piate XV. 


Fic. 13. Planaria exigua. 
14. Planaria exigua, more enlarged. 


k.—PLanaria ALGA—Sea-weed Planaria.—Plate XVI. Figs. 24, 25. 

Length four lines; thickness about the eighth of the length. 
Body nearly cylindrical ; the anterior part larger than the posterior. 
Four eyes, in quadrangular arrangement, on the surface of the head. A 
proboscis protrudes from the anterior extremity. Colour siskin-green, 
tending to yellow, or to brownish. Motion very swift, with all the 
characteristics of a Planaria. 

This animal dwells among the marine Algw. 


Prats XVI. 


Fic. 24. Planaria alge, enlarged. 
25. Head, more enlarged. 


In examining the appearance of various Planariz, I have concluded 
that eyes either do not exist, or they have escaped observation. This 
may be easily accounted for, either from the colour of the parts wherein, 
if present, they are seated, or from other causes. 


a,—PLANaria FALCATA—Crescent Planaria.—Plate XVI. Figs. 26, 27. 


Length a line ; breadth a fifth or sixth of the length. Body flat- 
tened, thick, and fleshy. Two red crescents apart on the extremity of 
the head, in a circular position, but under considerable magnifiers, ap- 
pearing red streaks, sometimes consisting of one or two confluent pair 
indistinctly seen. The mouth seems in front ; and the intestine a longi- 
tudinal series of cavities, with some enlargements in their course. Crawls 
on the belly, or swims swiftly through the water. 


118 PLANARIA. 


Specimens were taken in Lochend, a small lake, during July and 
August. 

Some individuals of the species extend two lines. 

It is not improbable that this will prove an intermediate species be- 
the Planaria and some other genus. 


Prats XVI. 
Fic. 26. Planaria falcata. 
27. Head enlarged, shewing the position of the crescent. 
28. Another specimen, shewing the intestinal organ. 
29. Another specimen. 


6.—PLANARIA staGNni.—Plate XVI. Fig. 50. 


Length half a line ; breadth a sixth of the length. Body flattened, 
nearly linear ; extremities obtuse. No eyes visible. Colour white : 
motion swift. A specimen taken in August in Blackhall Pond. 


Prats XVI. 
Fic. 30. Planaria stagni. 


c.—PLANARIA FHCUNDA.—Plate XVI. Fig. 31. 


Length half a line; body flattened, nearly linear, but the middle 
broader. No eyes discernible. Colour white in the general aspect. 
Twelve or fourteen, almost spherical ova, occupied nearly the whole body 
of a specimen taken in Lochend during June. 


Prats XVI. 


Fic. 31. Planaria fecunda, enlarged. 


e.-—PLanaria FLUSTRA—Sea Mat Planaria.—Plate XVI. Fig. 32. 


Length nearly two lines ; breadth a sixth or seventh of the length. 
Body convex above, flattened below. A dark spot on the neck. Colour 
white. Motion very swift. Apparently sustained by an invisible thread 


PLANARIA. 119 


when falling through the water. Dwells on the Flustra hispida, where 
it is not rare, in July and August. Marine. 


Piate XVI. 


Fic. 32. Planaria flustre, enlarged. 


€.—PLANARIA VORAX.—Plate XVI. Figs. 33, 34. 


Length an eighth of an inch, greatest thickness a third of the length. 
Body round, tapering downwards ; head obtuse, tail acute. No eyes 
visible. The mouth is apparently in front. The animal feeds readily on 
fish, and when replete, resembles an inflated vesicle, tapering downwards, 
the food occupying a capacious ovoidal stomach. 

From one to five ovoidal brown ova are lodged towards the posterior 
part. But none of those which were produced afforded any progeny. 
Two continued visible for twenty-four or twenty-five days in a specimen, 
when it perished accidentally. 

The Planaria vorax dwells in fresh-water marshes, along with the 
Planaria graminea, which it devours when dead. There is some corre- 
spondence between the figure and habits of both ; in them the anterior 
appears greenish. Numbers of each congregate together after a similar 
fashion, at the bottom of their vessel, where, also, the voraw prefers 
abiding, amidst mud and decaying vegetables. Rare. 


Prats XVI. 


Fic. 33. Planaria vorax. 
34. The same enlarged. 


f—PLANARIA GRAMINEA—The Grass Green Planaria. 


Having previously given several illustrations of the history of this 
species, I shall now restrict myself to a few observations made long after- 
wards, but for the repetition of which no recent opportunity has oc- 
curred. 


120 PLANARIA. 


s 


Its history in the Treatise on Planaria in 1814, Jeft numerous in- 
teresting questions unnoticed, therefore, in the hopes of verifying facts, and 
of correcting errors, a rigorous search was not only renewed in the very 
place where they were formerly not difficult to be taken, but extended 
over the neighbouring districts for several years, yet not a single speci- 
men could be discovered. 

A favourable opportunity at length conducted me to the original 
sites of these animals in the year 1822. My search was resumed, and 
it proved successful. I collected fifty with great facility on the 8th of 
May. 

However, some other animals, sufficiently numerous in the same 
place on former occasions, did not now appear, either having been extir- 
pated, or from still lurking in their retreats, as the weather was chill. 
There are conditions, yet mysterious to mankind, regulating the preser- 
vation and multiplication of animated beings. They cease to exist in 
particular places for a time without absolute extirpation from the district. 
Their numbers may be so reduced that they escape farther observation. 

All the preceding Planariz were of a beautiful grass-green ; they 
seemed nearly of equal size ; and almost the whole contained ova grouped 
in every possible arrangement. At least ten or twelve could be enume- 
rated in several ; sometimes in the right, sometimes in the left of the 
body : one or two were advanced a little before the rest. Their position 
was so much diversified, that it was never alike in any two specimens. 

From May 17, shining corpuscula, together with what seemed de- 
‘aying animal fragments, appeared in the vessels containing the captive 
animals. The former proved so many ova liberated on decomposition 
of the Planariz, numbers perishing daily from the great heat of the 
season, which suddenly changed. Such was the mortality, that not one 
Planaria remained in a week. 

These creatures are very prolific, forty ova lay in a vessel which had 
contained only three. 

About 100 ova were now transferred to a place deemed suitable for 
exclusion of the young. But none came forth. 

Greater inequality, than previously, prevailed among a second colony 


PLANARIA. 121 


of the same year, taken from the marsh, September 22. Few ‘were 
large. Fertile specimens contained four, five, or six brown ova, seldom 
more, dispersed through the body, and many had none. Where only a 
single ovum appeared, it was on the right or left side of the body indif- 
ferently. None of the Planariz survived above a month, nor were any 
of the ova productive of young. Thus I was disappointed again. 

This Planaria inhabits few districts. 


g-—Ptanaria cunEuUs—The Wedge Planaria.—Plate XV. Figs. 15, 16. 


This is a minute fresh-water Planaria, somewhat representing the 
side of a wedge, inhabiting Blackhall Pond. Length not exceeding a 
third of a line. Head obtuse, the corners rounded as it advances, and 
the portion between them depressed. Body thick, flattened ; tail acute. 
Colour greyish-brown No eyes visible. Taken in August. 


Priatse XV. 
Fig. 15. Planaria cuneus, enlarged. 
16. The same, magnified. 
17. The same, more highly magnified, 


h.—PLANARIA PRASINA—Grass-Green Planaria.—Plate XV. Fig. 21. 


Length of the largest about half a line ; thickness about the fifth of 
the length. Body roundish ; head obtuse ; tail tapering to a point. Co- 
lour beautifully grass-green. Motion active. Several congregate on the 
side of the vessel containing them. If in a watch-glass they be subjected 
to the microscope, they will be observed to pass at the edge of the water 
on the side next the light. One or two brown ova seemed to be in one 


or two specimens. No eyes visible. 
Drawn up with the roots of the Water Plantain in Blackhall Pond, 


in August. 
Great disparity of size observable among a group. 


PLATE XV. 


Fic. 21. Planaria prasina. 


122 PLANARIA. 


PLANARIA NIGRA.—Ova, Plate XV. Figs. 18, 19. 


The history of this animal is detailed in the Treatise on Planariz, 
1814. 

The ova are deposited chiefly on the neighbouring vegetable pro- 
ductions during September, and other seasons of the year. 


Puate XV. 


Fic. 18. Planaria nigra, ova, as deposited on a blade of grass. 
19. Group of ova, enlarged. 


Note.—The practical naturalist engaged in a course of observations, 
is frequently embarrassed by the appearance of animals having some re- 
semblance to the Planariz in several particulars, but without bemg able 
to identify them with the genus. 


a.—PLANARIA SERPENTINA, Plate XV. Fig. 20. 


Length between one and two lies; body flattened ; head obtuse, 
enlarging towards each side, and somewhat depressed in the centre of 
the front, where there seems a circular orifice, probably the mouth. The 
interanex, occupying much of the body, of a dark colour, and resembling 
curving or circular sacs. Colour of the animal white, or grey under the 
microscope. Motion smooth and gliding as that of other Planarizx. No 


eyes visible. Specimens were taken in July from the pools at Fenton 
Tower. 


PLATE XV. 


Fic. 20. Planaria serpentina, enlarged. 


b.—P.anoreEs Fusca.—Plate XVI. Figs. 35, 36. 


I have been at different times disposed to consider this minute 
marine animal allied to the Aplysia, or some other genus, always pre- 
suming that none of the specimens occurring were full-grown. But as 


PLANARIA. 123 


all were nearly of the same size, the conjecture was probably erroneous ; 
therefore, until its proper place be ascertained, let it be named, provi- 
sionally, Planoides fusca. 

Length a line and a half; breadth and thickness nearly half the 
length. Body compact, solid ; the anterior extremity divided horizon- 
tally into two lips, wherein is perhaps the mouth. This extremity is 
fashioned somewhat as a scoop by the fold of a membranaceous edge, ap- 
parently reflected on the back. A dark red internal organ is situate 
towards the centre of the body. Neither eyes nor marginal specks have 
been discovered, nor any prominent parts of external organization. 
Colour brownish, speckled. Motion smooth and gliding. 

This animal has always a tendency to crawl upwards, whence it is 
allured, by the smoothness of the glass, to quite the water, and is lost, 
which may be prevented by filling a small vessel to the brim, and cover- 
ing it with an inverted, loaded, watch-glass. Marine. 


Pirate XVI. 
Fic. 35. Planoides fusca. 
36. The same, enlarged. 


Notwithstanding the tender and delicate consistency of the Plana- 
rian race, and their liability to perish, they seem to survive longer with 
care than might be anticipated. Some of the Planaria Edinensis, taken 
in October 1813, exhibited internal ova a year later, and still survived 
in March 1815. Also some of the same colony, or their progeny, were 
found alive during September 1819, in the vessel originally appropriated 
for their reception, five years earlier. 

The preceding list of species does not by any means exhaust the 
whole which are to be found in the Scotish waters. Besides several of 
more ample dimensions, many very minute specimens appear transiently, 
especially during the summer months, among the water taken from ponds, 
lakes, or marshes. When this has been sometime introduced into vessels, 


124 PLANARIA. 


various minute beings of Planarian form and habits, may ordinarily be 
seen crawling on the glass, and frequently containmg one or more ova. 
In general they suddenly disappear, or perish. But I have not been able 
to discover that they undergo any metamorphosis ; besides, were it into 
fresh-water Zoophytes, these are so very few, that many would remain 
unaccounted for, 

It is not improbable, however, that some may be the young of such 
worms as attain much larger dimensions, both in the fresh and in the 
salt waters, for until much better acquainted with the subject, and in 
particular, with the history of individual specimens, which constitute the 
main elements of Zoology, there is no absolute test whereby to discri- 
minate them. 

I doubt not that I may have erred by comprehending a few animals 
among the Planariz, which do not actually belong to them ; but, at the 
same time, the reader is provided with the means of detection, and oc- 
casionally of correction, by the best figures that could be procured, being 
presented to him, with such descriptions and explanations as experiment 
and observation warranted. 

In a genus with external characters so scanty and obscure, and with 
an internal conformation to be so seldom discovered, there will be long an 
opportunity afforded of improving any group into which naturalists may 
attempt to associate them. Nor do I presume to assert that any of the 
preceding will remain for permanent adoption. 

There must be some unknown secret principle promoting the mul- 
tiplication of this race of animals. Specimens of one kind are remark- 
ably rare, for example, in places not far distant from others where they 
are remarkably abundant. While particularly occupied by the subject 
from the year 1802 downwards, I could not by any means discover a 
specimen of the Planaria lactea ; and at the same time the Planaria pan- 
niculata, a brown species, was hardly to be seen. At this present period, so 
many years after, I find the latter im multitudes in a pond called the Marl 
Pits, I believe, which is near Craigcrook, about three miles west of Edin- 
burgh, but not one of the Planaria lactea among them. On the other 
hand, I find corresponding multitudes of the Planaria lactea in a pond 


PLANARIA. 125 


three miles east of it, with very few of the panniculata among them. 
The largest and finest black Planarize are in Duddingston Loch, at the 
base of Arthur's Seat, but in the preceding two places they are compara- 
tively rare and small. Nor have I observed either the /actea or pannicu- 
lata along with them. 

On the whole, I view all that is said only as so many materials in 
aid of the construction of some system on a solid basis. 

But from these and other observations, it may be deduced that,— 


I. The genus Planaria is common to the seas and the fresh-waters 
of Scotland ; but the proportional numbers in the former much smaller 
than in the latter. ; 

II. That the genus is distinguished by groups of considerable diver- 
sity of shape, some being thin and flattened individuals ; others almost 
cylindrical, and some approaching a conical or double conical form. 

III. That their distinction is also seen in indefinite external organs, 
such as subtentacula or cornicula, and the appearance of specks more or 
less numerous, or of what resembles eyes, while in many none such can 
be discovered. 

IV. Some are distinguished by the form and position of the mouth, 
being an aperture in front, a slit in the under surface, near the anterior 
margin, or a proboscis far behind, protruding from the under surface. 

V. The food, for the most part consisting of animal substances, is re- 
received into an ovoidal stomach, and in some is distributed in numerous 
pinnate interanea, extending nearly to the margin of the animal. Pla- 
nariz are in general carnivorous ; some seem to consume the succulent 
parts of vegetables. 

VI. Planariz feed greedily, and some to such excess as to burst the 
integuments. They are proportionally capable of long abstinence, which 
diminishes their size, and impairs their colour. 

VII. Planariz are of different sexes, or they are androgynous. They 
propagate by ova, containing one or several embryos. 

VIII. Certain young Planarix apparently undergo metamorphosis 
in advancing to maturity. 


126 PLANARIA. 


IX. Some Planariz multiply by spontaneous division of the body, 
a fragment becoming an entire animal after separation. 

X. Many species are endowed with a powerful reproductive faculty, 
whereby each of many parts into which a specimen may be mutilated 
becomes an entire animal. 

XI. Redundances of important organs to subsist at once is obtained 
by artificial laceration of a specimen. 


PiLate XIV. 
Fic. 1. Planaria cornuta, back. 
. The same, belly. 


wo bo 


. Under surface of a specimen, shewing the distribution of the vessels. 
enlarged. 

. Spawn, enlarged. 

. Planaria corniculata, back. 

. The same, belly. 

Spawn. 

. Ova, or capsules of same, enlarged. 

. Planaria ellipsis. 


Oo OTS oe 


10. Another specimen, enlarged, back. 

11. The same, belly. 

12. Another specimen, shewing the appearance of the vessels, enlarged. 

13. Surface of the head, shewing the distribution of the specks, enlarged. 

14. Internal vessels, magnified. 

15. Spawn. 

16. Portion of the same, enlarged. 

17. Pianaria flewilis, back. 

18. The same, belly. 

19. Surface of the anterior portion, shewing the position of the ocular 
specks, enlarged. 

20. Spawn. 

21. Spawn. 

22. Ova or capsules of the same, enlarged. 

23. Ova or capsules, enlarged. 

24. Nascent Planaria from the same ova or capsules, enlarged. 

25. Nascent Planaria from the capsule, shewing the position of the four 
clusters of ocular specks, enlarged. 


PLANARIA. 127 


PLate XIV. 


Fic. 26 


27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 


OD) 
2) 


34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 


. Empty capsules left by the young Planaria, enlarged. 
Planaria maculata, back. 

The same, belly. 

Another specimen, back. 

The same, belly. 

Another specimen, back. slightly enlarged. 

Another specimen, mottled; back, slightly enlarged. 
. Anterior surface, shewing the position of the ocular specks, enlarged. 
Patch of Spawn. 

The same, enlarged. 

Planaria haustrum, back, enlarged. 

The same, belly. 


PLatTE XV. 


Ine, Il, 


or em 8 bo 


Larvee, supposed to have issued from the spawn of the Planaria 
cornuta enlarged. 


. The same, farther advanced. 
. Empty capsules. 
. Planaria lactea, shewing the internal vessels, enlarged. 


. Anterior portion, shewing the position of the eyes, and precise form 
of the vessels, more enlarged. 


. Posterior portion of the same. [The middle portion is omitted pur- 


21. 


posely |. 
. Planaria fodine. 


. The same, enlarged. 


. Head, more enlarged, shewing the position and appearance of the 


eyes, more enlarged. 
. Specimen containing an ovum, enlarged. 
. The same, more enlarged. e 
. Ova, enlarged. 
. Planaria exigua, enlarged. 
. The same, more enlarged. 
. Planaria cuneus, enlarged. 
. The same, more enlarged. 
. The same, more enlarged. 
. Planaria nigra, ova on a blade of grass, 
. Group of the same, enlarged. 
. Planaria serpentina, enlarged. 
Planaria prasina. 


128 


Priate XVI. 


. Planaria gravata ? 


PLANARIA. 


. The same, enlarged. 
. Planaria hebes. 
. The same, enlarged. 


Planaria lactea, abstinent. 
The same, having fed, back. 


. Belly. 

. Head, enlarged. 

. Supposed ovum. 

. Planaria arethusa, adult, dark grey. 

. Specimen, adult, brown. 

. Head of a grey specimen. 

. Specimen, compressed, enlarged. 

. Extremity of fig. 10, regenerating the anterior part. 

. The same, become an entire animal. 

. Anterior section of fig. 11, regenerating the part defective. 

. Anterior section of another portion, regenerating the posterior part. 
. Middle section of the same specimen, regenerating the defective an- 


terior and posterior parts. 


. Posterior section of the same specimen, haying regenerated the de- 


fective anterior. 


. Planaria variegata, enlarged. 

. Planaria alba, enlarged. 

22. Head, more enlarged. 

3. Planaria gracilis. 

. Planaria alge, enlarged. 

. Head, more enlarged. 

26. Planaria falcata, enlarged. 

. Anterior portion, more enlarged. 
. Another specimen, shewing the internal organization, enlarged. 
. Another specimen, enlarged. 

. Planaria stagni, enlarged. 

. Planaria fecunda, enlarged. 

. Planaria flustre, enlarged. 

. Planaria voraz. 

. The same, enlarged. 


NAIS. 129 


CHAPTER IV. 


NAIS—LUMBRICUS. 


Naturauists have frequently chosen very delicate features for the 
purpose of dividing the different tribes of animals into groups ; such, too, 
as are often difficult to recognise, and not, perhaps, the most obvious 
actually existing. For this selection there are as yet no positive rules 
laid down, and sometimes, therefore, very equivocal principles are adopt- 
ed. In proportion to the minuteness of the subject, and the complexity 
of organization, the uncertainty is augmented. But unexpected trans- 
parence, and microscopic aid, occasionally render that structure explicit 
which it would be fruitless to search after by ordinary methods. 


§ 1. A distinction has been attempted of worms into smooth and 
hispid, and a genus constituted out of the latter, denominated Nais. But 
there are many of the Vermes whose precise formation is of such difficult 
observation, that we are actually puzzled to discover whether they are 
hispid or not. 

By hispid, I understand that the body is characterised by hairs or 
bristles, smgle or fasciculated on the surface, or which may be protruded 
so as to project above the skin. 

This subject has none of the facilities which attend many others ; 
and J am much surprised to see some of those naturalists who offer their 
works to the world, overlook the embarrassments obstructing the true 

R 


130 NAIS. 


practical observer in composing original treatises on rare subjects, and 
fillmg numerous plates with a profusion of the finest representations 
possible to be executed of them. Not only are the subjects themselves 
of the rarest occurrence, insomuch, that the observations on a single 
specimen of to-day may never be corroborated from want of opportunity, 
because a second specimen may not be found for ten, nay for twenty years 
afterwards. Such a specimen may not be perfect, neither may it survive, 
or a superior artist may not be every instant at command, and hence we 
may easily conclude how little of the whole nature of an animal can be 
disclosed, even under the most favourable circumstances, on seeing an 
object twice. Hence, I cannot hesitate to affirm, that no single indivi- 
dual is capable of composing the complete and entire history of any one 
animal, or race of animals, for this must be the work of many. Should 
any one chance to confirm the notice of peculiarities ascribed to any ani- 
mals in this volume, I hope that naturalists will permit him to enjoy his 
own share of the merits his skill and patience may deserve,—recollect- 
ing that I make no claim to priority. How could I, unless I were fami- 
liar with the pursuits and investigations, present and past, of all the 
world. The best promotion of the science of natural history, and the 
justest correction of observations, will be effected by the accurate delinea- 
tion, aided by the description of living subjects in the vigour of life. 

I have had little opportunity of studying the aspect and habits of 
the hispid worms, whereof two, belonging to the genus Nais, are inhabi- 
tants of the fresh-waters of Scotland. 

But one principal reason for introducing them, originates from the 
desire of proving this fact, because the disappointment attendant on 
long and frequent research, made me begin to doubt whether either of 
them could be numbered in the Fauna of this country. 


I. NAIS. 
§ 1. Nats Lacusrris.—Plate XVII. Figs. 1-5. 


Length an inch ; body round ; extremities obtuse ; the anterior 


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NAIS. 131 


smooth and cylindrical, the portion behind it provided with a double 
row of thin tufts or prickles, some of them composed of several bristles. 
The extremities contain the mouth, and the termination of the excre- 
tory canal. 

In some a yellow globule is seen, towards the anterior, and in one 
or two white spherules have appeared. 

The mouth seems a dilateable cylinder, without a proboscis. The 
food may be the minute Entomostraca, as a specimen of the Cypris ap- 
peared in the intestine. This last organ is of variable form, being 
divided into several sacs, of alterable appearance and numbers. 

The transparence of the animal completely exposes the internal con- 
formation. 

M. Duges affirms that propagation takes place by means of ova or 
capsules, and that he has witnessed redintegration of the animal after 
being sundered transversely. 

It dwells among the roots of the Iris and Equisetum, not very far 
from the surface of lakes and ponds. Owing to its impatience of exposure 
to the light, it is somewhat difficult to obtain delineations of any speci- 
men. 


Puate XVII. 
Fie. 1. Nais lacustris. 
2. The same, enlarged. 
3. The same, more enlarged. 
4. Another specimen, shewing the internal organization, enlarged. 
5. Another specimen, shewing a different appearance in the internal 
organization, enlarged. 


§ 2. NAIs pROBOSCIDEAA—Plate XVII. Figs. 6, 7. 


Length nine lines ; body very slender, slightly flattened throughout, 
the anterior prolonged into a very flexible process, terminating in a 
point ; the posterior extremity obtuse. Near the origin of the probosci- 
dal process is a small jet-black eye, on each side of the head, at some dis- 


132 LUMBRICUS. 


tance behind the root of that organ, and at the root appears what is the 
mouth. 

About sixty pencils, composed of three bristles, two of them long, 
border each side of the body. There is considerable disparity between 
the length of the second and the third. But these pencils do not seem to 
indicate articulations. The course of the intestinal organ is exposed 
throughout the whole body by the transparence of the parts. It is con- 
siderably enlarged near the origin. 

The motion of this animal narrowly resembles that of the Nere7s, being 
undulatory, serpentine, or executed only by contortions. It appears like 
the most minute eel to the naked eye, the setaceous pencils being invisible. 
The bristles are in no degree recurved or hooked, as some have supposed. 

After the weeds and acquatic plants, about the roots of which those 
animals lurk, have been withdrawn from the water, they quit the grosser 
materials, and swim above. 


Prate XVII. 
Fic. 6. Nais proboscidea. 
7. The same, enlarged. 


Il. LUMBRICUS. 


Recent naturalists, subdividing the overgrown portion of the Sys- 
tema, comprehending animals of all common features, have introduced 
a new and numerous class under the name of Annelides. In this it is 
proposed that those of the verminal tribes, distinguished by the partition 
of their bodies into segments or articulations, a sanguiferous system, and 
certain other specialties, shall be included, all combining to denote a 
higher position in the animal scale. 

Herein numerous animals of very opposite conformation and habits 
are associated, which, to take the subject generally, impairs the value of 
the section. But every one must be glad to avail himself of any osten- 
sible place where he can record the subject of his observations. 

A few species shall be described, by such as seem their prominent 


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LUMBRICUS. 153 


features, accompanied by delineations. It is probable that some of them 
may be withdrawn, on farther examination, for the purpose of being 
placed in more suitable positions. 

Segments, and hairs or bristles, are assumed as the most prominent 
features commonly distinguishing individuals of the genus. 

In some, however, neither of these characters predominate over 
others, their presence being somewhat equivocal. Nor shall I rigidly re- 
ject what most naturalists have to accept as species. 


§ 1. Lumpricus crrratus—Zhe Medusa Worm.—CirratuLvs BOREALIS, 
Lamarck.*—Plate XVIII. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 


Length four inches, greatest thickness three sixteenths of an inch ; 
body composed of numerous segments, and tapering towards each extremity. 
Numerous long and flexible cirri invest the whole body, apparently some- 
what cartilagious, and consisting of an infinite number of rings. These 
cirri originate from every second segment, no one being free of them. 
Two rows run down the back, and continue nearly to the posterior ex- 
tremity. All are longest towards the anterior extremity, shortening as 
they descend. Many are necessarily omitted in the figure, Plate XVIII. 
fig. 1, which would be otherwise confused and indistinct. A section of 
one is represented as enlarged, fig. 2. A pencil of bristles, very difficult 
to be observed, is placed on each side of each segment, sometimes appear- 
ing as if only two of unequal length. But the incessant motion of the 
animal, and their position, rendered the part of difficult determination by 
the microscope. When the animal crawls, the cirri lie above each other 
along the back, presenting a very singular aspect. The mouth is in the 


anterior extremity, and the sustenance of the animal is probably derived 
from mud. 


* Lamarck places this animal among the Annelides, but he thinks it does not belong 
to the genus Lumbricus. Other authorities endeavour to constitute a different place for its 
reception. The work of Andowin and M. Edwards.—L’ Histoire Naturelle du Littoral de 
la France, tom. ii. p. 271, Pl. VII. may be profitably consulted. 


134 LUMBRIOUS. 


The colour of the Cirratulus is wholly reddish, sometimes tolerably 
vivid ; or it is brownish, and apparently variegated, from the quantity 
of mud absorbed. 

. Much of the appearance of the animals seems dependent on age, 
size, and the place they inhabit. Their natural and favourite dwelling 
is the mudy fissures of rocks, under tufts of marie vegetable pro- 
ducts, considerably above low-water, or where protected by any other 
soft covering. They are distributed very profusely throughout Scotland, 
but I have found none among sand. While the animal lurks in retreat, 
its cirri are spread like so many minute worms over the neighbouring 
surface. 

A slight glutinous secretion exudes from the body. 

The Cirratulus retreats from the light. If kept in a white saucer, 
covered with a shell or a stone, it will creep out at night ; or, by filling 
the vessel containing it so high that the tips of the cirri cannot reach the 
surface of the water, it will abandon its concealment, and crawl up the 
side, thus affording a satisfactory view of its form to the observer. But 
if forcibly removed, the whole creature contracts into a confused bunch, 
preventing sufficient inspection of the parts. 

Though the animal is seen under considerable diversity of aspect, 
Iam unable to pronounce any of numerous specimens as belonging to 
different species. 

After a specimen had been preserved throughout winter, a number 
of what I conjectured to be ova, appeared in its vessel in May, and ten 
days subsequently, many very minute vermiculi, not half a line m length. 
Unfortunately my observations were interrupted until July, when all 
had perished. 

Several years afterwards, three small specimens were lodged in a 
vessel on the 21st of June. In two days I found 300 or 400 very minute 
white opaque spherical:ova on the bottom, of considerable disparity in 
size. About 200 additional ova, of exactly the same character, appeared 
in the watch-glass, which had been transferred, along with the specimens, 
to a different vessel, fig. 3. There were now at least 500 ova in the 
watch-glass. 


LUMBRICUS. 135 


Soon after the first deposit, a very minute, microscopic animalcule, 
was visible in the watch-glass. A consider number appeared then and 
subsequently. The form of these creatures was rather the parallelogram 
flattened, begirt with cilia. Their length three times their breadth ; their 
colours faint dingy yellow ; the body generally opaque, but with lighter 
portions on some specimens. Their motion was rather slow towards 
the end of June, and sometimes a tendency to revolve horizontally 
on the centre of the body as an axis. A deep constriction of the middle 
was seen in several, as if they were about to sunder. 

Under a high magnifier, the cilia distinctly formed a fringe or bor- 
der on the margin. A longitudinal channel occupied much of the body, 
which I was inclined to think commenced by a wide circular orifice, the 
mouth in the very extremity. 

It proved impossible to follow the history of these minute creatures, 
perhaps not equalling the thirtieth part of a line. Nor can I pretend to 
affirm that they were not of the Animalcula infusoria group, fig. 4. 

One specimen survived eighteen months, when it perished acci- 
dentally. 


Pate XVIII. 
Fic. 1. Lumbricus cirratus. 
2. Section of a cirrus. 
3: Ova. 
4. Animalcula. 


§ 6.—LuMBRICUS MARINUS—ARENICOLA PISCATORUM—Luy Worm— 
Plate XIX. 


The inhabitants of the sea-coast, or those who frequent the wet and 
shallow shores of Scotland, cannot avoid remarking certain places almost 
occupied by pyramids or rolls of mud and sand cast up, as the tide conceal- 
ing them recedes. In some quarters these are extremely numerous, of 
unequal size and quantity, in others they are proportionally rare ; but in 
all it is evident that considerable humidity favours their production. 

All these heaps proceed from an animal lurking at a considerable 


156 LUMBRICUS. 


depth below, which few of the better informed have had an opportu- 
nity of beholding, or of withdrawing from its dark abodes ; circumstances 
which render me the more desirous of presenting the lively image of one 
of the most curious of Nature’s works to those who wish to become ac- 
quainted with its appearance. , 


1. This animal, the fisherman’s worm, extends ten inches in length 
by nearly half an inch in thickness, the body being cylindrical, and sub- 
divided into very numerous segments. It diminishes slightly towards 
each extremity.—Plate XIX., fig. 1. The animal occasionally displays 
the formation of the head or anterior extremity, as shewn in fig 2, of a 
globular shape, with a hollow centre, which Miiller considers a proboscis. 
It generally protrudes this when the animal is very weak. 

A double row of about eighteen pencils commences near the ante- 
rior, composed of bristles issuing from the sides of the animal, occupying 
the greater part of the whole length, and terminates where the body is 
suddenly reduced in size, and assumes for the remainder quite a diffe- 
rent aspect, as if of more uniform nature, with-a shagreen surface. 

Thirteen pair of beautiful vermilion branchiz rise from the back, 
commencing about a third of the length from the anterior extremity, 
fig. 1, a, 6. These organs are of inconceivable beauty and interest, of 
which the art of the limner can produce but a very imperfect representa- 
tion, difficult enough otherwise to be obtained, both from the incessant 
contraction and dilatation, and the motion of the animal. By the 
microscope the resemblance of each to vegetable forms is discovered in 
stem, boughs, and branches, all in lively action, fig. 3. 

The quantity of bristles in a pencil, and the size of the branchie, 
are indefinite and irregular, the smallest beg next the head. 

The diversity of colour in this species is very great ; nor do I know 
that it is dependent on either age or dimensions. Of a number collected 
together some will be found of a carmine colour, or of deeper red, some 
brownish, and others blackish-green ; besides, there are specimens which 
exhibit various blending shades in the same individual. 

Dwelling constantly in the dark, not only deep in the sand, but 


LUMBRICUS. 137 


covered by the sea, this creature is extremely impatient of light ; and in 
confinement it continually attempts to penetrate downwards, even when 
there is no sand in its vessel. But if amply provided with this material, 
it soon screens itself from view, and in burrowing, the head, enlarged, 
as shewn by fig. 2, seems to be employed in effecting its descent. 

These animals form a thin coating of sand, which is of some tenacity, 
investing the body just like a piece of thin linen wrapped around it. 
When a specimen is removed from its residence, it seems to attempt 
divesting itself of this covering, and to experience difficulty in doing so. 

The distinctive character of the species consists in the branchia, oc- 
cupying only an intermediate portion of the body ; the posterior, there- 
fore, bearing none, is of different formation. 


2. Another species of the Lumbricus marinus, which I have not 
hitherto observed to be described, though it is unlikely to have been 
overlooked, inhabits our seas. 

This is somewhat smaller than the former, the body consisting of 
numerous setiferous and branchiferous annulations. 

The branchiz commence, as in the other, at some distance from the 
anterior extremity, but they continue, without interruption, down to the 
posterior extremity, or its immediate vicinity, bemg about thirty-eight 
pair in all. They occupy every segment from their commencement, 
except the last. The lower extremity termimates in a knob. The 
branchize are dichotomous, originating from a root, and successively sub- 
dividing into several members. They are somewhat incurved, and some 
of them have a faint reddish appearance towards the root, but of this 
portion it is not easy to obtain a view. Their action much resembles 
that of the branchiz of the Terebella. 

The setiferous papilla are prominent, running down from the ante- 
rior to the extremity. There are about fifteen pair of pencils between 
the anterior and the commencement of the branchiz. The pencils are 
composed of several bristles. 

Colour of the whole animal very dark green.—Plate XIX., fig. 4 ; 
head when globular, fiz. 5 ; branchiz, fig. 6 ; substances like ova, fig. 7. 
Ss 


138 LUMBRICUS. 


The best specimens I have had were from Zetland. 

Though the Lumbricus marinus appears a strong and hardy animal, 
it is of difficult preservation in confinement. The vessels receiving it 
should be deep, and contain a quantity of sand, always in a humid state, 
because they immediately shelter themselves, and absorbing it profusely, 
the pyramidal rolls are formed on the surface as it is discharged. 

This animal is vernacularly called the /ug or dung worm ; and it is 
very extensively used as bait, but, where accessible, mussels are preferred. 
These animals are dispersed in countless myriads on the various coasts of 
Scotland. 


Puate XIX. 
Fic. 1. Lunbricus marinus, Arenicola piscatorum, common species; a, 6, 
branchiz. 

2. Globular anterior. 
. Branchia, enlarged. 
. Lumbricus marinus, another species, or a variety of the former. 
. Globular anterior. 
. Branchie, enlarged. 


NID OP 0 


. Substances conjectured ova. 


Many of the Lumbrici are so much more indistinctly characterised 
than the preceding that I hesitate attempting to describe them, from 
my conviction of being unable to do so otherwise than in a very imper- 
fect manner. But considering it possible that some one feature, which 
others have not had an opportunity of observing, may occur in my 
specimens, I am induced to say a few words on the subject, trusting to 
better occasions whereby it shall be amplified. 


§ c—Loumpricts capitatus.—Plate XVIL., figs. 8, 9. 


Length, two or three inches ; thickness, half a line ; body round ; 
anterior extremity conical, pointed ; posterior extremity obtuse. The 
body is composed of numerous segments, each armed with three minute 
pencils of bristles, one on each side, the third on the middle of the back. 


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LUMBRICUS. 139 


A white proboscis issues from the anterior extremity. When the ani- 
mal is contracted it much resembles a small earth-worm. Colour dull 
red above, reddish-orange below. No eyes could be discovered. 

In crawling, the segments enlarged at the place of their union ; and 
it is a peculiar feature, that a kind of intumescence appeared at intervals 
as the body advanced, the portion thus enlarged being vivid red, while 
the vicinity became pale, and this intumescence was transmitted along 
the body. 

A silky sheath is formed of sandy particles by the animal. 

It lurks constantly on the sand of the shore at about half tide, 
whence the head is protruded, waving to and fro. In confinement it 
becomes more restless after mid-day, occasionally quitting its retreat to 
crawl about the vessel. 

Its habits bear some resemblance to those of the Nereis. 


Prats XVII. 
Fic. 8. Lumbricus capitatus. 
9. Anterior extremity, enlarged. 


§ d.—Lumpricus LiTroRALIs.—Plate XVIL., figs. 17, 18. 


Length, fourteen lines ; thickness, the third of a line. Body round, 
tapering to the extremities ; annulated, each annulation composed of 
several circles. Short indistinct bristles protrude at the union of the 
segments. Colour, a fine red, perhaps derived from an internal vessel 
traversing the body. P 

The animal forms itself a tubular covering of sand, investing the 
whole body. It is of a lively nature, and when numbers are present, they 
entwine themselves together. 

Littoral. Found under stones at Rothesay, Eyemouth, and else- 
where. 


Prats XVII. 
Fias. 17. Lumbricus littoralis. 
18. Enlarged. 


140 LUMBRICUS. 


§ e.—LUMBRICUS TERES.—Plate XVIL, Figs. 10, 11, 12. 


Length, eighteen lines ; thickness, nearly half a line ; body round, 
tapering towards each extremity, faintly indented by numerous annula- 
tions, with a row of bristles at intervals down each side.—Plate XVII. 
fig. 10 ; an outline of the head enlarged is seen fig. 11. The mouth seems 
below, and the termination of the intestinal canal in the centre of the 
posterior extremity. Under the microscope a red vessel is discovered 
running down the middle of the body ; and the interanea, which are of 
peculiar formation, are finely variegated when full. Colour various 
brownish shades ; the extremities hight. This animal swims by contor- 
tions in the water. One committed to a watch-glass proved so restless 
as to render observation inconvenient ; but another being introduced, 
both were perfectly quiet. 

It forms a tube of muddy particles, which is permanently occupied. 

The Lumbricus teres inhabits a small pond in the city of Edinburgh, 
in Heriot Row gardens. 


Prats XVII. 
Fic. 10. Lumbricus teres. 
11. Outline of the head, enlarged. 
12. Section of the body shewing the formation of the interanea, enlarged. 


§ f—Lompricus nirsutus.—Plate XVII., Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16. 
. 


Length about fifteen lines ; thickness, half a line or less; body 
cylindrical, composed of a number of segments, with lateral rows of 
bristles, a pencil being situate on each side of each segment, all of which 
are very conspicuous on the upper segments. The whole body is covered, 
besides, with short hairs, rather thinly set. Colour of the anterior portion 
whitish, of the remainder dull red or umber. 

A specimen occurred in February, among some collections, on the 
coast of Fife. It was lost accidentally immediately after delineation. 


LUMBRICUS. 141 


Prats XVII. 
Fic. 13. Lwmbricus hirsutus. 
14. Anterior part, enlarged. 
15. Middle, enlarged. 
16. Posterior part, enlarged. 


Many other Vermes and Lumbrici of Scotland merit examination, 
description, and representation. The genera comprehend numerous 
species, which have been hitherto overlooked, in as far as I know, by all 
observers. Some of those preceding require further investigation than 
circumstances would permit me to bestow on them. Their introduction 
here may be considered temporary or provisional, rather than assigning 
to the whole a positive position which may be altered. The two genera 
will certainly admit several subdivisions, which doubtless must be in- 
fluenced by the appearance presented by the interanea of the more 
transparent species. 

There are various animals participating of the nature of the Lum- 
bricus, which may be considered intermediate stages to the genera. But 
I shall meantime reserve them for a miscellaneous chapter in another 
place. 


142 NEREIS. 


CHAPTER V. 


NEREIS, SPIO, AND CONGENERA. 


Coup the Systema Nature be perfected, it is not improbable that, 
excepting by interruption from tribes now extinct, the transition to suc- 
cessive genera would be very gradually accomplished ; if not by insensible 
degrees, one might venture to predict that the last of one genus, and the 
first of another, would appear not far asunder ; that the distinctions pre- 
sented would be but inconsiderable, farther than in the features peculiar 
to each denoting their separation. 

I know that some distinguished philosophers have expressed a dif- 
ferent opinion, thinking each genus so distinct and independent of itself, 
as to be void of every bond of connection; that it has been so since the 
origin of things, and will so remain. 

Whether there be actually a connecting chain or not, it belongs to 
each observer diligently to record what he has seen, leaving it to some 
scientific systematist to arrange and combine all the knowledge which 
may be derived from the labour of others besides his own. 

In this way the precise state of information would be obtained, 
so that the purposes of creation might be conjectured, and whether cer- 
tain genera were allied or estranged. 

There is no single territory, even the most extensive on thesurface 
of the globe, from which more than a partial view, commonly one most 
limited, of some branch or other of animated nature, can be derived, 


NEREIS. 143 


therefore the observer must find himself continually opposed by many 
chasms, leaving a disjointed fabric in his hands. He is thus compelled 
to select some object new to him for commentary, without being able 
to constitute its immediate connection with those which are old and 
familiar. 

If the effort to establish the alliance or estrangement of genera be 
important, not less so is the mode of discovering the character of animals. 
It would be most desirable that this were done, if practicable, by external 
features, in order to preserve the object from destruction ; for it cannot 
escape the cautious naturalist, that his lacerating the substances, or ex- 
tinguishing the life of an object, must deprive him of all opportunity 
of pursuing its habits. 

The ornithologist finds sufficient characters in the formation of the 
bill and the feet of birds, their plumage, their nests and eggs, to enrol 
them with the proper genera. He does not kill them, dissect them, and 
stuff their skins, to discover their position in the Systema. 

The entomologist can arrange his beetles, bees, and butterflies, by 
their elytra, antennx, wings, and other parts of external conformation, 
without mincing them down to find their internal structure. 

But a very different method is recommended, and partially adopted, 
with certain animals of the extensive orders, classes, and genera of the 
lower tribes. The external appearance seems to be held of lesser account, 
and we are directed to lay open the interior of our specimens, in order 
to assign them their proper positions. 

It must be obvious to all the world, that however excellent this 
plan, the difficulties of its fulfilment are almost insurmountable. First, 
it requires a skill in anatomy of which few can boast ; and, secondly, 
equal expertness in dissection. But the gravest objection arises from the 
destruction of the life of the subject. Could any other expedient be sub- 
stituted of equal benefit, it would be invaluable. 

The simplest mode of reaching any ultimate purpose, provided it is 
conducted with the same certainty as those which are more complex and 
difficult, is always to be preferred. 

Without presuming to deny the benefit of dissection as a useful and 


144 NEREIS. 


beneficial guide, it appears to me that in many cases, if not in most, the 
truly skilful naturalist will obtain sufficient data for the position of the 
inferior animals, while still preserving them unhurt. © 

In treating very briefly of the Nereis and its kindred, I propose to 
take only a general view of the subject, without entering into the various 
specialties which have occupied some learned naturalists ; for, so long as 
they may be dispensed with, they should be rather considered super- 
fluous. 

The Nereis proper is a marine animal of vermicular form ; the body 
somewhat flattened and subdivided into numerous segments. The head 
provided with two or more antennular appendages, together with two or 
four eyes ; the lower extremity terminating in a fork. 

But in reaching this form, which may be exemplified by the Nereis 
remex or Phyllodoce laminosa of authors, Plate XXI., and the Nereis 
iridescens or margaritacea, Plate XXII. fig. 6. It may be expedient in 
approaching these, which seem the more perfect of their tribe, merely to 
give a brief notice of some others, apparently belonging to the genus in 
a comprehensive sense, avoiding the minutiz of detail. 


I NEREIS. 


§ 1. Nereis Teres.—Plate XX. Figs. 1, 2. 


Length two inches and a half; thickness a line and a half in the 
middle, whence the body tapers regularly to each extremity ; the ante- 
rior pointed, the posterior forked. A long proboscis is frequently darted 
out from the anterior, issuing in front of the point, or rather under it. 
The body is very faintly marked by numerous annulations ; with a row 
of about eighty pencils on each side of such a specimen. These issue 
from every second segment, there being one interannulation vacant. 
The pencil, consisting of a few bristles, issues from a low fleshy sheath, 
with two or three marginal papillae. Colour universally white, or dif- 
ferent shades of red. No eyes or antenna visible. 

The animal lies generally coiled up, or it swims with contortions. 


PP: ae 


vo ‘ a eer PL. xx 


_MCZ INBRARY 
HARVARD UNIVERSETY. 


NEREIS. 145 


Its motions denote violence. It seems to construct a very slight cover- 
ing of small particles and a glutinous secretion, under which it reposes. 

A specimen spawned very profusely on July 23, when a multitude 
of ova, the merest specks, were observed whitening the water. It was 
previously round and turgid, but flattened and thin afterwards. 

Perhaps this is the Nereis alba of Miiller, represented Zool. Dan., 
v. u. p. 29, Plate LXII. figs. 6, 7: “ Caput absque oculis, palpis aut ten- 
taculis.” 

Marine. Shore. 


Prate XX. 
Fig. 1. Nereis teres. 
1. A. Another specimen. 
1. B. Section of 1. A. 
2. Proboscis of fig. 1. 


§ 2. NEREIS (NEPHTYS), HIRSUTA.—Plate XXI. Figs. 1, 2. 3. 


The nature of the species of Nereis, now referable to the genus 
Nephtys, is somewhat more explicitly illustrated in the next article. 

The present Nereis hirsuta extends three inches, including a spine, 
by which the posterior extremity terminates. The shape of the body is 
somewhat quadrangular, divided into numerous segments, four of which 
are enlarged.—Plate XXI. fig. 2. In place of the usual pencil of bristles 
there is an appendage, whereon is a long prominence, bordered by a super- 
ficial row of short bristles above. 

Neither tentacula nor eyes were visible in a single specimen which 
came from Zetland, and was never vigorous. 


Prats XXI. 
Fic. 1. Nereis hirsuta. 
2. Section of the body, enlarged. 
3. Appendage on the segment, enlarged. 


146 NEREIS. 


§ 3. NEREIS (NEPHTYS) LINEATA, NEPHTYS MARGARITACEA.—Plate X XT. 
Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 


Length ten inches, form round ; the body divided into numerous 
segments, bounded by a row of pencils on each side.* Two short stumps 
are on the head ; and a proboscis of extraordinary dimensions is occasion- 
ally darted forth. Sometimes a black speck is seen in front, but it is 
neither constant, nor are eyes visible. The figure of the proboscis varies 
considerably according to the specimen. That of a large Nereis, being 
somewhat barrel-shaped, extending three-quarters of an inch, by half an 
inch wide in the middle, beset by several rows of spinous short papille 
towards the extremity, which is terminated by a circle of them. The 
largest row is composed of at least thirty. The proboscis, as if a hard 
substance, which it is not, reflects the ight. It is protruded in the ex- 
treme weakness of the animal, which it at length seems incapable of 
withdrawing. 

This species swims by a serpentine motion, in a horizontal direction, 
with great violence and rapidity. When at rest it les among sand, close 
to the bottom of its vessel, with partial protrusion of the head. It is 
extremely timid, and if above, retreats downwards on the slightest alarm. 
If its site be about to become dry, the body twists, as if preparing to 
leap. Colour white, with a line down the middle. 

This animal dwells among the sands of the sea-shore, somewhat 
lower than at half-tide. 


Prats XXI. 
Fic. 4. Nereis (nephtys) lineata, adult. 

5. Small specimen, taken at Blackness Castle in 1809, coiled 

5. A. 


Pa 


oO. 


\ The same, extended. 


6. Anterior extremity of fig. 4, enlarged. 
7. Anterior extremity of a smaller specimen (fig. 5), enlarged, 


* Dr Johnson ennumerates 143 segments in two specimens.—Ann. and Mag. of Nat. 
Hist. v. viii. p. 341. 


PL. XXIL 


NEREIS. 147 


PLATE XXI. 
Fic. 8. Section of fig. 4, enlarged. 
9. Proboscis of a middle sized specimen. 
10. Proboscis of a large specimen. 


§ 4. Nereis putLAtA—The Knob Nereis—Plate XXII. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


Length above two inches ; body flattened, composed of numerous 
principal segments, with two interannulations between each ; a row of 
pencils down each side, the pencil consisting of some short hairs, issuing 
from under the knob. A small forked projection terminates the ante- 
rior extremity ; the posterior ends in two knobs. Towards the anterior 
extremity are two crescents, each consisting of two or three specks, the 
horns of the crescent turning outwards. Colour universally yellow. 


When exposed to the light, this animal wraps itself up as a crescent. 
Marine. Rare. 


Piatt XXII. 

Fic. 1. Nereis bullata. 
. Specimen, enlarged. 
3. Anterior portion, more enlarged. 
4. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 
5. Middle section, enlarged. 


§ 5. NerEIs pAaRVA.—Plate XX. Figs. 23, 24, 25. 


I speak of this animal provisionally, being ignorant whether it is 
adult. 

Five or six specimens appeared in a vessel of sea-water in September. 

Length five lines ; body slender. Antenne two, long and flexible. 
Head rather triangular, somewhat prolonged in front, on each side of 
which is a black eye’like a crescent. The body seems almost quite 
smooth, perhaps from the faintness of annulations. I could not observe 
hairs or bristles, but it terminates in two leaves. 


148 NEREIS. 


The whole creature is white to the eye, unless a small portion about 
the head. 

It is restless and active, so as to render microscopical observations 
extremely difficult, and hence the crescent-shaped eye may consist of 
specks. 

One seemed to have grown somewhat large in two or three months. 


PuLaTE XX. 
Fic. 23. Nereis parva. 
24. Head, enlarged. 
25. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 


§ 6. Nerers Artes.—Ram’s Horn Nereis.—Plate XX. Figs. 5, 4, 5, 6. 


Length between two and three inches. Body composed of numerous 
segments, with a row of pencils on each side. Anterior extremity ter- 
minating in a stout projection, forked ; posterior extremity terminating 
in eight or nine stout prongs surrounding the vent. Two fleshy, recurving, 
flexible antennx almost constantly preserve a position resembling ram's 
horns. The general aspect of the animal is reddish ; a red vessel inter- 
nally traversing the body. 

It swims through the water by contortions, and its motions are 
sometimes so violent as to rend the body asunder. Also, it involves it- 
self in a knot, and forms a rude covering of sand. 


Pirate XXII. 
Fic. 3. Nereis aries, enlarged, from a specimen eighteen lines long. 
4. Anterior portion, upper surface, enlarged. 
5. Anterior under surface, enlarged. 
6. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 


§ 7. NEREIS REMEX, PHYLLODOCIA LAMINOSA.—Plate XXIII. Figs. 1, 2, 


9 a ow 
Oe; Oete 


This animal is one of the few which it seems impossible to recognize 
under the various nomenclature which has embroiled the genus Nereis. 


NEREIS. 149 


It is the largest of the whole tribe, in as far as I am aware, inhabit- 
ing the Scotish seas. Likewise its characters are so distinct, that it can- 
not be readily mistaken. 

Length two feet ; breadth half an inch. Body composed of above 
400 segments, always multiplying with age. Between the segments are 
three or four interannulations, on the prolongation of which the exten- 
sion of the specimen seems to depend. Each segment consists of a 
transverse central portion, with a broad flattened organ, equally large, 
on each side, from the lower part of which a pencil on the body issues. 
The head is provided with eight definite antennular organs, and some 
of inferior dimensions, terminate the anterior extremity. The posterior 
extremity is terminated by a fork. Two dark blue or black eyes are 
situate on the front of the head ; if there be others, they are very indis- 
tinct. A stout, yellowish proboscis is projected from before. 

The natural colour of this animal is a fine green ; bluish-green on 
the centre of the back, iridescent, reflecting a bright blue, as is also seen 
on the belly. The paddles, as they may be justly denominated, always 
green. Young specimens, likewise, are wholly green, the bluish colour 
and iridescence belonging only to the older. 

I have not been able to ascertain that any sheath or external cover- 
ing is constructed by this Nereis; but a remarkable profusion of clear 
glutinous matter is secreted from the whole body, so great, that it may 
be nearly equal in weight to the specimen itself. 

Probably the natural habitation of all the Nereids is among sand, 
or in the crevices of rocks, where sand is present. 

During the day this species lurks in concealment, especially under 
any large flat shell, where it reposes and unfolds from its many convolu- 
tions at night, apparently in quest of prey. - Perhaps it feeds on the 
smaller living animals, for which the size and action of the proboscis 
seem peculiarly adapted. Sometimes, but very seldom, portions of mus- 
sel have been absorbed ; and once it seemed to me that a large specimen 
had devoured a smaller, which occupied the same vessel, as its disappear- 
ance could not be otherwise accounted for. But all kinds of sustenance 


150 NEREIS. 


are almost invariably refused ; and the animals become lank and ema- 
ciated from protracted abstinence. 

The mechanism of this creature, its parts, and their powers, are to 
be ranked' among the more conspicuous and admirable works of the 
creation ; nor can they be contemplated without wonder. Issuing forth 
from its retreat, it swims by an undulating serpentine motion in the 
water. Its unwieldy body, gradually withdrawn from its retreat, has its 
multiplied organs unfolded in regular order and arrangement ; so that, 
whether intertwined or free, neither are disturbed by intricacy or confu- 
sion ; each performs its own proper functions, and the general effect by 
the united exercise of the whole. When inactive, the lateral parts of the 
segments generally close over the back ; in activity, they open widely, as 
if so many oars to aid the animal's course, by their successive impulse on 
the water. 

In confinement, these Nereids can be seldom preserved long entire, 
if of large dimensions. The body, unmanageable without ample scope, 
from its length, and the particular structure of so many subordinate parts, 
expose them to frequent entanglement, without time for evolution leisure- 
ly, whence inevitable rupture ensues. An overgrown specimen, whether 
in the natural or artificial state, is therefore comparatively rare. 

A specimen, about twenty-two inches long, was mutilated of part of 
the lower extremity when procured in October. Regeneration followed 
in eleven days ; the last articulations exhibiting a diminutive fork at 
the natural extremity. But on January 22, the body ruptured asunder 
near the middle. Within three weeks the wound at its extremity healed ; 
and against the first days of April, above fifty segments with their pad- 
dles had regenerated, the whole new portion being of a pale green colour. 
But the breadth of this new portion did not exceed a third of that part 
of the body still remaining entire. I speak of the upper half of the 
Nereis as doing so. In regard to the under half, it had lost a small frag- 
ment above, leaving the place ragged, which I endeavoured to correct 
by separating a portion with sharp scissors, in hopes of preservation. 
Accordingly the wound healed in eleven days, but in fifty nothing indi- 
cated regeneration of the defective head, and about a month later, both 


NEREIS. 151 


parts perished from accidental vitiation of the water, while the head 
was yet wanting. 

If this important part of the animal's organization is reproduced, as 
may be possible, the process advances tardily. .On the 8th of April, I 
procured a large specimen, which had ruptured into three portions. Only 
one of them survived, which extended about two inches ; together with 
another, which might have been originally about ten inches above the 
posterior extremity. This latter portion continued very impatient of the 
light, which abated in a fortnight, but no indications of a regenerated 
head appeared. The wounds in such cases generally heal, and the por- 
tions exhibit much motion, although they do not survive long enough for 
reproduction, if this can actually take place. 

It is otherwise with the lower part, for there seems no doubt that 
the mutilated extremity is extended by regeneration, as appears from the 
example lately given, of fifty segments having been reproduced. 

A beautiful small and active Nereis, about three inches long, of a 
fine green colour, is not uncommon among the crevices of rocks, within 
flow of the tide. To the eye, it seems distinguished by three regular 
rows of specks down the back, which is illusive, for a lens shews them 
to be merely the centre of the segment, and the paddle on each side, all 
exactly resembling the parts of the preceding animals. I have been 
thence induced to identify it as the young ; if otherwise, it bears a very 
near analogy. <A slight tubular covering, hardly to be called a sheath, 
is formed by it of silk and sand. 

A month subsequent to the capture of several specimens of these ani- 
mals, the largest being nearly three inches long, a green globular mass, above 
five lines in diameter, appeared floating in their vessels. It was attached 
slightly to a very thin silken tube, formed on the side of the vessel near 
the surface of the water, having probably issued from one of the animals, 
which kept always in the vicinity. This globular mass consisted of hun- 
dreds of green specks amidst a transparent jelly. Next day, May 25, 
when delineated, its figure had been somewhat impaired, as happens 
frequently with clusters of the spawn of animals. Under the microscope, 
the ova in the mass proved nearly spherical, and quite green ; and on 


152 NEREIS. 


that following, the whole was much attenuated, and numerous green 
elobules were escaping from it to swim at large. When magnified con- 
siderably, these appeared nearly spherical, solid, opaque, and environed 
by cilia. Their motion was rapid, continuing for several days, but I 
could not obtain any definite result. 

Possibly this Nereis may be a variety, but there is another small 
Nereis commonly found in the clefts of rocks within flow of the tide, simply 
green throughout, without any longitudinal rows of specks, which I can 
scarcely hesitate to denominate the young of the Paddle Nereis. It feeds 
readily, and a number of specimens together, will at once protrude a 
long green proboscis on fragments of mussel, which are greedily de- 
voured. 


Pirate XXIII. 
Fia. 1. Nereis remea—The Paddle Nereis—Phyllodocia laminosa, 
2. Head, enlarged. 
. Segment, enlarged. 
. Section of the body, giving an oblique view of the paddles. 


Ot me Cf 


. Mutilation, being part of a specimen expected to regenerate the or- 
gan defective. 

6. Spawn. 

7. Portion of same, enlarged. 


§ 8. NerEIs ELLIPSIS.—Plate XX. Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. 


Length two inches and half; breadth half a line. About eleven 
tentacular organs are in front ; four at its extremity, with a fifth some- 
what behind them ; next, other two larger on the sides, and farther back, 
other two pair, much larger than any of the rest. Two black eyes, be- 
tween which the fifth frontal tentaculum originates. Body divided into 
numerous segments. A row of elliptical organs runs down each side of the 
body, by two of which, but much larger, the extremity terminates. 

Colour greenish to the eye. The microscope discovers two double 


PL.XXHL 


Viegis 


poealtrares 


tae 


NEREIS. 155 


dark belts crossing the back, on a greenish-yellow broader predominant 
line. 


This is a beautiful animal, somewhat akin to the preceding. Rare. 


PLaTE XX. 
Fic. 7. Nereis ellipsis. 
8. Anterior extremity, enlarged. 
9. Section of the body, enlarged. 
10. Posterior extremity, shewing the terminating organs, enlarged. 


§ 9. Nereis rungens—Jridescent Nereis ——Neruis des Beaucondray, 
Andouin, et Edwards ?—Plate XXII. Figs. 6, 7, 8. 


Length above seven inches ; breadth, at the head, above four lines. 
Figure of the body roundish, consisting of above 100 segments. Anterior 
and posterior extremity, terminate each in a fork, the latter beg two 
slender bristles. The portion comprehending the head, is a smooth 
cylinder beyond the first segment of the body, with eight antennular 
organs, some of them apparently of two and three faint articulations, 
and two at the extremity ; besides which, are two stout conical organs, 
widely apart, tipped by a smaller soft spongy-looking substance. Eyes 
four, blue, set in a quadrangle. Colour of the body universally orpiment 
orange-reddish ; a darker longitudinal line, composed of so many short 
lines, one on each segment down the back. Belly lighter. The whole 
surface is finely iridescent, reflecting the prismatic colours, whence it may 
be conjectured that this is the Neves versicolor of nomenclators. I have 
never seen any specimens, of many taken in Scotland, with a tinge of 
green. 

Two black incurving jaws are seen within the orifice of the proboscis, 
the extremity projecting just beyond it. 

The whole body is bordered by a row of papillee, with a white sum- 
mit, generally three on each segment, from whence pencils or bristles 
issue. 


U 


154 NEREIS. ; 


The intestine of a young specimen, shorter than an inch, appeared 
corrugated by the microscope. 

Few specimens, especially those of larger dimensions, are found en- 
tire, for rupture of the body is common ; and even when entire, the due 
proportions are seldom seen, owing to the progress of regeneration, which 
readily ensues. But perfection may be always ascertained by the forked 
extremity, which is more conspicuous in this species than in any of the 
preceding. It is not improbable that the fork is obliterated by the gene- 
ration of new parts in its vicinity, as the natural dimensions of the ani- 
mal are augmented. However, this is a subject of difficult explanation. 

This creature constructs a very thin transparent silky tube, from a 
matter exuding apparently from the whole body. Here it rests, expos- 
ing the head, which commonly waves from side to side. The tube is 
strengthened by the incorporation of sand where accessible. When other- 
wise it remains quite transparent, and it is framed of sufficient width to 
admit of the animal’s reversing itself within. Sometimes the quantity of 
the secreted matter employed in the covering is copious. 

This is a littoral Nereis ; it retreats from the light, lurking under 
stones, or in the clefts of the rocks. A very fine specimen was found on 
raising a large shelving portion of rock, near low-water, where always 
moist. 

I cannot speak definitely of the propagation of the species. Early in 
February a mutilated specimen discharged thousands of minute ova ; and 
early in March, I found a quantity of spawn in a vessel containing a 
specimen, but not solitary. This spawn consisted of thousands of minute 
yellowish ova, amidst a thin, faint brown, albumenous matter, of too 
little tenacity to retain them in connection when the vessel was moved ; 
no development followed. 

It is not rare. 


Pirate XXII. 
Fic. 6. Nereis versicolor | fulgens |. 
7. Head, enlarged. ; 
8. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 


NEREIS. 155 


§ 10. Nereis rorata—The Leaf Nereis—Plate XX. Figs. 1, 
12, 18, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 


I have found great difficulty in identifying many species of the 
Nereids with those described by preceding authors. Perhaps certain 
points may not have struck me as sufficiently prominent, or I may have 
been unable, in a different course of investigation, from seizing the cha- 
racters specified by them. 

I acknowledge that when external characters seem sufficiently dis- 
tinet either for classification or recognition, it has not occurred to me as 
essential that the position of any animal, or its alliances, should be sought 
from internal organization. There seems no consistent reason why a 
horse should be killed and dissected to prove it a horse, or a dog to prove 
it a dog. Besides, destruction is the most fatal error wherein the zoolo- 
gist can plunge himself, for it 1s irredeemable. 

If I have committed mistakes in ignorance of previous observations, 
they can be easily corrected. All new names which I have employed 
are provisional, nor are any derived from obscure and equivocal etymo- 
logy. 

I do not affirm that this is the most philosophical, but it is the most 
convenient mode of imparting our knowledge to others. 

Length of the Leaf Nereis at least five inches ; breadth four lines. 
Head prolonged as a bare snout ; tentacula two, long and cartilaginous. 
Body slightly flattened, composed of many segments, with a row of pencils 
down each side ; likewise a row of thin flattened organs, like a blade or 
leaf, is reflected from each side on the back. This is their most perfect 
form. On the higher portion of the edge of the blade being uppermost 
and at the root of each, a prominent papilla with a pencil is displayed ; 
put in descending towards the posterior extremity, these blades dege- 
nerate into filaments. 

A small specimen or variety, extending an inch and a half, was ob- 
viously regenerating the posterior extremity. The tentacula were carried 
free before it when in motion, fig. 15; but at rest, they lay over the 


156 NEREIS. 


back, under the reflected leaves, enlarged, fig. 16. Four black eyes, dis- 
posed in two pair, stood in a line across the head, fig. 17. 

About ten segments, gradually diminishing in breadth, first consti- 
tuted the renovating part, terminating by an enlarging trumpet as a’ pro- 
minent thick margin, fig. 18. In three months the renovating segments 
had multiplied considerably. 

Probably fig. 11 had been mutilated. 

Colour of the animal reddish ; the upper edge of the blade vivid, 
under edge yellowish. 

These animals swim by violent contortions. They form a slight 
tube of earthy and fine sandy particles, wherein they repose long, and 


always below. Marine. 


Prats XX. 
Fic. 11. Nereis foliata, Leaf or Blade Nereis. 
12. Head, upper surface, slightly enlarged. 
13. Head, under surface. 
14. Blade or leaf, enlarged. 
15. Smaller specimen or variety. 
16. The same enlarged. 
17. Head, enlarged. 
18. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 


§ 11. Neruis contorra—The Spiral Nereis —Plate XX. Figs. 19, 20. 


Length half an inch. Body round, slender, composed of numerous 
segments. Two large and long cartilaginous-looking antenne on the 
head. A pencil of bristles issues from a papilla on each side of the seg- 
ments, together with a spine of some length towards the back. 

No eyes could be discovered. 

This animal generally lies in so close a coil, that it is very difficult 
to ascertain its true figure, especially that of the posterior part, which 
has a short funnel-shaped margin. 


NEREIS. 157 


The extremity of some specimens had been regenerated. 


PLATE XX. 
Fic. 19. Nereis contorta, enlarged. 


20. Section of the body, shewing the segments, pencils, and spine, more 
enlarged. 


§ 12. Nereis Monoceros.— The Unicorn Nereis. —Plate XXII. 
Figs, 9,10, 11,12) 13. 


Length eight lines or more ; breadth the third of a line. Body 
nearly linear, subdivided into about seventy segments. A long antennu- 
lar organ, somewhat of a moniliform appearance, issues from the centre of 
the anterior extremity, and the posterior extremity terminates in a long 
fork of two similar moniliform organs. Four red eyes, set in a quad- 
rangle, occupy the upper surface of the head, from amidst which the 
single antennular organ distinctly orginates. The site of a large probos- 
cis is denoted by a white part near the anterior extremity. Three kinds 
of appendages belong to each segment ; a longer pencil, consisting of a 
larger pencil of several very transparent, delicate, bristly hairs ; also a 
shorter pencil, together with a fleshy spinous prolongation. 

This animal constructs a slight tube on the side of its vessel. 

It is rare. 

Perhaps it may prove allied to the genus Syllis, or be incorporated 
with that race. 


Piate XXII. 
Fic. 9. Nereis Monoceros, enlarged. 
10. Head, more enlarged. 
11. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 
12. Section of the body, enlarged. 
13. Segments, enlarged. 


158 NEREIS. 


§ 13. NEREIS PUNCTATA (VILLOSA).—Plate XXI. Figs. 11, 12, 13. 


Length about an inch and a quarter. Body flattened, composed of 
numerous segments, each bordered with a pencil issuing from a sheath of 
remarkable length, together with a very long flexible cirrus rising from 
within the sheath. Two stout tentacular organs are in front of the head, 
and two more slender beside them. Several other organs, apparently 
tentacular, are also present on each side, or in their vicinity. The pos- 
terior extremity terminates in two long hairs. All the villous or hairy 
organs are transparent, rather cartilaginous, very flexible, and somewhat 
moniliform. They are numerous and peculiar. The longer are towards 
the upper portion of the body, where they are seen stretching, contract- 
ing, curving, and turning about in every direction, apparently engaged 
in tentacular offices. They shorten proportionally as they occur farther 
down the body, and therefore their action is less conspicuous. Four 
eyes are set in a quadrangle on the surface of the head. A red blood- 
vessel is visible throughout much of the length.. Colour of the finest spe- 
cimens scarlet ; some are yellowish ; but the colour is much dependent on 
the food. It feeds voraciously on mussel, darting out its proboscis, and 
absorbing a great quantity. The colour changes with the quality of the 
food. 

This animal swims by horizontal undulations. It forms a slight 
silken sheath, and lurks much in concealment. But some individuals 
never indicate any disposition to construct an artificial dwelling. 


Prate XXI. 
Fic. 11. Nereis punctata, 
12. The same, enlarged. 
13. Head, more enlarged. 


NERKIS. [59 


1U1t, {S)LPAL@) 


It has been very judiciously observed, that this is a genus but im- 
perfectly known ; and certainly its characters are very imperfectly speci- 
fied. Nor is this surprising, for, of two species to be found in Scotland, 
one is extremely rare, and the other so minute as most readily to escape 
observation. These may be inserted in the genus, with a few observa- 
tions, which I offer diffidently. 


§ 1. Spo serrcornis.—Plate XX. Fig. 22. 


Length nine lines. Body somewhat angular, composed of segments 
tapering downwards, and terminating in three processes, somewhat ellip- 
tical. Head bearing two large, strong, active, extensile, and flexible long 
tentacula. Two black specks, or clusters of specks, like eyes, in front. 
Colour universally pale dingy yellow. 

This creature constructs a long irregular tube of shelly fragments, 
or other indurated substances, lined with a tough silky matter. The par- 
ticles that may be selected for the edifices are seized and passed along the 
tentaculum, and apparently carried to the mouth. Then they are ap- 
plied in such a manner as to contract the orifice of the tube, as if to ob- 
struct access. The tube itself is expeditiously constructed. 

The animal lies constantly within its dwelling, its long tentacula. 
equalling half the extent of the body, sweeping around. 

Having had only a single specimen, which occurred many years ago 
at Queensferry, I am induced to suppress various other observations, 
although the animal survived nine months, as no subsequent opportunity 
presented itself admitting their corroboration. 

This creature seems to be identified with that of Baster, Opuscula 
Subseciva, tom. ii. Pl. XII. fig. 2. Likewise the Polydore, found by 
Bose on the coast of Carolina, as shewn in his Hist. Nat. des Vers., t. i. 
Pl. V. fig. 7, is nearly allied to it. 


PLATE XX. 


Fic. 22. Spio seticornis. 


160 NEREIS. 


§ 2. Spro cetata—Plate XX. Fig. 21. 


Two very minute, long, slender, flexible tentacula, waving and 
searching about on the surface of shells, are to be sometimes observed 
issuing from the low orifice of a short dark tube. Nothing besides can 
be discovered. But, on dislodging the diminutive tenant of this fragile 
edifice, it proves an animal, whose body, consisting of eight or ten 
segments of a flattened form, with a bristle on each side, does not exceed 
a line in extent. Two cartilaginous active tentacula, surpassing the 
length of the body, are seated on the head, and on its upper surface, four 
jet black eyes, set as in the corners of a quadrangle. Colour of the ani- 
mal reddish-brown. 

The formation of the posterior extremity could not be positively 
ascertained. 


PLaTE XX. 


Fic. 21. Spio celata. 


The Nereis forms a numerous tribe of fierce, apparently rapacious, 
active, and restless animals, all of singular and interesting conformation. 
Their external characters have been minutely detailed by MM. Andouin 
and Milne Edwards ; in recent publications by Signor Delle Chiaje, and 
more early by M. de Bosc, after a Treatise by Savigny, which I have 
not had the fortune to see. But almost all the illustrations which I 
have been able to examine relate to the detail of the external conforma- 
tion of the various parts, with the view of settling the precise position 
of various genera in the Systema. 

The principles thus employed appear rather intricate and difficult to 
be practised, therefore, however meritorious the plan, it mizht be per- 
haps very desirable that some simple, yet explicit, method should be 


NERKIS. 161 


devised. Science would be thence greatly benefited. Travellers shun the 
path beset with asperities. 

I doubt not that merely viewing the precise configuration of the 
two extremities, would very much lead to a suitable distribution of this 
curious tribe, to which should be added the more conspicuous appendages. 
At least the characters found in all these, would preserve the practical 
naturalist from resorting to the destruction of a living creature for the 
sake of satisfying his curiosity in searching for hidden organs. 

In the pursuit of knowledge, the cause of humanity should never 
be forgot. 

But the arrangement of the genus in detail is embarrassing, and 
particularly from the ignorance of the observer, as to whether his sub- 
ject is entire. Next is the great variety of species, and the searcity of 
some, which prevents the naturalist from corroborating previous obser- 
vations. 

From these causes, naturalists are compelled to limit their scope of 
a subject otherwise sufficiently comprehensive. 

In general these animals prefer a sandy site ; they dwell in conceal- 
ment ; nor do they court the light, or voluntarily expose themselves to 
view. All have the faculty of protecting themselves, either by a copious 
elutinous secretion from the body lubricating its parts, constructing a 
simple sheath of silky matter, or by a covering compounded of such 
matter with earthy particles or sand. There they lurk im safety, com- 
monly below, but some establish themselves on the sides of vessels at some 
distance from the bottom. The natural secretions are extraordinarily 
copious in some. The artificial covering leaves the head exposed, which 
is seen waving continually from side to side. 

Among the members of this numerous tribe, are found the finest 
illustrations of the luminous properties recognised among the lower ani- 
mals, in the Nereis noctiluca, a diminutive species, not exceeding the 
length of half an inch. When transferred amidst a quantity of marine 
collections to a glass jar, it commonly ascends to the very edge of the 
water, and there secures itself just under the surface, in a silken sheath 
applied to the side of the vessel, reposing almost continually in the spot 

x 


162 NEREIS. 


without shifting. On sudden agitation the whole body seems in a blaze, 
while still stationary in its own element and preserving the same position. 
But beautiful flashes are emitted, when the vessel, having been emptied, 
is replenished with fresh-water ; and should different parts of the sides 
be occupied by several specimens, as is always the case when collections 
are recently introduced, so many brilliant corruscations will escape from 
all the parts of the vessel where they are established. This interesting, 
though rude experiment, may be repeated several times with the same 
subjects. However, if these are to be preserved, the vessel must be 
speedily drained, as few marine animals can survive even a short humec- 
tation or immersion in fresh water. 

Several species of the Nereis swim by horizontal, serpentine un- 
dulations, the body assuming the figure of what is vernacularly called a 
flaming sword, which, in an animated being, appears very singular to the 
beholder. 

I have purposely abstained from specifying the number of segments 
as a leading feature. 

It appears to me in as far as hitherto determined, that a frequent, if 
not a continual evolution of new articulations is advancing, so as to pre- 
clude calculation of any precise number as belonging to a species. There 
is also considerable difficulty in estimating the exact complement of the 
antennular organs. 


APHRODITA. 165 


CHAPTER VI. 


APHRODITA. 


THE animals described in the preceding chapter are distinguished by 
the length of the body compared with its breadth, its division into 
numerous articulations, prominent warts, or protruding hairs and pencils 
on the segments, discharging the external functions, partly of fins, and 
partly of feet, and by evident exertion concomitant on their exercise. 
The most part of them, if not the whole, establish themselves in natural 
or artificial dwellings, resulting from exudations of the body simply, or 
combined with indurated substances. All inhabit the sea ; they retreat 
from the light, and they prefer concealment. 

The subjects of the present chapter are members of the same family. 
They bear a general resemblance to certain parts of their structure, and 
correspond in many of their habits. But the body is shorter and broader 
in proportion, and, with one exception, is totally covered with scales. 
Neither am I aware that it is protected by any abundant natural secre- 
tion, nor is any artificial abode constructed for its safety. 

Though seemingly very timid, the Aphrodita is probably fierce and 
rapacious, overpowering creatures incapable of resistance ; and there is 
even reason to believe that it occasionally devours its own kind. 

But farther than mere description, and accurate representation, I 
can offer little novelty in observation on the race, and this shall be re- 
stricted to remarks on a very few species, as several, generally accounted 
the more interesting, have fallen under the notice of other naturalists. 


164 APHRODITA. 


§ 1. Apnroprra crrrosA.—Plate XXIV. Figs. 1, 2. 


Length three inches ; breadth halfan inch. Form linear, nearly of 
equal breadth, throughout flattened, covered by thirteen pair of scales, 
arranged in two rows, nearly parallel, and spreading over the sides, as 
well as over the head. The whole upper surface presents a gelatinous 
appearance, especially when under water. Two stout setaceous antenne 
issue from the head, besides which, there are six bristles with an enlarge- 
ment towards the extremity. At the root of each of the two antennze 
are seated two black eyes. The sides of the body are bordered by forty- 
four or forty-five pencils issuing from nipples, with an external red spot 
at the roots, and denoting division into as many segments. The head is 
red ; the colour of the upper surface faint purple, the under surface of 
fine pearly, somewhat iridescent aspect, traversed by a vivid red line. 
The true colour of the animal is perhaps reddish. The late accomplished 
artist, Mr Peter Syme, acquainted me, that in executing drawings from 
the living specimen represented here, he found some difficulty in fixing 
the precise hue. 

When the scales are detached, each irregularly circular, is about 
three-eighths of an inch in diameter, with an aperture rather of a spheri- 
cal triangular form towards one side. They seem vascular or susceptible 
of distension, and when detached, each resembles a flat drop of pale grey 
or purplish jelly. It is from the peculiar nature of the whole that the 
upper surface seems gelatinous. 

The motion of the animal is very swift, half running, half swimming. 
But it likewise swims rapidly through the water, and with much more 
facility than any other of its tribe. 

Probably the Aphrodita cirrosa preys on living animals, nor does it 
spare even its own species. Of two specimens procured at the same time, 
the one was large and fine, two inches and a half in length ; the other 
not quite half as long, but proportionally broader. After living peace- 
ably together during two or three days, I was surprised to find the former 
attempting to devour its companion. One-half was absorbed into its 


APHRODITA. 165 


strong and capacious proboscis, while the victim struggled desperately to 
be free. The assailant, after retaining the prey for some time, was reluc- 
tantly compelled to disgorge it. But the suffering animal’s back was broke, 
and some of the scales ruffled off by the rude assault. Next morning 
only half of the whole remained, the other portion having been devoured, 
and the victor now darted out the proboscis repeatedly to finish its meal 
on the rest as it lay in a corner, this organ, like a hard substance, strik- 
ing the glass. 

This species, like others of the genus, is liable to lose the scales. 
But individuals are tenacious of life. First, the scales separate, and the 
body ruptures asunder, yet both portions survive for some time. 

In the middle of July, a large specimen produced an immense num- 
ber, not fewer than 10,000 ova, or perhaps more. This great pro- 
fusion, accumulated on the bottom of a glass vessel, was of reddish hue. 
The individual ovum was minute, white, and globular to the naked eye ; 
but exposing a darker nucleus under the microscope, within its transpa- 
rent integument. 

I know not whether the eyes of this, or of any other species of the 
Aphrodita, are confluent. A large specimen, not shorter than three 
inches and a half, having reached me from Shetland in June, totally 
divested of the scales, besides suffermg other injuries, I could discover 
only two eyes, of a rude oval form. By eyes, I mean a dark formation 
on the usual place of eyes. I concluded this to be a specimen of the 
Cirrosa. It had forty-four or forty-five pencils. 

This Aphrodita is the largest, at least the longest, of what I consi- 
der the genuine race inhabiting the Scotish seas. Like the rest, its 
favourite retreat is under the surface of shells, where it adheres in a re- 
versed position. Itis extremely timid, roaming abroad at night, and like 
the rest, apparently watching for prey. It is rare. 


Prats XXIV. 
Fic. 1. Aphrodita cirrosa, back. 
2. Belly. 


166 APHRODITA. 


§ 2. ApHRODITA SQUAMATA.—Plate XXIV. Figs. 3, 4. 


Length of the largest specimen about two inches and half ; breadth 
nearly one. Figure, a long oval, the body covered with a double row 
of scales, slightly overlapping each other. The head is small, bearing 
two antenns. The posterior extremity terminates in two bristles, which 
want the enlargement of the acicule. At least it is commonly less evi- 
dent. Between the antenne are two smaller acicule, thus both extre- 
mities are as if forked. .I do not know that the number of these second- 
ary organs are uniformly regular. There are four black eyes. A strong 
proboscis with a serrated margin, and containing four incurvated fangs, 
darts from the anterior part of the body. It is generally protruded when 
the animal is dead or dying. 

This animal presents a perplexing variety both in appearance and in 
parts, but without enabling the observer to establish different species. 
Also it is frequently mutilated. 

In its most ordinary form it is seen as a fine specimen, which came 
from Shetland, with about thirteen pair of scales, which is the ordinary 
complement. I suspect, however, that this number may be augmented 
with age, as was conjectured to take place among the Nerezds. 

As far as I can observe, the scales consist of from twelve to six- 
teen pair. A specimen, extending twenty lines, or nearly an inch and 
three quarters, had sixteen pair. The largest specimen I have seen, 
had fifteen pairs remaining. The same specimen, extending about an 
inch and three quarters, had about forty pencils on each side, be- 
sides aciculz or long bristles. Colour of the head red, the body com- 
monly dingy brown, belly pearly, and occasionally iridescent. That of 
a large specimen, with at least eighteen pair of scales, was totally of 
a fine dark azure blue; but the belly of another was not thus distin- 
guished. 

This animal is usually dull and languid, but it runs with considerable 
speed. It swims with difficulty. Its natural abode is near the shore, 
and especially under stones in shallow water. It always retreats from 


PL. XXIV" 


APHRODITA. 167 


the light, chiefly quitting its haunts cautiously and timidly at night, as 
if dreading enemies, or in quest of prey. 

However, it is scarcely ever observed to feed ; nor, amidst great 
variety of substances offered, is almost any thing found acceptable. A 
vessel containing a specimen, eight weeks in my possession, being re- 
plenished with sea-water, a portion of mussel was dropped before the 
Aphrodita next morning. Darting out the proboscis it sucked up the 
mussel. Eight or ten days afterwards the like occurred, the proboscis 
having been quickly withdrawn on both occasions. 

The same specimen survived some time longer, and then perished 
from impurity of the water. This is the most common of the genus. 


PLaTe XXIV. 
Fig. 3. Aphrodita squamata, large specimen, one pair of scales, and the ter- 
minal caudal bristles defective. 
. Perfect specimen from Shetland, with twelve pair of scales. 
. Head of a perfect specimen, with two pair of scales adjoining, slightly 
enlarged, 
. Anterior extremity of fig. 4, upper surface, enlarged. 


oo > 


. Posterior extremity of the same, under surface, enlarged. 
. Ordinary specimen, wanting one or two pair of scales. 

. Ova, enlarged. 

10. Proboscis, enlarged. 


© OAH 


§ 3. ApHropira VARIANS.—Plate XXIV. Figs. 10, 11. 


The variable aspect of this animal is extremely embarrassing to the 
general observer. It is sufficient to excite his doubts whether he sees 
before him a distinct species, or whether only successive varieties. I have 
been hitherto unable to detect such uniform and permanent features as 
to pronounce all the specimens, not few in number, as identified by for- 
mation with each other. Externally they are certainly very unlike, but 
it may be only in accidental characters. 


168 APHRODITA. 


The length of specimens apparently full-grown, including antenne 
and bristles, is eighteen lines, breadth three. Form nearly linear. From 
fourteen to perhaps eighteen pair of scales, always composed of two 
colours, cover the body ; each scale having the second colour as a broader 
or narrower partial marginal border on the interior side, which mar- 
gins meeting, produce a narrower red, brown, or black stripe, of various 
intensity, down the back of the animal. 

The colour of different specimens, therefore, is not only very differ- 
ent, but alternations ensue in the same specimens. 

The scales of the specimen, fig. 10, were wood-brown, with a cres- 
cent of the inner edge blackish-brown. ‘They were so thin as to expose 
the animal’s head of a reddish colour, which seems common to most 
of the Aphrodita. It had lost almost all the scales a week after being 
taken, when the body appeared of the faintest purple, the head more 
livid, exposing its four black eyes. About forty pencils bordered the 
sides, and a red line traversed the pearly belly. 

In five days longer only five of the original scales remained. 

Before this time, however, as the loss of the scales was gradual, 
small distinct circular marks appeared on the upper surface at the root 
of the pencils, indicating incipient regeneration. Their advances became 
sensible on the 15th of October, but the middle of the back remained 
bare, the scales being yet too small to cover it. In six days, however, 
the edges of each row met, when the margin was there coloured between 
crimson and purple, though for sometime remaining pale. On the Ist of 
November, scarcely any difference could be discovered between the ori- 
ginal scales and those regenerated. Their progress had advanced ; deep 
purple stained the margin of the whole on the 12th. Already the dark 
stripe appeared down the back, which had become still more conspicuous 
on the 21st, by the edges overlapping each other. 

The animal survived a month longer, and never displayed the usual 
timidity or ready retreat from the light common to its kind. 

The margin of the proboscis is surrounded by about eighteen stout, 
triangular, flattened, fleshy papillary organs, and the anterior of the pro- 


APHRODITA. 169 


boscis is armed with four black fangs. These parts were exposed on the 
death of a small specimen, not above eight lines long, with a black stripe 
down the middle of dingy scales. 

This species devours other Aphrodite. 


Piate XXIV. 
Fic. 11. Aphrodita varians, extending sixteen lines, with brown and blackish 
scales. 
12. Specimen with red and yellow scales. 


§ 4. Apnropira vELox.—Plate XXIV. Fig. 13. 


At first sight I was so much impressed by the great difference between 
the aspect of this minute animal from all the other Aphrodite occurring 
to me, that I felt disposed to name it provisionally Aphrodita velow. 

Nevertheless it may be possibly only an early stage of the A. sguamata, 
cirrosa, or some one sufficiently known. Iam very far, therefore, from 
pronouncing it a distinct species. 

Much of the appearance and habits of this section of the Aphrodita, 
perhaps, depend on age. The activity of the small specimen under re- 
view, scarcely half an inch long, was extraordinary, and from the transpa- 
rence, its whole structure was well exposed by the microscope. It swam 
swiftly and frequently through the water, whence I was disposed to con- 
sider it the young of the Aphrodita cirrosa. If so, it affords a favourable 
illustration of the evolution of additional parts. 

Length four or five lines ; breadth a line. Four distinct black eyes. 
About twenty pencils issue from each side, together with eight or ten 
acicule, extending much beyond them, from each sidealso. At first I be- 
lieved the animal totally divested of scales, and that it was a mere skeleton, 
but I afterwards observed a double row of about ten vascular scales in each, 
covering the back, the sheaths and their pencils being almost invisible 
from extreme transparence, while the more solid organs seemed predo- 
minant from shining through them. There seemed to be an aperture in 
each scale. 

Y 


170 APHRODITA. 


I conjectured that the last segment, along with a pair of scales, 
might be originally deficient. Whether it was truly so, two minute pro- 
jections were observed advancing at the posterior extremity in a fortnight. 


Piate XXIV. 
Fic. 13. Aphrodita velox, enlarged. 


§ 5. Apnropira ARctA.—Plate XXIV. Fig. 14. 


Length nine lines ; breadth the seventh or eighth part of the 
length. Form cylindrical, or nearly so. Head small, reddish, with [four] 
eyes indistinctly exposed. Antenne two. Styles terminating the body 
two. One which had been mutilated and nearly renewed. The body con- 
sists of numerous segments. It is covered by about sixty pair of scales, 
in two distinct rows, separated by a narrow interval down the back of 
the animal, and there exposing a small portion of the segments to view. 
Colour universally dingy white ; a darker internal portion towards the 
anterior, denoting the position of the proboscis. 

This is a sluggish creature, reposing constantly on a leaf of green 
fucus. 

It was taken in Shetland, and survived above a month. 


Piate XXIV. 
Fig. 14. Aphrodita arcta—Narrow Aphrodita—enlarged. 


§ 6. Apnropira AcuLEatA—The Sea Mouse.—Plate XXIV. Figs. 15, 16. 


Though this subject is incorporated in the genus Aphrodita by natu- 
ralists, and commonly presented as the type of the race, no animal bears 
less external resemblance to the preceding forms, which are all suffi- 
ciently defined to shew that they are kindred. 

The aspect of this species, however, is so peculiar, that it cannot be 
mistaken. It is the most brilliant of all the lower animals dwelling in the 


APHRODITA. 171 


Scotish seas, and in every place, it has invariably attracted the notice 
of many who have not otherwise much curiosity regarding the works of 
creation. 

The body of the largest extends eight inches, commonly it does not 
exceed five, of a long oval figure, with extremities proportionably acute. 
The back is somewhat convex, the belly flat. Short, thick, brown fur covers 
the middle part of the former, surrounded, especially towards the sides, 
with long, bright, green and yellow iridescent hair, very beautiful to be- 
hold. Intermixed with this are transverse irregular rows of long, stiff, 
thorny, brown bristles. Two cartilaginous-looking flexible antenne, 
about half an inch long, issue from the head, besides some other organs. 
Possibly only two real antennze belong to the Aphrodita. Belly smooth, 
soft, dark, full of transverse ridges. A row of peduncles with bristles, 
borders each side of the body, serving to aid the motion of the animal ; 
but its sluggishness is excessive. It scarcely ever moves, it is always 
languid, remaining nearly in the same position, with the posterior ex- 
tremity of the body recurved, and discharging a stream of water from an 
orifice there. 

Baster remarks, that this Aphrodita shewed a certain turgidity, by 
which it was enlarged a third more at one time than at another. Probably 
its aspect is modified by absorption. The stream is discharged so forcibly, 
as to form a slight vortex at the neighbouring surface of the water. 

Naturalists have bestowed considerable attention in explaining the 
structure of the Aphrodita aculeata, particularly MM. Andouin and Milne 
Edwards, as may be seen in their works. It is explained that the body 
consists of thirty-nine segments ; that the elytra or scales, concealed by 
the covering of the back from external view, amount to about thirty, or 
fifteen pair, thin, smooth, and almost circular, the larger being in the 
middle, and the others decreasing towards each extremity. There is an 
aperture in the surface of the head in connection with the respiratory 
functions, from the position of the branchise under the surface of the 
back. 

None, of many specimens living several months in my possession, have 
fed on any substance offered to them. 


172 APHRODITA. 


The beautiful green and golden hair loses its brilliance a day or two 
after separation. 
This animal is not rare. 


PiateE XXIV. 
Fia. 15. Aphrodita aculeata, back. 
16. Belly. 


The subjects of the two preceding chapters seem to have proved 
particularly embarrassing to naturalists, whose modes of treating them 
are extremely different. Some have been content with description brief 
and simple, others have offered representations of the external form, and 
a few have occupied themselves with minute and laborious dissections. 
However meritorious the last may be, and though perhaps the most 
serviceable to the cause and permanence of natural history, as a science 
founded on internal organization, it is plam that such a system is quite 
incompatible with the views and practice of those observers desiring to 
ascertain the nature of living animals, by gaining acquaintance with their 
habits. Neither can dissection ever prove as popular a method of ar- 
rangement, as one derived from external configuration and habits com- 
bined. 

If it be extremely difficult to ascertain the proper name, or the pre- 
cise functions of some of the external organs, much more so must it be 
to declare the office of many of those which are internal. But structural 
characters are beautiful as a profound study, which merits all encourage- 
ment from the contributions to our knowledge which it has furnished. 

But whatever may have been the individual views of the respective 
authors adopting these different modes of research, all seem eager to quit 
the pursuit, as if deterred by the extreme and .unsatisfactory embarrass- 
ments attending its protracted prosecution. 

I do not feel quite assured, that in the various figures given in this 
volume of the animals ranked as Annelides, that they are not identified 


APHRODITA. 178 


by name with those of more scientific claims. I doubt not that in my over- 
sight of certain features whereon the observations of others have specially 
rested, I may have mistaken the names previously bestowed on them, 
and that in my desire for abbreviation, I may not have entered on suffi- 
cient detail, errors which may be subsequently rectified on opportunity. 


PLate XXIV. Apuropira. 
Fic. 1. Aphrodita cirrosa, back. 
2. The same, belly. 
3. Aphrodita squamata, large specimen. 
4. Aphrodita squamata, ordinary specimen from Shetland. 
5. Anterior portion of an ordinary specimen, slightly enlarged. 
6. Anterior portion of fig. 4, upper surface, shewing the tentacula, eyes 
pencils, &e., enlarged. 
7. Posterior extremity of the same, under surface, enlarged. 
8. Ordinary specimen, wanting one or two pair of scales. 
9. Ova. 
10. Proboscis, enlarged. 
11. Aphrodita varians. 
12. Another specimen. 
13. Aphrodita velox, enlarged. 
14. Aphrodita arcta. 
15. Aphrodita aculeata, back. 
16. The same, belly. 


174 SABELA. 


CHAPTER VIL. 


SABELLA AND CONGENERA. 


NATURALISTS divide the Annulosa or Annelides, as they are commonly 
denominated, into erratic and sedentary. The former, as may be easily 
concluded, are in the more natural state, having no permanent abode ; 
the latter occupy a fixed habitation, sometimes of very durable mate- 
rials and solid construction. They are themselves its constructors, and 
real architects of a very ingenious kind. 

I doubt not that some grounds might be found for systematic dis- 
tinctions in the quality of the dwelling, as an accessory to the distribu- 
tion of the lower animals, did not so much uncertainty prevail recarding 
the temporary or permanent occupation of the dwelling, for it is still ob- 
scure, whether many which seem erratic, have not such a place of refuge, 
or whether many of tender frame, do not want it entirely. The delicacy 
of an animal is no infallible presumption that Nature provides some arti- 
ficial means for its protection. 

Among the comprehensive tribe of Aznelides, are incorporated seve- 
ral creatures, apparently considered by the thoughtless and inexperienced 
so utterly insignificant, as to merit no particular notice. Yet such are 
equally the works of Nature with the largest and highest valued of the 
animal world, as coming from the hands of Supreme Intelligence. They 
are endowed often with refined faculties of perception and execution, 
and, above all, with the consciousness whether a certain service or opera- 
tion required has been effected. Such instinctive displays cannot be un- 
deserving of human investigation. 


IESE 


Breen 


PUXXY 


SABELLA. 175 


Different species or varieties of the Sabella are found on the shores 
and in the seas of Scotland. The most superficial observers must have 
remarked agglomerated clusters of sandy tubes, with numerous circular 
orifices, rudely resembling honeycomb ; or they may have seen flattened 
tubes, composed more solidly of particles of sand agelutinated to the sur- 
face of shells, in lines or curvatures over them. Or, it may be, they have 
been struck with some single, perfect, conical tube of larger dimensions, 
neatly constructed entirely of such particles, with or without a slight 
silky lining, but altogether so fragile, as to be qualified to offer very little 
resistance against violence. 

All these, whether weak or strong, solitary or conglomerated, con- 
fined or capacious, are the work of their respective tenants, and occupied 
by animals admitting of some comparision with the Nereis and Spio, but 
of closer resemblances among themselves. 

The Sabella is occupied long and sedulously in fabricating its dwel- 
ling, which, from the first, is never quitted, for it does not seem capable 
of constructing a new one. 


§ 1. SapernA arvEotaRrA—The Honeycomb Sabella—Plate XXV. 
Figs. 1, 2, 3. 


The length of this diminutive architect is nine lines ; thickness above 
one. Body round, composed of numerous segments, with bristles from 
the side of some. A slender caudal appendage, generally folded up on 
the body, terminates its extremity. The anterior extremity of the ani- 
mal is cleft longitudinally, with two stout obtuse halves, each bordered 
by about forty tentacular organs, being eighty im all, on a specimen. 
These organs are extremely flexible, and apparently cartilaginous, under 
the microscope. One surface has a groove in the centre, its remainder 
comes out like a file, which peculiar conformation is more conspicuous 
on the edges. But when completely extended, these organs are pectinate 
on both sides, exactly in miniature like the weapon of the saw-fish, ex- 
cept in colour, as may be discovered by microscopical observation. 


176 SABELLA. 


The caudal appendage is long in some specimens, commonly extend- 
ing a line anda half. It consists of eight or ten enlargements, suscep- 
tible of some alteration of form. 

Numerous ova are produced at different times of the year, m June, 
August, and in October. They are generally purple, consisting of a 
darker nucleus, within a gelatinous sphere. A specimen having been in- 
jured in the third week of October, by separating a congeries of tubes, a 
vast quantity of purple ova issued from about the root of the cleft. The 
parent itself was coloured by the presence of the ovarium, for by this 
organ are these creatures greatly affected during the season of propaga- 
tion. They become brownish or dingy white, from a fine ruddy colour, 
when the spawning season is over. 

On removal to a watch-glass, the same specimen continued dis- 
charging thousands of ova, all of a beautiful purple colour, and regular 
ovoidal form. But neither they nor others have afforded any progeny. 

This is a timid, lively, active creature, whose most, prominent pro- 
perty is constructing itself an artificial dwelling of the grains of commi- 
nuted sand, intermingled with shelly fragments, or other indurated sub- 
stances. But there seems a great difference in the solidity of the dwelling 
according to the position of the tube, or perhaps the variety of the archi- 
tects, which has never been the subject of sufficient observation. Thus 
we find the fabric, when a cylindrical segment, running over some flat- 
tened surface, firm, durable, and capable of great resistance. It is not 
easily crushed. On the other hand, when cylindrical or alveolar, it ap- 
pears to be always more brittle. Most of the dwellings of the Sabella 
are lined with a fine silky substance, formed of an exudation escaping 
from the body, which, consisting of indurated gelatinous matter, is very 
conspicuous on breaking up the alveolar mass of some old congeries. 

The animals testify a decided preference on choosing the materials 
of their habitations. While always preferring sand and comminuted shell, 
pounded glass is sparingly and reluctantly employed, and unless for a 
few fragments, it is soon entirely rejected. 

But there is a striking difference in the character of the tahee One 
is short and confined, extending little beyond mere accommodation for 


SABELLA. 177 


the body ; another is considerably prolonged, so as to afford a safe re- 
treat in times of danger. The architect of a third seems to persist in 
advancing the fabric as long as it can procure materials. It never 
wearies of working, thus sharing the nature of the Jerebella, of which 
more hereafter. 

Night is the chief season of architectural labour, though perfect 
idleness never leaves the day unoccupied. 

By means of the tentacular organs, and the cleft im the anterior 
part, grains of sand are selected and adapted to the precise spot, where 
glutinous matter secures them to the tube for sheltering its otherwise 
defenceless tenant. 

Among the most interesting instincts displayed in animal life, are 
those whereby weak and unresisting creatures shew their gift from 
Nature in rearing the means of self-protection. 

I know not that an individual animal, if adult, is capable of found- 
ing a tube, but rapid advances extend that which is already in progress, 
and in repairing the breaches of those which are injured. 

This may be readily witnessed by the inquisitive observer. 

On one occasion the dwellings of a colony of Sabella had been acci- 
dentally impaired, so as to leave them only about half an inch in height ; 
but on a supply of sand, it became soon evident that a member of the 
community, more active than the rest, had constructed a tube not less 
than two inches and ahalf inlength. In endeavouring to ascertain their 
preference for particular substances, I supplied this specimen, among 
others, with brick dust and pounded glass. Only a few particles of each 
being used in a week, shewed them to be unsuitable, therefore 1 removed 
the architects to a bed of sand. The active Sabella did not now relax 
in its industry. Sometime afterwards it was accidentally buried during 
weeks among mud, which it survived with impunity ; and it next em- 
ployed itself in extending its cylinder still more and more with sand and 
shelly fragments. 

As the habits of such creatures may be rendered subservient to the 
curiosity of the observer, who desires a distinct view of their operations 
while unrestrained in their own dwellings, he must watch the time when 

Z 


178 SABELLA. 


the advancing tube reaches the side of a glass cylinder. They then con- 
tinue alike industrious, but frequently, as if to economise labour, the grow- 
ing edifice is reduced to the segment of a cylinder, the transparent glass 
supplying the defective portion. Whatever passes within is thus suffi- 
ciently exposed. 

A Sabella previously carrying on its operations in a watch-glass, 
will sometimes avail itself of the transparent side of a jar on coming in 
contact with it. 

Some outstrip their neighbours. One working from below carries 
its perfect cylinder to the surface of the sand, where it appears surround- 
ed by a groove, occasioned by removal of the materials to raise the edge of 
the dwelling. Should several tubes be covered during some time by sand, 
a perfect labyrinth will be found on washing it out, from the labour of the 
architects. 

The greatest activity is displayed during the warmest weather. 

These animals quit their tubes when the water becomes vitiated. 
They survive a long time though divested of them, which they seem to do 
spontaneously on other occasions. 

Their food is unknown. 

Specimens have lived thirteen months in confinement, therefore they 
may be readily preserved. 


Pate XXV. 
Fic. 1. Sabella alveolaria. 


. Tentacular organs, enlarged. 


bo 


3. Ova, enlarged. 
4. Ova, more enlarged. 


§ 2. SABELLA BELGICA—AMPHITRITE AURICOMA.—Plate XXV. Figs. 5, 6. 


Lamarck proposes to institute a genus named Pectinaria, compre- 
hending certain species of marine animals, such as the preceding, with 
others of its kind, and the subject of the present paragraph. 

I do not obviously see, however, that the former can be properly in- 
cluded, from wanting such peculiar characters as belong very prominently 


SABELLA. 1, 


to the latter, and whereon the institution of such a genus would be spe- 
cially founded. 

Taking a great and comprehensive view of the general features of the 
animated universe, many analogies in structure and habits will be found 
in animals which now stand far apart, or are totally detached by artifi- 
cial systems. In fact, our attention is to be here directed to individual 
properties, leaving the strict associations of species in genera to future 
labourers. 

The Sabella belgica or Amphitrite awicoma extends to four inches and 
a half in length, by about three quarters of an inch at the shoulder; and 
the tube in which such a specimen dwelt was a hollow conic frustrum, 
five inches long, tapering regularly downwards. 

Never having possessed a specimen in its highest vigour, I can only 
say, that in general structure and in habits, it admits of comparison to 
the Terebella arenaria in many points. 

The anterior portion is distinguished by a flattened face, wherein the 
mouth is situated ; two pair of flattened gills or branchie appear on each 
side of the head, with numerous tentacular organs, not extending far. Two 
gilded fans, somewhat like a comb, rise from the head, consisting of eleven 
or twelve short teeth. The head is presented as a spherical segment at the 
orifice of the tube. It issues from a frill of four segments, more distinct 
than any others, with pencils or bristles from their sides. Other fourteen, 
also with pencils, compose the rest of the body, which terminates by a 
large scoop, exhibiting rudimental segments indenting the back. The 
general hue of the animal is reddish, the branchiz bright vermilion, and 
a vivid red vessel traverses the body. 

This creature constructs a very delicate tube, as thin as paper, ex- 
clusively of the grains of sand agglutinated jtogether in an extraordinary 
manner. The thickness of the side does not exceed a single grain, each 
lies in its own proper place, and the whole is lined with the slightest 
silken coating. The sand being collected at the orifice of the tube, its 
tenant, chiefly by means of the tentacular organs, selects those which are 
appropriate, and applies them to use. This is done only through the 
night, all the additions being made at the orifice, and as the animal grows, 


180 SABELLA. 


the shape and dimensions of the tube, being an inverted conic frustrum, 
result from the successive growth of the body. 

The animal is very timid. It dwells in deep water, lying apparently 
in a horizontal position on the bottom of the sea. When taken, the body 
is generally plump and fleshy; but I have not found it easily preserved, 
from not being vigorous at first. 

The tubes of all the specimens occurring to me were regular cones, 
except in one instance, where it was slightly curved, like the tusk of an 
elephant. 

Found among the Shetland Islands, and in various parts of the 
Scotish seas. 

On the whole this animal has more correspondence with the nature 
of the Terebella than with any other. 


PratE XXV. SABELLA. 
Fic. 5. Sabella belgica. 
6. Posterior extremity, with the scoop. 
. Tube of fig, 9. 
8. Portion of the tube, shewing the arrangement of the grains of sand, 
enlarged. 


O ~I 


9. Sabella belaica, another specimen. a 


TEREBELLA. 18] 


CHAPTER VIIL 


TEREBELLA. 


The preceding subjects, the Sabella alveolaria and Sabella belgica, 
conduct us naturally to the Terebella. Their habits in so far agree most 
intimately, that the organs which all possess in a modified form, are ap- 
plied to the construction of an artificial dwelling, for the shelter and 
safety of their unprotected bodies. 

All are architects, nor of contemptible skill, as we shall find on con- 
templating their mechanical labours. 

The instinct of animals being most conspicuously evinced in the 
pursuit of prey, the care of their young, and the construction of an arti- 
ficial dwelling, those apparently the readiest to suffer external injury 
should enjoy this latter faculty in the highest perfection. 

Yet, according to human observation, many of the weakest are 
neither the best protected, nor have they the greatest facilities for secur- 
ing themselves from danger. 

The collection, preparation, arrangement, and combination of various 
materials in framing a safe and permanent habitation unite in a peculiar 
property, sparingly conferred by Nature on her creatures. If any, seem- 
ingly more defenceless than the favoured few, be left exposed, by denial 
of this great prerogative in our eyes, it is for some inscrutable purpose, 
which we cannot discover, or which, if discovered, we could not appre- 
ciate. We may uot arraign the Omnipotent decree invisibly governing 
the animated world. All that may be reiterated concentrates in the 


182 TEREBELLA. 


conservation of the species being obviously of deeper interest than the 
safety of the individuals composing it. 

Such synonymes as would signify mason or potter, might be aptly 
applied in explaining the character and habits of the Terebella. Nothing 
could be more appropriate, for this animal, as some others most interest- 
ing to naturalists, is alike distinguished by address and perseverance in 
producing works of art. It is even more admirable than many, for its 
energies seem always ready to be roused, and its faculties prepared for 
exercise.* 

From the facility of obtaining materials, this creature’s labours are 
incessant, and from its being subject to a certain kind of controul, they 
may be rendered a fund of great entertainment to observers. 

The genus Terebella has been rendered singularly confused even by 
accomplished naturalists, partly, however, from overlooking the simpli- 
city of its characters as applied to it in the Linnean Systema Nature, in 
as far as they go; partly from being misled by indistinct and erroneous 
description. Practical naturalists, those who look at animals as they 
truly are, who do not embarrass themselves in searching after distinctions 
so trivial that our skilful precursors never thought them worth their while, 
cannot but acquit Gmelin of the reiterated charges of inaccuracy as em- 
broiling genera. This was more the fault of his authorities than his own. 
It originated especially from the want of figures, or from the employment 
of those which, as in some of the present day, were unintelligible. Yet 
in recent improvement, let us be merciful to our neighbours, recollect- 
ing the innumerable obstacles to perspicuity in these most difficult pur- 


*Tt might prove a great convenience, if those who deal in nomenclature would explain 
what is to be understood by the names which they confer on genera or species. To receive 
as rock piercer, a character ascribed to the Terebella, by that interpretation of its name, 
would be most absurd, at least in any that I have seen or heard of, for nothing seems more 
adverse to their nature. All are capable of constructing elevations, but none of the Terebelle 
proper can form a cavity in an indurated substance. The Terebelle are masons or builders 
in the strictest sense. Lamarck comprehends them among the sedentary Annelides, cer- 
tainly meaning to indicate habits (if he ever contemplated habits) opposite to those of erratic 
Annelides, which latter character he does not resort to as a distinction. 


HARVARD UNIVERSHTY 
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA 


PL. XXVI 


N 


N 
SS 
SS 


Yh UE 


CEL 


aye 
ea 


TEREBELLA. 185 


suits, where an hour's interval may produce an absolute deformity of 
what has been beheld as beautiful and symmetrical. Description is a 
very unsatisfactory substitute for representation, as all who study nature 
in her own garb will agree. Nor can any system be useful, abounding 
in conviction throughout, intelligible and agreeable, unless accompanied 
by figures of the subjects as beheld in their ordinary form. 

The two genera more commonly confounded are the Terebella and 
Amphitrite, though corresponding somewhat in general character, are 
radically distinct in themselves. It would be difficult to point out the 
grossest errors of recent authors or editors in this respect, themselves 
utterly to blame, while attempting to blame their more correct fellows. 


§ 1. TEREBELLA LITTORALIS, SEU ARENARIA— The Sand Mason.—Plate XXVI. 
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 


Between half-tide and low-water mark numerous cylindrical tubes 
may be observed projecting from among the rocks and stones of the 
shore, especially amidst sandy patches. Some terminate ina tuft, like the 
oozing end of a hempen cord, and on a search being made in the neigh- 
bourhood, another of corresponding appearance, or the orifice of a plane, 
hollow, sandy cylinder, will be frequently found within a short distance. 

Here is the dwelling of the Terebella, an edifice constructed by itself. 
If the finder endeavours to pull forth the tube with its tenant, it ruptures 
in his hand, and the animal retreats below, but on tracing its direction, as 
it winds a foot or more among the sand, or descending under one of the 
firmest stones in the vicinity, he may discover the orifice rising on the 
opposite side. 

Now it may be removed along with the architect, which meantime 
has contracted within the smallest possible space. The naturalist must 
never forget the importance of obtaining every subject entire and unmuti- 
lated, which will cost him much time and patience on many occasions. 
But the first consequence of this oversight would probably be the vitia- 
tion of the water, from the decomposition of the injured parts or por- 
tions, and the death of the remainder. 


184 TEREBELLA. 


The littoral Terebella, expelled from its tube, is of a vermicular form ; 
the body seven or eight inches long, and a quarter of an inch thick towards 
the head, and consists of numerous segments tapering towards the posterior 
extremity, which terminates in several points.—Plate XXVI. fig. 1. Six- 
teen retractile pencils, each of fifteen or twenty bristles, border the sides 
of the upper segments, which farther down degenerate to stumps. The an- 
terior part of the body consists of a thin frill, divided into three portions, 
surrounding the roots of sixty, seventy, or a hundred tentacula, according 
to the age or dimensions of the specimen, with the mouth like a scoop 
in the midst of them. Immediately behind this frill, three pair of the 
most beautiful scarlet branchize rise half an inch high. The animal is 
universally of peach-blossom colour, variable in a redder or browner tinge, 
with a broad, taper, smooth, velvet, bright carmine stripe, descending 
along the belly between a transverse row of ellipses.—Plate XXVI. fig. 1, 
Terebella, reduced ; fig. 2, section of the body. 

An easier guide than following the preceding description, consists 
in simply observing the formation of the branchiz, to identify the 
different species of the Terebella. These organs are extremely diversi- 
fied, sometimes in number, always in structure. It is somewhat singu- 
lar to remark, that naturalists give one set of branchiz as that of the 
Terebella conchilega, though actually not belonging to the species, for 
an. illustration of all the rest. But we must allow that the observer's 
most attentive inspection is indispensable. This organ becomes a micro- 
scopical object, about which no one can readily satisfy himself; its 
expansion and contraction are incessant, thence nothing is of more diffi- 
cult delineation. 

The branchis: of every species of Terebella, I say, are different. 
Here they are so complex and luxuriant, they abound in such numerous 
points, extremities, and curvature ; their shades and intensity of colour, 
and the alternation of shape are so variable, that no object is more 
beautiful and interesting to behold, or more difficult to be rendered in- 
telligible by description. To attempt it would be vain. The mind alone 
must conceive it. During life, the motion, the enlargement, reduction, 
and spiral twisting of the branchix, singly or collectively, is perpetual, 


TEREBELLA. 185 


but instant cessation, followed by speedy disfiguration and decay, are con- 
comitant on death, rendering every attempt to ascertain their structure 
fruitless. 

This may be well understood from the presence of a serpentine in- 
ternal vessel appearing blue, which, winding through most of the body. 
seems to discharge much of its contents during vigorous life into the 
branchie. 

The first or highest pair of these organs is the largest, and all of an 
arborescent form. Each, as viewed individually, consists of a main trunk, 
with boughs and branches, shortenimg as they rise towards the summit 
of their principal parts respectively. The boughs, in alternate arrange- 
ment, diverge from the trunk ; the branches, single, in pairs, or in triplets, 
are arrayed around the boughs. Most of the subordinate parts originate 
from the convexities of those sustaining them.—Plate X XVI. fig. 5, en- 
larged. A section of one of the extremities exhibited thirteen promi- 
nent cups under the microscope, fig. 4. ; none could be discovered on 
another. The beautiful red of the branches fades, and is converted into 
a green, as the animal weakens ; and then, as when in a dying state, the 
whole body tends to the same colour. 

Under the microscope, a convoluted intestinal organ was exposed in 
a young specimen, not half an inch long ; likewise were discovered by 
the same means, numerous round, black specks, like so many ocelli, un- 
der the margin of the frill. 

It is not improbable that certain organization, resembling tubercles 
or prominences, evidently distinct from the neighbouring parts, may be 
of a glandular nature. We cannot ascertain the various secretions from 
the body of the lower animals, nor the precise organs instrumental in 
producing them. 

But the use of some of the rest of the external organs of this ani- 
mal is easily seen, for example, the tentacula, and it proves most amus- 
ing to the observer. 

If a specimen be dislodged from its tube, it swims by violent contor- 
tions in the water, after the fashion of the Nereis, and some other worms 

2A 


186 TEREBELLA. 


or Annelides. The tentacula and the branchize are compressed and 
contracted about the head like a brush, and as the animal becomes very 
soon exhausted by such unnatural exertions, it soon sinks to the bottom. 
Should a quantity of sand be now scattered from above, the tentacula, 
relaxing speedily, extend to sweep the vessel clean, so that in the briefest 
interval, not a particle remains within their reach. The whole have 
been collected for employment in the construction of a new artificial 
dwelling for sheltering the naked body of the architect. Permanent ex- 
posure to the light, or to the air, is pernicious. 

The artifice, the selection of materials, and the expedition demon- 
strated by this creature, are truly admirable ; nor is it a small gratifica- 
tion to the curious, that all its qualities may be displayed before them. 

Should a tube be already constructed on the side of a glass vessel 
wherein a specimen has had a permanent abode, the inhabitant is found 
lurking within in the earlier part of the day ; only the extremities of the 
tentacula protrude beyond the orifice ; and so they remain till towards 
noon. But scarcely has the sun passed the meridian, when the animal 
begins to, be restless. Between four and five the animal has risen up- 
wards, the tentacula extending with the approach of evening, and after 
sunset, they are in the greatest activity. They are now let down from 
the orifice like so many slender cords, each seizes on one or more grains 
of sand, and drags up its burden to the top, there to be employed at the 
summit of the tube according to whatever service is requisite. Should 
any of the ladening slip its hold, the same organs search eagerly after 
it at the bottom, to be seized and raised to the top anew. 

Such operations are protracted during several hours, though with- 
out any visible additions to the tube. Nevertheless, on resuming inspec- 
tion next morning, a surprising prolongation will be discovered ; or, in- 
stead of an accession of the same description, the orifice is sometimes 
surrounded by forking threads of sandy particles agglutinated together. 

The architect has now retired to repose ; but, as evening comes, its 
activity is renewed, and against sunrise, a further prolongation has 
augmented its dwelling. 

All these are nocturnal labours. Such, indeed, are the habits com- 


TEREBELLA. 187 


mon to the tenants of the deep, whose faculties are most energetic, and 
their industry most active, while the upper world are buried in sleep. 

Comparing the effects of this persevering artificer with manual 
powers, even when these are aided by the high prerogative of reason, it 
will be understood how the operations of sixty, eighty, or a hundred 
prehensile organs, all directed towards the same purpose, can produce 
definite and considerable consequences. 

At first sight the numerous tentacula seem only so many long, 
slender, cylindrical, fleshy threads, of infinite flexibility. Looking to 
them more attentively, we see that in exercising any special function, 
the portion which is applied to the surface of objects, flattens into twice or 
thrice its ordinary diameter, and while conveying the sandy materials 
to the tube, these are seized and retained by what appears a slit in each. 
Thus the tentaculum becomes a flat narrow ribband, folding longitudi- 
nally in different places to hold the particles securely. 

Although those organs collecting as a brush be scarcely double the 
thickness of the body, they extend four inches singly, or half the 
length of the animal, thus sweeping the area of a circle eight inches in 
diameter. 

A thin silken internal coating, perhaps derived from a glutinous 
exudation of the body, lines the whole tube, while serving asa real cement 
to unite and strengthen its innumerable parts. 

Notwithstanding the unrivalled expertness, and the expedition of 
this diminutive architect in advancing its work, it has never been ob- 
served to resume possession of its tube when once forsaken. To obtain 
the shelter of a new dwelling in place of the old, its labours are recom- 
menced from the foundation. 

Both extremities of the tube are open, which, let it be recollected, 
is a positive character of the genus, distinctive from all analogies offered 
by the Sabella, an Amphitrite, or any other architect of its habitation, 
not undergoing metamorphosis, with which I am acquainted. I cannot 
speak of the Pectinaria (Sabella belgica), no entire tube having come 
into my possession. The length of that of the Teredella is indefinite, 
but the diameter no greater than allowing the tenant’s reversal within 


188 TEREBELA. 


by doubling the body. After the tentacula turn the head follows, and 
the body folding on itself, the anterior extremity is liberated where the 
tentacula begin to protrude. 

The worker can invest part of the body, even the whole, with sand 
by adhesion, but not as a tube, for this edifice requires a peculiar kind 
of construction. 

A subsisting tube is prolonged one or two inches in the course of a 
night, though not with equal solidity under all circumstances, whether 
from scanty materials, defective secretions, or the disposition of the 
architect. In the natural state, the tube seems to be always directed 
horizontally. No parts, perhaps, unless the orifices, are vertical. In con- 
finement the Terebella inclines to build upwards, at least such a ten- 
dency is then more evident. But it may result from the limited sphere 
of operation. 

The fashion of the architect is subject to capricious modifications, 
sometimes it formed a vertical cylinder unsupported, though composed of 
very slight materials ; also it appeared from a long and tortuous tube 
ascending the side of a glass jar, that, 1. It was cylindrical for a consi- 
derable distance from the foundation ; that, 2. The animal then began to 
economise its labour, by appropriating the glass as one side of the rising 
edifice ; that 3. On being conducted in this form to the highest edge of 
the vessel, which was immerged in one more capacious, the cylindrical 
form was resumed, because the substituted support by the side of the 
glass was lost ; that, 4. When the continued extension of the tube at 
length reached the side of the larger vessel, the animal, to spare its 
labour, again availed itself of the side of the glass, and now directed the 
formation of the edifice downwards. 

Though the creature commonly prosecutes its advantage as far as 
possible for saving labour, when the structure reaches a solid wall, this 
advantage is often abandoned as useless where a perfect cylinder might 
be constructed in actual contact with that wall, or within a hair’s breadth 
of it. Likewise, after the cylinder has been advanced indefinitely, a 
new orifice is broken through the side, and a branch from it prolonged in 
different directions from that of the original edifice, where, im process of 


TEREBELLA. 189 


time, a confused assemblage of tubular projections and orifices are con- 
nected with the main structure. 

A tube, constructed with considerable regularity on the side of a 
spacious vessel, where the animal has partly saved its labour, is represent- 
ed on Plate XXVI. fig. 5. 

Sometimes while the anterior part of the Terebella occupies its tube, 
the posterior extremity is suddenly reversed, to discharge a quantity of 
sand from the same orifice, and as suddenly withdrawn. This is accom- 
plished by the body folding within the tube, and the purpose of reversal 
may be to discharge the materials within reach of the tentacula. Thus 
there must be an internal reservoir. This part, however, very seldom 
comes under observation. I believe the whole animals of the genus can 
reverse themselves in the tube, so as to carry on the operations from 
either end. 

In the natural state, a singular kind of tuft terminates, on indeed 
both extremities of the tube, proving an excellent guide to the animal's 
retreat. But such tufts are rarely formed in confinement. If they do 
appear, it is generally in May or June. The tuft consists of thirty or 
forty threads of sand, nearly nine lines long, fashioned by agglutination 
of many grains of sand, laterally or longitudinally together. In the 
course of a night a young specimen fabricated two threads, each being a 
single row of about thirty grains, at the opposite sides of the orifice. If 
the tube rises amidst the heterogeneous mass of matter on the shore, the 
threads issue from the edge of the orifice, many of them forking about the 
middle into two or more lines of sand. The use of these tufts is uncer- 
tain, whether as a defence against enemies, as a nidus to receive the 
spawn, which, I have never had the fortune to see, or to entangle prey, 
which is less probable. Frequently both tufts are forsaken in their ori- 
ginal position by the subsequent prolongation of the edifice beyond 
them. 

The Terebella is a very lively, active animal, but of great timidity. 
Its energies seem to be aroused chiefly by the state of its dwelling, to- 
wards the enlargement of which incessant labour is devoted. By sunder- 
ing a long tube below, while the architect is above, the observer will 


190 TEREBELLA. 


discover how it proceeds to rectify so serious a disaster. The light of 
day seems obnoxious to all the race. 

On removal of an intermediate portion of its tube, the tenant im 
repairing the breach prolonged the lower part upwards, so as to preserve 
the regular course of communication, uniting the new work with the 
older fabric above. 

A series of experiments might tend to ascertain the precise extent 
of the instinctive faculties among the architectural tribes, and whether 
there is any approximation to that kind of retrospective reasoning gene- 
rated by experience ; also how their labours are exercised, if according 
to circumstances. 

Nothing has supported any conjectures relative to the food of this 
genus. All have rejected animal substances. The whole vermicular 
race not known to subsist on prey, seem to derive most part of their 
sustenance from sandy or earthy matter. The timidity of the Terebella 
effectually precludes it from attempting the capture of living prey. It 
is always readier to retreat than to advance. The smallest and most de- 
fenceless creature might, apparently, repell its attacks. 

Everything, indeed, is secured by the tentacula, animal or vege- 
table fragments, particles of shell, and the like, not for food, but to be 
incorporated with the wall of the dwelling. Something of earthy con- 
sistence occupies the intestinal organs. Thus it may resemble the other 
vermicular species, swallowing earth as the source of aliment, or sand, to 
be reposited in a special reservoir. 

Frequent renovation of its native element is essential for the salu- 
brity of the Terebella, as well as for the vigorous exercise of its functions. 
With moderate precaution specimens have survived six months in con- 
finement. 

The healthy aspect, and the strength and plumpness of the body, 
argue copious subsistence in the natural state. 

Mutilation of the body is often concomitant on the violent contor- 
tions of the Terebella, when dislodged from its tube. Large. portions of 
the posterior part seem easily ruptured ; the tentacula, also separating 
by force or accident, continue a long time demonstrating vitality. Yet 


TEREBELLA. 194 


the animal is so little affected, that its labours are not only commenced, 
but continued under such privations. 

Slight injuries often prove fatal, especially in hot weather. When- 
ever the body acquires a greenish tinge, the conservation of a specimen 
is a vain attempt. The vivid red of the branchie and the other parts 
exhibits the same conversion of colour. Some contract or disappear in 
death, insomuch, that the creature once so active and industrious can 
scarcely be recognised. 

Like the Amphitrite, the Terebella in dying quits its tube. 

This species, the Terebella littoralés or arenaria, is thus named from 
the place of its abode, and the materials of its architecture. It must not 
be confounded with the Terebella conchilega or shell binder, which dwells 
in deep water, and from which it may readily be distinguished, first, ex- 
ternally by the materials of its tube ; next, the different configuration of 
the branchiz and general appearance. 


Phate XXVI. 

Fic. 1. Terebella littoralis—The Sand Mason—Tentacula a; branchiz &. 
Section of the body. 
Section of one of the branchiz, enlarged. 


bo 


Section of a part, magnified. 
Terebella in its tube, partly on the side of a glass. 
Tuft terminating the tube. 


SA tes) 


Substances of uncertain nature discharged by the Terebella. 


§ 2. TeREBELLA FIGULUS—T'he Potter—Plate XXVII. Figs. 1, 2. 


As the history of genera can be composed only by viewing species. 
wherein must be comprehended both aspect and habits, naturalists would 
do well to avoid the oversight of either. 

We are wont to consider the strongest demonstrations of instinct as 
a wonderful prerogative, inherited from Nature by those diminutive 
beings incorporated with the great, numerous, and extensive class of 
insects. But it must be admitted that they are rivalled by the subjects 


192 TEREBELLA. 


now under discussion, which are far removed from them by modern 
systematic arrangements. 

The figure and the habits of the Terebella figulus, which may be 
most appropriately explained the potter, from its operations, as its chosen 
materials resemble the preceding species under a few modifications. Like 
the Sand Mason it is an architect, equally industrious, though less skil- 
ful. Where circumstances allow, it selects soft mud or clay exclusively 
for the materials of its dwelling, which also is fashioned of a tubular 
form, heavy, thick, and clumsy, instead of the comparatively light, thin, 
and fragile sandy edifice above described. It is smaller, and of more 
irregular shape. 

The dimensions of this animal are generally much inferior to those 
of the former, but the product of its labours, if estimated by quantity, 
much surpasses the proportion, and is more speedily executed. 

Were such delicate and defenceless beings liable to protracted expo- 
sure, they would be quickly sacrificed by numberless rapacious enemies 
ever in quest of prey, thence do they seem to know instinctively how 
they should be guarded from danger, or how to secure the readiest re- 
treat. 

For the most part the individuals of this species establish themselves 
in empty shells in deep water. But the finest specimen of all, I obtained 
casually on breaking up the shelving floor of a recess left in a shallow 
pool by the tide, wherein it seemed to have a permanent dwelling of the 
neighbouring softer substances.—Plate XX VIT. 

Length of the body about three inches and a half; thickness of the 
anterior part about three lines. Twenty-four pencils, each consisting of 
several bristles, issue from each side of the body, which afterwards be- 
come serrated down to the lower extremity. But many smaller specimens 
have only twelve pencils on each side, perhaps indicating another species 
or variety, for distinctions are not so readily seized by the observer, as 
in animals of definite parts in number and dimensions. Twelve elliptical 
prominences, with the rudiments of one or two cross the belly ; a 
deep groove from the lowest runs farther down. The skin of the first 
segment of the body advances in a kind of scoop, with the broader edge 


TEREBELLA. 195 


outwards, and from behind it, originate about fifty long, flexible, con- 
tractile tentacula, much stronger than those of the preceding Terebella. 
Three pair of branchizx, together forming a beautiful crest, four or five 
lines high, rise from the second and third segment, the former support- 
ing the first pair, and from their root the internal vessel extends visibly 
nine lines downwards. Each of these branchiz may be compared to a 
minute, luxuriant, florid specimen of coral, with spiral branches.—Plate 
XXVII. fig. 1. ; fig. 2, the same, enlarged.—Plate XXVIII. fig. 1, more 
highly magnified. 

But much embarrassment is experienced in determining the true 
configuration of so many living parts, and under such an arrangement 
in continual motion, expanding, contracting, and changing their form. 
According to the conventional comparison hitherto adopted, the mem- 
bers composing them seem to be four,—stem, bough, branch, and twig. 

Each bough originates by a short stalk from the common stem, and 
forks into two branches, while each branch forks into two twigs, or the 
whole extremities form screws and spirals. These extremities, probably 
amounting to 150 in all, exhibit a pleasing variety of line and figure by 
their incessant contraction and expansion. . The branchiz are remarkably 
tenacious of life. A detached section exhibited precisely the same action 
during eight days as when entire. This fact renders the source of their 
mechanical functions somewhat more perplexing than we should other- 
wise account it. 

Perhaps this species enjoys, to a certain extent, the reproductive 
faculties belonging to many of the vermicular tribes. A small fragment, 
preserving the whole series of tentacula, once occurred. Likewise a small 
specimen, which had been mutilated of all but a dozen, exhibited a 
fringe of the renovating organs under two lines long in a fortnight, and 
in five or six weeks they had become complete. 

Some naturalists have taken extreme trouble in endeavours to settle 
the number of parts, whereof the different regions, if I may call them so, 
of their bodies are composed. They have attempted to enumerate the 
number of rings, papillz, bristles, pencils, hairs, with other minutie, 

2B 


194 TEREBELLA. 


many of which lead to fallacies. I do not deny, by any means, that 
there may be some fixed members, and some fixed forms. But in ex- 
amples innumerable, so many, that in fact I fear to refer to them, many 
such details are absolutely equivocal. Some things, such as dimensions 
and proportions, which we reasonably deem very essential, are unfortu- 
nately no less so. I am far from disparaging the labours of such learned 
naturalists as have followed the preceding course, but I cannot suppress 
my opinion, that if persons so skilful devoted their care to perfect living 
specimens, instead of to those chiefly dead or disfigured, they would have 
found far more prominent, more permanent and satisfactory features, 
whereon to found their systematic arrangements. 

Undoubtedly the number of the tentacula in the Terebella figulus is 
dependent on age, or it may denote differences not yet sufficiently re- 
cognised. None, except the fine specimen represented, have had above 
twenty-five. But in this individual that number was doubled. Those 
of this specimen seem to be all different dimensions ; observing, however, 
that the aspect of such variable organs is wonderfully modified. They are 
stouter than those of the preceding species, and when extended com- 
pletely they reach nine inches, that is above twice the length of the body 
of the animal, being thus capable of sweeping a spacious area. Their 
natural colour is uniformly brown, or tending to carmine, often shewing 
dark tips. When stretching far, they resemble a strong whitish horse 
hair. 

In fabricating its dwelling, this creature gives an evident preference 
to mud, as the most suitable of materials. Should a quantity of this 
substance, of sand, and of comminuted shells be alike accessible, the first 
is always preferred, and the last always rejected, or reluctantly used. 
The Terebella is continually in quest of materials. The contents of a 
watch-glass introduced within its reach at night, have generally disap- 
peared against morning. 

If the animal be dislodged from its tube, the body becomes closely 
coiled up, but the tentacula speedily search around, sweeping up every 
thing within their reach ; and if the materials are abundant, a covering is 
speedily formed. It contracts greatly while the earlier part of the edifice 


TEREBELLA. 195 


is advancing, either from the impression of the light, perhaps, or from 
the apprehension of danger. 

The sufficiency of the tube for accommodation by no means satisfies 
the tenant, though ample. Like the former, after the temporary repose 
of the morning, its restlessness is displayed through much of the day, 
and augmented as evening approaches. At this period an active search 
for materials commences. Some tentacula secure muddy ladening, others 
are withdrawing grains of sand, and several seize on shelly fragments. 
Much industry is manifested, and meantime the various collections approxi- 
mate merely by contraction of the respective organs retaining them. 
Amidst this, an undulatory action, apparently unconnected with mere 
vital functions, like repeated inflation of the upper part of the body, is 
repeated fifteen or twenty times in a minute, and in an upward diree- 
tion, as towards the orifice of the tube. Next are small masses of ten 
or twelve particles discharged within the orifice, perhaps from the mouth, 
after having undergone some previous preparation there. The under 
lip seems occupied in smoothing that part up and down, or possibly ce- 
menting it with glutinous matter. Undoubtedly the materials are swal- 
lowed. ; 

During several experiments to obtain a variegated tube, I supplied 
the large specimen with a quantity of its red native rock, whereon it 
had been found, now pounded. Next day its body appeared quite red, 
as if from the quality of the contents. Also, its dwelling had been 
augmented. At least two organs or under lips are engaged in preparing 
the materials, for it is improbable that merely in a crude state they can 
be adapted for use. During all this the branchise, however quiescent at 
other times, are in great activity ; yet without discharging any evident 
external functions. 

Nothing is more surprising than the attention of so humble an 
artist, being directed towards such a variety of operations at the same 
moment. Many tentacula are searching after the materials—many in 
collection—many bearing them to the edifice—some quitting their hold— 
others recovering the load—while the architect itself seems occupied in 


196 TEREBELLA. 


kneading masses in its mouth, disgorging them successively, or in polish- 
ing the rude workmanship resulting from its labours. 

A perfect tube is half an inch in external diameter, the sides being 
at least an eighth of an inch thick. It is wider within than the size of 
body, to admit of reversal, like the former. From the dimensions it 
appears massive and clumsy, yet in fact so fragile as to be incapable of 
sustaining its own weight. From the fragility of their tubes, the Tere- 
bella: in general seek adhesion to solid substances for support, often con- 
ducting them horizontally. Likewise, both extremities of the artificial 
dwellings of the Terebella are open, a characteristic whereby they are 
distinguished from those of the genus Amphitrite. The same peculiari- 
ties of fabrication, in a cylindrical form, of rising vertically, or assuming 
a horizontal direction where the space is free, or of restriction to an im- 
perfect cylinder when ascending a vessel's side, are demonstrated by this 
as by the preceding species. 

The circuit bemg free, a complete uninterrupted revolution is per- 
formed by the architect while constructing its tube. *The cylindrical 
form results from the revolution, not from the shape of the body, among 
those animals framing artificial dwellings. 

An imperfect cylinder is constructed much more speedily on the 
side of a vessel, than a perfect cylinder in the centre. The artist does 
not perform a full revolution, though capable of doing so, while fabri- 
cating the segment of a cylinder. That would be superfluous. Having 
discharged its compound to the left, it continues towards the right, in- 
stead of passing around by the vacant side of the glass. Thus it pursues 
a retrograde movement, instead of describing a complete circle. Its 
operations are conducted from left to right, and from right to left alter- 
nately, without,covering the internal surface of the glass, whereby there 
is a saving of labour, as well as of material. 

Shall this be accounted the demonstration of a higher degree of in- 
stinct, warning the creature against superfluous work ? Or does it rseult 
simply from the configuration of its body ? The latter is not evident, for 
the cylindrical form may be resumed apparently at will. But the influ- 


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ence of instinct is extremely obscure in an animal exhibiting such an in- 
satiable propensity for exhausting its materials. It would rather seem 
to be influenced by some kind of necessity ; nevertheless its procedure is 
an act certainly consequent. on some comparison of circumstances, to 
which its labour is modified or adapted. 

The sense of feeling seems to regulate the discriminative faculties of 
this and other Terebellz, whence the sand, the mud, or the comminuted 
shell is selected in preference. The presence of the other senses is less 
evident, and that of vision the most obscure of all. Nevertheless, dur- 
ing the day, a simple wave of the hand will sometimes induce the tenant 
to retreat within its dwelling, which can be scarcely ascribed to any 
thing but interception of the light. p 

This species can resume possession of the tube several hours after 
having forsaken it. 

The Terebella figulus isnot common. Although the food be unknown, 
specimens live for a considerable time in confinement. That represented, 
Plate XXVI., which afforded the most satisfactory results, survived four 
months. Yet so little is derived from individuals preserved with all possible 
care, that the preceding brief details are the accumulation of many years. 


Prats XXVIII. 
Fig. 1. Terebella figulus, mouth, a; branchiz, 6; tentacula c. The upper 
part of the belly is in front, and the branchiz behind. 
2. One of the branchie enlarged. 


Prats XXVIII. 
Fic. !. Branchiz, magnified, 
2. Terebella figulus, smaller specimen, back. 


§ 3. TrREBELLA TUBERCULATA.—Plate XXVII. Figs. 1, 2.; Plate XXVI. 
Fig. 8. 


This is one of the larger and most beautful of the Scotish Terebelle, 
and if rarity has any value, it has herein a recommendation. But, as 
elsewhere adverted to, that is rather an imaginary than a real quality, 
being often accidental. 


198 TEREBELLA. 


The body extends about five inches ; and it is provided with about 
seventy long and strong tentacula, stretching nine inches, which are 
capable of sweeping an area eighteen in diameter around the head, while 
the body remains stationary. 

Six branchiz are disposed in three pairs, the highest pair the longest, 
the other two successively decreasing. These are fine and florid organs, 
of peculiar formation, appearing somewhat mottled like birch bark un- 
der the. microscope. These parts are alike numerous as those of the 
others, but they do not abound in similar curvatures, their extremities 
terminate in forks like thorns. Their action is incessant, whence, toge- 
ther with the slightest movement of the animal withdrawing them every 
instant from the field of the microscope, excessive difficulty obstructs 
the delineation of even a small portion magnified, Plate XXVI. fig. 8. 
Thirteen transverse furrows indent the upper portion of the body, which 
is subdivided into numerous annulations, and tapering down towards the 
lower extremity. 

As the animal extends its body, the annulations of the upper por- 
tion are quite obliterated. 

The whole is of a fine reddish-brown colour, the surface universally 
speckled with low white tubercles, rendering it altogether a very beauti- 
ful object. 

This Terebella constructs a wide loose case of fine sand, so large 
that it can reverse itself within, and sometimes the tentacula are seen 
protruding from both orifices. At first, from its general resemblance to 
the figulus, I thought it might construct a tube of mud or clay. But it 
testified no disposition to work in either, though employing some frag- 
ments of comminuted shell along with the sand. Night is the season of 
its greatest activity. 

When dislodged from the tube for the purpose of inspection or de- 
lineation, and then supplied with sand, the higher portion of the body 
is that which is first protected by the rudiments of a new edifice. 

The specimen represented Plate XXIX. fig. 1, having been com- 
mitted to a wide vessel with a quantity of sand, it continued lurking 
within at its work. Desirous of observing its future operations, I then 


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TEREBELLA. 199 


transferred the specimen to a tall narrow jar, wherein the tube now con- 
structed was carried up the side as a semi-cylinder, thus exposing every 
thing satisfactorily to view. Sometimes, on attaining to a certain height, 
the tube quitting the glass becomes a perfect cylinder, and is continued 
in this shape, with the orifice directed towards the centre of the vessel. 

Two specimens of large size reached me from Shetland on June 29. 
Both were mutilated at the posterior extremity, which prevented the de- 
termination of its true form. But such as it was is truly represented. 

The smaller of the specimens died in a week. The largest survived, 
remaining vigorous, and displaying great activity. 

Regeneration of the defective extremity soon followed. In ten 
weeks it consisted evidently of ten or twelve segments. Their number 
and dimensions augmented, and in five months from the date of acquisi- 
tion, the portion reproduced appeared as in Plate XXIX. fig. 2. It then 
remained grey as from an early stage, but gradually darkening, and 
becoming finely speckled throughout, an original characteristic of the 
species was satisfactorily exhibited. 

The specimen survived at least ten months, having become some- 
what darker with time. 


PLate X XIX. 
Fic. |. Terebella tuberculata. 
2. Regenerated extremity. 


PLATE SV. 


Fig. 8. Portion of one of the branchiz, enlarged. 


§ 4. TEREBELLA CONCHILEGA—T7he Shell-binder—Plate XXVIII. 
Figs.13, 4,5). 6.00, 9: 


Of the whole Terebelle inhabiting our seas, this species seems to 
have misled naturalists the most. Transient inspection, and that of a very 
insufficient and unsatisfactory kind, has been probably the means of con- 
founding it with the species first described. But although the distinc- 


200 TEREBELLA. 


tion between them, both in habits and configuration, be obvious, few 
have attempted to correct the error. 

The largest specimens of the Shell-binder extend above five inches. 
Pencils of several bristles and fleshy stumps down the sides, long flexible 
tentacula, a mouth with active lips, resemble those of the others. The 
posterior extremity is slightly trumpet-shaped.—Plate XXVIII. fig. 4. 

The branchiz consists of two bunches of ten or twelve beautiful 
florid fleshy filaments in each, which resemble expanding ringlets, spirals, 
or screws. Their incessant motion by contraction and dilatation, together 
with the involution of the parts, renders it impracticable to discover du- 
ring life, whether these bunches are collectively sustained each on a short 
stem, both on one stem, or whether they originate from the skin. They 
are confused, decayed, and disfigured in death. A very vivid crimson 
spot marks the extremities, fig. 5. The body of the animal is also of a fine 
red, probably speckled, because specks are exposed by fading of the deeper 
hue, especially towards the lower extremity. About twenty-five tenta- 
cula, infinitely stronger, and considerably longer than those of the Tere- 
bella litteralis, form the complement belonging to the present species ; 
they are at least five times their diameter. They are nearly the length 
of the body, and capable of laborious efforts. Flattening like a ribband, 
they fold longitudinally in seizing an object. 

The fashion of the operation of the tentacula is according to the 
service required. The portion applied to the smooth surfaces is flatten- 
ed ; or the longitudinal fold, naturally preserved by the whole tenta- 
culum, opens to seize and convey solid substances to whatever point is 
required, fig. 6. Each portion of the tentaculum is endowed with a 
prehensile faculty independently of every other portion, so that, if the 
middle applies to any surface, or seizes any object, the remainder, both 
behind and before, can fulfil similar functions at the same moment. <A 
number thus affixed by intermediate points in their length, resemble so 
much extended cordages. A row of round red spots runs down the 
middle of each, fig. 7. 

A strong musky odour exhales from some specimens of the Tere- 
bella conchilega recovered from the deep sea. 


TEREBELLA. 201 


This creature constructs a dwelling of comminuted shell exclusively, 
in preference to all other materials, and is enabled, by the strength of the 
tentacula, to avail itself of large fragments. In the natural state, it 
generally takes shelter within some capacious empty shell, such as a valve 
of the Venus islandica, there to establish its edifice ; and it likewise often 
winds the tube over the surface. But many other situations are taken, 
sometimes those very inaccessible, such as amidst groups of the Tubularia 
indivisa, whence its artificial casement is inextricable. On all occasions 
this tube is formed of irregular and unequal fragments, and lined with 
the silky matter from an exudation of the animal. 

The Terebella may be induced to exercise its architectural faculties 
by diminishing the light during day, as if night were approaching. If 
supplied with different coloured fragments of shell, a variegated tube in 
bands, or otherwise constructed, may be obtained. A beautiful edifice 
is constructed of the shivered pearly interior strata of oyster shells. Thin 
fragments are preferred to thick, but there is no evident discrimination 
of suitable dimensions, as in the course of the work portions very large 
are united to those very small. If the Terebella be restricted to the more 
transparent fragments, a better view of itself within is afforded. 

A specimen having been dislodged from its tube, and committed to 
a vessel containing a few shelly fragments, some sand, and a number of 
small Venetian beads, it employed the whole indiscriminately in fabri- 
cating a new dwelling. But another, supplied with a quantity of sand, 
together with a number of the same kind of beads, rejected the latter, 
confining itself to the sand alone in constructing its edifice. It was not 
a vigorous specimen. 

In default of comminuted shell, the Zerebella conchilega will build a 
tube exclusively of sand. 

By eliciting the propensities of this animal, the observer may have 
much agreeable and interesting entertainment. 

If dislodged from its dwelling in a vessel of pure water, the Tere- 
bella profits by the earliest provision of fresh materials to construct ano- 
ther. While this is conducted up the side of a vessel, the tentacula, 
those essential mechanical auxiliaries, are busily employed. A silky ten- 

2c 


202 TERE BELLA. 


taculum seizes a fragment to be elevated to the orifice, instead of being 
abandoned if too ponderous and unwieldy, two or three others unite 
their efforts in raising the load to its intended position. An empty 
mussel shell, above half an inch long, was thus elevated and secured in 
its place to augment an edifice in progress. 

Great expedition is exhibited in fabricating a tube solely of sand, un- 
der total deficiency of more favourite materials. Then are heavy loads 
dragged towards its naked body, with which the mouth is speedily oc- 
cupied. But shell, as best adapted for the labours of the architect, re- 
ceives a decided preference. 

Some particles of this substance are certainly swallowed, but from 
the dimensions of others incorporated with the edifice, they must be 
combined with adhesive matter for fixture. When recovered from the 
sea, the whole structure consists of a very tough silk covering with the 
fragments of shell. 

Perhaps this animal enjoys distinguished reproductive properties. 
Sundered portions survive a long time, and the lower part of mutilated 
specimens is completely regenerated, as we have seen in the case of the 
Terchella tuberculata. ; 

An immense quantity of spawn was produced by a specimen of the 
Terebella conchilega early in December. It covered the bottom of a nar- 
row jar, and on gross computation consisted of at least 8000 ova or cap- 
sules, perhaps imbedded in albuminous matter, invisible from transparence 
or tenuity. The ovum is very minute, spherical, and reddish, of various 
intensity, according to the parent. Under the microscope, an internal 
substance has been discovered within the diaphanous integument, which 
might be the embryo.—Plate XXVIIL. fig. 7, ova. 

Thousands of minute carnation ova, discharged by another specimen, 
perished accidentally in September. 

On one occasion a number of specimens having reached me near the 
end of December, were found much weakened by the impurity of the 
water. Some having been extracted from their tubes as they protruded 
far, one or two produced a multitude of eggs. 

During the earlier days of November, numerous spherules appeared 


TEREBELLA. 203 


within an internal organ of a different specimen from any of the preced- 
ing, but not accumulated in an ovarium. On the contrary, they were 
loose, rising and falling within the cavity like small shot dropped amidst 
a very dense and resisting medium. This continued several weeks with- 
out any definite consequence. 

It might have been some architectural materials for the tube. 

Were many alike prolifice as the most fertile above quoted, the race 
should be common. But in districts where the other Terebellee abound, 
this species is on the contrary rare. Thus I have either never found the 
place of its nativity, or, surrounded by enemies, the most of the progeny 
perish at an early stage. Observers are prone to conclude that the repro- 
ductive faculties are lavished in superfluity on the lower animals ; that the 
embryonic members are excessive, so that the world would be incapable 
of sustaining the whole did they reach maturity, or even on advancing a 
short way in progress towards it. Shall we, therefore, deem it essential 
to the harmony of the universe, that exposure to danger shall admit de- 
struction of the young, while only a few adults are preserved to fulfil the 
general laws of Nature ? 

Specimens have survived nine months in confinement. 


Pirate XXVIII. 
Fic. 3. Terebella conchilega. 
4. Extremity enlarged. 
5. Branchiz, natural size. 
6. Tentaculum conveying a portion of shell, a, enlarged. 
7. Tentaculum, shewing the spots on the back, enlarged. 
8. Ova. 
9. Ova, enlarged. 


§ 5. TeREBELLA MACULATA—The Spotted Terebella.—Plate XXVII. 
Figs: 107 vita a. 


Compared with any of the preceding species, the subject of this 
paragraph is one of the smaller Terebellze. Its length is disproportionately 


204 TEREBELLA. 


greater than the thickness, but in all other respects it corresponds gene- 
rally as well in configuration, as in propensities, with the others. 

The Spotted Terebella extends about an inch and half by less than 
a line in the largest diameter of the body ; and it is provided with 
twenty or twenty-two tentacula, stretching about an inch. The lower 
extremity terminates in points.—Plate XXVIII. fig. 10, enlarged. 

The definite branchize consist of a single pair, and are composed of 
six or eight subordinate forking ramifications. But we do not find either 
the number or arrangement of the forks corresponding exactly in different 
specimens. Indeed, I cannot affirm confidently, that in the species of 
Terebelle with three pair of branchiz, the formation of all the three strictly 
correspond. I rather think otherwise, though the extreme difficulty ob- 
structing observations prevents both description and delineation. In the 
finest specimens of the Terebella maculata the colour of the branchiz tends 
to scarlet, sometimes to tile-red, the central line of various intensity. Be- 
hind them stand a pair of short, obtuse, pellucid stumps, which are not 
distinguished by obvious peculiarities. The figure of the branchiz, how- 
ever, is quite distinctive, fig. 11, enlarged. 

The back of the tentacula is spotted brown ; their general appear- 
ance and functions may be compared to those already described ; but 
here a row of short obtuse teeth, somewhat apart, border each side of 
each tentaculum, such as have not been remarked in any of the others. 
These are best exposed, under favourable circumstances, on the organ 
being flattened. 

This is the most beautiful of the genus, mottled, patched, or speckled 
with variegated colours, wherein brown, green, and yellow predominate. 
A longitudinal light line traverses the speckled olive back ; the root of 
the pencils is bounded by a dark line, and a stripe within two darker 
lines runs down the belly. Faint-green stains the tentacula, their row 
of oblong or oval spots down the middle contracting or dilating along 
with their action. 

The Spotted Terebella constructs a very compact, small, cylindrical 
tube of minute grains of sand, which is prolonged by irregular curvatures. 
In the natural state, it is attached to corallines, or similar marine pro- 


TEREBELLA. 205 


ducts, with their slender filaments alternately interwoven in its sides. 
The tube follows no regular course wherever constructed. 

Sand is collected profusely near the orifice, and quantities of it 
swallowed. But I know not whether the heaps appearing, both in the 
immediate vicinity of this and of other Terebella, are the product of ten- 
tacular collections, or whether they may not be accumulated from the 
regurgitation of what has been swallowed. 

Momentary protrusion of the lower extremity is witnessed here, as 
with the Zerebella littoralis. 

Sometimes supervening putrescence of its native element compels 
this creature to forsake its dwelling. If not, should the observer desire 
Inspection, the tube must be shortened as much as possible, and the 
tenant to become a little enfeebled by remaining in the vitiated water. 
Then, when applying the mouth to one end, while the other remains 
immerged, it may be forcibly blown out. No other expedient can obtain 
the Terebella entire. 

When this experiment has succeeded, the naked animal coils itself up 
spirally like a screw, forming six or eight volutions, which absolutely pre- 
clude a view of its configuration ; and, amidst its contortions, the poste- 
rior part, remarkably long and slender, is readily ruptured. But a little 
sand scattered in the vicinity will prevent all inconvenience, by inducing 
the Terebella to unfold for the purpose of constructing a new habitation. 
The anterior portion of the body is covered first, and the remainder 
gradually protected by the advancing edifice. ; 

Numerous minute white globular capsules are frequently found in 
vessels containing these Terebellae. Where a specimen had been dislodged 
from its dwelling, they evidently issued from the very extremity, which 
had not been entire. Nothing has shewn their definite nature. If they 
are not animal substances, does any kind of internal formation contribute 
to modify their form ?—Fig. 13. 

This species is common. Individuals may be preserved many 
months. 

An animal, rather indistinctly described and represented by Miiller 
as the Amphitrite cristata, seems to have only a single pair of branchie. 


206 TEREBELLA. 


But I cannot identify it with that of this paragraph.—Zoologia Danica, 
vol. ii. p. 40, tab. Ixx. 


Pratt XXVIII. 


Fic. 10. Terebella maculata, enlarged. 
11. One of the branchiz, enlarged. 
12. Tentaculum, back, enlarged. 
13. Front of the same, enlarged. 
14. Globular corpuscula. 
19. Ova. 


§ 6. MISCELLANEOUS. 


The general nature and the history of the preceding five species of 
the Terebella are sufficiently explicit. But several others, apparently 
nearer or more remote kindred species, must be treated with much diffi- 
dence, some from presenting certain anomalies, and others from the rarity 
of their occurrence preventing them from being clearly understood. 


1. TEREBELLA TEXTRIX—The Weaver.—Plate XXVIII. Figs. 15, 
WG Ts TS! 


So few specimens of this animal, presuming it a distinct species, 
have occurred during a long series of years, that I feel considerable em- 
barrassment regarding it. At the same time, it was so long before my 
attention was directed towards it, more may have been in my possession. 
I doubt whether or not I can speak of the adult. 

Length of one specimen six lines, of another nine, of a third twelve. 
The first, had twenty-five tentacula, extending an inch, and a pair of 
ramified red branchiz on each side, with a stump behind each.— 
Plate XXVIII. fig. 15, enlarged. The third species had forty tentacula, 
but these organs totally intercepted the view of the branchie. 

This species constructs a semicylindrical sheath of sandy or muddy 
particles, which is always of insufficient dimensions to cover the body, or 


TEREBELLA. 207 


to receive the head. None of any other form has been seen. This 
sheath is frequently abandoned and as often resumed ; neither does the 
animal restrict itself to the construction of one sheath only. 

A peculiar feature in its history is producing a real cobweb, as dis- 
tinct as that of the spider, with which it covers itself, and which also fre- 
quently, if not always, serves to support its spawn. The texture is very 
thin, rather irregular, and composed of the finest threads, these almost invi- 
sible, from their slenderness and extreme transparence. Neither the mode 
of formation or extension, nor the expedients for securing their extre- 
mities are obvious. 

Such a web, from the specimen nine lines long, covered an area 
fifteen lines square. This is plainly a work of some exertion, as the 
' threads, sometimes amounting to fifty, are fixed to the side of the vessel, 
as high above the bottom as equals the length of the weaver, or more, 
and they also extend below, there to be secured. Thus it is evidently 
an artificial work, and it receives successive accessions. The specimen 
continued its work about three weeks in May, but although surviving a 
month longer, it wove no more. 

Such a web has been formed by four different specimens, and always 
in May. These alone came under special observation. 

During the first week of this month a cluster, consisting of thirty- 
seven white elliptical ova, as I concluded then, was removed in succes- 
sive portions by a small specimen contained in the same vessel, which 
had meantime spread an irregular cobweb. These were not its own ova, 
but the product of some other animal, nor were they sustained by a 
web. 

The spawn of this species is of a different character. Seven years 
after the preceding incident, just about the same season, a specimen, 
quite an inch long, produced above 1000 spherical carmine ova in the 
course of two days ; and perishing accidentally a fortnight later, many 
more escaped on rupture of the body. At the same time another speci- 
men proved very prolific. 

The spawn consists of irregular albuminous matter, of various quan- 


208 TEREBELLA. 


tity, several being produced by the same parent. One albuminous mass, 
tending to a globular form, whereon eighty or more ova were imbedded, 
was lodged by a specimen amidst its web. Other masses, produced by 
the same animal, and by a different specimen, were lodged both amidst 
the web and elsewhere, fig. 17. 

None of the spawn proved fertile. Further observation must deter- 
mine the precise form of the branchis, and other peculiarities of confor- 
mation ; also whether the species ever constructs an entire tube ; and 
further, whether there is any connection between the production of the 
web, and the perpetuation of the race. 


Pirate XXVIII. 
Fic. 15. Terebella textrian—The W eaver—enlarged. 
16. Mass of spawn lodged amidst a web. 
17. The same spawn, enlarged. 
18. Portion of spawn, magnified. 


2. 'TEREBELLA PECTEN.—Plate XXVI. Fig. 9. 


Length four lines, with long black bristles, forming pencils down the 
sides. A wide thin lip in front. Tentacula about twenty. Branchie 
peculiar. A stout fleshy stem sustains the whole, which consists of four 
members, two larger, two smaller, each composed of a rib, with prolong- 
ed cylindrical and somewhat extensile subordinate organs from one side, 
on the whole resembling four combs, with long flexible teeth. These 
branchize testify considerable action. Colour of the animal reddish. 

Only one specimen occurred, which had quitted its dwelling. Nor 
did it construct a new one when supplied with sand and earthy matters, 


Pirate XXVI. 
Fia. 9. Terebella pecten, enlarged ; branchie a. 


TEREBELLA. 209 


3. TEREBELLA OSTREX.—Plate XXVI. Fig. 10. 


From what has been said above it may be inferred, as it is also ex- 
plained in detail, that if the generic name, Terebella, is truly meant to 
signify a creature endowed with the faculty of penetrating rocks, the 
quality is not enjoyed by those described, therefore such a characteristic 
name is misapplied. 

Nevertheless there is one exception, a very small animal, bearing 
some remote kindred to the Terebella, which seems capable of forming 
an enlarged cavity for its own lodgement in so hard a substance as shell. 

If here denominated it is provisionally, first, to shun the multipli- 
cation of genera ; next, for the purpose of recognition. 

While inspecting the exterior of old oyster shells, the observer may 
sometimes see several slender brownish tentacular organs playing around 
a fixed point, and occasionally withdrawing from view. On separation 
of the laminze, and breaking down the shell, an animal, from which they 
proceeded, is discovered lurking in a cavity amidst its solid substance. 

In some respects this animal bears considerable analogy to the Tere- 
bella. It is of vermicular form, the body extending about nine lines, 
composed of numerous segments, and with obtuse extremities, tapering 
from the middle to each side, and is bordered throughout by a row of 
pencils, composed of three or four bristles ; fewest are next the head. 
The mouth is a cavity in the anterior extremity, somewhat behind which 
are eight round flexible tentacular organs, situated on the neck. They 
are susceptible of being flattened and folded longitudinally, like those of 
the Terebella. Hight seem the peculiar complement, and they are pos- 
sibly developed in succession. Specimens, extending only two lines, had 
a single pair. A red internal, flexuous, contracting and dilating vessel, 
is near the surface, towards the upper part of the body, and is most conspi- 
cuous in young specimens. The colour of adults is very dark umber, al- 
most black, the posterior extremity and tentacula dull yellow. The 
young animal is yellowish. 

The organization of this creature is certainly modified by age. 

2D 


210 TEREBELLA. 


The special habitation of this creature is a cavity adapted for its 
body, often in the thickest part of the shell. I have not seen it in any 
other substance. The cavity is lmed with silk, and corresponds with the 
dimensions of the body ; it may be enlarged by some solvent. There 
the tenant lurks, protruding its tentacula by a circular aperture, which 
are always searching around the vicinity, like those of the Terebelle 
proper. 

Although not dwelling in society, several specimens are occasionally 
found within narrow limits. At least twelve have been seen displaying 
their tentacula from the surface of a single shell ; besides which, there 
were probably some of small dimensions, obscured by adventitious 
matter. 


Piate XXVI. 


Fic. 10. Terebella ostree. 
. 


Besides the peculiarities of the Terebella proper, such as are defi- 
nitely shewn by the littoralis, figulus, tuberculata, and conchilega, above 
explained, a brilliant phosphorescence belongs to some of the genus, and 
particularly to the figulus. But it is rarely displayed. 

As in the Nereis noctiluca, this apparently results from constraint or 
suffering. Flashes were emitted by a small specimen having left its tube 
on transference to a different vessel. On replenishing the latter with 
water, the most copious bright blue refulgence, intermingled with a red- 
dish flame, streamed from the tentacula and other organs. Apparently 
the phosphorescent property is diffused over the body, and here the 
coruscations evidently attended violence. 

Several facts merit particular investigation, such as, whether all 
branchize, or the hairs of them, are identically of the same character ; 
and whether their full complement is original or successively developed. 
Also, whether the habits of the animal are not affected by age, and from 
the season of propagation. 


TEREBELLA. 211 


In as far as I have observed, the generic character may be found in 
a vermicular annulate body, with pencils issuing from a number (perhaps 
sixteen) of the upper segments ; numerous extensile, flexible tentacula ; 
external ramified branchiz on the back of the neck ; the construction of 
a tube, open at both extremities, so wide as to admit reversal of the 
animal within. Specific distinction may be found in the configuration 
of the branchixw, and in the quality of the materials for binding the 
tube. 


212 AMPHITRITE. 


CHAPTER ex 


AMPHITRITE AND CONGENERA. 


We have already had some examples of the different edifices which 
the instincts of Nature prompt the humbler animals to construct for 
their protection. We have seen the various materials, and the artifice 
employed in the work. It is coarser or finer, more or less durable, 
larger or smaller, but always directed to the same specific purpose. 

In further illustrating the subject, let a few examples be given of 
those eurious and interesting facts, wherein the energies of the humblest 
creatures are aroused, and wherein, at the same time, are disclosed some 
very singular facts in physiology. 


§ 1. AmPHITRITE VENTILABRUM—T7'he Lan Amphitrite—Plate XXX. 
Figs. 1, 2, 3, a 5, 6, iG 8, 9, 10, ible 


At the depth of sixty or seventy feet from the surface of the sea, 
a black leather-like tube, about two feet long, is affixed by the lower ex- 
tremity to some solid foundation. Its position is erect, gradually en- 
larging upwards from a very contracted basis, to nearly the size of the 
little finger, or five lines diameter at the orifice. It frequently resembles 
a reed or vegetable stem of stunted growth, as if furrowed by age, with 
portions of the bark injured below by decay, but fresher and smoother 
above, where visibly more recent and entire. 


PE, XXX 


f 


*, 
1 
i 


yhbe peeweu, 


ett hae. 


Vepreg oone eres 


’ 

NN) 

EN : ’ . 

% i 

~ : 

Sr ellis ; 
=) = - ~~ | . 

r f 7 3 

) 

) ‘S 


be 
Wil 


Ay 


my sac 
SO ee 
rer | | 
weaacone 


AMPHITRITE. 213 


When originally withdrawn from the sea, the orifice of the higher 
extremity is closed by compression of the sides, and if the lower part be 
not ruptured, it tapers down to the point of adhesion. All the interme- 
diate space is quite smooth, when free of corrugations, very elastic to the 
touch, with the peculiar softness of moistened leather. And, on the 
whole, when clear and perfect, this submarine product bears the narrowest 
resemblance to a tube of caoutchouc, manufactured by human art. 

We now behold it in its simplest state ; but, on plunging this dark, 
artificial-looking tube amidst a quantity of recent sea-water, the compres- 
sion above relaxes, and a few air-bubbles escape ; the tip of a variegated 
pencil is gradually protruding, which suddenly unfolds as a splendid 
plume, composed of many feathers. Thus it remains stationary and mo- 
tionless, or perhaps it commences a slow, regular horizontal revolution, 
as if of the spokes of an unbound wheel with their vertical axle only. 
An admirable spectacle is offered to the view. We see a living creature, 
of infinite beauty, in motion for some purpose, or discharging some func- 
tion unintelligible. Let the slightest shock be communicated, and the 
whole instantaneously collapses and disappears within the tube, almost 
before its image has faded from the eye. 

On dislodging the tenant of the tube from its dwelling, the body, 
hitherto concealed below, proves to be of vermicular form, twelve to fif- 
teen inches long, composed of about 350 segments, and crowned by a 
head of eighty or ninety feathers, resembling a shuttlecock. The lower 
extremity terminates in a double gland, fig. 2. 

This head, or anterior portion of the animal, which I shall, for brevity, 
denominate the plume, though truly the branchiz, is disposed in two ver- 
tical fans, in such a position and arrangement as to form a perfect funnel, 
which will be seen on simple inspection. In larger specimens it exceeds 
thirty lmes in depth when the plume is displayed, and forty lines in 
diameter, variegated in brown, red, green, and yellow colour, figs. 1, 2. 

Two triangular pointed brown and green antennule rise about three 
lines high from the bottom of the funnel, fig. 5 ; and towards one side, 
also below, are two external fleshy lobes or trowels, with an organ like a 


214 AMPHITRITE. 


tongue or scoop between them, forming altogether a remarkable appara- 
tus, fig. 4. 

The margin of the first segment enlarges as a frill, fig. 2 a. A super- 
ficial, longitudinal groove traverses the body throughout, and short pen- 
cils, with a smaller brush at the root, issue in a row from each side of 
the segments. 

But a minute detail of the external and internal organic structure 
would exercise the faculties of a skilful anatomist. Nor is it an easy 
task to explain the nature of parts imperfectly exposed, whose use may 
be equivocal during life, and which are utterly disfigured or obliterated 
by death. 

In this animal the branchiz most intimately resemble fleshy feathers. 
The feather consists of a rib, clothed on each side by numerous active 
cilia ; and on its back are several prominences, their number depending 
on its length. The branchiz or feathers, I say, are disposed as two fans, 
from the flattened, fleshy roots, of which both originate. A groove or 
channel is so adapted in this fleshy portion, as to receive any foreign 
matter falling on the rib, and passing downwards, whereby it is transmit- 
ted to the organ between the two trowels, fig. 4. 

In regard to this particular organ, which originates much higher 
than the trowels, inclining downwards, so as to share in their operations, 
it is somewhat of the nature of a long triangular tongue, very thick and 
broad at the root, but susceptible of dilatation as a scoop, or the sides 
fold together longitudinally. 

The observer may be very long disappointed of obtaining a view of 
these organs in the living subject. His search for them in others would 
be hopeless. 

The Amphitrite ventilabrum is decked with various colours, all of 
different shade and intensity, distributed in proportion ; according to the 
specimen, red, green, and purple predominate. The expanded funnel 
seems environed by so many vivid circles, from the bright spots with which 
the branchiz are studded. One side of the body is greenish ‘and brown, 
with a brighter ellipse on each segment. The opposite side is greenish- 


AMPHITRITE. 915 


grey or lead colour. Sometimes the colours are very vivid. Green is 
always exhibited ; the fluid wherein a specimen dies is tinged with green. 
The same peculiarity follows the decay of another species, wherein green 
appears, while the subject remains entire. 

The organic structure of the Amphitrite is dependent entirely on its 
dimensions. Additional parts unfold incessantly with its advancing age ; 
nor can I conjecture where their multiplication ceases. Thus the num- 
ber of segments assigned to the body of not only this animal, but, in as 
far as I know, to all its kindred Annelides, must be qualified by taking 
the age, that is the dimensions of the specimen, into account. 

A month after a small specimen had been obtained, it did not ex- 
ceed three lines in length ; and, in another month, the plume consisted 
of seven branchial feathers. A second specimen, somewhat larger, had 
fourteen ; a third, twenty-one ; a fourth, thirty-three ; a fifth, fifty, and 
so on, up to ninety-two, the greatest profusion enumerated in this splen- 
did organic ornament—one utterly inimitable by art. 

As the ribs of the branchiz extend, the cilia multiply proportionally ; 
and while these new evolutions are advancing above, additional segments 
are forming below. Thus the energy of Nature seems never to repose, 
provided animation admits its demonstration by augmenting accessions. 

In a previous publication on the Zoophytes, I had an opportunity 
of claiming the notice of the contemplative to the formation and incre- 
dible multitude of parts belonging to the Pennatula mirabilis or Virgu- 
laria, over which that singular creature would apparently exercise a cer- 
tain controul ; yet, in as far as simple observation could appreciate, its 
power was not directed to the execution of any definite external func- 
tions. Here it is otherwise. We have before us a being still more ad- 
mirable, inasmuch as availing itself of its formation, it can discharge 
real mechanical operations, by the aid of the various organs with which 
it is provided, while several different offices have to be fulfilled. 

We are enabled to witness both the means and the end. 

It is known that all the parts of the human frame susceptible of volun- 
tary direction to a specific purpose, are limited within hundreds. In this 
humble tenant of the deep, they amount to many thousands. Its organs, 


216 AMPHITRITE, 


and their action, are tenfold in proportion. Without taking into account 
obscure and indefinite parts, which nevertheless do certainly exist, the 
organs of progressive annulations, and pencils or stumps alone regulating 
its position in the tube, surpasses thousands. If the plume of an adult 
displays eighty branchie, with 500 cilia on each, here are no less than 
40,000 organs endowed with voluntary, distinct, and independent action. 
So many other parts are alike privileged in their own peculiar motion, 
without the participation of the rest, that it is no exaggeration to affirm, 
that the will of this timid, lowly, defenceless creature, is fulfilled through 
the controul of 50,000 living parts. 

But how do they receive their impulse ; how is the principle com- 
municating volition conveyed to proximate, remote, distinct, computed, 
or unconnected parts of the organic structure? Can we refuse the 
creature something which is comparable to a rational faculty, that it 
knows what is required, and puts these portions of its organs in action 
which are necessary to effect its object ? That this definite purpose is 
committed to one, to ten, or an hundred of its infinite parts, while all 
the rest shall remain inactive ? What is the precise spirit which actuates 
them ? How are they preserved from interference, kept to their office, 
and made to operate by one consent ? Simple reflection on the source 
and the fulfilment of the design is enough to perplex the most sagacious, 
and render human learning shallow. 

We can speak of what is external and patent to view, omitting all 
conjecture and computation of the numberless hidden parts, their com- 
bination and action, as too inaccessible, minute, or complicated for such 
observation as could be applied to them. 

Yet the physiological features characterizing this creature, and the 
mechanical art whereby it renders its wonderful organic frame subservient 
to important definite purposes, are alike interesting as the beauty and 
symmetry by which it is distinguished. 

Lodged in a strong tubular casement, wherein rivetted from its origin 
to the same spot, it must live and die, the tenant enjoys the faculty of 
enlarging that dwelling which has to be adapted to its necessities, pro- 
portioned to its increment, and to shelter its imbecility. 


AMPHITRITE. 217 


Let a tall and ample crystal jar, containing an Amphitrite, be 
emptied of its contents, and speedily replenished with sea-water, the ani- 
mal, if in view, has retreated during the short interval ; the orifice of the 
tube is closed, all is at rest. But soon after replenishment, it rises to 
display its branchial plume still more vigorously than before, and re- 
mains stationary, as if enjoying the freshness of the renovated element, 
always so grateful,—the harbinger of health and strength to those whose 
dwelling is there. The passing spectator would conclude that he now 
beholds only a beautiful flower, completely expanded, inclining towards 
the light, like some of those ornaments of nature decorating our gardens. 
He pauses in admiration. But if a drop of liquid mud falls amidst the 
element from above, disturbing its purity, then, while the plume unfolds 
to its utmost capacity, does the animal commence a slow revolution, the 
body also passing around within the tube. Now are the thousands of 
cilia frmging the ribs of the branchiz discovered to be in vigorous acti- 
vity, and their office to be wondrous. A loose muddy mass is soon after- 
wards visibly accumulating in the bottom of the funnel ; meantime the 
neck or first segment of the body, rising unusually high above the ori- 
fice of the tube, exhibits two trowels, fig. 4, beating down the thin edge 
as they fold and clasp over the margin, like our fingers pressing a flatten- 
ed cake against the palm of the hand. During these operations, the 
muddy collections are seen descending between the roots of the fans to- 
wards the trowels, while another organ, perhaps the mouth, is also occu- 
pied, it may be, in compounding the preparation with adhesive matter. 
Still does the partial or complete revolution of the plume above, and of 
the body within the tube continue ; the bulk of the muddy mass dimi- 
nishes, activity abates ; it is succeeded by repose, when'the tube is found 
to have received evident prolongation. 

The whole presents a scene of uncommon interest, one of many 
well adapted to elevate the philosophic mind in contemplating the har- 
monies of the universe, and the wonderful mode pursued for the fulfil- 
ment of ultimate designs. Mankind discourse of symmetry and beauty 
as grateful when offered to the eye ; they boldly condemn that which in 
their judgment is defective or superfluous organization ; they arrogantly 

2E 


218 AMPHIT RITE. 


condemn the humble, the unresisting creature, as worthless, only fit to be 
trodden under foot—for it cannot make a blank in their eyes. Audacious 
ignorance! How can they presume to judge of Nature’s works, having 
never seen their progress ? Or, when they are revealed, are lost in the 
incapacity of comprehending the means whereby the Divine energy has 
stimulated the exercise of those faculties appropriated to relieve tempo- 
rary necessities, or to provide for permanent conservation. 

Nothing is more admirable than the separate operation of so many 
distinct organs to effect a single purpose. The plume forms a capacious 
funnel, wherein thousands of cilia collect invisible muddy atoms, which, 
passing down the ribs of the branchix, as so many channels, to a com- 
mon conduit as their base, they there accumulate in loose pellets be- 
low. The primitive simplicity of the muddy matter is not enough ; its 
consistence and tenacity must be augmented by the incorporation of an 
adhesive substance in transition from the scoop or tongue to the trowels, 
whereby, concocted as paste, it may be employed in raising the edge of 
the tube. On reaching its destination there, it is moulded into proper 
shape, by the tongue or trowels merely applyimg it on the margin ; but 
curving as far over the exterior circumference as they can stretch, they 
actually polish the clay by moving them while clasping it by their pres- 
sure. How does the artificer perfect its work,—when the orifice appears 
as circular, clear, and even, as the mouth of the cylinder finished by the 
tool of an expert turner ? 

I know not whether any naturalist has witnessed the commence- 
ment of the edifice, or can tell how the architect lays its foundation. 
But certain it is, that the artificial structure results from the instinct 
implanted by Nature in the living being. All that I can attempt to de- 
scribe must be confined to the process for advancing it, for I have never 
been fortunate enough to see its origm. It is otherwise with the 7ere- 
belle, for these animals, at whatever age, when expelled from their habi- 
tation, can rapidly re-establish themselves by fabricating a new one. 
This the Amphitrite cannot do. If once dislodged, it must remain ex- 
posed and unprotected for ever.—Perfect tube, Plate XXX. figs. 5, 6. 

Eight minute specimens occupied the slender branches of the Sertu- 


AM PHITRITE. 219 


laria dichotoma, one of the most delicate among the Scotish corallines. 
Three weeks after I procured them, none spread above half a line across 
the funnel. Yet all were even then industriously employed in enlarging 
their dwellings. 

At that early period the feathered branchiz are very few, not ex- 
ceeding six or eight in number ; nor are the cilia clothing them more 
than twelve on each side, being proportionally scanty, compared with 
future accessions. But now was an admirable spectacle presented by the 
microscope, for the field of which so small an object was most suitable. 
The whole external organs of those minute artificers were in active ope- 
ration. A current of thin muddy matter, supplied by many other cur- 
rents passing along the cilia, was transmitted down the rib of each branchial 
feather, here receiving them as ina common channel. Thence the whole 
descended for preparation below, and application to its definite purpose. 

I have compared each of the branchiz to a feather, consisting of a rib 
bordered by its cilia, but whether these be clothed with similar organs, 
invisibly feeding them with sundry particles, merits investigation. I 
feel much disposed to credit their existence ; in which event, those we 
have discoursed so freely about would become secondary, imstead of dis- 
charging a primary office. Should there be no such invisible primary 
organs, the cilia bordering the branchial rib have themselves the faculty 
of promoting the descent of the muddy matter down to the centre. 

In general these young animals had six branchial feathers ; that re- 
presented fig. 8, had seven. The longest plume among them expanded 
about a line and a half, the tube rising about four lines ; the trowels, 
while clasping over the edge of the orifice, were white and fleshy. 

A waving depression seemed to run up the centre of the rib. No 
semblance of circulation was perceptible. 

These nascent animals survived several months, during which the 
dimensions of their tubes were considerably augmented.—Plate XXX. 
fie gO 

On investigating the nature of their dark soft leathern-like tube, its 
composition proves to be an earthy coating, which invests a thick adhe- 


220 AMPHITRITE. 


sive internal lining of gluten, much resembling the same that is used in 
the arts, and capable of resisting rude external impressions. Its obvious 
origin is an animal secretion, combined with mud or earthy matter. 
After several months preservation in a dry state, a portion of the tube cuts 
like very soft horn ; and the glutinous lining, half a line thick, yields in 
combustion the odour of burning horn, accompanied by slight foetor. 

It is evident that the edifice can advance only when the entire 
plume with the mechanical organization rises free above the orifice. The 
bottom of the funnel requires to be about twice the diameter of the tube 
above its edge, whence the tongue or scoop is always elevated for per- 
forming its functions. Perhaps this organ and the trowels may be found 
integral parts of the same apparatus. 

The office of the antennular prismatic spines in the centre of the 
funnel is obscure. Rising erect, and apparently for some peculiar func- 
tion during fabrication of the tube, particles of matter seem ascending in 
contact with them, and sometimes pouring like a stream from their 
points. 

The tenant seems totally dependent on the presence of mud for en- 
larging its habitation, and it is surprising how speedily a quantity ac- 
cumulates in the centre of the funnel previous to commencing its revo- 
lution, demitting the preparation between the trowels, and pasting it 
around the orifice. 

Surely the presence of the suspended muddy matter is very grateful 
and inviting. It seems to arouse the dormant faculties of the humble 
artists, and to excite their energy while lurking fora season within their 
tubes in languid quiescence. No sooner is the water rendered turbid, 
than they issue forth and begin their architectural preparations. 

Perhaps some secret necessity urges constant prolongation of the 
dwelling, whether for security, or for advancing increment. Should the 
animal be alarmed during its preliminary collections, it vanishes in a 
moment ; the muddy aggregate discharged by collapse of the branchie fall 
useless among the surrounding element. But if a feather, now dipped 
in mud, be first plunged among the water of another vessel, to separate 
the grosser parts, and afterwards in that which contains the Amphitrite, 


AMPHITRITE. 221 


then, as the turbid matter descends gently from above, the creature will 
forsake its concealment, display its plume, and renew its labours. 

More than mere instinct must be ascribed to all this, for the archi- 
tect can certainly testify a certain discrimination, both of what is essen- 
tial to be done, and in the mode of doing it, whether in simple prolonga- 
tion of its dwelling, or in repairing attainable breaches. Thus its revo- 
lution is either partial, complete, or repeated ; it advances and returns, 
plastering the same portion once and again ; nor is it satisfied with a 
single application of its trowels in moulding the work ; their office is 
varied and appropriately resumed. 

To obtain satisfactory exhibition of the process above detailed, a 
tall vessel, little exceeding three inches in diameter, should be employed, 
which will bring the whole within the focus of an ordinary lens ; or a 
smaller vessel may suffice, according to the specimens. The water should 
rise considerably above the object, that the muddy drops may descend 
in gentle dispersion. 

The softest earthy particles are the most congenial to the delicate 
structure of the ciliated funnel. Nevertheless grains of sand enter the 
lower part of large tubes, in the natural state, while the higher consists 
of the wonted materials. Short tubes, those under six inches, have con- 
sisted exclusively of mud and gluten. Long tubes, those of twenty or 
twenty-four inches, have consisted, first, of the finest sandy particles, for 
a third upwards, of agglutinated or silky matter; next, of mud and 
gluten as usual, for the remainder. Their foundation was never obtain- 
ed, and although some, extending two feet, seemed of this latter com- 
pound exclusively, they were also ruptured below. They appear to en- 
large gradually from a line in diameter near the foundation, to about 
three lines at the orifice. The substance of the tube is no doubt depen- 
dent on its situation. Possibly where originating near a quantity of 
sand, a portion of that ingredient becomes affixed externally with the 
glutinous secretion from the animal, while there is nothing but mud 
above to be purposely employed in the fabric. It is from the forcible 
means adopted for recovering the tubes that they are ruptured in the 


222 AMPHITRITE. 


weaker part. Less injury is received from nets or lines than when ob- 
tained by dredging. 

Tubes of an inch or two are often found on corallines. Here, as in 
others, the inhabitant is short in proportion, not occupying above a 
third of the whole. Those of smaller size, that is, rising from one inch 
to six, are readily procured entire with their contents. But the tenants 
of larger tubes are frequently mutilated, especially of the head. 

It is extremely difficult to dislodge them uninjured from the largest ; 
the usual expedient of vitiating the water seldom avails, as it requires to 
be so long protracted as to prove pernicious. Besides all, constraint or 
pressure is vain. Slittmmg up the tube might be supposed, of all expe- 
dients, the most effectual. Yet, from its extraordinary elasticity, as the 
sides are divided by the points of sharp scissors, to the great peril of its 
inmate, the edges singularly overlap each other more and more as the 
slit advances, thereby squeezing the animal harder and harder. Thus 
the tube twists in a spiral, or rolls up m such a manner as to obstruct 
observation entirely. 

The largest tubes are often profusely invested with irregular masses 
of the white Lobularia, an inch thick in some places, and, in others, as 
thin as paper. The former are to be cut through with sharp-pointed 
scissors, insinuated so as not to graze the surface of the tube, carefully avoid- 
ing contact with the Amphitrite, to which the smallest wound in many 
parts is fatal. The thinnest parts of the investing Lobularia may be rent 
asunder, and thereby the tenant liberated. 

Preserving large tubes entire is extremely inconvenient. Nor could 
the Amphitrite be kept alive without much difficulty did it remain un- 
injured, as the edifice, detached from its foundation, whence it rose erect, 
now falls flat in the vessel. A very simple expedient, however, rectifies 
the evil. By removing a small portion of the lower extremity of the 
tube, and allowing it to remain undisturbed in a vessel of sea-water, 
either lying flat on the side, or sustained by a thread from above, while 
the lower part touches the bottom, it will be found affixed there a few 
days afterwards. It then gradually rises erect from whatever may be 
the position, and the animal resumes its functions. 


AMPHITRITE. 993 


In the course of such an experiment, while the tube at first lies flat, 
the upper orifice is closed ; next the lower extremity of the Amphitrite 
is seen protruding at night, that great season of activity, and searching 
about by a short radius, as in quest of a proper spot for fixture. A small 
triangular silken sheath is soon after discovered attached to the glass, 
serving both as a new foundation, and to cover the naked part. In 
twenty-four hours the end of the tube is adhering, and in two days it 
begins to rise, but very slowly, and in a curvature, to which all have 
an ultimate tendency. Although the natural direction be upwards it is 
not vertical, perhaps from disturbing causes. Some even assume a com- 
pound curvature, as in the letter 8, which is less inconvenient than 
might be supposed, from the shortness of the body compared with the 
edifice. The specific gravity of both being much greater than that of 
the surrounding element, nor is there is any channel for the admission of 
air were it present, the mode of elevating from the extremity is not 
evident. Perhaps this, as well as closing the extremity, may result from 
air actually occupying the longitudinal sinus of the animal’s body. 

The welfare of the animal is dependent on fixture, otherwise it is 
totally helpless ; neither, until the extremity be secured, does the Amphi- 
trite usually venture to shew itself. Sometimes the renovated part of 
the sheath extended an inch or more at the bottom of the vessel, which 
being attained, all subsequent care seemed to be devoted to the oppo- 
site extremity about the orifice. 

An amusing resemblance to a bed of animated flowers may be readily 
obtained by the preceding expedient. Let a number of tubes be muti- 
lated at the lower extremity, and then tossed into a capacious vessel of 
sea-water ; in a few days, all will be found adhering by the lower extre- 
mity. When rising upwards, the tenants issuing forth to display their 
beautiful plumes, are beheld as enjoying their native element, or perform- 
ing their mechanical operations. 

In prosecuting a course of observations, it is frequently necessary to 
shorten tubes for accommodation in such vessels as may be at command. 
Separating a portion of the extremity while the animal is known to be 


224 AMPHITRITE. 


above, may be always done with indemnity. If pressure below be em- 
ployed, it must be very gentle. 

This artificial dwelling, or tube, seems designed both for perma- 
nent shelter, and as a place for immediate retreat from danger, because 
the animal always courts the light, and displays its plume when confi- 
dent of safety. 

Both the original aspect of the Amphitrite itself, and the mode 
whereby its dwelling originates, are exceedingly obscure. Accessions to 
the latter must depend for facilities in the presence of materials, when its 
progress is certainly much quicker than the organic increment of the 
occupant. A tube, sixteen inches long, sheltered an animal not above 
seven, though, perhaps, of considerable age. Here a broad coral ring, 
whereon several of the vermicular tribes had established their habitation, 
encompassed some of the lower parts of the edifice, while the white Lobu- 
laria loaded another portion ; and, chief of all, a grove of beautiful Ser- 
tulariz, investing the higher parts in great profusion. Specimens among 
them rose three inches high. Nothing but constant renovation of the 
native element, by submarine currents or otherwise, could have averted 
the consequences of the repeated decay concomitant on such a variety 
of animal matter. Naturalists, let it be repeated, probably misled by 
transient observation, are disposed to restrict the duration of the lower 
tribes to a term within the truth. Perhaps the Amphitrite ventilabrum 
is not one of the shorter-lived creatures. 

However expert in its natural state, the architect, if deprived of the 
tube, seems incapable of replacing it by any means. Yet it does not evi- 
dently suffer ; the plume is unfolded as usual; and smaller specimens 
have survived during weeks uninjured. 

The great timidity of this creature indicates the exposure to many 
enemies roaming through the wide expanse of the deep. Circumstances 
also tend to shew the hostility of one more invidious, the Gordius 
mavimus, Which might gain readier access but from closure of the orifice 


of the tube. Nevertheless, it probably does enter the dwelling to devour 
its tenant. 


AMPHITRITE. 225 


From the preceding detail, it may be collected how much the wel- 
fare of the Amphitrite depends exclusively on the preservation of the 
branchize ; and that the vital and mechanical functions cannot be other- 
wise discharged without imminent peril or exposure. 

But Nature has here conferred one of her most valuable preroga- 
tives, as on some other of the humbler tribes, as may be illustrated by 
impressive examples. 

In the end of April 1825, several specimens having been recovered 
from the sea, all were found to be mutilated and wanting the head. One 
of the largest was cleansed of parasite matter, and lodged in a tall glass jar, 
three inches and a half wide, the largest then at command, after shorten- 
ing the higher and lower extremities of the tube for adapting it to the 
dimensions of the vessel. The animal not only occupied all the residue, 
now exceeding a foot, but the lower extremity stretched an inch beyond 
the orifice, from which, however, it withdrew in two or three days, when 
secured by the peculiar adhesion previously explained. 

Cramped for room in its tubular mansion, the Amphitrite repeatedly 
protruded its mutilated stump from above, when the trowels appeared 
in feeble, and necessarily inefficient operation. In eight days, what 
during the interval seemed a cluster of low irregular prominences, be- 
came better defined as appurtenances of the mouth ; and ten of the 
shortest filaments behind then denoted the rudiments of the two fans. 
The original plume, composed of numerous branchie, had been found 
among the heterogeneous matter always accompanying the recovery of 
such creatures, and on cutting it asunder, the antennular organs were 
recognised in their proper place. 

After several days concealment, momentary exhibition of the stump 
shewed rapid reproduction, which, in its progress, might raise the reno- 
vating plume too high for the vessel. The tube was therefore curtailed 
of two inches of the upper part as its tenant retreated below. 

In another week about twenty-five regenerating branchise were dis- 
covered in each fan, the longest of them extending towards four lines, 
and also rising in regular proportion from the side next the trowels, 
being there scarcely perceptible, Many were simple ribs like hairs ; the 

2F 


226 AMPHITRITHE. 


sides of others partially ciliated ; and a large vacuity in front admitted in- 
spection of the four lobes, which had made corresponding advances, to- 
gether with the parts near the mouth. Whether these had been actually 
lost, or only injured, could not be ascertained. They are always present 
amidst the perfect organs, and very difficult to be observed at any time, 
or under any circumstances. Thus it is necessary to be reserved regard- 
ing either form or number. But the best exposure of the living parts is 
during regeneration from such extraordinary mutilations as I am now 
endeavouring to describe, especially as they are neither lethal, nor suffi- 
cient to restrain the animal from attempting, on the first opportunity, to 
repair its dwelling. 

At this time the largest of the ciliated branchis were adorned by 
four beautiful orange spots, those shorter had fewer ; the shortest were 
not of such dimensions as to allow of any. The regenerating antennulze 
seemed to be nearly an eighth of an inch in length. 

Three weeks subsequent to mutilation, the renovated branchize form- 
ed a regular funnel an inch wide; but the side next the trowels was 
lower than the rest. Their number and size had augmented ; cilia cloth- 
ed more of the ribs, for the evolution of those subordinate organs ad- 
vances upwards, the lowest cilia originating first. 

In another week the branchiz amounted to sixty or more ; the 
cilia approached within a line and a half of the tips of the largest ribs, and 
six orange spots were on the latter. Let us remember that the number 
of such spots is multiplied by the prolongation of the branchial feather. 

Thirty-four days after mutilation, the animal had become bold and 
vigorous ; the progress of reproduction apparently enabled it to resume 
its natural functions so long interrupted. Now the funnel, composed of 
about seventy branchie, expanded about an inch and a half; the longest 
of the branchix, extending above ten lines, were of fine green colour, 
with seven spots on the ribs, and the antennulz rose nearly three lines. 

At this time also, the revolution of the renovated plume commenced 
on the water being rendered turbid, and the speedy accumulation of small 
muddy collections within it, proved the restoration of its organic fa- 
culties. 


AMPHITRITE. _ 227 


Soon afterwards, however, the regularity of the funnel became im- 
paired. The animal projected considerably from the tube ; some bristles 
of the pencils were lost, when it began to consume at the segments, and 
after six or seven inches of the body hung from the orifice, it was kept 
no longer. 

This mutilated specimen survived six weeks under observation, the 
reproductive process meantime advancing incessantly. The tube had re- 
ceived some accessions, but the orifice was much contracted. As the cut 
shortening the tube had been oblique, this inequality may have occa- 
sioned aberration of the parts. 

Among a number of specimens obtained in April 1828, several tubes, 
as well as their tenants, were injured. One of the latter had lost the 
entire plume, that of another being ragged, I cut half an inch off it to 
preserve the remainder, and shortened the tube. In five days the lower 
extremity adhered, and the orifice above was brought to a proper direc- 
tion by means of a silken loop passing over it. Renovating ribs prolonged 
the mutilated parts in nine days ; and on the water being rendered turbid, 
the animal rose to fabricate an addition to its dwelling. Five weeks 
after mutilation, when the ribs were almost completely fringed, it dis- 
played the plume during the day, and also at night. Though seemingly 
tranquil and inactive, muddy accumulations in the funnel, besides their 
preparations in paste, shewed its industry. Nature makes infinite use, 
both physical and mechanical, of the cilia, whose motion now resembles 
the successive inflexion of the teeth of a comb, while the finger passes over 
them. On the 11th of July, the ribs were fringed throughout, and the 
animal, uncommonly bold and vigorous, afforded the most satisfactory 
view of the organs engaged on its tube-—Plate XXX. fig. 4, representing 
the plume in an early stage. 

The economy of Nature, in the precise order of all her provisions, is 
too remarkable to escape observation. Here the regeneration of the rib 
precedes the evolution of the cilia. Advancing more rapidly than they 
do, it is preparing for the gradual accession of a complete fringe, whose 
mechanical functions are of such importance to the living being. Vi- 
viani, an Italian naturalist, conjectures that the rib is tubular, a fact to 


228 AMPHITRITE. 


which my attention was not specially directed while prosecuting the 
history of the Amphitrite.* 

But it has proved embarrassing to understand the contraction, and 
sudden reception, of many ciliated hydra within such narrow dwellings 
as they occupy, and their subsequent enlargement, unless by presuming 
their tubular conformation. At the same time, it is not to be readily 
comprehended how and where the liquid contents are discharged. 

Other partial mutilations are consequent on disease, or on violence. 
The tube of a specimen with a plume of fifty branchixe, expanding above 
fifteen lines, was shortened on the 3d of November. The occupant, now 
fixed anew at a point distant six diameters of the tube from the lower 
end, becoming very bold, even sustaining shocks without retreat. But 
in three weeks it lurked chiefly within, and the branchiz appeared to be 
diseased when shewing itself. ‘Towards the close of November, a quan- 
tity of mucilaginous matter was discharged from the orifice, and in some 
days the animal, rising from below, exhibited the bare ribs of the 
branchize only. Thus the cilia, consumed by disease, had been probably 
cast forth with other matter, or as: mucilage. Now shutting itself up in 
pertinacious retreat, I found two-thirds of the cilia regenerated on the 
13th of December, and the vigour of the plume seemed completely re- 
stored. Contrary to the original boldness distinguishing this specimen, 
it continued always reluctant to display itself during five months of sub- 
sequent observation. 

The practical naturalist cannot but be embarrassed at missing cer- 
tain characteristics assigned to this genus in the Systema Nature. The 
reason is explained by the preceding facts. 

As already said, the number of branchiz is constantly augmenting 
with the age of the specimen ; recollecting that those composing the 


* Viviani, Phosphorentia Maris, p. 14, 17, tab. iv., v.: Genuz, 1805, in 4to. The 
observations of this author on the anatomical structure of the Amphitrite ventilabrum merit 
notice. He seems disposed to render his specimen the type of anew genus, “ Spinographis, 
id est penicillus in spinam depictus.” But he cannot have remarked that ‘the spinal ar- 
rangement of the external parts is only accidental, resulting from disease. 


AMPHITRITE. 229 


plume have been seen from six to ninety-two. Their accession may be 
observed with greater convenience from their first appearance as flexible 
hairs, on the edge of the fans next the trowels, where several are gene- 
rally discovered in progress. After advancing considerably, these, the 
ribs, still remain bare, the cilia being generated last. Among the nu- 
merous figures embellishing Miiller’s celebrated work on Danish Zoology, 
is the “ Amphitrite penicillus” (ventilabrum], which he distinguishes by 
“ tentaculis binis setaceis ;’* and other authors assign no feathered approwi- 
mate feelers to the genus. As entering its definition in the Systema Na- 
ture, 1am unwilling to affirm that Miiller, to whom science owes such deep 
obligations, is wrong ; but most probably two branchial ribs with regene- 
rating cilia, were mistaken for tentacula. None of the numerous speci- 
mens occurring to me during a long course of years, exhibited tentacular 
organs in the same position, therefore the real antennular or tentacular 
organs should be substituted in the definition as two bare, triangular, ap- 
proximate spines. In the largest specimens these extend little above 
three lines. Their real use is uncertain. The muddy collections seem 
to be carried up behind, then to fall in front from the extremity ; yet 
no ciliated apparatus has been detected as a conductor on their surface. 
The two exterior or longest branchie of one plume bore some resem- 
blance to antennz, from being of a dark brown colour, while all the rest 
were greenish ; whence transient inspection might have deluded any ob- 
server. Another specimen of larger size, was distinguished by the corre- 
spondence of the dark ruddy brown of the [two] branchiz with the pre- 
ceding, while all the rest were white. But the spinous antennule of 
both were in their proper place. 

On March 28. 1850, I procurred, among others, a full-grown speci- 
men, which quitted its tube. It hada fine plume, rather of light colour. 
But two of the branchiz together, which were quite as large as the largest 
of the rest, were very dark brown. They had much the appearance of 
antennz. But no difference from the structure of the other branchixe 
could be recognised. 


* Miiller, Zoologia Danica, tom. iii. p. 13, Plate LXKX XIX. 


230 AMPHITRITE. 


Thus naturalists in general have, perhaps, overlooked the real an- 
tennulx, while distinguishing as such, either those exterior branchize 
which had lost their fringe, or which were different from the rest. 

Perhaps the violence employed to displace the tube from its origi- 
nal foundation at the bottom of the sea, may induce the occupant’s pre- 
cipitate retreat within ; and when returning to the orifice after divulsion, 
its head is so much entangled with extraneous matter that separation 
ensues. 

But it may be subject also to natural mutilation. The fans of a 
specimen that had been two months under observation, were overlapping 
in the end of January ; and, next morning, the whole plume, detached, 
was found inanimate in the vessel. For some days the vacant stump 
protruded occasionally ; but afterwards the orifice remained close, or 
sometimes only a small aperture opened. In three weeks, exposure to 
the sunshine induced the animal to rise, shewing the progress of repro- 
duction, which advanced so rapidly in other twenty days, that the vari- 
ous organs were employed in augmenting its dwelling. In another week 
the funnel, composed of about thirty-six branchix, was complete, both 
sides of the rib being fringed. It was afterwards constantly displayed 
with the natural recurvature, and in six weeks from the date of mutila- 
tion, it had acquired half its natural length, originally about an inch. 
A subsequent rent in the tube probably surpassed the creature’s ability 
to repair ; it languished and died in April. 

Naturalists should beware of hastily abandoning specimens because 
they are mutilated. 

The posterior extremity of the Amphitrite is much more tenacious 
of life than the anterior. Its motion continues long after that of the rest 
has ceased, and the whole animal may be literally said to die down- 
wards. 

The unequal distribution of vitality throughout the different parts 
of the organic system merits greater attention than it has received. 

A powerful reproductive principle resides in this animal, whereby the 
functions essential to life may be carried on by new evolutions ; nor is it 
evidently confined to any part of the body. The plume of a small speci- 


AMPHITRITE. 231 


men, which had been found without its tube, consisted of fifteen or six- 
teen branchiw. Yet the whole body extended but the eighth of an inch. 
Here there were both original and regenerated segments, but in natural 
proportion, it should have been five or six times as long if unmutilated. 
Thus the upper portion with the plume was older than the rest. This 
specimen survived two months. 

A clean tube, half a yard long, was curtailed to ten inches, and 
transferred to a suitable vessel, on June 19. Its fixture ensued in a fort- 
night, and its tenant then rose freely to display a plume of the finest 
colours. Half an inch of the lower extremity separated however on the 
same day after transference, from an incidental wound. The anterior 
part of this fragment appeared to be healed in twenty-three days. A pro- 
minent papilla was recognised there in other five, when, testifying some 
impatience on exposure to the light, the fragment was deposited along 
with a little mud in the dark. 

However improbable the evolution of these organs we are wont to ~ 
assign as the head, might seem from a fragment so far asunder as the 
opposite extremity, short slender hairs now denoted the rudiments of 
branchize. Forty days after separation, the whole reproduction exceeded 
a line ; both fans were quite distinct, and eight or ten bare ribs seemed 
to be subsequently fringed. All these closed together like half-shut 
hands, for they were in two portions. The whole was exposed by the 
microscope, shewing also one or two brown spots on the ribs, regenerat- 
ing parts about the tongue and bristles on the shoulder indicating inci- 
pient pencils. Omitting the reproduction, the entire fragment at this 
time extended nine lines.—Plate XXX. fig. 9 ; enlarged, fig. 10. 

All the parts had augmented on the Ist of August. The fringes 
were clearly distinguished by an ordinary lens on the 4th, and next day 
the length of the plume was computed at a quarter of that of the body. 
But this body itself was more meagre than previously, the natural con- 
sequence of deficient aliment, from the privation of organs. On the 9th, 
the plume extended three lines ; it was fresh and vivid, consisting of the 
branchiz beautifully decorated with three complete circles of red spots on 


232 AMPHITRITE. 


the ribs, while some among them had four. The trowels likewise stretch- 
ed in a curvature from the neck, as if preparing for their proper func- 
tions. 

Above fifty days having now intervened from the period of mutila- 
tion, the body, somewhat reduced of its original dimensions, consisted of 
thirty or forty segments. Advancing reproduction, enlargement of the 
parts, their action on the accession of spots on the branchiz, shewed that 
nothing for the salubrity of the animal was wanting unless a proper posi- 
tion. In sixty-four days it appeared to be endowed with the essential 
requisites, for both organic and mechanical faculties, had it occupied a 
tube.—Plate XXX. fig. 11, slightly enlarged. It survived its separation 
from the original Amphitrite eighty-three days. 

It is truly remarkable that a fragment from the posterior extremity 
of such a creature as the Amphitrite, should generate a mutitude of 
organs belonging to the anterior portion, capable of such complex opera- 
tions. 

It is alike singular, and, at the same time unaccountable, that Na- 
ture should have denied this animal that alone whereby it may avail 
itself of this prerogative, the power of constructing any but its original 
tube. Even when entire, if once dislodged, it is apparently incapable of 
constructing the smallest portion of another dwelling, or that protection 
wherein its gifts can be turned to any use. When losing its earliest 
habitation it survives a considerable time, but always prostrate. Should 
it remain in the tube, it is secure notwithstanding privation of the plume, 
and if mutilated, it will regain another to be employed as the first. The 
regeneration of a plume by a fragment separating below, while confined 
in the tube, would be nugatory, as, while thus imprisoned, there is no 
scope for the exercise of its functions. A similar fragment free acquires 
a plume, but although so far privileged as to become entire, it remains 
naked and defenceless, equally incapable of sheltering itself by the exer- 
cise of its natural functions. Of what use, therefore, is this wonderful 
prerogative ? I am induced to conclude that there is here something un- 
discovered, some conditions whereby the peril may be averted. The 


AMPHITRITE. 233 


functions of the branchix, physical and mechanical, may be combined in 
some manner unknown, notwithstanding the apparent design of Nature 
be frustrated in regard to the latter. 

It would be a problem of infinite curiosity and interest, investigat- 
ing the precise extent of the evolution of such a complication of organs 
as may subsist throughout the body. What are the spots,—where are 
the intervals by which they will be afforded ? Do their elements reside 
in each of the segments, or are they dispersed among a certain number of 
segments ? Can we obtain the materials allowing conjecture that many 
germs are ready to unfold similar generations when opportunity offers ? 

If the important privilege of reproducing what the animal employs 
for its own preservation subsists in many parts below, should we not infer 
that there may be some unknown means whereby a new tube can be con- 
structed, in order that the regeneration shall serve its original purpose ? 

After divulsion from the original site, the Amphitrite commonly 
fixes the extremity speedily again. But a fortnight elapsed before ad- 
hesion of that of the preceding specimen, mutilated of the fragment, 
possibly because the secretory organs had been lost along with it. In 
five weeks a slight sheath extended from the end of the tube along the 
glass. Its source may be probably sought in two terminal organs, doubt- 
less glandular below, besides which there must be much secretion from 
the rest of the body.—Figs. 10, 11, 0. 

During reproduction of an adult Amphitrite preserving its natural 
place, the disproportion between the renovating parts and the body is 
always diminishing ; that is, the dimensions of the body and the plume 
are approaching their mutual relation. But if there be no fallacy the 
reverse succeeds with a fragment. Here the disproportion is continually 
augmenting inversely. The body pines as the plume enlarges. The just 
proportion of a fine adult specimen in situ may be rated at the fourth of 
the length of the body, three inches, for example, if the latter be twelve. 
If half its length, the plume would be thought monstrous. But a new 
plume, generated from a fragment of the extremity, may become double 
the length of the body. The one pines as the other grows. Perhaps 
evolution of the lower parts of the animal depends chiefly on the func- 

26 


234 AMPHITRITE. 


tions of an active plume, hence it is restraimed when the plume is defec- 
tive; and the body declining while simple increment of the branchie 
advances, an unmeasurable disparity between them may follow. 

In the natural state, mere survivance seems productive of new parts 
towards either extremity, and all in their proper order. But such a re- 
generation as above described is then precluded, for two plumes cannot 
subsist in a single tube ; nor can the same body have more than one. 
If the animal be sundered, each portion regains the defective parts. The 
two terminal glandular papillsee were recognised very distinctly as repro- 
duced by the larger portion losing the fragment. The tube being cur- 
tailed below, a second time exposed them on the 6th of October, then, 
however, adhesion scarcely followed, and the tenant forsaking it entirely, 
perished within a week. 

A disordered plume always indicates disease ; protrusion from the 
orifice is unfavourable ; and the Amphitrite seems to abandon its dwell- 
ing to die. 

No creatures are more dependent on the quality of their proper 
element. When denied frequent renewal they retreat far from view, 
and remain in pertinacious concealment, becoming altogether enfeebled, 
while the symmetrical arrangement of the plume is impaired. Yet after 
a month’s interval, so great is the benefit from a recent supply, that in 
half an hour they endeavour to resume their wonted functions. 

I have never obtained the progeny of the Amphitrite directly from 
the parent, which precludes me from treating of the fertility of the one, 
or of the earliest aspect of the other. Very small tubes are usually soli- 
tary. Once, however, a group exceeding twenty, occurred within limits 
not greater than the circumference of a shilling, which indicated a quan- 
tity of spawn or ova as having issued from one individual. The tubes, from 
an inch and a half to three inches high, were connected by extraneous 
matter. We have already described the appearance and operations of 
some very minute specimens on the Campanularia (Sertularia) dichotoma. 

Specimens have survived above a year in confinement. One, very 
small, seated on a Sertularia, was preserved in the purest water, the Ser- 
tularia having been the principal object of observation. Nevertheless 


AMPHITRITE. 235 


the Amphitrite had doubled the length of its tube, which, in twelve 
months, extended just nine lines. Doubtless these dimensions would 
have been more ample, and more rapid, with a copious supply of suitable 
materials ; but the precautions which had been taken to avoid them, in 
connection with the success, shewed the art of the animal in collecting in- 
evedients for its work, where their presence appeared insensible to our 
observation. 

The following are among the conclusions to be deduced from the 
preceding detail :— 


I. The Amphitrite ventilabrum, one of the Annelides or segmentine 
animals, extends fifteen inches. It is composed of two distinct parts, 
a vermicular body, consisting of above 350 segments, crowned by ninety- 
two ciliated branchie, arranged in two separate fans, together forming 
a funnel, the extremity terminating below in two glandular organs. In 
the centre of the funnel are two stout, short, antennule. 

II. The number of the segments, and of the branchize, are dependent 
on the size and age of the specimen. 

Il. A powerful reproductive energy is distributed throughout the ° 
body, whereby lost parts are speedily regenerated. 

IV. The Amphitrite ventilabrum dwells in a tube of its own fabrica- 
tion, composed of earthy matter, collected by its branchial apparatus, 
prepared as a paste, incorporated with animal gluten, and adapted by 
peculiar organs to the orifice of its habitation. 

V. The exercise of the mechanical parts depends wholly on the 
specimen being preserved in its original dwelling, for it cannot construct 
a new one. 

VI. Reproduction of lost parts advances, though the Amphitrite be 
deprived of its tube. 


PLate XXX. 
Fic. 1. Amphitrite ventilabrum, adult, issuing from its tube. The lower ex- 
tremity of this specimen extended farther than the bottom of 
the Plate, therefore it is omitted. Funnel or branchiz, a. 
2. Adult specimen without the tube, funnel, a. 


236 AMPHITRITE. 


Prate XXX. 
Fic. 8. Antennule, natural size. 
4. Regenerating plume from a stump within the tube. Trowels, a, 6, 
clasping the edge of the orifice. Scoop or tongue between them, ec. 
. Young specimen in a perfect tube. Branchiz or funnel, a. 
. Another. 
. Young specimen with seven branchiz. 
. The same, enlarged. 
. Fragment, which separated from the posterior extremity of an adult, 
regenerating a branchial plume, a ; secretory glands, 6. 
10. The same enlarged. 


oot GS 


11. The same, with the plume regenerated slightly, enlarged. 


§ 2. AMPHITRITE BOMBYX.—Plate XXXI. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 5. 


The general structure of this animal resembles that of the preceding 
subject, in a luxuriant plume of branchize crowning a vermicular body, 
and in dwelling in a sheath. 

Its name is derived from the materials whereof the sheath is formed, 
being an animal gluten like silk, without earthy particles incorporated 
during its fabrication. 

The total length of the Amphitrite is about three inches, or little 
more, whereof the plume, composed of towards sixty branchize, consti- 
tutes a third, and the body, equalling two-thirds, consisting of sixty or 
seventy segments, is terminated by two white papille. 

The shoulder enlarges as a marginal white frill, from which the 
plume originates ; and each side of the body is bordered by a row of 
short bristly pencils, with a black speck near the roots. A groove com- 
mences at some distance from the frill towards the belly ; and within the 
frill the neck of the plume, which is white, is encircled by a row of very 
dark lines.—Plate XXXI. figs. 1, 2. 

The branchiz of the plume are disposed in lunate arrangement, like 
those of the Cristatella. They bear a narrow resemblance to feathers, 
each consisting of ribs bordered by a double row of active cilia, alike 
numerous, and longer in proportion than those of the preceding species, 


Oe 
> a 


a= 


a) 


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co 
HS 
3 
Wiese 


Hiyflilrite Bo bye 


VA 


.. | | 
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iit 
LO 


PL. 


XXXL 


Cy. LIBRARY 
HIVERS ATY 
E. MA USA 


HARVARD U 
‘cawanine 


AMPHITRITE. 237 


figs. 3, 4, 5. Besides corresponding coloured spots, several pair of pecu- 
har shaped, flattened, transparent organs, endowed with some extension 
and contraction, and apparently of the same consistence as the cilia, pro- 
ject from the back of the rib.—Fig. 6, a, 6, c, stem enlarged. Two stout 
pointed antennular spines are situate in the centre of the bottom of the 
plume or funnel, where the converging branchiz meet below. These 
organs are susceptible of prolongation, and have the faculty of transmit- 
ting particles up the back.—Fig. 7, enlarged. 

The plume is proportionally larger and more luxuriant than that of 
the Amphitrite ventilabrum. It is finely variegated with different shades 
of brown and yellow. Orpiment orange is the colour which predominates 
on the body. 

This animal dwells in a tube surpassing its own length, which is not 
of mechanical construction, but is formed by a spontaneous exudation 
from its whole body, comprehending the extremities, or from any part 
of it. When originally produced, it is clear as crystal, completely ex- 
posing the tenant’s external organization, of corresponding figure. If de- 
prived of the surrounding element, its aspect is somewhat gelatinous, but 
it seems truly of silken fabric, and becomes quite opaque with age. The 
upper part is corrugated, darker, thicker, and stronger than the rest, evi- 
dently for protection of the plume, which is the most delicate part of the 
creature. The lower extremity is close and obtuse.—Plate XXXII.’ 
fisnAe 

The secretion whence the tube is derived, must be accounted very 
copious, as several tubes can be formed in succession. Whether any 
share of it is afforded by the plume seems uncertain, farther than as a 
glutinous matter, overspreading the vicinity, as a preservation of the 
animal parts from abrasion. 

Contrary to the direction of the tube essential for discharging the 
mechanical functions of the Amphitrite ventilabrum, naturally vertical, 
that of the Amphitrite bombyx is usually horizontal. Herein the plume 
is stationary, it has no such functions to discharge ; nor, although the 
tube be occasionally vertical, and the plume remains free, is there any 
revolution, as by the former species. It affixes readily to all substances. 


238 AMPHITRITE. 


One occurred vertically inverted, being reversed with the orifice down- 
wards. A specimen of this animal had established itself in the cavity of 
an old shell, occupied by the Ascidia intestinalis, covering an inch of the 
tube. The shell was sawn asunder to liberate the Amphitrite, and the 
tube, thick and dark, slit up to dislodge it entire. This bemg accom- 
plished, the animal produced a new and transparent sheath, in twenty- 
four hours, corrugated and strengthened near the orifice. As specimens 
seem largest where best protected, this subject was old. 

Gentle pressure upwards always induces the Amphitrite bombyx to 
quit its tube. 

It is a very timid creature and impatient of light. On the slightest 
shock, or on interception of the light, the plume collapses, which is ac- 
companied by instant retreat and closing the orifice of the sheath. The 
rise of the tenant is slow, with a partial revolution during ascent, per- 
haps to avoid deranging the order of the plume. But, instead of uni- 
formly disappearing on alarm, it frequently endeavours to quit its dwell- 
ing ; and, when the water becomes stale, the body protrudes very far, as 
if the animal would depart. The facility of forming a new sheath, ren- 
ders the loss of the old one the less inconvenient. When entirely dis- 
lodged, the plume expands much more than when the sheath is occupied, 
the branchiz remaining some time displayed like the radii of a circle-— 
Plate XXXI., fig. 2. 

The branchial apparatus is united to the body by a very thin skin. 
A specimen, while merely crawling in a vessel, lost the plume entire, the 
lower part of which, or neck, resembled a complete opening. 

As in the Amphitrite ventilabrum, the branchiz of this species aug- 
ment in number with age. 

Perpetuation.—Of two specimens obtained in the middle of August, 
one was very turgid. Both formed transparent sheaths, and in three 
days, a vast profusion of many thousand white specks strewed the bottom 
of the vessel, amidst the thinnest gelatinous matter. Where most abun- 
dant, they were of the faintest carnation. Under the microscope, these 
specks proved to be spherical. They were solid, consisting of a dark and 
irregular central nucleus, invested by transparent albumen. In one the 


AMPHITRITE. 239 


nucleus seemed to be composed of several smaller globules ; those of 
others were somewhat elongated : rudely angular in a few ; in many they 
were not referable to any given form. But, whether such variety was a 
symptom of advance or decay is doubtful—Plate XXXIL, fig. 2. 

Spawning continues during most of summer. Two specimens 
spawned first in May, in considerable quantity, and afterwards copiously 
in June. The whole broke up in six or seven days, without any definite 
result. 

On another occasion, two of sixteen specimens, procured on June 5, 
were turgid with spawn. They, accordingly, produced a great quantity 
on the 15th. Here, also, the ova were spherical, with a dark central 
nucleus, which, in some, appeared elongating within two days. But the 
whole decomposed immediately afterwards. Thus, in spite of every pre- 
caution, I have been always disappointed of the progeny of the Amphi- 
trite bombyw. 

It would be most desirable to ascertain the earliest aspect of such 
animals. Nevertheless, the accession of parts, both in respect to the seg- 
ments of the body and the organs composing the branchial apparatus, 
evidently augments. Being always fewer in the young than in the old, 
we may question whether any are sensibly different, as the foetus is libe- 
rated from the ovum. 

Reproduction —When disappointed of enquiries into one interesting 
subject, it is gratifying to find satisfactory illustrations of another. 

The present species, in common with the preceding, enjoys the most 
powerful reproductive energies from the gifts of nature. Those organs, 
whereof it may be bereaved by violence, or which may be consumed by 
disease, are completely restored, so that each mutilated animal again be- 
comes perfect. The plume is subject to gradual deperdition of its pecu- 
liar parts, the body is liable to privation of the plume, yet the whole are 
reproduced as if nothing had been deficient. 

A specimen which had been recently obtained, lost the plume com- 
pletely on the 5th of April. This separated portion, expanding an inch, 
lay at the bottom of the vessel. The branchis were partly in circular, 
partly in lunate order, with the central antennular organs rising erect 


240 AMPHITRITE. 


amidst them, the frill remaining with the mutilated trunk, shewed its 
correspondence to the lunate portions. In twenty-six hours, the trunk, 
now extending two inches, was invested by a fine slim silken sheath. 
In fifteen days the rudiments of a regenerating plume rose, as several 
shoots, an eighth of an inch long ; and in other three, specks on the back 
of the ribs were discernible. Incipient fringes began to clothe the latter, 
and in twenty-three days from the date of mutilation, the branchie had 
attained a third of the dimensions of those they were replacing. The 
plume, also, with the regenerated antennule, was half its proper diame- 
ter. Accidental contamination of the water, at this time, occasioned 
separation of the new plume, as entire as that which it had succeeded. 
The Amphitrite, however, weakened and died,—tinging the surrounding 
element green by its decay. 

A notable instance of reproduction succeeded, with a fragment half 
an inch long, separating from the extremity of a specimen, recovered from 
the sea on October 25. In three days a prominence was perceptible on 
the anterior part, which, in other three, exhibited very short but dis- 
tinct originating branchiz. This fragment invested itself with a sheath, 
and continued always to repeat it when dislodged for observation. In 
two months, the new parts proved a fine reproduction : the organs be- 
hind the rib, at first mere prominences, were now acquiring their pecu- 
liar figure, and the whole plume was about equal to the length of the 
body when the animal was at rest. However, the extremities of the 
ribs were still bare, and remained so five or six weeks from their origin. 
—Plate XXXI., fig. 8 ; Plate XX XIII, the same, enlarged. 

The secretions of this specimen were very copious. Sometimes the 
new sheath was invisible to the eye after it was formed. But the crea- 
ture was apparently weakened by too frequent expulsion for the purpose 
of observation, because new exudation necessarily followed privation of 
its former dwelling. It survived seven months. Nothing could be more 
satisfactory than the various illustrations afforded of the wonderful pre- 
rogative of repairing lost parts, and the faculty of contributing to its own 
security. 

In prosecuting this subject, about five lines, or a fourth of the body, 


AM PHITRITE. 241 


separated below, on November 18, during an attempt to dislodge a speci- 
men from the sheath. Both wounds healed speedily. But nothing had 
been generated from the fragment in fifteen or sixteen days, though it 
formed itself a sheath with an orifice—Plate XXXII, fig. 3. Ninety- 
two days after mutilation, a renovating plume, of greenish colour, con- 
sisted of a short compressed assemblage of ribs, becoming very distinct in 
another week. Several were now acquiring a fringe, and the whole 
reproduction extended about two lines. In 116 days after mutilation, 
the plume almost equalling half the length of the body, unfolded in 
nearly the natural figure. All the parts, old and new, were vivid. Be- 
sides some ribs advancing, eight branchiz were fringed, but the cilia had 
not reached the summit of the rib.—Plate XXXI. fig. 4, regenerated 
branchia ; fig. 5, enlarged. 

While the sundered fragment gained a plume, that of the original 
entire animal still subsisted ; therefore, as exemplified in the Amphitrite 
ventilabrum, here were two cotemporary plumes, two complete systems of 
the branchial apparatus, in vigorous existence at once, on two portions 
which had constituted an integral animal. 

Farther illustration of the subject might be considered superfluous, 
were it not from the interest attending the discovery of similar results by 
artificial mutilation. 

In natural mutilation, succeeded by perfect reproduction, some may 
conclude that there are definite limits, comprehending the elements of 
all the defective parts, whose evolution follows. The same cannot be 
conjectured of artificial mutilation, for there are no external indications 
of such limits, if they do exist, nor of the elements of such parts, to be 
developed subsequently. 

The specimen, Plate XXXIL, fig. 7, was mutilated of half an inch 
of the posterior extremity.—Plate XXXII, fig. 5. 

A specimen having been preserved during six weeks or two months, 
was then dislodged, and half an inch sundered from the lower extre- 
mity ; next day, the anterior portion had ascended the side-of the 
vessel, displaying its plume as if unhurt. In four days it had formed 
itself a slight sheath, and the wound appeared healed. Some very short 

2H 


242 AMPHITRITE. 


hairs were generated from the anterior part of the sundered portions in 
sixteen or seventeen days ; and in twenty-four days, a regular plume, 
composed of sixteen or seventeen unequal branchiz, with very short cilia, 
was reproduced. This became of nearly corresponding proportion to 
‘the subject in thirty-three days, and to what is witnessed in the entire 
animal, being about a fourth of the whole.—Fig. 5. In forty-two days 
it was perfect, having five rows of spots on the ribs, forming a circle in 
display. But the same disproportion, as described in the former species, 
subsisted between the plume and the body, and was very conspicuous, 
for, as the one advanced the other declined. In sixty-three days it was 
almost half the length of the body. Meantime, the original mutilated 
animal still survived, bearing its own original plume, while that of the 
fragment subsisted in vigour, as in the former observation.—Figs. 6, 7. 

In another experiment, the body of an entire and vigorous animal, 
extending an inch, was mutilated of a portion equalling two lines, from 
the posterior extremity : then of a portion above it equalling four lines. 
Thus, there were three parts, first, the origimal, comprehending the plume 
and antennule, a. Secondly, the middle portion, 6. Thirdly, the pos- 
terior extremity, c. All were set apart. 

In three weeks, the original anterior, a, with the plume and anten- 
nulee, remained sufficiently vigorous.—Plate XXXII. fig. 8. The middle 
section, 6, had generated a new plume, rising an eighth of an inch.— 
Fig. 9. But no sensible reproduction issued from the upper part of ¢, 
the posterior extremity.—Fig. 10. The wound having healed, however, 
without decay or injury, still encouraged expectation of the defective 
organs. 

Accordingly, in ten days longer, a plume, composed of greenish ribs 
alone, could be discerned through the sheath, arising from the fragment. 
This advanced regularly and rapidly : and, in fifty-five days after the 
section, it consisted of eight perfect branchiz, extending nearly two lines, 
besides two large and conspicuous antennule.—Fig. 11. ; the same en- 
larged, fig. 12. c 

Thus, it is proved that the elements of the branchial plume reside 
in different parts of the body of the Amphitrite bombyx. It is also proved, 


AMPHITRITE. 245 


that the secretion of the substance forming the sheath is not confined to 
a single part of the animal. 

The theory of such reproductions involves the naturalist in extraor- 
dinary embarrassment. It is not surprising, deed, that accidental 
wounds or lacerations should heal ;—that the energies of animated nature 
should restore the integrity of mutilated organs, essential for the preser- 
vation of the injured individual. But, to behold the evolution of the 
most complex organization, where none, to the senses, previously existed, 
nor could exist, in accordance with the integrity and safety of the ani- 
mated being, or that its development should be dependent on an act of 
violence, for the purpose of replacing that whereof it had been deprived, 
is enough to perplex the mind. 

Some imperceptible constituent atom, or its residue, may escape 
destruction, when we attempt to eradicate an organ, and survive to en- 
large in its place, and expand in similar form. But the same argument is 
not of obvious application to the evolution of similar parts from another 
site, one where there is no rational probability of the regular course of 
nature having provided for their existence. Here we seem to reach a 
postulate, demanding the indefinite—the universal diffusion of germs, 
ready for development wherever the obstacles to it cease: or of some 
creative power, effecting a secretion of such matter as may produce new 
organs, in form and substance. If, assuming that instead of the universal 
diffusion of elementary atoms, or the wniversal subsistence of creative 
energies, both may be partial, there ought to be certain limited points 
from which such complex organization originates, as the branchial plume 
is produced by artificial sections. On the other hand, by assuming the 
universality of such points, we are led to conceptions of tenuity which 
baffle language to express. 

The preceding deductions have been afforded by at least sixty living 
specimens, the finest of which were natives of the Shetland and Orkney 
Islands. 


Note.—A specimen of the Amphitrite bombyx once occurred, which 
was lodged in a black tube, three inches long, adhering inside of an old 


244 


AMPHITRITE. 


oyster shell. This animal protruded a snow-white plume, sparingly 
stained with some dark specks. It consisted of about twenty-eight 
feathered branchiz, but was never unfolded, nor shewing more than 
about half an inch. The Amphitrite was always extremely strong. I 
preserved it, in hopes of farther disclosure ; but it disappeared in three 
months, without any visible change, having probably wasted away.— 
_ Plate XXXIL, fig. 13. 


Puate XXXII. 


Gets 


bo 


“Io> Or P.O 


Amphitrite bombyx. 


. Another specimen. 

. Branchiz, enlarged. 

. Another reproduced, enlarged. 

. Another one of fig. 4, Plate XX XII., reproduced, enlarged. 
. Organs on the back of one of the branchiz, a, 6, c, enlarged. 
. Antennulee, enlarged. 


Piate XXXII. 


Fic. 1. 
9 


ie 


3. 


or 


12. 
13. 


Amphitrite bombyx, sheath. 

Spawn, enlarged. 

Fragment about five lines long, separated from the extremity of a 
specimen, delineated 27th November 1830. 


. The same, having generated a plume in 116 days, delineated 14th 


March 1831. 


. Sundered fragment, extending about an inch, as appearing when 


delineated, 28th March 1831. 


. The same, with a regenerated plume, 25th April 1831. 
. Original trunk and plume from which fig. 5 was sundered. 
. The first of three sections of a specimen, with its original plume 


appearing three weeks after mutilation of the rest. 


. The second or middle section of the same specimen, delineated at 


the same time as fig. 8. 


. The third section, or extremity of the specimen, still without any 


symptom of reproduction, delineated at the same time as figs. 8, 9. 


. The same, fig. 10, having generated a perfect plume of eight bran- 


chiee, fifty-five days after mutilation. 
The same, fig. 11, enlarged. 
Specimen with a snow-white plume. 


VIE PL), XXXTT- 


WZ Vos ts Vi 
‘ TS nile Banke 
/ 


f 


 Mcz WUBRARM 
HARVARD USIVERSH 


PL. XXX 


Sola Welty dele Charies Thomson Souk” 


AMPHITRITE. 245 


Pate XXXIII. 
Fragment of an Amphitrite bombyx, being the same as Plate XXXII. fig. 8, 
with the plume regenerated and enlarged. 


§ 3. AMPHITRITE FLOSCULA.—Plate XXXI. Fig. 9. 


Animals which are modelled after the same general type by nature, 
are sometimes distinguished by strange peculiarities, of which the sub- 
ject of this paragraph is an example. Yet, its rarity has precluded me 
from investigating its history with sufficient precision. The more ob- 
scure and equivocal any genus or species of living creatures may appear 
to the naturalist, the greater the number of specimens are required to 
satisfy him. 

Though smaller than either of the preceding, which are both of great 
interest, the Amphitrite floscula surpasses them in beauty ; nor is it infe- 
rior to them in certain singularities, and all of which merit much farther 
notice than it has been in my power to bestow on them. 

In general formation this creature resembles the ventilabrum and 
bombyx, consisting of a vermicular body, crowned by a branchial plume. 
It extends two inches in whole, of which the latter is equivalent to about 
a fourth part, and consists of thirty-two branchiz, disposed in two vertical 
compartments, forming together a circular funnel as before. The branchiz 
are composed of a rib, bare towards the summit, and fringed on each 
side with cilia of unusual length, inclining inwards. The tip of the rib 
itself is incurved. A transparent elastic web connects the branchiz with 
each other below ; and the whole form a perfect funnel, with an incurva- 
ture of the tip. I have been unable to detect antennule in the centre, 
such as are borne by the others. If present, they are minute or colour- 
less. The body consists of a number of segments with interannulations. 
Thus, a narrower ring is interposed between two which are broader and 
of greater diameter. 

I have been also unable to discover whether there is a row of any- 
thing resembling pencils on the sides, but I sometimes thought a row of 


246 AMPHITRITE. 


warts or prominences occupied their place, though I cannot speak con- 
fidently of the fact. 

From the long luxuriant fringes and incurvature of the branchie, 
the expanded plume resembles the double corolla of a fine flower. 

A transparent, tubular, thick gelatinous mass constitutes the dwell- 
ing of this animal, of very different appearance from the receptacles of 
the two preceding species. It has none of the regular form belonging to 
either. The side is not under an eighth of an inch in thickness, or once 
and a half the diameter of the body, and sometimes more ; it also ex- 
ceeds the length of the body considerably. It is originally quite diapha- 
nous and invisible, free of all adventitious matter, and seems entirely the 
product of an animal secretion. Sometimes it has been seen of a slight 
silky aspect, but it may almost always be compared to a gelatinous mass, 
which is affixed to an extraneous substance. 

The tenants of two such tubular habitations, each with a wide ori- 
fice, having been dislodged, they speedily generated a quantity of the 
most transparent jelly. But their plumes becoming mutually entangled 
from want of room, one of the specimens was transferred to a short glass 
tube, suspended in a different vessel. Here. it formed itself a copious 
covering in a week or less, apparently filling the cavity ; and, in time, 
the jelly projected beyond the mouth of the tube. At length, when the 
animal rose upwards, the jelly rose along with it, as much as nine lines 
above the edge of the orifice of the glass tube. Along with the expan- 
sion of the plume, the centre of the gelatinous matter expanded also ; 
on the other hand, as the plume contracted the diameter of the jelly 
contracted ; and if the animal sunk, the tubular orifice was depressed 
along with it and closed. All this gelatinous substance could not be 
under ten or twelve times the weight of the tenant ; yet, from excessive 
transparence, it then proved impossible to determine the precise outline 
of the jelly, nor until slightly darkened beyond the glass tube, when it 
appeared conical. ; 

If this tube, withdrawn from the water, be inverted, the jelly ad- 
hering within it hangs down from the orifice like a compact tenacious mass. 


AMPHITRITE. 247 


The animal sometimes reverses itself in its gelatinous dwelling, then 
remaining a short time with the head downwards ; and sometimes it 
forms an additional orifice above—therein shewing an analogy to the 
genus Terebella. 

It is surprising how such a diminutive creature can exhibit secre- 
tion so abundant in a definite form. Perhaps the exudation is from the 
whole body ; and it seems invariably concomitant on renewal of the sur- 
rounding element. 

Buoyancy is promoted by many air bubbles, which are especially 
about the orifice. If the tenant be vigorous, it is constantly there dis- 
playing its plume ; if weak and languishing, it hangs far out of the tube, 
like the preceding species. 

This is a timid animal ; it retreats suddenly for safety. Then, as 
well as during its return, it performs a partial revolution, the branchie, 
meanwhile, being closed as a spiral, whereby the entire plume resembles 
a screw of multiplied threads. Some weight may be thence allowed to 
Viviani’s characteristic Spirographus, as distinguishing the genus Am- 
phitrite. 

This, the Floweret Amphitrite, seems rare in the Scotish Seas. Only 
about six specimens have occurred to me, the last at the interval of 
seventeen years from those preceding it. None survived above four 
months. 


Pirate XXXI. 
Fic. 9. Amphitrite floscula. 


§ 4. MISCELLANEOUS. - 


Besides the preceding species, whose features are sufficiently defined, 
there are some other annulose animals which may be placed provision- 
ally im the vicinity of the Amphitrite. Farther observation will point 
out their precise position in the Systema if they ought to remain here. 


248 AMPHITRITE. 


1. Fapricta.—Plate XXXI. Figs. 10, 11. 


A minute animal, dwelling on shores, bears so much resemblance to 
one denominated Fabricia by Miiller, in honour of a distinguished natu- 
ralist, that I shall not venture to assign it any other name. Fabricius, 
indeed, ascribes twelve segments to the body of his specimen, and Dr 
Johnston thirteen. Mine have had only six, whence, from that and 
other things, I cannot positively identify it with theirs ; and, before being 
aware of its having been observed by them, I had proposed to call it the 
Amphitrite palmata. 

This animal consists of a body composed of about six segments, 
crowned by a plume. Its total length about a line, and the expansion 
of the plume is as much. The latter consists of six compartments, each 
being a rib bordered by long tentacula, and each tentaculum fringed by 
cilia. Two black specks are on the neck. A bristle is on each side of 
the segments of the body. 

This animal dwells in a tube of its own fabrication, four lines long, 
and narrow. When the water is rendered turbid, the plume or branchiz 
may be observed protruding as a pencil from the tube, and particles are 
transmitted down the centre of the ribs, as the animal revolves like the 
Amphitrite. I have been unable, however, to discover tentacula within 
the plume, or trowels without it. 

Fabricius says that it cannot resume its place in the tube after 
having been dislodged. 

Specimens have survived four or five months in confinement, during 
which time the tube received sensible accessions. 

This animal dwells in pools near low water. As it is said that a 
later naturalist has named a different product Fabricia, Dr Johnston 
proposes that it shall be now denominated Othonia, thus still retaining 
the Christian name of Fabricius. 


Puate XXXII. 
Fic. 10. Fabricia. 
11. Another specimen. 


AMPHITRITE. 249 


2. AMPHITRITE LUNA.—Plate XXXI. Figs. 12, 13. 


The larger animals are generally distinguished by prominent fea- 
tures ; those of many of the smaller are frequently equivocal. They in- 
volve us in perplexity ; yet I acknowledge that I have perhaps exposed 
myself to greater embarrassment than some others, from my reluctance to 
institute new genera if the older could receive new species. 

The subject of this paragraph, like that of the former, is placed here 
provisionally, until the genus to which it really belongs is ascertained. 
I feel doubtful whether it is an Amphitrite, though dwelling in the sea, 
or allied to a Cristatella. ; 

The higher extremity consists of forty-four or forty-six tentacula, 
crowning the body, which projects from an indurated sandy surface, 
covering old shells for about four lines. The tentacula are disposed in 
lunate or horse-shoe arrangement, resembling the higher portion of Cris- 
tatella, fourteen or sixteen occupying the interlines. A web, rising about 
a fifth up the tentacula, unites the roots of the whole. Diameter of the 
head or tentacular plume a line and a half. 

Neither cilia nor antennule are visible. The animal rises erect from 
the indurated sand, projecting the head, or hanging over the surface. 
The termination of the intestinal canal is under the middle of the inte- 
rior row of tentacula, as in the Cristatella. 

A current or circulation is carried on through the body to the very 
tips of the tentacula, which are thus discovered to be hollow or undi- 
vided. Dark particles are carried up the body in a vessel on one side of 
the stomach, introduced and conveyed to the extremities of the ten- 
tacula, from whence they are returned and carried down a vessel on the 
other side of the stomach. 

These currents run with extraordinary force and rapidity. They 
are accelerated, retarded, or suspended by short interruptions, but other- 
wise their course is incessant. The dark particles conveyed by the 
fluid are unequal in quantity, dimensions, and proximity. They are 

21 


250 AMPHITRITE. 


quite visible, both during transmission into the tentacula and as they 
return. But I have not been able to ascertain whether the ascent there 
and the return are by different channels. 


PiaTe XXXI. 
Fias. 12. 13. Amphitrite luna. 


3. FILIPORA FILOGRANA.—Plate XXXIV. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 


Some authors propose to incorporate this product with the Zoophytes ; 
but its proper position seems between the Amphitrite and the Serpula, 
for it consists of a tube, originating from one of the Annelides by which 
it is occupied. 

The Filipora filograna is a marine product, generally recovered 
from deep waters. It constitutes irregular masses, composed of a vast 
congeries of shelly tubes, alike irregular in dimensions and arrangement, 
formed from a minute animal, closely allied to the Amphitrite. 

There is no uniformity either of size, shape, or appearance, among 
the different masses : no two are alike. Their formation can be scarcely 
said to be regulated by any common laws, which may be partly ascribed 
to every tube originating from a different animal, whose numbers do not 
seem under any known modification. 

This animal extends in whole about three lines. It consists of a 
vermicular body, crowned by a plume of eight pinnate organs, each com- 
posed of a rib as before, bordered by about fourteen cilia, rather thick 
and obtuse. The body is composed of about twenty-four segments, each 
with a pencil of several bristles on both sides. It originates, as in the 
Amphitrite, in a kind of frill, and terminates with two small tubercles. 

The plume forms a funnel, equalling a third of the length of the 
body. No antennular organs within it could be detected by the micro- 
scope. But, interception of the neighbouring parts precluded a distinct 
view of the centre. 


PL. XXSTP 3 


_— 


Cth 
Ue 


f; 
hot Myron 
J, Z 


AMPHITRITE. 251 


It is difficult to offer any intelligible description of this product, 
farther than in saying it consists of a congeries of innumerable slender 
filaments, united in irregular bundles, or fasciculi, forming altogether 
something like filigree work. The mass is penetrated by numerous deep 
cavities, of indeterminate size and form. The fasciculi are so disposed 
that the orifices of all the tubes are directed outwards, and many clusters 
of them advance beyond the circumference or outline of the product. 

A specimen resembled a quantity of the most luxuriant moss, which 
might have been covered by a hollow spherical segment, above three 
inches in diameter and two and a half in depth. Another specimen was 
infinitely larger, in general form an ellipsoid, above seven inches long, 
six broad, and four thick. The whole bounded by curves :’ there were 
no angles. Cavities of all different dimensions penetrated this substance. 
The surface, especially the circumference, universally in obtuse promi- 
nences, so that the specimen resembled a piece of rich carving. Here 
the myriads of tubes exceeded calculation. 

The specimen represented Plate XXXIV. fig. 1. was nearly four 
inches high, above three broad, and two inches thick. It seemed to 
have been formed from the smaller portion or root upwards, and it was 
of the same irregularity as any of the others. 

The tubes are always very slender and intricately interwoven : none 
have exceeded seven lines in length at most, and some are as slender as 
a coarse horse hair. 

The animals display themselves in great numbers from the orifices 
of the tubes ; but they seem delicate, as many fall from their site like 
the animals of certain Ascidian Zoophytes. Then they are seen to be of 
unequal size, the body of some being quite as slender as a horse hair, to 
which the smaller tubes have been already compared. 

None have survived above fifteen days. The whole product is 
dingy white ; the animal grey. It is less symmetrical than the Am- 
phitrite. 

This substance occurs in deep water. 


252 AMPHITRITE. 


PLATE XXXIV. 
Fic. 1. Filipora filograna, specimen. 
2. Cluster of tubes with the Amphitrite, enlarged. 
. Amphitrite protruding from a tube. 
. Plume of eight branchize viewed in front. 
. Amphitrite having fallen from its tube. 
. Another, exposing some internal organization. 
All the preceding figures, except the first, enlarged. 


aD oP 


; PL. XXXV~ 
VIE 


4 


- LA, CTT 


Pp. LZ ; 
E Le, Li UWymnene, eyes 
y Y 


MISCELLANEOUS. 253 


CHAPTER X: 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Berore advancing farther, let me devote some general observations 
to a few detached animals, whose structure and habits have proved of 
equal obscurity. 

It is not always the rarity of the subject that involves the naturalist 
in difficulties, for some of the following are of frequent occurrence. 
Others, again, are rare, scarcely to be obtained, and several seem to be 
distinguished by peculiarities, which I have been unsuccessful im endea- 
vouring to understand. None, along with many more which could be 
specified, seem to have received any attention in this country, though 
to appearance not unworthy of notice. 

It is of some importance to science, that every natural product 
should occupy an obvious and definite position. It greatly facilitates 
our mechanical knowledge, and it is a ready relief to our fellow students. 
But instead of at once multiplyig genera to an inconvenient extent, 
merely for the purpose of comprehending a single subject, it is infinitely 
preferable to search after a place for its reception among those already 
constituted. Perhaps it is only our ignorance that leads us to remove 
some animals from places which they might suitably occupy. 


1. PriapuLus caupATus.—Plate XXXV. Figs. 1, 2. 


Authors differ much on the position of this animal in the Systema. 
Some have considered it a species of Holothuria, which assuredly it is 


204 MISCELLANEOUS. 


not, and others approximate it to the Sipunculus with as little reason. 
This matter might be elucidated perhaps by dissection. 

The figure can be explained better by the representation than by 
any description. Length seven or eight inches ; thickness in the middle 
about half an inch. The anterior extremity nearly three quarters in its 
longest diameter. The body may be described as consisting of three 
parts ;—the anterior, a. called the gland, swelling and longitudinally sul- 
cated or striated ; the middle, 4. annulated : and the tail, c. composed of 
a series of moveable filaments, and tapering to the extremity. The mouth 
is in the centre of the anterior extremity, and the vent, d. at that part of 
the body where there are some tuberculated rings at the origin of the 
filamentous tail. Some animals are pure white, others faint dingy yellow. 

This animal dwells in various parts of the Scotish seas: the finest 
having come from Shetland, where it lives in a foul muddy bottom. I 
found one, however, towards three inches long, considerably above low 
water, under the stones of the shore, not far from Granton Pier, in the 
estuary of the Forth. But specimens are said to be everywhere of rare 
occurrence. 

I have provided specimens with a quantity of fine sand in their 
vessels, which they never penetrated. 

The animal is always full of a blackish matter ; and portions of a 
soft or thready faecal substance have been discharged. A specimen like 
Plate XXXV. fig. 2. discharged a vermicular substance extending three 
inches, which, at the time, I conjectured to be some worm that it had 
swallowed. The state of such substances prevents their nature from 
being clearly recognised. 


PLATE XXXV. 
Fic. 1. Priapulus caudatus. Anterior extremity, a; middle, 6; posterior, ¢ ; 
vent, d. 
2. Another specimen. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 255 


2. CLYMENE BOREALIS.—Plate XXXV. Fig. 5. 


Naturalists have instituted a genus Clymene, which, to me, seems 
not very remote from the Terebella, or which might be perhaps intro- 
duced between the Lumbricus and the Terebella. It wants several fea- 
tures of the Nereis, and exhibits some which do not belong to the Lum- 
bricus, therefore standing apart from both. 

Savigny is reputed the founder of a genus to comprehend this ani- 
mal, observed first by him in Egypt, but I have not been so fortunate 
as to obtain his account of it. 

I am not aware that either its description, or its history, have en- 
tered the British Fawna. Only one species is known to me as inhabiting 
Scotland, which occurred many years ago. 

It extends three inches in length, by about a line in thickness. 
The body consists of about twenty-four segments of irregular dimensions, 
some being twice the length of others, with a pencil of several bristles 
issuing from both sides of each. 

The extremity of the first segment dilates into a dental thin rim of 
from sixteen to twenty-four teeth, according to the specimen. These are 
somewhat extensile. The extremity of the last segment is obtuse as an 
ovoid. 

The anterior extremity forms a very shallow funnel, with the 
mouth in the centre. And there is a longitudinal groove or depression 
down some of the segments. 

This animal dwells in a compact, hard, irregular tube, constructed 
of sandy particles, united by an exudation apparently from the whole 
body, and fashioned chiefly during the night. The teeth of the funnel 
are probably instrumental in the work. 

It is extremely difficult, almost impracticable, to free the tenant of 
its tube without rupture of the body, or some great injury. 

It is not rare, dwelling in rocky clefts on the shore towards low- 
water ; but specimens as large as the dimensions instanced are uncom- 
mon. ‘They survive readily for a considerable time. 


256 MISCELLANEOUS. 


Pirate XXXV. 
Fic. 8. Clymene borealis in its tube. 
4. Anterior portion, enlarged. 
5. Entire specimen, enlarged ; anterior a ; posterior extremity, 6. 


3. StpHonostomA.—Plate XVIII. Figs. 10, 11, 12. 


As the subject of this paragraph bears some resemblance to what 
might prove a species of the Siphonostoma of Otto,* taken by him in the 
bay of Naples, I shall meantime abstain from disturbing nomenclature 
by proposing the alteration of either. 

Before being aware of that naturalist’s description, I had named it 
provisionally Nereis gelatinosa. It occurred to me many years ago. 

As the preceding animal may present some elements of the Tere- 
bella, so does this shew some analogies to the habits of the Nereis. 

In general appearance this creature is green, and quite gelatinous. 
It extends three inches in length, by less than three lines in thickness, 
and swims by contortions like the Nereis, continuing its activity at night 
for a considerable time without interruption. Thus the smaller extre- 
mity is always in advance, while what may be considered the anterior is 
behind. 

The body is of a quadrangular figure, with about forty pencils, com- 
posed of two long bristles, and a row of specks down the back. The 
head or anterior extremity, consists of two thin leaves, capable of folding 
together over the neighbouring parts, together with two yellow contrac- 
tile tentacular organs. There are several setaceous organs, disposed in 
two bunches, nearly twenty each, issuing from between the leaves, and 
between the roots of those bunches is a single, round, black speck, re- 
sembling an eye. 

The whole body is traversed by a reddish intestine. Other inter- 
anea are also visible through the translucent integument, and the gra- 


* Vide Otto, apud Acta Physico-Medica Academiz Cesare Leopoldine Caroline Na- 


ture Curiosorum, tom. x. p. 628-633. Tab. LI. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 257 


dual formation at certain seasons of what seems an ovarium. A quan- 
tity of green spawn once appeared in a vessel containing a specimen in 
the beginning of June. 

This animal lurks in shells, or under them, protruding the head, 
which, like that of the Nereis, is waved from side to side. Probably it 
dwells in mud, by which it is generally much disfigured, but which leaves 
it clean and translucent when washed away. I could never discover any 
tube or shelter of its fabrication. It is impatient of light. 

This animal is neither rare, nor difficult to be preserved. 

Its gelatinous consistency is best seen on pouring off the water, 
when it appears smooth and shining. 


Pirate XVIII. 
Fic. 10. Siphonostoma gelatinosa. 
11. Section of the body, enlarged. 
12. Head, enlarged. 


4, Paerusa Mutier1.—Plate XVIII. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 


A distinguished naturalist, Otho Frederic Miiller, has named the 
subject of this brief notice Amphitrite plumosa. M. de Blainville consi- 
ders it as bordering on the Spio ; but Oken institutes a genus Pherusa 
for its reception. 

Certainly the subject in question has none either of the principal or 
subordinate features of the Amphitrite, and it is still more unlike the 
Spio. In the reference which I have seen to Oken, a clay tube is ascribed 
to it for a dwelling ; but among a number of specimens taken from dif- 
ferent situations, nothing of the kind has ever occurred to me ; neither 
has the animal testified a disposition to occupy any tube, though such 
might be inferred from its organization. 

The body of this creature is of vermicular form, crowned by a head 
or anterior extremity of complex structure. The whole extends three 
inches and a half, by above three lines in thickness. It is quite round, 

2K 


258 MISCELLANEOUS. 


and tapers slightly downwards, divided into about 80 to 110 very dis- 
tinct segments, the last the extremity, which is obtuse. Six or seven 
flexible contractile tentacular organs, two of them long and more active 
than the rest, together with six or eight, sometimes more, long, slender 
bristles, all issue from the anterior extremity. The whole of the appa- 
ratus is retractile within the body, like the arborescent tentacula of the 
Holothuria. 

The segments are more cylindrical, and more deeply divided from 
each other than in most of the Annelides. 

The surface of the skin is wholly granulated, covered with tubercles, 
and like shagreen. A row of pencils, composed of several bristles, be- 
long to the segments ; besides which, there are some curving spines. 
This animal is sufficiently active at night, crawling over the bottom of 
its vessel. During the day it lurks between shells among mud, or under 
them, where it may remain a long time without shifting. The two 
longer tentacula, which much resemble those of the preceding animal, 
protruding far, and searching around with lively action. It shuns the 
light. The body is of a brownish or earthy appearance, the two longer 
tentacula pale or yellowish, the others green. 

If the animal constructs a tube, it is of the slightest and most inde- 
finite description. I have never seen it, either in its natural abode, which 
is both littoral and in deeper water. Specimens have survived many 
months. 


An ovarium, with deep grass-green ova, protruded from the body, 
with spherical ova, fig. 9. 


Pirate XVIII. 
Fia. 5. Pherusa Miilleri. 
6. Transverse section, enlarged. 
7. Section shewing the spines of the body, more enlarged. 
§. Bristles of the anterior, enlarged. 
9. Ova, enlarged. 


foe 


MC 
HARVARD 


ent 


IIb OO.G GE 


i) 


/ 


AUUUUUHIICe 


OUI” 


LG 


VIL 


LO 


Lt 


20 


<a 


2] 


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Wag 


2 Von OU, 


MISCELLANEOUS. 259 


5, Nereis nirsuta.—Plate XXXVI. Fig. 10. 


Length the sixteenth of an inch. Body roundish, about a fifth of 
the length in thickness, consisting of seventeen or eighteen segments, ter- 
minating by two knobs. Head with two articulated flexible antenne, 
and two black eyes. 

The body totally villous. 

Swims swiftly with the artenne recurved. 

Three of these animals occurred in a vessel full of sea-water in the 
beginning of May. 


PLATE XXXVI. 
Fic. 10. Nereis hirsuta. 


6. NeEREIs pecTINATA— Ve Feathered Nereis.—Plate XXXVI. 
Figs. 12, 13, 14, 15. 


This animal is probably allied to the Nereis, and may perhaps prove 
an intermediate link to Amphitrite. This is only a conjecture, how- 
ever, for it may be found something quite different, and only the larve 
of some more perfect creature. ‘Therefore I introduce it here with great 
diffidence. 

Length towards two lines ; breadth under half a line. An indenta- 
tion seems to distinguish the head from the rest, but the segments of 
the body are imperceptible, and the tail terminates in a fork. Ten- 
tacula two, fringed with bristles. Four stumps appear towards the an- 
terior, from which issue bristles half the length of the body. 

Colour to the eye white. 

This creature occurred among miscellaneous collections from the sea 
in May, and survived about a month. 


Pirate XXXVI. 
Fic. 12. Nereis pectinata, the back, enlarged. 
13. Profile. 
14. Anterior extremity, enlarged. 
15. Posterior extremity, enlarged. 


260 MISCELLANEOUS. 


7. Nereis pHASMA— The Spectre Nereis.—Plate XXXVI. Figs. 16, 17, 11. 


Nothing perplexes the observer more, than inability to obtain a 
distinct view of all the parts of his living subject ; and, perhaps, this 
may be one reason why naturalists have testified such a decided preference 
for studying those poor creatures which they have deprived of life. 

If it be difficult to distinguish the parts of a subject, this must al- 
ways aggravate the embarrassment of determining its systematic posi- 
tion. 

Other observers may have experienced greater facility than has 
fallen to my lot, or, without it, they may have followed the modern 
fashion of those who, disappointed of analogies, institute a new genus as 
the readiest method of solving the problem. 

One evening, early in January, while inspecting a vessel of sea-water, 
my attention was attracted to an indistinct vortex amidst it, without 
presenting any definite object to the view. ‘This motion was connected, 
however, with an air-bubble, certainly shifting it to different parts of the 
vessel. I could account for neither. Nothing else was perceptible, and 
it seemed still more singular, that I should afterwards witness the same by 
day. But on altering the position of the vessel, so as to throw different 
shades of light upon it and its contents, I discovered with much surprise 
that the agent was a very active animal, by no means so diminutive as to 
escape detection, but of such excessive transparence as to disguise its 
form. Nor is this any exaggeration of the fact ; for having sent the 
vessel to an accomplished artist, already named, Mr Peter Syme, for the 
purpose of obtainiga delineation, I found, on reaching him, that he had 
been unable to discover the object. However, by resorting to simi- 
lar expedients as practised by myself, he could now represent the most 
conspicuous parts of the animal. 

Nearly three years afterwards I obtained another specimen in No- 
vember. Both occurred in a capacious jar of sea-water taken from about 
the same place, Newhaven Pier. But with ample opportunities none 
have been again found there. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 261 


Twenty years later, six specimens were obtained on the Isle of May, 
not less than thirty miles distant, and from the whole I have been able 
to gain some slight acquaintance with this smgular animal,—singular, be- 
cause human vision can scarcely discover what is of sufficient size to ex- 
pose every feature. Hence it is that there must be always slight discre- 
pancies between the drawings of different artists. 

This animal is towards an inch in length. It might be inscribed in 
atriangle. The head is forked or cleft, furnished with two long antenne 
issuing from the sides, between the roots of which, or somewhat behind 
them, are two black eyes, rather oval, and probably compound. If the 
body is divided mto segments, they are invisible from transparence. If 
so, the segments consist of a central portion, as the central part of the 
Nereis, and a long arm, an integral part towards each side, gradually shor- 
tening from the middle to the lower extremity, which is pointed. To- 
wards this extremity they degenerate into mere stumps, which seem to 
be successively developed as arms. Sixteen or seventeen of these arms 
were conspicuous in fig. 17, and fourteen or fifteen in fig. 16. In some 
others were four or five or seven pair of limbs or arms. The extremity 
of the limb is cleft, and terminates in two portions like hollow walnut 
shells, fig. 11. To some of the artists the termination seemed a pencil. 
An intestinal organ traverses the whole length of the body. 

This animal is absolutely colourless ; it can be distinguished from 
the water only when in particular positions, and under a particular inci- 
dence of the light. 

It swims horizontally, and then partly by faint undulations. In 
this position the greater convexity of the back, and slighter convexity of 
the belly, are sensible. It always seeks the higher part of the water, near 
the surface, like the Medusz, keeping the antennz recurved. 

I sometimes believed that segments were indicated on the under 
surface ; that the whole was crossed by wrinkles which were effaced on 
extension ; and one of the cleft extremities of the limb also seemed to 
move as if by a joint ; and the hollows of some contained a minute yel- 
low body like an ovum. 

The animal is rather of a gelatinous appearance. It can be preser- 


262 MISCELLANEOUS. 


ved with difficulty, from being liable to entangle itself in every foreign 
substance, and is easily mutilated in its struggles for liberation. 

None have survived longer than twenty-four days. They generally 
live only a week. 

The only specimen shewing an air-bubble was fig. 17 ; and in this 
specimen I am induced to think the pencils at the extremity of the 
limbs should be shewn as cleft. 

An animal called the Briarean scolopendra, represented in the Plates 
of the voyage of MM. Quoy and Gaymard, bears much resemblance 
to the preceding, only the posterior extremity is greatly prolonged. 
It was found in the Straits of Gibraltar. 

I have not observed any other representation of it. 


Prats XXXVI. 
Fic. 17. Nereis phasma—The Spectre Nereis—as delineated by Mr Peter 
Syme, enlarged. 
16. Another specimen. 
11. Enlarged limb of fig. 16, shewing the cleft. 


The study of transparent animals is commonly attended with great 
embarrassment. We are frequently uncertain whether we actually be- 
hold them or not—whether they are entire or mutilated. 


8. OcroDACTYLUS INHHRENS.—Plate XXXV. Figs. 1, 2. 


Among the decrees of Nature, the least comprehensible is that which 
ordains the preservation of one animal by the destruction of another: her 
ostensible cares are directed to the safety of her creatures ; therefore there 
seems a strange inconsistency that life shall be sustained only at the ex- 
pense of life. 

But there are, besides, innumerable examples, where living animals 
are infested by multitudes of parasites, to their torment, if not to their 
destruction. They are consumed as the prey of generation after genera- 


MISCELLANEOUS. 265 


tion ; and the existence of the parasite is apparently dependent on the 
existence of the life of the other. If the one dies, so shall the parasite 
be destroyed. 

The subject of this paragraph infests the gills of the ling, to which 
it adheres with considerable tenacity. 

It is of a thin and flattened form, extending nine lines in extreme 
length, by about two in the broadest part. One extremity dilates into two 
portions, to the right and left, each composed of four tentacular-looking 
organs, a line in length. The remainder of the body tapers downwards, 
much like that of the common Planariz. A longitudinal internal cavity 
seems to consist of a larger and a smaller compartment ; besides which, 
numerous pinnate organs also occupy the substance of the body. The 
colour of the whole is bluish-grey. 

The body being remarkably thin, soft, and flexible, it applies closely 
to its site, with some adhesion ; and the two anterior portions clasp the 
rib of the gills in their fold. 

They have little other motion than slightly extending and con- 
tracting. 

Probably the tentacula are hollow. 

The site of the mouth could not be discovered ; but a ventral pore 
was visible after death. Can this be the orifice of a proboscis ? 

In a short time these animals lose the anterior portion by decay. 

On one occasion, twenty-nine specimens, of various dimensions, were 
removed from a portion of the gills of a ling ; and several were found on 
other occasions. 

It is doubtful whether their survivance is not very short, on 
removal. 


Pirate XXXVI. 
Fic. 1. Octodactylus inherens. 
2. The same, enlarged. 


bo 
(=P) 
x 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


9. SpH#ruLa.—Plate XXXVI. Figs. 3, 4. 


The nature of this animal is very perplexing. If those I have seen 
be adults, there seems no place in any genus incorporated in the Systema 
Nature for its reception. But it must be remembered, that the young and 
the adult of many among the lower animals are so unlike each other, as 
to delude the most experienced naturalist, who may not have had an 
opportunity for the protracted study of the same individuals. 

Form of the animal spherical or ovoidal, the largest of the latter 
extending a line. There is an aperture at one end, from which between 
sixty and seventy fine transparent silky threads are extended, twice or 
thrice the length of the animal, to affix it to some neighbouring surface. 
These (which are with difficulty visible) stretch in all directions, some- 
times forming a fan, broadening upwards from the aperture ; sometimes 
circularly, but in general irregularly. _ In the sun, the integument of the 
animal is quite smooth and shining, like a shell. 

The motion of the Spherula is extremely slow, imperceptible to the 
eye, and only to be discovered by having shifted its place, wherein it 
frequently remains very long. None are seen in progress. 

This animal has occurred on the corallines of different kinds. Once 
above twenty were found on a lump of scoriz from the shore. 

It is easily preserved. 

For a long time I supposed it the young of the Kchinus ; but my 
conjecture has not been verified—Plate XXXVI. Figs. 3, 4. 


10. AnimatcuLa.—Plate XXXVI. Figs. 18, 19, 20. 


An immense number and great variety of minute living creatures 
pass by the general name of Animalcula, whereof the Animalcula infu- 
sorta, so distinguished by a name almost alike general, form by far the 
greater proportion. 

It is not improbable, however, that with the advance of science and 


MISCELLANEOUS. 265 


observation, some will be removed from their present position and an- 
nexed to the species constituting genera of larger animals. 

The minuteness of many of the Animalcula is a great obstruction to 
observation, while rendering them utterly unmanageable for experiment. 


11. Menicerta rincens.—Plate XXXVI. Fig. 5. 


This minute animal, which dwells in an artificial tube, will perhaps 
prove one of the Annelides allied to the Amphitrite. 

It consists of a vermicular body, indistinctly appearing annulated 
when protruding from its tube, crowned by a curious apparatus, consist- 
ing of four fans, with a curving ciliated edge. A stump protrudes from 
one side of the neck or upper part of the body. I could not find any 
other. About the centre of the second segment, there is a kind of pul- 
satory action within the animal. 

The tube, affixed by the lower extremity, tapers upwards, and be- 
comes at length twice the diameter of the animal. It is composed en- 
tirely of minute spherules, which are perhaps of artificial formation ; and 
the work may be, possibly, executed after the fashion of the Amphitrite 
ventilabrum. The lower part is dark brown, the higher and newer part 
lighter brown or yellowish. 

The animal rises from its retreat within, ‘expanding its broad fans, 
with their fringes of active cilia, as it issues forth. All the fans incline 
in the same direction. 

Diameter of the fans above a line, length of the tube two or more. 

Found in fresh-water lakes, affixed to slender vegetable products. 


PLATE XXXVI. 


Fic. 7. Melicerta ringens, enlarged. 


12. CARBASARIA FIMBRIATA.—Plate XXXVI. Figs. 6, 7. 


This animal has much resemblance to a Planaria. It is about an 
eighth of a line in length, and of plump appearance. The anterior ex- 
tremity fringed with fourteen or fifteen cilia, which are not long, opens 

21 


266 MISCELLANEOUS. 


widely, the orifice being directed somewhat downwards ; the posterior 
extremity is obtuse. 

This is a beautiful animal, of colour finely variegated, mottled brown 
and yellow, at first vivid, but fading as the water becomes stale. 

It seems one of the Animalcula infusoria origination, with the de- 
composition of the corpuscule of the //ustra carbasea. I have seen it 
under no other circumstances. But they have then occurred, though not 
very numerously, in successive years. 

From contraction of the body they probably multiply by transverse 
division. 

Pirate XXXVI. 


Fic. 6. Carbasaria fimbriata, group enlarged. 
7. Specimen magnified. 


13. ANIMALCULUM cRUCIATUM.—Plate XXXVI. Fig. 8. 


A very minute shuttle-shaped Animalculum has been seen among 
the ova of the Lumbrieus cirratus, besides one with a ciliated margin, 
previously described when treating of the Lumbricus itself. 

Here there are no external organs, unless the indistinct appearance 
of a St Andrew’s cross on the back. Colour pale dingy yellow. Motion 


. 


very slow. 


Prats XXXVI. 


Fic. 8. Animaleulum cruciatum, magnified. 


14. Cercarta.—Plate XXXVI. Fig. 9. 


This is a minute Animalculum, somewhat resembling a Planaria, 
with an annulated tapering tail. The mouth is an orifice in the centre 
of the anterior extremity. The body is of mutable form, the tail very 
extensile, when the rings are almost obliterated. 

Colonies of these animals, like white specks, dwell in fresh-water. 


Pirate XXXVI. 


Fie. 9. Cercaria, magnified. 


GASTEROPODES. 267 


CHAPTER XI. 
GASTEROPODES. 


Tue literal interpretation of what constitutes the subject of this 
chapter, signifies those soft-bodied or molluscous animals which crawl on 
the belly. This, it will be observed, however, is a restricted view, for 
there are many which do so that belong to very different branches of the 
System of Nature. 

A considerable. number of such animals having occurred to me in 
the course of years, I purposed devoting some chapters to them in detail, 
but circumstances have induced me to confine myself to a few abstract 
observations. Probably the recent works of accomplished naturalists will 
more than supply the deficiency. 

It is somewhat doubtful, unless by conventional arrangement, 
whether a character sufficiently exclusive is taken for the extensive 
genera and species to be comprehended under Gasteropodes. But that is 
of less importance here, as I shall speak of only some of the animals 
formerly constituting the extensive genus Doris, after a sentence or two 
on the Aplysia, as a suitable introduction. 

All the subjects of this chapter are very nearly akin to the Limacine 
tribe, of which one peculiar characteristic is, crawling on the under sur- 
face of the body, and, in this respect, the name is perhaps more appro- 
priate than either Trachelipodes or Cephalapodes, the one applying to 
those inhabitants of shells whose flesh fills the spiral, and those whose 


268 GASTEROPODES. 


position, reversed, with the head downwards, are sustained on the suckers 
clothing their tentacular arms. 

Another distinctive denomination is also found among the Gastero- 
podes, into tecto-branchiate or covered branchi@, and n udi-branchiate or naked 
branchia. The Aplysia belongs to the former, the Doris to the latter. 


APLYSIA DEPILANS—The Sea Hare.—Plate XXXVIL. Figs. 1, 2, 3. 


At certain seasons of the year, especially about the middle of sum- 
mer, an animal may be found under the larger stones on the sea-shore, 
bearing much resemblance, in form and habits, to the common naked 
Limax, only exceeding it somewhat when of full size. 

The body is of long triangular shape, extending four inches or more, 
with a distinct head, furnished with four horns, two upright on the neck, 
which may be called cornicula, two terminating the angles of the head, 
tentacula,—a convenient characteristic of each. Nearly between the roots 
of the former are two small black eyes, set in white. A deep cavity in 
the middle of the back, containing the branchive, is surrounded by an 
elevated membrane, with a purple margin closing over it. The sole is 
long and narrow. In certain positions, the head of the animal bears some 
similitude to that of a Doris, particularly from a fold in the higher part 
of the tentacula, not unlike the palpi of that organ. 

The narrowness of the sole indicates that the animal avoids situa- 
tions exposed to the wash of the waves, and that it may frequent the 
region of the more slender zoophytes or alge. 

I took a middle-sized specimen in the beginning of February, but it 
was cramped and contracted by the cold. No race of creatures is more 
readily affected by even a slight degree of refrigeration than all the Lima- 
cine tribe. By heating a glass vessel to receive it, and after replenish- 
ment, by repeatedly dipping it in warm water, the Aplysia was gradu- 
ally restored. . 


It proved a beautiful, fine, and fleshy specimen, of transparent 
chestnut hue, universally strewed with darker specks above, and of dingy 


PL. XXXV71 


HCZ LISRARY 
HARVARD UNIVERSHY 
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA 


GASTEROPODKS. 269 


hue below. While crawling up the side of the vessel, its form was well 
displayed : the tentacula, with a fold or hollow in the upper part, 
much resembling « horse’s ear : the cornicula, rising erect from the neck, 
with the black eye near the base, and the cavity of the back open or 
closed, or surrounded by its protecting membrane. This animal extended 
just two inches. It afforded satisfactory delineations, from which its form 
and appearance are rendered very explicit. 

In another fine and healthy specimen, of about equal dimensions, or 
rather larger, the black eye was surrounded by a white line. 

This animal was quite vigorous, and fed copiously on the common 
green fucus. But I know not that such food was the most congenial, for 
it did not undergo much alteration by digestion. The creature's body 
was very transparent. 

This specimen always testified a disposition to rise to the surface of 
the water, where it swam supine ; or it would adhere by the tip of the 
tail to some solid substance, or to the glass, suspending itself in the water. 
It is a distinguishing habit of the Aplysia to suspend itself in this manner. 

A third specimen, towards the same size as the others, was very 
beautiful : the skin sparingly strewed with white specks, the animal 
plump and vigorous. I rate these animals as nearly equal, for they ex- 
tended twenty-four, twenty-five, and twenty-six lines respectively. 

White specks were also on the body of a smaller specimen, which fed 
copiously on some of the Floridez, and increased rapidly in size. Indeed, 
the colour of the species seems to indicate that the natural food is to be 
sought among algze of that description. This animal survived ten months ; 
it died suddenly, tinging the water purple. Sometimes a great quantity 
of water is so tinged by a single living specimen. 

None are easily preserved permanently. 


Pirate XXXVI. 
Fia. {. Aplysia depilans, profile. 
2. Upper surface. 
3. Under surface. Tentacula, a. Cornicula, 6. Branchial cavity sur- 
rounded by its protecting membrane, with a smooth purple mar- 
gin, ¢. 


bo 
I 
i=) 


GASTEROPODES. 


Tur Doris.—Plate XX XVIII. 


_ The comparative simplicity of the preceding subject, whose nature 
corresponds so intimately with that of the animals of this section, forms 
a very suitable introduction to it. 

The great section established as the Doris by earlier naturalists, has 
been partitioned by later observers into several distinct groups. But 
there is no race of animals more difficult to subdivide satisfactorily, to 
arrange, and to connect, than the Doris. Perhaps we have yet too few 
intermediate links to unite the chain. Whence it is very questionable 
whether the present divisions will retain their permanence. 

Without attempting any refined classification, however, a few gene- 
ral observations on some of the animals comprehended within the sec- 
tions 7ritonia, Eolis, and Doris, as proposed by authors, may prove use- 
ful to those devoting themselves to the subject. I have constantly found 
varied novelties result from the enquiries of different naturalists, though 
relating to the same subject. 

The basis of arrangement may rest on many different principles.— 
Such as,— 


I. The general configuration of the animal. 

Il. The special form of some of its principal parts, such as the head 
or the sole. 

II. The number and formation of the tentacular organs. 

IV. The presence or absence of cloak or mantle, a total or partial 
covering of the upper surface. 

V. The position and form of the branchiz. 

VI. The peculiar form and arrangement of the spawn. 


Of the features common to the whole tribe, are a number of external 
organs: an extensive sole, whereon the individual crawls ; and horns in 
two pair, one projecting from the head, to be denominated tentacula, 
generally of simple structure ; a pair called cornicula, projecting above 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY 


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— 


PL. XXXVIIT- 


GASTEROPODKES. 271 


the neck, of more complex structure ; besides, in certain species, long 
prolongations of the shoulder, apparently exercising a tentacular faculty : 
and a number of branchie, Variously disposed in external arrangement. All 
individuals are distinguished by extraordinary fertility. Much diversity, 
according to genera and species, distinguishes the spawn ; and the young 
of all apparently undergo a remarkable metamorphosis, in their progress 
to maturity. 

On minute investigation, I believe, a correspondence may be found 
between the form of the head, the structure and arrangement of the 
branchixw, and the mode wherein the spawn is deposited. 


Section I. Trrronia.—Body solid, invested by a cloak. Tentacula 
two, retractile, within sockets. Branchiz marginal, erect, palmate. 


1. TrrrontA Hompercu—Homberg’s Doris.—Plate XX XVIII. 


This is the giant of the race, insomuch that the naturalist, familiar 
with the puny specimens of ordinary occurrence, can hardly persuade 
himself, on seeing them together, that they belong to the same genus. 
He deems its association, even with the best of the larger kind, as some- 
what incongruous, the mass is so unwieldy. 

But the vast disproportion between the parts of kindred animated 
beings, while the vital functions are alike effective in both, is well adapted 
to prove the excellence of the model whereon they are framed. 

The rarity of adults having attained their full dimensions in the 
Scotish seas, my ignorance of the quality of their food, the difficulty of 
preservation, and the injuries of atmospheric influence, for a long time 
embarrassed my exertions to ascertain any definite points in the history 
of this remarkable species. Nor, in this country, will it be easy for any 
one to counteract these obstacles, or to find a remedy. 

But we have, further, to conjoin the sluggish disposition of all the 
tribe, doubtless extending to their native haunts ; and the exhaustion, 
almost to the death, inseparable from the waste, concomitant on spawn- 


212 GASTEROPODES. 


ing so profusely, as pertains to the tribe. Besides, an universal collapse 
of the parts is often incident to transference to an artificial abode: the 
finest specimen sinks into absolute quiescence, from which it cannot be 
aroused to display its structure. Sometimes the animal, remaining a 
shapeless mass, as recovered from the deep, declines and dies, without 
any symptoms of evolution, leaving all conjectures regarding its real 
aspect, its symmetry or deformity, unsolved. 

From so great a series of difficulties, there is no animal, perhaps, 
which has been so imperfectly represented as after nature. The most 
distinguished naturalists, Cuvier, Delle Chiaje, De Blainville, and others, 
have been actually unable to illustrate their own commentaries, from the 
inability of their artists to shew the truth. 

Assuredly these facts are sufficient to stamp some value on the true 
representation of such animals in the vigour of life. 

This is not to be obtained, however, at all seasons ; for the natu- 
ralist is alike dependent on the quality of the specimen and on a favour- 
able opportunity, for which he may be compelled to wait beyond the 
endurance of his patience ; or it may be actually unattainable. 

Full grown specimens of Homberg’s Doris extend eight inches in 
length, by two in breadth and one in thickness. It is a compact, solid, 
fleshy animal ; head a thin flap, two inches broad, with a dentate mar- 
gin ; cornicula of singular formation, eight lines high, consisting below of 
a socket, with a deeply indented margin, from the centre of which rises 
a smooth pillar, crowned by several foliaceous organs, environing a pro- 
longed central lip. A tuberculated cloak covers the whole upper sur- 
face, with a border on each side of the back, of palmate branchie, seven 
or eight lines high, and spreading as much. 

The under surface shews the mouth, situate between two corru- 
gated fleshy portions, forming the face ; the belly or sole tending to 
a long triangular shape, with a rounded shoulder; the whole quite 
smooth. 

A transverse section of this animal would be irregularly quadrangu- 
lar, slightly convex above, and flattened below. 

No eyes have been discovered. 


GASTEROPODES. 273 


The main ducts terminate in the thickness of the side, at a consider- 
able distance from the head. 

A very great difference prevails both in the colour and in the general 
aspect of the specimens of this animal. Leaden grey, or a ferruginous 
hue, in general predominates ; and such, in as far as I have had an 
opportunity of observing, are always specimens of the largest size. One, 
extending about three inches, of transcendent beauty, was universally 
pure white, unless the central tuft of the corniculum, tending to the olive. 
It was taken near the Bass Rock. ‘Another, extending towards four 
inches, was of a beautiful transparent primrose-yellow. The branchize 
were very transparent ; the colour of all the rest uniform, rather more 
vivid than primrose-yellow ; and the aspect of the animal so beautiful 
and peculiar, that it seemed to me, at first sight, as if a new animal. 

Hombere’s Doris is rarely white ; but specimens an inch long occur 
sometimes several at the same time. No peculiarity is concomitant on 
the colour. The sole is always dingy white. Some adults are brown 
as copper, whereas smaller specimens are commonly grey, or almost 
white. 

Cuvier says he has assured himself of the presence of eyes. If so, 
they are probably deep seated, as he speaks from the result of dissection. 
Omission to specify the eyes of many of the minor animals, is not the 
denial of their existence, whether in the Doris or in others. The nature 
of the parts may oppose their detection. Colour may conceal them in 
one specimen, contrast may expose them in another. The powers of 
vision, in a different medium from air, cannot be satisfactorily estimated, 
without knowing much more of the organs. 

The whole body is susceptible of great alterations. The cornicula 
may be completely retracted ; and all its three portions are endowed with 
independent action. The branchix are susceptible of alternate con- 
traction and dilatation ; and the entire animal enlarges greatly, when 
crawling, above its dimensions in repose. In full vigour, and during 
genial weather, the specimen represented in Plate XX XVIII. figs. 1, 2, 
extended eight inches, whilst in motion. It seemed too heavy to attempt 
swimming supine, as done by smaller subjects. It is only under salubrious 

2M 


274 GASTEROPODKES. 


conditions that their size may be conjectured. A fine specimen, extend- 
ing six inches in health, afterwards contracted a third, and died. When 
transferred to spirit of wine, it shrunk in a solid mass, like a double 
wedge, two inches and a half long by an inch thick in the middle, 
declining towards the extremities. The tentacula had disappeared, and 
the branchis had become a regular narrow border, environing the body. 

Naturalists, in general, have been too sparing of their observations 
on healthy living animals. M. Cuvier’s dissections were of preserved 
specimens, which, he says, had been taken in the Mediterranean. 

Investigation of the nature of living animals can never be alike 
satisfactory, as when their food is before us. But herein I have been 
often greatly perplexed, and particularly in regard to that of the animal 
we are now considering. No doubt this may have been much aggravated 
by its sluggish disposition, and extreme susceptibility of cold. Many of 
the lower orders feed only at a certain temperature of the atmosphere, 
and may scarcely feed at all during the season of propagation. 

It does not appear that the substances whereon the Doris is found 
always serves it as sustenance. It is very rarely that anything the natu- 
ralist can offer is acceptable. Accident, however, sometimes unexpectedly 
favours him. 

The Jritonia Hombergii feeds on the Aleyonum digitatum, the Lobu- 
lavia of modern authors, whereof a succinct account is given in the second 
volume of the Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland. I had observed 
smaller specimens, indeed, frequently lurking in the recesses of that pro- 
duct, whether white or orange. But the real subsistence of no animal 
proved more difficult to ascertain, nor wherein I had been so often dis- 
appointed as this species. It might be partly owing to my own preju- 
dices ; for I credited its preference of vegetable substances. 

After the preceding large specimen had been six weeks in my pos- 
session, it continued very vigorous ; the sole spread broadly, and adhered 
firmly to the vessel. It then fed on a small portion of the orange Lobu- 
laria; farther, it continued to feed upon both the white and the orange 
species, as denoted by the secretions. ; 

Propagation.—Many distinctions characterise the different modes ap- 


GASTEROPODES. 275 


pointed by Nature for introducing the young of animals to existence, 
affording a noble field of observation to the speculative philosopher. 

A singular variety prevails among the different species of the tribe 
wherewith we are now engaged—one of the most prolific inhabiting the 
waters of the deep. 

Probably the Zritonia Hombergii begins to breed at an early age, 
and continues fertile very long. The presence of an ovarium and its 
gradual advances, may be detected in many specimens through the 
transparent skin of the under surface. 

Having attained maturity, the spawn is discharged as a rope from 
the oviduct on the right side of the body. The parent affixes the end of 
the rope to the solid substance whereon it rests, and gradually withdraws 
during its further discharge. But its course being around the point of 
fixture, the rope escaping forms a regular logarithmic curve, which, 
from a peculiarity, is waved throughout the whole length. 

The spawn of smaller specimens is commonly of beautiful regularity, 
consisting of four or six waving coils or volutes. 

But mark the provisions of Nature. In delivering itself of its pro- 
geny, the parent must quit the original spot of fixture. If it did not re- 
treat a mass of spawn would remain, but to preserve the whole entire 
and undisturbed by its body, the second coil is apart from the first, and 
the third from the second, hence an elegant figure from this mute mathe- 
matician. 

Such is the result when the specimen is quite free and open ; and 
sometimes a perfect form is produced. But such an extensive surface as 
a larger specimen would require being generally interrupted or irregular, 
corresponding irregularities disfigure the arrangement of the spawn.— 
Plate XX XIX. fig. 1. 

Thus the arrangement of the spawn from smaller specimens is more 
definite. From whatever specimen it issues, however, the arrangement 
peculiar to the species may be discovered. Nor does this belong exclu- 
sively to Homberg’s Doris, for, as we shall see, it extends to others. 

The ovarium of the present species is very ample. Its progress is 
exposed through the skin of the under surface, and from fainter indica- 


276 GASTEROPODKES. 


tions it gradually becomes yellow. The dimensions of one, not of the 
largest size when far advanced, I found equalling a pullet’s head. The 
formation of the ovarium in the specimen, figs. 1, 2, was visible in the 
end of December. It became yellow, and the contents more conspicuous 
in January, and, on the 6th of February, a great quantity of spawn was 
deposited on the side of its vessel. This constituted a rope fifteen or 
eighteen inches long, and above an eighth of an inch thick, containing in- 
numerable ova. Had the vessel been more spacious, less irregularity would 
have impaired the figure of the rope. The parent could have withdrawn 
without impediment. It was somewhat disturbed, besides, by partial re- 
plenishment of the vessel with sea-water before the spawn was observed. 
Sometimes it is very regular, as that from another or smaller specimen. 
—Plate XXXIX. fig. 2. 

The parent remained five days in absolute quiescence beside the 
spawn. 

In three weeks from the preceding date another great spawning fol- 
lowed, under similar arrangement, forming a waving logarithmic curve. 
Here the rope would have extended two feet in a straight line, but it did 
not exceed half the thickness of the former one. Somewhat later, the 
remaining contents of the ovarium seemed still advancing to maturity. 

In both cases the spawn was covered with a whitish integument of 
the finest texture, which did not seem albuminous. But the ova them- 
selves, which occupy no definite arrangement in the rope, are certainly 
lodged amidst albuminous matter. 

In regard to this prolific animal, its size declined considerably after 
the first spawning ; but it fed copiously on the orange Lodularia, and re- 
covered nearly its pristine vigour, for it extended seven inches. Like- 
wise it fed after the second spawning, but died unexpectedly, having sur- 
vived fifteen weeks. Now it shrunk to little more than above three 
inches. 

Though preserved with sufficient care, none of all the spawn was 
productive. 

Nevertheless ample illustration of the mode of propagation, as far 
as it could be carried with this gigantic race, have been obtained from 
various other specimens. 


GASTEROPODES. 277 


The period does not seem to be confined to any particular season of 
the year. 

When most regular the spawn consists of about six volutes of small 
diameter, as appeared in that from a specimen fifteen lines, produced on 
February 7. Yet there is no positive rule. This latter spawn came to 
maturity in eighteen days. An example corresponding in all circum- 
stances occurred seven years afterwards, when the ova came also to ma- 
turity in eighteen days from November 11. Two or three days usually 
elapse between the escape of the first and last of the young from their 
prison. 

The spawn of the whole tribe of the Doris exhibits a multitude of 
white spherical ova, as they appear amidst the rope, if it be a belt issuing 
from the parent.—Plate XXXIX. fig. 1, enlarged. Each ovum contains 
the elements of a single embryo, whose evolution in the same form as the 
parent would be expected by the observer. But as the ovum advances 
onwards, the motion of an animal apparently different in shape and aspect 
of the parent is discovered within, as shewn on inspection of a portion 
of the spawn.—Plate XXXIX. fig. 2, enlarged. ‘ 

This creature having gained that state of maturity enabling it to 
quit its position, presents an extraordinary view, for it shews an intimate 
resemblance to some of the Vorticellee while lodged in the shell. Two 
cylinders, apparently hollow, and crowned by a fringe, rise from the 
shoulder of what must be compared to that of other animals, and the 
body itself seems to contain several viscera.—Plate XXXVITI. fig. 13, 
nascent animals from the spawn ; fig. 14, enlarged ; fig. 15, another more 
enlarged. 

As the spawn continues dissolving, multitudes of these creatures, 
like the most minute specks, swim through the water. 

They remain visible and active a considerable time, at length their 
course relaxes ; their sources of motion are impaired ; they become con- 
tracted and totally disappear, leaving only a small shell at the bottom of 
the vessel containing them. 

Having never heard of anything of the kind, I own that on origi- 
nally seeing these creatures amidst the ova of the Doris, and afterwards 


278 GASTEROPODES. 


at large, I felt more inclined to class them with the Animaleula infusoria, 
than to believe them to be the offspring of sucha parent. In the progeny 
we are disposed to believe there should be some resemblance inherited. 
We are surprised or disappointed if there is none. Even the conviction, 
without the demonstration of metamorphosis, is unsatisfactory. 

It seemed very extraordinary also, that the same product should 
come from the spawn of every different species of Doris which I had an 
opportunity of examining, though the parents bore little reciprocal re- 
semblance. 

After an active but brief existence, all these animalcula perished 
under their primitive form, leaving only a vacant shell. 

This, which is perhaps the most minute shell hitherto observed, 
bears some resemblance to that of the Nautilus, I have named the 
Nautiline, for the purpose of recognition. It is white, and consists of a 
single volute, with a wide surface. Nor could I discover the smallest 
difference in the multiplicity of thousands. Nevertheless, on viewing the 
product while animated, there is the utmost difficulty in determining 
precisely of what it consists. Thus we must not be too confident of spe- 
cifying its form and its parts correctly. 

By lodging specimens of the various species of the Doris in fine 
transparent glass vessels, the observer may casually obtain excellent op- 
portunities of investigating the nature of the spawn if deposited in a 
favourable position. I have had many such in the course of years ; yet 
I have gained less from them than might have been expected. 

The spawn above referred to as deposited on November 11, having 
almost entirely dissolved on December 1, a number of Nautilines, like 
absolute specks in the water, were in great activity. The spawn had 
been pure white, and the same purity distinguished the Nautilines. 
Under the higher powers of the microscope, a general correspondence 
pervaded the appearance of all,—a sac containing several smaller distinct 
viscera, varying somewhat in aspect, according to the view they presented. 
Among them, or in their vicinity, I thought the pulsation of a transpa- 
rent vessel might be discovered. There were altogether two cylinders, 
crowned by long flexible cilia. Behind the roots of the cylinders were 


GASTEROPODES. 279 


two circular spots, very perceptible, possibly the site of originating corni- 
cula ; also a spine or other organ projecting in front of the Nautiline.— 
Plate XXXVIIL fig. 15. All these animals at length disappeared after 
the wonted contraction, leaving their numerous shells below. 

It is singular we should never behold any similitude to the parent 
in any of the animals quitting the spawn. Some have very freely called 
them the larve, that is, they are presumed to be the larvee, or an em- 
bryonic form, which shall undergo certain metamorphosis in its growth, 
until in maturity it shall resemble the parent. But I have not under- 
stood that any observer has hitherto witnessed its progress. In another 
work I have shewn the like obstacles in opposing our discovery of the 
the advances of young animals which pass through similar changes. 

There is little doubt, if we may reason from analogy, that in the 
Nautiline we behold only the prelude to metamorphosis. 

The Doris and the Limax are closely allied, therefore I may be per- 
haps allowed to compare the species now under discussion, the largest of 
the tribe, with the largest of the Scotish testaceous univalves, the Murex 
antiquus, which is occupied by a Limax. 

This animal spawns profusely in the month of April and later. The 
spawn is of very peculiar formation, consisting of a number of capsules 
in adhesion, sometimes forming a mass larger than the whole animal. 
Each capsule is nearly a spherical segment, containing from ten to twenty 
embryos ; but these are not individually contained in integuments in- 
vesting them singly, which would retain the embryo in its place.— 
Plate XXXIX. fig. 3. The embryo within the capsule, which is yellow, 
becomes gradually more conspicuous, as with the Doris, each grows 
more distinct. When hatched, it consists of a shell of a single volute, 
with a wide orifice, fig. 4, containing an animal, whose margin is pro- 
longed as if in a double scoop, which is bordered by active cilia. Their 
rapid motion produces a vortex, attracting minute buoyant particles in 
the water. A distinct view of all the internal structure is observed by 
the opacity of the parts. But behind this organization a little farther 
down, the pulsation of a vessel, perfectly transparent, is perceptible.— 
Plate XX XIX. figs. 5, 6. The whole subject does not exceed half a line 


280 GASTEROPODES. 


in length ; the animal has a very solid aspect, and vivid yellow colour, 
which is chiefly derived from minute ovoidal pellets occupying the 
stomach, which are profusely discharged. 

The correspondence of the nascent Murex with the Nautiline, is such 
as to sanction the conclusion that the latter is actually the progeny of 
the Doris, though we find preservation throughout its metamorphosis 
impossible. 

But certain evident changes are seen in the ova of the Tritonia, 
although the earliest may not have been observed, because the animal 
cannot be then procured or preserved. With scanty organization a gra- 
dual accession of parts and new segments ensue, as with many creatures 
of the lower orders. In a young specimen, not above two lines long, the 
originating branchiz were denoted by a few tubercular prominences, and 
the formation of the head was almost alike indefinite—Plate XX XVIII. 
fig. 9 ; fig. 10, the same, enlarged. 

In specimens of inferior dimensions the branchiz are few, and of 
greater simplicity than in adults. At that time, or rather on an increase 
of their number by the animal advancing, they seem to be arranged in a 
double row on each side of the cloak, one being within the line of the 
other ; and the whole border composed of them consisting of those alter- 
nately larger and smaller. Thus, supposing the first of the branchie, 
next the corniculum, to be larger, and in the outer line, the next of the 
inner line is smaller. If the first of the outer line be small, the next of 
the inner is large. In later stages their structure is more pinnate ; they 
are light and feathery, whereas in the earlier stages, they are somewhat 
foliaceous or palmate. 

All these characters are stronger or weaker according to the speci- 
mens ; and very often according to their degree of development from pre- 
valent temperature or other cause. 

Specimens are very impatient of heat ; they require copious and fre- 
quent renewal of their element. 

A great quantity of mucus is secreted from the skin, possibly de- 
signed by Nature only for temporary purposes. Brushing it off with a 
feather seems beneficial. The secretions are very ample from the tribe 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
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¥, Ys 
NOTES Maw A 

Pry et" f 
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XXXTX 


GASTEROPODES. 281 


in general. When adhering to the surface of the vessels whereon speci- 
mens repose, it should be removed. The Abbé Dicquemare remarks, 
that an organ beneath the posterior extremity is the source of this 
mucous matter. 

Some of the race of the Doris are more languid than others, but all 
are extremely sluggish. The smaller swim supine, but they can be 
seldom incited to motion. 

From the great diversity of size and colour, from the scantiness of 
the branchie, their dimensions and appearance, also from the indentations 
of the flap, sometimes seeming an entire piece, sometimes cleft almost in 
two down the middle, I was long induced to contemplate the subdivision 
of the Tritonia Hombergii into distinct species. But after seemg many 
of all different dimensions, colours, and proportion, extending between 
four lines and eight inches, I am not prepared to deny the identity of 
the whole as belonging to a single species. Progressive evolution pro- 
duces an incredible change. 


Pirate XX XVIII. 
Fic. 1. Tritonia [Doris] Hombergii, adult, back. 
2. Belly. 
. Corniculum of an adult. 
. Branchie. 
. Younger specimen with few branchiz, back. 
. The same, profile. 
. Corniculum of the same, enlarged. 
. One of the branchiz of the same, enlarged. 
. Minute specimen. 
. The same, enlarged. 
. Spawn of fig. 5. 


OS CTH on SP 


a 
ic 


. Portion of spawn, enlarged. 

. Another deposit of spawn. 

. Nautiline from the spawn, magnified. 

. Nautiline from the spawn, magnified. 

. Nautiline from the spawn, magnified. 
17. Nautiline from the spawn, magnified. 
18. Empty shells of the Nautiline, enlarged. 


ee 
GS Ot em OF bP 


2N 


282 GASTEROPODES. 


PLate XXXIX. 
Fic. 1. Tritonia Hombergii, spawn. 
2. Spawn, enlarged. 
3. Murex antiquus, spawn. 
4. Young of the same, from the spawn. 
5. One of the young magnified, shewing some correspondence with the 
Nautiline. ¢ 
. Another. 
7. Pellets discharged by the young, enlarged. 


lop) 


2. TRITONIA CERVINA.—Plate XL. Figs. 1-15. 


The aspect of this animal is very singular, because its form is of the 
most remarkable kind. Naturalists have bestowed different names on it ; 
some of them, and apparently those the most appropriate, from the 
striking resemblance of the more conspicuous members to a stag’s horns. 
Nevertheless, in the copious and learned work of Messrs Alder and Han- 
cock, it is proposed to restore a name said to be originally given by 
Miiller—Dendronotus. With great submission, I would prefer that which 
is most explicit. 

It is impracticable to describe or to explain the appearance of this 
creature without figures—indeed, scarcely with them. Artists, besides, 
have particular modes of representing objects, according as they hope to 
render them most intelligible. 

The branchiz rise upright from the cloak ; but, by being so repre- 
sented, they interfere with the view of each, and produce nothing but 
confusion. 

Instead of representing them here as upright and in profile, they are 
seen in the figures. as viewed from above, and as if diverging in plane, 
whereby all the parts are exposed quite distinctly. 

Length of specimens from an inch to an inch and a half. Body nar- 
row in proportion, fleshy. Head rounded, extremity tapermg. Mouth 
situate amidst the corrugated face of the under surface. The cornicula, 
a, rising from the neck, consist of two distinct members ; first, a pillar, 
with a socket above, cleft into five or six irregular leaves, serving as a 


VEE Pi XE 


CORMO7ULE BLWWLIUL 


Alex® Brown. $e 


GASTEROPODES. 283 


receptacle for the tentacular or sensitive portion, which resembles a fir 
cone. Five or six pair, or more, of palmate branchive rise from the mar- 
gin of the back, 4, the number and dimensions depending on the age and 
size of the specimen. Towards the posterior extremity, these gradually 
shorten and simplify in structure, and at length degenerate into mere 
prominences. Several organic prolongations, besides, of different charac- 
ter, likewise issue from the anterior part. The orifice of the oviduct 
opens under the right of the branchia of the first pair. 

The whole upper surface of the animal presents a tuberculated as- 
pect, which is certainly heightened by the variegation and interspersion 
of colours, sometimes exhibiting delusive appearances. ; 

Plain or mottled brown predominates in the colour of the Stag-horn 
Doris ; sometimes with white extremities. Small sized live specimens, 
of dingy white, have occurred. One, perfectly white, an inch and a half 
long, but scarcely surviving, seemed of the same species. In such light- 
coloured specimens, especially if young, ocular specks may be occasionally 
recognized behind the roots of the cornicula. Besides more obscure ex- 
amples, a white patch with a black speck appeared at the exterior basis 
of each corniculum, in a small specimen. But observations on this sub- 
ject have not been satisfactory.—The pulsation of the heart, in favour- 
able specimens, is very distinct, the great dilatation being backwards, as 
a circular segment, below the first pair of branchiz. On favourable oc- 
casions, also, two marginal channels, running along the back, may be dis- 
covered, penetrating the roots of the branchise, from whence they are 
distributed towards the extremities. 

The union of these animals has been witnessed in October. It was 
once followed in two days by spawn. On the same day, another union 
ensued, both animals being much reduced in size, as is always concomi- 
tant on breeding. 

The spawn consisted of two portions, each a waving rope in a loga- 
rithmic curve. The larger, composed of three coils or volutions, was the 
sixth of an inch in diameter, the ova pure white.—Plate XL. figs. 8, 9, 
enlarged. 

The young having come to maturity in twelve days, escaped in the 


284 GASTEROPODES. 


same form as the Nautilines of the Tritonia Hombergit, above described, as 
mere specks : they likewise traversed the water rapidly. The shell seemed 
to be rather longer than that of the other, less incurved, and with scarcely 
more than a notch for an orifice. It is of extreme transparence, without 
any visible connection with the body of the animal it contains. The in-. 
ternal organs of the included animal, the two spots about the same site 
as of the tentacula of the adult, and the activity of the cilia, are all con- 
spicuous. 

For eight days the animals were quite entire and transparent, hav- 
ing undergone no alteration, but afterwards they contracted and disap- 
peared, leaving their shells at the bottom of the vessel as before. 

Perhaps this species feeds on the Sertularia abietina. 

This animal is not common. 


PuateE XL. 


Fic. 1. Tritonia cervina, adult, upper surface. Cornicula, @, natural size. 

. Another specimen, under surface, slightly enlarged. 

. Corniculum, enlarged. 

. Branchie, enlarged. 

. Younger specimen, enlarged. Back. Cornicula, a. Branchie, 6. 
. Another specimen, outline enlarged, upper surface. 

. Under surface of the anterior part of fig. 6. 

. Spawn. 


Oo COT SO OS OO PD 


. The same, enlarged. 

10. Nautiline. 

11. The same, contracted in the shell. 
12, 13. Empty shells. 


RVARD ONT! ay 
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA 


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Flo Fiz al fda 


GASTEROPODES. 285 


Section II. Trrronts.—Body fleshy, solid, lanceolate. Head ham- 
mer-shaped. Tentacula two, simple, retractile, in long trumpet sockets. 
Branchixw marginal, erect, tufted, or composed of successive stages. 


1. TrITonrA PINNATIFIDA—7he Crested Doris—The Crested Tritonia.— 
Plate XLI. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 


The transitions of form of the different parts of these animals render 
it difficult to comprehend more than very few under the same paragraph. 
Both the species of the preceding section are distinguished by the pecu- 
liar form and arrangement of the tentacula, branchie, and coils of the 
spawn. But the head is scarcely to be called of any definite form as such. 

Here the head is more definite, being somewhat in the form of an 
ordinary hammer. As we advance in considering the species of the tribe, 
we shall find successive changes in this part of the animal, such as may 
lead to the foundation of new divisions. 

Length of the Tritonia pinnatifida an inch, breadth two lines. Body 
lanceolate, shoulder rounded. Head hammer-shaped, having a projection 
on each side. Tentacula two, rising upright from sockets, susceptible of 
considerable prolongation. A row of marginal branchial tufts on each 
side of the back, which is bare and the skin smooth, Colour white, 
dingy brown, yellowish, or greenish.* _ 

The figure of the head and tentacula are constant features: the 
number of branchial tufts, their dimensions, and the colour of specimens, 
are variable. 

One specimen had nine pair of branchis, another eight, which latter 
number, if I mistake not, Dr Johnston ascribes to the animal, in his valu- 
able contributions to the Scotish Fauna, observing, at the same time, 
that various authors, whom he quotes, derive their descriptions from 
Montagu. I had a third specimen with seven pair, some with still fewer. 


* Montagu, in Linnean Transactions, vol. vii. p. 78, Plate VII. fig. 2. Although 
this figure is not satisfactory, it certainly indicates the species mentioned here. 


286 GASTEROPODES. 


The paucity of these parts, however, only shew the earlier stage of the 
specimen, as the branchiz are of successive evolution with age and 
dimensions, while they attain greater perfection of form. Those of the 
second or third pair are the longest, the rest diminish gradually towards 
the extremity of the animal. 

At first sight the branchial tuft bears considerable resemblance to a 
fir cone. It consists of a series of prolonged prominences, arranged in 
circumferential stages. About twelve such stages constituted the largest 
tuft.—Fig. 4. The colours of the branchise commonly correspond with 
that of the body, but darker. The first specimen above referred to was 
white, smooth, the surface much like sheep-skin leather ; the branchize 
pale purple. Many specimens are white, which is perhaps converted to 
brown, as the tips of the branchize have been observed darkening. 

No eyes have been discovered, though the white or fair colour of 
subjects might favour their detection. 

The orifice of the oviduct is under the root of the right tuft of the 
first pair of branchis. Specimens appear quite turgid with spawn, at 
various seasons, produced alike in July and in January, or at other 
seasons. It is deposited in the form of a waving ribband, containing 
numerous milk-white spherical ova, imbedded in albuminous matter.— 
Fig. 5. 

From the quantities of spawn found on the Sertularia (nemertesia ), 
antennina, perhaps the animal feeds on that zoophyte. 

This species is very subject to mutilation of the branchiz. Two 
specimens, the one with eight pair, the other with six or seven, had lost 
thirteen tufts between them, in the course of their second night of con- 
finement ; and, in two more nights, the former had only three tufts of 
the whole remaining. These organs are regenerated. A smooth white 
papilla denotes incipient reproduction. Thence some specimens appear 
deformed, from the disproportionate size and position between the old 
and the renovating parts ; though all will prove complete and symme- 
trical ultimately. 


No regularity appears to govern the loss of the branchiz, -either in 


GASTEROPODES. _ 287 


size, place, or approximation. They are detached, either when together 
or asunder. 


Prate XLI. 
Fic. 1. Tritonia pinnatifida, adult, profile. 
2. Back. 
3. Belly. 
4. Branchial tuft, enlarged. 
5. Spawn. 


The distinctions among these animals are so slight, as to impair our 
confidence when desirous of constituting different species, for which it is 
easy to mistake mere varieties. Such should be named rather indefinitely 
or provisionally, so that they may fall out of the list, without leaving any 
hiatus of consequence. 


2. Tritonta punctata.—The Speckled Tritonia.—Plate XLI. Figs. 6, 7, 8. 


This species presents some striking analogies with the preceding. 

Length seven lines ; branchial tufts, five, six, or seven pair, accord- 
ing to the age and dimensions of the specimen. In one about three lines 
long, with five pair, the longest tufts consisted of three circumferential 
stages. These successive stages are not quite so definite as in the pre- 
ceding. The tentacula resemble the former: the sockets are very dila- 
table ; and the animal shews great power over their form. A black speck 
is situate at the root of each. The colour of specimens is white, speckled 
with red ; and sometimes so very profusely, that the back seems almost 
uniformly stained by it. 

A quantity of spawn, of much the same general character as the 
preceding, but less regular, was deposited by a specimen, about half an 
inch long, with six pair of tufts, on 14th April, which had hatched in 
eleven days. 

This is a beautiful animal, whenever the variety of speckling of 


288 * GASTEROPODES. 


different specimens is very great, and the contrasting colours very orna- 
mental. It is neither rare, nor of difficult preservation. 


Prate -XLI. 
Fic. 6. Tritonia punctata, enlarged: back. 
7. Another specimen: belly, enlarged. 
8. Spawn, enlarged. 


The valuable work of Messrs Alder and Hancock contains a magnified 
view, and some account, of an animal bearing considerable resemblance to 
this species, under the name of Doto coronata, Family.3, Plate 6. But I 
scarcely think the two are to be identified as the same. 


3. TRIToNIA pIvARIcCATA.—Plate XLI. Figs. 9, 10, 11. 


Length four lines, breadth under one ; two black specks between the 
sockets of the tentacula. Two pair of branchiz rise from the back, each 
consisting of two or three stages of short obtuse cylinders, spreading 
around a central one, which is considerably larger. Colour very pale 
watery blue, with short irregular brown streaks. The tentacula extend 
far from the socket. 

The adhesion of the animal is tenacious. 

Only a single specimen has occurred. 

This, when taken in October, was mutilated of two of the tufts. 
Regeneration appeared in a week ; and it had advanced far in some 
weeks, during which the animal survived. 


Prate XLI. 
Fic. 9. Tritonia divaricata, enlarged: back, 
10. Belly. 


11, Tuft, enlarged. 


GASTEROPODES. 289 


4. Trrronta contrera—The Pine Tritonia.—Plate XLI. Figs. 12, 13. 


I have sometimes conjectured that the subject of this paragraph 
might be a /usus nature ; but not being entitled, without better evidence, 
to presume that it is so, a place is reserved for it here. 

Length five lines ; general form and aspect resembling the Tritonia 
pinnatifida ; tentacula two, long, retractile, within dilatable sockets ; a 
dark speck is obscurely seen, behind the root of each, by the microscope. 

Six pair of branchie : two, being a pair of stumps, rise from the 
back. The first pair is very low, the second disproportionately large, the 
third pair not half their length or thickness, the fourth and fifth dimi- 
nishing, and the stumps denoting incipient organization. Besides all 
these, a large central branchial tuft or cluster is situate on the back, 
between the two branchise of the third pair. The structure of the tufts 
bears some resemblance to a pine-apple, the prominences somewhat higher 
comparatively. Colour of the animal dingy white, the tufts darkly 
speckled. 

The motion of this animal, when crawling, appeared unsteady, from 
the disproportion between the size of the tufts e nd of the body. Under 
the microscope the latter resembled ovoidal prominences ; the central 
one, at the summit, larger than the rest. Five series, or stages, compose 
the tuft. 

Only one specimen of this animal occurred, which survived nine 
weeks. 


Puate XL. 
Fic. 12. Tritonia conifera. 
13. A tuft, magnified. 


Note.—A. species, somewhat analogous in the formation of the 
pranchix, is referred to in the Melibea fragilis —Forbes' Malacologia 


Monensis, p. 41, Plate I, figs. 4, 9. 
20 


290 GASTEROPODES. 


Section II. Doris.—Formerly the whole tribe of animals, whereof 
this group is now only an inconsiderable part, was distinguished as the 
Doris ; and, under that name, comprehended a great number and variety 
of species. In dismembering the Linnean genus, a separate section was 
reserved for the name ; though it might have been more consistent to 
have retained it, as generally indicating the entire race. 

Body totally or partially invested by a cloak. Tentacula two, re- 
tractile, within sockets. Branchize concentrated, in circular arrangement 
towards the posterior part of the back, and collectively retractile. 


1. Doris verrucosa—The Warty Doris.—Plate XLII. Figs. 1, 2, 3. 


Length twenty lines, breadth eight lines, thickness six lines ; figure, 
in repose, the longitudinal section of an ellipsoid ; head a broad thick 
flap, with a curved margin, somewhat narrower than the shoulder, or 
anterior part of the sole ; mouth in the under surface of the head, which 
becomes very conspicuous after death. Two tentacula, with indented 
sides, issue from two very low sockets, almost level with the skin, 
wherein they are retractile. The branchial apparatus, composed of 
eleven or twelve foliaceous or pinnate organs, with the vent in the 
centre, is situated towards the lower extremity of the back, into which it 
is totally retractile within the body, the orifice closing over it. 

The colour of this species is extremely variable, such as would indi- 
cate varieties, were it not for other constant features. It is pure white, 
dark grey, mottled brown, and all intermediate shades, frequently so 
disposed as to exhibit no imperfect resemblance of a moth. 

The warty Doris is both pelagic and littoral, and it is the most com- 
mon of its tribe. Thirteen occurred at once between the valves of an old 
empty shell ; and fifteen, at another time, among a moderate quantity 
of miscellaneous collections. ; 

It is extremely sluggish, and seems to exist almost in constant 
torpor ; never feeding, and very seldom crawling, in confinement. 


iMAMANNAGAL, 
OVKAM HOA ie 


PL. XL 


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GASTEROPODES. 291 


The spawn of this animal is produced in the form of tape or ribband, 
about an inch broad, and above a line thick. The length depends on the 
dimensions and the age of the parent. One of middle size (for few attain 
the dimensions as above assigned) produced what must have contained at 
least 20,000 ova, in the course of ten days, ending with the first week 
of February. 

The orifice of the oviduct is on the right side. The end of the 
spawn first produced is affixed to a solid substance, and the remainder is 
delivered as a broad waving frill, apparently in one continuous web, 
where in a convenient position. But probably, from some inconvenience, 
that which is just referred to was discharged in interrupted portions, not 
above an inch long, and about three lines broad, resembling a thin white 
silk ribband. Here the ova were pure white, spherical, not the twentieth 
of a line in diameter, lodged amidst an albuminous mass. More than 
one is the thickness of the ribband. Under the microscope the ovum 
consists of a white central speck, within its own peculiar albumen.— 
Plate XLIII. fig. 5. 

Perhaps the spawn sometimes appears a belt or web, in spiral 
arrangement, such as Plate XLII. fig. 1. 

But here I must be allowed to express some embarrassment, espe- 
cially regarding the parentage of certain extraordinary quantities of 
spawn, sometimes occurring in the course of observation. The Doris, it 
is true, is a remarkably prolific creature, like some of the other mollus- 
cous animals ; and it does baffle conjecture to account for the fate of a 
vast proportion of its young. The contents of a single mass of spawn, 
certainly the produce of a single parent, seems to exceed computation. 
Two examples may be quoted. 

A mass occurred in February, which had been deposited on the out- 
side of the lower valve of an old oyster-shell, to which the upper valve 
was still united. This consisted of a waving belt or ribband, from seven 
to nine lines broad, a line thick, and which could not be under two feet 
in length, if extended. It was affixed by the edge, in such a position as 
to be erect, and resembled fine white frills—Plate XLIII. fig. 2. 

Herein were contained ova in millions. 


292 GASTEROPODES. 


The other specimen, also consisting of a surprising quantity, and of 
much the same character, was deposited on the exterior of an old oyster- 
shell. It was little inferior in extent, and consisted of many convolu- 
tions, in more picturesque form, and formed a beautiful aggregate of 
frills——Plate XLIII. fig. 3. But I could not ascertain whether the parent. 
was the Doris argo or the Doris verrucosa, though some inclined to ascribe 
it to the latter. This beautiful specimen occurred likewise in the month 
of February. 

The margin of all this kind of spawn is thick, transparent, and dis- 
tinct ; nothing is lodged in it. The ova are contained amidst the albu- 
minous matter, lower in the ribband. 

In some parts of the former, the young were far advanced, when it 
resembled the texture of the finest lace.—Plate XLIII. fig. 4. 

More than one ovum had a place in the thickness of the spawn; all 
were arranged in lines and curvatures, but without any regularity there 
or in their dimensions. 

The contents of the ribband are sometimes very distinct.—Plate 
XLIIIT. figs. 5, 6. Also, where the young are seen in the ovum, it some- 
times appears to contain two. Yet this may be a deception, if a single 
embryo naturally belongs to the animal, as is probable ; for the separa- 
tion of the two integuments may be imperceptible. 

In the second deposit above mentioned (fig. 3.), as it advanced gra- 
dually to maturity, the Nautilines became more and more distinct. They 
were better seen than in any preceding spawn; and here was an instance 
of two in some, and three in others, occupying single ova. 

A portion of this being cut off with scissors, it was subjected to the 
microscope. A singular scene was disclosed. The most mature part 
consisted of perfectly transparent capsules, quite spherical, all apparently 
connected, because deposited amidst albuminous matter. The whole 
appeared merely white specks to the naked eye. 

A spherical integument evidently formed each capsule, including 
two or three Nautilines, which were in the greatest activity ; a few had 
only one, and a solitary capsule contained four. Their form was clearly 
defined ; their activity very great within, equally as after liberation. 


GASTEROPODES. 293 


They came into mutual contact, as they were seen tumbling over each 
other. The integument of the capsule must be inconceivably thin, from 
its transparency. It is doubtful whether, of these four Nautilines con- 
tained in a capsule referred to, each is confined in its own peculiar inte- 
gument.—Plate XLIII. fig. 7. 

This great deposit, obtained on the 12th of February, was chiefly 
dissolved and broke up on the Ist of March ; and numbers of the Nauti- 
lines were observed floating at the surface of the water. 

All this was of no avail, however, in determining whether the spawn 
had been produced by the argo or verrucosa; though the subjects afford 
good illustrations of the general nature of the Doris. 

It is not easy to obtain a satisfactory microscopical view of the com- 
position of the prolific ribband, and it would be vain to attempt computing 
the multitude of the offspring from a single individual. 

The propagation of this animal is not confined to any particular 
season, though more common in the earlier part of the year. Vast 
numbers of young have been matured from spawn produced in March. 
Multitudes of the Nautiline formed a whitish scum on the surface of the 
water of a vessel, which, exposed to the microscope, proved partly those 
creatures, partly their empty shells. It should be understood, that the 
shells are simple cavities ; they contain neither chambers nor partitions. 
When occupied, the animal appears wholly grey, with several internal 
sacs or solid organs ; also a transparent vessel, of considerable size, con- 
taining a colourless fluid, wherein dark globules are suspended and car- 
ried about, as if around the interior circumference. All Nautilines exhibit 
two external circular spots, apart, on the middle of the front, which cer- 
tainly denotes two organs in the earliest stage. 

Although this be the most common of the tribe, often dwelling little 
within low water-mark, and occurring of very small dimensions, I have 
never met with it, or with any other so minute, or of such form, as would 
indicate transition from the Nautiline. Perhaps it feeds on the alge and 
the fuci. It is of the most sluggish nature, and actually becomes agelu- 
tinated at last to the surface whereon it reposes. 

This species is prone to quit the water. 


294 GASTEROPODES. 


Pirate XLII. 
Fic. 1. Doris verrucosa: back. 
2. Belly. 
3. Branchial teeth. 


Prats XLITI. 
Fic. 1. Spawn of the Doris verrucosa, or Doris argo, in a spiral form. 
2. Another deposit, in great quantity. 
. A deposit still more ample. 
. Spawn refining, in its progress to maturity. 
. The ova, or capsules, in a portion of spawn, enlarged. 
. Capsules containing more than one Nautiline. 


“IQ Or PS CS 


. Portions of Fig. 2, shewing the Nautilines within capsules, enlarged 
near maturity. 


2. Doris ARGo.—Plate XLII. Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. 


Formerly, when a more limited view was taken of the lower animals, 
authors were disposed to assume this species as the type of the genus 
Doris; and they may have been induced to do so, either from the facility 
of obtaining it, or from its dimensions, that of the Scotish seas being of 
size inferior only to the Doris or T’ritonia Hombergit.—Plate XXXVITI. 
figs. 1, 2. 

Length towards five inches ; breadth towards two inches. Figure of 
the animal in quiescence oval. A verrucose or warty cloak forms the up- 
per surface, and covers the whole body, which is quite smooth. The head 
and sole are distinctly separated ; the former small, not exceeding nine 
lines in breadth, fleshy, with the mouth in the centre of the face ; and 
each corner a very short obtuse cone. Two hornsrise from the anterior 
of the upper surface, conical and obliquely indented like a cross cut file, 
issuing from low sockets, with a tuberculated margin. The branchial 
apparatus is situate on the back near the posterior extremity. It gene- 
rally consists of seven or eight foliaceous organs, finely fringed, resem- 
bling feathers, originating from a short pillar, with the vent in the centre. 
A prominent smooth rib, with five or six subordinate ribs, also smooth, 


_. MCZ_LIBRARY 
HARVARD UNIVERSITY 


CAMBRIDGE. MA-USA 


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9 


12 SLALLT 


GASTEROPODES. 295 


diverging from it to the margin, runs down the middle of each leaf. The 
whole apparatus is retractile within the body, where the lips of a wide 
gaping cavity close over it. 

This animal is vernacularly called the Sea Lemon. From simple 
lemon-yellow it appears greatly diversified with purple patches. Of. five 
specimens taken 6th March, four were of pure lemon-yellow, and the fifth 
of faint purple, variegating a dingy yellow ground. Of other five taken 
on March 9. of a different year, some were either of plain lemon-yellow, 
or variegated with small purple patches. The principal difference among 
many appearing in nothing but the dimensions, and in the greater or 
less profusion of purple, for yellow always predominates. The finest are 
saffron-yellow. All the preceding were above middle size, or extending 
more than two inches and a half. But the full size of this animal is to 
be very seldom seen. Its torpid inactivity is surprising ; it scarcely ever 
moves, and commonly dies very soon in the first vessel to which it has 
been committed. I have never been able to preserve a specimen any 
considerable time ; and the artists have seldom procured a sufficient view 
for satisfactory representation. This seems from their real nature, but it 
may be also from the force required to detach so large a surface as the 
sole from rocks or stones. It does not appear that our specimens are 
smaller than those of foreign countries, as the Abbé Dicquemare computes 
the length of specimens on the coast of Havre at five inches. 

The reader will remember what is said of the propagation of the 
Doris verrucosa in the preceding paragraph, as I have not been so fortu- 
nate as to discover the real and undoubted distinction. 


Puate XLII. 
Fic. 4. Doris argo, back. 
5. Belly. 
6. Another larger specimen, back. 
7. Branchial apparatus. 


296 GASTEROPODES. 


3. Doris (Gontoporis) Noposa.—Plate XLII. Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 


The two preceding animals, the Doris verrucosa and the Doris argo, 
are distinguished, 1. By a cloak covering the whole body, unless a small 
portion of the posterior extremity. 2. By two tentacula rising from the 
surface towards the anterior extremity. 38. By the site of the branchial 
apparatus on the back, wherein it is completely retractile. 

The present subject corresponds in this last feature only. 

All the parts are of different formation, some of them not far re- 
moved. 

Length an inch ; breadth half an inch ; body thick and fleshy. Sole 
somewhat lanceolate ; shoulder round ; extremity slightly obtuse. Head 
broad, the corners forming two tentacular processes by duplication of 
the skin. Two cornicula rise from the anterior surface of the cloak. 
The branchiz, usually eleven in number, are flattened organs, rise from 
the back, and are susceptible of being withdrawn into the body. The 
margin of the cloak is like a flounce, in projecting somewhat over the 
body and its curvatures. The whole animal is of a soft fleshy aspect, 
and fine carnation colour ; the surface smooth, with some white speckling, 
also reaching the sides, and apparently from the lowest tubercles. 

This animal seems to feed on the Ascidia papilla, from which is cer- 
tainly derived the reddish colour, rendering it a fine and delicate object. 
This is more obvious when viewed from below. 

Two large and beautiful specimens having occurred on the Ist of 
July, they were committed to the same vessel. Their union took place 
on the 2d and 4th of that month, the head of one being diverted up- 
wards, and that of the other downwards, so that both were reversed, as 
in the 7ritonia verrucosa, Spawning ensued on the 4th and on the 18th 
of the same month. In both instances an irregular circular ring of spawn, 
about seven lines in diameter, and forming a rope above a line thick, 
was deposited on the side of the vessel, just below the surface of the 
water. Ona third occasion, a rope was produced on the 3d of March, 
near the neck of a bottle, which would have extended three inches if in 


GASTEROPODES. 297 


a straight line ; the middle was irregularly circular, as if for casting a knot, 
and each end prolonged. The rope is always solid and clumsy, and 
above a line in thickness. The motion of Nautilines within the former 
spawn of July 4th, was visible on the 18th under the microscope. 

This spawn is always of the purest white ; and the multitude of ova 
such as to make it appear almost solid. It comes to maturity, and the 
Nautilines are liberated in fifteen days. 

This animal is not common. 


Prats XLII. 
Fia. 8. Doris (Goniodoris) nodosa, back. 
9. Belly. 
10. Tentaculum. 
11. Branchiz. 
12. Spawn. 
13. Spawn. 
14, Portion of spawn, enlarged. 


4. Doris (ANCULA) crIsTATA.—Plate XLII. Figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 


An animal is described by Messrs Alder and Hancock under the 
name of Ancula cristata, as given by a foreign naturalist, with which I 
apprehend the following may be nearly identified. But I acknowledge 
that there is such an enormous difference in the size of the magnified 
figures in the work containing them and any specimens I have had, that 
I feel some perplexity. A musquito magnified to the size of a partridge 
ceases to resemble the original. 

Length seven lines ; breadth a line. Body thick, lanceolate. Head 
somewhat hammer-shaped, front obtuse, with an obtuse prolongation to- 
wards each side. Tentacula two, each originating from between two 
slender flexible processes about half the length of the tentaculum. Un- 
der half of the tentaculum smooth ; each side of the upper half deeply in- 
dented on each side by about ten short leaves. The tentacula somewhat 
clavate, with the tip cylindrical, and they are slightly recurved during 
progression. ‘Two minute black eyes are behind their roots. 

2P 


298 GASTEROPODES. 


The branchial apparatus is situate in the middle of the back. It seems 
to consist of three quadripartite organs, surrounded by fourteen clavate 
organs, of which latter the number is variable in different specimens. 

The predominant colour of the animal is bluish-white ; the whole 
parts, tips and stems, enlivened by vivid yellow belts and stains. 

The specimen represented spawned, on May 31, an irregular albu- 
minous rope, extending nearly an inch, with pure white ova. Next day 
another portion, considerably smaller, was produced. 

This is a beautiful animal, from the finely contrasted colours. It is 
not common. 


Puate XLII. 
Fic. 15. Doris (Ancula) cristata, back. 
16. Belly, delineated after the specimen spawned. 
17. Tentaculum, enlarged. 
18. Pinnate portion of the branchial apparatus, enlarged. 
19. Rope of spawn. 
20. Portion of spawn, enlarged. 


5. Doris cLavicrrA—The Club Doris.—Plate XLII. Fig, 21. 


Length six lines; breadth between two and three. General figure 
tends to a long ellipse. The body is wholly covered by tubercles and long 
papillary processes ; the latter somewhat clavate, rough, and retractile. 
The form of the head is elliptical, as crossing the direction of the body, 
with a cylindrical white string from each side. A kind of flap, probably 
the margin of a thin cloak, investing the body, projects over it. The 
branchis, consisting of three pinnate organs, rise from near the middle 
of the back. About twelve elongating papillary processes rise erect, near 
the edge of the upper surface. The pinnate organs are all directed up- 
wards, none of them downwards to the lower extremity. 

This is a very beautiful animal. The ground colour seems white ; 
the whole prominences and elongations tipped with vivid orange or 
yellow. It is rare. 


Piate XLII. 


Via. 21. Doris clavigera. 


GASTEROPODES. 299 


Srcron III. Eoris—In the dismemberment of the genus Doris by 
recent naturalists, they have left a place for a very large section, under 
the name of Lolis. 


But, so many novelties, varieties, and difficulties, continually occur 
to the practical naturalist attempting a systematic arrangement of such a 
numerous tribe as the Doris, as taken in its original signification and 
more comprehensive sense, that he will even find himself compelled to 
modify his general plans on a retrospect. He cannot discover such spe- 
cific, exclusive, and permanent characteristics, as enable him to assume 
with confidence the exact principles laid down for his guidance, and, in 
general, he will find that instead of including the great field of Nature, 
they embrace but the narrowest portions of it. 

Thus, we cannot yet admit the detail proposed by some systematic 
authors to be irrevocably settled. It is still open to alteration. 

Though having had a multitude of specimens of the different families 
in my possession, as many, perhaps, as would have induced more skilful 
observers to frame several genera from them, I can never take a retro- 
spect of the subject without distrust, so much had to be seen amidst the 
little that was disclosed. Therefore, instead of classing certain members 
in determinate series, I shall dono more than give a general description, 
and suggest how they may be united, from some of their most prominent 
features. The accompanying figures may contribute assistance. 

The preceding sections comprehend such animals as may be gene- 
rally discriminated with tolerable facility. Perhaps the whole to be in- 
cluded here are not alike definite. 


Eouts.—Tentacula two, prolonged from the head. Cornicula two, 
rising from the neck, without sockets. Back partly bare. Branchiz 
commonly formed as elongated papilla, tapering or enlarging from their 
origin on the upper surface, single or disposed in groups or clusters. 


300 GASTEROPODKES. 


1. Eouis pLumata—The Feathered Eolis —Plate XLIV. Figs. 1, 2. 


This animal extends about half an inch when crawling. The body 
slender, covered by a remarkable profusion of branchiz, disposed in 
eleven or twelve rows, leaving only a portion of the back bare, behind 
the head. These are long and slender, and extend considerably over the 
posterior extremity. Representation of the whole is precluded, from 
their number. They bear no indifferent resemblance to a feathered cloak 
in the arc. The shoulder is somewhat enlarged.. Colour universally 
greyish ; tips of the branchie clear. Only a single specimen has occurred. 


Prats XLIV. 
Fie. 1. Holis plumata, back. 
2. Belly. 


2. Eouis rAcEMosA—Cluster Holis.—Plate XLIV. Figs. 3, 4, 5. 


Length four lines ; breadth under one. Head roundish, with a ten- 
tacular organ from each side. Body slender; shoulder enlarged. A black 
speck or eye at the base of each of the cornicula. Three o#four pair of 
clustered branchiz border the back, leaving the remainder bare. The 
first is composed of ten enlarging elongated papillz, of various dimen- 
sions, as are those of all the others. 

Colour whitish, with dark brown specks scantily distributed. <A 
brown belt encircles the middle of each corniculum. 

This is a lively animal ; its adhesion is slight, and it is very rare, 
only one specimen having occurred. 


Puate XLIV. 
Fic. 3. Holts racemosa, back. 
4, Belly. 


5. Cluster branchize, more enlarged. 


Ply, exile 


sh Neo 7 
ATR 


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Yo ll y aes 


GASTEROPODES. 301 


3. Kors minor.—Plate XLIV. Figs. 6, 7. 


Length seven lines ; breadth a line and a half. Head rounded in 
front, with two obtuse tentacula, shorter than the cornicula. At the 
external base of each of the latter, a black eye, very distinct. Back bare, 
bordered by several bunches of branchiz ; about four being on the shoulder 
bunches: lower down the branchie are single, cylindrical, and obtuse, 
with a dark circle near the summit. They curve over the back. Colour 
universally mottled grey or dingy white ; on the skin are scanty white 
specks. 

Only a single specimen occurred, near the Isle of May ; probably 
young. It seemed full of ova, but died in a day or two. 


Pirate XLIV. 
Fic. 6. Eolis minor. 
7. Anterior portion of the same, enlarged. 


4. Kouts pEAvRATA—The Gilded Doris.—Plate XLIV. Figs. 8, 9, 10. 


Length above six lines ; breadth above one. Body lanceolate, slen- 
der ; front of it semicircular: shoulders broadening into two processes, 
somewhat obtuse. Tentacula and cornicula curving outwards. Two very 
black specks on theneck. Nine rows of ellipsoidal branchial papillse cross 
the back, which is otherwise bare ; they decrease in length and in number 
as approaching the posterior extremity, so that only astump is next to it. 

The body is green, the papillz purple, tipped with golden yellow. 

This is a beautiful animal, abounding in vivid colours, agreeably 
contrasted. 

Specimens have spawned in October and November. The spawn 
green, and consisting of two elliptical volutes, of confused form, is com- 
posed of pale green ova, amidst albuminous matter. 


Piate XLIV. 


Fic. 8. Holis deaurata—The Gilded Eolis—back, enlarged. 
9. Belly, enlarged. 
10. Spawn, enlarged. 


oo 
S 
bo 


GASTEROPODES. 


5. Eoris viripis.—Plate XLIV. Figs. 11, 12. 


Length six lines; breadth under two. Tentacula and cornicula 
nearly of equal length, rather cylindrical and obtuse. A black speck at 
the base of each corniculum. Back bare ; bordered by ten pair of bran- 
chial clusters of elongated papille, three, four, or five papillze beimg in 
each cluster. The central papille of each cluster are the longest, the 
exterior the shortest. They are always of a dark green colour ; the body 
green, of various intensity. 


Piate XLIV. 
Fic. 11. Holis viridis, back, enlarged. 
12. Belly. 


6. Eons SANGUIFER.—Plate XLV. Figs. 7, 8. 


Length eight lines. Shoulder rounded ; lower extremity acute. 
Head rounded in front, with two tentacula behind ; while, at some dis- 
tance, are two smooth, long, and slender cornicula. These are so closely 
approximated at the base, that they seem to fork from some lower or- 
ganization. A black speck or eye behind each. Back bare, bordered by 
two pair of branchial enlarging papilla. The branchie do not evidently 
form more than two clusters on each side in young examples. The whole 
papillee of a large specimen amounted to forty-eight, being twenty-four of 
aside. On one, half the size, the same number occurred, the four lowest 
overtopping the extremity. No subdivision of these two clusters were 
obvious, therefore the sides appeared to be clothed by only one. They 
may, however, be rated at four in adults. Colour universally milk-white 
or watery blue. The cornicula have a reddish tinge ; the branchize 
brighter than tile-red, their extremities white. The red is duller in 
some specimens ; and it has faded with time in others. The young are 
more beautiful than adults. : 

This animal feeds on the Zubularia indivisa and on the Tubularia 
polyceps, infesting those Zoophytes in nunierous colonies. In the history 


GASTEROPODES. 308 


of the latter species, given in the Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scot- 
land, there is an instance of no fewer than sixty-eight of the Kolides being 
dislodged from a single group. The specimen, first observed on a stalk, 
afterwards descended among the less accessible parts, from whence it re- 
’ appeared in two months, considerably grown, and the parts multiplied, 
the inseparable concomitant of greater age and dimensions. 

The spawn is produced as an irregular ovoidal albuminous mass, 
containing 300 or 400 ova. It appears at various seasons, summer or 
winter, June or December ; but the chief breeding seasons are perhaps 
March and April. The same specimen spawns repeatedly in masses like 
a minute sausage, larger or smaller, some measuring three lines in length, 
some much less. It appeared to me that on one occasion red spawn was 
deposited by a specimen, fig. 12 ; the same enlarged, fig. 13. 

The ova of all the other spawn were white. Prolific animals are 
often turgid with spawn, which is visible. When deposited it is com- 
monly attached to the stalks of the Tubularia, or it is at the surface of 
the water. Various specimens floating there, spawn in this manner. 

Under favourable circumstances, the ova are seen to be in singular 
arrangement, as if in long compartments across the mass. Each ovum 
also is contained in an external ovoidal substance. Thus, the inner or 
central substance is probably the embryo. 

A portion of spawn being subjected to the microscope, on June 18, 
numerous objects of those composing it were evidently in motion. This 
motion, on attentive inspection, certainly originated from the opaque 
part of the ovum, which, in turning within, presented prominences to 
the spectator. Many living beings were changing their position without 
removing, which indicated their confinement by some invisible medium, 
as they seemed exerting themselves for liberation. A portion of the mass 
separating soon afterwards, the moving bodies proved to be Nautilines, 
each within its peculiar ovum or capsule-——Fig. 14. Thus, the Nauti- 
line constitutes the nucleus or white speck. It is the embryo; and as 
it advances, the intestinal organs display themselves, as the irregularities 
of shape which strike the observer's eye. 

On raising and transferring one of the larger masses of spawn, a 


304 GASTEROPODES. 


week subsequent to the preceding remarks, it broke up when depositing, 
thus giving exit to a multitude of Nautilines, which swam with great 
activity ; various individuals pursuing their course singly through the 
water, or several clustering together, were seen in horizontal revolution 
in the same place. Sometimes two in contact performed a common revo- 
lution, while many solitary animals did the same. It was a most peculiar, 
amusing, and interesting spectacle—Fig. 15. But nothing more than 
what has been already recorded distinguished these diminutive beings. 
Sometimes, indeed, as may be readily imagined, a better view of species 
or of individuals may be obtained than usual. But we can scarcely allow 
that it is ever satisfactory : it may be often illusive ; and, while instruct- 
ing others, we may be unwittingly misled by imperfect observation. It 
seems to have been no part of the design of the Creator that the Nautiline 
should meet the eye of mankind. In fact, although we strive to render 
it plain, it is always seen imperfectly. Mere enlargement on a flat sur- 
face is not all that is required. 

The parts of so minute an animal, passing through metamorphoses, 
are obscurely visible perhaps ; but their functions may be the subject of 
conjecture. Observations, however, are generally intercepted, first by 
the water, however pure, secondly by the shell, however transparent. 
Thus they can never be entirely exposed, or always under the same aspect, 
to say nothing of the fallacies generally concomitant on microscopical ob- 
servation. 

Like its fellows, the Nautiline of the Kolis occupies a shell, serving 
as a receptacle whither it can retreat completely. It can return to dis- 
play itself at pleasure, protruding partially beyond the orifice. There is 
the appearance of two cylinders, with marginal cilia in rapid motion, pre- 
cisely as exhibited by the revolution of a wheel. When thus relaxed, the 
motion became so slow, that each of the cilia seemed to be distinguished 
distinctly. The two black points, previously alluded to, remained always 
apart, below the cylinders.—Fig. 16. 

Some features inexplicable were presented by these minute creatures. 
At certain times preceding the protrusion of the body from the shell, a 
lid seemed to fold back, as if by a hinge. My artist, occupied in delinea- 


no 
Wwe 


EEE; Xe 


ae 


Se 


SSS 
ras 
— 


GASTEROPODES. 305 


tion, considered it a real lid. I cannot presume to assent to this, as it 
might be some disproportionate part of the organization protruding, to 
be subsequently modified.—Fig. 17. When it was withdrawn, or the lid 
closed, and the Nautiline quiescent, the figures resembled the object in 
fig. 18. 

But there are so many illusions ready to deceive the observer, in 
contemplating such difficult and unintelligible objects—also with two 
different intercepting media from view—that he can never speak too 
diffidently regarding them. 

The true colour of these creatures seems white ; their shells are 
remarkably smooth and shining, which is best seen in a number floating 
together at the surface of the water, apparently unable to descend. 

Among those at the bottom of the watch-glass, were some corpuscles 
of uncertain nature, like a dark spherical ovum, with a transparent coating. 

The Eolis dwells in society. I have scarcely ever found it solitary. 
It is one of the few whose food is known, which renders it a favourable 
subject for observation ; and, as the young grow readily and rather 
speedily, a progressive evolution of their external organs may be satis- 
factorily investigated. 


Piate XLV. 
Fic. 7. Eolis sanguifer. Back. 
8. Belly. 
9. Spawn. 
10. The same, enlarged. 
11. The same, more enlarged. 
12. Spawn of reddish colour. 
13. The same, enlarged. 
14. Nautilines in the spawn. 
15. Nautilines, free. 
16. Nautiline, more enlarged. 
17. Another, with the lid. 
18. One with the apparent lid closed. 


2Q 


306 GASTEROPODKES. 


7. Eoxis conspersA—TZhe Sprinkled Eolis.—Plate XLIV. Figs. 13, 14. 


Length above four lines ; breadth a lime. Tentacula and cornicula 
rather stout, and nearly equally long. A black speck at the base of each 
corniculum. Back bare, bordered by several branchial clusters of elon- 
gated ovoidal papilla, neither so numerous, nor so definitely clustered, 
as in other species with similar clusters. Upper surface universally pale 
yellow. Clusters olive brown, sprinkled with white tips, and roots of the 
papillae lighter. Cornicula of one specimen tipped with yellow. This 
animal is very rare. 

Puate XLIV. 
Fic. 13. Eolis conspersa. Back, enlarged. 
14. Belly. 


8. Eois InEQqUALIS.—Plate XLIV. Figs. 15, 16. 


The chief characteristic of this species consists in the irregularity of 
its parts, both in size and distribution. 

Length fifteen lines, breadth four. Head somewhat round. Shoulder 
rounded, body tapering downwards. Mouth wide, amidst thick lips in 
the face below. The cornicula are longer than the tentacula. They 
seem to fork from a short pillar rising on the surface of the neck. A 
dark speck on the neck, at each side of the cornicula. Middle of the 
back bare. The branchial papillse, of very unequal dimensions, are scat- 
tered irregularly over the rest of it, not obviously in clusters, but more 
profusely on the shoulders. , Colour of the body pale blue and dingy 
white ; extremities of the papillee vivid yellow, centre dark. 

Two specimens exhibited the same general features. The second 
was about half the size of the first. A third specimen from the Mar 
Bank, as I concluded, on 22d March 1850, extended about eight lines ; 
the branchial papillze numerous, and rather disposed in tufts: only a 
few of them were tipped with yellow. The animal, originally weak, 
survived but a short time. 

Prats XLIV. 
Fic. 15. Eolis inequalis. Back, enlarged. 
16. Belly. 


GASTEROPODES. 307 


9. Kots mMonoceros.— Unicorn Eolis.—Plate XLV. Fig. 1. 


I am induced to allude, in this imperfect paragraph, to a specimen 
of the Kolis, with an organ which, from the preceding, may not be a 
monstrosity. 

Length three lines ; body lanceolate, slender, with three scanty 
clusters of long ellipsoidal papillee on each side of the back. A pillar 
rises from the middle of the neck, which diverges into two cornicula, 
with about seven whirls in each. The pillar and corniculum equal each 
other's length ; and their joint length equals that of the tentacula. The 
pillar is plain. It is situated between two black specks. Colour of the 
body white ; centre of the papillee dark. 

This is a lively little animal, bristling up the papillae on any 
annoyance. 

Only a single specimen has occurred, and a drawing made of the 
corniculum. Before the whole subject could be executed, it had crawled 
out of the water and perished. 


PLATE XLV. 


Fic. 1. Holis monoceros—Unicorn Kolis.—Corniculum, enlarged. 


10. Hous tenAx—The Adhering Eolis.—Plate XLV. Figs. 2, 3. 


Length seven lines ; body lanceolate, slender ; shoulders elongated, 
in triangular processes. ‘Tentacula and cornicula extending about two 
lines. A black speck at the base of each of the former. Back rather 
meagrely clothed with elongated branchial papille, not definitely ar- 
ranged in clusters. Colour light watery blue. A white line traverses 
the upper surface, also the back of the cornicula and tentacula. Papille 
partly orange. The whole extremities tipped with white. 

A specimen occurred among the Tubularia polyceps, where it fed on 
the epidermis of the zoophytes. It was small, and had few papilla. At 
first the length of the cornicula and tentacula was equal to about a third 
of the whole animal, which grew rapidly ; but they did not extend in 


308 GASTEROPODES. 


proportion. Its size doubled in two months, accompanied by a great 
accession of branchial papille ; but the colour had faded. 

This animal adheres with remarkable tenacity to the substance sus- 
taining it. 


Piate XLV. 
Fic. 2. Holis tena. Back, enlarged. 
3. Belly. 


In a small animal, only two lines long, which at first I rather thought 
a young specimen, the bunches of papillae were four pair. Those on the 
shoulders were the shortest, and consisted each of three papille. The 
second consisted of two, and the third of the like number. The fourth 
pair consisted each of only one, but the longest of all. 

This was a good example of the multiplication of these organs. The 
other specimen, when small, on being first obtained, had six or seven in 
each bunch on the shoulders. 


11. Eons uystrix— The Porcupine Eolis——Eous DrummMonpi ?— 
Plate XLV. Figs. 4, 5, 6. 


This species is distinguished by its peculiar habits. The Doris is a 
sluggish animal ; and less animation is displayed by the whole tribe than 
is usually seen among the lower animals. ‘Their form, indeed, is diversi- 
fied, but their habits are nearly the same. It is otherwise, however, with 
the present subject, which is fierce and active, and clearly demonstrates 
very decided propensities. 

On August 18. 1821, I took six specimens from among a colony 
under a very large stone, on the southern shore of the Forth, some 
miles east of Edimburgh, where none were ever seen before or since. 
Being indistinctly seen, they were at first supposed young Asteriz, but 
when committed to a suitable vessel of sea- water, they soon shewed their 
peculiar form. 

The largest extended eight or nine lines from the tip of the tenta- 


GASTEROPODES. 309 


cula to the extremity of the tail, The body rather of a broad lanceolate 
figure, the shoulders prolonged in slender processes, endowed with tenta- 
cular action. Back bare in the middle, clothed with four large bunches 
of long slender branchial papillx, crossing each other towards the lower 
extremity of the animal when quiescent, and bristling up when suffering 
any annoyance. They are more numerous in proportion to the size of 
the specimen. The clusters on the shoulders of one consisted of thirteen, 
and on that of a smaller specimen, it consisted of eight. Head round, 
with the mouth wide and conspicuous, towards the front of the face be-_ 
low. The cornicula, about half the length of the tentacula, are indented 
on the upper part by about twelve whirls. At the root of each a very 
black speck denotes the eye. Colour universally delicate carnation of 
different shades ; the central line of the branchie red ; the whole ex- 
tremities of the animal tipped with white. 

On September 3, when the thermometer at ten o'clock morning and 
evening stood at 66° and 70° respectively, the pulsations at the heart 
were just sixty ina minute. They are very conspicuous in this animal. 

The Porcupine Doris shews several peculiarities. It does not shun 
the light ; its six appendages all exercise a kind of tentacular faculty. 
Its adhesion is slight, though its mucous secretions are abundant ; but, 
above every thing, its voracity, so different from the usual habits of the 
Doris, is most remarkable. It fed voraciously on mussel, and on the 
periwinkle, whereof large portions being swallowed entire, the back rose 
in proportion to the quantity. The quality of the food also was disclosed 
by the transparency of the skin, which was very evident on one occasion, 
when a black Planaria was thus devoured. 

It cannot have escaped the notice of practical observers, how seldom 
it is that the food of any of this numerous tribe can be ascertained, and 
how often all that we can provide is rejected. They are not commonly 
understood to be carnivorous ; but the subjects of this paragraph were 
eminently so, for they sometimes gorged themselves to such an excess, 
as to be scarcely capable of moving. Contrary to the nature of most 
living animals, they seemed ready to devour their own species. 

In six or seven weeks after capture, only two of the original six 


310 GASTEROPODES. 


specimens remained, the one smaller and weaker than the other. The 
union of this pair seemed to have taken place, and to have been produc- 
tive. Yet soon afterwards, the larger unexpectedly devoured its mate, 
all except a portion, then conjectured to belong to the head, from which 
it endeavoured during hours to extract further nutriment. 

A third specimen, previously in the same vessel, likewise smaller 
and weaker, had disappeared, having been probably devoured by its com- 
panions. 

The older observers considered the Doris a hermaphrodite animal. 
But this opinion may be safely abandoned, by admitting the usual course 
of nature. The preceding union was on the 4th of October ; spawning 
followed next morning, though probably not its consequence. 

If the parent be vigorous, the spawn is deposited as the most regu- 
lar undulating logarithmic curve of several volutes. But it appears in 
small spiral masses if the parent be attenuated. 

The transparence of the body exposed the formation of the ovarium 
in clusters, as if occupying the whole cavity of the abdomen, towards the 
close of August. Yet the first spawning did not precede the 5th of 
October. The third on the 8th of October, consisting of seven entire and 
uninterrupted volutes ; and another of five, followed on the llth. This 
was succeeded on the 16th by four volutes, more perfect and regular, if 
possible, than any of the former, fig. 6. Now it was computed that the 
whole hitherto produced might have extended twelve inches in one un- 
interrupted line. Spawn appeared at four subsequent intervals until 
November 6. 

The orifice of the oviduct opens under the first branchial cluster on 
the right side. From hence the spawn issues like a coarse white thread, 
of albuminous consistence, studded throughout the diameter with ova. 
The extremity of the line first discharged being affixed, the parent re- 
cedes slowly and gradually in circumferential progression as expulsion 
of the thread continues, until the whole spiral figure is completed. But 
this is a very slow process, an hour being consumed in producing two 
volutions. | 

Here the diameter of the figure of the earlier spawn was six lines, 


GASTEROPODES. dll 


but the volutes had so diminished, that the later spawn did not exceed 
a line in diameter, and it resembled an upright spiral spring of eight or 
ten volutes, the lower affixed, the higher floating like a white thread in 
the water. Spawn was also produced at the surface, while the parent 
swam supine. 

The young attain maturity in six days, when the spawn dissolves 
and disappears. 

We have already adverted to the reproduction of the branchize in 
other species. A similar prerogative is enjoyed by those creatures with 
which we are now occupied. They assume many strange attitudes, and 
exhibit much violent action, more indeed than any other I am acquaint- 
ed with. While reposing supine just under the surface of the water, the 
tentacula are recurved like ram’s horns, the cornicula naturally directed 
downwards, and the branchial papillz crossed on the back. If active, 
or during progression, any interruption or annoyance is suffered, the 
branchix bristle up in resentment or defiance. During contention for 
prey all are in action, when the vehemence with which both they and 
the tentacula seem to strike is surprising. The animals also bite each 
other. Thus they appear to be very irritable—contentious even in their 
amours. Under such agitation some of the branchiz being detached, 
prove to be long, round, pointed, fleshy organs, very tenacious of life, 
contracting, extending, and apparently searching around them. 

Whether it be in accordance with the necessities resulting from such 
a disposition, or that the species is merely more subject or more exposed 
to mutilation, the defective organs are speedily repaired. Soon after 
capture of the six preceding specimens, one of them had lost a tentaculum 
by the root, and another was deprived of the right or left corresponding 
organ, but reproduction operated vigorously. Half of the defective ten- 
taculum was regained in a fortnight. Another specimen, after partial muti- 
lation of a tentaculum, followed by partial regeneration, lost the whole 
by the root on the 25th of September, and, on the 28th, likewise a cor- 
niculum, Thus the animal was wholly mutilated of the right tentaculum 
and the right corniculum, two important organs, though by what means 
is unknown. ‘The mutual animosity displayed between itself and com- 


312 GASTEROPODES. 


panion in the same vessel, from the bristling up of the branchie, and biting 
each other as they met, led to conjecture that it was from violence. On 
the Ist of October a papilla, rather cylindrical than conical, indicated 
renovation of the tentaculum ; and a low prominence denoted the origi- 
nating corniculum. Both the organs had regained half their natural 
dimensions on the 31st, and were tipped with white. 

Some of the other specimens also suffered mutilations of the tenta- 
cula, and conical papillze subsequently arose from the stumps. But the 
preceding animal suffered most, for, besides complete privation of a ten- 
taculum and corniculum, it lost a fragment of the posterior extremity of 
the body on the 9th of September, which remained still indented, instead 
of being pointed, on the 25d. None of the whole specimens survived 
long enough to admit redintegration of the defective parts. 

The exhaustion concomitant on the profuse spawning of the prolific 
specimen above described enfeebled it so much, that, rejecting sustenance, 
and losing the adhesive faculty, it died, having shrunk to a third of its 
original dimensions. 

The survivance of no specimen exceeded eleven or twelve weeks. 

This animal is rare; but about fourteen years after the preceding 
colony was taken, a small specimen, not extending above three lines, oc- 
curred, which reposed constantly supine in quiescence under the surface 
of the water. Its survivance was short. 

After the lapse of other fourteen years, one occurred of larger 
dimensions, being about equal to the size of the largest of the former 
colony. ‘The general disposition of all these animals was in correspon- 
dence. 

Prats XLV. 

Fic. 4. Eolis hystriv. 

5. The same, slightly enlarged. 
6. Spawn. 


12. Eoris purpurEA—The Purple Eolis—Plate XLV. Figs. 19, 20. 


Hitherto our attention has, with few exceptions, been’ directed to 
those species of the Kolis having the anterior of the shoulder or sole 


GASTEROPODES. 313 


rounded nearly as a circular arc, or extremely obtuse, including other 
characteristics. But there are some wherein this feature is entirely 
obliterated, the shoulders being prolonged into a triangular process, which 
advancing progressively through several species, at length narrowly re- 
sembles real tentacula ; and they seem to participate somewhat of their 
nature. 

From its conformation, perhaps, this species may be approximated 
to the Kolis viridis. 

Length, from the tip of the tentacula to the extremity of the tail, 
fifteen lines ; breadth a line and a half. Body slender, tapering down- 
wards to a point. Shoulder elongating in a slender recurving process, 
very flexible. Head small and round; mouth conspicuous below ; 
cornicula somewhat taper; deeply indented, tending to whorls; a 
black speck behind the root of each. Back bare, each side bordered by 
five, six, or seven branchial tufts, according to the size of the specimen. 
The papilla elongated, flattened, pointed, more prominent as the tuft is 
higher. In an early stage they are merely stumps. Colour of the body 
fine delicate purple ; all the extremities white. Centre of the papille 
red, amidst a lighter hue. In some specimens the white tip seems sur- 
mounted by a black one. But the colour is not invariably purple, being 
sometimes rather of various red, or tending to faint orange. Yet it is 
always a beautiful and delicate looking creature, bristling up the papille 
when exposed to any annoyance. 

When quitting the side of the vessel to swim supine, the anterior 
part of the body is folded together longitudinally. 

Fine specimens are not common. 


Piate XLV. 
Fig. 19. Holis purpurea. Back. 
20. Belly. 
21. Another specimen: Back. 
22. The same : Belly. 


314 GASTEROPODES. 


13. Eouts parititosa.—Plate XLV. Figs. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 


This species having been frequently the subject of observation and 
discussion, since first noticed by Baster in 1759, it is unnecessary for 
me to speak of it in much detail. But I cannot coincide with that 
author, in viewing it as one of the deformities of the creation :—“ Doris 
hee animal deforme est, et foedum aspectu ;” for it has been to mea 
curious and interesting creature, when contemplating its history. There 
is one advantage also in its dimensions. From being the third largest of 
the whole tribe inhabiting Scotland, and the largest of its own particular 
kind, the Eolis, it may be very conveniently assumed as the type ; while 
the size of all its parts admits a ready field for anatomical investigation. 

The finest specimen I ever saw was brought by Robert Wilson. 
Crawling, it extended completely four inches from the tip of the tentacula 
to the extremity of the tail, which, for about half an inch, is quite bare 
beyond the branchis, being a continuation of the bare portion of the 
back. The colour of the skin of this animal is formed from an inter- 
mixture of brownish, greyish, and reddish ; the branchiz very numerous 
and very fine, of somewhat the same appearance. I never saw a finer 
animal. 

Length two and a half inches from the front of the head to the pos- 
terior extremity ; breadth of the sole eight lines ; shoulder elongating in . 
a triangular pointed organization, exhibiting somewhat of a tentacular 
faculty. Tentacula and cornicula each extending about three lines, the 
latter cylindrical, obtuse, and so close together as almost to fork from a 
common root. Head round, presenting, with the divergence of the long 
pointed tentacula, exactly the semblance of the head of an ox. Dr John- 
ston remarks, “‘ Head depressed ; the mouth terminal, sub-inferior, en- 
circled with a dilatable lip, and furnished with a very short proboscis, 
which contains a pair of rather large, thin, oval, corneous jaws.” — 
Magazine of Natural History, vol. viii. p. 317. 

A black speck, deeply seated in the flesh, appears behind each cor- 
niculum, which seems compound. Similar specks are seen in others ; 


GASTEROPODES. 315 


but I cannot affirm that they are ocular. No sense of the presence of ex- 
ternal objects is ever shewn unless by feeling. Back bare in the middle, 
and clothed on the sides by long, flexible, extensile, subulate or awl- 
shaped branchial papille, disposed rather in rows than in bunches, and 
varying from 300 to 350 in number. These are in frequent motion, 
curving, waving, and bristling up, when the animal suffers any annoyance. 
The highest and the lowest on the side are the shortest. 

Slight variations are seen in the form and the disposal of the 
branchiz. ‘The back is sometimes bare throughout. Of eight speci- 
mens, the back was bare down to the extremity in five ; but, in the 
other three, only the upper portion of it was bare, while the lower 
part was clothed as thickly as the sides, and in rows as definite. 

The colour of the body varies from faint purple to leaden-grey, and 
in some specimens even to brownish. The branchiz are greyish purple, 
the texture of their surface resembling ivory. Carnation distinguishes the 
cornicula, while the back in their vicinity is reddish. A yellowish shade 
of the under surface denotes the internal site of the ovarium. 

This is a very prolific species. Many individuals approach the shore 
in June, July, August, and even September, when a great profusion of 
spawn is deposited on the under surface of stones. In captivity, the 
animals spawn on the sides of their vessels, in the form of spiral ropes ; 
or, swimming supine, the rope, which is always seen of the same form, 
is produced just under the surface of the water. On turning up the 
stones near low water, the spawn may be recognized, from its resem- 
blance to numerous grains of rice. When in greatest profusion, it appears 
in the general arrangement of a logarithmic curve of two or more volutes. 
The cause of this peculiar form being assumed, has been previously ex- 
plained. But the perfection of this figure depends on the motion of the 
parent being unrestrained. But peculiarities are often found, which I 
cannot pretend to explain. 

A fine specimen (Plate XLV. figs. 24, 29) spawned on 6th February, 
in two complete volutes, resembling a coarse white thread, on the back 
of an oyster-shell ; and, at the interval of a week, produced other two 
volutes at the surface of the water. Two weeks subsequent to the first 


316 GASTEROPODES. 


spawning, though considerably exhausted, it produced four volutes at 
the surface of the water, while swimming supine ; and twelve days later 
still, two volutes additional. The extenuation concomitant on the 
breeding of these animals is very remarkable. The specimen (Plate XLV. 
figs. 25, 26) is evidently much reduced from that cause. If surviving so 
important an incident, prolific animals probably resort to the depths of 
the sea. 

The diameter of the mass of spawn is commonly from an inch to about 
an inch anda half. But here there is no uniform rule. A very fine, curious, 
and interesting example of spawn, is represented in Plate XLV. fig. 27. 
But the form here is very complex whereas it is usually simple, consist- 
ing of a curve nearly plain, or indented throughout. The present spawn 
occupied a stone on the shore: it consisted of two complete volutes ; but 
instead of these forming a single gelatinous thread or rope full of ova, 
here was a gelatinous rope, four lines in diameter, encircled by such a 
gelatinous thread in 120 circles, occupying the whole two volutes, from 
the centre to the extremity. I feel much perplexed how to describe this 
product intelligibly. But we may suppose the whole extended in a straight 
line, instead of preserving its curve, and in that case forming a cylinder, 
with a thread wrapped spirally around it. I doubt not that some illusion 
doubled the number of encircling spirals, as the same thread might 
appear next the eye, and as another beyond it. But such was the 
appearance, whatever might be the reality. 

The spawn of this Eolis, I have said, resembles grains of rice. In 
the encircling spiral of the specimen before me, were found five or more 
such grains (fig. 12), somewhat enlarged. Under the microscope the 
grains consisted of a cluster of broad ovoidal transparent ova, each occu- 
pied by four or five Nautilines, the greatest number seen in any of them. 
At that time I had not previously observed more than a single Nautiline 
in the ovum. Here it was otherwise ; nor did any illusion mislead the 
eye, for the Nautilines were very active, continually interchanging 
places, crushing through their fellows in their respective prisons, as if 
compressed for want of room. The cilia of what were supposed their 
cylinders had at that stage become quite corispicuous. On June 16th, 


GASTEROPODKES. 317 


the grains composing the spawn, and of snowy whiteness, had dissolved, 
when numerous Nautilines swam as pure white specks amidst the water, 
no larger than those from other species of the tribe. 

I have remarked on different occasions, indeed, that Nautilines from 
the larger kinds were as small as Nautilines from the smaller ; and that 
those of the /. papillosa exhibited the cylinders with the cilia almost as if 
protruding from within, like wheels; and, when withdrawn, that the 
cylinders closed like conic frusta over them ; also, that the intestinal 
organization consisted of at least seven distinct portions. 

On studying the external configuration of the Holis papillosa, the 
observer must beware of delusion, from the contraction attendant on 
extenuation from spawning. 


Prats XLV. 
Fic. 23. Eolis papillosa: back, before spawning. 
. Belly. 
. Another specimen: back, after spawning. 
6. Belly. 


. Spawn. 


bo bo bo 
oC > 


iy) 
~J 


Note.—Besides the preceding, which I conclude to be all distinct 
species, various others have occurred, which, though less definitely cha- 
racterised, are evidently allied to the same tribe. I shall select one as 
an example, regretting that any obscurities disguised it. 


I. This may be descriptively called the Fan-head Kolis, as it cer-. 
tainly approaches more nearly to the race last under discussion than to 
any other. 

Length three lines, breadth half a lime. The anterior extremity 
dilates into two flat leaves, capable of folding together. Towards the 
side of each, a stout and rather short cylindrical tentacular organ rises 
upright from the back of the neck; and behind them are two very black 


- 


318 GASTEROPODKES. 


specks or eyes, apart from each other, not deep-seated in the flesh, but 
quite conspicuous. 

The middle of the back is bare. Seven pair of elongated, clavate, 
truncated, branchial papillze border the body. The upper four are con- 
siderably apart ; the other ten more crowded together ; and the lowest 
pair seem as if merely cleft asunder. The body is of a dingy colour, 
with white specks ; the branchiz, also speckled, shew a dark centre, 
amidst a lighter exterior. 

Only one specimen occurred, which was lively and active, and sur- 
vived about three weeks. 


Piate XLV. 


Fic, 28. Eolis ventilabrum—Fan-head Kolis: back, enlarged. 


II. Among the fuci in pools, on the southern shore of the Forth, 
and down as far as Kyemouth, is found an animal black to the eye, 
which is now ascribed to the Doridean tribes. 

Length above a line, back very convex, belly narrower, best seen 
as it swims supine ; front of the head thick, apparently cleft ; eyes two, 
black, far apart, seated amidst a white portion on the upper surface. 
The body appears enlarging like a barrel over the narrow sole ; so that 
the animal seems carrying a load. 

On June 5, specimens, substances which I considered ova, were 
deposited on a fucus. 

This animal dwells at about half tide. 

When Dr Johnston first observed it, he proposed that it should be 
denominated Limapontia nigra. Messrs Alder and Hancock, in reclaim- 
ing it to the present tribe, propose a new order for its reception. Along 
with a description they give its anatomy.—Annals and Magazine of 
Natural History, Science, &c. Second Series, vol. i. p. 402.—Plate xx. 
figs. 4, 5, 6. 


GASTEROPODES. 319 


THE NAUTILINE. 


Among the most interesting facts pertaining to animal physiology, 
are the earliest form and condition of living beings. But, in attempting 
to discover what these may be, we are met by invincible obstacles, such 
as compel us to be content with assuming some later point of departure 
than the origin, and pursuing our course downwards. 

In ascending very high, we should probably find some invisible 
germ the source of future evolution ; and that, in all living beings, such 
evolution is attained through the medium of successive changes. Thus 
it has not appeared, that the earliest stage of mankind hitherto wit- 
nessed presents a human being in miniature, but that the subject then 
resembles a worm. 

Of later years naturalists have been ardently occupied with the 
study of metamorphoses, whereby many singular facts have been dis- 
closed. But as yet their history is less marked by continuity than by 
the aspect of objects at considerable intervals, a circumstance not to be 
wondered at, on duly appreciating the extraordinary difficulty of accom- 
panying or tracing the progress of living nature. 

We have just beheld a series, not a succession, of unintelligible facts 
in the history of the Doris, whereof no rational or satisfactory theory is 
offered in explanation. 

The figure of the parent is sufficiently obvious: it is reciprocally 
alike, wherever found in the adult state ; likewise there is the most per- 
fect resemblance, in form and habits, between the earlier young at large, 
and the specimens of amplest size, though the external parts be less 
numerous. But here we are arrested. On rising towards the embryonic 
stage, we can find no more diminutive similitudes of the animal than those 
which we have taken for comparison with the adult. 

It is reasonable to conclude, that the roe or spawn, so readily ob- 
tained in confinement, contains the elements of the offspring. Yet amidst 
thousands and tens of thousands of opportunities presented, we cannot 
trace any immediate connection between the living animal developed 


from it and the Doris itself. 


320 GASTEROPODKES. 


The spawn is discharged by the parents in some variety, as a line, a 
rope, a coil, a curve, or a spiral, the finest of pure gelatinous consistence. 
Perhaps nothing visible is intermingled with the finest ; but on almost all, 
exposed to observation, are innumerable minute corpuscula. Besides the 
examples already dispersed throughout this section, I propose to add a 
few more illustrations, which, although very obscure in themselves, may 
satisfy some queries of the curious. I could have wished they had been 
more explicit as well as more numerous. 

Originally these corpuscula are the merest specks, hardly to be disco- 
vered by the acutest vision. But, armed with the microscope, we find them 
becoming more distinct with the lapse of time. They evidently advance 
from an earlier to a later stage, acquire the faculty of motion, and at 
length, escaping the prison wherein they are confined, reach strength and 
maturity to swim in the surrounding element. 

Thus we behold the connection of the Nautiline with the Doris. It 
exists in the spawn, but here our knowledge terminates. No resem- 
blance, not the most remote, can be traced between the Nautiline and 
the parent of the spawn it has quitted. Its form is permanent ; it does 
not shew the slightest tendency to metamorphosis ; it undergoes no sen- 
sible change whatever, and it may be said to die exactly in the same 
shape*wherein it was born. 

If, by losing some parts and acquiring others, it approaches to 
maturity, this change is accomplished while beyond the cognizance of the 
naturalist. If it could be beheld in the sea, there is no means of following 
its courses, and, as disappearing, of recognizing it again. Thus there is 
no possibility of connecting the two. 

The extreme minuteness of the Nautiline forms our main obstacle 
to the prosecution of its history. None of its parts, and scarcely the 
whole, can be distinguished by the naked eye ; and, under the microscope, 
those of all different species seem almost identically the same. 

But, we can say that there is certainly a body contained in a shell 
ofa particular shape ; that the body seems to consist of a sac, containing 
subordinate organization below, with two hollow cylinders, on which 
vibrate marginal cilia. All those parts appear tolerably distinct ; yet we 


GASTEROPODES. 321 


cannot speak with confidence of their true character. Some are dim or 
obscure from the interception of vapour, clouds, or films, lessening their 
distinctness to the eye. 

All bear a general resemblance to each other, without betraying the 
precise action of any single member. 

Thus it would be vain for us to reason on what they are, or what 
may be their use and purpose. The whole body is susceptible of some 
contraction within the shell, and of some protrusion beyond it. All are 
endowed with vigorous locomotion,—all contract, decay, and disappear, 
and leave incredible multitudes of whitened, spiral, wide-mouthed shells 
behind them. 

As regards these general facts there seems to be no illusion ; they 
are daily verified. 

The whole Nautilines contained in any mass of spawn are not pro- 
duced at once. It is evident that the requisite degree of maturity is 
progressively attained. The life of all is short, and having escaped from 
confinement, they speedily perish. 

It is extremely probable that, notwithstanding the preceding gene- 
ral conclusions regarding the reciprocal resemblances of these beings, and 
the form of their shells, many discrepancies and distinctions would be 
discovered by patient investigation. 

Through the medium of the Doris we have been rendered familiar 
with the Nautiline, but it does not appear that this minute being is by 
any means peculiar to the tribe. There is reason to conjecture that a 
similar animal is seen in an early stage of many others. 

Drawings of the different Nautilines have been very carefully exe- 
cuted, both as complete and of the shells only. But no great difference 
is to be recognized among them. Artists seldom coincide exactly in their 
representations of very minute objects. 

But it must be owned that these objects are not seen with sufficient 
plainness and distinctness. Thus, the few remarks to be made on the 
subject, are intended simply for the purpose of attracting attention. 

Let us remember what occurred with the Murew antiquus, one of our 

28 


J2 


22 GASTEROPODHES. 


— 


€ 


largest Testacea. The Nautiline exists among its spawn. Possibly the 
Nautiline may belong to many of the Limacine species, and the univalve 
Testacea, as well as to the Doris. 

A few facts may be stated without attempting to solve the ob- 
securities. 

Spots of spawn are found on marine vegetables, such as the Lami- 
nari@ on the shore, within low-water mark. One, from an unknown 
parent, appeared in July, of small dimensions, and resembled a thick drop 
of yellow colour, almost hemispherical, with a depression in the centre. 
Possibly the true figure might have been a short bent cylinder, with the 
ends in contact, or nearly so, thus forming a circular ring —Plate XLVI. 
fig. 1. Such spots consist of numerous minute white ova. When dis- 
solving, on the Ist of August, a corresponding multitude of minute white 
specks, proving to be Nautilines, swam actively through the water ; while 
others remained motionless at the bottom.—Fig. 2. The drop little 
exceeded a line in diameter, and it may have been the spawn of some 
Doris or of a testaceous animal. 

Among the varieties of appearances disclosed by the spawn of the 
humbler animals of this tribe are the Nautilines, at rest or in motion. 
The specks, in an ovoidal mass of spawn, somewhat more ample than that 
from the Doris sanguifer, performed a revolution while confined within 
the capsule, as each was confined by its own integument. The cilia were 
quite visible while still enclosed there-—Fig. 3. When released from 
their prison by maturity, it was to display all the peculiarities of the 
Nautiline—Fig. 4. They rose in multitudes from below, and formed a 
scum on the surface of the water, from which they were incapable of de- 
scending until precipitated by the vessel being shaken. Did we know the 
sources of that which we consider spawn to have been derived, our inquiries 
would. be greatly facilitated ; we could seek for corroboration, or weigh 
the causes of disappomtment. Researches after marine products are so 
vague and difficult, and so often unsatisfactory, that all illustrations are 
most desirable. The two figures, 3 and 4, represent Nautilines from an 
ovoidal mass of spawn, from an unknown parent. In the former they 
are still confined, each within its own integument ; in the latter they are 


GASTEROPODES. : 


OF 


9 
23 


free. Another ovoidal mass afforded Nautilines, such as fig. 5, and the 
empty shells, fig. 6, the parent also being unknown. 

In general, only a single Nautiline is confined in a single ovum or 
capsule ; but there are examples, as we have seen, of three, four, or five 
being together. The integument is often of that extreme tenuity as to 
be almost invisible, and then the common liberty of the inmates is dis- 
covered chiefly by their interchange of places within their prison. While 
doing so within this limited space, a barrier environing the whole evi- 
dently prevents their escape. Perhaps we are yet unprepared for dis- 
cussing this question, which must necessarily remain in much ambiguity 
amidst such scanty materials. Very little of the spawn of aquatic animals 
is known to naturalists, who can determine but little as the pristine pro- 
duce of different tribes. : 

Pendulous clusters, of which we do not witness the origin, are fre- 
quently found on the Corallines,—the Sertularia falcata or halecina, for 
example, composed of spherules under half a line in diameter. They 
resemble bunches of minute currants, each of which is attached by its 
peculiar pedicle to a certain part. A cluster of this kind is represented 
Plate XLVI. fig. 7. A coating of the finest sand sometimes invests the 
bunches, from which others are entirely free. The sand can be discovered 
only by the microscope. I have not seen any species of the Doris to 
which these clusters might be ascribed. 

The clusters, it will be observed, are composed of spherical capsules. 
either invested by sand, or partially or entirely free of it. On June 11, 
two capsules, partially free, being subjected torthe microscope, exposed 
a number of irregular quiescent corpuscula, reddish in the one, and 
yellow in the other. Each of other two contained at least twenty-five 
corpuscula, also quiescent. Although the skin of the capsules was toler- 
ably free of sand, their form was too obscure to be distinctly defined. 
Three of these four capsules are represented as enlarged, figs. 8, eave 
But in other two, entirely divested of the sandy coating, not fewer 
than twenty were discovered pursuing an active course amidst the liquid 
contents, and the last among them especially interchanging their places 
everywhere with the rest, figs. aS 2s 


324 GASTEROPODES. 


These creatures seem to be opaque, solid, and heavy, and swimming 
with some exertion. The skin of the capsule was still too dark to admit 
exposure of any delicacy of organization, should it have been then unfold- 
ed. It only shewed the observer that they might be inscribed in rude 
spherical triangles, fig. 15. However, the capsular integument attenuat- 
ing its form for days, the tenants were distinguished by great activity, 
while their precise form could be ascertained. On the 18th, almost alk 
the capsules were quite freed from the sandy investment, now fallen in 
grains to the bottom, and then were beheld multitudes of beings swim- 
ming as so many specks at large in the water. 

The numbers, now liberated, uniformly resembled the Nautilines so 
often described, only the cylinders seemed wider, and the sac or contents 
of the shell shorter than in any of the others. Their course was swift 
through the element, and the action of the cilia rapid. In all respects, 
allowing for the flexibility of the parts, their whole organization and 
habits, as far as I could determime, were to be identified with those of 
the rest, fig. 14. Such was the appearance of this numerous brood of 
Nautilines, and thus it contimued until June 25, But they were very 
different when in retreat. In two days, only two of the multitude re- 
mained active. None survived in two days more. Their contents were 
speedily dissolved. Their shells, now empty, admitted of the most fa- 
vourable microscopical inspection. They are white, rather pearly, con- 
sisting of a single volute, with a circular orifice, so wide as to exhibit no 
contraction whatever, fig. 16. 

I was induced, by various reasons, to conclude these observations, cor- 
roborative of a course made eight years previously, though shorter, and 
with less perfect instruments. At that time the capsules of a cluster 
were rated at sixty or seventy, and the Nautilines included apparently 
larger than the last when free, were computed ut thirty or forty in each. 
There were five capsules from the unknown parent, connected by slender 
ligaments, fig. 17 ; enlarged, fig. 18, three Nautilines from them; fig. 19, 
their empty shells. 

The included animals traversed the whole fluid contents, which, 


GASTEROPODES. 326 


having dissolved in a week, liberated multitudes of their inmates, nar- 
rowly resembling all those I had seen before. 

These animals were equally restless during confinement as after libera- 
tion. Their constant change of place and position rendered all compu- 
tation of their numbers liable to fallacy, likewise, if appearing larger when 
confined than free, this may have resulted from some optical illusion, 
such as the convexity of the fluid contents of the capsules. 

It is evident, however, that a single capsule is sometimes occupied 
asa common prison by a number of Nautilines, all confined in“a common 
integument. Likewise, that the young animal is sometimes contained 
within its own peculiar ovum, from which it is to be liberated on attain- 
ing maturity. 

Although I have made very numerous observations on the Nauti- 
lines, I regret to say that they appear so vague and indefinite to myself, 
that I cannot feel they will prove satisfactory to others. 

Their presence under such a variety of circumstances infers a pecu- 
liarity which ought to receive farther investigation. 

Apparently the Nautiline is the progeny of the Doris. Nevertheless 
I do not presume to identify the two, so long as observation and experi- 
ment are wanting to prove the fact. 

Many minute specimens of many species of the former have fallen 
into my possession, yet I never beheld any so minute that a thousand 
would not be required of the Nautiline to equal its size. 

Nothing has hitherto indicated the slightest approach to metamor- 
phosis. No incident whatever has attended the existence of the Nauti- 
line, excepting its death in the shell, proving the transient life of the one, 
and the permanent substance of the other. 

If such a metamorphosis succeeds, as we are induced to believe, 
there are indispensable conditions necessary in food, in temperature, a 
marine abode, and the like, for which there is no suitable substitute in 
confinement. 

Without affirming that the tenant of the shell of the Nautiline is 
allied to Animaleula infusoria, it would be gratifying to see the result 


326 


GASTEROPODKES. 


of experiment on the different species of such creatures generated amidst 
albuminous matter. 

Meantime the production of the Nautiline, whether a larva or not, 
from the spawn of the Doris, is alike positive and invariable as of the 
embryo and the chick from the ovum of a fish or of a bird. 


Puate XLVI. 


Fig. 1. Spawn, resembling a thick drop deposited on a marine vegetable. 
*® Parent unknown. 
2. Nautiline produced by the same, enlarged. 
3. Two Nautilines, each within its respective integument, still contained 
in an ovoidal mass of spawn from an unknown parent, enlarged. 
4, The same two Nautilines when free, enlarged. 
5. Nautiline from another ovoidal mass of spawn, parent unknown, 
enlarged. 
6. Two shells of Nautilines belonging to the same ovoidal mass, en- 
larged. 
7. Clusters composed of capsules of spawn. Parent unknown. 
8. A capsule from the same clusters, which contained quiescent cor- 
puscula, enlarged. 
9. Another. 
10. Another. 
11. A capsule from the cluster composing fig. 7, containing active cor- 
puscula, enlarged. 
12. Another. 
13. Corpuscula still confined in fig. 12, (each should be circumscribed 
by a faint line), enlarged. 
14. Nautilines from the same, free. active, enlarged. 
15. Nautilines in retreat, enlarged. 
16. Empty shells of Nautilines, enlarged. 
17. Five capsules of spawn, connected by slender ligaments. Parent 
unknown. 
18. The same five capsules, enlarged. 
19. Three active Nautilines from the same, enlarged. 


. Empty shells. 


All the figures of this Plate, except 1, 7, 17, are enlarged. 


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PEL . XLVIE 


GASTEROPODES. 327 


There is one singular fact connected with the history of the Doris 
and some more of the lower animals, wherein there is great distinction 
shewn between them and the higher orders. 

In the whole animated creation the unimpregnated ovum may sub- 
sist a long time without any important change, and in the course of its 
existence, it seems to resemble a portion of brute matter, yet endowed 
with such a living principle as preserves it from decay. 

In all the larger animals it seems that impregnation of the ovum is 
productive of the evolution of an embryo ; that the embryo requires a 
considerable time for attainmg maturity, in order that it may be sepa- 
rated with safety from the parent, and enjoy an independent existence 
as a perfect animal. 

But it is inanimate and motionless in the beginning, feeble and in- 
active in its progress, and at the moment of gaining maturity, still inca- 
pable, without some fostering aid, to provide for its own necessities. 

So there are many beings, and among them man, then ready to 
perish. 

The life, the growth, the changes undergone by the originating of 
the higher animals, are all carefully veiled from the inquisitive eye of 
mankind. If betrayed to view, it is generally by some fatal accident, 
precluding farther observation. 

It is absolutely the reverse with some of the lower animals. We 
nourish the Doris, it unloads its vast ovarium before us. Here we see 
innumerable ova, and in a brief interval as many embryos appear from 
them animated. But if those objects which we call embryos be truly 
the offspring of the Doris, they are void of all resemblance to the parent. 

Unlike the embryo of the larger animals, its activity is great from 
the ‘beginning, and it gradually augments, insomuch that when dis- 
charged as a mere speck from the spawn, wherein all are lodged, it has 
already attained in the earliest infancy infinitely greater powers than be- 
long to the oldest and most vigorous of adults. 


END OF VOLUME II. 


EF 


1 


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Wiesoyih “as 
bi at 


CHAPTER I.—Htirupo,—The Leech, 


a 


§ 


ANALYTICAL INDEX 


TO VOL. I. OF 


THE POWERS OF THE CREATOR. 


PAGE | 
The Leech known from the remotest antiquity, ib. 
The Medicinal Leech, ib. 
The genus Hirudo, : 2 
Treatises of Rawlins, Johnson, Stefano, Delle Chiaie, and Tandon; ib. 
No good illustration of the Leech, ib. 
The tribe absolutely sui generis, ib. 
The Leech, in general, described, ib. 
1. Hrrupo muricata,—The Skate Leech, 3 
Size, form, and powers described, : ib. 
Of a dull, dingy colour, varying from oil green to hamats 4 
Has no horns, as asserted by some authors, ib. 
Preys on the living skate and other flat fish, ib. 
Cannot be induced to feed in confinement, ib. 
An error that the Leech lives upon suction, ib. 
It is quiescent during the day, 5 
Fond of society of their own species, ib. 
Vesicles issued from the ring of the neck of some , of thern: ib. 
These, a variety of the same race, might have been mistaken for 
short horns, 6 
Perpetuation, 6 ib. 
The Skate Leech Patient of eheunetes 8 
Occasionally dies of repletion, ib. 
Plate I. explained, ib. 
2. Hrrupo virata,—The Belted Leech, 9 
Size, form, colour, organs, Ke., ib. 
Generally remains erect on the adhering peer ib. 
Capsules, 10 


VOL. Ii. a 


330 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER I.—continued. 


Faculties very obtuse, . : ¢ : PAGE 10 
Chamisso and Eysenhardt, . 9 : ° ib. 
Plate I. explained, 5 g : . : 0 ib. 

§ 3. Hrrupo anceps, . é é . 11 
Its place in the Systema Waturie dgabicel : : c ib. 
Excluded from the genus Hirudo grossa by Tandon, : ib. 
Miiller’s account, F 4 : : : : ib. 
Length, organs, &e., 5 5 : é ib. 
Spawn, 7 ° 4 : : ¢ 12 
Plate I. described. : F : : : ib. 

§ 4. Hirupo campanutata,—The Bell Leech, 5 : ; ib. 
Description, : : ° : ib. 
Specimens perished i ina fortnight s : é : ib. 
Plate I. explained, : ° : 3 é ib. 

§ 5. UpoNELLA CALIGORUM, : 13 
One-half of the anicnced world will re dered: the filer ib. 

The present genus fall within the class of destroyers, . d ib. 

A parasite which infests the Caligus, : : : ib. 

Dr George Johnston, . é : 3 : 14 
Animal described, . é . a : ; ib. 

§ 6. Hirupo ocro-octLata, sruU VULGARIS,—The Eight-eyed Leech, ib. 
Not more than six marine leeches belong to Scotland, : ib. 
Principal distinction in specimens, : : - : 15 
General size, : c 7 ib. 

M. M. Tandon—description of the Hands octo- Uoeleee c ib. 
Fierce, active, and voracious, : é © : ib. 
Food, : < : : 16 

This species oe diffused 3 in Scotland! 3 0 ib. 
Embryo, : : 2 5 ; ib. 
Maturity of the eight- ral ieech 5 3 é 5 18 
Formation of capsules, 0 é 0 : 20 
Variety from a marsh in Abercorn panels : : : 21 
Specimen fed on white-fish, . : 2 : ; 22 

This species found also in Edinburgh, 5 . : ib. 
Plate II. explained, . : + 4 c ¢ ib. 

§ Hirupo sancuisuea,—The Horse Leech, . : 0 ib. 


This species universally dispersed throughout Europe, . 23 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER IL.—continued. 


Characteristics of the Horse Leech and Medicinal Leech, 


M. M. Tandon, 

Food of the Horse Leech, 

Leeches readily injured by excess in feedings 
The Horse Leech of easy preservation, 

Plate III. explained, 


§ 6. Hirupo mepicrnauis,—The Medicinal Leech, 


Sid 


Mr Brightwell, 

Difference between this and the Heres Tesch: 
Distinguishing marks, 

Alike restless and voracious, 

Becomes torpid on exposure to cold, 
Indigenous in different parts of Scotland, 
John Burn Murdoch, Esq., of Gartincaber, 


Dr Fleming—Leeches bred by an apothecary in Cupar, 


M. Tandon, 

Imported chiefly fia Bweden, 

Trade in Leeches between France and Africa, 
Plate III. explained, 


Hirvupo compranata,—Gilossipora tuberculata,—Dr James Rawlins 


Johnson, 
Description of the flattened Teco 


Natural abode of this species in lakes or ponds, 
Feeds on both animal and vegetable substances, ° 
Its attack on the Helix peregra, its natural prey, described, 


Season of breeding, March and April, 
Process described, 

Resumé of the history of the tech, 
Plate IV. explained, 


§ 8 Hmuno sragnatis,—The Pond Leech, 


Sigs 


Widely diffused throughout Scotland, 
Smaller than the former, 

Characteristic differences, 5 
Food—vegetable matter, fish, and larva, 
Propagation, 

Plate LV. explained, 


Hirvpo ressecnara,—The Chequered Leech, 
Difficulty of identifying this species, 
Reason why, 


351 


PAGE 23 


ib. 
24 
ib. 
25 
26 


ib. 
ib. 
27 
ib. 
ib. 
28 
ib. 
ib. 
29 
ib. 
ib. 
30 
ib. 


ib. 
ib. 
31 
ib. 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 


ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
37 
38 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
39 


99 9 
QOL ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER I.—continued. 


Figure and organs of the Chequered Leech described, PAGE 40 
Finest and most beautiful of the Scotish leeches, : 6 ib. 
Colour, &e., ; ; : : : - _ ilo: 
Viscera not so numerous, : : ‘ : 3 ib. 
Food not precisely ascertained, 0 f : . ib. 
Propagation, . : 41 
Specimens from Goldin sham Teen and the Talend of Bate, c 42 

Sir Walter Trevelyan, Baronet, : : : a File 
Plate IV. explained, 0 : é : . ib. 

§ 10. Hrrupo virrina,—The Glassy Leech, : : : ib, 
Size, form, and organs described, . : : 5 43 
Number of young produced, . c : : ; 44 
Animal rare—found near Craigcrook Castle, : c 45 

Mr Brightwell found one in Norfolk, . : : é ib. 
Plate V. explained, : . : ; : ib. 

§ 11. Hirupo riava,—The Yellow Leech, . : : : ib. 
Distinguished by the form of the head, c : : ib. 
Incessantly variable in shape, : ; . 2 ib. 
Organs, &e., described, & 6 ° . : ib. 
Food not positively ascertained, 0 : . - 46 
Breed from May to August, : c : c ib. 
Separation of the ova, : ; . : : ib. 

The animal is rare, “ ; . : : 48 
Plate V. explained, 3 : ¢ ‘ : : 49 
General remarks on the Leech, 5 : : : ib. 
CHAPTER IL—VERMES, . : : < : : : 51 
Remarks on the class denominated Worms, ib. 
Unfortunate that Linneeus should have so peneralicel the ealen ib. 

Not clear where one genus terminates and the other begins, 54 

I. GORDIUS, c : : ; : : : 55 
The genus described, ‘ c : ; c ib. 
Lamarck, 3 : : : ; : ib. 


1.—GorbIUs FRAGILIS— 
One of the rarest and most remarkable animals of Scotland, and the 
largest of the vermicular tribes, . . . : ib. 
Length and other characteristics, . : : 5 56 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER II.—continued. 


Several species of the Gordius feed ravenously, : PAGE 57 


Rupture incident to the Gordius genus, 
Specimen underwent several mutilations, 
Observations on these, 

History of another specimen, 

Mr Henry Goodsir, - 

Plates VI., VIL., explained, 


B.—Gorpivus MAximus,—Sea Long Worm, 


§ 


Dimensions and proportions apparently immoderate, 
Description of the animal, 

Separates into fragments, 

Its food, : 
Folds itself up in an intricate vane Hee the name Gordie 
History of a younger specimen, 

Amphitrite ventilabram devoured by it, 

Specimen survived nearly five years, 

Attempt to save ruptured portions, 

Intestinal tube tenacious of life, 

Delle Chiaie, Mr Davies, 

Actual dimensions of the Sea Long Ween doubtful, 


Whether the specks be organs of vision, the Gordius is sensible of light, 


Specimens coiled up within the valves of oyster shells, 
Best specimen from Dr uaa Orkney Islands, 

Ova, 5 6 
Plates VIII., XIX. Hecblaueds ° : : 


C.—Gorptus tanta,—The Ribband Gordius, 


Length, form, organs, and other characteristics, 

“Spawn, 

Alexander Wood: Gellaniye ; : 
Miiller possibly mistook a mutilated portion for an entire portion, 
Plate X. explained, 


2. GorRDIUS MINOR— 


Head and mouth the only permanent characteristics of this animal, 
Are of various colours, 


A.—GoRDIUS MINOR VIRIDIS, : : : 


A littoral animal, 
Size and appearance, 
Spawn, . 


62 


ib. 


394 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER II.—continued. 


A. 1.—GorpIUs GESSERENSIS,—PLANARIA GESSERENSIS,—WMiiller, 


A. 


B.— 


Description of the animal, 
Sometimes feeds on mussel, 
Plate X. fig. 5, 


2.—GorpDIUs ALBICANS,—Whitish Gordius— 


Assigned a provisional place, 
Animal described, 
Plate X. explained, 


GORDIUS GRACILIS— 
Description, 
Has a double ovarium, 


C.—Gorpius ALBUS, 


Assigned a provisional place, 

Length, form, &c., 

Feeds voraciously on mussel, 

Survived the loss of proboseis and cntesenal organs, 
Plate IX. explained, 


D.—Gorpius aquaticus—The Hair Worm, 


§ 3. 


Inhabits the fresh-waters of Scotland, 

Size, form, &e., 

Extensively dispersed, 

This animal’s metamorphosis to an el a Paper maiiakes 


PAGE 73 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 


Specimen extracted from a person’s throat after a draught of water, ib. 


GorDIUS SPINIFER, 
General remarks, 


a@,—GORDIUS VIRIDIS SPINIFER, 


Size, organs, &c., 
Plate XI., explained, 


b.—GoRDIUS PURPUREUS SPINIFER, 


Scarcely any other distinction than colour, 
Account of specimens, 
Plate XI. explained, 


c,—GORDIUS FRAGILIS SPINIFER— 


Dimensions, colour, &c., 
Specimen had the peculiarity of a TRAN) silken sheaths 


79 
ib. 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 335 


CHAPTER II.—continued. 


Death ensued from mutilation, ; : : PAGE 80 
Plate XI. explained, 5 . 4 6 : ib. 
d.—GorDIUS FASCIATUS SPINIFER,—The Belted Gordius, . : ib. 
Length, form, and general characteristics, . é é ib. 
Liable to rupture, 2 . : : : - 81 
Account of specimens, 3 : : 0 : ib. 
This animal rare, 0 : : ; ‘ : ib. 
Has the identifying groove and slit of the Gordius tribe, 82 
Delle Chiaie, . : : : - : é ib. 
Plate XI. explained, : . : . : ib. 

§ 4. Gorpius INTEGER, : : . : c ib. 
General remarks—a third species, . 0 . - 83 
a.—Gorpius ruscus,—The Brown Gordius, : : : ib. 
Length, breadth, colour, &c., : ib. 
Involves itself in a knot, but has no groove, nor aaeibls aay . ib. 
Mouth apparently in the anterior part, : 2 , ib. 

As many as six specimens in one knot, ; 5 : ib. 
The Nereids take refuge among them with impunity, 5 ib. 
Two specimens spawned in April, : : ° . 84 
Plate [X., XII., explained, c ¢ 5 5 ib. 
b.—Many worms have no external prominences, : 2 : ib. 
Their place in the system equivocal, : : : ib. 
Gorpius ANGuIs,—The Snake Worm, 0 : 85 
One of the most remarkable of the tenants of the deep, 6 ib. 

A genuine Snake in miniature, : : : : ib. 
Length, diameter, &c., : : : . : ib. 
Colour red and white, . : 7 : : , ib. 
Description of the animal, : 2° : : : 86 
Ova, : : : 4 ib. 
Forms a pale grey ‘thick silken pheathe . : : ib. 
Sheath sometimes abandoned, 2 : Z : ib. 
History of specimens, : : 3 : 87 
Plates XIII. and X. explained: : : . : ib. 

Il. VERMICULI— 

This section composed of miscellaneous observations, . : 88 
Certain animals brought provisionally within its scope, . ib. 
a.—VERMICULUS CRASSUS, 5 é ib. 


Only one specimen which is Fenech : E : ib, 


336 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER I1.—continued. 


Ova, : : ; : : PAGE 
Plate X. pepe 


b.—VERMICULUS RUBENS, 
Length, breadth, &c., 
Plate X. explained, 


c.—VERMICULUS LINEATUS—The Line Worm, 
Has two distinct eyes, 
Form described, 
Plate X. explained, 


d.—Vermiculi have occurred with four eyes, 
VERMICULUS COLUBER—NSerpent-headed Worm, 
Specimen described, 
Plate X. explained, 


e.—VERMICULUS VARIEGATUS—Variegated Worm, 
Length, thickness, form, colour, &e., 
Animal (marine) rare, 
Plate X. explained, 
Note, 3 


1.—AscaRIS FLUSTR2, 
Length, form, and dimensions, 
Plate X. explained, 


2.—ASCARIS GADI, : 
Specimens taken from the Sonat of a Beas Mather, 
Plate X. explained, 


3.—AscaRIs LEONIS, 
Specimens taken from the ieventines of 2 a young ines Dunbece 
Description, : 
Plate X. explained, 
Closing remarks, 


CHAPTER II.—PLANARIA. 


Introductory remarks, 
Dr Johnson, Professor Baér, and M. bases 
Scarcely prepared for systematic arrangement, 


95 
96 
97 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 337 


CHAPTER III.—continued. 


§ 1. a.—Pxanaria cornuta—The Horned Planaria, . - PAGE 97 
This is the largest of the Scotish Planaria, . . ib. 
It is of an oval shape, &e., . : ib. 
The beautiful interanea discoverable only after reniecan wath food, 98 
Mr D. M‘Culloch succeeded in representing them, : ib. 
Sluggish and inactive unless stimulated, . : ‘ ib. 
Body smooth, ; ; 5 : é ib. 
Food, 7 3 : ° ib. 
Natural habitation some einen deen in the sea, . ib. 
Regenerative properties great,  . : BE ae ib. 
A prolific species, : : : : 99 
The spawn of a specimen deserihed! - : ib. 
Horned Planaria lurks in the crevices of empty shells, 100 
Plates XIV. and XV. explained, : : ; ib. 
Note.—Another specimen described, . : C 101 
Plate XIV. 

b.—PLANARIA ELLIPSIS, : c < : : ib. 
Description, . : c - a 102 
Plate XIV. aehlaiied: : c : : ib. 
c.—PLANARIA FLEXILIS—The Flexible Planaria, . : ib. 
Description of a white specimen, . : . : ib. 
Equal to the others in voracity, : 5 : 103 
Propagation, - : : : : : ib. 
Live in society, under stones, j j : 104 
Body extremely thin, . : - . : ib. 
Plate XIV. explained, : : ; . ib. 
d.—PLANARIA MACULATA (ATOMATA ?), . : - ib. 
Species described, : : : : 105 
Difference between it and the rrecedines ‘ : ib. 
Spawn, 6 . 2 : ib. 
Dwell under stones at half. fide, p 5 . . ib. 
Plate XIV. explained, : . - - 106 
e.—PLANARIA HAUSTRUM—The Scoop Planaria, : ¢ ib. 
Description, . : ib. 
Dwells in pools among fhe ae at yenouhn : . ib. 
Scalloped margins a delusion, : . : ib. 
Plate XIV. explained, . . : : c 107 


VOL, Il. b 


oma) 
338 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER ITI.—continued. 


§ 2. All the preceding Planariz inhabit the sea, ‘ PAGE 
Others dwell in lakes, ponds, and marshes, 


a.— PLANARIA HEBES—The Sluggish Planaria, 
Length, breadth, colour, &e. described, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


b,—Puanaria racteEA—The Milky Planaria, 
Type of the genus Planaria usually selected by Naturaliets, 
Found in Philipston Loch, and in a a at Red Braes, 
Animal described, 
When replete with food the Nees is divplaved, 
Propagation—Dr Johnson, 
Feed alike on animal and vegetable matee 
Lives in society, among decaying ae 
Of nocturnal habits, 
Plates XIV. and XV. explained, 
Note.—The genus Planaria—M. Duges and Mr Darwin 


c.—PLANARIA FopINa—The Quarry Planaria, 
Size, appearance, and organs described, 
Propagation, 
History of specimens, 
Lurks among mud—animal rare, 
Plate XV. explained, 


d.—PLANaRiaA ARETHUSA—The Fountain Planaria, 

Slight and indefinite distinctions perplexing, 

This species not to be identified with the Planaria torva, 

Description of specimens collected at the Dropping Well, Foul- 
den, Berwickshire, 5 

Feed on animal substances, the snow-white pupa thers farms 

Colour, size, and aspect depend upon quantity and quality of 
the food, 9 : 

Protected from abrasion by a einen secretion, 

Propagation obscure—M. Duges, 

Vigorous reproductive faculty—Dr Johnson, 

Dwell in springs or fresh-water rills, 

Plate XVI. explained, 


f—PLANARIA VARIEGATA, c 
Observations on a single specimen, 
Length, breadth, &c., 


107 
ib. 


ib. 
ib. 
ib. 


111 


112 


ib. 


113 


114 


115 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER III.—continued. 


A beautiful animal, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


g.—PLANARIA ALBA, 
A marine a eaieedeeeei aire 
Plate XVI. explained, 


h.—PLANARIA GRACILIS,—Slender Planaria, 
Animal described, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


2,.—PLANARIA EXIGUA, 
Length, form, &c., 
Taken among weeds at Red Brae Poul, 
Plate XV. explained, 


k.—PLaNARIA ALGH,—Sea-weed Planaria, 
Length, thickness, &c., 
Dwells among the marine alge, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


Planaria have no eyes, or they have ont hservation, 


a.—PLANARIA FALCATA,—Crescent Planaria, 
Animal described, 
Taken in Lochend, 
Perhaps an intermediate species, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


b,—PLANARIA STAGNI, 
Length, breadth, &e., 
From Blackhall Pond, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


c.—PLANARIA FECUNDA, 
Description, 
From Lochend, 
Plate XVI. explained, 


d.—PLANARIA FLUSTRH,—Sea Mat Planaria, 


Length, breadth, &e., 


Marine animal, dwells on the Huston ee, 


¢.—PLANARIA VORAX, 
Length, thickness, &c., 


PAGE 


340 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER III.—continued. 


Ova, . 2 c ¢ : . PAGE 119 
Dwells in fresh-water eee : : c : ib. 
Plate XVI. explained, ¢ : 5 - ib. 
f-—PLANARIA GRAMINEA,—The Grass Green Planaria, , ib. 
Additional Observations, c 5 ¢ : ib. 
Animals numerous in a locality at one time, seem extirpated 
at another, : : : : : 120 
Account of specimens, . : 0 : : ib. 
Propagation, . c 4 . . : ib. 
g9-—PLANARIA CUNEUS,—The Wedge Planaria, : ; 121 
Minute fresh-water Planaria—Blackhall Pond, : ib. 
Description, 0 2 . 5 : : ib. 
Plate XV. explained, ¢ ¢ 2 c ib. 
h.—PLANARIA PRASINA,—Grass Green Planaria, . . ib. 
Length, thickness, &e., . : : ; ib. 
From Blackhall Pond, é : . . é ib. 
Plate XV. explained, c 3 : a ib. 
PLANARIA NIGRA,—Ova, . . ‘ : . | alae 
History in Treatise of 1814, . : : . ib. 
Plate XV. explained, . 5 , : : ib. 
Note, 5 c 0 : 5 : ib. 
a.—PLANARIA SERPENTINA, 6 : ; 6 : ib. 
Description, . : 5 : ib. 
Taken in pools at Fenton Power, 5 2 c ib. 
Plate XV. explained, . , : : : ib. 
b.—PLANOIDES FUSCA, : ib. 
Its proper place in the Systema Nau not (aeeeraaned) ib. 
Length, breadth, &., c : < < . 123 
This is a marine anion : : 6 . ib. 
Plate XVI. explained, : : : : ib. 
Concluding remarks on the Planarian race, ; ib. 
Finest black Planaria in Duddingston Loch, - ; 125 
Plates XIV., XV., XVI., explained, : c 126 


CHAPTER IV.—NAIS,—LUMBRICUS— 


No positive rules for selection, : é : 129 


9 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 341 


CHAPTER IV.—continued. 


§ 1. Introductory remarks, ‘ : PAGE 130 
Two worms of the genus Nais inhabit the fresh-waters 
of Scotland, . : : : : ib. 
I. Nars.—§ 1. Nats uacustris, : . : 5 ib. 
Animal described, . : : : : 131 
M. Duges,—propagation, ib. 
Dwells among the roots of the Trig and becectan : ib. 
Plate XVI. explained, . : : : ib. 
§ 2. Nats PROBOSCIDEA, . p 5 : 5 ib. 
Animal described, é : p ; ib. 
Motion undulatory, A : : 5 132 
Plate X VII. explained, : c : ib. 
II. Lumpricus, : ; é : : : : ib. 
New class Annelides, F : : 5 ib. 


§ 1. Lumericus crrratus—The Medusa Worm.—CirraTuLus 


BOREALIS,—Lamarck, a A é 133 
Animal described, . - : F : ib. 
Its appearance seems to depend on age, 134 
Dwells in muddy fissures of rocks, . 5 : ib. 
Retreats from the light, ° : 4 ib. 
Ova, - : : c 5 : ib. 
Account of specimens, . - ; 3 ib. 
Plate XVIII. explained, . : : A 135 


§ 6.—Lumpricus MARINUS—ARENICOLA PISCATORUM—Lug 


Worm, ib. 
Pyramids of sand on the sea- ioe heoent up i this animal ib. 
Called the fisherman’s worm, : : é 136 
Description of the animal and its habits, : ib. 


Distinctive character of the species consists in the branchiew, 137 


2. Another species inhabits the Scottish seas, : ib. 
Form and organs of the animal described, 5 ib. 
Colour very dark green, : é 5 ib. 
Best specimens from Zetland, ; 5 5 138 
Extensively used as bait, : 5 - ib. 


Plate XIX. explained, : : : 3 ib. 


342 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER IV.—continued. 


§ c.—LUMBRICUS CAPITATUS, 
Length, thickness, &c., 
Lurks on the sand at half-tide, 
Plate XVII. described, 


§ d.—Lumpricus LITTORALIS, 
Length, thickness, &e., 
Found under stones at Rothesay, Byemende ce 
Plate XVII., explained, : ; 


§ e.—LuMpRICUS TERES, 
Size, organs, &e., 
Forms a tube of muddy particles, 
Inhabits a pond in Heriot Row Gardens, 
Plate XVII. described, 


§ f—Loumericus HIRSUTUS, 
Length, thickness, &e., 
Plate XVII. described, 
Concluding remarks, 


CHAPTER V.—NEREIS, SPIO, AND CONGENERA— 


140 


141 


Introductory remarks—the necessity of close observation so as to 


perfect the Systema Nature, 
Dissection incapable of correcting defects, 


I.—NEREIS— 
§ 1. Nereis TERES, : 
Length, thickness, &c., 
Animal lies generally coiled up, 
Ova, 
Nereis alba of Miiller, 
Plate XX. explained, 


mp 
iS) 


. NEREIS (NEPHTYS), HIRSUTA, 
Specimen described, 
Plate X XI. explained, 


§ 3. Nerets (NEPHTYS) LINEATA, NEPHTYS MARGARITACEA, 


Description—Dr Johnson, 
Swims by a serpentine motion, 


142 
143 


144 
ib. 
ib. 
145 
ib. 
ib. 


ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
146 
ib. 
ib. 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER V.—continued. 


§ 6. 


ae 


$9. 


§ 10. 


Dwells among the sands of the shore, : PAGE 


Plate XXII. explained, 


NEREIs ARIES,—Ram’s Horn Nereis, 
Animal described, 

Swims by contortions, 

Plate X XII. explained, 


NEREIS REMEX, PHYLLODOCIA LAMINOSA— 
Impossible to be recognized under the various nomenclature, 
This is the largest of the tribe, 

Character distinct, 

Description, 

Colour a fine green, 

Lurks in concealment during the day. 
Food, é 
The mechanism of this cesar wonderfal 
Liable to rupture—regeneration, 

A small active Nereis not uncommon, 

Its form and parts described, 

Account of several specimens, 

Young of the Paddle Nereis, 

Plate XXIII. explained, 


. NEREIS ELLIPSIS, 


Length, breadth, &c., 
Colour greenish, 
Plate XX., 


Nereis rutgens—Iridescent Nereis—Nereis des Beau- 
condray, Andouin, et Edwards— 

Animal described, 

Rupture so common that few Eukinor specimens can be piamed 

Enveloped by a thin transparent tube, 

It is a littoral Nereis, 

Propagation, 

Plate XXII. explained, 


Nereis routata,—The Leaf Nereis, 

Great difficulty in identifying the Nereids, 

Length of the Leaf Nereis, . : 
Account of specimen, 

Colour reddish, . : < . : 


150 


151 


152 


153 


153 
154 


344 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER YV.—continued. 


§ 


mn 


§ 


II1,—SPIO— 


§ 


ur 


1. 


Swim by violent contortions, : : PAGE 156 
Plate XX. explained, ib. 
11. Nerets contorta,—The Spiral Nereis, ib. 
Length, &e., ib. 
Lies in a close coil, ib. 
Regeneration, 157 
Plate XX. explained, ib. 
12. Nereis MonocERos,—The Unicorn Nereis, ib. 
Length, breadth, &e., ib. 
Constructs a slight tube on the side of its vessel ib. 
Plate XXII. explained, ib. 
13, NerReEIS PUNCTATA (VILLOSA), 158 
Length, organs, colour, &e., ib. 
Swims by horizontal undulations, ib. 
Forms a slight silken sheath, ib. 
Plate X XI. explained, ib. 
This is a genus but imperfectly known, 159 
SPIO SETICORNIS, ib. 
Length, &c., 6 ib. 
Constructs a tube of shelly faemiente ib. 
Lies constantly within its dwelling, ib. 
Account of specimen, ib. 
Plate XX. explained, ib, 
. SPIO CELATA, ib. 
This animal does not ceeced a line i in eee 160 
Description, ib. 
Plate XX. explained, ib. 
Closing remarks on the Nereis, ib. 
MM. Andouin, Milne Sie Delle Ghise M. de Bese 
Savigny, . ° ib. 
Arrangement of the Bente in deta embarrassing: 161 
Finest illustrations of the luminous properties in the Nereis 
ib. 


noctiluca, 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER VI.—APHRODITA. 


Sy dle 


§ 2. 


§ 3. 


§ 4. 


§ 5. 


§ 6. 


Introductory remarks, : 6 3 
This animal of the same family as the preceding, 
Shorter and broader, and, with one exception, covere 


APHRODITA CIRROSA, : é 
Length, breadth, organs, colour, &e., 


The usual motion of the animal is half-running, half-swimming, 


Food, 

Liable to rupture, 

Propagation, c 5 5 5 
This species the largest inhabiting the Scotish seas, 
Plate XXIV. explained, 6 : 


APHRODITA SQUAMATA, 
Length, breadth, &c., 
Presents a perplexing variety, 
Usually dull and languid, 
Food, C : : 
Plate XXIV. explained, 


APHRODITA VARIANS, 

Of variable aspect, 

Length, breadth, colour, &e., 
Account of specimen, 
Devours other Aphrodite, 
Plate XXIV. explained, 


APpHRODITA VELOX, 5 < 4 
Very different, but perhaps not a distinct species, 
Animal described, 6 

Plate XXIV. explained, 


APpHRODITA ARCTA, 
Length, breadth, &., 

A sluggish creature, 
Specimen from Shetland, 
Plate XXIV. explained, 


ApuropiTa ACULEATA,—The Sea Mouse, 
Usually presented as the type of the race, 
Aspect so peculiar it cannot be mistaken, 


Most brilliant of all the lower animals dwelling in the Scotish seas, 


Animal described, 
Always languid, 


VOL. I. 


345 


PAGE 163 


ib. 


d with scales, ib. 


170 


171 


5346 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER VI.—continued. 
Absorption, : PAGE 171 


Structure—MM. ogee Milne Uileraniee 
None of the specimens took food, 

The hair loses its brilliance after separation, 
Plate XXIV. described, 

Concluding remarks, 

Plate X XIV. explained, 


CHAPTER VIL—SABELLA AND CONGENERA, 


§ 1. 


Ln 
bo 


Annelides have been denominated erratic and sedentary, 

Some which seem erratic may have permanent places of refuge, 
Different species found in the Scotish seas, 

Sabella forms its own dwelling, 


SABELLA ALVEOLARIA,—The Honeycomb Sabella, 
Animal described, 

Ova, , 

A timid, lively, areas creature, ; 
Instinct displayed in constructing its dwelling, 
Selects material for the purpose, 

Night the chief season of labour, 

Breaches in the tube repaired, 

Specimens at work, 

Some outstrip their neighbours, 

Greatest activity oie warm weather, 

Food unknown, 

Plate XXYV. eseplatned® 


. SABELLA BELGICA—A MPHITRITE AURICOMA, 


Lamarck’s genus Pectinaria, 

Many analogies detached by artificial sy stein 
Size and organs described, 

Constructs a very delicate tube, 

Very timid, : 

Found among the Shetland ‘Talnidly 

Plate XXYV. explained, 


CHAPTER VIIL—TEREBELLA. 


Habits in construction similar to the foregoing, 


ib. 


176 


177 


178 


181 


The terms mason or potter might be aptly applied to the Terebella, 182 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER VIII.—continued. 


The nomenclature of Lamarck, Gmelin, and others defective, pace 182 


§ 1. 


mm 
no 


The Terebella and Amphitrite, 


TEREBELLA LITTORALIS, SEU ARENARIA,—The Sand Mason, 

Its dwellings between half-tide and low-water mark, 

Form, organs, &e., 

Different species identified by ae enehie, 

Branchiz so complex and luxuriant as to be indescribable, 

All of an arborescent form, 4 

Swims by violent contortions, 

The process of building described, 

Flexibility and use of the tentacula, 

Never resumes a tube if once forsaken, 

Length of tube indefinite, 

Tubes directed horizontally, 

Fashion of the architect, 

The animal can reverse itself in the iy : 

In the natural state a tuft terminates both ends of the tube, 

Use of these tufts uncertain, k 

The extent of the animal’s instinctive ation may be aacortattel 
by experiment, : : 3 : 

Food not ascertained, 

Subject to mutilation, 

The Terebella, in dying, quits its ibe 

Plate X XVI. explained, 


. TEREBELLA FIGULUS,—The Potter, 


In figure and habits resembles the preceding, 

Instinctively know they should be guarded from danger, 

Length, thickness, organs, &e., 2 “ 

Perhaps enjoys the reproductive faculties, 

Attempts at minute distinctions have led to fallacies, 

The number of tentacula dependent on age, or they may denote 
distinctions not yet recognised, 

In fabricating its dwelling prefers mud, 

Deprived of its tube, the body is closely eolstie up, 

Never satisfied with the size of the tube, 

Process of building, 

Size and form of the tube, : 

Operations conducted so as to economise Se 

The sense of feeling seems the strongest, 

Vision most obscure, 


347 


183 


ib. 
ib. 
184 
ib. 
ib. 
185 
ib. 
186 
ib. 
187 
ib. 
188 
ib. 
189 
ib. 
ib. 


190 
ib. 
ib. 
191 
ib. 


ib. 
192 
ib. 
ib. 
193 
ib. 


194 
ib. 
ib. 
195 
ib. 
196 
ib, 
197 
ib. 


348 
3 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER VIII.—continued. 


Food unknown, i : PAGE 197 
Plates XXVII. XXVIIL explained’, C ; é ib. 

§ 3. TereBELLA TUBERCULATA, ; 3 ib. 
One of the largest and most beautiful of the Scotish Terebell, ib. 
Animal described, F . 3 : : é 198 
Constructs a wide case of sand, 4 : : abe ib. 
Specimens and their operations ati ; : C ib. 
Regeneration, : é : : 199 
Plates XXIX. XXYVI. expleneal ; ; ; : ib. 

§ 4. Terepetta concHiteca,—The Shell-binder, : , ib. 
This species has misled naturalists the most, . . 5 ib. 
Description, : : : : 200 

A strong musky odour oxhalés en some specimens, . : ib. 
Constructs a dwelling of comminuted shell, : 201 

May be induced to resume labour by diminishing the oS during day, ib. 
Account of specimen, 4 . ib. 
Building process described, . , 9 4 é 202 
Reproductive properties, . : : : . ib. 
Spawn, ¢ ° : ¢ : ib. 
Plate XXVIIL Salen ¢ . c . 203 

§ 5. TereBeLLa MACULATA,—The Spotted Tercbella, . ‘ ib. 
One of the smaller Terebella, c ; é : ib. 
Description of the animal, : c 7 : : 204 

One of the most beautiful of the genus, : : : ib. 
Constructs a very compact, small, cylindrical tube, . - ib. 
Mode of obtaining the Terebella entire, . : : 205 
Capsules frequently found in vessels containing it, : : ib. 
Miiller—Amphitrite cristata, 5 é c : ib. 
Plate XXVIII. explained, . : : : : 206 

§ 6. MisceLLaNEous, . : ib. 
Other species of the Terebella not aiteentle exploit : ib, 

1, TrREBELLA TEXTRIX,—The Weaver, : : : ib. 
Few specimens of this animal, c : : 0 ib. 

Size, &e., of specimens, . : : ib. 
Gareaets a semicylindrical sheath of pend or intas : : ib. 
Forms a cobweb, like the spider, with which it covers itself, 207 
Spawn, 5 : é 5 : : ib. 


Plate XXVIII. enticed . ° : : 208 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER VIII.—continued. 


¥, TEREBELLA PECTEN, PAGE 208 
Description, ib. 
Only one specimen Beauteed: ib. 
Plate XVI. explained, ib. 

. TEREBELLA OSTREZ, 209 
The generic name Terebella iieanplieds ib. 
The Ostrea capable of entering a hard substance, ib. 
Found in the exterior of oyster shells, ib. 
Bears considerable aici to the Terebella, ib. 
Description, ib. 
Organization modified by age, ib. 
Its habitation, a cavity adapted for its tear is lined orth silk, 210 
Twelve have been found on a single shell, ib. 
Plate X XVI. explained, ib. 
Concluding remarks, ib. 
A brilliant phosphorescence belongs to some of ae ear ib. 
Several facts merit particular investigation, ib. 
The generic character, 211 

CHAPTER [X.—AMPHITRITE AND CONGENERA, 212 
Farther illustrations of instinct, ib. 

§ 1, AMpPHITRITE VENTILABRUM,—TZhe Fan Amphitrite, ib. 
Found fixed to a solid foundation fifty or sixty feet below the sea, ib. 
Description, ib. 
Unfolds a splendid sam of many fathers 213 
The animal decked with various colours, 214 
Organic structure dependent on dimensions, 215 
Account of specimens, ib. 
The Pennatula mirabilis, ib. 
The ventilabrum still more sAiiicabiles ib. 
Has the control of 50,000 living parts, 216 
What the precise spirit which actuates them ? ib. 
Its architectural operations described, : 217 
Nothing so admirable as the operation of so many Renee organs, 218 
Unlike the Terebell, if once dislodged, the Amphitrite remains 
unprotected, : ib. 

Account of specimens, 219 
Tube composed of earth and alnien, ib. 
Perhaps necessity urges the constant preleapatien of the dyelinet 220 


350 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER [Re contented: 


More than mere instinct displayed, . 3 : PAGE 221 
Tubes extending two feet generally ruptured below, : ib. 
Difficult to dislodge the animal, : é : é 222 
Experiments described, . : ; : : 223 
Origin of their dwelling extremely obscure, . : : 224 
Regeneration of the branchiz, : 225 
Thirty-four days after mutilation the animal hecaebell ane vigorous, 226 
Other specimens mutilated, - : : . 227 
Vivian, an Italian naturalist, . . ‘ : ib. 
Number of branchiz constantly advancing ain age, : 229 
Miiller’s Danish Zoology, . é ib. 
Naturalists have perhaps pyarlooked! the roa aren, : 230 
May be subject to natural mutilation, : : : ib. 
History of a specimen, 2 3 5 : 4 ib. 
Unequal distribution of vitality merits attention, . : ib. 
Possesses a principle of powerful regeneration, ib. 
Remarkable that a fragment from the posterior should eherate tite 
complicated organs belonging to the exterior, : : 232 
Denied the power of constructing any but its original tube, ib. 
Perhaps some unknown means whereby a new tube can be constructed, 233 
Proper dimensions of the plume a fourth of the body 3 ib. 
A disordered plume indicative of disease, : . : 234 
Progeny, . : ib. 
Conclusions to be deduced froin the ee Hetsill : c 235 
Plate XXX. explained, . : ; : : ib. 
§ 2. AMPHITRITE BOMBYX, 6 ¢ : 6 236 
This animal resembles the nreeuting: é : . ib. 
Name derived from the silken texture of the sheath, . : ib. 
Its form and organization described, 2 : ib. 
Plume larger than that of the Amphitrite vahttlcirien: 3 237 
Tube not of mechanical construction, : 6 . ib. 
Secretion by which it is produced must be copious, : : ib. 
Reproduction of the sheath, : . 238 
A gentle pressure upwards induces it to de its tiibe, : : ib. 
Timid creature, and impatient of light, : ; ib. 
Branchial apparatus united to the body by a thin din, . ib. 
Perpetuation—account of specimens, 0 : : ib. 
Reproduction—account of specimens, 239 
Proved that the elements of the branchial nite feeide in different 
parts of the body, : : > . : 242 


Theory of reproduction embarrassing, ; 5 5 243 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER IX.—continued. 
Specimens chiefly from Shetland and Orkney Islands, PAGE 245 


Note—specimen with a snow-white plume, 


Plates XXXI., XXXII, XXXII, explained, 


§ 3. AMPHITRITE FLOSCULA, : . 
This animal is distinguished by strange peculiarities, 
Smaller than either of the preceding, it surpases them in sneanty, 
Resembles the ventilabrum and bombyx, 
Description, . 
Its tubular dvelline the thie! of aitinal com fem. 
Observations on two specimens, 
Surprising that sodiminutive a creaturecan piodued email secretion! 
Buoyancy promoted by air bubbles, 
A timid animal—Viviani’s Spirographus, 
The Floweret Amphitrite rare in the Scotish seas, 
Plate XX XI. explained, 


§ 4, MiscELLANEous, 
Other species not sufficiently aeeiieal 


1, Fapricta, c : : : 
A minute animal resembling the Fabri icia by Miiller, 
Specimens had six segments in place of twelve or thirteen according 
to Fabricius and Johnson, 
Description, - 
Dwells in a tube of its own fabrication, 
Found in pools near low water, 
Plate X XXII. explained, 


2. AMPHITRITE LUNA, , 
Features of small animals Pooper Sata 


mn 
b 


Animal placed provisionally, 
Description, 
Plate XX XI. eerieiaer 


3. FrniporA FILOGRANA, 
Proper place between the Mereintrite and the Serpula, 
A marine product of deep waters, 
No uniformity of size or shape, and no two ites 
Animal described, c 
Tubes slender and intricately woven, 
Animal very delicate, : : ; C 
Plate XXXIV. explained, 


ib. 


247 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 

248 
ib. 


ib. 
ib. 


251 


252 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER X.—MISCELLANEOUS. 


Introductory remarks, . . : : PAGE 352 


i) 


eo 


. PRIAPULUS CAUDATUS, 


Authors differ as to the position of this eaanals in the yeene. 
Figure described, 

Finest specimen from Shetland 

Always full of blackish matter, 

Plate XX XY. explained, 


. CLYMENE BOREALIS, 


The genus Clymene of naferaliats not Aamote form the Terebella, 
First observed by Savigny in Egypt, 

Animal described, ° 

Dwells in a compact, hard, cereal tube, 

Plate XX XYV. explained, 


. SIPHONOSTOMA, 


Resembles the Ginhonoetome of Otto, 

Shows some analogies to the habits of the Nereis, 
Description of the animal, 

Spawn, 0 

Lurks in shells, or raider them, 

Plate XVIII. explained, 


. PHERUSA MULLERI, 


Does not agree with the features assigned to it by Miller, 
Blainville, and Oken, 

Description of the animal, c 

None of the specimens constructed tubes, 

Ovarium, 


Plate XVIII. explained: 


. NEREIS HIRSUTA, 


Length the sixteenth of an ‘heh &e., 
Swims swiftly, 5 
Plate XXXVI. explained, 


. Nerets PecTINATA,—The Feathered Nereis, 


May prove an intermediate link to Amphitrite, 
Length, &e., 
Plate XXXVI. ecplcned 


ib. 

ib. 
254 
ib. 

ib. 

ib. 


255 
ib. 


ib. 


ib. 
ib. 
256 


ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
257 
ib. 
ib. 


ib. 


ib. 
ib. 
258 
ib. 
ib. 


259 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 


ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER X.—continued. 


6. 


2 


10. 


THE 


12. 


13. 


VOL, Il. 


Nereis pHasma,—The Spectre Nereis, 


plexes observers, 


Discovery of specimen in a vezeel of eaeeeter 
So transparent as to be scarcely perceptible—Mr Syme, 


Other specimens, 
Animal described, 
Is colourless, 
Swims horizontally, 


The Briarean scolopendra of Oney and iGayaaed bear resem- 


blance to it, 
Plate XXXVI. explained, 


OcTropDACTYLUS INHARENS, 


Strange that life shall only be fuataed at the TE of life, 


This parasite infests the gills of the ling, 
Description, 


Twenty-nine specimens remeved om the gills of a ee 


Plate XXXVI. explained, 


. SPHARULA, 


This animal seems to fase no nites in the Systema: 


Its form, organs, &c., 
Motion extremely slow, 


ANIMALCULA, 


The Animaleula ease form the peonter neon of this class, 


Their minuteness obstruct observation, 


MELICERTA RINGENS, 


This minute animal may prove one ‘of the Aemenden 


Form described, 

The tube, in which it dwells, apes praca 
Found in fresh-water lakes, 

Plate XXXVI. explained, 


CARBASARIA FIMBRIATA, 
Resembles a Planaria, 
Description, 

Ts a beautiful animal, 
Plate XXXVI. explained, 


ANIMALCULUM CRUCIATUM, 


Shuttle-shaped Animalculum found euties the ova of the 


Lumbricus cirratus, 


d 


353 


PAGE 259 
Difficulty of obtaining distinct views of a living subject per- 


260 
ib. 


263 


264 


266 


ib. 


or 
354 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER XII.—continued. 
The appearance of the St Andrew’s Cross on its back, PAGE 266 


Plate XXXVI. explained, : : é : ib. 
14, CEeRcARIA, c : : ; 0 : ib. 
Animal described, : : 2 : 2 ib. 


Plate XXXVI. explained, . : - : ib. 


CHAPTER XI.—GASTEROPODES. 


Introductory remarks, : : 267 
Subjects of this chapter nearly akin to the iaraneine tribe, : ib. 
Aplysia, or covered branchize,—the Doris, or naked branchiz, 268 
AptysiA pEpiLaus,—The Sea Hare, . 5 ib. 
Found under stones on the sea- shike 2 cesombles the iin, ib. 
Description, . : é ; : : 5 ib. 
Account of specimens, 3 ; : ; ‘ ib. 
Food, : : - ; ; 269 
Plate XXXVIL caplinedl : F j : ib. 
Tue Doris, . : : 270 
Old section ontahishe! as the Dons subdivided, . : ib. 
Perhaps some links awanting to connect the chain, : : ib. 
General observations on the sections Tritonia, Eolis, and Doris, ib. 
Basis of arrangement, . : . ; : ib. 
Features of the tribe described, é : - . ib. 
Section I.—Tritont, ; : ; : ; , 271 
General description, F 2 : : ib. 
1.—Trironta Homsereu—Homberg’s Doris, : : ib. 
The giant of the race, : ib. 

Rarity of adults having attained full dimensions sean 
observation, . . c 5 ib. 
So is the sluggish aiuposition of the animal, . 3 272 
Very imperfectly represented, : ib. 

Cuvier, Delle Chiaie, De Blainville, and other: fail to 

illustrate their own commentaries, i ib. 
Full grown specimens of Homberg’s Doris beotbed: ib. 
Great difference prevails in colour and general aspect, 273 


Eyes not perceptible, according to Cuvier, unless perhaps 
by dissection, : : 3 : ib. 


CHAPTER XI.—continued. 


SECTION 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 
The whole body susceptible of great alterations, PAGE 
Food of the Doris, 
Propagation, , 
Embryo contained in aiete spherical ova—a shell so 
minute as to be called the Nautiline, 
No similitude to the parent, . 
The Doris and the Murex antiquus, compared, 
Spawn of the Murex, 
Changes in the ova of the Tetonial 
The branchiz few and simpler than in adults, 
Plates XX XVIII. XX XIX. explained, 
2. TRITONIA CERVINA, 
Form of remarkable kind, 
Messrs Alder and Hancock, Miiller, 
Description, 
Spawn, 
Plate XL. eepleed! 
II.—Triron1, 
1. Trrronra PInNATIFIDA—The Crested Doris—The Crested 
Tritonia, 
General description, 
Length, figure, &c., of the ana 
Account of specimens, 
Dr Johnston, Montagu, 
Food, 6 
Subject to mutilation of the ie anchie, 
Plate X LI. explained, 

2. Trivonra punctata—The Speckled Tritonia, 
Has striking analogies to the preceding, 
Animal described, 

Spawn, 
Plate XLI. Seanad, 
Animal resembles the Doto coronata, 

3. TRITONIA DIVARICATA, 

Length, breadth, &c., 
Regeneration, 
Plate XLI. aids 


286 


287 


288 


ib. 


356 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 


CHAPTER XI.—continued. 


4, 


TriToniaA contFERA—The Pine Tritonia, 
This animal perhaps a lusus nature, 
Resembles the T’ritonia pinnatifida 
Description, 

Plate XLI. explained, 

Note—Melibeca fragilis, 


Section II.—Dorts, 


bo 


(st) 


= 


Formerly a great variety of species ony venendied 
this name, 


. Doris verrucosa—The Warty Doris,. 


Length, breadth, &c., 

The most common of its tribe, 

It is extremely sluggish, 

Spawn, : : : 
Propagation not confined to any par vtieulak season, 


Plate XLII. XLII. explained, 


Doris ARrGo, 

Formerly considered the type of the genus, 
Length, breadth, &e., 

Vernacularly called the Sea Lemon, 
Specimens described, 

Abbé Dicquemare, 

Plate XLII. explained, 


Doris (Gontoporis) NoDosA, : 
Distinction between the two preceding animals, 
Length, breadth, &c., 

Food, 

Account of specimens, 

Spawn, 

Plate X LIT. explatned: 


. Doris (Ancuxa) cristarTa, 


Identified with the Ancula cristata, 
Length, breadth, &c., 

A beautiful animal, 

Plate XLII. explained, 


. Doris chavicera—The Club Doris, 


Length, breadth, &e., 
Plate XLII. explained, 


PAGE 289 


under 


ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 
ib. 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 35 


CHAPTER XI.—continued. 


Section III.—Eotts, 5 F , PAGE 299 
A large section idee this name, : ib. 

So many varieties and difficulties that thet new system can 
hardly be held as settled, ; é : ib. 
Eoris—Described, . ‘ : : : ib. 
1. Eouts pLumata—The Feathered Eolis,  . é 300 
Description, : ae : : ib. 
Plate XLIV. exolameal ; : : : ib. 
2. Eos RAcEMosA—Cluster Eolis, : . : ib. 
Length, breadth, &e., c : . 0 ib. 
This is a lively animal, : : 3 : ib. 
Plate XLIV. explained, . : : : ib. 
3. Eots MINor, : : : : 301 
Length, breadth, een : : : : ib. 
Only a single specimen, : - - : ib. 
Plate XLIV. explained, : 3 : ib. 
4, Eouts peaurata—The Gilded Doris, : 5 ib. 
Length, breadth, &e., - ° : : ib. 
A beautiful animal, . . : . : ib. 
Spawn, . c : : : ib. 
Plate XLIV. sepia : - : ib. 
5. Eouts viripis, . . ; : : 302 
Length, breadth, &c., - : : ° ib. 
Plate XLIV. explained, : 3 : ib. 
6. EoLts SANGUIFER, ¢ . : : ib. 
Length, figure, &e., deseribed! 5 : ; ib. 
Food, 5 . : : C . ib. 
Spawn, . : : . : ib. 
Multitude of nantslinee ° : : 304 
The nautiline always imperfectly Thatch : ib. 
Some inexplicable features presented, : 5 ib. 
The Eolis dwells in society, ; ¢ : ib. 
Plate XLV. explained, : : : : ib. 
7. Hoxis conspersa—The Sprinkled Eolis, . : 306 
Length, breadth, &c., : - : 6 ib. 


Plate XLIYV. explained, . 3 : : ib. 


358 


ANALYTICAL INDEX, 


CHAPTER XI.—continued. 


8, Eoxis INEQUALIS, 


10. 


Jit 


13. 


Irregular in its parts, 
Animal described, 
Specimens, 

Plate XLIV. explaateds 


. Eoxts Monoceros—Unicorn Eolis, 
From the preceding this not a monstrosity, 


Animal described, 
A lively little creature, 
Plate XLY. explained, 


Eous tenax—The Adhering Eolis, 
Length, form, &c., 
Specimen—food, 

Plate XLY. explained, 

A young specimen, 


Eous nystrix—The Porcupine Eolis, 
Distinguished by its peculiar habits, 
Account of specimens, 

It does not shun the light, 
Carnivorous, 

Propagation, < 

Branchie regenerated, 

Very irritable animal, 

It is rare, . 


Plate XLV. eopinwed: 


Eouts purpurEA—The Purple Eolis, 


This a different species, approximating to the Eolis viridis, 313 


Animal described, 
Plate XLV. explained, 


Eo.is PAPILLOSA, 


PAGE 306 
ib. 


309 


310 
311 


312 


ib. 


ib. 
ib. 


314 


Improperly described by sien as one of the doreemties 


of nature, 
Specimen by R. Wilson, 
Length, breadth, &e., 


Slight variations are seen in the feanchint 


Colour varies, 


Very prolific, 


ANALYTICAL INDEX. 359 


CHAPTER XI.—continued. 


Spawn, . : : : . PAGE 315 
Plate XLV. explained! : : : ib. 
Note—other species, besides the above, have boone) ib. 
I,—Fan-head Eolis, : 3 2 ; é ib. 
Length, &e., : : : ib. 

Of a dingy eolous with white precks é . 318 
Plate XLV. explained, . 6 5 ¢ ib. 
IJ.—A black animal, ascribed to the Doridean tribes, : ib. 
Description, : : ib. 

Dr Johnston proposed to name it Denapgitce nigra, . ib. 
Messrs Alder and Hancock reclaimed it, . 6 ib. 


THE NAUTILINE. 


General remarks—difficulty of tracing animal life from its 


earliest form, : 319 
Can trace no immediate connection ‘between the spawn and 

the Doris itself, ; ib. 
The Nautiline exist in the spawn, but fever that fee it 

cannot be traced, . : : ¢ 320 
Statement of facts, . A 322 
Nautiline apparently the ares of the Don yet it may 

be allied to the Animalcula infusoria. ; 325 


Plate XLVI. explained, . . : : 326 


OE ULGE aan) 
i rie Ne ha ie 


ie Alia 
Pon © eyed ha