;-NRLF

B 3 1ED

PRACTICAL HINTS

ux

PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES,

BY STAliDISH 1- NOBLE.
Price Fire Shitting*.

AGR1C.

PEACTIC.4L HINTS

PLANTING ORtiAMENTiL TREES,

WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CONIFERS;

IN WHICH ALL THE HARDY SPECIES ARE POPULARLY DESCRIBED,
*AND THEIR MORE FAMILIAR SYNONYMS GIVEN :

ALSO,
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL OTHER KINDS

lEbergtem fees anti

WITH REMARKS ON THE SITUATION FOR WHICH EACH IS BEST ADAPTED,
AND THE SOIL AND TREATMENT IT REQUIRES;

A\D CLASSIFIED LISTS OF SUCH AS ARE BEST ADAPTED FOR PARTICULAR
SOILS AND SITUATIONS.

INSTRUCTIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF AMERICAN PLANTS, AND
ON THE RHODODENDRONS OF SIKKIM-HIMALAYA.

BY STANDISH, AND NOBLE,

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHORS,

BY BRADBURY AND EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET.

1852.

AGRIC.
LIBRARY

LI««A*Y-M*<ICUCTU!

LONDOX :
BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRTNTERS, WHITKFfUARF

PBEFACE.

THE want of a little manual, which should contain
good practical instructions on planting, and at the
same time serve as a guide in making a proper
selection of plants for different soils and situations,
has been long felt. "When and howr to plant ? and
what kinds of trees and shrubs are most suitable for
this or that situation ? are questions, which in some
form or other, are often addressed to us ; and the
enquiries refer more particularly to evergreens —
especially to Coniferse.

The increasing frequency of such enquiries, and
our being unable to give really useful replies to
each applicant in the compass of a mere letter,
have induced us to publish this little book, which
it is hoped will, in some degree at least, fulfil the
object intended.

With the exception of a few deciduous Conifers, all
the plants described are evergreen. "We have confined
our observations to them, principally because they

CG7818

iv PEEFACE.

include our more conspicuous hardy trees and shrubs,
and also because there is at the present time a
preponderance in their favour for ornamental planting.
We originally intended to have noticed the principal
deciduous kinds in addition ; but we found that, with
even a comparatively limited selection, so numerous
are they, the size of our book would be increased
much beyond what we intended, and its price of course
added to materially.

In speaking of the hardiness of the plants described,
we have endeavoured to be as correct as possible.
With that view, we applied during the past year to
many persons in all parts of the country who were
likely to be able to afford us assistance, by sending to
each a prepared return paper, in which might be
arranged in a tabular form the information we
required. By that means we accumulated a mass of
valuable evidence. And we had also previously made
many useful notes during our journey ings in various
parts of the kingdom.

Of the matter and its arrangement, a few intro-
ductory words may be thought necessary. First, there
is a practical treatise on planting generally, in which
reference is made to various kinds of soil and situation,
and to the most suitable seasons for removing both
deciduous and evergreen trees. Following this are
some detailed instructions, which, while they are
intended to refer principally to Coniferse, will of

PREFACE. v

course equally apply to other choice ornamental trees.
In this part of the book is a complete list of hardy
Coniferae. A short popular description of each is
given, showing its habit, general form, and use as an
ornamental plant. The principal synonyms of each
are also given.

Then there are treatises on the cultivation of
American plants, and on the newly -introduced Sikkim
Rhododendrons . The remainder consists of descrip-
tions of the principal hardy evergreen trees and
shrubs, with remarks on the situation best adapted
for each, and the soil and treatment it requires ; with
copious classified lists of the kinds best adapted for
particular soils and situations. We believe the latter
will form a useful guide to persons about to plant.

It now only remains for us to offer our sincere
thanks to the numerous gentlemen who so kindly and
promptly assisted us by filling up our return papers.
We feel that particular reference to each will not be
thought necessary ; and we hope that our acknow-
ledgments thus collectively expressed will not be
considered as indicating in us a less appreciation of
their individual assistance.

\* As we are anxious to collect every possible
information in reference to Hardy Ornamental Shrubs
and Trees, we venture to solicit communications in

vi PREFACE.

connection therewith, Any information of the local
hardiness of species not generally known as such, with
notices on the nature of the soil and situation, or
of any peculiarity in their treatment, will be espe-
cially valuable. In short, any fact will be welcome.
And we should be glad to furnish (free of postage, and
stamped to return) one of our papers to any one who
will oblige us by filling it up and returning it.

BAGSHOT, May, 1852.

CONTENTS.

Page
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .1

PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS 6

PLANTING AMONGST OTHER TREES 14

PROPER SEASON FOR PLANTING 19

CONIFEROUS PLANTS 23

A LIST OF HARDY CONIFEROUS PLANTS . . . .37
HARDY EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS, not CONIFEROUS . 106
EVERGREENS 121

LIST OF PLANTS ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PARTICULAR SOILS

AND SITUATIONS 187

INDEX ....... 192

We may state here, that MR. GEORGE LOVELL, who has
rendered us valuable assistance in preparing this work,
may be consulted on the subjects of which it treats, as
well as on every thing connected with LANDSCAPE AND
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.

PRACTICAL HINTS

ON

PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS— PLANTING IN EXPOSED PLACES.
—PLANTING AMONGST OTHER TREES.— PROPER SEASON
FOR PLANTING.

THE labours of the planter, whether considered in
an ornamental or a commercial point of view, are
undoubtedly amongst the most important of the
industrial arts ; and in the practice of them there
exists a beautiful combination of purpose. The useful
and the ornamental are intimately blended in them.
The proprietor who clothes the barren hill with an
appropriate vegetation, or rears a forest on a sterile
heath, at once shelters and adorns the country, and
contributes to the source that will supply the future
demand for timber. He gratifies the eye with a varied
landscape, and adds value to the surrounding fields ;
confers great benefit on the present generation, and
bequeaths a valuable legacy to posterity.

ffiGNTS CNl^PlLi^TING: ORNAMENTAL TUBES.

Jor ^design ^f the following pages
admit, we might enlarge on the many topics here
suggested ; but as our purpose is to treat of planting
in its ornamental aspects principally, we must pass
them over. Yet as we have seen that planting in its
economic aspect bears, in many points, a close relation-
ship to the ornamental, what we shall have to say of
the latter will in a great measure apply equally to the
former; for while a treatise on ornamental planting
will bring under discussion all the topics which, were
it considered in a commercial aspect, could possibly be
suggested, it will add others of a higher nature, viz.,
such as relate to taste.

Because a plantation is intended merely for the pro-
duction of timber, there is no valid reason why it
should not be arranged with a view to picturesque
effect. A wood with a hard, formal outline, and
numerous unsightly angles, is not better suited for
the purpose than one with a flowing and picturesque
boundary, here advancing, there retiring ; presenting
deep shadows and broad lights, with all the beautiful
intricacy which a well-arranged wood is so capable of
producing, and which is so highly appreciated by the
eye of taste.

But sensible as we are of the wide field for improve-
ment, both in the arrangement and management of
woods of large extent, and which too often are blots
rather than ornaments in the landscape, it is to the
woods and trees, as forming immediate appendages
to a mansion, that we intend the remarks, contained
in the following pages, principally to apply.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 3

And here we would impress on all who may con-
template planting ornamental trees, to previously
decide on some arrangement, considered in connec-
tion with the situations they are to occupy, their
individual characters, and the object sought to be
attained.

From the practice of indiscriminate planting, few
who possess gardens but have cause to regret some
untoward result arising from it. Choice specimens
spoiling each other from having been planted
without an acquaintance with, or recognising their
several characters, and which were only perceived
when too late to remove any, otherwise than by
the axe. And views obstructed, and rare specimens
hidden by others of an inferior description, and
which cannot now be conveniently removed, are
some of the vexatious results which spring from
the practice of planting, without well considering
the probable connection of future results with
present operations.

The principal natural agents which influence the
labours of the planter, and the ornamental planter
especially, are climate and soil. The former, however,
is the more important ; for while there are but few
instances in which a naturally sterile or unfavourable
soil will not yield to the influence of science and
industry, climate will ever retain its great charac-
teristics unchanged by the agency of man, and the
planter, the gardener, and the husbandman, must be
content to adapt their several operations to its general
influence, or to the local peculiarities which observa-

4 HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

tion may reveal.* A judicious application of shelter,
with a discrimination in the choice of aspect, will do
much to modify the injurious tendency, and afford the
favourable points of climate in any given locality ; and
drainage, with cultivation, will surmount many diffi-
culties arising from an inferior soil. For there are
but few situations where draining, as a preliminary, or
as an adjunct to planting, will not be found highly
beneficial.

The importance of a proper course of preparation
for, and subsequent attention to, young and newly
planted trees, is not sufficiently recognised by planters
generally, or, if recognised, is not practically demon-
strated. There are of course many situations in which
the most ordinary care, not to say neglect, will be
rewarded by great success. But such exceptions
should not be admitted as precedents, marking out a
course of procedure for all localities indiscriminately.
If two trees are planted, one on a bleak hill side, the
other in the rich deep soil of a sheltered valley, and
both receive similar attention, other circumstances
being equal, it is not probable that a like success will
attend both. Yet judging from the practice of many,
they do not seem to consider the necessary operations
to ensure success in planting, as of a character to
demand anything beyond the most ordinary attention.
A hole of barely sufficient size to contain the roots,
and a stake to support the stem if necessary, is all

* The great changes which are kno\vn to he effected in the salubrity of
a climate, by cultivation on a large scale, are not lost sight of here, but
they are of so extended an application as scarcely to come within the
province of the present enquiry.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 0

the care bestowed in very many instances. Trees
thus scantily provided for, will no doubt, when highly
favoured by soil and situation, succeed well enough.
But such can only be exceptional cases, and wher-
ever early and complete success with rapid growths
are required, whether in a plantation, a group, or but
a single tree, a properly prepared situation should
be provided and a systematic course of subsequent
attention given.

The varieties of situation in which it may be
desirable to plant are of course very numerous, and
their local peculiarities highly diversified, and no
treatise however elaborate in detail could bring the
whole under review. An actual inspection of the
locality would in many instances be necessary to
determine the most desirable mode of procedure, and
to enable one to form a correct opinion as to the
most suitable kind of trees to be employed.

But though a variation in detail may often be
found necessary to success in planting, the general
principles will remain the same, under all circum-
stances and conditions. Without reference to the
many minor varieties of each, which, as before observed,
can ODly be properly understood and treated where
they occur, we have arranged our observations under
two heads, viz., Planting in open and exposed
situations, destitute of shelter of any kind; and planting
amongst trees already existing. It is hoped that, with
the instructions given, will be found advice applicable
to a great variety of circumstances.

HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. '

The position of the different groups and detached
specimens having been decided on, the first con-
sideration should refer to drainage. A drain should
lead from or intersect each position intended for a
single specimen, and a number in proportion to the
size be in connexion with the spaces allotted for
each group. It will not be always necessary to
afibrd separate drains to each. A judicious application
of cross-draining, made with reference to the natural
declivities of the ground, will equally accomplish the
desired purpose.

The point next demanding attention will be trench-
ing. The situations for single trees should be trenched
to the extent of at least ten feet in diameter, and
eighteen or twenty inches deep, and those for the
groups of a like depth, and considerably wider every
way than will be required for the reception of the
permanent trees. After the necessary draining and
trenching, and if a season's delay is of no moment, it
will be found an excellent system to take a root crop
before planting. The manure and consequent culti-
vation will bring the soil into an excellent condition
for the reception of the plants ; and although a season
is apparently lost, it will not prove so in reality. The
increased rapidity of growth in soil so well prepared
will more than compensate the seeming loss of time.

There will, of course, occur many situations where
this application of manure, as far as the trees intended

PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. 7

to be planted are concerned, will be unnecessary,
while in others of a very inferior character, both a
liberal manuring and cultivation will be requisite to
bring the soil into a condition for their reception, with
fair prospects of success. The amount of manure and
subsequent cultivation will, of course, be given in pro-
portion as circumstances may seem to demand them.

But there is an unhappy propensity prevalent to
consider a tree as destitute of the ordinary wants of
plants in general, and to believe that if it is provided
with sufficient soil to cover its roots, no matter what
the quality may be, it cannot possibly fail to thrive; but,
on the contrary, care and attention are as imperative in
preparing the soil for trees, and will be followed with
equally satisfactory results, as in the treatment of any
other of our cultivated plants.

An important auxiliary to success in planting, in the
kind of situation we are at present treating on, is
shelter. Prom its absence alone may be attributed
many failures. The conditions which plants enjoy while
in the sheltered nursery-beds are of so opposite a cha-
racter to what they experience when removed to open
situations, exposed to drying winds and scorching
suns, and wholly destitute of shelter, that frequent
failures, where no precautionary measures are taken,
will not upon reflection cause much surprise.

The preliminaries of draining and trenching having
been properly attended to, and the soil in a condition
to receive the plants, and the exact spot for each
permanent tree determined on, mix in the site for each,
if the state of the soil seems to demand it, a portion

g HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

of decaying vegetable matter, as rotten leaves, for
the immediate reception of the plants.

Then, with the exception of such prepared sites,
plant the whole of the trenched ground somewhat
thickly with common evergreen trees and shrubs, for
the purpose of affording shelter to the ornamental and
permanent specimens subsequently to be placed there.
If the situation is very much exposed, and the soil
unfavourable, the trees planted for shelter should be
allowed to make one or two seasons' growth before
placing the permanent specimens. And, in the
meantime, they too should be prepared to meet the
difficulties of their intended new situations, by a course
of treatment, for which the following instructions are
offered: — Procure some pieces of elm plank about
1^ inch square and nine inches long, also a quantity
of larch stakes about 1-| inch in diameter, and of the
same length with the pieces of elm, and split them
longitudinally. Then take four pieces of the elm, one
for each corner, and nail to them the pieces of larch,
leaving spaces about three-quarters of an inch between
each two, and one side, or rather the top, entirely
open. You have now the skeleton of a box, or,
perhaps, it might be properly called a crate, for the
reception of a plant, and the spaces between the bars
are to allow free egress to the roots. Prepare as
many crates as you intend removing plants to exposed
situations. Have ready some good turfy loam, with
which is mixed a little leaf-mould, fill the crates with
the compost, and place a plant in each, as in the
ordinary mode of potting. At first they should be

PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. 9

placed in sheltered situations, but removal should
take place twice a-year, in spring and autumn; and
at each remove a less sheltered situation should be
chosen, till they at last occupy a tolerably exposed
locality. They should always be kept planted as deep
as the top of the crate. At the close of the second
season they will be in a suitable condition to be
planted in their permanent places. They need not be
removed from their crates, as they will be quite rotten
before the roots are of sufficient size to be obstructed
by them. By adopting such a course, success will
be obtained where every other means have failed.

It is also an excellent system to employ crates for
preparing trees intended for removal, even to favourable
situations. By using them larger and stronger, large
and valuable specimens may be removed without risk
of failure ; and the system is especially to be recom-
mended for trees which are known to transplant badly.

In determining the distances which the permanent
plants should be placed from each other, no rule can
of course be given. As they are ultimately to form a
picturesque arrangement, a design will, of course, have
been previously decided on, in which their individual
characters, as well as effect in combination, will be re-
cognised. Due attention to this will prevent much sub-
sequent vexation. Where several are to form a group,
care must be taken that their ultimate appearance
will not be that of a clump — the most unpicturesque
and artificial of all arrangements, and is that best calcu-
lated to destroy the individual character of the trees
composing it. They should be so placed that their

10 HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TEEES.

branches shall mingle without destroying each other.
A number of trees, though in a great measure detached
from each other, will, when viewed from a little dis-
tance, seem to mingle together. And the arrangement
may be such, that, from whatever position they are
seen, a different form of outline shall be presented to
the eye. Variety is thus produced; and wrhile each
tree preserves its individual character upon a close
examination, the distant effect of the whole is that
of a picturesque group. There is no necessity for
crowding valuable trees together for the purpose of
producing the appearance of a close wood, when seen
from a distance.

"We have dwelt above on the advantages produced
by a proper and timely application of shelter to trees
in exposed places. But highly injurious results may
arise from it, if its removal is not attended to when
it in any way obstructs the progress of the trees it
was intended to protect. It must never be forgotten,
that such aids are only valuable in assisting the young
trees the sooner to become established, and that it
must be wholly, but gradually, removed, as the latter
become sufficiently robust to be independent of such
assistance. »

In selecting plants for the permanent specimens,
some care will be necessary, as much of the ultimate
success will depend on the character of those employed.
As a general rule, in proportion to the exposure of the
situation, should the plants chosen be smaller, ahvays
however supposing them to be thoroughly healthy and
robust, and such as have not previously been favoured

PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. 11

by soil or situation to an undue extent. Nothing is
gained by employing large plants in exposed places.
On the contrary, much time is often lost by the prac-
tice, even though they should be in the best possible
condition. The larger and taller the plants, the more
are they exposed to the untoward circumstances con-
sequent on the situation.* Plants of but a few feet in
height, when placed in exposed situations, require the
assistance of a stake, or the winds quickly damage
them to a great extent ; and the utmost care will not
wholly preserve them from injury. And when others
of eight or ten feet in height, as are sometimes
employed, with the intention of producing immediate
effect, are placed in similar situations, they frequently
prove worse than useless. Two or three stakes are
required to each, to enable them to withstand the
influence of the gales ; but no amount of available
support will prevent them from being disturbed. The
action, though slight at first, is every day augmented.
They become loosened in the earth. Water — espe-
cially if the soil is tenacious — accumulates at the base
of the stem and about the roots, chilling and retarding
their vegetative powers. During this, rapid evapora-
tion is draining the tissues of the plants, the loss of
which their dormant powers cannot recruit. Death,
or an approximation, ensues. The foliage dies, and
their appearance is calculated to disfigure rather

* So sensible are the Scotch planters of the disadvantage of employing
large trees upon their bleak mountain sides, that the neighbouring nur-
serymen find plants beyond two or three feet high as almost dead stock ;
the sale for such being so limited, that any forest trees beyond that
height are generally rooted out and used as fire-wood.

12 HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

than to beautify the places they occupy. Nor do
matters often assume a more cheerful aspect with those
which survive to the following season. Sometimes a
feeble attempt at vegetation is perceived, but it too
often proves an expiring eifort. Many will linger on
for years, and a few ultimately succeed. But not only
would time and labour have both been economised, but
the desired result have been more fully arrived at, by
adopting the apparently slower means of employing
young trees, and taking the necessary precaution to
ensure their success.

There are, of course, many situations, where large
trees can not only be planted with perfect safety, but
where it will be highly requisite to do so, and w^here
no risk will attend their removal, if ordinary precau-
tions are taken. It is in open and exposed situations
that we are endeavouring to show the inexpediency of
employing them.

For several years after planting, the soil about the
trees should be frequently stirred, all weeds destroyed,
and every obstruction to their progress removed : and
as those employed for shelter encroach upon the per-
manent specimens, they should be curtailed, and, when
necessary, wholly removed ; in fact, their removal
should be effected before they encroach. By thus
progressively destroying the shelter, sometimes a few
branches, and occasionally a whole tree, as circum-
stances seem to demand, the change is gradually pro-
duced and no injurious check results to the remaining
plants. Of course the shelter from the boundaries of
the groups, and from the most exposed situations, will

PLANTING IN EXPOSED SITUATIONS. 13

be the last removed. And for the purpose of giving
depth and massiness to some of the larger groups, a
part of the common trees may be left as a back-ground
to the more valuable specimens. And such an arrange-
ment could be provided for to a greater extent by
keeping it in view when planting.

It will frequently be found highly advantageous to
include what are ultimately to be detached groups and
single trees into one common plantation when young.
A greater amount of shelter will be afforded, and each
tree, while it assists to protect the other, will par-
ticipate in the general benefit. And when the whole
of the shelter is ultimately removed, the permanent
trees will appear in their intended positions and
relations.

The great change of climate which plants experience
when removed from the nursery to open and exposed
situations, is a principal cause of their frequent failure
there. The comparatively dry state of the atmosphere
in the latter is not the least prominent source of
injury. Wherever vegetation is scanty, there will
the atmosphere be deficient in moisture, a subject of
great importance when considered in relation to the
progress of young trees. And as vegetation not only
participates in the benefits, but materially augments
the atmospheric moisture, of a district, it follows that,
by employing other trees as shelter to those we are
most solicitous about, we combine several essentials to
success, viz., breaking the force of winds, affording a
genial shelter, and condensing and retaining a large
amount of moisture.

HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

What is termed " dead'* shelter, i. e., close hedges,
reed fences, and similar expedients, is often employed
as temporary protection to young trees in exposed
places, but the advantages derived from such, to say
nothing of its many inconveniences, and its anything
but attractive appearance, is not nearly so great as
that arising from the employment of living trees.
The former is every day decreasing in efficiency, the
latter becoming more valuable.

With due attention to the several points which have
been dwelt on, viz., draining, trenching, shelter, and
a proper selection of plants, aided by a thorough
system of subsequent management, success will be
attained in almost any situation, and under a great
diversity of circumstances. Failures in planting
oftener arise from an injudicious or imperfect course
of treatment, or from a bad selection of plants, than
from anything really antagonistic in the soil or
situation.

PLANTING AMONGST OTHER TREES.

It is often the object of proprietors to remove
woods which are composed of the ordinary indigenous
trees of the country, and to replace them with others
of an exotic and more ornamental character. But the
advantages of such existing woods are generally too
great to allow of their removal before others are pro-
vided to compensate their loss.

The ordinary mode of planting to effect this is
generally productive of but feeble results, from the
system of operations being destitute of the real

PLANTING AMONGST OTHER TREES. 15

essentials of success ; yet such situations offer many
advantages to the planter, though at the same time,
unless great care is exercised, the disadvantages will
more than preponderate. An efficient shelter, a large
amount of atmospheric moisture, and generally a good
soil, highly enriched by yearly deposits of vegetable
matter, are in the favourable scale. In the opposite,
a deficiency of light and air, drip from the heads and
encroachments from the roots of the existing trees,
are amongst the most formidable difficulties to contend
with. It is for the planter to seize upon the advan-
tageous features, and to combat those of an opposite
tendency.

In commencing operations under such circumstances,
an examination of the character and condition of the
existing trees will afford a good criterion of the state
of the soil, and assist in forming an opinion as to the
amount of preparation required.

Whether it is found necessary to drain or not, a
thorough preparation of the soil will be indispensable.

An arrangement having been decided on, and the
position of the several groups and single trees set out,
the spaces necessary for each must be thoroughly
cleared of underwood, and sometimes an occasional tree
will require removal. But in selecting the places for
the new trees, every advantage consistent with the
intended arrangement will, of course, be taken of the
spaces between those already existing, and of any
situations altogether clear of them. And it will often
be necessary to curtail the branches of such as are
contiguous to those newly planted, for the double

16 HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

purpose of admitting as much light as possible, and
to prevent drip, which is highly injurious to most
young trees. To admit all the light possible, every
means should be employed that suggests itself. With-
out a large amount, growth will be slender and
etiolated, and if the trees are allowed to attain a con-
siderable size in that unhealthy state, they will be
wholly unfit to dispense with the assistance of the
surrounding shelter.

In preparing the situations for planting, all roots
met with should be destroyed. Little or no damage
will result to the trees to which they belong. Nor
would it be of any moment if such should be expe-
rienced by them, as they are ultimately to be removed
altogether.

Nor must attention flag after the trees are
planted. The soil about them should be kept stirred
and free from weeds, and the encroachments of the
roots from those surrounding them prevented by
yearly cutting off with the spade such as may have
found their way to the newly prepared soil. But as
the young trees progress and push their roots to its
full extent, any further operation with the spade must
of course be discontinued. And by that time, if
previous directions have been attended to, they will
be in a position to dispense with such assistance. But
during the several seasons which must necessarily
elapse before they have attained that extent, no en-
croachments from their nurses must in any way be
permitted. Every branch or tree that would seem to
retard their progress, must be instantly removed.

PLANTING AMONGST OTHER TREES. 17

And as the necessity for the presence of the original
trees at all becomes yearly of less importance, they
must be progressively removed, leaving, of course,
those in the most exposed aspects till the last.

Although the general appearance of the existing
wood may be unattractive, there is no reason why the
intended one should be also. Any desired effect may
be produced with facility. The proposed ultimate
results having been at first fully decided on, every
subsequent operation can be performed, every tree
placed or removed with reference to the accomplish-
ment of the intended effects.

It has been observed above that the soil of woods is
generally favourable to the growth of young trees,
and that the yearly deposits of vegetable matter
constantly increase its fertility. In the majority
of instances it is so. But in others, not only are
there no such deposits, but the soil is excessively
poor and hard, and of such a nature, that, without a
considerable amelioration, it would be useless to
plant in it.

It is beneath old trees, which have long since
exhausted the surface soil, and where there is no
undergrowth, that such circumstances occur. As there
is nothing to arrest the yearly fall of leaves, they are
blown away, and the deficiency of light and moisture
wholly prevents the establishment or progress of any
kind of vegetation. Yet under such circumstances we
have frequently seen plants stuck in — it cannot be called
planting, and of course expected to succeed without
any one provision having been made that could, after

18 HINTS ON PLANTING OIINAMENTAL TREES.

a moment's reflection on the nature and require-
ments of plants, be considered as likely to contribute
to success ; with no preparation beyond opening a
space in the hardened soil, barely sufficient to contain
the roots, and filling it with a new compost, as if
plants could flourish upon doses of nourishment, homceo-
pathically administered ; deprived of light and air and
moisture, and, in a word, destitute of the most obvious
necessities of vegetable life. That plants should exist
at all under the circumstances is a matter for surprise.

To rear a new race of trees under such conditions
will require a large amount of labour. It will be of
no use to adopt half measures. Total failure will
assuredly be the result.

When the wood has been cleared of such trees as
it may be necessary or convenient to remove, and the
soil properly broken up, a year should be allowed to
elapse before planting. During that period the rains
will thoroughly moisten the whole, and by occasionally
turning it, the influence of the sun and frost will
greatly ameliorate its general condition. But from
its being utterly exhausted of all fertilising properties,
a considerable amount of fresh soil should be added,
and incorporated with it, and that immediately about
the roots of each newly planted tree should consist
of it entirely.

If the necessary precautions are taken, and the
treatment we have recommended afforded to trees
planted in the several situations alluded to, their
growth will be very rapid, and but a few years elapse
before they assume an effective character.

PROPER SEASON FOR PLANTING. 19

"Where the object is only to produce an under-
growth, amongst trees wholly destitute of it, as in
covers for game, or for the purpose of ornamenting
" drives," the operations previously detailed will be
equally imperative, so far as the preparation of the
soil and subsequent attention apply, but as in this
case none of the existing trees will be removed, a
selection of low-growing kinds that are known to
thrive best in such situations will form an important
item in contributing to success. In another place
will be found a list of the most suitable plants to
select from. With reference to planting single
specimens of ornamental trees, under the ordinary
circumstances met with in the grounds of a resi-
dence, we need not say much in this place. The
necessary details will be fully discussed when treating
on ConifersB. The practice there insisted on will be
applicable to all kinds, under like conditions. But if
the directions given should appear too elaborate for
some, the error will be always in the right direction,
and to commit it will be advantageous rather than
detrimental. A proper discrimination will always
determine where to curtail.

PROPER SEASON FOR PLANTING.

With regard to the most suitable season for plant-
ing about which so much has been said and written,
and to which so much importance is attached, nothing
definite can be said. So much depends on the state
of the weather, the condition of the plants, and various

c 2

20 HINTS ON PLANTING ORNAMENTAL TREES.

local circumstances, that advice, which would in some
cases be valuable, would in others only mislead.
Something will always remain to be decided by the
judgment and discrimination. of the planter.

As a general rule, March is the worst month of the
year for removing evergreens. It is generally accom-
panied by cold parching winds, the worst possible con-
dition to which newly planted shrubs can be subjected.
A hot dry season is bad; but a cold dry one is
much worse. But if the plants to be removed have
been frequently transplanted, and are well furnished
with fibrous roots, the operation may be successfully
performed at almost any season of the year.

Though a cold dry season, as we have just observed,
is the worst possible in which to transplant ever-
greens under any circumstances, if the plants are
coarse-rooted from not having been previously re-
moved, the difficulties are much augmented, and the
chances of success decrease in an equal ratio. It will
be impossible to remove such without destroying the
greater part of their fibrous roots, and as the vege-
tative powers of the plants are dormant, others will
be but slowly produced. Under such conditions, the
leaves will help to destroy rather than accelerate
vegetation. Evaporation from the leaves of plants is
great under ordinary circumstances, and in very dry
weather it is much increased; and when the state
of the atmosphere is such that it contributes nothing
for absorptoin, and from the absence of rootlets no
moisture can be sent up from the soil, every drop of
sap is quickly drawn from the branches, the leaves

PROPER SEASON FOR PLANTING. 21

dry, the bark shrivels, and death ensues before new
roots can be produced to contribute a fresh supply.*
From this it will be readily seen, that for evergreens,
with large thick leaves, as hollies, Portugal laurels,
evergreen oaks, &c., and others, which, from not
having been previously transplanted, will be coarse-
rooted when removed, a warm moist season, just
before they make their young shoots, or when they
are nearly ripe, and while the sap is still in an active
state, will be the best season to transplant. And if
the roots are "puddled" when planted, it will greatly
assist them. And if their leaves can be kept syringed
when the atmosphere is dry, for a fortnight or three
weeks after planting, by that time fresh roots will
have been made, and the plants are safe. It will,
however, be only with a comparatively limited number
of trees that the latter precaution can, of course, be
adopted.

Of the highly beneficial results which are produced
by the practice just alluded to in cases where failure
is to be apprehended, we give the following example : —
The evergreen oak is proverbially difficult to trans-
plant successfully, more failures are experienced with
it than with any other tree : but with good manage-

* We may observe here, that, whenever the leaves of newly-planted
evergreens dry up and remain upon the branches, death invariably follows,
although sometimes the roots and lower parts of the stem will retain
sufficient vitality to produce new shoots. But if, on the contrary, the
leaves fall off soon after planting, and the bark appears plump and
healthy, they will not die, but one or two seasons will be required to
enable them to recover their natural vigour. These remarks do not
apply to Coniferous plants, Heaths, and a few others. When they lose
their foliage, recovery very rarely follows ; nor will they push new shoots
from below, like ordinary evergreen shrubs.

22 HINTS ON PLANTING OBNAMENTAL TREES.

ment it can be successfully transplanted, even under
unfavourable circumstances. Some years since, Mr.
Ingram, gardener to her Majesty at Windsor, moved
some large specimens in the first week in June, and
which had not been previously removed for many
years. They were carefully taken up, and the roots
well "puddled " when planted, and the weather was
moderately moist ; but when it was not so (as it was
very desirable that the trees should succeed), a man
was kept constantly syringing their leaves and stems
for about three weeks. The plants succeeded well,
and are now fine trees.

Under ordinary circumstances evergreens may be
safely removed during the latter part of August, in
September and October, or even in April and the early
part of May. But as we have previously observed,
they may, under certain conditions there detailed, be
successfully transplanted at almost any season. We
have succeeded well with many in May and June.
In fact, by a timely preparation and proper subsequent
attention, scarcely any circumstances can occur in
which they may not be removed with safety. For
deciduous trees, it matters little at what period they
are transplanted, between the time of casting their
leaves and of commencing to vegetate in the spring.
But immediately on the fall of the leaf is the most
suitable period.

CLIMATE. 23

CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

Climate. — Soil.— Selecting the Plants. — Planting. — An enumeration of
the principal kinds suitable for out-door cultivation, with their
synonyms and descriptions.

Climate. — Anomalous accounts of the nardiness of
particular Pines in different localities are constantly
reaching us. Thus, one gentleman complains that
certain species, which succeed admirably with his
neighbour, always fail with him, though the localities
appear of a similar nature, and other circumstances
are equal ; another, that many of his trees pass unin-
jured through the ordeal of the most severe winter,
but are seriously damaged by frosts in spring ; while
a third does not experience any material inconvenience
from spring frosts, but regrets the loss of vigorous
shoots in autumn and early winter ; and the writers
generally conclude by expressing their belief that the
climate of their locality is unfavourable for the culti-
vation of such plants.

JN"ow, without being able, in the absence of an
acquaintance with the circumstances under which
such failures occur, with the original condition of the
plants, and with the mode of planting, and subsequent
attention, to decide on the real cause of such failures,
we have no hesitation in asserting, that, in the majority
of instances, causes other than the direct influence of
climate alone are at the root of the matter.

2 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

Coniferous plants, occupying cold undrained heavy
soils, are often rendered susceptible to the influence of
autumn frosts, from the fact that they do not com-
mence growing till late in the season, and, as a natural
consequence, their shoots are not sufficiently matured
when growth ceases in the autumn. Under favourable
circumstances growth commences early; in many
instances, as we shall presently show, too early ; and a
long seasontis required to thoroughly ripen the wood.
That this process should be complete is a very
important point in their management, and every pre-
caution should be taken to facilitate it. But under
the unfavourable conditions just alluded to, it is not
so. Short days, deficient in sunbeams, with the
attendant rain and fogs of early autumn, arrive,
when the shoots are in a half ripened state.
Further progress towards maturation is prevented.
Frosts succeed, and the destruction of the main
points and those of the principal branches is the
result.

Now, under the most favourable circumstances, a
tree thus mutilated and checked would require two
or three seasons to recover. But year after year the
same untoward circumstances await it ; recovery is
impossible. It loses its attractions, and is only allowed
to remain by its proprietor as a monument of the
supposed unfavourable climate. We shall have occa-
sion to speak of the effect on Coniferous plants of
damp without frost in another place.

But the effects of spring frosts in the Pinetum is
perhaps of more frequent and general occurrence, and

FROSTS. £5

is productive of more disastrous results, and to a
greater extent than such as we have been describing.
There are numerous species of Abies, the Himalayan
kinds especially, which in many places lose year after
year their early growths, preventing their progress and
destroying their beauty. These effects too, we believe,
may be obviated in a great degree, if not wholly, and
the readiest means of attempting it will be first to
learn the nature of the causes inducing tlfern.

Most of the species which suffer from spring frosts,
though perfectly hardy in other respects, are popularly
known as tender. This impression is circulated with
them, and cultivators, acting upon an erroneous
principle, almost invariably assign to them the warmest
and most sheltered places in their grounds — a practice
that must always defeat the intention. The real
cause of their suffering from spring frosts arises from
their great excitability, inducing them to commence
growth at so early a period of the year. And the
warmer and more sheltered the position they occupy,
the more are they likely to suffer. All the species
which are easily excited into growth should, if possible,
be placed upon elevated situations. The temperature
there is never so fluctuating as in the valleys. The
diurnal as well as seasonal changes are more gradual,
and though the average yearly temperature is less
than in the sheltered low lands — a point of great
moment with the agriculturist, as well as every
one engaged in the cultivation of annual plants
requiring a high summer temperature for their full
development, as most of the Cereals — it by no means

26 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

acts detrimentally to the plants of which we are
speaking. *

Both spring and autumn frosts invariably affect
vegetation in the valleys to ,a greater extent than on
the neighbouring hills, as most of our readers know
well enough. A September frost will destroy the
dahlias and many soft-wooded plants in a low-lying
garden, while others on an adjoining hill will wholly
escape. And late spring frosts in similar localities,
which in our uncertain climate frequently succeed a
period of warm weather, greatly injure many plants
that are easily excited into growth. Such are the
spring-tender firs. To enable them to succeed well,
they must be placed beyond the influence of undue
excitement, and to remove the cause is to supply a
remedy. But if an elevated situation cannot be pro-
cured, as will be the case in many localities, the next
best will be in a dry soil, sloping to the north,
and where they are screened from the influence of
the spring sun.

In such situations, the yearly amount of growth
may not perhaps equal that which would sometimes
be produced, supposing the trees to escape the spring

* Few persons are aware of the extreme variations from heat to cold
which occur in low sheltered valleys, and how much greater they are than
on elevated sites. Such extremes are highly detrimental to spring-tender
plants : very often after two or three weeks' or even a month's mild
weather, which frequently occurs hetween February and the end of April,
and when plants which are easily excited begin to throw out their young
shoots, the weather suddenly changes, and we often get in the valleys
from 103 to 15° of frost. The consequence is the loss of all young
growths, and the beauty of the trees is destroyed for the rest of the
year. If the same trees had occupied elevated situations, growth would
not have commenced, neither would the frost have been so severe, and
consequently they would have escaped unhurt.

SITUATIONS. 27

frosts, in warmer localities. But the certainty that
every shoot will be preserved will more than com-
pensate for the very feeble chances of a more rapid
progress. We may here observe, that many of the
spring-tender Pines are not so except when young.
Specimens which suffer much then will struggle on
from year to year, occasionally in favourable seasons
adding an inch or two to their height, till they ulti-
mately escape altogether and push into vigorous and
handsome growth.

Abies cephalonica, a well-known spring- tender
species, is a remarkable instance of this progressively
acquired hardiness. At R. Mangles', Esq., Sunning
Hill, Berks., is a fine specimen, some fifteen feet high,
being one of the first plants of the kind raised in this
country, which is never damaged from frost now,
but in its early state frequently suffered much.
In the same neighbourhood, are other specimens of
this fir, of the same age with the one just men-
tioned, and which, like that, suffered much and from
the same cause when young, but which have long since
ceased to evince any tendency to early growth, and,
of course, escape the attendant consequences. It
may be worth while to mention, .as a strong exem-
plification of the principles we have endeavoured to
establish, that the first-named specimen occupies an
elevated and an open situation ; the latter very shel-
tered ones ; but the former is double the size, and of
much greater beauty than either of the others. The
cause, of course, is to be accounted for by the fact
that, favoured by its position, it never suffered so

28 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

severely nor so frequently from spring frosts as those
occupying warm and sheltered situations.

But apart from the general principles which obser-
vation is enabled to gather of the relation of climate
to vegetation, there are in every locality peculiarities
in the seasons, a knowledge of which can only be
gleaned and properly applied upon the spot where
they occur. General principles are only valuable as
such ; practice and observation can alone render them
of real value.

Soil. — Naturally Pines do not affect deep or rich
soils: dry mountainous districts are their favourite
habitats. Some few species are, however, found to
prefer deep and fertile soils, amongst which several
of the Abies are conspicuous. In cultivation, a
general uniformity of soil is found to be productive
of satisfactory results ; but in planting large districts,
presenting a diversity of soil and situation, a selection
of the most suitable species for each will not only be
desirable but necessary. For although all, or nearly
all, the species will succeed well in a similarity of soil
and situation of a favourable character, such, for
instance, as would be afforded them in a collection
of the different species constituting a Pinetum, there
are only certain kinds that could be advantageously
employed under adverse circumstances, as on barren
hills, or marshy districts, or on the sea coast. Clas-
sified lists of the most suitable kinds for different
districts will be found in another place : at present we
confine our remarks to the Pinetum.

The situation chosen should, if possible, present a

SELECTION OF PLANTS. 29

variety of aspect, the surface be varied, the soil
a friable loam, and the subsoil dry. If the last
most essential condition is not naturally present, it
must be induced by art. To be able to make
choice of aspect will be of great service in assigning
suitable positions to each species ; and the varied
surface will contribute to produce a picturesque
arrangement.

But it often occurs that persons are desirous of
planting ornamental specimens in situations where
the natural soil is wholly unfit for the purpose;
under such circumstances, each tree will acquire a
situation prepared for its reception by removing in
part, or wholly, the natural soil, and replacing it with
a more suitable compost. For that purpose nothing is
preferable to sound loam of an open texture. The
surface soil from a rough old pasture, if it can be
procured, will be admirably adapted : if it can lie a
year or so to decompose its vegetable matter, so much
the better. But there are no objections to its being
used in a fresh state.

The details of planting, under various conditions of
soil and situation, will be given under the head
" Planting."

Selecting the plants. — The condition of the plants
employed will, in no small degree, influence their
present progress and future success. And it unfor-
tunately happens that the very conditions which are
decidedly antagonistic to success are those which the
majority of persons seize upon as the most valuable.
"We allude to the universal disposition to choose plants

30 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

in pots. It cannot be too soon impressed on pur-
chasers that to do so is to act contrary to their own
interests.

We frequently receive orders for Coniferse, accom-
panied with instructions to the effect that if the plants
named are not in pots, on no account are they to be
sent. "We know how inferior for the purpose required
such plants are, when compared with others grown in
the open borders. But as we are, of course, anxious
to comply as far as possible with the wishes of our
customers, we despatch such as are desired. A
prejudice exists against plants removed from the open
borders ; in numerous instances it is a just one. It
has arisen from the fact that many growers do not trans-
plant often enough. The consequences are, the plants
become coarse-rooted, and, being removed in an indif-
ferent condition, are often lost before they can recover
the check consequent on their change of situation.
But the remedy for this is in the hands of purchasers: if
coarse-rooted plants cannot be sold, growers will cease
to bring them into the market.

But the disadvantages of pot-grown plants are, as
a general rule, of equal magnitude with the worst
condition of those badly managed in the open borders.
Yet purchasers patronise the former to a large extent,
and to the exclusion, in a great measure, of the
latter. We are every day more sensible of their
inferiority, and will here endeavour to point out their
prominent defects.

As it becomes a matter of great importance to nur-
serymen that their stock of pot-grown plants should

POT-GROWN PLANTS. 31

occupy as small a space as possible, pot-bound speci-
mens are the rule, rather than the exception. And
for plants intended to be removed to the open ground
as permanent specimens, scarcely a worse condition
could exist ; it is superlatively bad.

For the purpose of illustration, we will suppose a
person to have purchased a plant in the condition
above described, and intends immediately to plant it
out. On removing the pot he is delighted to find coil
upon coil of fine healthy roots. He knows very well
that to commit them to their new situation in an
uncoiled state will be highly improper, and so, with
great care, he proceeds to disentangle them. How-
ever careful he may be, the loss of many valuable
roots will result, and damage to the remaining will be
equally certain. Those in the interior of the ball,
from their size and woody texture, will not yield at
all, and he closes his half-finished labour, with the
conviction that he has seriously damaged his plant.
But this mutilation, great as it is, is far preferable to
having planted it with its matted roots undisturbed.

A plant which has once been thoroughly pot-bound
never gets so firm a hold in the soil as one whose
roots have never been confined. Instances are nume-
rous, where valuable specimens, after years of growth,
have been blown down in consequence of the very slight
manner in which they retained their position. The main
roots, when young, had, from pot-culture, acquired a
coil-like arrangement, which, during all their subsequent
growth, they adhered to — enlarging, but not spreading
— increasing in bulk, but contributing little to the

32 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

mechanical support of the tree ; in fact, they often
destroy each other, and in every instance of a plant
which in its young state has been subject to the
confinement of a pot, these conditions will be evident.
Of course new roots strike out, and take a horizontal
direction, but they are only of secondary importance,
and will ever remain disproportionate to the proper
support of the tree. In short, pot-grown plants have
many disadvantages without a redeeming quality.

The objections to plants grown in the open ground,
supposing them to have been properly managed, have
no real weight. They can always be removed at
proper seasons for planting, to any distance, without
risk of failure from the effects of their removal.
Frequent transplanting while in the nursery will have
induced the production of numerous healthy roots,
ready to commence their important functions the
moment favourable opportunities are presented. Acce-
lerated by the stimulus of new soil, growth will be
rapid and vigorous. And so far from being injured
by removal, great benefits will result. They will
at once gain firm hold in the soil, and support will,
if required at first, be quickly dispensed with.

It will possibly be expected that we should say
something of the comparative value of plants raised
respectively from cuttings, seedlings, or grafts. Every
purchaser knows that, as a general rule, seedlings are
in most cases preferable, and beyond this we can add
little that could be absolute. So much depends on the
kind of cutting, or graft, or stock, that, where in many
instances it would be difficult to decide whether a

THE OPERATION OF PLANTING. 33

given plant were a seedling or not, and which would
be of equal value with one, in others of the same
species not only would the mode by which they were
propagated be at once apparent, but, for the purposes
of use or ornament, they would be comparatively
worthless.

A small, young, and vigorous tree is always to be
preferred to a large stunted one, even though the
latter should be ten times the size of the former, as
it will in all cases make a finer specimen, and in a
much shorter space of time. The stunted one will
probably remain in an inactive state for years, or
progress but slowly.

Planting. — Much of the ultimate success of a
tree will depend on this apparently simple operation
being properly performed. The situation chosen,
being in regard to soil of a favourable character, a
space of at least ten feet in diameter should be
trenched for each tree, breaking up the soil from
two feet to thirty inches deep, well chopping it to
pieces with the spade, and if the lower soil is at all
inferior, keeping the surface mould still at the top. A
good portion of leaf-mould should also be incorporated
with it, and the whole allowed to settle before planting.
"Where any plant is likely to require support, place in
the centre of the spot to receive it a neat strong
stake, leaving it, however, no higher than about two-
thirds the entire height of the plant. Having care-
fully disentangled the roots, should they require it,
spread them equally over the spot prepared to receive
them, with the stem of the plant against the previously

34 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

fixed stake. Now, with some prepared compost, fill in
amongst and over the roots, adding sufficient to raise
it as high as the natural " collar" of the plant. If it is
spring, and the weather dry, a good watering should
be given previously to placing the final covering of
earth over the roots, and the whole should be slightly
covered to prevent excessive evaporation. Attention
will be requisite to prevent the plant suffering from
drought.

We have mentioned that the height of stakes for
support, if at all necessary, should not be more than
two-thirds that of the plant, because to confine a
young tree by strapping it up to the tip of its
leader is to retard its growth materially; and for
all purposes of support the height recommended is
quite sufficient. Many persons very erroneously —
because it greatly injures their plants — tie up the
leading shoots of their young Deodars to their extreme
points. The practice is highly injurious, to say nothing
of its destroying the peculiarly graceful character of
the tree.

If the soil is of a very inferior description, some
additional care will be required in preparing for plant-
ing ; that at least for the immediate reception of
each tree should be wholly removed, and to a depth of
at least eight or ten inches below where it has been
trenched. Such additional depth must be filled with
some rough porous material, as stones or broken
bricks, to act as drainage to the soil above, and from
which a drain must lead to the nearest convenient
outlet. And something — a few sods of turf with the

THE OPERATION OF PLANTING. 35

grassy side downwards are as good as anything — must
be placed above the draining materials, to prevent the
soil from being carried down and obstructing its
action. And in trenching the entire space, it
will be requisite to observe that the bottom gradually
declines from the outside, to the drainage in the
centre, the better to prevent the accumulation of
stagnant moisture, a condition which every means
should be taken to obviate. In preparing the situa-
tions for the trees, whether in adding new soil or
otherwise, allowance must be made for subsidence;
that the tree, when all is thoroughly settled, shall
stand on a slight elevation, but only a slight one.
The practice of planting on high mounds is objection-
able on many points. Its supposed advantages can
be much better secured by drainage.

Where the positions for trees are prepared in a
soil naturally retentive of moisture, a thorough
system of drainage is altogether indispensable. In
the absence of such precautionary measures, each
spot would become but a receptacle for water, without
the means of allowing it to pass off except by evapo-
ration. The new soil would be reduced to the con-
dition of mud, and the progress of the plants wholly
prevented, and death, in some form or other, in many
instances ensue.

The following example, one of many which have come
under our notice, will possibly convey instructive
hints. Early in the autumn of 1849, we supplied a
gentleman with a small collection of choice Conifers,
for the purpose of decorating his lawn. They were

D 2

36 CONIFEROUS PLANTS.

planted under the purchaser's own directions, and, as
he considered, with every necessary care to ensure
success. Immediately afterwards, wet weather set in
and continued for some weeks. Before Christmas,
the foliage and lower branches of many of them had
become black, and were in a state of gangrene. Being
about this time requested to visit the grounds for the
purpose of effecting some improvements, we were, of
course, desired to report on the unfavourable aspect
of the newly planted firs. A few enquiries, and a
little examination, revealed the whole cause of the
disaster. The soil of the lawn, with the exception of
two or three inches of the surface, was a strong clay.
In this, places had been prepared for the plants, and
good soil had been supplied, but no provision made for
carving off the water. The consequence was, that at
the time of our visit each specimen literally stood in
mud; for the surface of the new soil, instead of
being something above, was an inch or two below the
surrounding lawn, where the water after every shower
collected in small pools about the plants.

Situations will often occur where drains from the
bottom of each prepared position will not be necessary ;
but few wrill be found where drainage, to some extent
at least, will not prove highly advantageous.

A LIST OF
HAKDY CONIFEEOUS PLANTS,

WITH THEIR DESCRIPTIONS AND PRINCIPAL SYNONYMS.

ALL the kinds mentioned in this list will endure our
climate, though not equally well in every locality.
Some are only adapted for favourable situations ;
while others may be successfully cultivated in any part
of the country. The less hardy and spring-tender
kinds are indicated in their respective descriptions.

Of the numerous garden varieties the principal ones
only are mentioned.

The arrangement adopted is simply alphabetical.
To have recognised botanical distinctions would not
have added value to the information sought to be con-
veyed. It is hoped the descriptions given will enable
purchasers to select such species as are best adapted
for any particular situation, or to produce any effect
desired.

The nomenclature is that employed by Dr. Lindley
in the " Catalogue of Coniferous Plants," published in
the Journal of the Horticultural Society of London
for 1850. But we have not thought it necessary to
give more synonyms than will suffice for the identifi-
cation of each species. The many names under
which some of them are known have hitherto rendered

38 CONIFEEJE.

their determination a difficult task. The catalogue
referred to is especially valuable in removing those
difficulties.

ABIES.

ABIES ALBA.— Mickaux.
(White American Spruce.)

SYN. — Pinus alba.—Mton.
Picea alba, — Link.
Pinus glauca. — Moncli.

This species lias a much paler appearance than the
common spruce. Nor does it grow so tall, seldom
attaining more than fifty feet. It is a native of Canada
and JSTew Brunswick, on poor, light, but moist soils.
There is a variety, A. nana, of much dwarfer habit
than the species.

ABIES AJONENSIS.

SYN. — Picea ajonensis. — Fischer.

A large tree from the coast of the S.E. of Siberia.

ABIES AMABILIS.— Lindley.
(Lovely Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Picea amdbilis. — Loudon.
Pinus amabilis. — Douglas.

A very tall tree, often two hundred feet high, indi-
genous to North America. It is quite hardy, and

CONIFEBJE. 39

very beautiful, but seedling plants are rare. Douglas
introduced it in 1831.

ABIES BALSAMEA.— Miller.
(Balm of Gilead Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus balsamea. — Linnaeus.
Abies balsamifera. — Michaux.
Picea balsamea. — London.

This tree is found in North America, growing in
poor soils, on cold mountain sides. It is very hand-
some when young, but usually loses its beauty and
becomes stunted in this country when about twenty-five
or thirty years old, the points of the shoots acquiring an
unnatural thickness. This probably arises from its
being planted in too rich a soil, choosing naturally
such as are of an opposite nature. Its form is a
regular pyramid, branches very numerous, which
produce many purple cones. Colour of the leaves,
dark green above, silvery beneath.

ABIES BRUNONIANA.— Lindley.
{Brunon's Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus dumosa. — Lambert.

Pinus Brunoniana. — Wallich.
Abies dumosa. — London.

This very handsome fir resembles in habit the
Hemlock Spruce, but has larger leaves, of a deep
green above, very glaucous beneath. To succeed well
it should be planted on a high and dry situation, some-
what sheltered if possible ; in low damp places, and
where there is not a free circulation of air, it does not

40 CONIFERS.

flourish. It is a rapid grower, and will thrive in any
ordinary soil. Its native habitat is on the south
flanks of Kinchinjunga, the loftiest peak of the
Himalayas, or in the world, at elevations between
9000 and 10,000 feet.

ABIES CANADENSIS.— Michaux.

(Hemlock Spruce Fir.)
S YN. — Pinus canadensis. • — Linnaeus.

Picea canadensis. — Link.

The beauties of this species are not sufficiently
recognised. To enable it to develop its true character,
it requires to be planted in cool sheltered situations ;
in dry and exposed places, or on chalky soils, it never
thrives at all ; in localities which suit it no tree can be
more beautiful. Besides its very ornamental appear-
ance, when grown as a single specimen in the Pinetum,
it is peculiarly adapted for ornamenting drives through
woods, or for planting for game covers. For the latter
purpose it would be especially valuable, as its lower
branches become perfectly prostrate, and extend over
a large space, affording excellent retreat for game.

As before observed, it delights in cool and moist
places, but not where there is stagnant water.
Situations which suit the Ehododendron are precisely
what is required for the Hemlock Spruce.

It is indigenous to North America, and is abundant
about Hudson's Bay. In its native habitats it becomes
a tall tree. In this country it is remarkable for the
lateral extension of its branches, which is often greater
than its entire height.

CONIFEKJE. 41

As it does not transplant well, good rooted speci-
mens should be obtained.

ABIES CEPHALONICA.— London.
(Cephalonian Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Picea cephalonica. — Loudon.

Pinus cephalonica. — Endlicher.

A very handsome tree fifty or sixty feet high, very
wide in proportion. When young it is liable to be
injured by spring frosts, but becoming when older
much hardier. It should be planted on high dry
situations, and such other precautions taken as we
have recommended for the spring-tender firs.

ABIES DOUGLASIL— Lindley.
{Douglas' Spruce Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus Douglasii. — Sabine.
Picea Douglasii. — Link.

A species of great beauty and hardiness, very lofty,
and of quick growth. In its native habitats, on the
banks of the Columbia river, it is often found two
hundred feet in height. Its habit is graceful, and the
colour of its foliage a lively green. As an example of
the rapidity of its growth in this country, we may
mention a specimen at Dropmore, which grew sixty
feet in eighteen years. In the gardens of Col. ~R.
Ferguson, M.P., Raith, there is a very handsome variety,
fifty feet high, having very glaucous foliage, more
beautiful, if possible, than the species.

CONIFERS.

ABIES EXCELSA.— De Candolle.
(Common or Norway Spruce.)

SYN. — Pinus excelsa. — Lambert.
Picea excelsa. — Link.

This tree is too well known to need in this place
more than a passing notice. There are many varieties
of it in cultivation, some remarkable for their beauty,
others for their curiosity. The descriptions of a few
are subjoined.

A. E. — var. Clanbrasiliana. — London.
(Lord Clanbrasil's Spruce.)

A low round bush seldom growing more than three
or four feet high, and requiring many years to
attain even that size.

A. E. — var. nana. — Gardens.

(Dwarf Spruce.)
SYN. — A. e. pygmea. — Loudon.

A very curious variety, of slower growth, and much
more dwarf than Clanbrasiliana.

A. E. — var. variegata. — Loudon.
(Variegated-leaved Norway Spruce.)

Has the foliage blotched with yellowish white.
Dwarfer, and of more compact habit than the species.

A. E. — var. pendula.
(Weeping Norway Spruce.)
A very handsome tree. Its leaves are longer and

CONIFERS.

43

of a darker green than those of the species, and its
branchlets hang perpendicularly from the main
branches. There is a fine example of this variety
near the cascade at Virginia Water.

ABIES FKASERL— Lindley.
(Eraser's Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus Fraseri. — Pursh.
Picea Fraseri. — London.

A low scrnbby tree, seldom reaching a greater
height than ten or twelve feet. It is very hardy, and
will be found valuable for planting in many situations
where low evergreen growths are required. Its foliage
is deep green.

A. F. — var. nana. — Gardens.
(Hudson's Bay Silver Fir.)
SYN. — Pinus hudsonica. — Gardens.
More dwarf than the species, a curious variety.

ABIES GRAKDIS.— Lindley.
(Great Californian Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus grandis. —Douglas.
Picea grandis. — Loudon.

Seedling plants of this fine fir are at present rare.
It inhabits the low moist valleys of northern California,
where it attains a great height, often two hundred
feet. Its foliage is of a beautiful silvery green ; and

44 CONIFEKJE.

its cones resemble those of the cedar of Lebanon, but
are longer. Like A. nobilis, which it much resembles,
it requires a rich deep soil. It is perfectly hardy.

ABIES JEZOENSIS.— Siebold and Zuccarini.
(Jezo Spruce.)

This very beautiful tree has been recently intro-
duced from the north of China, where it grows from
one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet high.
Judging from an imported specimen now growing in
our nursery, its habit is very graceful, and its cha-
racter perfectly distinct. Indeed, Mr. Fortune speaks
very highly of its handsome appearance. He states
it to be conspicuous for the large quantity of cones
which it produces : they are erect, from six to nine
inches long, and when young of a bright purple
colour, which, contrasting with the lively green foliage,
have a very singular and beautiful effect. Its leaves
are about an inch and a half long, of a brilliant green
on both sides, and are said to remain seven years upon
the branches. It is perfectly hardy in this country,
and should be in all collections. Unlike most other
Conifers, it breaks freely from the old wood, when cut
down.

ABIES KHUTROW.--.Royk.

(Himalayan Spruce.)

SYN. — Pinus Smithiana. — Lambert.

Abies Smithiana. — Pinetum Woburnense.

A moderate-sized tree, about fifty feet high ; from

CONIFER/E. . 45

the Himalayas. It occurs immediately below A.
Webbiana, on the northern slopes of the mountains,
and usually in large masses.

It is a very graceful tree, of pyramidal shape, the
branches, in single plants, being retained to the base
of the trunk, with the branchlets beautifully drooping.
Like many other of the Himalayan species, it is easily
excited in the spring. In planting, attention should
be given to the circumstance.

ABIES MENZIESIL— Lindley.

(Menzies' Spruce Fir.)
STN. — Pinus Menziesii. — Douglas.

A very handsome tree, of considerable size, found
by Douglas, on the north-west coast of America.
Foliage vivid green above, very silvery beneath. A
very hardy species : it thrives best in a rich, deep
soil, but will succeed in almost any situation.

ABIES MORINDA.— Gardens.

SYN. — Pinus morinda. — Gardens.
Picea morinda. — Link.

This is considered by some as distinct from A.
Khutrow of Eoyle, but not so large a tree. It however
bears a very strong resemblance to it, and is in a
young state perfectly undistinguishable from that
species ; at least, the kind in general cultivation imder
that name is so. If distinct, it is equally liable
to suffer from spring frosts, and requires a like treat-
ment with A. Khutrow.

46 CONIFER/E.

ABIES NIGKA.— Michaux.
(Black Spruce.)

SYN. — Abies mariana. — Miller.
Pinus nigra. — Alton.

A native of the colder regions of North America.
Height eighty or ninety feet, with a slender trunk.
Branches horizontal and spreading ; foliage very dark
and sombre ; naturally inhabits damp soils. From
this species is made the beverage called spruce beer.

ABIES NORDMANNIANA.— Spach.
(Nordman's Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus Nordmanniana. — Steven.
Picea Nordmanniana. — Loudon .

Prom the mountains of the Crimea, where it forms
a handsome spreading tree eighty or one hundred
feet high. It is perfectly hardy and should be in all
collections. Colour of the leaves, palish green above,
glaucous beneath.

ABIES NOBILIS.— Lindley.
(Noble Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus nobilis. — Douglas.
Picea nobilis. — Loudou.

A very noble tree, found in vast forests on the
mountains of North California, where it grows to a
great height. It is of very distinct character. Its
leaves have the appearance of being placed only on
one side of the branch, each leaf curving upwards.

CONIFER JI. 47

The branches are remarkable for their dense foliage,
and perfectly flat surface. They spread horizontally
from the trunk, and have the branchlets and leaves so
thickly and uniformly placed as to present a surface
almost as level as the pile of a Turkey carpet. It
succeeds best in a rich deep loam, but suffers in some
localities from late spring frosts, the remedy for which
we have pointed out.

ABIES OBOVATA.— London.

STN. — Picea obovata. — Ledebour.
Pinus obovata. — Ledebour.

A tall handsome tree, with the habit of the silver
fir. A native of Siberia.

ABIES ORIENTALIS.— Poiret.

(Oriental Spruce Fir.)
STN. — Pinus orientalis. — Linnaeus.

A tall tree, indigenous to the shores of the Black
Sea. It resembles the common spruce fir, but has
paler and shorter leaves.

ABIES PINSAPO.— Boissier.
(Pinsapo Silver Fir.)

STN. — Pinus Pinsapo. — Boissier.
Picea Pinsapo. — Loudon.

A very beautiful tree — perhaps the most beautiful of
the genus — indigenous to the mountains of Grenada,
where it grows sixty or seventy feet high. The stem
is clothed with very stiff branches from the base,

48 CONIFERS.

which, with the branchlets, are very symmetrically
placed, giving the tree a singular appearance. For
planting singly on lawns it has no rival. It bears
a considerable resemblance to A. Ceplialonica, but is
much more branched, and its foliage is of a livelier
green. It is very hardy, transplants well at almost
any season, and bears the smoke and impure atmo-
sphere of the neighbourhood of towns better than
any other Pine. To succeed well it should have a
deep rich soil.

ABIES PICHTA.

(Pitch Silver Fir.)

STN. — Pinus Pichta. — Fischer.
Picea Pichta. — London.

This species much resembles the common silver fir,
but is distinguishable by its more closely set and
narrow leaves, which are but slightly silvery beneath.
It is a tall handsome tree, with bright green foliage.
Branches, at first horizontal, afterwards somewhat
drooping. A native of the Atlas Mountains. Liable
to be damaged by spring frosts.

ABIES PICEA.— ZMW%.

(Common Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus picea. — Linnaeus.
P. pectinata. — Lamarck.
Abies pectinata. — De Candolle.
Picea pectinata. — Loudon.

A very noble and beautiful tree, well known to all.
It succeeds in a variety of soils, attaining in favourable
situations a height of from one hundred and twenty to

CONIFEE.E. 49

one hundred and thirty feet. Indigenous to the

mountain ranges of Central Europe, from the Pyrenees

to the Caucasus. Its deep green foliage, pyramidal

shape, and rapid growth, are points which highly

recommend it. It often suffers from spring frosts.

ABIES PINDROW.— Spach.

(Tooth-leaved Silver Fir.)

STN. — Picea Pindrow. — Loudon.
Pinus Pindrow. — Royle.

A large tree, eighty to one hundred feet high,
inhabiting the Himalayas at elevations from 8000 to
10,000 feet. It bears a strong resemblance to A. Web-
biana, with which species it is often confounded. Its
foliage is however larger, and the cones more ovate ;
but like those of Webbiana in colour, being of the
richest purple. The leaves, too, are narrower, and
scarcely glaucous in Pindrow », but very much so in
Webbiana. As both species are spring tender, they
should be planted on dry elevated situations, and the
precautions recommended in the treatise for obviating
the effects of frost adopted.

ABIES RUBRA.— Point.
(Red Spruce.)

SYN. — Pinus rubra. — Lambert.
Picea, rubra. — Link.

A low tree, indigenous to Nova Scotia and New-
foundland. Height about thirty feet. It does not
differ materially from A. nigra, being considered by
some as a dwarf variety of it. In rich soils it
approaches the latter in size.

50 CONIFEILE.

ABIES RELIGIOSA.— Lindley.
(Mexican Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Piniis religiqsa.— Humboldt.
Picea religiosa. — Loudon.

Although this handsome species is not perhaps
thoroughly hardy in the northern parts of the country,
we believe it to be more so than is generally supposed.
Naturally it is of a very luxurious habit, and if planted
in rich warm soils, has a strong tendency to grow
early in the spring, as well as to continue to do so
late in the autumn. The consequences of this in
our climate are obvious. It should be planted in a
somewhat poor dry soil, in a situation by no means
favoured with shelter, to induce it to remain inert in
the early spring, as well as to hasten the maturation of
its wood as the summer advances, and to get it perfectly
ripened before the damp short days of autumn arrive.
The situations where it will be advisable to plant it
are of course limited. It is a native of the mountains
of Mexico, at an elevation of about 9000 feet, where
it grows one hundred and fifty feet high.

ABIES WEBBIANA.— Lindley.
(Webb's Purple-coned Silver Fir.)

SYN. — Pinus spectabilis. — Lambert.
P. tinctoria. — Wallich.
P. Webbiana.— Wallich.
Abies spectabilis. — Spach.
Picea Webbiana. — Loudon.
Abies densa.— Griffith.

A tree eighty or ninety feet high, inhabitii)g the

CONIFERS. 51

Himalayas, immediately above the habitats of A. Pin-
drow, to which, as we observed when describing
that species, it bears a strong resemblance. Branches
spreading, very stout, and horizontally disposed.
Leaves shorter, broader, and of a darker green than
A. Pindrow, very glaucous beneath. Its cones, too,
are longer and narrower than those of Pindrow.
But in either species they are very beautiful, being of
a rich deep purple or violet colour. Like many other
Himalayan firs, this species is spring tender.

CEDARS.

ABIES ATLANTICA.
(Mount Atlas Cedar.)

SYN. — Cedrus atlantica. — Manetti.

- Pinus atlantica. — Endlicher.

Cedrus argentea. — Gardens.

Cedrus africana. — Gardens.

Cedrus elegans. — Gardens.

Is much larger than the cedar of Lebanon, to which
it bears a strong general resemblance. It is, however,
more rapid in growth, and has foliage of a beautiful
silvery hue.

ABIES CEDRUS.- -Poiret.
(Cedar of Lebanon.)

SYN. — Cedrus Libani. — Barrelier.
Pinus Cedrus. — Linnseus.

We need not attempt to describe this well-known

E 2

52 CONIFERS.

tree. It is much more abundant in this country than
in its native habitats, Mount Taurus and Mount
Lebanon. Some of the first introduced plants are still
growing in the Botanic Gardens at Chelsea. They
were planted in 1683.

A. c.~— var. argentea. — Gardens.

Differs from the species in having very glaucous
foliage, which renders it very handsome. There is a
fine example of this variety in the grounds of
— Williams, Esq., "The Temple," near Marlow.

ABIES DEODARA.— Lindky.

(Deodar or Indian Cedar.)
STN. — Cedrus Deodara. — Loudon.

Any eulogium on the beauties of this well-known
species would be superfluous. It is a native of the wes-
tern Himalayas, where it grows one hundred and fifty
feet high, with a trunk eight or ten feet in diameter.
The peculiar gracefulness of its young state is well
known. When old it is said to acquire a flat head, like
the cedar of Lebanon, and with a clean taper trunk.

A. D. — var. robusta. — Gardens.

In every way more robust than the species. Its
leaves, too, are much longer. A distinct and hand-
some variety.

A. D. — var. viridis. — Gardens.

Has not the glaucous hue of the species, its foliage
being of a bright pale green.

CONIFERS. 53

LARCHES.

ABIES GRIFFITHIANA.— /. Hooker.

(Sikkim Larch.)

A tree fifty or sixty feet high, of which little is known
at present, it having been but recently introduced.

ABIES LARIX.— Lamarck.
(Common Larch.)

SYN. — Pinus Larix. — Linnaeus.

Larix europcea.—De Candolle.
Larix vulgaris. — Fischer.

This well-known tree needs no description. When
standing alone, and allowed to spread its branches, it
is highly ornamental. Its young pale green foliage is
very beautiful ; no tree can surpass it in delicacy and
beauty.

A. L. — var. pendula.
(Weeping European Larch.)

Has larger foliage than the Weeping American
Larch, and its branches are almost as pendulous.
Distinct and handsome.

ABIES MICROCARPA.

(Small-coned American Larch.)
SYN. — Pinus Larix rubra. — Marsh.
Larix microcarpa. — Poiret.
Pinus microcarpa. — Lambert.
Larix tenuifolia. — Salisbury.

Found in America forming large forests, where it

54 CONIFERS.

often reaches a height of one hundred feet. As a
timber tree, it is inferior to the European species, nor
is it superior in an ornamental point of view.

A. M. — var. pendula. — Gardens.
(Weeping Small-coned American Larch.)
More attractive than the Weeping variety of the
European species.

ABIES PENDULA.

(Weeping American Larch.)

STN. — Larix pendula. — Salisbury.
Pinus pendula. — Solander.

A weeping tree, indigenous to North America. It
has but few branches, and those long and pendulous.
Foliage of a deeper colour than that of the common
European species, and its leaves are longer. A very
distinct kind.

ARATTCABIA.— Jussieu.

ARAUCARIA BRAZILIENSIS.— A. Richard.
(Brazil Araucaria.)

STN. — Columbea angustifolia. — Bertoleni.
Araucaria Ridolfiana. — Savi.

Resembles much, both in general appearance and in
size, A. imbricata, but is more loose and spreading in
habit. It is generally considered too tender for out-
door cultivation in this country, but it has proved
quite hardy in many localities, especially in the south

CONIFERS. 55

and south-west counties. Such particulars as we have
been able to collect relative to its hardiness are of a
very contradictory nature ; but as it is said there is a
variety in cultivation, which is much hardier than the
species, these apparently contradictory statements may
in a measure be reconciled. The variety alluded to is
A. b. Eidolfiana, which we here place as synonymous
with the species; and we shall be happy to receive
such information as will enable us to determine whether
such is a variety, and if it is hardier or not.

ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA.— Pavon.

(Chili Pine.)

STN. — Dombeya chilensis. — Lambert.
Araucaria chilensis. — Mirbel.

This very noble tree is now well known, and its
attractions appreciated by all. It is indigenous to
the mountains of Chili, where it is sometimes found
growing one hundred and fifty feet high ; but in very
elevated and exposed situations it is only a dwarf tree,
spreading its branches laterally rather than increasing
in height. "When young, its trunk is clothed with
whorls of branches from the ground, but in old trees it
is said to become naked* for three-fourths of its height.
Its deep green colour, highly ornamental and unique

* The fact that many trees lose their lower branches, when crowded by
others, as they generally are in their native forests, must not be always
considered as a natural characteristic. It arises almost exclusively from
want of light ; and when the same kinds of trees are allowed to develope
themselves, unmolested by others, they retain their branches to the
ground, a fact of great importance where ornament alone is the object
sought.

56 CONIFE1LE.

appearance, combine to render it the most attractive
of hardy trees.

BIOTA ORIENTALIS.— Endlicher.
(Chinese Arbor Vitse.)

SYN. — Thuia orientalis. — Linnaeus.
Tkuia acuta. — Monch.

Differs from the American Arbor Vitae, in its
branches becoming almost vertical when old, and by
its foliage being of a brighter green. Of this species
there are many varieties, one or two of which we
subjoin descriptions of. They thrive best on strong
loamy or clayey soils. In those of a light sandy
nature they do not succeed well. A native of China
and Japan.

B. o. — var. aurea. — Gardens.

A dwarf, compact, and very handsome variety. It
is particularly attractive from its young shoots being
of a golden colour when first appearing, but changing
afterwards to the darker green of the older foliage.

B. o. — var. compacta. — Gardens.

Kesembles aurea in general habit, but its foliage is
of a deeper green, and its young shoots have not the
golden hue peculiar to that variety. It is also hardier.

CONIFERS. 57

BIOTA PENDULA.— Endlicher.

(Weeping Arbor Vitae.)
S YN. — Cupressus pendula. — Thunberg.
Thuia pendula. — Lambert.
Cupressus filiformis. — Gardens.
Tkuia filiformis. — Loddiges.

A graceful shrub, indigenous to China and Japan.
Its branches, which are long, slender, and cord~like,
weep in a very graceful manner. Foliage a light
green. Height ten to fifteen feet.

BIOTA STRICTA.

(Erect-growing Arbor Vitae.)
Thuia stricta. — Gardens.

A tall, narrow, fastigiate tree, of distinct character,
indigenous to North America.

BIOTA TATAEICA.

(Tartarian Arbor Vitao.)

SYN. — Tkuia nepalensis. — Gardens.
Thuia tatarica. — Gardens.

A. tree of less compact habit than S. orientalis, and
of quicker growth.

CEPHALOTAXUS.— Slebold and Zuccarini.

CEPHALOTAXUS FORTUNL— Hooker.

(The Male.)
Recently introduced from the north of China, and

58 CONIFERS,

is much superior to C. pedunculata, both in habit and
foliage ; for while the latter — at least in all the plants
we have seen — is of irregular growth, never forming a
decided leader, C. Fortuni, whether from a seed or
cutting, invariably produces a strong leading shoot,
and is regularly and symmetrically furnished with
branches. And of its hardiness there is no doubt.
During the late severe frosts and drying winds, when
the leaves of very many hardy evergreens were much
damaged by losing their crispness and colour, it was as
wholly unaffected as the Araucaria imbricata. The
foliage of this species, too, is very fine, and of a rich
deep green, the leaves averaging three inches long ;
they are arranged upon the branches in two parallel
opposite rows. In vigorous plants the branchlets will
often measure nearly seven inches across. Its very
noble appearance and distinct character will command
a place in all collections of hardy ornamental trees.
It grows in China from thirty to fifty feet high.

(The Female.)

Has the leaves shorter, narrower, and more closely
set than the male. The branches, too, are more rigid
and erect, and the colour of the foliage a paler green.
Handsome and distinct.

CEPHALOTAXUS PEDUNCULATA.— Siebold and Zuccarini.

(Lord Harrington's Yew.)
SYN. Taxus Harringtonii. — Gardens.
A spreading tree, with handsome foliage resembling

CONIFERS. 59

C. Fortuni, but smaller; and, unlike that species,
does not form a leading shoot, but spreads its branches
irregularly over the ground. "Whether plants raised
from seeds would assume a different habit we cannot
say, as none but plants from cuttings, that we
are aware of, are in cultivation. It is perfectly
hardy.

CKAJLffiCYPARIS.— Spack.

(White Cedars.)

**

CHAM^ECYPARIS SPH^EROIDEA.— Spack.
(White Cedar.)

SYN. — Cupressus tkyoides. — Linnaeus.

Thuia sphceroidalis. — A. Richard.

Erom N". "W. America, where it occurs a sa medium-
sized tree, growing in immense masses in the swamps
and low lands on the coast, which are often over-
flowed by the sea. It might be advantageously
employed in similar situations in this country, as it is
very hardy. It also succeeds well in deep sandy soils.
There are many garden varieties, differing much in
habit and colour of foliage. Some have a spreading
habit and are dwarf, while others are tall and compact.
It is a very handsome tree, and deserves to be more
generally known and planted.

60 CONIFERS.

CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA.— Don.
(Japan Cedar.)

SYN. — Cupressus japonica. — Linnseus.

Taxodium japonicum. — Brongniart.

A very lofty and magnificent tree, introduced from
China, where it forms immense forests. In its native
habitats it affects damp soils, in mountainous districts,
growing eighty to one hundred feet high, with a very
straight trunk. Its general form is pyramidal, with
erect branches, the branchlets drooping. In this country
it grows very rapidly, and is quite hardy. To succeed
well, it should be planted in a rich, deep, moist soil, in
a sheltered situation. In poor dry places it becomes
stunted in appearance, and brown in foliage.

C. J. — var. nana, — Gardens.

(Dwarf Japan Cedar.)
A dwarf dense bush. A curious variety.

C. J. — var. viridis. — Gardens.
(Vivid-green Japan Cedar.)

Conspicuous for its very bright pale green foliage,
which does not change during winter. In habit it
does not differ from the species, but its lively green
foliage renders it more attractive in winter, and it
appears to be hardier.

CONIFERS. 61

,-^. Brown.

CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS,— R. Brown.
(Chinese Cunninghamia.)

SYN. — Pinus lanceolata. — Lambert.

Araucaria lanceolata. — Gardens.

Indigenous to China and Japan, bearing a striking
resemblance to Araucaria braziliensis. Although it
is quite hardy in this country, it is not an attractive
plant when young, its foliage generally assuming a
brown tint then, but as it becomes older this is not
perceptible, and its appearance is very ornamental.
There is a fine specimen, twenty-eight feet high, in
the grounds at Bagshot Park. In China it grows eighty
feet high.

(Cypresses.)

CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS.— Endliclier,

(Funebral or Weeping Cypress.)
SYN. — Cupressus pendula. — Staunton.

Everyday experience confirms the high opinions
formed of the hardiness and great beauty of this tree.
As a graceful weeping evergreen, it has no rival ; but
it does not assume its weeping character in a young
state. In its native country, China, it is not per-
ceptible till it has attained a height of eight or ten
feet. From its peculiar and graceful habit it stand B
conspicuous amongst its associates. The description

62 CONIFERS.

given by Mr. Fortune, and which accompanied it on
its introduction to this country, will convey a more
perfect idea of its general character than anything we
could say of it. He describes it as " a noble-looking
fir tree, about sixty feet high, with a stem as straight
as the Norfolk Island Pine, and pendulous branches
like the weeping willow. The branches grow at first
horizontally with the main stem, then describe a
graceful curve upwards, drooping again at the points.
From these main branches others long and slender
hang down towards the ground, and give the whole
tree a weeping and graceful character."

CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA.— Gordon.
(Gowen's Cypress.)

A bush ten or twelve feet high on its native hills m
California, but, if we may judge by the progress which
it makes with us, it will attain a much greater height
in this country. Branches numerous, horizontal or
somewhat spreading, covered with bright green foliage,
which emits, when pressed, a very fragrant odour. A
highly ornamental species.

CUPRESSUS GLAUCA.— LamarcL
(Cedar of Goa.)

SYN. — Cupressus lusitanica. — Miller.

Cupressus pendula. — L'Heritier.

A tree fifty feet high, with many spreading flexuose
branches, the branchlets somewhat pendulous. A
native of Hindostan. Not very hardy in this country,

CONIFERS. 63

but succeeds in the South of England, and a few other
favourable localities.

CUPBESSUS HORIZONTALIS.— Miller.
(Spreading Evergreen Cypress.)

SYN. — Cupressus expansa. — Gardens.
Oupressus orientalis. — Gardens.
Cupressus Tournefortii.—Audibert.

A moderate- sized tree, indigenous to the shores
of the Mediterranean. It much resembles Cupressus
sempervirens of Miller. Grows very rapidly, especially
when young.

CUPKESSUS MACKOCARPA.— Hartweg.

(Large-coned Cypress.)
SYN. — Cupressus Lambertiana. — Gardens.

A handsome tree, indigenous to California, where it
grows fifty or sixty feet high. "When young, it is clothed
with branches from the base ; but as it approaches
maturity, assumes a flat head, similar to the cedar of
Lebanon. Foliage a beautiful lively green. Grows
very rapidly. For planting in poor soils and exposed
situations it is invaluable, thriving well where few
others will succeed at all. Amongst a number of
Conifers planted upon a very exposed sandy common
for an experiment, by E,. Whin, Esq., near Brigg,
Lincolnshire, this and Pinus excelsa are the only
kinds wholly unaffected by the situation. Both are
conspicuous for their healthy appearance, scarcely
another making satisfactory progress.

61 CONIFERS.

CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS.— Miller. '
(Upright Evergreen Cypress.)

STN. — Cwpressus fastigiata. — De Candolle.

Cupressus pyramidalis. — Targioni Tozzetti.

From Greece and Asia Minor. Height thirty or forty
feet. Form conical, the branches being almost parallel
with the stem. Habit compact. Colour deep sombre
green. Liable to suffer from spring frosts.

CUPRESSUS THURIFERA.— Lindley.

S? is. —Cupressus Benthami. — Endlicher.

Cupressus Coulteri. — Pinetum Woburnense.
Cupressus Lindley i. — Klotzsch.

A hardy Mexican species, attaining the size of a
tree.

C. T. — var. elegans. — Gardens.

A more robust tree than the species. Very beautiful
and distinct.

CUPRESSUS TORULOSA.— Don.
(Bhotan or Twisted Cypress.)

Indigenous to Bhotan and Nepal. Habit very
graceful. Form a slender pyramid. Height about forty
feet. Foliage pale green, somewhat glaucous. As it
is easily excited into growth in spring, the precautions
necessary for other spring tender plants must be
attended to in planting it.

CONIFERS. 65

CUPEESSUS UDHEANA.— Gordon.
(Udhe's Cypress.)

A Mexican species of arborescent character. Ee-
sembles C. thurifera.

FITZ-ROYA.

FITZ-ROYA PATAGONICA.— /. D. Hooker.

Newly introduced from Patagonia. An evergreen
coniferous shrub, with gracefully drooping branches,
much resembling Libocedrus tetragona, especially old
plants.

GLYPTOSTROBUS.-

GLYPTOSTROBUS HETEROPHYLLUS.— Endlicher.
(Chinese Glyptostrobus.)

SYN. — Taxus nucifera. — Gardens.

Cupressus nucifera. — Gardens.
Schubertia nucifera. — Denhardt.
Taxodium heterophyllum. — Brongniart.
Cupressus sinensis. — Gardens.

A small erect tree, a native of China. Very hand-
some, and of rapid growth.

66 CONIFERS.

GLYPTOSTROBUS PENDULUS.— Endlicher.
(Weeping Chinese Glyptostrobus.)

SYN. — Taxodium sinense pendulum. — Poiret.

Taxodium sinense. — Pinetum Woburnense.

In general appearance it resembles Taxodium dis-
tichim, but is much smaller, and differs in having
pendulous branches. A very interesting plant. In-
digenous to China.

JUNIPERUS.— Linnceus.
(Jumpers.)

JUNIPERUS BERMUDIANA.— Linnceus.

(Bermudas Cedar.)
SYN. — Juniperus oppositifolia. — Monch.

Found in the island of Bermudas. It is not suffi-
ciently hardy for Scotland and the north of England,
except in favourable localities near the coast, but
succeeds well, and is a handsome species, in the south
and west counties. In its native habitats it is a tall
tree.

JUNIPERUS BEDFORDIANA.— Gardens,
SYN. — Juniperus gossainthanea. — Loddiges.

This is considered by some to be only a variety of
the E-ed Cedar, and not so hardy ; but it does not get
injured except in severe winters, or in unfavourable
situations. Its branches are more slender, and its
general appearance less compact. A very handsome tree .

CONIFERS. 67

JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS.— Linnceus.

(Chinese Juniper.)

(The Male.)

STN. — Jwniperus Tkunbergii. — Hooker.
Junipet'us nepalensis. — Gardens.

A handsome shrub or tree, of compact habit, grow-
ing twenty or thirty feet high. Very attractive in the
early spring, when in flower.

(The Female.)

SY$.—Juniperus JReevesiana. — Gardens.

Juniperus flagelliformis. — Gardens.

Of more slender growth than the male, and not so
tall ; but still a very handsome plant.

JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS.— Linnaws.
(Common Juniper.)

Loudon, in his Arboretum, tells us that this shrub
seldom grows higher than three or four feet, but such is
only applicable to it when growing on the most
exposed and barren downs. For such situations it is
an invaluable plant, as it will succeed on cold chalky
hills where scarcely any other shrub will grow. In shel-
tered places it attains a height of sixteen or eighteenfeet,
and takes no mean rank amongst ornamental plants.
It is indigenous to the whole of northern Europe and
part of Asia. Besides the varieties named below,
there are numerous others in cultivation, some of
which are very beautiful. One deserves particular

P 2

68

CONIFERS.

mention, from its graceful weeping habit. It is known
as J. c. pendula.

J. C. — var. vulgaris.

SYN. — Juniperus cracovia. — Loddiges.
Juniperus taurica. — Gardens.

The branches in this variety are very much more
spreading than in the species.

J. c. — var. caucasica.
(Weeping Common Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus oblonga. — Bieberstein.

Juniperus oblonga pendula. — Gardens.

This beautiful plant is one of the most attractive of
Junipers, especially in the spring, when covered with
its young, pale-green branchlets, which droop perpen-
dicularly from the branches, and contrasts beautifully
with the darker green of the older foliage. Mr.
Fortune tells us he saw specimens of it in China fifty
feet high, than which no trees could be more beautiful
Said to be indigenous to the mountains of Russia. It
is of a conical form, the lower branches resting upon
the ground, and the leading shoot drooping like the
Deodar. Very hardy.

J. c. — var. arborescens.
(Upright or Irish Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus stricta. — Gardens.
Juniperus suecia. — Miller.
Juniperus Jiibernica. — Loddiges.

An erect bush, assuming a cylindrical rather than a
pyramidal form, increasing in height without materially

CONIFERS. 69

adding to its diameter. It is the most formal of all
the Junipers. There is a specimen at Bagshot Park
twenty- six feet high.

JUNIPERUS EXCELSA.— Bieberstein.
(Lofty Juniper.)

In favourable localities this species assumes the
appearance of a tree. On high exposed places it
becomes a shrub. It occurs over a wide range of
country, being found in the Levant, Asia Minor, and
Arabia, and on the Himalayas. It is very ornamental,
and very distinct. There is a handsome variety with
a more compact habit than the species, and not so
tall. Both are perfectly hardy.

JUNIPERUS FCETIDISSIMA — Willdenow.
(Frankincense Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus hispanica. — Miller.
Juniperus thurifera. — Gardens.
Juniperus excelsa. — Pinetum Woburnense.

This is a very handsome species, of a pyramidal form,
and of somewhat close habit. Height twenty-five to
thirty feet. A native of Spain and Portugal.

JUNIPERUS FLACCIDA.— Schlecht.
(Flagging Juniper.)

From the mountains of Mexico, at elevations imme-
diately below J. Mexicana, of Schlecht. In habit it is

70 CONIFERS.

somewhat loose, with drooping branches. It is quick-
growing, and of graceful appearance. Foliage pale-
green. Grows to the size of a tree. Not very hardy.

JUNIPERUS MACROCARPA.— Sibihorp.
(Large-fruited Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus dblongata. — Gussone.
Jimiperus Lobelii. — Gussone.

A large shrub, inhabiting sandy places in Greece,
Sicily, and Austria. It is a very distinct and hand-
some species, with large pale glaucous leaves.

JUNIPERUS MEXICANA.— SchUcht.
(Mexican Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus Deppeana. — Steudel.

Juniperus Sabinoides. — Hurnboldt.

Inhabiting the mountains of Mexico, at elevations
from 8000 to 10,000 feet. A pyramidal-shaped tree,
not very hardy.

JUNIPERUS

(Dwarf Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus dealbata. — Douglas.
Juniperus saxatilis. — Gardens.
Juniperus montana. — Ibid.
Juniperus sibirica. — Pinetum Woburnense.
Juniperus canadensis. — Loddiges.

A low shrub, indigenous to the mountains of
northern Europe, Asia, and North America. "Well
adapted for planting on cold barren hill-sides.

CONIFERyE. 71

JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS.— Hooker.

(Western Juniper.)
SYN. — Juniperus excelsa. — Lewis and Clark.

A large tree, inhabiting the banks of the Columbia
river, where it is often found seventy or eighty feet high.

JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS.— Linnceus.

(Brown-berried Juniper.)
SYN. — Juniperus macrocarpa. — Tenore.

Junipers Wittmanniana. — Fischer.
Jwniperus Oxycedrus taurica. — Gardens.

A shrub eight or ten feet high, branching to the
ground. Indigenous to sandy districts on the shores
of the Mediterranean. Branches long and taper,
bearing large brown berries. A handsome species.

JUNIPERUS PEXENICEA.— Linnceus.

(Phoenician Juniper.)

A pyramidal shrub or small tree, with slender
weeping branches, inhabiting the shores of the Medi-
terranean. A very handsome species.

J. P. — var. malacocarpa.

(Lycian Juniper.)
SYN. — Juniper Lycia. — Linnaeus.
Of much more compact habit than the species.

72 CONIFERS.

JUNIPERUS PKOSTRATA.— Persoon.
(Prostrate Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus repens. — Nuttall.

Juniperus hudsonica. — Loddiges.

A trailing slirub, well adapted for planting amongst
rock-work. It is indigenous to the hills and sandy
coasts of North America.

JUNIPERUS RECURVA.— Hamilton.

(Recurved or Nepal Juniper.)
STN. — Juniperus incurva. — Herbert Hamilton.
From the alps of Nepal and Cashmere. It is a
graceful shrub, of a pendulous or recurved habit.
Foliage dark green, with a dull greyish bloom. It
requires a richer and lighter soil than most of its
congeners to succeed well. In poor soils it has a
shabby brown appearance, but when in a luxuriant
condition is very handsome.

JUNIPERUS RELIGIOSA.— Boyle.
(Sacred Juniper.)

A Himalayan species, with beautiful glaucous foli-
age, somewhat resembling J. excelsa. It has stiff
erect-growing branches, with the branchlets somewhat
recurved at the points. Very handsome, but is often
damaged by spring frosts.

CONIFERS. 73

JUNIPERUS SABINOIDES.— Qriseback.
(Savin-like Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus Sabina tamaricifolia. — Alton.
Juniperus turbinata. — Gussone.

Very handsome, resembling J. Sabina, but not so
tall, and with foliage of a more cheerful green. It is
the handsomest of the dwarf prostrate junipers, and
superior to any other for covering banks, or associating
with rock-work. Indigenous on the mountains of the
south of Europe.

JUNIPERUS SABINA.— Linnaeus.

(Common Savin.)
SYN. — Juniperus horizontal! s. — Monch.

A low spreading bush, indigenous to the mountains
of northern Europe and North America. In favour-
able localities and good soils it assumes an arborescent
character ; but becomes dwarf and prostrate in very-
poor ones. It is useful for planting in any situation
where low evergreen growths are required.

JUNIPERUS SQUAMATA.— Don.
(Scaly Nepal Juniper.)

SYN. — Juniperus squamosa. — Herbert Hamilton.
Juniperus dumosa. — Gardens.
Juniperus rigida. — Wallich.

A low half-trailing shrub, from the alps of Bhotaii
and Nepal, at elevations from 9000 to 11,000 feet.

74 CONIFERS.

Foliage of a beautiful dark green. As its natural habit
is prostrate, it should not be forced into . an erect
position by being tied up. This is often done, and
the beauty of the plant is much damaged by the
practice.

JUNIPERUS SPH^RICA.— Lindley.
(Globular-fruited Juniper.)

Lately introduced from the north of China, where
it forms a very handsome tree from thirty to fifty feet
high. It is very distinct and perfectly hardy.

JUNIPERUS TETRAGONA.— Schleckt.

(Tetragonal Mexican Jumper.)

A tall shrub, found at low elevations on the moun-
tains of Mexico. It is a very handsome species, but
not very hardy.

JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.— Linnceus.
(Red Cedar.)

STN. — Jwniperus barbadensis. — Linnseus.
Junipers caroliniana. — Gardens.
Juniperus arborescens. — Monch.

Of this handsome tree there are many varieties,
which vary much, both in habit and colour of foliage.
Some are low and spreading ; others tall and compact,
with foliage varying from a deep green to a beautiful

CONIFEIwE. 75

glaucous hue. In North America, and in favourable
localities in this country, it forms a tree fifty or sixty
feet high, much branched from the base of the trunk.
It is, however, seldom allowed to develope its true
character in our gardens, as it is usually placed
in the shrubbery with other plants, where it loses the
greater part of its lower branches. It should be
planted in situations free from the encroachments of
surrounding trees.

J. v. — var. pendula. — Gardens.
(Weeping Red Cedar.)

Somewhat more spare of branches than the species,
and with pendulous branchlets.

J. v. — var. glauca. — Gardens.
(Glaucous-leaved Red Cedar.)

A very handsome variety, with beautiful glaucous
foliage.

J. v. — var. argentea.
(Silver-leaved Red Cedar.)

Has foliage with a bright silvery hue, and is more
compact in habit and cylindrical in form than the
species.

76 CONIFERS.

LIBOCEDRTTS— Endlicher.
(Libocedars.)

LIBOCEDRUS CHILENSIS.— Endlicher.
SYN. — Thuia chilensis. — Don.

A very handsome tree, recently introduced from the
mountains of southern Chili. It occurs in the same
latitude with Araucaria itnbricata, and will no doubt
prove as hardy in this country. It is said to resemble
a cypress in habit, but with drooping branchlets and
shining green foliage ; but from what we can judge of
our young plants, that description does not convey a
correct idea of its appearance. Both in its foliage and
peculiarly flattened branchlets and branches, it bears
a striking resemblance to Araucaria eoccelsa, but is not
so slender in form, being more bluntly conical in
general outline. It certainly is very distinct from
any other tree we are acquainted with.

LIBOCEDRUS TETRAGOKA..— Endlicher.

SYN. — Juniperus uvifera. — Don.
Thuia tetrayona. — Hooker.

This magnificent tree is a native of the cold southern
regions of South America, immediately below the
snow line of the Andes of Patagonia, where it occurs as
a tree from fifty to eighty feet high. Dr. Lindley, in
his description of it in " Paxton's Elower Garden," says,
" This tree promises to be a rival of Araucaria imbri-
cata, and to be as hardy." Any other allusion to its
merits would be superfluous.

CONIFERS. 77

PINUS.

PINUS APULCENSIS.— Lindley.

(Apulco Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus acapulcensis. — Gardens.
A native of Apulco in Mexico, growing fifty feet high,
with glaucous foliage, especially on the young shoots.
Leaves about six inches long, slender, and very graceful.
A handsome and distinct species.

PINUS AUSTRIACA.— Hoess.
(Black Austrian Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus nigricans.— Gardens.
Pinus nigra. — Link.

Indigenous to Lower Austria, Transylvania, Carin-
thia, and Styria. A lofty tree, of rapid growth,
resembling Pinus Laricio. It delights in a deep dry
soil, but will succeed in any ordinary situation.
Branches remotely verticillate, somewhat drooping.
In old trees they form a flat spreading head. Leaves
four or five inches long, of a dark glossy green. A
very valuable tree for exposed situations.

PINUS AUSTEALIS.— Mchaux.

(Southern Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus palustris. — Miller.

In the southern parts of the kingdom, and in other
favoured localities, this beautiful pine is quite hardy,

78 CONIFERS.

and would probably prove so in many other places if
the prevailing opinion did not declare it too tender,
and prevent it from being more extensively planted.
It is found in America as far north as 40° lat., although
not generally indigenous there. About Florida and
Virginia it occurs plentifully on dry barren soils near
the sea, where it grows seventy feet high, with a beauti-
fully straight trunk. Its foliage is very slender, of a
rich green, collected in tufts at the extremities of the
branches.

PIN US AYACAHUITE.— C. EJirenlerg.

(Ayacahuite Pine.)

Inhabits the mountains of Mexico, in the provinces
of Chiapa and Oxaca, where it grows one hundred
feet high. The leaves are about four inches long, and,
when young, of a very pale or whitish colour. Cones
often a foot long.

PINUS BANKSIANA.— Lambert.
(Banks' or Scrub Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus kudsonica. — Lamarck.
Pinus rupestris. — Michaux.
Pinus contorta. — Douglas.

More interesting from its associations than from its
appearance. Its branches are long and thin, and but
few in number, giving the tree a spare appearance. It
occurs abundantly about the coast of North America
in high latitudes. Thrives well in deep sandy soils,
and grows forty to fifty feet high. The young shoots
emit a very pleasant odour.

CONIFE1LE. 79

PINUS BENTHAMIANA.— Hartweg.

(Bentham's Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus Sinclairii. — Hooker.

This very noble tree should be in every collection.
It is a native of the mountains of Santa Cruz in
California, at a greater elevation than Pinus Sibiniana.
Its form is irregular and picturesque. Height about
two hundred feet. Leaves ten to twelve inches long,
numerous, dark green, thickly clothing the branches.
One of the handsomest of the long-leaved Pines.

PINUS BRUTIA.— Tenore.

(Calabrian Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus conglomerates. — Graffer.

A tree of considerable size, indigenous to the moun-
tains of Calabria. It resembles in general appearance
Pinus halapensis, but differs in its longer leaves and
shorter cones, which are collected in clusters. Leaves
eight or nine inches long, very slender, of a light
green, thickly placed upon the branches.

PINUS CEMBRA.

(Cenobran or Swiss Stone Pine.)

A native of the mountains of Europe and northern
Asia, at great elevations, often close upon the snow line.
It is an invaluable tree for planting on cold, elevated
situations in this country. Height from fifty to one
hundred feet, varying much, according to soil and

80 CONIFERS.

situation ; for although becoming a creditable tree in
the poorest and most exposed situations, it grows taller
and more rapidly in favourable localities. Its habit
is compact ; general outline conical, with palish, some-
what glaucous green foliage. We observed a fine
specimen of this fir, sixty feet high, in the grounds of
G-. S. Foljambe, Esq., Osberton, Notts.

P. c. — var. pumilo. — Endlicher.
SYN. — Pinus Cembra pygmcea, — London.

(Dwarf Siberian Stone Pine.)

Indigenous to the rocky slopes of the mountains of
Siberia, where it occurs as a dwarf bush, five or six
feet high, clothing the most exposed situations.

PINUS CEMBROIDES.— Zuccarini.

(Cembran-like Stone Pine.)

Resembles Pinus Llaveana in foliage, but has smaller
leaves. A very handsome tree, indigenous to the
mountains of California, at an altitude of 10,000 feet,
where it occurs as a dwarf tree twenty to thirty feet
high. Branches slender, in regular whorls; leaves
numerous, of a light green.

PINUS DEVONIANA.— Lindley.

(Duke of Devonshire's Pine.)

A tree from sixty to eighty feet high, indigenous to
Mount Ocotillo in Mexico, with leaves a foot long.
This species is remarkable for the size of its young
shoots, which are often an inch in diameter. A very
noble tree. Not very hardy.

CONIFERS. 8 1

PINUS EXCELSA.— Wallich.
(Nepal Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus Strolus. — Hamilton.
Pinus Chylla. — Loddiges.
Pinus DicJcsonii. — Gardens.
Pinus pendula. — Griffith.

The true species is very handsome, but there are
many varieties in cultivation bearing the name but
little superior to the Weymouth Pine, to which it
bears some resemblance. Height about one hundred
feet. Branches placed in regular whorls, which, with
the trunk, are covered with a smooth grey bark. Leaves
six or seven inches long, slender, of a pale glaucous
green, partially drooping. It is an invaluable tree for
planting on poor sandy soils, in exposed situations,
succeeding well where most of the other Pines would
scarcely grow at all.

PINUS FILIFOLIA.— Lindley.
(Thread-like-leaved Pine.)

A very noble tree, a native of Guatemala, remark-
able for its slender thread-like leaves, which are often
twelve or fourteen inches long. It much resembles
Pinus australis, especially in its very robust branches.
Only sufficiently hardy for favourable localities.

82 CONIFERS.

PINUS

(Captain Fremont's Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus monophylla. — Torrey.

Found at very great altitudes on the mountains of
California, where it seldom grows above twenty feet
high. Branches numerous, verticillate. Leaves glaucous
green. The seeds of this species are used to a large
extent by the Indians inhabiting the district where it
abounds.

PINTJS GERARDIANA.— Wallich.

(Captain Gerard's Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus Neosa. — Govan.

This tree is found inhabiting the Himalayas, gene-
rally on the northern slopes of the mountains, at
elevations varying from 5000 to 10,000 feet. "When
young its form is symmetrical, but when older its
branches become contorted and irregular, and the tree
then assumes a highly picturesque character. Leaves
about four inches long, of a very dark green. None of
the Pines are better adapted for cold hills, as it refuses
to thrive at all in warm sheltered situations. On the
bleak mountains of the north of Scotland it succeeds
well.

PINUS GORDONIANA.— Uartweg*

(Gordon's Pine.)

Indigenous to the Saddle Mountains of Mexico,
where it occurs as a very handsome tree, sixty or eighty

CONIFEE^E. 83

feet high, with leaves often sixteen inches long, very
slender, pendulous, and of a beautiful light green.
A very ornamental species, and will probably be
sufficiently hardy for most localities in this country.

PINUS GRENVILLE^E.— Gordon.

(Lady Grenville's Pine.)

Much resembles Pinus macrophylla. Found on the
highest peaks of Corra de San Juan, in Mexico. A
very robust tree, seventy or eighty feet high, of irregular
growth. Leaves deep green, twelve or fourteen inches
long. A noble and probably hardy tree.

PINUS HARTWEGIL— Lindley.
(Hartweg's Pine.)

A native of the mountains of Mexico, at an elevation
of about 9000 feet. It occurs immediately above the
limits of Abies religiosa. Height about fifty feet.
Leaves six inches long. It was introduced in 1839,
and has proved tolerably hardy, but is sometimes
damaged by spring frosts ; and during very severe
frosts in winter its foliage becomes slightly brown.
A very handsome species.

PINUS HALEPENSIS —Miller.
(Aleppo Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus genuensis. — Cook.
Pinus cairica. — Don.

Indigenous to the coasts of the Mediterranean, in
dry sandy or rocky soils. Though sometimes growing

G 2

84 CONIFERS.

thirty or forty feet high, it is often much less, with the
character of a shrub rather than a tree. Branches
very slender and numerous. Leaves two or three inches
long, of a deep green, remaining only two years upon
the branches, from which circumstance the tree has
generally a thin straggling appearance. Succeeds well
amongst rocks, where the soil is scanty.

PINUS INOPS.— Solander.

(Jersey Pine.)
STN. — Pinus virginiana. — Miller.

This tree, besides being very ornamental, is well
adapted for planting in dry sandy soils, upon elevated
inland districts. It is a native of the interior of
N. W. America. Height about forty feet, with a clean
stem, when full grown, of fifteen or twenty feet. Leaves
about three inches long, of a dark green colour.

PINUS INSIGNIS.— - Douglas.
(Remarkable Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus californica. — Loiseleur Deslongchamps.
Pinus adunca. — Bosc.

As a very distinct and beautiful tree, this species
yields to no other Pine. It is universally admired,
and is always conspicuous in the Pinetum, no matter
how select the collection of which it forms a part.
Colour a very rich vivid green. Leaves five or six
inches long. A native of California, perfectly hardy, and
grows very rapidly ; in confirmation of which we may

CONIFERS. 85

state, that a specimen at Osborne made shoots six feet
six inches long last season ; but the situation was well
prepared for it before planting.

PINUS LLAVEANA.— Schiede.
(La Llava's Stone Pine.)

Is one of the hardiest Pines, and is well adapted for
planting on bleak hill-sides. It is a dwarf tree, seldom
more than fifteen or twenty feet high, indigenous to
the mountain slopes about Real del Oro in Mexico.
Foliage glaucous green. Leaves short and thickly set
in tufts upon the branches. An ornamental tree.

PINUS LAMBERTIANA.— Douglas.
(Lambert's Pine.)

A very lofty tree, sometimes two hundred feet high in
its native habitats in N. "W. America. It attains its
greatest height in pure sand, according to Douglas's
account, by whom it was introduced, and in such situa-
tions perfects its large edible seeds in abundance. As it
approaches maturity, its trunk becomes free of branches
for about one-third its entire height, bearing a pyra-
midal-shaped head. Branches verticillate, somewhat
pendulous. Leaves four inches long, of a bright green.
A specimen has produced cones at A. Gr. Speirs', Esq.,
Culcruick, by Fintry, Stirling. There is a variety in
cultivation with shorter foliage than the species.

86 CONIFERS.

PINUS LARICIO.— Poiret,
(Corsican Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus altissima. — Gardens.

Pinus caramanica. — Gardens.
Pinus calabmca.— Gardens.
Pinus romana. — Gardens.

A noble tree, indigenous to Spain, Corsica, and
other countries bordering on the shores of the Medi-
terranean. Height from one hundred and forty to
one hundred and fifty feet. Branches in whorls, forming
a tolerably regular pyramidal head. Leaves somewhat
slender, of a dark green, six or seven inches long, often
twisted. A valuable and ornamental tree, of very rapid
growth. It is said that rabbitswill not attack this species.

PINUS LINDLEYANA.— London.
(Lindley's Pine.)

A large and very noble tree, from the mountains of
Mexico, much resembling Pinus Montezumce.

PINUS MACEOPHYLLA.

(Large-leaved Pine.)

A low tree, inhabiting Mount Ocotillo in Mexico,
but is rarely met with. Hartweg, by whom it was
introduced, found only one specimen. It resembles
Pinus Rtisselliana, but has longer and stiffer leaves.
Not very hardy.

CONIFERS. 87

PINUS MACROCARPA.— Inndley.
(Large-coned Pine.)

STN. — Pinus Coulteri. — Don.

Pinus Sinclairii. — Kew Gardens.

Indigenous to N. "W. America, about Santa Lucia,
where it attains a height of one hundred or one hundred
and twenty feet. Eoliage glaucous green. Leaves very
long, often fifteen inches. A very remarkable and
beautiful Pine. It is sometimes called Great Hooked
Pine, in allusion to the appearance of the scales of the
cones, which are very large, often a foot long, and
weighing four pounds. This species, Pinus Sabiniana,
tulerculata, radiata, muricata, and pungens, form a
distinct section, remarkable for their permanent cones,
and elongated spinous scales. Perfectly hardy.

PINUS MITIS.— Mickaux.
(Soft-leaved or Yellow Pine.)

Resembles Pinus inops. It is very attractive when
making its young shoots, as they are covered with a
beautiful violet-coloured bloom. Leaves four or five
inches long, dark green. A native of North America.
Height from fifty to sixty feet.

PINUS MONTICOLA.— Douglas.
(Mountain Weymouth Pine.)

This species much resembles Pinus Strobus, its
branches being arranged in the same whorl-like
manner ; but its foliage is shorter, and of a darker
green. Indigenous to the banks of the Columbia

88 CONIFEBJE.

river in North West America, where it grows one
hundred feet high. Very handsome and very hardy.

PINUS MONTEZUM^].— Lambert.
(Montezuma's Pine.)

An irregularly branched tree, forty or fifty feet high,
with a rough thick bark, inhabiting the mountains of
Mexico. Leaves five or six inches long, glaucous green.
Much resembles Pinus Lindleyana, and is the hardiest
of the Mexican Pines.

PINUS MUGHO.— BauUn.
(Mugho Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus uncinata. — Ramond.
Pinus montana. — Baumann.
Pinus rotundata. — Link.

This species resembles Pinus pumilio in general
appearance, but differs from it by forming in favourable
situations a tree-like stem, which pumilio never does,
yet, like the latter, becoming in cold and elevated
situations a low stunted tree or bush. Sometimes it
may be found, in very congenial localities, as high as
forty feet, with numerous horizontal branches, and a
dense foliage resembling Pinus sylvestris. For planting
on barren hill-sides it ranks next in point of usefulness
to Pinus pumilio.

P. M. — var. hunailis. — Link.
(Dwarf Mountain Pine.)

Not so tall as the species ; very useful for planting
in exposed situations.

CONIFEfLE. 89

P. M. — var. obliqua.
(Marsh Mugho Pine.)

More symmetrical in growth than the species, and a
more handsome tree.

PINUS MURICATA.— Don.

(Bishop Pine.)
STN. — Pinus Edgariana. — Gardens.

Indigenous to California, where it is known as the
Bishop Pine. Its habitat is on the mountains, at an
elevation of above 3,000 feet. In appearance it is
stunted, and does not usually grow higher than forty
feet. The cones are remarkable for the lateral deve-
lopment of their scales. Colour of the foliage
resembling insignis, but the leaves are longer. A very
handsome and hardy species.

PINUS OOCARPA.— Schiede.
(Egg-shape-coned Pine.)

Very closely resembling Pinus Montezumce. A native
of the warmer localities on the western declivities of
the mountains of Mexico, at elevations from 4000 to
5000 feet on the south coast. Height forty to fifty
feet. Leaves slender, about a foot long. Although
considered too tender for this climate, it is hardy in
many favourable localities, and will probably prove
more so than is supposed.

90 CONIFERS.

PINUS ORIZABA.— Gordon.
(Orizaba Pine.)

A small tree from the mountains of Mexico,
resembling Pseudo-Strobus. It lias leaves eight or nine
inches long, very slender, and sharp-pointed, thickly
set upon the branches, and of a light green colour.

PINUS PALLASIA.NA.— Lambert.
(Tartarian Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus tawrica. — Gardens.
Pinus tatarica. — Gardens.

Indigenous to the limestone mountains in the
central and western regions of the Crimea. A lofty
tree, branching from the base. Branches declining.
Leaves five inches long, of a light shining green. An
excellent tree for chalky soils and barren sea downs.

PINUS PATULA.— Schiede.
(Spreading-leaved Pine.)

Distinct and beautiful, with pale lively green foliage.
Leaves eight or nine inches long, spreading, some-
times pendulous. A native of Mexico, at considerable
elevations. Although this species is generally con-
sidered too tender for our climate, it has stood unin-
jured for many years in various parts of the kingdom,
both in the southern and midland counties. As it is
somewhat spring-tender, the treatment recommended
for such will be necessary to ensure success. P. p.
var. stricta has stouter and more erect leaves.

CONIFERS. 91

FINDS PERSICA.— I
A Tiardy species from the south of Persia.

PINUS PINASTER.— Solander.
(Cluster Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus Massoniana. — Lambert.'
Pinus maritima. — De Candolle.
Pinus nepalensis. — Royle.
Pinus Hamiltoniana. — Tenore.

There are many varieties of this well-known tree in
cultivation — some with useful, others with merely
curious peculiarities. The species is native over a
wide range on the mountains and coasts of continental
Europe, and in parts of India, China, and Japan.
Height about sixty feet, when growing in good dry
sandy soils, with a porous subsoil ; but much dwarfer
in wet or peaty soils. It is a very picturesque
tree, and invaluable for planting in sandy places near
the sea.

P. P. — var. Escarena. — Risso.

(Earl of Aberdeen's Pinaster.)

Handsome and distinct, with paler foliage than
the species.

P. P. — var. Lemoniana. — Bentham.
(Sir Charles Lemon's Pinaster.)

A curious variety, the description of which we
quote from the " Transactions of the Horticultural
Society:" — "In this obscure species [variety] the
cone is single (in the species they are in whorls), and

92 CONIFEILE.

it universally occupies the place of the leading shoot,
the side shoots being behind it. The necessary
consequence of this mode of growth is, that the tree
can have no regular leader ; but each year one of the
side shoots strengthens, and consumes the growth for
the ensuing season : the year following the same
process is repeated in another direction, giving the
stem of the tree a zigzag appearance which it never
loses."

P. P. — var. minor. — Loiseleur. Deslongchamps.
(Cortean Pinaster.)

This variety is said to be hardier than the species,
and to succeed on the most barren • and exposed
situations.

P. P. — var. variegata. — London.
(Variegated-leaved Pinaster.)
An interesting variegated variety.

PINUS PINEA.— Linnceus.

(Stone Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus densiflora. — Siebold.
Pinus aracanensis. — Gardens.

A large, flat-headed tree, occurring in the south of
Europe, about the shores of the Mediterranean.
Height sixty or seventy feet. Leaves deep green, six or
seven inches long. It is found to thrive best in a deep
light soil, and is one of the most picturesque Pines.

CONIFEBJE. 93

P. P. — var. cretica. — Gardens.

(Cretan Stone Pine.)
Has smaller leaves than the species.

P. P. — var. fragiKs. — M. du Hamel.
(Thin-shelled Stone Pine.)

The seeds of this variety have thinner shells than
the species, for which reason they are preferred by the
Neapolitans, by whom they are highly esteemed.

PINUS PONDEROSA.— Douglas.

(Heavy-wooded Pine.)

Indigenous to North- We stern America, on the banks
of the Columbia and other rivers. A large and robust
tree, with few branches, which are placed in distant
whorls, from which circumstance, and from the foliage
being collected in tufts at the point of the shoots, the
tree has a thin appearance. When young the branches
are horizontal, but when older they take a downward
direction. Leaves from ten inches to a foot long,
straight, and stiff.

PINUS PUMILIO.— Hanke.

(Dwarf or Mountain Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus tatarica. — Miller.
Pinus pungens. — Scopoli.
Pinus sylvestris montana. — Aiton.

This .species, under the most favourable circum-
stances, never attains a great height, seldom more

94 CONIFERS.

than thirty feet ; and at great elevation and in very
exposed places it becomes a dwarf spreading bush,
with very prostrate rooting branches, producing a
dense thicket. For covering bleak chalky hills it has
no rival, or, in fact, for any situation where a close, low,
evergreen growth is required, and where most other
trees or shrubs will not succeed.

PINUS PUNGENS.— Michaux.
(Table Mountain Pine.)

Has the habit of sylvestris, but is more numerously
branched, and the foliage is paler. A native of the
mountains in North Carolina, and in Virginia.

PINUS PSEUDO-STKOBUS.— Lindley.
(Bastard Weymouth Pine.)

Occurs about Anganguco in Mexico, at an elevation
of 8000 feet above the sea. Leaves eight or ten inches
long, slender, and glaucous, like those of the Weymouth
Pine.

PINUS PYRENAICA.— La Peyrouse.
(Pyrenean Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus pencillus. — La Peyrouse.
Pinus hispanica. — Cook.
Pinus halapensis major. — Gardens.
Pinus monspeliensis. — Vilmorin.

A lofty, handsome, quick-growing tree, indigenous
to the Pyrenees, with very long, slender, erect leaves,
of a beautiful green, which are " arranged round the
branches like the hairs of a camel' s-hair pencil."

CONIFERS. 95

PINUS RADIATA.— Don.
(Kadiated-scaled Pine.)

Highly ornamental, growing one hundred feet high,
on the coast about Monterey, in California. Branches
thickly clothed with dark green slender leaves. Erom
its natural habitats being near the sea, it will probably
prove a desirable tree for planting in similar situations
in this country.

PINUS RESINOSA.— Solander.

(Eesinous or Red Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus rubra. — Michaux.

A tree seventy or eighty feet high, indigenous to
North America ; remarkable for its slender trunk, which
scarcely varies in diameter for the greater part of its
height. It derives the name Eed Pine from the colour
of its bark. Leaves five or six inches long, deep green,
collected in bunches at the extremities of the
branches.

PINUS RIGIDA.— Miller,
(Eigid Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus Tceda rigida. — Alton.
Pinus Loddigesii. — London.

Found in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and other parts of
the United States of America, and in California, in a
variety of soil and situation, sometimes in damp places,
and often upon dry sandy plains, but succeeds best
in soils of a moist character. Height fifty or sixty
feet, with a much-branched trunk. Leaves stiff, of

96 CONIFERS.

unequal length, averaging three inches. Useful for
planting in many situations where few other Pines will
succeed.

PINUS RUSSELLIANA.— Lindley.

(Duke of Bedford's Pine.)

One of the handsomest long-leaved Pines, a tall and
noble species, from the mountains of Mexico. Leaves
seven or eight inches long. Tolerably hardy.

PINUS SABINIANA.— Douglas.

(Sabine's Pine.)

From the Cordilleras of New Albion, where it often
attains a height of one hundred feet. It is abundant in
localities about 1600 feet below the line of perpetual
snow. When growing in masses, its straight and
taper trunk is clear of branches a great part of its
height, but when standing alone it becomes branched
to the ground. Leaves palish green, a foot long,
drooping when matured. This species bears remark-
able cones, often a foot long, and eighteen inches in
circumference, the scales of which are hook-pointed.
They are produced in whorls of six or eight, and remain
upon the tree for years. It prefers a rather rich soil,
and is one of the hardiest Pines.

PINUS SEROTINA.— Micliaux.

(Pond Pine.)

SYN. — Finns Tceda alopecuroidea. — Aiton.
Is found in the swamps of Pennsylvania, Carolina,
and other states of North America, whence its name

CONIFEE^E. 97

Pond Pine. Sometimes it is found on the sea coast.
Height thirty or forty feet, with a slender trunk.
Leaves six inches long. It is useless as timber, but will
be found valuable for planting in swampy situations.

PINUS STROBUS.— Linnceus.
(Weymouth Pine.)

A tall tree, often two hundred feet high, indigenous
to North America. It is valuable for planting in cold
situations, but thrives best in a tolerably rich soil.
In general form it is pyramidal, especially in young
trees, with a remarkably taper trunk, the branches
regularly verticillate. Leaves about four inches long,
of a palish green. Of the varieties in cultivation, the
most distinct are alba, and brevifotia.

PINUS SYLVESTKIS.

(Scotch Fir.)
SYN. — Pinus altaica. — Ledebour.

This well-known tree needs little description. There
are many varieties in cultivation, of which the prin-
cipal are communis, or white-wooded, rubra, or red-
wooded, and latifoUa, or broad-leaved.

PINUS TEOCOTE.— Chamissa and Scklecht.

(Teocote Pine.)
A tall tree, from Mount Orizaba, in Mexico.

CONIFERS.

Eoliage light green. Leaves four inches long, twisted,
thickly covering the branches.

PINUS TUBERCULATA.— Don.

(Tuberculated Pine.)
SYN. — Pinus cali/arnica. — Horticultural Society.

In general appearance this species resembles Pinus
radiata, and was introduced from the same country,
the coast of Monterey in California. It has, however,
larger cones than that species.

PINUS T^EDA.— Lmnaws.
(Loblolly Pine.)

A native of Florida and Virginia, and, like Pinus
rigida, is found in a great diversity of soils and situ-
ations ; sometimes on dry sandy plains, often in low
damp localities, and frequently on the sea coast. In
poor soils and exposed situations it becomes a low
and much-branched tree ; but in damp and sheltered
spots often reaches sixty or seventy feet in height.
Well adapted for poor sandy soils.

PINUS VARIABILIS.— Lambert.

(Bastard or Variable-leaved Pine.)

SYN. — Pinus echinata. — Miller.

Between this species and Pinus initis of Michaux,
there is a great general resemblance; but variabilis
lacks the beautiful violet bloom so attractive on the

CONIFERS. 99

young shoots of mitis. Indigenous to the sandy coasts
of North America. Leaves dark green, about two
inches long.

PINUS WINCESTRIANA.— Gordon.
(Marquis of Winchester's Pine.)

A tree fifty or sixty feet high, with the irregular
habit of Pinus Montezumce, but with fewer branches,
and longer leaves. The latter, which are thickly set
upon the branches, are from twelve to fourteen inches
long. Colour glaucous green. A distinct species, but
not very hardy.

SALISBTJRIA.— Smith.
(The Ginkgo.)

SALISBURIA ADIANTIFOLIA.— Smith.

SYN. — Ginkgo Mloba.
(Maiden-hair, or Ginkgo Tree.)

A deciduous Conifer, indigenous to China and Japan,
where it attains a large size, with the habit of the
Walnut. In young trees the trunk is slender and
much branched, with a thin conical or spiry appear-
ance. It is quite hardy and very attractive, owing to
its singular fan-shaped leaves, which are of a beautiful
pale green colour.

H 2

100 CONIFERS.

SAXE-GOTILffiA.

SAXE-GOTH.EA CONSPICUA.

Found on the mountains of Patagonia, and said to
be perfectly hardy in this country. In its native
habitats it forms a tree about thirty feet high, and
resembles in general habit our common yew, but the
colour of its foliage is less sombre. Leaves bright
green above, glaucous beneath.

SEQUOIA,— Endlicker.

SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.— Endlicher.

STN. — Taxodium sempervirens. — Gardens.

Erom the descriptions which travellers give of this
species in its native habitats, it may well be considered
as one of the most gigantic of trees. They tell us,
that in California it is often found of the enormous
height of three hundred feet, with a trunk from twelve
to eighteen feet in diameter. In this country it is a
handsome, quick-growing tree, with slender, flat, some-
what drooping branches. Leaves deep green above,
glaucous beneath. It should not be planted .in
exposed situations, not that it is not perfectly hardy,
but because its branches are liable to be damaged by
high winds.

TAXODIUM.— Richard.

TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.— Richard.
(Deciduous Cypress.)

STN. — Cupressus disticha. — Linnseus.
Schubertia disticha. — Mirbel.

A lofty deciduous tree, indigenous to the swamps of
Mexico and the United States of America. When
young its form is pyramidal, but in maturity it has a
flat spreading head. Its foliage is of a beautiful light
green, especially when young, changing in autumn to
a rich warm -brown. Its natural habits well indicate
the most suitable situations for it, viz., on the banks
of rivers and ponds, or in swampy places ; but it
thrives well in any deep, rich, moist soil, and grows
rapidly.

TAXTJS Tournefort.

(Yews.)

All the Yew tribe thrive best in a rich soil ; scarcely
any place can be too rich for them ; for although they
succeed in those of an ordinary character, if it is
desired to develope their real beauties, enriching
materials should be given at the time of planting.
If the soil is poor and sandy, places should be prepared
by digging large holes, taking away half the worst

CONIFERS.

mould, and making good with manure and sound loam
in equal parts.

TAXUS ADPRESSA.— Gardens.

SYN. — Cephalotaxus tardiva. — Siebold.

Cephalotaxus brevifolia. — Gardens.

This very handsome and distinct species is indigenous
to Japan, and is remarkable for its glossy green leaves,
in which particular it differs from any other Tew.
Its branches are very rigid, arranged in whorls, with
distichous branchlets, which are closely covered with
rich green foliage.

TAXUS BACCATA.— Linnceus.

(Common Yew.)

This well-known tree, like all the other Tews, thrives
best in a rich soil. It is a valuable plant for ever-
green undergrowths, succeeding well beneath other
trees, where drip and a deficiency of light prevent
other evergreens from nourishing.

T. B. — var. Dovaston. — Gardens.
(Weeping Yew.)

A very handsome variety, with broader leaves than
the species, and with stiff drooping branches.

T. B. — var. ericoides.
(Heath-like Yew.)

A very interesting variety, with the foliage and
general appearance of a Heath, and with the habit of

CONIFEE^. 103

the Irish Yew. We have lately received it from the
Continent.

T. B. — var. lutea. — Endlicher.
(Yellow-berried Yew.)

Does not differ in general appearance from the
Common Tew, but has berries of a bright yellow,
which render it very attractive when in fruit.

T. B. — var. stricta. — Gardens.
(Erect-branched Common Yew.)

A handsome variety, with erect branches, and much
smaller leaves than the species.

T. B. — var. sparsifolia. — London.
(Scattered-leaved Common Yew.)

Combines the habit of the species with the foliage
of Taxus fastigiata, or Irish Tew.

T. B. — var. variegata. — London.
(Variegated Yew.)

Has the foliage blotched with whitish yellow. Inter-
esting to those who love variegated plants.

TAXUS CANADENSIS.— WilUenow.

(The Canadian Yew.)
STN. — Taxus procumbens. — Loddiges.
Indigenous to Canada, the banks of the Columbia

104 CONIFERS.

river, and other parts of North America. Branches
slender, spreading, or procumbent. Foliage of a reddish
tint, in which particular it differs much from the
European species.

TAXUS FASTIGIATA.— Lindley.

(Irish Yew.)
SYN. — Taxus hibernica. — Mackay.

An erect bush or small tree, remarkable for its deep
green foliage and formal character. The latter renders
it of great value for planting in geometrical gardens.
It requires to be kept to one leading shoot, otherwise
it assumes a loose spreading head, with the form of an
inverted cone, and in which state it is liable to damage
from snow and wind. Its leaves, unlike those of the
Common Tew, are scattered over the branches, and
not arranged in parallel rows.

THTJIA.— Linnceus.
(Arbor Vita?.)

THUIA OCCIDENTALIS.— Linnceus.
(The American Arbor Viteo.)

SYN. — Thuia obtusa. — Monch.

Cupressus Arbor Vitce. — Targioni Tozzetti.

A handsome tree, forty or fifty feet high, indigenous
to Canada, the mountains of Virginia and Carolina,

CONIFERS. 105

occurring in damp or swampy situations. Form
slender and pyramidal when young, but irregular
and picturesque when old. Branches distant and
horizontal.

THUIA. PLICATA.— Don.

(The Plaited Arbor Vitse.)

SYN. — Thuia Warreana. — Booth.

This very handsome species is conspicuous for its
compact habit, very flat branchlets, and deep green
foliage. It is indigenous to N. W. America, where it
forms a tree of considerable size. Very hardy and
ornamental.

HAEDY EVEEGEEEN TEEES AND SHEUBS,
Not CONIFEEOUS.

A few prefatory words are necessary. Although
all the plants mentioned and described in the following
pages are hardy, they are not equally so. Some
require the most favourable situations, while others
will succeed in any part of the country, and a few-
require particular soil and treatment. These will
always be indicated in their respective descriptions.
But where no such allusions are made, they may be
considered as requiring nothing beyond the ordinary
soil and treatment with other hardy occupants of the
pleasure-ground.

The arrangement, like that of the Coniferse, is
alphabetical.

A treatise on the cultivation of American plants,
and on the newly-introduced Sikkim Rhododendrons,
are inserted by way of introduction.

ON THE CULTIVATION OF AMERICAN PLANTS.

The substance of this treatise appeared as an intro-
duction to our descriptive catalogue of select hardy

EVERGREENS. 107

ornamental plants, published in the spring of 1850.
That catalogue being now out of print, and the demand
for the treatise still being great, we are induced to
reproduce it in the present work.

From what we then stated, as to the practicability
of inducing the Rhododendron and its allies to nourish
in situations hitherto considered altogether inappro-
priate to them, we have nothing to detract. On the
contrary, our increased experience and observation in
various parts of the country enable us to state with
confidence, that scarcely a locality exists, which pre-
sents sufficient obstacles to prevent the successful
introduction of these most desirable and universally
admired plants. The following practical directions
will, we trust, enable any person to succeed who may
be desirous of doing so.

The beauty of the Rhododendron, which, in a garden
sense, may be considered as the type of all the plants
which this treatise is intended to illustrate the cul-
ture of, is well known ; we will not, therefore, occupy
the reader with allusions to its many points of excel-
lence. The numerous race of hardy hybrids, which
skilful cross-breeding between the Indian and American
species has produced, is unrivalled as ornamental
shrubs ; for we have now successfully combined rich-
ness of colour and beauty of form with hardiness of
constitution ; and have combatted their tendency to
bloom at so early a period in the spring, when frost
almost invariably destroys the flowers in a half-
opened state, a tendency which all the first crosses
with It. arloreum evince in a great degree, and

108

EVERGREENS.

which entirely unfits them for open-air culture, except
in a few favoured localities.

As an example of the success which has attended
their cultivation in a bleak and naturally sterile
locality, we give in detail the practice adopted in our
own nursery, and the results which have followed. A
situation more unpromising in appearance than its
original and uncultivated condition can scarcely be
imagined. A black sandy soil, some twelve or fifteen
inches deep, resting upon a clayey subsoil, almost
wholly deficient in vegetable matter, has by cultivation
been rendered in the highest degree productive.
Our first operation was to drain it from three-
and-a-half to four feet deep ; it was then trenched two
feet deep ; and to every acre so treated, a dressing
of from thirty to forty tons of good farmyard manure
was given. Previously, however, to occupying the
ground with American plants, it was deemed advisable
to take a root crop, to exhaust the rankness of the
manure. After this treatment the plants were found
to thrive amazingly ; but like all others occupying
very poor soils, they derive great benefit from the
application from time to time of suitable enriching
materials. When, however, manure is given directly
to the plants it should be well decomposed.

The erroneous opinion that peat or bog earth are
the only suitable soils for the growth of Rhododen-
drons cannot too soon be dispelled. The implicit
belief in such has alone debarred many from attempt-
ing their cultivation, when no really formidable
obstacle was present. An excellent compost for them

EVERGREENS. 109

may be made as follows : To two parts of sandy loam,
or indeed any sandy soil, which does not contain much
chalk or lime, add one-fourth leaf-mould, one-eighth
sand, and one-eighth well decomposed manure. If
wanted immediately, the whole should be well incor-
porated before using ; but much advantage would
result from allowing the mixture to remain twelve
months, turning the whole well together two or
three times, during that period. "When the fertility
of the beds becomes exhausted, as we have pre-
viously observed, a dressing of thoroughly rotten
manure will be found highly beneficial. Under such
conditions, manure is as grateful to a Rhododendron
or an Azalea as to the most confirmed of vegetable
gourmands.

An important fact to be remembered in the culti-
vation of American plants, is that they must never be
allowed to become thoroughly dry at the root. Upon
the strict observance of this simple axiom rests much
of the success to be attained in the cultivation of these,
and all similarly fine-rooted plants. They experience
more injury from excessive root dryness than from
any other shrub we are acquainted with. Moisture
must be retained about their roots. From the want
of such, especially during the growth and maturation
of their wood, the whole economy of the plant becomes
affected, and it is then difficult to induce a healthy
reaction. The worst results follow. The wood being
imperfectly organised, flower-buds are but scantily
produced, and those in an unhealthy condition. The
results at the blooming season may be anticipated ;

110 EVERGREENS.

the flowers, partaking of the general debility, are
deficient in all the essentials of beauty — form, size,
and colour : their proprietor becomes disappointed,
believes his locality unfavourable to their growth, and
abandons their cultivation.

Although the presence of moisture is thus strongly
insisted on as an indispensable adjunct, it must not
be inferred that stagnant water must be allowed;
where such is present, or likely to accumulate, drains
must be had recourse to ; and where the soil is not
naturally suitable, a compost similar to that above
described must be supplied ; and if the beds can be so
arranged as to give the plants the benefit of the shade
of trees, without the drip from them, it will be an
acquisition.

In ordinary cases, where stagnant water is present,
draining, in the usual mode, will correct its injurious
effects ; but there are many situations in which it may
be desirable to plant, where draining would be altoge-
ther impracticable, or would involve too large an outlay,
as in bogs and swamps, where great labour would
be required to obtain sufficient fall for the outlet.
Under such circumstances the desired end may be
arrived at by the following process : — Procure a quan-
tity of old pollards, poles, faggots, and brushwood, or
any materials of a similar nature, and with them form
a foundation for the soil, on the swamp in which you
wish to plant. Upon this sufficient mould must be
placed, that, after allowing for subsidence, not less
than eighteen inches will remain above the bog. In
a site thus prepared, Rhododendrons will be found to

EVERGREENS. Ill

attain great perfection ; and as their growth will be
rapid, the whole substance of the prepared soil will
quickly become matted together by the roots, effect-
ually preventing any further subsidence after the
foundation has decayed.

In the lake at Highclere, the seat of the Earl of
Carnarvon, are numerous small islands from ten to
twenty yards in diameter, planted with Rhododendrons ;
many of them are twelve or fifteen feet high, present-
ing, in the blooming season, dense masses of flower
from their summits to the surface of the lake. The
soil of these islands is not more than eighteen inches
above the surface of the water.

The natural habitat of the Rhododendron is on or
near the margin of morasses, or in analogous situations.
There are, however, remarkable exceptions.

On the Himalayas, R. arboreum is often found
growing luxuriantly in the fissures of rocks, in situa-
tions where moisture is apparently but scantily sup-
plied ; and travellers wrho have visited the regions
where they abound speak in warm terms of the beau-
tiful appearance of masses of its richly coloured
flowers.

But it must not be understood that plants in such
situations on the Himalayas are subject to so great
a deficiency of moisture as is usually associated
with analogous situations. The air in the Rhododen-
dron habitats on those mountains is saturated with
moisture, and rains are frequent and abundant. So
moist, indeed, is the climate, in some of the valleys of
the slopes on which the Rhododendrons grow, that Rice

112 EVERGREENS.

is cultivated without irrigation ; and in the dense
woods on the mountains many of the Rhododendrons
become epiphytical on rocks and trees — a condition
which could not be maintained except in an excessively
moist climate.

In the grounds attached to many residences in the
country are swampy situations, which, if treated as
we have above described, would become excellent
situations for placing groups of American plants in.
They might be so arranged as to be in view from the
windows of the dwelling, or from various positions in
the walks and " drives." At all seasons they would be
interesting — at the blooming period, magnificent.

Having endeavoured to show that a considerable
amount of moisture must be secured for the successful
cultivation of the Rhododendron, and as there are
many situations, naturally of an opposite character,
where it may be desirable to plant them, we proceed
to point out the manner by which the latter may be
accomplished, and success obtained. The site for an
American garden should, if possible, be chosen where
the ground has an inclination to the north. Such,
however, is not absolutely indispensable, but where a
choice of situations can be had, select it by all means.
Having decided upon the outline of the beds, proceed
with their preparation as follows : — Remove eight or
ten inches of the surface soil, with all its attached
vegetation, to some convenient spot contiguous to your
operations ; then cart away from eighteen inches to
two feet of the remaining soil, well breaking up the
bottom, or trenching it eighteen inches deep would be

EVERGREENS. 113

better still. Upon this, cast in the surface soil previously
removed, well chopping it with the spade as the work
proceeds, filling up with a sufficient quantity of pre-
pared soil, that after settling it shall be a few inches
below the natural surface; for, by securing a good
depth of well-stirred soil for the retention of moisture,
and keeping the surface of the beds perfectly flat and
below the surrounding surface, to prevent the rain
from running off without passing through the mass,
the main points of success are secured. But it will
be necessary in many situations to make drains from
the bottoms of the beds, to allow the escape of
superfluous water, and to prevent the soil, in which
the plants are growing, from becoming saturated and
unhealthy. During dry weather, after the beds are
planted, the surface should be kept constantly stirred,
for the double purpose of preventing the growth of
weeds, and, by maintaining a smooth surface, retarding
the evaporation of the accumulated moisture. Should
an excessively dry season occur, the beds may with
advantage be covered with the short grass from the
lawns, or some similar material. If the beds are
contiguous to trees, especially Elm or Ash, they are sure
to be invaded by a legion of roots, which will, in a few
seasons, if allowed unmolested possession, appropriate
the greater part of the nourishment they contain. But
as we recommend American plants in such and all dry
situations to be re-planted, and the soil trenched to a
depth of two feet every autumn, and the whole depth
of the beds every third or fourth year, there will be
nothing to fear on that head ; and the soil from being

114 EVERGREENS.

constantly permeable to rain, will always retain a large
amount of moisture. No danger to the plants from
constant removal need be apprehended. Rhododendrons
can be transplanted with safety at almost any season,
and particularly so when they are yearly subject to the
treatment.

In cases where any difficulty occurs, it is mostly in
the matter of soil ; but we may state, in conclusion,
that this is more apparent than real. Attached to
every garden there is " the rubbish yard," which always
contains something available. The sweepings of the
lawns, the trimmings of walks, the refuse and clearings
of the flower-beds, will, when thoroughly decomposed,
furnish a compost well adapted for the purpose.

SIKKIM RHODODENDRONS.

No plants of recent introduction have created so
much interest as the SiJcJcim Rhododendrons, discovered
and sent to this country by Dr. Hooker during his
late botanical mission to the Himalayan Mountains.
The exquisite representations of the principal kinds, in
" The Ehododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya," have in
no small degree contributed to excite and strengthen
expectation.

As we possess most of the kinds, and have been
very successful in their cultivation, (our plants, we
believe, being the largest in the trade,) we have
thought that a few hints on their natural history and

EVERGREENS. 115

culture would be very useful to many; especially
as they are now in numerous establishments in all
parts of the kingdom, and as we are frequently desired
to furnish instructions for their cultivation with the
plants we send out.

By whatever standard of floral beauty we judge of
them they rank very high. Every quality which can
possibly render plants attractive is combined in them.
Beauty of form, richness and diversity of colour and
fragrance, are possessed by them individually or col-
lectively, and in foliage, too, they are equally diversified.
Falconeri, a tree thirty feet high, has leaves twelve or
eighteen inches long by six inches wide. Argenteum,
growing to a similar height, has leaves equal in size,
and with large compact globular heads of pure white
flowers. Then there is Hodgsoni, with noble foliage
and aspect, having large compact ovate heads of pale
purple flowers, beautifully and symmetrically arranged.
Others widely contrast with these. Setosum, a small
and elegant shrub, with flowers resembling a Uliodora,
but with evergreen box-like foliage ; and Glaucum, a
small shrub, two feet high, with leaves two or three
inches long, and loose heads of pale pinkish-purple
flowers, will serve as examples. And between these
extremes there is great diversity in the character of
the several species in height, foliage, and flower. The
colours of the latter vary from pure white, or with the
faintest tint of rose-colour in Maddeni, Dalhousice, and
Edgewortliii, to the richest and deepest crimson in
Thomsoni and fulgens. The latter is especially
attractive, from the intensity of colour and polished

i2

116 EVERGREENS.

appearance of its blossoms, which are in compact
globular heads. The flowers of Dalliousia are remark-
able for their thick leathery texture, and for the
length of time they remain in perfection, as well as
for their delightful fragrance.

For the often-desired combination of yellow flowers
with good evergreen foliage in Rhododendrons, Wiglitii,
lanatum, and campylocarpum may be mentioned as
examples. Then, in rose-colour, there is Wallicliii
and glaucum, with an infinite diversity of tint in other
species.

The size of these flowers, too, is as remarkable and
diversified as their colour. The individual blossoms
of DalJiousicB and EdgewortJiii are four or five inches
across, while those of the very interesting little
pumilum and eleagnoides are not more than one inch :
and while all are beautiful, each possesses some
attractive feature peculiar to itself. Doubts have
often been expressed whether the flowers, when pro-
duced from plants grown in this country, will equal in
size those represented in the published drawing taken
from others in their native habitats. We think there
is no doubt but that they will exceed rather than fall
short of the sizes there shown. The first species —
ciliatum — flowered by us, exceeded in the size of its
blossoms fully one-third those in the drawing. And
there is abundant evidence to show that plants under
a good system of cultivation often greatly exceed,
both in luxuriance and in the size of their blossoms,
others of the same kinds in their native habitats ; and
when such are brought from mountainous districts

EVERGREENS. 117

to sheltered situations, these improvements are the
more evident.

But independent of their intrinsic beauty, they will
offer great resources to the hybridiser, combining as
they do so many desirable qualities, necessary for plants
occupying exposed situations. These the Sikkim ^Rho-
dodendrons possess in a remarkable degree. The flower-
heads of many of them are very compact and globular,
and the texture of the blossoms thick and fleshy —
qualities eminently calculated to resist the action of
rain and wind. The same may be said of their foliage.
The leaves are stout and leathery in texture, with
remarkably stout footstalks, rendering them capable
of resisting much rough weather. Falconer i,fulg ens,
and Hodgsoni have these qualities especially con-
spicuous. From the accounts given by Dr. Hooker of
their time of flowering, many of them not putting forth
their blossoms till June, we trust they will prove
much more valuable as hardy plants than the old
arboreum, which, however beautiful it may be, can
only be successfully grown out of doors in the more
favoured situations in Britain. Whether they will
retain their late-blooming qualities in this country
must for the present remain an open question ; but
as the greater part of them are perfectly hardy, if
they should be found to bloom earlier than we anti-
cipate from their natural habits, there are many
situations in the country where spring frosts are
very slightly or not at all felt, in which they may be
successfully grown. It is possible, that one or two of
the species, as Dalliousics and argenteum, may be better

118 EVERGREENS.

suited for the conservatory than the American garden
under any circumstances. But whatever situation they
may be found best adapted for, any care or attention
they may receive will be amply repaid by the great
beauty of their flowers.

Not one of their least valuable qualities is the
tendency they evince to produce their flowers when in
a young state. We had several plants of ciliatum in
bloom when but twenty months from the seed, and
only three inches high.

As regards their general cultivation, the conditions
we have insisted on, in our treatise on "American
Plants," will equally apply to them, with this addition,
that, if possible, situations having a greater amount of
atmospheric moisture should be chosen for them. In
bogs drained two or three feet deep they would succeed
well. But it must be remembered that, while they
will require a moist and cool subsoil, it must not arise
from stagnant moisture. In the damp climate of a
great part of Ireland, on the southern and western
shores of England, and at the base of the mountains
on the western coast of Scotland — situations where
there is always a large amount of atmospheric
humidity, with little frost — these beautiful plants will
doubtless succeed well.

To gentlemen already possessing young plants we
recommend the following course of treatment: —
Procure a quantity of peat soil containing a large
amount of vegetable matter, as it is necessary that it
should be very rich, to which add about one-fifth
silver sand ; well mix it, and place a layer of it about

EVERGREENS. 119

six inches deep in the bottom of a frame, in which
place the plants at distances according to their size,
allowing each plenty of room, and, while growing,
shade from the direct influence of the sun, and keep
them saturated with moisture. At a corresponding
season, on their native mountains, they are deluged
with rain : and it is from not affording them sufficient
water that many persons have failed in their cultiva-
tion. From the want of it, the leaves, especially at the
points and edges, become withered and brown.

A great point to be attended to in the cultivation of
Rhododendrons, especially when under glass, is never to
allow the temperature to get high, nor the atmosphere
dry. Nearly all the species are natives of cool and
moist regions, and if these (to them) unnatural condi-
tions are allowed to occur, their healthy economy is
sure to be materially deranged.

In placing them in the open ground, August will be
the best season ; a rainy time should, if possible, be
chosen, and the plants should not be less than a foot
high. After planting, boughs should be stuck in and
around them, to afford a partial shade, as -well as to
prevent evaporation ; and of course the plants will
have been gradually prepared for their final removal.

From the fact that many of the species were disco-
vered epiphytical on rocks and trees, it has been
inferred that corresponding conditions. in their culture
must be secured in this country. But, from our own
experience, we think that little importance in a cultural
point of view should be attached to the circumstance,
and we are confirmed in our opinion by that of

120 EVERGREENS.

Dr. Hooker, in his very elaborate paper in the volume
of " The Journal of the Horticultural Society " for the
present year. The localities in which any of the
species were found assuming the character of epiphytes
were always excessively humid, often in dense woods.
And the same species which there occurred as
epiphytes became terrestrial in more open, and, of
course, drier situations. This character must, there-
fore, be considered as merely local or accidental, and
should by no means influence the course of treatment
adopted for them in this country.

121

EVERGREENS.
ABELIA.

ABELIA UNIFLORA.— R. Brown.

A low evergreen shrub from the north of China,
recently introduced. Stems and leaves smooth,
branches spreading. Flowers pale, about an inch
long, the upper part stained with violet. A very
pretty plant, and very hardy.

ACACIA,

ACACIA DEALBATA.

Has stood in the open air in many parts of the
country without protection, and is much hardier than
is generally imagined ; but it is of course only in the
most favoured districts that it could be planted with
success. At Taunton, in Somersetshire, a specimen
has stood uninjured for many years, and which every
spring is covered with yellow blossoms. It thrives
best in a light loam, on a dry subsoil, grows very
rapidly, forms a very handsome tree, the light and
graceful character of its foliage rendering it very
attractive.

122 EVERGREENS.

ACACIA LOPHANTA.— Willdenow.

This species, like the last-named, succeeds very well
in the southern parts of England, and thrives against
a wall in the climate of London. It grows very
rapidly, and flowers abundantly. It is a tall tree, with
the peculiarly graceful foliage for which many of the
Acacias and allied plants are so remarkable.

ANDROMEDA.— Linnceus.

Of this genus there are several elegant species, well
worthy a place in the ornamental grounds of a resi-
dence. They are all low-growing shrubs, and require
the same soil and treatment as Rhododendrons. With
the exception of Andromeda florilunda, they look best
when mked with, or placed in the fronts of the borders
of American plants.

ANDROMEDA FLORIBUNDA.

(Bundle-flowered Andromeda.)

Of all known species, this is the most desirable.
As a single specimen it is very beautiful, and is so
hardy, that in February and March, though the
weather be severe, it is covered with racemes of pure
white flowers, presenting a charming feature in the
garden at a season when every flower is doubly
valuable. Besides this, there are other desirable
species, as polifolia, dealbata, Catesbcea, aocillaris,
speciosa, and formosa.

EVERGREENS . 123

ANDROS^MUM.- Choisy.

(Tutsan.)

ANDROS^EMUM OFFICINALE.— Allioni.
(Common Tutsan.)

A native of moist shady places in many parts of
Eogland, and valuable for planting in shrubberies and
woods, beneath the shade and drip of other trees. It
grows about three feet high, forming a close thicket of
foliage. In summer it produces numerous large yellow
flowers, which are followed by purplish or nearly
black berries. Succeeds well in almost any soil.

ARBUTUS,— Camerarius.
(Strawberry Tree.)

This genus contains some of the handsomest hardy
evergreen shrubs known to English gardens. They all
succeed well in ordinary loamy soil, and require little
attention as regards cultivation.

ARBUTUS AKDRACHNE.— Linnaeus.

(Andraehne Arbutus.)

A fine species, with long, smooth, shining leaves,
very slightly serrated. The outer bark of the stem
peels off annually, in thin papery layers. Grows as
rapidly as the common Arbutus, and is a very handsome
tree.

EVERGREENS.

AEBUTUS HYBRIDA.— Ker.

(Hybrid Arbutus.)
SYN. — A rbutus A ndracknoides. — Link.

Something less hardy than wnedo, and does not bear
fruit so freely, but it flowers in profusion. A rapid
grower, height fifteen or twenty feet.

A. H. — var. Milleri.

A vigorous plant, with large leaves and delicate pink
flowers.

ARBUTUS UNEDO.— Linnceus.
(Common Strawberry Tree.)

This well-known shrub is found attaining its greatest
perfection on the rocks about the Lakes of Killarney.
It is also indigenous to many parts of the continent of
Europe. Height twenty or thirty feet. In the autumn,
when covered with its whitish flowers and strawberry-
like fruit, scarcely any shrub can be more beautiful.
There are numerous varieties known in gardens, many
of which are conspicuous for their very handsome
flowers.

A. u. — var. rubra. — Alton.

A very handsome variety, with red flowers.

A. u. — var. salicifolia.
Has narrow, willow-like leaves.

A. u. — var. crispa.
Leaves curled or twisted.

EVERGREENS. 125

A. u. — var. Croomii.

This variety is conspicuous for its flowers, which are
very large and beautiful. They are of the same colour
as A. u. var. rubra, but much larger. The leaves are
also much larger and more serrated. It blooms from
October until Christmas, and nothing can be more
handsome than its flowers.

ARBUTUS MAGNIFICA.— Gardens.

Supposed to be a hybrid between A. procera and
A. Andrachne. In general appearance it much re-
sembles the latter, but differs in the young shoots
being of a reddish colour, and in its rounder leaves.
It is also much more branched, forming a dense bush
ten or fifteen feet high, and symmetrical in form, very
hardy, and for beauty of growth and foliage it may be
styled the king of Arbutuses.

ARBUTUS PROCERA.— Dowlas.
(Tall Strawberry Tree.)

In general character this species resembles An-
drackne, but differs in its serrated leaves and larger
flowers. In its native habitats in the woods on the
coast of North- West America, it forms a large shrub,
and sometimes attains the character of a tree ; and in
this country it grows very rapidly, and is more hardy
than the common one.

126 EVERGREENS.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.— A danson.
(Bearberry.)

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS ALPINA.— Sprengel.
(Alpine Bearberry.)

A pretty little trailing shrub, requiring peat earth
and an airy situation. An admirable rock plant.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI.— Sprengel.

Inhabits heathy mountainous districts in this
country, as well as in many parts of the European
continent. It is a small trailing shrub, with leaves
like the common box, and succeeds well in peat
earth and a cool situation, as in the front of borders of
American plants.

ATTCUBA— Thunberg.

AUCUBA JAPONIC A.— Thunberg.

(Japan Aucuba.)

When first introduced to this country in 1783,
ifr was treated as a stove plant. It has, however, now
taken no mean rank among our best hardy evergreen
shrubs. In Japan, its native country, it bears a pro-
fusion of red berries in spring. The sexes are dioecious,
and only female plants are known to English gardens.
Its large mottled foliage renders it a handsome shrub,
and it succeeds better than most other evergreens in
squares and gardens in the vicinity of towns.

EVERGREENS. 127

AZALEA.
AZALEA AMCENA.

This very interesting plant has been lately intro-
duced from China. It is perfectly distinct from any
other kind in cultivation. In habit and foliage it is
very neat, and the form of the flowers is unique.
They appear like two corollas, growing one within the
other, and their colour is a rich rosy purple. It is
also a very profuse bloomer, and flowers in a very
young state. It also forces well. As a hardy plant
for the flower garden, or to contribute to the gaiety of
the conservatory, a more interesting one can scarcely
be imagined. Azaleas require the same soil and
treatment as Rhododendrons.

AZALEA OVATA.

A pretty evergreen shrub, from the hills of Northern
China, where it is very conspicuous in the blooming
season. Leaves bluntly ovate, nearly round, smooth,
and shining. It has not yet bloomed in this country,
but Mr. Fortune says it is very handsome. It certainly
is very distinct in character.

BENTHAMIA,— Lindley.

BENTHAMIA FRAGIFERA.— Lindley.

(Strawberry-bearing Benthamia.)
First raised in this country from seeds in 1825, by

128 EVEEGREENS.

J. H. Tremayne, Esq., at Heligan, in Cornwall, and
where it has proved quite hardy, and bears fruit in
abundance. In its native habitats, on the mountains
of Nepal, it grows to the size of a small tree. The
flowers are terminal, in globular heads two inches
across, surrounded by a yellowish-coloured petal-like
involucre. The fruit somewhat resembles a mulberry,
but is rounder and much larger, and of a reddish
colour. Foliage grey or glaucous. Leaves two or
three inches long. This plant is worthy of being more
extensively planted. It is well adapted for a wall,
even where it might not succeed in the open border.

BERBERIS.

BERBERRY.

All the species are handsome, and worthy of exten-
sive cultivation. They thrive best in a good loam, but
succeed very well in ordinary garden soil. Descriptions
of the principal evergreen kinds are subjoined.

BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM.— Pursh.

(Holly-leaved Berberry.)
STN. — Mahonia Aquifoliiim. De Candolle.

Decidedly amongst the handsomest of the genus.
Its deep green shining leaves almost rival those of the
common Holly. It blooms abundantly in April and
May, and bears in the autumn large clusters of deep
purple berries, which are covered with a rich violet-

EVEEGEEENS. 129

coloured bloom. Grows very rapidly, and besides
being a very ornamental shrub, it makes excellent
undergrowth, and all kinds of game are fond of its
berries. Thrives best in a good loam, but succeeds
very well in an ordinary soil.

BERBERIS TEIFURCA.

Another Chinese species. A very fine plant, with
leaves nearly two feet long, composed of about
seven pairs of leaflets and a terminal one. They are
darker coloured than those of B.japonica, and the
spines are stronger and smaller. A noble bush, and
probably quite hardy.

BERBERIS DARWINL— Hooker.

(Darwin's Berberry).

" Forms an evergreen shrub three to five feet high,
of extraordinary beauty." A native of Chiloe and
Patagonia. Leaves deep green when old, but with
the points of the shoots conspicuously ferruginous in
their young state. Although small, about three-
quarters of an inch long, the leaves are so thickly
placed as to cover the branches. Its deep orange-
yellow flowers are in erect racemes. From its recent
introduction, little is known of its habits ; but there is
no doubt that it is perfectly hardy.

BERBERIS DULCIS.
(Sweet-fruited Berberry.)
An interesting bush from South America, with

130 EVERGREENS.

bright yellow solitary flowers, which are pendant on
slender footstalks, giving the tree an elegant appear-
ance. Leaves small, of a deep shining green ; berries
round and black. An excellent plant for a lawn.

BERBEEIS EMPETRIFOLIA.— Lamarck.
(Cranberry-leaved Berberry.)

A small bush, with trailing branches, from the
Cordilleras of Chili. It never grows above three feet
high. Leaves small and linear, resembling those of a
Heath. Its flowers are produced in May ; they are
solitary, or rarely in pairs, with shorter footstalks than
those of dulcis. It thrives best in peat, or peat and
loam, and is an excellent rock plant.

BERBERIS FORTUNL— Lindley.
(Fortune's Berberry.)

A shrub five or six feet high, with smaller leaves
than the other ash-leaved species, and with stiff erect
branches. Leaves deep green. It requires a rich
soil and cool situation.

BERBERIS FASCICULARIS.— Sims.
(Prickly Berberry.)

SYN. — Mdhonia fascicularis. — De Cand.
Berberis pinnata, — Lagasca.

Indigenous to California and part of Mexico. A
handsome shrub, growing eight or ten feet high in
favourable localities, and produces its large racemes of
yellow flowers in abundance. Its foliage is paler than

EVERGREENS. 131

most of the other Berberries. Nor is it so hardy as
many of them.

B. F. — var. hybrida.

Has all the beauty of the species, and is much
hardier, so that it may be planted with success where
that would not succeed.

BERBERIS GLUMACEA.— Sprengel.
(Chaffy-stemmed Berberry.)

A close dwarf bush, seldom more than a foot high,
with pale yellow flowers, and round purple berries.
From the shady woods of North- West America.
Leaves eighteen inches long, with five or six pairs of
leaflets, pale green on both sides.

BERBERIS JAPONICA.— Lindley.

S YN. — Hex japonica. — Thunberg.

Mahonia japonica. — De'Candolle.

The finest of all the Berberries ; and Dr. Lindley
says of it, "that if hardy," of which we have no doubt,
" it will be the finest evergreen bush in Europe," It
is especially remarkable for the size of its leaves, which
are from fifteen to eighteen inches long, composed of
several pairs of leaflets, and a terminal one. The former
are each about three-and-a-half inches long, the latter
usually five inches long. They are armed at the sides
with strong spiny teeth, and have very stiff triangular
points. The flowers, which were produced last season
for the first time in this country, are in long racemes,

K2

132 EVERGREENS.

of a pale yellow or lemon-colour, deliciously and
strongly scented with the odour of a Tea Hose.

BERBERIS NEPALENSIS.— Wallich.
(Nepal Berberry.)

A very fine plant from the mountains of Northern
India, having pinnated leaves a foot long, with five
or six pairs of leaflets. The flowers are large, in long
racemes. Fruit dark purple. A moderate-sized bush.

BERBERIS TRIFOLIATA.
(Three-leaved Berberry.)

Handsome and distinct, from the north of Mexico,
A dwarfish shrub, with foliage of a bluish-green,
variegated. Leaflets glaucous on the under side.
Flowers pale yellow, in small axillary nearly sessile
racemes. Worthy a place in every garden.

BIGNONIA.— Tournefart.
(Trumpet Flower.)

BIGNONIA CAPREOLATA.— Linnceus.
(Tendrilled Bignonia.)

One of the most ornamental of hardy climbers, a
native of North America. Leaflets large and hand-
some; flowers reddish-yellow, very beautiful. An
excellent plant for covering a large space. Grow
rapidly, and flowers freely.

EVERGREENS. 133

BTTPLEURUM,— Tournefvrt.

BUPLEURUM FRUTICOSUM.— Limuxna.
(Shrubby Bupleurum.)

Highly ornamental as a detached bush, becoming
then very dense, and almost hemispherical in shape,
and from three to five feet high. Its leaves are
smooth and shining, and of a somewhat glaucous hue.
It produces numerous heads of yellowish-green flowers,
but they are not at all showy. Requires a deep and
rather rich soil.

BUXUS,— Tournefort.
(Box Tree.)

Since the formal or geometrical style of gardening
has been all but abandoned in England, the Box has
lost much of its importance. As no plant is more
patient of the shears, it was largely used in forming
the various quaint devices for which the gardens of the
last century were conspicuous. It is, however, a
valuable evergreen, especially for planting beneath
other trees ; and as a detached specimen for a lawn it
is very handsome. Besides the common Box, and its
varieties and sub-varieties, some of which have
variegated foliage, there are several species more or
less distinct. The most conspicuous is the next
named.

134 EVERGREENS.

BUXUS BALEARICA.— Willdenow.
(Balearic Box.)

The leaves of this species are three times as large
as the common Box, but of a much paler green. It is
a native of rocky districts, both in European and
Asiatic Turkey, where it grows seventy or eighty feet
high. A handsome shrubbery plant. "We have recently
received from China two new and distinct species of
Buxus. One has long, blunt, narrow leaves ; the other
nearly round leaves. Both are handsome, and form
pretty, compact shrubs.

CAMELLIA,— Linnceus.

CAMELLIA JAPONICA.— Liwnaws.
(Japan or Red single -flowered Camellia.)

Although this plant is perfectly hardy in many parts
of the country, and forms, independently of its blos-
soms, a fine evergreen shrub, it is but rarely met
with in the open garden. It should be more gene-
rally planted. The large deep green leaves have a
fine appearance in the shrubbery. There are also
many varieties which succeed well as wall plants, yet
they are rarely met with except in the greenhouse.
In cultivating them in the open air, whether in the
shrubbery or against a wall, a northern aspect should
be chosen in preference to a southern exposure. In
the latter they are excited too early in the year, and

EVERGREENS. 135

the loss of their flower-buds generally results. They
succeed best in a cool and partially shaded situation.
If exposed to the full sun, they lose the deep green
colour of their foliage — for which, when in health,
they are so conspicuous — and become sickly-looking
and yellow. The Chinese, who pay great attention to
their cultivation, always employ them as under-shrubs.
The best situation in our gardens would be where they
could enjoy a partial shade from trees, without being
overhung by them. The soil they prefer is a rich
light loam, or loam and peat. We have seen them
succeed very well in a rich peat border with American
plants. But, whatever the soil may be, it must be
well drained. The effect of stagnant water is certain
death, yet no plant enjoys an abundance of moisture
more than the Camellia.

CAMELLIA. .

(Yellow Camellia.)

For a long time it has been known that the Chinese
possessed a yellow Camellia, and much anxiety has
been evinced among gardeners and botanists to obtain
it. "We have at length been fortunate enough to
procure plants, from which flowers were produced last
year. They are of the kind known as anemone-
flowered, of a pale yellow or lemon-colour, the centre
petals being the darkest. It flowers very freely, and
both in habit and foliage is very neat. The leaves are
smaller than in the ordinary kinds. Mr. Fortune
believes it will be much hardier than any other known

136 EVERGREENS.

Camellia. Our experience with it leads us to believe
that he is correct.

CEANOTHTJS.

CEANOTHUS DENTATUS.

(Toothed Ceanothus.)

A very interesting shrub from California, with bright
blue flowers in stalked heads. Leaves small, deep
green, and shining. We know not another plant so
well adapted for covering a wall as this. A few months
since, we saw some beautiful examples of it in the
gardens of her Majesty at Osborne. The plants are
trained thus : A leading shoot is carried perpen-
dicularly upwards ; the laterals, which it throws out
abundantly, are nailed at right angles with the main
stem, and at regular distances, one to every joint of the
wall. These again throw out numerous shoots, which
are kept cut back to within an inch or two of their
origin. Quantities of spurs are thus formed, which
quickly cover the spaces between the shoots, and
nothing can be more beautiful than the evergreen
surface which is produced. It is kept trimmed with a
pair of shears or large scissors. Nor are the flowers
destroyed by this severe pruning, but every spring
they seem to vie with the leaves in abundance. So
soon as they fade is the proper time to prune. It
also grows very rapidly. In three years one small plant
covered a space twelve feet high by twenty-four feet
wide.

EVERGREENS. 137

CEANOTHUS PAPILLOSUS.— Torrey and Gray.

Like the last, a hardy Californian shrub, with bright
blue flowers ; but less compact in habit, and with larger
leaves. It is no way inferior to the last-named for
covering a wall, and requiring a like soil and treatment
with that species.

CEANOTHUS RIGIDUS.— Nuttall.
(Stiff-branched Ceanotlius.)

An erect-growing shrub, with very stiff branches,
small shining leaves, and deep purplish violet flowers.
Very handsome ; equal in beauty to those previously
named, and if possible more hardy, but not so well
suited for covering a wall.

CERASUS,— Jussieu.

§ LAURACERASI.
(Laurel Cherry Trees.)

CERASUS CAROLINIANA.— Michaux.
(Carolina Bird Cherry.)

A tree twenty or thirty feet high in its native
country, with a short trunk and roundish head. The
leaves are about three inches long, smooth, and shining
on their upper surface. It produces small white
flowers, which are followed by oval berries, nearly
black, and remaining upon the tree the whole year.

138 EVERGREENS.

It is rather tender, and requires a rich, deep, and rather
dry soil.

CERASUS ILICIFOLIA.

(Holly-leaved Cherry.)

From California. A handsome shrub, with deep
green shining leaves, very much serrated, resembling
the Holly. Bears fruit like small plums, which are
highly esteemed by the natives of the country where it
is found, and which Hartweg, who discovered it,
describes as having a fine flavour. Yery hardy, and
promises to be an acquisition to our hardy evergreen
plants.

CERASUS LAUROCERASUS.— Loiselewr Deslongchamps.
(Common Laurel.)

Of this useful and well-known shrub there are two
or three varieties, differing in the size of their leaves ;
there is also a variegated kind, but they can only be
considered as curiosities, and in no way superseding
the species. It is not so hardy as the Portugal Laurel,
as in very severe seasons it is often much damaged by
frost, while the latter never is. It succeeds very well
beneath the shade and drip of other trees, which quality
renders it valuable for undergrowth. As a hedge
plant too it is favourably known.

CERASUS LUSITANICA.— Loiseleur Deslongchamps.

(Portugal Laurel.)
Both this and the next named are too well known to

EVERGREENS. 139

need description ; no evergreens form better standards
in imitation of orange trees. This species has been
employed with excellent effect as accessories to the
Italian style of gardening at Trentham, a seat of the
Duke of Sutherland. How much our gardens are
indebted to it as an evergreen is patent enough.

CHAMJEROPS.— Li

CHAM^EOPS EXCELSA.
(Tall Fan Palm.)

A hardy palm from the hills of Northern China,
where it grows thirty feet high, and, besides being a
very handsome tree, is employed for many useful pur-
poses by the natives. As an addition to our hardy
plants it is very novel and interesting, and will no doubt
succeed well in most parts of Great Britain.

CHAM^ROPS HUMILIS.— Lirwceus.
(Dwarf Fan Palm.)

Another hardy species from the mountains of
Southern Europe, and perfectly hardy in this country*
A specimen has stood many years in the Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh. It resembles the last in general
appearance, but the leaves are smaller.

140 EVERGREENS.

CLIANTHUS.

CLIANTHUS PUMCEUS.— Solander.

A New Zealand plant of extraordinary beauty. For
training against a wall it has no rival. Its handsome
pinnate foliage and large racemes of rich scarlet
flowers are in the highest degree attractive. The
plant is quite hardy in most parts of the country, and
should be extensively planted.

COTONEASTER Medicus.

COTONEASTER MICROPHYLLA.— Wallich.
(Small -leaved Cotoneaster.)

As a rock plant, for covering a wall, or as a single
specimen on the lawn, this species is equally valuable.
It is also an excellent substitute for box edging, as it
bears clipping well. In whatever situation it may be
used, it will not fail to excite admiration. An eminent
botanist has thus described it : — " Its deep glossy
foliage, which no cold will impair, is when the plant is
in blossom thickly strewed with snow-white flowers,
which, reposing on a rich couch of green, have so
brilliant an appearance, that a poet would compare them
to diamonds lying on a bed of emeralds." Nor does
its attractions end here ; it is generally covered with a
profusion of scarlet berries, which greatly adds to its

EVERGREENS. 141

handsome appearance. Both this and the next species
form beautiful weeping trees when grafted high on the
thorn. Game and all sorts of fowls are excessively
fond of the berries of this plant.

COTONEASTER ROTUNDIFOLIA.— Wallich.
(Round-leaved Cotoneaster.)

A more vigorous-growing plant than the last, and
with larger leaves. As a shrub its height is three or
four feet, but when planted against a wall, its branches
extend to a much greater distance. It may be used for
the same purposes as the last-named, with the ex-
ception of clipped edgings, its stronger habit rendering
it less eligible for that purpose.

DABOECIA,— D. Don.

SYN. — Menziesia. — Jussieu.
DABCECIA POLYFOLIA.— D. Don.

A pretty dwarf evergreen bush, with deep green
shining leaves ; a native of Ireland, and often called
the Irish Heath. Flowers purple. There is a variety
with white flowers. It requires the same soil and
treatment with hardy Heaths, to which plants it is
nearly allied.

EVERGREENS.

DAPHNE. —Linnets.

DAPHNE COLLINA.— Smith.
(Hill-inhabiting Daphne.)

A pretty little shrub, growing three or four feet
high, with delightfully fragrant pinkish flowers. Its
habit is erect, and the flowers are borne on the points
of the shoots. A native of Italy. Succeeds best on a
warm border, in a soil composed of peat and loam.

DAPHNE CNEORUM.— Lvmams.

(Trailing Daphne.)

Has trailing branches. A neat shrub, producing
both in spring and early autumn abundance of fragrant
red flowers, in terminal heads. It thrives best in a cool
situation, with a peaty soil, as the edges of American
borders.

DAPHNE DELAHAYANA.— Gardens.

An interesting bush, very hardy, blooming profusely
in May. Foliage and habit very neat.

DAPHNE FIONIANA.— Gardens.

Another garden variety, very pretty, resembling
Delahayana, and blooming at the same season.

DAPHNE HYBRIDA.

SYN. — Daphne Daupldnil. — English Gardens.
Decidedly one of the most desirable of the genus. Its

EVERGREENS. 143

flowers are purplish, and delightfully fragrant. Leaves
large and shining, a free grower, and succeeds best in
a warm sheltered situation. Blooms from February
to April.

DAPHNE JAPONICA.

Resembles D. indica rubra in general habit, but
has variegated foliage. The flowers are equally fragrant.
A fine shrub, very hardy, grows rapidly, and will
succeed in almost any soil or situation.

DAPHNE LAUREOLA.— Liwncws.
(Spurge Laurel.)

Found in woods in England, as well as in many
other parts of Europe. A valuable shrub for under-
wood in plantations, as it thrives best in the shade.
In fact, when planted in sunny places, it loses its
beautiful green colour, and assumes a reddish-brown
tint ; height about four feet.

DAPHNE INDICA.— var. rubra.

Usually treated as a greenhouse plant, but is suffi-
ciently hardy for the open air in many parts of the
country. It requires a soil composed of loam and
peat, and the situation should not be wet. The
delightful fragrance of its blossoms has rendered it a
favourite with all ; and merely as an evergreen shrub
it is very pretty.

144 EVERGREENS.

DAPHNE PONTICA.
(Pontic Daphne.)

Hesembles D. laureola in general aspect, but has
more ovate leaves and sweeter-scented flowers. Height
about five feet. Indigenous on the coast of the Black
Sea. A very pretty shrub, and thrives well beneath
other trees.

ERIOBOTEYA JAPONICA.— Lindley.

• (The Loquat.)
SYN. — Mespilus japonica. — Thunberg.

Found in China and Japan, where it is largely
cultivated for its fruit, which are not produced in this
country except in hothouses ; but it is well worthy of
being more extensively planted in our gardens as an
ornamental and picturesque evergreen. In the southern
and other favoured parts of the country it may be
grown as a standard, but in the majority of situations
it will require a wall. It should not be planted where
it will be subject to rough winds, or its large broad
leaves will be much injured, and many destroyed. A
rich loamy soil, or loam and peat will suit it best.

EVERGREENS. 145

ERICA.— Dm.

(Heath.)

Interesting evergreen shrubs, requiring similar
treatment and soil with American plants ; and like
them, they prefer a cool and moist situation.

ERICA ARBOREA.— Linnaeus.
(Tree Heath.)

Like many plants previously alluded to, this Heath
is spring-tender, and must be treated accordingly. In
its native habitats on the Pyrenees, it often grows
fifteen or twenty feet high ; but in this country,
although a beautiful shrub, it seldom reaches that
height except when planted against a wall. No hardy
species is superior to it in beauty, but it will only
succeed in the more favoured parts of the country.
Flowers white and very fragrant.

ERICA AUSTRALIA— Linncem.
(Southern Heath.)

Seldom grows more than five or six feet high. A
pretty pyramidal-shaped shrub, with purplish-red
flowers, which are produced in great profusion during
the whole of the summer.

ERICA CARNEA.— Linnaeus.
(Flesh-coloured-flowered Heath.)
STN. — Gypsocallis carnea. — Don.
Has prostrate branches, bearing drooping axillary

146 EVERGREENS.

racemes of pale-red flowers ; indigenous to Wales, and
parts of Switzerland and Germany.

ERICA CINEREA.— Linnaws.
(Grey Heath.)

An interesting little shrub, growing about a foot
high, with deep purple or rarely white flowers.

E. c. — var. coccinea.

A variety with bright red flowers, which are pro-
duced in greater profusion than in the species. It
also continues in bloom for a much longer period.

ERICA MEDITERRANEA.

(Mediterranean Heath.)
STN. — Gypsocallis mediterranea. — Don.

Grows five or six feet high, a native of the south of
Europe. It has also been found in Ireland. Flowers
red. A very pretty shrub.

E. M. — var. hibernica.

Not so tall as the species, and of a more compact
habit.

ERICA VAGANS.— Linnceus.

(Wandering Heath.)
SYN. — Gypsocallis vagans. — Salisbury.

Indigenous to this country, as well as France and
parts of northern Africa. A dwarf shrub, seldom

EVERGREENS. 147

above a foot high, producing its purplish-red bell-
shaped flowers in great abundance.

ESCALLONIA. -Mutis.

ESCALLONIA MACRANTHA.

(Large-flowered Escallonia.)

A very handsome shrub, of recent introduction, a
native of Chiloe. It is quite hardy, and forms an
excellent plant for training on a wall. The foliage is
very beautiful, of a deep green, glabrous and shining.

ESCALLONIA MONTEVIDENSIS.— De Candolk.

Prom Brazil, where it grows in sandy places. It
thrives very well in any ordinary garden soil in this
country, and is very attractive in the early part of
autumn, being then loaded with a profusion of white
flowers, which renders it very conspicuous in the
shrubbery. It is quite hardy, and grows very vigor-
ously, forming a moderate-sized shrub, with ovate
leaves about an inch long.

ESCALLONIA RUBRA.— Persoon.
(Red-flowered Escallonia.)

An excellent plant for a wall or for the shrubbery.
In the former situation it will grow six or eight feet
high, but in the latter it is much dwarfer, as its shoots
generally take a curved direction, pointing to the

L2

148 EVERGREENS.

ground. It bears numerous drooping dull-red
flowers, which are produced in the latter part of the
summer.

EUONYMUS.— Fwrnefort.
(Spindle Tree.)

EUONYMUS JAPONICUS.— Thunberg.

An elegant shrub, indigenous to Japan, with erect
branches and habit like the Sweet Bay. Both hares
and rabbits are very fond of the leaves of this species,
as well as of all the varieties, of which there are
several ; some with silver-margined and striped leaves,
others with markings of a gold colour. All are highly
ornamental shrubs. In Japan the species grows twenty
feet high.

FABIANA.

FABIANA IMBRICATA.

(Imbricated-leaved Fabiana.)

In general appearance this very pretty plant resem.
bles a Heath. Its foliage is pale green, and flowers
white. They are about one-and-a-quarter inch long,
tubular, and are produced in great profusion early in
the spring. It thrives in any ordinary soil, or in peat
beds with American plants.

EVERGREENS. 149

FAGTTS.

(Beech.)

FAGUS BETULOIDES.— Mirld.
(Birch-like Beech.)

From Tierra del Fuego. An evergreen tree with
neat foliage, perfectly hardy, and very handsome. We
quote the description of this tree from Sir W. J.
Hooker's "Guide to Kew Gardens. " "It is remark-
able for its beauty and small evergreen foliage, scarcely
larger than that of the broad-leaved myrtle, and for its
being the most southern tree in the world ; indeed,
there exists but little vegetation of any kind beyond
it. Its size and form, however, in its native region,
depend on the place of its growth. In sheltered valleys
it attains a considerable size, with a trunk seven feet
in diameter, so that Captain Philip King made large
boats from one trunk ; while on the exposed heights
of Hermite Island the trees are so dwarfish and
stunted, and the branches so densely compacted, that
the traveller is able literally to walk upon the tops of
them."

GARRYA,— Douglas.

GARRYA ELLIPTICA.— Douglas.
(Elliptic-leaved Garrya.)

The Male.
In favourable situations this is a very handsome

150 EVEEGKEENS.

shrub, producing in winter and early in spring a
profusion of long pendulous yellowish catkins, which
have a singular and graceful appearance. The leaves
are leathery, of a dull and somewhat greyish-green
colour. Height five or six feet, a native of North
Carolina.

The female plant has recently produced blossoms
for the first time in this country, but they are wholly
destitute of beauty.

GATJLTHERIA Linnceus.

GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS.— Linnceus.
(Procumbent Gaultheria.)

For the fronts of American borders, or in cool moist
woods in peaty soil, this is a useful and interesting
little plant. It seldom grows above four or five inches
high. The flowers, which are produced in August, are
followed by small red berries, which remain a long
time upon the plant.

GAULTHERIA SHALLON.— Punk.
(Shallon Gaultheria.)

Has procumbent or partially erect stems, broad
glabrous leaves, and whitish flowers. In a good peat
soil, where it succeeds best, it grows two or three feet
high ; but it also thrives well in a sandy loam. It is
one of the few plants which are found to thrive in the
deep shade of Pine woods, for which, and similar

EVERGREENS. 151

situations, it is invaluable. The fleshy purple berries,
which are produced in abundance, are eagerly sought
for by game.

HEDERA,— Swartz.
(Ivy.)

HEDERA HELIX.— Linncews.
(Common Ivy.)

The general character and uses of our common ivy
are well known, but it is not so usefully employed as it
should be. There are many situations in gardens, as
beneath the shade and drip of trees, where grass
quickly dies, and where but few other plants will thrive
at all, which Ivy would rapidly cover with a beautifully
green surface ; and as a quick-growing evergreen
climber for covering old walls and other unsightly
objects it has no rival. There are many varieties
cultivated in gardens, differing in the form or size of
their leaves and in the colour of their fruit; while
others have white or yellow variegated foliage.

HEDERA REGNERIANA.— Gardens.

Has much larger and thicker leaves than any other
Ivy, and is more robust. It is a very fine plant, and
deserves to become generally known.

152 EVERGREENS.

HELIANTHEMUM,

(Sun Eose.)

All the species are low, bushy, or trailing plants,
suitable for rock-work, or for the fronts of beds of
other plants. They are all more or less ornamental,
with red, white, or yellow flowers, or of different shades
of those colours, which are produced abundantly.
Large masses of them make a brilliant appearance
when fully expanded, but they are always closed
except when the sun shines.

HYPERICUM,— Linnceus.
(St. John's Wort.)

HYPERICUM CALYCINUM.— Linnceus.
(Large-calixed St. John's Wort.)

One of the most useful flowering plants for covering
banks or bare places in old shrubberies or under trees.
It is very dwarf, never higher than twelve or eighteen
inches. Leaves dark and shining, flowers bright
yellow, two or three inches across. It has creeping
stems, which rapidly extend over a large space. It
thrives well under the drip and shade of trees, and
prefers a light soil.

EVERGREENS. 153

IILICIUM.

(Aniseed Tree.)

The two species named, although usually confined
to the greenhouse, may be successfully grown in the
open air. They should have situations somewhat
screened from the influence of the sun, or they lose
much of the beauty of their foliage. For soil, they
prefer a sandy loam, or loam and peat. They are both
slow-growing plants.

ILLICIUM FLORIDANUM.— Ellis.
(Florida Illicium.)

A branching shrub five or six feet high, with smooth
shining leaves, generally of a reddish tint, as are also
the leaf- stalks, and branches. The flowers, both in
colour and form, resemble those of Calycanthusfloridus.

ILLICIUM RELIGIOSUM.
(Holy Illicium.)

Eesembles in general character the one previously
mentioned, but its leaves are stouter, and destitute of the
red tint for which that is conspicuous. The flowers,
too, are larger, and of a yellowish green. A very
pretty shrub, quite hardy in the south, and in other
favourable localities.

154 EVERGREENS.

ILEX. — Linnceus.
(Holly.)

All the species and varieties, of which there are now
a great many in cultivation, are deserving of notice,
whether as mere shrubbery plants, or as ornamental
specimens for the dressed lawn, for in whatever situation
they are employed, they will be found highly orna-
mental. Viewing them collectively, they are at once
rich in the colour of their foliage, neat in habit,
picturesque in form, and various in its character.
Loudon, in his "Arboretum," says, "As an orna-
mental shrub or low tree, the Holly is surpassed by no
evergreen whatever." All the kinds thrive best in a
rich light loam, but they will succeed in any ordinary
soil, provided it is not cold and wet.

ILEX AQUIFOLIUM.— Linnceu*.
(Common Holly.)

One of the most useful evergreens we possess,
thriving well under a great diversity of circumstances.
In exposed situations, as an ornament in itself, or as
shelter for other trees, it is scarcely inferior to the
evergreen oak ; and as a hedge plant it has no rival,
either for appearance, efficacy, or durability. Objections
are sometimes made against its slow growth ; but such
are only tenable when the plant is young, for when it
is thoroughly established, it progresses quite as rapidly
as any other shrub, and as it bears clipping well, it

EVERGREENS. 155

may be kept to any required dimensions. It will also
retain its verdure, and make an excellent undergrowth
beneath the shade and drip of other trees. There are
many varieties of the common species.

I. A. — var. angustifolia.
(Narrow-leaved Common Holly.)
Has much narrower leaves than the species.

I. A. — var. altaclerensis.

(High Clere Common Holly.)

A handsome variety, with very broad thin leaves.

I. A. — var. ciliata.
(Ciliated-leaved Common Holly.)

Leaves about two inches long, with small prickles
like hairs along their margins.

I. A. — var. crispa.
(Curled-leaved Common Holly.)
A variety, with curled or twisted leaves.

I. A. — var. crassifolia.

(Thick-leaved Common Holly.)

Has very thick leaves, which are deeply serrated.

I. A. — var. ferox.
(Fierce or Hedgehog Holly.)
In this variety each leaf has its edges rolled back,

156 EVERGREENS.

which gives it a cylindrical figure, and the surface
being thickly clothed with spines, the term Hedgehog
Holly is by no means inappropriate. It is a very
curious variety.

I. A — var. laurifolia.
(Laurel-leaved Common Holly.)

Leaves without prickles, resembling both in shape
and size those of the Sweet Bay, Laurus

I. A. — var. marginata.
(Thick margin-leaved Common Holly.)

Has no prickles, and the leaves, which are nearly
as broad as long, are very much thickened at the
margins.

VARIEGATED VARIETIES OF THE COMMON HOLLY.

Of these there are numerous kinds, differing much
in the size and markings of their leaves. They may be
all included under the following heads : —

Meaved.
Gold-edged-leaved.
White-spotted-leaved.
Gold-spotted-leaved.

To which may be added,

The Silver-blotched Hedgehog Holly, and
Gold-blotched Hedgehog Holly.

EVERGREENS. 157

VARIETIES OF THE COMMON HOLLY DISTINGUISHED
BY THE COLOUR OF THEIR BERRIES.

Yellow-berried.

"White-berried.

Black-fruited.

ILEX BALEARICA. — Desfontaines.

(Minorca Holly.)

Keadily distinguished by its yellowish-green leaves,
which are slightly waved at the edges, and have but
few prickles.

ILEX CORNUTA.— Lindley.
(Horned-leaved Holly.)

A new and very important addition to our hardy
evergreens. Its general habit is very picturesque, to
which the peculiar form of its very dark green leaves
contributes in a great degree. They are often four
inches long by three inches broad. Dr. Lindley, in
" Paxton's Flower Garden," says, " It is a very remark-
able plant, and promises to be, to English gardens, of
much importance, on account of its hard dark-green
evergreen foliage and large berries. The leaves are
almost always furnished with three strong spines at the
end, but when the plant is young there are added one
or two more on each side. In the old plants the latter
wholly disappear, while the end spines will occasionally
extend, turn up their edges, and assume the appearance
of strong horns." It is a native of the north of China,
and perfectly hardy.

158 EVERGREENS.

I. c. — var. furcata.

Although a variety of I. cprnuta, and resembling that
species when young, it is perfectly distinct ; and in
older plants the similarity is very slight. The leaves
are almost flat, while in cornuta the edges are much
curved under, giving them a convex form. Nor are
they so intensely green as those of the species, and the
spines are less rigid and not so broad. It is a very fine
plant, and differs from any other Holly in cultivation.
We received it from China, and it has proved quite
hardy.

ILEX DAHOON.— Wallicli.
(Dahoon Holly.)

Has elliptical, almost entire leaves, with somewhat
revolute margins. It is quite hardy, and forms a
beautiful shrub eight or ten feet high.

ILEX DIPYRENA.— Wallich.
(Two-seeded-berried Holly.)

A very interesting and picturesque shrub, a native
of Nepal and Chinese Tartary. Height about twelve
feet.

ILEX MICROCARPA.— Lindley.
(Small-fruited Holly.)

From the north of China, and quite hardy in this
country. It is very unlike any other known Holly.

EVERGREENS . 159

The leaves, which have a purplish tinge when young,
but are of a deep green when full grown, are fleshy,
quite smooth on both sides, about two-and-a-half
inches long, and of an ovate form. The berries, which
are small, are borne in large axillary clusters. "We
received it from Tein-tung, in the north of China.

ILEX LATIFOLIA.

(Broad-leaved Holly.)

This very fine species is from Japan. The leaves
are deep green, from six to eight inches long by two
or three inches broad, very stiff, smooth, and shining,
with serrated edges. Yery hardy, but thrives best in
a cool and moist situation, otherwise it loses much of
the rich green of its leaves. Height about twenty feet.

KALMIA, — Linnceus.

KALMIA LATIFOLIA.— Linnceus.
(Broad-leaved Kalmia.)

Thrives well under the same circumstances as the
Rhododendron and other American plants. Inde-
pendently of its being a fine evergreen shrub, it is
also valuable for the profusion of beautiful pink flowers
which it produces in June and July. It forms a
compact shrub, from five to ten feet high. It may be
safely planted near game preserves, as neither rabbits
nor hares will attack it. There are several species, all
of which require peat soil and a cool situation.

160 EVERGREENS.

LAURUS.— Pliny.
(Laurel or, Bay Tree.)

LAUEUS CAROLINENSIS.— Catesly.
(Carolina Laurel, or Eed Bay.)

Less hardy than L. nobilis, and can only be success-
fully cultivated in the most favourable situations, or
as a wall plant. It has fine foliage, the leaves being
six inches long.

LAURUS NOBILIS.— Linnceus.
(Noble Laurel, or Sweet Bay.)

Scarcely any garden is, and none should be, without
some examples of this fine evergreen. As a single
plant, or associated with others, it is highly attractive.
It also makes excellent garden hedges, and is one of
the best plants for training as a standard. In this
latter respect it is scarcely inferior to the Portugal
Laurel. The natural habit of this plant is to form a
conical shrub, branched to the ground. Not very
hardy, as in severe winters it suffers even in the south
of England.

LAURUS REGALIS.
(Californian or Royal Sweet Bay.)

Indigenous to the hill districts of California, and
very hardy in this country. It is perfectly distinct
from the Common Bay, the leaves being three or four
inches long, often more, by about three-quarters of an

EVERGREENS. 161

inch wide at the base, and gradually narrowing to the
point. They have the same odour when bruised as the
Sweet Bay. Plants are as yet rare ; but when it is
more generally known, it must be admired for its
unique appearance. A tall tree.

LARDIZABALA.

LARDIZABALA BITERNATA.— Ruiz and Pawn.

The few evergreen climbers which our gardens
possess render any acquisition to the number of great
value. This plant is highly attractive both for its fine
foliage and drooping racemes of dark purple flowers.
It is very hardy, a rapid grower, will cover a large
space, and is not particular as to soil or situation.

LIGUSTRUM Tournefort.

(Privet.)

LIGUSTRUM JAPONTCUM.— Thunberg.

(Japanese Privet.)
SYN. — Ligustrum latifolivm. — Vitman.

A shrub six or eight feet high, with large, thick,
ovate leaves of a beautiful green. Very distinct, and
at present but little known in gardens.

EVERGREENS.

LIGUSTRUM LUCIDUM.— Aiton.'

(Shining-leaved Privet.)
SYN. — Ligustrum chinensis. — Gardens.

A handsome shrub, with large shining leaves and
white flowers, which are produced at the beginning of
autumn. A native of China, where it is found as a
tree fifteen or twenty feet high, which character may
be given to it in our gardens by training it to a single
stem. It does not retain the whole of its foliage
through the winter, except in the more favourable
parts of the country.

LIGUSTRUM SEMPERVIRENS.

(Italian or Evergreen Privet.)

For neat hedges, or for undergrowth to plantations,
this species is well adapted ; for the latter purpose
especially, as it is not injured by the drip from other
plants. It is not a desirable shrub to associate with
others in the borders, as it soon encroaches beyond
the limits assigned it, by throwing up a quantity of
suckers.

WSIGEBJL—Desffmtaines.

(Honeysuckle.)
LONICERA FLEXUOSA.— Thunberg.

(Flexible-stemmed Honeysuckle.)
A creeping plant ; grows very rapidly. Useful for

EVERGREENS. 1 63

covering a large space quickly. Requires good atten-
tion to pruning, or the lower branches soon become
naked.

MAGNOLIA.

MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA.— Linnaeus.
(Large-flowered Magnolia.)

A noble tree, indigenous to North America, where
it grows from sixty to one hundred feet high. In
English gardens it is chiefly used as a wall tree ; but
it may be grown as a standard in situations not
exposed to rough winds, as its large leaves are often
much damaged by them. The large size of its flowers,
which are often eight or ten inches across, and its
noble foliage, have rendered it a very popular plant.
There are many varieties in cultivation, the most
important of which is exoniensis. It is better adapted
for growing as a standard than the species.

MYETUS.

MYRTUS COMMUNIS.

(Common Myrtle.)

In many parts of England, especially in the south
and south-western counties, several species of myrtle
succeed very well, both as shrubs on the lawn or
trained to a wall. It is said that on the continent,

M2

164 EVERGREENS.

where it grows wild, plants are found flourishing by
the sea side, and where they are washed by the spray.
There are many species and varieties in cultivation,
some with variegated foliage. We believe the hardiest
is that known as the Boman or Broad-leaved Myrtle,
M. c. romana.

PASSIFLORA,

(Passion Flower.)

PASSIFLORA C^ERULEA.

(Common blue-flowered Passion Flower.)

A handsome climbing plant, usually kept in green-
houses, but is quite hardy against a wall in most parts
of the country. Flowers bluish, which are followed
by orange-coloured fruit, resembling large oval plums.
A native of Peru, but an old inhabitant of our gardens.

PEENETTYA.— Gaudichaud.

PERNETTYA MUCRONATA.— Gaudickaud.
S YN. — A rbutus mucronata.

A low shrub, with dark green shining foliage, and
small white flowers. The plant is most attractive
when in fruit ; its deep red berries contrasting beauti-
fully with the rich colour of the leaves. Grows about

.EVERGREENS. 165

two feet high, with spreading branches. Thrives best
in peat soil, or peat and loam.

PITTQSPORUM.— Banks.

PITTOSPORUM TOBIRA.— Alton.
(Tobira Pittosporum.)

Although this handsome evergreen shrub will succeed
as a standard in the most favoured parts of the
country, it is best adapted for a wall. Height gene-
rally about six feet. Flowers cream-coloured, which
are produced in April. Leaves dark glossy green.
Thrives well in ordinary soil if dry and healthy.

PITTOSPORUM UNDULATUM.
(Undulated-leaved Pittosporum.)

Quite distinct from the preceding, and equally
hardy ; except in a few situations it is much better
treated as a wall plant, in which position it is very
ornamental, producing in summer a profusion of cream-
coloured flowers, which contrast beautifully with the
deep green of its foliage.

POLYGALA.

POLYGALA CHAM^IBUXUS.— Linnaws.

(Dwarf Box-leaved Polygala.)
A neat little plant, seldom growing above six inches

166 EVERGREENS.

high, with leaves like the Box, and yellow flowers.
Its proper situation is in cool peat beds, where it may
be used as an edging to American plants.

PBJNOS.— LiwiCBUS.

(Winter Berry.)

PRINOS GLABER— Linnceus.
(Glabrous Winter Berry.)

A low evergreen shrub, from the shady woods of
Canada. Naturally it grows in sandy soils. In this
country it forms a handsome bush, three or four feet
high, densely clothed with very shining green leaves.
The small white flowers are produced late in the
summer, and are followed by nearly black berries.

PHILLYRE A,— Toum efort.

The Phillyrea is often confounded with Alaternus ;
but independently of more minute distinctions, an
obvious one exists, in the former having opposite
leaves, the latter alternate ones. They are all handsome
shrubs, of neat habit ; and they are less affected by
the smoke of towns than many other plants. Their
deep green foliage forms an admirable back-ground
to set off light-coloured shrubs or flowering plants ;
and they have the excellent quality of not being

EVERGREENS. 167

particular as to soil and situation. There are many
species in cultivation ; but angustifolia, media, and
latifolia are the best.

PHOTINIA.—
PHOTINIA SERRULATA.— Lindley.

Though too tender for a standard, in many parts of
the country it is a valuable plant for covering a wall.
Leaves deep green, shining, large and handsome.
Height ten or twelve feet ; but sometimes consider-
ably more. Where it can be grown as a standard it
will be found highly ornamental : soil in which thorns
are found to succeed will equally suit this plant.

QUERCUS.— LinncKus.
(Oak.)

QUERCUS BALLOTA.— Desfontaines.
(Sweet Acorn Ocak.)

Though closely allied to Q. Hex, its appearance is
distinct ; but both in general appearance, and in the
form of its leaves, it varies much in different situations.
It occurs naturally in Morocco and Algiers as a tree,
twenty-five or thirty feet high. Eequires a favour-
able situation.

168 EVERGREENS.

QUERCUS GLABRA.— Thunberg.

A tree indigenous to Japan, with large lanceolate
leaves, glabrous on both sides, and with slightly
spreading branches. It is considered too tender for
our climate ; but in the past autumn we saw a fine
example, three feet high, in the grounds of Lord
Burlington, Holkar Hall, near Lancaster, which ap-
peared to be very hardy.

QUERCUS ILEX.— Linnceus.
(Evergreen Oak.)

No tree is superior to this for planting on the sea
coast, whether for shelter or ornament ; and, indeed,
in any exposed situation, where little success attends
the attempt to establish other trees, the evergreen
oak will succeed, and it has the additional valuable
properties, of being both a rapid grower, and a hand-
some tree. It also bears the smoke and impure atmo-
sphere of towns much better than most other ever-
greens : yet, with all its good qualities, it is only
sparingly used, and is rarely met with, except as an
occasional specimen among ornamental evergreens in
pleasure grounds. This has, no doubt, arisen from the
many failures usually experienced in transplanting it.
That no evergreen removes under the usual system
with greater risk, we are well aware. Yet as we have
previously shown, success may be attained even with
large plants ; but, of course, such measures could
only be adopted with a limited number. TV hen the

EVERGREENS. 169

intention is to plant a large quantity, either for
shelter, for ornament, or for timber, for which it is
very valuable, rivalling even the Common Oak in
strength and durability, we recommend the following
method: — As soon as the acorns are gathered, let
them be sown in small pots, one in each, and plunged
in the ground, just deep enough to cover them ; but
they must be carefully watched, to prevent the depre-
dation of mice, which are sure to attack them. It is
the better to preserve the acorns from destruction,
that we recommend them to be sown in pots, or the
trouble would be less to sow them where they are to
remain. If properly attended to, by August the
young oaks will be from four to six inches high. The
ground having been previously prepared to receive
them, they may now be planted out ; and in the fol-
lowing year they will make long clean growths, and
preserve good leading shoots, which they rarely do
when raised and transplanted in the ordinary way;
for, unlike most other trees and shrubs, however often
they may be transplanted, very few fibrous roots are
produced, and the less frequently they are removed
before occupying their final position the better.

Although the evergreen oak is generally supposed
to thrive best in a strong loamy soil, it is by no means
particular in that respect, and may be successfully
planted in almost any kind. Upon strong clays, in
exposed places, and where scarcely any other tree would
progress at all, there it can be employed with advan-
tage. Some of the finest trees in the country are in
the grounds at Holkham House, the seat of the Earl

170 EVEEGEEENS.

of Leicester, in Norfolk. Many of them are from
fifty to eighty feet high, with trunks five and six feet
in diameter at eighteen inches from the ground. They
are growing in a dry chalky soil.

Too much cannot be said in praise of this tree. It
is the most valuable one we possess, and should be
extensively planted : no soil or situation seems to
disagree with it. The nearer the sea, the more
luxuriantly it grows ; where almost every other, cer-
tainly every other evergreen, would fail, there it may
be planted with perfect success.

Q. i. — var. Fordii.

A very distinct and handsome variety : in form it is
a pointed cone ; the branches growing erect, almost
parallel with the trunk. Leaves small, pointed, twisted,
dark green above, pale beneath. Porms a highly orna-
mental tree when planted singly.

Q. i. — var. variegata. — Gardens.
Has the leaves beautifully variegated with white.

Q. I. — var. latifolia. — Loddiges.

The leaves of this variety are very much larger than
in the species, and nearly entire.

QUERCUS INVERSA.— -Lindley.

Received by us from the north of China, and has
proved hardy at Bagshot. It is a fine evergreen tree,
with apparently the habit of the conimoiiEvergreenOak.

EVERGREENS. 171

Its leaves are deep green, quite smooth and shining on
the upper side, but having a short glaucous down
beneath ; about three inches long, abruptly narrowed
to a blunt point. The male flowers are produced in
long tails, at the ends of the fruit-bearing branches,
and are a very attractive feature, when in perfection.

QUERCUS REPENS.

A very interesting low-growing species, with the
habit of a shrub.

QUERCUS SUBER— Linnceus.
(Cork Tree.)

This tree is not so hardy as the Evergreen Oak, to
which it has a great resemblance, especially to the
broader-leaved varieties ; but it forms a handsome tree
in many parts of the country. Height from twenty to
thirty feet. There are many varieties in cultivation,
differing much in the size and form of their leaves.

QUERCUS SCLEROPHYLLA.— lindley.

An evergreen oak, with noble foliage, received by us
from the same district as Q. inversa. The leaves are
often six inches long, by three inches broad ; of a
thick leathery texture, quite smooth, and of a bright
green on the upper surface, but glaucous and covered
with a fine down beneath. The fruit is borne in com-
pact spikes, three or four inches in length. A very
fine and distinct plant.

172 EVERGREENS.

QUERCTJS ZAN.
SYN. — Quercus Mirbeckii.

A large tree with the habit and general appearance
of the Common Oak, but with much larger leaves, which
are evergreen.

RHODODENDRON.

For the proper treatment of these beautiful plants,
we beg to refer the reader to the treatise on the cul-
tivation of American plants, at page 106.

We have here mentioned and described some of the
hardier species ; and have also given lists, arranged
according to their colours, of some of the best late
flowering hybrids. Any of those named may be
relied on as being perfectly hardy, and not blooming
till after all danger from spring frosts is over.

RHODODENDRON" ARBOREUM ALBUM.
(White-flowered Tree Rhododendron.)

In its native habitats on the Himalayas it attains
the size of a tree ; in our gardens it is much lower,
generally appearing as a robust shrub. It is perfectly
hardy, and is a handsome evergreen ; but usually
flowers too early for our climate. In situations where
it could be retarded, there would be a chance of seeing
the beautiful trusses of flowers perfected. Treatment

EVEEGEEENS. 173

analogous to what we have recommenced for spring-
tender plants would be the best means to accomplish it.

RHODODENDRON CAMPANULATUM.— D. Don.
(Bell-shape-flowered Rhododendron.)

Although this fine shrub will only perfect its flowers
in the open air, in the more favourable localities, it
deserves to be cultivated for its fine foliage. As its
flowers, from being produced so early, are usually
destroyed by late spring frosts, the only chance of
seeing them properly developed, would be to retard it
as much as possible. The treatment recommended
for other spring-tender plants would be the readiest
means of effecting that. A dwarf shrub from the
mountains of Nepal.

RHODODENDRON CAUCASICUM.— Pallas.
(Caucasian Rhododendron.)

A dwarf shrub, with procumbent branches. Leaves
rough, and green above, ferruginous beneath. Flowers
purple or white. Indigenous on the mountains of
Caucasus, about the line of perpetual snow. It seldom
grows above twelve or fifteen inches high, and blooms
at the end of summer.

RHODODENDRON CATAWBIENSE.— MicJiaux.
(Catawba Rhododendron.)

A shrub of moderate height, with smooth, blunt,
oval leaves, and purplish flowers ; but there are

174 EVERGREENS.

numerous hybrids in cultivation, having flowers of
almost every shade of purple and lilac. It is a native
of N. America, and is abundant in the states of
Virginia and Carolina.

RHODODENDRON FERRUGINEUM.— Linnaeus.
(Rusty-leaved Rhododendron.)

Conspicuous for the very deep rust-colour of the
under side of its leaves. Flowers red ; leaves about
the size of those of the Box tree. Very dwarf and
pretty.

RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM.— Linnceus.
(Hairy Rhododendron.)

A pretty dwarf shrub, with red or scarlet flowers..
Leaves small, and hairy on the margins and beneath ;
but smooth upon the upper surface. A native of the
European Alps. Height about two feet.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM.— Linnceus.
(Largest Rhododendron.)

A shrub twelve or fifteen feet high, indigenous to
North America, on poor soils, mostly in the vicinity of
lakes or rivers; and flowering a great part of the
summer. Flowers pale red, spotted with yellow.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
(Pontic Rhododendron.)

One of the most useful evergreens known. Intro-
duced to this country from Armenia in 1763. As

EVERGREENS. 175

that country was then called Pontus, it acquired the
name of Pontic Rhododendron. If planted on a lawn
by itself in favourable situations, it forms a dense
hemispherical bush, and produces its large heads of
purple flowers in abundance. The numerous hardy
hybrids, with much superior flowers, have now super-
seded this species in the flower garden ; but it may be
planted in any situation where dense evergreen growths
are desired, at least wherever soil and situation are
favourable to it.

It is also a most valuable plant for undergrowths in
woods, as it succeeds very well in the shade and beneath
the drip of other trees, if proper precautions are taken
in planting it. Nor is it attacked by rabbits and
hares, as many other plants are, which makes it
valuable for covers where they abound.

HARDY HYBRID RHODODENDRONS ARRANGED UNDER
THEIR RESPECTIVE COLOURS.

BLUSH.
Album elegans. Delicatissimum.

Portia.
Norma.

Madame Sontag.

LILAC.
Everestianum. Catawbiense.

LILAC WITH JET BLACK SPOTS.
Nigricans.

176

EVERGREENS.

LILAC WITH DOUBLE FLOWERS.

Fastuosum.
Vervaeneanum .

Hy acinthiflor um .
Catawbiense flore pleno.

These remain much longer in bloom than those with

single flowers.

PURPLE, AND PURPLE TINGED WITH CRIMSON.

Antagonist.
Cyannm.

Queen Victoria.
Sir Isaac Newton.

ROSE-COLOURED.

Elegans. Magnet.

Antonio. Metaphor.

Helena. Albion.

Cerito. Hartley Luttrell.

Nobleanum bicolor.
Humboldtii.
Betsy Trotwood.

ROSE WITH WHITE THROAT.

Pnlchellum.

Mrs. Bartholomew.

ROSE VERY MUCH SPOTTED.

Deception.
Paxtonii.
Mrs. London.
Sir Walter Scott.

Bonquet de Flora.
Geranoides.
David Copperfield.
Picturatum.

EVERGREENS.

177

PALE ROSE WITH VERY LARGE FLOWERS
AND TRUSS.

Towardii. | Sabrina.

RED AND CRIMSON.

Eaeanum. Standishii.

Erectum. Maid of Saragossa.

lanthe. Vivid.

Eeedianum. Blandyanum.

Coccineum.
Lindseyii.

SCARLET.

Compactum.
Ignescens.

WHITE, TINGED ON THE MARGINS OF THE PETALS,
WITH ROSE OR PINK.

Fairy Queen.
Eegina.

Gem.
Zuleika.

FRENCH WHITE AND BLUSH, VERY MUCH SPOTTED.

Pictum.
Delicatum.
Cinnamomum Cun-
ningliamii.

Multimaculatum .
Mrs. Hemans.

178 EVERGREENS.

WHITE, AND WHITE WITH NUMEROUS SPOTS.

Nivaticum.
Album grandiflorum.
Bride (variegated fo-
liage).

Coriacemn.
Alexandrina.

RHAMNTIS.— Lamarck
(Buckthorn.)

RHAMNUS ALATERNUS.— Linnceus.
(The Alaternus.)

Endures the smoky atmosphere of towns much better
than most other evergreens, which quality renders it
highly valuable for many situations. It also bears
clipping well ; but its general habit is very compact,
and if not injured by other trees, becomes clothed with
branches to the ground. There are several varieties,
as the round-leaved and narrow-leaved; with others
having variegated foliage.

ROSA — Tournefort.
(Rose.)

ROSA BRACTEATA.— Wendland.
(Lord Macartney's Rose.)

Introduced from China in 1795 by the nobleman

EVERGREENS. 179

whose name it bears. For covering a low wall it is
very useful. The leaves are of a bright shining green.
.Flowers large, single white.

The hybrid known as Maria Leonida has large
double flowers; but they do not expand, except in
warm situations. It is a handsome evergreen.

ROSA FORTUNI.

(Fortune's Rose.)

From the north of China. A handsome evergreen
climbing species. Grows very rapidly. Leaves bright
shining green. An invaluable plant for covering
large spaces quickly. Flowers white.

RUSCUS, — I/lnnceus.
(Butcher's Broom.)

RUSCUS ACULEATUS.— Linnceus.
(Prickly or Common Butcher's Broom.)

A dwarf plant, common in the woods in many parts
of England. Height one to three feet, bearing in
winter a quantity of bright red berries. Its stems are
biennial, dying down the second year like the rasp-
berry. There are many situations in woods and
shrubberies where it can be planted with advantage,
as it delights in shady places.

N 2

180 EVERGREENS.

RUSCUS RACEMOSUS.— Linnaus.
(Racemose Ruscus, or Alexandrian Laurel.)

Taller than the last, and with larger and more
lively-coloured leaves. Height about four feet, a
native of Portugal. Forms a handsome under-shrub,
and thrives very well beneath the shade and drip of
other trees.

SKIMMIA.

SKIMMIA JAPONICA.— Tliunberg.

A fine, hardy, compact-growing, evergreen shrub,
lately received from the north of China. The leaves
are thick and fleshy, of a deep green, smooth on botli
sides, five or six inches long by one-and-a-half broad ;
of an oblong shape, gradually narrowing to the foot-
stalk, and acute at the point. In May it is covered
with large, dense heads of greenish-yellow flowers,
which emit a very strong and agreeable odour, resem-
bling that of Daphne indica. These are followed by
bunches of bright scarlet oval berries, which remain
upon the plant all the following winter. It produces
flowers when but two inches high, and fruits at five or
six inches. As an ornamental shrub for the lawn, or
for the winter decoration of the conservatory, it has
scarcely a rival. No degree of cold seems to injure
it. Even when but a few inches high, and the lower

EVERGREENS. 181

leaves resting 011 the soil, it is wholly unaffected by
frost.

SMIL AX. — LinncBus.

Considering the scarcity of evergreen climbing
plants, it is a matter for surprise that this genus has
not been more employed as such. Several of the
species are valuable for their foliage ; the flowers of
none are conspicuous. At present they are but
imperfectly known, but they deserve to be brought
into notice. They require no more attention than
ordinary climbing plants, and succeed well in any
common garden soil.

SYMPLOCOS.

SYMPLOCOS JAPONICA.— De Candolle.
SYN. — S. lucida. — Zuccarini.

A hardy shrub or low tree from Japan, where it
grows twenty feet high, with leaves about the size
of those of the Sweet Bay. It is a favourite plant with
the Japanese for decorating the shrines of their idols,
As it is but very recently introduced, we cannot say
whether it will be sufficiently hardy for the northern
parts of the country, but we believe it will be.

182 EVERGREENS.

TAMAEIX,

(Tamarisk.)

TAMARIX GALLICA.— Linnceus.
(French Tamarisk.)

An invaluable shrub for planting near the sea. It
grows very rapidly, and sometimes reaches the height
of thirty feet. Its usual height is, however, about
fifteen or twenty feet. It is not thoroughly an ever-
green in this country ; but we have mentioned it,
because of its great value for the purposes alluded to.
It is indigenous to many other parts of the globe, as
well as on the coasts and river-banks of our own
island.

THE A. — Linnceus.
(Tea Tree.)

THEA VIRIDIS— Linnceus.
(Green Tea.)

A handsome shrub, six to eight feet high, with
light green foliage, and large white fragrant flowers.
It is nearly allied to the Camellia, and requires a like
soil and situation. When planted singly, it forms a
dense bush, the lower branches resting oil the ground.
Handsome for a lawn plant.

EVERGREENS. 183

TJLEX. — Linnceus.
(Furze, Whin, or Gorse.)

ULEX EUROP^EA.— vaar. Florepleno.
(Double-flowered Common Furze.)

A neat and compact shrub, profusely covered from
April to Midsummer with large double blossoms. It
should only be planted in patches by itself, or singly ;
when crowded by other plants, it soon loses its lower
foliage, and branches, which greatly detracts from its
beauty. It is best seen when planted on a lawn, or on
sloping banks of turf.

ULEX STRICTA.— Mackay.
(Upright-growing or Irish Furze.)

Unlike the last named, this rarely produces a
flower ; but it is valuable for its compact habit and
deep green foliage. Its branches are erect, and nearly
destitute of spines. For neat garden hedges it is
admirably adapted, as its growth is perfectly erect, and
requires but little or no clipping. Its colour is a deep
sombre green, and does not harmonise well with other
shrubs.

VIBURNUM.— LinncBus.

VIBURNUM TINUS.— Linnceus.
(Laurestinus.)

Our gardens do not possess a more useful shrub

184 EVERGREENS.

than the Laurestinus. It is highly attractive, whether
for its neat habit and foliage, or for its large flat
corymbs of white flowers, which are produced in winter
and early in spring, when scarcely another flower can
be found in the garden. It does not thrive beneath
the shade of other trees ; but prefers an open situation,
and a somewhat stiif soil. There are several varieties,
the principal of which are lucida and stricta; the
former with very shining leaves, and larger flowers
than the species ; the latter with rigid branches, and a
more erect habit.

VIBURNUM SUSPENSUM.

A most beautiful plant from Japan, said to be very
hardy, and having large heads of very sweet-scented
flowers.

VACCINIUM— Linnceus.
(Whortleberry.)

All the evergreen species are low interesting plants.
Most of them bear deep purple berries, covered with
a rich bloom. They require peat soil and a cool
situation.

VACCINIUM BUXIFOLIUM.— Salisbury.
(Box-leaved Whortleberry.)

A neat little plant, six or eight inches high, from

EVERGREENS. 185

]S"orth America, with leaves resembling those of the
Box tree in size, but of a darker green.

VACCINIUM CANADENSK— Richards.
(Canada Whortleberry.)

A much- branched dwarfish shrub, with whitish
flowers, deep blue, almost black berries, and hairy
leaves an inch long.

VACCINIUM OVATUM.— Pursh.
(Ovate-leaved Whortleberry.)

From the banks of the Columbia River. A very
pretty much-branched shrub, with handsome foliage,
resembling Pernettya mucronata. Height three to
four feet.

YUCCA Linnceus.

(Adam's Needle.)

Although not adapted for mixing with other shrubs,
there are places in all gardens where Yuccas may be
planted with good effect. On terraces, flat lawns, in
geometrical gardens, or associated with the archi-
tectural accessories of formal gardens, they are not

186 EVERGREENS.

only appropriate, but highly ornamental. As they
are naturally sea-side plants, they may of course be
successfully grown in similar situations in gardens.
The hardiest species are gloriosa, su/perla, aloifolia, and

LISTS OF PLANTS.

ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PARTICULAR SOILS AND
SITUATIONS.

*** The number opposite each refers to the page where its description
will be found.

Plants for growing under the shade of trees.

Androssemum officinale

. 123

Ilex aquifolium, and vars. . 154

Aucuba japonica

. 126

Ligustrum sempervirens . 162

Berberis aquifolium

. 128

Prinosglaber . . .166

Cerasus Laurocerasus

. 138

Rhododendron ponticum,

Daphne hybrida

. 142

and many other kinds . 174

„ indica, var. rubra

. 143

Ruscus aculeatus . . . 179

„ japonica .

. 143

„ racemosus . . 180

„ laureola

. 143

Taxus baccata . . . 102

„ pontica

. 144

„ „ Dovastoni . 102

Gaultheria Shallon

. 150

„ lutea . .103

Hedera Helix

. 151

„ „ stricta . .103

„ Regneriana

. 151

„ „ variegata . 103

Hypericum calycinum .

. 152

Plants for sandy soils.

Abies balsamea .

. 39

Cupressus Goveniana . . 62

„ Brunoniana .

. 39

„ macrocarpa . 63

,, Deodara .

. 52

„ thurifera . . 64

„ picea .

. 48

„ „ elegans 64

„ religiosa .

. 50

„ torulosa . . 64

188

LISTS OP PLANTS FOE,

Cupressus Uhdeana . .

65

Juniperus virginiana .

74

Escallonia montevidensis .

147

„ „ glauca .

75

Juniperus Bedfordiana . .

66

„ „ .argentea

75

„ chinensis .

67

Pinus austriaca .

77

„ communis . .

67

, „ excels.a. . . .

81

„ „ vulgaris .

68

„ halapensis

83

„ „ caucasica .

68

„ inops . . . .

84

„ „ arborescens

68

„ Llaveana .

85

„ excelsa

69

„ Laricio . . . .

86

„ flaccida . . .

69

„ Montezumse

88

„ macrocarpa

70

„ Mugho . . . .

88

„ nana . . .

70

„ Pallasiana

90

„ Oxycedrus .

71

„ patula . . . .

90

„ phcenicea . .

71

„ Pinaster .

91

„ prostrata .

72

„ Pseudo-Strobus . .

94

„ religiosa. . .

72

„ pumilio

93

„ sabinoides .

73

„ rigida . . . .

95

„ spheerica . .

74

„ Tajda

98

„ squamata .

73

„ variabilis . . .

98

„ tetragona . .

74

Plants for exposed places.

Cupressus macrocarpa . . 63

Fagus betuloides . .149

Ilex aquifolium, and vars. . 154

„ balearica. . . . 157

Juniperus communis . .67

„ „ vulgaris . 68

„ „ arborescens 68

„ nana . . . 70

„ sabinoides . . 73

Pinus austriaca . . . 77

„ Cembra ... 79

„ „ pumila . . 80

excelsa . . 81

Pinus inops .
„ Llaveana .
,, Laricio .
„ Mugho
„ Pallasiana
„ Pinaster .
„ . piimilio
„ Strobus
„ sylvestris

Quercus ballota
„ Ilex .

, Fordii

84

85

86

88

90

91

93

97

97

98

167

168

170

PARTICULAR SOILS AND SITUATIONS.

189

Quercus Ilex latifolia .

170

Taxus baccata stricta . .103

„ „ variegata . .

170

„ „ variegata . 103

Taxus baccata .

102

Thuia occidentalis . . . 104

„ „ Dovaston

102

„ plicata . . .105

„ lutea .

103

Plants for chalky hills.

Buxus ....

133

Quercus Ilex Fordii . .170

Cotoneaster rnicrophylla .

140

„ „ latifolia . .170

Juniperus cominunis . .

67

„ „ variegata . 170

„ „ vulgaris

68

„ suber . . . 171

„ „ arborescens

68

Taxus baccata . . .102

„ nana .

70

„ „ Dovaston . 102

„ sabinoides . .

73

„ „ lutea . .103

Pinus Pallasiana

90

„ „ stricta .103

„ pumilio

93

„ „ variegata . 103

Quercus ballota

167

„ fastigiata . .104

Ilex ....

168

Plants for East coast.

Abies excelsa . . .

42

Daphne pontica . .144

„ Menziesii .

45

Fagus betuloides . . . 149

„ nigra ....

46

Ilex aquifolium and vars. . 154

„ Nordmanniana

46

„ balearica . . . 157

„ Pinsapo . . .

47

Juniperus communis . .67

„ rubra

49

„ „ vulgaris 68

Berberis aquifolium

128

„ nana . . . 70

„ dulcis .

129

„ sabinoides . . 73

Buxus balearica . . .

134

„ virgiuiana . . 74

Cerasus Laurocerasus

138

„ „ glauca . 75

„ lusitanica .

138

„ „ argentea 75

Cotoneaster microphylla .

140

Pinus austriaca . . . 77

Cupressus macrocarpa . .

63

„ Cembra ... 79

Daphne Cneorum

142

„ „ pumila . . 80

„ laureola . . .

143

„ excelsa . . .81

190

LISTS OF PLANTS FOR

Pinus inops .

. 84

Quercus Ilex Fordii . .170

„ Laricio

. 86

„ „ latifolia . 170

„ Llaveana

. 85

„ „ variegata . .170

„ monticola

. 87

Rhododendron, many kinds 172

„ Mugho

. 88

Taxus baccata . . .102

„ Pallasiana

. 90

„ „ Dovaston . 102

„ Pinaster

. 91

lutea . .103

,, pumilio

. 93

„ „ stricta . 103

„ Strobus

. 97

„ „ variegata . 103

„ sylvestris

. 97

„ fastigiata . . . 104

„ Tajda .

. 98

Thuia occidentalis . .104

Quercus Ilex

. 168

„ plicata . . . 105

Plants for clay soils.

Aucuba japonica

. 126

Quercus Ilex variegata . .170

Biota orientalis

. 56

„ Suber . . .171

„ „ aurea .

. 56

Taxus baccata . . . 102

compacta

. 56

„ „ Dovaston . 102

„ tatarica

57

„ „ lutea . . 103

Buxus balearica .

. 134

„ „ stricta . .103

Quercus ballota

. 167

„ „ variegata . 103

Ilex .

. 168

„ fastigiata . . . 104

„ Fordii .

. 170

Thuia occidentalis . .104

„ „ latifolia.

. 170

„ plicata . . .105

Evergreen creepers,

and plants for covering watts.

Abelia uniflora .

. 121

Hedera Helix . . . 151

Bignonia capreolata

. 132

„ Regneriana . .151

Ceanotkus dentatus .

. 136

Lardizabala biternata . . 161

„ papillosus

. 137

Lonicera flexuosa . .162

Clianthus puniceus .

. 140

Magnolia grandiflora . .163

Cotoneaster microphylla

. 140

Myrtus communis . .163

„ rotuudifolia

. 141

Passiflora cserulea . .164

Escallonia macrantha .

. 147

Pittosporum Tobira . .165

„ rubra

. 147

„ undulaturn . 165

PARTICULAR SOILS AND SITUATIONS.

191

Photinia serrulata . . . 167

Rosa Fortuni

. 179

Rosa bracteata . . .178

Smilax of sorts .

. 181

Plants for the sea side.

Chamsecyparis sphseroidea . 59 Pinus Pinaster .

. 91

Fagus betuloides . . 149

„ serotina

. 96

Phillyrea . . . . 166

Quercus ballota .

. 167

Pinus austriaca . . .77

„ Ilex.

. 168

„ Cembra . . . 79

„ „ Fordii .

. 170

„ excelsa . . .81

„ „ latifolia .

. 170

„ Llaveana . . . 85

„ „ variegata

. 170

„ Mugho . . 88

Suber

. 171

„ Pallasiana . . . 90

Tamarix gallica .

. 182

Plants for game covers and ornamenting drives.

Abies canadensis . . . 40

Gaultheria Shallon

. 150

„ Fraseri . . .43

Hypericum calycinum

. 152

Berberis aquifolium . .128

Ilex aquifolium, and vars

. 154

„ dulcis . . . 129

„ balearica

. 157

„ fascicularishybrida 131

Juniperus Bedfordiana

. 66

Cerasus Laurocerasus . 138

„ communis

. 67

Cotoneaster microphylla . 140

„ sabinoides

. 73

„ rotundifolia . 141

„ squamata .

. 73

Daphne hybrida . . .142

„ virginiana

. 74

„ japonica . . 143

Kalmia latifolia .

. 159

„ laureola . . . 143

Ligustrum semper virens

. 162

„ indica, var. rubra 143

Pinus Mugho .

. 88

„ pontica . . .144 Rhododendrons of sorts

. 172

Plants for wet places.

Chamsccyparis sphseroidea . 59

Pinus Tseda .

. 98

Juniperus virginiana . . 74

Taxodium distichurn .

. 101

Pinus rigida . . . . 95

Thuia occidentalis .

. 104

„ serotina ... 96

INDEX.

The synonyms of the Coniferae are given in italics. Of the other plants
the genera only are mentioned.

PAGE

ABELIA 121

Abies ajonensis . . .38

„ alba . . . . 38

„ amabilis . . .38

„ atlantica . . . 51

„ balsamea . . .39

„ balsamifera . 39

„ Brunoniana . . 39

„ canadensis . . . 40

„ Cedrus . . .51

„ „ argentea . . 52

„ cephalonica . .41

„ densa . . . . 50

„ Deodara . . .52

„ „ robusta . . 52

„ „ viridis . 52

„ Pouglasii . 41

„ dumosa . . . 39

„ excelsa . . . . 42

„ „ Clanbrasiliana 42

„ „ nana . . 42

„ „ pendula . . 42

)> )> pygincea. . 42

„ „ variegata . . 42

„ Fraseri ... 43

„ „ nana . . 43

„ grandis . . .43

„ Griffithiana . . . 53

„ Jezoensis . . .44

„ Khutrow . . . 44
Larix ... 53

Abies Larix pendula
„ Menziesii .
„ Morinda . .
„ mariana .
„ microcarpa .

pendula
„ nigra .
nobilis

Nordmanniana
obovata
orientalis
pectinata .
pendula
Picea
Pichta .
Pindrow .
Pinsapo
„ religiosa .
„ rubra .
„ Smithiana
„ spectabilis
„ Webbiana
Acacia ....
Andromeda
Androssemum
Araucaria .

Brazil .
brasiliensis
chilensis
imbricata .
lanceolata

PAGE

53

45
45
46
53
54
46
46
46
47
47
48
54
48
48
49
47
50
49
44
50
50
121
122
123
54
54
54
55
55
61

INDEX.

193

Araucaria Ridolfiana .

PAGE

. 54

Cedrus argentea . . .

PAGK

51

Arbor Vita) .

. 104

„ atlantica

51

American.

. 104

„ Deodara . . .

52

Chinese

. 56

„ „ robusta

52

erect-growing .

. 57

„ „ viridis . .

52

plaited

. 105

„ eleyans

51

Tartarian .

. 57

„ Libani . . .

51

weeping

. 57

Cephalotaxus

57

Arbutus

. 123

brevifolia . .

102

Arctostaphylos

. 126

Fortuni (male)

57

Aucuba

. 126

(female)

58

Azalea ....

. 127

pedunculata .

58

tardiva . .

102

BE NTH AMI A

. 127

Cerasus ....

137

Berberis.

. 128

Chamsecyparis sphseroidea .

59

Bignonia

. 132

Chamserops . . . ..

139

Biota ....

. 56

Chinese Glyptostrobus

65

„ orientalis

. 56

» „ weeping

66

„ „ aurea

. 56

Clianthus ....

140

„ „ compacta

. 56

Columbea anyustifolia . .

54

„ pendula

. 57

Cotoneaster

140

„ stricta

. 57

Cryptomeria . . .

60

„ tatarica

. 57

„ japonica .

60

Bupleurum

. 133

„ „ nana .

60

Buxus

. 133

„ viridis

60

Cunninghamia . . .

61

CAMELLIA .

. 134

„ Chinese .

61

Ceanothus

. 136

„ sinensis . .

61

Cedar

. 51

Cupressus

61

, Atlas or Silver .

. 51

„ arbor-vitce . .

104

, Bermudas

. 66

„ JBentkami .

64

, Deodar or Indian

. 52

„ Coulteri . .

64

, „ green-leaved

. 52

,, disticha

101

, „ robust

. 52

„ ezpansa . .

63

, Japan .

. 60

,, fasti grata

64

, „ dwarf

. 60

„ filifurmis . .

57

, „ vivid green

. 60

„ funebris

61

„ ofGoa

. 62

„ glauca . . .

62

„ of Lebanon .

. 51

, Goveniana .

62

„ red ...

. 74

, horizontalis . .

6,3

„ „ glaucous-leaved

. 75

, japonica

60

„ „ silver-leaved

. 75

, Lambertiana . .

63

„ „ weeping

. 75

, Lindleyi

64

,, silver or Atlas

. 51

„ lusitanica . .

(52

„ white .

. 59

„ macrocarpa

63

Cedrus Africana .

. 51

„ nucifera .

6J

191.

INDEX.

Cupressus orientalis . .

63

Glypstrobus, Chinese . .

65

, pendula . .

57

„ „ weeping

66

, pendula . .

61

„ heterophyllus

65

, pendula

62

„ pendulus

66

, pyramidally .

64

, sempervirens

64

HEDERA ....

151

, sinensis

65

Helianthemum

152

, thurifera .
„ elegans .

64

64

Hypericum

152

, thyoides . . .
, torulosa
, Tournefortii

59
64
63

ILEX
Illicium ....

154
153

„ Uhdeana . .

65

Cypress ....

61

JUNIPER . . . .

66

„ Bhotan, or twisted

64

„ brown-berried

71

„ deciduous

101

„ Chinese (male)

67

„ evergreen, spread-

„ „ (female)

67

ing .

63

„ common

67

„ evergreen upright .

64

„ „ weeping .

68

„ f unebral, or weeping

61

„ dwarf .

70

„ Gowen's . . .

62

flagging . . .

69

„ Lambert's, or large-

„ frankincense

69

coned .

63

„ globular fruited

74

„ Uhde's . . .

65

„ Irish, or upright-

growing

68

DABCECIA ....

141

„ large-fruited

70

Daphne . . . .
Deodar ....

142
52

lofty .
„ Lycian . . .

69
71

„ green-leaved . .
„ robust

52
52

„ Mexican
„ Phocniceau . .

71

Dombeya chilensis .

55

„ prostrate
„ recurved . . .

72
72

ERICA ....

145

„ sacred .

Set v in.

72
73

Eriobotrya . . . .
Escallonia ....
Euonymus . , . .

144
147
148

„ Savin-like
„ scaly . . .
„ tetragonal

i O

73
73

74

„ western .

71

FABIAN A .

148

Juniperus .

66

Fagus

149

,, arborescent .

74

Fitz-Roya patagonica .

65

„ barbadensis . .

74

„ Bedfordiana

66

GARRYA . . . .

149

„ bermudiana

66

Gaultheria

150

„ canadensis . .

70

(jlinl'go biloba . . . .

99

,, caroliniana

74

Glypstrobus

65

„ ehiuensis . .

67

INDEX.

195

Juniperus communis

PAGE

67

PAGE

Juniperus sabinioides . 73

., communis arbo-

„ sabinioides . . 70

rescens .

68

„ saxatilis . . 70

„ „ caucasica .

68

„ sibirica . .70

» » vulgaris

68

„ sphserica . . 74

„ cracovia

68

„ squamata . .73

„ dealbata . .

70

„ squamosa . . 73

„ Deppeana .

70

„ stricta . .68

„ dumosa . . .

73

„ suecia . . . 68

„ excelsa

71

„ taurica . .68

„ excelsa . . .

69

„ tetragona . . 74

„ excelsa

69

„ Thunbergii . 67

„ flaccida . . .

69

„ thurifera . . 69

a flacjelliformis

67

, turbinata . .73

„ fcetidissima . .

69

uvifera . . . 76

„ gossaintfianea

66

, virginiana . . 74

, hibernica . .

68

, „ argentea 75

, hispanica

69

, „ glauca . 75

, horizontalis . .

73

, „ pendula 75

, hudsonica .

72

, Wittmanniana . 71

, incurva . . .

72

Lobelii

70

, Lycia . . .

71

KALMIA . . . .159

macrocarpa

70

, macrocarpa . .

71

LARCH, American weeping . 54

mexicana .

70

„ „ small-coned 53

montana . . .

70

„ American small-

, nana .

70

6h-

coned weeping . 54

nepalensis ,

77

j

„ common . . 53

oblonga . .
„ ' pendula .
oblongata .

68
68
70

„ „ weeping . 53
„ Sikkim . . . 53
Lardizabala . . .161

occidentalis

oppositifolia . .
Oxycedrus .

71
66
71

Larix europcea . 53
„ microcarpa . .53
,, pendula . . . 54

Oxycedrus taurica
phoenicea . .
,, malacocarpa

71
71
71

„ tenuifolia . . .53
„ vulgaris . 53
Lauras . . . .160

prostrata

72

Libocedrus chilensis . . 76

recurva . . .
Reevesiana .
religiosa . .

72
67

72

„ tetragona. . 76
liigustrum . . . . 161
liouicera . . . .162

repens

72

rigida

73

Sabina

73

MAGNOLIA . ... 163

,, tamaricifolia

73

Alyrtus . . . .163

190

INDEX.

PASSIFLORA .

PAGE

. 164

Pine, Duke of Devonshire's

PACK

80

Pernettya .

. 164

„ Dwarf, or Mountain .

93

Phillyrea

. 166

„ Earl of Aberdeen's

Photinia

. 167

Pineaster

91

Picea ajonensis
,, alba .

. 38
. 38

„ Egg-shape-coned
Fremont's . . .

89
82

,, amabilis

. 38

Gerard's

82

„ balsamea .

. 39

Gordon's . ...

82

,, canadensis

. 40

Hartweg's .

83

„ cephalonica

. 41

heavy-wooded . .

93

„ Douglasii

. 41

Jersey

84

„ excelsa

. 42

La Llava's Stone . .

85

,, Fraseri .

. 43

Lady Grenville's

83

„ nana

. 43

, Lambert's .

85

„ grandis .

. 43

, large-coned . . .

87

„ Morinda .

. 45

, large-leaved

86

,, nobilis .

. 46

, Lindley's . . .

86

„ Nordmanniana .

. 46

, Loblolly .

98

„ obovata .

. 47

, Marquis of Winches-

„ pectinata .

. 48

ter's . . . .

99

„ Pichta .

. 48

„ Montezuma's

88

,, Pindrow

. 49

„ mountain . . .

93

„ Pinsapo

. 47

„ „ dwarf

88

„ religiosa

. 50

,, ,, Weymouth

87

,, rubra

. 49

„ Mugho

88

„ Webbiana .

. 50

, „ marsh . .

89

Pine, Aleppo .

. 83

, Nepal

81

,, Apulco

. 77

, Orizaba . . . .

90

„ Austrian, black

. 77

, Persian

91

„ Ayacahuite .

. 78

, Pinaster, or cluster .

91

„ Banks', or scrub

. 78

„ „ Cortean . .

92

„ bastard Weymouth

. 94

„ „ Lord Aber-

„ Bentham's

. 79

deen's . .

91

„ Bishop

. 89

„ „ Sir Charles

„ black Austrian

. 77

Lemon's .

91

„ Calabrian .

. 79

„ variegated-

„ Captain Gerard's .

. 82

leaved

92

„ Captain Fremont's

. 82

„ pond . . . .

96

,, Cembran, or Swi>

s-

„ Pyrenean .

94

stone

. 79

„ radiated-scaled . .

95

,, Cembran dwarf

. 80

,, red, or resinous .

95

„ Cembran-like stone

. 80

„ remarkable . . .

84

„ Chili .

. 55

„ resinous, or red

95

„ Cluster, or Pinaster

. 91

„ rigid . .

95

„ Corsican

. 86

„ Sabine's

96

„ Duke of Bedford's .

. 96

„ Siberian dwarf stone .

80

INDEX.

197

ne, soft-leaved .

PAGE

87 Pinus Cembra pyqmea

PAGE

. 80

southern . . .

77

„ cembroides .

. 80

spreading-leaved

90

„ cephalonica

. 41

Stone . . . .

92

„ Chylla .

. 81

„ Cretan

93

,, conglomerata

. 79

„ thin-shelled

93

, contorta .

. 78

Swiss stone

79

, Coulteri

. 87

„ dwarf . .

80

, densiflora .

. 92

Tartarian .

90

, DicJcsonii

. 81

Table Mountain . .

94

, Devoniana

. 80

Teocote

97

, Douglasii

. 41

thread-like-leaved . .

81

, dumosa

. 39

tuberculated

98

, echinata

. 98

variable-leaved

98

, Edgariana

. 89

Weymouth

97

, excelsa .

. 42

„ mountain .

87

, excelsa

. 81

„ bastard

94

, filifolia

. 81

Winchester's, Marquis

, Fraserii

. 43

of .

99

, Fremontiana

. 82

nus

77

, genuensis .

. 83

,, acapulcensis

77

, Gerardiana

. 82

„ adunca . . .

84

, glauca

. 38

,, altaica

97

, Gordoniana .

. 82

, altissima . . .

86

, grandis

. 43

, alba

38

, Grenvillese .

. 83

, amabilis

38

, halapensis

. 83

, apulcensis

77

, halapensis major .

. 94

, aracanensis .

92

, Hamiltoniana .

. 91

, atlantica .

51

, Hartwegii

. 83

, australis . . .

77

, hispanica

. 94

, austriaca .

77

, hudsonica

. 78

, Ayacahuite . . .

78

, hudsonica »

. 43

, balsamea .

39

, inops .

. 84

, Banksiana . . .

78

, insignis

. 84

, Benthamiana .

79

, Lambertiana

. 85

, Brunoniana . . .

39

, lanceolata

. 61

, brutia

79

, Laricio

. 86

„ cairica . . . .

83

, Larix

. 53

,, calabrica .

86

, „ r libra

. 53

„ calif arnica . . .

98

, Llaveana .

. 85

,, californica

84

, Lindleyana

. 86

„ canadensis . . .

40

, Loddigesii

. 95

„ caramanica

86

, macrocarpa .

. 87

„ Cedrus . . . .

51

, macrophylla

. 86

„ Cembra

79

„ maritima

. 91

„ „ pumila . .

80

„ Massoniana

. 91

198

INDEX.

Pinus Menziesii . . .

PAGE

45

Pinus pseudo-strobus .

PAGE

94

„ microcarpa

53

„ pumilio . . .

93

„ mitis .

87

„ pungens .

93

„ monspeliensis

94

, pungens . . .

94

, Montezumse . .

88

, pyrenaica .

94

, monophylla

82

, radiata. . . .

95

, montana . . .

88

, religiosa .

50

, monticola

87

, resinosa . . .

95

, Morinda . .

45

, rigida

95

, Mugho

88

, romana . . .

86

, „ humilis . .

88

, roiundata .

88

, „ obliqua

86

, rubra . . .

95

, muricata .

89

, rubra

49

, nepalensis

91

, rupestris

78

, Neosa . .

82

, Russelliana

96

, nigra . . . .

46

, Sabiniana . . .

96

, nigra

77

, serotina .

96

, nigricans . . .

77

, Sinclairii . . .

79

, nobilis

46

, Sinclairii .

87

, Nordmanniana

46

, Smithiana . . .

44

, obovata.

47

, spectabilis .

50

, oocarpa .

89

, Strobus. . . .

81

, or'ientalis

47

, Strobus .

97

, orizabse .

90

„ alba. . .

97

, Pallasiana . . .

90

, „ brevifolia

97

, palustris .

77

, sylvestris .

97

, patula . . . .

90

, „ communis .

97

, „ stricta .

91

, „ latifolia

97

, pectinata . . .

48

, „ montana .

93

, pendula .

54

, Tseda- ....

98

, pendula

81

, „ rigida .

95

, pencillus .

94

, „ alopecuroidea .

96

, persica. . . .

91

, talarica . . .

90

, Pickta

48

tartarica .

93

, Picea . . . .

48

„ laurica

90

, Pinaster .

91

„ Teocote

97

, „ Escarena

91

, tinctoria .

50

, „ Lemoniana .

91

, tuberculata . . .

98

, „ minor . .

92

, uncinata .

88

, „ variegata .

92

, variabilis . . .

98

, Pinea

92

, virgmiana . .

84

, „ cretica . .

93

, Webbiana . . .

50

, „ fragilis .

93

, Wincesteriana .

99

, Pindrow . . .

49

Pittosporum

165

, Pinsapo .

47

Polygala . . . .

165

, ponderosa . . .

93

Priuos ....

166

INDEX.

199

PAGB

P Afil?

QUERCUS .... 167

Spruce Fir, Norway, or com-

mon .

42

„ Oriental .

47

RHAMNUS . . . .178

„ red American .

49

Rhododendron . . . 172

„ white American

38

Rosa 178

Symplocos

181

Ruscus 179

TAMARIX . ...

182

Schubertia nudfera . .65
„ disticha . . .101

Taxodium distichum
, heterophyllum,

101

65

Seqxioia gigantea . .100
Silver Fir, Balm of Gilead . 39

, sinense
, „ pendulum

66
66

Cephalonian . 4 1
common . . 48
Fraser's . .43

, japonicum . .
, sempervirens
Taxus adpressa . . .

60
100
102

great Calif ornian 43
Hudson's Bay . 43
lovely . .38

„ baccata .
„ , Dovaston • .
„ , ericoides

102
102
102

Mexican . . 50

„ , lutea . .

103

noble . . .46

„ , stricta .

103

Nordmann's . 46

„ , sparsifolia .

103

Pindrow . .49

„ , variegata

103

Pinsapo . . . 47
Pitch ... 48

„ canadensis
„ fastigiata

103

104

tooth-leaved . 49
Webb's, or Pur-
ple-coned . 50
Skimniia . . . . 180

„ Harrinytonii
„ hibernica
„ nudfera .
,, procumbens . . .

58
104
65
103

Smilax . . . .181

Thea ....

182

Spruce Fir, American white 38
black 46

Thuia acuta

,, fhilensis

56
76

red . 49

„ JUliformis .

57

„ black American 46

,, nepalensis . . .

57

„ common spruce 42
clwstrf 4 2

„ obtusa
„ occidentalis . . .

104
104

„ „ Lord Clan-
brasil's 42

„ orientalis .
„ pendula . . .

56

57

„ „ variegated
leaved 42

„ plicata
„ spharoidalis . . .

105
59

„ „ weeping 42
„ Douglas's . .41

„ tatarica . . .

57

„ Hemlock . . 40

„ tetragona .

76

„ Himalayan . 44

„ Wurreana . . .

105

Jezo . . . 44

„ Menzies' . .45

ULEX .

183

200

INDEX.

VACCINIUM .
Viburnum .

YEW, Canadian
„ common .
„ Dovaston
„ erect-branched
Heath-like

PACK

184
183

103
102
102
103
102

Yew, Irish.
„ Lord Harrington's
„ scattered-leaved
„ variegated-leaved
„ weeping
„ yellow-berried

YUCCA

104
58
103
103
102
103

185

THE END.

LONDON
BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WIIITKKUI AKS.