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Practical Suggestions

IN

Dairy and Creamery Management.

DAIRY LAWS OF IOWA.

L. S. GATES,

DAIRY COMMISSIONER.
July 6, 1898.

DES MOINES:
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PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS IN DAIRY AND CREAM-
ERY MANAGEMENT.

1. Itis a good thing to know how to do, but it is a far bet-
ter thing to doas well as we know.

2. Each dairyman should strive to produce the best and
sweetest of milk, then see to it himself that it is delivered to
the factory in the best possible condition.

3. Let each patron support his own creamery and do all in
his power to make it successful. A successful and paying
creamery business can hardly be built up without the patron
and the manufacturer working in unison.

4. Own and milk good cows. If you have poor ones, send
them to the butcher.

5. Never use or sell milk from diseased or unhealthy cows.
It is dangerous even to feed if to the pigs.

6. Keep the cow warm and dry.

7. Feed clean, bright food in variety to produce good results.

8. Do not allow a cow to drink water you would not drink
yourself.

9. Keep the cow clean by using plenty of clean, bright
bedding.

10. Milk with clean, dry hands, and as quickly as possible.

11. Strain milk through cloth thick enough to retain any
particles cf dust or litter that may be in it.

12. It takes as much muscle to milk one hard milking cow
as it does to milk four or five easy milkers. Sell her.

13. Treat cows quietly and kindly; excitement affects the
quantity and quality of milk.

14. Remember, when filling cans with skimmed milk at the
creamery, that it is not always the other fellow that needs
watching.

15. The cornstalk, either shredded or in ensilage, is one of
the best feeds for the cow. Hundreds of thousands of dollars’
worth of this feed are annually lost in Iowa.

ee

16. In freezing weather, scald can covers just before st rt-
ing the milk for the factory. Then cream will not stick and
freeze in them. Also cover cans.

17. Wish you would write me what the cash value of
skimmed milk or whey is to you as returned from the creamery
or cheese factory.

CARE OF CANS.

1. Rinse cans in cold water, thoroughly wash in warm
water, scald with boiling water and turn over stake in the sun.

29. Set milk in tank of cold water in summer and stir with
long-handled dipper. This will eliminate animal odors and
add to your test account. Also aerate morning’ milk. Leave
covers so that vapors cau escape.

3. Important: In winter keep milk out of house and out of
barn over night. Build place to keep it where no bad odors
will penetrate.

4. Do not mix night and morning milk.

5. Fill cans full, so the milk will not churn on the road to
the factory.

6. Put no milk in cld, rusty milk cans.

7. A load of bright, clean cans, filled with clean, sweet
milk, makes the creamery manager happy.

THE TEST.

1. There is no question that the Babcock principle for
measuring the worth of milk for butter-making is correct when
properly applied.

2. Take no milk into your weigh can that is not in good
order

3. Stir the milk thoroughly before dipping for sample.

4. See that you have an accurate machine, and that bottles
used have been tested by D. C. bottle. Also important that
you have D. C. pipette.

5. Be careful to have acid of standard strength.

6. Have acid and milk of the same temperature.

7. Ascertain the rapidity at which your machine should run

to make accurate measurements.
8. Keep samples warm until your reading is complete.

9. As soon as the test is taken record it and post where any
patron can see it.

10. The test is to teach the patron what his milk is worth for
butter-making as well as to show the creamery what it can afford
to pay for it.

ies

TO THE MANAGER

1. The butter-maker and the cheese-maker are the men who
handle the product that makes the m mey for the people of this
state; easily $15,000,000 in the last year.

2 Give the butter maker your support and an occasional
word of encouragement. He has many and queer things to
contend with, and sees too much of the bad side of human
nature to thoroughly enjoy life

3. Give him good machinery and improved apparatus, and
he is very likely to take good care of it

4. Important: Be sure you bave good drainage for your
creamery or cheese factory. The odor that sometimes comes
from the factory prejudices theconsumer against your product.

5. Pump all separated milk and butter-milk into clean gal-
vanized iron or tin tanks.

6. Wash and scald tank each day.

7. Never water separated milk to make it hold out, but
rather see to it that each patron has the amount of milk to which
he is entitled.

8. Separated milk is of value to the farmer when returned
to him in good order

9. The manager that treats his patrons in such a manner
that he receives their confidence is on the direct road tosuccess.

‘10. Treat the chronic kicker as fairly as the best patron. It
is hard, but you should do it.

11. If possible secure the services of a good butter-maker.
It pays.

12. Stand by your butter-maker. Allow no one to browbeat
him and continually harass him. It warps his judgment and
dulls his ability.

13. Put all products in neat, clean packages.

14. Ship only to responsible parties.

15. Itis the part of good management to pay and balance
all accounts each month.

16. Never be persuaded to p:y more for milk than you
receive for butter for the month, af er all expenses are paid.
The temptation is sometimes very great.

17. Never ask your batter or ch ese-maker to favor you as
patron or manager in the making of tes s.

18. Lack of faith in the acc racy and honesty of the test is
the greatest enemy of the creamery interests of the present time,
and every creamery manag-r should strive to eliminate this
distrust.

eo,
TO THE BUTTER-MAKER.

1. Behonest. It is the best qualification for a man in any
business, as well as for a butter-maker or creamery manager.

2. Keep the person clean as well as the creamery and utensils.

8. If every butter and cheese-maker in lowa would be
scrupulously clean in his vocation, it would add much to our
reputation and profit.

4. If possible, keep in touch with your patrons, so that your
suggestions and requests will be readily complied with.

5. It is impossible to make good butter out of poor milk.
Send it back.

6. To make fine butter requires great skill, and the operator
should take pains to become thoroughly acquainted with his
business.

7. Strive to keep in touch with the butter-makers of the
state.

8. Make suggestions for the report of the dairy commis-
sioner. He would like them.

It is easily possible to make an increase of 10 per cent in the
next year’s product of butter and cheese. That would mean an
addition of $1,500,000 to the net income of the dairymen of this
state.

Iowa does and should produce the best butter in the world,
and the whole world should know of it, that the world’s markets
may be open to us.

ee ee
DAIRY LAWS.

CHAPTER 183.

OF THE DAIRY COMMISSIONER AND IMITATION DAIRY
PRODUCTS.

SECTION 2515. Appointment—bond—powers and duties
of commissioner—report. On or before the first day of April
of each even numbered year, the governor shall appoint a dairy
commissioner, who shall have a practical knowledge of and
experience in the manufacture of dairy products, and hold his
office for two years from the first day of May following his
appointment, and until his successor is appointed and qualified,
subject to removal by the governor for inefficiency, neglect or
violation of duty. He shall give bond in the sum of ten thousand
dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties,
with sureties to be approved by and filed with the secretary of
state. He shall keep on hand a supply of standard test tubes
or bottles and milk measures or pipettes adapted for use by
each milk testing machine, the manufacturers or dealers of
which have filed with the dairy commissioner a certificate from
the director of the Iowa agricultural experiment station, which
shall certify that said milk testing machine, when properly and
correctly operated, will produce accurate measurements of
butter fat, and furnish to any person or corporation desiring
the same for testing milk one such tube or bottle, and such milk
measure or pipette for each factory, of the kind adapted for the
machine operated therein, upon request therefor, certifying it
to be accurate, reliable and standard, placing thereon the letters
‘‘D. C.” as a permanent mark; the tubes or bottles and pipettes
to be furnished at the actual cost thereof. He shall have and
keep an office in the capitol, and preserve therein all corre-
spondence, documents, records and property of the state
pertaining thereto, and may, when necessary, employ a clerk at
an expense of not more than seventy-five dollars per month.
During his term of office he shall hold no other official position
nor any professorship in any state educational institution, and on
or before the first day of November shall make annual report

Noes |) ae

to the governor, which shall contain a detailed account of all
his doings as commissioner, and the receipts and disbursements
of his office since the preceding report, with such facts and
statistics in regard to the production, manufacture and sale of
dairy products, with such suggestions, as he may regard of
public importance connected therewith. In the conduct of his
office, he shall have power to issue subpoenas for wiinesses,
enforce their attendance, and examine them under oath by him
to be administered, such witnesses to be allowed fees as in
justices’ courts, to be paid by the commissioner as part of the
expenses of his office, and do such other acts and things as are
necessary and proper in the enforcement of the provisions of
this chapter.

Sec. 2516. Imitation butter or cheese. Every article,
substitute or compound, save that produced from pure milk or
cream from milk of cows, made in the semblance of or designed
to bs used for and in the place of butter, is imitation butter;
and every article, substitute or compound, save that produced
from pure milk or cream from milk of cows, made ia the sem-
blance of or designed to be used for and in the place of cheese,
is imitation cheese. No one shall manufacture, have in his
possession, offer to sell or sell, solicit or take orders for delivery,
ship, consign or forward by any common carrier, public or
private, and no common carrier shall knowingly receive or
transport, any such imitation butter or cheese, except in the
manner and subject to the regulations in this chapter provided.

Sec. 2517. Substitute for butter or cheese —regulations
as to sale and use—transportation. A substitute for butter
and cheese, not having a yellow color nor colored in imitation
of butter and cheese as prohibited in the next section, may
be manufactured, kept in possgssion, offered for sale, sold,
shipped, consigned or forwarded by common carriers, public
or private, if each tub, firkin, box or other package in which
the same is kept, offered for sale, sold, shipped, consigned or
forwarded shall have branded, stamped or marked on the side
or top thereof in the English language, in a durable manner,
the words, ‘‘Substitute for butter” or ‘‘Substitute for cheese,”
as the case may be, the letters of the words to be not less than
one inch in length by one-half inch in width. The defacing,
erasure, canceling or removal of this brand or mark, with
intent to mislead, decgive, or violate any provision of this
chap ‘er, is prohibited. Such substitute for butter or cheese

eh | |e

may be kept, used or served as a food or for cooking in hotels,
restaurants, lunch counters, boarding houses or other places of
public entertainment, only in case the proprietor or person in
charge of such place shall display and keep constantly posted
a card opposite each table or other place where the guests or
others are served with the same, which card shall be white, at
least ten by fourteen inches in size, the words, ‘‘ Substitute for
butter used here” or ‘‘Substitute for cheese used here,’’ as the
case may be, printed in black Roman letters of the same size as
herein required to be placed upon the tubs, firkins, boxes or
other package in which substitute for butter or cheese is kept,
and no other words or figures shall be printed thereon. No
substitute for butter or cheese shall be offered for sale in the
manufacturer’s original package under the name of or for true
butter or cheese made from the milk or cream of cows, nor
shall any substitute for butter or cheese be offered for sale or
sold unless the purchaser at the time was informed thereof, and,
in addition, furnished with a printed statement in the English
language in prominent type that the substance sold is such sub-
stitute, and giving the name and place of business of the maker.
Nothing herein contained, however, shall be so construed as to
prohibit the transportation of imitation butter or cheese through
and across the state.

Sec 2518. Coloring—adulteration. No one shall color
with acy matter whatever any substance intended as a substi-
tute for butter or cheese, so as to cause it to resemble true dairy
products, or combine any animal fat, vegetable oil or other
substance with butter or cheas3, or combine with any sub-
stance whatever, intended as a substitute for butter or cheese,
any thing of any kind or nature for the purpose or with the
effect of imparting to the compound the color of yellow butter
or cheese, the product of the milk or cream from cows, or u;¢,
solicit orders for delivery, keep for sale or sell any such sub-
stance so colored and disguised as a substitute for butter or
cheese; but nothing in this chapter shall be construad to pro-
hibit the use of salt, rennet, or harmless coloring matter in
making butter or cheese from such milk or cream.

Src. 2519. Package branded. No one shall have in his
possession or under his control, except for the actual consump-
tion of himself or family, any substance designed asasubstitute
for butter or cheese, unless the tub, firkin, box or package
holding the same is branded or marked as in this chapter

required. Any person having in his possession or under his
control such substance, not so branded or marked, shall be
presumed to know its true character and name.

Src. 2520. Contracts invalid. No action shall be main-
tained in any of the courts of the state upon any contract or
sale made in violation of or with the intent to violate any pro-
vision of this chapter by one who was knowingly a party
thereto.

Sec. 2521. Search warrants—samples. Whoever shall
have in possession or control any imitation butter or cheese or
any substance designed to be used as a substitute for buiter or
cheese contrary to the provisions of this chapter, shall be held
to have possession of property with intent to use it as a means
of committing a public offense, and all the provisions of the
chapter relating to search warrants and proceedings thereon
shall apply, except the officer serving the warrant, in addition
to his duties.as therein required, shall deliver to the dairy com-
missioner, or toa person by him authorized in writing to
receive the same, a perfect sample of each article seized by
virtue of such warrant, for the purpose of having the same
analyzed, and forthwith return to the person from whom it was
taken the remainder of each article seized. If any sample is
found to be imitation butter or cheese, or substance designed to
be used as a substitute for butter or cheese, it shall be ret irned
to and retained by the magistrate for the purposes contemplated
in said chapter on ‘‘search warrants and proceedings thereon,”
but if any sample be found not imitation butter or cheese, or a
substance designed to be used as a substitute theref:r, the
value of the same shall be paid by the dairy commissioner as
a part of the expenses of his office, to the person from whom it
was taken.

SEc. 2522. Milk dealers—manufacturers and packers—
reports. Every city milk dealer, or every person furnishing
milk or cream to such dealer, or the employe of such milk
dealer, and every person or corporation, or the employe of such
person or corporation, who operates a creamery, cheese or con-
densed milk factory, or re-works or packs butter, shall main-
tain his premises and utensils in a clean ar d hygienic condition,
and shall make, upon blanks furnished by the dairy commis-
sioner, such reports and statistics as may be required for the
purpose of compiling statistics authorized by this chapter,
and such dealer, owner, operator or business manager shall

ee (ois

make such returns and reports in the manner and in the time
prescribed by the commissioner, and certify to the correctness
thereof.

SEC. 2523. Milk test. Any person or corporation, or the
employe of such person or corporation, who operates a cream-
ery or cheese or condensed milk factory, and uses a chemical
milk test to determine the quantity of butter fat in milk
purchased, used or received, shall so use only such tests as
shall be clear oil, free from any foreign substance, and produce
correct measurements of butter fat, and every such person or
corporation using a milk test shall procure from the dairy com-
missioner for each factory so opera‘ed one standard tube or
bottle, and one standard measure or pipette, for testing milk,
certified and marked by him as in this chapter provided, which
shall be kept for inspection by the patrons and used by such
person or corporation in testing or verifying test tubes or
bottles and milk measures or pipettes used. In any action
arising between any such operator and patron, the burden of
establishing the use of reliable tests and the results therefrom,
equivalent to the standard herein provided, shall be upon the
operator.

Sec. 2524. Samples collected. The commissioner may
appoint agents in any city having over ten thousand inhabitants
to collect from each dealer, not more than four times each month,
samples of milk offered for sale therein. The agent shall make
an accurate test of each sample received by him, and keepa
true record thereof, with the name and location of the person
from whom it was obtained, and report his work in detail to the
commissioner, the compensation therefor not to exceed three
dollars for each day actually employed therein.

Src. 2525. Permits. Any person or corporation who shall
sell milk or cream from a wagon, depot or store, or sell or
deliver milk or cream to a hotel or restaurant or boarding
house, or any public place in any such city, shall be considereda
city milk dealer. No such city milk dealer shall sell milk or
cream from a wagon, depot or store in any such city without a
written permit from the commissioner for each wagon, depot
or store operated by him, for which he shall pay annually one
dollar. All permits shall expire on the fourth day of July of
each year, and no permit shall be issued for less than one dollar.

Src. 2526. Inspection. He or his agent may open any can
or vessel containing milk or cream offered for sale in such city,

ae de

and inspect its contents and take samples therefrom for testing
or analysis. And any city milk dealer, or employe of such milk
dealer, or any other person who shall resist or interfere with
the commissioner or his agent in the performance of his duties
in executing any of the requirements of this chapter, shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor and punished as provided in this
chapter.

Suc. 2527. Penalties. Whoever shall violate any prov'sion
of this chapter shail be punished by a fine not exceeding five
hu: dred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not
exceeding six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment,
at the discretion of the court.

Sec. 2528. Compensation—expenses. The commissioner
shall be allowed necessary postage, stationery and office sup-
plies, and shall receive an annual salary of fifteen hundred dol-
lars and necessary expenses, which shall not exceed three thou-
sand dollars per year; such expenses to be itemized, verified by
him, and, when examined and approved by the executive coun-
cil, to be paid upon a warrant of the state auditor drawn upon
the state treasurer. The salary of the clerk shall be paid in
the same manner.

FROM CHAPTER 10, TITLE 24, CODE.

Sec. 4989. Sale of impure or skimmed milk—skimmed
milk cheese—labeling. If any person shall sell, exchange,
or expose for sale or exchange, or deliver or bring to an ther,
for domestic or potable use, or to be converted into any pro-
duct of human food, any unclean, impure, unhealthy, aduitera-
ted, unwholesome or skimmed milk, or milk from which has
been held back what is commonly known as strippings, or miik
taken from an animal having disease, sickness, ulcers, a scess
or running sore, or which has been takea from an animal
within fifteen days before or five days after parturition; or if
any person, having cows for the purpose of producing miik or
cream for sale, shall stable them in an unhealthy piae or
crowded manner, or shali knowingly feed them food which pro-
duces impure, unwholesome milk, or shali feed them disti /ed
glucose or brewery waste in any state of fermentation, or upon
any substance in a state of putrefaction or rottenness or of an
unhealthy nature, or shall sell or offer for sale cream which
has been taken from milk the sale of which has been prohib-
ited, or who shall sell or offer for sale, as cream, an article which

SH

shall contain less than the amount of butter fat as prescribed
in this chapter; or if any person shall sell or offer for sale any
cheese manufactured from skimmed milk, or from milk that is
partly skimmed, without the same being plainly branded,
stamped or marked on the side or top of both cheese and pack-
age, in a durable manner, in the English language, the words
‘‘skimmed milk cheese,” the letters of the wozds to be not less
than one inch in height and one-half inch in width, he shell be
fined not less than twenty-five nor more than ore hundred dollars,
and be liable for double damages to the person or persons
upon whom such frauds shall be committed; but the provisions
of this section shall not apply to skimmed milk when sold as
such and in the manner and subject to the regulations prescribed
in this chapter.

SEc. 4990. What deemed adulterated or impure milk.
For the purposes of this chapter, the addition of water or any
other substance or thing to whole milk or skimmed milk or par-
tially skimmed milk is hereby declared an adulteration, and
milk which is obtained from animals fed upon waste as defined
in this chapter, or upon any substance of an unhealthy nature,
is hereby declared to be impure and unwholesome, and milk
which is proved by any reliable method of test or analysis to
conté in less than twelve and one-half per cent. of milk solids to
the hundred pounds of milk, or than three pounds of butter fat
to one hundred pounds of milk, shall be regarded as skimmed
or partially skimmed milk, and every article not containing
fifteen per cent. or more of butter fat shall not be regarded as
cream.

( Sec. 4991. Enforcement. It is hereby made the duty of
the dairy commissioner to enforce the provisions of the two
preceding sections.

STATE OF IOW 4,
OFFICE OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL, l
DES MOINES, July 7, 1898. )

Hon. L. §. Gates, Dairy Commissioner, Des Moines, Iowa:

DEAR SIR—You asked for my cpinion in reference to the necessity of
proving the intent cf violating the privisions of section 4989 of the code of
1897... You propound the followir g irquviries:

D¥Fs MOINES, Iowa, July 6, 189%.
Hon. Milton Remley, Attorney-General, Des Moines, Iowa:
{ DEAR SIR—I would like your opinion cn the following point in the pros-
ecuiion of cffenders who sel! milk below standard (3 perv cent butter fat):
t Js it necessary for the state to prove only that the cffencer s lls«r ffers
for sale milk below what the law requires (3 per cent butter fai)? Is it

Q 002 8
necessary for the state to prove-that the one who selis ur vuers 1ur swe mK
below standard had an intent to deceive, or actually watered or skimmed
or otherwise adulterated the milk offered for sale?

Yours respectfully,

eer vo tviIv —16— EET
s1iza €

L. S. GATES,
Dairy Commissioner.

Answering, I would say that the statute does not contemplate the neces-
sity of proving that the party who adulterates milk, or offers the same for
sale when adulterated or in any other condition forbidden by law, has an
intent to violate the law.

In other words, he who offers milk for sale must know that it is pure
milk. It must be in no manner ‘‘unclean, impure, unhealthy, adulterated,
unwholesome or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been held back
what is commonly known as ‘strippings,’ or milk taken from an animal hav-
ing disease, sickness, ulcers, abscesses or running sore, or which has been
taken from an animal within fifteen days before or five days after partu-
rition.’’:

Neither is it necessary to prove that the party offering milk for sale
adulterated the same, or that he had knowledge that the same had been
adulterated, or that he had any intent to violate the law.

See section 88, Wharton’s Criminal Law, eighth edition. Com. v. Faren,
9 Allen, 489; Com. v. Waite, 11 Allen, 264; State v. Smith, 10 R. I., 2&8.

Section 4990 of the code of 1897, describes what the law contemplates to
be adulterated or impure milk. It reads as follows:

SECTION 4990. ‘‘ For the purposes of this chapter, the addition of water
or any other substaice or thing to whole milk or skimmed milk, or par-
tially skimmed milk, is hereby declared an adulteration, and milk which is
obtained from animals fed upon waste, as defined in this chapter, or upon
any substance of an unhealthy nature, is hereby declared to be impure and
unwholesome, and milk which is proved by any reliable method of test or
analysis to contain less than 123 per cent of milk solids to the 100 pounds of
milk, or than three pounds of butter fat to 100 pounds of milk, shall be
regarded as skimmed or partially skimmed milk, and every article not con-
taing 15 per cent or more of butter fat shall not be regarded as cream.”’

Yours respect ‘ully,
W. H. REDMAN,

Assistant Attorney-General.