ihy NK Sg WJ Ae / z \W/ Ml f / ‘ / \ OREN ~ A . X LS y; = " ee 9 74 ( x ' { 5 \ \ ¥ ~ / ~— ’ ———. nv oat in Nee (Separat-Abdruck aus dem »Zoologischen Anzeiger« No. 370. 1891.) INVERTEBRSY. ad BPOO0EY 7 FP ceaay tS — Crustacea * fT 7 * Wa rivar NEL }o= Preliminary List of Deep Water Crustacea in Green Lake, Wis., U. S. A. By C. Dwight Marsh, Ripon-College, Ripon. During the past season I made a large number of collections from the deep water of Green Lake, and while I wish to postpone a detai- led statement of the results until after further collections and study, I think a preliminary list of the Crustacea would be of interest to those making similar investigations. The collections were made between the months of August and November, inclusive, and in water between 17 and 49 meters in depth. The list is as follows: Diaptomus sicilis Forbes. Diaptomus minutus Lill}. Epischura lacustris Forbes. Limnocalanus macrurus Sars. Cyclops fluviatilis Herrick. Cyclops Thomas Forbes. Cyclops sp. Cypris sp. Daphnella brachyura Lievin. Daphnia kahlbergensis Schoedler. Bosmina sp. nov. Leptodora hyalina Lilly. Pontoporeia Hoyt Smith. Mysis relicta Loven. The new Bosmina will be described by Dr. O. E. Imhof. Diaptomus minutus Lillj. has not, to my knowledge, been found, hitherto, except in Newfoundland. Pontoporeia Hoyi Smith, has, I think, been reported only from Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, and the only American locality for Mysis relicta, Loven, has been these same lakes. In fact, a compari- son of this list with those published by Smith and Forbes of the fauna of the Great Lakes shows that the fauna of the deep water of Green Lake is almost identical with that of Lake Michigan. Ripon, Wis., U. 8. A., May 18, 1891. ce r ‘ . 5 ON THE DEEP WATER CRUSTACEA OF GREEN LAKE. . _ By C. DWIGHT MARSH. Read before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and. Letters, December 30th, 1891. .[Reprinted from volume VIII of the Transactions of the Academy.]. é he bal ie egy 4 193 3 eal es * iy y ON THE DEEP WATER CRUSTACEA OF GREEN LAKE. By C. DWIGHT MARSH. During the past two seasons I have become interested in the deep water fauna of Green Lake, and have made a large number of collections. While the results may not be particularly striking, I think they are of sufficient interest to warrant the presentation of a short paper on the subject. Because of its depth, Green Lake resembles, in the conditions controlling animal- life, the larger bodies of water, and might be ex- peeted to have a fauna somewhat different from that of the shallower lakes. My collections seem to justify this expectation. It is only within a few years that it has been deemed worth while to make any investigation of the fauna of deep water. Even after the ex- istence of a very rich pelagic fauna in the oceans was recognized, bodies — of fresh water were almost entirely neglected. Now, it is well known that our lakes have a pelagic fauna rich in individuals, if not in species, and a less abundant abyssal fauna. Most of the European lakes have been explored with more or less thoroughness. Especially noticeable is the extended work of Prof. Forel upon Lake Geneva and the smaller Swiss Lakes. In this copntry comparatively little has been done. Since the initia- tory work of Dr. Hoy in Lake Michigan, some twenty years ago, so far as I know, only two persons have published anything on this subject — Prof. S. I. Smith, and Prof. 8. A. Forbes. The bottom of Green Lake, in the deeper parts, is a fine blue clay, in which are great numbers of ostracod shells and some few shells of mol- luses. I submitted the molluses to Mr. C. T. Simpson of the United States National Museum, who tells me that there was nothing of especial interest among them. They were all littoral forms, and, in most ener probably washed in from shallower water. There were also several species of hydrachna, worms, and infusoria, which I have not worked out. The crustacean fauna is extremely abundant, although the number of species is small. ee * aI? r= MOR San ae 212 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. The following species were noted: Diaptomus sicilis Forbes. # minutus Lill). Epischura lacustris Forbes. Limnocalanus macrurus Sars. Cyclops fluviatilis Herrick f serrulatus Fischer. Canthocamptus sp. Cypris sp. Daphnella brachyura Baird. Ceriodaphnia reticulata Jurine. Daphnia kalbergensis Schoedler. Bosmina sp. Alona glacialis Birge. Leptodora hyalina Lill). Pontoporeia Hoyt Smith. Mysis relicta Loven. There were, besides, several forms of cyclops, which seem to differ from any described American species. AsI am now engaged in a study of this genus, I will leave their description for a later publication. None of the species of cyclops which I have found is peculiar to the deep water, as I have found the same forms in the littoral zone of the lake, and in smaller bodies of water in the vicinity. The pelagic fauna consists mainly of the following species: Diap- tomus minutus Lillj; Diaptomus sicilts Forbes; Epischura lacustris Forbes; Limnocalanus macrurus Sars; Daphnia kalbergensis Schoedler;, Leptodora hyalina Lillj. All of these, with the exception of limnocalanus macrurus, come to the surface at night. The species of cyclops are repre- sented very sparingly, and canthocamptus, daphnella, ceriodaphnia, and. alona are quite rare. Evening collections showed vast numbers of diaptomus minutus and epischura lacustris, and in some cases of lepto- dora hyalina. I found bosmina very abundant in November, but rather rare in the summer months. The abyssal crustacea are cypris, ponto- poreia Hoyt Smith, mysis relicta Loven, and perhaps some of the forms of cyclops. Especial interest, perhaps, attaches to three species of the preceding list. Diaptomus minutus Lillj. is found in great numbers, being much more abundant than diaptomus sicilis Forbes. My specimens corre- spond very closely to the description by Lilljeborg, as given in “ Revis- -ion des Calanides d’EKau Douce,” by Guerne and Richard, differing only in the following particulars. The joints of the right fifth foot of the male are shorter and stouter, and the terminal claw is longer and some- what more slender; the lateral spine on the last joint is blunt. The inner ramus of the left foot is more nearly elliptical. The animal aver- The Deep Water Crustacea of Green Lake. 213 ages somewhat smaller than the type. These differences are so minute that I consider them only varietal, although they are constant in the specimens I have examined. Diaptomus minutus has been found, hitherto, only in Greenland and Newfoundland, although it seems probable that it is widely distributed over the northern part of North America. Pontoporeia Hoyt Smith, has been found, hitherto, only in Lake Super- ior and Lake Michigan. A species almost identical with it, pontoporeia afjinis Kroyer, occurs in the abyssal fauna of the Scandinavian lakes. Mysis relicta Loven, was first found in the Scandinavian lakes. It is so closely allied to mysis oculata Kroyer,a marine form found off the coast of Labrador and Greenland, as to be considered only a variety of that species. It was found in Lake Michigan by Dr. Hoy, receiving the name of mysis diluvianus from Prof. Stimpson. Later,.Prof. S. I. Smith collected specimens in Lake Superior. Ihave not had an opportunity to compare my specimens with those from the Great Lakes, or with the original description of the Scandinavian form, but I have {little doubt that they are identical with them. When we compare the deep water crustacea of Green Lake with those of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, as shown in the lists published by Prof. Smith and Prof. Forbes, we find a striking similarity. That this should be true of the pelagic fauna is not strange, for it is easy to explain the migration of such forms from one body of water to another _ through the agency of water fowl. . The presence of pontoporeia Hoyt, and mysis relicta however, is not so easily explained. They are abyssal forms,found only in deep water, and never coming to the surface. Their presence in the Scandinavian lakes is explained by supposing that the bodies of water, in which they are found, were formerly connected with the sea, and that, when the ac- cess of salt water was cut off, the change to fresh water was so gradual that the animals accustomed themselves to their new conditions of exis- tence. They belong to the “fauna relegata” or “relickten-fauna” of the Germans. This explanation does not seem to apply to Green Lake. The lake is of glacial origin, a dam of drift at the western end prevent- ‘ing its waters from flowing into lake Puckaway. The outlet of the lake is a small stream flowing through the village of Dartford, and emptying into the Fox River. So far asI know, there is no geological evidence whatever of any connection of Green Lake with either the Mississippi Basin or the Great Lakes, by which these deep water animals could have migrated to their present location. The problem is one for which I can at present offer no solution. fia aay Les Aa Y Syed a f Ne, nee rite i ve AN 2 4 pat ; ‘ A i r Mende 7 heed ae re ce ‘ tv ee ip é ie s « ‘a ct AY Fai 2 H veel ay “ NOTES on DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE OF GREEN “LAKE. : By C. DWIGHT MARSH. ~— "Read Herre dies Wiseohsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, December 30th, 1891. ah [Reprinted from volume ‘VIII of the Transactions of the Academy. ] NOTES ON DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE OF GREEN LAKE. By C. DWIGHT MARSH. Green Lake is situated in Green Lake county,and is something over seven miles in length, and rather less than two miles in its greatest breadth. It extends in a northeast and southwest direction, and is con- sidered by geologists, to be of glacial origin, its shores at the western extremity being formed of drift hills. The lake is of especial interest because of its depth, it being, I think, the deepest lake within the limits of the state. : While at various times soundings have been made by which the deep- est parts of the lake were located with a fair amount of accuracy, the only attempt at systematic soundings was made some years ago by Prof. C. A. Kenaston, when he was connected with Ripon college. Through the kindness of Mr. Henry Wolcott, of Ripon, I was enabled to get the results of Prof. Kenaston’s work, The soundings were made in winter through the ice and the distances between stations chained off. Four lines of soundings were made: from Bowen’s cottage to Oak- wood Hotel, from Sandstone Bluff to Oakwood, from Sandstone Bluff to Sherwood Forest, and from Sandstone Bluff to Sugar Loaf. The following tables give the results: From Bowen’s Point to Oakwood. Distance. Depth. 64rds, |e (A 63 feet. ISoh AAS 96 6 * 4ITY B4 « 972 «& WW hs % Q7 « SARE 8 ERE hare 90 « 304 « -% 20 « 30) « yu 61 « 368 TU Ft 66 « a Ne 53. gaa LL Aw ass Ae IEA OO 49 spay! Lee 41 626 * Pool Shore. pentane: ) Rene 6 Soa rds. 2 =—§ YN 52 fleet. \ ae at te. 89 « "3 ae ee 75 6 wok, 160 “ "tae 91 « iro i, 160 « ee ; 155“ Bet as 151 “ 27 Ser 88 315 « ete, oT « Shad SHA L 25 395 grit, 48 « ce 427“ LOH, ey ay 491 ve From Sandstone to Sugar Loaf. Distance. hee Depth. ee 48rds. “VAx4r 75 fect: | ae 96 « Ie 136 ae 14 OS ae 160 « DOB (Br 180 « | ait SU eee I hia 190 « ee 560 “ 4 oo 195 « | | 720) ) [leY¥o 180 «“ eee 752 « {220% 152“ ; SiG (Zr u 49 « g96 VESEY From Sandstone to Sherwood Forest. Depth. Distance. 40 rds. we 150 feet. | a“ tos 160 « me 100 « ewe 159 «| mat. 196 “ tay 140 « a, 256 « Yaa 132 «. 992. « mt Seca 73 “ sig¢ «6 Vw ree eee 348 « C1 Meee Shore. _ From these tables and the profiles derived from them, it will be s that the eastern part of the lake is comparatively shallow, and ft. there is a bar not far from the center where the depth is only tw feet. The greatest depth—195 feet—is reached between Sau '=éBluff and Sugar Loaf. SS or ea eee ae ee RD rs Tae Wye SCA OMe ee AS Bene | MDE roe Be ae G Depth and Temperature of Green Lake. 217 I have made no attempt at systematic soundings, but, in connection with dredging, have always taken the depth at the time of the haul, and my figures agree in all respects with those of Prof. Kenaston, except that they are uniformly somewhat less; this is easily explained by the fact - that the level of the lake has been lower than usual for the past two or three years. In the western part of the lake but few soundings have been made by any one. Capt. Pierce tells me that the greatest depth he has found is 172 feet. Itis popularly supposed that the deepest place is between Sugar Loaf and the south shore, as that is the last place to freeze. I have found there, however, only 189 feet. It will be noticed that the littoral zone, in most parts of the lake, is very narrow, considerable depths being reached quite near the shore. When dredging in deep water, I also took surface and bottom tem- peratures. This work was done in Aug., Sept., and Oct. 1890, and July, 1891. As, so far as I know, very little work of this kind has been done in our lakes, I have thought the results worth recording, although my observations were too few to form a basis for any general inferences. For bottom temperatures, I used a Miller-Casella deep sea thermom- eter, loaned by the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, and for surface temperatures a common chemical thermometer. As the thermometers were not tested, the results may not be absolutely accur- ate. The deep sea thermometer was attached about two meters from the sounding lead, giving the “ bottom temperature.”- _ The following tables give the temperatures arranged by depths: Avueust, 1890. Depth. Surface tem. | Bottom tem. 17 meters. 75a OF 118 Jol 3 ote ON 94.5 D5. Eek oe 26. 7.45 33. 24, 7.2 36. 25.5 ft 40.5 26. if. 40.85 Day. vf 415 2A. Te 49. 94.5 i¢ 49,2. 24. ip 43. 24 he ELE LS anid Wie 2 age Se 6.6 46.75 24 6.6 48.45 22 6.6 be RW O79 Nene area Ue Ne ac bea Nagas ERD Leh Tage ee LA. RY A Oe IR: Yee Ce ata A 218 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. JULY, 1891. Depth. Air tem. Surface tem. | Bottom tem. po SiON) OG ea 41.85 meters. 99° TG es ba Os eee 5 a 43.5 O36 23. 5.56 50. OD De ot 5.28 50.5 25. ies 5.28 Hb2, : 90.55 Do. 5.28 56. Ab | pale 5.28 yar 04-72 Vk 5.28 58. 26.3 5.28 We notice that in August, 1890, there was a uniform temperature of — 6.6° C. below a depth of 45 meters, and that up to 25 meters there was an elevation of temperature of only one degree. In July, 1891, the bot- tom temperature was 5.28° C. While we cannot compare temperatures taken in August, 1890, with those taken in July, 1891, I think we may fairly infer that the maximum bottom temperature in Green Lake is reached in August, and that it remains nearly the same during Septem- ber and October. The surface temperature is nearly the same in all the deeper parts of the lake. Swimmers, in crossing the lake, claim that they pass through “streaks” of different temperatures, but the ther- mometer determinations show a practical uniformity of surface tem- perature. In comparing these temperatures with those obtained by Prof. and Mrs. Peckham in Pine Lake (Trans. Wis. Acad. V, 273), I notice that although the surface temperatures in Pine Lake, in both July and August, are higher than in Green Lake, the temperature of the deep water. is nearly the same. For instance, in August, 1879, at a depth of 18.28 meters, the bottom temperature was 7.23° C., while the surface temperature at the same time was 24.44° C., and in July, at a depth of 24.38 meters, the bottom temperature was 5.56° C., and the surface tem- perature 26.12° C. Thus, at 24.38 meters, was reached very nearly the minimum temperature which I found in Green Lake at 50 meters and below. Trans. Wis. Acad. i Vol. VI, Pl. VI. CS nee ee ee SE) do 4@ 40 fo 6 be ive Ihe (90 Ace we We tie 28 Je Fro Ive Vie Ie HO Yio Kye Veo “We Kee Me the tip Phe bp bee te Mis. bie Tew Bou Cocre ad Qorkwoor | es! Pret A - awe: ia a a | S oaeeee a @ © 60 bo fm fe we 40 [fo dy dee ty dee tty Tp Dee iy Ve dio MO he we Wo We fe fe Me Tie fm bw dw Dowd itows : Dortiwood. - e ye A be we ‘\ Ric aot h Bie Vs t i et . f Map and Pvosiles of Green Lake according to K enastons Soundings I Sugarloas to Sandstone T Oakwood toBowms I Oakwood to Saucdstone TW Skkerwood to Sandstone ea & OS as sar fe be 1 ino tue lip fv lang he Sve ake Ate dey eur feo Wh Seale 25 Svopless SsCorizontal Vom = BOvLCAs “Verticar Vor = $0 Le eisitiiae — CC ee oe die Sm Sic tua Vin 26e WS Me te hee tM ? VPS ae Lae, We ve Be, PN ny ats aa) , se ; = ; : | bes WO? 7 nek, 22, 204 LEA, (873. pp. 3 - 4 NOTES ON THE COPEPODA OF WISCONSIN, BY C. DWIGHT MARSH, RIPON, WISCONSIN. In the waters of Wisconsin and in the adjacent lakes are found the following twenty-one species of free-swimming copepods: Diaptomus sanguineus, Forbes; D. leytopus, Forbes; D. zalli- dus, Herrick; D. sicilis, Forbes; D. ashlandi sp. nov; D. mi- nutus, Lillj.; D. oregonensis, Lillj.; Epischura lacustris, Forbes; Limnocalanus macrurus, Sars; Cyclops americanus, sp. nov.; C. brevispinosus, Herrick; C. pulchellus. Koch; C. navus, Her- rick; C. zarcus, Herrick; C. leucarti, Sars; C. signatus, Koch; C. modestus, Herrick; C. fluviatilis, Herrick: C. serrulatus, Fischer; C. phaleratus, Koch; C fimbriatus. Fischer. Although two of these, D, ashlandi and C. americanus, are new species, it is not probable that they are peculiar to the Wis- consin fauna. The copepods of America have thus far received very little attention, the only important publications on the sub- ject being by three men, Professor Cragin, Professor Herrick and Professor Forbes. If more were known of our copepods it is probable that it would be found that there are few local differ- ences in the faunz of our northern States. The copepods are readily transported from one body of water to another and, without change of structure, seem to endure great changes in their environment. In fact, half of our species of cyclops are not only widely distributed in America, but are identical with those of Europe. Those that may be considered distinctly Amer- ican are closely allied to well-known European forms. C. leucarti is found in nearly all parts of the world where col- lections have been made and, so far as can be inferred from the published descriptions, varies but little, even in the minute de- tails of its structure. C. americanus closely resembles C.. viridis, and is probably the species which -has by other American authors been identified with viridis. Although there seems to be good reason for sepa- rating it from the European species, the similarity of the two forms is so great that it is only by a close examination that the structural differences become apparent. It is very possible that C. brevispinosus should be considered a pelagic variety of C. americanus, thus reducing. by one the number of species peculiar to America. There is some reason, too, for supposing that C. navus is not specifically distinct from C. pulchellus. _ C. pulchellus is the common pelagic form of the Great Lakes. Although found in smaller lakes, it is more commonly replaced by C. brevispinosus, which is a species of wide distribution. C. navus is found only in stagnant pools. The most common of all our species is C. serrulatus. Rarelv is a collection without this form, which seems to adapt itself easily to very different surroundings. It has, however, wide 4 SCis limits of variation, and it is, perhaps, due to this fact that it is so universally distributed. The littoral and pelagic forms are so different that they have been considered specifically distinct. C. modestus is a rare form. Thus far it has been found in only a single locality in Wisconsin. None of the American species of Diaptomus is identical with those of Europe, although in some cases the relationship is very close. D. sicilis isthe common pelagic form of the Great Lakes, but occurs also in smaller bodies of water. D. ashlandi has been found only in the Great Lakes. The most common species in the smaller lakes is D. oregon- ensis. This was described by Lilljeborg from specimens col- ected in Oregon, and probably is common through our northern States. D. minutus is common in Newfoundland, Greenland and Iceland. It occurs in some of the small lakes in northern Wisconsin and in Green Lake. It is likely that it occurs quite generally through the northern part of North America, and pos- sibly central Wisconsin is near its southern limit. Especial interest attaches to the fauna of Green Lake. This is about seven miles long, with a maximum depth of nearly two hundred feet. While the pelagic fauna of the Great Lakes is quite distinct from that of the smaller lakes, we find in Green Lake both sets of faunz. D. sicilis and Limnocalanus macrurus I have not found outside the Great Lakes except in Green Lake. But besides these species the pelagic fauna of Green Lake in- cludes C. brevispinosus and C. fluviatilis, which are the charac- teristic species of the smaller lakes. A more detailed account of the Wisconsin copepoda will soon appear in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy. Wisconsin my ¥ ay . er x es 2 : S = ron? riers ee jh 5 : e . te Sine Les ; 2 ae sd from Volume IX of the Transactions of the Academy.] _ eee - : . = 2 : } 4 y ON THE CYCLOPIDAH AND CALANIDA OF CENTRAL WISCONSIN. By C. Dwiaut MarsH. The material on which this paper is based has been largely collected from the immediate vicinity of Ripon. The fauna of Green Lake I have been enabled to study with considerable thoroughness; I have not only made a large number of collec- tions, but they have been made at all seasons from early spring ‘to December, and the work has extended over several years. From some ponds in the neighborhood of Ripon, I have made similar repeated collections. From Lake Puckaway, Lake Winnebago, and the smaller lakes in Fond du Lac and Green Lake counties, my collections were for the most part made in - the months of July and August. Through the kindness of Prof. E. A. Birge, I have also had material collected by him from lakes in the northern part of the state, and by Miss H. Merrill from the Great Lakes. This is not presented as a final report, for I still feel very doubtful in regard to the relationships of some species. But to properly define these relationships seems likely to involve a long period of study, and possibly it cannot be done satisfac- torily until more is known of the embryonic and larval stages. Inasmuch as so little has been published in regard to Ameri- can copepoda, I may be justified in publishing this paper, although I am well aware of its imperfections. While faunistic studies of fresh-water crustacea have been quite thoroughly prosecuted in Europe, and to some extent in Asia and Africa, only a few localities in the United States have been studied with any degree of thoroughness. The only considerable publications on copepoda have been made by Prof. Forbes, Prof. Cragin and Prof. Herrick. Prof. Forbes, who has made very important additions to our knowledge of BA. eh. PL Maar ¥ . A ty. rl A Pas \ AF at tas S aw z AOR ee a ; hit S pe o f- ED hs cate Ge t \ ‘ “ r fie ey 8 on 190 Marsh— Cyclopide and Calanidee of Wisconsin. Deena entomostraca, made his collections in Illinois, south- ern Wisconsin, the Great Lakes, and Montana and Wyoming. Prof Cragin collected in eastern Massachusetts. Prof. Her- rick has collected very widely through the Mississippi valley | and the southern states. His reports on the Minnesota crus- tacea (22, 29, 26) covered a region with a fauna nearly iden- tical with that of Wisconsin. His work of exploration must have been done very thoroughly, for my work in Wisconsin ~ gives me little to add in the way of new species. Because of incomplete descriptions or a lack of figures, it is, in some cases, however, difficult to identify his species. In Wisconsin the cladoceran fauna is better known than in any other part of the United States through the well-known © work of Prof. Birge, but the copepoda have been almost en- tirely neglected. | While the number of copepods in a collection from any locality is frequently very large, the number of species is generally small. In pools which are swarming with individ- uals, frequently there are not more than two or three species. In pelagic collections there are seldom more than four to six species. Of diaptomus there is ordinarily only one species in a locality, although two or three species are sometimes found together in pelagic collections. Some species ot copepods may be considered strictly pelagic, and some as strictly littoral, while others are found only in stagnant pools. But many species readily adapt themselves to all these conditions, and with little or no change of structure seem to thrive equally well wherever they may be. The following may be considered a fairly accurate division of the species according to their habitat: Distribution of the Species. RSs ES | Pelagic.| Litto- | oe ral. | Pools. MEM MEOTUIES SOTUGUIUCH SA. oi 2! aos ch ys o Fie Sa ht Pee aie kop) OE A REPOS ae he Pil ta Ge aha Cai soko RE Se x - pallidus ... x cf SO RIS ACCES cet AS NON fhe k Wise Ges x ct CSAOREE 05. os x ne LT AEIGE US PE Gee eee Seki oath x Ee ety eee aoe ~ OT EU OTIC SIS cy Ppt. Ons ae xe as Wee eure As AG seo MEE SCMAR CACUSLTAS Vic cL ed Le ah Timnocalanus macrurus.... x sees Cyclops americanus.... .. » WA eae te sol x Et CCELSIIILOSUS Ha oe cae kee ch een el. 53 ig at ee a x PERM ERO CI HONS 2 A Oa) Nese ie WY 210)» Wore BES AA re & ca lfhnger elds ay PUPCUS 06 i ie ee ee eee fe epee eee x PRE CCUCK ONT os os 8 - Bc 3 = SUGHOCUS 0. 0 oe x x x TR IMD CSO MRA sue nice Yolalb w ail ecrer ss ayecedl «ete ae % : BML OTOUD TONES cio So ag nc whe oe ss eames Jue raid JOS ateeee DISET RM GUS oa cho Site! ha oss aaah heh so x x Ua TA” a, Se ee ea Oe boomers (Oe oe KML OP MMCOLOE Ot ai LAs AON x CP IIMCOTUOCUS O06. Scie as tye es 58 x None of our species is peculiar to this immediate region, and it is probable that they are widely distriputed over the north- ern part of the United States and the southern part of British America. Indeed, the copepod fauna of North America resem- bles very closely that of Europe and northern Asia. This fact has already been remarked by Prof. Birge in regard to the cladocera, and it seems no less true of the copepoda. Many of our species are identical with those of Europe, even in the minutest details, as in the case of Cyclops leuckarti Sars. In other cases the structural differences are slight, and it is very probable that we should consider them of only varietal value, were we acquainted with the limits of species variation. That the species should be identical, or nearly so, over such a wide extent of territory is not at all strange when we remember how easily the living animals and their eggs may be trans- ported by water-fowl. Most of the forms, too, seem to readily AOE ie Marsh—Cyclopidee and Calanide of Wisconsin. ‘ adapt themselves to change of environment with little percep- tible change of structure. Thus Cyclops pulchellus Koch, is a common pelagic form of the larger lakes, and seems well adapted to its environment, but I have found it in Rush Lake, a reed- covered, shallow body of water, in which we would hardly expect to find any distinctive pelagic fauna. It is to be noticed that the American species of Diaptomus are distinct from those of Europe, and that they are, in some cases, quite limited in their distribution. The pelagic species are generally colorless, and the body and appendages are more elongated than in the littoral forms. — When a species occurs both in shallow and in deep water, the same difference is noted, the pelagic forms in some cases form- ing well marked varieties. The species of shallow water and stagnant pools are fre- quently highly colored, but the color is generally of little value in distinguishing species. Quite generally all the cope- poda and cladocera of a pool have the same prevailing color, while the same species under other conditions of environment may be entirely colorless. This was noticed by Herrick in 1883 (25 p. 385.) Certain species, however, seem to have a coloration peculiarly their own,—like the purple tips of the antenne in Diaptomus leptopus. The specimens of Cyclops modestus which I have found, have possessed a distinct purple tinge, very different from the colors of the species with which they were associated. In the synonomy of species I have followed the European authors. It seems to me next to an impossibility to identify the species of Koch and Baird, for their descriptions are of no ‘value whatever. All that is left for one to do is to accept them as defined by later authors. It has not been my aim to add to the already sufficiently numerous descriptions of “new species,” but rather to make more clear the descriptions already given, to indicate the proper synonymy, and to reduce the number of specific names rather than to increase them. In doing this, I know I have — laid myself open to criticism, for it is, perhaps, presuming too much to revise another author’s descriptions. My only excuse Distribution of the Species. 193 is my reluctance to add to the cumbersome nomenclature of the genera under discussion. For example, I have no doubt of the identity of a Wisconsin species with Cyclops brevispinosus Her- rick, but Herrick’s description is not sufficient for a satisfac- tory identification. Therefore, rather than to add a new species name, I have ventured to describe this species more completely. Inasmuch as printed descriptions, even when accurate, are frequently misleading, and as a list of species is only valuable when one is certain of the accuracy of the identification, I have, in most cases, drawn figures of the essential anatomical char- acteristics of the species treated of, and trust that I shall have made clear at least what species I have described, and have rendered it possible, if I have made mistakes, for others to ‘detect those mistakes. | Ig ES S\2 SiS hie Ed ie) . = oO SIFISlaAlSl-..lala S| 212 B/S/E/Ols|o eS] o) eg |e ins] le ehh Calg (eb Mle o}O S 3B iY Hol IS \FA = ees el alo it a ao S O53 (od) (ee as ata H|D/VD1ie rat) OCIS i4rol Hy |2i/Si¥ lx lolg Slee pen 1 POS 1 Obes les ig les ee eal (sae oiaadl onl (el CC Diapiomus sanguineus...........|.. Sar %% ot WEPUOM US Are PIE Oe TP ae feet ier: x ne COLETTI Se aie ae ete aa trl gn Ree > SAREE eta Irie be aL SUIS ei. Se Re LX a aa Mote ee SLID 88. alg hy eh el osss| ass ats ee, ae WEVA VR 2A ho es as x ache AS REN iets |e ae hans a OFEDONENSIS 202 ee ie ae Gite SS © 2h 24 Pe PO PUSCAUT@ NUEUSITIS a eX |: Klos Limnocalanus macrurus.. 0.6.2... me ane, Pos Cyclops americanus.... aah
A. 21 Po-7) EA l W o ie oa -tlb V
BS TOD IDE cs Rian ol ay ea shore a 013! ot Beatle (8! be oat LP
ber EN MMC WCNPUG Fb ela eas Lope sb SS b AN
$s LOE CHES Pare Gin, «ot Maa 5) oe ye BY hea tide x
UCN ERCISAT HU! a wards -< agian « er Vrs be a (ead el aed eae te
ou SAQIOROUS 75a oto aN alate ie, xo | OER 2 > Sale. bo. A ead
SEAT) UE Aiba ie woo iy a2 SP cal oa :
ic” fluviatilis. Wt4wrd ... -. |X| x]..|.. met oh eee
SE SCH ATU eats. a Pe el Ke Ke | we | ew x px
Pees MIEMD EEO MS ot Sa a 0's” SEP mabe st aac i: chs *
a DICOIO C cal tea Wet ae odin tise aa x
. !
SER ATUIDOTIUES. s sh5 ic en. are « y ee x
194 Marsh—Cyclopide and Calanide of Wisconsin. |
The foregoing table will give an idea of the distribution of
the species in some of the bodies of water which I have exam-
ined. Green Lake is about seven miles long and has a max-
imum depth of a little less than two hundred feet. The other
lakes—the Great Lakes excepted—are shallow. Lake Winne-
bago, although a large body of water, is said to be nowhere
more than twenty-five or thirty feet in depth. Rush Lake is
pretty largely covered with a growth of rushes and wild rice,
and is being gradually filled up. Lake Puckaway is an expan-
sion of Fox river, is to a considerable extent covered with wild
rice and rushes, and is very shallow.
FAMILY CALANIDA. |
GENUS DIAPTOMUS Westwood.
KEY TO SPECIES OF DIAPTOMUS FROM CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE.
Antepenultimate joint of antenna without appendage,
Fifth feet nearly equal in length, oregonensis.
Left fifth foot shorter than right, pallidus.
Antepenultimate joint of antenna with hyaline lamella, /eptopus.
Antepenultimate joint of antenna with appendage,
‘ Appendage short and blunt, : sanguineus.
Appendage as long or longer than penultimate joint,
Terminal hook of right fifth foot broad, lateral spine
minute, minutus.
Terminal hook falciform,
Lateral spine nearer outer extremity of
joint, sictilis.
Lateral spine stout, near base of joint, ashlandi.
ee:
.
ara Spheaige* ae . 2
Diaptomus. 195
DIAPTOMUS SANGUINEUS Forbes.
Plate III. Figs. 1-3.
1876. D. sanguineus Forbes (17) pp. 15, 16 and 23, figs. 24,
and 28-30.
1882. D. sanguineus Forbes (22) p. 647, pi. VIII, figs. 1-7,
and Ls:
1834. D. sangwineus Herrick (26) p. 138, pl. Q, fig. 12.
minnetonka Herrick (26) p. 138, pl. Q, figs. 8-10.
sanguineus DeGuerne and Richard (32) p. 20, pl.
IV, fig. 24.
6 ¢
Se ot a ni
ca
~
This species, which is found in pools in the spring months,
‘is readily recognized by the characters of the male antenne
and fifth feet. My specimens differ in minute particulars from
the figures given by Forbes; the lateral spine on the terminal
joint of the outer ramus of the right fifth foot in the male is
nearer the distal end of the joint, while Forbes’s figure makes
its position nearly median; the blunt spine on the inner angle
of the second joint of this foot is a little longer than the spine
at the outer angle, instead of shorter, as in his figure.
D. minnetonka Herrick is probably a variety of D. san-
guineus.
DIAPTOMUS LEPTOPUS Forbes.
Plate III. Figs. 4 and 5.
1882. D. leptopus Forbes (22) p. 646, pl. VIII, figs. 17-19.
1884. ‘‘ longicornis var. leptopus Herrick (26) p. 140.
1889. <‘‘ leptopus DeGuerne and Richard (32) pl. I, fig. 19,
pk Tih ae. 9.
Forbes, in his description, states that the antepenultimate
segment of the right male antenna bears a small hook. I have
failed to find a hook in my specimens; the segment is armed
only with a very inconspicuous hyaline lamella. DeGuerne and
Richard have also noted the absence of the hook.
4
196 Marsh—Cyclopide and Calanide of Wisconsin.
It is quite common in the summer and fall months. As I
have found it, it has been of a brownish red color, much like
aD): sanguineus, with purple tipped antenne and caudal sete.
D. kentuckyensis Chambers, is probably identical with Jepto-
pus, although the imperfect figures make it impossible to decide
with certainty.
DIAPTOMUS PALLIDUS Herrick.
Plate III. Figs. 6, 7 and 9.
1879. D. pallidus, Herrick (18a) p. 91, pl. II, a-d.
1884. > of s! (26) p. 142,-pl. .Q, fig. 17.
OBO. 2 < 5 DeGuerne and Richard (32) p. 62, fig. 17.
A small, slender species. Cephalothorax elongated oval,
widest at about the middle; the last Pes eL! is armed with
two minute lateral spines.
The first abdominal segment of the female is as long as the
remaining part of the abdomen, and is dilated laterally. The
second abdominal segment is shorter than the third. The
furcal joints are about twice as long as broad.
The antenne reach beyond the furca. The right antenna of
the male is swollen anterior to the geniculating joint; it bears
no appendage on the antepenultimate joint.
The outer ramus of the fifth foot of the female is two-jointed ;
the third joint is represented by two blunt spines. The inner
ramus is one-jointed, equaling in length the first joint of the
outer ramus; it is armed with a short spine at tip, and two
larger ones on inner margin of tip; the inner surface of the
tip is covered with short hairs.
The fifth feet of the male are slender, with the basal joints.
nearly equal in length. The first joint of the outer ramus of
the right foot is a little shorter than the basal joint. The
second joint is nearly twice as long as the first; on its inner —
margin at about a third of its length is a short spine-like pro-
jection; the lateral spine is slender, situated near the outer
end of the joint. The terminal hook is falciform, but-not with
SO ella dl alls
Diaptomus, : aos aft
a regular curvature, and is about once and a half the length of
the second joint. The inner ramus is slender, one-jointed, as
long as the first joint of the outer ramus.
The left foot extends to nearly one half the length of the
second joint of the outer ramus of the right. The first joint of
the outer ramus is about as long as the first joint of the outer
ramus of the right foot. The second joint terminates in two
projections,—a blunt finger-like process on the exterior side,
with a pad armed with minute spines on its inner surface, and
a slender falciform process from the inner margin, which curves
over and nearly meets the process on the outer margin. There
is also a small blunt projection on the inner margin of the
joint. The inner ramus is slender, one-jointed, and equals in
length the first joint of the outer ramus.
Length of the male, .875 mm. ; of the female, 1.01 mm.
Locality, Heart Lake, near Marquette.
Herrick’s descriptions of D. pallidus are not sufficient to
identify the species, and his figures in the report of 1878 do
not help the matter. In the final report on the Minnesota
Crustacea, there is but one figure of pallidus—that of the left
fifth foot of the male—and it is mainly from this figure that I
have considered D. pallidus identical «swith my specimens. I
have not found it quite as large as stated by Herrick, but in
other respects it corresponds quite well with his descriptions,
and it does not seem best to introduce a new name.
I have found D. pallidus in only one locality—Heart Lake,
a small shallow lake south of Marquette.
DIAPTOMUS SICILIS Forbes.
Plate III. Figs. 8 and 10.
1882. WD. sicilis Forbes (22) p. 645, pl. VIII, figs. 9 and 20.
1884. « « Herrick (26) p. 142, pl. Q, fig. 18.
1889. Ǥ< Ԣ DeGuerne and Richard (30) p. 23, figs. 13 and
14, pl. II, fig 13.
1891. WD. sicilis Forbes (35) p. 702, pl. 1, fig 6.
198 Marsh—Cyclopide and Calunidee of Wisconsin.
This species, which is abundant in the Great Lakes, I found
as a common pelagic species in Green Lake in the summers of
1890 and 1891. In a large number of collections made in 1892,
however, I did not find a single individual. This seems par-
ticularly strange, as the collections in 1892 were made at
about the same seasons as in the preceding years.
The Green Lake specimens differ slightly from Forbes’s type.
They are somewhat smaller, the males averaging .9 mm., and
the females 1.08mm. The inner rami of the male fifth feet are |
not evidently two-jointed. ; os
~~ re ee ee
DIAPTOMUS ASHLANDI Sp. nov.
Plate 410i.) Wies:<11= 13:
A small pelagic species closely resembling D. sicilis Forbes. | j
In form it is slender, hardly to be distinguished from D. sicilis
and D. minutus.
The first joint of the abdomen in the female is longer than
the remaining part of the abdomen, is dilated at the sides, and
bears two minute lateral spines. The second and third joints
are so closely united that the abdomen appears two-jointed.
The furcal joints are about twice as long as broad.
The antenne reach just beyond the furca. The right antenna
ot the male is much swollen anterior to the geniculating joint,
and bears on the antepenultimate joint an appendage slightly
exceeding in length the penultimate joint. ‘This appendage
may be blunt pointed or slightly enlarged at the extremity.
The fifth feet of the female are rather slender; the outer
ramus is two-jointed. The third joint is represented by two
short spines. The inner ramus is one-jointed, a little longer
than the first joint of the outer ramus, armed at tip with two
rather long spines.
The fifth feet of the male are slender. The basal joint of
the right foot is about twice as long as that of the left. The
first joint of the outer ramus is a little wider than long. The
second joint is wider at the inner than at the outer end; the
Diaptomus. | 199
lateral spine is stout, curved, situated near the inner end.
The terminal hook is slender and falciform. The inner ramus
is slender, one-jointed, and about one-third ionger than the
first joint of the outer ramus. .
The left foot extends a little beyond the first joint of the
outer ramus of the right. The second joint of the outer ramus
has three blunt spines upon its apex and is armed with minute
bristles within. The? inner ramus is slender, one-jointed, and
reaches about half the length of the second joint of the outer
ramus.
Length of male, .89mm.,; female, .97 mm.
Localities, Lake Superior and Lake Erie.
D. ashlandi is smaller than D. sicilis, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the form of the male fifth feet. The appendage
of the antepenultimate joint of the right male antenna resem-
bles the form in sicilis and minutus. The female is not so
readily distinguished, although the fifth feet are more slender
than in sicilis.
I have specimens from only two localities. In pelagic col-
lections made by Prof. Birge at Ashland it occurred with D.
oregonensis and D. minutus. In a collection made by Miss
Merrill on Lake Erie nearly all the Diaptomi belonged to this
Species, D. sicilis being represented very sparingly.
DraPpromus MinuTUS Lilljeborg.
Plate IV. Figs. 1-8.
1889. Diaptomus minutus DeGuerne and Richard (Lilljeborg)
(oe) p. 50, pl. I, figs. 5, 6 and 14, pl. III, fig. 25.
1891. Diaptomus minutus Marsh (38) p. 212.
I reported D. minutus in 1891 from Green Lake. I have
since found it in collections from the Great Lakes, the St.
Clair river, and one Jake in northern Wisconsin. It was de-
scribed by Lilljeborg from specimens obtained in Greenland
and Newfoundland. It was later reported from Iceland (39).
200 Marsh—Cyclopide and Calanide of Wisconsin.
It is probable, as stated by DeGuerne and Richard, that it is a
common species through the northern part of North America.
It is common in the pelagic collections from Green Lake, but
I have found it nowhere else in central Wisconsin; it is possi-
ble that this is near the southern limit of the species. The
stout terminal claw of the outer ramus of the right fifth foot
in the male, and the short, leaf-like inner rami of the fifth foot .
of the female, make this species one easily recognized.
DIAPTOMUS OREGONENSIS Lilljeborg.
‘Plate IV. Figs. 4 and 5.
1889. D. oregonensis DeGuerne and Richard (Lillj.) (32) p. 53,
pl. 1 ie. 5) ple 1A, fers,
This is the most common species of diaptomus, being found
quite generally in the shallower lakes. It is easily distin-
guished from the other species by the form of the male fifth
foot. |
The type specimens were obtained from Portland, Oregon,
and according to the figures in DeGuerne and Richard’s ‘Re-
vision” are somewhat more slender in all their parts than are
my specimens.
GENUS EPISCHURA Forbes.
EPISCHURA LACUSTRIS Forbes.
Plate 2V.02 hie. 6:
1882. EK. lacustris Forbes (22) pp. 541 and 648, pl. VIII,
fos 15, 6, 21 G23. pk UX a tie 98:
1884. LH. lacustris Herrick (26) p. 131, pl. Q, fig. 13.
1889. <Ǥ v4 DeGuerne and Richard (32) p. 90, pl. IV,
figs. 3, 9 and 10.
1891. £. lacustris Forbes (35) p. 704, pl. I, figs. 1-5, pl. II,
igh ON gars
arse
Sacks
ey
ae, PS,
Bre tet gic ie SNe
cel a Sa ee 9 oe rns Cae Rl line BM AON BAe ia eters, We
hes sy gi sage REE Te Tie cc geome Rte
eho ae te a al oat = at tae eh b Bion,
Limnocalanus. 201
I have found E. lacustris in only two localities beside the
Great Lakes—in Green Lake and Lake Puckaway. Probably,
however, it is abundant in other localities, as Forbes reports it
from many lakes in Illinois, Michigan, and southern Wis rsin.
The peculiar form of the male abdomen distinguishes nis in
a striking manner from all other copepods.
GENUS LIMNOCALANUS Sars.
LIMNOCALANUS MACRURUS Sars.
Plated Wi.) bie:
1863. LD. macrurus Sars (11) pp. 228-229.
1882. « as Forbes (22) p. 648.
1886. Centropages grimaldi DeGuerne (29) pp. 1-10.
1888. WL. macrurus Nordqvist (81) pp. 31-37, pl. I, figs. 9-11;
pl. I figs. 1-5; pl. II figs. 1-4.
1889. L. macrurus DeGuerne and Richard (32) p. 77, pl. IV,
figs. 5, 11 and 12.
1891. L. macrurus var. auctus Forbes (35) p. 706.
LL. macrurus is abundant in Green Lake. It is a species of
especial interest because of its wide distribution. It is found
quite generally throughout northern Europe. Forbes has found
it in Lake Michigan, Lake Superior and Lake Geneva. I have
found it also in collections from Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair,
and the St. Clair river.
}" af ee , "
ate Ae oa ae ee eer Ue ee Me
) , ‘ ied | nth, : fuk ey Pa a Re’
4 LY ¥ . 7
202 Marsh—-Cyclopide and Calanide of. Wisconsin. 5 se
Famity CYCLOPIDA.
GENus CYCLOPS Mueller.
KEY TO THE WISCONSIN SPECIES OF CYCLOPS,
Antenne 17-jointed, fifth foot two-jointed,
Second joint of fifth foot armed with seta and short spine,
Terminal joint of outer branch of swimming feet armed
externally with three spines, es
Furca of moderate length, americanus. —
he tic . Furca elongated, brevispinosus.
Terminal joint of outer branch of swimming feet armed
externally with two spines, parcus.
Second joint of fifth foot with two terminal seta,
Furcea short, NAVUS..
Furca elongated, pulchellus.
Second joint of fifth foot, with one terminal and one lat-
eral seta, leuckartt.
Second joint of fifth foot, with three sete, signatus.
Antenne 16-jointed, fifth foot 3-jointed, modestus.
Antenne 12-jointed, fifth foot 1-jointed,
Furea variable in length, armed externally with a row of
small spines, serrulatus, —
‘Furea short, without armature of spines, fluviatilis.
Antenne 11-jointed, swimming feet three-jointed, phaleratus.
swimming feet two-jointed, bicolor.
Antenne &-jointed, Jjimbriatus.
CYCLOPS AMERICANUS Sp. nov.
Plate IV. Figs. 8-10.
1882. C. ingens Herrick (23) p. 228, pl. V, figs. 1-8.
1883. <‘* viridis Cragin (24) p. 3, pl. IV, figs. 8-16.
1884.74. «+ ‘¢ Herrick (26) p. 145.
Cyclops. , 203
Cephalothorax oval, the first segment being about half its
total length. Antenne 17-jointed, about as long as first ceph-
alothoracic segment. Abdomen rather slender, the last seg-
ment armed on its posterior border with small spines. All the
abdominal segments in immature individuals are strongly
pectinated posteriorly. Furca about three times as long as its
average breadth, the lateral spine situated well towards the
end. The first and fourth terminal setz are short, slender and
plumose, nearly equal in length. Of the internal sete, the
outer is a little more than three-fourths the length of the inner.
The armature of the terminal joints of the swimming feet is
as follows:
FIRST FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br. ex. 1 seta.
ap. 2 sete. ap. 1 spine, 1 seta.
im. 2. setae: - in. 3 sete.
SECOND AND THIRD FEET.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br, ex. 1 seta.
ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 1 spine, 1 seta.
in. 3 sete. in. 3 sete:
| _ FOURTH FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br; ex: 1 seta.
| ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 2 spines.
in. 3 sete. in, 2 sete.
Fifth foot two-jointed, basal joint very broad, armed with one
seta. Terminal joint armed with a seta and a blunt spine.
Length, 1.2 mm. |
This takes the place in our fauna that is occupied by C.
viridis Fischer, in Europe. In general form and appearance
the two forms seem identical, and have been so considered by
Herrick and Cragin. I have hesitated to propound a new
Species name, but it seems necessary. ‘So far as Uljanin and
Vosseler have figured viridis it corresponds to our species; but
chem
204 . Marsh—Cyclopide and Calanide of Wisconsin. |
neither gives figures of the swimming feet. From the original
description by Fischer our species differs markedly. Accord-
ing to his figure the antenne reach to the third cephalothoracic
segment, while in americanus they hardly exceed the first.
He makes the furca about equal in length to the last abdominal —
segment; in americanus it equals or exceeds the last two seg- —
ments. He gives a figure of “a foot,” not designating which,
but it corresponds to no one of the four in our species.
Sars says the terminal joint of the external ramus of the
fourth foot has two external spines; americanus has three.
Brady’s figure of the terminal joint of the outer branch of
the fourth foot (18, pl. 20, fig. 7) corresponds to Sars’ state- —
ment. He also figures the terminal joint of the inner branch
(18, pl. 20, fig. 8,) which shows a very different armature
from that in americanus.
Schmeil (41, p. 97, pl. VIII, figs. 12-14,) gives a more elab
orate description of viridis. His formula for the spines of the
swimming feet corresponds to the descriptions of the other
European authors. Schmeil, however, does not consider the
armature of the swimming feet as constant, and according to
his view americanus should be a variety of viridis. In an exam-
ination of a large number of specimens from widely separated
localities I have found no variation in the number and arrange-
ment of the spines and sete of americanus, and until such vari-
ation is shown, there seems to be no alternative but to insti-
tute a new species for the American form. ,
@. americanus is widely distributed. It occurs quite gener-
ally in stagnant pools, aud is also found to some extent in
lakes.
CYCLOPS BREVISPINOSUS Herrick.
Plate IV. Figs. 11 and 12,
1884. C. brevispinosus Herrick (26) p. 148, pl. S, figs. 7-11.
Cephalothorax oval, the first segment reaching about half its
ee
/
} Cyclops. 205
total length. Antenne 17-jointed, shorter than first cephalo-
thoracic segment. Abdomen. slender, the last segment armed
on its posterior border with a row of small spines. Furca
dO SDR TBE Ie ena
i r r} r)
slender, longer than the last two abdominal segments, lateral
Spine at two-thirds the distance from base to extremity. Of
the terminal sete, the outer is a short blunt spine, the inner
slender and somewhat longer; the outer median seta rather
-more than two-thirds the length of the inner.
. The armature of the terminal joints of the swimming feet is
I as follows:
FIRST FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br. ex. | seta.
ap. 2 sete. ap. 1 spine, 1 seta.
in. 2 sete. in. 3 sete.
SECOND FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br. ex. 1 seta.
Beis t ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 1 spine, 1 seta.
in. 3 sete. | in. ‘3 sete.
THIRD FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br. ex. 1 spine.
ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 2 spines.
in. 3 sete. in. 3 sete.
FOURTH FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br. ex. 1 spine.
ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 2 spines.
e . .
in. 3 sete. in, 2 setee.
The fifth foot is two-jointed. The basal joint is very broad
and is armed with one seta. The terminal joint is armed with
one seta and a short spine.
, Length about 1 mm.
Herrick’s® description of C. brevispinosus is so imperfect
that it is difficult to identify the species with certainty. The
armature of the swimming feet is different from that in C. par-
cus, although one might infer from his statement that it is the .
same. The form and armature of the furca, however, is char-
16—A. & L.
é =e - : c EE ae |
RS See Wepre te ee ee
206 Marsh—Cyclopide and Calanide of Wischncin |
acteristic, and his figure of the furca makes me so certain of — pe
the identity of the form, that I have ventured to redescribe the — a
species rather than to propose a new name. It is easily rec- — as
ognized by its short, 17-jointed antenne, and the elongated : ;
furca, with the outer terminal seta reduced to a short blunt spine.
It is widely distributed in lakes and ponds, and is a pelagic
species, though sometimes occurring in littoral collections.
I have had some doubt as to whether this should be consid-
ered a distinct species. In most of its structural features it
closely resembles americanus, and I have suspected it to be a
pelagic variety of that species. I have specimens of amer-
icanus with elongated furca like brevispinosus, and I have spec- : =
imens of brevispinosus in which the outer terminal seta of the
furca is slender and plumose as in americanus. For the differ--
ences in the armature of the swimming feet, however, I have as —
yet found no intermediate forms, and so must, for the present |
at least, consider the two distinct.
CycLops NAvuws Herrick.
Plate IV. Figs. 13-15. ae
1882. C. navus Herrick (23) p. ‘229, pl. V, figs. 6-3, tor
(roto d CRaaRS eee ae i (26) p. 152.
Larger than C. pulchellus, the antenne being about as long
as first two segments of cephalothorax, as in that species.
Armature of swimming feet as in pulchellus. Fifth fvot
armed as in pulchellus, but terminal joint more elongated, and =
its sete more nearly equal in length, the inner being fully two-—
thirds the length of the outer. The furca is short, with the
lateral seta on the posterior third; of the terminal sete the —
first and fourth are short, the outer median about three-fifths “
as long as the inner.
It is generally reddish in color and occurs in pools. Her-
rick considers navus as probably a variety of pulchellus, and I
am inclined to agree with him. The principal difference between
the two species is in the form of the furca, and the difference is
just that which we would expect from the difference of environ-
ment. It is just the difference which exists between the
Cyclops. : 207
extreme forms of serrulatus. So far as I know, however, no
one has reported forms intermediate between C. pulchellus and
C. navus. In my collections, while I have seen many instances
of considerable variation in C. pulchellus, particularly in the
form and armature of the furca, I have found no forms which
at all approach ©. navus. Until such intermediate forms are
_ discovered, C. navus must be considered distinct.
CYCLOPS PULCHEnEUE Koch.
Plate IV. Figs. 18 and 19.
1838. ©. pulchellus Koch (3) H. 21, pL 2
1857. ‘* bicuspidatus Claus (8), p. 209, pl. XI, figs. 6 and 7.
le (2 eae BS Se Ge as pe at Ole:
‘1863. <‘* pulchellus Sars (11), p. 246.
1870. ‘* bicuspidatus Heller (12), p. 71.
aero.“ bicusprdatus Fric (13), p. 221, fig. 6:
1876. ‘* bicuspidatus Hoek (16), p. 17, pl. I, figs. 7-11.
1880. ‘* pulchellus Rehberg (19), p. 543.
1880. ‘* helgolandicus Rehberg (20), p. 64, pl. IV, fig. 5.
mace, '* thomast Forbes (22), p. 649, pl. IX, figs: 10,° 1
and 16.
1883. ,, pectinatus Herrick (25), p. 499, pl. VII, figs. 25-28.
1883. ‘* thomasi Cragin (24), p. 3, pl. III, figs. 1-13.
1884. « thomast Herrick (26), p. 151, pl. U, figs. 4, 5, 7 and 8.
1885. <‘ pulchellus Daday (2%), p. 220.
1886. ‘* pulchellus Vosseler (28), p. 194, pl. V, figs. 19-28.
1891. ‘* thomasi Forbes (35), p. 707, pl. I, fig. 8.
1891. ‘* bicuspidatus Brady (86), p. 13, pl. 5, figs. 1-5.
1891. ‘* thomasi Brady (36), p. 14, pl. VI, figs. 1-4.
1891. ‘© bicuspidatus Schmeil (37), p. 27. 3
1891. ‘* bicuspidatus Richard (39), p. 229, pl. VI, fig. 6.
1892. <‘* bicuspidatus Schmeil (41), p. 75, pl. II, figs. 1-3.
1893. <‘* thomasi Forbes (42), p. 249, pl. XX XIX, figs. 9-12;
fe SE fe! 43.
Herrick considered C. thomasi a variety of C. pulchellus Koch.
Brady also raises the question as to the specific distinction of
the American form. I have gone over the literature of the sub-
ject with considerable care, and I can see no good reason for
208 Marsh—Cyclopide and Calanidee of Wisconsin. —
separating our American form from C. pulchellus Koch, or bicus~
pidatus Claus. All the Huropean descriptions agree very closely
mediately connected with large sheets of water.” :
Herrick says, “it is one of the most abundant forms in the
larger lakes, and especially in streams.” |
me irine
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Cyclops. i wares 215
CYCLOPS SERRULATUS Fischer.
Plate VI, figs. 2-5.
1838. OC. agilis Koch (3), H 21, pl. III.
1851. “ serrulatus Fischer (6), p. 423, pl. X, figs. 22, 26-31.
—i8a5. * rs Lilljeborg (6), p. 158, pl. XV, fig. 12.
Jy Claus (7), p. 36, figs. 1-3.
clip iaaiaaa x Sars (11), p. 45.
peweeos.." * Claus (9), p. 101, pl. I, figs. 1 and 2; pl.
PV, feed 2> ph XI! fier. “3.
aS ‘ Lubbock (10), p. 197.
Peto 5 Heller (12), p. 6.
1872." - Frie (13), p. 222, fig. 18.
er Uljanin (15), p. 34, pl. VIII, figs. 1-8.
So. ke aa a Brady (18), p. 109, pl. XXII, figs. 1-14.
1880. “ agtlis Rehberg (19), p. 545.
1882. ° serrulatus Herrick (23), p. 230.
1883. “ pectinifer Cragin (24), p. 6, pl. IV, figs. 1-7.
1884. “ serrulatus Herrick (26), p. 157, pl. O, figs. 17-19.
1885. “ agilis Daday (27), p. 240.
1886. “ agilis Vosseler (28), p. 190, pl. V, figs. 29-31.
1891. “ serrulatus Schmeil ($7), p. 29. |
1 fo! a ae Pat Jotddy (eb) pS, plo Nal, fig. ¥.
ae ff Richard (39), p. 234, pl. VI, fig. 19.
BS92) 5" ie Schmeil (41), p. 141, pl. V, figs. 6-12.
C. serrulatus is found everywhere. It is the most common of
all the species of Cyclops. In the larger bodies of water it is
more common in littoral collections, but it occurs not infre-
quently in pelagic collections.
This species has a wide limit of variation, the extreme forms
differing so much that one is at first inclined to rank them as
separate species. At one extreme is the form common in ditches,
pools, and littoral collections, which seems to correspond nearly
to montanus Brady. It averages .85 mm in length; the furca
is not quite as long as the last two abdominal segments, and
the external terminal seta is transformed into a stout spine
216
three-fourths as long as the furca, projecting iteeally tram the _
body. At the other extreme is the pelagic form, C. elegans Her.” |
rick. It averages 1.25 mm in length. The furca is once anda
third as long as the last two abdominal segments, and the ex- -
ternal terminal seta is short and weak. > :
Sometimes the two forms occur together in pelagic collec-
tions, but only once have I found the elegans form asa littoral
species. The European form is, in its characteristics, interme- +
diate between these extreme forms. ¥
Although the extreme varieties sometimes occur together, —
they are almost always entirely distinct. In only two localities | ‘a
have I found connecting forms. In Heart Lake I found an in- eo
termediate form associated with the smaller variety, and in
Lake Puckaway I found the typical form in connection pfs?
both extremes. :
CYCLOPS PHALERATUS Koch.
Plate VI, figs. 6 and 7.
1841... U. phaleratus Koch (3), H 21, pl. 1X. .
1851. “ canthocarpoides Fischer (5), p. 246, pl. X, 1S 24,
32238.
LBBB nye Lilljeborg (6), p. 208.
plea. < ¢ : Claus (7), p. 37, pl, I, figs. 6-10.
iD ee 3 “~- (9), p. 102, pl. IV, figs. I=
1863..." : Lubbock (10), p. 202. pees
1863. “ phaleratus Sars (11), p. 46.
1872. “ canthocarpoides Fric (13), p. 223, fig. 19.
1874. “ Jascivus Poggenpol (14), p. 72, pl. XV, eS 2224:
pl. XVI, figs. 7 and 8.
1875. “ phaleratus Uljanin (15), p. 38, pl. IX, He 1-5. |
NB Fetes i Brady (18), p. 116, pl. XXIII, figs. 7-13.
1882. “ adolescens Herrick (23), p. 231, pl. VI, figs. 16-20. —
1883. “ perarmatus Cragin (24), p. 7, pl. I, figs. 9-18. .
1884. “ phaleratus Herrick (26), p. 161, pl. R, ee. 6-10.
1885.7 > Daday (27), p. 252.
li orol Saibarte Herrick (80), p. 14, pl. VII, fig 2, a—d.
Tesi Ey ame . Schmeil (37), p. 36.
Cyclops. 216
1891. ©. phaleratus, Brady (36), p. 25, pl. TX, fig. 2.
Teas" e Richard (39), p. 238, pl. VI, fig. 12.
peor. S % Schmeil (41), p. 170; pl. VIII, figs. 1-2.
The European C. phaleratus has ten-jointed antenne. Our
Specimens ordinarily have eleven joints, although sometimes,
according to Herrick, occurring with ten. In other respects,
my specimens agree with those figured by European authors
even in minute details, and there seems no good reason for
making a new species of our form.
It occurs quite widely distributed in the smaller lakes, and in
stagnant pools.
CYCLOPS BICOLOR Sars.
1863. . bicolor Sars (11), p. 253.
1880. “ diaphanus Rehberg (19), p. 547.
Poe. Rerrick (26), p..160; pl. Ky fig. 12.
i385 a Daday (27), p. 246.
HSOh. . Herrick (80), p. 16, pl. VII, figs. 3a-e.
1891. ‘“ bicolor Schmeil (87), p. 34. |
1891. ‘“ diaphanus Richard (39), p. 236, pl. VI, fig. 26.
©1892,“ bicotor Schmeil (41), p. 118, pl. VI, figs. 6-13.
The antenne are 11-jointed, hardly as long as the first cephal-.
othoracic segment. The abdomen is somewhat elongated, the
last segment armed with spines posteriorly. The furca is nearly
as long as the last two abdominal segments. The lateral spine
is situated at about the posterior third. The first and fourth
terminal setee are short, the inner considerably longer than the
outer. The median sete are strongly plumose, and the longer
is about as long as the abdomen.
The rami of the swimming feet are two-jointed. The arma-
ture of the terminal joints is as follows:
FIRST FOOT.
Outer br. ex. 3 spines. Inner br. ex. 1 seta.
ap. 2 sete. ap. 1 seta, 1 large
spine.
in. 3 sete. in. 3 sete.
pet ig BP Seah DG
<< oe - 2% ae ae
‘ 218 | Marsh —Cylopies Be C atanidl
SECOND AND THIRD FEET. Se gs. 1a
Outer br.’ ex, 3 spines. - Inner br. ex. 1 seta. pes
ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. A
in. 4 setee. eps eas in. 4 sete. ~
FOURTH FEET. .
Outer br. ex. 2 spines. Inner br. ex. 1 seta. :
ap. 1 spine, 1 seta. ap. 2 spines.
in, 4 sete. in. 3 sete.
The last cephalothoracic segment is expanded laterally, and d =
bears upon each side a long seta. The fifth feet are attached to Bi
these expansions, are one-jointed, linear, and each bears at the :
Be: _ tip a single seta. a
Females average a little more than $ mm. in length. The |
_ color in all the specimens I have seen has been purplish. My ~ Q
-—s specimens agree very well with the descriptions of Sars and
Schmeil, the only marked difference being in the length of the a
caudal sete. More complete descriptions of the European form RE
may show other differences, but so far as the descriptions go,
they apply very well to our form. ; Be
C. bicolor occurs in stagnant pools, and is somewhat rare.
CYCLOPS FIMBRIATUS Fischer.
Plate VI, figs. 8 and 9. - =e
1785. C. crassicornis Mueller (1), p. 113, pl. XVIII, figs. 15-17. ean - a
1853. “ fimbriatus Fischer (5), p. 94, pl. III, figs. 19-28
and 30. | 3 ;
1863. ‘“ crassicornis Sars (11), p. 47:
1870. “. gredieri Heller (12), p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 3 and 4.
1872. _ “ pauper Fric (13), p. 223, fig. 20. Mea
1875. “ crassicornis Uljanin (15), p. 39, pl. VIII, figs. yee ihe
pl. Mity fies ¥. :
1878.“ : Brady (18), p. 118, pl. XXIII, figs. ae
1880. ‘ poppet Rehberg (19), p. 550, pl. VI, figs. 9-11.
1880. “ fimbriatus Rehberg (19), p. 548, pl. VI, figs. 7 and 8.
1882. “ crassicornis Herrick (23), p. 232, pl. IV, figs. 9-14. *
be
}¢-
-
5 aes
~
Biblio graphy. : 219
ad
1884. C fimbriatus Herrick (26), p. 162, pl. R, fig. 11.
ESBS, ss Daday (27), p. 262.
1885. “ margot Daday (2%), p. 264, pl. III, figs. 20-25.
TBS6. =" Je Ones Vosseler (28), p. 192, pl. VI, figs. 4-8.
1e9t.- Schmeil (37), p. 35.
_ 2 Brady (86), p. 25, pl. IX, fig. 1.
|e . Richard (39), p. 238, pl. VII, figs. 13°
A and 14.
io 3 oe : Schmeil (41), p. 161, pl. VII, figs. 8-13:
This, our only eight-jointed species, I] have found in only two
localities. It corresponds quite exactly wlth the descriptions of
the European authors. Brady, however, in fig. 4, pl. XXIII of
_ his monograph, represents the terminal joint of the inner ramus
of the second foot as armed with a spine on the inner margin.
In my specimens this joint has a se¢a on the inner margin. But
making allowance for possible inaccuracies in the figure, I see
_ no reason for doubting the identity of the forms.
Herrick states that the color is always reddish. I have found
nearly colorless individuals, and I think that the color of this,
as of other species, varies according to the environment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The following list of papers is not a complete bibliography
of the cyclopide and calanide, but includes only those works
bearing upon the species treated of. Of these I would make
Special mention of the “Revision of the Calanide” by DeGuerne
and Richard, which is a model of what such a work should be,
and in its exactness of statement and beautiful plates, stands
out in pleasing contrast with the crude productions of many of
the other authors.
1. 1785. Muvertier, O. F. Entomostraca seu insecta testacea
quee in aquis Daniz et Norvegie reperit, descripsit et
_iconibus illustravit.
2. 1820. JURINE, L. Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent
aux environs de Geneve.
noe ep aaae
Pe , mi yr Pel des a 4
? n
10.
11.
12.
PAS:
14.
15.
16.
17.
apoden und Arachniden.
Til Mus: Nat. Hist, No, 1;
» ee | oe. > * ¥
cc " . vitere = Bee ani LS “ wt Pe ‘2
, on clot Pet, Oe a +:
» oa rs ng
BY es i=
1835- 1841. Kocu, C. L. Deutschlands Grostheen: M5
1850. Barrp, W. Natural History of the British ee ‘
mostraca. Ray Soc. Lond. ae
1851-1853. FiscHEer, S. LBeitrage zur Renita der in. Sa
der Umgegend von St. Petersburg sich findenden Cyclopi-
den. (und Fortsetzung.) Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscow. : 3 i
1853. . LintsEBoRG, W. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus:. Bees 7.
Cladocera, Ostracoda, et Copepoda in Scania occurrentibus.
1857. Cxaus, C. Das Genus cyclops u. s. einheimische
Arten. Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte, XXIII, 1Bd.p.1-40.
1857. Cuaus, C. Weitere Mittheil. uber d. einh. Cyclop- oe
iden. ibid. p. 205-211. , ae
1863. CuLaus, C. Die freilebenden Copepoden mit became a
dere berucksichtigung der fauna Deutschlands, der Nord- i
see u. des Mittelmeeres. Leipzig. .
1863. Lussocx, J. Notes on some new or Titles known
species of fresh-water entomostraca. Trans. Linn. Soe. 4
Lond. XXIV. a
1863. Sars, G. O. Oversigt af de indenlanske Fersk- =
vandscopepoder. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs.—Selska-— ?
bet i Christiania. 1862. ;
1870. Hewuer, C. Untersuchungen uber die Crustaceen
Tyrols. Berichte des medic. naturw. Vereins in Inns-
bruck. 1 Jhrg. pp. 67-96.
tSi2., 1 RIC, AL Die Krustenthiere Boehmens. Archiv.
der naturwiss. Landesdurchforschg. von Boehmen. IIL
Bd. IV Abth.
1874. Poaernpot, M. J. List of the Copepoda, Cladocera
and Ostracoda of the Environs of Moscow. (In Russian.)
1875. Uusantn, W. N. Crustacea of Turkestan. Part tI.
(In Russian. ) 5, Oe
1876. -Horns P,P aCy 7 De. W erjlevende Toctwater -Cope-.
-poden der Nederlandsche Fauna. Tijdsch. d. Nederl. Dier- — ee
kund. Vereenig III. %
1876. Forses, 8. A. List of Illinois Crustacea. Bulls)
— ag a A i FT LS
————————————— ee eee hr ene ese
- eee - a a a = ay
AE Ta
24.
27.
_ Bibliography. 221
1878. Brapy, G. S. Monograph of the free and semi-
parasitic copepoda of the British Islands. 3 vols. Ray
Soe. Lond.
_ 1879. Herrick, C. L. Microscopic Entomostraca. Ann.
Rep. of Regents of Univ. of Minn. for 1878. pp. 81-123.
1880. ReuserG, H. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der freile-
benden Susswasser Copepoden. Abh. d. natur. Ver. zu
Bremen. Bd. VI, pp. 533-554.
1880. ReruHBerRG, H. Weitere Bemerk. uber d. freileben-
den Sussw. Cop. Abh. d. natur. Ver. zu Bremen. Bd. VII,
Hft. I, pp. 61-67.
1881. CHamBers, V. T. Two new species of entomos-
taca. Journ. Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist. IV.
1882. Forpes, S. A. On some entomostraca of Lake
Michigan and adjacent waters. Amer. Nat. Vol. XVI, pp.
537-542, 640-649.
1882. Herrick, C. L. Cyclopide of Minn. with notes
on other copepods. 10th Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist.
Sur. Minn.
1883. Cragin, F. W. A contribution to the history of
the fresh-water copepoda. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol.
MALTS ,
1883. Herrick, C. L. Heterogenetic development in d-
aptomus. Amer, Nat. Vol. XVII, pp. 381-389, 499-505.
1884. Herrick, C. L. A final report on the crustacea of
Minn. included in the orders cladocera and copepoda. 12th
Avn. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.
1885. Dapay, JENo. Monographia EKucopepodorum libero-
rum in Hungaria hucusque repertorum. A. M. tud. Akad-
emia altal a Vitez-alapbol.
1886. VossELER, J. Die freilebenden Copepoden Wurt-
tembergs und angrenzender Gegenden. Inaugural Disser.
der hohen Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat der Univer.
Tubingen. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterl. Natur-
kunde in Wuertt., 1886.
1886. DrGuERNE, J. Description du Centropages Grim-
aldii, Copepode nouveau du golfe de Finlande. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France XI.
17-A.& L.
222
30.
on.
32.
33.
o4,
35.
36.
ot.
38.
39,
40.
41.
Marsh—Cyclopidee and Calanide of Wisconsin.
1887, Herrick, C. L. Contribution to the fauna of the
Gulf of Mexico and the South. Mem. of Denison Assoc. ae a
Vol. I, No. 1. ‘Se
1888. Norpevist, O. Die Calaniden Finlands. Bidr. till..
Kanned. af Finlands Natur och Folk; heft 47. (Finsk. bs”
Vet. Soc. Helsingfors.) Cr a a
1889. DrGuERNe eT Ricard. Revision des Calanides
d’eau douce. Mem. de la Soc. Zool. de France. Vol. II. he
1889. DrGuERNE ET RicHarp. Sur la faune des eaux
douce du Groenland. Bull. Soc. Entom. Fr. 25 mars, 1889.
1891. DrGuERNE ET RICHARD. Sur quelques entomos-
traces d’eau douce de Madagascar. Bull. de la Soc. Zool.
de Fr. T. XVI, p. 223.- . 6s
1891. Forsers, S. A. On some Lake Superior entomos- 4
traca. Rep. U. S. Com. Fish and Fisheries, 1887.) pp:
701-718.
1891. Brapy, G. 8S. Revision of British species of Fresh-
water Cyclopide and Calanide. Nat. Hist. Trans. North-
umb., Durham, and Newce. Vol. XI. ahaa
1891. ScumeEIL, Otro. SBeitrage zur Kenntniss der freile-
beden Susswasser Copepoden Deutschlands mit besondere
Berucksichtigung der Cyclopiden. Zeitschr. f. Naturw.
Halle. 64 Bd. 1 and 2 Hft. :
1891. Marsy, C. D. On the deep-water crustacea of
Green Lake: Trans. Wis. Acad. Vol. VIII:
1891. RicHarp, Juu. Recherches sur le systeme glandu-
laire et sur le systeme nerveux des copepodes libres d’eau
douce, suivie d’une revision des especes de ce groupe qui
vivent en France. Ann. Se. Nat. Zool. T. 12.
1892, DeGurrne et Richarp. Sur Ja faune des eaux
douce de |’Islande. Bull. Soc. Entom. Fr., 8. fevrier, 1892.
1892. ScumeErL, Orto. Deutschlands Freilebende Suss-
wasser Copepoden. 1 Thiel: Cyclopide. Bib. Zool.
Heft II. :
1893. Forses, S. A.