* : : eRe ie A raicks we tiaeh’ ies ie es ate + uJ Eaten Sa ae a os Siprenta se University of the State of New York PO I ie elas OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director VOL. 6 No. 29 October 1899 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK BY GERRIT S. MILLER jr ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1899 CONDE NTs Tntrodnciionitat escuieee ere cseeayenns etede egaperetinye alors ROA hou peas Saenes 273 Elistory or the lishion iNew Work maamonaallsi oes iin siee nena steric er. 2730 Type localities wNNiewiy Obk 8:0 se, «chon ae site itcatk Sack (eee nme) [ifeszones tot New Viork, SP aim oni nina seta le wena. Getta eae, 280 Listeofimamunials syns Roce cree nh ae ule ks renters ac cete mices dae 292 EH Xplam atoms ck sist scape ke cena et ainnen aye ec Soeeoodooos 292 IRECENEASPECIES A Siac ate Guo debt eal hmeneh eee liecsla te iecoenene tare 293 ossil-speciesi.. ce Fee pice PUL eS BUA RUA 3K cat AE eA can 372 Bil Wo pia plays share ssoueysorer sd or lereteas Ww aeteae nial Weleda acta ccc uaus ye rareasen eenettaks 376 tye ee iaeeae ah IES cad arace alears Ne cy avec neRn Ratha Il Pan tenigeaaere nana anu Sua 387 NOTE BY THE DIRECTOR The long period of time which has elapsed since the publication of De Kay’s report on the zoology of New York in 1842 and the great pro- gress of systematic zoology during that interval have made it important for the New York state museum to issue a systematic description of the New York mammals at present known. In seeking for some one properly equipped to prepare this important contribution, the director was brought, through the courtesy of Dr C. Hart Merriam, into com- munication with Gerrit S. Miller jr, who has undertaken and com- pleted the work. As the editing rules in bibliography,! adopted by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, are materially different from those which Mr Miller is in the habit of following, he has asked to be relieved of all responsibility for any errors that might be introduced in the editorial revision of this part of the work. The director takes pleasure in reliev- ing Mr Miller from this responsibility, though he believes that sufficient care has been taken to make the work entirely reliable. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director 1 Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon; e. g. 3: 150 means volume 3, page 150. ee ee ee he yite-< f-ing annette at ee aN iT ee ee Ce ee ee fey bx my ie hd a taf me ttc bay aligt eo ” x i " Jap allt Solbaaiagnt ining tll acteoci 7 M _ by mip i gape tot my gpk aaa eM ae vekinnc? Pa ss Preliminary list of the Mammals of New York INTRODUCTION At the suggestion of Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill, director of the New York state museum, I have prepared the following preliminary list of the mammals of New York. To write a preliminary paper on this subject 14 years after the appearance of Dr C. Hart Merriam’s two volumes on the mammals of the Adirondack region, and 56 years after the publica- tion of De Kay’s elaborate work on the mammals of the state at large, may at first seem paradoxical. Nevertheless one of the most important re- sults of the recent great increase in our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of New York is the realization that nothing more than preliminary work can be done now. The whole area of the state must receive a thorough biologic survey before final results can be expected. To aid in preparing the way for such a final investigation is the main purpose of this paper. My aim is to bring together the scattered published knowledge of the subject rather than to add any considerable mass of new facts. HISTORY OF THE LIST OF NEW YORK MAMMALS The first important work on the mammals of New York was pub- lished by DeKay in 1842 as part one of the Zoology of New York.} In this work 70 mammals are recorded as forming part of the natural fauna of the state. Seven of these, Didelphis virginiana, opossum, Sorex parvus ( =Blarina parva), small shrew, Sorex carclinensis ( =Blarina brevi- cauda carolinensis), short-tailed shrew, Arvicola xanthognathus ( =Microtus xanthognathus), yellow-cheeked meadow mouse, Rangifer tarandus ( -Rangifer caribou), caribou, Rorgualus borealis ( =Sibbaldius borealis) silver-bottom whale, and De/phinus delphis, porpoise, are included with- out definite knowledge of their occurrence within the boundaries of the state. Eight others, Sorex dekayi ( =Blarina brevicauda, short-tailed shrew), Ofisorex platyrhinus ( =Sorex personatus, masked shrew), AZustela Jusca ( =Putorius richardsoni cicognani, Bonaparte’s weasel), Sciurus niger ( =black phase of .S. carolinensis /eucotis, northern gray squirrel), JZus americanus (=M. rattus, black rat), Arvicola hirsutus (=Mierotus penn- — 1¥or full title see bibliography, p. 379. 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sylvanicus, meadow mouse), A7vicola oneida ( =Microtus pennsylvanicus, meadow mouse), and A. alborufescens (=Evotomys gapperi, common red-backed mouse), prove to have been founded on insufficient charac- ters. One species (Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides, northern pine mouse) described by Audubon and Bachman in 1841 from specimens taken on Long Island, De Kay omits. Therefore the total number of known New York mammals in 1842 was 56. During the 40 years immediately following the publication of De meee s work, the list of New York mammals received only three additions: Neotoma pennsylvanica, cave rat, recorded by Baird im 1857 under the specific name floridana, Farascalops breweri, hairy-tailed mole, recorded by Baird in 1865 under the name Scalops brewert and Afyous subulatus, Say’s bat, recorded by H. Allen in 1863, and for the first time dis- tinguished from JZ. Zucifugus, little brown bat ( =the Vespertilio subulatus of De Kay). It is possible that the supposed occurrence of the opossum was confirmed during this period; but I have been unable to determine when the first definite record of this animal as an inhabitant of New York was published. Most of the eliminations to which I have referred were, however, made during this period by Baird, Coues and J. A. Allen. From 1842 to 1882 there appeared no important paper dealing specially with the mammals of New York, a clear indication that the stability of the list during this time resulted from lack of interest in the subject rather than from fulness of knowledge. After De Kay, the first writer to deal extensively with the mammals of New York was Dr C. Hart Merriam, who issued two volumes on the mammals of the Adirondack region in 1882 and 1884. At about the same time he published several short special papers which, together with the volumes just mentioned, give the results of 15 years’ field work in northern New York. It is not surprising therefore to find recorded in this short period as many additions to the mammalian fauna of the state as were made during the preceding 4o years. ‘The species added to the New York list by Merriam at this time are: Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis,' Canadian flying squirrel (84d, p. 108) Sorex fumeus,? smoky shrew (’84d, p. 77), and Zamias striatus lystert, northeastern chipmunk (86, p. 242). This number appears small in view of the fact that more than twice as many species have since been added to the New York list from the Adirondack region alone. It is, however, a good illustration of the futility of even the most determined efforts, unaided by the methods of collecting afterward perfected chiefly by Dr Merriam himself. 1 Recorded as S. volucella hudsonica. 2 Recorded as S. platyrhinus. ‘ Aa ; 2 leo yea tg os mee amen = Oh mtd oe ppg mpeg Ome ge " “ he i a MS les Len am “ary ere sage epg, «- Muara’ vss ed 4 7 * ae 4 i; Ne ee ey ee ’ iJ Steeles vie? soe seh ahdied SE ALRSSSa L i ? ge ws 7 es hel ee alli mle pe em te Semone at Hunn at eioapnciays De ee onahes 1 Sera abe Tope ry Ween fe ‘ PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 275 During the past ro years the results of these improved methods have made a strong impress on the list of New York mammals. In this com- paratively short period 18 additions have been recorded, raising the total number known to have occurred in the state within historic times to 8r._ These additions, arranged chronologically, are: Lursiops tursio (Fabricius), porpoise (True, ’89, p. 34). Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, porpoise (True, ’89, p. 56, 57). Napaozapus insignis Miller, woodland jumping-mouse (Miller, ’93a, Dae): Leromyscus canadensis (Miller), Canadian white-footed mouse (Miller, ’93b, p. 56). . Sorex albibarbis (Cope), water shrew (Miller, ’94, p 181). Lepus floridanus transitionalis (Bangs), northeastern cottontail (Bangs, "95, Ps 405): Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen, eastern prairie cottontail (Bangs, ’9s, Pp. 409). Sorex hoyt Baird, Hoy’s shrew (Merriam, ’g5, p. 90). Sciurus hudsonicus loguax Bangs, southeastern red squirrel (Bangs QGdhp. un). Synaptomy's cooperi Baird, bog lemming (Batchelder, ’96a, p. 185). Microtus chrotorrhinus Miller, rock vole (Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188). Putorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan), southeastern mink (Bangs, ’96a, p. 4). Sorex macrurus Batchelder, big-tailed shrew (Batchelder, ’96b, Pp. 133). Lipistrellus subflavus subjlavus (F. Cuvier), Georgia bat (Fisher, ’96 DPeigo)- Lipistrellus subfiavus obscurus Miller, dusky bat (Miller, ’97b, p. 93). Microtus nesophilus Bailey, Gull Island mouse (Bailey, ’98a, p. 86; ’98b, p. 783). Lvotomys gapperi rhoadsi Stone, New Jersey red-backed mouse (Mieanns)"98a, pr333).- 5" ? Synaptomys fatuus Bangs, northein bog lemming (Mearns, ’98b, p. 348). In the following table the growth of the list: of New York mammals is shown in parallel columns. The names used by De Kay (42) are given in the left hand column,’ those used by Merriam (’82, ’84 and ’85) in the second, those adopted in the present paper in the third and the English names in the fourth. 1 From De Kay’s list I omit the species included without definite knowledge of their occurrence in New York. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 276 4BI BAO ESO P2}00j-a}lYA Teipeuryg OSLOUL U19}Svaq}10U qvi osnog qer yaelq osnout esnoy IOAVEC UBILIOULY Jetiiubs surdy uvipeyaeg Joqiinbs sulsg uzeyguos YONTIPOOM yunWMdiyo ure}svoy}100 yunwdiys utaisvoqinos JolLinbs XOf U1o}-v9Y}10U pa}00j-9} EMA Jedinbs Avis a1eyj200 JoldInbs pod U1E}Seoq NOS . Jeazinbs pei uvtpeurg eSooul 1Z1dBM W.191889 Joop BIULSILA TOSI Weoley O[VyM 9qol1 o[eyA caseds e]VYM pasou-o(}J30q TOT [TY Usp el estodiod i0qaiey oestodiod esiodaod tanssodo (LIE ‘d) vomvBaTAstued BUM OVOOINi (estas tie serene leanne eater anear meron eas (91g d) sisuepuuLo snos\ Muted (epe'd) sisaaov10qo10u Sudoona] suoskmor9g (e1g ‘d) snuvm@nocp sn (Tg “d) sngje1 sup (et¢ ‘d) snpnosniu snp (11g °d) sisuepvuvos a0}sep (oTg ‘d) Syortovm snuiaiqes snieqydoimiog (g0g °d) suv[oa sni9e}dountos (xog ‘d) xvuow suiuj01V (Log *d) 120}SA, 87 VLI9S Seley, (LOg °d) sugeLigs snjyetajs sviUaey, (90g ‘d) SNUIDIA SLuBIDIAOpN] snintog (fog ‘d) stjoone, sisueuljorve snatntog (cog ‘d) xenbo] snotuospuy snantog (gog ‘d) snoruui{s snoltuospny snaniag (gog ‘d) snuvolrome 09[V¥ (00g ‘d) stsuopvueo snarepD (66g ‘d) Suuvolsoule sneflo00pO (162 °d) wostq mostg (16g 'd) Votjorrsis vuewleg (262 ‘L) snjeqdsdo19uU adSAqq (96g ‘d) Sngea1jsox dopoorsd APY (96z 'd) v010 BaakE (967 °d) sejam snjeqidlartqopy (e6z d) vusrooyd vasvo0qd (cgz ‘d) siydjop suaiqdjeq (egg ‘d) o1sany sdotsan J, (g6g ‘d) BuLioisata siqdjepid sndoone, sf{tuo1edsoy SNUBUILOIP SLI SNZ)VI SUN snpnosnw snyq SISUIPROB) LOG 10]sVpQ BoLUOSpNt, Bl[OON[OA Suat9eydodutog V[[eonjoa snaeqydoantag xvuom sf{tojo1y SUJVII}S SVILUB], SNILIU19 LOHLM SUINIOG snolLuospny suimiog SNUBOIIOML I0[V sistapeuvod SNAdIA SNUBIULSITA SNOVLIGS SIJOONY] SISMOU![OIVD SU.AULIG], sudoonay sujal SUALULLOOP SNL SLUBOLIOULY SNL 81 }4R1 SUI SN[UDSNUL SHI 1AQy 10gsvg t Vljoonpoa sf{w010}q XBUOUL SAWIOJOIY SNYVIIFS SMINLOG snuidjia snanlag SIJOONT SMAMIOS 19610 Snaniag §JO[V SNAIOD snuvolrame snydely sIsuopvuvo snydely SUUBIMLOIIA SUATOD SNUBIITOIMB UOSTY snjyoorjsAul vUSRleg snjeydooo10v Ul 10}08SA sl} BiGSOL Sn[Unbso0x VOLO VUBBIOU sujet snpeqdooiqo[9 sLUnTMUMOD BUEKOVT s t SNIUOSpUT SNANLG GUVYN NOWWOO YVaTIiw WVIdHaW AVM Ad oo. br * — Veiled ys Ei — got Fano me ' — “v { “ve J etl eect er ntengr ente e * CR a ih nga mn 277 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK U00dIDVL LoUsy Waqre We [OSVOM YIOX MON Jesvod s,ajredeu0g YUL UIaysvaq jNos ULM W19}Seol}10OU OULIIA|O A yuNyzs 10}3O T1I9}Svaq}10U 1vaq yovytq FLOM 19q Unt XOF por XOF AVL xud] vpeurg qo PTA roq}ued U19}Svey,100 eivy sardiva utoq}No0S [ivy07409 or1mreid w19}Sve [lB}109409 U19}SB9I]}10 [f8}U0}}09 TIIqJNOS surinoiod upearg esnom-sardmif pue;poom esnow-sardanl moprow SUL] SOq U19uy.100 HULIUULOT SOQ yeIysnur esnoum euid utoq)10u OSnOm PUBS, [[NH esnhom MopLvet Q[OA 30a esnom peyxovq-per AdS10¢ MON ISO Ppeyovd-pat WouMLULVd (#G¢ ‘d) rojo, wokd0Ig (pce ‘d) tyuvuued vpoysnyy (ecg ‘d) BuvoLIomMe vleIsnyy (gee ‘d) sisdoovroqoaou sni10yng ({¢g ‘d) tuvusools sntiojng (ogg ‘d) snjeqdoeooer) ny NOSIA sutiojng (ogg *d) UOSIA NOSIA snis0gng (ogg *d) snosnt ojny (gpe °d) voniydem siyiydoy (Lpg ‘d) sisdepvuvo SIsuapraBs viquy (27g °d) snuvolmeme snsiQ (epg ‘d) sipeineplooo siueg (apg “d) snatny sodjn, (Tre *d) snojuosavoorsulo u0f901(¢) (6g ‘d) sisuepeavo xudT (ope *d) sngzgna xaAry (g9g¢-d) soqysofoddiq Sisust0s010 SI[Oq (ceed) snuviuisata snuvolieme sudoT (yee ‘d) Isaivoeul snuepiopg sndaT (eee ‘d) sifvuotjisuvz snavpiiopf sunday (zee ‘d) snanyjem snuvpiiog sndeyT (Tee °d) SnzVsiop uOZTIqQeIg (ogg os ater SE aT eN 6g ‘d) sniuospny snduz (6z¢ *d) sungey s{tuojdeudksy (ggg ‘d) t19do00 sKtuozdeakg (Log *d) snornjeqiz aeqiy (9z¢ ‘d) soptosdoyvos mnaojonid snyo.10i fy (7G¢ °d) sn[tqdosou snjoao 1K (eg¢e ‘d) snornealAsunod su orl (gz¢ ‘d) snurqi1ojzoITO sujzord1yq (12¢ ‘d) ispvoqa 119ddes sX{w0qoaq (gt¢ d) weddes 11eddus skmojos q I0}OT WOLVOIg 1yuvoUOd vpeysuyA VAVIILIM VO SN] VAULWLI SULIOJU S{IvS[UA Suldojng MOSIA SuLtogng SNOsSuy o[ny voniqdout siyiqdayy SISUIPBUBD VIN] SHUBITIOMIL SNSIp) sndny stung snoueAAsuned stius[ua sodjn 4 sisaopeuro xa (7 snyur xaiyq IO[OIWOD SI[ Io} SNUBIUISIIA SHUBOITOWU Slay snuvotioimv sudo] SnyzesIop UOZIY jog snigospng sndez SNITTIAG!Z AOQ I] TMnIOJIUTA VjOOLAIV Tieddvs snyjiyna sku10j}0Aq 10}0, woLD0Tg SISMIPLULD Vla}Su So}IVUL BlAISUL SISUSIBIOGeAoU SuLION BOSD BlOISNAL vypisnd vjo}snyy UWOSTA SNILO|NG snosny ony VUBIILOMIY SILTdo]T SIsuepRaLvod BIYNTT SNUBILIOMIL SNSIQ) SI[vyueptoo0 sudnyT Snapug soda, SNULIUIOILA Sodpn A ST[votoq SuouATT Snyna snoudry IO[0NN09 SI[AT ; snuvdlzaue sndory snuva sudey sniuospny xtrqsAyy ( Suy|Vusoy}m@ex vpooiAry J UPlouo VOOLATW SnyNSIIY BlOOATY sniwedi1 VloolAry SUIISIFUI VOATAIY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 278 yeq por qeq Sivoy 4yeq UMOIg yeq Aysup 4B BIG1004) yeq ATOATIS| yeq s,hvg yeq UMOIG 91F}1T 9[OW posou-1e4s 9[OUL pa] 1B}-AITey, 9[OMl po[IBq-poxeu MOIS Po[ley-J1048 MOIYSs 8 AOFT MOIS poyseu MOIYS PIleq-S1q Morgs Ayous MOIYS 10}B Ad [¥98 popooyg [Bes 1oqIey GHNVN NOWNWOO (OLE ‘d) sijvoroq snanisey (69g °d) snoreulo sninisey] (69g ‘d) snosny o1tya9edso 4 (99g ‘d) snimosqo snavpqus sniferjsidig (99g ‘d) snavpqns snavyqns snijeiqsidig (19g ‘d) Ssuesvatjoou si10j0Au0IseT (99g ‘d) snqepugns s1y04yq (ggg “d) snsnjrony] sod (79g °d) v9BISIIO BIn;[ApUOD (g9¢ ‘d) 110Mmo0i1q sdojvoseaeg (9g ‘d) snorjenbe sdojvog (09g ‘d) vpnvolaciq vole” (09g “d) 1hoq xato0g (6gg °d) snyvuossed xei0g (geg ‘d) snaniovm xor10g (1gg ‘d) snoumny xa109 (Leg “U) siqauqiq[e Xe10g (g¢g d) v7R48110 vrioydoyska (ggg ‘d) Bulpnyia vooyg SISUIDLIOQeAOM VYdY/(eIV|sIsMadVIOGgaAOU OI[MIEdsa A voleulo Vyduleqyy snsoutnid o1[g1edsa A SHOSNy snuULjo1es oonaedsa A SISUOUI]OIVO OL[TZ10dSa A SUBSLAT}IOU OSNAIEdSeA| SUVSBAI}00U OT[T}1adse A ! snyepuqns otsedso A Sngvpnqus o1yaz9dso A @}B4SII0 van,Apuog eqyvqsi1o Bin[{puog Snuvodliouv snuedvog)-------- igi ea re eee eats snorzenbe sdopvas snoenbe sdoyeag SISUOUL]OIBO X910G SNPNVOLAGIG KXo10G tAvyop xe10g BPNVIIASIG VULLETG snuiythyrid xo10si4¥9 119}S1IOF XOLOG eece e220 fees coe eecee seee es 22 ee ee | eee oc as c2#eece ee cee we cee ee . §nqB4Sl1) Sndozvuto1s49 VUI[NJIA Boog Io[oono0d Bo0yg Ma TTI WVIYUaH AVM Ad . ermine harn pane ni be Ns cet 2Pn eee TF nell pt silleere a ria oe 4 ay ae DP risnldg foe mally ns panna eee ae Ce eee Se eS a a oe ‘ at } be ki . : in ne ap ma at hep 40 wm er he = im te! me ob appt sits eral ag rem efit smn RTC a a a nis “i Tle vsffa Phaucllen Gull, lardyth, Walenta Ah AOE, 1S; fer (89 - [tel He nsffee Senuarert™ /$20) hw fot paciyon gucllarer de fo 222. Hua $ret, PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 279 TYPE LOCALITIES IN NEW YORK Thirty one descriptions of supposed new mammals have been based on specimens from New York state. Of these 20 are now regarded as applying to previously named species, but the proper arrangement of the untenable names in synonymy so largely depends on an exact knowledge of specimens taken at the original locality (‘topotypes’), that the matter assumes a special importance from the point of view of systematic zoology. The names based on New York specimens with the localities at which the latter were taken are as follows’: Elaphus americanus De Kay (’42, p. 120) Near mouth of Raquette river. Elephas americanus De Kay (’42, p. 101) Ten miles east of Rochester. Sciuropjerus sabrinus macrotis Mearns (’98 b, p. 353) Hunter mountain (Catskills). Mus americanus De Kay (42, p. 81) Rockland co. Mus agrarius americanus Kerr (’92, p. 23t) New York state. Mus sylvaticus noveboracensis Fischer (’29, p. 318) New York state. Sitomys americanus canadensis Miller (’93 b, p. 55) Peterboro, Madison co. Lemmus noveboracensis Rafinesque (’22, p. 3) Southern New York. Arvicola rufescens De Kay (’42,p. 85) Low grounds near Oneida lake. Arvicola oneida De Kay (’42, p. 88) Oneida lake. Arvicola scalopsoides Audubon and Bachman (41, p.97) Long Island. Arvicola fulvus Audubon and Bachman (’41, p. 295) St Lawrence co. Microtus 4nsutaris Bailey ('98, p. 36) Great Gull Island. Lynx montanus Rafinesque ('17, p. 46) Catskill mountains. Felis ruffa Gueldenstaedt (’76, p. 484) Central New York. Mustela pusilla De Kay (42, p. 34) New York state. Mustela fusca Bachman (41, p. 94) Suffolk co. Futorius agilis Audubon and Bachman (’54, p. 184) Rockland co. Putorius noveboracensis Emmons (’40, p. 45) New York state. Phoca concolor De Kay (’42, p. 53) New York harbor. Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay (’42, p.22) ‘Tappan, Rockland co Sorex dekayi Bachman (’37 b, p. 377) Queens co, 1 Names now regarded as tenable printed in HEAVY TYPE 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sorex fumeus Miller (95, p. 50) Peterboro, Madison co. Sorex macrurus Batchelder (’96 b, p. 133) Keene Heights, Essex Co. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus Miller (97 c, p. 93) Lake George. Vesperiitio borealis Miiller (776, p. 20) New York state. Vespertilio gryphus F, Cuvier (’32, p. 15) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio salari F. Cuvier (’32, p. 15) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertilio crassus F. Cuvier (’32, p. 18) Vicinity of New York city. Vespertitio caroli Temminck (’35-41, p. 237) Vicinity of New York city. Atalapha fuscata Rafinesque (’20, p. 2) Northern New York. LIFE ZONES OF NEW YORK The importance of an acquaintance with the life areas of a region as a key to the geographic distribution of its animals and plants is hardly to be overestimated. Indeed one of the most significant of recent develop- ments in faunal zoology is the growing recognition of this fact. Such knowledge furnishes a ready and exact means of defining the ranges of species without the tedious enumeration of isolated localities, and offers moreover an explanation of the principal factor governing ~ those associations of species that constitute local faunae and florae. ! Briefly defined, a life zone is a transcontinental area bounded by certain isothermal lines and characterized by relative uniformity of fauna and flora. Together with the isotherms a life zone normally extends in an approximately east and west direction, but both are sub- ject to endless deviations. Elevations in the surface of the earth cause the life zones to bend to the southward, often many hundreds of miles beyond their normal sea-level position, while hot, dry plains have an opposite, though less, effect. Furthermore a zone is not neces- sarily continuous. It often happens that isolated hills and mountains reach a sufficient hight to have about their summits the climatic condi- tions characteristic of a more northerly zone than that at their bases. If there has ever been direct means of communication between such an isolated zonal island and the main body of the life area to which it be- longs, its fauna will more closely resemble that of the latter than that of the immediately contiguous region.? This is however to a certain degree 1 In this connection see especially Miller, ’98. 2 On mountains situated far enough south and rising to a sufficlent altitude, several successive zones will be encountered between base and summit (see Merriam, ’90). a pgp ate iy gr ns + epee the Se eect np wi i meh Pail econo haniscliies Became te oe ah set how wi ey te te " ie ay / 5 eens , - Meh hae Weg ee : dase m2 ane - 4 f ¥ hae e Is dae sence: a ab tele aoe Ae aia Pee % ue hy Yo. Neg Suittbaeane ner 20 yi, RAY i 4 * oan enaenEEA eas Bigs ov load 7 Ve ‘% yf B ~ 7 Ba) CUR ay be | ru ' ‘ unt R De Nea rated . ps syn rchicgecen i ile Nt itty : I ‘ 4 Z ayes “ ho ” ~ ce - = ole , 2 . 4 Pnacmnnee sha 2 f J a A A, ad pd ae ra SUN he Bs pat : 3 : igs Pe, a Hera ‘ poe bags acd 4 Se EO CaN il aio elbr —iPl ey eaal chien guise selnghae et my Re in ti ‘i a ey Cake! Ry Nees od RAMP Tee Pat A : ‘ ‘ ‘ , ‘ “Afi clas ame ie f rae a Shieact hee = waded ah ots A : tiaate ; y Aen y ' F fon “ fe uy i au tetiaale Maken en eae ried Ge 7” 4 ew hepa pgm we YE Sel al ae Teteetin renin tae re thes \e 4 Lee 5 3 - 7 [ i ‘ Sie Fe R a0 x ede sare ; Heeb endl cag ein Yorn bt ee ae ioe 6 SHE dey b disiyae arvay EN) CB IN STN = Hee, wa eb iiiaheoodend bp SAAS IAL FL , a. eed 5, bp es tein o’ - ett mac AL a are avr vt — 28 teri Sete tay ae ses — nen at a r ‘ ee po. pte ale eo by “Pd, Ove x ane dl ; 5 nie Sati rare © pemnrat errer ests ieee bore Sie eay SO Sr rire een ree PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 281 dependent on the extent of the “island”. Thus the Hudsonian area in northern New York, while large enough to support a characteristic flora, is apparently too small to be inhabited by any typical Hudsonian assemblage of mammals. Effects similar to those of elevation are pro- duced by isolated swamps (see Bailey ’96, p. 250-51 and Batchelder, ’96a, p. 192-93) and cold rock slides (see Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188 and Miller, ’98, p. 615-18). The reverse condition of a southern island in a more northerly zone is less frequently met with though it occasionally occurs. In North America seven life zones are represented. These are (beginning at the north) the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, transition, upper austral, lower austral and tropical. ‘lhe temperatures limiting these life areas are tabulated as follows, by Merriam (’94, p. 237, 98, p- 55). It is to be noticed that the northern limit of each zone is determined by an isotherm representing the sum of the positive tem- peratures for the entire season of growth and reproduction, and that the southward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year, ( Merriam, ’94, p. 237, 98, p- 54). . | Governing temperatures NORTHERN LIMIT SOUTHERN TIMIT ZON Omats Sum of normal mean |Normal mean tempera- daily temperatures} ture of six hottest above 6° c. (48° F.) consecutive weeks OC Cubs 2 Of One INROAG Sb Ss0coaceabouooDIEOB CCU OD CODHOGCODOdOOUdAl| boobobeG00 |! caboododoe 110 150 IEICE OMEN sobonubcscocgaooodH s Wat ooooopdudedull yodos.osben al coodceodde 114 157.2 Canadian ........ Hate Web ay tens cotete raven ehe Gove venleca cereals son] clave etcset iaseyen uit ene Sieerars 18 64.4 UNFEVOSHKOI. SoShanacacogcoeeanndb00sbUnGDLUbODEK 5 500 10 000 22 71.6 Uppervaustraleeesrececnceerer Seigdas Laeweceon 6400 - 11 500 26 78.8 boner WS Me, psoocooca sscounoDooGb oocooDdGGNS 10 000 HS OOD. | soccasdane |] aasonccoa0 UbxOy KE oe Sab eqnooncnbauseneodendpooUnGas soudd0 14 500 PIR ets Wao aacos Sham WoacoCoRosoe Within the limits of New York stite, with its north and south extent of only 260 miles, the irregularities of surface are such that no less than four life zones are represented.1. The areas that they occupy within the state are briefly as follows: Hudsonian: Summits of the highest Adirondacks (and possibly of the Catskills also) above the region of perfect forest growth. Canadian: Adirondack forest region, and many ‘islands’ on hilltops to the southward, specially in the Catskills. 1 Estimated from insufficient data. 2 It is probable that a fifth, the Arctic, should be recognized as occupying the treeless summits of ome of the highest Adirondack peaks. The data are at present insufficient. 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Transition : The main agricultural portion of the state Upper austral: Hudson valley, the western part of Long Island, and the lake region. While this is in general the distribution of the life zones in New York the details are very imperfectly known. A study of these details would be the first and most important step in a survey of the kind to which this paper is intended as a preliminary. The economic importance of such a survey in its bearing on the selection of crops for certain areas and the avoidance of crop parasites is very great. (See Howard ’95, Merriam 798, and Plumb ’98.) Throughout this paper the geographic distribution of species will be stated so far as possible in terms of life zones. The salient features of the different zones however may first be considered in some detail. Hudsonian zone. The area occupied by the Hudsonian zone in New York is too limited to support a characteristic mammalian fauna. Microtus chrotorrhinus, a typical Hudsonian mammal, probably occurs throughout the Adirondack region in favorable localities (see p. 322) in the area covered by the Canadian zone. It has also been found in the Catskills associated with Syzaptomys fatuus, another Hudsonian species. At least one Hudsonian bird (Aylocichla aliciac bicknelli) breeds in the Catskills, while several such as Farus hudsonicus, Spinus pinus and FPicoides americanus are found in the Adirondacks. Among the flowering plants a number of characteristic Hudsonian forms occur on the summits of the higher Adirondacks. Peck (’80) enu- merates the following species from the summit of Mt Marcy: Solidago alpestris Alpine golden-rod! Nabalus nanus low rattlesnake-root Vaccinium caespitosum dwarf bilberry Vaccinium uliginosum great bilberry Rhododendron lapponicum _ Lapland rose bay Arenaria groenlandica mountain sandwort Diapensia lapponica diapensia Limpetrum nigrum black crowberry Salix uva-ursi bearberry willow Juncus trifidus highland rush Scirpus caespitosus tufted club-rush Carex bigelovit Bigelow’s sedge Loa laxa wavy meadow-grass Savastana alpina Alpine holy grass. 1 The English names for plants are those,adopted by Britton and Brown (796, ’97 and 98). pit con elec a es iy el ade fc the ay sb ie rcuipiaixarekate 4 pa e ina open angen eee, ee At a ~ PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 283 The period of active plant growth in this zone covers slightly less than half the year. Ina list of lepidoptera of the Adirondack region Lintner (’80) records 11 species of moths (Phalaenidae) all of which occur on Mt Washington, New Hampshire, and many of which are found also in Labrador, Iceland, Lapland, the Alps of central Europe, and the high mountains of western North America. It is probable that these should be regarded as Hudsonian forms, though more strictly speaking they may be members of the Arctic fauna. Canadian zone. In New York the characteristic mammals of the Canadian zone are: Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Canadian red squirrel Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Canadian flying squirrel Peromyscus canadensis Canadian white-footed mouse Evotomys gapperi gapperi common red-backed mouse Napacozapus insignis woodland jumping-mouse Putorius vison vison northern mink Sorex albibarbis water shrew Sorex fumeus ; smoky shrew Sorex macrurus' big-tailed shrew Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat Many Canadian birds breed in New York, but it is necessary to mention a few of the more characteristic only. Among these are: Dendragapus canadensis Canada grouse * Bonasa umbellus togata northern ruffed grouse Licoides arcticus Arctic three-toed woodpecker Empidonux flaviventris yellow-bellied flycatcher Contopus borealis olive-sided flycatcher Perisoreus canadensis Canada jay Loxia leucoptera white-winged crossbill Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow Junco hyemalis — slate-colored junco Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia vireo Dendroica maculosa magnolia warbler Dendroica coronata myrtle warbler Dendroica blackburniae Blackburnian warbler Anorthura hiemals winter wren Regulus satrapa golden-crowned kinglet Lylocichla ustulata swainsont olive-backed thrush 1 This animal is so slightly known that its faunal position is still doubtful. « 2 The English names for birds are those adopted by the American ornithologists union (95). 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plants have as yet been so little studied with regard to zonal distribu- tion that it is impossible to give a complete list of those whose southern limit coincides with that of the Canadian zone. ‘The following species however belong with little doubt to this category:! Clintonia borealis 2 ohne Vagnera trifolia Onifolium canadense Streptopus amplextfolius Streptopus roseus Flabenaria orbiculata FHlabenaria obtusata Betula papyrifera Alnus alnobetula Coptis trifolia Actaea rubra Actaea alba LBicuculla canadensis Mitella nuda Ribes prostratum Dalibarda repens Fragaria canadensis Potentilla fruticosa Sorbus americana Llicoides mucronata Acer spicatum Circaea alpina Panax gquinguefolium Cornus canadensis Ledum palustre Ledum groenlandicum Kalmia glauca Chiogenes hispidula Gentiana linearis Sambucus pubens Viburnum alnifolium Linnaea borealis yellow clintonia three-leaved Solomon’s seal false lily-of-the-valley clasping-leaved twisted-stalk sessile leaved twisted-stalk large round-leaved orchis small northern bog orchis paper birch green or mountain alder gold-thread red baneberry white baneberry squirrel corn naked bishop’s cap fetid currant dalibarda northern wild strawberry shrubby cinquefoil American mountain ash wild or mountain holly mountain maple smaller enchanter’s nightshade ginseng low or dwarf cornel narrowed-leaved Labrador tea Labrador tea pale or swamp laurel creeping snowberry narrow-leaved gentian red-berried elder hobble-bush twin-flower While it may be that a few of the species enumerated are not of them- selves sufficient to stamp a region as Canadian, no locality outside of this zoue can have a fauna and a flora in which the mammals, birds and plants of, these three lists predominate. The period of plant 1 These are mostly included among the plants found on the Adirondack league club tract. (Smith 94 and °98). eho eas reR ce er ; saris my ie aD res si Paap doin itt em fo): aes } a yee Teh x ae ne a. 7 timate cd hice the 0 stom gram Sea * =e Pe ty MN Same (ee dA acme rth eal t Pee ae wa ~ < eTADR. Mh oe mee FIP Natt am geetivle cee sey Duar gomy~ od ee Ne ( 7 MEE gh Pag eae Fe shh a heheh bop iN drinks Ker Loan An THRE es oye dt aaah ite th det 1 rr wi deep “ne wie $s ani Oe eh seas ave ate : ‘ Aah Seti ba Sahn, se MBE. ast i Sa tek of Sores itn th wy att ig ‘ : : P Sie ‘\ eae Ah el st " ray ig te et ye SAE AN ste ana Ba Ms ; PEELE Ser = Rea ADIN Wea Wala Asis ny nl Sektehne6¢ ade ee BAR Sa oe vk esha ee PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 285, activity in the Canadian zone covers slightly more than half the year. ~The season is therefore too short to allow this region to assume much agricultural importance. “In favored spots particularly along the southern border white potatoes, turnips, beets and the more hardy Russian apples and cereals may be cultivated with moderate success.” (Merriam 798, p. 20) . Transition zone. The transition zone, which covers the greater part of New York state, is as its name suggests a region of intergrada- tion between the boreal and austral life areas. More strictly speaking it is an area in which the extreme southern limit of a small but considerable number of boreal species overlaps the extreme northern limit of a large number of austral species. Its fauna and flora are therefore not readily susceptible of positive characterization, specially since few species are strictly confined to its limits. It may perhaps be best recognized negatively, that is by the absence of strictly boreal and strictly austral forms of life. In New York at least two mammals are peculiar to the transition zone. ‘Theseare both races of cottontail, Lepus floridanus transitionalis in the east and Z. foridanus mearnsi in the west. A race of white-footed mouse Leromyscus leucopus noveboracensis 1s also supposed to be confined to the transition zone, but the status of this subspecies is still open to question and it may eventually be shown that the animal is not separable from the typical upper austral form of the species. These three animals are of distinct southern affinities. At least six other austral mammals find their northern limit in the transition zone. They are: Sciurus hudsonicus loquax southeastern red squirrel Sciuropterus volans southern flying squirrel Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides northern pine mouse Putorius vison lutreocephalus southeastern mink Scalops aquaticus naked-tailed mole Vespertilio fuscus brown bat On the other hand only the three following northern species range into this zone without passing south of it. These are: Tamias striatus lysteri northeastern chipmunk futorius richardsoni cicognani Bonaparte’s weasel Farascalops breweri hairy-tailed mole The occurrence of this assemblage of mammals, together with the absence of the species mentioned in the lists of Canadian and upper austral species, will serve to identify any part of the transition zone in New York. 286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the bird fauna of the transition zone southern species again pre- dominate in a ratio of more than two to one. Some of the New York birds that find their northern breeding limit in this zone but which have an extensive range to the southward are: Colinus virginianus Bonasa umbellus umbellus Lenaidura macroura Coccyzus americanus Antrostomus vociferus LEmpidonax minimus LIcterus galbula Lipilo erythrophthalmus Ammodramus savannarum passerinus Ammodramus caudacutus Cyanospiza cyanea Stelgidopleryx serripennis Lanius ludovicianus migrans Flelminthophila chrysoptera Dendroica aestiva Dendroica discolor Compsothlypis americana Cistothorus palustris Galeoscoptes carolinensis Harporhynchus rufus fly locichla mustelina Stalia sialts bob-white ruffed grouse mourning dove yellow-billed cuckoo whip-poor-will least flycatcher Baltimore oriole towhee grasshopper sparrow sharp-tailed sparrow indigo bunting rough-winged swallow migrant shrike golden-winged warbler yellow warbler prairie warbler parula warbler long-billed marsh wren catbird — -brown thrasher woodthrush bluebird On the other hand only about a dozen of the. birds that find their southern breeding limit in the transition zone of New York range widely toward the north. Some of these are: Podilymbus podiceps Empidonax trailli alnorum Carpodacus purpureus Vireo solitarius LFTelminthophila rubricapilla Dendroica caerulescens Dendroica pennsylvanica Parus atricapillus Llylocichla ustulata swainsoni LTylocichla fuscescens pied-billed grebe alder flycatcher purple finch blue-headed vireo Nashville warbler black-throated blue warbler chestnut-sided warbler chickadee olive-backed thrush Wilson’s thrush ith bs FEA re ee eh dts teh gl ili a ian r 1 v 7 Feepesipone oe i hod al etn win cE ‘ ain ape =i iyi eagraiishn» ne dingo vs ie Sy Cabos rakes Ome i ot eed agate PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 287 The almost total absence of exact knowledge of the distribution of plants is especially apparent when an attempt is made to catalogue the more prominent species characteristic of the transition zone. While there are doubtless many species confined to this zone it is impossible with the data at hand to make any positive statement concerning them. The flora of the region occupied by the transition zone may be recog- nized primarily by the absence of the strictly boreal and austral forms, and secondarily by the mixture of northern and southern types of which it is composed. As in the case of the mammals and birds the austral elements predominate. The following southern flowering plants, among others, find their northern limit in some part of the transition zone: Pontederia cordata Trillium granadiflorum Trillium cernuum Lilium philadelphicum Smilax hispida Smilax herbacea Gyrestachys cernua Chamaecyparis thyoides Juglans nigra Ulmus fulva Ulmus racemosa Benzoin benzoin Sassafras sassafras Dianthera americana Conopholis americana Pentstemon hirsutus Datura tatula Datura stramonium Asclepias verticillata Asclepias tuberosa Azalea viscosa WVyssa aquatica Rhexia virginica Metbomia grandiflora Metbomia paniculata Crotalaria sagittalis Polygala polygama Polygala nuttallit pickerel-weed large-flowered wake-robin nodding wake-robin red lily hispid green-brier carrion-flower nodding ladies’ tresses southern white cedar black walnut slippery, red or moose elm cork or rock elm spice-bush sassafras or ague tree dense-flowered water willow squaw-root hairy beard-tongue purple thorn-apple Jamestown or jimson-weed whorled milkweed butterfly-weed swamp pink or honeysuckle large tupelo meadow-beauty pointed-leaved tick-trefoil panicled tick-trefoil rattle- box racemed milkwort Nuttall’s milkwort 288 NEW VORK STATE MUSEUM Among the northern species that find their southern limit somewhere in this zone may be mentioned: Cypripedium reginae showy ladies’ slipper Cypripedium hirsutum large yellow ladies’ slipper Cypripedium parvifiorum small yellow ladies’ slipper Arethusa bulbosa arethusa Taxus minor‘ American yew Thiga occidentalis white cedar Tsuga canadensis hemlock Corema conrad - Conrad’s broom crowberry Populus grandidentata large-toothed aspen Betula lutea yellow birch Menyanthes trifoliata buckbean Diervilla dervilla bush honeysuckle Comarum palustre purple or marsh cinquefoil Oxalis acetosella white or true wood-sorrel Plant life is active in this zone during two thirds of the year, and it is consequently the most northerly life area of any real agricultural impor- tance. ‘‘ Many vegetables. the sugar beet, chicory, oats and numerous varieties of plums, cherries, pears, grapes, white potatoes and cereals attain their highest perfection” (Merriam, ’98, p. 20). ‘The principal crops of the Atlantic division of the transition zone (* Alleghanian faunal area’) tabulated by Merriam (BS, Pp. 20-24) ane: wheat (7 varieties) currants (11 varieties) barley black currants (4 varieties) rye apples (go varieties) corn (8 varieties) crab apples (16 varieties) sorghum pears (37 varieties) oats (5 varieties) quinces sugar beet cherries (31 varieties) buckwheat plums (41 varieties) hops grapes (17 varieties) white potatoes strawberries (13 varieties) flax There can be little doubt that the area occupied by the transition zone in New York has been very materially increased by the clearing away of the forests. The process of local extension of the transition zone may be observed in any region where Canadian forests are in process ol clearing from the southern side. As the cool forest cover- ha : % 5 beni unsnea hen iti Gebeeeans te ete cae ty * wet 2 I a A aga a, Ca tl oat ty » gine slr nls a “5 BAe Ery. Tee eae ra ra Oss ey be oat ie en v1 will ad tebe d id ee entaarial abet ae pana Sp api pata Sd pil at Pa roast 8 “ahaa on é ryt reo lig amcmrmaley . y ‘ cpg gies hd it t i ay ico aia Li Pil tana petont PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 289 ing is removed boreal species disappear, while their places are taken by austral forms. Instances of this process in New York have been citeday by + Millen €o3byepy 163), and) Meamsie(g8b.eep. 3425) 93455, 360). The observations of the former refer to the rapid replacement of the Canadian white footed mouse, -eromyscus canadensis, by its more southerly reiative, P. leucopus noveboracensis. Mearns says: “ The interior region of the Catskills surrounding Kaaterskill Junction belongs, as a whole, to the Canadian, the lowest of the boreal faunae, though slightly mixed with the Alleghanian [transition] in the farming lands on the banks of Schoharie creek. There is some evidence, however, that certain mammals of the transition and upper austral zones, as the New England cottontail (Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis), deer mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), have but lately extended their ranges to this locality by following up the clearings. ” The explanation of the climatic changes that induce this alteration in fauna would involve a more thorough knowledge of forest influence than is now available. Much could be done toward a solution of the problem by a thorough biologic and climatologic survey of a small Canadian area on the southern edge of the Adirondacks. After the normal conditions under which the Canadian fauna existed were well understood the area should be cleared and reduced to the condition of a brushy pasture. This would give opportunity for a duplicate set of observations after the change in fauna had taken place, and from a com- parison of the two sets, important conclusions would undoubtedly be reached. © Upper austral zone. ‘The upper austral zone enters New York in two widely separated regions, the Hudson valley, and the extreme western part of the state in the “lake region.” In addition to the southern species already mentioned as extending their ranges into the transition zone the strictly characteristic mammals of the austral zone are: Didelphis virginiana opossum Lamias striatus striatus southeastern chipmunk Feromyscus leucopus leucopus southeastern white-footed mouse LVeotoma pennsylvanica\ cave rat Lepus floridanus mallurus southeastern cottontail Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox Fipistrellus subflavus subfiavus Georgia bat fipistrellus subjlavus obscurus' dusky bat 1 Phe faunal position of-thisweatis not positively known. 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Characteristic birds of the upper austral zone which breed in New York are: Corvus ossifragus Cardinals cardinals Ammodramus maritimus Piranga rubra FHlelmitherus vermivorus Flelminthophila pinus Seiurus motacilla Geothlypis formosa Icteria virens Wilsonia mitrata Mimus polyglottos Thryothorus ludovicianus Parus bicolor Among the flowering plants,of the upper austral zone are many characteristic species. Some of those that occur in New York are:! Pinus virginiana Pinus echinata Andropogon glomeratus Commelina communis Commelina virginica Tradescantia virginiana fleteranthera reniformis Flelonias bullata Chrosperma muscaetoxicum Muscari racemosa Gemmingia chinensis Listera australis Saururus cernuus Quercus digitata Quercus marylandica Quercus phellos Broussonetia papyrifera LVelumbo lutea Magnolia acuminata Asimina triloba Capnoides flavulum 1All of these are recorded by Day (’82) Britton (’88) or Britton and Brown (’96, ’97 and ’98). fish crow cardinal seaside sparrow summer tanager worm-eating warbler blue-winged warbler Louisiana water-thrush Kentucky warbler yellow-breasted chat Wilson’s warbler mocking bird Carolina wren tufted titmouse Jersey pine yellow pine bushy beard-grass Asiatic day-flower Virginia day-flower spiderwort mud plantain swamp pink fly-poison starch grape-hyacinth blackberry lily southern twayblade lizard’s tail Spanish oak barren oak willow oak paper mulberry American lotus cucumber-tree North American papaw pale corydalis bo igh ama aI o - PRE EE | HOI Oe : ik) ' a aa aichaveadeaeeonaiainaet mudi ications Tse a Ce ae oe i ; sah i St ee Ye TiN bie j atte Xe Ba jm, atl a eh Ml a ste h a eh odet ie ees epee Biel eB memtey, “sy png 2 pena joteslast avs fovea neh gt EL dn oat otte cross Sse PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Ligquidambar styraciflua Crataegus uniflora Stylosanthes bifiora Metbomia laevigata Metbomia viridifiora Lespedeza repens Lespedeza stuvet Galactia regularis Galactia volubilis Strophostyles umbellata Fielea trifoliata Luphorbia ipecacuanhae Luonymus americanus Ascyrum stans Lechea leggettit Arata spinosa Erythraea pulchella Asclepias variegata Lpomoea pandurata Cuscuta coryli Phlox subulata Monarda punctata Paulownia tomentosa Catalpa catalpa Diodia teres Viburnum nudum Viburnum prunifolium Lonticera sempervirens fTelianthus angustifolius Centaurea calcitrapa sweet gum dwarf thorn pencil-flower smooth tick-trefoil velvet-leaved tick-trefoil creeping bush-clover Stuve’s bush-clover milk pea downy milk pea pink wild bean three-leaved hop-tree wild ipecac strawberry bush St Peter’s-wort Leggett’s pin-weed Hercules’ club branching centaury white milkweed wild potato vine hazel dodder ground or moss pink horse-mint Paulownia catalpa, Indian bean rough button-weed larger withe-rod black haw trumpet honeysuckle narrow-leaved sunflower star thistle 291 In the upper austral zone plant life is dormant for a very short period, two to three months only. This is in fact the lowermost.zone in which a complete winter cessation of vegetable activity occurs. Agriculturally the Atlantic division of the upper austral zone is of even more importance than that of the transition zone, since in it flourish a large proportion of the important crops of the latter, while in addition many wholly absent from the more northerly zone reach their highest state of perfection. The principal crops of the Atlantic division of the upper austral zone (‘Carolinian faunal area’) are thus tabulated by Merriam (’88, p- 31-36). 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wheat (6 varieties) lima beans oats (4 varieties) apples (123 varieties) barley crab apples (4 varieties) rye pears (43 varieties) buckwheat - quinces (5 varieties) corn (8.varieties) plums (54 varieties) sorghum cherries (26 varieties) sugar beet peaches (35 varieties) white potatoes nectarines (3 varieties) tobacco apricots (2 varieties) sweet potatoes raspberries hemp strawberries (18 varieties) flax grapes (30 varieties) cOw-peas LIST OF MAMMALS EXPLANATION The subject-matter relating to each species in the present list is arranged so far as possible under seven heads, as follows: synonymy, type locality, faunal position, habitat, distribution in New York, principal records and remarks. The synonymies contain references to first use of specific name, first use of combination adopted, and to the names used by the principal writers on the mammals of the state. Occasionally references to recent monographic papers have been added. The only heading that calls for special remark is the sixth, “ principal records.” In this section I have brought together the essential parts of the records given by De Kay in the first volume of the Vatural history of New York (’42), by Merriam in his Mammals of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York (82 and ’84d), by Fisher in his Mammals of Sing Sing IV. Y. (’96) and by Mearns in his Study of the vertebi ate fauna of the Hudson highlands ('98a) and Votes on the mammals of the Catskill mountains (’98b). ‘The Catskill records of Mearns are always given, but the Hudson highlands notes are generally omitted unless they : contain matter supplementary to that recorded by Fisher. In this sec- tion I have included my own observations, made principally at Peter- boro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Finally I have added the greater part of a list of the mammals of the vicinity of Buffalo com- municated in a letter under date of March 3, 1898 by James Savage, and notes on the mammals of Long Island furnished by Arthur H. Helme of Miller Place, Suffolk co. eis Whee, . 7“ * a a us » i 5 ee f REY SSeS a atti rae ae nt 1 th mn tt gate tan : * fi cl ep caclaerets eth. {aR diy lek en 4 VF ? ate hh emniaions tees 4 tie > a oy ¢ wv iy mipraie ene Ne are PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 293 Throughout this paper, except in the tables of synonymy, bibliographic references are made by what is now generally known as the “ Harvard” system. On pages 375-385 is given a complete list of the works referred to arranged alphabetically by authors. Under each author the separate papers are placed chronologically, each preceded by an abbreviation of the date on which it appeared. These abbreviations serve as an index. Thus for instance the reference “J. A. Allen ’94b” would refer to the second paper published by J. A. Allen in oe the full citation of which may be found when needed. RECENT SPECIES Didelphis virginiana Kerr Opossum 1792 Didelphis virginiana Kerr, Animal kingdom 1: 193. 1842 Didelphis virginiana De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p. 4- 1896 Didelphis virginiana Fisher, The Observer. May 1896, 7 : 194 1898 Didelphis virginiana Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898, 10: 330. 1898 Didelphis virginiana Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. Type locality. Virginia. Faunal position. he opossum is strictly an inhabitant of the austral zones. Habitat. Woods, thickets and old fields. Distribution in New York. (ower Hudson valley, Long Island and the lake region. Principal records. De Kay, “Although it is abundant in New Jersey, I have never seen it in this state, but have heard that it has been noticed in the southern counties on the west side of the River Hudson, and it will probably be found in the western counties” (’42 p. 4). Fisher, ‘Strictly speaking this animal should not be included in the present list [of the mammals found at Sing Sing, Westchester co.]| because as far as known it has never been taken in Westchester county. Nevertheless it is tolerably common in Rockland and Orange counties two or three miles to the westward, and is only prevented from entering our domdin by that ideal but insuperable barrier, the Hudson river. This broad, deep, powerful stream so dreaded by the old Dutch sailors of New Amsterdam, seems likewise to be feared and avoided by the equally slow-going opossum”’ (’96 p. 194). Mearns: ‘In the [Hudson] highlands the opossum has always been fairly common since my boyhood, and hence long before its too ‘suc- 2904 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cessful’ introduction on Long Island, New York” (98a, p. 330). ““The opossum seems to be unknown in this portion of the Catskills [neighborhood of Schoharie valley] though it has been taken near the town of Catskill at the base of the mountains on the Hudson river side” (’98b, p. 360). The animal has also been recorded from Crown Point, Essex co. (Fisher, 7854, "ps. d4)) \ Rochester, Genesee co: (lucas; asp: er), Weedsport, Cayuga co. (Morehouse, ’83 p. 467), Woodside, Long Island (Bragaw, ’83 p. 467), Oakdale, Long Island (Fraser, ’89 p. 212), Elmira, Chemung co. and Owego, Tioga co. (Loring, ’99 p. 71). Hill (82 p. 403) notes the escape from captivity of 12 individuals at Ithaca, Tompkins co. in 1878 or thereabouts. Personally I have never met with the opossum in New York. Mr Savage informs me of its occasional occurrence near Buffalo. That the animal is rare in the region is shown by the local interest its occasional capture arouses. Under date of April rs, 1899, Mr Savage writes: “Two ’possum records have been made within the last six months. One was taken alive at Mill Grove, Erie county, and came into the possession of County Clerk Wende, who is quoted in the news- papers as saying that it is the first opossum ever taken in New York state. The second was taken at Hamburg by Mr Edward Colvin of that place, and is reported in the Luffalo express of Feb. 19, 1899. It is said of this specimen that ‘it is the first animal of the specie (sic) shot in this vicinity in 25 years.’”’ Mr Helme says, ‘‘ About 20 years ago reports began to accumulate of the capture of opossums in various parts of Long Island. In a few years the animal became very common and generally distributed”. Remarks. Ihave been unable to find the first authentic record of the opossum in New York. De Kay knew the animal as an inhabitant of the state by hearsay only. Audubon and Bachman remark, “ We have no doubt that it will in time be found existing to the east of the Hudson in the southern counties of New-York as well as on Long-Island . . . as the living animals are constantly carried there... It has been stated to us that in New-Jersey within 5 or 10 miles of New-York, as many as 10 or r4 of these animals have . . . been taken”? (sr p. 124). Baird in 1858 did not include New York in the animal’s range (’58 p. 232-33). In recent years however the records are frequent and positive, establishing the opossum on a firm basis among the austral animals that enter the state at its southern and western extremities. It is highly Subircee seg Sees npr SAP led inna open ioe snk yea inka es ok el ype Wie’ nal ta I eth Tia. by Hoth Wey “eso a PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 295 probable that this species is one of those whose range in New York has been considerably extended within historic times. Tursiops tursio (Fabricius) Forpoise 1780 Delphinus tursio Fabricius, Fauna Groenland p. 49. 1864 Zursiops tursio Gervais, Comptes rend. p. 876. 1889 Zursiops tursio True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 32, 158. Type locahty. Coast of Greenland. Distribution in New York. This species probably occurs commonly on both coasts of Long Island. frincipal records. True records specimens from Fire Island and Turkey Gut. Delphinus delphis Linnaeus /orpoise 1758 Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, Syst. nat., ed. 10, 77. 1842 Delphinus delphis DeKay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p- 136. 1888 Delphinus delphis True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 45, 160. Type locahty. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. The sea porpoise doubtless occurs along the entire coast of New York. Principal records. De Kay speaks of the animal as common but records no specimens (’ 42 p. £36). It is probable that his animal was Tursiops tursio, and not the present species. ‘True gives measurements of skulls from “‘ New York bay ” and “‘ New York harbor” (88 p 48). Phocaena phocaena (Linnaeus) arbor porpoise 1758 Delphinus phocaena Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10 1: 77. 1842 Phocaena communis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia P: 133: 1888 Phocaena phocaena Jordan, Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States. ed. 5 p. 331. 1888 Phocaena communis True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 118, 179. 1896 Phocaena communis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 200. Type locality. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. The harbor porpoise is the commonest cetacean of the tide waters of the state. It ascends the Hudson river as far at least as Sing Sing. 296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay, ‘‘ The porpoise, or porpess, is common in our rivers and bays, chiefly in the spring and summer months, where they appear in the train of the migratory C/idae [herrings], among which they make great havoc” (’42 p. 134). Fisher, ‘‘ Common in the [ Hudson] river [near Sing Sing] during the summer months, occasion- ally coming into the shallow water of the cove” (’96 p. 200). Globicephalus melas (Traill) Blackfish 1809 Delphinus melas Yraill, Nicholson’s journal, 22: 81. 1842 Globicephalus melas De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia . pee: 1888 Globicephalus melas True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 133, 183. Type locality. Coast of ngland. Distribution in New York. While the eastern end of Long Island is the only locality in New York from which I have been able to finda positive record of the blackfish, the animal probably occurs occasionally on all parts of the coastline of the state. Principal records. De Kay, ‘In 1834, I received an account of the capture of two others [blackfish] on the east end of Long Island. The details furnished on that occasion enabled me to refer them with exact- ness to this species” (42 p. 133). ~Orca orca (Linnaeus) Azller 1758 Delphinus orca Linnaeus, Systema naturae ed. 10,1:77. — 1842 Phocaena orca De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p. 135. 1888 Orca orca Jordan, Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States. ed. 5, p. 331. 1888 Orca gladiator True, U.S. Nat. mus. Bul. 36, p. 187. /\ Type locality. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. ‘The killer has been found on the coast of Long Island. Principal records. De Kay, ‘‘I have seen them off the coast of Long Island, on several occasions” (’42 p. 135). Hyperoodon rostratus (Chemnitz). Bottle.nosed whale 1779 Balaena rostrata Chemnitz, Beschaft. der Berlin Gesell. Naturf. Ereunde r4uose i 1841 Hyperoodon rostratus Wesmall, Nouv. mem. acad. roy. Belg. 1348 Ws 1842 Rorgualus rostratus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. P- 130. i 7 i Shatin. frm dong EP pe by folder (2 s) | PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 297 Lype locality. Spitzbergen. Distribution in New York. ‘This whale has been taken in New York waters only once, in 1822, Principal records. De Kay, “ The above discription was taken from a whale captured in the lower bay of New York in 1822. I had no Opportunity of determining its sex, but was informed that it was a female” (’42 p. 131). Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus Sperm whale 1758 Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:75. 1842 Physeter macrocephalus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia. p. 128. Type locahty. North Atlantic. Distribution in New York. Formerly abundant along the coast but now nearly exterminated. frincipal records. De Kay: ‘Thesperm whale was formerly numerous on our coast where it is still occasionally captured” (’42, p. 129). Balaena cisarctica Cope Right whale 1842 Lalaena mysticetus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 124. Not Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus. 1865 Balaena cisarctica Cope, Acad. nat.sci. Phila. Proc. 17: 169. Type locality. ‘One [specimen] taken opposite this city [ Philadelphia, Pa.] three years ago, one cast ashore at Rehoboth bay, Del., and one in Mobjack bay, Va.” (Cope ’65 p. 168). Distribution in New York. Off the south coast of Long Island. Principal records. De Kay: “Along the southern coast of Long Island, whale boats are still kept in readiness, and on the appearance of a whale the people in the vicinity quickly assemble, and are soon in pur- suit of the animal” (’42 p. 125). Cope: “Some are known to enter New York harbor” (’65, p. 168). Mr Helme writes that ‘“‘ the right whale is frequently seen off the south coast of-Long Island in winter, and occasionally one is captured near the eastern end of the island.” Bison bison (Linnaeus) American bison 1758 Bos bison Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 10. 1:172. 1842 Bison americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Pp. 110. 1888 Bison bison Jordan, Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States. ed.5. p. 337. 298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Texas. Faunal position. Boreal, transition and austral zones. Habitat. Plains, prairies and forests. Distribution in New York. The bison, exterminated in this state be- fore the beginning of the present century, probably occurred throughout western New York, east at least as far as Syracuse. Principal records. De Kay, ‘‘The bison, or American buffalo, has been long extirpated from this state; and although it is not at present found east of the Mississippi, yet there is abundant testimony from vari- ous writers to show that this animal was formerly numerous along the Atlantic coast from New York to Mexico” (42, Pp. ITO). Allen, “The occurrence of a stream in western New York called Buffalo creek which empties into the eastern end of Lake Erie, is commonly viewed as traditional evidence of its occurrence at this point, but positive testimony to this effect has thus far escaped me. This locality, if it [the bison] actually came so far eastward, must have ‘formed the eastern limit of its range along the lakes. I have found only highly questionable allusions to the occurrence of buffaloes along the southern shore of Lake Ontario. Keating, on the authority of Calhoun, however, has cited a passage from Morton’s ‘ Vew Luglhsh Canaan’ as proof of their former existence in the neighborhood of this lake. Morton’s statement is based on Indian reports, and the context gives sufficient evidence of the general vagueness of his knowledge of the region of which he wasspeaking . . . The extreme northeastern limit of the former range of the buffalo seems to have been as above stated in western New York, near the eastern end of Lake Erie. That it probably ranged thus far, there is fair evidence ” (776, p. 107). Hornaday. In his paper on the extermination of the American bison (’89, p. 385-86) Mr Hornaday repeats Dr Allen’s statements concerning the former range of the bison in New York, but is able to add no further information. Under date of January 12, 1898, he writes me, “¢ Since the publication of this memoir I have obtained what I consider perfectly reliable evidence that bison herds formerly visited the salt akes in the vicinity of Syracuse, and you are at liberty to mention the fact if you choose. I have not yet published the details, but intend to do so soon.” In reply to my inquiry concerning the former status of the bison in western New York, Hon. David F. Day of Buffalo replied as follows, ‘“‘As to the occurrence of the bison in this state I can only say that, so far as my reading extends, the animal is not mentioned as an inhabitant (Pr = Retna matt mee y ° a4 - a ' My oe nearer Coupee CnmeY SaS ew ane ner tery i eA aay cee gy pe a a Ap a ewe torpedo ‘ Ml ) s rin eV SVEE SS rar keene en lw Sven) EST taaN an Oe Nee ef im aha kt pls Riemer S54 amen , ay ~ ; - cat tat (ra to ates oe i i jg Ey a ty na fp om Aa AM AP Eo $3 , y fi fs is f spiny rin ee Var “i Sa a WAM she . ‘ N64) ee oun . 7 Wd os nets | Aalto “ Ere o pa oN Ret aerials = edly ee ere ee SE eG > a iar daa 5 daar gale - ‘ 5. 5 iv i ey * ei £ ay —o) ¥ > - Sena ed tae eerie Tn Wn) F AU Ng gegen a ap SE wh ie phy pend : ce at ra: 2. ary “1 ihrer ta he 3 Lisi 4 Sh ; 1 ; Weed prune s)he. _ firey 4 sy ~ per . t i | + y e f * J Jc » tyes tay: OR Pe no Cy ~ : ca At ad a : ‘ ¥ y i ‘ i) % y; ares H 7 en a we : . 5 ae & r ea Fe es : < Y {ous 4 STORM See tn a if ‘ Rt Teton Paine Bar Satya tie { ae i ¥ i, e Fie wean gts , / a ; 4 yy aunt ? wow i Sf 4, Saha ph pe earmnse i An 83. Anembov 2, 1900 1a VR Ne eK is 4. ia ’ iy Akt ia ple leprae rear bn i ; ei CAENTG a Hees ahr Maen > RS AES 9 0 OS =e Wir ie tedish deel kei hahah lerde eare eis elas Deane, a - USER G erie a sea 1 aN Sete ey a ‘ ver Pita acetten cat . ; . ies MO wae ey ES Bice at ae : a ote Te pe emi So hae Ck es Fy PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 299 of our territory. Still I am persuaded that it was occasionally here. It is true that it did not like either the forest or the mountains. But still I think that it might have migrated from Ohio and entered this state through the narrow strip of level land in Chautauqua county, along the shore of Lake Erie, and thus have avoided the higher grounds and the foothills of the Alleghanies. I think it would have found food sufficient for its wants in several of the western counties of New York where flat lands occur. This would harmonize with the fact that on an early French map of western New York, a stream discharging into Lake Erie is laid down, to which the name “ Riviere des boeufs” was given. The Indian name of this stream has never come to my knowledge. The name of this city and of the creek where its settlement began gives no evidence of the existence of the bison in this vicinity. The city was named after the creek and the creek after an old Indian named Buffalo who lived near its mouth.” Mr Savage writes, “ In regard to the bison and the naming of our city, Buffalo certainly got its name from Buffalo creek, but the origin of the name of the creek is still a mooted question. Some contend that it came from an Indian named Buffalo (but where did he get his name?) who lived on the banks of the creek. Other streams near here were named in this way, as for instance Smokes creek and Scajaquada creek. The latter flows through our principal park, and the Indian for whom it is named was formerly a well known character. I think that the persons who investigated the matter about 20 years ago failed to find in the writings of the early travellers through this region any record of the bison having been seen in New York. ‘The Seneca Indians are said to have had a tradition that the bison formerly visited a salt lick on Buffalo creek. About two months ago I was discussing the matter with the Hon. David F. Day, who suggested that perhaps the only way to settle the question would be to dig over the site of the supposed lick in search of bones. ‘There is evidence that the bison formerly paid summer visits to licks in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, but it is probable that they came into our state as straggling, transient visitors only.” Odocoileus americanus ,(Erxleben) , Virginia deer ou 1777 [Cervus dama] americanus Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. 312. 1842 Cervus virginianus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p.113. 1884 Cariacus virginianus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 9. 1896 Cariacus americanus Fisher, The Observer, May 1896, 7: 198. 1898 Dorcelaphus virginianus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898, 10 :345. 300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Southeastern-Virginia. — Faunal position. The common deer of the northeastern United States is an inhabitant of the transition zone and lowest (Canadian) division of the boreal zone. The status-of the_deer_of_ the upper-austral-zone-s-not- thoroughly understood. fTabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. Weer occur abundantly throughout the extensive forests of northern New York. Principal records. DeKay: “This well known animal is still found in almost every part of the state where there is sufficient forest to afford them food and cover” (’42, p. 114). Merriam: “Deer are at present so abundant in most parts of the Adirondacks that they outnumber all the other large mammals together. . . . And there is every reason to believe that if proper game Jaws are enforced their numbers will not materially decrease” (’84d, p. 9). Fisher: ‘The last deer killed near Sing Sing was a doe shot by Mr Charles Acher on December 10, 1861 ... In a letter from my lamented friend George Ayles dated July 1, 1889, after describing a fishing trip made a few days previously to Colabaugh pond a small body of water five miles north of Sing Sing, he says, ‘At the place where we put up near the pond the farmer told me that he had seen a fine deer feeding in the meadow near his house that morning’ . I never heard that this deer was killed...” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: “ The Afddletown journal, issue of January 13, 1878, contains a notice of the capture of a deer near Middletown in Orange county New York. This record brings the species within the limits of the Hudson highlands, and is the only authentic one that I know of, but I am informed that deer are still occasionally found in the extreme north- west corner of Orange county ” (98a, p. 345-46). Of the present distribution of deer on Long Island Mr Helme writes : «‘ This animal was formerly common throughout the island, but is now restricted to an area containing about 25 square miles in the townships of Islip and Brook Haven. Here they are still plentiful thanks to the protection afforded them by the game preserves of the ‘South Side gun club’ and a few private estates.” Cervus canadensis (Erxteben) astern wapiti 1774 [Cervus elaphus| canadensis Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. p. 305. 1842 Elaphus canadensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 118. wae SA me «ete dhiesntale ea Ah aien Necrearcet i id cidgiie— nei esta iyo sanepeveemibtin aloe) eaten tr Aad ny emma icici me y os oF ‘ = oer: Sy) 2 / econ! eis vee rer DRE: j » cient ap haceetoepna te ee ate tial tteatg ening RLS, cn -aimteen tating my iptv tim tenant laa da eicke 0 es bm painhehmachinip ty yd melas nartlition nape lather alin = temelttoon, nine anny ne up fir Wh mI eeae a pray tour no > Sark ae fl Niel ft BR ot lence yap A ey cn = la se nfl agi or Pm lh neha ete 2 Re Ce eee eam ear mn mem tem gg ren ' ad i. i ay Binge wei opie Sey Z ay et Ba heh ys - é gy i UE TAS ASO ea eg eos en pe naa Py Som lyme Sal 9 deh dona rp eet We wee via I aban ! eee Sah rable cats dee CMR 7 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 301 1842 Elaphus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia. p. 120. 1884 Cervus canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2:45. Type locality. Eastern Canada. Faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. ffabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. While the eastern wapiti formerly occurred throughout the state it has been extinct since the early part of the pres- ent century. In Pennsylvania the animal was not exterminated till within the past 4o years (Rhoads, ’97c, p. 207-8). Principal records. De Kay: “The stag is still found in the state of New-York but very sparingly and will doubtless be extirpated before many years. Mr Beach, an intelligent hunter on the Raquet, assured me that in 1836 he shot at.a stag (or as he called it an elk) on the north branch of the Saranac, He had seen many of the horns, and describes this one as much larger than the biggest buck (C: virginianus), with immense long and rounded horns, with many short antlers. His account was confirmed by another hunter, Vaughan, who killed a stag at nearly the same place. They are found in the northwestern counties of Penn- sylvania and the adjoining counties of New-York. In 1834, I am informed by Mr Philip Church, a stag was killed at Bolivar, Allegany co. My informant saw the animal and his description corresponds exactly with this species” (’42, p. 119). ‘‘In the cabinet of the Lyceum of natural history, New York, is a portion of a pair of horns attached to a fragment of skull, dug up near the mouth of the Raquet river in this state ... A horn of the second year’s growth was thrown out bya plough on Grand Isle [Lake Champlain]” (42, p. 120-21). Merriam quotes De Kay and adds, “I do not regard the above account of Messrs Beach and Vaughan as trustworthy for the reason that I have never been able to find a hunter in this wilderness, however aged, who had ever heard of a living elk in the Adirondacks. That the American elk . . . was at one time common in the Adirondacks there is no question. A number of their antlers have been discovered, the most perfect of which that I have seen is in the possession of Mr John Constable. It was found in a bog on Third lake of Fulton Chain in’ Herkimer co. Dr €. ©: Benton, of Ogdensburg, “has several specimens. ... These specimens were discovered at Steele’s Corners in St. Lawrence county. Mr Calvin V. Graves, of Boonville, N. Y. has two sections of elk horns that were ‘ploughed up in an old beaver meadow in Diana,’ Lewis co.” (’84d, p. 45-47). 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Under date of September 5, 1898, Dr Fred F. Drury, of Gouverneur, St Lawrence co., writes to Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill as tollows: ««T have recently come into possession of a pair of elk horns, dug up on a farm about four miles from this village. They were accidentally dis- covered while digging out a spring hole in a pasture to provide water for cattle during the dry season. One horn is in perfect state of preser- vation, the other has been influenced somewhat by exposure, but not enough to in any way destroy the symmetry. ‘The perfect one measures from root to tip 39 inches, and biggest circumference 8% inches. ‘They each have five prongs, and when placed in approximate apposition have at widest point a spread of 34 inches opposite biggest prong.” Alce americanus Jardine J/oose 1835 Alces americanus Jardine, Naturalists likrary, 13 (Mammalia: deer, antelopes, camels, etc.) 125 1842 Cervus alces De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p.115. 1884 Alce americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 40. Type locality. astern Canada. Fauunal position. Canadian and transition zone. Distribution in New York. ‘The moose which once ranged throughout the state has been extinct in New York since the early sixties. Principal records. De Kay :—‘ They are yet numerous in the unsettled portions of the state, in the counties of Essex, Herkimer, Hamilton, Franklin, Lewis and Warren, and since the gradual removal of the Indians they are now (1841) believed to be on the increase” (’42, p. 117). Merriam: ‘It is not many years since the moose (Alce americanus) was a favorite object of pursuit in the Adirondacks, from which region it was exterminated as nearly as I can ascertain about the year 1861” (’84d, p. 40). ; Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs Canadian red squirrel 1842 Sciurus hudsonicus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 61 (part). 1884 Sciurus hudsonicus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:111. 1894 Sczurus hudsonicus J. A. Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 7 Nov. 1894. 6:325. 1899 Sciurus hudsonicus gymnicus Bangs, New England zool. club. Proc.’ 2 Aga yt Weve, ssyoyoh Type locality. Greenville (near Moosehead lake), Maine. Faunal position, Canadian zone. SP mie Cah ete TN ear ee es agian ~ e ia Bie Suwcs Seta es ea Sele aan D icin bia ola SG Auten WS tat Smit oat iy satel it } PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 393 Habitat. This animal prefers the shelter of heavy coniferous forests. It is however by no means confined to the woods, as it wanders freely wherever attracted by congenial shelter and food supply. Distribution in New York. The details of the distribution of the Can- adian form of Sciwrus hudsonicus in New York are quite unknown. The animal probably occurs throughout the large Canadian area in the northern part of the state, but it is impossible at present to say exactly where the transition to the southern form /oguax takes place. Mr Bangs has recorded a specimen taken at Peterboro, Madison county, as ar intermediate between the two subspecies (’96d, p. 160). Principal records. De Kay: “This familiar and well known species is found from the arctic circle to the mountainous ranges of North Caro- lina and Tennessee” (’42, p. 62). Merriam: “The red squirrel is one of the commonest and best known of the mammalian inhabitants of the Adirondacks, being found in all parts of the wilderness at all seasons of the year” (784d, p. 111). Remarks. As 1 have already stated the limits of the range of this form of Scéurus hudsonicus in New York are very imperfectly known. The northern and southern races have been only very recently recognized, and the details of their ranges are yet to be worked out. De Kay clearly included both forms under the name Sczurus hudsonicus, but Merriam refers exclusively to the more northern subspecies. Scirurus hudsonicus loquax Bangs Southeastern red squirrel 1842 Sciurus hudsonicus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 61 (part). 1896 Sczurus hudsonicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1896 Sciurus hudsonicus logquax Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. Zon WECmnegO iO: NOT. 1898 Scrurus hudsonicus loguax Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. OQO MELO! 340; 1898 Sczurus hudsonicus loguax Mearns, U.S. Nat.mus. Proc. 21: 352. Type locality. Liberty Hill, New London co., Connecticut. } faunal position. ‘Transition zone and northern edge of upper austral zone. Habitat. “Mixed woods, groves and in fact almost everywhere ; perhaps most numerous where there are large tracts of Pinus rigida, the seeds of which it is very fond of” (Bangs, ’g6e, p. 161). Distribution in New York. The details of distribution of the south- eastern red squirrel in New York are as little known as those of the range of the Canadian subspecies. The animal undoubtedly occurs throughout 304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the region occupied by the transition zone and upper austral zone. This is probably one of the animals whose range has been extended by the clearing away of the heavy forests. Principal records. De Kay: The quotation from this author cited under S. hudsonicus gymnicus refers without doubt im great part to the present form. Fisher: ‘“ Common (at Sing Sing)” (’96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘This lively inhabitant of the forest was found at all altitudes, its range extending from sea level to the highest peaks of the Catskills ” (98 p. 352). I have never met with typical Sciwrus hudsonicus loguax in New York. Specimens which I took at Peterboro, Madison co., have been identified by Mr Outram Bangs as intermediates between this form and true hudsonicus. Mr Savage writes, ‘The red squirrel is found in almost every piece of woodland near Buffalo. I have recently learned of a curious albino family of these animals that seems worthy of record. Mr Henry Urban (grocer, cor. Oak and Genesee st.) has a beautiful albino that has been in his possession since 1888. He says that in that year Mr John Berg- told of Bowmansville, Brie co. captured an adult female and three young, all of which he kept alive. The adult and two of the young were perfect albinos, the other young one was normal in color. Mr Urban saw the family when alive and asked Mr Bergtold to give him any of the white animals that might die. Soon afterward he received the specimen that he now has.” Mr Helme states that the red squirrel is not found on Long Island. Sciurus carolinensis leucotis (Gapper) (Vorthern gray squirrel 1830 Sciurus leucotis Gapper, Zool. journ. 5: 206. 1842 Sciurus niger De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. go (part). 1842 Sciurus leucotis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 57 (part). 1877 Sciurus carolinensis var. Jleucotis Allen, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia. p. 701. 1884 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. iransi2 suze 1896 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Fisher, The Observer. 7: 197. 1898 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sept. 1898. 10: 340. 1898 Sciurus carolinensis leucotis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 353. a gs ee ae ee ee elias a hinty ERS ee pe > at i a Pm Soll vane f = Tr eal oy ae Re PS TUETE Cie Prete oF prt aban wastes f wet A i er Nee ; rh, “a he lor Ning ral ne ratte envi ae eh ae RT a Pa Sane Wie: ; ee ares te ere Sa ac ae aN OPP. ‘i Y ti) ah “I Ae ey tn sarah iuNtarn ty se , Bees Lo papel gett cag lw ru 7 qmreiihers " Al if PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 305 Type locality. Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. faunal position. Yransition zone and lowermost part of Canadian zone. Flabitat. “ Hardwood forests and groves of oak, chestnut and hickory” (Bangs, ’96e, p. 155). The gray squirrel is often abundant in parks, cemeteries and the outskirts of towns and cities. Distribution in New York. The distribution of the gray squirrel in New York is remarkably irregular. The animal is often abundant in localities where it would not be expected to thrive, and as unaccountably absent from others The cause of this irregularity is probably to be found in some variation in the food supply. That food has a very marked influence on the periodical increase and decrease of gray squirrels is well known. Dr Merriam writes, ‘This species . . . varies in abun- dance from year to year according to the conditions of the nut crop. . . . My notes show that the beechnut crop was good in the autumns of 1871, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1879, 1881, 1883—~— always on the odd years —~ while on the alternate seasons it failed. And strange as it may at first sight appear, squirrels are usually most numerous during the summer and early autumn of those years when there are few or no nuts. The reason is this: when the yield is large there is a noticeable influx of squirrels from distant parts, and they, together with those that were here at the time, winter well having an abundance of food, and breed here the follow- ing spring. During the summer and early autumn a multitude of young now nearly full grown mingle with the parent stock. Hence the species attains at this time its maximum in numbers. But this is the year when the nut crop is a failure. ‘Therefore, as the fall advances and they find there is a scarcity of provision for the winter many of them migrate, we know not where. Then come the October “ squirrel hunts ”—a disgrace to the state as well as to the thoughtless men and boys who participate in them—and the number left to winter is deplorably small. “As the abundance of the gray squirrel in winter is governed by the supply of beechnuts so is the presence at this season of its assailant, the red-headed woodpecker (J@elanerfes erythrocephalus) determined by the same cause. I have elsewhere called attention to this fact, remarking that ‘with us a squirrel year is synonymous with a good year for AZe/an- erpes, and vice versa’ [’8rb, p. 347]. Gray squirrels, red-headed wood- peckers and beechnuts were numerous during the winters of 1871-72, 1873-74, 1875-76, 1877-78, 1879-80, 1881-82, 1883-84 while during the alternate years the squirrels and nuts were scarce, and the wood- peckers altogether absent.” (84d, p. 127-28). 306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “This well known little animal is found in every forest abounding in nuts of various kinds” (42, p. 58). Mer- riam: This record has been quoted in sufficient detail. Fisher: ‘‘ Period- ically common. Some years hundredsare killed during the open season, while on the following year not over a dozen will be secured” (96, p. 197). Mearns: ‘“ The gray squirrel is rare in this region [the Catskills] ; but one individual was seen during our stay ” (’98b, p. 353). I have found the gray squirrel rare at Peterboro, Madison co. Remarks. In his revision of the squirrels of eastern North America Mr Outram Bangs says that the southeastern gray squirrel, Scwrus caro- linensis carolinensis ranges “north about to the lower Hudson valley.” There is, however, no positive evidence as yet that this form actually occurs in New York. Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs JVortheastern fox squirrel 1842 Sciurus vulpinus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 59. 1884 Sciurus niger cinereus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:134. 1896 Sciurus niger cinereus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1896 Sciurus ludovicianus vicinus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896, 10: 150. Type locality. White Sulphur springs, West Virginia. Faunal position. The northeastern fox squirrel is an inhabitant of the upper austral zone, but occasionaly it wanders into the transition zone. Habitat. Extensive forests. Nes Distribution in New York. In New York the occurrence of the fox squirrel can now be regarded as little more than accidental Formerly however it was found in considerable numbers. Principal records. De Kay: “Its habits and geographic distribution are the same as in the preceding [.S. /ewcotis|” ('42, p. 60). Merriam, ‘‘ The fox squirrel can not at present be regarded as other than a rare or accidental straggler in the Adirondack region. So far as I am aware the only specimen taken here of late was killed by Oliver B. Lockhardt at Lake George, Warren co. in 1872 or 1873” (84d, p. 134). Fisher: ‘‘ Mr Gilbert C. Merritt once informed me that he had killed several fox squirrel in the Chappaqua hills about the year 1850. Of late none have been heard of even in that wild region” (’96, p. 197). Mr Savage writes that there is an old mounted specimen of this animal in the museum of the Buffalo Society of natural science, labeled ‘ Erie county.’ He does not consider the record as positive however, since all definite history of the specimen is lacking. ‘Mr Helme informs me that the fox squirrel does not occur on Long Island. Sat er eed anonym my pe Oi oe eet eet ent Soe wy Ce a ee : ‘ee Legs. CST OErme se he et NE re a j 2.) 2. Gxt tp a a nye ayn dnei ingress Lag ay = & ¥ ; Rar aioe ee ere ut prs age Ay : Wee osm, PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 307 _Tamias striatus striatus (Linnaeus) Southeastern chipmunk 1758 Sczurus striatus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. to. 1: 164. 1842 Scurus striatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 62 (part). 1857 Zamias striatus Baird, 11th Smithsonian report. p. 55 (part). 1886 Zamuias striatus Merriam, American naturalist. Feb. 1896. 20: 242. 1896 Zamuias striatus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 1096. 1898 Zamias striatus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1808. 10: 338. Type locality. Virginia and Carolina. faunal position. Upper austral zone. . flabitat. Thickets, rocky ledges and dry, open woods. Distribution in New York. The southeastern chipmunk reaches New York, so far as at present known, in the lower Hudson valley Onkyo yl have never seen a specimen from the upper austral area in the western part of the state, and therefore can not say positively which form occurs there. Principal records. De Kay did not distinguish between the two forms of chipmunk now known to occur in New York, but his references to the animal show that he included both under the name Sciwrus striatus (42, p. 62). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]” ’96, p. 196. Mearns: “The southern chipmunk is by far the most abundant member of the squirrel family in the Highlands. It lives everywhere, from the islands of the Hudson to the highest mountain tops, though it is least common on the high ground” (’98a, p. 338). Of the chipmunk on Long Island Mr Helme writes, “This animal is common. A few years ago it was nearly exterminated, but now it has become plentiful again. The cause of this decrease in numbers was due I believe to an extremely cold winter following an autumn in which the food supply was short.” Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson) Northeastern chipmunk 1829 Sciurus (Zamias) lysteri Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana. Tyrol. 1842 Sceurus striatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 62 (part). 1884 Zamias striatus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 135. 1886 Zamias striatus lysteri Merriam, American naturalist. Feb. WOOO 20), 242 1898 Yamias striatus lystert Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 352. 308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Penetanguishene, Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada. faunal position. ‘Transition zone and warmer, more open parts of Canadian zone. ffabitat. The habitat of the northeastern chipmunk is the same as that of its southern relative. Distribution in New York. -The northeastern chipmunk is very generally distributed throughout the greater part of New York state. Specimens intermediate between the two races have been taken in the lower Hudson valley by Mearns (Miller ’97 p. 39). Principal records. De Kay: “It is common over all the state” (42, p. 64). Merriam: “The chipmunk or ground squirrel is always present in greater or less numbers in some parts of the Adirondacks. It is a migratory animal and is exceedingly abundant some years, while during others it is scarcely seen at all, the difference being dependent on the quantity of the food supply” (84d, p. 135). Mearas: ‘“‘ The chipmunk of the Schoharie valley is distinctly of the /ystevi type. It was common but shy, occurring from the edge of the creek (altitude 1700 feet) up to the summit of Hunter mountain (altitude 4025 feet). At Palenville, on the Hudson river side of the Catskills, intermediates between the forms striatus and lysteri occur ; in the Hudson highlands a few individuals from the highest elevations verge toward /ys¢evz, and lower down the Hudson valley only true s¢va¢us is found. No difference was detected between specimens collected in spruce forests and balsam swamps on the moun- tains and those from the fields and fences along Schoharie creek” (’98, P- 352). I have found Zamias striatus lysteri abundant at Peterboro, Madison co., and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. Arctomys monax (Linnaeus) Woodchuck 1758 Mus monax Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:60. 1780 Arctomys monax Schreber, Saugethiere. 4: pl. 208 1842 Arctomys monax De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 69. 1884 Arctomys monax Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 142. 1896 Arctomys monax Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196. 1898 Arciomys monax Mearns, Am. mus, nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 338. 1898 Arctomys monax Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 352. Type locality. Maryland. faunal position. The range of the woodchuck is now supposed to extend from well within the upper austral zone through the Canadian zone. - vo ane Seek sat — _ eit; Wee YBa r Vy ee eee ee : os ee cod tess Canine ireesernendmedionditiinetisiae ines 1 ree Ahly med am lh iS Peli Eom, ‘wee, F Siete Rae resent urate } i 2 wor Wy ri gh ee lege mt Pein, «ahaa etal memati ay ae , pare ee Vea: tore aaa no oc are: sah ener hajeenn ing ippenl -aplieiinms Fiber ii it phe SD i ALY. the ane PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 309 Flabitat. Principally meadows and cleared land, but the animal is found in almost every variety of situation providing suitable ground for the construction of extensive burrows. Distribution in New York. The woodchuck probably occurs in every county of New York. While it is probable that the range of this animal has not been materially affected by the settlement of the country, there can be little doubt that there are more woodchucks now in the state than there were before the arrival of the white settlers. Principal records. DeKay+: “The woodchuck ... is common in almost every county in the state” (42, p. 69). Merriam: “The woodchuck is rare . .. within the proper limits of the Adirondacks, though he has been found sparingly in the remotest parts of the wilder- ness. In the cultivated area surrounding the Adirondacks he is very abundant” (84 d, p. 142). Fisher: ‘“ Common [at Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “This species is... . tolerably common in the Schoharie valley ” ('98 b, p. 352). I have found the woodchuck common at Geneva, Ontario co. and Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes, “The woodchuck is more common in the hills south and east of Buffalo than in the flat country immediately about the city. However I know of a family of ‘chucks’ in a bank less than three miles from my home.” Mr Helme writes that the woodchuck though common on Long Island is in certain localities less numerous than it was a few years ago. He attributes this fact to the effect of bounties offered by several townships for the animals’ scalps. Remarks. It is probable that the woodchuck of the Canadian forests is not true Arctomys monax. The material necessary to decide the question is lacking. For an account of the tree-climbing propensities of the woodchuck see Merriam ’81 a. : Sciuropterus volans (Linnaeus) Southern flying squirrel 1758 us volans Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1: 63. 1842 Pteromys volucella De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 66 (part). 1884 Sciuropterus volucella Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. BOQ: 1890 Sciuropterus volans Jordan, Man. vertebr. anim. northeastern Ue Seda 5-ssp.3247 1896 Sciuropterus volucella Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7:197. 310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1896 Sciuropterus volans Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. Xs) ADIGE, Woe, 1G) 3 wos 1898 Sciuropterus volans Mearns, Am. mus. nat. his. Bul. 9g Sep. SOS | NO) 3 Bilitn Type locality. Virginia. faunal position. The southern flying squirrel is a characteristic inhabi- tant of the austral zones and the transition zone. It barely reaches the lower edge of the Canadian zone in favorable localities. . flatitat. Woodlands, orchards, parks, buildings; wherever convenient shelter can be found. : Distribution in New York. The southern flying squirrel probably occurs throughout New York state except in large tracts of Canadian forest. The details of its overlapping in range with the Canadian flying squirrel remain to be worked out. Principal records, De Kay: “The flying squirrel is well known throughout state” this (’42, p 66). Merriam: “Two varieties of flying squirrel occur in the Adirondacks: the present form, confined mainly to the borders of the region, and a northern race, commonest in the elevated portions of the interior’’ (’84 d, p. 99). Fisher: “ Common [at Sing Sing]. In the daytime they remain quietly in hollow trees, bird houses, out buildings, hay lofts, or garrets of houses, and as dusk approaches come out of their hiding places and start off on foraging expeditions ” (96, p. 197). I have found the southern flying squirrel at Peterboro, Madison co., though it is apparently less numerous there than the Canadian species. I have also taken it at Geneva, Ontario county. Mr Savage writes: “The flying squirrel is seldom met with in the vicinity of Buffalo, but it is probably more common than is generally supposed, I took a pair December 8, 1897.” According to Mr Helme the flying squirrel is common on Long Island. Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns Canadian flying squirrel 1842 Fteromys volucella De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 66 (part). 1884 Scruropterus volucella hudsonius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 108. (Not Sciurus hudsonius Gmelin). 1896 Sciuropterus sabrinus, Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 28 Dec. 1896. 10: 162 (part). 1898 Sciuropterus sabrinus macrotis Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 2G Roe Sty eset hat iii nine ue rT. ae eee ans ¥ Siig olan oth ta tele TM a Boe len eb Sore rage! dae Sa x aes iS Ves “foe we FR eke ”% Feuslcsin Ba ee okt ‘ OT eee tied, ra ey eat ee Bia 7 f eats, We tet GG mratH Ag oe aee te e pnd ee Bae ye diel we ni ; ‘ Torreeae sinc ay same Fa ; ¥ 1 Dy yen AEE Thee ie ° ‘ P \ ory fe i Ge DG Ses Oe Peek « WWE sy wes a ee GN) We re i doth Wek PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 311 Type locality. unter mountain (Catskills) Greene co., New York. Fanual position. Canadian zone. Habitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. In New York this animal is found through- out the great boreal area in the northern part of the state, and on the numerous boreal “islands” south of this region. In many localities on the border line between the transition zone and Canadian zone it is found associated with the smaller species S. vodans but the two animals never intergrade (see AZerrianr’84d, p. 108, and Bangs, 96d, PetOs))e Principal records. DeKay: See last species. Merriam: “The northern flying squirrel isa common inhabitant of the elevated central area of the Adirondacks and is not particularly rare about the outskirts of the region, where I have found both varieties nesting in adjoining trees” (’84d, p. 108). Mearns: “This species was found in spruce woods on the ridge of Hunter mountain [Catskills], at the altitude of 3300 feet. Flying squirrels are said to be common everywhere in the region. One seen on August 7, 1896 near the base of East Kill mountain at 1800 feet altitude may have been either the present species or Sciwropterus volans (Linn- aeus)” (‘98b, p. 354). : I have taken the Canadian flying squirrels at Peterboro, Madison co., and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. It is common at each locality. Castor canadensis Kuhl American beaver 1820 Castor canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage zur Zoologie und vergl. Anat. p. 64. 1842 Castor fiber De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 72. 1884 Castor fiber canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. Bs Tie. 1898 Castor canadensis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. WOES Beir Type locality. Wudson bay. faunal position. Partly on account of the animal’s aquatic habits, and partly on account of lack of definite knowledge of its geographic varia- tions, it is impossible at present to assign the beaver a satisfactory faunal position. Beaver are known to range from the southern part of the lower austral zone in the south to the northern edge of the Hudsonian zone in the north. Surprising as it may seem there is at present no means for determining whether more than one race occurs in this area.” a Since this was written, Mr S. N. Rhoads has divided the beaver into two races, a boreal form, true Castor canadensis and an austral form, C. canadensis carolinensis. (Trans. Am. philos. soc., NS., Septerhber 1898 19: 417-23). 312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Habitat. Borders of streams, ponds and lakes. Distribution in New York. The beaver is probably nearly exterminated if not quite extinct-in New York. Concerning the animal’s status I have nothing to add to the account given by Merriam in 1884. Principal records. De Kay: “The beaver, whose skins once formed so important an article of commerce to this state as to have been incorporated in the armorial bearings of the old colony, is now nearly extirpated within its limits . . . In the summer of 1840 we traversed those almost interminable forests on the highlands separating the sources of the Hudson and the St Lawrence, and included in Hamilton, Herkimer. and a part of Essex counties. In the course of our journey we saw several beaver signs as they are termed by the hunters. The beaver has been so much harassed in this state that it has ceased making dams, and contents itself in making large excavations in the banks of streams. Within the past year (1841) they have been seen on Indian and Cedar rivers, and at Pashungamah on Tupper’s lake; and although they are not numerous, yet they are still found in scattered families in the northern part of Hamilton, the southern part of St Lawrence and the western part of Essex counties. Through the considerate attention of Mr A, McIntyre those yet existing in the southern part of Franklin co. are carefully preserved from the avidity of the hunter and there probably the last of the species in the Atlantic states will be found” (’42, p. 73-74). Merriam: “That the beaver was once abundant in all parts of the Adi- rondacks is attested by the numerous remains and effects of their dams, but at present they are so exceedingly rare that few people know that they still exist here . . . During the fall of 1880 a beaver was caught on Raquette river between the Upper Saranac and Big Tupper’s lake and about a mile below the ‘Sweeney carry’ ... Subsequent to this date saplings were cut in the neighborhood showing that another was at work there... At present there is a small colony of beavers on a stream that empties into the west branch of the St Regis river. It is probably the colony referred to by De Kay in 1842 as ‘yet existing in the southern part of Franklin co.’” (84d, p. 155-58). Mearns: “ When I was a boy the remains of a beaver-dam were plainly visible at Bog Meadow pond, in Orange co. When this pond was raised a few years ago to supply the town waterworks at Highland falls the dam was submerged, and with it disappeared the last vestige of the beaver, long extinct in the [Hudson] highlands” (98a, p. 351-52). a fed ag? wire TR a Toe ha chap petra ae hie, >s 20 Ty wan yong . ee iit Lecenaitese aka ie Y i + . hte a uence are 4 vi Tt ‘2 , eA GS Ot ey RA eo SS ee Be i Yada REP ra Me ninctin celaoiety PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Be Mus musculus Linnaeus Howse mouse 1758 [AZus| musculus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed.10o,. 1: 62. 1842 Mus musculus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82. 1884 Mus-musculus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2 :162. 1896 Mus musculus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7:197. 1898 Mus musculus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. WOR Sisid/ Gh 1898 Mus musculus Mearns, U.S. Nat mus. Proc. 21 :351. Type locality. Sweden. faunal position. ‘The house mouse on account of its semi-domestica- tion can not be assigned to any definite faunal position. Habitat. Buildings, fields, and occasionally woodlands. Distribution in New York. This animal is abundant throughout the settled part of New York. It is by no means strictly confined to buildings. Principal records. De Kay: “ This familar little species has also been introduced from Europe into this country since its discovery. It has everywhere followed the footsteps of man . . .” (’42, p. 82). Merriam: “‘ T have observed the house mouse in many of the camps scattered through the Adirondacks and have killed it, though rarely, at a considerable dis- tance from the habitations of man. It iscommon in the fertile valleys along the outskirts of the wilderness, living in the fields during the short sum- mer season, and returning to the dwellings, barns and haystacks at the approach of winter” (84, p. 162). Fisher: ‘Common in the corn andrye fields as well as around buildings” (’96, p. 197). Mearns: “‘ Common in fields and houses. Several were trapped under stacks of fodder corn standing in the fields. None were caught in the woods” (’98b, p. 351). I have found the house mouse abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports it abundant at Buffalo. Helme: ‘‘ The house mouse is abundant on Long Island.” Mus decumanus Pallas Mouse rat 1778 Mus decumanus Pallas, Nov. Sp. Quadr. e Glir. Ord., p. gt. 1842 Mus decumanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 79. 1884 Mus decumanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:161. _ 1896 Mus decumanus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1898 Mus decumanus Mearns, Am. mus. nat, hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. EOI1330: 1898 Mus decumanus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 351. 314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Type locality. Russia. faunal position. As with the other introduced species of old world rats it is impossible to assign this animal a definite faunal position. flabitat. Houses, outbuildings and fields. Distribution in New York. ‘The house rat occurs throughout New York, wherever there are towns or settlements. Principal records. De Kay: “In this country it was introduced with the foreign mercenaries during the revolutionary war. They are now numerous in all the states, and have even extended to Canada”’ (42, p. 80). Merriam: “This ubiquitous naturalized exotic is found even within the confines of the Adirondacks. But his presence here omens no good. Like the lumberman, whose footsteps he follows, he is the personification of destruction and desecrates the soil on which he treads” (84d, p. 161). Fisher: ‘Common [at Sing Sing]’” (’86, p. 197). Mearns: “Abundant. One was trapped at the base of East Kill moun- tain at the altitude of 2000 feet” (’98b, p. 351). | I have found the house rat at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peterboro, Madi- son co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports it abundant in the neighborhood of Buffalo, and Mr Helme reports it equally numer- ous on Long Island. Mus rattus Linnaeus Alack rat 1758 [Mus] rattus Linnaeus, Syst.nat. ed. 10. 1: 6r. 1842 Mus rattus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 80 (part). 1842 Mus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 81 (part). Type locality. Sweden. faunal position. Not now determinable as the animal has been too widely distributed by artificial means. Flabitat. Houses and buildings of various kinds. Distribution in New York. It is doubtful whether the black rat still exists in New York. Principal records. De Kay: “It is now exceedingly rare” (’42, p. 81). The animal is not mentioned by Merriam, Fisher or Mearns. I have never seen the black rat in New York. Many of the older inhabitants at Peterboro, Madison co. have told me of the immense numbers in which the ‘ blue rats’ or ‘barn rats’ once occurred. To judge from these accounts, which I consider trustworthy, this animal must have been more abundant than its successor the house rat. Mr Hiram Wilson fo ee a pe i pegby lie iiaiic dies Vee at Det f n if celedy A Bs de ape Re Aled Liat ae Si ha Brey tee ay Sos NS igo a4 bea eeepc y ve 4 ake Sea We OU ooh aa beet eet ore sie ee hte Sang ean) bes fat Tens pirate. ee Lute Ro oh me ey Hi eS ‘ arene 5 Bea ices SS igght a ly ‘ Po oe eth ate Ripe eet ee Pathe aie ; ‘ Pe < Pen! Bay nO ; , Th Jobo ons heros ve) GE ee Re ORL te 5 A 3) SP ne Ake. t Ve Nes, ’ P rae pipe ia peter lin i cm a bye tod wet ew tedbie AT Le es EO SNS q \ ded ih atti yer ts. Set ha ar: ai : baa A ES Nene ee, neat i PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 315 of Oneida, Madison co. writes me, under date of February 3, 1808, that he first saw the brown rat when his family moved to Oneida valley in 1837. Previously the Wilsons had lived near Peterboro (about 12 miles distant), where only the black rat occurred. Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Fischer) Vortheastern’ white-footed mouse 1829 [Aus sylvaticus| 4 Noveboracensis Fischer. Synopsis mammalium. p. 318. 1830 Cricetus myoides Gapper, Zool. journ. 5: 204. 1842 Mus leucopus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82. 1884 Hesperomys leucopus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 165 (part). 1896 Peromyscus leucopus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 197. 1897 Feromyscus leucopus myodes (sic) Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci, Phila- delphias Proc: p-127,. 1897 Leromyscus leucopus noveboracensis Miller, Boston soc. nat. hist. KOC Op LOO inno. 22e 1898 Feromyscus leucopus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 334. 1898 Feromyscus leucopus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 350. Type locality. New York, faunal position, Transition zone and lowermost edge of Canadian zone. Habitat. Dry, open woods, thickets, fields, outbuildings and occasion- ally houses. Distribution in New York. ‘The northeastern white-footed mouse occurs throughout New York state except in the boreal area occupied by the Canadian white-footed mouse, and in a few localities where the genus Feromyscus is not found. It is possible that in the lower Hudson valley this form is replaced by the southeastern white-footed mouse as implied by Rhoads (’97a, p. 27), but I am not satisfied that this is actually the case. ; Principal records. De Kay: “The jumping [=white-footed] mouse is found in every part of the state, and is said to build its nest in trees” (42, p. 83). Merriam: “The white-footed mouse is common in all parts of the Adirondacks” (’84d, p. 165). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]. This mouse is found everywhere in the woods and groves about fence rows, and in fall and winter ventures to the-stacks and out-houses” (96, p. 197-98). Mearns: “ This beautiful mouse was rather abun- 316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM dant along Schoharie creek, especially about farms and buildings. On the right side of Schoharie creek it was found sparingly distributed around the lower third of East Kill mountain, but was nowhere abundant above the creek bottom. On the left side it was not found above 2000 feet altitude. . . . In the Highlands of the Hudson P /eucopus is abundant, but in the highest parts where the black spruce and tamarack grow, no species of /eromyscus could be found. In other words where fP. canadensis should have been found the genus was unrepresented” (98b, p. 35°). I have taken the northeastern white-footed mouse at Geneva, Ontario co.; Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. At Peterboro and Elizabethtown it occurs in association with 7. canadensts, the habi- tats of the two animals overlapping at the edges of forests and wood- lands. Mr Savage reports the animal common about Buffalo. Of the white-footed mouse on Long Island Mr Helme writes: “ This is an abundant species on all parts of the island. During cold weather several will often be found occupying one nest. I have taken as many as 16 at one time in a nest under a hollow log.” Peromyscus canadensis (Miller) Canadian white-footed mouse 1842 Mus leucopus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 82 (part). 1858 Hesperomys myoides Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 472 (part). ° 1884 Hesperomys leucopus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 2: 165 (part). 1893 Sitomys americanus canadensis Miller, Biolog. soc. Washington. IONE, AO) |felae TSe}R, 98 SI 1896 Peromyscus canadensis Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 19 Mar, 1896. 10:49. 1898 Feromyscus canadensis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 350. Ly pe locality. Peterboro, Madison co., New York. faunal position. Canadian zone. Habitat. While the Canadian white-footed mouse is primarily an in- habitant of dense, damp forests it may be found in an almost endless variety of situations.’ Distribution in New York. The Canadian white-footed mouse occurs throughout the extensive Canadian forests in the northern part of the state and in isolated colonies further south, where elevation or dense damp woodland gives it essentially Canadian environment. A? Oe as PL cease tre be mae i. ~ pipes ‘em *. LOR BATS Dos i hcteniceasteteesruliel-sactinemeaaeadl wohl vg —_ sites + eaee ie B > ia Wits ) we) M Heart oy i Nene \ 4 ee Adie f= sth famdy s\ chery ett 4 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 317 Principal records. De Kay and Merriam: The statements by these writers quoted under the northeastern white-footed mouse refer partly to the present species. Mearns: “The Canadian deer mouse though nowhere abundant was found from the margin of Schoharie creek up to the summit of Hunter mountain and in all sorts of places—sugar camps, deserted houses, deciduous woods, spruce and balsam swamps, under rocks, among the roots of old stumps, in brush heaps, and in open grassy places; in short it was found everywhere, but nowhere in abundance. It was much less common than Peromyscus leucopus along Schoharie creek, where both species were sometimes taken in the same spot. When trapped its cheek pouches are as likely to be filled with food as those of the chip- munk. I do not remember ever to have found food in those of Peromyscus leucopus” (98b, p. 350). This species is abundant at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabeth- town, Essex co., but I have not met with it elsewhere in New York. In both of these localities it is chiefly a forest mouse, seldom entering the cleared land occupied by P. leucopus noveboracensis. In open groves and about the outskirts of heavy woods the two species meet on neutral ground, but in general their ranges are so distinct that it is possible after a little experience to predict which animal will be caught in a particular spot. Inthe original description of this mouse (Miller, ’93b, p. 62) I called attention to the fact, since verified by Dr Mearns, that the cheek pouches are much more freely used by this species than by the north- eastern white-footed mouse. Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone Cave rat 1858 MVeotoma floridana Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 489 (part). 1893 WVeotoma pennsylvanica Stone, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. 21 Feb. 1883. p. 16. 1894 Veotoma magister Rhoads, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. Oct. 1894. p. 213 (not of Baird). 1894 MWeotoma pennsylvanica Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 22 Dec. 1894. 6: 362. 1898 LVeotoma pennsylvanica Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 10: 334. Type locality. South mountain, Cumberland co. Pennsylvania. Faunal position, The cave rat is probably an inhabitant of the transition zone, though its peculiar habits make any definite decision a matter of uncertainty. It occurs in many localities within the limits of 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the upper austral zone, but such places may prove to be transition » islands”, - Habitat, Caves, overhanging cliffs and rocky mountain sides. Distribution in New York. ‘The cave rat is not at present known to occur in New York outside of the lower Hudson valley, though there is reason to believe that it will be found at other localities along the southern border of the state. Principal records. Baird: “A few specimens of unusually large size were captured some years ago by Mr J. G. Bell near Pierpont on the Hudson river” (’58, p. 489). Allen: ‘I have now to record the capture of a specimen on Storm King mountain, Cornwall, Orange co. N. Y. about 50 miles north of New York city and 40 miles north of Piermont. The place of capture was at the base of a cliff 30 or 4o feet in height at an elevation of about 1000 feet. The ciiff is full of deep crevices and has a talus of loose stones at its base” (’94 b, p. 362). Remarks. With regard to the relationship of this animal with the fossil species found in the cave deposits of Pennsylvania Dr Mearns writes: ‘‘Mr Samuel N. Rhoads in a paper entitled ‘A contribution to the life history of the Alleghany cave rat, Veotoma magister Baird’ [’94], claims that the recent species described by Mr Witmer Stone [’93 b] under the name JVeofoma fpennsylvanica is specifically identical with the subfossil cave species named JVeotoma magister by Baird [’57, p. 486]. I am unable to concur in this opinion, for the - reason that a comparison of eight jaws— one upper and seven lower— belonging to Baird’s type series of his (Veotoma magister differ in important respects from a series of recent skulls . . . of WVeotoma pennsylvanica Stone. . . In this comparison /Veotoma magister proves to have been a considerably larger and stouter animal than JV. fenn- sylvanica, the skull is relatively shorter . . . the mandibles are deeper a the tooth tows broadenandiongeni.u mn lena aoa P- 334-35). I have examined the specimens referred to by Dr Mearns and see no reason to question his conclusion. Remains of LVeofoma magister are to be looked for in caves and rock fissures in southern New York. Evotomys gapperi gapperi (Vigors) Common red-backed mouse 1830 Arvicola gapperi Vigors, Zool. journ., 5 : 204. 1841 Arvicola fulvus Audubon & Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadel- phias) Wioum i wOCrRo7mc wives pier gine 1842 Arvicola rufescens De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. De Oly. cee cl i a hirer SE F ; foe Rae egy ve ; Baily Pepe O seas * RA tits | galt $i sia ae each. G2.) Vay Meibit ap 9 Send By bile 2 Laat | ODER See MONE: 2 Ph aeereren etait sips batirerg ee ee ‘ aonarg ‘ j \ i 9 4 rye alge aingy'an ar = 8. PRTEB OL 5 * aieanee + DAs ras ; i‘. ee 98 oe roe aan PES amin: anh aA Fb ak hipaa Sap hs eel bY i woe SSA Ii A id ts s aay ihe y di he ee RO ety { tpt FS soe FOR aT ime eel pend A ie aiey re ‘ reach, bh hid ech eg aie Sunn ara deed i , 4 iE * A y } ; NB: ' < y : ar j : bit ‘ fut BF ! aT Tits y i oes es - se iia ie Ne ’ a aye . * “ke z me yore Gh ate et a ay + ase mt aah ted Aes as, weg ER Get Soh hee Bed yell aie rete el orca tergay wie eb. ary eA ei . ae ok PES yar DEAT in we ety N rt i 4 * a ST EON AE PV eg ea ay PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 319 1856 Arvicola dekayi Audubon & Bachman, Quadr. N. Am. 3:287. 1884 LEvotomys rutilus gappert Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. Pe] 3: 1891 Lvotomys gapperi Merriam, North American fauna. 30 July TO|ItG UNO IS JDh 1110) 1898 LEvotomys gapperi Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 349. Type locality. Region between York and Lake Simcoe, Ontario Canada. Faunal position. While the common red-backed mouse is a typical Canadian animal, in sufficiently cool, damp localities it penetrates con- siderably to the south of the normal geographic limits of the boreal zone, flabitat. In the northern part of its range this mouse is found in almost every variety of surroundings, but further southits habitat becomes more limited. In the Canadian zone it is one of the most widely dis- persed mammals, in the northern partof the transition zone it is restricted to damp woods, while in the lower part of the transition zone it is never found far away from cold streams, wooded sphagnum bogs and cedar swamps. Mr Charles H. Batchelder has recently described the conditions under which the red-backed mouse occurs in the transition zone of eastern Massachusetts. He says, ‘“‘ What these favorable conditions are, is the most interesting question connected with the animal’s [local] distribution, but it is not one that can receive a positive and final answer. Neverthe- less there are some characteristic features that are common to almost all of the places where I have found it [in southeastern New England]. One may look for it with some confidence in almost any large tract of wet ground that retains its moisture through the summer, but is not subject to serious floods, and which bears a growth of woods sufficiently heavy to afford a dense shade, so that the ground beneath and the roots of the trees are covered with a deep carpet of sphagnum. If the older trees have been suffered to die a natural death, and their stumps and fallen trunks lie slowly rotting on the ground half-concealed by the sphagnum, the chance of finding it is certainly not lessened. One of the most evident peculiarities of such a spot as this, in southern New England, is that the dense shade and the abundant evaporation maintain a temperature dur- ing the hottest summer weather that is far below that of the surrounding ~ country. In these respects of coolness, moisture and shade there is a striking resemblance to the woods ZLvotomys gapperi inhabits in extreme northern New England and other parts of the Canadian zone. “The places where I have found it differ considerably in their appear- ance, chiefly according to the kinds of trees with which they are wooded. 320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In the southern counties the conditions I have named are best afforded by the ‘cedar swamps’ that once were such a characteristic feature of that part of the state. These are tracts of low ground varying in area from a few acres to sometimes several square miles densely wooded with white cedar (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach). The cedars stand crowded close together each one rising from a hummock formed of its own roots and the mass of sphagnum growing on them. Between the hummocks even in summer the water lies in shallow pools, save where it is covered by a luxuriant growth of the spongy sphagnum. Sometimes here and there in spots where the cedars have opened their ranks and left. room enough for other trees to grow, there are a few red maples or white pines, and an occasional yellow birch or stunted black spruce. ‘“‘ Farther north in Middlesex and Essex counties where these cedar swamps are comparatively few and seldom large, Evotomys often finds its home in swampy woods of old red maples, where the thick foliage of the spreading branches casts a dense shade, sometimes made even darker by an undergrowth of tall shrubs, among which the high-bush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is the chief. Here too sphagnum flourishes, and covers the roots and hummocks that rise a little above the lower levels of the wet ground” (’96a, p. 192-93). What Mr Batchelder says about the habitat of the red-backed mouse in Massachusetts applies equally well to the animal’s haunts in New York south of the Adirondacks. Here however dense thickets of arbor vitae (Thuja occidentalis) generally replace the ‘cedar’ swamps. Distribution in New York. In New York the common red-backed mouse occurs abundantly throughout the Canadian forests. The details of its distribution south of this region are very imperfectly known, but the animal is to be looked for in suitable localities throughout the state. Principal records. De Kay: “ We have little to add except that it was first obtained from low grounds in the neighborhood of Oneida lake. I subsequently found it in great numbers in the forests of Hamilton and St Lawrence counties” (’42, p. 86). Merriam: ‘The red-backed mouse is abundant in all parts of the Adirondacks. It occurs on the summits of the tree-covered mountains as well as in the deepest valleys. It is essentially a wood species in its local distribution, rarely frequenting the beaver meadows or the fields of the farmer. It often enters the woodman’s camp, and I have some- times caught it even in the luxurious log-houses which have, during the past few years, supplanted the old-time shanties in many parts of the Adirondacks” (84d, p. 173). , i *. : bed 2 va eT a Efesenree na Bathe ~4 le Rata Bendy and, bat | ra} = RAN oR hii Seti steve: . ee tre te tae be a ees en ee a ARG cael Redlig N ols Efe £ a hat pret ¥ * ‘ ee eee fe ks eee be —eirshane ke Fieri ric Or +4 eae See oe te ere AP ay, ada al [ : . ‘a nly A aad ae holes Re ip me A y record Of &rotemys wT as | q ‘ My BRE. Lae mE, ‘etrinaers a. me aL WAC Pore Ly Mobonions om aaclanvin- vA pp, PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 321 Mearns: “This mouse was not found on the immediate banks of Schoharie creek although such Canadian forms as Zamzas striatus lystert, Peromyscus canadensis, Sorex fumeus, and Zapus insignis were there in abundance. It was met with in woods close to Kaaterskill junction (altitude 1700 feet) and on the lower slopes of East Kill mountain, on the opposite (right) side of Schoharie creek at the level of about 2000 feet. Above these points it increased in abundance until on the summit of Hunter mountain (altitude 4o25 feet) it became so numerous that it was difficult to trap any other small mammal there. In the hardwood forests at low altitudes it was usually taken about moss-covered logs and in hollow stumps in dense woods, but on higher ground it was common everywhere” ('98b, p. 349-50). : I have found the common red-backed mouse abundant at Peterboro, Madison co, and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage has not yet taken it in the vicinity of Buffalo. Evotomys gapperi rhoadsi Stone Mew Jersey red-backed mouse 1893 Evotomys gappert rhoadsi Stone, American naturalist. “Jan. 1893. Po See 1897 Lvotomys gapperi rhoadsi Bailey, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. TileseTe2 1898 Lvotomys gappert rhoadsi Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. . 9 Sep. LOGS LO! 333. 1898 Lvotomys gapperi rhoadsi Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 350. Type locality. May’s landing, New Jersey. Faunal position. This animal is at present known to occur in cool, probably boreal localities in the transition zone. Habitat. In New Jersey this mouse occurs in cranberry bogs near the coast (Stone, ’93, p. 55-56). In New York it has been found in a sphagnum bog overgrown with spruce and tamarack. Distribution in New York. At present the only known locality at which this animal occurs in New York is in the higher part of the Hudson highlands. Principal records. The only record of Zvotomys gapperi rhoadsi in New York is the following in Dr Mearns’s paper on the Mammals of the Catskills. ‘‘ Farther south, in the Hudson highlands, only the subspecies rhoadsi was found. It occurred in sphagnous swamps overgrown with black spruce and tamarack in the highest part of the mountains, where a single immature specimen was trapped September 30, 1896. 322 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This individual, which I have compared with topotypes of Evofomys gapperi rhoadsi in the departm ent of agriculture collection, appears to be of this form. The specimen (No. 82,832 U.S. N. M.) shows very little of the red dorsal area, the back being brownish gray as described by Mr Stone and quite unlike any of the Catskill specimens” (’98b, P- 350). Remarks. This record appears to me open to serious question, though under the circumstances I see no other course than to include it as it stands. Microtus chrotorrhinus (Miller) Lock vole 1894 Arvicola -chrotorrhinus Miller, Boston soc. nat. hista BroOcs, 324 Mar. 1894. 21:190. 1896 Microtus chrotorrhinus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 9 Mar. 1896. 10:49. 1898 Microtus chrotorrhinus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 349. Type locality. Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Faunal position. The rock vole is so slightly known that its faunal position can not now be definitely stated. Apparently it is a member of the Hudsonian fauna, reaching the Canadian zone in the coldest situations only. Habitat, Damp, heavy spruce woods in the Hudsonian zone (Allen, ’gaa, p. 102, Bangs, ’96b, p. 49), cold rock cavities in the Canadian zone (Miller, ’94, p. 192-93, Batchelder, ’96a, p. 188). Batchelder thus describes the habitat of this animal at Beedes, Essex co., New York: “This place was a steep hillside heavily wooded with an old mixed growth. The lower slopes were made up of a talus of large angular blocks of rock piled one upon another as they had fallen from the cliffs above. The damp rocks were covered with sphagnum and ferns, and from the holes and spaces between them came currents of cold air, indicating the presence of masses of yet unmelted ice somewhere in the depths below. . . . I trapped for two days at the foot of another talus ... Here the huge rocks gave little foothold for the large trees, but the masses of ice beneath, of which glimpses could be had here and there, in the caverns between the rocks, aided by the shade afforded by a wall of mountain, produced a temperature so low that spring flowers blossomed even in August among the deep beds of damp sphagnum that coveretl the rocks” (’96a, p. 188). Distribution in New York. The rock vole has been found at only two localities in New York, at Beedes, Essex co. and on Hunter mountain in the Catskills. It probably occurs among the mountains of the im tas 7 I : ee ee Le POU ae nemn e Solicits ham ah fe Ler eae Hh CWP ate Mir ewt tet ile i ON ee £ LON alts Ok Ste BE a, yore SUmuirer set Was NETO tad AEREDE (LAS, PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 323 northern part of the state wherever the requirements of its Hudsonian nature are met. Principal records. Batchelder: “At Beedes, Essex co. N. Y. late in the summer of 1894... I made... the very unexpected discovery that Aicrotus chrotorrhinus was common there, at least in one particular locality ” (’96a, p. 188). Mearns: ‘‘One adult male was trapped in a pile of moss-covered rocks on a shoulder of Hunter mountain, at an alti- tude of about 3500 feet, August 25, 1896. Many traps were subsequently placed about this spot, but no others were caught ” (’98, p. 349). Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) Common meadow mouse 1815 Mus pennylvanicus Ord, Guthrie’s geography. Am. ed. 2 p. 292. 1828 Arvicola riparius Ord, Acad. nat. sci., Philadelphia journ. v. 4 [Din Bp Ds GOR) WOAKS 1842 Arvicola riparius De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 84. 1842 Arvicola hirsutus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 86. 1842 Arvicola oneida De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p., 88. 1842 Arvicola xanthognathus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. go. 1884 Arvicola riparius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 174. 1895 Microtus pennsylvanicus Rhoads, American naturalist. Oct. 1895. 29: 940. 1896 M|{zcrotus| pennsylvanicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. Gm LOS 1898 Microtus pennsylvanicus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. @ SDE MOOS, tee Bee. 1898 Microtus pennsylvanicus Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 348. Type locality. Near Philadelphia, Pa. faunal position. The common meadow mouse ranges from well within the Canadian zone nearly to the northern edge of the lower austral zone. In the Hudsonian zone it is replaced by a smaller soft- furred race Microtus pennsylvanicus fontigenus (Bangs, ’96b, p. 48, Miller, ’97b, p. 14), and in the upper part of the upper austral zone by a much darker form JZ. pennsylvanicus nigrans (Rhoads, ’97d, p. 307). Ffabitat. Open, grassy places both wet and dry. Distribution in New York. The meadow mouse is one of the most abundant mammals throughout the cleared portions of the state. Its range has undoubtedly been very much extended by the removal of the forests, and consequent increase in the area of grass lands. 324 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records, WDeKay: “The marsh meadow-mouse is not un- common in various parts of the state. I have seen specimens from Oneida, Seneca and Otsego counties” (742, p. 85 under Arvecola riparius). “Tt occurs in various parts of the state” (’42, p. 88 under Arvicola hirsutus). ‘‘ This species is common in the western part of the state. My specimens were obtained from the neighborhood of Oneida lake” (742, p. 89, under Arvicola oneida). ‘This meadow-mouse is found in various parts of thestate” (’42, p. 90 under Arvicola xanthognathus). Merriam: ‘‘The meadow mouse is common in the cleared lands within and around the Adirondack region. It occurs on many of the beaver meadows, but is never abundant in the coniferous forests” (84d, p. 174). : Fisher: “Very common in the low wet meadows especially near streams” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: “Specimens were taken from fields bordering Schoharie creek (altitude 1700 feet) and on the ridge of Hunter mountain at an altitude of 3900 eee” (MGs Ws BKS))s I have found the meadow mouse abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage reports the species abundant in Erieco. Mr Helme writes, “This animal is found quite plentifully in the upland fields of Long Island, but is more abundant around the marshes and salt meadows.” Remarks. Although the meadow mouse is popularly considered one of the worst farm pests, Mr Samuel N. Rhoads has recently published a lengthy vindication of the animal (’98 a, p. 143-44 and ’98 b, p. 571-81). Microtus nesophilus Bailey Gw// Ssland mouse 1889 Arvicola riparius Dutcher, Auk. Ap. 1889. Oui 1898 Microtus insularis Bailey, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 30 Ap. 1898. 11:86 (not Lemmus insularis Nilsson, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens F6rhandlingar, Arg. 1 20 Mar. 1844. 34). 1898 Microtus nesophilus Bailey. science, N.S: 2 Dec. 1898. 32733: Type locality. Great Gull Island, Long Island, New York. Faunal position. ‘Yransition zone. Distribution in New York. This species was confined to two small islands in Long Island sound, off the extreme northeastern point of Long Island, Little Gull Island and Great Gull Island. It is now prob- ably extinct as shown by the following notes kindly furnished by Mr Arthur H. Howell: “On August 8, 1898 in company with Mr A. H. nd ph Sr et Ae quete: pip tote A ees aos aoe a uid Ze eA ‘tee: es a 6 9) spon ton prresrrvect fe Alt. Moveelt) . eat A SER Seca} = : BN * SER ETN ie Soe Pi ard se nt eee ae ee AL wee Piya PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 325 Helme I visited Great Gull Island for the purpose of learning the con- dition of the colony of meadow mice that formerly existed there. Careful search on every part of the island for signs or runways of the mice failed to reveal any indication whatever of their presence. The natural conclusion is that the race has been nearly if not quite exter- minated. The cause is not difficult to see. Within the past year the island, which contains only about 15 acres, has been occupied by the United States government as a coast defence station, and the construc- tion of forts at each end of the island has necessitated disturbances of the soil and change in the topography of practically the whole surface. The forts themselves with the shanties erected for the use of the laborers cover a considerable portion of the island, hills have been levelled, the little fresh water swamp has been filled in, and the whole surface twice burned over. The destruction of all the rubbish and dead vegetation deprived the mice of any cover where they could seek shelter, and the sparseness of the new growth made it easy for us to examine every available hiding place. Doubtless any of the mice which may have escaped the fires were captured by the cats which roam at will over the island. “On the same day we visited Plum island, situated between Great Gull Island and the eastern end of Long Island. Here we found Microtus quite abundant about the edges of the swamps on the western end of the island, and a series of 14 was secured. Comparison of these specimens with the mainland form shows that the Plum island mouse is like the latter and entirely different from AZicrotus nesophilus.” Principal records. he first published record of this mouse is contained in a paper by Dr Basil Hicks Dutcher on the birds of Little Gull Island (89). Dr Dutcher says, ‘“‘ Great Gull Island was purchased by the Government to serve as a garden for the keepers of the Little Gull Light, but it was so overrun with mice that it was useless for the purpose. I secured one specimen of the resident mouse, which proved to be a juvenile Arvicola riparius.” This specimen afterward became Mr Bailey’s type of Microtus insularis, Mr J. Harris Reed has recently described in considerable detail the fortifications on Great Gull Island and their effect on the fauna of the place (’98, p. 41-43). Mr Frank M. Chapman informs me that he visited Great Gull Island during the summer of 1889. He found the mouse colony in the same flourishing condition described by Dr Dutcher. Seven speci- mens which he collected are now in the Ametican museum of natural history. 326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon and Bachman) Northern pine mouse 1841 Arvicola scalopsoides Audubon and Bachman, Acad. nat. sci, Phila- delphia: Proc. 1; 97. 1851 Arvicola pinetorum Audubon and Bachman, Ouadr INS Au, Be Di) 1885 Arvicola pinetorum Merriam, American naturalist. 19 : 895. 1896 Microtus pinetorum Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 198. 1896 Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides Batchelder, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc Oct @SqOs 217 uor. Type locality. Long Island. Faunal position, Upper austral zone, and irregularly parts of transi- tion zone. Habitat. V.ight dry soil in woods, thickets and fields. Distribution in New York. The pine mouse is abundant on Long Island and in the lower Hudson valley. Beyond this general region I know of but two positive records of its occurrence, at Locust Grove, Lewis co. and at Peterboro, Madison co. Principal records. Audubon and Bachman: “ This species, of which we have obtained many specimens from Long Island, and which is not rare in the vicinity of New York, is very distinct from Wilson’s meadow mouse” (41, p.97). Merriam: ‘‘On the 13th of June, 1884 at my home in Lewis county, New York, I caught a female pine mouse (A7wicola pinetorum Le Conte). It was taken in a trap baited with beechnuts and set for the red-backed wood mouse (Hvofomys rutilus gapperi) at the roots of a maple in the border of a hardwood forest” (’85, p. 895). Fisher, “ Until the present year [1885] we have never detected the pine mouse (Azvicola pinetorum) in this locality [Sing Sing]” (85, p. 896). “ Tolerably common [at Sing Sing]. Its favorite resorts are the dry grassy hillsides more or less grown up with small bushes and briers, and old orchards containing weeds, matted grass, and young saplings” (96, p. 198). I have taken two specimens of the pine mouse at Peterboro, Madison co. One of these was caught September 15, 1892 in a cyclone trap set without bait in a labyrinth of short-tailed shrews’ tunnels in the edge of a grove of hard wood. The other, taken September 1, 1893, was se- cured with a cyclone trap set in a woodchuck’s burrow beneath the roots of a large elm in a low, damp wood lot. I have never seen the characteristic, mole-like tunnels of the pine mouse at Peterboro where RL PIV SE Senta an een Se net bane dying oS Bib bead : me meet wo agy ded he Pa sags cree rr ‘ see Sydnee: = soe he Dag har a Bib — = =i ; 4 } Inve : Shh a getter iene von, Pt pepe Ee erm a sa arte peal Se Oe Ee RENT HURST PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 327 the animal is probably a mere straggler. Mr Savage has not yet found the pine mouse in Erie co., where however it doubtless occurs. Mr Helme writes that it is abundant in the dry upland fields and woods of Long Island. Fiber zibethicus (Linnaeus) J/uskrat 1766 Castor zibethicus Linnaeus, Systema naturae. ed. 12. 1:79. 1817 Liber zibethicus Cuvier, Regne animal. 1: 192. 1842 Fiber zibethicus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. P. 75. | 1884 Liber zibethicus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 177. 1896 Liber zibethicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 108. 1898 Fiber ztbethicus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. HOS RAM, 1898 Fiber zibethicus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 348. Type locality. astern Canada. _ Faunal position. As the muskrat is essentially an aquatic animal its distribution is not limited by the same climatic conditions that govern the ranges of most mammals. It is therefore at present impossible to assign the animal any definite faunal position. The difficulty is increased by the fact that little is known of the geographie variations to which the species may be subject. Muskrats range through all the life zones from Hudsonian to lower austral inclusive. ffabitat.* Marshes. and the borders of lakes, ponds and sluggish streams. Distribution in New York. There are probably very few square miles of the state in which the muskrat does not now occur. This is probably one of the few mammals whose range has not been sensibly increased or diminished by the clearing and settling of the state. Principal records. De Kay: “ The geographic range of the musquash is very extensive, being found from 30° to 69° north latitude” (’42, p. 76). Merriam: ‘‘ Colonies of muskrats may be found at suitable ponds, swamps and sluggish streams in all parts of the Adirondacks” (84d p-177). Fisher: ““Common [near Sing Sing] in the salt meadows, tide creeks and all the streams and ponds” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: ‘“ The muskrat is abundant at Kaaterskill lake. It is also said to occur along Schoharie creek, but we saw no signs of it there” (’98, p. 348). I have found the muskrat common at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage writes, “The muskrat is abundant locally [in Erie co.|. During a recent flood in 328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM South Buffalo (January 6, 1898) an acquaintance of mine with two com- panions secured 54 rats along the railroad embankments within the city limits, and another person shot 18 in the same section.” Of the musk- rat on Long Island Mr Helme says, ‘‘ It is common in all sections where there are suitable ponds, swamps or streams. It occasionally is found in the salt marshes.” Synaptomys cooperi Baird og lemming 1858 Synaptomys coopert Baird, Mam. N. Am. p. 558. 1896 Synaptomys coopert Batchelder, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. Dep Sle Type locality. Northern New Jersey? faunal position. The bog lemming is probably a Canadian mammal, but it occurs in cold situations throughout the transition zone and even in the northern edge of the upper austral zone. Hfabitat. Cold bogs, either wooded or open. Distribution in New York. While Syxaptomys cooperi probably occurs in nearly every county of the state, it has as yet been taken in only two localities, Beedes, Essex co. and Glenwood, Erie co. Principal records. Batchelder: ‘‘ In the summer of 1895 I was sur- prised to find this species in the Adirondack mountains at Beedes, Essex co. N. Y. On August 16 I set 36 ‘cyclone’ traps baited with rolled oatmeal in some low ground, wooded chiefly with large yellow birches, sugar maples and beeches, with more or less thin, tall undergrowth (chiefly Acer spicatum Lam. and A. pennsylvanicum L.), and with many mossy rotten logs and stumps scattered over it. A dozen of the traps were along the edge of some wetter, almost swampy, ground where more of the larger trees had been cut and there was a thick growth of small trees, chiefly Acer spicatum. ‘Two days later, August 18, I found an adult male Syz- aptomys coopert caught in a trap set at the foot of a large rotten stump in the edge of the swampy ground. Three days later I caught an immature female near by, also in the edge of the swampy ground, in a trap placed under a rotten log. ‘Two days after this I got still a third, another adult male, this time in the open drier part of the woods 30 or 4o yards from the wet ground ” (’g6a, p. 185). Mr Savage has sent me for examination the skin and skull ot a Syn- aptomys cooperi that he shot at Glenwood, Erie co. December 31, 1897. When killed the animal was running in a sleigh track in the woods. The specimen is not fully mature but I have little hesitation in referring it to this species. Fenland ed ll Sait Set A A ‘ ; a SL Li “ie yy en ie Pe ol ee es: eA Nt ag ~ ; e * 4 2 yy es gai ee, S ana idm fe e wae Be Eig ah Pe ila T be a le BS a / , a ; m 7 ae rig : eae ra, . . ee 1k ERE Oe Bb GI Ben ~The latches na bh A (notes att S i - 2 % 7? ) v i at . be A ‘ : “Tg Pe ae ag « x Pein laa pei Weak, whe 5 yes il GF oa arin eat hz ——e Pel : ga Be te th RON al Sin iemecaian ities eke pie ol ER seedieeshacivinargel aad ae Pigs athe gst AStety Prete balins be acai race ETOP Sek CNN IyeN eee MINN Ey ey -LEANE Piste pera ip palearreneerteny oem . y PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 329 Synaptomys fatuus Bangs JWVortiern bog lemming 1896 Synaptomys fatuus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 10:47. 1898 Synaptomys fatuus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 348. Type locatty. Lake Edward, Quebec. Faunal position. Synaptomys fatuus appears tobe a member of the Hudsonian fauna, entering the normal area of the Canadian zone in very cold situations only. Habitat. Bogs and damp woodlands. Distribution in New York. The northern bog lemming has been taken only once in New York, near the summit of Hunter mountain in the Catskills. Principal records. Mearns: ‘A single specimen of this species was trapped near the summit of Hunter mountain, the locality being a marshy place strewn with fallen trees at the altitude of 3900 feet.” (98, p- 348). 7 ; Remarks. The occurrence of this Hudsonian species in the Catskills is very unexpected, and further material to verify the identification of the Catskill animal is greatly to be desired. This peculiar distribution is however very closely paralleled by that of Microtus chrotorrhinus. Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) Meadow jumping-mouse 1780 Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. 2: 358. 1842 Meriones americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia, p. 70. 1872 Zapus hudsonius Coues, U. S. Geol. and geogr. surv. terr. Bul. ser. 2. no. 5. p. 254. 1884 Zapus hudsonius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:192 (part). 1896 Zapus hudsonicus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 198. 1898 Zapus hudsonius Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc, 21: 347. 1898 Zapius hudsonius Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 332. Type locality. Wudson bay. Faunal position. Wudsonian, Canadian and transition zones. Habitat. Meadows, damp brushy fields, the edges of woodlands and marshes bordering northern lakes. Wherever the animal occurs it seeks the most open, grassy situations available. Distribution in New York. The meadow jumping-mouse occurs in favorable localities throughout New York state. Its range has doubtless been greatly extended, or rather the amount of land suited to its needs has been greatly increased by the clearing away of the forests. 330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “This curious little animal although rarely seen, is not uncommon in every part of the state” (’42, p. 71). Merriam: ‘The jumping-mouse is common in many parts of the Adiron- dacks as well as in the surrounding country” (’84d, p. 192). Fisher: “Tolerably common. Usually found in the tall grass of wet meadows near streams, but occasionally observed in dry pastures” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: “Abundant along Schoharie creek, but not found elsewhere in the [Catskill] region” (’98, Pp. 347). I have found the meadow jumping-mouse abundant at Peterboro, Madison co. where it never penetrates the dense woods inhabited by Napaeozapus insignis. ‘The two species frequently occur together how- ever in thinly wooded places. About this animal in Erie co. Mr Savage writes as follows: “ With all my rambling about I never met with Zapus, but have heard of it from persons qualified to distinguish it from the white-footed mouse.” Mr E, M. Chamot in a letter from Ithaca March 15, 1896 writes me that he once took a specimen of Zapus in deep woods at Angola, Erie co. May it not have been Z. zmsignis? Mr Helme reports the meadow jumping-mouse fairly common on Long Island. Remarks. De Kay figures this species (’42, pl. 24) and his account evidently refers wholly to it. Merriam on the other hand includes both meadow and woodland animals under the name Ausdonius. I once saw a remarkable demonstration, though a negative one, of the function of the exceedingly long tailof this animal. A young individual had lost its tail by the knife of a mowing machine in a damp meadow and was rendered thereby helpless. Not that its jumping power was in any way impaired, on the contrary I have seldom seen a mouse of the size leap more energetically or to greater distances. But the animal had lost all control over its movements. When I approached, it made violent efforts to escape, but the moment it was launched in air, its body, deprived of its balancing power, turned end over end so that it was as likely as not to strike the ground facing the direction from which it had come. The next frantic leap would then carry it back to the starting point. An animal thus deprived of its tail would be an interesting subject for observation. I am inclined to believe that the lost coordina- tion of movements would eventually be restored. Napaeozapus” insignis Miller Woodland jumping-mouse 1884 Zapus hudsonius Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 192(part) 1891 Zapus insignis Miller, American naturalist. Aug. 1891. 25: 743. a Characterized (as a subgenus) by Preble, North American fauna No. 15, p. 33. August 8, 1899. Deena eeE Se Vt Seaw Poa Tre a, Ea ts ae rt < ieee —ancpn Hor mes Te, pe Cl we sm i ay “ ae eveeete Seren eee Y a? ee fel (oe _ ; eed asl ar Py ave ay reN dei om hd Wiviune bh ei ein nln P, pant hae ote vei afar thayteyeg PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Bahu 1893 Zapus imsignis Miller, Biolog. soc. Washington. ~-Proc. 220s JeNOe TUSKO)ge (8) Be 1898 Zapus insignis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 348. Type locality. Restigouche river, New Brunswick. faunal position. ‘The woodland jumping-mouse is an inhabitant of the Canadian zone, reaching the transition zone in ‘ boreal islands’ only. flatitat, Forests and woodlands, specially in the neighborhood of running water. Distribution in New York. The woodland jumping-mouse probably occurs throughout the Adirondack wilderness and in isolated colonies in other parts of the state wherever the fauna has a distinctly Canadian tinge. At present however it has been recorded from the following localities only: Keene, Essex co. (Miller, ’93a, p. 1), Elizabethtown, Essex co. (Miller, ’93a, p. 1), Peterboro, Madison co. (Miller, ’93a, p. 1) and the Catskills (Mearns ’98, p. 348). There is a specimen in the U. S. National museum taken at Glenville, Schenectady co. by P. M. Van Epps. Settlement of the county has probably restricted the range of Napaeozapus to nearly the extent that it has increased that of true Zapus. Erethizon dorsatus (Linnaeus) Canada porcupine 1758 HHystrix dorsatus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1: 56. 1822 Lrethizon dorsatus F. Cuvier, Mem. du mus. d’hist. nat. Paris. 9: 432. ; 1842 fHystrix hudsonius De Kay, Zoology of New York. Mammalia. P: 77- 1884 Erethizon dorsatus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 202. 1898. Erethizon dorsatus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 346. Type locality. astern Canada. faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. ffubitat. Heavy forests. Distribution in New York. The porcupine is common throughout the Adirondacks and in the Catskills. In other parts of the state it prob ably occurs wherever there are sufficiently extensive tracts of unbroken forest. frincipal records. De Kay: “In this state more particularly in the northern and western counties they are quite numerous” (42, p. 79). Merriam : ‘‘'The porcupine is a common and well known resident of all the wooded parts of the Adirondacks” (’84, p. 202). Mearns: “This 332 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM remarkable beast was formerly abundant throughout this region [the Catskills]. During recent years it has become comparatively scarce except on the mountains. The skeleton of a porcupine was found under the fallen ruins of an observatory on the summit of Hunter mountain ; two other specimens were subsequently trapped there (altitude 4025 feet); three were taken at a spring under a shelving rock, at the altitude of 3800 feet, and a seventh was overtaken and killed in the slide rock on the side of Hunter mountain at about 3000 feet altitude” (’98, p. 346). leweas eC S2 up ai7) records a specimen taken near Rochester, Genesee co. in 1881. : There is a porcupine in the New York state museum taken at McKownville, Albany co. Mr Savage writes as follows of the occurrence of the porcupine near Buffalo, ‘‘The porcupine is to be found in the wilder parts of the southern tier of counties. I have seen a fine big male from near Cherry creek, Chautauqua co. My friend Roger Fitch has shot it near Westfield in the same county. In the fallof 1894 one was brought into Gowanda, Erie co. by a squirrel hunter. JI also saw one in August or September, 1896, that had been killed by boys at Blasdell six miles from Buffalo.” Lepus floridanus mallurus (Thomas) Sowtheastern cottontatt 1837 Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Journ. 7 pt. 2: 403 (part). Not Lepus borealis sylvaticus Nilsson. 1832. : 1842 Lepus nanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 94 (part). 1895 Lepus sylvaticus Bangs, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 26: 405. 1896 Lepus sylvaticus Fisher, The Observer, May 1896. 7: 198. 1898 Lepus sylvaticus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9 Sep. 1898. HOR Beit 1898 Lepus nuttalli mallurus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. nat. hist. Semn7) Oty USGS. 2.1320. 1899 Lepus floridanus mallurus Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 4 Mar. 1899. 12: 13. Type locality, Raleigh, North Carolina. Faunal position. Upper and lower austral zones. Habitat, “ Lepus sylvaticus \ives in the open fields and broom-grass stretches, in the rank growth of weeds along ‘creeks’, and in the open southern woods, seldom if ever living in the denser parts of woods or swamps’? (Bangs, ’95, p- 412). % a5) - - 7 | caren ade te — angel ; gel Or i, ia beds th RE : ees: : ; ; een ¢ ve ‘fh ‘ Kote = et t " - 2a a lebtiigril li tele aaadld Ok tak Revi ealindde nat A So ney tad ae " i oes ee oe tees elle ole ipdeadl WERE 2) ST 2S J Leet: ire Nese Wa tes cathy ama t e eal Malena i in sah gent ep Bp , ; SUN aL ihaihyt j a 4 ih af eb tra Sit SORES © © Wee © ary eee = te de irene ety vations L y - : r L - ;: poe. : a my renbanrr tan . : Wie ea F atime “ 4 7 ew. ease oad cy pi yp ney Le Z ii . i pe The ree aM vs 4 a" AS ily 0 rox inom degrees co) "BOR mere aha , Ko eee eee ee Hise ene PRY on Pexen Pier capi) eae NS e ea 2 Me A f aN, 4 ee : Aa ‘i Sta yfoA nyey te Mi amy plea i tc ene BE J Porbn et ve be ra eS ee EAS, cnn oe ak cheiean- tna inhins Ree ee PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 333 Distribution in New York. The southern cottontail barely reaches the southeastern extremity of New York. Principal records. Bangs: Specimens recorded from Hastings, Os- wego co. and South Nyack, Rockland co. (’95,p.411). Fisher: ‘‘ Com- mon [at Sing Sing]. Although hundreds are killed every winter never- theless they appear to be just as common at the present time as 20 years ago” (’96, p. 198). Mearns: “ Fairly common throughout the [Hud- son] highlands and found everywhere, from the brackish marshes beside the Hudson to the tops of the highest mountains. Some individuals, those from the highest localities, verge towards the subspecies évansztzon- alis of Bangs, which is the only form of this species found about Fort Miller 150 niles higher up the Hudson in Washington Come Nia Vie ood P. 331). I have never met with this rabbit in New York, but Mr A. H. Howell and Mr A. H. Helme have shown me specimens from Long Island. Mr Helme’s specimens have been identified by Mr Outram Bangs. Lepus floridanus transitionalis (Bangs) Vortheastern cottontail 1837 Lepus americanus Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Journ. VD Uae Parse On (pact). 1837 Lepus sylvaticus Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Journ. Wo Wa lin Bo 8 IOs, (BDH), 1842 Lepus nanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 94 (part). 1884 Lepus sylvatieus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:213 (part). 1895 Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis Bangs, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 26: 405. 1898 Lepus nuttalli transitionalis Thomas, Ann, and Mag, nat. hist. Oct Soon sete 7125 320. 1898 Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. 20 = 345- 1899 Lepus floridanus transitionals Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 4 Mar. 1899. 12: 13. Type locality. Liberty Hill, New London co. Ct. faunal position. The northeastern cottontail appears to be strictly confined to the transition zone. FHalitat. “ Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis ... is seldom found in open fields but prefers the seclusion of the thickest swamps, green _brier 334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM patches, scruboaks and old overgrown pastures that have come up to sumacs, alders, roses and various shrubs” (Bangs, ’95, p. 412). Distribution in New York. The distribution of this form of cottontail in New York is very imperfectly understood. The animal probably occurs throughout the area occupied by the transition zone in the eastern half of the state. Without much question it is rapidly pushing its way northward as the heavy forests are removed. Principal record. Bachman: ‘‘ About 30 years ago it was not known in the neighborhood of Troy, in the state of New York. The northern hare was then very abundant. The American hare soon after made its appearance in very small numbers and in proportion to its increase the former began to grow more scarce. Fora time they continued to be found in the same neighborhood, but whether the two species were not reconciled to each other, or what is more probable, that the northern hare was more hunted than the other, it has become comparatively scarce whilst the American hare is exceedingly numerous” (37a, p. 328). De Kay: ‘‘It has not a wide geographic range. It is found from New Hampshire to Florida but its western limits are not yet established” (42, p. 95). Merriam: “The gray rabbit . . . only enters the Adiron- dack region along its southern border, in Fulton, Saratoga and Warren counties” (84d, p. 213). _Bangs: “ East side of lower Hudson river” Cos.) ps 440). Hishem: <]Commony lat iomey sme (joo, pi 195). Mearns: “Curiously enough this small rabbit is generally known to the residents of the upper Schoharie valley by the name of ‘ Jack rabbit’. I was informed by persons who had lived near Kaaterskill junction for many years that this rabbit had extended its range upward into the cleared lands of the Schoharie valley during recent years” (’98b, p. 345). Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen astern prairie cottontail 1894 Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 31 May Lustovil OB U5/iid 1895 Lepus sylvaticus mearnsi Bangs, Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 26:406. 1898 Lepus nuttalli mearnsi Thomas, Ann. and Mag. nat. hist. Oct. ROS SAH BA Gao 1899 Lepus floridanus mearnsi Allen, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 4 Mar. 1899. 1823 § 1023. Type locality. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. faunal position. ‘Transition and upper austral zone. Hlabitat. Prairies and open fields. 4 varil s eatn tena tatanatgane thie ice. dente he tect eerie tre ate SEER EET EY heen orn AT po ee cle cemme ete eS \! . 4 iy ge N i i tae new eye a hlley i amide det Gaines he Bot wien ay EAD one Sy Pap drier -¢ tedeat theron eter TRO ES SCAT a a oe Ty 4 tev’ We ane ie bee he pak Bh aaa dant peed hw Aes 5 , ood wa ptt iE hand digey BA] £ eae wry wn Rs Ae ere de EN Ro a a sellin amo bd tie LA Dayne deci chi Sab nee \ ee ee ery PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 335 Distribution in New Vork, The eastern prairie cottontail probably occurs throughout the western half of New York. ‘The only published record of its presence in the state rests however on two specimens from Peterboro, Madison co (Bangs, ’95, p. 406). The animal has undoubt- edly extended its eastward range very rapidly during the past 50 years as the clearing away of the heavy forests has increased the area suited to its needs (Miller, ’95a, p. 410). Mr Savage writes that cottontails are common near Buffalo. From measurements which he sends me of six specimens shot at Cherry creek, Chautauqua co. in January 1898, I think there can be no doubt that the form occurring there is Lepus flori- danus mearnst. Lepus americanus virginianus (Harlan) Southern varying hare 1825 Lepus virginianus Harlan, Fauna Americana. p. 196. 1842 Lepus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 95. 1877 [Lepus americanus| var. virginianus Allen, Monogr. N. Am. Rodentia. p. 307. 1884 Lepus americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 207. 1884 Lepus americanus virginianus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. (ramse 2): 201. 1898 Lepus americanus virginianus Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington. ROC Wel 710. ; 1898 Lepus americanus virginianus Mearns, U. S. Nat. mus. Proc. Be sAlOn Type locality. Blue mountain of Pennsylvania. faunal position. ‘The southern varying hare is an inhabitant of the boreal zone, penetrating the limits of the transition zone in specially favorable localities only. ‘‘’That it has a weak held upon a place in the fauna of the transition zone is shown by the rapidity with which it dis- appears when the conditions that enabled it to exist there are slightly changed ” (Bangs, ’98, p. 81). Ffabhitat. Damp, cool woods and forests. Distribution in New York, This animal occurs throughout the northern part of the state, and in suitable isolated localities farther south where it has not yet been exterminated. It is one of the species whose range has been greatly restricted by the clearing away of the heavy forests. Principal records. De Kay: “It occurs in most parts of the state and is often called the white rabbit. In the winter the markets of New York are abundantly supplied with this species from the Kaaterskill and Shawangunk (Shongo) mountains” (’42, p. 96). Merriam: ‘“ The northern hare is found in greater or less abundance in most parts of the Adirondacks” (’84d, p. 207). Mearns: “This hare is abundant on the 336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM summits of East Kill, Plateau and Hunter mountains, descending at times along belts of coniferous trees nearly to Schoharie creek. In the lowest country it is said to be almost wholly replaced by the cottontail ” (’98b, p. 346). I have found the southern varying hare locally common at Peterboro, Madison co. and abundant at Elizabethtown, Essex co. Of the occurence of this species near Buffalo, Mr Savage writes: ‘‘ The varying hare is becoming rare or local. On December 8, 1897 I saw four on R. & P. r. r. train that were shot at West Valley, Cattaraugus co. Also heard of their being taken near Java, Wyoming co. in the autumn of 1897. On January 29, 1898, one was shot near Cherry creek, Chautauqua co. Remarks. The northern varying hare Lepus americanus americanus Erxleben was formely supposed to occur in New York (see Merriam, 84d, p. 207) but Bangs has recently shown that the southern boundary of its range does not reach the northern edge of the United States (’98, p. 78). Felis-eregorrensistippotestes-terrram) §9 WVortheastern panther 1842 Felis concolor De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 47. 1882 Felis concolor Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. p. 1: 29. 1897 Felis hippolestes Merriam, Biolog. soc. W acute Pro&. 11 : 249. \ Xs July) EO \ x \ 1899 Eelis\ ore Sonensts hixpolestes x Stone, erence \N. Se NO -35eN 6 Jan. 1800. Type locality. Wead-River-mountains;-W-yomire. Faunal position. The northeastern panther was formerly an inhabitant of the Canadian, transition and upper austral zones. It is now exter- minated in all but the first named. Habitat, Forests. Distribution in New York, his animal still exists in the wilder por- tions of the Adirondacks. Elsewhere it is extinct within the limits of the state. Principal records. DeKay: “In this state the panther is most nu- merous in the rocky northern districts and particularly in the counties of Herkimer, Hamilton and St Lawrence. They are occasionally seen among the Kaaterskill mountains, and the specimen in the New York museum . .. was obtained from this locality” (’42, p. 48). Merriam : ‘Tt is not many years since the cougar or panther, second largest of American Felide, was a common inhabitant of the primeval forests of the Adirondacks; but since the state offered a bounty [in 1871] for their destruction so many more have been killed than born that they are now | Pl LOUGNAS Morre, 1792., Plr. Loughe Kove Avon Aura, L, hi 1S | ag: focal l ace Povnty brane , ete shen cent pense rand Lx Bie Biya tte Lhioead ar ‘ " Se ele dealt dori Sa ee re Meg ace a ae oy oe a F De ee Hig laa iting ’ hye ep ‘bah ee ; hike nsec re =Ry ra sree Sees oper ge din hee ee : =~ $ va! ea pr oe sire . . Het: EME OES well nigh exterminated. PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Sif However a few still remain and some years may yet elapse before the last panther disappears from the dense ever- green swamps and high rocky ridges of this wilderness” (’82 p. 29-30). Remarks. panther as the least unsatisfactory course at present open. The data from which the following table of panther bounties has been prepared are furnished by Dr Frederick J. H. Merrill. I use the subspecific name Azppolestes for the northeastern Table of bounties paid for panthers in New York under law of 1871 County Town EISs6X-seee 552 = Newcomb .....-. Nias iy tebe p nek Set i eat emae be i a 66 Bo Lichen “ or ik Wie ae ne GAS Mp Fe U6" > 5 Beoosade Wilmington ... CO hace GN tet eet 6 1882)\) Mhomas Wee) 23222. 2--- 30 Oneidayeceeee- IMOWCl sse5 coocse 8F 1886 | W. A. & I.E. Bennett.) 30 Soe eensencn ols Forestport ..---. (14F 1882) Henry Durrin..-...--- 30 Sirti Es, SPU NG A teen er 15 Mar 1882 SH iON PRES Gel ea 30 FOG ne esia aah Ler Seen 19 Mar 1882 ag SE 30 oi ho rel ea CORNERO REL Se 2 Ap 1882 | Daniel Rodgers ..----- 30 pT ONT ey eaccres CO RNG gaia eee 9 Ap 1882 al il Nena 30 Cr Sa ua ENae I ate A Ua 140 1882 | Henry Dutrin & S. L. INONeS eae ee ee 30 Ce A a SC Cr me Cae 19O 1882 | Henry Durrin & §. L. ones ess esa 30 G CON Eimeria 18D 1882 | Henry Durrin.....-.-- 30 Otsego ....--. Plainfield ..----- 14F 1888! J. D. Wilkinson....--.- 30 : Ne ahi mcm 0 + Pens i ay maesuih Pee Sree ee nA ie amigo he he: cree : a Eves moe t+ panies ete Nea a Ree ee ab dav edad meget bribe qenale t oF TP : eee a eer cl cenit age oeel are a baka AB aa qn PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 345 Table of bounties paid for wolves in New York under law of 1871, continued County Town Date By whom killed ata t St Lawrence..! Brasher .-.--.---- 21D 1872! Timothy Desmond --..; $30 ss C@)iifitom merece seer 8 Je 1595 | George Muir ..-....---- 30 go : Od aie etches 10S 1895 Gee nes Wal aey os) Ra 30 ot ze OG Nui eee eee 18S 1895 EOS i crea sera aii eos 30 aG ; CU ts San scice 1S 1896 Gadi alain Sis cyerzransyata 30 “ 4 CLS Dig ae ae aaah 300 1896 HES a aici) pecereretar ate Seah 30 G6 s BO ecaitetar ania 150 1897 Ses aah a Saeed 30 is s CONTR Nias Soars 30 N 1897 SC nip hie Sstee) Salsa 30 ge Bein Colltontereecme cee 5 N_ 1880 | Abram Barkley-....----. 30 s BEER sie eases ly © Usil |) J@am Whtite soos 660d 655 - 30 66 Es Oma es one ae 26 My 1872 OO ecg i, cote Neeay eapeae 30 a6 OA Ny Posse cae TN 1872 SG es Tenens cay MAR EYE rn | 30 od i Oe aa bacon mea aye 22 My 1875 DOr ealsaa nena ak Pe fae 30 Gt i CSIR ce SEALE 24 My 1875 Ce ir ai gs RE 30 G6 a BO Ga aay Sree a 15 My 1876 Cet sigl ramon Setar 30 t BS Sha eS ee 5 My 1877 Ryton INR ee 30 66 i es ae 14 Jl 1877 pa tens or ee 30 GG 2 Oia n arate ciate Sor 8 Ap 1878 | George Muir ..-.-...--- 30 es 2 BS ied st eien aie a fale 16S 1878 Sle Ure pee ee ates 30 Ge : OG eRe ANS items 29 Ap 1879 SIE aN ea et 30 Ot 2 Sah or aaniee ips est 26 Ap 1880 GAL sean hy uray 30 a6 Aieheai aiy apiedl oe Ses 30 1880 Se re Tava fa tac 30 oG : GS WNSVLN pyar 28 Ap 1881 ry eh anaaneyanpes OU 30 «“ CONN COE IRS 23 My 1881 Ge eige SAE DR 30 “ Z He laced eereceea a 11 Je 1881 Se A) aaa es 15 66 x SCL pom aioe teehee OG GaN aes Mier ey ergs Ng Se 30 at 3 ihe Reyes eats ees 20 Jl 1881 eo ogre bana ees ee are 30 OG USWA AE aee eS 24 Ag 1881 UG ata PAC HE Le 30 66 BO ie Ries ese 28S 1881 SRE Se iris nasa 30 es BE CGS aie en eae 8N_ 1881 COS aha ene tenes 30 ue co|| HOWIER oca08 os86 Wid@ dsketss | WS So Ollewes5 cab so Shee 30 af Hopkinton ...--. 17 Ag 1871 | George Speare.....---- 30 be Ceci Wee hala eee 6 CG sea i al UNV ER NA eo 15 oy CON ase starve 60 1871, Joseph Whitney. .-.---- 30 me SC lige Bea et 90 1876 | George Peck ......---- 30 *s WE dil bee steratite 6N 1880 | Jonathan Baldwin ..--. 30 a 3 CRS Wa aren 13. N > 18805) HC. Hibbard 22-222 -- 30 Be ees AE, 1 aera 20S 1881 CON Ones; areca 30 ue .-| Parishville ...-... 13 N 1880 Seeing ttre 30 ss So) JPOP S566 co6c 4N 1872 | Aaron Thomas ...-.-.--- 30 a ae COT aie e le 12D 1873 Cte Dear ae ee 30 OG : SO I aera 1N_ 1884 | Geore Muir..-.-.-..----- 30 66 CET iE iee Sis an 26 Je 1X85 SU te eo e a SOE 30 6 z Cis ear iee e 4 Jl 1885 0 os 1 SA He eR Sate 30 SG i SIE I te see es 10 Ap 1886 OOO aii Ma Reva an eee aye 30 Warren .--.-- Mhuire ee 10F 1883 |} Roland Gamby..--.. -- 30 a Bt iM ine cee asec 14 EF 1883 HA ae ora eh atavcge 30 Washington ..|Dresden......---- 10 Mar 1882 ial matin acl 30 6“ bad OO dike aches an me be OC MPN Amaia) Soleo aaa 380 i 3 08 Me ek eioos 3 Ag 1882 Sco reg i Nae e re 30 se ae Bee fe amar ast yeeros 3 Mar 1883 Bee OY Nias cee 30 as ..|Kingsbury....---. 17 Ja 1883 | William Casey ..-...-.-- 30 ce ‘ Her N Nats bret aah ate 24 1883 | Samuel Ferris. -.-.--.---- 30 346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Summary by counties mber m County; Nulled oad IBIRDON Sasoo Gado Mone doo doosHU UoOsod Saoblwsdens paneSasS 1 $30 SSO eeu ee eae PA EUs et 0 Pease eens 3 90 Wiramlklhing Soacoepece BRS EW SALI cer orl Ren ee ysis are aie ee 3 90 TETDU tro so Pee ee eget a LY ae Re tec SOAS eae 1 30 1S Wan Oyen ee a a Ree el etna ents at er eras 0 210 Herkimer.....-. ee eta 9 RANE eR AL Ne fo! SORES yeeros 3 90 I Era WAL shoe ace pee ey MDS clay a NN ah el rem ae ao 18 540 (ONIVSNO Ws eee oner a un Cia Dg eee ee Ee eon ape ae 9 270 ONSE0 bSaesehSoen6 cobood uscoua.gomSro basanuecsAos aces 1 30 SE WTS abil GNC Gey ena ee ee etare lara cet cuersen cys ees Si oils 45 1 335 Wig ere me se eee Te ean ee SON RL TRE OL 2 Osr tee aya foetons 1 30 WAS MAO sGanses sessca Guus cade 2odos4 eodcos Sasa Are 6 180 Lt BEG HEE Losers ceo a PDL ea LY NR age eS es 2 cE ON SVE 98 $2 910 Summary by years Number Amount Year killed . paid BIS TTAN ES Pe aL SMa Ne uk DEO TAMU TEN URS Natal iba AN SU Medea eens 4 $105 AS ee LUE EE ACN USN pedis a ts STAN Saate orotate ine 6 180 BSS NS NV PaaS Sea Sa ge es Cite er a LL ral Ce cla 1 30 TBST (Cs Sea pas LUT ies No SEN NTS) INU 5 PO DE ON er er il 80 CS HT ve A a UE a SU US dad ID, eS a NE 4 120 SG eS A SN et ERLE PE WR Ce eae mine eRe CS Mins te S/N Spare pel el 2 60 SIR CATAT Aes a eRe eT Un recy Rd cS an arte rt Cara De eR eS 2 60 TRAC ees ee ate ees ay Tero A Ue eS ese aN os SS acs 2 60 TIES A Yas eaee pepe ta dee ea an i SY GBR a aL UA A a Se 1 30 BLISS ES (Dia RN IN BE ROUT a ee SUN se a ea 6 1&0 1 Heater) Rapier Aart IE Leip i oN CCW ANS 8 al Ae rea eric 12 345 Tere RS a FANE MON Te AS OU De na pray a aoe (ea eve RRS ae na 21 630 PSs Bale beet eter UT DN AR NE OS SBA eine Le cS Aa es tas 9 270 SRA E Bes als 288 SUN ig Cc LS CAIRN EAR Raabe lo EN Heber u siete 2 60 USS tees A NC es age Alc eet dat decay eaten ie cee rere e LS ada 2 60 PSS Gi eo aa AG ois la Soa ey Mee eee Ae ey slo 2 60 Het 37 aM ar aaa PUENTE RACES OB eRe Bae UR MEAL STI UC a ae 1 30 oo Yot se ea ogee A ee nV ane a Soa Eye aa Cae A 2 60 BRO he Are OER Reha USL AN NIU Clap tard) NN ea iter cavers erepeN eras (Orel ic ain es USD Re ees RU NOY TY Ss tat AED a RC a are etre COV lame tent ce HOME te OU Leia ARTY Ee RARE See tte 0) BUM a Ce AORN RD EO gute cones OF eae ee I= 02 FE UE eR SDR EAMES Se DRA AR AUS UA MN) SAB Se ees 0) Ses QOS CAS Ak en TNS RR ON Ue CARS INT RE COURS ar du BRNO BS SE BUTT a re Cae | ek seek a [eo Ye ae apap eal Petes eae eat Tita | Bayt na ateay Opie ate i io Ob el Regia aro h Liat? la pale nerigee Nea he eon tien eM ER Ne Sit. OLA CS aN AD a 6 180 i Wot) seam aie rece Ta MRR OTTER ati i atures a ED AG SR aOR A ae 6 180 SO Sel Nc a eh Ge CER SR COUNT SRA ST GN wn AS Le sg ata 6 180 A) Ray cee as ee SL a i eld Si ue 98 $2 910 a poe eee Saas bree Or Sere orEe Pat Soe ee fee alee pen nen tga i nev nmr oome rte nn biats - . ° a Pa ae! 4 celeron el, ep JA eh at endear ios z ie 3 i" ee ee q i = £ ate ms er mel pane np : Sansa eee ai eo ie) Bet syle. eters ee Pree ai 4 aw wearer: ig MR, AO movin ha Ade, as bkn-- rere - eer pe atten 12 borne st grt se ephedra ahah yam fs - “ ade bl i PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 347 Ursus americanus Pallas Slack bear 1780 Ursus americanus Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica. Fasc. 14:5. 1842 Ursus americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 42. 1882 Ursus americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:95. 1898 Ursus americanus Mearns,U. 5. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locahty. North Carolina. faunal position. ‘Yhe geographic variations of the black bear are so imperfectly known that it is impossible to tell at present over what zones the form found in New York extends. Habitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. The black bear is now exterminated throughout the state except in the region of the Adirondacks and Catskills. * Principal records, De Kay: “The bear, once so numerous _ in this state, is now chiefly to be found in the mountainous and thinly inhabited districts "—(’42, p. 24). Merriam: “ This...mammal... is still abun- dant in most parts of the wilderness” (’82, p. 95). Mearns: “‘ Though still common in the Adirondack and Catskill mountains the bear disap- peared from the [Hudson] highlands many years ago though my father’s mother saw them there (’98a, p. 352). I saw recent signs of bears on Plateau mountain, in August, 1896. Several bears were killed a few miles south of the mountain during the same month . . . This species is far from being exterminated in the Catskills ” (’98b, p. 357). Lutra canadensis canadensis (Schreber) Vortheastern otter 1776 Mustela lutra canadensis Schreber, Sdiugethiere. 3: pl. 126 B. 1803 Mustela hudsonica Desmarest, Nouv. dict. Vhist. nat. 13: 384. 1831 Lutra hudsonica F. Cuvier, Suppl. Oeuvres de Buffon. 1: 194. 1842 Lutra canadensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Ie aie 1882 Lutra canadensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:87. 1896 Lutra canadensis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 Lutra hudsonica Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 347. 1898 Lutra hudsonica Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. Type locality. Eastern Canada. faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. Habitat, Borders of lakes, rivers, streams and marshes. ' 348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Distribution in New York. While the otter has doubtless greatly de- creased in numbers during the present century it probably still occurs throughout the greater part of New York. Details of its present distri- bution are however wholly lacking. Principal records. De Kay: “The American otter, once so numerous in every part of the state, is now exceedingly scarce. In the counties of Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond it is now extirpated. In the northern districts it is yet sufficiently numerous to become an object of pursuit” (42, p. 40). Merriam: “ The otter is a common inhabitant of the Adirondacks” (’ $2, p. 87). Fisher: “ Probably it still rarely occurs at Croton lake and river. The last specimen we have any record of was taken in the tide creeks in Croton point about 1880” (’ 96, p. 199). Mearns: “ Otters are still found in the Hudson and in the streams and lakes of the Highlands though the species has now become extremely scarce. 20 years ago it was more numerous” (‘ 98a, p. 347). “‘ Otters were said by one or two of the Catskill residents to have been taken occasionally along Schoharie creek and at Kaaterskill lake during the past 25 years” (‘98b, p. 360). Mr Helme writes that the otter is nearly if not quite extinct on Long Island. Remarks. It is possible that the otter of the Hudson highlands and Long Island is the southeastern otter Lutra hudsonica lataxina (F. Cuvier) recently distinguished from the northern form by Rhoads (’ 98c, Pp. 420). Mephitis mephitica (Shaw) Skunk 1792 Viverra mephitica Shaw, Museum Leverianum. p. 172. 1842 Mephitis americana De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Da 20: 1858 Mephitis mephitica Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 195. 1882 Mephitis mephitica Merriam, Linn. soc. New York.‘ Trans. 1: 69. 1896 Mephitis mephitica Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7 : 199. 1898 ALephitis mephitica Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 358. 1898 Mephitis mephitica Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 1©) 2 SOs Type locality. North America. Faunal position. Until the exact status of the skunks found in New York is better understood it will be impossible accurately to state their faunal position. Habitat. Woods, fields and in fact anywhere, provided the ground is dry enough for burrowing. | . me ‘ne ingen oA wets et GRA « ¢ Sara ee 4 i na alter OR cile Ricca enema cia Naan tline wat, ahd cia tboce Do ae Ly a Tea a) Oe ae eae WeEaer satan weet seek ett ev ree tree ert Ur pte ga Artic Hd ena estar + ey eee oe rere : ‘ ane he AC et bate ss ad dade: oe aL “ i ne — ern OS eh ES A so Sorte wnt =e Pina spalire mae Orth Aen re Aa aN 9 reed h Lanna onset he he ee rt he mingrteiptnn no ete gry ers Merges money peepee oir a cay be grt lr grt pe Bs koe ‘4 sete gel (Donate be spite Sie ee NN hy. i Porm eccbenlt ss ecopaley ot herp bude hae arom ri : un Wein gets vy eae ina eye sig ysl bef eee eel af ent ae pin eae ‘ty he ; mit eS as he PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 349 Distribution in New York. The skunk occurs throughout the state. This is probably an animal whose range has been slightly if at all affected by the removal of the forests, but which has undoubtedly increased in numbers with the transformation of forests into farms. Principal records. De Kay: “This well known and theroughly detested animal is supposed to exist throughout the whole American continent” (’42, p. 30). Merriam: “The skunk is very common in the clearings and settled districts bordering this region and is found sparingly throughout the Adirondacks” (’82, p. 69). Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing]. A very beneficial animal and one that should be carefully pro- tected” (’96, p. t99). Mearns: “Common. ‘Three specimens were trapped on the banks of Schoharie creek. It was not met with on the mountains” (98b, p. 358). I have found the skunk common at Geneva, Ontario co, and at Peter- boro, Madison co. Of the presence of the animal in the neighborhood of Buffalo Mr Savage writes: ‘The skunk is common, occasionally coming into the heart of the city. About three winters ago I came upon five dead skunks in ro days all within a radius of three-quarters of a mile and all within the city limits. Last fall a friend dug out a rabbit that his dog had ‘holed,’ and found that in the short time occupied by the work of exca- vation the animal had been killed and partly eaten by a skunk that happened to be occupying the hole.” Mr Helme says: ‘The skunk is common but for some unknown reason it is much less numerous than formerly.” Remarks. It is probable that the skunk of the upper austral areas in New York is subspecifically distinct from that occurring in the Canadian zone, but at present there is no material with which to decide the question. If there are two forms the Canadian animal is A/ephitis mephitica mephitica, the upper austral, JZ. mephitica scrutator Bangs. The ranges of these subspecies are given by Bangs as follows: JZ. mephitica mephitica, *‘ Boreal eastern North America; Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario south to about the northern limits of the United States” (’96d, p. 140); AZ. mephitica scrutator, “Pine and prairie regions of central Louisiana, extending up the Mississippi valley to Indiana and eastward across the Alleghanies to Virginia and thence northward, gradually be- coming less typical until it merges into true mephitica”’ (’96d, p. 141). It is of interest to note that De Kay in speaking of this animal now so extensively trapped for its fur says: ‘‘ His fur is coarse and of no value as an article of commerce” (’42, p 30). 350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gulo luscus (Linnaeus) Wolverine 1758 Ursus luscus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:47. 1823 Gulo luscus J. Sabine, Franklin jour. p. 650. 1842 Gulo luscus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 27. 1882 Gulo luscus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans, 1: 47. Type locality. Hudson bay. Faunal position. Boreal and transition zones. flabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. While the wolverine has within historic times ranged throughout the state it is now wholly exterminated. Principal records. De Kay: “ Although we have not met with this animal yet hunters who have killed them repeatedly and knew them well have assured us that they are still found in the districts north of Raquet lake. It is however everywhere a rare species ” (4125p: 28): Merriam : “The wolverine (Guo Zuscus) is not now an inhabitant of the Adirondacks, and I have been unable to find among the hunters and trappers of this region anyone who has ever seen it in our wilderness” (82, p. 47-48). Bachman states (Audubon and Bachman, ’ 46, 1: 207-8) that about the year 1811 he killed a wolverine in Rensselaer co. Putorius vison vison (Schreber) JVortheastern mink 1778 Mustela vison Schreber Saugethiere. 3: 463. 1830 Putorius vison Gapper Zool. jour. 5: 202. 1853 Putorius nigrescens Audubon and Bachman Quadr. N. Am. 338 evi, | | 1882 Putorius vison Merriam Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 64. 1896 Futorius vison Bangs Boston soc. nat. hist. Proc. 27: 3. 1898 Lutorius vison Mearns U.S. Nat.mus. Proc. 21: 358. Type locality. Canada. Faunal position. udsonian and Canadian zones. Habitat. Borders of lakes, ponds and water courses. Distribution in New York. The northeastern mink is not found in New York outside of the Adirondacks and Catskills. Principal records. Merriam: “The mink is a well-known and tolerably abundant inhabitant of this region (’82, p. 64). Mearns: ‘This small mink is common on all the streams of the neighborhood [Catskill mts] and at Kaaterskill lake” (’ 98b, p. 358). Putorius vison lutreocephalus (Harlan). Southeastern mink 1825 Mustela lutreocephala Harlan, Fauna Americana. p. 63. 1842 FPutorius vison De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 37. natal Pet ps a arlng op gg diy in oath sae ate a be Se sinileMivet , i" . a Sbemtieeccamial 4 bg a Nor aR ce yer SEEN OPO Rare Oe a OG ‘ , Pi t My i Bi splice Ia 1s a sg ic aces apeoan Rest eS MNS Myers oR matey Aen nations g Poem goes aie yee ¢ M x 4 oe oka Pane paetirn: eon hss rem (ele att eo Conmet, ¥- simacah me gta only vee a, : ey 7 Sy ae ; re te + & Lag alan a ceo een ty 0. % ea + A igi \ on a) ie , 4 q b Rah teas lrg son Aven apart ip i ee apt Lal igen le i Re POE Oph paren dee x en abate ig xamlanter ih ete Rear fi Hate Be sisi seaneee Races SL ry Ape tie be eben Mummetiaae iii y atast liek ansible telat ; % PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 351 1896 Putorius vison lutreocephalus Bangs, Boston soc. nat. his. Proc. March 1896. 27:4. 1896 Lutreola vison Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 FPutorius (Lutreola) vison lutreocephalus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 347. Lype locality. Maryland. faunal position. Transition zone and upper austral zone. ffabitat. Borders of lakes, ponds and water courses. * Distribution in New York. The southeastern mink occurs throughout the central and southern part of the state except in the Catskills where it is replaced by the northeastern form. ‘The limits of distribution of both subspecies are however understood in a general way only. Principal records. De Kay: “The mink is a well-known animal in every part of the state. Its popular name is corrupted from menk given to it by our early Swedish colonists” (42, p. 38). Fisher: “ Com- mon along all the larger streams and ponds [in the vicinity of Sing Sing]’? (96, p. 199). Mearns: ‘“‘ Minks have ‘always’ been rather com- mon in this vicinity [the Hudson highlands]” (98a, p. 347). Mink are tolerably common at Peterboro, Madison co., but I am unable to determine the exact status of the form that occurs there. It is probably not exactly typical of either subspecies. Mr Savage writes that: ‘“The mink is very common in swamps and along streams in Erie co. I am inclined to think that the form found here is intermediate between typical vzson and the subspecies lutreocephalus. Recently I examined two mink in the flesh which measured respectively 559 mm and 582 mm in total length.” According to Mr Helme the southeastern mink is not uncommon on Long Island. Remarks. The forms of mink that occur in New York are much in need of critical revision but material for such study is lacking. In Bangs’s paper on the mink (’96a) Pudorius vison lutreocephalus is referred to as an Atlantic coast form. Its range into the interior doubtless includes the whole of the area in New York occupied by the tran- sition and upper austral zones, but proof of the correctness of this supposition is much to be desired. Putorius cicognanii (Bonaparte) Aonaparte’s weasel 1838 Mustela cicognanii Bonaparte, Charlesworth’s magazine. Jan. Sig kok Wied ety fc 1839 Putorius cicognanii Richardson, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage of the Blossom. pp. 10. 352 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1842 Mustela pusilla De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 34. 1842 Mustela fusca De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 35. 1882 Putorius vulgaris Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 54. 1896 Putorius richardsoni cicognani Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington, Broce) 25) HebatéoG. | momo: 1896 Lutorius cicognanit Merriam, North American fauna. no. 11. 30 June 1896. p. to. 1898 Futorius cicognani Mearns, Am mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. WO) e Sato 1898 Putorius cicognani Mearns, U.S. Nat.mus. Proc. 21:358. Type locality. Eastern United States. Faunal position. Wudsonian, Canadian and transition zones. Habitat. Woods and thickets. Distribution in New York. Bonaparte’s weasel occurs through the entire state, with the possible exception of the upper austral areas. These however are so narrow that they might readily be penetrated by a roving animal like a weasel. Bangs (’96a, p. 19) records it from Long Tsland. : Principal records. De Kay: “It is by no means a rare animal but is difficult to capture” (’42, p. 35). Merriam: “It is the commonest weasel in the Adirondack region” (’82, p. 54). Mearns: ‘‘ About the year 1870 | trapped one or two of these little short tailed weasels on our place at Highland falls and I have seen a few of them since. It is probably quite uncommon ” (’98a, p. 349). ‘‘Onespecimen,amale... was trapped on the left bank of Schoharie creek, August 23, 1896” (’98b, p. 358). This weasel is tolerably common at Peterboro, Madison co. Of the occurrence of Bonaparte’s weasel in Erie co. Mr Savage writes: ‘‘ Have seen a single P. cicognant.” Remarks. ‘The confusion of names applied to this animal for many years arose partly from the sexual variation to which the species is subject and partly from lack of a clear conception of the differences which separate it from the common stoat of Europe. The whole subject is thoroughly explained by Bangs (’96a, p. 20-21) and Merriam (’96, p. 10). Putorius noveboracensis Emmons Vew York weasel. 1840 Putorius noveboracensis Emmons, Rep. Quad. Massachusetts. Dp: 45. 1842 Putorius noveboracensis De Kay, Zoology of New York. Mam- malia. p. 36. > A oabe or RAL NRL Sal “4, Ra eee aap: 5 r MN ty Faye % Se ano aaipenenee ce Sen ely Sa. & Weary are) ESL eaten 7 ence ye: (8 oNver yee ‘ ote . wy “ F ey be ae Oo as *!) Ai A Si BS ae eee ae SRN te nL SoM Oat Dee Lov cite a Sle kp nathan aM petlpe irri : it B ee: alkenes} ai asl b AU Ge aed BELLY na tii cee is a Soe We By NS ra nth ofa Sm «yet PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 353 1854 Putorius agilis Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Am 3: 184. 1882 Putorius erminea Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans. 1:56. 1896 Putorius noveboracensis Bangs, Biolog. soc. Washington, Proc. = INE), SOR | HOR i 1896. Putorius noveboracensis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 199. 1898 Putorius noveboracensis Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1888. 10: 348. 1898 Putorius noveboracensis Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 358. Type locality. New York state. Faunal position. Upper austral and transition zones and lowermost edge of Canadian zone. Habitat. Woods and thickets. Distribution in New York. Owing to the confusion that has long existed in regard to the identification of our weasels it is now difficult to tell the exact limits of the range of this species. The animal is probably to be found in all parts of the state with the exception of the depth of the boreal areas. Principal records. De Kay: “Its geographic limits as yet are not settled. We suppose it to be a northern animal found as far south as Pennsylvania” (’42, p. 37). Merriam: “The ermine is a common resi- dent” (82, p. 56). Fisher: ‘‘Tolerably common” (’96, p. 199). Mearns: “One was seen at Evelyne Villain August 1896” (’98b, p. 358). I have never met with this weasel in New York. Mr Savage writes: “The New York weasel is common in Erie co.” Of the New York weasel on Long Island Mr Helme writes: “This animal is common. Although I have met with it several times in winter I have never seen a specimen in white pelage.” Mustela americana Turton Marten 180g Mustela americana Turton, General system of nature. 1:60. 1842 Mustela martes De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 32. 1882 Mustela americana Merriam, Linn. soc. New York, Trans. 1: 52. 1898 Mustela americana Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. Type locality. North America. Faunal position. Boreal zones, and perhaps transition zone also, though in eastern North America the animal is exterminated in the latter. Habitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. The marten is now confined to the wilder parts of the Adirondacks. 354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Principal records. De Kay: “Its geographic range extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific” (42, p. 34). Merriam: “The marten is a common resident of the dark evergreen forests of the Adirondacks, and hundreds of them are trapped here every winter for their fur” (’82, p. 52). Mearns: ‘‘Some of the residents assert that both the pine marten and the pekan, 7. pennant Erxleben, are still sometimes taken in the Catskills, others exclude the pekan, but say that the marten still exists” (’98b, p. 360). Mustela pennanti Erxleben /isher 1777 Mustela pennant Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. p. 470. 1842 Mustela canadensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Dayge: 1882 Mustela pennanti Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1: 48. 1898 Mustela pennant Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 360. Type locality. Canada. Faunal position. Boreal zone and probably transition zone also. Flabitat. Forests. Distribution in New York. ‘The fisher which formerly ranged through the greater part of the state is now confined to the wilder parts of the Adirondacks though it occasionally wanders outside of this region. Principal records. De Kay: ‘The fisher or black cat of our hunters, is alarge and powerful animal, standing nearly a foot from the ground. It was formerly very abundant in this state, but is now confined to the thinly settled northern district. Twenty years ago they were numerous in the western part of the state, where they are now scarcely ever seen” (42, p. 31-32). Merriam: “Though not so common as formerly, the fisher . . . is by no meansarare inhabitant of these [Adirondack] mountains” (’82,p. 48). Mearns: (see under Mustela americana). Of the occurrence of this animal in Erie co. Mr Savage writes: ‘‘The fisher was probably common in this region before it was trapped out and the forests destroyed. In March, 1889, a fisher was killed after being found under a lumber pile near the Niagara river and in the city of Buffalo. It was mounted by Miss Mathilde Schlegel now of East Aurora, New York.” Procyon lotor Linnaeus Raccoon 1758 | Ursus| lotor Linnaeus, Syst. nat.ed. 10. 1:48. 1780 Procyon lotor Storr, ‘ Prodr. Meth. Mamm.’ 1842 Frocyon lotor De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 26. ee » Se eee li ocepucenitira ive Tiss . a | ; the ES RES. ae" Bus Slstoe ; Bs bg otf ok 65 1 aKe ey eee mati ig eae Te a al I . Oy ie A, ai at on i C0 be pee meme gat os ee ee ty i as . iat padrous, ji wean iain Ni Ws PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 355 1882 Procyon lotor Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1:91. 1896 Procyon lotor Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 200. 1898 Procyon lotor Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locality. Northeastern United States. Faunal position. Austral zones, transition zone and southern border of Canadian zone. Flabitat, Forests. Distribution in New York. The raccoon occurs throughout the state. It is probably one of the mammals whose range has been very little changed by the clearing of the country. Principal records. De Kay: ‘“The raccoon is found all over North America” (42, p. 27). Merriam: ‘Raccoons are common every- where about the borders of the Adirondacks, but they do not lke dense evergreen forests and are therefore rather rare in the interior, still they are occasionally met in all parts of the wilderness ” (’82, p. gr). Fisher: “Common [near Sing Sing]. Found everywhere but more com- monly in the swamps and along streams” (’96, p. 200). Mearns: . “‘Tracks of the raccoon were seen in several places on.or near Schoharie cneeky? (GOSsap! S5i7)- I have found the raccoon common at Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes: “The raccoon is common in Erie co.” Of this animal Mr Helme writes: “The raccoon is still quite common in most of the less thickly settled districts of Long Island.” Phoca vitulina Linnaeus Harbor seal 1758 [Phoca] vitulina Linnaeus, Syst.nat. Ed.10o. 1: 38. 1842 Phoca concolor De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 53. 1882 Phoca vitulina Merriam, Linn soc. New York. Trans. 1: 104. 1896 Phoca vitulina Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 200 1898 Phoca vitulina Mearns, Am. mus. nat. his. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10 : 346, Type locality. Coast of Europe. Distribution in New York. ‘The harbor seal occurs regularly in Long Island sound and in the lower Hudson river. It also reaches the north- ern border of the state by way of the St Lawrence river, and on one occasion an individual penetrated as far into the interior as Onondaga lake. Principal records. De Kay: ‘* They are now comparatively rare in our waters, but were formerly very abundant ... At some seasons even at the present day they are very numerous, particularly about the Execution 356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM rocks in the sound, but their visits appear to be very capricious ” ('42, Pp. 54)- ; Merriam: ‘The harbor seal breeds regularly both in the Gulf and River of St Lawrence and I have seen numbers of them in July as far up the river as the Saguenay, and they are still common even within 50 miles of Quebec.” “‘Zadock Thompson has recorded the capture of two of them on Lake Champlain [’42, p. 38]. ‘“‘ During a recent visit to Lake Champlain I was told that a seal had been killed on the ice near Crown point within four or five years but was unable to authenticate the statement. “Dr De Kay mentioned the occasional occurrence of this species on Lake Ontario, many years ago, and during the past winter one was killed on Onondaga lake that must have reached this remote inland water by way of Lake Ontario. [Syracuse Standard, ’82]|. ‘‘T have seen many of these seals in Long Island sound chiefly about the Thimble islands, and March 25, 1879, I saw one on a rock in the Hudson river near Sing Sing” (’82, pp. 104~5). Fisher: ‘‘ Almost every spring one or more seals are seen [near Sing Sing] about the time the ice is breaking up in the river. On March 11, 1884, an adult male was secured in the cove” (’g6, p. 200). Mearns: ‘The seal has been seen several times and once captured in the Hudson highlands. One was shot at New Hamburg on the Hudson by a Mr Wood for whom the specimen was mounted by Mr James S. Buchanan, a taxidermist of Newburgh who showed me the specimen and four large jars of oil which he took from it. It was shot on the ice near an airhole in the riverin midwinter 1877—78 and weighed 60 pounds” (’98a, p. 346). | For other records of the harbor seal in or near New York waters see Fisher ’84, Merriam ’84a and ’84c and Syracuse Standard ’82. Mr Helme writes, “ A few harbor seals are met with each winter along the rocky shores of the eastern part of Long Island. Occasionally they are found in the sound.” | Cystophora cristata (Erxleben) Hooded seal 1777 Lhoca cristata Erxleben, Syst. regn. anim. p. 590. 1841 Cystophora cristata Peters, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, qter Jahrg. Bd. 1: 326. 1842 Stemmatopus cristatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. bese ep “ raiee eapery-sip- real " : ae ¥ 3 rs ee Se oe ra & J hae Aly” il ee it a a dl yer eere reyes ry a, AL ted. ae Sa — 58 a » ; ST re $e aes ust ye . ia MAK: mah ub dritovrrssanry abide PRELIMINARY LISTZOF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 357 Type locality. Southern Greenland. faunal position, Arctic zone. Flabitat. Ice floes and sea coasts. Distribution in New York. The hooded seal has been taken in New York on one occasion only. It is a mere straggler to the coast of the United States, though it has been known to wander as far south as Chesapeake bay (Allen, ’ 80, p. 737). Principal records. De Kay: “ This description was taken. from an adult male captured near Eastchester about 15 miles from the city” (’42, p- 56). . Remarks. For an account of the ‘hood’ of this animal see Merriam, 7 84b. -Serex albibarbis (Cope) Water shrew 1862 lVeosorex albibarbis Cope, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Proc. p. 188. 1892 Sorex albibarbis Merriam, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 7: 25. 1894 Sorex albibarbis Miller, Boston sci. nat. hist. Proc. 26: 183. 1895 Sorex albibarbis Miller, North American fauna, no. ro. p. 46. Type locality. Profile lake, New Hampshire. faunal position. Boreal zone. Habitat. Marshes, wet woods and the margins of streams and ponds. Distribution in New York. The water shrew has been only once recorded from New York (Miller,’94, p. 47). Although it has not yet been found outside of Essex co. the animal doubtless ranges throughout the Adirondacks. It will probably be found in the Catskills as well as in other localities where the fauna is largely composed of boreal forms. Rhoads has taken the water shrew in Pike co. Pa. (’95a, p. 395). Sorex fumeus Miller Smoky shrew 1884 Sorex platyrhinus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:77 (not Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay). 1895 Sorex fumeus Miller, North American fauna. no. 10. 31 Dec. 1895. Dp. 50. 1898 Sorex fumeus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 354. Type locality. Peterboro, Madison co. New York. faunal position. Boreal zone and cooler parts of transition zone. Flabitat. Heavy woods and forests. Distribution in New York, Vhe range of the smoky shrew in New York coincides very closely with that of the common red-backed mouse and the Canadian white-footed mouse. The animal is abundant 358 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM throughout the heavily forested boreal area in the northern part of the state. South of this region it occurs in isolated colonies wherever local conditions give it a sufficiently boreal environment. Principal records. Merriam: ‘This species . . . is notrare in the Adirondacks though I do not think it is as plentiful here as Sorex coopert | personatus |, which it much resembles in habits” (84d, p. 77). Mearns: ‘Three specimens were taken [in the Catskills]. One was trapped under a stone wall on the right [north] bank of Schoharie creek, one in a hollow stump on the south slope of East Jewett mountain at about 2000 feet altitude, and the third under a log a little farther up the mountain” (’98b, p. 354). I have found the smoky shrew at Peterboro and Chittenango falls, Madison co. and at Elizabethtown, Essex co. (95, p. 50-52). At the type locality it is local and not common. Most of the specimens including the type were trapped in a gorge on the Oneida creek about three miles southwest of the village of Peterboro. At Elizabethtown it is common and very generally distributed in the forests. Remarks. ‘Yhis species will probably be found in many localities in New York. Rhoads has recoided it from the following counties in Pennsylvania: Pike, Monroe, Sullivan, Clinton, Columbia and Somerset (’97b, p. 223). Sorex macrurus Batchelder Aig-sazled shrew 1896 Sorex macrurus Batchelder, Biolog. soc. Washington. Proc. 3) IDSC, WSO, Le 8 Be 1898 Sorex macrurus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 355. Type locality. Beedes, Essex co. New York. Faunal position. The big-tailed shrew is so slightly known that I am unable to assign it a definite faunal position. In all probability it is confined to the colder parts of the boreal zone. - Habitat. (See principal records). _ Distribution in New York, ‘The only localities at which this animal has been taken are Beedes, the summit of Mt Marcy and the Catskills. In all only ro specimens have yet been collected. . Principal records, Batchelder: ‘*On September 9, 1895 at Beedes, Essex co. New York I obtained a shrew unlike any species known to me. It was caught . . . among some large angular rocks at the head of a wooded talus of loose rock. Just above, shading the spot and keeping it moist and cool, rise the low cliffs from whose fragments the talus has been formed. 5 eae 97, Sakn. ef Wet Pow iy Probert, wr Bu % eo ‘ a bait ae pA ek 4 ee Teh pn ta) ae J teehee rads iy Ree Rene Re ee skeen Pacee ® ee meta 7 PRG re sala tae ae 43" i ¥ sr) x a ell ads \ Rae “ 2 abi Gis ering ia ae Painen ti A Rates ah Sea 1a , oi 70 fay li ond aps WS ie RA PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 359 “ Nearly a year later on August 1, 1896 I caught a second specimen of this shrew on Mt Marcy, the highest of the Adirondack mountains . . . It was taken in a crevice between some rocks on the bare open summit of the mountain about 5300 feet above sea-level. The locality where the first one was captured is about eight miles distant in an air line and lies at an elevation of only 1300 feet above the sea” ('96b, p. 133). Mearns: “The [eight] specimens were trapped in hollows under mossy stones and stumps usually in wet balsam or spruce woods or in weedy swamps. The lowest place where it was taken was in a balsam swamp at about 3700 feet altitude, others were caught somewhat higher in a sparsely wooded swamp densely overgrown with asters (Aster puniceus) then in bloom, and four were trapped on the top of Hunter mountain (altitude 4024 feet)” (’98b p. 356). Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy St Hilaire d/asked shrew 1827 Sorex personatus | Geoffroy St Hilaire, Mem. du mus. d’hist. nat. IPB VOSS | sats Barb, 1842 Sorex forsteri De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 4o. 1842 Otisorex platyrhinus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. [Do BB 1884 Sorex coopert Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:75. 1895 Sorex personatus Miller, North American fauna. no. to. 31 Dec. 1895. p. 53. 1896 Sorex personatus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 194. 1898 Sorex personatus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 : 355. 1898 Sorex personatus Mearns, Am. mus, nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. Tee Byles Type locality. “astern United States possibly somewhere in New York. Faunal position. Boreal and transition zones ; cool localities in upper austral zone. Habitat. Open or wooded places both wet and dry. Distribution in New York. The masked shrew probably occurs throughout the state. Principal records. De Kay: ‘They are found in ail parts of the state” (’42, p. 21). Merriam: “This diminutive shrew, the smallest known mammalian inhabitant of the Adirondacks, is quite common in most parts of the region but much more abundant some years than others” (84d, p. 75). Fisher: “The common shrew is rather rare and is the only one of the long-tailed species found in the neighborhood [of Sing Sing]. Its scarcity however may be only apparent and due wholly 360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or in part to our lack of skill in former days in trapping it successfully ” (96, p. 194). Mearns: “Two specimens were trapped, the first . . . in a balsam swamp at 3700 feet altitude and thesecond . . . on the actua! summit of Hunter mountain” (’98b, p. 355). I have found the masked shrew common at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. In both localities it is generally dis- tributed. : Mr Savage writes: “ Sorex personatus is abundant in the low flat land known as the ‘Tifft farm’ near Buffalo. Here I have frequently heard them squeaking all around me.” | Of the masked shrew Mr Helme writes: ‘This diminutive mammal is not rare in most parts of Long Island. It builds a small spherical nest of dry leaves in some cavity under a log or old stump. I once found six specimens under an old log in a nest of leaves and bits of dry seaweed.” ~Sorex-hoyi Baird /oy’s shrew 1858 Sorex hoyi Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 32. 1895 Sorex hoyi Merriam, North American fauna. no. 10. 31 Dec. TOOG. | P.O: Type locality. Racine, Wisconsin. Faunal position. Hoy’s shrew is probably an inhabitant of the transi- tion and boreal zones. Its faunal position is not well understood. Habitat This animal is so little known that its habitat.cannot be definitely stated. Apparently it is more often found in cleared land than in woods or forests (see Miller, 97b, p. 37). : Distribution in New York. While this species probably occurs throughout the northern half of the state it has as yet been taken at Locust Grove, Lewis co. only (Merriam, ’95, p. 90). _ Blarina brevicauda (Say) Short-tailed shrew 1823 Sorex brevicaudus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts. 1837 Sorex dekayi Bachman, Acad. nat. sci. Philadelphia. Jour. pt. 2. 7: 377: 1842 Sorex dekayi De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p. 17 (part). 1842 Sorex brevicaudus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 18 (part). 1842 Sorex carolinensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 21 (part). Veatch: wens rag agi eco ee dey Bai, ‘5 asadee Pratt Wer age -. " ¥: Yap, pate Ngee toe Re Pianta e lh nh ll malig ines fo Sieh 18 On ds seme ae MNOS coe on Care { eames Ve, Ne ys ae Chas ee pata a TSE? FLIER OR nahn apes eee dng nmol by it Fi ATED igh oy \ vaoaaat "i alee baie tate beliee Leptin piatiies erento en ila ns tm a ETE el hee Ue eM! cea UN eva an i MATIN See ge erp pare nae eA aircon Yoo “ aS Veen angyiler pectin dole iors eee Sierras re eh queen ‘CRs s at vials LSE ene Piietes o Suit snare Sree lo . i . * . ve Sean ne eS ree Pt leastoles ty i : bisclpreenentale 2 jp sfsaieh ae dled Vth wf vc Mchapete Sana alge Lee nae, mI Taies Ev eer eye Oe Sine 7 ‘ i Radice = PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 361 1858 Blarina brevicauda Baird, Mamm. N. Am. pp. 42 (part). 1858 Llarina talpoides Baird, Mamm. N. Am. pp. 37 (part). 1884 Llarina brevicauda Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 1884. 2: 66. 1896 Blarina brevicauda Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 194. 1898 Alarina brevicauda Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. ESQO HOM aay 1898 Llarina brevicauda Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 356. Type locality. Near Blair, Nebraska. faunal position. Boreal transition and upper austral zones. Flabitat. Fields and woods, wet or dry marshes, borders of streams. Every variety of country appears to be equally attractive to this animal. Distribution in New York, ‘Yhe short-tailed shrew is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the mammals that occur in the state. There are probably very few square miles in New York not inhabited by hundreds of individuals. Principal records. De Kay: ‘This shrew is found in Albany county and in the southern parts of the state” (’42, p.18) ... “Ihave had an opportunity of examining a recent specimen from Queens co. which I refer to this species” (’42, p 19). ‘‘ {This shrew is] commonly found in this state” (’42, p. 21). Merriam: “ The short-tailed shrew is, I presume, the most abundant of the insectivorous mammals that occur in the Adirondack mountains, and is found alike in the dense coniferous forests of the interior and the cleared and settled districts of the surround- ing region” (84d, p. 66). Fisher: ‘“ A common species [in the neighbor- hood of Sing Sing]. Almost everywhere in the woods its tunnels may be found running hither and thither under the matting of dry leaves or old decayed logs. In the open meadows it is less common though occasion- ally found, attracted there no doubt by the meadow mice or other favorite food” (’96, p. 194). Mearns: ‘“ Very abundant from Schoharie creek up to the higher mountain tops where it appears to be less numerous though several were taken on the summit of Hunter mountain” (’98b, Pp. 356). I have found the short-tailed shrew abundant at Geneva, Ontario co. Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage writes that he has taken three or four specimens near Buffalo. According to Mr Helme the short-tailed shrew is very common on Long Island. 362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Remarks. The small Blarina parva * Say undoubtedly occurs in the lower Hudson valley though it has not to my knowledge been taken within the limits of the state. | De Kay included the animal on the ground of its occurrence in Con- necticut ('42, p. 20). Mr Frank M. Chapman writes me that there is in the American museum of natural history a specimen of this shrew taken on the Hackensack marshes in New Jersey only a few miles from the New York state line. ‘The species is to be looked for also in the upper austral area at the extreme western part of the state. Scalops aquaticus (Linnaeus) Waked-tailed mole 1758 Sorex aquaticus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. Cd TON cs 3 71825 Scadops afquaticus F. Cuvier, Dents des Mamm. p. 251. 1842 Scalops aguaticus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia p. 15 (part). 1884 Scalops aguaticus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2:55. 1896 Scalops aguaticus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 194. 1898 Scalops aguaticus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 1) 3 Bie. Type locality, Eastern United States. Faunal position. ‘Transition zone and austral zones. Habitat. Dry, sandy soil. Distribution in New York. The naked-tailed mole may be looked for in New York in suitable localities anywhere outside of the limits of the boreal zone. The details of its distribution in the state are unknown. Principal records. We Kay: “The shrew-mole has a wide geographic range, being {found from Carolina to the 50th degree of north lati- tude, and from the Atlantic to the shores of the Pacific” (’42, p. 17). Merriam: “This species is not common about the borders of the Adiron- dacks and is seldom if ever found within the evergreen forests, though it sometimes finds its way to the frontier settler’s garden” (84d, p. 55). Fisher: “Common. in the meadows and lawns [about Sing Sing]” (96, p. 194). Mr Helme writes that the naked-tailed mole is common on Long Island. a 1823 Sorex parvus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts. 1 :164. 1842 Sorex parvus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Manimalia. p. 19. 1895 Blarina parva Merriam, North American fauna, no.10. 31 Dec. 1895. p. 17. Type locality. Near Blair, Nebraska. ‘fe Faunal position. Upper and lower austral zones. Distribution. Upper and lower austral zones from the Mississippi valley to the Atlantic coast. F og WI coon Alun Ba tian. art ALA Yelle mb, y “anaes 2B He, am A Wife ta Evans Qa get iste, Sh aN cali a 7 DAS i oF ty 3 ater de Ws SS 4 asdkaS, Ay 4 aah deep on nitrite pees pine pean seeps Sia Baorrtiod y hr \ agtatinigh heh, ‘ SVN sre hi) bed ey us vane RA as te ° A HON ole ¢ Mt ry PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 363 Remarks. De Kay’s account of Scalops aguaticus clearly refers in part to the hairy-tailed mole since he records one specimen with 44 teeth. Parascalops breweri (Bachman) Aairy-tailed mole 1842 Scalops aguaticus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p- 15 (part). 1844 Scalops brewert Bachman, Boston journ. nat. hist. 4 : 32. 1855 Scalops breweri Baird, N. Y. State cab. nat. hist. r5th rep. Append. A. p. r. 1884 Scapanus americanus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. B10 1895 Larascalops breweri True, Science, N.S. 25 Jan. 1895. 1: 101. 1898 Farascalops brewert Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. TOQOe 4 LO) 1 2435 1898 Larascalops brewert Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locality. The type specimen of Scalops breweri was supposed to have been taken on the island of Marthas vineyard, Massachusetts (see Bachman, ’44) but this is doubtless an error. faunal position. Boreal zone and perhaps northern part of transition zone. Distribution in New York. ‘Vhe range of the hairy-tailed mole in New York is not well understood at present. The animal is probably common in open country throughout the northern half of the state. It also occurs in the Catskills and in the Hudson highlands. In his Revision of the American moles Mr F, W. True says: “All the New York specimens examined were from Lewis and Oneida counties, in the northwestern part of the state, but Bachman had 4 specimens from Troy, Rensselaer. co, [Audubon and Bachman ’51, p. 175]. No specimens have been taken in any part of southern or southeastern New York so far as I am aware” (’96, p. 73) Principal records. De Kay: (A specimen of Scalops aguaticus with 44 teeth is mentioned (’42, p. 15-16), but no locality stated). Baird: “This species of mole, although not mentioned by De Kay in the State natural history, is in reality very abundantly to be met with in the northern part of the state and apparently to the exclusion of the more southern species with white naked tail, S. aguaticus (65, p. 1). Merriam: “I have secured a number of examples of this species from the borders of the wilderness, but have not observed it within the coniferous forests” (84d, p. 63). Mearns: “This mole is probably rare in the [Hudson] highlands though common in the Catskill mountains. I have examined 364 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~ only two specimens. The first was picked up under a haypole on a salt- marsh beside the Hudson and identified by Dr C. Hart Merriam. On June 28, 1878, Mr William Church Osborn brought me a perfect albino specimen of this mole which a gardener had caught near Garrison’s in Putnam co.” (98a, p. 343-44). ‘‘One specimen taken [in the Scho- harie valley]” (’98b, p. 357). I have found the hairy-tailed mole tolerably common at Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co. Mr Savage has not found the animal at Buffalo, but I have seen a specimen belonging to Ward’s natural science establishment taken near Rochester. Condylura cristata (Linnaeus) Star-nosed mole 1758 [Sorex] cristafus Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10. 1:53. 1819 Condylura cristata Desmarest, Jour. de Physique. 89 : 230. 1842 Condylura cristata De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Den 14s 1884 Condylura cristata Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 48. 1896 Condylura cristata Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7 : 195. 1898 Condylura cristata Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. ro: 344. Type locality. Pennsylvania. Faunal position. The star-nosed mole is a member of the boreal fauna, but it ranges far south of the limits of the boreal zone in cool, damp situations. Habitat. Swamps and soft damp ground. The tunnels inhabited by the star-nosed mole are often found partly filled with water. In its semi-aquatic habits this species differs strikingly from the two other moles found in New York. Distribution in New York. This species is the most widely distrib uted of the moles that occur in the state It is probably an inhabitant of every county. The exact details of its range however remain to be determined. Principal records. De Kay: “The star-nose is abundant throughout New York.” (’42. p. 14). Merriam: ‘The star-nosed mole is a com- mon animal along the outskirts of the Adirondacks, where it seems to manifest a predilection for moist situations” . . . (84d, p. 48). Fisher: “The star-nosed mole is far less common than the preceding species [ Scalops aguaticus],and usually inhabits wet meadows near streams though occasionally taken in dry soil” (’96, p. 195). Mearns: ‘This singular- jooking animal is not uncommon [in the Hudson highlands)” ('98a, p. 344). 1 Della march ml te rvie ot Ph Re a hh te Se ee , ns i SO rr sy eS wv SSH DE OIG alls BEE GN. OHS) at ate fale ah ‘ f nee) rider mei 4 bash AMEN coo ard adv od He SE ale WUE weeee,' kx a Leap! Pe ging Ea pa ps le ete alsa PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 365 I have found the star-nosed mole common at Geneva, Ontario co. ; Peterboro, Madison co. and Elizabethtown, Essex co, Mr Savage writes that this species 1s not rare in the neighborhood of Buffalo, though less numerous than the naked-tailed mole. ‘Several years ago I found a specimen lying dead in the street at Miller place, Long Island. ‘This is my only record for the region” (Helme). Myotis lucifugus (Le Conte) Zz¢tle brown bat 1831 Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte, McMurtrie’s Cuvier, Animal kingdom. Append. 1: 431. 1842 Vespertilio subulatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 8 (part). 1864 Vespertilio lucifugus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 55. 1884 Vespertilio subulatus Merriam, Linn soc. New York. Trans. 2: 96 (part). 1893 Vespertilio gryphus Nar. (a) Vespertilio gryphus lucifugus, H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 78. 1896 Vespertilo luctfugus Fisher, The Observer. 7: 195. 1897 Myotis lucifugus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. p. 59. 1898 Myotis luctfugus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21 :357.. Type locality. Southern Georgia. Faunal position. The little brown bat ranges from Florida to Alaska, or throughout the breadth of five life zones. Such a distribution is very difficult to understand in the absence of definite knowledge of the real climatic conditions to which the animal is exposed during its breeding season. Ffabitat. Caves, hollow trees and crevices in buildings. Dr Harrison Allen refers to this bat as ‘‘a strictly pastoral species ’’ which “‘is not col- lected in houses either in town or country ” (’ 93, p. 84). This statement is very misleading as the little brown bat often takes up its abode in buildings where it occasionally becomes a serious pest. This is the common bat of the Mammoth cave (Rhodes, ’97b, p. 59). Distribution in New York. As might be expected from its wide range, the little brown bat occurs throughout New York state. It is not equally common in all localities, however, and the details of its local distribution remain to be worked out. Principal records, De Kay: (Mentioned as a common species. The account probably refers partly to this animal and partly to AZ. sudulatus. "42, p.g). Merriam: ‘ Next to the silver-haired bat this is the com- monest and most universally distributed species in the Adirondacks, so 366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM far as my observations have extended. Professor Baird has taken the typical animal at Elizabethtown, and the form known as ducifugus at Westport ” (’84,p.96). Fisher: ‘“ Out of the hundreds of bats collected only one of this species was ever secured”’ (’96, p. 195). Miller: “The species is recorded from Adirondacks, Big moose lake, Catskill moun- tains, Howe's cave, Lake George, Locust grove, Lyons falls, Oneida lake, Peterboro, Sing Sing and West point” (’97, p. 62). Mearns: “ This was the commonest bat in the Catskills and seen nightly” (?98b, P- 357): : | I have found the little brown bat excessively abundant near the south- east shore of Oneida lake. Here it occurred in large colonies between rafters in barns and under the roofs and loose clapboards of old houses. At Peterboro the animal though less numerous than at Oneida lake, is common. Mr Savage has taken a small brown bat, in a cave in the Niagara river gorge near the Devil’s hole, which with some doubt he refers to this — species. Myotis subulatus (Say) Say’s dat 1823 ?Vespertilio subulatus Say, Long’s exped. to the Rocky mts 2: 65 footnote. 1842 Vespertilio subulatus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p. 8 (part). 1864 Vespertilio subulatus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 5t. 1884 Vespertilio subulatis Merriam, Linn. soc, New York. Trans. 2:96 (part). 1893 Northern form of Vespertilio gryphus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. ENGI | D5 we 1864 Scotophilus fuscus AH. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am, p. 31. 1884 Vesperugo serotinus fuscus Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 86. 1893 Adelonycteris fuscus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 112. 1896 Vesperugo fuscus Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 195. 1897 Vespertilio fuscus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. 1897. p. 96. 1898 Vespertilio fuscus Mearns, Am. mus. nat. hist. Bul. g Sep. 1898. 10: 344. 1893 Vesperttho fuscus Mearns, U.S. Nat. mus. Proc. 21: 357. Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. Faunal position. Austral zones and transition zone. fTabitat. Caves, hollow trees and crevices in buildings. This bat is usually very common in towns and cities. Distribution in New York. ‘The brown bat occurs throughout the non- boreal part of the state. The details of its distribution are not yet known. Principal records. De Kay: “I have obtained it from Kings co. and Prof. Emmons has observed it at Albany in the months of February and March” (42, p. 11). Merriam: “ Professor Baird has taken this species at Westport in Essex co. on the eastern border of the Adirondacks and I have procured a single specimen in Lewis co. on the western side of the district, but it is unquestionably the rarest bat found within the limits of the region” (84d, p. 86) Fisher: “Common [at Sing Sing] ” (’96, p. 195). Mearns: ‘The big brown bat is very common [at Highland falls], often entering houses in pursuit of insects” (‘98a, p. 344). “Common [near Kaaterskill junction]” (’98b, p. 357). I have never met with this bat in New York. Mr Savage writes: ‘‘ The brown bat has been taken here on one occa- sion at least. Some time ago one of the pupils of the Central high school took a live specimen to Dr F. W. Barrows who had it mounted. I have recently examined the specimen.” Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois) Hoary bat 1796 Vespertilio linereus Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s museum. p. 14 (obvious misprint for czvereus). 1842 Vespertilio pruinosus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. P- 7- 370 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1864 Lasiurus cinereus H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 21. 1884 Atalapha cinerea Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. 2: 78.6 1893 Alalapha cinerea A. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 155. 1896 Atalapha cinerea Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196, 1897 Lasiurus cinereus Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. LOO7.) ps Liz: Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. faunal position. ‘The breeding range of the hoary bat appears to be strictly confined to the boreal zone. _ Habitat. Forests and woodlands except during migrations when the animal may be found anywhere. Distribution in New York. So far as known this bat does not occur outside of the boreal area in the Adirondacks during the breeding season. Its migrations carry the animal far south of the boundaries of the state (Merriam, ’88, p. 85 ; Miller, ’97a, p. 542-43). Principal records. De Kay: (The hoary bat regarded as uncommon (42, p. 9). Merriam: “This species. . . is notrare in the Adirondacks, and I have taken it both in the interior and along the western border of the region ” (’84d, p. 78.) Fisher: ‘“‘ On the evening of October 1, 1883 one of these beautiful bats was seen flying about a lawn, [at Sing Sing] where it was well identified” (’ 96, p. 196). Of this species in the vicinity of Buffalo Mr Savage writes, ‘The hoary bat also occurs but in what numbers I am unable to say. ‘There is a good specimen in the museum of the Buffalo society of natural sciences. “ Rare on Long Island. Has been taken in August, September and October” (Helme). Lasiurus borealis (Miiller) ed dat 1776 Vespertilio borealis Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 20. 1842 Vespertilio noveboracensis De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mam- malia. p. 6. 1864 Lasiurus noveboracensis H, Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 51. 1884 Atalapha noveboracensis Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. ‘Trans, 20GB: 1893 Atalapha noveboracensis H. Allen, Monogr. bats N. Am. p. 142. 1896 Atalapha borealis Fisher, The Observer. May 1896. 7: 196. 1897 Lasiurus borealis Miller, North American fauna. no. 13. 16 Oct. Mie JD, Wed) 1898 Lasiurus borealis Mearns, Am. mus, nat. hist. Bul. 9g Sep. 1898. 10: 345. edocs Nahas lesen seem pieie hes Sts tutu mp Dalirdarunerst a ene MT a, peri Mabe : es eae iach eaa one Cae it os WHP ave Re Tay tips bi sain ile Own = td 8 rile Fh roe OE? Mamas ae tae rear tS He v : TW ated Ais Se ty eee ea ee ne ee ee ES i i oho eae en Ts isesada esa mes case talbeesraecair tame dar tees aaa am tak a rv hw ecm ster peat vig ud iv " 1S a ae 7 nD 4 ae: 7 ; < ens % rey, : Phage ee a i , SB eh ay Hii Wray opt seattle bial ot beideysniececce nee rox ig i torr 5 + ae P Se - : Od . 4 ie a | » “4 V j f - i‘ ‘ E el ftimantah bor pte ; ne toi onemin '- es PES Senet 6 ‘ “ i ‘ OR! \ ; a Rie genre ‘ E t ‘ ‘ ; ay eee! Pee A se eat opted ar pp pci es eed icpathe ‘ e ‘i ik ‘ WON, Nii i ta Eee’ : ; : RArhe i he rt mi] 4 Bld aris PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 6397/3 Type locality. New York state. Faunal position. The red bat breeds throughout the austral zones, the transition zone and the lower part of the boreal zone. Habitat. Forests, woodlands, groves and parks. The red bat appears to be an almost exclusively arboreal species. . Distribution in New York. The red bat probably occurs commonly throughout New York state, except, perhaps, in the central part of the Adirondack region. ‘This species is extensively migratory (Merriam, 88 p. 85; Miller, ’97a, p. 541-42; Mearns, ’98a, p. 345). Principal records. De Kay: “This is the most common species in our state” (42, p. 6). Merriam: ‘This species ranks among the least common bats of the area under consideration” (’84d, p. 83). Fisher: “Next to the little Georgian bat the red bat is the commonest species [in the neighborhood of Sing Sing]” (’96, p. 196). Mearns: “ Very abundant in this region [the Hudson highlands] during the summer . . . During the latter part of October and the first week of November,I have seen great flights of them during the whole day” (’98a, p. 345). I have found the red bat a common summer resident at Peterboro, Madison co. Mr Savage writes that, of the bats that occur in the neighborhood of Buffalo, the red bat appears to be the most numerous. Mr Helme reports that this species is the commonest bat on Long Island. Addenda The following papers should be mentioned which were overlooked in preparing the body of this paper: De Kay, j. E. Assembly document 161, 1837. New York geological and mineralogical reports for 1836, p. 13-15. In this communication it is estimated that 60 different species of mammals occur in the state. De Kay, J. E. Assembly document 50, 1840. New York geological and mineralogical reports for 1839, p. 7-36. In this article 74 mammals are mentioned as occurring in the state. The list here given includes introduced and fossil forms, also a number of synonyms, several species that are mentioned without positive knowledge of their occurrence in this state and some few that prove to have been founded on insutfi- cient characters, making the number of New York mammals then known less than 60. F.J.H.M. 372 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fossil species Platigonus compressus Le Conte /ossil peccary 1848 Platigonus compressus Le Conte, Am. jour. sci. and arts. ser. 2. FOR. 1889 Platygonus compressus Leidy, Wagner free inst. of science of Philadelphia. Trans. Dec. 1889: 2:47. Type locality. ‘The lead region of Illinois”? (Le Conte, ’48, p. 102) Distribution in New York. Bones of the fossil peccary have been found near Rochester, but at no other locality in the state to my knowl- edge. Principal records. WLeidy: ‘‘Recently the writer procured through pur- chase for the Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia . . . a col- lection of remarkably well-preserved remains of two adult individuals of Flatygonus compressus which were found in making a railway excavation in a gravel bank a few miles from Rochester. Of one individual there is the greater part of the skeleton, consisting of the nearly perfect skull with the teeth . .. 21 vertebrae, the sacrum, the Jong bones of both pairs of limbs, the imperfect scapulae, an innominatum, and part of a second, both pairs of principal metacarpals, one pair of principal meta- tarsals, an astragalus, a calcaneum, portions of a sternum and fragments of three ribs. Of the second individual there is a less perfect skull with the upper teeth but without the mandible ” (’89, 41). Equus major De Kay Jossil ho se 1842 Lguus major De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p 108. 1884 Equus major Merriam, Linn. soc. New York. Trans. Aug. 1884. 23 NGI Type locality. Navesink hills, New Jersey. Distribution in New York. Remains of the fossil horse have been found at Keene’s station, near the Oswegatchie river Ox Bow, in Jefferson co. Principal records. De Kay: “Teeth and bones of the horse have been found in various parts of the Union, but I am unacquainted with any locality in this state. The nearest approach to it are the teeth and vertebrae found near the Navesink hills in New Jersey... They have also been found on the north branch of the Susquehannah; in digging the Chesapeake canal near Georgetown D. C. and in North Carolina . 16 miles bélow Newbern ” (’42, p. 108). Merriam: Dr C. C. Benton of - Ogdensburg has shown me several fossil molar teeth of Eguus major Se ie ee ee a bl sail 7 es ae . 7 : Bie Th eaeak 5 nifinieniek . ey gd eae! | Kee ae Zz aren trent yh a Fi ie ey pe yo aadiirrcAe RE Uwe Bi aN PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 373 that were exhumed at Keene’s station near the Oswegatchie Ox Bow in Jefferson co. I have compared them with the corresponding teeth in an immense dray-horse, and find them much larger”’ (’84, p.). Elephas columbi Falconer Jossi/ elephant 1842 Llephas americanus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. p.tor. Not Hlephas americanus Kerr, 1792. 1857 Llephas columbt Falconer, Quart. journ. geol. soc. London. v. 13, table facing p. 319. Type locality. Mexico and the southern United States. Distribution in New York. Remains of the fossil elephant may be looked for in marl beds, gravel banks and similar locations anywhere in New York. They are much less abundant however than those of the mastodon. Principal records. De Kay: “The specimens . . . were found in a diluvial formation near the Irondiquoit river in Monroe county 10 miles east of the city of Rochester . . . these consisted of a tusk and two molars” (’42, p. 101). Mastodon americanus Kerr American mastodon 1792 Llephas americanus Kerr, Animal kingdom. 1: 116. 1842 Mastodon maximus De Kay, Zoology of New York, Mammalia. Dy oz: 1895 Mastodon americanus Allen, Am. mus, nat. hist. Bul. 20 June RO Osea fy 1 OV Type locality. Big bone lick, Kentucky. Distribution in New York. Like the fossil elephant the mastodon once occurred throughout the state. Its remains are more abundant than those of the elephant. frincipal records. De Kay, “In this state the remains of this animal were discovered near Claverack, as early as 1705, and formed the subject of a note from the celebrated Dr Mather, which appeared in the English philosophical transactions, 1705, July 23. “In 1782, they [bones of the mastodon] were found in a swamp, near Montgomery, Orange co., and in greater numbers at Shawangunk, Ulster co. Shortly after, portions of eight distinct individuals were dis- covered within eight or 10 miles of Montgomery. In 1801, Mr Peale succeeded in disinterring, from this region, an almost entire skeleton. “Since that period, other localities have been discovered, the most remarkable of these are, 374 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM t From Rockland county, in 1817 ; and from Chester, Orange co. . 2 In the same year, remains were found in the city of Rochester, 4 feet below the surface, in a hollow or water course. 3 In 1823, more than one half of a lower jaw, with the teeth, on the shore of Long-Island, between high and low water mark, about four miles east of the county court-house at Riverhead, Suffolk co... . It may be noted that a very large molar, in Dr Morton’s collection, was fished up from a similar locality, namely, in the ocean at Long Taree INS S54 4 At Geneseo, Livingston co. (see Am. our. 12: 381) the greater part of a skeleton was found in a marsh 2% feet below the surface, in vege- ‘table mould, and resting upon a bed of fine white gravel. 5 In 1834, the molar tooth of this species was found near Jamestown, Chautauqua co. 6 A fine portion of the lower jaw of a young mastodon, from the town of Montgomery, Orange co. . . 7 In the town of Shawangunk, Ulster co. 8 At Perrinton, near Rochester, Monroe co. g At Coeymans, Albany co. to At Hinsdale, Cattaraugus co, a tusk was found 17 feet beneath the surface. ‘The soil was composed of alternate strata of sand and gravel. tr In 1841, ina bed of marl three miles south of Le Roy, [a tooth ?] weighing two pounds. 12 A tooth was found in digging a mill-race on Goat Island, Niagara €0., 12, or 13 feet below the surface” (42, p: 103~4).. The remains of numerous mastodons have been found in New York since 1842, but it is hardly necessary to bring together a complete list. Warren (’52) records a nearly complete skeleton discovered near New- burgh in 1845. | Hall (’71) records a skeleton, likewise essentially perfect, from Cohoes. He says: “In the month of September 1866 the workmen engaged in excavations for the foundation of a new mill to be erected by the “Harmony mills co. of Cohoes, N. Y.” discovered the lower jaw of a mastodon with a single foot bone, resting upon a projection of rock between two depressions or concave walls of small pot-holes in the margin of what afterward proved to be,a larger pot-hole” (’71, p. 99). Further excavations brought to light the remainder of the skeleton, some parts of which lay 60 feet away from the spot where the jaw was found. This specimen is in the N. Y. state museum. Clarke (’88) reports the discovery of bones of a mastodon or elephant (probably the former) in the village of Attica, Wyoming co. ‘This speci- men is specially interesting on account of its close association with human relics. Pa tr Yan FFE a aad ee Fos am ayo Seance mente geet 5 H 54 2 teyemigberte open pet aa em ammeter eatgeamr emery ram + ea -- peta rae omer 2 pe ae a ra) 7 pag bd me RS \ F te aiednen onion iy een Oe ire semen ae age aa eo hes OS, Ce ¥" ech r hye iomemae’ PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 375 Marsh (’92) describes a skeleton in the museum of Yale university which is “perhaps in the best preservation of any skeleton of the American mastodon yet discovered.” I am informed, however, that it lacks the hind legs. Dana (’95, p. 99g) states that this skeleton was found at Otisville, Orange co. The Newburgh mastodon. ‘“ The mastodon discovered about two months ago at Newburgh, N. Y., has now been more fully uncovered, but thus far proves to be an incomplete skeleton. ‘The parts preserved are the skull, much injured by removal, both upper tusks, the vertebrae be- ginning at the last cervical and extending to near the tip of the tail, 18 ribs on each side out of 20, a right scapula and a complete pelvis and portions of the foot bones. No traces of the hmbs have been found thus far, although extensive excavations have been made. Fortunately, Mr Schaefer, the owner, has removed the bones with care and treated them skilfully. Many very interesting observations could be made by a careful study and exploration of this locality. During a visit by the present writer, the following observations were made, partly with the aid of Mr Schaefer. The deposition is in three levels, the two upper being separated by a smooth clearly defined surface, and by slight differences in the character of the soil, which is largely dark and thoroughly decom- posed vegetable matter, intermingled with few stones and very numer- ous remains of trees of various sizes. Examination of the latter gives abundant evidence of the existence of beaver in this hollow in the period of the mastodon, and we can easily imagine that the different soil levels were due to the building of successive beaver dams. When the dams were first completed the back flow of the water caused temporarily an interruption of the deposition of vegetation and may account for the differences of level above alluded to. ‘The locality has been visited by a large number of people, including several well known paleontologists.” —H. F. Osborn. Castoroides ohioensis Foster 1838 Castoroides ohioensis Foster, Second annual report on the geolog- ical survey of Ohio. 1838. p. 81. 1847 Castoroides ohioensis Hall, Boston journ. nat. hist. 5: 385. Type locahty. “ About one-half of a mile west of Nashport [Ohio]” (Foster, ’38, p. 80). Distribution in New York. Remains of Castoroides ohioensis have been found only once in New York —in a swamp near Clyde, Wayne co. Principal records. Wall: ‘‘The cranium was received from Rev. Benjamin Hall, D.D., president of Geneva college, and was discovered 376 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in a swamp on the farm of Gen. W. H. Adams of Clyde. The situation in which it was found is an elevated plateau or level tract of land, a por- tion only of which would be denominated a swamp, though the whole surface is covered with a peaty soil which supports a heavy growth of elm, hem- lock and ash with some maple and beech . . . The precise locality of the fossil was near the termination of a shallow ravine or the bed of a small stream which flows into Lake Ontario in a northwesterly direction” (’47, p- 385-86). : BIBLIOGRAPHY The following bibliography consists of the titles of the works referred to in the present paper, with the exception of those mentioned in the tables of synonymy only, where full references are always given. Allen, Harrison. ’64. Monograph of the bats of North America. (see Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. no. 165. June 1864) —— ’93. Monograph of the bats of North America. (see United States national museum. Bulletin 43. 1893) Allen, J. A. ’76. American bisons, living and extinct. (see Geologi- cal survey of Kentucky. 1876, v. 1, pt 2, p. 1-9, 1-246) —— ’77- Monographs of North American rodentia. (see United States geological survey of the territories gth report. Aug. 1877) —— 80. History of North American pinnipeds, a monograph of the walruses, sea-lions, sea-bears and seals of North America. (see United States geological and geographical survey of the territories. Miscellaneous publications. no. 12. 1880) — ’94a. Notes on the mammals of New Brunswick, with description of a new species of Evotomys. (see American museum natural his- - tory. Bulletin 6. p. 99-106) —— ’94b. Remarks on a second collection of mammals from New Brunswick, and on the rediscovery of the genus Neotoma in New York state. (see American museum natural history. Bulletin. 22 Dec. 1894. 6: 359-64) American ornithologists’ union. Bo, Check-list of North Ameri- can birds. Abridged ed. revised. 1880. Audubon, J. J. & Bachman, J. ’41. Description of new species of quadrupeds inhabiting North America. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. Oct. 1841. 1:92~-103) He sbipacnes seal cn Aiea OME ge AACD Id, betes kha fer hae +. 48 Rpt £ i yi 4 ea male Laystigeeatd:

cae, F Wf t eer ge mera ya mie sagen ky ORE ess ¥ isthe m4 le eed vara ee ati gare yo ty igh ts Suede sc aadiortt Deitel motes ae "Jains tie! . epic vita ba ane ge Fea pines 4 es Pree PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 379 Clarke, J. M. ’88. Report on bones of Mastodon or Elephas, found in association with human relics in village of Attica, Wyoming co., N. MYCN iskersh Colvin, Verplanck. ’80. Winter fauna of Mt Marcy. (see 7th annual report on the progress of the topographical survey of the Adiron- dacks, to the year 1879. Appendix. 1880. 364-74) Cope, E. D. 765. Note on a species of whale occurring on the coasts of the United States. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. 1865. 17: 168-69) Coues, Elliott. ’77. Monographs of North American rodentia. (see . United States Geological survey of the territories. Report. v. 9 Aug. 1877) ’32. Essai de classification naturelle des vespertilions et Cuvier, F. description de plusieurs especes de ce genre. (see Nouvelles annales du musée d’histoire naturelle (Paris). 1: 1-21) Dana, Jas. D. ’95. Manual of geology. Ed. 4. 998-999. Day, D. F. 782-83. Plants of Buffalo and its vicinity. (see Buffalo society of natural sciences. Bulletinno. 3. April1i882. 4:65~152; no. 4. 1885. 4: 153-290) DeKay, J. E. ’42. Natural history of New York. Zoology. pt 1, Mammalia. 1842. Dutcher, B.H. 789. Bird notes from Little Gull island, Suffolk co., N.Y. (see Auk. April 1889. 6: 124-31) Emmons, Ebenezer. ’40. Report on the quadrupeds of Massa- chusetts. (sce Reports on the herbaceous plants and on the quad- rupeds of Massachusetts. 1840. 1-86) (articles separately paged) Falconer, H. ’57. On the species of mastodon and elephant occur- ring in the fossil state in Great Britian. (see Geological society, London. quarterly journal. April 1857. 13:307—60) Fischer, J. B. ’29. Synopsis mammalium. 1829. Fisher, A. K. ’81. Some of the bats of Westchester co. N.Y. (see Forest and stream. 21 July 1881. 16: 490) —— ’84. Seals in the Hudson off Sing Sing. (see Forest and stream. ro Apr. 1884. 22: 203) —— ’85a. Capture of an opossum in Essex co. N. Y. (see Forest and Wstream. 2 Apres 1835. 24¢; 164) 380 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fisher, A. K. ’85b. Capture of the pine mouse at Sing Sing, N.Y. (see American naturalist. Sep. 1885. 19: 896) —— ’96. Mammals of Sing Sing, N.Y. (see The Observer May 1806. 7 : 193-200) Foster, J. W. ’37. Miscellaneous observations made during a tour in May, 1835, to the falls of the Cuyahoga, near Lake Erie: extracted from the diary of a naturalist. (see American journal science and arts. Jan. 1837. 21: 1-84) —— ’38. Report. (see 2d annual report. on the geological survey of Ohio: | 1838. 73-107) Fraser, A. A. ’89. Opossums on Long Island. (see Forest and Streams yA pin. TSS. 325.2112) ; Gueldenstaedt, A. I. ’76. Chaus, animal feli affine descriptum. (see Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae. | (1775) 1776. 20: 483-500) Hall, James. ’47. Notice of the geological position of the cranium of the Castoroides ohioensis. (see Boston journal of natural history. 5: 385-91) | Hall, James. ’71. Notes and observations on the Cohoes mastodon. (see 21st report of the regents of the University of the State of New York, on the condition of the state cabinet of natural history. App. F, 99-148) | | Hill, Franklin C. 782. The opossum at Elmira, N.Y. (see American naturalist. May-1882. 16: 403) ‘Hornaday, W. T. ’89. Extermination of the American bison with a sketch of its discovery and life history. (see Annual report of the board of regents of the Smithsonian institution showing the opera- tions, expenditures, and condition of the institution for the year ending June 30, 1887. 1889 pt 2, 373-548) —— ’98. Destruction of our birds and mammals. (see 2d annual report of the New York zoological society. 15 Mar. 1898. 77—126) Howard, L.O. ’95. Further notes on the San José scale. (see Insect life. March 1895. 7: 283-95) Kerr, Robert. ’92. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Carolus Linnaeus. v. 1, 1792. ry para ere th a in wi 5 SS ey eet Ny 2 ea ec Hp Oey hate eS Riera se er ees rc sen limes a, Oe ar gogo te ae a Sp ct a eis peel parin lit omar 9t rete seeing as eres sem te aay BAR g tyne yeaenaarors an aoarmeens Daron Meg : «TS r i BAm, ook ee ty Se nanad a. AS Hm. er ; ay sft ho MO a aeekln Abigale Ae bey § Fie ere Mie if El si ida ie EN GALSN ean erally ry eas A Xun aa ites fier og veg PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 381 Le Conte. ’48. Notice of five new species of fossil mammalia from Illinois. (see American journal science and arts, ser.2. 5: 102-6) Leidy, Joseph. ’89. On Platygonus, an extinct genus allied to the peccaries. (see Wagner free institute of science of Philadelphia. Transactions. Dec. 1889. 2: 41-50) Pintner, se So: Lepidoptera of the Adirondack region. (see 7th annual report on the progress of the topographical survey of the Adirondack region of New York, to the year 1879. App. 1880. 375-400) Loring, J. A. ’99. Occurrence of the Virginia opossum in Southern Central New York. (see Science, new series. 13 Jan. 1899. 9:71) [Lucas, F. W.] ’82. [Porcupine and opossum near Rochester] (see Ward’s natural science bulletin. no. 3. 1 Apr. 1882. 1:7) Lydekker, R. ’98. Deer of all lands; a history of the family Cervidae living and extinct. 1889. Marsh, O. C. ’92. Restoration of Mastodon americanus, Cuvier. (see American journal science and arts. ser. 3. Oct. 1892. 44: 350) Mearns, E.A. ’98a. Study of the vetebrate fauna of the Hudson high- lands, with observations on the mollusca, crustacea, lepidoptera, and the flora of the region. (see American museum natural history. Bulletmengusepsiks9Se «ol 403=52)) — ’98b. Notes on the mammals of the Catskill mountains, N. Y. with general remarks on the fauna and flora of the region. (see United States National museum. Proceedings. 4 Nov. 1898. 2 psAt—OO) Merriam, C. Hart. ‘81a. Tree-climbing woodchucks. (see Forest and Stream.) 7 July 188n.5 16))4)5)2)) —— °8rb. Beech nuts and woodpeckers. (see Forest and stream. 1 Dec. TO Omen aA) —— *82. Vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northern New York. (see Linnaean society, New York. ‘Transactions. Oct. 1882. I : g-106) —— ’83. Chipmunks and red squirrels. (see Forest and stream. 6 Sep. HOOQ 2 toe) —— 84a. Seals in the upper St Lawrence. (see Forest and stream. 13 Mar. 1884. 22: 124) 382 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Merriam, C. Hart. *84b. The muskrat as a fish-eater. (sce Forest and stream. 27 Mar.1884. 22:165) —— *84c. Another seal in Lake Ontario. (see Forest and stream. 15 May 1884. 22: 263) —— 784d. Vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northern New York. (see Linnaean society, New York. ‘Transactions. Aug. 1884. 2: 9-214) —— ’84e. The ‘hood’ of the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata. (see science. 95 Wee: 18342.) 4: 514— 16) | —— ’8s. The pine mouse in northern New York. (see American naturalist. Sep. 1885. 19: 895) ——— ’86. Description of a new subspecies of the common eastern chip- munk, see American naturalist. Feb. 1886. 20: 236-42) — ’88. Do any Canadian bats migrate? Evidence in the affirmative. (see Royal society, Canada. Transactions. (1887) 1888. Sec. 5: 85) —— ’go. General results of a biological survey of the San Francisco mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with special reference to the distribution of species. (see North American fauna.) NO. 250) LIASeP lOO G44) —— ’94. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of terrestrial animals and plants. (see National geographic maga- zine. Dec. 1894. 6: 229-38) —— ’95a. Geographic distribution of animals and plants in North America. (see Yearbook of the United States department of agriculture for 1894. 1895. 203-14) — ’gsb. Revision of the shrews of the American genera blarina and notiosorex. (sce North American fauna. no. 10. 31 Dec. 1895. 5-34) —— ’g5c. Synopsis of the American shrews of the genus sorex. (see North American fauna no.10. 31 Dec. 1895. 57-98) — ’96. Synopsis of the weasels of North America. (see North American fauna. no. 11) — 98. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. (sce United States department of agriculture, division of biological survey. Bulletin 10. Sep. 1898) ie is eel epee hari ng Si hodelpaalealome. ta hodielnvis ser ri roy PN ay flap ng ae gna me cap lla lial rh atp saya tm hm ei: re Epteatie feaeumtimniit aed ee ee teh eT Na aac emamth re ai aap t ' One ‘ ‘ f ‘ ey ahr fibro rarer esire tn ecencdeeso pont ner = mi Setnrveecl ili pian Devas BO nea i ete Pau ‘ A Se a SS nO ES re ee at nt ew ag - Seaton in remain = cpm 1 seme Eo tre aye He epee et tye i Ta ‘ 7 z. here: pee ni . Peer iy Ot Ce ee Y We we She Tae tie Car ne a cherie Bina a its ; ; i . f Poy | paieden 2 aM SV bso bw vite a aN 2 | rae 1 7 ec inaeoteetielil hahaa (str ere hoy ty ec Fetrywagiagye 8 uA ee ih ib vba Asbo ; SER ree as bas a. ae, Se 4 et cane eh ho les oikcad Re re va a a ap TiC Nt cab a EE eS ews . Bae APD Rel pemc rier hs pare fh pe pee me i 4 . ‘ s hots = 4 . ryt wT J ‘- ifs 83 ; (itt eS Dae Bhi : cus ee trie ed ra et 4 pine: 6th) “A ~ than rlabe oes etal she Fah i gr 4 sary Soe . ert trt rey (i roe, vay ma ce Sayan Pare itnoer eave REDS 7 rele 27 mesh ame ton 1 thee pam fc Ori iit athe ae ce | ee ingyen eae ye z sbetiarien\ eles eee . . ‘ i AAP a ye pastas ae " ~! nto erore ae OT rei baer baa ( ic eb MRA Aa ee cient andes enna ree em Be aE ON te ‘ i Rie © erg Piero atheer inbred ppc d a rs 7 N Deir Sa each anya BA eat \ Sas Reece A Ke fa mn br cei VSL ad his ans RE aaa aos oe ecTie A ape loaner adeingh PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 383 Miller, G. S., jr. ’93a. A jumping mouse (Zapus insignis Miller) new to the United States. (sce Biological society, Washington: Proceed- LOSS3 22 NphynS Os" G1) 18) —— ’93. Description of a new white-footed mouse frem the eastern United States. (see Biological society, Washington. Proceedings. 20 June, 1893. 8:55~—70) —— ’94. Ona collection of small mammals from the New Hampshire mountains. (see Boston society natural history, Proceedings. 24 Mar. 1894. 26:177-97) —— ’g5a. [Letter on the occurrence of the cottontail in central New York] (in Bangs ’95) (see Boston society naturai history. Proceedings. 3t Jan. 1895. 26:410) —— ’95b. Long-tailed shrews of the eastern United States. (see North American fauna. no.10. 31 Dec. 1895. p. 35-56) —— ’97a. Migration of bats on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. (see Science, new series. 2 Apr. 1897. 5:541-43) —— ’97b. Notes on the mammals of Ontario. (see Boston society natural history. Proceedings. 30 Apr. 1897. 28: 1-44) —— ’g7¢. Revision of the North American bats of the family Vesper- tilionidae. (see North American fauna. no. 43. 16 Oct. 1897) —— ’98. An instance of local temperature control of the distribution ofmammals. (see Science, new series. 5 Nov. 1898. 8: 61518) Morehouse, F. A. 783. [Opossum at Weedsport, N. Y.]. (see Forest and stream. 11 Jan. 1883. 19: 467) Muller, P.L.S. ’76. Des Ritters Carl von Linné vollstandigen Nat- ursystems Supplements und Register-Band. 1776. Osborn, H. F. The Newburgh mastodon. (see Science 13 Oct. 1899. 10: 539) Palmer, T. S. ’97. Extermination of noxious animals by bounties. (sce Yearbook of the United States: department of agriculture, 1896. LeOio EES) Peck, C. H. ’8o.. Plants of the summit of Mt Marcy. (see 7th annual report on the progress of the topographical survey of the Adiron- dack region of New York, to the year 1879. App. 1880. 402-12) Pierce, James. ’23. Memoir on the Catskill mountains with notices of theirtopography, scenery, mineralogy, zoology, economical resources, etc. (see American journal of science and arts (Silliman). 6 : 86-97) 384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plumb, C. S. ’98. Geographic distribution of cereals in North America. (see United States department of agriculture, division of biological survey. Bulletin 10) Rafinesque, C. S. 717. Description of seven new genera of North American quadrupeds. (see American monthly magazine. Noy. LOL yew si 446) ’22. Annals of nature or annual synopsis of new genera and species of animals, plants, etc., discovered in North America. Reed, J. H. ’98. The terns of Great Gull Island, N. Y., during 1897. (see Auk. Jan. 1898. 15: 40-3) Rhoads, S.N. 94. Contribution to the history of the Alleghany cave rat, Neotoma magister Baird. (see Academy natural sciences, Phil- adelphia. Proceedings. Oct. 1894. 213-21) —— ’g5a. Notes on the mammals of Monroe and Pike counties, Penn. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. (1894). Proceedings. Jan. 1895. 387-96) —— ’g95b. Distribution of the American bison in Penn. with remarks on a new fossil species. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia Proceedings. June 1895. 224-48) —— ’g7a. Contribution to the mammalogy of northern New Jersey. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. Feb. 1897. 23-33) —— ’97b. Some notes on. the matnmals of Mammoth cave, Kentucky. (see Cincinnati society natural histcry. Journal. 24 “Mar. 1897. 19:53-61) —— ’g7c. Contribution to the mammalogy of central Pennsylvania. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. May 1897. 204-26) —- ’97d. Notes on a collection of small mammals from northeastern North Carolina. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Pro- ceedings.) 30312) —— ’98a. Owls, mice and moles. Question in economic zoology. (see Forest and stream 20 Aug. 1898. 51: 143-44) —— ’98b. “ Noxious” or “ beneficial’? False premises in economic zoology. (see American naturalist. Aug. 1898. 32:570-81) —— ’g8c. Contributions to a revision of the North American beavers, otters and fishers. (see American philosophical society, new series. Transactions, Oct, 1898. v. 19, pt 2, p. 418-39) wR FD RA) eee oe BA vi a are OT Dawe ' « He Ae SN Na naire = “ A meta mk Gye Shap ent ls ptr + bo me ia % ay ial Pal aeesigk SENN TY ROYCE Sa ta Mange ap fie PTAA AAAS ary i) AWN a Male aie yp eae va tg) yay 4 Sentinal baer pA ee ees Carhart lerere ron? latent StH. aes ” x t Frye me oe gh a epee dees f a4 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MAMMALS OF NEW YORK 385 Scott, W.B. 78s. Cervalces americanus, a fossil moose or elk, from the quaternary of New Jersey. (see Academy natural sciences, Phil- adelphia. Proceedings. 1885. 181-202) Smith, A. M. ’98. List of plants found on the Adirondack league club tract. (see Adirondack league club year book. 1898. 59-71) Smith, H.M. ’94. Flora of Honnedagalake. (see Adirondack league club hand-book for 1894. 1894. 48-54) Stone, Witmer. ’93a. Description of a new Evotomys from southern New Jersey. (see American naturalist. Jan. 1893. 27: 54-56) ——— ’93b. Description of a new species of Neotoma from Pennsylvania. (see Academy natural sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings. (1893) 16_18) Syracuse standard. ’82. [Record of a seal shot in Onondaga lake in the suburbs of Syracuse] (see Syracuse standard. 29 Apr. 1882. Forest and stream. 11 May 1882. 18: 286) Temminck, C. J. ’35—’41. Sur les chiroptéres vespertilionides formant les genres Nyctice, Vespertilion et Furie. (see Monographies de Mammalogie. 1835-41. 2:141-272. [Treizieme Monographie]) Thompson, E. S. ’98. List of the big game of North America. (see Forest and stream. 8 Oct. 1898 51: 285-86) Thompson, Zadock. ’42. Natural history of Vermont. (see History of Vermont, natural, civil and statistical. pt. r) True, F. W. ’89, Contribution to the natural history of the Cetaceans, a review of the family Delphinidae. (see National museum, new series. Bulletin. no. 36. 1889) ——’g6. Revision of the American moles. (see National museum, new series. Proceedings. Dec. 1896. 19: 1-112) Warren, J. C. ’52. The Mastodon giganteus of North America. Boston 1852. Wyman, J. 746 [On Castoroides Ohioensis|. (see Boston society natural history. Proceedings. 2: 138-39) ——’47. Anatomical description ot the same [cranium of Castoroides ohioensis]. (see Boston journal of natural history. 1847. 5: 391— 401) Neh yay myth tw nama. valiant te SS ha 5 em le EE a mi = ae Toe On nent scat Doaaceemetad ‘ i. Tes =, ye: ‘ E Cann eres “4 ‘ is ‘4 a Pm ein i tenn Nevo f ~ t ier eee Sawn ac eh mts oe L a eS re A uae seeing ome tl tlt thls I A en ny ; rs Or : > Cy Ae ea He? Ae ww lina ane pre ed Os a hg gles ih La aioe Laden rave dh tone Mary eee pee PA cet all ert ait Mie ‘ She he veer ay M rat 7 kes INDEX The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 360’ means page 369, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Synonyms are printed in italics. Adelonycteris fuscus, 360° Alce americanus, 302° Alces americanus, 302* Arctomys monax, 308'-9' Arvicola alborufescens, 274° chrotorrhinus, 322°-23° dekayi, 319'-21* fulvus, 318°-21* gapperi, 318°-21* hirsutus, 273°; 323°-24° oneida, 274', 323°-24° pinetorum, 320°-27* ripartus, 323°-25° rufescens, 318-21" scalopsoides, 326°-27* sxanthognathus, 273’, 323°-24 Atalapha borealis, 370°-71° cimerea, 370° noveboracensts, 370°-71° Austral zone, 282*, 289°-92* 6 Balaena cisarctica, 297° mysticetus, 297° rostrata, 296°-977 Bat, brown, 369° dusky, 275", 368 Georgia, 275°, 368° hairy, 369°-70" little brown, 274*, 365°-66* red, 370"-71° Say’s, 274°, 366°-67* silvery, 367° -68° Bear, black, 3477 Beaver, American, 311°-12° Bibliography, 376°- 85° explanation, 293° Birds of Canadian zone, 283° of transition zone, 286+ of upper austral zone, 290° Bison americanus, 297°-99" bison, 297" -99° Blackfish, 2967 Blarina brevicauda, 273°, 360'-62° carolinensis, 273° parva, 273° talpoides, 361° Bos bison, 297°-99° Canadian zone, 281°, 283° Canis cinereoargenteus, 341/-42° fulvus, 342°-43° lupus, 343°-40° occidentalis, 343°-46° nubilis, 343°-46° occidentalis, 3437-46" vulpes A pennsylvanicus, 341°-42* Cariacus amer icanus, 209 "= 300° virginianus, 299" -300° Caribou, 273° Castor canadensis, 311°-12° fiber, 311°-12° ‘canadensis, 311-12” eibethicus, 327 #392 Castoroides ohioensis, 375° -76° Cervus alces, 302* canadensis, 300°-2° dama americanus, 290°-300° elaphus canadensis, 300°-2" virginianus, 299°-300° Chipmunk, northeastern, 274°, 307-8 southeastern, 3077 Condylura Bese 364" -65° Cottontail, eastern prairie, 275*, 334'- 35" northeastern, 275°, 333°-34° southeastern, 332°-33° Cricetus myoides, 315°-16° Cystophora cristata, 356°-57° Deer, Virginia, 299°-300° De Kay, J. E. works on New York mammals, 273, 371° Delphinus delphis, 273°, 275°, 205° melas, 296° 388 orca, 206° phocaena, 295'-96" tursio, 205° Didelphis virginiana, 273'; 293°-95° Dipus hudsonius, 329°-30° Dorcelaphus virginianus, 299°-300° Elaphus americanus, 301'-2° canadensis, 300°-2° Elephant, fossil, 373° Elephas americanus, 373°, 373°-75° columbi, 373° Equus major, 372-737 Erethizon dorsatus, 331°-32° Evotomys gapperi, 2743, 319-21 gapperi, 318°-21* rhoadsi, 275", .321*-22° Evotomys rutilus gapperi, 319-21" Felis concolor, 336° =39° hippolestes, 336°-30° Lynx canadensis, 339°-40° oregonensis hippolestes, 330°-39° ruffa, 340°-41° Fiber zibethicus, 3277-28" Fisher, 354° Flying squirrel, Canadian, Tle southern, 309°-10" Fossil species, 372°-75" Fox, gray, 341-42" red, 342'-43° Fox squirrel, northeastern, 306° 2747, 310)- Globicephalus melas, 206° Gray fox, 341°-42* Gray squirrel, northern, 273°, 304'-6° Gulo luscus, 350° Harbor seal, 355°-56° Hare, southern varying, 335°-36° Hesperomys leucopus, 31\5°-17° myoides, 316°-17° Horse, fossil, 372°-73° Hudsonian zone, 281°, 282* Hyperoodon rostratus, 296°-977 Hysirix dorsatus, 331°-32° hudsonius, 331°-32° Jumping mouse, 275°, 329°-30° woodland, 330°-31° Killer, 296° Lasionycteris noctivagans, 367°-68° Lasiurus borealis, 370'-71° cinereus, 369°-70° noveboracensis, 370°-71° Lemming, bog, 275°, 328 northern bog, 275°, 329° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM " Lepus americanus (cottontail) 333°-34 americanus (hare) 335° -36° virginianus, 335° -30" var. virginianus, 335° “36° floridanus mallurus, 332" a3 mearnsi, 275°, 334" -35° transitionalis, 275. 333°-34° manus, 332'-33", 333'-34" nuttalli mallurus, 332°-33* mearnsi, 3342-35" transitionalis, 333"-34" sylvaticus, 332° -33', 333'-34° mearnst, 334°-35° tr ansitionalis, 333°-34° virgmianus, 335° -36! Life zones, 280*-92* Lutra canadensis, 347° -48° canadensis, 347°-48° hudsonica, 347" -48° Lutreola vison, 351° Lyncus borealis, 340° rutus, 340'-41° Lynx canadensis, 339°-40° montanus, 339°-40° ruffus, 340°-41° Mammals, added to list 7842- 82, 274° added in last 10. years, 275, history of list, 273° Se names based on N. Y 270 COs species added by Merriam, 274’ table ‘showing growth of list, 275°-78 total number, 2757 total number in 1842; 274° Marten, 353'-54" Mastodon, Newburgh, 375. Mastodon americanus, 373°-75' mMaxinUs, 373°-75° Meadow jumping mouse, 329°-30° Meadow mouse, 274', 323°-24° yellow-cheeked, 273° Mephitis americana, 348'-49° mephitica, 348°-40° Meriones americanus, 329°-30° Merriam, C. Hart. works on N. Y. mammals, 274° Microtus chrotorrhinus, 27a 322 -23 msularis, 324" -25° nesophilus, 275', 324°-25° pennsylvanicus, 274°, 323°-24° pinetorum, 326-27" scalopsoides, 274", 326'-27" xanthognathus, 273° Mink, northeastern, 350° southeastern, arse 350°-51° Mole, hairy-tailed, 274", 363°-64° naked-tailed, 362° -63° star- nosed, 364° -657 Moose 302° . specimens, a eg eh eam Ly me nl elon 2 eter d earn inka Pa Se ye Ih +; Sheik ie os ht a f i 43! a cae eng RY, o fot A a nt re rN ~/ ai ahi nto bid RET GE AAG OSS Wat Bit 4 ie ton ner eo, ies : f y ire Fed ei a cml Va Te tan INDEX TO LIST OF MAMMALS OF NEW YORK Mouse, Canadian white-footed, 275°, 316°-17° common red-backed, 318*-21* Gull Island, 275‘, 324°-25° house, 313° jumping, 275°, 329°-31° meadow, 273°, 274’, 323°-24° New Jersey red-backed, 275’, B2T.=22° northeastern white-footed, 3157- 160° northern pine, 274°, 326'-277 red-backed, 274* Mus americanus, 273°, 314°-157 decumanus, 313°-14° leucopus, 315°-17° monax, 308'-9' musculus, 313° pennsylvanicus, 323°-24° tattus, 273°, 314°-15- [sylvaticus] J noveboracensis, 315-16" volans, 300°-10" Muskrat, 3277-28 Mustela americana, 353'-54° canadensis, 354° cicognant, 351°-52° fusca, 273°, 352° hudsonica, 347'-48° lutra canadensis, 347'-48° lutreocephala, 350°-51° martes, 353'-54° pennanti, 354° pusilla, 352° vison, 350° Myotis lucifugus, 274*, 365°-66° subulatus, 274°, 3606*-677 Napaeozapus insignis, 275°, 330°-31° Neosorex albibarbis, 357° Neotoma floridana, 274°, 317'-18" magister, 317-18" pennsylvanica, 274°, 317°-18' Newburgh mastodon, 3757 Odocoileus americanus, 299°-300° Opossum, 273’, 293°-95* Orca gladiator, 296° orca, 206° Ottsorex platyrhinus, 273°, 359'-60° Otter, northeastern, 347°-48° Panther, northeastern, 336'-30° Parascalops breweri, 274°, 363°-64° Peccary, fossil, 372” Peromyscus canadensis, 2757, 316°- 17s leucopus, 315*-16° myodes, 315*-16° noveboracensis, 3157-16° Phoca concolor, 35 5-56" cristata, 356°-57° vitulina, 355°-56° 389 Phocaena communis, 295"-96 orca, 296° phocaena, 295-96" Physeter macrocephalus, 297? Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus, 275", 368° subflavus, 275°, 368° Plants of Canadian zone, 284'-85 of Hudsonian zone, 282° of transition zone, 287'-88' of upper austral zone, 290*-92° Platigonus compressus, 372° Porcupine, Canada, 331°-32° Porpoise, 273°, 2757, 205” harbor, 295'-96° Procyon lotor, 354°-55° Pteromys volucella, 309°-11° Putorius agilis, 353° cicognanii, 351°-52° erminea, 353° (Lutreola) vison Sy nigrescens, 350° noveboracensis, 352°-53° richardson cicognani, 273°, 352° VisOn, 350°, 350°-51° lutreocephalus, 275°, 350°-51° vison, 350° vulgaris, 352° lutreocephalus, Raccoon, 354°-55° Rangifer caribou, 273° tarandus, 273° Rat blacker 773 9sonAc oma Cave, 274°, 317°-18' house, 313°-14° Red fox, 342*-43* Red squirrel, Canadian, 302"-3° southeastern, 275°, 303°-4° Rorqualus borealis, 273° rostratus, 296°-97" Scalops aquaticus, 362°-63' aquaticus, 363°-64° breweri, 274°, 363°-64° Scapanus americanus, 363°-64° Scirurus hudsonicus loquax, 303°-4° Sciuropterus sabinus, 310°-11° sabrinus macrotis, 274°, 310°-11° volans, 309°-10" volucella, 309°-10° hudsonius, 310°-11° Sciurus carolinensis leucotis, 273°, 3047-6° var. leucotis, 304°-6° hudsonicus, 302°-4° gymnicus, 302’-3° loquax, 275° leucotis, 304'-6° ludovicianus vicinus, 306‘ 392 (Tamias) | lystert, 307°-8° niger, 273°, 304'-0° cinereus, 306° striatus, 307°, 307°-8° vulpinus, 300° Scotophilus fuscus, 309" georgianus, 368% noctivagans, 367° -68? harbor, 355°- “ao hooded, 356° aa Shrew, big- tailed, 275° 358 - “59° Hoy’s, Arise 360" masked, 273°, 350" -60* short- tailed, 273°, 300°-62° small, 273° smoky, 274°, 357°-58° water, 275°. Avi Sibbaldius borealis, 273° Sitomys americanus canadensis, 17 Skunk, 348°-49° Sorex albibarbis, 275°, 357° brevicaudus, 360° “62! carolinensis, 273°, 360°-62° coopert, 350-60" cristatus, 364°-657 dekayi, 273°, 360°-62° forsteri, 359°-€O* fumeus, 274°, 357°-58° hoyi, 275°, 360° macrurus, 275°, 358-59 parvus, 273° personatus, 273°, 359°-60* platyrhinus, 274°, 357'-58° Squirrel, Canadian red, , 3027-3° flying, 274°, 309°-11° fox, 306° gray, 273, 304'-6° red, 275° southeastern red, 303°-4° Stemmatopus cristatus, 356°-57° Synaptomys cooperi, 275°, 328° fatuus, 275°, 329° Seal, Tamias striatus, 3077, 307°-8° lysteri, 274°, 307°-8° striatus, 307* Transition zone, 282", 2857-80° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tursiops tursio, 2757, 205° Type localities in New York, 279'- 80 Upper austral zone, 282", 289°-92° Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 341°-42* virginianus, 341'-42° Ursus americanus, 347° lotor, 354°-55° luscus, 350° Vespertilio auduboni, 367°-68° borealis, 370'-71° fuscus, 369° georgianus, 368° eryphus, 365°*-66* linereus, 360°-70° lucifugus, 365°-66* noctivagans, 307°-68° noveboracensis, 370°-71° pruinosus, 369°-70° subflavus, 308" subulatus, 274*, 365°-66*, 366°-67° V esperugo carolinensis, 368", 360° . fuscus, 369° georgianus, 368* noctivagans, 307°-68". serotinus fuscus, 309° Viverra mephitica, 348°-49" Vole, rock, 275°, 322" -23° Vulpes fulvus, 342°-43° pennsylvanicus, 342"- Age virginianus, 341'-42" vulgaris pennsylvanicus, 342°-43° Wapiti, eastern, 300°-2° ‘Weasel, Bonaparte’s, 273°, 351°-52° New York, 352°-53° Whale, bottle- nosed, 296°-977 right, 207° silver- bottom, 273° sperm, 207° Wildcat, 340°-41° Wolt, timber, 3437-46" Wolverine, 350 Woodchuck, 308'-9° Zapus hudsonius, 329°-30° hudsonius, 330°-31° insignis, 330°-31° Wyre edineadmee teers % ; ¢ “ha i ae ene hatte jl mp ‘ 79 ea Nie ee eee eniatatsienyne se Hg é fa ad University of the State of New York New York State Museum PUBLICATIONS Museum reports. 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