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PRED MINARY REVIEW

OF THE

BIRDS OF NEBRASKA,

WITH SYNOPSES

BY
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LAWRENCE BRUNER ~ ROBERT “Hy WOLCOnT
' U4
MYRON H. SWENK

ZEAWASONTAT

JAN 11 1983

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INTRODUCTION

In 1896, Prof. Bruner published his list entitled ‘‘Some Notes on Nebraska
Birds.”” As a working basis for the study of the ornithology of the state it has
proven invaluable and it has also been greatly in demand by people not ornithol-
ogists, who desired to ‘‘know something about our birds.’’ That edition was
exhausted some time ago and its author hasbeen frequently, urged to publish
another. However, the organization of the Nebraska Ornithologists’ Union
and the development of ornithology in the University has led to such.a rapid
increase in our knowledge in the past five years that it seemed that any publi-
cation would soon become out of date, and so no one ventured to undertake
the task.

It is under these conditions that the opportunity has been offered, through
the kindness of Ex-Governor Furnas, Secretary of the State Board of Agricul-
ture and an enthusiastic member of the Union, to prepare something on the
birds of the state. It seemed too good an opportunity to be lost, and yet,
under the circumstances, the authors of this contribution feel that it ean only
be considered, as its title states, as a preliminary review.

It should be understood, nevertheless, preliminary in one sense as it is, that
it has been prepared with the greatest care, and is believed to represent exactly
the state of our knowledge at the present day. Every species has been care-
fully considered, the specimens available examined, its occurrence in surround-
ing states studied, the records in Bruner’s list thoroughly canvassed, as well
as all data which have accumulated since, and the whole reduced to such
statements as indicate clearly the limits of our knowledge in regard to the
form under consideration. All specimens about which there could be any
doubt were sent to authorities east for exact determination. Those species
that have been previously reported from Nebraska but the right of whichtoa
place in our fauna is questioned or denied have been introduced, but in brack-
ets. There have also been added under the phrase ‘‘extralimital’”’ those
species which may possibly be found in the state in the future.

This introduction of extralimital forms and their inclusion in the synopses
has been thought desirable for the reason that many of them are almost
sure to be found sooner or later, and this calling attention to them may
result in their earlier detection and addition to our list. The aim has been
to prepare a work which should not only reflect the present state of our
knowledge, but at the same time be a new basis for future work. For the
same reason all species which are known definitely to have bred within our
limits are marked with an asterisk. It will be evident to the reader that
the addition of the figures showing the details of bird structure and the
article on Birds in relation to Agriculture and Horticulture, as well as of the
synopses themselves, is in order that the paper may be useful to any one,
wkether an ornithologist or not, and may be the means of further increasing

4

the interest in birds and love for them, in the state, and so advancing the
cause of bird protection. It is not expected, however, that it will be suf-
ficient for the student of ornithology, who should possess beside some good
manual with full descriptions and figures of our birds, suchas Apgar’s Birds
of the Eastern United States, Chapman & Reed’s Color Key to North
American Birds, or if he can afford a more expensive work, either Ridgway’s
Manual or Coues’ Key. Some day this preliminary review may be ex-
panded into a complete, illustrated work on Nebraska birds, but it remains
for the generosity of the state legislature or of some state society, interested
in their preservation, to say when that shall be.

The numbers preceding each species are those of the auaeigen Ornithol-
ogists’ Union check list, and in regard to nomenclature the same list has
been followed implicitly; the possessive has however been omitted from the
common names,

_ The authors desire to acknowledge the assistance received, in the way of
data, from various members of the Union and local bird club, whose names
appear in connection with the records under different species, and also to
recognize their indebtedness to Apgar’s Birds of the Eastern United States,
the keys in which have formed the basis for some of the synopses here used.

The thanks of the authors are also here extended to those of our ornitholog-
ical authorities who have generously determined specimens sent to them—-
Messrs. H. C. Oberholser of the U. S. Biological Survey and Witmer Stone
of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

In the working over of records and material and in the comparison of
authorities all the authors have participated, but a large part of the clerical
work and of the preparation of the synopses has been done by Mr. Swenk.

BIRDS IN'- RELATION TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTI-
CULTURE*

BY LAWRENCE BRUNER

Nebraska is a good home for birds. We know definitely as many as four
hundred different kinds that have been found within our borders and
the presence of 11 moreis quite probable. Of these two hundred are definitely
known to nest in the state; many more certainly should be added to the list.
During winter months more than one hundred (120) have been recorded,
while the others leave in the fall for the warmer south country, only to return
to us with the advent of pleasant weather in the following spring. While
there is much to be learned concerning the migrations, nesting, moulting,
songs and peculiar ways of living among the different birds that we may see
in our groves, fields, along the streams, on the prairies, and about the hedge
rows and garden patches, the most important feature connected with their
lives to us is their food habits. For it is by what they eat that birds can and
do make themselves of so much value to us. Of course birds are of different
colors, sizes, and forms, and have their beaks, feet, wings, and tails made so as
to best conform to the uses for which they are intended. The woodpeckers
have hard, chisel-like beaks for cutting holes in the bark and wood, and, at
the same time, their tail feathers are stiff and pointed so as to be of use as
props for holding the birds in place while busily engaged at nest making or
digging for borers. In a like manner their long tongues are barbed so as to
spear and drag forth the ‘‘worms” when reached. The short, strong beaks
of the sparrows and their relatives are likewise suited for cracking the many
kinds of weed seeds eaten by these birds in winter, as well as for crushing
such insects as are eaten by the parents or fed to their young during the sum-
mer time.

On account of this most important feature in connection with our birds,
we will confine our remarks in this paper chiefly to what they eat, and leave
the descriptions of the birds themselves, their haunts, migrations, and nest
building for some other time. Then too, almost everybody knows a few of
these last mentioned things about most of our common birds.

Birds can be useful to us in many ways. They can carry the seeds of dif-
ferent plants from one place to another so as to help start new groves in which
we and our domestic animals may find shelter from the cold winds of winter
and the oppressive heat insummer. They plant seeds of shrubs by the way-

*The present chapter is a combination of two former papers by the author,
on the same topic, but the subject matter has been somewhat modified and
abridged. The first of these papers appeared in the Proceedings of the Ne-
braska Ornithologists’ Union, II, pp. 18-29, and the second in the New
Elementary Agriculture, pp. 103-117. This last work was issued by the
University Publishing Company of Lincoln, Nebr.

6

side that spring up either to give shade or later to bear good fruit. They also
carry the spawn of fishes and small crustaceans among their feathers into new
waters, and feed upon the countless millions of weed seeds that are scattered
broadcast over our fields, meadows, pastures, and prairies. Some kinds live
almost entirely upon insects; while others hunt out and destroy such small
animals as mice, ground squirrels, and gophers. Still others, like some of the
useful insects, act as scavengers by helping to remove decaying things that
would make us sick if not cleared away.

In addition to these direct benefits which we derive from the birds, we are
further indebted to them for the cheer which their gay music, bright plumage,
and pleasant manners bring to us. The birds form a carefully planned army
of police, which is engaged in keeping things in nature about us balanced.

But we can go even further when summing up the benefits that human
beings derive from birds. A great many kinds provide us with excellent
food, while others furnish downy feathers for making soft pillows upon which
to rest our weary heads and warm coverlets for use upon our beds during the
long cold winters.

Everybody knows that birds sometimes also do harm. It is therefore our
duty to learn just what this is and whether or not it is as great as some people
try to make us believe. Quite a number of different kinds of birds are con-
tinually doing things that we call wrong. If we only know of these wrongs
and. nothing of the good things which they do it might go pretty hard with
our feathered neighbors.

Some of the wrongs that are perpetrated by birds, or at least which are
credited to them, are such as cherry stealing, grain eating, grape puncturing,
apple pecking, corn pulling, the carrying of various kinds of bark and other
plant lice on their legs and feet from place to place, the spreading of hog
cholera by crows and turkey buzzards, the robbing of eggs and young birds -
from nests and even the poultry yard.

Some of these so-called crimes are genuine and are to be regretted. Others
are more imaginary than real. A few of them could be prevented in part or
altogether, while others might be made less severe, if we were inclined to take
the trouble to do it. After all that can be said in favor of and against the
usefulness of birds in general, there can be but little doubt left in the minds
of thinking and observing people as to the value of these creatures. Only
ignorant and thoughtless persons will continue to destroy our birds indis-
criminately after learning the actual facts about them.

So varied is the task of ‘‘evening up” in nature spoken of above, that if
attended to in the right way, the workers should be many and necessarily
have widely different habits. That such really is the case, can easily be seen
from a perusal of the following short account of the food habits of some of the
different groups of our Nebraska birds: *

Grebes and loons feed chiefly on snails and other water animals such as are
found about ponds, lakes, and rivers. They also destroy grasshoppers and
other destructive insects when these latter are found about'their haunts.

The gulls, with their long wings and great powers of flight, often reach far
inland in their journeys. Whenever they do they catch large numbers of

7

grasshoppers, crickets, June-beetles, and other common insects. Four or five
kinds of these birds breed in our state in large numbers every summer, and
may frequently be seen following the farmer as his plow turns up the juicy
but destructive grubs. A

The ducks and geese, like their tame relatives, are also very fond of insects,
which they catch about the margins of ponds and lakes near which they
build their nests and raise their young. Even such birds as the bitterns and
other herons kill many insects in addition to the snails, fishes, frogs, and other
small animals which in part make up their bill of fare.

The different kinds of snipes and their relatives are also great destroyers of
insects. Moving over the landscape, as many of them do, in large flocks
which spread out over the meadows, pastures, hillsides, and fields, they per-
form a large amount of systematic police service in discovering and arresting
the rascals among insects. They even pry them out of the cracks and holes
in the ground where they have crawled and are hiding during the daytime.
This they are enabled to do on account of the long, slender bills with which
they are provided.

The Prairie Chicken and Sharp-tailed Grouse, as well as the Quail or ‘‘ Bob-
white,” all feed almost entirely on insects during the summer. They also eat
large numbers of these creatures during the remainder of the year whenever
they can get them. The Quail especially is to be considered one of our very
best insect destroyers, since it eats both the Colorado potato beetle and the
chinch-bug. Perhaps no other bird on the farm pays higher prices for the
little grain it gets than does the Quail. Living about hedge-rows, groves,
and in ravines, where insects gather and lurk during the greater part of the
year, this bird discovers and devours large numbers of these enemies daily.
Not only during the summer months when these vermin are moving about,
but all winter, too, it scratches among the fallen leaves, and other rubbish
seeking for hibernating insects of variouskinds. Being a timid bird it seldom
leaves cover to feed openly in the fields, and therefore does little real harm in
the way of destroying grain.

Even the barnyard fowls do much in the way of destroying many different
kinds of insects throughout the summer months. Where fields of grain can
be gone over systematically by chickens, turkeys, guinea hens, and ducks,
little or no damage is done by grasshoppers, cut-worms, and other similar
pests, unless, of course, these insects are too numerous to be eaten by them.

Ordinarily doves and pigeons are not considered harmful, yet they eat but
fewinsects. But, on the other hand, many weed seeds, as sunflower, ragweed,
foxtail, etc., are eaten by them. Perhaps, all told, the good done by them
during the year will greatly overbalance the harm caused by their visits to
the grain fields and feed lots.

During recent years, since we began studying more carefully just what our
various kinds of birds have been eating, it has been learned that many of those
which we heretofore called rascals should really be considered as friends.
Hawks and owls, all of which were killed on sight by nearly every man or
boy who could shoot, are now spared, except when caught in the very act of
stealing chickens. This change is due to the fact that we now know that

8

they feed mostly on mice, squirrels, gophers, prairie dogs, and rabbits, as
well as on many harmful kinds of insects.

Our Yellow-billed and Black-billed Cuckoos feed chiefly on hairy cater-
pillars and several other kinds of insects which they find lurking among the
leaves of trees. Although considered among our shyer species, they even
come about our houses and venture into towns and cities for their favorite
insect food.

There are few persons who will not admit that the woodpeckers as a family
are very useful birds. Feeding as they do, on the young of wood-boring
insects, they can do more relative good for the number of insects destroyed
than if they feed on such kinds as attack the leaves. A single borer left undis-
turbed might kill a tree, while hundreds of leaf eaters of the same size would
scarcely be noticed if warning of their presence depended on the effect their feed-
ing had upon the appearance of the same tree. The commonest kinds of wood-
peckers in. Nebraska are the Flicker, Red-headed, Downy, and Hairy, all of
which are often seen about our groves and orchards, where they carefully
hunt for borers and other harmful insects.

Birds like the Whippoorwill, Nighthawk, and Chimney Swift eat nothing
but insects such as they catch in the air while flying about. The first two
are night fliers, while the other is one of our birds that flies and feeds during
daytime.

The family to which the King-bird or Bee-bird belongs is also one that is
made up of insect eaters. They catch such kinds as flies, butterflies, moths,
beetles, and grasshoppers. The few bees eaten by the Bee-bird should not .
count against the other members of the family, nor should we blame even the
bee-killer himself too much for the occasional rascal of his kind that prefers
to sit near a hive and catch drones and, rarely, a worker.

Crows and their relatives, the magpies and jays, are sometimes called
rascals. Perhaps there is good reason in a number of cases for giving these
birds so bad a name; but we must not judge them too hastily, for sometimes
there are good deeds done even by the greatest of rascals. After finding out
what these deeds are, good and bad, we may think that enough good has been
done to at least give the ‘‘rascal’’ another chance. All of these birds eat
more insects, bulk for bulk, than they do of any other substance. The Blue
Jay does much of the mischief for which we blame the Robin, orioles, and
thrushes, and then sneaks away like a thief. He also robs the nests of our
smaller and weaker birds at times. To partly offset these mean traits he .
destroys large numbers of injurious insects.

The meadowlarks, orioles, and blackbirds are the most important destroyers
of such insect pests as attack field crops. They remain with us during the
whole year save for only a few months in the winter; gathering in large flocks,
as several kinds do, they can wipe out an insect plague ina short time. The
large flocks of red-winged blackbirds which visit our cornfields do so to secure
the destructive ear-worm which abounds at that time of the year, and not
for the corn, as many of us suppose. Don’t kill any of these useful birds,
because they more than pay for the vegetable food which they eat.

Our sparrows and their relatives of the family Fringillidae forma very ex-

9

tensive group of highly useful, as well as beautiful, birds. They spend most
of their time during the summer months when not actually occupied with
nest building and rearing their young, in hunting for and destroying different
kinds of insects. But this is not all the good they do. In fall, winter, and
early spring, when Mother Earth has lost her beautiful green dress and is
clothed instead in somber browns and wrapped in a mantle of snow and ice,
the longspurs, snowbuntings, snowbirdsand some of the sparrows that have
remained with us, are busily engaged in gathering for themselves a living.
They hop and fly about from place to place hunting for and picking up little
seeds of grasses, weeds, shrubs, and trees with which to feed themselves and
keep alive until the warm weather of spring returns and brings back to them
the abundant supply of nourishing insetts of which they are so fond. Even
during this busy cold season, they chirrup merrily as they work, so satisfied
are they with the kind of life they are living. The English, or European
House-sparrow, has the worst reputation of the entire family. But even
this bird has some good traits which tend to secure for it our friendship.

The swallows, as we all know, are insect destroyers; and, seizing their prey
as they fly, they naturally take such forms among these pests as flies, gnats,
and mosquitoes—our worst personal enemies, We _ should by all means
encourage these birds to build their nests in our barns and sheds in order
that they may pay rent by destroying the’ various flies that attack and worry
ourselves and our domestic animals.

The shrikes or butcher-birds are genuine brigands or pirates when it comes
to killing other forms of life. They are true to their name, and butcher large
numbers of insects, mice, lizards, small snakes, and even occasionally a few
of the smaller birds. They take their prey to some thorn bush or barbwire
fence and impale the victims for future use or to dry up and blowaway. The
good they do will more than outweigh the harm which they inflict.

The vireos or greenlets, as they are commonly called, which frequent
thickets and hedgerows, live almost entirely upon an insect diet. Their food
is composed chiefly of little caterpillars and grubs picked from the leaves of
small trees and shrubs which form the shelter in which they make their homes.
They are not entirely averse to eating some of the hairy forms, and in this
respect aid the cuckoos mentioned in a preceding paragraph.

The warblers are insect destroyers. Brightly-colored, active creatures as
they are, they fill a gap in nature which would be empty without them.
They flit about the terminal twigs and leaves of our trees and shrubs where
they detect and capture many of our smaller, but at the same time very
dangerous, insect pests. Plant-lice and the smaller caterpillars are at times
quite prominent in their bill of fare.

Much could be written about birds like the wrens, the Mockingbird, and the
Catbird, but they are too well known in one way or another to make it neces-
sary to spend time or space here for the purpose of introducing them anew.
Suffice it to say, that they more than pay for what they eat by killing off
some of the decidedly harmful insects. Then, too, they are to be numbered
among the most beautiful singers of the feathered choir, which latter fact
in itself fully offsets the harm done by them in the way of fruit eating.

10

The nuthatches, titmice, and others of our winter and early spring birds
are too well known as friends to make it necessary here to even hint at
their usefulness. The eggs of many hibernating insects are quite prominent
among the things eaten by them throughout the season when the trees are
bare and bird food is scarce.

The Robin and the Bluebird need no introduction even to our boys and
girls. We all know them only to wish that their numbers could be greatly
increased. The former as it hops over the grass-covered lawn in search of
cut-worms, is engaged in its chief occupation. Seventeen quarts of caterpil-
lars, it is claimed, is the average number of such insects destroyed by each
robin annually; and of this quantity about one-half or more are cut-worms.
We need not stop to ask whether or not the destruction of these will pay for
the cherries and berries eaten.

Summing up the work of our birds as relates to their destruction of insects,
it can be briefly stated as follows:

‘‘In the air swallows and swifts are coursing rapidly to and fro, ever .n
pursuit of the insects which constitute their sole food. When they retire,
the night-hawks and whippoorwills take up the chase, catching moths and
other nocturnal insects which would escape the dayflying birds. Flycatchers
lie in wait, darting from ambush at passing prey, and with a suggestive click
of the bill returning to their post. The warblers, light, active creatures,
flutter about the terminal foliage, and with almost the skill of a humming-
bird, pick insects from leaf or blossom. The vireos patiently explore the
under sides of leaves and odd nooks and corners to see that no skulker escapes.
The woodpeckers, nuthatches, and creepers attend to the trunksand limbs,
examining carefully each inch of bark for insects’ eggs and larvae, or excavat-
ing for the ants and borers they hear within. On the ground the hunt is con-
tinued by the thrushes, sparrows, and other birds that feed on the innumer-
able forms of terrestrial insects. Few places in which insects exist are neg-
lected; even some species which pass their entire lives in the water are preyed
upon by aquatic birds.’’*

In nearly every case where the food habits of our birds have been care-
fully studied, do we find that the good done far exceeds the possible harm
that might be inflicted by our birds. Allowing twenty-five insects per day
as an average diet for each individual bird, and estimating that we have
about one and one-half birds to the acre, or in round numbers 75,000,000
birds in Nebraska, there would be required 1,875,000,000 insects for each
day’s rations.

Again estimating the number of insects required to fill a bushel at 120,000,
it would take. 15,625 bushels of insects to feed our birds for a single day, or
2,343,750 bushels for 150 days. These estimates are very low when we take
into account the numbers of insects that various kinds of our birds have
been known to destroy in a single day. For example, the stomach of four
chickadees contained 1,028 eggs of cankerworms. Four others contained
about 600 eggs and 105 maturé females of this same insect. The stomach

*Frank M. Chapman in Bird Life—D. Appleton & Co.

11

of a single Bob-white contained 101 potato-beetles; and that of another
upwards of 500 chinch-bugs. A yellow-billed cuckoo shot at six in the
morning contained forty-three tent caterpillars. A robin had eaten 175
larvae of Bibio, which feed upon the roots of grasses, ete. .

Birds, like all other animals, feed upon that food which is most readily.
obtained, hence the insectivorous kinds destroy those insects which are the
most numerous—the injurious species; and likewise the seed-eaters subsist
largely upon the seeds of our weeds.

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TOPOGRAPHY OF BOHEMIAN WAXWING FOR BEGINNERS

1 Upper mandible. 9 Occiput.

2 Culmen. 10 Auriculars or ear-coverts.
3 Nostril. 11 Nape.

4 Forehead. 12 Interscapular region.

5 Lores. 13 Back.

6 Superciliary stripe. 14 Scapulars.

7 Crown. 15 Tertials.

8 Crest. 16 Rump.

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

39
40
41
42

Upper tail-coverts.

Tail feathers.
First primary.
Primaries.
Tarsus.

Hind toe.
Outer toe.
Middle toe.
Inner toe.

Abdomen or belly.

Secondaries.
Side.

Strongly hooked bill of hawk.
Faleate bill of Mexican Crossbill.
Tubular nostril of Fulmar Petrel.

13

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

Greater wing-coverts.
Middle wing-coverts
Breast.

Lesser wing-coverts.
Carpal joint.
Jugulum.

Throat.

Chin.

Gape.

Lower mandible.

39a Cere on bill.

TYPES OF BILLS AND FEET

43
44
45

Raptorial foot of Long-eared

Owl.

Carpus

p)

\ You Zeeh
4

2h.
ARON
oP \ Pp
ER
~/ (0 Ons oo
ens) iO

Alulg

\doverts

=,
iMATY Ssv—

Lobate foot of Pied-billed Grebe.
Palmate foot of duck.
Totipalmate foot of cormorant.

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VARIOUS FEATHER TRACTS ON THE WING OF A BIRD
(FROM CORY’S BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA)

=

11%
He

13.

13.

15

SYNOPSES AND LIST

THE ORDERS OF NEBRASKA BIRDS

Hind toe connected by web with inner front toe....... III, Bienes e
Hind toe, if present, not connected with inner front toe. 22)
2. Cutting edges of bill more or less fringed or A rahed any, Uaeeres)
2. Cutting edges of bill not fringed or serrated... .............. (3)
Legs inserted in the rear of the body; toes webbed or lobed. I. Pygopodes.
Legs inserted near middle of body, or else toes not webbed... ........ (4)

4. Front toes distinctly webbed, and tarsus shorter than tail....
dec ie cat Ee hs a ONS, EMRE UH ae . II. Longipennes.
- 4, Front toes not distinetly webbed, or else tarsus longer than tail. (5)
Mita, Monevon less malkedsp lows wAlGerse ) yee scientist sree cial (6)
Tibia entirely feathered; not ene Bere OS Pete (8)
6. Hind toe long ad on the same level as fhe baer eres pole
Ser ete a Rr ar Joy acel cota heat Ga Ene MAE ont erate Renee EOE V. Herodiones.
6, Hind toe, if present, small and elevated; lores feathered... ... (7)
If more than 3 feet long, hind toe elevated; if less, on the same level.
; AN . VI. Paludicole.
Never more neat (ance fect ‘leaes tava a, ‘if Decca ileal: :
Re tet nn) Satay aN BRO Tr PRET nse a, AR Ae id re VII. Tnieotes

8. Bill strongly hooked, and with distinct naked cere at base..... (9)

8. Bill not both faa hooked and cered; or if cered the bill straight
SSR R GGL Hee bail a amon ean RR TAM CALAN OF Seren eed eS Ra Rah Nd (10)

Toes 3 in front, Ue outer toe sometimes reversible. . .X. Raptores.
Toes 2 in front, 2 behind. . . Wer eee ae Sittacls
10. Hind toe shen decidedly elevated, ..... VIII, Galline.
10. Hind toe but very slightly elevated, if Me ae By AGI ae hs Se RI Ca)
Bileswitharsoluyswollen.cerels ewer: cecusccuran cote cee IX. Columbe.
PHU MOM Ga CET Ces card yes arete le Thy wet a hse Sindee ties Mee (12)

12. Wing very long, tailfeathers 10,‘gape very wide and deeply cleft;
or else bill long and slender and secondaries 6...XIV. Macrochires.
12. Wing not very long and Bape not wide or deeply cleft; or else

tailfeathers 12. eS at (Gli)

Toes 2 in front, or if 3, middle ae ice hogs couneuted ae one- halt their
iPS) Chea 01st RASA ho eR Ree ts Sor SIME peer Nii eyA Paneer arN ED Eat ie a Ba (14)
Toes 3 in front, middle and outer ones not connected for one-half their
REUMEL IG oh eet ty a a Tah ta ae ae ate Sete dae os XV. Passeres.
14;:: Pail feathers stiff and’ pointed. . 2.0; 2 00.46.000 502 XIII. Pici.

14. ‘Tail feathers not stiff, nor pointed... ..........XII. Coccyges.

16

OrpER I. PYGOPODES—Divine Brirps

Feet lobed but not webbed:\.3..51.~ 1. cainiateeiaetes tee eed Podicipide.
Meet webbed 0) aisra ye kis epee w cake une amet ene eel bee ee Gaviide.

Famity PODICIPID/—GREBES

Bill longer than head (3 inches), five times as long as deep, slender, acute,
straight; size very large; neck very long; above slaty, crown and hind
neck black, elsewhere pure white... ............ Western Grebe.

Bill shorter than head (1 inch), less than twice as long as deep, very stout,
compressed sideways, hooked at tip; size small; in summer throat
and band on bill black.") Yon 2. bys .Pied-billed Grebe.

Bill equal to or shorter than head (1 to 24 inches), ies than four times as
long as deep, stoutish, straight; size small to large; neck moderate;

in’ summer head Crested’ )...) seein smn nicks ee crete nae eee (2)

2. Wing about 73 inches; bill about as long as head; sides of neck

TULoUs MmaAdUlbs< ohne, eee eres ae ee aI Holbcell Grebe.

2. Wing 5 to 6 inches; bill shorter than head.................. (3)

Bill compressed, higher than broad at base; neck red in front in summer

oo ae ae ARR BOA Ries Hits nim hye hans BES Alot dao > OOOO, 2 Horned Grebe.
Bill depressed, broader than high at base; neck black in front in sum-

111) ne se Peas Lae eA AS A Eared Grebe.

Echmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence) WESTERN GREBE.

A straggler from the west, breeding from North Dakota and Mani-
toba northwards. Recorded twice from Nebraska, once from Cut-off
lake, near Omaha by L. Skow, and again from Curtis, where Rees
Heaton has taken a specimen.

Colymbus holbeellii (Reinhardt) -HoLB@Lu GREBE.

A northern grebe, breeding locally north of the United States, but
occasionally reaching the latitude of southern Nebraska in late fall
and winter. A specimen was taken at Alda by F. W. Powell, and an-
other shot at Curtis is now in the Rees Heaton collection at that place.

*Colymbus auritus Linnaeus—HorNED GREBE.

Rather a rare migrant and breeder. Recorded migrating at West
Point, Ravenna, and Lincoln. Found breeding in the alkali lakes of
northern Cherry county by I. S. Trostler, and a pair, with newly made
nest, noted at Little Alkali lake, in the same region, June 6, 1903,
by Wolcott.

*Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heerman)—HEArED GREBE.
A common migrant throughout the state, breeding in abundance in
the lake region of Cherry county. Also found breeding in small num-

17

bers at West Point and Omaha. Arrives in spring about the end of
April; departs by the end of September.

6. *Podilymbus podiceps (Linnzus)—PIED-BILLED GREBE.

An abundant migrant, and a common breeder in suitable localities
throughout the state. Arrives about the middle of April and lingers
till October.

/ Famity GAVIIDA—Loons

1. Back black or blackish, distinctly spotted with white............... (2)

1. Back blackish, not spotted with white, but the feathers gray tipped. . (3)
2. Throat whitish, in summer foreneck with chestnut.........

SRR chats Jo Seas evteled, «nie Wats Hl ick ON as eee eee uaa Goal Red-throated Loon.

2. Throat black, sides of neck with white streaks and no chestnut (3)

3. Wing 13to15 inches long; crown black in summer.............Loon.

Wing 11 to 13 inches long; crown ashy in summer. . Black-throated Loon.

Gavia imber (Gunnison)—Loon. 4
A not common migrant, breeding from northern United States
northward. Numerous records; Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Rock-
port, Curtis, ete. Seen early inspring and late in fall.

9. Gavia arcticus (Linnaeus)—-BLACK-THROATED Loon.
A bird of the arctic regions wintering south to the northern states,
One Nebraska record, a fine male,in the Rees Heaton collection,having
been taken at Curtis.

11. Gavia lumme (Gunnison)—RED-THROATED Loon.
Also an Arctic bird,found in the northern states in winter. Two
records, a specimen being taken on the Missouri near Omaha, Sept.
28, 1894, and another April 6, 1897, both males and both reported by
I. S. Trostler.

OrpeER II. LONGIPENNES—LonG-wincrep SwiMMeERS

A. Upper mandible of three pieces, a hook, lateral piece, and cere....
Peasants, alas! eee ag Coote Se teas srayad (eae Nate Stercoraride.
Demavloper AMamelple:-Of OMe PIECE. % varias a. 5 oi< baie aetna ks DE Laride.

Famity STERCORARIDA—Jararrs

1. Middle pair of tail feathers rounded; wing 13} and culmen over 14 inches

“Q(T 2 MEST RRR eI TR ee ene OE Sie aA Pie ae RPO a, Daa Pomarine Jaeger.

1. Middle pair of tailfeathers acute, wing under 134 and culmen under 14
EET OLS Cau: ae ene Nae Doe SS RARER AO ETN eal sat ornate (2)

2. Cere more than half as long as culmen; adult with tail about 84
PEA GG Sere carte talaga 2 hie eS RS gaara es Parasitic Jaeger.

2. Cere less than half as long as culmen; adult with tail 11 to 15 inches

115 Sts I at Oa male RR OZ Ou RS hey pW? Long-tailed Jaeger.

36. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck)—PoMARINE JAEGER.
A rare migrant, breeding far north. Aughey saw it once on the

37.

18

Missouri river, in Dakota county, in May, 1869, and a specimen was
sent to him, shot on the Platte river near Fremont, in May, 1873.° A
third record is fom M. K. Barnum, of one shot at North Platte, Nov.
11,2895:

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus)—PaRaAsITIc JAEGER.
A rare migrant. One record for Nebraska, a specimen having been
- shot by August Eiche on Salt lake near Lincoln, Sept 13, 1898, and
now in his collection.

EXTRALIMITAL: The third member of this genus in North
America, 38. S. longicaudus Vieillot, the Long-tailed Jaeger, also
rarely migrates through the interior, but has not been taken in
Nebraska as yet.

Famity LARIDA!—Gu.Lis anp TERNS

Bill with upper mandible strongly curved and hooked at tip, directed
forward in flight; tail generally even at tip, rarely slightly forked;
voice hoarse; (Subfamily Larine—Gulls).............2.....4.. (2)

Bill with upper mandible slightly and evenly curved throughout, sharply
pointed and not hooked at tip, pointed downward in flight; tail forked,
generally deeply so; voice shrill; (Subfamily Sternina—Terns). . .(11)

2. Plumage without black, even on the primaries.............. (3)
2. Plumage with more or less black, at least on the primaries... . . (4)
Bill over 2 inches long and wing over 164 inches long. . . Glaucous Gull.

Bill under 2 inches long and wing under 164 inches long. ... Iceland Gull.
4, Hind toe very minute and without a nail; head mostly white.

* aeeuees = . Kittiwake.
a0 nd ae well fare nea mec a ne sista als Gee bee erent mene (5)
Tail forked for about an inch; primaries largely black, 2 to 4 white-tipped.
Ree ee Pee a Shae be hae GO ia ooo Ge . Sabine Gull.
Tail not at all fonkede .-05- seawsee ieee Sate RS Awan eve eee tee (6)
6. Large,wing 14 to 19 inches long; head, tail, and under parts white

in ‘summer Adults caediveis Rasen OR Neh ee oe oe eee (7)

6. Small, wing 10 to 13 inches long; head black in summer adult (9)
Back and wings slaty black in adult, brownish in young; wing over

U7% iniChes 5.2. Tater oe eee re eee eee Great Black-backed Gull.
Back and wings pearl gray in adult; wing under 174 inches long..... (8)
8. Wing about 17 inches; ah flesh-colored; bill chrome yellow;
young mottled oc .5 ican tieterehs een ane ees abe arene Herring Gull.

8. Wing about 1634 inches; feet yellowish; bill with a red spot below.
win ‘a w/alteiue bY ahd beeen ye eis pe ediepnt slo eay CCH AN ela . California Gull.
8. wees about 15 inches; feet Resa: bill banded with black near

tip. . Ne <. .Ring-billed Gull.

Outer primary “sholly black wing over 192 iene. ‘bill reddish in sum-
111 7) A rr wre eI ES Sitch he hares en es Laughing Gull.
Outer primary with white in adult; wing under 12inches.......... (10)

10. Tip of outer primary white in adult; bill red; wing about 11
Inches). ids hogy e a oe ee PAE aris mat Franklin Gull.

ik

ike

13.

13.

15.

15.

47.

51.

54.

19

10. Tip of outer primary black in adult; bill black; wing about.10

BING See eh NPN ye eats ad TE Se CI To Se tees, le Bardeccre Gull.
Back,wings, and tail sie in summer head and under gue black, in
winter white....... ee .Black Tern.
Back and wings pearl as crown more or eR nlc Moreen eeer Gly)
12. Small, wing about 62 inches; forehead whites crown and line
through eye black, bill yellow in summer. .... ...,Least Tern.

12. Medium, jee 94 to 112 teen erown wholly black, bill red in
summer. Sts Boe als)

12. Large, wing 14 is 17 eee crown Ae Black, bill orange (15)
Inner web of outer tail feather gray, outer web white; under parts pure

WHO ala, oe eae .Forster Tern.
Inner web of tee fail foxthen Ses en ee gray; Moder parts gray-
TESLA Vane: ha oti ete ge gl ta Nea Ae ST GH EWE ANTEC Ca a el ae en (14)
14. Billred, tippedwith black ; tarsus over ¥% inch; tail one-half length
EV WIE Moke placket ryepaate Ce eM Oe a ee tu es Common Tern.

14. Bill wholly red; tarsus under ,,inch; tail two-thirds length of
wing..... aie .Arctic Tern.

. Primaries wholly iilealeish deinen on. Hales web: attieas. fakes larger.

beucpan Tern.
Primaries ae inner cee thirds’ au inner w wen! eee, a white, the tip
AMG GUbeE WED LOS yRDlAGRsc cai waht te sis adil todo meatus Royal Tern.

Larus marinus Linnaeus—GrrEAatT BLACK-BACKED GULL.

The only Nebraska record for this bird is Aughey’s, he having ex-
amined a dead specimen which some Winnebago Indians had shot on
the Missouri and brought.to Dakota City in May, 1871. He states
that this was the only instance of its occurrence in Nebraska known to
him. Some doubt has been expressed as to the acceptability of this
record, but the bird winters regularly to the Great Lakes, and is so
well-marked in adult plumage by its slaty mantle and even in the
young by its very large size, that misidentification is hardly possible.

Larus argentatus Bruennich—HeErrine GULL. :

A rather rare migrant. Aughey records two specimens, procured
from the Winnebago Indians in May, 1870. Since then other observ-
ers have recorded it from West Point, Lincoln, Omaha, Rockport,
Gresham, and Beatrice. Breeds from northern states northward.

Larus delewarensis Ord—RING-BILLED GULL.

A common migrant. There is a strong probability of this bird
breeding in northern Nebraska, especially about the Cherry county
lakes, where J. M. Bates, J.S. Hunter, R. H: Wolcott, J. EK. Wallace,
and F. H. Shoemaker have, in several different seasons, found it to
be common throughout the summer, but as yet no one has found
anest. Also recorded in July from along the Niobrara and Elkhorn
rivers. Appears in spring about April1, and lingers in fall to October.

60.

64.

69.

70.

20

Larus atricilla Linnaeus—LAuUGHING GULL.
A rare summer visitant, straggling up the Mississippi valley from
the Gulf coast, where it breeds. Recorded by F. W. Powell, from
Alda, in July, 1880, and by L. Skow, from Omaha.

Larus franklinii Swainson and Richardson—FRANKLIN GULL.
An abundant migrant, passing in large numbers from the middle
of April to the end of May, and again in October. May be found
in the state during the entire summer, but not known to breed.

\

Larus philadelphia (Ord)—BoNnapartTEe GULL.
An uncommon migrant, breeding north of the United States. The
only records for this gull are from Salt lake, west of Lincoln, where it
has been taken a number of times—on Oct. 28, 1895; Nov. 3, 1896;
May 6, 1899; Sept. 29, 1900.

Xema sabinii (Sabine)—SaBINE GULL.

Rare winter visitant. An immature specimen of this northern gull
was captured from a flock circling about an electric light at Beatrice,
Sept. 2, 1899, by Swenk, and a little later, on the 30th of the same
month, another specimen, also immature, was shot at Salt lake, near
Lincoln, by M. A. Carriker, Jr. The latter specimen is now in the
University collection. This gull has generally been considered quite
rare, but it has been taken a number of times in Colorado and once in
Kkansas, and may prove commoner than is generally believed.

Sterna caspia Pallas—Caspian TERN.

Our only record is of a specimen shot at Salt lake, near Lincoln,
May 5, 1893, by F. L. Riser, and now in the Wesleyan University
collection. Though its breeding range would include our state, it is
probably only a migrant here. The Royal Tern, 65. Sterna maxima
Boddaert, though a southern breeder, wanders in summer up the Missis-
sippi valley even to the Great Lakes, so is likely to occur in our state
as a straggler.

*Sterna forsteri Nuttall—Forsrer Trrn.

A very common migrant over the state, and breeds abundantly
throughout the lake region of Cherry county, but not recorded breed-
ing elsewhere in Nebraska. Arrives about the middle of April and
departs early in October.

Sterna hirundo Linnaeus—ComMon TERN.

Arare migrant. Has been taken at Omaha, West Point, and Lincoln,
at the latter locality several times. It has been taken in Kansas and
Wyoming also. Aughey does not record this species, but he does the
Arctic Tern, 71. Sterna paradisea Bruennich, of which he states that
a few were seen in Dixon county in May, 1866. But as the specimens
are not stated to have been shot and as paradise@a is so similar to
hirundo, which he does not mention, the chances for a misidentifica-
tion are too great to warrant the continued inclusion of paradisea

21

in our list. It has, however, been taken in Colorado twice, and it is
very likely to eventually be taken here also.

74. *Sterna antillarum (Lesson)—Lrast Trrn.

A common migrant, and not a rare breeder, especially in north-
eastern Nebraska. Aughey found young birds along the Missouri in
Dixon county in July, 1866, and also records it from Cedar county in
August and from Lancaster and Sarpy counties in June. L. Skow
found it breeding at Cut-off lake near Omaha, in the summer of 1893.
Wilson Tout found five nests on a basin near York during the summers
of1896 and 1897,and Swenk found it common and breeding inJuly,1903
on the sandbars of the Niobrara from Badger to its mouth. Numer-
ous migration records from West Point, Omaha, Peru, and Lincoln.

77. *Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin)—Biack Tern.
j An abundant migrant and rather common breeder in suitable local-
ities over the state; in the lakes of Cherry county it breeds in great
numbers. Arrives late in April and departs by the middle of October.

EXTRALIMITAL: Three species of gulls included in the above key,
viz.: 40. Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus)—Kittiwake, 42. Larus glaucus
Brunnich—Glaucous Gull, and 43. Larus leucopterus Faber—Iceland
Gull; are northern species which are not known from Nebraska, but
which winter regularly south to the Great Lakes and even farther, so
may straggle to our state; especially is this true of the Kittiwake which
has straggled even toWyoming and Colorado. The California Gull, 53.
Larus californicus Lawrence, has never been taken in Nebraska so
far as known, but has been taken a few times in Colorado and once
even in western Kansas, so may be reasonably expected as a straggler

here also.
OrverR III. STEGANOPODES—Torrpatmate Swimmers
A. Upper mandible not hooked at tip; neck very long; plumage dark.
bP UEP EA EC Na ce pe Sea RR ioe A EL ALC waded ie aN eM IE 4 ede Anhingide.
A. Upper mandible hooked at tip. . ie .(B)
B. Tail 14 to 20 inches long, Poelted for half fe iene wae eaten
PA Re etc: ERONE ae pee de ec et rt ce rear ROR ah ee ee Fregatidz.
B. Tail 5to 10 inches long, not forked; lores bare.............. (C)
C. Bill under 4 inches in length, its pouch moderate; plumage in adult
PERO ORES CR uant Pats). eats Sv Mar nen nee eh ere te vases Phalacrocoracide.
C. Bill 8to15 inches long, its pouch enormous; plumage in adult mostly
SERUM EI tes shia tiene Ae Atm alah sieve ntact O-Mail MITC ATI.

Famity ANHINGID2—AnuinGaAs

[The first two families included above are represented each by a single
species in North America. To the first belongs 118. Anhinga anhinga
(Linnaeus), the Anhinga or Snake Bird of the southern swamps, which oc-
curs up the Mississippi valley to Kansas and southern Illinois, and which
was included in Bruner’s list as a Nebraska bird on the authority of a speci-

22
ed

men shot supposedly near Omaha, and mounted by F. J. Brezee at that place.
It has since developed, however, that the bird may have been secured either
in Iowa or Missouri, and unless it can be definitely determined where the
specimen came from this species must be excluded from our list.]

Famity FREGATIDA—Fricate Birps

[The second family is represented by 128. Fregata aquila (Linnaeus), the
Frigate Bird or Man-o’-War Bird, a species of tropical and subtropical oceans
which because of its extraordinary powers of flight occasionally strays in- -
land into temperate regions, and has been recorded from Texas, Kansas,
Ohio, and Wisconsin. In the spring of 1884 Bruner saw a bird near West
Point which he took to be this species, and a later oceanic acquaintance
with it has convinced him of the correctness of the identifieation. But in
view of the unusual nature of the record and the lack of a specimen it is not
given full standing in the list.]

Famity PHALACROCORACID2—CormMoRANTS

1. Pouch orange, white at base; wing under 11 inches; young with belly
Jo E21) eee Saree Se didn itis ey 2 Lk Ap Sele doin 0 Mexican Cormorant.
1. Pouch wholly orange; wing over 11 inches; young with belly brown. .(2)
2. Wing 12to13 inches long, tail 64, bill 24; color browner
ERR Oe tine Seek A . Double-crested Cormorant.
2. Wing 11} to 124 Sige tone tail 5h, bill 2;4,; color blacker
mao eet ae . Florida Cormorant.
120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swainson and Richardson) —-DoUBLE-CRESTED
CoRMORANT.
A not common migrant. West Point, Omaha, Lincoln, Nebraska
City, York, Beatrice, Neligh, Cherry county, ete. April, and October
and November. Breeds from northern states northward.

[The Florida Cormorant, 120a. P. d. floridanus (Audubon) has been re-
ported several times from Nebraska, but all the specimens at present availa-
ble are referable to dilophus. However birds occur which are decidedly
smaller than average dilophus, and since floridanus has been found north
to southern Illinois as a breeder, it is thought best to leave its status an
open question for the present. The Mexican Cormorant, 121. Phalacrocorax
mexicanus (Brandt), reported by Bruner, was not seen by him personally,
but included in his list on the statement of a friend, who probably had seen
a specimen of the common species. It has, however, been found north to
southern Illinois and Kansas, and may straggle to Nebraska.]

Famity PELICANIDA—PE ticans

1. Plumage white, primaries black; crown brownish in young; tarsus over
Se MGhes: Wahi ies Be ee . White Pelican.

1. Plumage gray above, paewaen ‘pelea Rapids nies in summer hind neck

brown; young brownish, white below; tarsus under 34 inches...

. Brown Pelican.

125.

126.

23

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin—WuitTre PELICAN.

A common migrant throughout the state, breeding from northern
states northward. Seen from late in March or early in April to early in
May and from late in September to the end of October. Three were
seen by Wolcott on. Dewey lake, Cherry county, daily during a visit
there from May 28 to June 8, 1903.’

-Pelecanus occidentalis (Linnaeus)—Brown PELICAN.

Rare; a subtropical species which has strayed north to Illinois and
Wyoming as well as to Nebraska. One definite record, a male taken at
St. Paul, Howard county, Oct. 10, 1885, and reported by D. H. Talbot.
L. Skow reports having seen ‘‘fragments of six specimens in a hog-
pen where they had been thrown by the man who shot them’ at
Honey Creek lake near Omaha, in spring, but there is considerable
chance for error in this record.

OrpER IV. ANSERES
Famity ANATIDA—Ducks, GEESE, AND Swans

Neck as long as body; tarsus 4 inches or more; wing 20 inches or
more long; adult entirely white; the young dirty grayish white. . .(2)

Neck shorter than the body; tarsus under 4 inches long............ (3)
2. Bare skin in front of eye marked with yellowish; back end of nos-
tril much nearer tip of billthantoeye......... Whistling Swan.

2. Bare skin in front of eye without yellow; back end of nostril
about midway from eye to tip of bill..... ....Trumpeter Swan.
Tarsus, 2 to 4 inches long and longer than middle toe without claw; front of
tarsus with rounded scales instead of square scutelle............. (4)
Tarsus not over 2 inches long and shorter than the middle toe without
claw; front of tarsus with distinct scutelle.................4.. (11)

4. Serrations on the cutting edge of the upper mandible visible from
the side for more than half length of bill; bill and feet pale... .(5)

4. Serrations scarcely visible from the side at all; if visible then only

at the base; bill, feet, and portions of the head black. ... ....(8)

Depth of bill at base about 4 the length of culmen; forehead white in
mature bird. ; Whee onted Goose.
Depth of bill at Brine mache reat ‘nee 1 he Reach of culmen.... (6)
6. General plumage gray, grayish brown, or brown menout con-

spicuous white margins to mi eivec 2&6 thisaw pe eente Goose.
6. General plumage of adult white; young grayish brown with the
wing-coverts widely margined with white.................. (7)

Length 23 to 28 inches, middle toe 2 to 24 inches. . . Lesser Snow Goose.
Length 30 to 38 inches; middle toe 22, to 24 inches Greater Snow Goose.
8. Head black; neck at sides and in front white streaked; belly
SpE Re. es Sec CCR a PRR BEN PL arate ee YN Se cre ee a Brant.

Soe eeleadaparilac wlulbers- cbs srk, rit eM Bolabe Se oa we SELL. (9)
Lower parts deep grayish brown; white cheek patches generally sepa-

2:

wit,

wie

13.

13.

15.
15.

Ive

Ine

119°

ug).

23.
23.

24

rated by black throat stripe or mottling........... Cackling Goose.
Lower parts light brownish gray, fading gradually into white on anal
region; white cheek patches usually confluent on throat... ...... (10)
10): Larger; 35. ta 43:inches loneancde hae eee Canada Goose.
10) Smaller, 25 to: s4unches lonaa wie sone eee Hutchins Goose.
Bill nearly cylindrical, about as wide as high throughout; head always
more:or lessverested:.. Scone pee qian oetees ce ola kets ee eee oe (12)
Bill always wider than high near the tip; head rarely crested. ....(14)
12. Smaller; wing 7 to 8} inches long; crest high and flattened
SIGE WISE Hosa ahs ieee ee rete seer ato Hooded Merganser.

12. Larger; 8}to114 inches long; crest inconspicuous......... (13)
Wing about 104 inches long; frontal feathers extending beyond those
onside of bills 22 octrpoh asian: 5 ote taal ee ee ete American Merganser.
Wing about 9 inches long; frontal feathers not extending beyond those
ox erdevok: Tattle er chiro tale eae ee tea ce Red-breasted Merganser.
14. Hind toe with a rounded membranous lobe.............. (15)
14.. Hind toe withoutia lobe-like borders 21.3 eee eee)
Wing 7 inches or less im longtheeso2. jc Ne eset .20 en eee ee (16)
Wing over 7 inches Pome. «ih a ei we ee ee (17)

16. Upper tail-coverts very short; bill broad; tail flat. Ruddy Duck.
16. Upper tail-coverts about half as long as fake head fluffy. .

ee Te eR Pe he A Och rar eeeb od eects Be 8 fc Bufie-head.

Bill appendaged with a lobe at base formed of skin of cheeks; culmen
about one inch long. . é : “Harloqui Duck.
Bill bulging at base; ot oe Pern so amited iit the bill as to give
thé nail a very indistinct‘outhime:.S). <).0. 20... eee eee (18)
Billiof the usualduck formed. eae ee eae eee eee eee ees (20)
18. Wing 104 inches long or more; a white wing patch in both
SEXES. © vce _.........White-winged Scoter.

18. Wing less ‘han 10} thes tone ic an Go ave BN a eee Ce oe (19)-
Feathers on the culmen reaching forward as far as those on sides of
upper mandible......... ae _ American Scoter.
Feathers on the culmen reaehinge aout an ane fapehes forward than
those on side of upper mandible... ...... PIA he . Surf Scoter.

20. Tail pointed (over 6 inches long, aie syout 3 inches long,
female;) bill black and orange, nostril pane less than 4 inch
of frontal feathers.... .. Payee . Old-squaw Duck.

20. Tail not pointed; nostril bei } Taek fron frontal feathers. . (21)

Bill high at base (over half as high as long) ; under tail-coverts white(22)

Bill lower at base; under tail-coverts dark. PAE Une (2a)
22. Male with the gloss of the dark head dia finows green; head of
female browne. (o ct4i eles nee ed pee Ce eater Golden-eye.

22. Male with the gloss of the dark head and throat purple; head
of.female brown). 20 ae eee Barrow Golden-eye.

Bill decidedly wider near tip than at base... ...................- (24)

Bill but little if any wider at tip than at base... ................ (26)

25.
25.

27.

27.

29.

29.

31.
31.

33.
33.

35.
35.

37.

37.

37.

25

24. Male with an orange ring around neck; speculum brownish

gray female chiefly brown: +)... 20200: Ring-necked Duck.
24. Male with white speculum; female with white face... ......(25)
Length 18 to 20 inches; wing over 8} inches long... ......Scaup Duck.

Length 15 to 164inches wing under 8} inches long. . Lesser Scaup Duck.
26. Bill about half as wide as the length of the culmen . . Red-head.

2b. Bill about halfas wide as long... oe yus4-3. Ja. Canvas-back.
Bill decidedly broadened toward tip, being nearly twice as wide here
CEASE Tha | SIG i A ara ea SR a Ga OV gD ert PEO Shoveller.
Bill but little if any widened toward tip. . a atone alae . (28)
28. Head conspicuously crested; crown hich with le a iees
PRIS PURI UV INPUC es costs 4 cycls weoeis solpaiig Shaytigigit miata ate x Wood Duck.

28. sad not crested. aie aI Dee . (29)
Central tail feathers over 7 aches cont (male) « or bin aeed nar ‘Ghaen:
pointed (female); neck unusually long... ................ Pintail.
Tail and neck not especially lengthened. hea. eee tis ene ee (30)
30. Bull decidedly shorter than the head; belly white.. ........(31)
30. Bill about as long as head, or longer... .. ae . (32)
Head and throat mainly buffy, finely barred with lane? UBaisipate:
Head and throat with much brown or reddish brown BarapeauWidecon:
a2. Wine less than Sh mches lone cs.nal. caw aes seca bee epee ee (33)
32; iors wate angels racer pea ee aa ested . (35)
Wing-coverts leaden gray without blue... ... eeeeeeeed Teal.
Ano Goyentsisleyalliies Say qretnasceeuat a. tac nslaet oieys Rhaeeet eel they eu ahs (34)

34. Culmen usually more than 13 inches; head, neck and lower
parts uniform rich cinnamon brown (male); female slightly
ruddier than same sex of Blue-winged... ..... Cinnamon Teal.

34. Culmen generally less than 12 inches; head and neck dull
plumbeous, with a large crescent-shaped white patch in front of
eye; lower part pale chestnut, spotted with black (male);

head and neck streaked with dusky... ....... er ee Teal.
mpeculum: white or. grayish whites). <2 f2%',-) Se. be oe ee ¢ adwall.
Speculum a rich purple with a black border. .............. . (36)
36. Speculum bordered at both ends with narrow AWE ad atic
eB aa altro cent ie .Mallard.

36. Speculum aati Heike a Peck Periee ion ain any inns (37)
Crown without paler margins; throat usually without markings; legs
olivaceous brown; bill greenish black, dusky olive, or olive-green.
Mace a aorta asst teeth Che Rar hie NST ARTES Mice Ne con Acahe tees . Black Duck.
Crown cee with buff or gray ; throat eae legs red; bill yellow
ia ee ALE eon SR pee Me cod Ir SE re ara aedticeead Black Duck.
Similar to the last but lighter colored and with small black spot at
lower edge of upper mandible at base. _. ...:......... Mottled Duck.

129, Merganser americanus (Cassin) —-AMERICAN MERGANSER.

A regular, and in some localities, common, migrant; early in spring
and late in fall. Breeds from Minnesota northward.

130.

131.

132.

133.

kes a

135.

26

Merganser serrator (Linnaeus)—-RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

A rare migrant, but reported by one-or more observers nearly
every season. Also seen early in spring and late in fall, breeding
northward. Bruner reports it asseen on the Platte river in mid-winter.

*Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus) —HoopEp MgRGANSER.

A common migrant, breeding sparingly along the wooded streams
in the eastern part of the state and also reported to have bred at least
formerly in the timbered canyons of northern Nebraska. A young
one was taken by Swenk from a brood of six-or seven following the
mother on the Blue river at Beatrice in July, 1900, and Bruner also
found young on a pond at West Point years ago. A brood of half-
grown young were seen at Lincoln Aug. 2, 1900, by J. S. Hunter.
Migrates in Apri! and October.

*Anas boschas Linnaeus—MALLARD.

An abundant migrant; coming very early in spring, usually before
the first of March, lingering late in fall, and staying all winter where
there is open water. Breeds all over the state, more commonly than
elsewhere in the sand-hill region. In the collection of August Eiche
is a specimen undoubtedly a cross between this and the Black Duck,
and another of very large size apparently a cross between the Mallard »
and some tame duck. —

Anas obscura Gmelin—Buack Duck.

An uncommon migrant, not known to breed in the state. It is an
abundant duck in eastern United States and Nebraska lies at the
westward limit of its range. Reported from Omaha, Lincoln, and
Cherry county. Migrates about the same time as the Mallard. All
specimens accessible are referable to this form and not to the next,
which has only recently been recognized, but it is possible that some
of the records refer to the latter.

Anas obscura rubripes Brewster—ReEp-LEGGED Biack DUCK.

There is no definite record of this duck for the state, but Bruner
is inclined to believe, from notes made at the time, that the single
observation by himself of the Black Duck at West Point, a number
of years ago, should refer to this subspecies.]

*Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus)—GADWALL.

A common migrant, seen from the middle of March to the middle
of April, and from the middle of October to the middle of November.
Also a frequent breeder about the lakes of the sand-hill region, nests and
young having been taken by Bruner in Holt county and by Wolcott
in Cherry county.

Mareca penelope (Linnaeus) -EvuROPEAN WIDGEON.

Of this European bird, of which stragglers have been taken from
time to time in various parts of this country, there is one valid record
for Nebraska, a single specimen having been taken by Bruner at West
Point years ago.

137.

139.

140.

141.

143.

27

Mareca americana (Gmelin) AMERICAN WIDGEON; BALDPATE.

A common migrant, found from about March 10 to the end of April
and from the middle of September to the middle of November. It
is seen, though in limited numbers, during the whole summer about
the lakes of the sand-hill region and probably breeds there.

*Nettion carolinensis (Gmelin) —GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

An abundant migrant, coming early in spring, about the first of
March, remaining till the end of April, and here again in fall from early
in September to the end of November. It is occasionally seen in
summer and it has been noted by observers in all parts of the state
as wintering regularly wherever there is open water. It breeds
chiefly north of the United States, and must be looked upon as only
an accidental breeder in Nebraska. But in the latter part of June,
1902, Wolcott observed, at Dewey lake, Cherry county, a pair which
was undoubtedly breeding; they were observed on several occasions
at a locality exactly suited to their nesting, and the actions of the
birds showed unmistakable evidences of the presence of a nest, but
the character of the cover was such that although a careful search

" was made, it could not be found.

*Querquedula discors (Linnaeus) —BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

An abundant migrant and common summer resident. Arrives
usually in the latter part of March and departs by the first of Novem-
ber. It breeds sparingly in southeastern Nebraska, more commonly
about ponds and marshes farther west and north, clear to the western
boundary, and is an abundant breeder in the sand-hill region, every
pond or marsh, no matter how small, having one or more pairs located
in its’ vicinity.

Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot)—CinNAMON TEAL.

An occasional migrant only, its normal range being from the Rocky
mountains westward. Reported from Omaha, West Point, Niobrara,
Lincoln, Grand Island, and Cherry county; dates—Omaha, April 10,
1896, and April 12, 1897, and Lincoln, April 11, 1896.

*Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus) —-SHOVELLER.

A very common migrant and common summer resident. Arrives
early in March and stays till the middle of November. Breeds com-
monly in the sand-hill region and sparingly in various other parts of
the state.

*Dafila acuta (Linnaeus)—PINTaIu.

An abundant migrant, the first duck to appear in the spring and
one of the last to pass in the fall. Does not linger, the advance guard
appearing with the first warm days in February, and nearly all having
gone on by the first of April to their breeding grounds in the states to
the northward. A few breed in Cherry county, where a brood of
half-grown young was seen by Wolcott on Hay lake, June 17, 1902.

144.

146.

148.

149.

150.

151.

152.

28

*Aix sponsa (Linnaeus)—Woop Duck.

Largely confined to the eastern half of the state; formerly com-
mon, now somewhat rare. Breeds in suitable ineadies throughout
eastern Nebraska. Arrives in spring early in April and last seen
about the middle of October.

Aythya americana (EKyton)—RED-HEAD.

An abundant migrant, arriving early in March, remaining till the
first of May, and here again throughout October and November. Al-
though Nebraska is at the southern limit of its breeding range, a
considerable number stay regularly in the sand-hill region and doubt-
less breed. \

*Aythya vallisneria (Wilson) —CaNnvaAs-BACK.

Rather an irregular migrant, some years abundant, others less
common. Found in spring from late in February to the middle of
April, and in the fall during October and November. Breeds chiefly
from North Dakota northward, but a few are seen in summer about
the lakes of Cherry county, where they are known to breed. A nest
with eggs advanced in incubation was found near Cody, in northern
Cherry county, by I. 8. Trostler in the latter part of June, 1895, and
J. M. Bates reports the Canvas-back as breeding at Irwin in 1896
and 1897, and at Hackberry lake in 1897.

Aythya marila (Linnaeus)—Scaup Duck; BLUE-BILL.

A rare migrant, though formerly more common, and most frequent
along the Missouri river. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point, Neligh,
Cherry county. Breeds to the northward.

Aythya affinis (Eyton)—Lrssrer Scaup; LirrLte BLUE-BILL.

An abundant migrant, seen from the middle of March even to the
latter part of May and from early in October to the end of November.
Breeds from North Dakota northward, but a few remain about the
lakes of Cherry county all summer and it may breed there.

Aythya collaris (Donovan)—RING-NECKED Duck.

A common migrant, being found at the same time as the preced-
ing. It is present in Cherry county throughout the summer and
may breed.

Clangula clangula americana (Bonaparte) —-GOLDEN-EYE.

A resident from the northen boundary of the United States north-
ward, only coming down to us during the winter, when it is not un-
common, especially on the Platte and Missouri rivers. Seen from
the middle of November to the end of March, sometimes lingering to
the end of April.

Clangula islandica (Gmelin) Rocky MountTaAIN oR BARROW GOLDEN-
EYE.
A rare winter visitant in eastern Nebraska, more numerous west-

153.

154.

155.

29

ward. Reported, from Omaha, South Bend, Long Pine, and Grand
Island.

Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus)—-BUFFLE-HEAD.

A common migrant, present from about the middle of March to
the middle of April and during October and November. Breeds to
the northward.

Harelda hyemalis (Linnaeus)—Oup-squaw Duck.

A regular, but not common winter visitor, specimens being taken
every season on the Missouri river in the vicinity of Omaha. Merritt
Cary records the taking of a female near Neligh in October, 1898.
Breeds far north, chiefly beyond the limit of trees.

Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus)—-HARLEQUIN DuCcK.

Of this northern duck, there are two definite records for Nekraska,
I. 8. Trostler recording the taking of two specimens on the Missouri
river at Omaha, Sept. 16, 1893, and of another on Florence lake near
Omaha, Sept. 19,1895. Bruner also notes the securing of a specimen

in the Omaha market several years ago from among birds said to

have been shot in Burt county. -

163. Oidemia americana Swainson—AMERICAN SCOTER.

The first record for the state was based on a female specimen taken
on Salt lake, near Lincoln, Sept. 28, 1895, by August Eiche and now
in his collection. Specimens have since been taken at Omaha and
it can apparently be considered an irregular winter visitant. to be
looked for in flocks on the Platte and Missouri rivers.

165. Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte—WHITE-WINGED SCOTER.

This duck is also a winter visitant to the larger rivers and lakes in
the state, being the most common of the scoters. Bruner in his Notes
on Nebraska Birds refers to an indefinite record from Tekamah or
some point in the vicinity. The first definite record is by August
Eiche, based on a specimen secured Oct. 14, 1899, on Salt lake near
Lincoln; he also reported a flock Nov. 13 of the same year. J. E.
Wallace records the taking of a specimen at Cut-off lake, near Omaha,
Dec. 8, 1900, and the species has been seen there several times since.
It must be considered a regular and not very rare winter visitor.

166. Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus)—SurF Scoter.

Also a winter visitant to the larger bodies of water in the state, but
apparently not so common as the last. Bruner refers to three birds
probably of this species, shot on Salt lake, near Lincoln, in Nov., 1895,
by university students, which were not preserved; but here again
August Eiche has the honor of the first definite record for the state,
having a male in his collection taken at the same place, Oct. 7, 1896.
It has since been taken at Omaha and is probably a regular winter
visitor.

30

167. *Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin)—Ruppy Duck.

Avery common migrant and a common breeder on the lakes of the
sand-hill region. Arrives about the middle of March and lingers in
the southeastern part of the state till the end of May; in the fall
migrates during October and November.

169. Chen hyperborea (Pallas)—-LessER SNow Goose.

A very common migrant, breeding far north. Migration dates
from about March 1 to the first of May, and from the latter part of
September to the middle of November. Usually called ‘‘ Brant” in
this state.

169a. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forster) GREATER SNOW Goose.
A rather rare migrant, occurring at about the same time as the last.
Recorded from Omaha,West Point, South Bend, Lincoln, and Waco.

169.1. Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus) ——BLuE Goose.
Formerly seen alone, according to Bruner, in small flocks, though
never common; now rather rare and only seen flying with the snow
geese. Breeds about Hudson’s bay.

171a. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartlaub)—WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.
A not uncommon migrant, seen from early in March to the middle
of April and from the end of September to the middle of November.
Breeds in the far north.

172. *Branta canadensis (Linnaeus)—CaNapbDA GOOSE.

An abundant migrant; from as early in February as the ice breaks
up even to the middle of May, and from the middle of October to late
in the fall. Also found on the Platte and Missouri rivers during all
ordinary winters. Formerly bred about the lakes in the sand-hill
region and on the islands of the Platte and Missouri rivers, and a few
are found breeding there still.

172a. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Richardson)—-HutcHins Goosn.
A common migrant, at the same time as the preceding but appear-
ing a little later in the spring. Breeds in Alaska.

173. Branta bernicla glaucogastra (Brehm)—Branv.
The only definite record of this goose for the state is reported by
I. 8. Trostler who saw three that were killed on the Missouri river at
Omaha, Nov. 9, 1895. L. Skow says there is, or was, a specimen in
an Omaha gun store, said to have been shot on the Platte river.
Breeds within the Arctie circle and seen chiefly along the Atlantic
coast.

180. Olor columbianus (Ord)—WHISTLING Swan.
A rare migrant now, formerly more common, and more numerous
than the next. Seen from the middle of March to the middle of April
and late in September and in October. Breeds far north.

31

181. *Olor buccinator (Richardson) —TrRuUMPETER SWAN.

Now rare and apparently never known to be common. Recorded
from localities along the Platte river, Omaha, North Platte, and Grant
and Cherry counties. J. M. Bates reports this species as having for-
merly bred on Watt’s lake, Cherry county, and it probably was once
a breeder about many of the lakes of the sand-hill region.

EXTRALIMITAL: 134a. Anas fulvigula maculosa (Sennett), the
Mottled Duck, breeds from Texas to middle Kansas and may reach
southern Nebraska. 172c. Branta canadensis minima Ridgway, the
Cackling Goose of the northwest coast, has been taken in the interior
as far east as Wisconsin and may reach Nebraska during migrations.

ORDER V. HERODIONES—HeErons, Srorks, Istses, Erc.

A. Sides of upper mandible with a deep narrow groove. Bill slender,
a hee round, not widened at end, and decurved throughout... .

Yara .Ibidae.

A. Bides = upper ane elts ieee Be SROOVE: ia. cr sens Zab)
B. Middle toe not pectinate, hind toe ele ted alyane SHnene)

, Giconiidae.

B; Middle baie neeiaunte: ad ee on same Sid al with others. .Ardeidae.
Famity IBIDAZ—Isisxs '

1. General color white in adult, grayish brown above and white below
in young. 42: es . White Ibis.
1. Chestnut with wantin anu Sone feeecinnan in satel eens brown
with greenish reflections on the back in young. fe Gz)
2. Lores greenish in life; feathers ayaa bill same oles as gee
Fy NNSA Ie cert MRE Re AR Oe one ae ig alee whee iGlossy This.
2. Lores red; feathers around bill alnie! : SWikitectaced Glossy Ibis.

186. Plegadis autumnalis ee ree Ibis.

A specimen taken near Omaha, Bruner thinks at Cut-off lake, is
now in the University museum, and there are two specimens in the
collection of L. Sessions, of Norfolk, taken at that place. Straggler
in summer from the southeast.

187, Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus)—-WHITE-FACED Guossy Isis.
A straggler from the south. Two specimens are recorded from
Omaha, by I. 8. Trostler and L. Skow, one killed near Florence lake,
Aug. 19, 1893, and a second near Cut-off lake, Apr. 6, 1897. A speci-
men was secured years ago, according to Bruner, by Frank Parmalee
of Omaha, at Clarks.

EXTRALIMITAL: 184. Guara alba (Linnaeus)—The White Ibis is
stated to occur casually north to South Dakota and may be looked
upon as a probable addition to our fauna sooner or later.

Famity CICONIIDA—Srorxs anp Woop Istses
A large white bird, 35 to 45 inches long, with greenish black tail and wing

32

quills; head and neck mostly naked; bill stout, tapering, the
end curved downward) -:) 2am sane oie cloisonne ao ene OO OC mai:

[188. Tantalus loculator Linnaeus—Woop Isis.

Or

“J

“I

While no records are at hand which would warrant us retaining
this bird in our Nebraska lists, it has been definitely recorded from
states as far north as Wisconsin and as far west as Colorado. Un-
confirmed observations by sportsmen of single birds of the above
description would point to its having been seen here as well. ]

Famity ARDEIDZ—Herons, Birrerns, Erc.

Outer toe shorter than the inner one; nail on hind toe fully half as
long as the toe. Sere 25 (2)
Outer toe as long or fier ne Thee inner one; Sait on shied $08 lens
ne half as; lome ‘asiats, Toe ss ec 6 rey tarp terns eee en (3)
. Size large, leneth 24 to-d4 inches 30). J jence ue ics eee Bittern.
2. Size small, length 13 inches. ...... bee .Least Bittern.
Bill slender, fully four times as long as it is heel at its yee Pecks ea eee)
Bill rather stout, only about three times as long as it is his at base, . .(9)
4. General color white during breeding season with ‘‘aigrette’’
plumes om ack. js ecuich cae mick aa neo oleta teeta ene (5)
4. General color, at least above, blue or brownish slate, the ‘‘aig-
rette’”’ plumes short and gray, or with elongate narrow feath- .
ers instead. c. ska
Larger; length 40 bie citi valve ieee ead Tees Titec ack:
plumes straight. Stee ale Wie Ls eee aS Ae is ee
Smaller; length 22 We 24 anes Ape SS a hace . (6)
6. Bill, legs, and feet black; rpms eee ‘Snowy ieee
6. Bill black, legs and feet greenish Benes ‘Gos ‘of primaries
bluishs,foNe-s0k toa Se .Little Blue Heron, young.

Very large, length 45 reeea oe of crown patie the occiput pro-
vided with elongate stresses legs blackish (adult) ; ; crown black,
head not crested (young)........ sae aes .Great Blue Heron.

. Smaller, length from 17 to 26 inches; ed feathers fonnmas more or

less’ of ‘ay (CREST. Ver RPE coos anne tre ae atm peo (8)
8. Length 17 inches; neck and sides of head purplish chestnut;
back and wings ee washed with bluish gray..........
ES rae an ed tan ee . Green Heron.
8. Length 22 to 26 cache a and one maroon, ‘rest of plum-
age slaty blue Gaauine aR Re .Little Blue Heron.
Bill less than one-half an inch ehorte: hee barode ate top and-bottom
but slightly convex; crown and back preenitn black (adult).
Grayish brown streaked with white above; primaries with pale
rufous (young) . ees Black ecctea Night Heron.

. Bill over one-half an on neee ae ee its top and bottom

decidedly convex; blue-gray, crown and ear-coverts whitish
(adult). Crown black, streaked with white; primaries bluish
Slaten(ViOUNe) ceo tiets he ie tee ee Yellow-crowned Night Heron.

190.

Tor.

194.

196.

197:

200.

33

*Botaurus lentiginosus (Montague)—BITTERN.

A common migrant throughout the state, breeding everywhere
in suitable localities but much more commonly in the sand-hill region
than elsewhere. Migrating during April and late in September and
in October, lingering sometimes into December.

*Ardetta exilis (Gmelin) —Lrasr Birrern.

A common summer resident in the eastern portion of the state
in suitable localities, rare in the sand-hill region, and not so far re-
corded from the western part of the state. Arrives in the latter part
of April or early in May and departs during the latter part of Sep-
tember and in October.

*Ardea herodias Linnaeus—GrxEAT BLUE HERON.

Found along rivers and streams throughout the state, and breeds
here and there in appropriate places; more common eastward and
especially along the Missouri river, where it nests in colonies in the
largest trees of the river bottom.

Herodias egretta Gmelin—AMERICAN EGRET.

Of this heron there are four records for the state. Aughey states
that he saw a single specimen on the Nemaha in Richardson county
in May, 1873. A specimen was killed near Omaha, July 12, 1894,
and reported by I. 8. Trostler. L. Skow reports it from Nebraska
City, and Swenk records seeing one on Cedar creek, near Beatrice,
July 12, 1900. A straggler from the south, occurring in southern
and eastern Nebraska in summer.

*Egretta candidissima Gmelin—Snowy Heron.

An occasional straggler from the south in summer, and a rare, per-
haps accidental, breeder. We have several records of its occurrence:
Aughey records it from Otoe and Richardson counties; I. 8. Trostler
from near Fremont, Sept. 4, 1893; Swenk from Fairbury; and one
was shot in the Hat creek valley in extreme northwestern Nebraska
and the specimen mounted. August Eiche has recorded a nest of
this bird at Lincaln, in June, 1895, the female which was shot. on the
nest being now in his collection (See Proc. N. O. U., IT, 96).

Florida caerulea Linnaeus—LirtLe BuuE HERon.

A straggler from the south in summer, to the southern part of the
state. Reported from Butler county, on the Platte river, by a Dr.
Peebles, according to Bruner; also observed by Trostler near Omaha
June 15, 1897 and Aug. 15, 1903; and a specimen is in the collection
of Rees Heaton of Curtis, killed on an artificial lake at that place.
Bruner also records a specimen from near Omaha years ago brought
to F. J. Brezee to be mounted, but whether killed in Iowa or Ne-
braska is not known. It has been reported as breeding north of
Omaha, on the Iowa side of the Missouri river, but this is probably
an error. Possibly some of the records of the preceding species
may have referred to the young of this, since at that age it is white.

34

201. *Butorides virescens Linnaeus—GREEN HERON.
A very common summer resident in eastern Nebraska, but not
reported west of the eastern one-third of the state. Omaha, Peru,
West Point, Oakdale, Neligh, Lincoln, Gresham, Beatrice—breeding
at all localities. Merritt Cary reports it as an abundant summer resi-
dent and breeder at Neligh. Arrives in April, departs late in Sep-
tember or early in October.

202. *Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert)—BuLacKk-crowNEpD NIGHT
HERON.

A common migrant over the greater part of the state, becoming
rare in the extreme western portion, and a common breeder here and
there in the northern portion of the state and in the sand-hill region.
In the latter locality it nests in the rushes about the lakes. Not
known to breed south of about the middle portion of the state. Ar-
rives in April, departs late in September and early in October.

203. Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus) —-YELLOW-CROWNED NiauTr HpRon.

A rare straggler from the south in summer. Recorded from Val-
ley by Bruner years ago and an immature male shot on the Blue
river near Beatrice by Swenk, July 19, 1901. One was killed at
Omaha, on the Iowa side of the Missouri river, May 1, 1892, and re-
corded by I. 8S. Trostler who also reports one near Florence lake,
Aug. 23, 1903.

ORDER VI. PALUDICOLA—Crangss, Raits, Etc.

A. Wing over 15 inches long; hind toe much elevated............. Gruide.
A. Wing under 10 inches long; hind toe very slightly elevated... .Rallide.

Famity GRUIDE—CrANES

1. General plumage of adult white; of young more rusty tinged; tarsus

LOZ tots inchesoney ss eae oo eee nae Whooping Crane.
1. General plumage of adult slaty to brownish gray.................. (2)
2. Smaller, length 35 inches; tarsus 74 inches. . .Little Brown Crane.

2. Larger, length 44 inches; tarsus 10 inches....... Sandhill Crane.

204. Grus americana (Linnaeus) —-WHOooPING CRANE.

Formerly a fairly common migrant in the state, now rare, although
as late as 1899 reported by Cary as a rather common migrant at Ne-
ligh. Occurs from late in March, through April and again in Octo-
ber. May have once bred in the sand-hill region.

205. Grus canadensis (Linnaeus)—LirrLE BRowN CRANE.
Very rare migrant, breeding far north. Bruner has recorded speci-
mens from West Point and Scribner and L. Skow has reported it from
Omaha. Cary reports one killed at Neligh in May, 1895.

206. *Grus mexicana (Mueller)—SaNpDHILL CRANE.
Formerly a very abundant migrant and a common breeder in the
marshes of the state, still frequently seen in migration and breeding

35

sparingly in the sand-hill region. Arrives late in March and in April
and departs in October.

Famity RALLIDZ—Raits, GALLINULES, AND CoorTs

. Forehead provided with a shield-like, horny extension: of the bill;
WENGE RRCA Coens swiltt corr notes. saa came ened, «1c oo aaa cae (2)
Forehead without the shield-like, horny extension of bill............ (4)
2. Toes with broad, membranous lobes; slate-colored, with
wiltee-tipped secondary quills.) o.../36 3) yet a ie .Coot.
2. Toes without lobes...... Ele . (3)

. Most of the head and all under Burts a enaiean fle an the: young ae
tled with white); back olive-green (washed with brownish in the
young). LAR Nees .Purple Gallinule.
. Generally sates cploredl Soa ie conspicuous ae ecules on the
Hames oatre..s 2p Gert .Florida Gallinule.
4. Bill slender, Hees Se 2 or more eanches eae upper parts rich
olive-brown, streaked with black; 16 to 19 inches long..
seh pecme Rat.
4, Bill fenders idecure Re ae to 13 iohes bag upper aie black
and grayish brown; 8 to 104 inches long........ Virginia Rail.
4. Bill stout, not decurved:, ieinehcorless ime lenedine rs ee. oe sere (5)
Feathers of the back black with broad, buffy borders....... Yellow Rail.
Back blackish with round, white spots......0.'...0 20.40; «. Black Rail.
Olive-brown, streaked with white on back and wings.............. Sora.
08. *Rallus elegans Audubon—Kine RalIt.

A summer resident in the eastern third of the state, but not com-
mon, arriving early in May and breeding in June. West Point, Elk-
horn, Omaha, and Sarpy, Lancaster, and Harlan counties—breeding
at Omaha. In the Proc. N. O.-U., Il, p. 84, J.S. Hunter reports the
King Rail from Cherry county but later experience seems to throw
doubt on this identification, although since in the Proceedings, I, p.
16, J. M. Bates says this species was reported to him as on Ballard’s
lake, in the same locality, in September, 1898, its occurrence in the
sand-hill region may later be verified.

212. *Rallus virginianus Linnaeus—VirGINIA Ratt.

A common migrant, at times even abundant, and also a common
breeder in the northern part of the state and in the sand-hill region,
but a rather rare breeder in the southeastern portion of Nebraska.
Arrives early in May, leaves about the end of September. Omaha,
West Point, Plattsmouth, Lincoln, Gresham, Neligh, and Cherry
county—found once breeding at Lincoln, and a common breeder at
Neligh and in Cherry county.

214. *Porzana carolina (Linnaeus)—CaroLina RaIL; Sora.

An abundant migrant, and rather common breeder in the eastern
part of the state, a rare breeder in the sand-hill region. Same dates
as the preceding. West Point, Oakland, Peru, Richardson county,

36

Lincoln, Gresham, Beatrice, Ponca, Ewing, O’Neill, North Platte,
Cherry county; breeding at Omaha, at Neligh, and in Holt county.

. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmelin) YELLOW Ratt.
Very rare. Bruner reports it once from Bellevue, and has seen
it once, years ago, in the Omaha market. There is a specimen, taken
at Norfolk, in the collection of L. Sessions of that place.

. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmelin)—Buack RalIt.
Rare. Aughey records two, taken in Richardson county, in Sep-
tember, 1873, and Bruner reports it from West Point, and in the
Omaha market. It may breed.

. Ionornis martinica (Linnaeus) PURPLE GALLINULE.

Only recorded once from Nebraska, a specimen being seen by
Bruner, at West Point, in June or July of 1884 or 1885. It was dur-
ing high water; and the bird, seen about a rush-grown, cut-off lake,-
was approached to within twenty yards or less.

. *Gallinula galatea (Lichtenstein) FLORIDA GALLINULE.

Quite a common but locally distributed summer resident in south-
eastern Nebraska, rare in sand-hill region. Omaha, Dunbar, Beat-
rice, North Platte, Cherry county. Reported as a common breeder
at Omaha, as breeding at North Platte, and breeding on the one occa-
sion on which it was noted from Cherry county, by Wolcott.

. *Fulica americana Gmelin—Coor.

An abundant migrant, and in the lakes of the sand-hill region an
abundant resident; also common as a resident everywhere in the state
where réedy“sloughs and ponds are found. Arrives during the first
half of April and departs in October.

ORDER VIL. LIMICOL A “Geonmbiand

A. Toes with lobed webs on the sides; tarsus much Seer Wag RAS

Sarees
A. es oo fonedk on meke aiden: erate her Sapecatle Somipeeeseaee aes, G! 6.9)
B. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe and claw.
Sith: Pieecneraeciridest
B. Pareas Teas, thane uae as fihereas as chides ioe pel claw. iS)
C. Front of tarsus covered with a continuous row of Pee tae ARS
sided seales. 0205) wiv Sb gales oe ee (EB)
C. Front of tarsus covered with small six-sided irregular scales......... (D)
D. -Bill shorter than tarsus, 222.4, sa eee eee Charadriide.
D. Bil longer'than tarsus... ee ee ee Hezmatopodidae.
E. Bill slender, with a bluntly rounded tip.................5 Scolopacide.
E. Bill stout, with a pointed wedge-shaped tip.................Aphrizide.
Famity PHALAROPODIDZ—PuHaLaropEs
1. Larger; bill over 1} inches long. . . fs .. Wilson Phalarope.

- Smaller; bill under 1 inch long...) tas ess ee (2)

37

2. Bill stout and with a flattened tip; wing more than 4? inches

Ua Ree ie Re eSB ed nae 8 Wicd «Swen Set ie ete ONG ’..Red Phalarope.
2. Bill quite slender and not flattened at tip, wing less than 43
WBE MESOME cs sah. Wives peice sin we oso y Other Phalarope;

223. Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus) —-NoRTHERN PHALAROPE.
A rare migrant. Reported by F. W. Powell from Alda in Cooke’s
Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley; by I. 8. Trostler from
Omaha, where a specimen was taken May 6, 1896; and several times
at Lincoln, by D. A. Haggard, August Eiche, and J. S. Hunter, in
May and from the end of August to the end of October. Breeds far
to the north.

224. *Steganopus tricolor (Vieillot)—-W1Lson PHALAROPE.

An abundant migrant throughout the state and a common breeder
in the sand-hill region. Migrates during the latter part of April and
the first half of May and during September and early in October.
Omaha, Peru, West Point, Fremont, Lincoln, Fullerton, Neligh,
Dakota and Dixon counties, North Platte, ete.—migrating; summer
resident in Holt county, breeding in Cherry county and reported
by J. A. Dickinson as probably breeding at Gresham, May 30, 1896,
when two pairs were observed.

EXTRALIMITAL: 222. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linnaeus), the
Red Phalarope, is a species breeding far to the north and coming
south rarely in winter to the northern Mississippi valley. Has been
recorded from Illinois, Minnesota, and Wyoming, and it might occur
in Nebraska.

Famity RECURVIROSTRIDAZ—Avocets anp STILTS

1. Bill decidedly curved upward, over 3 inches long; the 3 front toes

COMMECDEG IV WEDS: « cicuthiars oia asad ede ote la Oakey oh tyne ete oe Avocet.
1. Bill only slightly curved upward, less than 3 inches long; the 2 outer
poes Gnly«webobeG. os J ive caee nels anlage ose nae Blatk=necked Silt:

225. *Recurvirostra americana Gmelin—AVOoceET.

A rather common migrant over the state and a frequent breeder
in the sand-hill region. Migrates late in April and during May and
again during September and October. Omaha, West Point, Rich-
ardson county, Lincoln, Wood river, Gresham, etc.; found by Wolcott
_breeding at Clear lake, Cherry county, in June, 1902.

226. Himantopus mexicanus (Mueller)—BuacKk-NECKED STILT.

This bird, a southern species, but recorded from Illinois, Minne-
sota, and Kansas as a straggler, and as breeding in Colorado, has
only been observed in Nebraska in the vicinity of Omaha, from where
L. Skow and I. S. Trostler record it, the latter giving the following
dates: May 10, 1893; May 6, 1894; Apr. 20, 1895; and Oct. 3 and
9, 1894. May possibly breed in southwestern Nebraska.

bo |

ihe
Ike

13.
13.

15.
15.

Le
17.

38

Faminry SCOLOPACIDA—SnIpPEs, SANDPIPERS, Etc.

. Bill long and much decurved; tarsi scaled in front only; reticulate

BOHM oe ok he becca ks Satieats ha, airy rere oe ales ghee ele ee (2)
. Bill not strongly decurved; tarsi seutellate both in front and behind. . (3)
2. Bill over 44 inches long...... Se he ..Long-billed Curlew.
2. Bill under 4h inches, but over r3 rae ieee eae Hudsonian Curlew.
Peo leyilisqonave ese SyonaKel atercllowaveye 4 ooior ot ceo do soo alo Sec Eskimo Curlew.
. Toes three; the hind toe wanting, .. 0. ......24 0s tee 2) AD OeRUM BE
~ ‘Roestfiour: the hind toe! presenta. csr uy ena wee eee eee eee ee (4)
4. Eves back of middle of head; bill twice as long as tarsus....... (5)

4. Eyes not back of middle of head; bill not twice as long as tarsus.(6)

. Crown banded crosswise; axillars not barred; tibize entirely feathered.

. Woodcock.

. Crown eeripeds iedeuhice: Sener pane ne of apie ae

Wileoa Snipe.

6. Front toes with aie ease one eigunee ee Li SA Se aa RN ER REAL
Gs Bronte toes note distimetinn webb edeen sates cree innate arse (19)
. Bill slightly curved upward at tip.. wes SL Se pene aa peemcageme | ((cS))
. Bill straight throughout, or curved siehily dont wards Ade ee eo)
8. Bill 34 to 54 inches aan rump and upper Se sewers barred
with brown. seo eas .Marbled Godwit.
8. Bill 2? to 34 inches fone a rump cand tal pine aie white upper
tail-caverte:<. s+ 054+ 5sse-sani 5s bones nis Eludsonmiam Godwit.
» Axillarsibarred with blacks cnc 2.2 ced eco eect ee ee eee CL)
Axillarsinot Warred:. ayo. :ns 5) aoe. cee Pee eae eee ee (13)
LO. Gegs y ello Wie. cec. id coasted rn nelle oe eases areata ie ene (11)
10. nee eS ee ca eee C2)
Wine cover 74 inches long... 75 oes core UGresiee Yellows -legs.
Wing under 7 inches long....... re SOUS 8 SS 2 eee ital ce ee
12. Bill averaging under 24 hnones eae ASDA ae ehiy dre Dowitcher.
12. Bill averaging over 24 inches lonernrne as: Long-billed Dowitcher.
Bill ‘over % inches,lones* 4)..2.2 4) lee coe id ceo eSLE RE lets
Bill under 2 Nachos "Ones 2s ke
14. Tal -witln er oSs#barsiapo+ cei mn eveccasee Ren eee te ae 5 (Clie)
14e) Tail withowtacross-bars mnt aahecnse eee rete RZ)
Winesovero2 Sinehes lone terrane eed ‘Seadpines
Wine under 52 inchesslong. 2... we eet eee (16)
16. Upper parts brownish gray, barred with blackish; under
parts: spotted: -4..4. . .. . Spotted Sandpiper.

16. Upper parts Readoue) spp nteal Sak shines .. Solitary Sandpiper.
16. Upper parts fuscous, spotted with pur tamer margin of outer

primary, speckled black and white. ... Western Solitary Sandpiper.

Bill over 1,4, inches) long. 34 ..s:./ 29s. A On ss ee ee Bee
Billtunder:134, inches/lomga) 224.38 ete ate One ene en ener (18)
18) Bill? to's/of an ‘inch long: ee. Wee Semipalmated Sandpiper.

18. Bill 4 of an inch to 1} inches long............Western Sandpiper.

39

19. Inner web of outer primary speckled with blackish..............

TER eras 2s tO Ie aie AME ee AY ea TaTE Sw .Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
19: Inner web of outer primary not speckled..............:......0.%. (20)
BUI MAOVEr nO NUMRECS LOOPS h 5 tah eh n ts nic Pea orate Knot.
Ae Mn eto ICM eS LONE: .. 0 weraeives So aciten cae eee take (21)
2a, Billscurved downwards. . is... oes eee anes -Red-backed Sandpiper.
Pee SNS es nh a aR a ge A ec a ge Ot (22)
22 bill over er inches lome so... ed Se Purple Sandpiper.
Poe st UG er | menCHeS LOMP ses aah. sn ad hee Leis eeh cha 6 eC
25... Wing-under 4 inches long. i... v2... cos. oes oe soy, beast, Sandpiper.
2a. Wing over 4 ches long yey... oi ..o2 asst wae on . (24)
24. Upper tail-coverts ernie Be oo. Ua ote Eyre nnaiped ‘Goudpiper,
Zt Upper Gail-ecoverts: black a. .< 5505 1os bo dices Pectoral Sandpiper.
24. Upper tail-coverts fuscous.. ... 0)... 00.6.0... Baird Sandpiper.

228. *Philohela minor (Gmelin)—Woopcock. -

A rare migrant in the extreme eastern part of the state, breeding
occasionally along the bottomlands of the Missouri river and other
wooded streams flowing into it. Omaha, West Point, and Sarpy and Otoe
counties; stragglers reported from Beatrice and Lincoln, and even as
far as Neligh. Arrives late in March and leaves in October. May
winter in mild seasons.

230. Gallinago delicata (Ord)—WILSoN SNIPE.

A very common migrant throughout the state and found in winter
about springs in Holt, Cherry, Dawes, and Sioux counties, and along
the Missouri river. It may possibly breed in northern Nebraska,
as is claimed by some ranchmen, since it is reported staying all sum-
mer at North Platte by M. K. Barnum, was seen in Cherry county
by Trostler late in June, 1895, and in the same region in June, 1900,
by J. S. Hunter. Migrates during the latter part of April and in
May, and again from the end of September to the middle of November.

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmelin)—DowirTcHEmr.

Specimens which were referred to this species have been reported
from West Point, Lincoln, and Omaha, by Bruner; from Omaha by
Skow and Trostler, April 30, 1893 and Sept. 15, 1894; from Neligh
by Cary, May 16, 1899; from Cherry county by Bates; and from
Lincoln by August Hiche, in whose collection is a specimen with a bill
only 2.25 inches long. Aughey’s records of this species probably
refer to the next. It is ‘claimed by many authorities that the
Dowitcher is only found in the eastern states and that all western
specimens represent simply variations of the Long-billed Dowitcher.
So long as the authorities are not unanimous these records are al-
lowed to stand for what they are worth. The two species differ in
color in the breeding plumage but in the winter plumage are in-
distinguishable.

232.

233.

234.

239.

240.

242.

40

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say)—LONG-BILLED DoWITCHER.

An irregular migrant, sometimes common. Aughey reported it
years ago under the name griseus as abundant. Found from the mid-
dle of April to the middle of May and throughout September and Oc-
tober and even into November. Dixon, Wayne, Nemaha, and
Sarpy counties, Omaha, West Point, Lincoln, Cherry county, North
Platte. Breeds in British America.

Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte)—STILT SANDPIPER.

Usually considered a rare migrant, but has been seen at Lincoln at
times in large numbers, in May and again in September and October.
Omaha, West Point, Lincoln, Neligh, Holt county, Long Pine, Cherry
county. Breeds far north.

Tringa canutus Linnaeus—KwNot.

Rare. Aughey records a specimen from Brownville, Oct., 1874;
Trostler one from Omaha, Sept. 30, 1893; J. S. Hunter one from Lin-
coln, May 16, 1896; and August Eiche has a specimen in his collection
taken at Lincoln, Aug. 27,1896. Breeds in Arctic regions.

Actodromas maculata (Vieillot)—PrcToRaL SANDPIPER.

A common migrant, seen late in April and in May and in Septem-
ber and October. Frequents fields and pastures and often called
‘‘Grass Snipe.’”?’ West Point, Lincoln, Peru, Omaha, Gresham, North
Platte, Cherry county. Breeds far north.

Actodromas fuscicollis (Vieillot)-WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER.

A rather common migrant, though not so numerous as the preced-
ing, and not so frequently reported. Seen at about the same time
though more inclined to linger even to June. Omaha, Peru, Lin-
coln, Fairbury, Cherry county. Also a breeder only to the north.

. Actodromas bairdii Coues—BaAtIrD SANDPIPER.

An abundant migrant, frequently lingering all summer, but only
breeding far to the north. The earliest sandpiper to appear in the
spring, sometimes as early as the middle of March, always by the first
of April, remaining in large flocks till the end of May, and here again
in fall migration from the middle of August till the end of October.
Throughout the state.

Actodromas minutilla (Vieillot)—Lrast SANDPIPER.

An abundant migrant, also lingering, especially in northern Ne-
braska, throughout the summer. In June and early in July 1902,
Swenk found representatives of several species of shore birds along
the Niobrara river; examination of sexual organs showed no evidence of
development except in this species, of which two pairs were seen about a
small pond acting as if breeding, and the ovaries of which showed
a marked development. Its usual breeding grounds are in British
America; Hatch claims that it also breeds in Minnesota. Migrating
from the end of March or first of April to the end of May, and from ~
early in August to November. Throughout the state.

41

243a. Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot)—RrEp-BACKED SANDPIPER.

Rare. Recorded only from Omaha, where L. Skow took a speci-
men May 12, 1895, and from Lincoln, where specimens have been
taken by D. A. Haggard; by J. S. Hunter, May 16, May 30, and Nov.
7, 1896; and by August Eiche, May 22, 1899. Breeds far north.

246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus) —-SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.

A common migrant, usually in company with the Least Sandpiper:
and breeding in high latitudes. Reported from localities throughout
the state. Specimensin the collection of F. L. Riser, taken at Lincoln
are dated June 8 and July 8, 1897.

(247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawrence—WESTERN SANDPIPER.
Reported once from Omaha by L. Skow. Though Nebraska
comes within the accepted range of the species, the identification
does not seem to be entirely beyond question. ]

248. Calidris arenaria (Linnaeus) —SANDERLING.
An irregular migrant, sometimes numerous. Reported from West
_ Point and Lincoln by Bruner, from Omaha by Trostler and Skow,
and from North Loup by D. H. Talbot; A. R. Graves took a specimen
_ at Alliance, April 6, 1892, and specimens from Lincoln are in the col-
lection of August Eiche, dated May 21, 1895, Aug. 22, 1896, and Oct.
4, 1898. Chiefly maritime.

249. Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus) MARBLED GopwIt.

A common migrant, found from the middle of April to the middle
of May, and from the end of August to early in October. West
Point, Omaha, Lincoln, Ashland, Gresham, and Cherry and Holt
counties. Aughey also reports it from Cedar and Wayne counties,
and says it breeds in Nebraska, though so far as we know no nest
was ever found within our limits. His statement is probably the
basis for the inclusion of this state in the breeding range as given by
various authorities, but since the bird is known to have bred in Iowa,
Minnesota, and the Dakotas, and has been frequently seen here in
summer, it almost certainly breeds in Nebraska also.

251. Limosa hemastica (Linnaeus)—HupsoNnIaAN GopwiTt. :
A rare migrant, and reported by but a few observers. Recorded
from West Point, Oakland, Lincoln, and Holt county, by Bruner;
J.S. Hunter and August Eiche have collected specimens nearly every
year in May at the lake near Lincoln. Breeds far north.

254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin)—GrEATER YELLOW-LEGS.

A common migrant, from early in April to the middle of May and
from the end of August to November. Recorded from various lo-
calities west to Cherry county and North Platte. Reported in
Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds as breeding at Peru and in Holt
county. The former was probably an error, but Bruner has seen
this species in pairsin Holt county in summer, and since it has been

42

known to breed in northern Illinois and in Minnesota, it is not unlikely
that it breeds occasionally in Nebraska.

255. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin) — YELLOW-LEGS.
An abundant migrant; seen also all summer, but there is no evi-
dence that it breeds. Seen at the same time as the last species.
256. *Helodromas solitarius (Wilson)—SoLirary SANDPIPER.

A common migrant; here in May and in September, and to be scied
with chiefly along creeks and small streams. Recorded from all
parts of the state. Reported from Cherry county by J. M. Bates,
and from Neligh by Merritt Cary as frequently and regularly seen in
summer though no nest has been taken by either; Aughey, however,
records seeing the young in Dakota county in August, so it probably
is a regular though not common breeder in the northern portion of
the state. It is known to breed from northern Illinois northward.

258a. *Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster—-WESTERN WILLET.

A rathercommon migrant, passing through fromthe middle of April
to the middle of May and again in September. Recorded from va-
rious localities west to Cherry county. It is frequently seen in sum-
mer, especially about the lakes of the sand-hill region, and J. M. Bates
reports having seen young at Kennedy.

261. *Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein) -BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER.

An abundant migrant throughout the state, breeding commonly
in the southern and eastern portion and abundantly in the sand-hill
region and on the high plains of the north and west. Arrives about
the middle of April and departs about the middle of September.

262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot)—-BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

A rare and irregular migrant, apparently not so common as in for-
mer times. Aughey recorded one specimen from Nebraska City, in
September, 1874; Bruner reports it as formerly fairly common at
West Point, and the same report comes from L. Sessions at Norfolk;
it is also reported from Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, DeWitt, and Neligh.
Has been taken late in July and in August at Lincoln, but breeds far
north.

263. *Actitis macularia (Linnaeus)—SporreD SANDPIPER.

A common migrant; also a frequent breeder in northern Nebraska,
and an occasional breeder in the southern part of the state. Arrives
about the first of May, last seen about the middle of October. Reported
from numerous localities west to Cherry county, and once by Cary
from Andrews, Sioux county, late in May, 1901.

264. *Numenius longirostris Wilson—LoNnG-BILLED CURLEW.

Formerly an abundant migrant throughout the state, now very
irregular in the eastern portion, though common westward. In for-
mer times an abundant breeder also to the eastern edge of the sand-
hill region, still a common breeder locally from Cherry county west-

43

ward, nesting in dry valleys. Arrives by the middle of April, departs
by the first of September.

265. Numenius hudsonicus Latham—Hupsonian CuRLEW.
Now a rare and irregular migrant, formerly more numerous. Re-
corded once or twice from West Point, and once from Holt county,
by Bruner; from Lincoln by August Eiche and by Wolcott, Oct. 8,
1898. Breeds far north.

266. Numenius borealis (Forster) Eskimo CurRLEW.

Formerly very abundant in flocks of thousands, and killed by wagon-
loads for food in the early days of the state, now very seldom seen
in eastern portion, but still said by sportsmen to be fairly common in
the western. Migrating in April and October, and breeding in the
Arctic regions.

EXTRALIMITAL: 235. Arquatella maritima Bruennich, the Purple
Sandpiper, is said to migrate in winter southward to the Great Lakes
and the shores of the larger streams in the upper Mississippi valley,
though chiefly maritime. It may be looked for on the Missouri river.

~The Western Solitary Sandpiper, 256a. H. s. cinnamomeus Brewster,
is a western form said to range eastward to the plains, and may be
expected to occur in western Nebraska.

Famity CHARADRIIDZ—P.Lovers

1. Toes four, the hind toe present but very small; above mottled brownish
gray and white, below white in fall, black in spring.

see Speedy _Black- ‘Rellied: Plover.

1. Toes thse: ‘fhe feral tae: Sheehan LOU Ea REITER ea SACD Oy Ecce une RUE ake (2)

. Back decidedly and brightly dotted with golden and whitish spots

on a dark ground; below es in fall, varied with more or less

black invspringe.. si 2. Neer .Golden Plover.

. Back uniform plain praca or gray, Rito detided Spouse rari (3)

3. ae bright orange-brown in conspicuous contrast to the brownish back;

white lower an crossed by a emcee and breast-band of black

; .Killdeer.
3. Rahs dull ealenede never : peeee fe: med: ane more Cosa one iplack band
om lower parts... ...... a . (4)

4. No black Sees on aes ae Suen: or Rube pan across fc but
an indistinct band of buffy; adults with a crown-stripe and lore-
stripe of black; above ae brown varied with reddish.

eee . Mountain Plover.

4. genet ened od sy a eaonacn: Glade band or with con-

spicuious black patchés on the sides. .....60.. 5. ogseb een (5)
5. Space between eye and bill dark brown or black; a heavy black breast-
ring, and in spring sides of head and fore crown black; toes webbed

ALADASe MDAC DRO WWHIIS ite Wera te cterses alin eeeors) oie Semipalmated Plover.

5. Space between eye and bill white; toes not distinctly webbed at base. . . (6)

6. Bill entirely black and a black spot on the sides of the head; also

44

a black line above the forehead and the sides of the breast with
large black patches not connected; above pale grayish, below pure
white...... : .Snowy Plover.
6. Bill yellow at ies cee nee ah isis pet gee = Seer not black;
sides of breast with black patches, which are connected by a nar-
row breast-line; a black crown-line; back pale grayish....
. .Belted Piping Plover.

bo
~I
f=)

. Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus) —BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.

A regular migrant, but not usually common. However, F. W. Powell
records an instance in which he saw thousands on the Platte river,
May 21, 1883 (See Cooke’s Bird Migr. in Miss.Val., p. 98). Migrating
late in April and early in May and in September and October. Sarpy
county, Lincoln, Omaha, Alliance, Atkinson, Neligh, Alda, North
Platte. Breeds in Arctic regions.

272. Charadrius dominicus Mueller—GoLpEN PLOVER.

Formerly abundant, in flocks of hundreds, still rather common; not
recorded west of Holt county. Found from the middle of April to
the middle of May and in September and October. Also breeds in
Arctic regions.

273. *Oxyechus vociferus (Linneaus)—KILLDEER.

An abundant migrant, and also abundant summer resident in the
sand-hill region, a common breeder over the rest of the state, especially
northward. Arrives early in March and remains till November.

274. Aegialitis semipalmata Bonaparte—SmMIPALMATED PLOoveR.

A common migrant. Seen during May and September and the first
half of October. Breeds in British America. Not reported west of
Neligh.

277a. *Aegialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgway—-BELTED PrpINnc PLoveER.
A fairly common migrant; breeds about the lakes in the sand-hill

‘ region, along the Niobrara river, in northern Nebraska, on the Loup

at Dannebrog, along the Platte, and perhaps on any of the rivers of

the state where are the sand-bars on which it nests. Aughey recorded

it breeding in Dakota county in July, 1866, where he found two nests.
Arrives in May and departs during the latter part of September.

278. Aegialitis nivosa Cassin—SNowy PLover.

This species was included in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds
based on the seeing of a flock of what was supposed to be this plover
in Holt county in the spring of 1885. But the first definite record,
and so far the only one, was established by the taking of two specimens
at the lake near Lincoln, May 17, 1903,bySwenk. It must be looked
upon as a rare straggler from the west.

281. Podasocys montanus (Townsend)—Mounrain PLover.
Not uncommon in extreme western Nebraska, where Bruner has

45

observed it at Sidney, Marsland, and Harrison. It was seen in sum-
mer and probably breeds. It is a common breeder in Wyoming.

Famity APHRIZIDA—Surr Brrps anp TuURNSTONES

A medium sized, stout billed, brightly marked bird; above mottled
bright rufous, black and white, the rufous replaced by gray in winter
SNP Ree sce o) es suchatn Skee ost ov epe Seo aisle" hays Arte. OM aire, he Ruddy Turnstone.

283.1. Arenaria morinella (Linnaeus)—Ruppy TuRNSTONE.

A regular but not common migrant. So far all specimens seen have
been in May. Omaha, Lincoln, Norfolk, Long Pine. Breeds far
north; more frequent along sea-coasts.

[286. Haematopus palliatus Temminck, the American Oyster-catcher, be-

longing to the family Haematopodidae, should be omitted from our
list. The evidence on which it was included in Bruner’s Notes on
Nebraska Birds is not sufficient to warrant the retention of this bird,
which is entirely maritime, and has never been recorded inland.]

ORDER VIII. GALLINZ—Ga tuinacrous Birps

See SMe Wab NOU UPS POLLS roe) sy wace eta Gace hel a onea radials babes akcaclie ei cucee hase merle Tetraonide.
A.

AD AIRGTO WW UGE SEDULTS: Ho: 0s «iby egeiat. « bsvanene. GF faenaceehys kas eral Saved mepeae e Phasianide.
Famity TETRAONIDA—Grovush, PARTRIDGES, ETC.

. Wing, 10 inches or more long; tail feathers stiff and pointed; tail about as

VohaveSeNSRL i 20 ea aE a Seis ene Tema Cor omrEe ki Rest ge Sage Grouse.
. Wing under 10 inches; the tail feathers not especially stiff............(2)
Be Wines vO LO INCHES: LOWE sa oie ee tots sok cpus Re gee ee es (3)
Bra nie. StH es OF LESS utah, costes oe oasis ie oa hl tentacle Dare Sei (7)
. Tail about 2 inches shorter than wing, square, black with a distinct ter-
Pavers Lares yl TUG. tr ahh sods cael oes Mae operate Ale evan egal anette Dusky Grouse.
. Tail 34 to 5 inches shorter than wing..... SAR ok i Nt hi Rae fee ake (4)
4, Tail pointed, wedge shaped; tarsus fully feathered........... (5)
Bee ATA e TEV UIIN CLECs ein. ney AN Ds EEN EE A eed - eaters ots Me AU ch oma eh teens |e (6)

. Ground-color, above sie or “pale grayish clay-color, with little or no rusty

dimpe. Naa. Sic onan . Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.

. Ground-color, a ove more Aes or Dah eaee. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse.

6. Tarsus fully feathered, no bare strip behind...... Prairie Hen.
6. Tarsus scantily feathered, ae abare strip behind......
..Lesser Prairie Hen.

. Larger, 15} to 19 Sah ease ie a ae a Black pear on each side of

neck, and broad, fan-shaped ‘tail... 0 .o 002.0... ee ee Ruffed Grouse.

. Smaller, 10 inches long; brownish-mottled, white throated, bare legged

Epis CNET Me eR UL ad Re eR raion ie A gars Etione Pie eta a ei hee Oe Pes. ok Bob-white.

289. *Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus)—Bos-wHirTe.

Formerly confined to the eastern portion of Nebraska; now prac-
tically over the entire state, especially along river and creek valleys

46

and about farms where natural shelter occurs. It is exceptionally
abundant on the upper Elkhorn and the streams emptying into the
Missouri river west of Yankton,South Dakota. During recent years
showing a tendency towards domestication.

[297, Dendragapus obscurus (Say)—Dusky GrRousE.
The range of the Dusky Grouse points to its probable occurrence
among the pines of Sioux and Dawes counties. While spending a
short time in that region a number of years ago Bruner was informed
by some ranchmen of the presence of the ‘‘ Fool Hen” on Indian creek
only a mile or two west of the state line.]

300. *Bonasa umbellus (Linneaus)—RuFFED GROUSE.
This Grouse is confined to the wooded portions of the eastern one-
fifth of the state where it is rare. Rockport, South Omaha—breeding
(L. Skow); Weeping Water, Waverly, Richardson county.

305. *Tympanuchus americanus (Reichenbach)—Pratrif HEN.

Entire state. Formerly abundent in the eastern portioh, where it
is still common; now plentiful in central portions, especially north-
ward; becoming rarer towards the western end; partially migratory,
moving southeastward in fall and northwestward in spring.

307. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Ridgway—Lesser PrarrRie HEN.

The Lesser Prairie Hen formerly occurred in Cuming and Washing-
ton counties where a number were shot in the early seventies
by Omaha and local sportsmen. Some of these specimens were mount-
ed and are supposed to be still in existence. Bruner saw a living bird
at West Point during the winter of 1871-72 which was approached
to within a few yards, but was not taken. It hasalso been reported from
Clay county, South Dakota, by Dr. Agersborg. To our knowledge it
has not been seen nor taken within the state since the above dates.

308b. *Pedicecetes phasianellus campestris Ridgway— PRAIRIE SHARP-TAILED
GROUSE.
A common bird in the sand-hill region of the middle and western
portions of the state where it breeds; formerly spreading to the east-
ward in winter to Cuming and Dodge counties.

309. *Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte)—SaGcn GROUSE.

Not conimon and confined to the extreme northwestern portions
of the state in regions where sage-brush (Artemesia tridentata)
abounds; along Hat, Antelope, and Indian creeks in Sioux county,
where it has several times been reported to breed and where Carriker
and Cary found old birds with half-grown young in the summer of
F901. (Proes4N VO) WU) LED.: 33, m7).

EXTRALIMITAL: The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse, 308a. P.
p.columbianus (Ord), referred to in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska
Birds was an error and based on rather light-colored specimens of
P. p. campestris taken in the northwestern part of the state along the
Pine ridge.

47

Famity PHASIANIDA—Pueasants, TURKEYS, ETC.

1. Very large, 40 to 50 inches long; tail broad; plumage lustrous; head and
upper neck without feathers; breast with tuft of hair-like feathers

Bae fs toviger Cages ko Ey oO rc Ne Be ERGO Peas Be BEANE EA TU Oi aN eR Wild Turkey.

1. Medium sized, 20 to 30 inches long; tail lengthened and graduated, the
feathers tapering to a point; adult male with white neck- -ring, the neck

_ and head feathered, breast rich coppery chestnut, with metallic purple

and coppery reflections; female brownish, more or less spotted and
mottled with darker. . Sencha .. Ring-necked Pheasant.

310. Meleagris gallopavo silvestris (Vieitlot) ivr» TURKEY.

This magnificent bird was formerly abundant throughout the
wooded portions of the state and even on the adjoining prairies as
far west along the Platte and Republican rivers as McCook and North
Platte. Now, if present at all, very rare; confined to the heavier
bodies of timber between the mouth of the Niobrara and Sioux City
in the vicinity of Rockport north of Omaha, and between Brownville
and Rulo. In territorial days it was common along the Elkhorn, the

_ Big and Little Blue rivers, and on the Niobrara to Long Pine, as well
as along the wooded borders of others of our streams.

000. Phasianus torquatus Gmelin—RinG-NECKED PHEASANT.

This introduced Asiatic pheasant seems to have gained a precarious
foothold in portions of southeastern Nebraska where individual birds
are occasionally to be met with. A few of them are shot each year
although there is a statute making their killing a misdemeanor pun-
ishable by a fine of fifty dollars for each bird so destroyed. Table Rock,
Pawnee, and Barnston.

ORDER IX. COLUMB2—Doves anp Picrons
Famity COLUMBIDZA—Doves
1. Larger, 15 to 17 inches long; tail 81 inches, pointed; back slate-blue;

below chestnut near chin to whitish toward tail... . Passenger Pigeon.
1. Smaller, 11 to 13 inches long; tail 52 inches, less Houtied back brownish;
madier parts brownish to yellow or buff............Mourning Dove.

315. Ectopistes migratorius Tt eae aes Se ated PIGEON.

Formerly rather common along the Missouri river. Now very
rare, and probably entirely absent from the state. The last records
of its presence as a Nebraska bird are from West Point, Norfolk,
Florence, Papillion, and Omaha.

316. *Zenaidura macroura (Linnaeus)—Mournina Dove.

An exceedingly common bird over the entire state; chiefly asummer
resident, arriving in April and departing during November. Some
individuals remain throughout winter in sheltered localities south-
ward. It nests both in trees and on the ground, and rears from two
to three broods of young during the summer months.

48

ORDER X. RAPTORES—Birps or PREY

A. Head entirely without feathers, nostrils longitudinal. . ... .Cathartide.

A. Head fully featherd, nostrils vertical or roundish. ................. (B)
B. Eyes lateral, not surrounded by dises of radiating feathers... .

Uy heel x ahd PARI A Ale ae ee ene ie eee peer . Falconide.

B. Eyes set in front, surrounded by dises of radiating feathers. . . (C)

C.oMiddlé-ckaw; pectinate? 6. 222 ie Ae ee eee Strigide.

C. Middle clawinot pectinate) 055°. V2 Ats See Bubonide.

Faminy CATHARTIDA-—AmerIcaAn VULTURES

1. A very large bird, 26 to 32 inches long, dull black, naked headed, hook
billed; tail rounded, nostrils large and broad; skin of neck and head

red. bas epee sit . Turkey Vulture.
le Cua enan nies 22 7 o7 mes ones iolackeess fail square; nostrils
small and narrow; skin of head and neck Blane nek ees Black Vulture.

325. *Cathartes aura (Linnaeus)—TurKEY VULTURE; TURKEY BUZZARD. .
A moderately common bird during spring,summer and fall; rare
in winter. It has been reported as nesting in Sioux, Cherry, Frontier,
Custer, Douglas, Lancaster, and Richardson counties—practically
throughout the state in suitable localities.

326. Catharista urubu (Vieillot)—Buack VuLTURE; CARRION Crow.

The Black Vulture, which is confined chiefly to the warmer portions
of the United States and tropical America, isknown to wander north-
ward casually to Maine, Ohio, Illinois, and South Dakota. We have
a single authentic record by D. H.- Talbot, who took it on Wolf
creek. Other, but unconfirmed, reports would point to its occasion-
ally visiting our southern borders.

Famity FALCONIDA—Faucons, Hawks, Eacuzs, Erc.

1. Talons or claws all of the same length, narrowed and rounded on lower
side; wing 17 to 22 inches long; scales of the tarsus small, rounded
SORU Rare acme Ren nt DN en ret MANE Scart Ay Aig AEG ALIVE aktouse MAL SE Ste .Osprey.
1. Talons of graduated length, the hind one longest, the outer shortest... (2)
2. Tarsus densely feathered all around and to the toes; wing 22 to

29 inches: Lome shire coe. ahaa tc ee ee eae Golden Eagle.

_2. Tarsus bare for at least one-third of its length, or if feathered ‘to

the ‘toes; /having a. bare ‘strip behinds.) 2s we ee eee (3)

3. Tarsus bare behind, feathered to the toes in front; length of wing, 15 to
2D UMCHES 40:02 | See cco PhO IRE a care Can REET ea ae ee (4)

3. Tarsus not feathered to the toes even in front; size quite variable... .. (5)

4. Feathers of legs more or less buffy; bill small and weak. ‘
Lge sce) Nebo ois eee eae lel See eR aa American Rough-lesped wie
4. Feathers of legs bright brownish red with black bars; bill much
longer and stronger. ... ; _ Ferruginous Rough-leg.
5. Wing over 19 inches long; adult ape vhite head, neck, and tail.Bald Eagle.
On WADI PMU Cental Simic hes se easa a esewr ree RPE i Het teccir hme crett, Sens: (6)

lo)

iLike

Hake

13.
13.

15.

15.

17,
17.
17.

19.

49

6. Tail deeply forked; above glossy bluish black, the head, rump,

and under parts white..................Swallow-tailed Kite.

6. Tail but slightly if at all forked. . Mae Ne ACE)

. Wing 7 or more times as long as tarsus; bill aoe no Waliten feast or ee otdhee’
nostrils elongated and without inner bony tubercle... .-......... (8)
Wing 7 times as long as the tarsus; bill with a sharp notch and tooth back
of tip; nostril circular and with an inner bony tubercle... .. ..(9)

. Wing 6 or less times as long as tarsus... .. . cde (10)

8. Tail white without bars and square Cuenca Di biee eaied Kite.
8. Slaty blue above, gray below; tail black, imatveerree
eMiescsaat Kite.

. Tarsus araly a all fcathercd aa re of esd Bleek . Duck Hawk.
. Tarsus feathered less than half way down in front.... .. peice Falcon.

Tarsus feathered over half way down in front and on sides. .. . .
shen ue KGear eeaaiene:
10. piper aa aor Sane baile gray eGeale). ferruginous (female) ;

barred with blackish.......:.. bet .Marsh Hawk.

10. With neither the ee | plumage bine nor tnd upper tail-coverts

: a OWES Eoeimca se Hee - plas)
Nostril eaten and ee a conspicuous Peederl pares Galiercle: upper
mandible with a strong tooth and notch back of hooked tip... . . (12)
Nostril oval and the upper mandible without more than one Jobe or
tooth, and that weak. . ape Bese SA@LG)

12. Wing 11 to 17 inches fone Gaia one primary Pentcnedie on inner
web..............Duck Hawk, Prairie Falcon, Gray Gyrfalcon.

12. Wing 5 i vals inches long; two ainaaties MORCMEH Aree 2h Che)
Back bluish slate-color, or blackish and without bright rufous... ....(14)
Back or belly with more or less of bright brownish red.............(15)
14. Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more than four
black bands. . ...;. .Pigeon Hawk.

14. Similar to ene Tur alee ate eal, Ress crossed by
six light bars, counting the terminal one..... Richardson Merlin.

Tail with one black bar; male spotted below; whole back barred;
female tail with numerous black bars; below streaked.Sparrow Hawk.

Similar to preceding, but slightly larger and appreciably paler, black
bars and streaks narrower: . 20.2... 0.02... ) Desert ea Hawk.
liGaailaboun pias: lonpiastwingeathle alee arkle sheer Sealy)
16. Tail not over 3? aslong as wing... ........ ae (19)

Wing under 9 inches long; the tail square........ ‘Sharp- Sehianed Hawk.

Wing 9 to 1] inches long; the tail rounded... ......... sritgese Hawk.

Wing 114 to 143 inches long... ..'.. 27s EES)

18. Above bluish slate- eaine crown oder: a etieele ae over eye
to the nape; below wages marked with gray and white.

. American Goshawk.

18. Bese toe pienne ats, Sees on banger parts heavier and

CUTER ere hy sence d crys he eis uhes atte Mtg RTS Magee Western Goshawk.

Outer web of primaries with white buffy or reddish spots; four outer

19.

21.

21.

21.

21.

327.

[328.

[329.

331.

332.

333.

50

primaries notched on the inner web... ........Red-shouldered Hawk.
Outer web of primaries not as above. ...... SON eae Soe)
20. Four outer primaries notched on the inner web WAR aries 8 rua (21)
20. Three, outer primaries notched: im <2 js ehcrena er eee (22)

Tail rusty brown, with a black band, sometimes broken near its tip;
below buffy white, a band of ca across the belly; legs usually

WAT NOME DATS: cmp. ee Sean: .Red-tailed Hawk.
Similar to preceding, hae earn or ol mite eles adults usually
without black tail-band. m: Skee .Krider Hawk.

Varying from sooty brown bate sas) Helene ie more or less rusty to
a light phase resembling borealis, but tail averages paler and some-
times has more than one bar; tities parts deeper and legs usually
barred with rusty... ..... ee . Western Red-tail.
Above sooty brown; tail clesely taouled al pisces rusty, and whit-
ish; below varying from white, more or less spotted on belly, to sooty

POEM Ast sere eee cee ie Oe eR NS ee ee Harlan Hawk.
22. Wing 14 to 18 inches long; breast patch rusty brown (male) or
grayish! brawn «(female) cst... sacral Swainson Hawk.

22. Wing 94 to 12 inches long; tail with two whitish bands and a
brownish tip; below barred with rusty brown............
Le Ee SORT eS a IES Hee Ooi pers oe 2 Broad-winged Hawk.

*Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus) —SwaLLOW-TAILED KITE.
A regular visitor in eastern third of the state; not common. Omaha,
West Point, Tekamah, Fullerton, Beatrice, Falls City; breeding at
Greenwood, Rockport, and Calhoun.

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot) WHITE-TAILED KITE.
The record given in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Bade of the
occurrence of this species is an error. But its range is such as to make
it possible that it may be taken in the state.]

Ictinia mississippiensis (Wilson)—Mississtppr KIrTe.
While the known range of this kite would bring it within our borders,
the record by R. E. Dinges as given in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska
Birds is very likely an error.]

*Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus)—Marsu Hawk.
Found over the entire state, common. In part resident—a few
remaining throughout winter. Breeds on low ground, more com-

monly in the sand-hills and northwestward.

*Accipiter velox (Wilson)—-SHARP-SHINNED Hawk.
A common migrant overthe entire state in spring and fall, and an
occasional winter resident. Breeds regularly in Sioux county. Re-
ported by all observers.

*Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte)—Coorrr Hawk.
Like the preceding,this hawk is found over the entire state in spring,
summer, and fall; abundantly in the southeastern portion, common

51

elsewhere. Frequently seen in winter. An earlier and more general
breeder than the Sharp-shinned.

334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wilson) AMERICAN GosHAWK.
A regular, but not common, winter visitant. Observed at Omaha,
Lincoln, Rockport, Norfolk, and in Sioux county.

(334a. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgway—WestTERN GOSHAWK:

This western variety of the preceding species has been reported
once from Florence, in 1896, by L. Skow, and again from Ken-
nedy, Oct. 1896, by J. M. Bates. Very dark colored goshawks are
occasionally to be met with in the state, especially westward, which
may be the wesern variety.]

337. *Buteo borealis (Gmelin) —Rep-TaILED Hawk.

The typical Red-tailed Hawk is confined to the eastern half of the
state where it is found in the timber belts along all the larger water-
courses. It is partially migratory, but some remain throughout
winter. Breeds over entire range and feeds chiefly on rabbits, ground
squirrels, etc.

337a. *Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes—Kriprr Hawk.
Found chiefly westward but spreading to eastern part of state
during migrations; breeds in Sioux and Dawes counties—sometimes,
at least, on ledges of the canyon walls.

337b. Buteo borealis calurus (Cassin) —-W8STERN RED-TAIL.
During migrations straggling over the entire state. Breeds com-
monly in both Colorado and Wyoming, and may breed also in western
Nebraska. ‘West Point, Omaha, and Lingoln.

337d. Buteo borealis harlani (Audubon)—Haruan Hawk.
Casually over eastern third of the state, but not known to breed.
West Point, Omaha, Lincoln. There is a specimen in the collection
of August Hiche taken at the latter locality.

339. *Buteo lineatus (Gmelin) —-RED-SHOULDERED Hawk.
A not uncommon hawk in the eastern part of the state, where it
breeds most abundant along the Missouri river bluffs. Omaha, Belle-
vue, Nebraska City, Rulo, Lincoln, Neligh.

342. *Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte—Swainson Hawk.

A very common hawk over the entire state; in fall sometimes gather-
ing in large flocks during migrations; nesting throughout the Nebraska
range eastward in trees, westward frequently on the ground. Oc-
curring in several color variations.

343. *Buteo platypterus (Vieillot)—-Broap-wINGED Hawk.

A regular and rather common summer visitant and breeder along
the Missouri river and its tributaries in the eastern part of the state;
rare in the interior, and a straggler in western Nebraska. Observed
once at Harrison, Sioux county, by Bruner; at Long Pine by Bates,
and at Neligh by Cary—numerous records farther east.

52

347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmelin)—AMERICAN RovuGuH-
LEGGED Hawk.

A rather rare winter visitant in middle and southern Nebraska,
but more common in the northern part of state. Breeds chiefly north
of the United States. West Point, Omaha, Lincoln, Neligh, Cherry
county.

348. *Archibuteo ferrugineus (Lichtenstein) —-FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEG.

This is the common rough-legged hawk in the state and occurs
throughout. It is less common in the eastern portion, but becomes
more plentiful as we approach the middle and western sections of the
state. It nests in moderate numbers in the sand-hills, and com-
monly along Pine ridge and about the buttes of western and north-
western Nebraska. It is a ground bird to a great extent, and fre-
quents the vicinity of prairie dog towns, upon the inhabitants of
which it preys.

349. *Aquila chryszetos (Linnaeus)—GoLpDEN EAGLe.

This magnificent bird is found in moderate numbers throughout
the state in winter, but is more common westward. Owing to its
large size, fearless nature, and carrion-eating habits, we have numer-
ous records of its occurrence each year, and a few still breed annually
in Scott’s Bluff, Sioux, and Dawes counties. It bred quite generally
over the state years ago.

352. Halizetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus)—BauLp EAGLE.

Much less common than the preceding, and seems to be confined
chiefly to our larger water-courses even during its migrations. It
probably formerly bred in the more heavily wooded portions of
northeastern Nebraska, and it is likely that a few still do so, but
there are no definite breeding records. It likes to nest near where the
Osprey makes its summer home so as to have an opportunity to rob
the latter of its catch and save the work for itself. Many records.

[354. Falco rusticolus Linnaeus—Gray GYRFALCON.

This northern falcon has been taken at Vermillion, S. Dak., and is
known to wander casually south to Kansas. It is included here on
the strength of a record of a single specimen seen by Bruner at West
Point, but not positively identified; another, probably the same
species, was reported to him as seen at Norfolk.]

355. *Falco mexicanus Schlegel—Prairige Faucon.

Over the entire state in migrations; rare in eastern portions, rather
common westward; a few are resident, but the majority move south
in late fall, and return in early spring. It is a regular breeder in
Dawes and Sioux counties, where it nests during May and June
upon ledges on the faces of perpendicular cliffs.

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte)—Duck Hawk.
A rare but regular migrant over the entire state. Lincoln, Omaha,
West Point, Neligh, Dawes county. It probably breeds in this last

53

named locality where old and young birds were observed by Bruner
Aug. 5 to 19, 1903, flying about the cliffs 8 miles west of Ft. Robin-
son, going in and out of a recess that may have beenthe nesting site.

357. Falco columbarius Linnaeus—Picron Hawk.
Not common, but found over the entire state during migrations.
A few remain over winter. We have no records of its breeding in
the state. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, Dawes
and Sioux counties.

358. Falco richardsonii Ridgway—RicHarpson MERLIN.

This small hawk seems to be rare in Nebraska at present, but
is said by Aughey to have been formerly common and to have bred,
but he gave no definite breeding record. Taken at West Point and
Omaha by Bruner; and reported from southeastern Nebraska by
Powell. The museum of the state university contains a specimen
from the first locality.

360. *Falco sparverius Linnaeus—Sparrow Hawk.
Common in the eastern portion of the state; abundant westward;
breeding throughout. Arrives early in April, departs in October.

360a. Falco sparverius phalena Lesson—DrsErt Sparrow Hawk.
A specimen from Sioux county taken in Jim creek canyon May 26,
1901, by M. A. Carriker, Jr., and sent to Witmer Stone, has been
determined as ‘‘nearly typical’? phalena. Whether or not this
is the breeding form there we cannot say. It was not suspected
hitherto that we had this form 'in the state, and careful note was not
taken of the Sioux county birds.

364. *Pandion haliztus carolinensis (Gmelin) —Osprry.

A regular migrant; most frequent along the Missouri and its tribu-
taries, less so in the interior or middle, and almost or quite absent
from the extreme western portion. Formerly bred along the Mis-
souri river near Rockport, where Bruner observed birds carrying
food to the nest, and may still do so occasionally in the northeastern
part of the state. Numerous records.

Famity STRIGIDZ—Barn Owns

Without ear-tufts; eyes black; above gray and yellowish buff; below white
more or less washed with buff and spotted with black..........
... .. . Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl.

365. *Strix pratincola Bonaparte—Barn Owx; MonxeEy-FAacep Owt.
Practically over the entire eastern half of state, but more com-
mon southward; becoming more generally dispersed with the
settlement of new districts. Breeds over most of its range, selecting
for the purpose burrows in banks, niches in rocky cliffs, hollow trees,
nooks about buildings, ete. Lincoln, Omaha, West Point, Cherry
county, Beatrice, Hebron, McCook.

~J

11.
il,

13.

13.

15.

15

. Very nate Gheswenoute the feet Seetnipeti tiie. Rinak Arctic Higcaed Gul:
. Darker, but not buffy or ferruginous; the feet more or r less spotted. .

54

*

Famity BUBONIDA—HorneEp Owls, ETC.

. Tarsus partly bare, twice as long as middle toe; wing 54 to 74 inches

long. . PTS a a Sa Se ee eee Bee oR
. Tarsus fully feeerca ot Soe eS SWS piles ps eR Sees ae Lo oh Nace i (2)
2. Head with conspicuous’ ear-tufts. 5.0 ects. @ ote ee er ee
2. Headswithout!ear-tutts. s.r. oon. ).e ian cacceue ek eee ee omen oun)
SAGE BANE GE OF een RLER\S ee ca nets Ge eae a
. Wing over 8 inches long... .. Se oacctes eee cre ade)
4. Without ear-tufts; wing 34 ey 4 macted ieee ......Pygmy Owl.
4. With ear-tufts; wing over 4 inches long. . NO MPR ER ape teen)

. Toes entirely naked to extreme base; ear-tufts sina

Blanimglated Screech Owl.

‘ nes dictinatlye. fonincted 4 or Sfieeleds on upper side; ear-tufts rather

VATE) Meee AS Se Ge te IE 2 OUT ea (6)
6. Above gray, irregularly marked with black; below gray, white,
rusty and black, (gray phase); or above bright rusty brown with
a few black streaks; below white streaked with black and barred
with rusty brown, Gaal PIUASE) ya. ae pee .Screech Owl.
6. Very pale; above with a pale grayish buff cedeeanaaees black
markings se very narrow and less numerous than in

ouher forms: 2202. mse .Rocky Mountain Screech Owl.
. Size large, form robust; wing 14 to i8 chee long. . Ee ee or 8 CS)
. Size medium, form slerichar: wing 11 to 13 inches lanes Bas ee We se ee ee (0)

8. General color darker, much suffused with ee and rufous.
gees .Great Horned Owl.
8. General: Salles nether chan: grayer, eh little or no buffy in plumage

-(9)

. Western Horned Owl.
10. Tea tufts fered ed Roniposed cn 8 43 12 Reena ;
.American Lodpcusred Owl.

10. Bar- ‘iis anal aac a few feughers ea MARA Short-eared Owl.
Wing 10 inches or under. . . eee yee oa a ans oe
Wing more than 10 inches long... .. = BF Sie laps Heer pee Leas)

12. Wing 8 to 10 inches long heals ies in appearance...:....

i, ee ee . American Hawk Owl.

12) Wi ing 5 ie 8 a oe ions met: Ahan #(aS)
Length 10 inches; above eae Gromee main numerous mace poe

especially on head. Rr Mey: ke .Richardson Owl.
Length 8 inches; ae einnamon oa: Gane with many streaks;

hind head aids POWr heehee es hee .Saw-whet Owl.

14. General color white, more or alee paced with aes :

Fis Sc sgcereeoutal aes ‘seaman

14. General colunanu apuneme SES, vaihe cotta Sek cS aS ac RAI eae eee LED)
Length 20 inches; eyes black; breast penred: Siu hana a cass ie Barred Owl.
Length 27 inches; eyes v Mews breast streaked ....... Great Gray Owl.

366.

367.

368.

370.

371.

372.

373.

5d

*Asio wilsonianus (Lesson) AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL.
Distributed over the entire state in the wooded portions; common
eastward, less frequent westward. Breeds throughout its range.

*Asio accipitrinus (Pallas)—SHort-barEpD OwLt.

Found over the whole of Nebraska where it is frequently very
plentiful during migrations, and at times is to be met with in flocks
of a dozen or more. Some remain over winter, and others in
the summer—the latter breeding. A nest was found in Dodge county
on the ground in tall dead prairie grass in April by Bruner. Several
nesting records and numerous other records are at hand.

*Syrnium varium (Barton)—Barrep Own.

A not uncommon resident and breeder in the wooded districts of
the eastern one-third of the state, but becoming rarer westward
towards the eastern edge of Colorado and Wyoming where it seems
to be absent. Numerous records.

Scotiaptex nebulosa (Gmelin)—Great Gray Owt.
A northern species which rarely reaches the state in winter. It

"was reported once, Dec. 17, 1893, near Omaha by I. 8. Trostler. A

mounted specimen in a saloon at Long Pine is claimed to have been
taken in that vicinity.

Cryptoglaux tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonaparte) —RicHaRDSoN Own.
The authority for including this northern owl as a Nebraska bird,
was the taking of a live bird-near Lincoln on Dec. 10, 1892, by some
boys. It is now in the state university museum. It has been reportd
also as of casual occurrence in Iowa and Colorado.

*Cryptoglaux acadica (Gmelin)—Saw-wuHer Owt.
A not rare species over the entire state, but most plentiful in winter.
It has been found breeding at Nebraska City by M. A. Carriker, Jr.;
is known to breed quite regularly across the river from Omaha and
probably does on the Nebraska side also. It is reported as occuring.
at Beatrice, Lincoln, Omaha, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, and in
Sioux county.

*Megascops asio (Linnaeus)—Scrrecu Owt.
This is our most abundant and generally distributed owl. Both
the gray and red color phases occur in most regions, but the gray
greatly predominates. It breeds throughout its Nebraska range.

[373e. Megascops asio maxwellie (Ridgway)—Rocky Mountain ScrencH

Ow..

While we have no definite records of the occurrence of this Rocky
Mountain form of the Screech Owl within the state, there is little
doubt but that it occurs in the extreme western portions of Nebraska.
It is reported as ranging along the foothills and adjacent plains from
Colorado to Montana.]

56

375. *Bubo virginianus (Gmelin)—-Great HorNED OwL..

The typical virginianus, or a race that approaehes this form most
nearly, occurs quite commonly over the eastern third of the state where
it is resident and a regular breeder; westward merging into the next
sub-species.

375a. *Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone—-WESTERN HorRNED OWL.

This horned owl is resident in western Nebraska, where it is com-
mon and spreads eastward in winter over the entire state. Breeds in
Sioux and Dawes counties. West Point, Omaha, Lincoln. The Dusky
Horned Owl referred to in Bruner’s Notes on Nebraska Birds
certainly belongs to this form.

375b. Bubo virginianus arcticus (Swainson)—Arctic HorNED OwL

Rarely into the state during winter. The University of Nebraska
collection contains a single specimen taken at West Point by Bruner.
It was also reported once by L. Skow at Florence.

376. Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus)—SNowy Owt.

Coming regularly into Nebraska from the north in winter; found
throughout the state and sometimes abundant. Numerous records.

377a. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mueller)—Amerrican Hawk OWL.

This northern species winters south to northern United States,
casually to Illinois, ete. Included as a Nebraska bird on the strength
of a single specimen which was shot in Nov., 1891, at Raymond, by
E. R. Mockett. The specimen was mounted and was seen by Bruner
and August Eiche.

378. *Speotyto cunicularia hypogza (Bonaparte)—BuURROWING OWL.

A very common owl in the middle and western parts of the state,
becoming rare. eastward. Formerly common to the Missouri river;
now almost absent from the more thickly settled portions of the east-
ern counties. ‘Numerous records. Breeding throughout its range.

EXTRALIMITAL: A number of years ago Bruner saw a very small
owl near Omaha which he cannot bring himself to beiieve was the Aca-
dian—could it have beena Pygmy Owl, 379. Glaucidiwm gnoma Cassin,
which species is found in Colorado? The Flammulated Screech
Owl comes so close to our western border that it has been considered
wise to at least include it in the synoptic table.

ORDER XI. PSITTACI—Parrots, Macaws, PAROQUETS, ETC.
Famity PSITTACIDA—Parrots AND PAROQUETS

A small, green, long-tailed paroquet with yellow head and orange

forehead and cheekgycc) te. er tae ok Gaver ena eee Carolina Paroquet.
382. *Conurus carolinensis (Linnaeus)—-CAROLINA PAROQUET.

Formerly a common bird in the Missouri river bottoms, especially
southward, probably not extending north of the mouth of the Platte;
now completely extinct in the state, having disappeared about 1866.
They used to breed on an island in the Missouririver near Brownville.
(See Furnas,.Proe. N. O. V. III, 107.)

57

ORDER XII. COCCYGES—Cuckoos, KINGFISHERS, ETC.

A. Toes, two in front, two behind; bill curved downwards........ Cuculide.
A. Toes, three in front, one behind; bill straight...............Alcedinide.

Famity CUCULIDZ—Cuckoos

1. Bill wholly blackish; tail narrowly white-tipped; wings slightly cinnamon
: -Black-billed Cuckoo.
1. Bill mostly volley clave: eau proadiy Goiites epee wings extensively

cinnamon. re A tid 22(2)
2. Smaller, with uae es bill Gane eden. rs al eee 6, auied nde
MRI Cn) ear hes Ot VEPs es RR Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
2. Larger, with larger bill (wing over 53, tail over 6, culmen 1 inch
OQLMMOLC) ee ees eh fe dius, ara ee is oie ce ts Calitorniayv Cuckoo:

387. *Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus)—YELLOW-BILLED CucKoo.

Eastern half of state, a common summer resident and breeder,
arriving the second week in May, breeding in June or early July, de-
parting early in September. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,

- Neligh, Niobrara valley, Holt county, Cherry county, Bloomington.

388. *Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson) —BuLack-BILLED Cuckoo.
Entire state, but rather uncommon; dates practically as preceding;
breeding wherever present. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Neligh, Niobrara valley, Long Pine, North Platte, Sioux county.

EXTRALIMITAL: 387a. C. e. occidentalis Ridgway, the California
Cuckoo, a western race of the Yellow-billed, is the form occurring
throughout Colorado to within a few miles of the eastern boundary.
of the state, and any yellow-billed cuckoo found in western Nebraska
is very apt to be occidentalis.

Famity ALCEDINIDA—KINGFISHERS

A large, blue backed, crested kingfisher, white below and with a
blue band across the breast....................-.Belted Kingfisher.

390. *Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus)—BrELTED KINGFISHER.
Common over the entire state; breeding in sand and clay banks.
Arrives first week in April, breeds early in June, lingers until late fall,
and a few remain the entire winter wherethere is open water.

ORDER XIII. PICI—Woopprckrrs, WRYNECKS, ETC.
Famity PICIDAX—WooppkEcKERS

1. Back entirely dark, without white marks, but rump sometimes white. . (2)

(Peback Pe aGsly, marked with white or yellowish...... 30)
2. Back shining blackish (3)—brownish with Black ban: mutlee See
spotted . : < . (6)

3. Head crested, tiie one bright sue or Saaaien SO; canes Sens blacks.
size of crow. Serssssess..... Northern Pileated Woodpecker.

58

3. Head not crested; under parts not entirely black; much smaller than a
CLOWee een: F . (4)

4. Under parts ai stiff oudien icieners: elsewhere ce pe
black, except for a grayish collar and a red face. Lewis Woodpecker.

4. Under parts of soft feathers; without red on breast or belly... . (5)

5. Secondaries entirely white; rump white; head and neck red in adult, brown-

ish in young; toes 4; flanks not barred......Red-headed Woodpecker.
5. Wings black, spotted with white; rump black; crown orange in male;
toes); Hanks barred: «teeta ores Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

. Wings black, spotted with white, a large white patch on bend of wing;
rump white; head black with two white stripes on sides and ared one
onthroat; toes 4; flanks barred; belly light yellow. :

; ae . Williamson Sapenckees ale
6. U oes nies ae wings aad tail alow throat brownish; male with

on

eDlack Mm qlarienrone,.s 6 24s of goes wir ie Pitas eee Northern Flicker.
6. Under surface of wings and tail orange-red; throat ashy; male with
MPEG. MAAN SORLPO crs: t cea high ave ee tau ea) ene Red-shafted Flicker.
7. Back black marked with white (9)—back mottled, black and yellowish;
belly yellowish......... any .(8)

8. Nape whitish; male site a Diack apne eons bill i anes cepa
ing the red throat from the white cheeks; female with whole
chinvand throat white... 5. coc. pe. -coes Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.

8. Nape more or less red; male with red of throat extending in
middle to the cheeks, thus obliterating the black stripe ex-
cept at ends; female with throat bias Ped). 25 Meiers

..Red-naped Sapsucker.

9. Back are with conspicuous, ee white cross- aid bdsm eters] GLO)

9. Back with a large, broad, white streak running iene but no
cross- -bars. . van : ne ee .(12)

10. Outer fehl feather Pane mienenete oy ees St: ee 3;
crown yellow in male........ American Three-toed Woendgeceer

10. Outer tail feathers with black; toes 4; much barred with
black amd. whither ie ws se prcetchca cde oak oy bn (11)

11. Under parts yellowish; head brown, without decided white or red.
bg it any oe ine = . Williamson Sapsucker, fomele
11. Under parts reaiene iveaal euavige white with more or less red on

CLONE see Bed .Red-bellied Woodpecker.

12. Under eal ee white: yerren ae black; smaller, wing
under 4 inches....... e: . (18)

12. Under tail feathers mainte ae Rona Succes wing over ays
WAVEINESE S555 06. act . . (14)

13. Middle and greater wing-cov as suerte eae atti eles
. Northern Downy Woodpecker.
13. Middle ae eee wing-cov vets s plain Etat or but slightly spotted. .
; oe . Batchelder Woodpecker.
14. Middle fad ees wing-coverts Pein black or the white

59

spots few; below pure white; wing over 5 and tail up to 4
TMCHES Sor chatty aeeeieys ..Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker.

14. Middle ifta neater wing- Mowerts conspicuously white gaia
lores black or mostly black. ae fae ie, FG)

15. Larger, wing over 5, tail 33 to 4, paieen Lz to 12 onenese malees eos
. Northern Hairy Woodpecker.

15. Smaller: wing ae over ig; ial) 35 ie pe eaten under 12

ERD RO PL a wat ea ek Sloat od. ss 3 ERLE WiOOODECHER.

393. *Dryobates villosus (Linnaeus) Hairy WoopPEcKER.
A common resident over at least the eastern half of state, breeding
in early May. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point, Neligh, Rock
county, Cherry county.

[393a. D. v. leucomelas (Boddaert), the Northern Hairy Woodpecker, is
the form breeding north of the United States and reaching the north-
ern states in winter. Largespecimens of the Hairy Woodpecker taken
at Omaha in winter have been referred to this form by Skow and Trost-
ler, but probably represent only the maximum of villosus.]

393e. *Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony—Rocxy Movunrain Hairy
W OODPECKER.

A common resident in Sioux county, entirely replacing the eastern
form. To this form must be referred all the records given as Cabanis
Woodpecker in former Nebraska reports. A dozen or more speci-
mens from Sioux county all agree with this form rather than with
hyloscopus.

394b. *Dryobates pubescens homorus (Cabanis)—-BATCHELDER Woop-
PECKER.
An uncommon resident in Sioux county, breeding in willow stubs;
not so common as the corresponding variety of the Hairy. (For-
merly referred to as Gairdner’s Woodpecker.)

394c. *Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson)—NorTHERN Downy
W OODPECKER.

A very common resident in the eastern third of the state, breeding
commonly; rare and local west of this to about the middle of the
state. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Peru, Dakota City, West Point,
Neligh, Niobrara, Long Pine.

400. Picoides arcticus (Swainson)—Arctic THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

A northern species making its way south in winter to the northern
states. Has been taken three times in the state, twice at Omaha,
once by I. S. Trostler, Dec. 15, 1895 and again by F. J. Brezee, and
at Dakota City by Wallace Bruner.

402. Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus) YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.
A migratory woodpecker, found only in the eastern part of the
state and common only in the Missouri bottoms. It has frequently
been seen in various localities in summer but its nest has never been

60

found and its breeding is still open to question. Omaha, Peru, West
Point—in summer. Migratory at Lincoln.

405. Ceophleeus pileatus abieticola Bangs—NorTHERN PILEATED Woop-
PECKER.

This magnificent woodpecker was formerly not uncommon in the
more heavily wooded portions of the Missouri bottoms. Both L.
Skow and Bruner have seen it in the vicinity of Rockport, and Bruner
also found it not rare about Tekamah years ago. The last Nebraska
record is I. 8. Trostler’s, from near Omaha, May 20, 1895, a bird seen.
It probably used to breed in these regions, for there have been noted:
in the past numerous indications of what was undoubtedly the work of
this bird in building its nesting sites. If now present at all it is very
rare. The Peru record of the ‘‘Ivory-billed”’ refers to this species.

406. *Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus)—RED-HEADED WooODPECKER.
Common throughout the whole state. Locally abundant and in-
creasing in numbers. It winters but is rare at this season, in the
southern part of the state, the bulk appearing about the first of May

and remaining till late in October. Breeding throughout its range.

408. *Asyndesmus torquatus (Wilson)—Lrewis WooppEcKER.

Common summer resident and breeder in the pine-covered canyon
districts of Sioux, Dawes, northern Sheridan, and Scott’s Bluff counties;
in winter east to the eastern limits of the pines or about Long Pine
and Valentine.

409. *Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus)—-RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER.
Found locally in eastern Nebraska, especially southward; breed-
ing uncommonly and rarely remaining in winter. Omaha, Nebraska
City, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point. Bruner reports seeing a strag-
gler once in Monroe canyon, Sioux county.

412a. *Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs—NortTHERN FLICKER.
Common all over the state, abundant eastward, breeding through-
out, and only in part migratory.

413. *Colaptes cafer collaris (Vigors)-RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.
A common resident over the entire state, abundant westward,
very common eastward in winter but becoming much less so in sum-
mer. Sioux and Cherry counties, Lincoln, Beatrice, Omaha.

EXTRALIMITAL: It is barely possible that the American Three-
toed Woodpecker, 401. P. americanus Brehm, may reach our state in
winter very rarely, but there is no record as yet. 402a. S. v. nuchalis
Baird, the Red-naped Sapsucker, is the western variety of the Yel-
low-bellied Sapsucker. It is common in eastern Colorado and
Wyoming and has been taken in western Kansas, so may be
expected in western Nebraska also. Williamson Sapsucker, 404. S.
thyroideus (Cassin), is common in both Colorado and Wyoming,

61
breeding from 5,000 to 10,000 feet, and migrating commonly in the
foothills even to Cheyenne, so it may occasionally reach Nebraska also

during migrations.

ORDER XIV. MACROCHIRES—Goarsuckers, SwIrts, ‘ETC.

A. Bill slender and long, gape narrow; plumage metallic... ....Trochilide.
A. Bill short and broad at base; gape very wide; plumage non-metallic. (B)
B. Middle toe pectinated and longer than others....... Caprimulgide.
B. Middle toe not pectinate nor longer than others. .. ..Micropodide.

Famity CAPRIMULGID2—GoarsuckeErs, NIGHTHAWKS, BTC.

1. Middle of primaries with a conspicuous white bar; tail forked; rictal

bristles very small. Be rch see . (2)
1. Middle of primaries without a nice See fail pandedye or square; sel
bristles long. ..... . se = (3)

2. Darkest. Black pens romiadeah eons: ean in excess of
the brown and gray ae bee the blackish bars below mostly
COMPELS ie! oo : . Nighthawk.

2. Paler. Gray and “aioe in excess or Carl foun Scare the white
on wing, tail and throat more extensive, below often washed
with rusty. se Ghine see . Western Nighthawk,

2. Palest. Pale hone gray Peden anne Eee the white below
greatly in excess of the narrow, irregular or broken, dark bars,

and little or no rufous feathers.............Sennett Nighthawk.

3. Tarsus feathered; tail rounded, the 3 outer feathers white tipped for over
BOMUMNGHY serge ooh. Ss St Ae . Whippoorwill.

3. Tarsus raed Real even, eae 3 orien Sertnens ate tipped for less than
UMMC Ieee) 2 ts oc ss Ean)

4. Darker, the pote poler a upper cena aoe da gray, Sateen
barred with black; below barred with blackish and buffy; chin
and cheeks biaciaeh Te es hte ipocewait

4. Paler, the ground color of upper face sence cher ‘Taxwely frosty
white, with the dark markings fewer and sharper; the bars
beneath finer and paler, less conspicuous; chin and cheeks faded
Berton Wot wake t debe et onde el. Lo eested Poorwall

417. *Antrostomus vociferus (Wilson) —WHIPPOORWILL.
Uncommon summer resident and breeder along the Missouri river,
more rarely westward over about the eastern half of state. Omaha,
Peru, Nebraska City, Neligh—breeding. Noted also, but not breed-
ing, at Lincoln, West Point, Thomas county—rare. Arrives the last
week in April, breeds from the middle of May to well into June,
leaves late in September.

418. *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (Audubon)—PoorwI11u.
Western part of state, common; breeding in the canyons of Sioux
county and east at least to Long Pine canyon, probably across the
state northward.

62

420. *Chordeiles virginianus (Gmelin) —-NIGHTHAWE.

The nighthawks breeding along the Missouri and a little westward
are very clearly of this form, which occurs during migration over the
eastern half of the state, but is not nearly soabundant as is sennetti
westward. Arrives the second week in May, breeds in early June,
departs before the middle of September. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice,
Lincoln, West Point.

420a. *Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cassin) WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.
This rufous form is the commoner one in Sioux county, though speci-
mens nearer sennetti also occur there. During migrations it extends ©
eastward about half way across the state, flocking with sennettz.
Indian creek, Warbonnet canyon, Harrison—breeding.

420c. *Chordeiles virginianus sennetti (Coues)—-SENNETT NIGHTHAWK.

This is the nighthawk of the whole western two-thirds of the state
except in Sioux county where it is mostly replaced by and runs into
henryi; it occupies this region to the complete exclusion of the other
forms during the breeding season. It is the nighthawk of the sand-
hills, where its conspicuous paleness makes its identity unmistakable,
but eastward it intergrades with virginianus and is more difficult to
distinguish. Antelope, Holt, Rock, Cherry, Dawes, Thomas, Dundy,
Red Willow counties.

EXTRALIMITAL: 418a. P. n.nitidus Brewster,the Frosted Poorwill,
occurs as asummer resident in western Kansas and eastern Colorado,
and may reasonably be expected in extreme southwest Nebraska,
though there is as yet no specimen from that locality.

Famity MICROPODIDA—Swirts

1. Sooty, paler below, the throat gray, wings black; tail rounded. spine
tipped. . shai ate .Chimney Swift.

1. Black, under parte eaeee the aes Sie: ei paalced net Sply sass
. White-throated Rock Swift.

423. *Chetura pelagica (Linnaeus)—-CHIMNEY SwIFT.

Eastern portions of state only, west along northern border to Ne-
ligh, O’ Neill, Atkinson, and probably Long Pine, but rare west of the
98th meridian. Arriving third week in April, breeding the latter
part of May, and departing second week in September. Locally very
abundant. Omaha, Lincoin, Beatrice, Peru, West Point, Niobrara.

425. *Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird)—WHITE-THROATED Rock SwirFt.
Sioux, Scott’s Bluff, and Dawes counties, common summer resi-
dent and breeder in the high perpendicular cliffs of that region. (See
Carriker, Proc. N. O. U., III, pp. 81-83.)

Famity TROCHILIDZ—Hvumminasirps

1. Throat metallic red; males (2)—not wholly metallic red; females... .(4)
2. Tail forked; outer primary broad, end turned inward; back
golden green...................Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

63

2. Tail rounded; outer primary narrow, acute....:... roel (es)

3. Back golden green; end of outer primary bowed autre road
pink. . Sih eee riers .Broad-tailed Hummingbird.

3. Back and cal mrpeely ees cae fend of anes primary bowed inward;
throat coppery...... che sh eke .Rufous. Hummingbird.

4, Tail aithout. Sato: She rounded: ihinee outer feathers
white tipped, black barred....... Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

4. Tail with rufous, rounded, four outer feathers white tipped,
middle pair greenish......... PE aah oe ie RA ROR sot DRA 59)

5. Outer tail feather under 1 inch long and cai 4 ae broad, the rufous
equalling or exceeding the black............Rufous Hummingbird.

5. Outer tail feather over 1 inch long and } inch broad, the rufous less
extensive than the black....... ......Broad-tailed Hummingbird.

428. *Trochilus colubris Linnaeus—RuByY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.
Eastern Nebraska, not recorded west of the 98th meridian, breeding
quite commonly in the ravines of the Missouri river bluffs. Arrives
second week in May, breeds in June, departs late in September.
Omaha, Beatrice, Gresham, Lincoln, West Point.

432. Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson)—BRoOAD-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD.

During the summer of 1891, Bruner saw on several occasions on
the Pine ridge in Sioux and Dawes counties a species of humming-
bird which he identified as this one, and a later intimate acquaintance
with it in Colorado confirmed his identification. The hummingbird
reported by J. M. Bates in Bruner’s list from Cherry county (Valen-
tine) according to his own judgment also belongs here since he later
identified the Broad-tailed at Bassett, Sept. 10, 1899, thus establish-
ing its range half way across the state. (See Proc. N. O. U., I, pp.
16-17.) Inthe adjacent states of Wyoming and Coloraco this species
is common.

EXTRALIMITAL: 433. S. rufus (Gmelin), the Rufous Humming-
bird, is a western species which is fairly common in Colorado and has
been taken at Cheyenne, Wyo., only about 60 miles from the Nebraska

line.
ORDER XV. PASSERES—Percuine Brirps
Ave Tarsus with Jus vhinder edge compresseds.... 2... 2 ne ve ede sc ee we (C)
A. Tarsus with its hinder edge rounded. bccn ae ai enter ne sees)
B. Bill hooked at tip and with ha bs at peece Geeta. byt ean ned ee,
B. Bill not hooked at tip and without bristles............Alaudide.
C. Primaries 9, the outermost one much over 4 length of next........(D)
C. Primaries 10, the outermost one not over 4 length of next.......... (J)
D. Bill slightly hooked at tip, narrow and straight . .Vireonidae (pt.)
D. Bill not hooked at tip or else short and broad based, or
toothed on cutting edge of upper mandible..............(B)
E. Bill very broad; its gape twice length of culmen.........Hirundinidae.

E...Bill various, but gape never twice length of culmen................. (F)

64 |

F. Bill conoid; if compressed the tip slightly hooked, and if
slender with a notch on upper cutting edge near tip, or the
GU: BOWE: Aoc, Wor, oe ck Keen, oe ae ola Ie Sane ee]
F. Bill slender; if deep the culmen much curved, and if ap-
proaching conoid the corners of the mouth not turned

downward . Hey eerie oeiie aR N SRI a ee
G. Tertials nearly as gay as cfnngere ree Sey en .Motacillide.
G. Tertials not nearly as long as aia. We .Mniotiltide.
H. Rictal bristles obsolete; bill not notched Bh ae. . . .Leteridz:
H. Rictal bristles present; bill notched at tip or uae feather ta (1)
I. Corners of mouth turned abruptly downward..............Fringillide.
I. Corners of mouth not turned downward.................. . Tanagride.
J. Front of tarsus a single continuous plate except at extreme
DASE 002 wane ee
J. Front of tarsus ed ee Hareaue eanieet Te aticdat coerced el LRG)
Kk. Bill very strongly hooked, and toothed near tip............... Laniide.
Ke Bill notehooked! om binty sliobthys SO} jn. e erence eaercueecror iors een teeter (L)
L. Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw, bill short, de-
joie sts(=| 210 AARNE hors Sra yy eta RANMA SO hh wh ic Ampelide.
L. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, or else bill elongated,
not depressed... ... co Sele pigennigel tag aires .(M)
M. Tail feathers stiff and pouted BY Pe SE RP AGT EOS See td 6 Ghee
M. Tail feathers not stiff nor especially pointed. ...................0...(N)
N. Nasal feathers erect, not covering the coapeilee i Sasi Re eee cee Ay)
N. Nasal feathers directed forward, usually covering the nostrils. . (R)
O.cHind toelonger than ouber (oe. has: <2 acsseiaoe melee Troglodytide.
O. Hind toe not longer than outer toe........ CBP)
P. Basal joint of middle toe hia to lateral “eee Vireonide: (pt.)
P. Basal joint of middle toe mostly free from eo LOGS 4 seer (Q)
Q. Wing under 24 inches Sylviidz (Polioptiline)—over 34 inches. .Mimide.
R. Hind toe longer than outer toe, its claw large............Sittide
R. Hind toe not distinctly longer than outer toe................(S)
S. Wing under 4 inches Paridze—over 4 inches........:......... Corvide.
T. Without rictal bristles; nostrils linear; tail very short. .Cinclide.
T. With distinct rictal bristles; nostrils oval; tail normal........(U)
U. Wing under 3 inches Sylviide (Sylviine, Regulinsz)—over 3 inches
..Turdide.
Famity TYRANNIDA—FtycartcHeErs
1. Tail very long, over 7 inches, forked for 4 its length; ashy, with
scarlet sides... <, 5). fear Se. .Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
1. Tail shorter, under 5 rahe opie slightly Hee On SdUarcee, ner (2)
2.. Larger, wing.3+ to/5 inches lone. \.6). vcs at ck soe ee SD
2. Smaller, wing 3+ or less, down to O41 Piecant tekehaene Fi ne 8 Beat Ane (12)
3. Crown with a concealed orange patch (4)—without a bright colored

NFAGCH ies. oS Sadie aye G Sue Bea bc RR ae a es ee (6)

65

4. Under parts whitish, without yellow; upper parts black; tail

UDMA Cen Ace N ks dean at Rtavarahtee ety ara eed « soig Ws oh GATES Qhiens Kingbird.
4. Under parts yellow except ashy throat and ila above ashy;
tail not white tipped........ ee: soe Cah)

5. Tail slightly forked, its outer feather ae entire putes eh stich half
of the quill whitish; head, neck, and breast light ashy, that on
breast lighter than that on back, the chin and throat pale ashy;
wings blackish narrowly edged with paler, the tip of outer pri-
maries narrowed gradually for some distance. .. . Arkansas Kingbird.
5. Tail rounded, its outer feather with quill brown and only outer edge
of outer web whitish; head, neck, and breast dark ashy, breast
as dark as back, chin abruptly whitish; wings brownish, broadly
edged with paler, the tips of outer primaries narrowed abruptly
near the end. Mehdi NO: .Cassin Kingbird.
6. Under ena ao pleroue Dae Vee fa Sieaueine to sulphur
yellow on belly and under tail-coverts; wings and tail con-

spicuously marked with chestnut. she gear fel (agr)
6. Under parts not as above, without Bee ided y allan no chestnut
on wings or tail. bate tein erie)

~]

. Throat and chest dark aati aheaphiu Sie ste ts ipneee Siee
above olivaceous brown; edgings on secondaries and coverts gray-
ish, the chestnut on inner web of tail feathers extensive, the fus-
cous stripe very narrow and not ies at tip. .
.Great- preered Flycatcher.
Throat al ceneait very aie ed ee mer aliens white, changing
gradually to pale yellow; above grayish brown; edgings on sec-
ondaries and coverts yellowish, the chestnut on inner web of tail
feathers narrower, the fuscous stripe wider and broadening at tip
across the feather. .... ..........Ash-throated Flycatcher.
8. Bill narrow and antimel. black: wing 5 times as long as tarsus. . (9)
8. Bill broad, lower mandible more or less pale; wing 6 times as

“I

lone asiharsis= 4). 0s'na. Weenies Sasaent seep sae gear C10)

9. Belly whitish; elsewhere olive-gray, “the foal alee at See ie oe ek OS DE
9. Belly cinnamon brown; elsewhere brownish gray, ie tail black.

Say ace

10. Wing 34 to 4,3,, averaging 4 inches; aoe ae oliva-
ceous, throat whitish, breast and antes dull grayish, middle
of belly tea ate white in a Sigs streak.
[th eens aii Cues fhe . Olive-sided Pipeaiched
10. Wing 34 to 34 Ghote hpeiiy Se Gey a defined yellowish

white streak. meee: eae (elute)
11. Upper parts lighter, more olivaceous, Sete more w Sane aga eas
olive gray; lower mandible yellowish................. Wood Pewee.

11. Upper parts darker, more fuscous; belly more clouded, breast much
more olive gray, generally solidly of ‘iat color; lower mandible
brownish. . ee Roy Western Wood Pewee.
12. Under Tatts Sale tur vellan, that a iiroae breast, and sides

66

tinged with olive green; above dull olivaceous, not tinged

with brown; lower mandible*pale: 222. 4...4)- 2 eee (13)
12. Under parts dull whitish, somewhat tinged with yellow on
belly but never on throat......... eR .(14)

13.. Under wing-coverts pale yellowish! wing- aeade Syelionaials whites
coloration purer and brighter, above more greenish olive, belay
purer yellow, the breast shaded with olive; tail longer, gener -
ally over 24 inches. ...... a .Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

13. Under wing-coverts pale nee deeper on neaue of wing, wing-bands
buffy gray; coloration duller and more clouded, above more gray-
ish olive, below pale dull yellow faintly clouded with dull grayish
brown on the breast; tail shorter, generally under 24 inches... .
oI at a snes a ate. eae ret alts iy ty Seca ts hate? Western Flycatcher.
14. Bill moderately wide, at nostrils over 4 the length.......... (15)
14. Bill very narrow, at nostrils less than 4 as wide aslong....... (18)

15. Above uniform olive greenish not tinged with brown; wing-bars and
eye-ring tawny; below white with breast grayish, and together
with sides, washed with sulphur yellow; lower mandible whitish

BM te eRe cc Rete ea an tae . Acadian Flycatcher.

15. Above olivaceous tinged with brown; wing-bars and eye-ring buffy
whitish; below white, breast grayish, and, together with sides,
very slightly yellowish; lower mandible darker................(16)
16. Smaller, wing 22 or less long; tail slightly forked; upper

parts more grayish, rather ashy; wing-bars broader, dull

white; eye-ring ae white; under mandible dusky. .

bee a ot SNE, cea oS east Wlycarehee
16. Larger, wing over 22, up to 2 eons: baile even or rounded;

upper parts more brownish; wing-bars narrower, tinged with

gray or buffy; eye-ring buffy white; under mandible paler. . (17)

17. Above duller, more fuscous, breast more ashy and lower parts less
yellowish; wing-bars duller, less conspicuous, more grayish white;
bill longer and very slightly narrower, tarsus longer. Traill Flycatcher.

17. Above clearer, more olivaceous, lower parts more yellowish; wing-

bars more olivaceous white; bill and tarsi shorter. ..Alder Flycatcher.

18. Outer web of outer tail feather not paler than inner; more

olivaceous, throat grayish, eye-ring and wing-bars soiled
whitish, below more yellowish; lower mandible brown

. Hammond Flycatcher.
18. Oater eh if wis “il Feonee neatly roaler than inner, dull

whitish; duller and grayer, throat, eye-ring and wing-bars
whitish, lower parts hardly yellowish; lower mandible
brown at tipoonly... 0... 2.5 520 ean oe aoe Wight Bivcatener

443. Muscivora forficata (Gmelin) —Scissor-TaAILED FLYCATCHER.
Accidental. The only known instance of the occurrence of this
bird in Nebraska is a single specimen seen south of Lincoln in the fall
of 1872 by Bruner. There is no doubt as to the correct identification

67

of the species, as the view was very good and the bird known by the
observer.

444. *Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus)—KIN@sirp.

Abundant over entire state in summer, arriving the last few days
in April or in early May, breeding from middle May through June,
and departing the second week in September. Breeds throughout
the state.

447. *Tyrannus verticalis Say—ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

Present over entire state; an abundant breeder westward in the
semi-arid districts, east to about the 100th meridian, and in the
Niobrara valley to its mouth; eastwardly rare, occurring only as a
migrant. Sioux, Cheyenne, and Dundy counties, east to Niobrara,
Valentine, Broken Bow, Holdrege, etc.—breeding. Migrant at
Omaha, Lincoln, Ashland, Fremont, West Point, Neligh, ete.

452. *Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus)—-GREAT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

A common summer resident and breeder along the Missouri and
in the larger timber of its principal tributaries in eastern, and especi-
ally southeastern, Nebraska. Richardson county, Brownville,
Omaha, Peru, up the Blue to Beatrice, Milford, along Salt creek to
Lincoln, up the Elkhorn to West Point—breeding. Arrives first
week in May, breeds in June, departs early in September.

456. *Sayornis pheebe (Latham)—Pua@pe.
More eastern portions of state; abundant summer resident and
breeder. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long
Pine, Cherry county—breeding. Arrives about third week in March,
breeds from middle April to middle July, departs early in September.

457. *Sayornis saya (Bonaparte)—Say PHa@Bs.
Like the Arkansas Kingbird this species is practically confined to
the semi-arid portions of the state, but even more decidedly so.
Very common summer resident and breeder, Sioux and Dundy coun-
ties, east to Chadron, Valentine, and Rock, Custer, Dawson, and Buffalo
counties. Migrant in Holt county and once at Lincoln. Extending
slowly eastward.

459. Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson)—OLIVE-sIDED FLYCATCHER.
Rather rare migrant over the state, breeding north of Nebraska.
Sioux county, West Point, Lincoln, Gresham. Passes first week in
May and late in September.

461. *Contopus virens (Linnaeus)—,Woop PEWEE.

Eastern edge of state, common summer resident and breeder,
arriving second week in May, breeding in June, and departing late
in August. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, Weeping Water, Ne-
braska City, Dakota City, ete.

462. Contopus richardsonii (Swainson)—-WESTERN Woop PEWEE.
Common summer resident in Sioux County, east, but not common,

463.

466.

467.

68

to Dismal river, Thomas county. Aughey reports it also from Sid-
ney and the Wood river, the latter probably in Custer or Dawson
counties. Very likely breeds in the state.

Empidonax flaviventris Baird— YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
Aughey states that this flycatcheris present sparingly in eastern
Nebraska and that he has known it to breed along the Missouri, but
he does not give his evidence, and the latter statement is probably
a mistake. He shot one near Dakota City in July, 1870. It has
been noted once at both Lincoln and West Point as a migrant by
Bruner. It is, however, quite rare.

. *Empidonax virescens (Vieillot)—AcaDIAN FLYCATCHER.

Whole of state, breeding commonly along the Missouri, less com-
monly along the lower Platte and the Elkhorn. Omaha, West Point,
Sioux county. Arrives second week in May, breeds in June, departs
early in September.

*Empidonax traillii (Audubon) —TraiLL FLYCATCHER.
Entire state, common, arrives first week in May or a day or so pre-
viously, breeds in June, and departs early in September. Omaha,

Peru, Nebraska City, Lincoln, Neligh, Sioux county.

*Empidonax minimus Baird—Lrastr FLycaTcHER.
Eastern Nebraska rather rare; breeding along the Missouri river.
Omaha, Dakota City—breeding. Migrant at Lincoln, West Point,
and Neligh. Dates same as preceding.

EXTRALIMITAL: 448. T. vociferans Swainson, the Cassin King-
bird,isa common summer resident in Colorado down to the foothills
and is present, though uncommon, at Cheyenne,Wyo. It may straggle
to western Nebraska during migration. 454. M. cinerascens (Law-
rence), the Ash-throated Flycatcher, has been taken at Cheyenne,
Wyo. 464. FH. difficilis Baird, the Western Flycatcher, represents the
Yellow-bellied in the western United States. It is common in sum-
mer in Colorado, occurs in eastern Wyoming,and may reach western
Nebraska during migrations. 466a. #.t. alnorum Brewster, the Alder
Flycatcher, is a scarcely distinct form occurring in eastern United
States west to Michigan, but specimens from Sioux county, in ex-
treme northwest Nebraska, have been identified at Washington as
alnorum. Owing to the extreme distance from the limits of its ac-
cepted range it is not included as a Nebraska bird. Two small
western Empidonaces, 468. E. hammondi (Xantus), the Hammond
Flycatcher, and 496. E. wrightii Baird, the Wright Flycatcher,
especially the latter species, are apt to straggle into western Nebraska
during migrations. Both occur in Colorado and Wyoming, wrightii
abundantly and even to Cheyenne.

Famity ALAUDIDZ—Larxks

2

1. Larger, wing 4! to 43, averaging 42 inches, upper parts darker,

more rufescent) and Jess) pinkish} waeshjceesesee renee eee)

69

1. Smaller, wing 4 to 43, averaging 4! se upper parts paler,

more grayish and pinkish.......... ae)
2. Throat, forehead, and ire over eye deep: elle eae calor
often suffusing rest of crown, occiput and auriculars.Horned Lark.
2. Throat pale yellow at least centrally, forehead, line over eye,
and rest of pale areas on head white... . .Hoyt Horned Lark.

3. Throat yellowish white, the line over eye Dauety eae upper

parts paler, more sandy brown than blackish; nape, upper tail-

-coverts, and bend of wing more pinkish....... Desert Horned Lark.

3. Throat pale yellow, the line over eye usually all white; upper parts

darker, more blackish than brown; nape, upper tail-coverts and
bend of wing less pinkish...................Prairie Horned Lark.

474. Otocoris alpestris (Linnaeus) —HorNeEp LARK.

474b.

474c.

474k.

The typical form, breeding from Labrador to Hudson bay, in win-
ter descends chiefly along the Atlantic coast, but occasionally in the
Mississippi valley also to Illinois. A single specimen, taken at Lin-
coln by a student in the taxidermy class (full data unfortunately lost)
has been identified by Oberholser as typical alpestris. This record
extends the known winter range of this species considerably westward.

*Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw—Pratirie HoRNED Lark.
Eastern and especially southeastern Nebraska; common resident;
in summer rare west of the 97th meridian, in winter straggling west-
ward half way across the state. Breeds from late March to well into
July. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point—breeding.

*Otocoris alpestris leucoleama (Coues)—DESERT HORNED LARK.

Greater portion of state especially westward; an abundant
resident, breeding east to at least the 99th meridian and northward
even farther, in winter over whole state but uncommon eastward.
Sioux, Cheyenne, Dundy, and Cherry counties, to Niobrara, Neligh,
etc.—breeding. Under this name are included those specimens re-
ferable to Oberholser’s form enthymia which he has identified from
specimens taken at Valentine and Harrison.

Otocoris alpestris hoyti Bishop—Hoyr Hornep Lark.

Regular winter visitant, occurring over the entire state, never so
common as the two preceding forms and appearing usually in Febru-
ary. Breeds far north, from Hudson bay to the Mackenzie river and
south to Lake Athabasca. Oberholser has identified it from Pap-
illion, Platte Center, and Lincoln. It is here that most, if not all,
of the previous Nebraska records of the typical alpestris and of the
large so-called ‘Jewcolema’’ (=arcticola) belong. Omaha, West
Point, Covington. -

Famitry CORVIDH—Jays, Crows, Macarius, Ec.

1. Color wholly black (2)—mostly blue (5)—neither wholly black nor

TNS love UAT na eo he cea een ON RR OR Soe AP LEC tnes cent al oO)

70

2. Throat feathers oval, blended; bill under 2 inches, wing 12 to

14 inches. . a fo PROS .Crow.
2. Throat rea ene narrow, epoca Senate bill over 2 wing
over 1:3: imchess'. see SR ec eae arene)

3. Mee 13 to 14 inches long; hind neck with feathers white at base.
P Whiteacntead: Raven.

3. Wing 16 ae 18 Geanes aan way ment sontWors without white..:.....2(@)
4. Larger, bill 22 to 3}, averaging about 3 inches, over 1 inch
deep at:nostrils: \.....45.0..1 07s See me es a OrEnernuRaven:
4. Smaller, bill 22 to 3, averaging 2! inches, under 1 inch
déep-at- nostrils: i otek cee te gee oo en ean deaven:
5. Head crested (6)—not crested. putea ; (8)
6. Crest purplish blue, feeoee Witte othe a volacke Polls sal Mae
let; wings and tail blue...... aout .Blue Jay.
6. Crest, head, neck, and upper chest ana pace piaviiate or soronte
ish; rump, belly, wings, and tail dark blue. Sh: as (G/4)
7. White spot over eye smaller, streaks on forehead eh bias: (dng A
sometimes indistinct); greater wing-coverts not barred........
. Black-headed Jay.
7 White ase over eye conspicuous, Ween on pared bluish white
or pure white (never indistinct); greater wing-coverts barred
with black. : ..........Long-crested Jay.
8. Wholly dull inline, ereiiertt on ena, duller on belly, throat
white-streaked . eae Rea .Pinion Jay.
8. Below gray, under teil -CcOVv cits ble, as stroaleen on breast
and tinge of belly same color; back grayish blue with crown,
nape, wings, and tail pure blue................Woodhouse Jay.
9. Black; shoulders, lower back, under parts, and wing tips white; tail
Giro 12 eathes. wha tecte aaa gta ae
9. Gray; wings black, tail aoe sau, mae. festiers black: ‘cans
inehes eee Wey Shine 7 ‘Curie Nutcracker.

9. Gray; head mostly mee: lentes shia ashen tail Aco white tipped. (10)
10. Occiput and hind crown blackish, this reaching to (often en-
circling) the eye; in young crown colored as back... .Canada Jay.
10. Occiput only plumbeous gray, this not reaching to eye; young
with crown white tinged with grayish brown..............
. Rocky Mountain Jay.

475. *Pica pica hudsonica (Sabine)—Macpinr.
Resident. Formerly present over entire state (Norfolk, West
Point, Beatrice, Plattsmouth, Dixon county), now restricted to west-
ern and especially northwestern portion of state, where it is still com-
mon; breeding in Sioux and Dawes counties, in winter east to Long
Pine and Badger in the Niobrara valley.

477. *Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus)—Buum Jay.
Entire state, resident, abundant eastward, uncommon westward.
Though present in winter, the majority retire farther south at that

71

season, returning about middle April, breeding in May, and leaving
again in late October. Spreading westward rapidly.

478c. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird)—BLACcK-HEADED Jay.

One record for the state, a bird seen in Sioux county on the tim-
ber reserve west of Fort Robinson in April, 1891, by Bruner. This
bird is common in eastern Wyoming. The Long-crested Jay, 478b.
C. s. diademata (Bonaparte), is the Colorado form, occurring also in
southern Wyoming and might occur in winter in southwestern Ne-
braska.

[480. Aphelocoma woodhouseii (Baird)—WoopHousr Jay. This was re-
corded in Bruner’s list as a common ‘‘transient visitor’? at North
Platte by M. K. Barnum, but it was confused with the Pinon Jay.
The Woodhouse Jay, however, is a common resident in Colorado,
and has been taken from October to April at Fort Lyon, so may
occasionally reach the state.]

484. Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus)—CANADA Jay.

Very rare winter visitor. The only record is the one by Bruner,
who saw a specimen of this bird at West Point either the last few days
in February or in early March, 1886. There is no question as to iden-
tification as the bird was approached to within a few feet.

484a. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway—Rocky Mountain Jay.
Probably a regular winter visitant to northwest Nebraska. Bruner
has noted it three times—near Belmont in the spring of 1889, at the
timber reservation west of Ft. Robinson in April, 1891, and at the
head of Monroe canyon in February, 1896.

486. Corvus corax sinuatus (Wagler) AMERICAN RAVEN.

Formerly frequent, now very rare if not extinct inthe state. Aughey
says it ‘‘was formerly frequently seen in Nebraska, especially in its
northern part; latteriy (1877) seldom met with.’”? He examined a
single one in June, 1865. Bruner has noted it in Brown county and
near Sidney. L. Skow reports it from Omaha. Whether any of
these records pertain to the eastern form (468a. C.c. principalis Ridg-
way) can not now be determined beyond doubt, but it is not probable
that they do.

487. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch—WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.

Aughey states that he saw this raven but once in Nebraska, on the
Republican river near the west line of the state in April, 1877. Bruner
noted it once near Sidney. . Now probably extinct within our bor-
ders.

488. *Corvus brachyrhynchos C. lL. Beehm—Crow.

Resident over the whole state, abundant eastward, becoming rare
westward, but steadily spreading in that direction. Rare west of
98th meridian, but reaching regularly up the Niobrara to Long Pine;
only once seen at Crawford till Aug., 1903, when Bruner observed

72

a flock of about a dozen twelve miles west, at Glen. Breeds from
early April to late in June:

491. Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) CLARKE NUTCRACKER.

Northwestern Nebraska; occasionally seen in summer on Pine
ridge where it may breed. In fall and winter spreading south and
east to Sidney, Kearney, North Platte, and even to Omaha.

2. *Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied)—PrInion Jay.

Common resident, spending the summer and occasionally breeding
along Pine Ridge in Sioux, Dawes, and Sheridan counties; in winter
wandering in flocks eastward to Cherry county, Long Pine, North
Platte, Fullerton, ete.

Famity ICTERIDZ—BuackspirDs, ORIOLES, AND MEADOWLARKS

. Body deep black with conspicuously contrasting, sharply defined, un-

broken patches of bright yellow, scarlet, white, or chestnut some-
Wheres And cwithobsshReA Kis. 0 crete ccto oeevesmels Niece ee epenenen eam)

. Body entirely deep black, brownish, or slaty grayish, unstreaked

and without an unbroken patch of bright color anywhere, though
sometimes varied with broken rusty or yellowish which is never
sharply defined. A sda sat)

. Body above beaoraen or rdadley streaked, below. "lighter with conspicu-

ous streaks on the sides........ : ns eta)

. Body olivaceous above and dul vallawio or orange sWeloe. anetnaneed: ALS)

2. Belly deep black; marsh birds (3)—uniform chestnut or
orange; arboreal evaN by eee we se)

Black; rump, and shoulders white, back nee ncviee Siete Taal echt
ers acute at tip... ..- aa ‘Boboltuk, male.

Black; head, and breast vy allo Beecout some aie ae onatiad bill; a iste
wing-patch....... “a . Yellow-headed Blackbird, male.
Black; shoulders scarlet gordered ay hoe Sot bt S25 Meee eee (4)

4. Smaller, with a longer, slenderer bill; wing about 4!, depth

of bill at base about 4 inch; middle wing-coverts paler buff ©

im winters 5252.0 aie. .Red-winged Blackbird, male.

4. Larger, with a sioner thicker bill, wing about 5 inches, depth

of bill at base decidedly over 4 inch; middle wing-coverts
deeper bitin winter: a5. sss be Northern Redwing, male.

Black; with breast, belly, lower back, and rump chestnut. a
‘Orchard ‘Oriole: male.

; Black: an ipecnce Belle iene back, and rump with most of tail

OTAN Ge?) .a--8. nG))

6. Head aaecle. aul, anes ea Rese nenain orange Sith, some
black at base and greater wing-coverts black broadly edged
with white. ...... ata. .Baltimore Oriole, male.

6. Head black with ohecks ane ree over eyes yellow, outer tail
feathers with the black near the tip, and a large wholly white
patch on greater wing-coverts............Bullock Oriole, male.

. Tail rounded, the outer feathers about an inch shorter than inner

73

ones; male black with head metallic bluish purple, back metallic
bronze, wings and tail metallic purplish black; female similar
but duller, and less metallic; iris white............ Bronzed Grackle.
. Tail square, the outer feathers almost or quite as long as inner ones.. . (8)
8. Brownish above and below with a yellowish throat and breast.
. Yellow-headed Blackbird, female.
8. Black, eee ag or Salat HOHE any yellowish Aayahees: ..(9)
9. Bill short and thick, its depth over half its length, plumage never
rusty; male entirely glossy blue-black with brown head and neck;

“J

female entirely brownish gray.. ... : .Cowbird.
9. Bill long and slender, its depth about half ce length 0 or ees phumage
often with rusty. peke naw lO)
10. Male black math a ae green eee Bac a faint Blue ney on
head, in winter upper parts conspicuously varied with rusty ;
female entirely dull slate, varied with rusty in winter......
Smet . Rusty Blackbird.
10. Male Black ie a Peeers green “ite eae as neck with a
beautiful violet iridescence, in winter faintly varied with
grayish brown; female brownish gray without any rusty
even in winter....... ae . Brewer Blackbird.
11. Under parts mostly bright yellows ae a conspicuous black cres-
cent on throat. reg Ae tan Ge)

11. Under parts pale y Sina or ae without a vbinck chnoae crescent (13)
12. Yellow of throat confined to space between the maxille:
upper parts dark brown with conspicuous black stripes; mid-
dle tail feathers with more or less confluent black bars not
reaching to edge of feather. ......... fl 3 .Meadowlark.
12. Yellow of throat spreading on aes upper wens pale g eray,
more barred than striped; middle tail feathers with broken

bars crossing entire feather..............Western Meadowlark.
13. Back buffy olive, streaked with black, whole under parts yellowish
or buffy; tail feathers stiff and pointed...........Bobolink, female.

13. Back dusky,streaked with rusty and buffy, under parts dull white
streaked with black, sometimes a buffy or Es tinge on throat ;
tail feathers blunt and soft. x5 ae ee EP (14)
14. Smaller, with a longer, feiedecee ae wing agle + nies
depth of bill at base about 2 inch; chin and throat seldom
pinkish, and then less deeply or extensively so.....
.Red-winged Blackbird, Cees
14. eee ie a bee octae poiclees’ bill; wing over 4 inches, depth
of bill at base decidedly over 2 inch; chinand throat gener-
ally arn this color up and more extensive. ae
; . Northern Redwing, foritales
15.0 Pail pat ass upper cov Pes Glen e Denia imeed slightly with vel-
lowish; female with throat dull yellow, young male with throat

black............... Orchard Oriole, female and immature male.
15. Tail and its upper coverts dull yellow

494.

495.

497.

» 498.

74

16. Crown olive-gray without blackish spots, or sides of head dull
orange with astripe over the eye of the same color; upper
parts palerand grayer . Bullock Oriole,female and immature male.

16. Crown streaked or spotted with black, sometimes wholly
black, or sides of head dusky and no stripe over eye; upper
parts darker, more olivaceous. a

.Baltimore Oriole, fale pad Gimavane male:

*Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus)—BoBOLINK.

Present and breeding in suitable localities over the state, locally
abundant, especially in the sand-hill lake region. Arrives first week
in May, breeds from late May to middle June, departs in middle Sep-
tember. Cherry and Holt counties, North Platte—abundant breed-
er. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Gresham, Scribner, Norfolk, York,
Neligh—occasional breeder.

*Molothrus ater (Boddert)—CowBirp.
Entire state, abundant; arriving about the third week in March
or a little earlier, breeding (parasitically) throughout the season,
remaining commonly until late October or early November.

*Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) —YELLOW-HEADED
BLACKBIRD.

Whole of the state, abundant migrant and (locally) summer resi-
dent and breeder, especially in the lakes of the sand-hill region,
Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point, Neligh, York, and west to Dundy
county—oceasional to common breeder. Arrives second week in
April, breeds in May, departs in late October.

*Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus)—-RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

A common to abundant summer resident and breeder over entire
state in the vicinity of marshy ground. Arrives first or second week
in March, breeds from middle May to middle July, departs in early
November, a few remaining all winter.

498d. Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway—NokrTHERN REDWING.

Common migrant. The type of this new form was taken at Omaha,
March 9, from migrating individuals, the breeding range being the
far northern ‘‘interior districts of British America.” In migrations
it extends over the whole region from the Rockies to the Mississippi.

O1. Sturnella magna (Linnaeus)—ME&ADOWLARK.

Although nearly all our meadowlarks belong to the following species,
there is yet an occasional occurrence of typical magna or specimens
nearer magna than neglecta in extreme eastern Nebraska. Such
specimens have been noted several times at Omaha, and on March 18,
1903, a bird evidently magna by both appearance and song was ecare-
fully observed by both Wolcott and Swenk near the lake west of Lin-
coln. It is, however, rare, and its breeding doubtful.

75

501b. *Sturnella magna negiecta (Audubon)—WestERN MEADOWLARK.

Or
oS
a |

508.

511b.

Abundant throughout the state, arriving the first week in March,
breeding from the latter part of April to the middle of July, the major-
ity departing south of the state late in October, but a considerable
number remaining in flocks through the winter. The meadowlarks
from the lake region of Cherry county, differ from both the two forms
here referred to in certain ways, but the sending of specimens east
has so far failed to satisfactorily settle their relationship.

. *Icterus spurius (Linnaeus)—OrcuarpD ORIOLE.

Eastern Nebraska, common summer resident and breeder west to
100th meridian or a little farther. Arrives first of May, breeds in
June, leaves second week in September. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln,
West Point, Neligh, Niobrara valley, Cherry county, North Platte.

. *Icterus galbula (Linnaeus)—BaLTIMoRE ORIOLE.

Eastern Nebraska, west about as far as preceding, apparently com-
moner than spurius, its dates practically the same. Omaha, Lincoln
West Point, Neligh, Niobrara valley to Valentine, North Platte.

*Icterus bullocki (Swainson)—BuLuock ORIOLE.

Western Nebraska, east to about western limit of galbula which it
replaces westward. It is a common breeder in Sioux, Dawes, and
Scott’s Bluff counties, nesting mostly in cottonwoods. Also Dundy
county to McCook and Cherry county to Long Pine, Carns—breeding.
Once taken migrating at West Point.

. Euphagus carolinus (Mueller)—Rusty Buackpirp.

Common migrant and occasional winter resident over about the
eastern half of the state, appearing in early October and remaining
well into April. Omaha, Liicoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long
Pine, Cherry County, etc.

. *Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler)—Brewrr BLACKBIRD.

Common summer resident and breeder in Sioux county, in migra-
tions over entire state. Cherry and Holt counties, Neligh, West
Point, York, Lincoln, Omaha—migratory, passing in October and
latter part of March and in Apri.

*Quiscalus quiscula zneus (Ridgway) -BRONZED GRACKLE.

Abundant summer resident and breeder over entire state, not so
common westward: arriving the third week in March, breeding dur-
ing May, departing in large flocks in late October and early No-
vember. <A very few winter along the southern border of state. To
this form belong all Nebraska records of the ‘‘Purple’’ Grackle, the
eastern form, which is accidental west of the Alleghanies.

FamiILty FRINGILLIDA—FIncuEs, Sparrows, AND GROSBEAKS

1. Bill very large, almost as deep at base as tarsus is long; male yellow

and black, female grayish and black; winter visitor....... a(2)

1. Bill much shallower, its depth at base decidedly less than lenegh ae

76

tarsus; nostrils more or less concealed by one or two tufts of for-

wardly. directed ‘plumules; winter‘birds\.te-4: Caen ee (3)
1. Bill also shallower, but nostrils exposed, or at least without distinct
tufts of plumules; mostly summer birds. BR ee icp S225)

2. Bill shorter and stouter, the culmen geneielly iden 4 inch;
male with yellow stripe on forehead broader, generally over
Aunch; female. grayer below: - 022 oT. at Evening Grosbeak.

2. Bill longer and narrower; culmen generally over # inch;

male with the forehead stripe generally under { inch, fe-

male more buffy below............. Western Evening Grosbeak.
3. Tips of bill distinctly crossed (4)—not crossed. are . (6)
4. Wings black with two distinct white ae vie aa eed Crosstill.
4. Wings dusky, not barred. eA ae Ps ie eGo)

5. Smaller, wing of male about 34 ‘ones aud ee dindees 2 inch, saree
duller. . RE Perea SERN Rea Ee .Red Crossbill.

5. Larger, wing of oat ae 32 aoe aia salmon over 3 tren colors
brighter: cio» 20 ana Wesican Crossbill.

6. Bill very short ‘anal éhick. ane cuiltsoen ee eed size very
large, the tail over 34 inches long....... Meet gre diate ns Trea)

6. Bill conical, the culmen but ce Cale ee smaller, the
tail less than 34 inches long....... SAS S00 ee eS)

~I

. Bill shorter and thicker; the eulmeat in pale Aheue a inch, and
dusky centers to back feathers more pronounced, the breast and
sides more uniformly and extensively red............Pine Grosbeak.
. Bill longer and narrower; culmen in male somewhat over = inch,
the dusky centers to back feathers nearly obsolete, the under
parts less pare ae red, more or less broken even on the breast
.Mountain Pine Grosbeak.

8. acer Falta, eye ayes ae. pure ooh gray; general color chest-
nut and rosy. Pee ae ee ea eae oe 9)
8. Crown not ash gray...... Ri er ened (a LK)

9. Gray of crown not Eee oe on aes of ig fee eyes.

RY Side . Gray- “crowned Leacosticte.

9. ag ae crown spreading over more or less it aides of head below eyes

. Hepburn Leucosticte.

ier S ieee some eee on rd, anes pele or in part (11)—

“J

Withoutvariy: Ped). 95 Se ha ey ae ee ee ee (16)
11. Chin blackish (12)—not blackish.......... (Rete e eae ara GIL)
12. Under tail-coverts and rump nainealede nee feathers bor-
dered.iwath-Hoary.c2 sci yee ate EEE ares Hoary Redpoll.
12. Under tail-coverts and rump streaked; back feathers bor-
dered with brownish....... Ae (13)

13. Larger (wing about 34 long) with fen ier “pit eau ah eset over oe
inch); back darker and sides more heavily streaked .Greater Redpoll.

13. Smaller (wing 2? to 3long) with slenderer bill (under } inch); back
paler, sides less streaked. 3 Shes eee ae ..Redpoll.
14. Whole crown red; wing rents saben ate rodiate: Boe evel (lay)

edged with grayish.......................House Finch, male.
15. Crimson of crown deeper than rest of body; under tail-coverts
SUTeAKGU i. aie Wavh eosin soles dass goles. Cashin Purple Binch, male:
15. Purple of crown same shade as rest of paged under tail-coverts un-
streaked. . itirae ae .. Purple Finch, male.
16. Back not ee 7) <back arene ATE eee eae CLO)
17. Back yellow or brown; male yellow with pian crown and wings,
female ROW Ms Aeove.Wwhive DelOW 2c vin 2 sae ve act doe slaw ve (18)
17. Back olive-green; yellow below, with a white ae spot; male with
BRET ON Uy TIEN CIC 86K Lealhan anions nos hat onatie yh wntaane .. Arkansas Goldfinch.
18. Larger aes 3 inches, tail 2); paler, more extended white
TATIONS. ses es Hihees . Western Goldfinch.
18. Smaller (less ak aboneys ialenleee more reseed white
ILENE KAM Seat Nr tice ia aap ae eee Seana a i RIC ge et hg BOO Goldfinch.
19. Not streaked below; white marked with brown and black. Snow Bunting.
ORE SbRealwecsb elomueremy laren h rege a cela Rate rage. ci elec ie) tube ie bat Tee 2 (20)
20. Yellow bars on eral and tail; very streaky; ore under
Sanches . sleet Reel tia eee ee D er SIS kin
20. No vellow bars; wing over 13 ences rises = (2)
21. Tail not Poh oe ious Finch, female—tail deonly eoechedt cbeaageb aye (22)
22. Under tail-coverts seeded .......Cassin Purple Finch, female.
22. Under tail-coverts unstreaked...........Purple Hs female.
23. Head conspicuously crested; male red, female gray and red... .Cardinal.
23. Head not crested. . ne (24)
24. Front claws ental little: curv ee a Blase Saas aiaaaee
Sibel bOC jie tp. as « : hate (25)
24. Front claws nee curv yede Gana Sle curv weal Pikher Bliowres
than toe or very stout. Sea Aneta C9)
25. Tail white except two middle ee aaah a ieee) dusky tip; bill

bo
“I

. Under parts buffy; second outer tail feather mostly white

77

14. Only forehead and superciliary stripe red; wing feathers

stout. a eri Sear .McCown Longspur.

ten! a se ies ie ne Saebout dank tip, inner ones

mostly dark; bill rather slenderer....... Steir lt eee Cae)
26. Four outer tail feathers with much shite * roe

ue .Chestnut- collared Longspur.
26. Queer al eerie dieior at pee oils two with white.......(27)

RAIA ek eh UIP ity Me caida swig prehs UnGa act Shik wire Hage Painted Longspur.

7. Under parts white; second outer tail feather with little white. ...... (28)

28. Darker and browner; back more heavily streaked, with the
dark centers of feathers broaderthan the light brown edgings
MERA Lot AYO ier ae SAAS VL UEMEE Na toh elated oie fetes sya Ser Lapland Longspur.

28. Lighter and more buffy; back less heavily streaked,with dark
centers of feathers narrower thanthe pale grayish buffy edg-
IMS BSG kas . sh iioet . Alaskan Bo eee

. Upper parts not aoe shreaked: eres with ae ORGS. ».../. (SO)

31.

dl.

30.
30.

35.

35.

37.

39.
39.

39.

41.

41.

43.

78

Upper parts decidedly, generally conspicuously, darker streaked,

WeVver with) white.Gues, .. cles.) ws cane wane Otro re abies aera, (52
30. Outer tail feathers with a conspicuous amount of white (31)—
WItHOUG SW EE Scot ose cones ne se ne cee ne ee ne ne (42)
Plain dark and white,without any por: red, brown or ve eer
WMC era ACME Sta: eens fifeb G32)
Some bright red, brown or y ree in pean oe Piss over 3 ee . (39)
32. Three outer tail feathers white; generally two white wing-
Joc no |e Artie Melee tb et acy Rec baceeiiy (re es EOS ect ae White-winged Junco.
32. Third outer tail feather mostly dark; no wing-bands........ (33)
Sides gray like chest,with no See PIGS Pease erence ae . . (34)
Sides pinkish, cinnamon or buffy. ........ Btn te ie . .(35)

34. Back with a eae cinnamon otk patch head ae
. Gray-headed Fee!
34. eer plain s pine or gienely: roeparals seus head slate.
ae . Slate- colored Junco.
Head, ribale Srl upper Pchieat eae Bienes a squarish brownish back
[OMA] ol cies re igen her weed ae es « OhOfeldt Juncos male
Head, neck, and ee gray or ae DEES EM SAN ee (36)
36. Beuond outer tail feather nearly or entirely white; throat
and chest ashy. tas Sooke .Pink-sided Junco.
36. Second outer Pail feather “a coach sani throat and chest
slaty. . ie : a)
Wing 3 fAMtes or ees lone (Sayan 3 io 31 Tone Wontans Juco, ales
38. Throat and chest grayish slate.......Shufeldt Junco, female.
38. Same parts ash-gray or slaty-gray......Montana Junco, female.
Plumage mostly black and white; under wing-coverts and breast
LOS mee. ae. Deer Dawe wa Je ees .ROSC=DEeasted (Grosnealcemigic.
Biuiiaed Per oetty Pplaek and white; under wing-coverts yellow,
breast tawny. eee . Black-headed Grosbeak, male.
Under wing-cov oan wiite: upper eae laneely black, sides sheesnnte
prowl) or se See reteens CLO)
40. Head and Back solid plea within ae sien .....Towhee.
40. Head and back black, the latter streaked with mnie and
often with brownish edgings to feathers. ae on .(41)
Outer web of primaries with white edging ee fan tne a Serie
whole outer web of outer tail feather white, the white patch on
inner web pee over 1} inches long; hind claw moderate.
: . Arctic Towhee,
Oneer ue or primaries eouiee distinct mike edrienn never forming
a patch; only outer edge of outer web of outer tail feather white,
the white patch on inner web at kar is: under 14 inches long; hind
fa large, stout. ‘Sey eae waa .Spurred Towhee.
. Olive green shoves einen pelos crown redaieh a
: . Green-tailed Townee.
42. Not eae green manowe or a so, no reddish crown... ........ (43)
Black, with a large white wing-spot...... pA estan Py Lark Bunting, male

43.

45.

47.

49.
49.

51.

53.

55.

55.

57.

19

Not pure black and white.......... an (44)
44. Throat distinctly Beale: aaeet e celainl ie Canyon Towhee.
44. Throat never streaked: tale with much blue, female brown:

ish above, light below......... ease tl eae CO)

. Larger, with wing over 3 inches vai conspicuous ‘heen wing-
Pamdsr uot. ie ee . Western Blue Grosbeak.
Smaller, wing under 3 patient no anon wing- aides dg det nes (LD)

46. Wing with two mnie wing-bars; male head end feel blue,
belly white; female brown above, white below. . Lazuli Bunting.
46. Wing aaah White bars: 5),... “me ..(47)
Wholly bright blue—Indigo Bundines fale anaes pete a bine. . (48)
48. Throat red (49)—throat not red. aaa tt 0)
Under parts vermillion, back green, rump ae (Pere Burgas. male.
Under parts purple, Baek red, rump blue........Varied Bunting, male.

50. Under parts whitish (51)—under reiate yellowish. . Aa See
bene .Painted Bunting, female.

Chest ceees Stier Pout: ite innliestau set not streaked.

& YORE ets ats ee een an an Oe eee are _ Varied Bunting, female.
-52. Outer pair of tail feathers Mecidealy shorter than the

middle pair, making the tail plainly rounded............. (53)

52. Outer pair of tail feathers not decidedly shorter than
middle pair, making the tail even or double rounded. .... . . (70)
Outer tail feathers with a broad white tip (54)—-without white...... (55)

54. Upper parts darker, with the streaks comparatively broad,
the chestnut markings on head darker and more extensive
black streaking through and below eye........... Lark Sparrow.
54. Upper parts paler,with much narrower and sharper streaks,
the chestnut on head paler, and black more restricted.
Sd Voie ee REE ‘Western Lark Sparrow.
Tail feathers very narrow, oy fare eee aaa stiff; marsh spar-

TOW Stare atic ety or ee tatteh seins ane, Gh Oy SEIT ae A alte oh eR ETE! tne Sree eae (56)
Tail feathers either broad or narrow, but tips bluntly rounded and

LNCOR SULLN Re aM Pee Ren PT RE aie Toi eh het Oe ea Sem Eee em Spee cue Ee ke (59)
56. Crown with an indistinct bluish median stripe; back without

ebestnuts feet darks ih pee Sn Pee ae Nelson Sparrow.

56. Crown witha distinct brownish or buffy median stripe; back
marked with chestnut; feet palelye. iis aks Pane t) CRB E)

. Tail as long as wing; edge of wing white; nape bright rufous

streaked with black; stripe over eye bright buffy..........
So 5b Ace ORCS RE REE oe ta CAO RT eae . Leconte Sparrow.
Tail shorter than wing; edge of wing pale yellow; nape pale
olive green streaked with black; stripe over eve olive...........(58)
58. Darker above, with chestnut of back darker and more ex-
tensive; under parts more buffy.............Henslow Sparrow.
58. Palerabove,with chestnut of back paler and more restricted ;
UNGER parts Waiter. .°.)./2)5 60. es Western Henslow Sparrow.

318),

61.

Ol.

80

Some distinct vellow on head and bend of wing (60)—no yellow
ATV WILEL Cec 2 egestas 6 UR Ne a ster Sakae ne Rea een era eee a (63)

60. Bend of wing yellow, but none on head (61)—head with yel-
On wiekersk catvee (62)
Back Beuitiied and harmed ais ert wehaaleeen with dedaya Aanis
broadly streaked with rusty; tail feathers lightly barred with
dusky. . ete Sige: . Cassin Sparrow.
Back radiatinctly shrealeedt wih aah on a gray acleenceee these
streaks rarely with dusky centers; flanks not streaked and tail
feathers with no indication of bars............... Bachman Sparrow.
62. Front of median Ce yellow; throat colored as chest
. Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Pees ores sellayy ae none on sieaian crown-stripe; a con-
spicuously contrasting, square,white throat-patch..........
. .White-throated Sparrow.

3. Crown See aoa Median Sane or ihe eines very broad and

pure white, bordered with iblaek: "5,702. ee te (64)

33. Crown rufous with a lighter but not white, narrow median stripe. . (66)

64. With a median stripe (65)—without a median stripe, often

Bolid lacks oft cite ste ewes Ate neeeanes aaa Harris Sparrow.

65. Upper half of lores black or brown, cutting the white superciliary
Stmipe.s.r os Bott .White-crowned Sparrow.

65 Upper half of hee mee or Gay Aomerneots with the supercil-
lary stripe. .2%).- Aer Re .Intermediate Sparrow.

66. Lower parts Ton Fee die mealeede crown and back largely
Chestnut .< i se ...........Swamp Sparrow.
66. Lower porte comamenneele piredked Seat ig ae Sete eee (67)

67. Breast finely marked with narrow sharp streaks not tending to form

67.

69.

a central spot and crossed by a broad cream buff band......
Lincoln Sparrow.

Beene ier ea ily Gearhead! eee prea fom or tending to
form-s..central spot, no-bufl band <i 87 72h ira: a. ete ae (68)

68. Larger; tail generally over 12 inches long, and bill slenderer,
less than 4 inch deep at base.......... Mountain Song Sparrow.

68. Smaller; tail generally under 12 inches, and bill about 3 inch
deep at- base’: oF 25 ete eeu hla oo en me (69)

Upper parts paler, more gray, with very little or no rusty; super-

ciliary stripe and sides of neck whitish; lower parts averaging
less spotted . ee tna: .Dakota Song Sparrow.

. Upper parts qaaeer ithe a conspicuous Agence of rusty; sup-

erciliary stripe and sides of neck olive-grayish; lower parts
averaging’ more spotiedst, ist as ee ee eee eee Song Sparrow.
70. Lower parts not distinctly streaked (71)—distinctly streaked(84)

. Edge of wing pure white (72)—yellow or yellowish................ (81)

72. Upper tail-coverts eae half of tail; a white wing-bar;
male with throat black . ari i, Me GS)
72. Upper tail-coverts covering NES pean half a ei PR ee Pte: (74)

81

73. Sah grayish or Fi aut Sg A ae le brown......
. European Tree Sparrow.

74. Gate En Bor eh with Bes in adult Ss Rta ree ash (75)
74. Crown reddish, either wholly chestnut or speckled with
Ploy GUM AE OAT Get! here eee eae ses eh as ADM OO. OS (76)
75. Crown with a distinct gray median stripe........ Clay-colored Sparrow.

75. Crown streaked Saag throughout, no trace of a median stripe.
ee .Brewer Sparrow.

76. react Sy a ge eeueal Zante tne wing- apauies lower
ARLEN ME OMO Wig ages ad gs oh) ote slice tia wieMctwet amas wi tao CER)
ACP ORSOeE MeO Ut GSP Ob. =< <usheirs nls Sab sa alales Sotelhe eb wees (78)

77. Darker; the black streaks on back broader, with a considerable

amount of rusty, especially on scapulars; crown chestnut, me-

dian stripe but poorly defined; outer webs of tertials darker,

more chestnut; edgings to tail feathers narrower, grayish;
smaller, wing averaging under 23 inches............ . Tree Sparrow.

77. Paler; the black streaks on back narrower, with very little rusty;

crown cinnamon, median stripe generally well defined, gray-

-ish; outer web of tertials paler, more buffy; edgings to tail

feathers broader, almost white, Paced wing averaging over 22

UM CHESS 2 si as): ; Spier . Western Tree Syartow:

78. A blgele imac Mires eye; crown bake chestnut in adult
(young with crown Enomazel and breast streaked).........(79)

78. No black line through eye; crown rusty.........0......00: (80)

79. Darker; ground color of back dark brown or rusty, crown darker
chestnut, rump and sides of head mouse gray, black stripe behind
eye broader; smaller, wing averaging under 2! inches......
Pe .Chipping Sean
19. ele Laon alee ar acl pale ieeaee n panbort seh crown paler
ORE rump and sides of head paler gray, black stripe behind
eye narrower; wary wing averaging over 24 inches......
. Western Ceppine Sparowe
80. ipper ee, more a ae crown fea rusty, rarely with
an indication of a median stripe; back with much rusty
and broader black streaks, under parts, especially the
breast, more buffy; decidedly smaller, wing 24 to 23 inches,
tail 2% to 22 inches inlength........:........ . Field Sparrow.
80. Upper parts grayer, the crown dull rusty, with a broad gray
median stripe, sometimes almost entirely gray; back mostly
grayish, with narrower black streaks; under parts paler, the
breast tinged with gray; decidedly larger, wing 2? to 24

inches, tail 23 to 24 inches in length....Western Field Sparrow.

81. Outer tail feather with some conspicuous white; a blackish dot on
breast . re See ac Okano ese ae e Sparrows
81. Outer tail eather pita Fakte EN yee PML Ase OnE ey Pt le Std a8 = (82)

82. Breast bright yellow; throat,except white chin, black.Dickcissel.
82. Breast without yellow; throat without black............., (83)

83.

83.

85.

85.

87.

89.

Hs

91.

o
$2

Darker; with broad black centers to the feathers, the hind neck
distinctly streaked, the throat and cheeks buffy; smaller,wing av-
eraging under 22 imeltes: sos... dts. ee ee Grasshopper Sparrow.

Paler; with brown predominating on upper parts rather than black,
the hind neck scarcely streaked, merely speckled, the throat and
cheeks whitish; larger, wing averaging over 22 inches........

ae . Western Grasshopper ea

84. ‘Gister ia Foanthieys route ite: beda of wing chestnut. (85)
84. Outer tail feather with little or no white, and bend are wing

MOG CHES HMUG 0/7 oF eas cen cs ce ney a eer (86)

Darker, with broader and blacker streaking; smaller, wing aver-
aging under 3!, tail under 24 inches long...........Vesper Sparrow.

Paler and graver, the streaking much sharper and narrower, less
intensely black; oa wing averaging over 33, tail over 24 inches
long aus tev. Seen . Western Vesper Sparrow.
86. Under wing-cov eae enone y allow: Blac headed Grosbeak,female.
86. Under wing-coverts orange yellow.

Re ae AON 285 Oe aah BYR AY Ba Risen Rove-breasted: Grosteate ne

Wings and tail with much rusty red (88)—without rusty red.......(89)
88. Color of back gray,well streaked with chestnut, with rusty red

upper-tail-coverts.and tails... <i. 6.2 eee woe . Fox Sparrow.
88. Color of back and rump ale masineteed gray in strong’
contrast with rusty red upper tail-coverts and tail. ‘

' : ‘Slate-colored Sparrow.

Bend ae wing arty fans rains seen ees VEgseee female—
without white patel si a\05 Sakis ake dab kre + OE ee (90)
90. Hind claw longer than its digit; tertials shorter than pri-

maries; head suffused with yellow, two black stripes on

crown and conspicuous maxillary and rictal stripes........

BS eRe RAP IPR Se key See TNE Luc Ly. ou < Baird Sparrow.
90. Hind claw about as long as digit; tertials about as long as

PPLMMATICS 5 5:55): 5 erg eek Gath o's tow Malle pela ege tay ce net Se ee a

Darker and browner; streaking broader, superciliary stripe yel-
low; smaller, wing averaging under 22 inches, bill stouter, over
+inchideep at (Oase.4 5. a acxvau May ore ee aoe Savanna Sparrow.

Paler and grayer; streaking narrower, superciliary stripe less
yellow, often wholly white; larger, wing averaging over 22
inches, bill more slender, under } inch deep at base...........

Re eRe orn nro ame aS orem Western Savanna Sparrow.

514. Hesperiphona vespertina (Cooper) EVENING GROSBEAK.

An irregular and rather rare fall and winter visitant over the state.
Has been found from October to March. Recorded from West Point,
Lincoln, Omaha, Cedar Bluffs, Long Pine, and Curtis—all based on
specimens taken. It is quite probable that the western subspecies,
H.v. montana Ridgway, may occasionally make its way in winter
to the western part of our state, since it is resident in Colorado and

83

occurs in western Kansas, but as yet no specimens of this form have
been examined.

515. Pinicola enucleator leucura (Mueller)—PiInr GROSBEAK.

A rare and irregular winter visitant, occurring from November to
late February or early March. Recorded from Lincoln, Omaha,
Grand Island, Long Pine, Norfolk, and Neligh. As in the preceding
species there is a western or mountain form, P. e. montana Ridgway,
which may reach the western part of the state in winter, but has
not yet been taken.

517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin)—PurpLe FINcu.
An uncommon migrant and rare winter resident. Passes through
in October, November, and in April. - Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Peru, and Neligh.

[518. Carpodacus cassini Baird—Casstn PurpLe Fincu. This bird has
been recorded from Sioux county by J. B. White, but in absence of a
specimen or further corroborative evidence it cannot be included in
-the check-list. However there is little doubt but that it does occur
occasionally in extreme western Nebraska as well as a third member
of the genus: 519. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say), the House
Finch, which is common in eastern Colorado and southeastern Wyo-
ming and has been taken in western Kansas in January.]

521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm)—ReEp CrossBILL.

An irregular, but during most years rather common, winter resident,
appearing in flocks in late September or October and remaining about
coniferous groves until late in April or even the end of May. Speci-
mens from eastern Nebraska for the most part agree closely in meas-
urements with minor, but those from Sioux county in winter are uni-
formly larger, agreeing better with Ridgway’s unaccepted sub-
species, L. c. bendirei, Bendire Crossbill, and probably representing
wintering individuals of that form from the mountains. The com-
mon form, minor, is present throughout the summer in Sioux county
feeding on pine seeds and sunflower seeds, but probably does not
breed even there.

521a. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway—MeExicaNn CroOsSBILL.

Most of the specimens of the intermediate bendiret agree more
closely in measurements with this than with minor, and unless called
bendirei must be referred to this. However, there is one specimen(a
female, Neligh, Nebr., Dec. 9,1898, Merritt Cary) which even under
Ridgway’s restriction must be placed here, its wing measuring 88 mm.
and exposed culmen over 20 mm.

522. Loxia leucoptera Gmelin— WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
A rare winter visitant. Records from West Point, Omaha, and
Fairbury only. At the latter place Dr. M. L. Eaton took nine speci-
mens.

84

524. Leucosticte tephracotis Swainson—GRAY-CROWNED LEUCOSTICTE.

An uncommon winter resident in northwestern Nebraska, and once
recorded from Omaha by L. Skow, who knew it in the northwestern
part of the state. Aughey records a specimen taken in June, 1865.
The specimens examined, all from Sioux county, are typical tephra-
cotis, but the Hepburn Leucosticte, 524a. L. t. littoralis (Baird), occu-
pies much the same range in winter, and has been taken casually as far
east as Minnesota, so may be reasonably expected within our limits.

528. Acanthis linaria (Linnaeus) -REDPOLL.
An irregular winter resident, in some seasons very abundant, gener-
ally coming in large flocks anywhere between middle of October and
April. Throughout the state.

[528b. A.l. rostrata (Coues)—GREATER REppPoLL. A resident in Greenland
and in winter straggling southward and westward. It has been re-
corded from New York, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,and even Colorado,so
we may get it also. The record in Bruner’s list, Trostler says was a
misidentification for linaria. An examination of twenty specimens
from this state shows all to be nearest linaria, though some are large
enough for holbellii, but probably should be considered intermediates
between linaria and rostrata.]|

529. *Astragalinus tristis (Linnaeus) —GOLDFINCH.
An abundant resident over the southeastern portion of the state,
breeding from middle July to early September, remaining in flocks
through the winter.

529a. Astragalinus tristis pallidus Mearns—WESTERN GOLDFINCH.

Sioux county—a single specimen, May 16, 1901; also found along
the Niobrara, summer of 1902, and probably the prevailing form in
the northern and western portions of the state. No doubt breeds.
Specimens identified by Oberholser.

533. Spinus pinus (Wilson) —PINE SISKIN.

A common, though somewhat irregular, winter resident; appearing
in early October and remaining until into May. Present all summer
in the pines of Sioux county where it may breed. Omaha, Lincoln,
Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Sioux county.

000. *Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)—-ENGLISH SPARROW.
Throughout the state—abundant.

534. Passerina nivalis (Linnaeus)—-SNow BUNTING.
Entire state, irregular winter resident, present from early in No-
vember to the middle of March. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Gresham, Norfolk, Sidney, Sioux county. Breeds far north.

536. Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus)—LAPLAND LONGSPUR.
Greater portion of the state eastward, abundant winter resident,
present from middle of October to early April. Omaha, Lincoln,

85

Beatrice, West Point, Wood River, Neligh, Cherry county. Breeds
far north. :

536a. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway—ALAsKAN LONGSPUR.
Western Nebraska in winter, dates as preceding. In a walk from
Wray, Colo. to Haigler, Neb., Nov. 16, 1901, Bruner and Wolcott
found these birds lying.dead by the railroad track in numbers, along
with Desert Horned Larks. They had been killed by flying against
the telegraph wires while circling in immense flocks.

537. Calcarius pictus (Swainson)—Paintep LoNnaspuR.

An uncommon migrant, passing in late April and October. Re-
corded only from West Point and Lincoln, at the latter place several
times. Specimens were secured from a flock of 50 in a corn field near
Lincoln, April 20, 1901, by Cary and Carriker. Breeds far north.

538. *Calcarius ornatus (Townsend) —CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR.

A common migrant and uncommon breeder; the latter only along
the northern border of the state. Aughey states he has found young
from June to August, while Will Colt has taken nests at Badger, Holt

_county. Carlos Bates found a half dozen nests between June 14 and
22, 1903, only three miles from the Nebraska line in South Dakota
north of Merriman, Neb. As a migrant it occurs from middle March
to late April and from early to middle October over almost the whole
state. Omaha, Lincoln, Norfolk, West Point, Neligh, O’ Neill, Grand
Isiand, Albion, Cherry county—common.

539. *Rhynchopanes mccownii (Lawrence)—McCown Lonaspur.
An uncommon migrant over the state, breeding in Sioux county
(See Proc. N. O. U. III, p. 74 and 84). Migrates from middle
March to middle April and from late August to middle November.
Breeds in June. Cherry, Harlan, and Franklin counties,Wood River,
Neligh, West Point, Lincoln, Omaha.

540. *Pocecetes gramineus (Gmelin)—VESPER SPARROW.

Eastern edge of state, not west of 98th meridian, very common
migrant and rare breeder; arriving second week in April, breeding in
late May or early June, departing in October. Omaha, Peru, Lin-
coln, West Point, Gresham.

540a. *Pocecetes gramineus confinis Baird—-WrESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

Greater part of state, abundant westwardly, breeding commonly

in Sioux and Cherry counties, less numerously east to Holt county,
Neligh, Harlan county, ete. Dates as preceding.

542a. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson) SAVANNA SPARROW.
Eastern Nebraska, not recorded west of 99th meridian; a rather
abundant migrant especially eastwardly, arriving in late March or
early April, passing northward to breed, returning in October.
Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, O’ Neill, Wood River, ete.
Oceassionally seen in summer, and may breed.

86

542b. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonaparte)—-WESTERN Sa-
VANNA SPARROW.

Entire state, occurring only as a migrant in eastern Nebraska; may
rarely breed westwardly, though not knowntodoso. Cherry county,
Neligh, Lincoln,Omaha—migrating; much the same dates as savanna.
In a series of sixteen specimens from Lincoln taken during migra-
tions only three can be referred to alaudinus, and only one of
these is typical.

545. Coturniculus bairdii (Audubon)—Bairp Sparrow.
An uncommon migrant, dates much as the Savanna Sparrow, com-
monest in fall! Breeds north of Nebraska. Lincoln, West Point,

O’ Neill—migrating.

546. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (Wilson)—GRASSHOPPER SPAR-
ROW.

An occasional specimen is taken along the eastern edge of the state
apparently nearer this than the following form, though even
there bimaculatus predominates. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln. Breeding
questionable.

546a. *Coturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (Swainson) WESTERN GRASS-
HOPPER SPARROW. f
An abundant migrant and very common summer resident over al-
most entire state, arriving first week in May, breeding from late May,
through June, departing in early October. Sioux, Cherry and Holt
counties, Neligh, West Point, Lincoln, Beatrice—breeding.

[547. Ammodramus henslowii (Audubon)—-HENSLOoW SPARROW.

Has been recorded from Nebraska, and is known to occur west to
Minnesota. The only specimen available has been indentified by
Oberholser as the Western. It is likely that all, or most, of the records
refer to that form, but until more material is examined it cannot be
safely assumed that they do. Its occurrence is probably analogous
to that of the Grasshopper Sparrow.]

547a. *Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis Brewster—WESTERN HENSLOW
SPARROW.
A rare migrant. Aughey ‘‘only occasionally met with this bird,”
and the only specimen he examined was taken at Kearney Junction
in September, 1874. A specimen was taken at Lincoln, April 22, 1899,
by Wolcott, and Bruner has seen it at West Point. It may occa-
sionally breed locally in the state, since Trostler took a set of eggs,
with female bird, at Omaha, bélonging to this species and probably
to this form.

548. Ammodramus leconteii (Audubon) —L&EcoNTE SPARROW.
A very common migrant, arriving in late March and early April
and lingering late into May, reappearing in late September and
remaining commonly until November, occasionally even to the mid-

87

dle of that month. Breeds north of the state. Omaha, Lincoln, West
Point, Neligh, Holt and Hall counties etc.; not recorded west of 99th
meridian.

(549.1. A. nelsoni (Allen), the Nelson Sparrow, although included in Bruner’s
list, has as yet no definite Nebraska record, though there is no doubt
it will eventually be taken within the state, possibly breeding. ]

552. *Chondestes grammacus (Say)—LArkK Sparrow.

Eastern edge of state; an abundant migrant and summer resident,
arriving first week in April, breeding in late May and June, depart-
ing by the end of September. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln,
West Point, etc.; not occuring west of 98th meridian.

552a. *Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swainson) WestTreRN LARK SPAR-
ROW.

Greater part of state, abundant, especially westwardly, intergrading
with preceding in eastern portions of state. Sioux, Dundy, and
Cherry counties, east to Niobrara City, Neligh, ete., or to about the
98th meridian—breeding. Dates as preceding.

553. Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall)—Harris Sparrow.

An abundant migrant and common winter resident in southern
portions of state, lingering until middle or late May, reappearing in
middle September, largest numbers present in April and October.
Not recorded west of Cherry county. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice,
West Point, Neligh, Genoa, Wood River, etc. Breeds north of Ne-
braska.

554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster)—-WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.

A common migrant, arriving in middle April and lingering until
well into May, reappearing in late September and remaining until
November. Breeds north of Nebraska. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Neligh—apparently only eastern third of state.

554a. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Nuttall) INTERMEDIATE SPARROW.

Migratory, not so common as preceding form,but occurring with it.

Sioux and Cherry counties, Neligh, West Point, Lincoln, Crete,
Omaha—migrant over entire state.

557. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)—-WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
Eastern Nebraska; a common migrant, arriving a little earlier and
departing a little later than lewcophrys and commoner than that
species. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, ete.

559. Spizella monticola, (Gmelin) TREE Sparrow.

Eastern Nebraska; an abundant winter resident, appearing first
week in October and remaining well into April. Most of the speci-
mens from the eastern part of the state are intermediate between this
and the following western race, but some are practically indistin-
guishable from Michigan and New York birds. Breeds far north.
Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, etc.

88

559a. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster—WESTERN TREE SPARROW.
Whole state in winter; abundant westward where it is apparently
the only form, eastward less common, giving place to and intergrad-
ing with the preceding form. Dates as for monticola. Sioux and
Cherry counties, Neligh, Lincoln, Omaha, ete.

560. *Spizella socialis (Wilson) —CuHIPPING SPARROW.

Eastern Nebraska; arriving the middle of April, breeding in June,
departing in late September. Peru, Omaha, Dakota City, West Point,
Neligh, Lincoln—commonas a migrant and generally as a summer resi-
dent and breederalso. Betweenthe 98thtobeyondthe103d meridians
(which is much over half the length of the state), there are few records
for this bird until in Sioux county where it is abundant. This, to-
gether with the fact that the western form (560a. S. s. arizonae Coues)
is the common one in Colorado and Wyoming even within a compara-
tively few miles of the Nebraska line (Cheyenne, Wyoming), makes
it quite probable that the birds from that region are the western
subspecies. Unfortunately, there are at present no specimens
to decide the question.

561. *Spizella pallida (Swainson)—CLAY-cOLORED SPARROW.
An abundant migrant over entire state, and, according to Aughey,
an occasional breeder in the northern part. Arrives first week in
May and lingers through that month, appearing again in early Sep-
tember and remaining through October.

562. *Spizella breweri Cassin—BreEweR SPARROW.
Sioux county; a common summer resident and breeder locally.
M. A. Carriker, Jr., found it breeding commonly along the north side
of Indian creek in the summer of 1901. (See Proce. N. O. U. III,
pp. 70 and 85.) J. M. Bates reports taking one specimen in Cherry
county, May 16, 1891, which was sent to Washington for identifica-
tion.

563. *Spizella pusilla (Wilson) —FirELp Sparrow, and
563a. *Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne—WesTERN FIELD SPARROW.
The exact status of these two races in Nebraska is still somewhat

uncertain, but during migrations arenacea occurs over almost the en-
tire state. It breeds abundantly along its northern border (Valen-
tine, Long Pine, Springview, Carns, Niobrara City) and less commonly
southward (Broken Bow), being present as a migrant only at Neligh,
West Point, and Lincoln. Arrives in late March and early April,
breeds from middle May through July, departs in late September
and early October. The birds breeding at Omaha, Peru, Rulo, Weep-
ing Water,and other points in extreme eastern Nebraska, are certainly
nearer pusilla than arenacea. There are not sufficient specimens
at hand to definitely state the exact ranges of each form.

566. *Junco aikeni Ridgway—WHITE-WINGED JUNCO.
A rather common summer resident in Warbonnet canyon, Sioux

89

-county, where, during 1901, it was frequently observed by Cary and
‘Carriker and a nest with four young birds found by the latter on June
29, thus establishing it as a breeder. Later Cary found another
family of young birds two miles westward in the same canyon. In
winter the birds breeding in the Black hills and northern Wyoming
descend to the foothills and it becomes abundant in Sioux county.
Bruner found it one of the most abundant birds in the region at
Fort Robinson, Dee. 12-14, 1895, and later at Harrison, Feb. 18-29,
1896.

567. Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus)—-SLaTE-COLORED JUNCO.

An abundant winter resident over the state but more especially
so eastward, arriving the second week in October and remaining
until late in April. Both Aughey and Trostler record it as present
in summer, but it probably does not breed south of northern Minne-
sota. Lincoln, Omaha, Rulo, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long
Pine, Sioux county, ete.

567b. Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coale—Suureipr Junco, and

567.1. Junco montanus Ridgway—Monrana JUNCO.

Under these two names should probably be placed some of the
records of the ‘‘Oregon Junco,”’ for this state. Just which
one is referred to in each case is now impossible to definitely state
owing to the extreme similarity of the two species, but it is certain
that both are represented. The former is a northwestern species
breeding from Oregon to British Columbia and east to Montana,in win-
ter migrating south over the Rocky mountain plateau of the United
States to northern Mexico, and straggling eastward. The latter
species breeds from Montana and Idaho north to Alberta, migrating
south in winter to Mexico and straggling eastward. Specimens of
one or the other of these species have been taken as far east as Illinois,
Michigan, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Maryland. A single speci-
men of Shufeldt Junco was taken byJ. M. Bates at Long Pine and identi-
fied by Ridgway.

[568. J. mearnsi Ridgway—Tuer Prnx-sipep JuNco (= annectens Baird,
in part) breeds in southern Idaho and Montana and _ winters
south through Wyoming and Colorado to Mexico, and probably
reaches western Nebraska during its migrations. The specimen
(now unfortunately lost) recorded in Bruner’s list as annectens was
in all probability montanus.]

[569. J. caniceps (Woodhouse) , THE GRAY-HEADED JUNCO, breeds in the moun-
tains of southern Wyoming and Colorado, descending in winter to
the foothills and straggling eastward to Michigan, so may be ex-
pected in western Nebraska in winter. The record of caniceps from
Sioux county published in Bruner’s list was based on an immature
specimen of hyemalis.]

Comrenee
581. Melospiza,melodia (Wilson)—Sone Sparrow.
Arrives abundantly in late March or early April and lingers until

90

well into May, when it becomes rare until early September brings
the fall migrants. It remains commonly all winter, and probably a
few breed, especially in northern Nebraska. Entire state; resident—
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, Sioux county.

Conerte " <
58Ih. Melospiza melodia juddi (Bishop)—DaKkota Sone Sparrow.

J

This form, described in April, 1896, and accepted by the A. O. U.
committee the following November, though rejected by both Ridg-
way and Oberholser, seems to be fairly well entitled to recognition.
A comparison of Nebraska and Michigan specimens shows many of our
birds to be decidedly paler and grayer above, with a conspicuous sup-
pression of the rufous so evident in melodia, and the superciliary stripe
and sides of neck whitish rather than olive grayish, thus apparently
representing the form named juddi. Specimens sent to Oberholser
were returned labelled melodia, though according to the judgment of
Bishop himself, to whom they were later sent, they are nearer juddt.

583. Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon)—-LINcoLN Sparrow.

or
ies)
—

or
(0/0)
Or

585e.

587.

An abundant migrant over the state, passing from second week
in April to middle of May and from middle of September to late in
October, vere rarely wintering. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru, West Point,
Neligh. Not known to breed in the state.

. *Melospiza georgiana (Latham)—Swamp Sparrow.

EasternNebraska, west to about the 100th meridian ;common migrant,
arriving late in April and lingering until middle May, reappearing
in middle September and remaining through October, very rarely
wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh—common
migrant. Cherry county, Neligh—rare breeder, nesting in June.

5. Passerella iliaca (Merrem)—Fox Sparrow.

A common migrant in eastern Nebraska, passing in late March
and early April and again through October to middle November,
rarely wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Neligh. Our birds are grayer than eastern individuals, showing a
decided tendency toward the following form.

Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird) —SLATE-COLORED SPARROW.

Western Nebraska during migrations. According to Cooke (Birds
of Colorado, p. 107), the type of this form came from Nebraska about
twenty miles east of the Colorado line.

*Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus)—TowHEE.

Southeastern Nebraska; along southern border west to about 99th
parallel, becoming more restricted to eastern portions northward,
and replaced along northern border by the following species. Rulo,
Peru, Omaha, Beatrice, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh—common breeder.
Arrives in middle to late March or early April, breeds from late
April to July, departs in late October or early November, a few
remaining all winter.

91

588. *Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson)—Arctic TOWHER.

Northern and western Nebraska in summer, whole state during.
migrations. Sioux, Dawes, and Cherry counties, and east in Nio-
brara valley to its mouth, southward principally west of 100th paral-
lel—abundant breeder: West Point, Lincoln, Beatrice, Omaha—
abundant migrant. Arrives later than preceding species, about
first week in April, and lingers through that month, in eastern parts
of state, appearing again in larger numbers during October, rarely
wintering. Some Sioux county specimens show a tendency toward
the Spurred Towhee, 588a. P. m. megalonyx (Baird), in the slightly
less extensive white on outer tail feathers.

[592.1. Oreospiza chlorura (Audubon), the Green-tailed Towhee, was in-
cluded in former lists on the authority of Baird, but the locality in
which his specimens were taken is far without the present boundaries

- of the state. It is, however, a common bird from May to October
in Colorado and eastern Wyoming, and is likely to occur in western
Nebraska, during migrations at least.]

593. *Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) —CARrpDINAL.
Southeastern Nebraska. Rulo, Nebraska City, Omaha, Beatrice,
_ Lincoln—common resident. West to Harlan county, north in winter
rarely toWest Point, Maple Creek, and Neligh.

595. *Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus)—RoOSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
Eastern third of state, or about west to 98th parallel; common
to abundant summer resident and breeder. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice,
Lincoln, West Point, Neligh. A straggler once at Long Pine. Arrives
first week in Mav, breeds in early June, departs in middle September.

596. *Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson)—-BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.
Representing the preceding in western half of state during the
breeding season. Sioux county east to Valentine, Long Pine and even
Niobrara City, and Dundy county east to Holdrege, Kearney, Dan-
nebrog, etc.—common to abundant breeder. During migrations
over the state. rarely, to Neligh, York, Omaha. Dates as preceding.

597a. *Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson)—-WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK.
Over the entire state; locaJly common summer resident and breeder.
Arrives first week in May, breeds in June, departs from middle to
late September. Most common in Dundy, Thomas, and Cherry
counties, and east in the Niobrara valley to Knox county; less com-
mon in Sioux county, at Broken Bow, Grand Island, Red Cloud,
Beatrice, Omaha, and Lincoln,

598. *Cyanospiza cyanea (Linnaeus)—INpiGo BunTING.
Eastern Nebraska; common summer resident and breeder west to
the 98th meridian. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln, Columbus, West
Point, Neligh—breeding. Straggling westward rarely in Niobrara
valley to Eagle creek, Long Pine, and even Cherry county. Arrives
first week in May, breeds early in June, departs early in September.

92

599. *Cyanospiza amcena (Say)—Lazu.i BUNTING.
Sioux county; common summer resident and breeder. East during
migrations to West Point and Lincoln. Dates as preceding.

604. *Spiza americana (Gmelin)—DICKCISSEL.

Entire state, locally common to abundant, especially eastward;
arriving second week in May, breeding in June and July, departing
late in August or early in September. Omaha, West Point, Lincoln,
Neligh, and Brown, Cherry and Sioux counties—breeding.

605. *Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger—Lark BUNTING.
Entire state; abundant westward, uncommon to rare eastward.
Sioux to Cherry and Rock counties, Dundy to Harlan counties—
abundant breeder. Neligh, Norfolk, Lincoln, Beatrice—occasional
breeder, commoner during dry seasons. Dates as preceding species.

EXTRALIMITAL: Ten species belonging to this family are in-
cluded in the above key which have no record for Nebraska, but which
are possible within our boundaries, viz: 527a. Acanthis hornemannii
exilipes (Coues), the Hoary Redpoll, an arctic bird which has occurred
in northern Michigan and Illinois; 530. Astragalinus psaliria (Say),
the Arkansas Goldfinch of the western United States, a species com-
mon throughout Colorado and recorded from Cheyenne, Wyoming,
and which may eventually be recorded from Western Nebraska; 557.
Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas), the Golden-crowned Sparrow of the
extreme west, has strayed east in migrations to Nevada, Colorado,
and even Wisconsin, to the latter state three times; 574a. Amphi-
spiza belli nevadensis Ridgway, the Sage Sparrow, occurs in Colorado
and Wyoming to within a short distance of Nebraska, and may occa-
sionally stray to our sagebrush plains; 575a. Peucea estivalis bach-
mannii (Audubon), the Bachman Sparrow, occurs north, locally, to
the parallel of 40°, and has been taken in southeastern Iowa, so may
reach us also; 578. Pewcea cassini (Woodhouse) the Cassin Sparrow,
of the arid Southwest, occurs north to western and central Kansas,
so may be expected along our southern border westwardly; 581b.
Melospiza melodia montana (Henshaw), the Mountain Song Sparrow,
is the Colorado form even far out on the plains, so may reach us during
migrations; 591. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird), the Canyon Towhee
of eastern Colorado and southwestward might reach our limits; 600.
Cyanospiza versicolor (Bonaparte), the Varied Bunting of southern
Texas and southward has strayed north to Michigan; 601. Cyano-
spiza ciris(Linnaeus),the Painted Bunting, is a southern species occur-
ring north to southern Kansas and Illinois.

Famity TANAGRIDA—TaNaGers

1. General color red, or at least the head red. (Adult males)..........(2)
1. General color olive-greenish above, yellow below. Sige 3 and young
TIMALES)) oe betes : ee)

2. Wings oie a Black: ee es Sole a end ae
DEER RES Ao ire NOE Res OS nae ERT Oe aon Scarlet Tanager.

93

2. re and tail, along with back, lower parts and head red .
: . Summer Toneee:
2. Wi ings, ee ed enh blak: nae Ge celine head red.

epee h Rrra ovate cask RUT e PAS men ae ee Ma Louisiana Tandeen
3. Wings with two yellow bands, or one yellow and one white; tail gray-
ish brown with yellowish olive-green edgings..... Louisiana geonag <
3. Wings without yellow bands......... Bites ces a actshasee|
4. Under ge ees yellow, paeene ae Hat Sp margin.
. Summer Tanager.
4. ees, wing-cov eis qlntes erithe onae. dusky, or black exterior
PERE MAIS TR eee cht sac cry ives Set LP hhh a net Ne te . Scarlet Tanager.

607. *Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson)—Lovistana TANAGER.
A common summer resident and breeder on Pine ridge in north-
west Nebraska.

608. *Piranga erythromelas Vieillot—ScarLter TANAGER.
A common summer resident and breeder in eastern Nebraska.
Arrives first week in May, breeds in June, departs in early September.
Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Weeping Water, Neligh.

610 Piranga rubra (Linnaeus)—SuMMER TANAGER.

A rare summer resident in extreme southeastern Nebraska. May
breed. Reported from Richardson county by Aughey and from
Douglas county by L. Skow and I. 8. Trostler, the latter observing
a single specimen in July, 1894.

Famity HIRUNDINIDZ—Swa.iows

1. Wing over 5 inches long; male shining blue-black; the female duller

colored. ay lia tele PO Ee ee ee
Le Ws fas anches ¢ or less in cere way seta sit -(2)

2. Tail 3 inches or more long, the note more me an Mont dean:
under tail feathers with white blotches; throat chestnut; back

Muakroussatecl- blue. ss clay. anit uae oeu Bar Swallow:

aN tle e ear CLiGS set VOSS AMOI 2 Fo cite yee av lala aya at aidan aad es Maule GR Se)
Seba with mepallie lusteror @Teenishe, wei... vamsga eve sd oe ta eine wpa)
PREC Drowmishnwh MOUMt NUSUECl re. shames cite) Seleieasi- ears coche sere, cia (5)
4. Above lustrous green, beneath white... ..........Tree Swallow.

4. Above opaque velvety green, beneath white. . Violet-green Swallow.
4. Above steel-blue; throat chestnut or black; upper tail-coverts

PETA rT Pe yy nent ae Re vit. Mie Wl ses stadt 27 CALE ALLO
5. Breast brownish; belly and throat white..............Bank Swallow.
5. Throat and breast brownish; belly white... ..... Rough-winged Swallow.

611. *Progne subis (Linnaeus)—PurpLte Martin.

Eastern half of state, common only eastwardly. Arriving about
first of April, breeding in the latter part of May and in June, depart-
ing in the middle of September. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point,
Norfolk, Callaway, North Platte, Broken Bow, Neligh.

94

612. *Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say)—Ciirr SwaLLow.

Entire state; common summer resident and breeder, arriving by
the middle of April, breeding in June, departing in early September.
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, North Platte, and Cherry, Sioux
and Dundy counties.

613. *Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert—Barn Swa.iow.
Abundant over entire state, dates as preceding, but remaining into
October.

614. *Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot) TREE SwALLow.

Entire state, breeding commonly along its northern border, rarely
southward. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh—mostly migra-
tory, a rare breeder. Sioux county, Niobrara valley—a common
breeder.

615. *Tachycineta thalassina lepida (Mearns)—VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.
Sioux county; common summer resident and breeder in cliffs.
Once taken during migration at West Point by Bruner.

616. *Riparia riparia (Linnaeus)—Bank SwaLiow.
Entire state; arrives in middle April, breeds in May and June, and
departs late in September.

617. *Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon)—RovuGH-wIneED SwaALLow.
Eastern half or more of state—common summer resident and breed-
er in river banks, especially northwardly. Richardson county, Peru,
Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Niobrara valley,
Cherry county—breeding.

Famity AMPELIDZ—Waxwines

1. Wing-bar white; the under tail-coverts chestnut... Bohemian Waxwing.
1. Wing-bar wanting; under tail-coverts white........... Cedar Waxwing.
618. Ampelis garrulus Linnaeus—BoHEMIAN WAXWING.

An irregular winter visitor, liable to occur from the middle of No-
vember till late in February or even March, over the entire state.
Omaha, South Bend, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Cherry
county, Curtis, Sioux county. .

619. *Ampelis cedrorum (Vieillot)—CrEparR WaAxwina.

Eastern Nebraska; very common as a migrant, not common in
winter, and breeding but rarely in the state, most frequently north-
ward. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Long Pine, Cherry
county.

Famity LANIIDA!—Snurikes
1. Breast with wavy cross-bars; no transverse black line on forehead.
cB ORs ets Sie PUNE, ANGST. i Leet Hf aE Sth . Northern Banke!
1. Breast without conspicuous wavy eae a ipacrn black line on
Foreliead (0 3Gliin Gc yee a Cre RNs tee deo gn eo a (2)
2. Rump and upper tail-coverts but little lighter than back. ...
Migrant Shrike.

95

2. Rump and upper tail-coverts decidedly para ae colored than back,
SUE MiNi oe SY ot STAN Seat aon . White-rumped Shrike.
621. Lanius nepets ee SHRIKE.

A common winter resident over entire state, appearing in middle
October, and remaining late into March. Rulo, Peru, Omaha, Lin-
coln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, and Cherry and Sioux counties.

622e. Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer—Micranr Surtike.

This recently recognized subspecies occurs regularly in eastern
Nebraska, but is only locally common, Breeding specimens have
been taken at Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, and West Point, which
beyond doubt are referable to migrans. On these specimens all
former Nebraska records of the ‘‘Loggerhead’”’ Shrike are based.
Other specimens intermediate between this and the following form
are frequent.

622a.*Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swainson)— WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.
Entire state; eastward partially replaced by preceding form, but

the commoner form even there. Arives early in April, breeds late

_in April, in May, and in June, departs early in October. Omaha,
Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, and Cherry and Sioux counties.

Faminty VIREONIDA—Vireos

1. Without distinct wing-bars. ....... Sea Saat Aa CAS Ae CEE Ne Pa (0
1. With distinct white or whitish RE WanehGeiks ie AMIDA Gen NON orcas
penne reves W LUTON cinrss. toes Sheen neath ete ogy Me pay sa ((@))

2. Under parts yellowish; first primary over one inch fone crown

gray with a white but no black ee line over eye.
Philadelphia Vireo.

3. Wellowieh. on pence Elarcent ae primary Pee ‘han one inch long. .
_ Warbling acen

3. reba w ich on ee Pnetlea upper Semen: particulary crown, grayer.

- . .Western Warbling Waren:
ae ree or no yellowish on praihea ast primary mane over one inch long;
crown ees gray, bordered by a black and then a white band over
thieeye hi... : se .Red-eyed Vireo.
4. First primary eect as owes as Beecourl: eae bright yellow;
back bright olive-green; eye-ring yellow. . Yellow-throated Vireo.
4. First primary shorter than second, less than one inch long, breast

not yellow..... : sere At ioe aicarNet ics) ha ece em pas (59)

5. Wing over 2? inches ane eye-ring eaehihe: Met Slo eo eae .. (6)
5. Wing under 2? inches long, eye-ring nie: Sr NESS AO)
6. Crown and sides of head ‘bluish gray, Genta to ies -green on

the back; below white............. .Blue-headed Vireo.

6. Crown od sides of head plaieing gray, ie back of same shade;
below less pure white. ....... Re raren .Plumbeous Vireo.
7. Crown and sides of head black, eid pie ne nae -green on the back; eye-
PULTE NWT Oren ects Ab LY hrt Ah copa ghee: Seah et ance tns cake Black-capped Secu:

(antowan and: sides-ol head pray orolive. 302). elec es 2 8)

96

8. Crown olive, much like back; a distinct yellow line over eye. .
ee ee Penn eRe Meh re ar Ag) Pieter NN Ee
8. Head grayish, much like back; eye-ring white........ Bell Vireo.
624. *Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus)—-RED-EYED VIREO.

Entire state. Our commonest vireo except bellii; arriving first week
in May, breeding from late in May to July, departing in the middle of
September. Peru, Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh,
and Cherry and Sioux counties—breeding throughout the state.

626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin) PHILADELPHIA VIREO.

Aughey claims to have found this bird common in eastern Ne-
braska,but recent observers have not noted it. Of gilvus he says ‘‘have
only found this species abundant in northwestern Nebraska,” and
there is great probability that he confused the two species. Bruner’s
records were field identifications, and, with little doubt, refer to gilvus
also. Skow has reported it from Omaha.

627. *Vireo gilvus (Vieillot)—WarBLinG VIREO.
Eastern portion of the state, not so common as olivaceus, its dates
the same as for that species. Peru, Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, West
Point, Neligh, and Cherry county.

627a. *Vireo gilvus swainsoni Baird—WerstTERN WARBLING VIREO.
A Sioux county specimen sent to Witmer Stone has served to con-
firm the identification of this sub-species. So far it has only been
found in Sioux county, where it is common and breeds.

628. *Vireo flavifrons Vieillot— YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.

Eastern Nebraska; not recorded west of the 97th meridian, and
quite rare north of the Platte. Arrives the first week in May, breeds
early in June, departs late in August. Richardson county, Peru,
Omaha, Nebraska City, Lincoln, Fairbury—rather a rare breeder,
most common along the Missouri river bluffs.

629. Vireo solitarius (Wilson)—-BLUE-HEADED VIREO.
Eastern Nebraska in the heavier timber along Missouri and Elkhorn
rivers; a rare summer resident, and possibly. a breeder. Omaha, West
Point.

629b. *Vireo solitarius plumbeus Coues—PLUMBEOUS VIREO.
Common summer resident and breeder in Sioux county.

630. Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse—Buack-caPPED VIREO.
Probably accidental; a single bird clearly seen and thoroughly
identified, June 19, 1894, near Bellevue, by I. S. Trostler and L.
Skow.

631. *Vireo noveboracensis (Gmelin) —WHITE-EYED VIREO.
A not uncommon summer resident in eastern Nebraska along the
Missouri river; not recorded west of 97th meridian. Arriving early
in May, breeding in June, departing late in September. Aughey

97

found a nest of this bird in some shrubbery along the Nemaha in
Richardson county in the spring of 1875. It is a rather common
breeder at Omaha, and has also been noted at Lincoln and West
Point.

633. *Vireo bellii Audubon—BeELL VIREO.

Eastern half of state; abundant summer resident and breeder.
Arrives first week in May; breeds late in May, in June, and in July;
departs early in September. Peru, Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Neligh
—breeding. Long Pine, Valentine—a straggler.

Famity MNIOTILTIDZ—Woop WarRBLERS

. Rictal bristles conspicuous, half as long as culmen or more; bill flattened,

wider than high at base; flycatching habits...... Seta ih es kt ee (43)

. Rictal bristles wanting or inconspicuous, decidedly less than half as long

as culmen; bill not flattened, as high or higher than wide at base. . (2)
2. Bill narrowly wedge shaped, its tip sharp and not decurved; tail
shorter than wing. : 3)ez

- 2. Bill slender but not edee Biaped: its “ie Beareed: fea Shonoe
than wing. Pee peer te (11)

2. Bill short, Stout ene: aves tide ee bese: ainien fen decurved;
tail longer than wing. : “ . (42)

. Head buffy with four black cides Aan olive-greenish beeen ane

Meh .Worm-eating Warbier.
Whole eee Rene bac fess nae ae orange; back, wings, and tail
ashy.. we rn . Prothonotary Warbler.

. Without fae flsele hese saenipees ed tole hea not orange. reer)

4. Wings with distinct white or yellow bars (5)—wings ant Gee (7)

. Throat black in male, gray in female; a large yellow wing-patch....

, sings eae Warbler.

; Theaah, Sipe wings erly barred: PR) Se aca . (6)

6. Whole under parts yellow; crown yellow; a iaet tate feeouen the
BVO ew Ba .Blue-winged Warbler.
6. Only Fikgat ee rerceee eallaer feel Gini with a yellow spot
ER Ty, Het EEOC ER en Panty RRO ater Northern Parula Warbler.

Rump greenish yellow, unlike grayish back; a yellow breast-patch. .
ONS SS Mh hss 2 iN on MEN. Far vdieo ter pe gis inne bes Ven Warbler.

os hump-about thessame coloras back... 06.2.6 6270+ ths ene Sales)
8. Under tail-coverts and abdomen yellow............ . (9)
8. Under tail-coverts and abdoman white....... Tennessee Warbler.

Head gray with chin and throat:yellow, and a white eye-ring......
.. Nashville Warbler.

. Head olive-greenish, lighter below, no eye-ring...............+-.-- (10)

10. Duller, above Stace oy a below pale olive-yellowish
AS ees Aretha ..Orange-crowned Warbler.

10. oeetter- ge e eerie alive: -green, claw bright olive-yellow
BU erry Saha Sa ia oases Seals, co snclane eee = Lutescent Warbler.

98

11. Inner web of outer tail feather with a distinct white spot (12) —without
a white spot. . Sos. eee JY Dern eee . .(33)

2 Plain: ape a wtiite eae a G eSaal witb median crown-
stripe. Et ion .Black and White Warbler.
12. Not ae bidok ay eesti or if so, crown ease: black or dark (13)
13. Rump yellow (14)—not yellow....... ee Ghrp
14. White on tail in middle, extending Sears over a bat anda
pair of feathers, |... 2... . Sete .Magnolia Warbler.
14. White on tail near tip, or apreer occupying shee of feathers... .(15)
15. Crown black, cheeks chestnut; below yellow, streaked with WIRE in
BOW ace Oe Ni ee ean learn eae iat oy are Cape May Warbler.
15. Crown and sides of breast more or less yellow; cheeks black or dark blue
16. Throat white—Myrtle Wurhler“sycliawens Parareneal Warhlen!
17. Wing with a white patch at base of primaries; ales bluish above and
white below, with cheeks, sides and throat black; female, olive above,
yellowish below. 4a ..........Black-throated Blue Warbler.
17. Wing without a aeke a aah eres A orgs Peete .(18)
18. Throat and chest black or Bae binek (19) ietiont black (20)
19, Cheeks mostly blackish.......>....: .Townsend Warbler.
19. Cheeks mostly yellow ........... “Binck throated Green Warbler.
20. Wings with two distinct heme somecuhes joined to form a patch
20. Wings not banded or with but one band ............. Wao)
Ai. Wipper partsmot erayish) pluie. 5.2.2 ees. ae See . (22)
2. Upper parts lisht srayish blue sec. ac. OGeeaied Warbler, Beale
22. A light line over eye (23)—no hight Tee over eye... oe se eo)
23. Throat white or yellowish white, no yellow on sides of head; above pale
greenish blue........ Aes .Cerulean Warkies female.
23. Throat yellow, orange, or bute, or Pelee Sass HE head mostly yellow. . . (24)
24. Back plain slate-gray in adult, grayish brown in young; cheeks
and forehead black. v.15 kee Said Leases Sycamore Warbler.
24. Back neither gray nor plain grayish brown................(25)
25. Back in male black and throat orange; in female streaked, throat yel-
lowish ws. i. 3 eet oboe te 8 ok ee hae ts 62 oe DLC RD ERR Neen
25. Back olive-green; throat wholly yellow....Townsend Warbler, young—
throat not wholly yellow....... Black-throated Green Warbler, young.
26. Back more or less streaked (27)—plain olivaceous; below greenish
yell Gime Neate en tee Se erect cate tree gale Pine Warbler.
27. Sides of crown or space behind eye, black. ........./........2...(80)
97). Sides, of) Grows notebilac keer teten nsren-urenoies coe ae eee ee (28)
28. Under tail-coverts white......... .. (29)
28. Under tail-coverts buff..... ebay breanicd Warbler, young.

29. Sides of head, sides, and flanks iecneniead: gray.

MG ueciueieided Warblers young.

29. Sides ‘af eeal andes etl anaes olive’ or iad Tia he Uae Ree ener eet

..Black-poll Warbler, young.

31.

ras bp

33.
33.
35.

Bid

39.

39.

41.

41.

99

30. Crown olive-yellow; sides of head, throat and chest white, sides

chestnut. . Seas Teciraces .Chestnut-sided Warbler.
30. Crown int: sibs of Head Seer sgaee chest, and sides
ULES TMU Soe enskeph Roy Ars cosine whenever Siemiene Bay-breasted Warbler.

30. Crown black, no chestnut, but wholly black and white....

5 Paice GR e Betas Gr nacre tone ee ERE Ge aaa ..Black-poll Warbler.
Back streaked with black; a white eye-ring; bane yellow, sides

streaked. . Me mee .Kirtland Warbler.
Back not Sireaked aro isle MONENTE RUMOR em su Trey yy fot Vee Ue, (32)
32. A distinct aie wing-band; crown unstreaked olive, below
yellow... 32) 5% Mont: .Prairie Warbler.

32. No wing-band; crown Ronesnaan in eau Birealeedl grayish in young
_Palm Warbler.

Above Seadnich’ Sellen: chelow Oriehe vellowe eed ae chestnut in
MeL Le Meer ante a . Yellow Warbler.

If bright yellow Bela aot eee Sd ane wale of head Sith blackish(34)
34. Under parts distinctly spotted (35)—not spotted.......... (37)
Crown rufous, bordered black; a white Sioa but no dusky streak
‘behind the eye...... pee .Ovenbird.
Crown plain olivaceous; no eye-ring, yan satin a Ghee, pirate toeuene the
eye. PAIZO NS YU, E ; ie . (36)
36. one over eye narrow, y a Marieke den eal -cOV pas y -elliowiakes
under parts, including epee bean ily streaked with blackish on

SVM OWLS MO ROUMML 65 yi Saye es lcle sem» hee Grinnell Water-thrush.

36. Line over eye broad,white; under tail-coverts buffy; under parts,
excluding throat, lightly streaked with brownish on a buffy
ground... Sale he: .Louisiana Water-thrush.

. Throat and chest Brett helio anes of heed mike black. DPE (aco)
. Throat and chest bluish gray to blackish (male) or Giovnich He grayish

@emale)o 2... Sh ee Salis ah ee i eee dates oe yi ale Be cree (240)

38. A velliow Hide over eye; eevee erown black or grayish black

ete .. Kentucky Warbler.

38. iio sallow Riess over eye; sae foxahead ladle SNES Ny eh rena)

Space behind black on forehead of male pale gray; yellow of under parts
duller; female darker above Smaller, tail under 2 inches.

ent . Northern Yellowthroa.

Sate antl ele on poreacaelt oF male ies yellow of under parts

much brighter, more orange; female ae above. Larger, tail over

2 inches. . Basal Rye . Western Yellowthroat.

40. Tail one even; rene. without ileal a decided white eye-ring

ee RYAN et art as eh eh we att eave hil ages ee Connecticut Warbler.

40. Tail rounded; breast with black; no decided eye-ring, at most

evelids white........ : : mee: .(41)
No white on eyelids; fail des 2 rahe ieee plats (eres leas so in
male. . Arey: Bet .Mourning Warbler.

A white Feit on Sehr ey dela gail over 2 sneliest Stews less black, lores
EINOUGRS OPN Van ee PR RATA Ue nO EIS altynre Weal Macgillivray Warbler.

100

42. Brighter olive-green above, more greenish than gray; white on

sides of throat more restricted, occupying less than half of malar

area; yellow paler; tail under 3 inches long. . Yellow-breasted Chat.

42. Grayer olive-green above, usually the gray predominating; white

on sides of throat much more extended,occupying more than for-

ward half of malar area; yellow deeper; tail over 3 inches long

ee ene re Aaa eee YS mace meumg ye sie, Et Long-tailed Chat.

43. Base of tail, middle of wings, and sides orange (male) or dull yellow (fe-

MIN AVE re coce aleve stesso Sch ah er 8 ON SANs RR og ep eT DE een Redstart.

43. No orange or dull yellow on wings or tail; belly bright yellow... .. (44)
44. Outer tail feather largely white; head black, with forehead and
cheeks yellow....... ; . Hooded Warbler.

44. Outer tail finer neu. sie: Guecat “lied not black (45)
45. Upper parts Seer under tail-coverts ae a necklace of dusky spots

ACTOSS|DTEAsb.. he. ook: ea Hee .Canadian Warbler.

45. Upper parts anes -green ; eee eae epee Sia, forehead yellow,
male wathvblackscap! A> clase ise en oe ae ee eee eee (46)

46. Brighter; above more yellowish olive-green, below brighter yel-

low; wing over 24 inches....................Pileolated Warbler.

46. Duller olive-green above, duller yellow below; smaller, wing
under 2! imches: << +.) S254 \oone et eee eee eee oe ee LL SOD We Le tee

636. *Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus)—-BLack AND WHITE WARBLER.

A very common migrant over at least the eastern half of state,
breeding in the wooded portions. Aughey records finding a nest
near Lincoln in May, 1875, Swenk found it breeding commonly along
the Niobrara from Long Pine canyon to its mouth, Wolcott and J.
M. Bates report it summering in Cherry county, and L. Skow found
it breeding at Omaha.

637. *Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert)—PrRoTHONOTARY WARBLER.

A fairly common summer resident and breeder in the heavily wooded
Missouri bottoms,arriving late in April,breeding in June, and departing
late in August and early in September. Aughey sawit a few times in
Richardson county during June, 1875. It breeds every year around
Omaha, though becoming each year less numerous, and M. A. Car-
riker, Jr., has found nests at Nebraska City. Has been seen once
in migration at Lincoln and once at West Point.

639. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin)—WoRM-EATING WARBLER.
Aughey found this warbler in southeastern Nebraska in June, 1875,
F. J. Brezee and I. S. Trostler have noted it in July and August at
Omaha, and Wolcott has noted it several times in the vicinity of
Lincoln, on the capitol grounds and in the deep woods near Roca,
where it was present all summer in 1903. Breeding almost certain.

641. *Helminthophila pinus (Linnaeus)—-BLUE-wINGED WARBLER.
A rather common summer resident and breeder in the wooded Mis-
souri bottoms, arriving early in May and departing late in August.

101

_ Aughey observed it near the mouth of the Nemaha in June, 1875.
It is present about Omaha and Peru all summer, and during 1900
nests were taken at the former locality by J. E. Wallace. Migrat-
ing individuals have been seen at Lincoln and Weeping Water.

642. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linnaeus)—GoLpEN-wINGED WARBLER.

The only record of this eastern warbler is the one made by Aughey

who stated he had occasionally seen it in eastern Nebraska. As it

occurs regularly west to Minnesota it may yet prove not rare in the
Missouri bottoms where its breeding is quite possible.

644. Helminthophila virginie (Baird)—VirGin1A WARBLER.

Again our only record is Aughey’s, who saw a single specimen of
this western warbler in a narrow belt of timber in the Republican
bottoms in Hitchcock county. Of course it must be considered but
a straggler in our state.

645. *Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wilson)—NasHVILLE WARBLER.

A common migrant and rare summer resident in the Missouri
river region along the eastern edge of the state, where it breeds.
Aughey found a young bird just from the nest June 10, 1865; and on
June 11, 1900, at Nebraska City, M. A. Carriker, Jr., shot a female,
with well-formed eggs in her ovary which showed evidence of having
a nest in the vicinity; the latter, however, he was unable to find. This
Species remains all summer in the vicinity of Omaha, and has also
been seen at Weeping Water and West Point.

646. Helminthophila celata (Say)—-OrRANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.
An abundant migrant, passing during the first half of May and late
in September to the middle of October. Breeds north of United
States except in mountains. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice, Peru, West
Point, Neligh.

647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wilson)—TENNESSEE WARBLER.
A common migrant in eastern Nebraska, passing early in May
and late in September, breeding north of us. Omaha, Lincoln, Peru,
West Point, Sioux county.

648. Compsothlypis americana usnee Brewster—NorTHERN PARULA WAR-
BLER.
Aughey says of the Parula Warbler that it reaches Nebraska about
May 1,that it is found principally along timber belts and in orchards,
and he has frequently seen the young soon after leaving the nest,
but has never found the nest itself. The only addition to this record
is a single male specimen taken April 20, 1901, near Havelock by
Merritt Cary. This specimen agrees with Ridgway’s new form,
C. a. ramaline, but until action is taken by the A. O. U. committee,
our bird must be referred to usnee.

650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin)—CarzE May WarBLer.
A rare migrant. Two definite records, a male taken at Alda, May

102

12, 1883, by F. W. Powell, and another at Omaha, May 24, 1893, by
L. Skow. Breeds north of the United States.

652. Dendroica zstiva (Gmelin)—YELLOW WARBLER.

An abundant summer resident and breeder throughout the state,
especially eastward; arriving the first week in May, breeding late
in that month, through June and into July, and departing early in
September.

654. Dendroica czrulescens (Gmelin) —BLACK-rHROATED BLUE WARBLER.
This bird Aughey found present in small numbers during both
spring and fall migrations, in eastern Nebraska, and he records shoot-
ing one at Lincoln in September, 1874. Bruner has noted it on rare
occasions at both Omaha and West Point, but no other observers

seem to have seen it. Breeds from northern states northward.

655. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus)—MyrrLe WARBLER.

An abundant migrant in at least the eastern half of the state, un-
common westward. Arrives late in April and lingers until the middle
of May, appearing again in October and present during most of that
month. Aughey records finding young birds in eastern Nebraska
on several occasions, and seeing birds in June, but it has not been seen
in summer by recent observers, and, while offering no explanation
of Aughey’s observations, we cannot accept it as a breeder. Win-
ters south of us.

656. *Dendroica auduboni (Townsend)—AuvupUBON WARBLER.
A very common summer resident among the pines of Sioux county,
where it breeds. A nest was found May 20, 1900, by the expedition
of that year, which, however, contained no eggs. On June 14, 1901,
Cary found a nest in Warbonnet canyon from whichaset of four fresh
eggs was secured on the 27th of that month.

657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmelin)—MaGNouia WARBLER.

An uncommon migrant. Aughey records it as occasionally seen
during migrations in northeastern Nebraska and of having taken one
near Ponca in May, 1865. A specimen taken at Omaha by F. J. Bre-
zee is now in’ Bruner’s collection. Cary found them in fair numbers
at Neligh during the spring migration, May 16 to 22, but not in the
fall. Recorded twice from Lincoln. Breeds north of the United
States.

658. *Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) —-CERULEAN WARBLER.
A rather common summer resident along the wooded bluffs of the
Missouri river, where it breeds. In the vicinity of Omaha several
nests have been found. It arrives early in May and departs late in
August. Cary took a female at Neligh May 17, 1899.

659. *Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus)—-CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.
A common migrant along the eastern edge of the state. In the
vicinity of Omaha it is frequently seen throughout the summer, and

103

has once been found breeding, a set of four eggs being taken by I. S.
Trostler, June 23, 1894.

660. Dendroica castanea (Wilson)—-Bay-BREASTED WARBLER.

The right of this warbler to be considered asa Nebraska bird rests
entirely upon Aughey’s record. He found it occasional in eastern
Nebraska and took a specimen in September, 1874. This is an
eastern species barely reaching the Missouri, and breeding from the
northern states northward.

661. Dendroica striata (Forster) -BLAacK-POLL WARBLER.

A common migrant over the eastern half of the state, passing
through during the second and third weeks in May and in August.
Breeds from the northern states northward. Omaha, Lincoln,
Beatrice, Peru, West Point, Neligh, Cherry county.

662. Dendroica blackburnize (Gmelin) —-BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.

Aughey states that he has occasionally seen this well marked
warbler in the borders of woodlands in eastern Nebraska, and Bruner
has noted it at West Point and Omaha. It breeds from northern

~ Minnesota northward.

663a. Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway—SycamMorr WARBLER.

Aughey’s record of dominica undoubtedly refers to this subspecies,
which breeds in the Mississippi valley from Texas to central Illinois
and eastern Kansas, and stragglers even to Wisconsin and Michigan.
He says he has seen it only along the Nemaha in southeastern Ne-
braska, where he took a specimen in September, 1874; no one else
has reported it. It probably occasionally breeds in the extreme
southeastern part of the state.

667. Dendroica virens (Gmelin) —BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.

A rare migrant through eastern third of state. Aughey records
taking three specimens in Dakota county June 5 and 6, 1865, and two
in Lancaster county June 14,1875. Bruner has observed it at Omaha,
Florence, and Weeping Water. Cary reported it twice from Neligh,
late in April, 1898, and May 4, 1899. Breeds from northern Illinois
northward.

671. Dendroica vigorsii (Audubon)—PiINE WaRBLER.
Aughey says this warbler occurs here during early spring and
autumn, and that he took specimens in Dakota county in April,
1865, and Lancaster county in April, 1875 and 1877. He also took
one Sept. 30,1876. No other definite Nebraska records of this bird.
It breeds from Minnesota and Manitoba southward, and may be found
nesting in this state.

672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin)—PautmM WARBLER.
Aughey recorded this species as abundant in eastern Nebraska,
which it certainly is not now, but is rare. He noted it in both early
spring and late fall, and took specimens April 10,1875, and Oct. 1,

104

1876. The only other Nebraska record is a specimen taken at Omaha,
May 4, 1893, by L. Skow. Breeds north of the United States.

673. *Dendroica discolor (Vieillot)—Prairte WARBLER.

Like the preceding Aughey recorded this species as abundant in
eastern Nebraska, but recent observers do not find it so by any
means. He found young in Dakota county and a nest in Richard-’
son county near the Nemaha, and recorded specimens from the for-
mer locality June 1, 1865, and from Lancaster county Sept. 5 and 20,
1874, June 2 and 14, 1875, and June 4, 1877. Since then Bruner
has noted it at West Point and Omaha, and L. Skow at the latter
locality also. It should be found breeding in small numbers along
the Missouri river, especially southward.

674. *Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) —OVENBIRD.

A common summerresident; found throughout the state, but more
especially eastward. Arrives first week in May, breeds in June,
departs early in September. Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln, West
Point, Neligh, Sioux county.

675a. *Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway—GrRINNELL WATER-
THRUSH.
An uncommon migrant over the state, breeding in Sioux county.
Passes during second and third week in May and early in September:
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Sioux county.

676. *Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot)—-Lovuis1ANA WATER-THRUSH.

Along the eastern edge of the state; breeding rather commonly
in suitable localities along the bluffs of the Missouri river at Omaha
and Peru, and in Richardson county. Occurring as a migrant a little
farther west, at Lincoln, Beatrice, etc.

677. *Geothlypis formosa (Wilson)—-Kenrucky WARBLER.
A common summer resident and breeder in the wooded ravines of
the bluffs along the Missouri river, rarely as far west as Lincoln.
Omaha, Peru, Lincoln—breeding.

679. *Geothlypis philadelphia (Wilson) —MourNnING WARBLER.

Aughey found this bird in the eastern part of the state, and also
found young birds being fed by the parents in the southeastern por-
tion, thus establishing it as a breeder. L.Skowtooktwospecimens at
Omaha, May, 21, 1893, and Cary found it a not uncommon migrant
at Neligh, May 16 to 24, 1899. No other records.

680. Geothlypis tolmiei (Townsend) —MacGILLivray WARBLER.

Aughey records noting this species in western Nebraska, probably
along the Republican river, late in August, 1874. Cary noted it in
Monroe canyon, Sioux county, May 27, 1900, and later during 1901,
several times. Breeding probable.

68la. *Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster— WESTERN YELLOWTHROAT.
In the western part of the state, breeding abundantly in Sioux

105

county. During migrations specimens which approach this form,
are found over the entire state, and such have been recorded from
Lincoln, West Point, and Kennedy.

681d. *Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson)—-NoRTHERN YELLOW-
THROAT.

This is the yellow-throat of the eastern portion of the state, where
it is an abundant migrant and very common breeder, arriving the
last week in April and remaining until late in September. Westward
it grades into and finally becomes replaced by the preceding form.
Omaha, Peru, Beatrice, Lincoln, Norfolk, West Point, Neligh,
Holt county, Niobrara valley, Long Pine, Cherry county—breeding.
The more western specimens are so nearly intermediate between this
and the preceding that it is difficult to satisfactorily place them.

683. *Icteria virens (Linnaeus) YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.

An abundant summer resident and breeder along the eastern edge
of the state and a little westward; arriving the first week in May,
breeding from late in May to July, departing in the middle of Septem-
ber. Omaha, Peru, Weeping Water, Lincoln, etc.

683a. *Icteria virens longicauda (Lawrence) —LONG-TAILED CHAT.

This is the common chat of the state, of which breeding specimens
from Sioux and Cherry counties and the Niobrara valley are typical,
those from east central Nebraska grading into virens but nearer this
form. Over the whole state during migrations. Lincoln, Beatrice,
West Point, Neligh, Valentine, Thedford, Holdrege, etc. Dates
about as for preceding.

684. Wilsonia mitrata (Gmelin) —Hooprep WARBLER.
Aughey observed this well marked warbler along the Nemaha
river in southeastern Nebraska on several occasions in September,
1874. Recent observers have not recorded it. Breeding very prob-
able.

685. Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson)—WILSON WARBLER.

This bird Aughey found sparingly in both eastern and western
Nebraska, and mentions especially one seen in southwestern Nebraska
along the Republican late in August, 1874. There is every probability
that this bird was a Pileolated Warbler, 685a. W. p. pileolata (Pallas),
which form occurs east across the plains to Minnesota and Missouri,
but in the absence of this or other specimens the status of this and
typical pusilla cannot now be determined. The Wilson Warbler
has been taken at both West Point and Omaha by Bruner, was found
to be a common migrant at Neligh by Cary, April 28 to May 13 and
Sept. 2, and was observed at Gresham by Dickinson. Breeds north
of Nebraska.

686. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus) —CaNapIAN WARBLER.

Our only record of this bird seems to be the one by Aughey who

observed it in spring in the eastern part of the state and shot a single

106

specimen on the Nemaha in Richardson county in the middle of
May, 1875. Breeds north of Nebraska.

687. *Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) —ReEpsTart.

An abundant breeder and summer resident over the state, arriving
first week in May and departing in the middle of September. Omaha,
Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh, Long Pine, Cherry county,
Holdrege, Sioux county-—breeding.

EXTRALIMITAL: The Lutescent Warbler, 646a. Helminthophila
c.lutescens Ridgway, may reach western Nebraska during migrations,
as it occurs on the plains east of the Rockies in Colorado. 668.
Dendroica townsends (Townsend)—The Townsend Warbler, a bird of
western North America, found during migrations east to the plains
of Wyoming (Cheyenne), Colorado (Ft. Lyon), and Texas, and acci-
dentalin Pennsylvania. 670. Dendroica kirtlandii Baird—The Kirt-
land Warbler. This rare warbler has been taken in Illinois, Michigan,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Missouri, and its occurrence in Nebraska
is possible. 678. Geothlypis agilis (Wilson), the Connecticut Warbler,
of the eastern United States, has as yet no Nebraska record, but, as
it occurs regularly west to Minnesota and casually even to Colorado,
its ultimate inclusion in our fauna is but a matter of time.

Famity MOTACILLIDA—Piprits

1. Tail about one-half inch shorter than wing, the inner web of its outer
feather chiefly dusky; tarsus as long as hind toe and claw, feet dark;
colors dull, obscure..... PSE _Pipit.

1. Tail about three-fourths inch shiecéen shaun wing, ake inner went of a2 outer
feather chiefly white; tarsus shorter than hind toe and claw, feet
pale: ‘colors bright, distinetys u.i6k Rake es ed) eS Papi

679. Anthus pensilvanicus (Latham)—Ptpr1r.
A common migrant, passing in April and early in May and again
late in September and in October; breeding far north. Omaha,
Lincoln, West Point, Neligh.

700. Anthus spragueii (Audubon)—Spracue Pirir.
Migrant; not so common as preceding; same dates. Omaha, Lin-
coln, West Point.

Famity CINCLIDZ—Dippers

Slaty gray, tinged with brown on head and neck; frequenting running
StEEATIOS. ...5 x Ssta 5 ocak MAC d Hemera Bee aS, Serle teen eae ee airy ec ae

701. Cinclus mexicanus Swainson—Drprer.

So far as known, the only record of this bird for Nebraska is of
the one seen by Bruner on the White river in Sioux county west of
Crawford in May, 1891. The bird was clearly seen sporting among
the rocks along the stream. It is a common resident in Colorado
and Wyoming and east into the Black hills.

107 *

Famity MIMIDA®—TurasuHers anp Mockers

. Under parts spotted (3)—not spotted. . bases oh iat earn >)
2. Slaty,; with black crown and tail aud Ubesteat orien tail-coverts

Se ..Catbird.

2. Cae Beare eile eats pele 0 lie on wing earl outer tail
PECMMNCTORUVILIUC mia seuctar re yamine ius, Coen Meee oh se IN Sec Mockingbird.

2. Slightly lighter above, tinged with brownish below; wing-patch
Lawrer <2). aes ae . Western Mockingbird.

3. Above brownish gray; SElow enanecds eal URN ie dusky spots
2 tee ner: . Sage Thrasher.
3. Above rich shag Belew Epaveed sabe ieee ihe onic wate two wing-
Rarer eee nto Btn Ree ss Sy neo vie ihe chs ote tS = aE O NL Pana SO en:

Sace THRASHER.

Rare, and so far as known, confined-to northwestern Nebraska.
Baird’s ‘‘ Nebraska” records are now extralimital, referring to Ft.
Laramie and the Black hills. A. K. Fisher saw a single bird at a dis-
tance of six feet at Alliance, Box Butte county, July 12, 1893, and
it has been found nesting within a half mile of the Nebraska line in
Wyoming, May 20, 1900, by Cary and Carriker. Residents of the Hat
Creek valley report it as occasional in that region.

703. *Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus)—-MockINapBirp, and
703a. *Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors)—WerstTERN MOCKINGBIRD.
This bird is found throughout the entire state; south of the Platte
a common summer resident and breeder; rare north of middle of
state. Arrives in the middle of April, breeds in June, departs
about the middle of October. Rulo, Nebraska City, Weeping Water,
Lincoln, Beatrice, Franklin, Kearney, North Platte, McCook, Strat-
ton, Haigler, Sidney—breeding; even north to Sioux county, though
not common—breeding. Specimens from the last locality much paler
in color and with more extended white markings than eastern birds
have been identified by Witmer Stone as lewcopterus, and there is
no doubt the Sidney record refers to the same form. In regard to the
records from other localities westward, however, it is impossible, in
the absence of specimens, to make a definite statement; nor is it pos-
sible to limit the range of the two in the state.
704. *Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linnaeus)—CarTBIRD.
Whole of state; abundant: eastward, common westward, arriving
the first week in May, breeding in June, departing late in September.
705. *Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus)—BrowNn THRASHER.
Over the entire state; abundant except in the more western por-
tions, breeding throughout. Arrives late in April, breeds late in May,
and in June, departs late in September.

Famity TROGLODYTIDZ—WreEnNs

.1. Upper parts brown, not barred nor streaked; a white line over eye;
LTC TET GE wieeeh Mega Cae est Laren Ar NG (3 WRT, caidas xslt eels Peueleled ae (2)

* 108

1. Upper parts more or less barred crosswise; wings, tail and flanks fully

barred; tail not fan-shaped tjc.4 kth ae eae oe ace eee (4)

1. Upper parts streaked lengthwise; flanks scarcely barred; marsh wrens;
tail not fan shaped o.45. 9). .op eo 'sencehs aes Seen: ie Eee (6)

1. Upper parts dotted with dusky and whitish spots; tail broad and fan
SHAPPE fobs Ses rata wieder oy ek ea eR ae (8)

2. Tail brownish, dist‘nctly barred, shorter than wing; above redd‘sh
Tey is, 0 ae ie gt et a als ce es ee nS Carolina Wren.

2. Tail blackish, not fully barred, longer than wing; above grayish
PLOW Mal geo e Phe re ene eet aoe od RSE Re ee a (3)

3. Darker, more brownish above; beneath, soiled white, flanks more brown-
ifs] eat i 0 AS oe en hl .Bewick Wren.

3. Paler, more grayish aboee: ponent) pure pete Ranks, Seeeee brownish:
larger gs) Shake .Texas Bewick Wren.

4. Tail much sore nan wings; anore right cinnamon, below pale
cinnamon, heavily barred. ws ples blaNane te. one vocals oe WWE ea

4. Tail as long as wings; shove eae cinnamon, below gray washed

with brownish, iehtly Danced hm. s ee ee “ae . (5)

5. Darker, more reddish brown above, the bars cee Bonen inelon:
strongly brownish... ...... Ahan ets .House Wren.

5. Paler, more grayish brown shore: the are aieemner paler almost white,
elo wnt A tens segs’ . Western House Wren.

6. Crown efaonlecd caithi Syniter bill Sneees 4 eel long. . :
ep .Short-billed Marsh Wren.
6, Crema ra staleeae “pill 4 $ neh or more relates eee Oe aA)

7. Bars on middle tail fothor and both tail-coverts aeeaye or aneleaes
Bed eo AEE Ie . Long-billed Marsh Wren.
7. Bars on middle tail: carters Saal faite ues distinct, continuous;

pallens ceca ce.8 Mees .Interior Tule Wren.

8. Belly, rump, ae fail see back Ge poet throat white
Bey ite ey AUT re Mr ey Lt ints Cone Canyon Wren.

8. Whole under parts whitish; back grayish brown, rump rusty
Shieh Ao ia Re iaal asc Rita ee AIR ge YM Fig es a a Rock Wren.

715. *Salpinctes obsoletus (Say)—-Rock WRreEN.

An abundant breeder in the Pine ridge country of northwest
Nebraska, south through Scott’s Bluff and Banner to Kimball and
Cheyenne counties, east through Dawes and Sheridan counties to
the Minnechaduza and Gorden canyons in Cherry county, breeding
in the rim-rocks in June. Aughey records finding a nest in an old
slab pile near Dakota City, June 3,1865, and another in an old stump
along Salt creek in June, 1875, but recent observers have noted it as
a migrant only in eastern Nebraska. Neligh, West Point, Lincoln—
migrating in late April and early May.

[717a. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway—CaNnyon WREN.
In Sioux county in a canyon on White river between Glen and
Andrews, Aug. 12, 1903, Bruner saw a wren which he identified as

109

this species, but did not secure the specimen. There can be little
doubt as to the correctness of the identification, but it is deemed
advisable to withhold this bird from full standing in the lst until
the taking of a specimen places the record beyond all doubt, since it
is a rare species in both Colorado and Wyoming.].

718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham)—CaroLiIna WREN.
Aughey saw this bird but once in Nebraska, in Richardson county,
June 12, 1875. Bruner saw it again years afterward at Rulo in the
same county. The third and last instance of its occurrence was a
specimen taken at Roca, Feb. 20, 1902, by J.S. Hunter (See Proc. N.
O. U. III, p. 108). It is probably a rare resident in the extreme
southeastern part of the state.

719. *Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon)—Brwick WREN.

Aughey’s record stands alone for this bird in Nebraska. He found
a nest near the Missouri river in Otoe county, June 12, 1875, and
watched the parents feed their young with small locusts.

The recording of 7. b. bairdii (in part cryptus) from Nebraska was
a guess by Taylor as to the identity of Aughey’s specimen. Since
the rearrangement of the subspecies, (See Proce. U. 5S. Nat. Mus.,
XXI, pp. 421-450) the only other form likely to occur in this state is
719c. T. b. eryptus Oberholser, the Texas Bewick Wren, which is found
north to Kansas and eastern Colorado and may straggle into western
Nebraska.

(721. Troglodytes aedon Vieillot—Housre Wren.
Both eastern and western forms of this species have been recorded
‘from this state, but a careful examination proves them all to refer to
the western subspecies. The western range of aedon is to Indiana
and Illinois and it probably never reaches this state.]

721a. *Troglodytes aedon aztecus (Baird)—WersteERN House WREN.
Entire state, abundant summer resident and breeder; arriving in
the middle of April, breeding in the latter part of May, and in June
and departing late in September and in October, though lingering
even to the first of November.

722. Olbiorchilus hiemalis (Vieillot)—-WintTER WREN.
Rather rare winter resident, appearing in the middle of Septem-
ber and present until March. Omaha, Peru, Dunbar, Blair, West
Point, Neligh, Lincoln. Breeds north of this state.

724. *Cistothorus stellaris (Lichtenstein) —-SHoRT-BILLED Marsh WREN.
An uncommon migrant and rare summer resident in eastern
Nebraska. Aughey found a nest in a marsh in Dixon county in 1867,
the only time he found it breeding. It has also been found at Omaha,
West Point, and Lincoln in summer, and nests have been found at
the two latter localities (See Proc. N. O. U. III, p. 108).

110

725. *Telmatodytes palustris iliacus Ridgway—LoNnG-BILLED MArsH WRrREN.

A very common migrant and a common summer resident, arriving

in the middle of April, breeding in the latter part of June and early

in July and departing in September. Abundant breeder in the sand-

hill lake region of Cherry county, common everywhere in marshes

in the state. Omaha, Tekamah, West Point, Lincoln, Beatrice, York,
Neligh.

EXTRALIMITAL: 725c. Telmatodytes p. plesius Oberholser, the
Interior Tule Wren, is the form breeding in Colorado and Wyoming
and has been taken to within a few miles of the state line, so may be
found in western Nebraska during migrations.

Famity CERTHIID2—Creeprrs

1. Browner above, with tawny of'rump less distinetly contrasted with
color of back; smaller, with a shorter bill (wing 22 to 2,4, tail 24
UO; 227 nChies) Fae geese SRE . Brown Creeper.
1. Grayer above, ee fone of rump more eveaen cee doninectta with
color of back; larger, with a longer bill (wing 24 to 2/4, tail 2,7,
to 23, bill % to ginches.................. Rocky Mountain Creeper.

726. *Certhia familiaris americana (Bonaparte)—-BROWN CREEPER.

Eastern Nebraska, resident; common all winter in more southern

parts, less so northward, rare between middle April and early October

. when most of them go north to breed. Aughey ‘‘found a nest of this

bird in a knot-hole in the timber near Dakota City, in June, 1865,” -

and Trostler has evidence of its breeding near Omaha, rarely. Rulo,
Dunbar, Omaha, West Point, Ponea, Neligh, Lincoln, Beatrice. The
westernmost record is from St. Michael just east of the 99th meridian.

726a. Certhia familiaris montana Ridgway—Rocky MounrTAIN CREEPER.
Sioux county in winter. The specimen taken there Feb. 17, 1896,
and on which the only existing record was based, has been examined
by Oberholser who confirms the identification. It is rare in Sioux
county and ascends to higher altitudes in spring, probably early in
April.

Famity SITTID4—NurvHatcHeEs

1. Larger, wing about 34 inches; below white, rusty on flanks and

under tail-coverts only......... Hi)
1. Smaller, wing about 24 inches; whole Sire eee Goeedl ase sep n-
2 often bright rusty . ate cits)

. Above lighter, more i pimuneaus feria aie eineey gray
with large, sharply defined, oblong patches of black, the
one on outer web of third feather rounded at end; sides of
neck grayish white; smaller wing about 32 inches, bill
shorter, stouter........ eu . White-bellied Nuthatch.

2. Above darker, more Selene fortes Valarie bluish gray with
narrower, less sharply defined black patches, the one on

111

outer web of third feather pointed at end; sides of neck
'pure white; larger, wing about 3! inches, bill longer, more

Slemelere eat ti tea ute teeta hey dhe: ......Rocky Mountain Nuthatch.
3. Crown black (male) or gray like back (female), with a black line
through eye and a white one over it: under parts usually bright

Bun Mve ao Spo OM MADE. soc ANS Red-bellied Nuthatch.
3. Crown dull brownish (adult) or gray like back (young) changing to
blackish before and behind eye, but no white line over eye; nape

with a poorly defined whitespot ................. .Pygmy Nuthatch.

727. *Sitta carolinensis Latham—WuitE-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
Greater part of state, eastward; common resident and breeder.
Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Blair, Tekamah, Ponca, Neligh, Long
Pine, ete. Breeds usually in April and May.

727c. *Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns—Rockxy Mounrain Nurwarcu.
Sioux county, common resident and breeder. Oberholser has veri-
fied this identification in regard to both winter specimens and breed-
ing birds. To this form refer all the previous valid Nebraska records
of aculeata.

728. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus—Rup-BeLuiep NuTHATCH.

Whole state; uncommon winter resident, present from the middle
of October until the middle of May. There is much circumstantial
evidence to indicate the breeding of this bird in the state, but as yet
no definite record. Omaha, Dunbar, Lincoln, Dakota City, Neligh,

- Long Pine, Sioux county. The earliest Lincoln record is October
26, 1903, (Swenk), the latest May 10, 1898 (J. S. Hunter).

730. Sitta pygmza Vigors—Pyemy NurHarcu.

A fall and winter visitor in the pine clad region of northwest Ne-
braska. Aughey met with this bird once (1877) in the ‘‘timbered
bottoms and bluffs of the Niobrara river on the northern border of
the state.” The Sioux county records for the ‘‘Brown-headed Nut-
hatch,’”’ (see Bruner, Birds of Nebraska, p. 160), on Feb. 26, 1896
(L. Skow), and for the ‘‘Hudsonian Chickadee,” on Dee. 13, 1895
(L. Bruner), were both misidentifications and should refer to this
species. The Omaha records for the ‘ ‘Pygmy Nuthatch” (I. ec. p. 160)
refer probably to immature examples of the Red-bellied. | Ascends to
higher parts in March and not breeding in the state.

Faminty PARIDA—Tirnmicr

1. Head conspicuously crested; above ashy with black forehead, below

SP ete ean ry orn =.’ Putted ‘Titmouse:

1. Head not crested; top of head and throat slausvablackes. voy vl. 2. . ete)
2. Forehead and line over eye white; wings scarcely edged with

MANGE anne Stn NI, ek S40) Mountain: Chickadee.

2. Forehead black, no line over eye; wings broadly white-edged. . (3)
3. Colors darker, above olive-gray, wings and tail moderately edged with

112

hoary,the latter not so terminally ; smaller oon shorter tail (24 to

2% inches); black on head less extensive, white less pure. . . Chickadee.
3. Colors paler, above pure ash-gray, wings and tail very broadly edged

with hoary, that on latter generally passing around the tips, that

on former much broader on tertials and greater wing-coverts;

larger, with longer tail (22 to 3 inches) ; black on head more exten-

sive on nape and reaching breast, sides of head pure white......
Long-tailed Chickadee.

731. Beolophus bicolor (Linnaeus) —Turrep TITMoUsE.

Not uncommon (locally) in eastern Nebraska in more heavily
timbered districts, rare elsewhere and not present west of 98th meri-
dian. Resident, and with little doubt a breeder, but as yet there
is no taking of a nest recorded. Rulo, Peru, Dunbar, Omaha,
Tekamah, West Point, Dakota City, Neligh, Lincoln.

735. *Parus atricapillus Linnaeus—CHICKADEE.

In extreme eastern Nebraska an occasional chickadee is found nearer
to atricapillus than the following form, but such are not plentiful
and most of the eastern Nebraska birds are intermediates. Omaha,
Lincoln, Beatrice—breeding.

735a. *Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris) —LoNG-TAILED CHICKADEE.

Entire state; abundant resident, eastward running into preceding

form; breeding in April and May. Sioux and Cherry counties,

Niobrara valley, Neligh, West Point, Tekamah, Omaha, Dunbar,
Lincoln, Beatrice—breeding.

[738. Parus gambeli Ridgway—MounTAIN CHICKADEE.
Baird’s record referred to what is now Wyoming, so this must be
dropped as a Nebraska bird. However it occurs at Cheyenne, Wyo.,
commonly, and may reach northwest Nebraska in winter.]

Famity SYLVIIDH—KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS

1. Outer tail feather white; bluish gray, with blackish wings and tail. .
= . Blue-gray Guatcatcher.
un Outer fell feather not, waiter soe olives -green, “below wihittislie riveree (2)
2. A yellow crown etal bordered by black on the sides. :
at ..Golden-crowned Kinglet.
ek ater crown Aen Gaalen or none (female), and no black.
. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

748. Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein—GoLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
Migratory, common; passing in April and October, but rarely
wintering. Breeds north of Nebraska. Omaha, Lincoln, West
Point, Dakota City, Neligh, York, Long Pine.

749. Regulus calendula (Linnaeus) —RuBY-cROWNED KINGLET.
Migratory, commoner than preceding, appearing early in April and
lingering often until the middle of May, breeding north of us, return-
ing early in October, and lingering through that month, occasionally

113

wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, York, West Point,
Dakota City, Neligh.

751. *Polioptila cerulea (Linnaeus) —BuLur-Gray GNATCATCHER.

Common migrant, passing in April and late in September over the
eastern third of the state, breeding in suitable localities along the
Missouri river, especially in the vicinity of Omaha, where several
nests have been taken. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point,
Dakota City, Neligh.

Famity TURDID/—Turusues, BLUEBIRDS, AND SOLITAIRES

. Color ashy, with outer tail feathers white tipped, a buff wing-band and
pale eye-ring; no blue i in plumage, not spotted below... ....

eT eee Met aay AS TAGS PERS igs SAG yale, YS HONS. Townsend Solitaire:
. Color gray, with upper tail-coverts and base of tail white, rest of tail,
wings, and cheeks black, throat and breast pale buff unspotted.
Se Ree aT LIME Si ed ami ce ther om Miah Ca teaip sh niet Greenland Wheatear.
. Color above slaty, below mostly rusty brown, breast unspotted in adult,

PUI aw Ope DIIBEN fo ela Niet che eek ee ork elg ess igs Belen’ sone a (2)

. Color below white spotted with dark and no chestnut; no bluein plumage.
OS ET SS so at ae ea ae 4

CHES RDS Rup 18) Garis yl OEE De ee ST ee Pn a (10)

2. A black band across breast; throat and line behind eye rusty . .
Seer e eM RSC eee Pa ety let. wis Hees thw Gra Matsa a . Varied Thrush.
2. No black band across breast; throat white with black spots. . . (3)
. Under tail feathers with distinct white tips on first two pairs; black of
hind neck grading into slaty gray of back, which is spotted with
Rae as Kan perenne amumene cu imente NMR Ey this) Jolie dv ld. h ick cewek eb oe Robin.
. Under tail feathers without distinct white tips; black of hind neck
abruptly defined against pale slaty gray back, which lacks the black

SY 0 I i Oe Ee aig oe ee Western Robin.
4. Rufous tail and upper tail-coverts decidedly brighter than olive-

Py pea ene tc ei genes PS eS a os Ses ed wide w diwuhed 12 eels (5)
4. Back and tail of practically the same color... ....3........... (6)

4. Olive rump and tail decidedly duller than bright cinnamon-brown
back; breast and sides with many round black spotsWood Thrush.
. Above dull brown, more smoky in winter, flanks olive brownish; smaller,
wing 34 to 33, tail 23 to 3 inches; bill heavier.......Hermit Thrush.
. Above grayish brown, more olivaceous in winter; flanks light grayish;
larger, wing 4 to 44, tail about 31 inches; bill slenderer.......
: .Audubon Hermit Thrush.
6. apex ae cinnamon- jipe en feeouenens (7)— olive throughout.(8)
. Upper parts light tawny brown, sides of throat cream-buff with only the
very center immaculate, breast light tawny buff marked by narrower
more pencilled brownish spots, sides white slightly tinged with grayish,
under mandible not tipped with brown or but very slightly so. .
53s stein eect, eps Labels cl Rae ao EE, Oi Dec ae ee one Wilson Thrush.
. Upper parts olivaceous tawny most tawny on the rump, throat almost

114

immaculate and unmarked,’breast dark olivaceous buff more heavily
marked with blunt arrow shaped fuscous spots, sides white strongly
tinged with olivaceous, under mandible horn color tipped with brown.
sSeiolee alegre 9 iste. el Gan eh PER esac ee Bi eee ae eee . Willow Thrush.
8. Throat, breast, cheeks, aims and lores gray with a very slight -
buffy tinge. ... ee .Gray-cheeked Thrush.
8. Throat, breast, hee eye-ring, sou fore anee cream buff... . (9)
9. Upper parts more olivaceous, sides and flanks less grayish... ..
Ae ie re are Ameren ari eye eR YS Aa ere ey Ay, Olivespatked ‘Thrush.
9. Upper parts more grayish, especially on rump and upper tail-coverts;
sides, and flanks more grayish. . 4 See .Alma Thrush.
10 Whole upper parts blue CsA os pace ene
Ashcan ered Se om ee See EAE a pee e. Chestnut-backed Bivebied:
11. Throat and breast chestnut. . Jon Sinco. sae wale (ete de RES
11. Throat and breast not iiste ie cut pale ine mae eae ie Mountain Bluebird.

754. *Myadestes townsendii (Audubon)—ToWNSEND SOLITAIRE.
Resident in northwest Nebraska. Common summer resident in
Sioux county, breeding in the latter part of May, in winter spreading
eastward over the entire state. Valentine, Long Pine, Niobrara
valley, Neligh, Norfolk, Alda, Lincoln, Beatrice—wintering.

755. *Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin) Woop Turvusu.

Entire state; abundant summer resident and breeder eastward, un-
commonly so westward; arriving first week in May, breeding in June,
departing by the middle of September. Omaha, Lincoln, Beatrice,
Peru, West Point, Dakota City, Neligh, Long Pine, Sioux county—
breeding.

[756. Hylocichla fuscescens Stephens, the Wilson Thrush, is the form of
Eastern North America west to Missouri (see Howe, Auk, XVII, pp.
18-25), but may straggle west into eastern Nebraska. However, in
the absence of specimens, all our records are referred to the fol-
lowing.]

756a. Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway—WiLLow TurusH.

An uncommon migrant, arriving the first week in May and lingering
into June, departing early in September. It is probably an occa-
sional breeder, but as yet the only evidence of its nesting is a pair seen
by Wolcott near Lincoln June 2, 1898, in a locality very favorable for
that purpose, the male in full song. Richardson county, Omaha,
Lincoln, West Point.

757. Hylocichla alicie (Baird) —Gray-CcHEEKED THRUSH.
An uncommon migrant, passing through in the middle of May to
breed north of the United States. Beatrice, Lincoln—migrating.

758a. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cabanis)—OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.
An abundant migrant in eastern Nebraska, arriving the first week
in May or a little earlier, lingering until well into June, breeding north
of the state, reappearing in early September and present most of that

115

month. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Kearney, Long Pine,
Valentine.

758b. Hylocichla ustulata almz Oberholser—AumMa TurRusH.

The western or mountain form of ustulata and a common migrant
in Sioux county, arriving about the middle of May and a few lingering
through the summer in Warbonnet canyon,where it may breed. Ober-
holser has kindly verified this determination. Some, possibly most,
of the records provisionally placed under the preceding form may
belong to this recently differentiated race, especially those from Valen-
tine and Long Pine.

759a. Hylocichla guttata auduboni (Baird)—Aupuson Hermit Torus.
Migratory; our only definite record is of a specimen taken at Lin-
ecoln April 9, 1900, by M. A. Carriker, Jr., and identified by Ober-
holser as auduboni. Probably a number of the records placed pro-
visionally under the next form belong here.

759b. Hylocichla guttata pallasii (Cabanis)—-HEermir THrRusH.
An uncommon migrant in eastern Nebraska, arriving the first week
in April and lingering through May, reappearing late in September.
The breeding record from Alda by F. W. Powell (Bull 2. Div. Orn. p.
287) was probably a mistake. Omaha, Lincoln, Fairbury, West Point,
Dakota county.

761. *Merula migratoria (Linnaeus)—Rosin.

Over the whole state, abundant summer resident and breeder;
arriving the first week in March, breeding from the middle of April
through May and June, departing late in October and early in No-
vember, present insmall numbers all winter. Westwardruns into the
following form, but typical migratoria occurs over the state, though
less common westward. Omaha, Lincoln, West Point, Neligh, Cherry
and Sioux counties—breeding.

76la. *Merula migratoria propinqua Ridgway—WestTERN Rosin.

Western Nebraska, not recorded east of the 100th meridian even
during migrations. Most of our Western birds are intermediates
with an occasional well-defined propinqua. Breeds in Sioux county,
east in migrations to Curtis. Dates as for preceding, or somewhat
later.

766. *Sialia sialis (Linnaeus)—BLUEBIRD.

Entire state; abundant eastward but rare westward; arriving first
week in March, breeding from early in May to the middle of July,
departing from late in September to the middle of October, rarely
wintering. Omaha, Peru, Lincoln, Beatrice, West Point, Neligh,
Long Pine, and Cherry and Sioux counties—breeding, even in the
latter locality.

767a. Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway—CuESTNUT-BACKED BLUEBIRD.
Accidental. A bird of the west, occurring regularly as a migrant

116

along the eastern base of the Rockies, accidental east to Iowa and
Minnesota. Included on Aughey’s record, who reported it as ‘‘rare”’
in the state, and to have seen ‘‘it for the first time in August on the
Niobrara, about seven miles from its mouth in a dense timber.” He
was close enough to observe its feeding habits.

768. *Sialia arctica Swainson—MounrTain BLUEBIRD.
Western Nebraska; Sioux and Dawes to Kimball and Cheyenne
counties, breeding commonly in the higher parts of Pine Ridge in late
May and June.

EXTRALIMITAL: 763. Ixoreus nevius (Gmelin), the Varied
Thrush, of the Pacific coast has straggled east even to the Atlantic
coast; 765a. Sazicola enanthe leucorhoa (Gmelin), the Greenland
Wheatear, has occurred in winter (accidentally) in New York, Maine, |
Michigan, and even Louisiana and Colorado.

BIRDS

Aamt lis MgATips,.) 20 ops oie ates seas
iar OSt LANA! prsvecn eee = 1-1 cs .uets
linaria holbeellii

Accipiter atricapillus..........
atricapillus striatulus.......
ROR MEM aes mi et). as CAs
velox

PCHIS TWACWLATIOL) cpager Le ses

Actodromas bairdii.

’ fuscicollis
Ten CU an etpeestne <9 ceeds ta eg pass soy Vs
minutilla,.

Aechmophorus occidentalis. .

Aegialitis melodia cireumeincta.
nivosa
SEI) PAMALG, > eax Ai<.cs she deren

Aeronautes melanoleucus......

Agelaius phoeniceus...........
“‘pheeniceus fortis... .........

NURS PONSA seco mm cerG en eae

Ammodramus henslowii..... ats
henslowii occidentalis .
Lecomte: cccet . - Te aE ek a
TNE LSM reer ea ate cars anh Ee oars

Amipelis cedrorum..). 61.6: 5 +"
Somnus! oats tote oes

Amphispiza belli nevadensis. . .

Amassposehasi sy... serine
fulvigula maculosa.........
obscura Se eoser an ror hes

OUSCIKA TUBEIPES:. .02.. dwar

Anhinga. . ohana

Anser albifrons eambeli. Me res e

Anthus pensilvanicus.........
SRO MCM GAS sna Luetbearshov as

Antrostomus vociferus........

Aphelocoma woodhousei......

Aquila-chrys#tos. 06 ..) he.

Archibuteo ferrugineus........
lagopus sacti-johannis.... .

Ardea herodias. . Sek Atmne

VANCE RAN CRUG). Ws ar repaeee:

Arenaria morinella............

Arquatella maritima:..........

Asio accipitrinus
MOLES aS es aay ae

Astragalinus tristis
tristris pallidus .

Asyndesmus torquatus........

TNR LON EY ey ea tah ne in pa SE a

AY GY aion time 2 oso cteit ale sas ae
SMMETICAM Acre neo atees at witclate +
BAUD Ushaerey arora ciate mat tnlerd os

INDEX

OF

NEBRASKA.
Bzolophus bicolor. ........... 112
Baldpate. ...:... ited wD Da
Bartramia longicauda i pay oN ced oe 42
Birds in Relation to Agriculture
a Gesllonticultune yes) are ae 5-11
Bittern, American. 532,33
Least. . $0 POLES
Blackbird, Brewer. . pe lay ND
Northern Red- -winged. 72, 73, 74
Red-winged . BS Eley hc, ie
EQUISTUy pate eas Fd co LL ee toe: 73, 75
Y ellow-headed DSO Te
BTS Ure yo, snc ces ie see atom 114, 115
Chestnut-backed........ 114,115
NMeiutmattsrures geteealecices ee een oe 114, 116
Polvo Makers eines ec 20 (Qty CA
OWN GeS erscaste boty cas dceunucih ee ae 45
Bonasa umbellus. 46
Botaurus lentiginosus......... 33
Brant. . 23, 30
Branta bernicla slaucogastra. 30
canadensis . : ieee 30
canadensis hutchinsii . Sy ee 30
canadensis raovbathgeeyons eee 31
Bubo virginianus. ..... 56
virginianus p allescens . . 56
virginianus Bectic US'S) sarang 56
inthe esicliesr. 5 teta sities eee 29
Buntine ndicol, . ss oasn eee noL
IDE Nig Sein eee oh wctoes Cater esatoe-y aoe
Te aVZAMlie eer saeetaici. chal OB a OOS
RAIMIECG: <4) Ausiskar anche eo oe
SSTLOMW eect ce at a Riies co ae dd bes deans aes MATEO:
WiATIC Or cee ek coche Oe
ea borealis, . ec cau ee 51
borealisacallrus sss, 4-4-2 oll
borealisuhanlani= efi... sneer nee ai
borealis: ericenils 2.40 ree:
UME AE Stews ety: os uaen eco eee all
Du ED LEBER REN See eee 51
swainsonl. 51
Butorides virescens. 34
Calamospiza melanocorys. ..... 92
Calcarius lapponicus. ......... 84
lapponicus alascensis....... 85
OLIVE EUSA cers fae) nue te ee Soe
POMS GIES cae ose a intents hidath aad 85
Oa lianrisiarencnl asso e estes pie 4)
Ganwvasbackiwan > ashe cheae eons
@arainral eye coo sees. eae aes 11.911
Cardinalis eardinalis. . 91
Carpodacus cassini. Uscar eee
mexicanus frontalis. aise Moe 83
purpureus. 83

INDEX

Catbird. ... .. 107, 108
Cathartes auras... co hieg wep ieee
Catharistaurubuy 2245" sven ne 48
Catherpes mexicanus oe 108
Centrocercus. urophasianus. .

Centurus carolinus....... - 60
Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola. . 60
Certhia familiaris americana. 110

familiaris montana......... 110
Ceryile. aleyom, caer a ici oen vente 57
Chaetura pelagiea,': 5.224.225.2502
Charadrius dominicus......... 44
Charitonetta albeola. ......... 29
Chat, Long-tailed... .100, 105

Yellow-breasted........ . 100, 105

Chaulelasmus streperus........ 26
Chen exrulescens. .. .. .....2. 2.2 230
hy peTboreay.a. einer, Chee sO
hyperborea niv alia... aiokece sa L380
@luekadees ccs aes hte eal MeO
Bhidsonllamin spot ae ee tees celal
Isonp-—tatledinc. mittee ree melelend ule”
Mountain. iret seetveceo GE Lee bl
Chondestes grammacus. Ri aks eetel
erammacus strigatus.. .... 87
Chordeiles VAL OLIN a US pe oe eee OL
virginianus henryl: .-.:.:.:. °62
virginianus sennetti........ 62
Ginclishmexicanus#+-scne0-eu 106
Circusw hu dSommissews seep aU)
Cistothorus, stellaris......:.... 109
Clangula clangula americana... 28
IGIIENTENG WORE Searanienena ee hea Amara eh 28
Coceyzus americanus...2./2.25 57
americanus occidentalis..... 57
erythrophthalmus .. 8220 57
Colaptes auratus luteus........ 60
Valer- collaris..c\2. ora ae oe eee
Colimus. virginianus.. 02790. 4% 45
Colymibus aunts. see eee Lo
hollocellittivsen ra eee eens 16
nigricollis californicus . ah 16

Compsothlypis americana usnex 101

americana ramaline . 101
Contopus richardsonii......... 67
Valen (Veta ge Tee eee PaO
Conurus carolinensis. Rist eres eae Fe 56
Coot. oOo
Cormorant, ‘Double- ‘crested.... 22
Florida. . ee ea Ee Ne Sree
Mexican. . stig : EE
Corvus brachy rhy nchos. SETGNT Sel
corax principals. :.) sue ceeeen al
COAX -SIMUGtSt uniter hits see eA
cryptolevcus): Gap cece cee eae
Coturniculus bairdii.....)..... * 86
savannarum bimaculatus Te SG
Savannarum passerinus..... 86
Cowbird... Stet oe 73, 74

Crane, Little Brown.......

Sandhill
Whooping.

Creeper, Brownie. 8. 125+ te
Rocky Mountain........
Crossbill, Bendire.........
Mexican, .:3 se ene es

Croweetis ete ee eee

Crymophilus fulicarius. .

Cryptoglaux acadica.......
tengmalmi richardsoni......

Cuckoo, Black-billed.
California.

Yellow-billed..:.... 9st
Curlew. Uskimo..) 2.
Enidsomivani ess ‘seen ene

Long-billed, ....
Cyanocitta cristata.

stelleri annectens .

stelleri diademata .

Cyanospiza amena. . 00) 252%
GURISR cates aac. Wor ae ee ee
cyanea in sae Lia ee
VETSIGOLON Ste ate te ae

Daiilagacuitaenern eae
Dendragapus obscurus.. ......
Dendroica xstiva.........
Hoe hb oYonaubs A AcgeA An bai dc
black unnies sac.) eee

Crrulled sani ee
ceerulescens. .
castanea..

COTONBbAk ae ee ae ee
discolor. ae

dominica albilora. .

MIAGCULOSH sh) vee cee eee
pensyiwanhical: Sse. cere ae
palmarum.. oF 2 eee
striata \..¢ 22s. heeseeee eee
Pig rinia.ce Yo a ee oe
VIDOTRUL snc Oey Seer eos

virens.....

Dickeissel. «0. .......00.. 0048

Dipper. .

Dolichony x ory ‘giVOTUS.

Dove, Mourning. .

Dowitcher.
Long-billed.

Dryobates pubescens homorus .
pubescens medianus. ....
VillOB WS). 225. fn noe Meenas

villosus leucomelas.

villosus gnats pene. oF
Duck Black: heise

Harlequin. .
Lesser Scaup ae

Se eas

Mee LaOO

INDEX

Duck, Motied.” orca beste sie Pee ane 28
Old-squaw. . Pitas ane OO
Red-legged Black .........25, 26
Ring-neeked: ». 0.000... 0.0. 25,29
Binicphpehtie) Shaheed foal 24, 30
Semi pactete eva acts Helens 5 25, 28
NW a story cans nara staeata arate 25, 29

Rapte;. Bald. 2+. 0.26. 348,52
Goldene Va synch: Gee woe 48, 52

Ectopistes migratorius........ 47

Egret, American. ; 32,00

Eegretta candidissima......... 33

Elanoides forficatus........... 50

Planusleucunus,..)./.h 2 eer ne 50

Empidonax. difficilis. ...)...... 68
HERI ERUGELSE scone asker cow ars heats 68
MeO MG liaise che See ake 68
FATNCTUG AO CESE caren tn ta. Soe MES MERIC Cen TA}
areas tere ere tne hoaa, echoes Rees 68
iment nteren MG MUM .. . eesehe a vteiek: 68
WAECRCETISHE TEM ont atau ele hoe HOO,
Si a.s'¢ 4 09 ft Seer are Bi he eek gee 68

Ereunetes occidentalis........ 41
pusillus. . 2.08 ¥ Saceree ener: a

Erismatura jamaicensis. ae 30

Euphagus carolinus.......... 75
Eyanocepoals.. 0. See. TD

Boalcorcolumbaris. 2.0... 22 22 90
TIMER CATV Seah seas cist anare adie kee 52
peregrinus anatum......... 52
RIGHALASOMI sees chs sence Ae 53
rusticolus ete a aM eas mat 52
BU DSDIWMOUIRI oat) dee tata oes Actes 53
sparverius phalena......... 53

Halecmemberairters scrote sehen on: 49, 52

Finch, Cassin Pape cea ctst ae es (ister
Purple Ae WAR a aa OR ee Tae 77,83
LOUIS eA oad ethene. 77, 83

Hiteker sNortiernm sc: .< oi.an 58, 60
Ried-cihahteds oni sa... 5 sue ote 58, 60

Hlonidarceeruleaicnuie. 2... 0-01 oo

Flyeatcher, Acadian......... 66,68
‘Alder. . Wheat a ee AOL OS
Ash- throated PR Ste thos ih oe 65, 68
Great=crested.. 3-2 ./."3. ke. 65, 67
EVAIMMIGMGN ts. Sasa. > + 72004608
WPCA Re etre dies ate Recs a 65, 68
Olitve-srdledesin a. «hws ees a. 65, 67
Seissor-tailed.. ............64, 66-
Tralice. ee eon
Western. . Bee Skea ee TOD
INEST OUT Sine Se ee ae 65, 68
Yellow-bellieds oo... 8. 082 0). 65, 68

PIMA GemeLss wales ahd ae 2D

Fulica americana,......../...° 36

Gadwall. . pe 20

Galeoscoptes ‘carolinensis. .....

Gallinara delicata, . .... 002i. 39
Gallmullay galleata. oc... ..c.sccmre | BO
Gallinule; Blorida...c..50ec. 004 35, 36
LTE So ahs tad Lp nner Ep se 35, a6
Gavia arcticus.
PINOT eet Sey aes cy cetes) e Ae iy
lumme... arr Rada mreriey ha KF
Geothly pis agilis. Ochre etter 106
ROVMLOSA: ars cs ols od ek Se SLOA
philadelphia ............... 104
Colmer tee gk 104
trichas brachidactyla....... 105
trichas. occidentalis......... 104
Glaucidium gnoma...... eeLOO
Gnateatcher, ee +112, 113
Godwit, Hudsonian..... . 38, 41
Marbled. . .38, 41
Golden-eye. . ..24, 28

Rocky Mountain or Barrow 24, 28

(Cigh «SIT 75 0 ip ea ee aa a ega 77, 84
BAUS SAS Cre rie oer are oe sue CT
IWWESTOMI se secre her sr tard aie hla oz

GOOse ble pte sersineten tee 23, 30
Cackling..... eNO RORY ee 24, 31
Gamadaweree ae eae ee OO
Greaterssonowi cents po eee oO)
JAITRR CL ope eoee iy one Surname Rae e110)
Wesser Snoweie eee eOno
Wahite=hrombted sep. te teeen ecowoU)

Goshawk, American. .........49, 51
Western. : Fee ea 49, 51

Grackle, Bronvedse. oto) sk Teco

Grebe, Eared. Ls i AUC
Eee || ene ate We ee 16
JEVOMMG CAs eer: Wa tees ev ine ehoe ewan 16
Bied=billedeoe iment. ee ee 16,17
Western. SO AY

Grosbeak, Black- headed. . 78, 82, 91

Evening. Be aes Se Whoypey?
Mountain Pine PB ates yarn ee (0). atoye.
SUING Hees ose ee Pancake ote 76, 83
Rose-preastedw.+ .... 2... 8,82, 91
Western Blue . .79, 91
Western Evening. . . 76, 82

Grouse,Columbian Sharp-t -tailed, 45,46
Dusky. see 45, 46

Prairie Sharp- tailed. . .45, 46
Ruffed. ae .45, 46
Sage. SR fats ns .45, 46
Cie americana. Web g seis ies oe CPt x ee
Canadensis e).isc 2. oy 2c 34
IMORTCHIMAC NN oi sleiedeieie. o mieE ee
Guara alba... ee Reo
Guiraca cerulea lazula. Pia eae 91
Gull, Bonaparte... ............19, 20
tierra Se et eo VAR Ol
EMail ap eater atte Sioes ave 18, 20
Glaucous..... nals) PA
Great Black- backed.. pel eal A)

INDEX

Gull -Plermingss ico b Gee oor 18,19
Reeland isa ek eee 18, 21
Teanga. ee oe kites: Se oe 18, 20
Rine-billed choos, oe eas 18,19
Sa bIN etree POA RE eas 18, 20

Gyrislcan; Gray s.cten eae ee 49,52

Hematopus palliatus......... 45

Halivetus leucocephalus....... 50

Harelda hyemalis:..o..2 2.52, .% = 29

Hawk, American Rough-legged, oe 52
Broad-winged See Ae AE Sek 0, 51
COOPETA 5 24% te tee te uae s ae 50
Desert Sparrow... ........49, 53
UD blo ereeden re eC erhaney ste. fuck! 49, 52
Ferruginous Rough-legged. .48, 52
Hamlanicrs ain wtisone cm cee 50, 51
Krider. . Sor eapmumn aaa
Marsh. . .49, 50
Pigeon. . ae .49, 53
Red-shouldered. . Pe OOo
Redetailedi arse fh ee ome 50, 51
Sharp-shinned.. . . 5....25.: 49,50
Sparrow. NASR EE Sones ohare G4
Swainson.... er5\0)5 Gu!
Western Red- tailed. . puntos), Gull

Helminthophila celata........ 101
celata lutescems ............ 106
Chinysaptera). vse. | teekud se ee 101
PeLESTIN Ay. c esa O
JOLIDUIG EP) OY Hers Say Reyes tees 100
iunica piles.) sciee eter ee
virginie . x fi 101

Helmitheros vermivorus. aig HO

Helodromas solitarius......... 42
solitarius cinnamomeus..... 43

Herodias egretta... . Le, ae

Heron, Black- crowned Night. .32, 34
Great Blue. .. ceeees 182, 88
Green..... 32, 34
Little Blue. . 32, 33
ITO WAV chee eee eae Cee eee Chen 32, 33
Yellow-crowned Night... ..32, 34

Hesperiphona vespertina...... 82
vespertina montana........ 82

Himantopus mexicanus....... 37

Hirundo erythrogastra........ 94

Histrionicus histrionicus....... 29

Hummingbird, Broad-tailed... 63
Ruby-throated. acer 62, 63
RUGS ee Pee eae 63

Hydrochelidon ee surinamen-
sis. Se Ute tele seal |

Hylocichla alicie . 114
‘fuscescens ...... Soreek lol:
fuscescens salicicola ........ 114
guttata audubonii. beeps
Puttatacpallasiis si. ews 115
MUstelinascec se Sse ee eee 114

Hylocichla, ustulata alme. ..

pashan Du iss

ustulata swainsonii......... 114
Dbis; {Gloss Voir sien 4%. sneer eee 31
White ER eo PREM Colic ia 31
White-faced Glossy......... 31
Wood. . Ul ecole oaee One
Icteria virens.. es vit baa 105
virens longicauda.)\.: usc sas 105
Tetenus, bullock 74. ae The
galbula:..c/ suv Ra ee eee ThS
SPUTIUS. oP tier od ea Mae eee ee 75
Ictinia mississippiensis. ....... 50
Introduction, %.0:.4 0 see oe
onornissmarhinica:-.c1t eee 36
Iridoprocne bicolor. . .. 94
PROTEUS AMES VANS.’ =<). > 22s eee
Jaeger, Sacre is ach ae eee aS
Parasitic. . ren Ae Tek lke:
Pomarine. . en ces kis
Jay, Black-headed.......... 0}, val:
BUG ahs hoe smokin net eee Ree
Canada: ) a eee es cae MOe tea:
Long-crested.;..<2.2-i0. Jt
RIMIONS seh eee Onc
Rocky Mountain. i402 secs 70,.75
Woodhouses. 33.-. 34 eine COs
Junco aikeni.... SS el eS
CBIMIGEPS:.. « she quiets Satara ee ae
Gray-headeds nme a eee 78, 89
hyemalis.... <2 iaigecke ERO
hyemalis shufeldti......... 89
mearnsi. 5 oe ae A a et ane SS OF
montanus wc BAe Mick ee ee ne 89
Momtana Pics fee eS OHSS
Pink-sid edits sa.cu san eee 78, 89
Shuteldte et ean ae ee 78, 89
Slate-colored. sc 22% ee. oe 78, 89
White-winged. ....-........ 78
Killdeer <4) ieee eee 43, 44
Kangbird i. so .cceteoee ee OONaG
WATKANSAS|:..:sc1cc, teat eM Od
OaSSins cee) ear ee 65, 68
Kingfisher, Belted *).)2.0 26207: 57
Kinglet, Golden-crowned...... 112
Ruby-crowned...%, 220. .2ae 1d
Kite, Mississippi. . .2-s\9 shan 48, 50
Swallow-tailed. . wid ater oer 4 ODO),
White-tailed). 3. Sau ooo
Kittiwake. . 18, 21
EMO GS oot 6 DS ie eae ty rc 40
Manins? borealis: {3-72 eae 95
ludovicianus excubitorides .. 95
ludovicianus migrans....... 95
ark? Horned)... oar 69
Desertuborned 2 ono aa 69
Hoyt) Hornedinye si wees 69

INDEX

Lark, Prairie Horned. ........ 69
Larus argentatus...........-- 19
MOE yeh fee eens Ged cco 20
CaAliLGrDICUSeese oe Ries isis
GelawalTensisurcetcayieineet sine 19
Pramikdlnblies Maiekt iSite auch aves 20
ARUEATTUTRULS eesnete ch hey Stay stays orev ars 19
philadelphia. ............-- 20
Leucosticte, Gray-crowned. ...76, 84
TELS) ol okey Gakietoneed 5 Saelbea eee 76, 84
tephracotis.......-...--5-- 84
tephracotis littoralis........ 84
NEMO SA ECO. ee alinke cere ebti saan Les 41
EIAs GES tpt ae hie Roatieds ake eee
Longspur, Alaskan..........- WlASo
Chestnut-collared..........77, 85
We te ok Sc suet es eee 77, 84
Meo wittascie ss hse oe er OO
Paintedaar asc a ilete cack aecedloo
NO OTR eee ey Dern Cats iene shaken 17
ine throatedy a. tscusesa co. LT
Riedethroatede acho et. sc 17

Lophodytes cucullatus........ 26
Loxia curvirostra bendirei..... 83
curvirostra minor.......... 83
curvirostra stricklandi...... 83
IMMGOPIEKA:S a \sitisnyaevek ele. Ad

Macrorhamphus griseus... ...- 39
SCOlOPACeEUS . ./.. 5. we eee 40
Mirae ny ts ews ce) ke: taee se AO
MMeibertiein (es ic ee os Oy 20
Man OW ar EMEG! 22/5 24 cee oe
Mareca-americana..).c 2)... 65.% 27
TSC) ot ae Oe ane A A a8)
(Rice, Sreplees eo ie he 93
WWeadonwilamle. wie. uc.aevetus cae vase 73, 74
DVR eT e eet alee chee ste caruetach 73, (9
Megascops asio..............- 55
ASTOMMSX welliisec ocs.cm craane-s | 100
Melanerpes erythrocephalus ... 60
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris.. 47
Melospiza georgiana.......... 90
hinge OLMIt eee Oe eta unis) ateeerehske 90
TEL OUI er yee inate EAA OO
TENG Tr PULCUS s eoca als cual e eee 90
melodia montana: ...-------- 92
Merganser, American......... 2425
AMTRMESNUG QNUNES Crs cs, .ceclieve ao ae lame 25
KO EC rere pick. ook et one DAO
edepreasteds 25.4. cua 2ancO
Berta bho homens et we Boe 26

Merlin, Richardson... ........

Merula migratoria. ..... 115
migratoria propinqua....... 115
Micropalama himantopus.. ... 40
Mimus polyglottos........... 108
polyglottos leucopterus. .... 108
MESIOUIGH VATA, ssi: 5 Ses w/ee 100

Drackine bird. +c % 6 acc. ele sis 107, 108
Western os 5 Neca cel OM LOS:
Nolotiamgs ater, ake dm el sco eee ale

Muscivora forficata. .......... 66
Myadestes townsendii......... 114
Myiarchus crinitus. ..,........ 67
cinerascens..... Fh Share SANE 68
Nettion carolinensis........... 27
Iie no ne 61, 62
SONICS ee Rca De Ames 61, 62
Wiese nmMewwtin cea) mieltie) chins nee 61-62
Nucifraga columbiana......... 72
Numentus: borealis. 2.0. <...2...- 43
aL OTT GU Sie! seer erste os ets ake lopment 43
URN a15 0153 2 Co ee eh 42
Nuteracker, Clarke.......... OMT
Nitnateh Pypmiy.\..) 2.3/7 V5-cl
Redeemed ieicct et sato oe 111
Rocky Mountain........... 111
Wahite-pellied Sa. 2 isthe ts atone 111
Nuttallornis borealis.......... 67
Wirdbea MY elear. . fa aa sh ase OG
Nyctanassa violacea....... 34

Nycticorax nycticorax nevius.. 34

Oidemia americana. ..........- 29
PSEA 100s Pee RE tg”
persplclla tance ee. an {oe See

Olbiorchilus hiemalis. :......- 109

GU AesOiIp sata. (es ater a

lor buceinaton.| bss. eel
Golkihanlovey avis y peso ac aan at 30

Qreospiza chlorura............ 91

Oriole, Baltimore........¢

TES PUL Raye] ete Prien. uuinet Py etenes (22 si7 Soi 7/65)
Ouenande wee a oka ea LO
Oroscoptes montanus......--. 108
agree era Sen sane ee 48, 53
Otocoris alpestris.........---- 69
alpestris hoyti.......----+- 69
alpestris leucolema.......-- 69
alpestris praticola.........- 69
Gye 0l] 0) UR Nee epee 99, 104
Owl, American Hawk... .... . .54, 56
Arctic Horned... .......-.-54, 56
[BSH oles hee eee ano oh een nie ae & 53
Basted) wet sa ol os Se heen
IB IEO WIN Gays ees sek. ee eh 54, 56
Flammulated Screech...... 54, 56
MrentiGrayie, of. vuln se ade
Great Horned...........--54, 56
Long-eared.........--+++5 54,55
EPS REIDY bode ra tah ose) ae bem pvaycn 54, 56
Richardson. 2004.05... 5..5 Sey Oo
Rocky Mountain Screech. . 54, 59
Sai yeavplletes eetertarey cmt cia stun eeae 54, 56
Serenata. . Lives. oooe BeDaOe

Shortecared. ....-.-s+.+0.-04,00

INDEX

Owl, Snowy. ‘ 26 pate eua OA OO
Western Horned, Peer eet Fy snd 54, 56
Oxvechus voeciferus........:.. 44
Oyster-catcher, American. .... 45
Pandion halietus carolinensis.. 53
Raroquet,.Carolina.. -.. Seeder: 57
Parts aitrica pilus... jae 112
atricapillus septentrionalis.. 112
aamieelinn.gtsme shee a cette 112
Passer domesticus......... 84
Passerculus sandwichensis ‘alau-
GUISE ae ene eet hnieare | 3)
sandwichensis savanna rials Gts bees 85
Rasserellavliacaes et see Ow)
tliaca. schistaceaia.i. 2. sklle a. 90
Pabserina nivalis. © auxtoriion: eee
Pedicecetes phasianellus cam-
NSE TIG 5 ot 0. tone hale aS MLO 46
phasianellus columbianus.... 46
Pewee. WiOOG. ms: ce ees 65, 67
Western Wood. . Pe slla (Ginh
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. st dont twee
occidentalis, da... 6) Ari kei 23
Pelican, Brown . 22.23
White. . See
Pelidna alpina sakhalina...... 41
Perisoreus canadensis. ........ t
canadensis capitalis... 2... 71
Petrochelidon lunifrons.......... 94
Peucea estivalis bachmanii... 92
CASSIMI ics Sec haee a es 92
Phalacrocorax Cilophitsaess, seen ee
dilophus floridanus......... 22
MERIC ATS ep eec tone) ener ten oie 22
Phalenoptilus nuttallii....... 61
WG Gel em GUCS) es eae echoes 62
Phalarope, Northerti.nik inte at
J Revo ati ets Sn, SSA eR EO
Wilson. rhs stlest Reco ONG
Phalaropus lobutuss 94 otee eee
Phasianus torquatus.......... 47
Pheasant, Ring-necked........ 47
Pimlolvelia minors vise nie aac 39
Phoebe. . 65, 67
Say.. ae ont
Pica pica ‘hudsonia. Pid Mee ore oh 70
Picoides americanus.......... 60
ATE TICIIS Aken oer ee eee 59
Pigeon, .Passenger.”, aitie tis ae
Pinicola enucleator leucura PRED sor)
enucleator montana ........ 83
Pintail. SO
Pipilo erythro} hthalmus....... 90
fuscus mesoleucus ..°........ 92
maculatus arcticus.......... 91
maculatus megalonyx....... 91
PUpits Gata ne aa emanate oman ee 106
SSIS UE) ares vce choy sean a eee 106

Piranga erythromelas. ........ 93
Judovictanarcis:73. sete eae 93
PUP, i, gcecw sare cs ep cane stene eee 93

Plegadis autumnalis.......... 31
PULAT A UI ARe ey squscr aoe ke eee ee 31

Plover, Belted Piping... ...... 44
Black-bellied By AA Pen Ae 45) si: 43, 44
Golden fe oe ee a ee
Mountain wee Sone eee 43, 44
Semi-palmated............ 43, 44
SMO Ws acy sta eaun setae cater ee 44

Podasoeys montanus.......... 44

Podilymbus podiceps......... 17

Pohoptilascsnuleas scene 113

Pocecetes gramineus.......... 85
gramineus confinis.,....... 85

Poornwille aot <c oe eee 61
Hroste Gs: ¥.scncets eae ee 61, 62

Porzana carolina.. .-.......-. 35
JAMBICENSIS 23... bes cas oO
NOVEDOrACENSIS yhas. esses 36

Prairie Hen... «ss ote eo
Wesser. 34 fe tae ee ee 45, 46

Prone Silbig se ee eee hee 93

Protonotaria citrea....... 100

Querquedula eye ptenaS iemetens 27
discors..... ey eet

Quiscalus quiscula. ceneus...... 75

Rel Black + ve. oan 35, 36
Carolina. wacncc eae eee
KOM OAS eg s Seeeae Se
Wal oars Baksecas oe ae eee 35
Mellowisongsh iets ae eee 35, 36

Rallus\eléganss< ..o7aee one 35
VAGSIMTANUS yey .g tele eee)

Raven: American. 2c. a4 ena Oren
Northern. ae dal
White- necked. Potoneey (arial

Recurvirostra americana... ... 37

Red=headaa, is. ites

Redpolli<-. 2s. . eee ee 76, 84
Greater ns ele eee 76, 84
Hoary. . Le eee

Redstart. Se tehe ee OOM OG

Regulus calendula............ 112
satrapa....... ; ue 112

Rhy nehophanes n mecownii.. ... 85

Riparia Tiparla wcrc. ee 94

Robin e527 ss meen Ene 143 EES
Western: 5) tete a cece Diseakt

Salpinctes obsoletus.......... 108

Sanderling.(O. Ueki Saw oo ee 38, 41

Sandpiper, Baird... > ..0..+.)..39,40
Bartharnizin ed ect yeeeeeets 38, 42
Buff-breasted............/.39, 42
SGaSti 2. BSB eee ee 39, 40

INDEX

Sandpiper, Pectoral.......... 39, 40
Pimple: & Y,2, agate oteoe tees 39, 43
Red-backed. . DEL. ero 41
Semi-palmated. . he RE eee 38, 41
Solit any yet nied Magara aes 38, 42
pupeouae etl ahd BG sia. ey Bebe oe ct 38, 42
Stilts. Se ay
Western. te oe, aL
Western Solitary. . Bas Piaste ry,
White-rumped............ 39, 40

Sapsucker, Red-naped ....... 58, 60
WGI O Mee cerexeves cs, s).%< Riese’ tss 58, 60
Niel ogwobellleds: cour aon nara: 58, 59

Saxicola enanthe leucorhoa.... 116

Savornms pice bes.| tease uy th; 67
SPA eI ee ern eiea unas | seat oe ae tae) ei 67

Scoter, American. . Bed mene mG
SIUNHE areata CR Sead ee vider
White- winged. . Be hes rargh cr: 1°)

Scotiaptex nebulosa.......... 55

Seiurus aufocapillus.......... 104
PMOUEUEIU aah uieeatie ee ctavsesmener aun’ ae 104
noveboracensis notabilis.... 104

Selasphorus platycercus. ...... 63
TAGIHDLSN 2 ay eee oe py OPM ea Retin 63

Setophaga ruticilla............ 106

Shoveller. ar RCO reas SON OG

Shrike, Northern: >. fs ai:i ac. 94,95
Loggerhead Jerr pee be a 94,95
Winitescumsipeda doi cu. es ee OD

Saar ARP tI@As 2 ne as Boe) AL en 116
Mexia tia Malrdl. acne s Oe vs 115
SrallS eect cocker eens. aaron aa bes 115

fovislyiices Sahay esha Geseh cac hee esies cha 77, 84

Siitaccamadensisenc ssc ae. soe 1
carolinensis. 5 Bee hor saace a el
carolinensis nelsoni......... iLatal
DY ny Sess ean ic) acare porn Sy 111

MER WW UISORS ci coe ga. sot shn ss 38, 39

Solitaire, Townsend........ 113, 114

RSG cha Wee A ain a ae ig) ects eb an ORK 36

Sparrow, Bachman...) 0002. 80, 92
Sao Te ace ot Oe OO
SNC TAs iy eeeectction one geet Siar cna 81, 88
Cassin. . PEO Nts toute Riso) IBN 9
Chipping. SoG a MSDE ace 81, 88

Clay-colored. .

Dakota Song. . Ae Oy OO,
Meee Sey See eI ES fe ho ee 81, 84
BUroO pean: reese... tor. see 81
TENSOR ED. 0 Weasel a Ba 81, 88
Fox.. yest tanemrce
Golden-crowned. Li. SOR OD
ets 10) 1 5 nea ae Rn 82, 86
amnisee teres cust noe a ee ee ewes 80, 87
lenslOwee a. nea tsa tins eho, SO
Imbenmedtateso. 4.0.0 ose: 80, 87
Gain stare sete resiscoies shan eo 79, 87
AWECONDES erecta dns sluts ee 79, 86

Sparrow, Lincoln... 2... 5 2. 80, 90
Mountain Song. ...........80,92
Nelson. PEST NO En ALO SST)
Sura SS) Bete eget Ot ear 81, 92
Savanna.. RHE NE eee)
Slate-colored, 82, 90
Song. . ME eee a Wh ee SRO
Sivaitipeie ces fone 1.80, 90
Tree. 81, 87
Vesper. ... 82,85
ares Chipping. . 81, 88
Western Field.. Mees tish to pet
Western Grasshopper. 2 eee POD
Western Henslow..........79, 86
WMiesterns Warkee coe eee ono. od
Western Savanna..........82, 86
Wiestern™lirees See os sS1Ss8
Western Vesper. ..........82, 85
White-crowned.......... 80, 87
White-throated., ........ oe 87

Spatula clypeata. . cme 2

Speotyto cunic ularia hy pogaea. 56

Sphyrapicus thy TOIGEUS. 2... 60
VATIUS.. gees eee eee 59
varius nuchalis... earn TOO

SpiMUs/PIMUE. 2. oe Cede Be

SpizaraMereane, 6... ao G2

Spizella breweri. 88
monticola..... 87
monticola ochracea. otis SRE Ashe)
Peas aay ee ees 88
pusilla. an 88
pusilla arenacea. Oe ee see ksts)
“L/L ee eee Nena ea 88
socialis arizone. SAAR Oo

Squatarola squatarola......... 44

Steganopus tricolor........... 37

Stelgidopteryx serripennis. .... 94

Stercorarius longicaudus....... 18
Pmaeibictial <li). sare 18
POMMELINUSL At es OL heads

Sternayantilarums 225) ) oho. 22
PATE Scien tices oe icons eel ren Oe 20
forsteri . eee Mee ne teste 40)
BITUNGO 2.5 24 bees see eee 20
maxima. 20
paradisxa. Bh SP dc yi terts Janets 20

Stilt, Black- necked. . A neat oti

Strix PEAVIUCOlAL 7 alee oe OS

Sturnella magna. tivsate hk oyahast! Ae
magna neglecta WED cede 75

Surnia ulula caparoch.......-. 65

Swallowrarsankets; osued a... 93, 94
TRAIT g tly cease ais nu le Se a es 93, 94
Gliftepsire aati stoke Seche «ct ahs 93, 94

) Rough-winged.~ ../.. ... .. 5-93, 94
REG eect a eee vse tote a) ets 93, 94
Violet-ereen. ...02600%... 93, 94

Swan, Trumpter.:...... 238; 31

INDEX

Swan W bistling ok oe co eee 23, 30

S wilt, Chimneys... veces ieee 62
White-throated Rock. . 62

Symphemia semipalmata inor-

VOUS re eve Res Pe I rede rat Ct 42
Syirinh -Varimm,..c. iie2 he tee 55
Tachycineta thalassina lepida.. 94
Tanager, LOwistana ccc: = <den 93

Gale tic tm Pages ere, oa ee 92,93

STITT pier suey erence iAys seers - 93
Mantalusslocwlator ace: 2 ew oe
Realy Blue-winveds: 32 sicci. neon

Cimm'amnongses wren sneyn os arta Dail

Green-winged. . aye a
Telmatodytes palustris jliacus.. 110

palustris: plesius 02. 6. sin. 110
Terns AmctlGs vain eten as ication OL)

J BUSY) agen n yeast nna toe aun ghar 19, 21

CASPIAN) Doc ica eee tee le 20

(lo vai ano ae bene eae tee 14 ete ee 19, 20

BOESTET ats Waris darth ieee 19, 20

Least. LQ 2

Royal. . Bap gira Se oe? LE PLO)
Thrasher, Brown ied iret Se 107, 108

NSIC eae emer re reratel | (rear i!
Thrush, Alma. Ney ee ee lie eee a)

Audubon Hermit... 113, 115

Gray-cheeked ix. 4 ..n ious store 114

Hermit. Oey emery oh JET hay ba lea)

Olive-backed) <j... iGnet 9%: 114

Varied. . ei ne a (Sel BCG)

NVVGU Oiyoree sea oan eeaueieocuee ae eee 114

Wilson 22113, 114

WiOOs rt cos a ee er: 113, 114
Thryomanes bewickil......... 109

bewiel<italbalrdiiie sas sarees 109

bewickii eryptus. : 109
Thryothorus ludovicianus..... 109
Titmouse, Tufted. . ae pias ial
Topography of Escenas: 12-13
Lotanus flavipes. ic-cradie kts clay 42

maelamoleuctsen..ctes mee ene 41
MO WHEE wk rs a eee es ee OO

PAT OUIG so to tah tae oh eee 78,91

Canyon.... eecb atk TOO

Green- tailed. . = BO e OL

Spurred. hey etn a SO
Toxostoma rufum............ 108
Airing ar CAMUtUS: «cus cee eee ate eae O
Trochilus colubris. . 63
Troglodytes edon....... 109

ACUON. AZCCUS!s.:c iteriegs sean 109
Tryngites subruficollis......... 42
MurkeysWilate. 4.5 ache eee 47
Durnstone whuddy. segues cae 45
Tympanuchus americanus. .... 46

pallidicinctus. s.«: ses. aoe 46

67

Tyrannus tyrannus. .

Tyrannus verticalis........... 67
vocilerans: ..).. 5 see 68
Vigeo .atricapillus.... 2 ja veieeeeat aa 96
roi Hi eae ae a pneu rer neg rc oe ae 97
Bey a tae. be pane 96
Black-capped. (.43°5.'s)-.auteer 95, 96
Blue-headed..............95, 96
Mavitrons}. 3: asks sie 96
SCULVAIB ocho) 24, Siete ene arenes 96
Silvis’ Swalnsonlapssaerent eee 96
no vVeboracensis:,- shin canes 96
OlVAGEUS: As Sk peur eee 96
Plumbeous satiate eee 95, 96
Philadelpilaiaier;... 0 ssa. eles 95, 96
philadelphieus:, .\cc)2:5 Bee eee eee
Red-eved<./2iecs cm nae ae 95, 96
solitarius . : Ae rae
solitarius plumbeus . SM NLS 96
Warbling :o) oc .esuer eee 95, 96
Western Warblae ate Rae 95, 96
White-eyed......... eee 96
Yellow-throated.... 95, 96
Vulture: Blacks2s aes eee 48
Turkey2.3)3 2s sets cece ee
Warbler, Audubon.......... 98, 102
Bay-breasted......... 98, 99, 103
Blackburnian: 5 seers « 98, 103
Black-poll. . .».98, 99, 103
Black-throated Blue. ..... 98, 102

Black-throated Green..... 98, 103

Blue-winged. . fogs tee ONALOO
Black and White. = Ne 98, 100
Canadians at0y2 220 oeon 100, 105
Cape May < 25.)5\icteaeiee 98, 101
Cerulean: 32 Ae eee 98, 102
Chestnut-sided. »...... 98, 99, 102
Connecticut... .= 2. bee os L0G
Golden-winged. ..........97, 101
Hooded isi.) eee oes OO ROS
Kentucky snare: Ome 99, 104
‘Kantlands ss) aee Pen keene 98, 106
Tateseenti i055 2 ova eee 97, 106
Macgillivtay. .-..ae-jep ae 99, 104
Mapnolia ic cc scestoe te hat 98, 102,
Mo Wnninon oc Seaeur ne ae ae 99, 104
Mivantlen( 50 Serer here Ace tors 89, 102
Nashwillle -7..e5ceeee eee 97,101
Northern Panulas cross tee 97,101
Orange-crowned.......... 97,101
Palin eee eee 99, 103
Pileolated... Set ae 100
Piney 2bo2 hho eeee 98, 103
IPralriese..noe ea eee 99, 104
Prothonotarys-.:s.0oo2ee 97, 100
SGA GTeate. =o creche 98, 103
TenMessee.s)caom Games 97,101
Townsend'y=) 99s oh eee 98, 106 -
Mirginig: vskic years eee 97,101

INDEX

Warbler’ Walsonic.. @. 2s... HOO: LOS le Wren. Bewick. .. 2.4 6 ata% a0 107, 109
Worm-eatings= 2275 .- .\.:. 97, 100 (Chehab o's (is Bain See eee OLS 107, 108
Wie Oiwesc chee there ee eee eal 6 vs 99, 102 Carolimarey tse hee eee 107, 109
Water-thrush, Grinnell. . ..99, 104 JSOUR hate abe eRe ne here 107, 109
PO UIA Meee ee een SIA s 2 99, 104 Niteriom Valles 2. 152 says 107, 110

Waxwing, Bohemian.......... 94 Long-billed Marsh,......107, 110
(OVETS |i ae aan, She ae eg eR 94 INGE) 5, 5 eae A are: 108

Wheatear, Greenland...... 113, 116 Short-billed Marsh. ......107, 109

Whippoorwill Ree ie oa wha eegia le = 61 Texas Bewick Wren.. ...107, 109

Widgeon, American. . Same,’ Western House...........107, 109
TOOTH Ne soa ipa sis = 26 AU IRB OT eg. cin <1 t/a aedha ws we OM, Ree

ae ee ite ey ee tee ae 38, 42

Wilsonia canadensis.......... 105 :
ce eae aes 105 aia Am ae

EAP el salem) ® 4,9) 6h.) tebe: im tat ihe We ini 9
pusilla pileolata............ 105 2 A ae eu

AWG ONG L101 8) cee ene in ae nee ee 38, 39

Woodpecker, American Three- ENO WILE RS ose fo aare s wileta sats) COE ee
it bey ag ae arn a 58. 60 Gnectienaciac toner t 38, 41
Meaectheeesteed. .........88, 59 | ¥ elowthroat, Northern. .... ne 105
Batchelder. . Nee COO ROO Western. . = -99, 104
[SST aS cake hs aye tasdar ERe, eren 59
vorve billed oyavvel tt sats os 60 | Zamelodia ludoviciana........ 91
LCSW, pee nee Sn 58, 60 melanocephala............- 91
Northern Downy 2.7.7... > 58, 59 | Zenaidura macroura.......... 47
Nee Rerm ALT .S csges wns oo = 59 | Zonotrichia albicollis.......... 87
Northern Pileated. ..°. 0... 57, 60 COroMmata. oo. 5 oe 92
Pec arelbe ds 52255.) <leidig wees 58, 60 leucophrys .... Pee lem 6 51/7,
Red-headed. . SO) leucophrys gambelii Sema y Fe Tats)
Rocky Mountain Hairy. Mossi WOO querula. igh ae 87

OO

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