A M p 4 n iv | PRELIMINARY STATISTICAL STUDIES 'OTV MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE i SAW ! IPEOO 1 REGION, CALIFORlvTA [■ f \' ' ' BY YYY? *--v' ^ s Y/ •< ’ V • u\ W. E, ALLEN 4 [Reprinted from SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS OF BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM No. 7, pp. 537-554, also 3 insert tables, 1921.] PRELIMINARY STATISTICAL STUDIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE SAN DIEGO REGION, CALIFORNIA By W. E. Allen INTRODUCTION Recognizing the basic need of a better understanding of the occurrence and distribution of the synthetic organisms of the sea, the phytoplankton, the Scripps Institution for Biological Re¬ search has in the past four years devoted a considerable portion of its resources to increased investigation of these organisms. The methods of work have been somewhat modified in the last two years along lines of standardization and consistency, but no report on this period is yet available. This paper and the one by Ellis L. Michael which follows discuss the work on phyto¬ plankton of the Southern California region in 1917 and 1918 and are intended to not only give some idea of the preliminary work already done in Pacific waters, but also to offer suggestions for guidance in future operations, either localized or general. These two papers although complete in themselves are based on the same records of numerical distribution and it is therefore desir¬ able to publish them together. The more elementary paper which includes the records essential to both discussions is placed first because that seems to be the natural order. Much of the work on phytoplankton done in Atlantic waters and in fresh water lakes and rivers shows two desiderata to be especially prominent. First, it is necessary to identify the species present ; second, it is essential to maintain, as nearly as possible, continuous observation. It seems appropriate to discuss briefly these desiderata and certain other general features of marine work in phytoplankton before entering upon the explanation of the work done in 1917 and 1918. DESIDERATA The taxonomy of dinoflagellates of the San Diego region has been well covered by Professor C. A. Kofoid of the Univer¬ sity of California. But this region is an infinitesimal portion of the area of the North Pacific and a great deal of strictly taxo¬ nomic work remains to be done. Not even an effective begin¬ ning has been made on the taxonomy of diatoms of the North Pacific. Fortunately for our work with both types of organ- [ 537 ] 538 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference isms, it appears that the more abundant, more prominent, and presumably more important forms are cosmopolitan and fairly easy to recognize. Preliminary statistical work gives little indi¬ cation that refined taxonomy is of immediate importance, but it ought to be done in preparation for any future time when spe¬ cific determinations of great accuracy may be needed for inter¬ pretation of some series of records. One of the most, if not the most, urgent need in connection with statistical work with the microplankton is for the establish¬ ment of definite stations from which collections may be taken with great frequency and continuity, daily if possible. There ought to be at least one permanent station at which a permanent series may be run to serve as a standard for the work in any given area. With such a standard much effective work can be done by running daily or hourly catches through any one desired or immediately possible period of the year. Of course, it is highly desirable to have such series carried for various depths as well as for the surface but it is quite evident that the field of surface catches has scarcely been touched in most localities and that it still offers ample opportunities for work for many years to come. For practical purposes anything in the uppermost five meters of water may be regarded as belonging to the surface series. One distinct advantage of a standard series of surface catches is that it may serve as the basis of comparison not only of series from other surface areas but from various depths as well. A still greater advantage is in the greater simplicity of procedure and equipment required for surface work. This is of high importance because it vastly increases the probability that the series can be carried continuously. To those who realize the time, work, expense and risk in handling such series it is evident that a break in continuity after one is once established may be a very serious matter, hence anything that will tend to insure its satisfactory maintenance is extremely desirable. If a good quantitative series is once opened it would be very desirable to have any particular phase of the work handled as nearly as possible by the same individual. Slight changes in individual methods sometimes produce great differences in the final quantitative results. possible commercial application Aside from the academic interest it has in extending our knowledge of the laws of life and in broadening our conception Currents in Relation to Organisms 539 of the phenomena of organic existence, I think the study of marine plankton may finally be made to have a decided practical value. The sections following* illustrate possibilities. Naturally, the food relation is the first to attract attention. If a series of records can be secured which will enable us to say that with a certain number of clear days in February and March the seasonal catch of marketable fish may be large because the photosynthetic organisms are able to build up enough food material to supply abundantly the next link in the chain which in turn may supply the next, and so on, up to the fish, it would be worth while even though the information is somewhat indefinite and faulty. Or, if we are able to say that a smaller number of clear days means a poor supply for the markets, or that existent pasturage can support only a limited population, or that certain fishes might be introduced to use it to better advantage, those concerned may be on their guard and not be taken entirely unawares. Some such predictions have been made in connection with fisheries in the North Sea. Judging from present knowl¬ edge it is reasonable to hope that if we do our work properly some succeeding* generation may be able to make reports to fishermen quite comparable in value to those now made by the weather bureau to farmers. It may be found that some organ¬ isms which do not seem to have much value in the food chain, do have a direct value as indices to productivity. There is another relation which may be as important as the food chain. That is the poison (or at least we may say the exclusion) chain. I mention this because of the considerable evi¬ dence to show that certain dinoflagellates may be fatally inju¬ rious to fishes and other organisms. If records were available to show the conditions under which such organisms become so numerous as to be of economic importance, advance report of the coming of such conditions might forewarn fishermen and so, to a considerable extent, forearm. SOURCES OE ERROR IN STUDY Sources of error have to be considered in connection with any piece of work which pretends to any degree of accuracy. I have taken a good deal of interest in these sources of error and since no considerable number of them is ever mentioned collect¬ ively, I have attempted to make a bare list of those most import¬ ant in such plankton methods as are in general use. Some are important always; some are usually negligible; some counteract 540 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference or cancel others at times. These conditions are themselves var¬ iable and so subject to error of usage and interpretation. For convenience we may call the conditions in which sources of error reside, variants. They may be enumerated as follows : Variants in sampling. Selecting the station in the area. Locating the station in the area. 1 Distance Drift while hauling j Speed j Direction Descending catch in net. Pitching of boat (especially if vertical haul). Cross currents. Ascending catch in vertical hauls. Pitching of boat. Clogging of net. Leakage of net. Pressure. Mesh. Speed of haul. Cross currents. Taking from net. Spillage. Recording. Preservation. Distortion. Fragmentation. Examination. Dilution or concentration. Transference, spillage and adhesion. Measuring. Mixing. Sampling for count. Counting. Fractional sampling of the slide. 'Small size. Distortion. Covered by debris, etc. Lneven distribution in counting Personal error, fatigue, etc. Bad position for identification. .Misnaming. Miscounts cell. Currents in Relation to Organisms 541 Recording. Computing. Recording. Interpreting. Differences in persons. This looks like a formidable list, and it is. That is one reason why it seems necessary to simplify and to standardize all methods of collecting and handling as much as possible. One unfortunate effect of the contemplation of such a long list of variants is the feeling that any one error will be so much over shadowed by other errors as to be negligible, but it is evident that a minor variant may become very important if carelessly regarded, and that reasonable uniformity of degree of error is more important in a series than is extent of error. A large error clearly recognized may be less injurious than a small one left without consideration. LENGTH oE program My experience with these preliminary studies leads me to believe that the most valuable plankton work will be that which is done laboriously over long' periods of years. By such work errors or abnormalities of one year or season may be checked by many others so as to give a fair general view of conditions to be expected in a given area. It seems to me that the laws of distribution of life in the sea must be fundamentally the same as those governing life on land and in air. There are areas in the sea with little or no life, and all gradations between this condi¬ tion and that of great abundance of life. Evidently, many organ¬ isms shift, voluntarily or involuntarily, from one area to another. Certainly there are vacillations in productivity corresponding with vacillations in the vast numbers of factors of environment. These factors of the environment are so numerous that their possible permutations and combinations seem past finding out. The list of chemical factors alone, must be for the sea almost as large as the list of soluble chemical elements and compounds. The list of physical factors, while possibly shorter, is still very long and of primary importance, for example, temperature has a profound influence on the effect of many other factors. Fur¬ thermore, the number of biological factors is legion. Surely, with all this complexity, we cannot hope for clear insight until there are enough records to show certain combinations with suffi¬ cient frequency to fix our attention. 542 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference MATERIALS AND METHODS I consider microplankton particularly useful for the study of these combinations because of the vast numbers of its organ¬ isms, their limited motility and their high adaptability through reproduction. Their short life cycles are also a point in favor since the effects of given conditions can be more quickly seen. Large numbers of individuals and large numbers of kinds in a given plankton population are both important in helping to reduce some of the errors in handling and study. Different species, for example, check each other to some extent and so aid in giving proof or in calling attention to error. These studies were made in the summers of 1917 and 1918 on miscellaneous and somewhat heterogeneous groups of catches made from time to time and kept in storage. Most of the catches were made in the years 1917 and 1918 and some were studied within ten days after being taken. As described in the detailed discussion the methods of mak¬ ing the catches varied. Methods of counting differed somewhat but most of the counts were made by the Sedgwick-R after method. The catch in its preservative formalin was brought to a standard quantity, one cubic centimeter of which was taken after thorough mixing and placed in a Sedgwick-Rafter slide. The count was then made under the low power of the com¬ pound microscope using a Whipple eyepiece micrometer with draw tube so adjusted as to cause the scale to cover one square millimeter in the field of the sixteen millimeter objective. If the catch was large a count was made of fifty fields (covering fifty cubic millimeters of fluid), distributed in groups of five about the margins and middle of the slide. Finally a half slide was examined for less abundant forms which were duly counted. If the catch was light half slide counts only were made. The counts were afterwards used to compute the total numbers in the catch and the results were tabulated according to taxonomic groups. Diatoms and dinoflagellates only were counted as the other micro-organisms in the plankton were too few to be of much value for statistical studies. In fact it appears that diatoms are much superior to dinoflagellates for this purpose. Most of the numerically important forms in both groups are usually easy to identify. Some of the less abundant forms are easily confused under conditions of counting and others cannot be identified Currents in Relation to Organisms 543 with certainty. In some cases it has been impossible, on account of small size, to distinguish some of those which have numeri¬ cal importance. Some diatoms have not been specifically iden¬ tified because too fragmentary or because spore stages were not found. There is no evidence that this deficiency has been suffi¬ ciently important to appreciably diminish the value of this statistical work. MINOR STUDIES STOMACH CONTENTS OF SARDINES AND ANCHOVIES A very limited qualitative study was made of stomach con¬ tents of sardines ( Sardinella coeruleus Starks and Morris) and anchovies ( Bngraulis mordax Girard) which serve as food for the albacore ( Thunnus alalunga Gmelin). Five anchovies taken from the stomachs of three albacore were examined on August 13, 1917. The stomach contents of three of these were wholly unrecognizable. Of the other two, the little which was recognizable consisted of the shells of diatoms and dinoflagel- lates of various kinds, most of which could not be specifically identified. Three sardines taken at the Institution pier were examined. In two specimens remains of the dinofiagellates Dinophysis homunculus Stein and Prorocentrum micans Ehrbg. were found but about ninety-nine per cent of the stomach con¬ tents consisted of copepods. In the other sardine the following diatoms and dinofiagellates were found in quantity : Coscinodis- cus sp., Chactoceras criopliiluni Castr. and a number of smaller diatoms ; Peridinium diver gens Ehrbg., P. grandii Ostf ., P. oceanicum Vauh., and many fragments of shells of Ceratium. This study was not carried further because it was only con¬ firmatory of the well established idea of the important part which diatoms and dinofiagellates play in furnishing food for fishes or their prey. SOME CASES OF “RED WATER” Some isolated qualitative studies of “red water" and similar phenomena were made. These have value in a statistical series because they prove the occurrence of various species of micro¬ plankton in enormous swarms and consequently refute the old notion of uniform distribution of small organisms in sea water. Only two of these will be specifically mentioned here. On June 4, 1917, “red water” was encountered at a point about twelve miles west of San Pedro, where three hauls taken at depths of thirty meters, sub-surface and of surface “scum” 544 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference showed the surface “scum” to be composed of Provo centrum micans Ehrbg., the sub-surface haul to be composed mainly of this dinoflagellate, and the thirty meter haul to be composed mainly of diatoms and other dinoflagellates. This case of “red water” indicates the probability that plankton swarms are not only definitely limited in surface area occupied but also as to depth. Another case of “red water” occurred on September n, 1917, close inshore near Santa Barbara where it was causing a good deal of injury to fish and shore fauna and exciting much inquiry. Captain W. C. Crandall of the Scripps Institution made a special trip to get samples of this swarm. He made a total of twelve surface hauls nearly all of which consisted mainly of Gonyaulax polyedra Stein, some almost entirely so. These two typical cases show not only that plankton swarms occur both inshore and off shore, but that they are to a very large extent exclusive against other organisms in their particu¬ lar area many of which in fact, are killed. SOME CASES OF LUMINESCENCE In this connection mention may be made of some qualitative catches made by Mr. James Ross along the coast of Lower California in the Spring of 1919. Early in March a rather rich diatom plankton was found slightly to the north of Magdalena Bay. The Bay itself yielded little in the two catches made. Near Cape Magdalena there was an area of marked lumines¬ cence, but little microplankton. The presence' of a few Cteno- phores in the catch suggests their agency in this phenomenon. In Santa Maria Bay and at Santa Margarita Island catches showed large quantities of Landeria borealis Gran. Brilliant luminescence was reported there which was also probably due to Ctenophores. I11 the Gulf of California near Espiritu Santo Island where remarkable luminescence was reported, it again seems probable that Ctenophores were responsible. Near San Martin Island an area of “brown water” was reported which was about fifty miles in extent. Catches from it consisted mainly of Chaetoceras debile Cl. and Nitzschia seriata Cl. Transitions from luminescent to non-luminescent areas were very sharp. Transition from “brown water” to non-brown was more gradual. SOME CLOSING NET CATCHES AT VARIOUS DEPTHS On June 14, 1917, Mr. James Ross and Mr. P. S. Barnhart made a short series of closing net- hauls at the kelp beds one Currents in Relation to Organisms 545 and one-half miles west of La Jolla Point. These were taken from 5, io, 15, 20, 25, and 30 meter depths and one was taken from the 44 meter level to the 30 meter level. They were taken successively as rapidly as possible beginning at 10 a. m. This single series showed quite clearly a scant microplankton population in the upper fifteen meters and heavy catches from the 20 meter level to the 44 meter level. Of course, no real conclusions can be reached from a single short series of this sort, but there are some interesting questions suggested by it. Perhaps the most important of these is as to whether large quantities of microplankton frequently occur near the 50 meter level or whether abundance below thirty meters may have been due in this case to mixing by currents induced by proximity to the shore line. There is also the important question as to what factors determine the level at which most microplankton may be found. SEASONAL SERIES We may now consider the “seasonal series" so called because it consists of a series of catches made at nearly weekly intervals at two certain stations, two and five miles off shore respectively from the Scripps Institution. This series ran from December 12, 1917, to July 11, 1918, covering approximately the most pro¬ ductive plankton season (judged from our other records). It was not possible to make many of these catches at Station 2 (five miles off shore) partly because of rough weather and partly because of lack of time necessary to do the work with the small boat available. For similar reasons some important breaks occurred in the series from Station 1 (two miles off shore). In spite of these deficiencies the series has a decided interest for comparison with other series and it also gives some valuable in¬ dications as to seasonal distribution and ecological successions. The most important points are the showing of a prominent dia¬ tom pulse in January characterized especially by Chaetoceras cur- visetum Cl. and Ch. convolutum Castr., an enormous diatom maximum late in May characterized by Chaetoceras criophiluni Castr. and Ch. convolutum Castr., a dinoflagellate pulse in De¬ cember due to Ceratium fusus Ebr. and a dinoflagellate maxi¬ mum in mid May due to Peridinium crassipes Kof., P. diver- gens Ehr. and Ceratium furca Ehr. Next, we may consider the various series of catches made on special collecting cruises of several days duration at different periods in 1917 and 1918. These will be discussed in chrono- 546 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference logical order. Methods of making the catches differed some¬ what with different cruises but all counts were made by the Sedgwick-Rafter method. Inasmuch as little comparison was made of catches of one series with those of another, the differ¬ ences in collecting methods are not important for the purpose of the present paper. PRINCIPAL STUDIES. LATERAL SERIES FIRST SERIFS. JURY A ( ipi 7) The first series (July A) was made on a run from a point about fifty miles west of San Nicolas Island in to San Pedro on July 14 to 16 inclusive. In this series hauls were made with the fine meshed net (No. 25) from a depth of 200 meters to the surface at eighteen stations selected at more or less regular inter¬ vals on the run in. Of the eighteen stations hauled, only six showed large amounts of microplankton. Of the six two were farthest seaward, two near inshore and the other two at about equal distances between. At all of the other stations the catches were light or even scanty. Station 11 near San Nicolas Island gave a rather large amount and the catch near Point Fermin was especially large. Five different diatoms were dominant numerically at one or more stations. Chaetoceras affine (?) Lauder was most abund¬ ant at the two stations farthest seaward and at Station 17 just north of Catalina Island. Ch. criophilum Castr. was dominant at all stations from 2 to 13 inclusive, except Station 11. It was much in excess of other diatoms at Stations 7 and 8. Nitzschia seriata Cl. was dominant at Station 14 and N. longissima Breb. at Stations 16 and 18, excessively so at the latter. It now becomes necessary to refer to a series of surface catches made from a similar run in June which was not studied in detail. The point of interest is that the June series showed a very marked dominance of Chaetoceras criophilum Castr. or of Nitzschia seriata Cl. at almost all stations in June, while in the present series they are barely able to keep a lead. Smaller Chaetoceras forms have replaced Ch. criophilum to a large extent in most cases. It is also true that Nitzschia longissima Breb. is smaller than N. seriata Cl. The evidence from the July A series points superficially to the view that microplankton is more abundant inshore and near islands. Volumetric studies and statistical analysis of this mate¬ rial made by E. L. Michael show, however, that these differences Currents in Relation to Organisms 547 were due to changes from old to new nets on account of loss or tearing. Since we have no accurate indication of the differences in nets no conclusion is possible from this evidence though there is some indication of maximum microplankton production sea¬ ward. SECOND SERIES. JULY B (1917) Another run was made in July which yielded the July B (Table II) series. This run (July 29 and 30) was from a point about fifteen miles west of Tanner’s Bank to a point about five miles east of San Clemente Island. The twelve catches of this series were made by vertical hauls from a depth of 200 meters. This series consisted of light, or even scanty, catches through¬ out, and the diatoms were largely fragmented or otherwise in poor condition. They were mostly very small, many were atypi¬ cal, and species distinction was much more difficult than for¬ merly in the dominant forms. Dinoflagellates in this series, as was also the case in the July A series, seemed in fair condition though few in numbers. Since this series did not extend inshore on account of breaking of apparatus, there is no means of comparison of rela¬ tive abundance inshore and offshore at the time it was taken. It may be noted, however, that this series agrees with July A in showing Nitzschia longissima to be distinctly characteristic of seaward plankton at this season. The main points suggested by this series are that there is not uniformity of distribution of plankton forms over an area and that there is a still later stage of diatom decline than was shown by the July A series. It is notable also that Dactyliosolen tenuis Cl. was dominant at Station 9 in the midst of an area mainly characterized by Chaetoccras contortnm Schiitt, a fact which shows the possibility of a local break in a widespread dominance. THIRD SERIES. AUGUST ( 1917) One run was made in August and the twenty-eight catches then made constitute the August series. These catches were all made by vertical hauls from depths of 200 meters. 1 his was a long run on zigzag lines from San Diego to Santa Cruz Island, and it extended from August 11 to August 20 inclusive. On account of its zigzag character, this series cannot well be consid¬ ered as a whole, hence it may best be broken up into six sub¬ series conveniently lettered A, B, C, D, E, and F. It may as 548 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference well be stated here, however, that this series, as a whole, seems to show about 50% larger numbers of dino flagellates than were shown in either July series. It appears that there were less than half as many diatoms as in the July B series and only about one- fifth as many as in the July A series. So far as the 1917 sum¬ mer records are concerned, then, the general numerical increase of dinoflagellates in midsummer is not marked in this region as it is reported to be in others. The diatom decrease is thus prominent, however. Inasmuch as we know of vast localized increases of dinoflagellates at this time it may be thought that, on the one hand, dinoflagellates are less stable and more local¬ ized in distribution than the diatoms, or, on the other hand, that they have an apparent prominence due to the absence of large numbers of diatoms. This latter view is somewhat supported by the fact that “red water” due to vast numbers of dinoflagellates was reported at various places at about this time. It is also true, however, that more dinoflagellates might escape through the meshes of the net when diatoms are few (because of less clogging) and thus the real increase in numbers would not be shown in the catches. In addition, it is necessary to remember that we do not know as yet the history of the cycles run by these organisms in this region. Sub-series A, consisting of six catches, covers the line between Point Loma and San Clemente Island, which was omit¬ ted in the July B series. It gives some indication of an increase of plankton content inshore, but as the nearest station to the shore was fifteen miles out, the ground of inference is not very certain. The largest numbers of both diatoms and dinoflagel¬ lates were caught midway between San Clemente Island and the mainland. As to the numbers in this sub-series, Chaetoceras affine Laud, was dominant at the two stations nearer San Clemente Island, while a small, unidentified species of Navicula was most numerous toward the mainland. Since this small Navicula seemed to be in fairly good condition it may have been a fore¬ runner of the cycles leading to the autumnal increase in the diatom population. About the only inference to be derived from this sub-series is that different stations present differences in kinds and relative numbers of organisms. o Currents in Relation to Organisms 549 Sub-series B, consisting of four catches between San Cle¬ mente Island and Oceanside, shows nothing of very great prom¬ inence, except that the smallest numbers of both diatoms and dinoflagellates were found at Station 9 midway between San Clemente Island and Oceanside. Inasmuch as this is almost directly opposite to the condition in sub-series A, it might at first* be thought that the showing was due to leakage of the net or some other accident in hauling of the net at Station 9. Sta¬ tion 8, however, is also low in numbers, and it may be that there actually was such remarkable scarcity of all diatoms and dino¬ flagellates at Station 9 as the records show. Chaetoceras affine was dominant at all four of the stations in this sub-series, except in the small catch at Station 9, where Peridinhnn crassipes was most numerous. Sub-series C includes five stations on the line from Ocean- side to Santa Catalina Island. It, also, is mainly impressive through the fact that a very low minimum for both diatoms and dinoflagellates occurs at Station 14, midway between the island and the mainland. In this case, however, the maximum for diatoms occurs about six miles nearer Santa Catalina at Sta¬ tion 16, while the maximum for dinoflagellates occurs at Sta¬ tion 16, about eight miles from Catalina. The small Navicula sp. was dominant at three stations, Chaetoceras affine at one and Peridinium cerasus at one. Sub-series D includes three stations between Santa Catalina and San Pedro. It agrees with the July series in showing a marked increase of diatoms nearer San Pedro. This is not yet accounted for in this series. Chaetoceras affine and a small Na¬ vicula sp. are the numerical dominants at stations 19, 17, and 18. Sub-series E includes six stations from Pt. Fermin to the vicinity of Santa Barbara Island. As far as it goes this sub¬ series covers a good deal of the same ground covered by the July 1917 series. For this reason it has more interest than the other sub-series in this group. Both diatoms and dinoflagellates appeared in largest num¬ bers at Station 26 about six miles southeast of Santa Barbara Island. The numbers at Station 20 near Pt. Fermin were decid- erly smaller. This distribution is markedly different from that in the Tuly 1917 series when the station near Pt. Fermin showed largest numbers of all. As noted in discussing that series this 550 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference showing of the July series was clue to the net. Hence the show¬ ing of the August series is probably correct. Nitzschia seriata was numerically dominant at the three stations farthest seaward, occurring in relatively enormous num¬ bers at the two stations nearest Santa Barbara Island. This is . approximately the general region in which it was especially prominent in the June series and the July 19 1 7 series. The small Navicula was most numerous at Station 21, and Chart 0- ceras affine at Stations 22 and 20. This sub-series shows plainly that there are marked differ¬ ences in plankton content in different localities. While it does not support the questionable indication of the July 1917 series that heavier plankton occurs close inshore, it does show some resemblance to that condition by its heavier plankton being found near Santa Barbara Island. The dominance of Nitzschia seriata in the region near this island at three different times suggests the possibility of an organism being characteristic of a given area over a considerable period of time. Sub-series F includes four stations not covered in such a way as to be directly comparable with the other sub-series. Sta¬ tion 40 was just north of Santa Cruz Island. Nitzschia seriata was distinctly dominant here, giving the impression that some¬ thing in nearness to islands favors it. The catch as a whole closely resembled others in the main series except that dino- flagellates were made prominent by large numbers of Gonyaulax polyedra. Stations 50, 51 and 52 were about fifteen or twenty miles from Oceanside. Nothing of prominence appears in their rec¬ ords to indicate much difference from conditions in that region a week before, except that Station 51 is almost identical with Station 10 and it shows a dominance of the small Navicula, instead of Chactoccras affine as at the other time. Considering this August series again as a whole, it is inter¬ esting to note that Chactoccras affine is dominant at ten stations out of the twenty-eight, the small Navicula at twelve stations, Nitzschia scriata at four stations, Chactoccras decipicns at one station and Pcridiniuni ccrasns at one station. COLLECTIVE DISCUSSION OF 1918 SERIES IN COMPARISON WITH 1917 SERIES The work in 1918 was along lines somewhat similar to those of 1917, hence it may be most conveniently discussed by making comparisons. Only two additional points seem to be Currents in Relation to Organisms 551 clearly indicated. First, it seems almost certain that the pro¬ duction of diatoms reaches a maximum somewhere from April to early June, a conclusion which agrees with the results of various European observations. Second, owing partly to the use of the shorter, fifty meter vertical haul, a complete series of catches with the No. 25 net was made on the long August trip, even including catches in the Santa Barbara Channel and beyond Point Conception. Monthly cruises (except April) were made from January to August in 1918. The January trip shows nothing of particu¬ lar note unless it be that Chaetoceras criophilum Castr. is the most prominent microplankton in nearly the whole lot of rather light catches. February catches were slightly heavier with a predominance of Chaetoceras curvisetum Cl. In March Chacto- ccras curvisetum retained its dominance in much heavier catches. Nitzschia pun gens Grun. was most abundant at the two stations east of San Nicolas Island, however. In May N. pun gens was much the most prominent microplankton at all stations beyond Santa Barbara Island. Considering the small size of this diatom and the probable heavy losses through the net, this is a remark¬ able showing in a group of rather heavy catches. N. pun gens retained its prominence in June, N. seriata being next most abundant. Considering the opinion of some experts that N. pun- gens and N. seriata are merely different forms of the same spe¬ cies, this fact has considerable interest. Catches in June (Table III) were distinctly lighter. Some details of the August records require more attention than those for other months. For one thing, there is the same relative scarcity of microplankton at the two stations (No. 6 and No. 7) midway between San Clemente and Oceanside, as has already been noted for the August trip of 19 1 7- It is inter¬ esting to see that this 1918 cruise also shows a similar scarcity at Station 10 midway between San Juan and Santa Catalina Island. As yet there is no means of knowing whether this is the typical condition in those localities, but there is some probability that it is and the question of the possible explanation is interest¬ ing. The distance from land is not such as to make it probable that dearth of organic matter is the cause. Other factors must be responsible for the peculiar condition. The most likely expla¬ nation seems to be in some peculiarity of the currents. Another interesting feature of this August trip is its greater extent beyond San Nicolas. As a matter of convenience in tabu- 552 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference lating the records, the stations near and beyond San Nicolas have been arbitrarily grouped together into an “off shore group” by way of contrast to the “south inshore group” between San Diego and Santa Barabara Island and the “north inshore group” north of Santa Cruz Island. This “off shore group” showed large numbers of diatoms to quite a distance beyond San Nico¬ las, but there was a very marked reduction in numbers at the seven stations farthest out. This reduction was not so marked for the dinoflagellates which kept up their numbers fairly well at the outer stations. The larger number of both diatoms and dinoflagellates in the vicinity of Point Conception is quite notice¬ able and leads to the question as to whether this indicates a later maximum of microplankton production in that region than we have found farther south. Another feature of this August series is the prominence of Rhizosolenia calcar avis Schultze. At about the same time in 1917 Nitzschia seriata Cl. was much the most prominent in similar locations. This condition may be due to a difference in seasonal dominants. From some extra hauls in the August series a comparative study was made of the results of vertical hauling at depths of 200 meters and at the surface in addition to the regular vertical hauls of fifty meters. Too few hauls were taken to be conclu¬ sive. In this case the catches were not greatly different except that the surface hauls appeared rather light, and this may have been due to difference in hauling. Vertical hauls of 200 meters and fifty meters were much alike, a fact which indicates that practically all of the microplankton is usually to be found at less depths than 50 meters. SUMMARY or RESULTS OE STUDIES OE LATERAL SERIES OE I917 AND 1918 The summary of the results of these studies requires little space. 1. It is fairly evident that diatoms usually exceed dino¬ flagellates in numbers and also in bulk. August and September seems to be the only period of the year in which there is exten¬ sive exception to this rule. There is some evidence that maxima of dinoflagellates come with minima of diatoms and vice versa. 2. There is strong indication that annual maxima for both diatoms and dinoflagellates occur in the period from April to early June. 3. There is indication that the minimum of diatom pro¬ duction for the year comes. in August or September. Currents in Relation to Organisms r 4. There is some evidence that the annual minimum of dinoflagellate production comes sometimes in the winter. It would also appear that dinoflagellates are much more unstable in occurrence than diatoms. These differences may prove of dis¬ tinct value in interpretation of relative distribution of micro¬ plankton in the sea. 5. It is very evident that plankton content differs markedly in different areas at a given time and in a given area at differ¬ ent times, even at short intervals. 6. It is very evident that plankton collections taken at long and irregular intervals of time are of little value for statis¬ tical study of the biology of the sea. 7. It is necessary to improve and to standardize the meth¬ ods of collecting. Some way should be found to locate the organisms more accurately, to make the records more nearly continuous, and to place all phases of the work in the hands of skilled, interested and persevering workers. Otherwise the work will remain at the dead level of repeated preliminary activities for which no advance is provided. 8. The problem of marine plankton distribution is almost identical with the problem of marine life, one of the most diffi¬ cult problems which the human mind can set for itself. It can¬ not be completely solved in a day, or a year, or a century. It requires a long series of observations at many definite stations in definite areas, made through frequent collections during decades or centuries of time. Continuity of effort both in time and space is essential to- real progress toward solution of plankton problems. 9. The marine plankton problem is, for practical purposes, a problem of ecological cycles, associations and successions. It is distinctly general rather than specific in nature. 10. There is little hope of commercial utilization of studies of marine microplankton until methods have been made more exact and more nearly standardized, and until trustworthy rec¬ ords have accumulated to such an extent as to compare favor¬ ably with the records which are used for tidal and meteorolog¬ ical predictions. Instead of being content with distinguishing biological sciences from “exact sciences”, it would be worth while to see how exact they can be made. LITERATURE USED Gran, H. H. Diatomeen. Nordisches Plankton. Botanischer Tiel. Kiel und Leipzig. 1908. 554 Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference Jorgensen, E. Die Ceratien. Eine knrze Monographic der Gat- tung Ceratium Schrank. Internationalen Revue der gesam- ten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie. (Band IV) Biolo- gisches Supplement. Zweite Serie. 1911. Kofoid, C. E. Dinoflagellates of the San Diego Region IV. The Genus Gonvaulax. Univ. of Calif. Publ. in Zool j 8. 187-269 pis. 9-19. 1911. Okamura, K. Some Littoral Diatoms of Japan. Report of the Imperial Fisheries Institute. Vol. VII No. IV. 1911. Paulsen, Ove. Peridiniales. Nordisches Plankton. Botan- ischer Teil. Kiel und Leipzig. 1900. NOTE ON THE TABLES On account of the preliminary character of these studies it has not been considered necessary to print the complete records, hence the tables for July 1917 and June 1918 are the only ones included with this paper. All catches were made by vertical hauls with the number 25 tow net. Hauls for 1917 were from depths of 200 meters to the surface. Those for 1918 were from depths of fifty meters to the surface. Numbers given in tables are estimated totals in each catch of any species or designated group. Where two numbers are given the smaller gives the number of colonies. The map accompanying the paper by E. L. Michael pub¬ lished in the proceedings of this Conference covers most of the territory referred to in this paper. TABLE I. PHYTOPLANKTON-FISHERIES SERIES. HAUL NUMBERS F.12-F.93. JULY 14-16, ,9,7 Haul Numbers . Stations . Ceratium — Total . Peridinium — Total Dinoflagellates— Number of species . Asteromphalus heptactis (Breb ) Bacteriastrum varians, Lauder Ceratium arietinum Cl . breve (O. & F.) Sch. candelabrum (Ehr.) Stein . carriense Gour . contortum (Gour.) Cl. deflexum (Kof.) . divaricatum Bergh. furca (Ehr.) Clap. Lachm fusus (Ehr.) Clap. Lachm. .. inflexum Schroder . intermedium Jorg . kofoidii Jorg . lamillicorne Kof . . . lineatum (Ehr.) Cl . " ? longipes (Bail.) Gran ..... macroceros (Ehr.) Cl . pnetagonum Gour . sp . tripos (O. F. M.) Nitzsch JJinophysts acuta Ehr . homunculus Stein rotundata Cl. Lachm. . . Gonyaulax spinifera Cl. Lachm . Oxytoxum sp . Peridinium cerasus Pauls . conicum Gran . ’’ crassipes Kof . divergens Ehr . granii Ostf . oceanicum Vanh . ovatum (Pouch.) Schiitt pallidum ? Ostf . pellucidum (Bergh.) Schiitt sp. . . steinii Jorg . Phalacroma rudgei Murr. Whitt iii' Prorocentrum micans Ehr . Biddulphia aurita (Lyngb.) Chaetoceros affine Lauder boreale Btw . breve Schiitt . constrictum Gran . contortum Schiitt . criophilum Castr . . . debile Cl . decipiens Cl . didymun Ehr . laciniosum Schiitt . pelagicum Cl . sp. volans . Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr. .. subbulliens Jorg . sp . Diatoma sp . Eucampia groenlandica Cl . Fragilaria sp . Lauderia borealis Gran . Navicula sp . Xitzschia longissima (Breb.) seriata Cl . I Planktoniella sol (Wallich) . I Rhizosolenia alata Btw . hebetata (Bail.) . n obtusa Hensen I robusta Norm . | styliformis Btw . 1 Thalassiosira subtilis (Ostenf.) I Thalassiothrix longissima Cl. & Grun. I nitzschioides Grun . I Chaetoceros — Total . I Diatoms — Total . I Number of Species . . F.2 3 F.2 1 F.14 F. 12 F. 32 F.34 F.42 F.43 F.52 F.54 F.61 F.64 F.72 F.73 F.81 F.84 F.92 F.93 4 3 2 I 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 2.800 ( 500 16,000) ? 600 1,600 2, 200 2,100 1,700 2,200 2,000 3,750 2.700 500 4,400 2,800 2,000 4,400 4,800 8 600 19.400 3.100 2,200 7* 500 5.800 10,100 5.3oo 1,850 4,800 7,400 4.500 6,200 5,3°° 7.400 29,600 18,100 22 9 9 14 23 24 23 20 20 27 24 14 23 19 25 28 17 2.000 2,000 0 200 2,' 000 600 2,000 4,000 350 650 4,000 2,000 4.000 10.000 5.000 2,000 4,000 0 0,000 44.000 4,000 l6,000 8, 000 4,000 20.000 28,000 8,000 30,000 14,000 920,000 04.000 178,000 38,000 106,000 30, 000 22,000 70.000 6,000 0 0 108,000 0 0 0 25,000 128,000 60,000 5,520.000 0 200 200 0 0 100 100 250 200 100 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 .too 0 0 200 300 200 100 500 450 900 500 200 900 500 200 500 400 1,000 0 0 200 100 100 100 200 0 150 0 0 100 0 50 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 200 200 400 200 0 150 600 100 700 1.300 200 400 500 200 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 100 100 0 300 0 400 500 0 6,400 0 0 100 100 0 0 50 50 100 0 100 200 50 200 300 300 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 50 100 0 300 100 300 100 100 800 0 200 100 400 400 400 200 400 900 600 100 400 100 0 400 300 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 100 0 50 100 0 300 200 50 200 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 250 500 200 0 500 0 200 200 0 0 200 0 0 100 0 300 200 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 150 200 100 0 100 0 0 300 200 0 200 0 200 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 1,100 2,200 400 0 0 0 0 200 0 300 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 200 300 700 200 900 500 0 800 700 200 100 0 300 400 200 0 700 400 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 200 500 800 100 400 100 200 300 100 300 200 600 1,200 400 200 0 200 0 300 200 0 150 300 100 0 100 0 0 200 1,400 200 200 0 500 100 0 100 0 0 200 0 0 600 200 . 0 200 0 1,000 100 TOO 0 0 200 0 200 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 500 0 200 0 100 0 400 0 1,900 0 400 0 200 0 0 0 700 1,000 1,200 900 300 1,200 700 1,400 900 700 900 4,400 4,300 10,600 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 100 100 400 0 3,000 800 500 0 I, 700 1,800 2.400 1,400 500 1,500 300 800 1,900 1,400 1,000 5.600 2,500 13,600 2,000 ? 10,000 600 500 I, 700 500 2,100 1,200 300 600 1,800 600 900 800 800 5,400 2,400 7,600 0 0 200 0 0 0 600 0 50 200 400 0 300 100 800 100 0 /OO 500 0 500 600 500 1.700 300 50 50 2,500 300 100 300 800 6,400 4,200 4,400 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 100 300 300 400 200 100 1,200 700 800 0 0 0 500 500 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 900 400 800 0 I, 500 700 1.300 100 500 900 900 400 1,100 900 1,100 2,200 1,000 1,800 600 0 1,200 1,000 400 300 500 500 100 0 0 0 0 0 1,500 2,000 500 0 1,200 500 0 0 300 300 700 300 100 400 600 200 9D0 600 1,000 1,200 2,400 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 33,000 500 16,000 8,000 300 700 200 0 300 200 300 0 200 0 100 600 200 200 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 198,000 8,000 l8, 1 000 72,000 272,000 6,000 8,000 580,000 ,016,000 1,830,000 0 36,000 92,. 000 10,000 242,000 0 250 0 1,192,000 16,000 0 0 0 38.000 . 3,870,000 3,660,000 2,000 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120,000 4,< 000 56,000 14,000 124,000 2,000 33.000 4,000 120,000 0 0 0 0 l6,i 000 0 222.000 54,000 0 0 696,000 6,000 6,000 0 9,000 124,000 20,000 440,000 68,000 62,000 36,000 30; 000 22,000 116,000 6,000 350,000 460,000 482,000 530,000 14,000 254, 1 000 6,000 92,000 0 0 0 696,000 0 0 0 34,000 : 2,480,000 3,350,000 13,000,000 162,000 74,000 52,000 120,000 190,1 000 142,000 512,000 408,000 60,000 52,000 120,000 256,000 156.000 54.000 55,000 42,000 46,000 440,000 446,000 216,000 160,000 322,000 596,' 000 382,000 1,468,000 1,166,000 1 79,000 131,000 388,000 652,000 422,000 132,000 135,000 126,000 134,000 1,440,000 22,000 4,000 36,000 96,000 4,000 18,000 16,000 600,000 162,000 0 28,000 0 800 162.000 0 0 0 660,000 0 0 0 29,000 136,000 100,000 4,640,000 20,000 30,000 10,000 54.000 30,' 000 4,000 40,000 10,000 500 68,000 2,000 26,000 16,000 240,000 82,000 106,000 38,000 1 72,000 90,1 000 8,000 146,000 80,000 0 1,000 276,000 500 2,000 0 3,000 82,000 44,000 680,000 0 16,000 4,000 400,000 0 0 0 0 0 6,000 0 0 0 56,000 0 0 0 0 14,000 0 1,600,000 4.000 16,000 8,000 800 3,000 270,000 10,000 200.000 34.000 1,200 0 4,000 0 0 72,000 0 0 0 32,000 0 0 14,000 I ,690,000 84,000 1,280.000 24,000 12,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72,000 0 0 0 0 0 48,000 200,000 20,000 40,000 8,000 32,000 12, 000 18,000 24,000 2,000 210,000 32,000 148,000 32,000 70,000 34, .000 1,000 8,000 76,000 0 200 116,000 0 0 0 16,000 920,000 0 ^.060.000 4,000 12,000 4,000 6.000 4, 000 2,000 10,000 2,000 2,000 0 20.000 0 2,000 6.000 3,000 22,000 12,000 l8,000 6,000 0 2,000 4, 000 4,000 2,000 0 0 100 4,000 2,000 6,000 2,000 2,000 400 6,000 0 0 2,000 2,000 0 2,000 200 0 2,000 2,000 0 2,000 0 0 150 6,000 2,000 0 2,000 26,000 4,000 4, 000 4,000 2,000 8,000 2,000 200 4,000 6,000 0 6,000 0 0 100 6,000 0 0 0 2, 000 10,000 8,000 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 0 2,000 2,000 200 80,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14,000 0 0 0 0 536,000 0 4,000 270,000 0 0 18,000 1,800 8,000 64,000 14, 144, 0 000 000 0 0 58,000 2,000 0 80,000 0 0 58,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 0 0 2,304,000 0 2,000 56,000 0 0 34*000 0 0 92.000 0 0 165,000 400 . 0 130,000 1,500 0 164,000 120,000 80,000 12,000 42,000 6,000 20,000 18,000 56,000 24,000 616,000 12,000 32,000 58.000 58,000 42,000 86,000 36,000 110,000 16,000 58,000 4, 000 44,000 122,000 44,000 0 3,000 1,752,000 96,000 : [ 14,000 156,000 146,000 84,000 254,000 2,000 0 200 0 0 0 4,000 2,000 0 300 0 600 0 700 0 100 0 1,000 0 1,000 *0 0 0 100 0 400 0 100 0 4,000 1,000 5,000 200 0 300 6,000 400 80.000 4.C00 2,000 6,000 6,000 10, 000 14,000 8,000 16,000 3,000 7,000 16,000 56,000 6,000 Coco 13.000 2,000 8,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 8,000 8, 000 6,000 200 0 1,000 3,000 20,000 76,000 46,000 76.000 7,000 16,000 14,000 0 300 200 200 200 8, 200 300 0 0 1,000 1,000 0 0 200 100 0 400 0 160,000 280 000 000 8.000 100 0 0 0 10, 000 0 0 0 350 1,000 0 2,000 14,000 16,000 10,000 8,000 4,000 48,000 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 20,000 0 1,200 4.000 2,000 136,000 colonial ? 3.500 2,400 340,000 2,000 0 4,000 200 4.' 000 100 100 6,000 3,000 3,000 36,000 14,000 8,000 10,000 22,000 60,000 32,000 6.000 6,000 400 6, 000 6,000 16,000 4,000 400 44,000 16,000 2,000 62, 000 48,000 8,000 800 0 400 20,000 4,000 2,000 8,000 12,000 3.^00 446,000 404,000 70,000 218,000 284,' 000 146,000 754,000 450,000 60,000 52,150 868,000 262,000 ; [56,000 54,°°° 74,000 960,000 I ,144,000 ,264,000 2,847.000 270,000 652,000 1,086,000 409,000 2,428,000 1,378,000 181,250 132,200 4,186,000 675.30° 432,000 138.000 243,000 5 ,632,000 ,001,000 3.439.400 388,200 916,400 1,384,400 623,500 2,733,200 1,520,900 194,950 156,550 8,466,000 I ,025,400 668,600 515,40° 670,150 6 ,219,400 Rnn 25 20 is 23 21 22 24 14 12 17 22 19 14 14 24 26 26 25 (Divaricatum; combine with tripos?) ’ ; ; , " TABLE II. PHYTOPLANKTON-FISHERIES SERIES. HAUL NUMBERS F.136— F.187. JULY 29-31, 1917 Haul Numbers Stations . Ceratium arcuatum Vanh. Jorg . arietinum Cl . breve (O&F) Sch. ..” "’"”"" candelabrum (Ehr.) Stein .. carriense Gour . contortum (Gourj Cl. deflexum (Kof.) d i va rica t u m Be rgli . extensum Gour . furca (Ehr.) Clap. Lachm. fusus (Ehr.) Clap. Lachm. gallicum Kof . gracile (Gour.) . ZZ*.Z! inflexum Schr . intermedium Jorg . ZZZ ka rst en i i Pa v ill . ' kofoidii Jorg . lineatum (Ehr.) Cl . macroceros (Ehr.) Cl . massilense (Gour.) . "... pentagonum Gour . " ' setaceum Jorg . reticulatum ( Pouch.) Cl . sp . tenuissimum Kof . tripos (OFM) Nitzscii. ZZ Dmophysis ellipsoides Kof . hastata Stein . homunculus Clap. Lachm. norvegica Clap. Lachm . rotundata Clap. Lachm . schuettii Murr Whitt . _ sp . Gonyaulax sp. spinifera Clap. Lachm. Dies.. Oxytoxum diploconus Stein reticulatum (Stein) Buts . Peridinium cerasus Pauls . crassipes Kof . granii Ostf . oceanicum Vanh . ovatum (Pouch) Sch . pellucidum (Bergh) Sch. ... sp. . . steinii Jorg . . . tenuissimum Kof . Phalacroma rudgei Murr. Whitt . Prorocentrum micans Ehr . 10.000 P.vrocystis lunula Schutt . Totals — Ceratium . . Totals — Peredinium . Number of Species . Actinoptychus splendens (Ehr.) . Asteromphalus heptactis (Breb.) . Bacteriastrum elongatum Cl . varians Lauder . Biddulphia biddulphiana (Smith) Chaetoceros affine Lauder . . atlanticum Cl . constrictum Gran contortum Schutt debile Cl . decipiens Cl. dichaeta Ehr. .. didymum Ehr. furca Cl . gracile Sch . neapolitanum Schr. pelagicum Cl . pendulum Btw. ... peruvianum Btw. ralfsii Cl . sp . teres Cl . Corethron criophilum Castr. Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehr. .. sp . Dactyliosolen tenuis Cl . Diatoma sp . Eucampia groenlandica Cl. Fragilaria sp . Hemiaulus hauckii Grun. Navicula sp . Planktoniella sol (Wallich) Rhizosolenia alata Btw . faroeensis Otsenf. . fragillima Bergon. robusta Norm. .. SP- . . •; . styliformis Btw. Thalassiosira subtdlis (Ostenf.) . Thalassiothrix acuta Karsten . longissima Cl. & Grun . 4.000 nitzschoides Grun . Totals — Diatoms .... Number of Species F.146 3 F.141 2 0 0 200 so 900 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 200 0 0 100 100 0 0 200 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 300 0 0 0 100 50 200 0 300 0 700 0 200 700 150 0 0 0 0 - 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 0 0 0 100 400 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 TOO 300 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.700 2.400 750 1. 000 5.800 1,100 1,100 600 300 0 100 SO 400 300 50 0 600 50 400 1,100 500 100 200 0 300 700 ISO 0 0 0 0 0 50 10.000 31.500 400 0 0 SO i .Soo 5.200 700 5.000 1 1.800 2.950 23 26 23 0 0 0 200 2,000 1,000 0 0 0 3.000 3.500 2,000 4.000 13,500 0 0 0 0 3.000 4.500 0 1 1 .000 18,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.000 Soo 12,000 14.500 54.000 34.000 14.500 133.000 95.000 38,000 S.000 8,000 8,500 2,000 3.000 1,000 6.000 27,000 12,000 2,000 0 1.500 0 0 0 0 2,000 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.000 5.500 0 12,000 17,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 1.000 500 4,000 4,000 600 0 0 50 3.000 0 9,000 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 636,000 159,000 22,500 15.000 21,000 24,000 40.000 41,000 64,500 0 300 0 0 14,000 7,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.000 10,000 1,000 12,000 34.000 4,500 100 1.000 200 0 0 0 3.000 1,000 3,000 1,000 200 T 0,000 0 0 0 0 4,000 15,000 6.500 200 1,100 3.000 0 56,000 45,000 28,500 149,500 167,000 111,000 856,700 471,000 248.350 18 23 22 F.185 II F.180 F.178 10 9 0 0 200 0 50 200 100 100 100 400 0 200 0 300 0 0 0 0 0 300 100 200 0 0 50 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 300 900 300 400 150 800 600 1,100 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 300 500 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 300 2,900 1.000 1,100 0 100 0 0 50 0 0 0 300 900 300 200 0 0 0 0 50 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 300 100 0 0 0 0 200 0 50 0 0 TOO F.169 8 F.167 7 F.159 6 F.156 5 o 400 o 100 200 0 100 o 100 100 700 100 0 100 100 0 300 o 0 0 800 0 0 500 0 0 o o SO 100 300 SO o TOO 50 300 350 ISO 50 250 0 0 600 o 50 0 200 o o 150 50 0 0 200 o o so o so 0 o o 150 250 0 o ISO 50 0 0 50 0 0 200 0 o SO 0 50 o o 0 50 F.187 12 0 100 50 0 o 0 o 0 0 100 350 50 0 50 50 250 250 0 50 0 50 150 0 200- o o o 0 o 0 200 300 0 o 0 0 o 100 o 0 o 500 0 0 100 0 o 100 100 200 100 100 0 0 0 0 300 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 1,300 800 800 900 700 200 500 700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 300 200 150 100 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 900 1,600 300 1,600 550 150 300 1,800 950 600 200 500 600 100 250 800 1,500 700 200 200 500 300 250 150 400 50 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 50 100 100 100 200 150 50 0 TOO 0 0 200 100 0 200 150 100 200 500 200 200 500 800 250 150 500 900 100 0 0 300 150 50 150 500 300 200 400 100 50 50 200 400 300 200 100 400 300 150 0 500 0 200 0 0 200 200 0 0 100 t 0 200 100 100 0 100 50 100 300 0 0 TOO 0 200 0 0 0 1,250 5,100 3,300 3.900 3.600 2,800 1.050 1,300 1,400 3.200 2,900 2,200 4.500 2,050 1.300 2,300 6,300 27 22 21 26 33 26 22 23 1 0 0 .0 TOO 100 so 50 0 0 500 400 2,000 200 400 500 500 0 400 4.000 5.000 1. 000 500 500 ( D 2,000 0 18.000 18.000 3.500 1,500 1,000 0 2,000 3,000 3.000 4,000 1,000 1.500 8,000 20,000 0 8,000 1 1. 000 4,000 4.000 500 1,000 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,000 15,000 4,000 6,000 5,000 5.000 2,000 3.000 22,000 44.500 56,000 10,000 21,000 28,000 22,000 10,000 14,000 95,000 1.500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 1,500 1,000 500 1,500 9.500 0 800 0 0 4.000 2,000 4,000 0 1,500 16,000 17,000 6,000 25,000 13,000 6,000 11,000 9.500 87.000 96,000 31.000 195,000 85,000 19.500 36.500 54,000 14,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 9,000 32,000 6,000 6,000 3,000 7,000 0 500 3.500 25,000 2.500 2,000 4,000 0 7.000 8,000 4.500 5,500 1,000 0 c: 0 3.000 3.500 1,000 2,000 14.500 10,000 6.000 28,000 17,000 16,500 0 6,500 10,000 2,000 4,000 • 3,000 2,000 1,500 5,000 15.000 3.000 8,000 2,000 5.500 5.000 4.000 6.000 c 1 4,000 0 0 0 3,000 0 0 0 2,000 1,000 0 0 1,000 0 0 0 2,000 4,000 c ) 1. 000 0 0 0 1.500 0 0 0 c » 1,000 0 3.000 4,000 5.500 1,500 0 1,000 6.000 4,000 8.500 1,500 c > 3.000 3,000 13.000 13.000 21,000 2,500 0 6,000 c 1 0 2,000 1,000 0 3,000 0 0 0 c 1 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 1 3.000 1,000 5.000 7,000 0 0 0 9,000 12,000 5,000 5.000 13.000 8,500 2,000 4,000 c 1 26,000 12,000 13.000 34.000 22,000 7,000 0 8,000 3.500 21,000 16,000 15.000 25,000 12,500 4.500 4,000 35,000 11,000 t 66,000 34.000 38.000 102,000 30.500 14.000 9,000 86,000 1,000 0 0 4.000 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 1,500 1 3,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 3.000 2,000 1,000 4,000 550 0 100 200 100 50 0 100 1,000 350 1,000 700 300 5.000 2,000 100 250 4,000 4,000 T 0,000 8,000 7,000 10,000 50 2,000 15.000 49.000 34,000 10,000 2,000 0 46,000 4.000 1,000 0 1,000 0 0 10,000 2,000 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,500 0 0 0 200 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 5.000 2,000 3.000 1,000 0 13.000 5.000 5.000 <;,ooo 0 0 0 0 1.000 4,000 6,000 1 1.000 5,000 5.500 1.500 0 0 4,000 6,000 6,000 2 1 .000 11,000 3.500 1,000 500 4,000 9.500 5.000 3.000 13.000 20,000 9,000 5.000 17,000 23,500 9,000 6,000 36,000 68.000 31.000 13,000 0 51,000 500 1,000 800 1. 000 600 7.500 500 200 0 500 2,000 0 100 2,000 4,500 3,000 1.000 5.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 0 0 3,500 5.000 3.000 2,000 7,000 5.500 1 ,500 2,500 2,000 0 4.000 1,000 2,000 2,000 3.500 0 1.000 4.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,000 100 2,000 100 1,000 0 0 1.000 1,000 2,000 2,000 5,000 1,000 3,000 1,500 100 500 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 0 5.000 2,000 11,000 0 0 0 0 10,000 500 2,000 2,000 3.000 12,000 4.500 3,500 1,500 4,000 5.000 7,000 1,000 250 0 0 9,000 22,000 2.500 0 0 200 34,500 70,000 42,000 48,000 77,000 54,000 15.650 17,000 85,000 132,000 283,000 177,800 169,000 416,000 222,000 66,500 85.000 304,000 178,750 365.600 236,500 351,200 633.300 319,100 100,750 93,650 450,000 27 34 28 35 32 34 25 23 30 P Q . •' ■ > • ' ■ • .Ml! .. • n > : ‘ - - ' , . • | . TABLE III. PHYTOPLANKTON-FISHERIES SERIES. HAUL NUMBERS F.553-F.606. JUNE 27-29, 1918 Haul Numbers . Stations . Vctinoptychus undulatus (Bail.) . Asteromphalus heptactis (Breb.) . Bacteriastrum elongatum Cl . varians Lauder . Bkldulphia aurita (Lyngb.) . punctata (Grev.) . mobiliensis (Bail.) . Chaetoceros A . breve Schiitt . constrictum Gran . contortum Schiitt . convolutum Castr . criophilum Castr . . criophilum f. volans (Sch.) curviselum Cleve . decipiens Cl . densum Cleve . diadema (Ehr.) . . . dichaeta Ehr . didymum Ehr . difficile Cleve . furca Cl . pelagicum Cl . pendulum Kars . peruvianum Btw . pseudocrinitum Ostenf . scolopendra (Cleve) . sp . - . . teres Cl . F-553 I E.555 (X) . Corethron valdivkie Ivarsten . Coscinodiscus granii Gough . radiatus Ehr . sp . . . Dactyliosolen antarcticus Castr . Ditylium sp . Eucampia zoodiacus Ehr . Eupodiscus argus (Ehr.) . Fragilaria sp . Grammatophora marina (Lyng.) . Lauderia borealis Gran . Lithodesminm undulatum Ehr . Navicula sp . . . Nitzschia longissima (Breb.) . pelagica . . . pungens (Grun.) . seriata Cl . Planktoniella sol (Wallich) . Pleurosigma elongatum W. Sm . Rhizosolenia alata Btw . calcar avis Schuetz m . cylindrus (Cl.) . hebetata (Bail.) . obtusa Hen sen . robusta Norm . stolterfothii Perag . styliformis Btw . . Stephanopyxis palmeriana (Grun.) . Thalassiosira condensata Cleve . . gravida Cleve . subtilis (Ostenf.) . acuta Karsten . frauenfeldii (Grun.) . longissima Cl. & Grun . nitzschioides Grun . Totals — Diatoms . . Totals — Chaetoceros . No. of Species . Ceratium arietinum Cl . belone (Cl.) . breve (Ostenf et Schm.) Sch. extensum Gour . furca (Ehr.) Clap. Lachm . fusus (Ehr.) Clap. Lachm . inclinatum (Kof.) . intermedium Jorg . kofoidii Jorg . ... lamellicorne Kof . longipes Bailey . macroceros (Ehr.) Cl . massiliense (Gour.) . molle . pentagnum Gour . trichoceros (Ehr.) Kof . tripos (O. F. M.) Nitzsch . Dinophysis acuminata Clap. Lachm . homunculus Stein . rotundata Clap. Lachm . . schiitii Murr. u. Whitt . Gonyaulax polyedra Stein . polygramma Stein . spinifera Clap. Lachm. Dies . Gymnodinium lohmanni Pauls . Peridinum cerasus Pauls . crassipes Kof . depressum Bail . . . . divergens Ehr . granii Ostf . oceanicum Vanfi . pellucidum (Bergh.) Schiitt . pentagonum "Gran . sp. . . steinii Jorg . Phalacroma rudgei Murr. Whitt . Podolampas palmipes Stein . Prorocentruin micans Ehr . Pyrocystis lunula Schiitt . Triposolenia bicornis Kof . Totals — Dinoflagellatcs . . . No. of Species . o 0 2,000 8,000 2,000 4,000 200 200 200 400 0 4,000 22,000 2,000 2,000 o 2,000 6,000 200 400 6,000 14,000 2,000 2,000 2.000 4,000 200 200 0 200 200 600 2,000 14,000 4,000 10.000 2.000 6,000 6,000 0 6,000 26,000 6,000 22,000 0 2,000 4,000 4,000 16,000 F.558 3 0 0 12.000 28,000 400 2,800 0 0 0 4,000 16,000 4,000 44,000 4,000 8,000 8,000 12,000 0 o 4,000 12,000 4,000 4,000 F.561 4 F.564 5 F.567 6 F.570 7 100 200 200 600 0 4.000 8,000 20,000 4,000 16,000 4,000 36,000 0 8,000 28,000 8,000 20,000 44.000 800 1,600 0 4,000 8,000 4,000 8,000 0 0 8,000 16,000 8,000 , 16,000 20,000 368,000 4,000 28,000 0 0 0 0 4,000 36,000 8,000 28,000 800 9,200 0 20,000 52,000 8,000 24,000 16,000 4,000 8,000 24,000 76,000 * 0 4,000 12,000 8,000 16,000 8,000 20,000 0 0 0 96,000 528,000 32,000 144,000 1,600 17,600 E.573 8 0 16,000 0 16,000 64,000 0 0 o 1 12,000 -|8( ).o'K 1 1,600 11,200 F.576 F.579 F.S82 F.585 F.588 F.591 F.594 F.597 9 10 n 12 13 14 i5 16 F.600 17 F.603 18 F.606 19 400 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 0 8,000 400 8.000 4,000 24,000 8,000 00 00 b b §8 2,400 8,000 4,000 8,000 0 8,000 8,000 4.000 0 800 0 16,000 24,000 0 4.000 0 24,000 20,000 8,000 8,000 32,000 0 28,000 0 176,000 384,000 32,000 48,000 208,000 0 48,000 240,000 0 48,000 144,000 64,000 240,000 0 96,000 320,000 160,000 432.000 112,000 64,000 304,000 64,000 304,000 32,000 80,000 16,000 96,000 0 0 8,000 40,000 8,000 16,000 0 8,000 84,000 12,000 28,000 64,000 120.000 12,000 o 28,000 72,000 o 12,000 68,000 20,000 60,000 4.000 52.000 0 20,000 60,000 I 12,000 216,000 40,000 0 40,000 176,000 8,000 28,000 0 0 8,000 120,000 24,000 336,000 28,000 0 104,000 10,000 10,000 0 o o 0 o o 2,000 2,000 4,000 2,000 4,000 4,000 12,000 0 0 8,000 56,000 16,000 336,000 0 8,000 1 6,000 32,000 4,000 4,000 0 0 12,000 64,000 192,000 20,000 0 400 0 0 20,000 0 0 0 4,000 192,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.000 16,000 0 0 12,000 116,000 0 4,000 80,000 2 0 88 3,200 52,800 112,000 928,000 0 8,000 76,000 8,000 60,000 32,000 60,000 336,000 160,000 64,000 272,000 ’4,000 76,000 0 80,000 144,000 592,000 272,000 184,000 3 T 2, 000 0 0 0 0 0 48,000 176,000 0 0 0 0 4,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 1,600 12,000 0 0 o o 400 0 2,000 8,000 o o 600 2,000 0 o 800 400 2,000 8,000 400 4,000 16,000 o 0 o 400 0 20,000 o o 0 0 0 400 8,000 0 36,000 0 0 16,000 64,000 400 400 400 4,000 8,000 16,000 0 6,400 o o 800 o 0 o o *0 o o o 0 0 o 32,000 184,000 12,000 36,000 4,000 28,000 4,000 20,000 24,000 64,000 8,000 16,000 8,000 8,000 72,000 20,000 60,000 64,000 304,000 12,000 72,000 8,000 32,000 0 8,000 40,000 12,000 4,000 28,000 288,000 32,000 52.000 o 400 400 S,ooo 16,000 400 o 1,200 0 0 0 48,000 272,000 0 16,000 96,000 8,000 24,000 16,000 48,000 40,000 24,000 120,000 800 3,200 0 8,000 16,000 800 1,600 0 0 24,000 96,000 8,000 24,000 8,000 40,000 0 8,000 40,000 80,000 208,000 120,000 800 8,000 0 4,000 12,000 48,000 0 800 16,000 36,000 12,000 24,000 4,000 16,000 8,000 800 3,200 0 0 0 24,000 0 48,000 8,000 32,000 72,000 192,000 120,000 0 16,000 24,000 16,000 64,000 16,000 16,000 8,000 32,000 800 T 1,200 72,000 0 56,000 r2o,ooo o 800 800 o 0 0 800 0 8,000 8,000 800 0 24,000 0 1,600 0 400 1,600 8,000 36,000 76,000 240,000 16,000 0 20,000 56,000 0 8,000 32,000 0 0 4.000 12,000 4,000 16,000 8,eoo 64,000 40,000 92,000 0 400 0 4,000 16,000 o 4,000 20,000 8,000 8,000 16,000 104,000 24,000 • 28,000 4,000 0 20,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 28,000 12,000 12,000 24,000 12,000 16,000 4,000 36,000 0 32,000 20,000 60,000 88,000 72,000 60,000 1 80,000 184,000 192,000 136,000 20,000 32,000 24,000 0 4,000 4,000 4,000 0 40,000 16,000 12,000 12,000 28,000 8,000 28,000 48,000 80,000 16,000 72,000 8,000 0 0 32,000 0 4,000 0 0 16,000 0 80,000 4,000 4,000 0 260,000 8,000 16,000 4.000 20,000 400 400 16,000 80,000 1,600 400 4,000 0 0 12,000 0 4,000 0 0 0 8,000 4,000 0 0 0 12,000 0 8,000 12,000 8,000 0 0 12,000 8,000 0 0 0 0 20,000 20,000 20,000 0 184,000 208,000 188,000 36,000 32,000 72,000 60,000 52,000 88,000 176,000 100,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,600 1,600 400 800 4,000 1,200 400 0 4,000 400 12,000 4,000 8,000 800 52,000 12,000 4.000 8,000 800 0 4,000 0 20,000 0 0 0 400 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 16,000 0 4,000 0 4,000 0 u 0 u 0 0 4,000 4,000 1,000 8,000 64,000 336,000 240,000 184,000 164,000 104,000 88,000 1 76,000 560,000 0 0 0 0 0 124,000 592,000 160,000 4,000 4,000 304,000 120,000 128,000 16,000 24,000 20,000 48,000 4,000 44,000 310,000 880,000 1,520,000 232,000 160,000 280,000 960,000 192,000 304,000 0 56,000 7,000 144,000 600,000 2,320,000 4,400,000 600,000 424,000 820,000 1 ,960,000 424,000 848,000 4,000 8,000 0 4,000 8,000 0 0\-fc. b b 8 8 0 0 88 320,000 1,360,000 176,000 608,000 16,000 36,000 12,000 20,000 160,000 490,000 208,000 736,000 72,000 256,000 304,000 880,000 200 200 0 0 0 1,200 0 1,600 800 0 0 800 800 0 2,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 12,000 24,000 0 28,000 32,000 32,000 48,000 20,000 4,000 68,000 40,000 80,000 48,000 62,000 650,000 272,000 8,000 608,000 76,000 304,000 144,000 28,000 36,000 60,000 40,000 108,000 144,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,000 8,000 0 0 0 *4,000 *8,000 0 0 *8,000 +48,000 +3,200 *16,000 *8,000 *8,000 *32,000 *40,000 0 0 10,000 0 1,000 28,000 4,000 64,000 64,000 24,000 20,000 80,000 48,000 80,000 64,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 0 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,600 0 0 0 8,000 0 0 0 2,000 16,000 0 12,000 16,000 0 16,000 4,000 4,000 20,000 32,000 16,000 16,000 o 400 6,000 o 800 26,000 3,200 9.600 1.600 30,400 1,200 15,200 2,000 8,000 28,000 TOO 28,000 124,000 1 ,840,000 1,088,000 64,000 8,000 4,000 28,000 40,000 176,000 224,000 8,000 0 22,000 12,000 0 88,000 96,000 368,000 592,000 24,000 200 6,000 1,200 0 40,000 16,000 112,000 T 76,000 0 8,000 32,000 16,000 400 0 0 0 0 0 28,000 128,000 32,000 1,600 154,200 930,000 808,000 17,300 1,410,000 2,096,400 11,084,800 11,302,400 1,711,200 24,400 36,200 108,000 100 76,800 160,800 900,800 821,200 204,000 55,000 137,000 324,400 200 3 T 3,600 549,800 3,174,400 3,544.000 628,000 22 32 30 6 26 34 30 33 37 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 1,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 400 0 0 0 0 t,6oo 400 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 1,600 0 12,000 400 0 100 800 400 0 3,200 400 400 2.000 400 1,000 1,600 4,000 16,000 16,000 0 0 200 1,200 100 4,000 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 800 0 0 0 0 0 200 1,200 1,000 800 400 1,600 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 o 400 4,000 200 0 1,000 0 o 200 0 6,000 600 2,000 o 2,000 4,000 0 0 2,000 0 200 400 o 0 36,200 17 o 200 200 0 o 0 0 o 0 4,000 200 0 200 0 200 o 400 0 200 400 o 4,000 0 o 0 o 0 o 13,200 15 400 o 400 0 o 0 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 400 0 400 0 0 0 0 400 200 0 400 o 1 1 ,600 15 1,000 o 0 0 0 100 0 100 200 0 0 100 1,000 200 100 1,000 0 0 TOO 0 o o 6,100 14 400 0 0 0 800 400 0 2,000 0 400 o 800 400 0 4,000 0 400 o o 4,000 0 o o 21,600 15 400 0 0 400 0 0 0 1,200 400 0 0 4,000 0 0 400 0 800 400 o 0 o 400 400 o o o o o 13,600 13 0 0 0 0 16,000 0 0 0 o 1,600 0 0 16,000 0 0 0 32,000 0 400 0 800 o 0 0 0 4,000 0 o 800 7,600 92,000 60,000 128,000 52,000 16,000 64,000 2,804,400 660,000 1,752,000 31 0 o 0 o 0 o 400 0 0 o 400 400 o 0 400 0 o 0 800 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 o 0 400 1,600 4,000 40,000 400 800 0 610,000 200,000 430,000 28,000 8,000 24,000 4.439.600 264,000 1,292,000 44 0 0 400 o 400 800 2,000 0 400 0 400 640,000 1 52,000 432,000 24,000 16,000 72,000 4,941,600 128,000 627,000 29 0 o 800 1,600 0 0 800 10,400 0 328,000 128,000 104,000 32,000 216,000 80,000 56,000 36,000 4,000 0 400 0 o 0 800 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,614,400 3 177,600 619,200 32 8,000 0 o 0 o 0 0 o o 1,600 800 o 0 o 1,600 0 0 0 800 o o o 0 ,500,800 I 192,800 627,200 24 0 o 0 0 0 800 o 800 0 800 0 0 o o 0 o 0 o 800 0 0 o 0 o 0 0 o o 88,000 32,000 136,000 368,000 32,000 88,000 4,000 o 20,000 68,000 4,000 *16,000 32,000 400 o 4,000 o 4,000 100,000 168,000 24,000 56,000 36,000 4,000 20,000 ,724,900 I 164,400 569,600 33 0 o 400 o 0 400 0 0 o 8,000 328,000 40,000 360,000 740,000 8,000 28,000 800 o 24,000 84,000 o *12,000 8,000 0 o 8,000 4,000 16,000 o o 220,000 20,000 840,000 1,960.000 140,000 640,000 4,000 0 68.000 140,000 8,000 *24,000 80,000 o o 266,000 4,000 240,000 600,000 128,000 408,000 4,000 0 52,000 88,000 12,000 *40,000 48,000 12,000 12,000 320,000 o 152,000 280,000 120,000 272,000 0 0 32,000 52,000 o *28,000 8,000 400 o 8,000 400 0 400 3.200 116,000 24,000 68,000 12,000 8,000 24,000 ,94I.6oo 132.000 396,000 30 400 400 0 800 o o 400 0 4.000 16,000 300,000 160,000 440,000 32,000 8,000 24,000 5,164,000 2 300,000 1 ,092,000 36 0 o 400 0 1,200 o 0 o 0 o 92,000 44,000 100,000 20,000 8,000 48,000 ,702,000 224,400 793,600 38 o 0 400 0 4,000 180,000 56,000 40,000 104,000 12,000 12,000 36,000 2,050,000 200.400 632.400 32 o 0 1,200 o 400 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 400 0 1,600 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,000 8,000 800 800 0 0 0 800 (ss) 0 0 1,200 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 400 16,000 1,600 1,200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 800 1,600 1,600 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 400 51,200 78,800 13,200 4,800 5 TO 9 TO 1,200 800 1,600 2,400 8,000 0 16,000 0 0 0 800 1,600 800 1,600 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 0 0 1,200 0 0 0 400 0 0 12,000 II 1,600 o 0 o o o 0 12,800 o 1,600 0 0 o o o o 17,600 9 0 2,400 o o o o 0 0 9,600 7 800 0 o 0 21,200 II o o 8,000 800 0 4,000 0 400 800 400 o 1,200 o o 0 0 o 26,000 13 o 0 0 1,200 1,200 0 3,600 4,000 400 0 400 2,000 0 400 0 o o 800 19,200 16 o 0 0 0 o 0 400 800 400 12,000 400 800 1,600 0 o 0 o o o o o 21,600 10 0 400 0 4,000 800 400 1,200 o o o 0 o 800 o 0 o o 0 9,600 9 • ' . . . ' ■’ •