MOLOGY 1 9 The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-840O UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161— O-1096 FIELDIANA: BOTANY A Continuation of the BOTANICAL SERIES of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 31 The Library of the JAN 1 8 1979 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, U. S. A. 520.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Two New Species of Palms from Nicaragua. By S. F. Glassman ... 1 2. Tropical American Plants, VI. By Louis O. Williams 11 3. Agriculture, Tehuacan Valley. By C. Earle Smith, Jr 49 4. Flora, Tehuacan Valley. By C. Earle Smith, Jr 101 5. Preliminary Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart, and Its Allies. By S. F. Glassman 145 6. Tropical American Plants, VII. By Louis O. Williams 165 7. Supplement to Orchids of Guatemala. By Donovan S. Correll .... 175 8. Preliminary Notes on Scrophulariaceae of Peru. By Gabriel Edwin . . 223 9. New Species in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman . . 233 10. Tropical American Plants, VIII. By Louis O. Williams 247 11. Notes on the Flora of Costa Rica, I. By William C. Burger 273 12. A New Eurystyles from Nicaragua. By Alfonso H. Heller 279 13. New Species in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman . . 285 14. A Revision of the Family Geastraceae. By Patricio Ponce de Leon . . 303 15. Studies in American Plants. By Dorothy N. Gibson 353 16. Two New Nicaraguan Juglandaceae. By Antonio Molino R 357 17. Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart. By S. F. Glassman .... 363 18. Tropical American Plants, IX. By Louis O. Williams 401 PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE PALM GENUS SYAGRUS MART. AND ITS ALLIES S. F. GLASSMAN mUBRARYOFTHI TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS, VII LOUIS 0. WILLIAMS tfM*|TY Of ItUHO SUPPLEMENT TO ORCHIDS OF GUATEMALA AND BRITISH HONDURAS DONOVAN S. CORRELL I oo CM FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 31, NUMBERS 5, 6 AND 7 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM DECEMBER 22, 1965 BIOLOGY LIBRARY 101 BURRILL HALH PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE PALM GENUS SYAGRUS MART. AND ITS ALLIES S. F. GLASSMAN Professor of Biology, University of Illinois Research Associate, Chicago Natural History Museum FIELDIANA: BOTANY VOLUME 31, NUMBER 5 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM DECEMBER 22, 1965 PUBLICATION 997 Printed with the Assistance of The Frederick R. and Abby K. Babcock Fund Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-28744 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Preliminary Studies in the Palm Genus Syagrus Mart, and its Allies The genus Syagrus was originally described by Martius (1824), but no species were listed in this article. Apparently the first species, S. cocoides Mart, was established in 1826. A number of other spe- cies were described by Martius (1838), (1844), Barbosa Rodrigues (1875), (1879), (1888), Beccari (1916), and Burret (1932), (1933), (1937), (1940) ; however, the majority of the existing taxa were trans- ferred from the genus Cocos L. by Beccari (1916). At the same time he split Syagrus into several other genera, retaining the name Syagrus for the bulk of the species. In his treatment of Cocos, Drude (1881) included Syagrus and other related genera as sections under Cocos. Barbosa Rodrigues (1899), (1900), (1901), (1903), (1907), and Bondar (1939), (1941), (1942), essentially followed Drude's treatment by transferring exist- ing species of Syagrus back to Cocos and by describing new taxa under the same genus. Hawkes (1952) made new combinations of Bondar's species under Syagrus and certain segregate genera such as Arecas- trum, Arikuryroba and Barbosa, and Toledo (1944) transferred one of the species to Arikuryroba. In 1963, Glassman transferred all of the above segregates to Syagrus. Toledo (1944) and Burret and Potztal (1956) created Lytocaryum and Microcoelum, respectively, as other segregate genera of Syagrus. Much emphasis has been placed on the seed and fruit characters of the Syagrus alliance. In fact, this is the main basis for separating Syagrus from seven other closely related genera. After describing a new genus (Chrysallidosperma} in this group, Moore (1963) summa- rized their differences in the following key which I have modified: Petiole spinose-dentate along margins; pinnae more or less oblique or toothed api- cally; endosperm of seed ruminate Arikuryroba Barb. Rodr. Petiole unarmed; pinnae with acute or acuminate tips; seed various. Exocarp and mesocarp splitting regularly and longitudinally into three sections from apex to base at maturity, endocarp thin and fragile. Endosperm homogeneous Microcoelum Burret & Potztal. Endosperm ruminate Lytocaryum Toledo. 147 FIG. 44. Parts of petioles of Syagrus coronata (lett)—Dahlgren 611627 (F), and Syagrus quinquefaria (right) — Dahlgren 611635 (F). 148 FIG. 45. Petiole parts of S. picrophylla (Mt)—Dahlgren 620808 (F), and S. coronata (right) — Bamps S2 (BH). 149 150 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Exocarp and mesocarp not splitting at maturity or irregularly so, endocarp woody or bony, thickish. Seeds with homogeneous endosperm. Cavity of endocarp irregular; seed irregular, gibbous-uncinate. Arecastrum Becc. Cavity of endocarp regular, trivittate within; seed not irregular, terete in cross-section Syagrus Mart. Seeds with ruminate endosperm. Seed with very narrow cavity, irregularly angled in cross-section, with im- pressed sides and truncate ends; endocarp very thick and irregular. Chrysallidosperma H. E. Moore Seed hollow, terete in cross-section, endocarp of uniform thickness. Endocarp ovoid, thin, woody, with conic-rostrate apex; endosperm oily. Barbosa Becc. Endocarp ellipsoid-obovoid, thick, bony, acute at both ends but not ros- trate; endosperm dry Rhytococos Becc. Syagrus and its allies are almost exclusively South American in distribution with the greatest number of species occurring in Brazil. Only one species, Rhyticocos amara, found in the Lesser Antilles, oc- curs outside of this range. One of the major difficulties in identifying specimens in the Sya- grus alliance (as well as other palm genera) is the lack of adequate material in herbarium collections. Without fruit, it is often impos- sible to identify some of the species; and if spadices or flowers or leaves are also lacking, identification is usually hopeless. It is questionable whether all of the above genera are distinct or whether they should be considered as sections or parts of sections of Syagrus. It is true that Arikuryroba has petioles which contain flat, spine-like projections or have spinose-dentate margins, but the peti- oles of Syagrus can hardly be described as "unarmed." In several spe- cies, namely, S. picrophylla (fig. 45), S. Treubiana, S. inajai, S. tos- tana (fig. 46), S. quinquefaria (fig. 44), S. Camposportoana (fig. 47), S. coronata (figs. 44, 45, 46), the petioles (or pseudopetioles, according to Tomlinson, 1962) are armed with long, flat, spine-like projections for all or most of their length; and in S. X matafome and S. vagans (fig. 47) the petioles have mostly spinse-dentate margins. All of the above mentioned taxa have seeds with homogeneous rather than ruminate endosperm, therefore, they cannot be squeezed into Ariku- ryroba very well. The splitting of the exocarp and mesocarp into three more or less equal parts in Microcoelum and Lytocaryum seems to be a weak char- acteristic for generic distinction. When fruits are present in collec- tions they are often immature and hence this feature may not always FIG. 46. Petiole parts of S. Tostana (left)— Bonder 619735 (F), and S. coro- nate (right)— Bonder 619736 (F). 151 FIG. 47. Petiole parts of S. X matafome (left)— Bandar 619771 (F), S. Campos- portoana (middle)— Bondar 619767 (F), and S. vagans (right)— Bondar 619778 (F). 152 CLASSMAN: THE SYAGRUS ALLIANCE 153 be evident. A thin, fragile, endocarp, however, is characteristic of these two genera alone; but it is debatable whether this feature plus the dehiscing of the fruit is sufficient for generic separation. The irregular endocarp cavity and irregular and gibbous-uncinate seed are characteristics not confined to Arecastrum (fig. 48), but are also found in some species of Syagrus, In S. coronata and S. inajai (fig. 49), one or both ends of the endocarp cavity are truncate or oblique; and in S. inajai (fig. 49) the endocarp cavity is irregularly triangular in cross-section and the seed is three-lobed. S. Campos- portoana has an irregular endocarp cavity and a distinct gibbous- uncinate seed (fig. 48), but these features are not as pronounced as that of Arecastrum Romanzoffianum (fig. 48) . The status of the former species is uncertain because it is known only from one tree in culti- vation. It may possibly be a hybrid, with A. Romanzoffianum as one of the parents. S. botryophora (Mart.) Mart, was included as a variety of A. Ro- manzoffianum by Beccari (1916) because he claimed it had an irreg- ular endocarp cavity and a gibbous-uncinate seed. In the original description of Cocos botryophora by Martius (1826) no mention is made of the endocarp cavity or seed, except that the seed is homo- geneous. Plate 83 of the same article shows unsectioned fruits, how- ever, in a later publication (Martius, 1838), plate 166 shows sectioned fruits of this species with a smooth, trivittate endocarp cavity and smooth seeds. Among other things, Beccari argues that Martius had a mixture of species in his illustrations of C. botryophora, i.e., the fruit in plate 166 corresponds exactly to S. inajai and the spathe in plate 83 appears to be Barbosa pseudococos. Beccari equates the type of Cocos Martiana Drude & Glaz. (Glaziou 8056) with C. botryophora. C. Mar- tiana, however, has the fruit and seed characters of A. Romanzoffi- anum and the leaflets are in clusters of 3-4 (Drude, 1881, t. 88-89). In C. botryophora, on the other hand, the endocarp is regular and rela- tively thin-walled, the seeds non-gibbous, and the leaflets not defi- nitely clustered, according to plates 166 and 83 of Martius. Beccari (1916) cites no authentic specimens to support his contention, but includes photos of sectioned fruits and seeds (t. Ill, figs. 9-10), based on specimens he received from gardens of Orotava (Canary Islands) under the names of C. Datil, C. lapidea and C. coronata. I have seen only two sheets of Martius from Munich labelled Cocos botryophora or Syagrus botryophora. One specimen (Martius s.n., Bahia) consists of four detached leaflets and the other (Herb. Martii) has separate spadix branches with flowers. These specimens FIG. 48. Top row: Longitudinal and cross sections of fruits of Arecastrum Romanzoffianum (Mt)—Dahlgren 610582 (F) and (right)— Bondar 619773 (F). Middle and bottom rows: Longitudinal and cross sections of fruit with seed en- closed (left), with seed removed (middle), and external views of seeds (right) of S. Camposportoana — Bondar 619765 (F). 154 FIG. 49. Top row: Longitudinal sections of fruit of S. botryophora (first 3 from left to right) and external view of seed (far right). Far left: Dahlgren and Bondar 61973^ (F); the other three are Bondar 619760 (F). Middle and bottom rows: Longitudinal and cross sections of fruit with seed enclosed (left), with seed re- moved (middle), and external views of seeds (right) of S. inajai — Bailey 1^60 (BH). 155 156 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 do not have the diagnostic characteristics necessary to definitely identify S. botryophora; however, I have seen more recent collections from Bahia, Brazil which compare favorably with Martius' descrip- tions and illustrations, e.g., Dahlgren & Bondar 619734 (F) (figs. 49 and 50), Bondar 619760 (F) (fig. 49), and Curran U (GH). The most recently described genus in the Syagrus alliance, Chry- sallidosperma (Moore, 1963), is characterized by a triangular endo- carp cavity and an irregularly 3-angled seed with sculptured impressed sides and truncate ends. Syagrus inajai has an endocarp cavity and seed with almost identical features, except the endosperm is homo- geneous rather than ruminate. There are other significant differ- ences, however, such as the petioles with spiny margins and smaller fruits and seeds. In some palm genera, e.g., Copernicia Mart., ruminate endosperm is a constant characteristic, whereas in others such as Euterpe Gaertn., some species have homogeneous endosperm while other species have ruminate endosperm. In the Syagrus grouping, five genera, namely, Arikuryroba, Lytocaryum, Chrysallidosperma, Barbosa, and Rhyticocos have seeds with ruminate endosperm; yet they can be readily dis- tinguished from each other by the size and shape of their fruits and seeds plus other characters. The genus Syagrus itself has no mem- bers with ruminate endosperm (S. Ruschiana (Bondar) Glassm. was erroneously reported as such by Bondar) ; nevertheless, it is debatable whether this feature is an adequate criterion for generic distinction among the whole Syagrus alliance. For the past two years I have been working on a revision of Sya- grus and its allies. It is still too early to definitely delimit all of the taxa involved because a number of type specimens have not been located as yet, and because of insufficient herbarium material in cer- tain other species. It seems, however, that some of the segregate genera are more closely related to recognized species of Syagrus than some other species of Syagrus are to each other. In this connection it is interesting to note that most of the segregate genera have no more than one or two taxa whereas Syagrus itself has about 40 or more distinct taxa. Perhaps, this indicates the existence of too many arti- ficial genera, or that additional species of Syagrus should be included in the generic segregates. Unfortunately, I am unable to resolve this problem at the present time. Therefore, I have constructed a key (based mainly on specimens examined from 12 different herbaria) to show affinities and differences of all known taxa in the Syagrus alli- ance. Synonyms are shown in parentheses only if there is a question FIG. 50. Part of leaf of S. botryophora — Dahlgren and Bondar 6 1973 % (F). 157 158 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 of the proper generic name, or if certain species and varieties have been incorporated into that particular taxon. The following species have been omitted because of lack of de- scriptive information or inadequate herbarium specimens: S. argentea (Engel) Becc., S. brachyrhyncha Burret, S. catechucarpa (Barb. Rodr.) Mart., S. chiragua (Karst.) Wendl., S. chloroleuca (Barb. Rodr.) Bur- ret, S. Cogniauxiana (Barb. Rodr.) Becc., S. Drudei (Becc.) Becc., S. edulis (Barb. Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgr. and S. purusana (Huber) Frambach ex Dahlgr. Other taxa, such as S. arenicola (Barb. Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgr., S. Dyeriana (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. and S. Wilde- maniana (Barb. Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgr. have not been included because they were previously transferred to the genus Butia Becc. PROVISIONAL KEY TO THE SYAGRUS ALLIANCE Middle leaflets mostly clustered in groups of 2-6 along rachis of leaf, terminal leaf- lets (and occasionally basal leaflets) single or unclustered. Petiole margins dentate or with flat spine-like projections. Stem subterranean, male flowers 3-5 mm. long, female flowers 5-6 mm. long. S. vagans (Bondar) Hawkes Stem upright, both male and female flowers mostly longer. Female flowers 6-9 mm. long. Endocarp cavity triangular or very irregular in cross-section. Endocarp cavity triangular in cross-section; seed three-lobed, with more or less truncate ends. S. inajai (Spruce) Becc. (S. Chavesiana Barb. Rodr.). Endocarp cavity very irregular in cross and longitudinal sections; seed gibbous and uncinate. . . .S. Camposportoana (Bondar) Glassm. (Arecastrum Camposportoanum (Bondar) Hawkes). Endocarp cavity mostly rounded in cross-section; seed not lobed or gib- bous-uncinate. Female flowers 6-7 mm. long; endocarp of fruit up to 3 mm. thick along sides, 4-6 mm. thick at ends; leaflets up to 2.3 cm. wide, mostly in groups of 3's S. Treubiana (Becc.) Becc. Female flowers 8-9 mm. long; endocarp of fruit about 2 mm. thick all around; leaflets up to 3.5 cm. wide, mostly in groups of 2-5. S. X matafome (Bondar) Glassm. Female flowers 9-20 mm. long. Female flowers 9-15 mm. long; fruit up to 3.6 cm. long. Female flowers 9-13 mm. long, male flowers up to 16 mm. long; leaflets 3-4 cm. wide. S. coronata (Mart.) Becc. (S. coronata v. Todari (Becc.) Becc., Cocos botryophora v. ensifolia Drude?). Female flowers 12-15 mm., male flowers up to 20 mm. long; leaflets up to 4.4 cm. wide. S. quinquefaria (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Female flowers 15-20 mm. long; fruit up to 5 cm. long. S. picrophylla Barb. Rodr. Petiole margins without spines or spine-like projections. Stem subterranean, upright portion very short or absent. CLASSMAN: THE SYAGRUS ALLIANCE 159 Spadix branches 6-8 in number, female flowers 6-7 mm. long. Spadix branches up to 17 cm. long; petals of male flowers with broad, truncate tips S. Werdermannii Burret. Spadix branches 5-7 cm. long; petals of male flowers with pointed tips. S. microphylla Burret. Spadix branches 10-18 in number, female flowers 7-10 mm. long. Leaflets up to 7 mm. wide; branched part of spadix up to 22 cm. long, spadix branches up to 18 in number. S. campylospatha (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Leaflets 10-17 mm. wide; branched part of spadix up to 17 cm. long, spadix branches up to 12 in number. Leaflets densely light brown pubescent above and glaucous below, mostly in clusters of 2; expanded part of spathe up to 30 cm. long, whitish tomentose on outside; sepals of many of the male flowers irregular in size and shape, up to 4 mm. long. S. apaensis (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Leaflets neither pubescent nor glaucous, mostly in clusters of 2-3; expanded part of spathe up to 13 cm. long, brownish tomentose on outside; sepals of male flowers mostly equal in size and shape, about 1 mm. long S. pleioclada Burret Stem upright, slender. Female flowers longer than male flowers (usually several mm. longer). Female flowers 22-35 mm. long. Leaflets up to 4 cm. wide; female flower scars scarcely inflated, up to 6 mm. in diameter, female flowers 22-25 mm. long, with blunt, keeled tips; mature fruit with beak up to 2 cm. long, ovate or rounded in shape, endocarp about 2 mm. thick along sides; endo- sperm of seed ruminate Barbosa pseudococos (Raddi) Becc. Leaflets up to 2.5 cm. wide; female flower scars distinctly inflated, up to 10 mm. in diameter, female flowers 25-35 mm. long, with acute or acuminate tips; mature fruit slightly beaked, oblong, endocarp 6-10 mm. thick along sides, endosperm homogeneous. Fruit up to 6.5 cm. long, outer part of endocarp with 3 prominent crests S. Getuliana (Bondar) Glassm. (Barbosa Getuliana (Bondar) Hawkes). Fruit up to 9 cm. long, outer part of endocarp not crested. S. macrocarpa Barb. Rodr. Female flowers 10-22 mm. long. Female flowers up to 10 mm. long. . . .S. sapida (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Female flowers 13 mm. or more long. Middle leaflets up to 25 mm. wide, tips of leaflets mostly obtuse, some- times oblique S. glaucescens (Glaziou) Becc. Middle leaflets 5-17 mm. wide, tips mostly acute or acuminate. Female flowers 17-22 mm. long; spadix branches 25-40 cm. long. S. flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. Female flowers 13-17 mm. long; spadix branches 15-25 cm. long. S. campestris (Mart.) Wendl. (S. Urbaniana (Dammer) Becc.). Male flowers longer than female flowers, or approximately the same size. Female flowers 10-18 mm. long. Seeds with ruminate endosperm; female flowers 10-13 mm. long, male flowers 9-13 mm. long. Seed and endocarp cavity 3-angled, seeds elongate, with truncate ends and narrow-central cavity. Chrysallidosperma Smithii H. E. Moore 160 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Seed and endocarp cavity irregularly rounded, seeds globose or ovate, with large central cavity Rhyticocos amara (Jacq.) Becc. Seeds with homogeneous endosperm; female flowers 12-18 mm. long, male flowers 11-19 mm. long S. oleracea (Mart.) Becc. (S. oleracea v. platyphylla (Drude) Becc.). Female flowers 5-11 mm. long. Middle leaflets 1.5-3.3 cm. wide. Female flowers 8-11 mm. long; middle leaflets mostly single with occasional clusters of 2-3. Spadix branches up to 15 in number; male flowers 10-13 and 15- 17 mm. long S. cocoides Mart. Spadix branches numerous (25 or more); male flowers 8-9 and 10-12 mm. long S. stenopetala Burret. Female flowers 5-8 mm. long; middle leaflets mostly clustered throughout. Sepals of female flowers mostly 1-2 mm. shorter than petals. S. orinocensis (Spruce) Burret. Sepals and petals of female flowers approximately the same size. Mature fruits 20-30 mm. long, endocarp cavity irregular in shape; seed gibbous-uncinate; spathe 80-150 cm. long, 12- 14 cm. wide; spadix branches 30-60 cm. long; leaflets with acute or acuminate tips. Arecastrum Romanzoffianum (Cham.) Becc. (A. Romanzoffianum v. australe (Mart.). Becc., Cocos Martiana Drude & Glaziou). Mature fruits 30-40 mm. long, endocarp cavity regular in shape; seed not gibbous-uncinate; spathe up to 70 cm. long and 8 cm. wide; spadix branches up to 20 cm. long; leaflets usually with oblique tips S. comosa (Mart.) Mart. Middle leaflets 4-5 cm. wide. Male flowers 7-8 mm. long, female flowers 5-6 mm. long. S. ecuadorensis Becc. Male flowers 9-12 mm. long, female flowers 6-9 mm. long. Upper leaflets much narrower than middle ones, up to 1.4 cm. wide and 37 cm. long; female flowers 6-8 mm. long; spadix branches up to 65 cm. long; ovary mostly white floccose on upper part. S. Tessmannii Burret. Upper leaflets slightly narrower and much shorter than middle leaflets, up to 2.5 cm. wide and 25 cm. long; female flowers 8-9 mm. long; spadix branches up to 45 cm. long; ovary mostly glabrous S. sancona (H.B.K.) Karst. Leaflets evenly or unevenly distributed along rachis, not usually in clusters. Stem subterranean, upright portion very short or absent. Spadix simple, unbranched. Leaflets up to 5 mm. wide; spathe up to 1.3 cm. wide. Inflated part of spathe 10-20 cm. long, 1.0-1.3 cm. wide; spadix (exclud- ing peduncle) 10-12 cm. long; male flowers 5-7 and 8-10 mm. long. S. campicola (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Inflated part of spathe 4-5 cm. long, 0.5-1.0 cm. wide; spadix 3-6 cm. long; male flowers 3-5 mm. long S. leptospatha Burret. Leaflets 7-13 mm. wide; spathe 2-3 cm. wide. Spadix up to 12 cm. long; female flowers 10-16 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, sepals with acute or acuminate tips. Female flowers 10-13 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, sepals with acute tips. S. petraea (Mart.) Becc. (S. petraea v. platyphylla (Drude) Becc., S, Glazioviana (Dammer) Becc.). GLASSMAN: THE SYAGRUS ALLIANCE 161 Female flowers 13-16 mm., 4-5 mm. wide, sepals with acuminate tips. S. petraea v. alpina (Drude) Becc. Spadix up to 20 cm. long; female flowers 6-7 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, sepals with broadly obtuse tips S. acaulis (Drude) Becc. Spadix branched. Petiole margins with short spine-like projections for part of its length; middle leaflets both clustered and unclustered. S. vagans (Bonder) Hawkes. Petiole margins not spiny; middle leaflets usually unclustered throughout. Female flowers 10-13 mm. long. Leaflets 5-7 mm. wide; spathe 1-2 cm. wide; spadix branches up to 7 in number S. graminifolia (Drude) Becc. \S. graminifolia v. Glazioviana (Dammer) Becc.]. Leaflets up to 13 mm. wide; spathe up to 5 cm. wide; spadix branches. up to 11 in number S. Hassleriana (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Female flowers 6-9 mm. long. Female flowers 8-9 mm. long; spadix branches up to 13 cm. long. S. graminifolia v. nana (Drude) Becc. Female flowers about 6 mm. long; spadix branches up to 3 cm. long. S. liliputiana (Barb. Rodr.) Becc. Stem upright, slender. Leaflets brownish-tomentose or silvery-glaucous above; exocarp and endocarp of fruit fragile, splitting longitudinally into three sections at maturity. Endosperm of seed ruminate, fruit 3.0-3.3 cm. long; leaflets up to 2.5 cm. wide, brownish tomentose above; male and female flowers 6-8 mm. long S. Hoehnei Burret (Lytocaryum Hoehnei (Burret) Toledo). Endosperm of seed homogeneous, fruit 1.5-1.8 cm. long; leaflets up to 1.5 cm. wide, silvery tomentose or glaucous above; male and female flowers 3-5 mm. long. Leaflets mostly 1.2-1.5 cm. wide; spadix branches to 21 cm. long; exte- rior of spathe covered with long blackish-brown hairs. S. insignis (Hort. ex Drude) Becc. (Lytocaryum insigne (Hort. ex Drude) Toledo, Microcoelum insigne (Hort. ex Drude) Burret & Potztal). Leaflets mostly 0.5-0.8 (1.2) cm. wide; spadix branches up to 14 cm. long; exterior of spathe glabrous or covered with short brownish hairs. S. Weddelliana (Wendl.) Becc. (Lytocaryum Weddellianum (Wendl.) H. E. Moore, Glaziova Martiana Glaziou ex Drude, Microcoelum Martianum (Glaziou ex Drude) Burret & Potztal). Leaflets neither pubescent nor glaucous for the most part; fruit not splitting longitudinally into three sections at maturity, endocarp bony or woody. Margins of petiole spiny or with flat, spine-like projections for part or most of its length; leaflets 3-4 cm. wide. Leaflet tips usually oblique and often irregularly toothed; female flowers 5-8 mm. long, male flowers 4-5 and 6-7 mm. long; mature fruit obo- vate, up to 3.0 X 2.4 cm., endosperm ruminate. Arikuryroba schizophylla (Mart.) Bailey. Leaflet tips usually acute or acuminate; female flowers 10-11 mm. long, male flowers 10-11 and 12-14 mm. long; mature fruit ovate, 4.0 X 2.2 cm., endosperm homogeneous. . . .S. tostana (Bonder) Glassm. (Arikuryroba tostana (Bondar) Hawkes). Margins of petiole not spiny, leaflets 1.5-3.5 cm. wide. Female flowers 8-11 mm. long; fruit with distinct beak up to 8 mm. long; middle leaflets occasionally in clusters of 2, 1.5-2.7 cm. wide. Spadix branches up to 15 in number; male flowers 10-13 and 15-19 mm. long S. cocoides Mart. 162 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 Spadix branches 25 or more in number; male flowers 8-9 and 10-12 mm. long S. stenopetala Burret. Female flowers 5-7 mm. long; fruit with short or indistinct beak; middle leaflets unclustered, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide. Fruit ovate, 3.5 X 2.5 cm.; male flowers up to 12 mm. long; spathe up to 14 cm. wide S. botryophora (Mart.) Mart. (Arecastrum Romanzoffianum v. botryophorum (Mart.) Becc.). Fruit rounded, 2.0-2.5 X 2.0 cm.; male flowers up to 6 mm. long; spathe up to 6 cm. wide S. Ruschiana (Bondar) Glassm. (Arikuryroba Ruschiana (Bondar) Toledo). REFERENCES BARBOSA RODRIGUES, J. 1875. Enumeratio Palmarum Novarum Quas Valle Fluminis Amazonum In- ventas et ad Sertum Palmarum, pp. 1-43 (Syagrus p. 40). Rio de Janeiro. 1879. Protesto-Appendice ao Enumeratio Palmarum Novarum, pp. 1-48 (Sya- grus pp. 45-46). Rio de Janeiro. 1888. Palmae Amazonenses Novae. Vellosia 1, pp. 33-56. 1899. Palmae Novae Paraguayenses, pp. 7-13. Rio de Janeiro. 1900. Palmae Hasslerianae Novae, pp. 5-13. Rio de Janeiro. 1901. Palmae Uruguayenses Novae vel Minus Cognitae. Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 2, pp. 23-43. 1903. Sertum Palmarum Brasiliensium, ou Relacion des Palmiers Nouveaux du Bresil, Decouverts, Decrits et Dessines d'apres Nature. 1, pp. 86-102. 1907. Supplementum ad Sertum Palmarum Brasiliensium. Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 4, pp. 105-123. BECCARI, 0. 1916. 11 Genere Cocos Linn, e le Palmae Affine. L'Agricoltura Coloniale 10, pp. 435-471; 489-532; 585-623. BONDAR, G. 1939. Palmeiras da Bahia. Inst. Central Fomento Econ. Bahia Bol. 6, pp. 3-22. 1941. Palmeiras do Genero Cocos e Descricao de duas especies novas. Bol. 9, pp. 13-53. 1942. New Palms of Bahia. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 22, pp. 457-463. BURRET, M. 1932. Palmae Neogeae I, Notizbl. 2, pp. 313-327. 1933. Palmae Neogeae III. Fedde Rep. 32, pp. 102-115. 1937. Die Palmengattung Syagrus Mart. Notizbl. 13, pp. 677-696. 1940. Palmae Neogeae XII, Notizbl. 15, pp. 99-108. BURRET, M. and E. POTZTAL 1956. Microcoelum, eine neue Palmengattung (Cocoideae). Wildenowia 1, pp. 386-388. DRUDE, 0. 1881. Martius Flora Brasiliensis 3, pp. 253-460. (Cocos pp. 398-428.) GLASSMAN, S. F. 1963. Nomenclatural Changes in the Family Palmae. Rhodora 65, pp. 259 261. HAWKES, A. 1952. Studies in Brazilian Palms: — 2. Bondar's Species of Brazilian Palms. Arq. Bot. S. Paulo II, pp. 175-178. VON MARTIUS, C. F. P. 1824. Palmarum familia ejusque genera denuo illustrata, 18, p. 18. Munich. 163 164 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 31 1826. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2, pp. 118, 130. 1838. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3, p. 292. 1844. ("1847"). Palmetum Orbignyanum. In A. d'Orbigny. Voyage dans L'Amerique meridionale 7, pp. 1-140. MOORE, H. E., JR. 1963. Two New Palms from Peru. Principes 7, pp. 107-115. TOLEDO, J. F. 1944. Estudos Sobre Algumas Palmeiras do Brasil. I. Um novo genero da tribu Cocoeae. Arq. Bot. S. Paulo II, pp. 3-9. TOMLINSON, P. B. 1962. The Leaf Base in Palms. Its Morphology and Mechanical Biology. Journ. Arn. Arb. 43, pp. 23-46. Publications 997, 998 and 999 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA