Pais Ane ath os my p terme tet PORE ae Ws ta geile einen fred ame ate hele aca att . . ote » atm 29 NP, bend MMe Riolkst atone an ¥ : shoo. tier tinea Presa hah bey sene Y rs iy bwegarerrreg aaah tatseiabaenhraeee tet 7 . rm Soest am tone YEN INAS ong ane aay tent, * SRN Esty eel tout, pean vabeeame OOS ANA aso cnn “ REAR eminmmet onic ce UNI Greet. el Rat ‘ + ogee a PW hl Haw pe a re Me ance yy eee Ne Soci nate ee UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN BiOLOGY jul Information for Contributors to Fieldiana oD : General: Fieldiana is primarily a journal for Field Museum staff members and research associates, although ‘manuscripts from nonaffiliated authors may be considered as space permits. The Journal carries a page charge of $65” per printed page or fraction thereof. 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Changes in pag proofs (as opposed to corrections) are very expensive. Author-generated changes in page proofs can only be made 1 the author agrees in advance to pay for them. Ree . mi FIELDIA: Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 27 A Preliminary Taxonomic Review of the South American Bearded Saki Monkeys Genus Chiropotes (Cebidae, Platyrrhini), with the Description of a New Subspecies Philip Hershkovitz Curator Emeritus Division of Mammals Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Accepted for publication July 5, 1984 November 29, 1985 Publication 1363 © 1985 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-80318 ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents SY 5 aa ee, rT a ee SMe gt ee aes 1 icy INE RODUCTION Bi orcseins Gaede Aleeekc trie 1 Material and Abbreviations.......... 1 II. GeENus Chiropotes LESSON ............. 1 Synoptic Synonymy................. 1 Disteibution 6.56.5 seesaw 4 Generic: Name: ..:27455 SOCAN ae 5 Generic Characters: 3 ¢i.4455.c.00erhe ss 5 Systematic Position , avid ciae LS 2 2. Map of collecting and recorded localities Mr ORTC SAKIE i hye ing a 3 3. Guianan or golden-backed bearded saki 6 . Front and side views of Chiropotes and WP ILCCHT SANA O n ete e 7 . Dorsal and ventral views of Chiropotes PH ROCIE BRON no A Ne a 8 . Mandibles of Chiropotes and Pithecia .. 9 . Distance between tympanic bullae in Chiropotes albinasus and Chiropotes satanas PLO se IR Rby'6 0]6_4 0-6 > 66-0 0-0 0 o 5 FS Ope © 67% © iil . Guianan bearded saki, Chiropotes sata- nas chiropotes 14 . Dentition of Chiropotes satanas utahicki 18 10. Adult male Uta’s bearded saki, Chiro- potes satanas utahicki, two views ...... 19 11. Scarred skull of a Chiropotes satanas MI ec ke ee eb pe RENS Leas 20 12. Skull of young adult Chiropotes satanas EMI OOE ION. re a5 Shy) Wad nes Ak ale KR Ze 13. Skull of Chiropotes satanas utahicki(?) compared with skull of Chiropotes albi- EGE Gi eS ph TS OTe RR OSE ie ee ON 23 14. Adult female white-nose bearded saki, Chiropotes albinasus, with hybrid D1, a RRR gee are Seen aeape Pano Sie Pie Beane ra 26 List of Tables 1. Limb bone ratios and pelvic indices in adult Chiropotes satanas chiropotes me | by SPMCCUDE MATYONVDOS: 5 os cies oa es 11 3. Weights and combined head and body lengths of bearded sakis ............... a 4. Sexual dimorphism in body mass and ratio of tail length to head and body lenath in bearded sakis.....0-:. 42 Gicsenaies 13 5. Morphometric comparisons of female RNID 8 das he pty! hg cin ate » sign tes 35 6. External and cranial measurements of Chiropotes satanas chiropotes .......... 35 7. External and cranial measurements of Chiropotes satanas utahicki ........... 41 8. External and cranial measurements of Chiropotes satanas satanas ............ 42 9. External and cranial measurements of Chirapotes GIDiNASUS) ¢.4:5)5:6606:5 obese poh 43 A Preliminary Taxonomic Review of the South American Bearded Saki Monkeys Genus Chiropotes (Cebidae, Platyrrhini), with the Description of a New Subspecies Abstract Monkeys known as bearded sakis, genus Chi- ropotes, subfamily Pitheciinae, family Cebidae, are confined to the Guianan and Amazonian regions of South America. The two allopatric species rec- ognized are Chiropotes albinasus 1. Geoffroy and Deville and Chiropotes satanas Hoffmannsegg, with subspecies C. s. chiropotes Humboldt, C. s. utahicki (new), and C. s. satanas Hoffmannsegg. Each taxon is described and compared, and its geographic range is plotted and mapped. [Key words: bearded sakis, Chiropotes taxonomy, Chi- ropotes satanas utahicki, new subspecies. ] I. Introduction This taxonomic review of the genus Chiropotes is the fourth of a series of preliminary reports on the taxonomy of living New World monkeys of the family Cebidae and the second of the subfam- ily Pitheciinae (Hershkovitz, 1979, 1983, 1984). Other reports will follow as new forms of cebids are discovered or classifications are revised. The taxa under consideration are the nonprehensile- tailed cebids of the genera Saimiri, Aotus, Calli- cebus, Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao of vol- ume 2 (in preparation) of Living New World Mon- keys (cf. Hershkovitz, 1977). Two species of bearded sakis are recognized in the present account of the genus Chiropotes. The first, C. satanas, is composed of three subspecies, one of which is described as new. The second, C. albinasus, is monotypic. The karyotype of only one of the four taxa is known, and precise limits of the geographic boundaries of the species and subspecies are still to be determined (figs. 1-2). Some generic characters are given here for ori- HERSHKOVITZ: CHIROPOTES TAXONOMY entation, but detailed morphological descriptions, comparisons with other genera, systematic ar- rangements, and general biological information are reserved for the second volume of Living New World Monkeys. In any event, for those who can make use of the information now, this account includes complete synonymies and annotated bib- liographic references to virtually all original pub- lished accounts on bearded sakis. Material and Abbreviations A total of 212 specimens, nearly all skins with skulls and a few skeletons, were examined. The material is contained in the following North and South American institutions with their abbrevia- tions used in the text. Specimens in European mu- seums remain to be studied. AMNH = American Museum of Natural History FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History IEC = Instituto Evandro Chavez LACM = Los Angeles County Museum MNRJ = Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro MPEG = Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém USNM = National Museum of Natural His- tory, Washington, D.C. USPMZ = Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo II. Genus Chiropotes Lesson Synoptic Synonymy Pithecia, Mliger, 1811, Prodr. Syst. Mamm., p. 70—part, Cebus satanas Hoffmannsegg included. E. Geoffroy, | | | 68 64 CHIROPOTES Satanas satanas » chiropotes ” utahicki “2 albinasus e type locality S Peet etre | 48 44 40 Fic. 1. Geographic range of each of the four presently recognized forms of bearded sakis; large parts of boundaries shown are unprecise or unknown. 1811, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 19: 115—part, sata- nas Hoffmannsegg, chiropotes Humboldt included. Schlegel, 1876, Les Singes. Simiae, p. 215—part, sata- nas, chiropotes, albinasa included. Elliot, 1913, Re- view of the Primates, 1: 285—part, albinasa, chiro- potes, satanas included. Cruz Lima, 1944, Mamiferos da Amazonia, I. Primates, Contrib. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi, p. 79—part, albinasa, chiropotes, sata- nas included. Moynihan, 1976, The New World Pri- mates, Princeton University Press, pp. 9, 66—Chi- ropotes a synonym. Chiropotes Lesson, 1840, Species des mammiféres: Bi- manes et quadrumanes..., p. 178—subgenus of Pi- thecia Desmarest, 1804; included species, Chiropotes couxio Lesson (= new name for Cebus satanas Hoff- mannsegg), Variété A, Simia chiropotes Humboldt, Variété B, Pithecia sagulata Traill (= Simia chiropotes Humboldt), Variété C, Brachyurus israelita (= Simia chiropotes Humboldt). Gray, 1870 Cat. monkeys, le- murs, fruit-eating bats Brit. Mus., p. 60—genus; in- cluded species, sagulata Traill (= chiropotes Hum- boldt), satanas Hoffmannsegg, ater Gray (= satanas Hoffmannsegg), a/binasa I. Geoffroy and Deville. Po- cock, 1925, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1925: 29 —char- acters; comparisons; classification; included species, satanas, albinasa, chiropotes (designated type). Ca- brera, 1958, Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat. “‘Ber- nardino Rivadavia,” 4(1): 146—included species, al- binasus, satanas (with subspecies satanas and chiropotes; classification. Haines, 1958, Quart. Rev. Biol., 33(1): 15—zygodactyly. Carvalho, 1960, Arq. Zool., Sao Paulo (1958), 11(5): 125—subgenus of Pi- thecia; type C. couxiu Lesson [= C. chiropotes satanas]. Hill, 1960, Primates, 4(A): 212—anatomy; behavior; food; distribution; taxonomy; species, satanas, chi- ropotes, albinasa. Erikson, 1963, Symp. Zool. Soc. | London, 10: 142—locomotion (climber). Brehme, — 1965, Z. Morph. Anthrop., 56(3): 206—dermato- glyphics. Napier and Napier, 1967, A handbook of | living primates, Academic Press, New York, pp. 4, _ 120, 385, 394, 401, 411-412—classification; distri- _ bution, characters; locomotion, limb proportions; hand — i | FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY ~ \ “RJVP 10JDI]JOO a[QuiIeVAR pure ‘soureu ‘Aj1]e90] 10} (OE “d) 190119283 UT SJoquINU BUIPUOdsaLIOD 99g *OINIBIO}] 9Y} Ul POPsJOIII IO P9}d9][O9 sPYES popsVaq JO (s}op posoquinu) soneooy = *7 ‘Oly ere ke ba j ’ w 02 rf A ys Jct y-V ) / $1 - ~ ~ ( lel ( V y ‘ ra y 4 ‘ oN é > . ¢ % AP ioe oS Ses ‘7 ay ee, a es 6: 4 gait Reach | 1 om = : Z > s— s3iLinwoo1 QO30y4o003y ANV ONILDOSI109 SHLOdOU THD CHIROPOTES TAXONOMY HERSHKOVITZ indices; longevity; weights [data based on 1 or few specimens without identification of species]. Hersh- kovitz, 1972, Int. Zoo Yearb., 12: 5—classification; adaptations. Thorington, 1972, Int. Zoo Yearb., 12: 19—U.S. imports (1968-1969); use in research; living and born in zoos. Kuntz and Myers, 1972, Int. Zoo Yearb., 12: 62-65—ecto- and endoparasites. de Boer, 1974, Genen Phaenen, 17(1—2): 52, 54—cytotaxono- my. Deane, 1976, First inter-American conference on conservation and utilization of American nonhuman primates in biomedical research, Pan American Health Org., Sci. Publ. no. 317: 146—simian malaria (Plas- modium brasilianum in C. albinasus and C. satanas chiropotes). Thorington, 1976, First inter-American conference on conservation and utilization of Amer- ican nonhuman primates in biomedical research, Pan American Health Org., Sci. Publ. no. 317: 146—species. Hershkovitz, 1977, Living New World Monkeys (Pla- tyrrhini), 1: 10, 61, 73, 150-151, 170, 183, 352, 354, 361-362, 368, 374, 379, 381, 383, 386-391, 418, 428, fig. IV.6 (postorbital closure), fig. IV.65 (middle ear cavity), fig. IV.69 (auditory ossicles), figs. 1V.78, 79 (mandible), fig. IV, 115 (skull, teeth), fig. VI.10 (en- docranial cerebral impressions)—classification; loco- motion; limb ratios; cranial anatomy; cerebral hemi- spheres; parasites. Szalay and Delson, 1979, Evolutionary history of the primates, Academic Press, p. 290—classification, subtribe Pitheciina, tribe Pi- theciini, subfamily Pitheciinae, family Atelidae; type species Chiropotes satanas Hoffmannsegg. Bodini, 1980, Acta biol. Venezuelica, 10: 419—WVENEZUE- LA; function of hip joint muscles. Baba, Darga, and Goodman, 1980, in Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift, Ciochon and Chiarelli, eds., Plenum Press, pp. 426—427 — biochem- ical analyses of phylogenetic relationships. Cartmill, 1980, in Evolutionary biology of the New World mon- keys and continental drift, Ciochon and Chiarelli, eds., Plenum Press, p. 249—postorbital septum. Falk, 1980, in Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift, Ciochon and Chiarelli, eds., Ple- num Press, pp. 276, 280 (sulcal pattern)—endocranial cast. Ford, 1980, in Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift, Ciochon and Chiarelli, eds., Plenum Press, p. 325—phylogenetic state of femur. Van Roosmalen, Mittermeier, and Mil- ton, 1981, p. 419, in Ecology and behavior of neo- tropical primates, A. Coimbra-Filho and R. Mitter- meier, eds., Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias, Rio de Janeiro—species; distribution; characters; behavior. German, 1981, Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 54: 224 (ab- stract)— functional morphology of tail. Conroy, 1981, Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 55: 192—asymmetry in jug- ular foramen. Ashton, Flinn, Moore, Oxnard, and Spence, 1981, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 31(1): 17, 44, 46, 48, 51, 53, 57, 65, 69, 70—pelvic morpho- metrics; locomotion. Conroy, 1982, Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop., 57: 7—significance of emissary foramina in intergeneric relationships. Sarmiento, 1983, Int. J. Pri- mat., 4(2): 127—functional morphology of heel pro- cess. Rylands and Mittermeier, 1983, Oryx, 17: 83— BRAZIL: Amazonian region (distribution in national parks and reserves). Brachyurus Spix, 1823, Sim. et Vesp. Brasil., p. 11— included species israelita Spix (= Chiropotes satanas chiropotes Humboldt), ouakary Spix (= Cacajao me- lanocephala Humboldt); generic name preoccupied by Brachyurus Fischer, 1813, a genus of rodents [type species of Brachyurus Spix without original designa- tion or subsequent selection, now B. ouakary Spix (= Cacajao melanocephala Humboldt)]. Pithecia Temminck, 1827, Monogr. Mamm. 1:—mis- spelling of Pithecia in combination Pithecia satanas [= Chiropotes satanas]. Brachyurus Gray 1849, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1849: 9—type species Cebus satanas Hoffmannsegg by orig- inal designation and monotypy; generic name preoc- cupied by Brachyurus Fischer 1813, a genus of rodents, and Brachyurus Spix (= Cacajao Lesson, 1840), a ge- nus of cebid primates). Cheiropotes Reichenbach, 1862, Vollst. Naturg. Affen, p. 72—emendation of Chiropotes Lesson; name raised to generic rank; included species, satanas Hoffmanns- egg, israelita Spix (= chiropotes Humboldt), sagulata Traill (= chiropotes Humboldt). Saki Schlegel, 1876, Les Singes. Simiae, p. 225—in com- bination Saki satanas attributed to “Is. Geoffroy, Ca- tal., p. 56” where ““S. satanas” is a typographic error for P[ithecia]. satanas (cf. I. Geoffroy, 1851, Cat. Coll. Mamm. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 91, Errata). Type SpEciES— Pithecia (Chiropotes ) couxio Variété A Lesson with synonym Simia chiropotes Humboldt = Chiropotes satanas chiropotes Hum- boldt, by absolute tautonomy (Art. 68 (d), Inter- national Code of Zoological Nomenclature) 1964, p. 67. Distribution (Figures 1-2) Tropical forests of the Guianan and Amazonian regions as follows: Guyana exclusive of its north- western third, Suriname, French Guiana; in Ven- ezuela, the upper Rio Orinoco and Rio Negro ba- sins in the state of Amazonas; in Brazil, the north bank of the Rio Amazonas from the Rio Negro east to the coast, the south bank of the Rio Ama- zonas and Rio Para from above the junction of the Rio Madeira and Rio Aripuana east to the boundary area between the states of Para and Mar- anhao (Rio Gurupi) and possibly beyond into the coastal forests of Maranhao as far as Baia de San Marcos and the Rio Pindaré. Large gaps in the Brazilian part of the range where bearded sakis may occur include the vast region between the Rios Iriri and Xingu and the well-trafficked and collected east bank of the Rio Madeira below the mouth of the Aripuana. South- ern limits of the range are unknown, but presum- ably extend to or near the divide between the Am- azonian and Parana watersheds. Chiropotes is unknown in the state of Goids and probably does not occur there. It is absent in the Ilha de Marajo, the savannas of Brazil, all Colom- FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY bia, all Venezuela outside the state of Amazonas, all parts of the Amazonian region west of the Rios Negro and Madeira, the Andes and beyond. The lower Rio Japura region mentioned by Spix (1823, p. 12) as habitat of his Brachyurus israelita (= Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) is outside the geographic range of the genus. Tschudi’s (1844, pp. 8-9, 23, 50) reference to the occurrence of Chiropotes in Peru under the name “‘Pithecia sa- tanas”’ appears to be a confused report of a species of true Pithecia. Muckenhirn et al. (1976, p. 16a), who censused the monkeys of Guyana, questioned the presence of bearded sakis in the northwestern third of the country, but they (1976, p. 10a) in- dicate the range of the genus as extending beyond Guyana to the lower Rio Orinoco in Venezuela. Generic Name The specific name chiropotes introduced by Humboldt for the Guianan bearded saki and which became the generic tautonym is the Greek word combination for “hand drinker.” As described by Humboldt (1811, p. 313), the adult male bearded saki or capucin presented to him in San Tomas de la Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar) and observed over a period of four months “‘drank infrequently but, most remarkably, not like the other American monkeys which bring their lips to the water. The capucin drank by scooping up the water in the hollow of his hand and carrying it to his mouth.” Humboldt added that the animal drank only when alone and unobserved, using either hand for letting the water trickle into the corner of his mouth. This operation, Humboldt believed, kept the animal’s beard dry. Porter (1834, p. 41) reports that a beard- ed saki he shipped to the London Zoo from Ca- racas “drinks frequently, always bending down on its hands, and putting its mouth to the surface of the water, heedless, apparently, of wetting its beard and indifferent to the observations of lookers-on.” Porter “never saw it take up water in the hollow of its hand and carry it in this manner to its mouth in order to drink.” Platyrrhines certainly drink as described by Por- ter. | have also observed monkeys dip a hand into water out of mouth’s reach and suck or lick the moisture from the soaked fur. Monkeys also eat solid food held in the palm of their hand. Generic Characters EXTERNAL (FIG. 3)—Size and proportions ap- proximating those of untufted capuchin monkeys HERSHKOVITZ: CHIROPOTES TAXONOMY (Cebus); lower half of nose broad, thick, the nares widely separated; tail non-prehensile, its length from slightly more to slightly less than combined head and body length; hairs with or without sub- terminal banding, generally short, thick, those of midback less than 5 cm long; face blackish (except rostrum of C. albinasus), the skin thinly covered with hair; dorsum orange or pale brown to black- ish, slightly to strongly contrasting with darker ex- tremities (head, limbs, tail), sides of trunk and underparts; anterior portion of coronal pelage ar- ranged in paired bilaterally symmetrical pads or tufts radiating from vertex and becoming ex- tremely bushy in old males; pelage of nape directed back, not whorled; beard well developed, the whis- kers of each side meeting on midline of throat, hypertrophied in old males; tail bushy, foxlike, the hairs becoming longer distally; external genitalia mostly to entirely unpigmented, glans penis with- out baculum; clitoris not pendulous. The thick coiffure and beard of Chiropotes is an elaboration or modification of what is seen in Pi- thecia. It also appears that slightly curled and sil- very tipped dorsal pelage of C. a/binasus simulates what may be an early evolutionary grade in the evolution of the long, thick, gray-tipped, curly pel- age of some forms of Pithecia. The bushy foxlike tail of Chiropotes, irrespective of length, is char- acteristic of all pithecines. CRANIAL (FIGS. 4—7)— Premaxillae long, forward projecting; dorsal plane of nasals slightly concave or nearly straight, the combined nasals triangular in outline or funnel-shaped but not inflated dis- tally, greatest combined width less than one-half distance across alveoli of canine teeth, tips evenly expanded, not inflated, border rounded or incised and not extending to plane of acanthion when per- pendicular to Frankfurt plane; facial or nasal angle comparatively high (cf. Hershkovitz, 1977, p. 126); braincase well inflated, the lateral expansion great- er than biorbital breadth, width to length usually more than 70%; frontal bone steeply vaulted, me- topic suture often remaining partially distinct well into subadulthood; supraorbital ridges continuous with temporal ridges and rising above glabella to define a triangular frontal plate in old individuals; temporal ridges forming a sagittal crest in old males, often in old females; superior half of lateral orbital border approximately vertical to Frankfurt plane; median length of frontal bone (nasion to bregma) subequal to or, usually, less than median length of parietal bone; interpterygoid fossa usually shal- low; mesopterygoid fossa comparatively narrow, distance between outer bases of hamular processes Fic. 3. Guianan or golden-backed bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes). New York Zoological Society Photo. 6 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Pithecia hirsuta Fic. 4. Chiropotes and Pithecia skulls compared: front and side views. subequal to or usually less than greatest distance between outer incisors; width of basioccipital- presphenoidal suture usually less than one-half median length of basioccipital bone; perpendicular plate of vomer well anteriad to posterior border of palate, its wings behind narrowly spread, fully exposing uncrested presphenoid; anterior half of auditory bulla tapered to a blunt point; carotid foramen usually completely exposed to view on ventral surface; paraoccipital and mastoid pro- cesses well defined; nasoturbinal and ethmotur- binate I subequal in size; orbits well separated, HERSHKOVITZ: CHIROPOTES TAXONOMY interorbital septum at level of ethmoid bone broad, pneumatized; foramen magnum pointing down about as much as back; angle of mandibular as- cending ramus broadly expanded, condylar sus- pension elevated (Hershkovitz, 1977, p. 191). DENTAL—Dental formula, i? , ct} , pm}, mz = 36; upper cheek teeth more or less parallel-sided, sometimes slightly divergent anteriorly, less fre- quently posteriorly; in upper tooth row, m' largest, pm? or m? smallest; in lower jaw, pm, usually as large and in males often larger than m,; molars Fic. 5. quadritubercular, about as long as wide, cusps low, cristas weak, the oblique absent, unworn enamel of occlusal surface wrinkled; canines extremely stout, not recurved but strongly divergent laterally, the upper with large diastema in front; incisors long, narrow, forward projecting, the outer slightly staggered behind inner, protocone well developed on inner incisor, less developed or lacking on out- hirsuta Pithecia Chiropotes and Pithecia skulls compared: dorsal and ventral views. er; lower incisors lemurine or comblike, pincer- like in occlusion, combined width across unworn cutting edges less than height of 1,. Dental succession of permanent teeth, based on 8 juvenals: ml,m2, pm2, pm3, pm4, i1,i12, m3,c m1, m2, (pm2, pm3, pm4) or (il, 12) m3,c FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Fic. 6. Chiropotes and Pithecia mandibles compared: front, ventral, and side views. Sequence of eruption of deciduous teeth, based on a single specimen: di (1, 2), dpm (2, 3), dpm 4. Note —A captive red uacari (Cacajao calvus ru- bicundus) 1 observed in Iquitos, Peru, during De- cember 1981, used its large canines for stripping woody cortex from canes, including sugar cane, and leaf stems to get at the sweet medulla. The dentition of Chiropotes is like that of Cacajao. HERSHKOVITZ: CHIROPOTES TAXONOMY POSTCRANIAL SKELETON—The following parts are noteworthy; number of specimens examined, all in FMNH, is shown in parentheses. Scapula —Incisura scapulae shallow to deep, but not partially to completely surrounded by bone (10 specimens). Pelvis —Orientation of long axis of obturator foramen dorsoventral (5 specimens, both sides). Vertebral Formula — Cervical, 7 (5); thoracic, 13 Chiropotes satanas ° Fic. 7. Chiropotes albinasus Chiropotes skulls: basicrania showing distance between tympanic bullae measured across spheno-occipital suture (arrow) greater in C. satanas than in C. albinasus; mandible showing produced gonion and inferior border with notch defining angle in C. satanas, non-protruding gonion and inferior border without notch in C. albinasus. (4), 14 (1); lumbar, 6 (5); sacral, 3 (5); caudal, 21 Clio S)s Zor Caudal Vertebral Crests — Sagittal crest as ex- tension of spinous process of caudal vertebrae 6 to 8, weakly defined or absent (5 specimens). Entepicondylar Foramen—Present and com- pletely surrounded by bone (10 specimens). Third Trochanter — Barely indicated or virtual- ly absent. Long Limb Bone Ratios (see table 1)}-Measure- 10 ment used in calculating ratios for limb bones is greatest length. Trunk length is the straight line between anterior border of first thoracic centrum to posterior border of last sacral centrum. Length of right and left limb bones are about the same, with differences usually favoring the right. Five skeletons only of Chiropotes satanas chi- ropotes were at hand. The final report will include measurements and ratios of additional Chiropotes, including those of other pitheciines. FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY TABLE 1. Limb bone ratios (right/left) and pelvic indices in adult Chiropotes satanas chiropotes.* FMNH no. R/H T/F H+R/F+T H + R/Tr F + T/Tr PSD/PID 93522 9 88/88 93/93 82/82 71/70 86/86 88 93255 6 —/85 92/91 —/82 —/T7 94/94 86 955124 86/— 93/92 85/— 80/— 95/95 69 95518 4 88/88 91/91 82/82 78/78 96/95 95 95519 6 —/88 —/— —/— —/83 —/— 90 *F = femur; H = humerus; R = radius; T = tibia; Tr = trunk; PSD/PID = pelvic index (cf. Hershkovitz, 1977, pp. 426-427); PSD = pelvic superior diameter; PID = pelvic inferior diameter. For information on postcranial skeletal ratios of related forms and bibliographic references, see Hershkovitz (1977, pp. 30-64, 425-430). CYTOGENETIC—Hitherto published pitheciine chromosome numbers and morphologies are tab- ulated (table 2). Systematic Position Chiropotes is one of three genera that comprise the subfamily Pitheciinae, family Cebidae. Of the three, Pithecia is regarded as more primitive, Ca- cajao more derived. The intergeneric relationships have never been disputed, and treatment of the Pitheciinae as a subfamily of the Cebidae has been generally accepted. However, Rosenberger (1981, table 2, fig. 3, and relevant text) arguably believes pitheciines are more nearly related to spider mon- keys (Ate/es) than to capuchins (Cebus) and com- bines them with Aotus, Callicebus, Alouatta, Lag- othrix, and Brachyteles to form the family Atelidae. There is little morphological support for this ar- rangement and much of it is ambiguous. For in- stance, one or more of the characters used by Ro- senberger (1981, p. 22) for defining his restricted concept of the Cebidae are not common to all the included genera. At the same time, one or more of the same characters are also common to some members of the Atelidae. However, discussions of systematics and phylogenies of pitheciines and re- lated supergeneric groups are outside the scope of this report. They are properly included in the sec- ond volume of Living New World Monkeys (in preparation). Sexual Dimorphism Adult males are larger than females in body mass (table 3), but tail relative to combined head and body length averages slightly shorter (table 4); their erectile coronal tufts are longer, thicker, beard longer, fuller; cranially, marked by more pro- nounced supraorbital ridges, with sharper defini- tion of frontal triangular eminence and sagittal crest; dentally, by slightly heavier, more splayed canines and larger lower first premolar (pm,). Supraorbital ridges and sagittal crest are usually absent in young males and adult females and never strongly developed in old females. The metopic suture tends to persist in young and does not fully disappear in subadults of both sexes. TABLE 2. Known karyotypes of the Pitheciinae (Cebidae). Hetero- Name N_ Sex 2N BiA A morphic