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Pd ; ” SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILALILSNINVINOSHLIWS Sa 1yVUYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHS A YY) 1/2) XS eee g 4 iON NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI ON Stu V-ELON AW /Oy S3!1YVNGIT LIBRARIES NVINOSHLIWS \ IN SMITHSONIAN LP NVINOS ‘ — 8 8 Be F oP PUTNEY FT he ws ION NOILNALIL VY y git LIBRAR Gi LIBRARIES 314 1ON - ; et THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1986-1987 Officers President: Austin B. Williams Secretary: C. W. Hart, Jr. President-elect: Kristian Fauchald Treasurer: Don E. Wilson Elected Council Stephen D. Cairns Richard P. Vari Mason E. Hale Stanley H. Weitzman Robert P. Higgins Donald R. Whitehead Custodian of Publications: David L. Pawson PROCEEDINGS Editor: Brian Kensley Associate Editors Classical Languages: George C. Steyskal Invertebrates: Thomas E. Bowman Plants: David B. Lellinger Vertebrates: Richard P. Vari Insects: Robert D. Gordon Membership in the Society is open to anyone who wishes to join. There are no prerequisites. Annual dues of $15.00 include subscription to the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Library subscriptions to the Proceedings are: $25.00 within the U.S.A., $30.00 elsewhere. The Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (USPS 404-750) is issued quarterly. Back issues of the Proceedings and the Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington (issued sporadically) are available. Correspondence dealing with membership and subscriptions should be sent to The Treasurer, Biological Society of Washington, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Manuscripts, corrected proofs, editorial questions should be sent to the Editor, Biological Society of Washington, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. Known office of publication: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Printed for the Society by Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 681-686 STORTHYNGURA TORBENI, A NEW SPECIES OF HADAL ISOPOD FROM THE PUERTO RICO TRENCH AND AN HYPOTHESIS ON ITS ORIGIN (CRUSTACEA: EURYCOPIDAE) Robert Y. George Abstract.—A new species of deep-sea isopod crustacean, Storthyngura tor- beni, is described from the floor of the Puerto Rico Trench at depths between 6800 and 8045 meters. Analysis of the diagnostic characters for this ultra- abyssal isopod indicates that the most closely related species occurs in the Antarctic abyss near the South Sandwich Islands. This Antarctic isopod, S. eltaniae George and Menzies, 1968b, has a similar pleotelson configuration. On the basis of similarities between these two species, an hypothesis is pos- tulated to derive the origin of the Puerto Rico Trench species from its progenitor S. eltaniae from the Antarctic Abyss. Both species inhabit regions of Antarctic bottom water that originates in the Weddell Sea. Our knowledge of the distribution pattern of animals inhabiting the deep sea is frag- mentary because of the lack of adequate sampling in different abyssal regions. Nevertheless, certain groups of organisms are better known, particularly at the generic level. One such example is the deep sea 1iso- pod genus Storthyngura which is at present known to contain forty species occurring in all oceans except the Mediterranean and the Arctic Ocean (George and Menzies 1968a, b). This study revealed the global distri- bution pattern of this deep sea genus and also suggested, on the basis of morpholog- ical characters, that this isopod genus pos- sibly originated in the Antarctic Ocean. The question of centers of origin for deep sea animals has been discussed in recent years by several investigators (Madsen 1961, Kussakin 1973, Hessler and Thistle 1975, Thistle and Hessler 1976, Hessler etal. 1979, George 1980). Due to the absence of fossil evidence it is extremely difficult to trace the origin of crustaceans through any given geo- logical scale. However, it is possible to de- termine the center of origin of the genus from present day species distribution. This paper takes the latter approach and reports upon a genus which shows evidence for pos- sible origin in the Antarctic Ocean. This study was initiated largely by the excellent collections made in the extreme depths of the Puerto Rico Trench. We en- countered the new species of Storthyngura for the first time at the Gilliss Deep (George and Higgins 1979). Subsequently, the same species was also captured during the Uni- versity of Miami expedition to the Milwau- kee Deep at the western extremity of the Puerto Rico Trench. In addition, a recent Russian expedition aboard Akad. Kurchatov also collected 38 specimens of this ultra- abyssal species from the Brownson Deep of the Puerto Rico Trench. In this paper, I present a diagnosis and description of the new species with illustrations of important taxonomic features. I also postulate that the movement of the Antarctic Bottom Water 682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Storthyngura torbeni, holotype male, length 19 mm: A, Dorsal view; B, First antenna; C, Mandible; D, Maxillule; E, Maxilla; F, Maxilliped; G, First peraeopod; H, Second peraeopod. has significantly contributed to the evolu- tion of this genus from its origin in the Ant- arctic Ocean. Storthyngura torbeni, new species — Figs. 1, 2 Material.— Holotype male: length 19 mm, width 8 mm. Allotype female: length 22 mm, width 9 mm. Type locality.—Muilwaukee Deep of the Puerto Rico Trench. Pillsbury sta 1406, 19°31.8'N, 68°07.5’W, 7850-7810 m, 17 Jul 1971. Holotype male USNM 231361, al- lotype female USNM 231362. In addition to the Pillsbury collection, S. torbeni was also collected from the Gilliss Deep of the Puerto Rico Trench: Gilliss sta 24, 19°24.5'N, 66°19.7'W, 8045 m, 18 Jul 1976, - 2 male specimens 20 mm long. During the Soviet expedition to the Puerto Rico Trench, S. torbeni was collected from Akad. Kur- chatov sta 1182, 42 specimens (27 males, 12 females, 3 juveniles and 4 fragments), 19°53’N, 68°11'W, 6400 m, 3 Feb 1973, and Akad. Kurchatov sta 1194, 19°49'N, 68°08'W, 6800-7030 m, 9 Feb 1973, 11 specimens (3 males, 7 females and | juve- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 683 Fig. 2. Storthyngura torbeni, holotype male, length 19 mm: A, Third peraeopod; B, Fifth peraeopod (dactyl broken); C, Sixth peraeopod; D, Seventh peraeopod; E-1, Male first pleopod; E-2, Distal edge of first pleopod; F, Second. pleopod; G, Uropod. nile). The Kurchatov specimens are depos- ited in the Universitets Zoologiske Museum in Copehagen, Denmark. Diagnosis.— Storthyngura with cephalon totally devoid of any spines on dorsal sur- face. First peraeonal somite lacking dorsal spines; somites 2 to 4 each with single dorsal spine; somites 5 to 7 each with pair of me- dian dorsal spines. Pleonal somite present, without dorsal spine. Pleotelson lacking lat- eral spines, apex somewhat rounded. Pleo- telson with smooth dorsal surface, lacking spines or tubercles. Basis of uropod longer than endopod; exopod about one-half length and width of endopod. Etymology. — This new species is named in honor of the isopodologist, Dr. Torben Wolff, who graciously loaned me the Kur- chatov collections of this species for study. Description. —General body shape oval, about 2 times longer than wide. Cephalon smooth, lateral margin slightly concave, frontal margin not truncated. First pereonal somite lacking spines. An- terolateral margin rounded, coxal plate small and bilobed. Second pereonal somite with 684 prominent median spine, anterolateral mar- gin rounded. Coxal plates well developed, bilobed with anterior lobe produced. Third and fourth somites each with large median spine; anterolateral margin acutely pro- duced, coxal plates prominent and bilobed. Somites 5 to 7 with paired median spines; anterolateral margin with minute tubercles. Anterolateral margin acutely produced, coxal plates lacking. Pleon with short, flat anterior pleonal so- mite which smooth and lacking spines; pleotelson shieldlike. Anterolateral angle of pleotelson produced into sharp spine exhib- iting minute tubercle at anterolateral angle. Lateral margin entire with indication of fused posterior lateral spine; telsonic apex slightly rounded. Pleotelson smooth, de- void of spines or tubercles. First antenna with broad basal article with prominent spine on inner margin. Peduncle composed of | broad basal article; 3 narrow and elongate terminal articles; flagellum an- nulated, composed of more than 50 minute articles. Second antenna with basal article broad and lacking marginal spines. Man- dible with well developed palp of 3 articles; second article twice as long as first; third article deflected upward into cuplike con- figuration, inner margin furnished with dense row of setae. Cutting face well de- veloped with prominent truncate molar and middle row of approximately 21 movable spines. Incisor process tridentate; lacinia mobilis robust and bidentate. Maxillule with inner lobe broad and se- tose, outer lobe narrow with terminal spines. Inner lobe of first maxilla with dense setae. Maxilliped with 9 coupling hooks on endite; palp with short and broad basal article, sec- ond and third articles somewhat enlarged; fourth article distally produced, terminal ar- ticle narrow with tuft of apical setae. First peraeopod with short dactylus; pro- podus narrow and shorter than carpus; me- rus short and broad; ischium about twice as long as merus. Second and third peraeopods twice as long PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON as first; dactylus long. Both propodus and carpus elongate. Merus short; ischium more than twice as long as merus. Peraeopods 5— 7 very similar with propodus and carpus expanded into paddle-like configuration with dense marginal plumose setae. Dac- tylus relatively long and narrow. First male pleopod broadening distally into somewhat truncated apex with distinct left and right divisions; each division show- ing 3 discrete lobes, with exterior lobes hav- ing triangular spine. Second male pleopod with well developed copulatory organ. Uropod with basis longer than endopod; exopod one-half length and width of en- dopod. Affinities.—In generai shape, S. novae- zelandiae (Beddard 1885), from 2012 me- ters in the southwest Pacific is somewhat similar but has a conspicious process on the exterior margin of the second segment of antenna | and lacks dorsal spines on pe- raeonal somites 3-5. Amongst all known species of Storthyngura, only S. eltaniae and S. intermedia have a simple pleotelson con- figuration that resembles the general shape of the pleotelson in species of the confam- ilial genus Eurycope. Storthyngura inter- media was originally described by Beddard (1885) on the basis of deepsea specimens captured during the expedition from 5011 meters in the North Pacific. Storthyngura eltaniae was described originally by George and Menzies (1968a) from specimens cap- tured off the South Sandwich Islands in the Antarctic ocean at 5449 meters. The new species, S. torbeni, also has a simple pleonal configuration without any well developed lateral. spines as found in all other Stor- _ thyngura species. However, this new species differs from S. intermedia in that S. torbeni lacks the spines both on the cephalon and the first peraeonal somite that are found in S. intermedia. These two species have a smooth pleotelson without any dorsal spines or tubercles. However, the most closely re- lated species to S. torbeni is S. eltaniae. These two species are also related by the VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 absence of dorsal spines on the first peraeo- nal somite. The major morphological dif- ference is that S. torbeni does not have any spines on the cephalon while S. e/taniae has a pronounced spine on the cephalon. In ad- dition, S. e/taniae has an anterior spine and a pair of posterior tubercles on the pleotel- son; these characters are not found in the Puerto Rico Trench species, S. torbeni. Hypothesis on the Origin of Storthyngura torbeni The genus Storthyngura belongs to the family Eurycopidae which includes both shallow and deepsea species. However, most of the eurycopid shallow-water species tend to occur in the cold waters of the high lat- itudes. Species belonging to the genus Stor- thyngura are exclusively found in the deep sea and in trenches at ultra-abyssal depth. George and Menzies (1968b) presented evi- denced that the Antarctic Ocean is the cen- ter of origin for Storthyngura. This conclu- sion was based on the prolific presence of species belonging to the five morphological clusters that are represented in the Antarctic Ocean. This genus has also successfully col- onized the major trenches of the Northwest Pacific Ocean (Birstein 1963) and also the Peru-Chile Trench of the Southeast Pacific Ocean (Menzies and George 1972). This pa- per reports that the genus Storthyngura has colonized depths exceeding 8000 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench, North Atlantic Ocean. I believe that this evolutionary pro- cess of colonization into the Puerto Rico Trench was somehow associated with the flow of the Antarctic Bottom Water into the trench. The Antarctic Bottom Water pos- sibly originated during the miocene glacia- tion in the Antarctic Ocean. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that the most closely related species to S. torbeni, S. el- taniae is found in the Antarctic Ocean; both species also possess a primitive plesio- morphic pleotelson configuration. From an evolutionary point of view, the question of 685 colonization of the deepsea environment, particularly the ultra-abyssal trenches, is certainly an intriguing problem that calls for further studies. Acknowledgments I wish to thank the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research and the University of Miami for sponsoring the R/V Gilliss expedition to the Gilliss Deep of the Puerto Rico Trench in 1976. I also thank Dr. Gilbert Voss for graciously pro- viding Storthyngura specimens from the 1971 Pillsbury collections, obtained under the sponsorship of the National Geographic Society and the University of Miami Deep Sea Biology Program, in the Milwaukee Deep of the Puerto Rico Trench. I am also grateful to Dr. Torben Wolff of the Copen- hagen Museum for generously giving me the Storthyngura specimens collected during the 1973 Russian Expedition of Akad. Kurcha- tov to the Puerto Rico Trench. Literature Cited Beddard, F. E. 1885. Preliminary notice of the Iso- pode collected during the voyage of H.MLS. “Challenger,” 2, Munnopsidae.— Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 1885:916— 925. Birstein, J. A. 1963. Deep-Sea Isopods of the North- western Pacific.—Izdatel’stro Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 214 pp. George, R. Y. 1980. Antarctica as a center of origin for the deep-sea isopod genus Storthyngura. Pa- per presented at the International Crustacea Symposium; Sydney, Australia, May 1980. [Ab- stract] , and R. P. Higgins. 1979. Eutrophic hadal benthic community in the Puerto Rico Trench. — Ambio. Special Report 6:51-58. , and R. J. Menzies. 1968a. Species of Stor- thyngura (Isopoda) from the Antarctic with de- scriptions of six new species.—Crustaceana 14: 275-301. , and 1968b. Distribution and prob- able origin of the species in the deep-sea isopod genus Storthyngura. —Crustaceana 14:1-17. Hessler, R. R., and D. Thistle. 1975. On the place of origin of deep-sea isopods. — Marine Biology 32: 155-165. 686 -——., G. Wilson, and D. Thistle. 1979. The deep- sea isopods: A biogeographic and phylogenetic overview. —Sarsia 64:67-75. Kussakin, O. G. 1973. Peculiarities of the geograph- ical and vertical distribution of marine isopods and the problem of deep sea fauna origin.— Marine Biology 23:19-34. Madsen, F. J. 1961. On the zoogeography and origin of the abyssal fauna, in view of the knowledge of the Porcellanasteridae.—Galathea Report 4: 177-215. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Thistle, D.,and R. R. Hessler. 1976. Origin ofa deep- sea family, the Ilyarachnidae (Crustacea: Iso- poda).—Systematic Zoology 25(2):110-116. Institute for Marine Biomedical Re- search, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 687-690 PARAEUPOLYMNIA, A NEW GENUS OF TEREBELLID (POLYCHAETA: TEREBELLIDAE) FROM BELIZE Martha W. Young and Henry Kritzler Abstract. — A new genus of terebellid, Paraeupolymnia, and species, P. carus, collected by the senior author in Belize are described. Paraeupolymnia, new genus Type species. —Paraeupolymnia carus, new species. Diagnosis.—The genus Paraeupolymnia, placed in the subfamily Amphitritinae, is characterized by the virtual absence of ven- _tral glandular scutes, by lateral lappets only on the second segment, by thoracic setigers bearing smooth-tipped winged capillaries on segments 3 through 19, by avicular uncini without long basal shafts in single rows on setigers 2 through 7, in double rows face to face on setigers 8 through 17, and single rows throughout the abdomen, and by a pair of dichotomously branched gills on both segments 2 and 3. The new genus 1s erected on the ground that, although it resembles Eupolymnia Verrill, 1900, in some respects, it differs in several important characters, most particularly in that all of the undam- aged specimens examined by us have two pairs of gills, not three as in Eupolymunia. Paraeupolymnia carus, new species Fig. ll Material examined. —Caribbean Sea off Belize, main channel separating the two mangrove islands constituting the Twin Cays, 16°50'N, 88°06’W, 214 m, 9 Mar 1984, coll. D. K. and M..W. Young. Holotype, USNM 098908, 2 paratypes, USNM 098909, many others in the collections of the senior author. Description.—The holotype, a complete specimen with 19 thoracic and about 30 abdominal segments, is 11 mm long and about 1 mm wide. The tentacular lobe con- sists of a low semicircular dorsal flap and a collar that encircles the mouth. It bears two dorsolateral clusters of 4 to 6 grooved ten- tacles (Fig. 1A). A row of eyespots is situ- ated at the base of each group of tentacles. The latter have numerous single and paired pigment spots. The second segment bears prominent lateral lappets. From its dorsal anterior edge arises the first pair of quite regularly dichotomously branched gills. The second pair is similarly situated on the third segment. The anterior pair is larger and has up to 4 or 5 levels of dichotomous branch- ing. The posterior, smaller pair has fewer, not more than 3. A pair of nephrostomes is situated on both segments 3 and 4, dorsal to the notopodia. There are no distinct ven- tral glandular scutes (Fig. 1B). Narrow- winged, smooth-tipped capillary setae are borne on small, undistinguished notopodia on segments 3 through 19. The wings have diagonal striations visible under oil (Fig. 1C). Avicular uncini, none of which have long basal shafts, appear in single rows on seti- gers 2 through 7, in double rows face to face on setigers 8 through 17 (Fig. 1F). Uncini continue in single rows on well-developed tori throughout the abdomen (Fig. 1G). Each torus bears a low cirrus and, especially to- ward the posterior, prominent suspensory ligaments. The thoracic uncini have a single tooth surmounted by a row of 3 to 5 den- ticles, above the main fang (dental formula MF: 1: 3-5) (Fig. 1D-—-F). The abdominal uncini are variable, the dental formula being mainly as in the thorax but, occasionally in 688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Paraeupolymnia carus, holotype. A, Anterior end, dorsal view; B, Anterior end, ventral view; C, Capillary seta; D, Thoracic uncinus, lateral view; E, Thoracic uncinus, frontal view; F, Uncini, eighth thoracic setiger; G, Uncini, second abdominal segment; H, Uncinigerous torus, twenty-seventh abdominal segment. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 the same row and increasingly toward the posterior, they read MF: 2: 4-6 or MF: 3: 5-6 (Fig. 1G, H). The anus is terminal on a low eminence devoid of distinguishing characteristics. The foregoing description applies equally well to the paratypes and to virtually all of the other specimens examined by us. Biology. —Paraeupolymnia carus lives in mucus tubes adorned with miscellaneous debris and attached to the blades of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) growing in a mixture of coarse and fine mainly calcar- eous sediment with varying amounts of mangrove detritus. It is associated with a species-rich benthic assemblage. Its popu- lation constitutes a conspicuous portion of the seagrass epibenthos in the Twin Cays mangrove habitat. Of 47 individuals from one station, which ranged from 2.5 to 11 mm in length and from which the holotype and the paratypes were segregated, there were 36 with two pairs of gills and 11 with fewer. All of the latter were small and appear to have been damaged by sieving or by re- moval from tubes. Several of the larger specimens, including one of the paratypes, have eggs in the abdominal cavity, suggest- ing that 11 mm represents the length of an adult specimen. Etymology. —The generic name com- bines Para (Greek like or resembling) with Eupolymnia Verrill, 1900. The specific name is given in honor of David K. Young, hus- band of the senior author, in appreciation of his having introduced her to the poly- chaetes (David, Hebrew, beloved = carus, Latin). Remarks. — Using Fauchald’s (1977:128) key to the genera of the Terebellidae, these specimens would invariably key out to Eu- polymnia Verrill, 1900, were it not for the number of gills. Although the dental for- mula of the thoracic uncini closely resem- bles that of E. nesidensis (Delle Chiaje, 1828) and E. sp. B. Kritzler, 1984, other signifi- cant differences also rule out identification of these specimens with Eupolymnia. These 689 are: a, the first appearance of notopodia and setae on the third segment and uncini on the fourth; b, the virtual absence of lateral lappets on segments 3 and 4; c, the absence of ventral glandular scutes, all of which are at variance with the diagnosis of Eupolym- nia. Some authors hold that a genus of ter- ebellids may contain species with one, two, or three pairs of gills, a position which makes difficult, not to say impossible, the erection of a key such as Fauchald’s (1977) and creates a state of confusion for ecologists and other field workers attempting to iden- tify the specimens in their collections. The large number of specimens in an ex- cellent state of preservation makes it clear that the consistent number of branchiae is indeed a key character setting Paraeupolym- nia apart from Eupolymnia and other ter- ebellid genera. All of the specimens that have been examined by us had to be removed from their tubes, a process that may have caused the loss of one or more gills from very small specimens, but definitely assured us that none had more than two pairs of branchiae. The character does not vary nor does that of having three pairs of gills in Eupolymnia, thereby giving us confidence in erecting the new genus Paraeupolymnia. Acknowledgments The support of Klaus Rutzler of the De- partment of Invertebrate Zoology, Smith- sonian Institution, is gratefully acknowl- edged, as is that of Joseph McCaffrey of the Department of the Navy. The authors also acknowledge, with thanks, the help of Kris- tian Fauchald. This paper is contribution No. 188, Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Smithsonian Institution, partly supported by a grant from the Exxon Cor- poration. Literature Cited Delle Chiaje,S. 1828. Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di Napolli, 3:1—-xx, 1-232. 690 Fauchald, K. 1977. The polychaete worms.— Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, Science Series 28:1-188. Kritzler, H. 1984. Chapter 52, Family Terebellidae. Pp. 57—59 in Uebelacker, J. M. and P. G. John- son, ed., Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern Gulf of Mexico, Volume 7. Barry A. Vittor and Associates, Mobile, Alabama. Verrill, A. E. 1900. Additions to the Turbellaria, Nemertina and Annelida of the Bermudas, with revision of some New England genera and PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON species. —Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sci- ences, Transactions, 10:595-671. (MWY) Naval Ocean Research and De- velopment Activity, Biological and Chem- ical Oceanography, Code 333, NSTL, Mis- sissippi 39529; (HK) Department of Oceanography, Florida State University. Marine Laboratory, Route 1 Box 219A, Sopchoppy, Florida 32358. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 691-693 NICOYA TUBERCULATA, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF SPIDER CRAB FROM PACIFIC COSTA RICA (MAJIDAE: PISINAE) Mary K. Wicksten Abstract.—A new genus and species of spider crab (Majidae: Pisinae) has been collected in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. The small crab resembles species of the genus Pelia, but differs in having a highly tuberculate carapace, broad meri of the walking legs, and a third maxilliped without a deep notch at the anteroexternal angle of the merus. While sorting collections of crabs taken off El Salvador and Costa Rica, Dennis Moran of the Unviersity of Costa Rica found a specimen of an unidentified majid spider crab. The specimen was sent to me for iden- tification. The crab, which does not quite match the description of any known genus or species, 1s described herein. Nicoya, new genus Description. —Carapace pyriform, con- vex, with pronounced tubercles. Rostrum well developed, with 2 rostral horns, united at their base, more or less parallel. Basal antennal article with tuberculate external margin, forming incomplete flooring to or- bit, protruding beyond orbital margin and appearing at sides of rostrum. Movable fla- gellum long. Eye retractile into hollow fos- sette at base of tubercle limiting hepatic re- gion in front. Merus of external maxilliped barely indented at anterointernal angle to receive palp. Chelipeds feeble in female, fingers closing tightly, arm without crest. First pair of am- bulatory legs slightly longer than following legs, fifth short; second—fourth walking legs robust and with broad meri. Abdomen of female of 7 well-defined seg- ments. Remarks.—The new genus differs from species of Pelia in having a highly tuber- culate carapace, lacking a notch in the ex- ternal maxilliped in the region of the inser- tion of the palp, and having broad meri of the posterior walking legs. Unlike many common species of Pelia, the new species of crab lacked a coating of encrusting sponge. Having eyes with commencing orbits, short eyestalks, a broad basal antennal article and external maxillipeds with broad meri, the new genus readily fits into the subfamily Pisinae as defined by Garth (1958). Etymology.—The name of the genus re- fers to the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, where the sole specimen was collected. Gender feminine. Nicoya tuberculata, new species Fig. 1 Description. —Carapace pyriform, con- vex, regions separated by shallow depres- sions; with pronounced tubercules: series running along anterior midline from ros- trum to gastric region, patches on gastric, cardiac and intestinal regions, and extensive series on branchial regions and lateral mar- gins. Rostrum about 0.1 x carapace length, horizontal with sides slightly sinuous, teeth denticulate and bearing hooked setae, in- tervening sinus sharply V-shaped. No preorbital tooth. Postorbital tooth broad, set off from orbital margin by narrow fis- sure, anterior margin slightly convex and 692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON imm 1mm imm Fig. 1. Nicoya tuberculata: a, Carapace in dorsal view; b, Frontal region; c, External maxilliped; d, Body in lateral view; e, Abdomen; f, Chela; g, Cheliped; h, Fifth walking leg; 1, First walking leg. smooth, lateral margin denticulate. Patches posteriorly. No posterolateral marginal of tubercles on gastric, cardiac, hepatic, in- ridge. testinal, and branchial regions as well as on Basal antennal article smooth, mesial posterior margin, becoming most dense margin concave, with terminal knob; exter- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 nal margin tuberculate and ending in tooth, entire article just reaching beyond base of rostrum. Antennal flagellum long, greatly exceeding end of rostrum. Eyes with commencing orbits. Small tu- bercles on eyestalk near cornea. Ischium of third maxilliped somewhat rectangular, notched at anterior end, mesial margin serrate. Merus somewhat triangular, mesial margin serrate. Setose palp present. Pterygostomian regions with rows of tuber- cles. Cheliped slender, fingers of chela closing tightly, with teeth. Carpus and merus tu- berculate. Ischium with few spinules. Walk- ing legs with strongly hooked dactyls; pro- podi, carpi, and meri tuberculate, carinate, with pile and scattered coarse setae and hooked setae. First walking leg longest, with merus 4x long as broad. Posterior walking legs shorter, with meri 2 x long as wide. Female abdomen with raised mesial ridge, without spines or tubercles, with 7 well-de- fined segments. Holotype. —Female, ovigerous. Carapace length 7.4 mm, width 5.8 mm, chela 3.2 mm. Gulf of Nicoya (about 10°N, 85°W), 48 m, 23 Apr 1981, University of Costa Rica catalogue number 1043. 693 Remarks. —Species of the closely related genus Pelia are common on hard bottoms, ranging from California to Peru in the east- ern Pacific and Massachusetts to Patagonia in the Atlantic (Garth 1958). Nicoya tub- erculata seems to be closely related to Pelia, perhaps diverging from a common pisinine ancestor. The specific epithet refers to the tubercles of the carapace, which distinguish the new species from species of Pelia. Acknowledgments I thank John S. Garth, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern Cali- fornia, for examining the specimen. The drawings are by Debbie Meier, Texas A&M University. This work was supported by a faculty-staff minigrant from Texas A&M University. Literature Cited Garth, J. S. 1958. Brachyura of the Pacific coast of America: Oxyrhyncha.— Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 21(1):xii + 1-499, (2):500-854. Department of Biology, Texas A&M Uni- versity, College Station, Texas 77843. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 694-699 ATTHEYELLA (MRAZEKIELLA) SPINIPES, A NEW HARPACTICOID COPEPOD (CRUSTACEA) FROM ROCK CREEK REGIONAL PARK, MARYLAND Janet W. Reid Abstract.—A collection from a spring in Rock Creek Regional Park, Mary- land, near the boundary of the District of Columbia yielded the cyclopoid copepods Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine) and Eucyclops agilis (Koch), and the harpacticoid copepods Attheyella (Mrazekiella) illinoisensis (S. A. Forbes) and A. (M.) spinipes, new species. Attheyella spinipes is described and some com- ments made on morphological features of A. i/linoisensis. In a collection of aquatic invertebrates made by Mr. William B. Yeaman and Mr. Stephen W. Syphax of the National Park Service from a spring in Rock Creek Re- gional Park and brought for determination to Dr. Thomas E. Bowman, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, were four species of co- pepods (Crustacea). In order of abundance these were the cyclopoids Eucyclops agilis (Koch) and Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine), and the harpacticoids Attheyella (Mraze- kiella) spinipes, new species, and A. (M.) illinoisensis (S. A. Forbes). Attheyella_ spi- nipes 1s described below, together with some comments on the morphology of A. i//i- noisensis. This collection doubles the number of species of Copepoda recorded from the drainage basin of Rock Creek, an affluent of the Potomac River. The creek and part of its basin are included in Rock Creek Na- tional Park in the District of Columbia and its extension, Rock Creek Regional Park in Montgomery County, Maryland. Bowman (1967) recorded the cyclopoids Cyclops ex- ilis Coker and Paracyclops fimbriatus (Fischer) and the harpacticoid Bryocamptus zschokkei alleganensis Coker from a spring- fed pool in the District of Columbia portion of the park. The eurytopic harpacticoid Phyllognathopus viguieri (Maupas) was re- ported by Reid (1985) from a compost heap at T. E. Bowman’s residence, located near Turkey Branch in the Montgomery County section. Attheyella (Mrazekiella) spinipes, new species Figs. 1-22 Material. —Holotype: 2°, alcohol-pre- served, National Museum of Natural His- tory, USNM 232035. Allotype: 6, alcohol- preserved, USNM 232036. Paratypes: 2 2 and | 6, dissected on slides; and 3 2, 2 éand 1 copepodite, alcohol-preserved, USNM 232037. All collected 8 Aug 1986 by W. B. Yeaman and S. W. Syphax from covered perennial spring at southeast corner of Maryland Maintenance Facility, Rock Creek Regional Park, Montgomery County, Mary- land, approximately 100 m west of bound- ary with Washington, D.C., 38°59'16’N, 77°03'18"W. Spring is located on approxi- mate border of 100-year flood plain, about 60m north of Rock Creek. Description.—Female: Length of holo- type excluding caudal setae 0.73 mm; range of lengths of paratypes 0.54—0.66 mm. (De- scription is a composite of several speci- mens.) All somites except anal somite with serrate posterior margins (Figs. 1—4); ceph- alosome with oval nuchal organ. Genital VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 segment and succeeding 2 somites each with row of spinules near posteroventral margin, this row discontinuous on somite 2. Genital field (Figs. 3, 5) extending to anterior third of segment. Anal somite (Figs. 1, 3, 4) with small spinules on posteroventral border and 1 larger spinule anterior to each caudal ra- mus on ventral surface; and with crescentic row of short hairs on dorsal surface anterior to each ramus. Anal operculum convex, margin with many spinules. Caudal rami (Figs. 1, 3, 4) slightly divergent, 2.4 x broad- er than long, each with dorsal keel on an- terior '4 which ends in dorsally directed seta. Posterior 4 of dorsal surface of ramus with group of irregularly arranged spinules. Lat- eral surface of ramus with 2 setae inserted slightly anterior to midlength and in some specimens, also with few spinules anterior and dorsal to these setae; seta also at dis- tolateral corner. Anterior half of medial sur- face of ramus with hairs and spinules, ar- ranged irregularly (Fig. 3) or in groups (Fig. 4), some hairs extending to middle of ven- tral surface (Fig. 3). Outer terminal seta stout, ¥4 length of ramus; inner terminal seta very fine, half length of outer terminal seta. Middle terminal seta about 7 length of body. Rostrum (Fig. 2) indistinctly separated from cephalosome, blunt, shorter than an- tennule article 1. Antennule (Fig. 6) of 8 articles, articles 4 and 8 each with long slen- der esthetasc. Antenna (Fig. 7) with allo- basis; single article of exopod with 4 setae. Mandible, maxillula and maxilla as in Figs. 8-10; maxilliped (Fig. 11) prehensile. Swimming legs 1-4 (Figs. 12-15) each with exopod and endopod of 3 articles, ex- cept endopod of leg 4 which is of 2 articles. Setation formula for major armament as follows: Leg 1 basis 1-1 exp O-1; 1-1; 0,2,1 enp 1-0; 1-0; 1,2,0 Leg 2 basis O-1 exp O-1; 1-1; 1,2,3 enp 1-0; 1-0; 2,1,1 Leg 3 basis O-1 exp O-1; 1-1; 2,2,3 enp 1-0; 1-0; 2,2,1 695 Leg 4 basis O-1 exp O-1; 1-1; 2,2,3 enp 1-0; 3,2,0 Setae of basipods of legs 1 and 2 and all setae of exopods and endopods of legs 2—4 spiniform; some having heteronomous se- tules and spinules. Leg 5 (Fig. 16) with inner expansion of basipod reaching about %4 length of exopod and bearing 5 spines of which middle spine very short; few hairs on medial and anterior surfaces. Exopod about 3x longer than broad, with groups of hairs on medial and lateral margins, and bearing 5 spines of which next innermost longest. Leg 6 (Fig. 5) consisting of 2 slender plumose setae. Male: Length of holotype excluding cau- dal setae 0.44 mm; range of lengths of para- types 0.45-0.46 mm. Nuchal organ and uro- somal armament as in female, except ventral spine rows on urosomites 2—4 continuous. Caudal ramus (Fig. 17) much as in female, except with fewer spinules dorsally. Anten- nule (Fig. 18) of 8 articles, geniculate, with spines on articles 4 and 5 and slender es- thetascs on articles 4 and 8. Antenna, mouthparts, and legs 1 and 2 as in female. Leg 3, exopod as in female with lateral spines not greatly enlarged; endopod (Fig. 19) of 3 articles, article 1 with stout inner seta, ar- ticle 2 with slender apophysis lacking ter- minal barb, article 3 ending in 2 slender setae. Leg 4, exopod as in female, endopod article 2 (Fig. 20) with 3 spines and 2 slender terminal setae. Leg 5 (Fig. 21), basipods fused, inner por- tion of each basipod little expanded, with stout inner and small outer spine; exopod much as in female except spines, particu- larly innermost spine, relatively stouter. One specimen with 2 spines on one basipod and 1 spine on other. Leg 6 (Fig. 22) consisting of 1 stout medial spine, | small middle spine and | slender lateral seta. Etymology.—From L. “spiny-foot,” re- ferring to the spiniform setae of the swim- ming legs; proposed as a noun in apposition. Relationships.—Attheyella spinipes keys 696 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 697 12-17 18-22 Figs. 12-22. Attheyella (Mrazekiella) spinipes, new species. 12—16, Female: 12, Leg 1; 13, Leg 2; 14, Leg 3; 15, Leg 4; 16, Leg 5. 17-22, Male: 17, Caudal rami and anal somite, dorsal; 18, Rostrum and antennule; 19, Leg 3, endopod; 20, Leg 4, endopod; 21, Leg 5; 22, Leg 6. Scales = 100 um. — Figs. 1-11. Attheyella (Mrazekiella) spinipes, new species, female: 1, Habitus, lateral; 2, Cephalosome, dorsal, showing nuchal organ; 3, Urosome, ventral; 4, Caudal ramus and anal somite of a second female, dorsal; 5, Genital field and leg 6; 6, Antennule; 7, Antenna; 8, Mandible; 9, Maxillula; 10, Maxilla; 11, Maxilliped. Scales = 100 um. We ac ir 7 MOP VoNPrrP renee GN PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 23-26. Attheyella (Mrazekiella) illinoisensis (S. A. Forbes), male: 23, Urosome, ventral; 24, Leg 4, endopod; 25, Leg 5; 26, Leg 6. Scales = 100 um. to the A. pilosa/A. carolinensis couplet in Wilson and Yeatman’s key to North Amer- ican Harpacticoida (1958). It is similar to these two species, redescribed and com- pared by Bowman et al. (1968), in having caudal rami about 2.5-3x< longer than broad. Attheyella spinipes differs most ob- viously in having fewer hairs and spinules on the somites and caudal rami; endopods of legs 2 and 3 of 3, not 2 articles; and in the spiniform setae of legs 2—4. In addition, the female of A. carolinensis has 4, not 5 setae on the basipod of leg 5. Neither A. carolinensis nor A. pilosa has been recorded from Maryland nor from the Virginia pied- mont (Bowman et al. 1968). Attheyella (Mrazekiella) illinoisensis (S. A. Forbes, 1882) Figs. 23—26 Inspection of the single male of this species in the collection revealed some slight mor- phological differences from Coker’s rede- scription (1934) as well as some possible errors in Coker’s figures. Coker did not mention rounded papillae on the ventral surface of the urosome, though his Text-Fig. 4 shows 2 on the female anal somite and 2 on each caudal ramus. The male from Rock Creek has 2-6 papillae on each urosomite and 2 on each caudal ramus (Fig. 23). Cok- er’s figure for article 2 of the endopod of leg 4 of the male shows 4 setae and a short outer subterminal spinule; the Rock Creek male has 4 setae and a moderately long subter- minal spine (Fig. 24), and therefore the cor- rect spine formula for the endopod is prob- ably 1-0; 221. There is a row of spinules on the anterior surface of the basipod of leg 5 (Fig. 25), a feature not mentioned by Coker. Finally, Coker’s figure for leg 6 shows only 2 long setae. Since the Rock Creek specimen has | long and | short seta and a stout inner spine (Fig. 26), and Pearse (1905) figured a leg 6 with 2 setae and a stout inner spine, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 all of equal length, it is probable that Cok- er’s specimen was simply missing the inner spine. None of these variations has signifi- cance at the species level; Coker (1934) par- ticularly called attention to morphological variability in this widespread and common species. Literature Cited Bowman, TF. E. 1967. Asellus kenki, a new isopod crustacean from springs in the eastern United States. — Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 80:131—140. , R. Prins, and B. F. Morris. 1968. Notes on the harpacticoid copepods Attheyella pilosa and A. carolinensis, associates of crayfishes in the eastern United States.— Proceedings of the Bi- ological Society of Washington 81:571—586. Coker, R. E. 1934. Contributions to knowledge of North American freshwater harpacticoid cope- 699 pod Crustacea.— Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 50:75—141, plates 1-15. Pearse, A. S. 1905. Contributions to the copepod fauna of Nebraska and other states.— Transac- tions of the American Microscopical Society 26: 145-160, plates XIII-X VII. Reid, J. W. 1985. Some usually overlooked cryptic copepod habitats. Pp. 594-598 in G. Schriever, H. K. Schminke, and C.-t. Shih, eds., Proceed- ings of the Second International Conference on Copepoda, Ottawa, Canada, 13-17 August 1984. National Museums of Canada, National Mu- seum of Natural Sciences Syllogeus No. 58. Wilson,.M. S., and H. C. Yeatman. 1958. Harpac- ticoida. Pp. 815-861 in W. T. Edmondson, ed., Fresh-water Biology, second edition. John Wi- ley & Sons, Inc., New York. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 700-712 ANTARCTIC RECORDS OF ASTEROID-INFESTING ASCOTHORACIDA (CRUSTACEA), INCLUDING A NEW GENUS OF CTENOSCULIDAE Mark J. Grygier Abstract. —The following Ascothoracida parasitizing Antarctic asteroids are described and illustrated: an immature female Dendrogaster sp. cf. antarctica Grygier, and females and brooded offspring of Gongylophysema asetosum, new genus and species, all parasitic in Odontaster validus Koehler; several females and males of D. usarporum, new species, from Porania antarctica glabra Sladen. Females of both species of Dendrogaster have setose thoracopods, a new mor- phological feature for this genus. Gongylophysema is the most apomorphic genus of the Ctenosculidae and has numerous similarities witih the dendro- gastrid genus Ulophysema. Its embryological development omits the nauplius, and the ascothoracid larva’s medial penis originates as paired embryonic limb buds, a finding with implications for the entire Ascothoracida and Cirripedia. The sexes are separate by ascothoracid larva I. The opportunity is also taken to identify tentatively an historically enigmatic parasite of a Canadian brisingid asteroid as a ctenosculid ascothoracidan. Ascothoracidans of the order Dendrogas- trida are all crustaceans that parasitize echi- noderms. Two members of this group have been described from Antarctica, Dendro- gaster antarctica Grygier, 1980, a coelomic parasite of the asteroid Acodontaster con- spicuus Koehler in McMurdo Sound, and Ascothorax gigas Wagin, 1968, a bursal par- asite of the large ophiuroid Ophionotus vic- toriae Bell along the Antarctic Peninsula (and in the South Sandwich Islands) (Gry- gier 1981b, Grygier and Fratt 1984). Also, A. M. Clark (1962, 1977) mentioned an as- cothoracidan, apparently a member of the family Ctenosculidae, in the asteroid Aco- dontaster hodgsoni forma stellatus (Koeh- ler) from off MacRobertson Land. New rec- ords of Dendrogaster from two Antarctic asteroids are given in the present report as well as a new dendrogastridan genus, here assigned to the Ctenosculidae, from one of these same asteroids. Class Maxillopoda Dahl, 1956 Subclass Thecostraca Gruvel, 1905 Superorder Ascothoracida Lacaze-Duthiers, 1880 Order Dendrogastrida Grygier, 1987b Family Dendrogastridae Gruvel, 1905 Dendrogaster Knipovich, 1890 Dendrogaster sp. cf. antarctica Grygier, 1980 (nom. correct. pro D. antarcticus) Fig. 1 Material. —Non-brooding 2 (USNM 228260) from coelom of Odontaster validus ‘Koehler also infested with Gongylophysema asetosum, new genus and species (see be- low), coll. G. Hendler, 25 Mar 1982, Hero Cr 824, Sta 30-1, 64°14.15’S, 62°33.60'W, 90-135 m. Description. — Transverse span of mantle 21.4 mm (Fig. 1A, B). Middle piece dis- torted, but longer than wide and tapered VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 701 5 FG A DE, FGaetails Fig. 1. Dendrogaster sp. cf. antarctica Grygier, 1980 (USNM 228260): A, B, Female, habitus, dorsal and ventral views, respectively, sites of missing branches hatched; C, Schematic diagram of mantle branching pattern (cf. A); D, Distal part of antennule, lateral view; E, Distal part of maxillae, posterior hooks dashed; F, G, 4 right and 3 left thoracopods, respectively, in order indicated by thick arrows (front and rear end of each series confused in dissection), fine arrows indicating details of thoracopodal tips, smallest limb in each series only shown in higher magnification. Scale bars in mm. 702 with distal slit. Tightly packed mantle branches short, stout, with lobular tips. Branching pattern shown in Fig. 1C: short main branch on each side dividing into an- terior and posterior primary branches, these branching laterally or dichotomously up to as much as 5th-order terminal branches, last 2 orders of branching sometimes trichoto- mous; posterior branching possibly less well developed than anterior, but some posterior branches torn off. No 66 found in middle piece or in main branches. Antennules 4-segmented, subchelate, normal for genus (Fig. 1 D). [Grygier (198 1b) misdescribed the antennular segmentation in D. antarctica; segments 1-3 are arranged, and the third is armed, normally for the genus.| Segment 3 with fusion seam, its an- terobasal muscle visible in 1 antennule only; small seta on anterior edge. Segment 4 much smaller than 3, with movable claw and fixed, slightly tapered claw guard; setation includ- ing: seta below claw (seen in | antennule); 2 setae on ridges between claw and claw guard, tiny lateral one on ridge edge (seen in | antennule), larger medial one on inside face of ridge, directed transversely; variably 2-3 apical setae on claw guard, another at its rear base; longer seta on ventral side of segment. Makxillae bifid, with basally directed pos- terior hooks (Fig. 1E). Thorax sac-like, with at least 7 setose, uniramous thoracopods, 4 on right (Fig. 1 F), 3 on left (Fig. 1G). Order preserved in dis- section, but anterior and posterior became confused. Legs typically consisting of broad, unarmed base and narrow, tapered distal part witih 3-5 terminal and 0-2 subterminal setae, all setae short and simple or occa- sionally bifid. One leg on each side, either first or last, much smaller than others. Remarks. —The compact array of mantle branches, their stoutness, and the mixture of mantle branching geometries are char- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON acteristic of D. antarctica; no other Den- drogaster species is similar (Grygier 1981b). However, D. antarctica was originally de- scribed from Acodontaster conspicuus and its type specimens are at least twice as large as the present one and have a distally swol- len middle piece and up to 9th-order branching. The present antennules differ from those of the type lot in having one small seta instead of two on segment 3, and two setae behind the claw guard instead of none. Since the present specimen is im- mature (not brooding), these differences may not be significant. Antennular setation is ontogenetically unstable in Dendrogaster and is not always a good taxonomic char- acter compared with the mantle branching pattern (Karande and Oguro 198 1a, b). More specimens from O. validus are necessary be- fore a firm identification can be made. The thoracopods are the most surprising feature of this specimen. Although Knipo- witsch (1892) interpreted small, unarmed lobes as thoracopods in D. astericola Kni- povich, 1890, females of Dendrogaster have generally been considered legless. The pres- ent exception, though spectacular, is not unique (also D. usarporum, new species, herein), and it may be that other females of this genus and of the closely related Bifur- gaster Stone & Moyse, 1985, will prove to have similar legs if dissected properly. These reduced, uniramous, setose legs corroborate the supposedly close relationship- of Den- drogaster to the third genus of Dendrogas- tridae, Ulophysema Brattstrom, 1936 (Wag- in 1950, 1976; Grygier, 1987b), which is also so equipped (cf. Brattstrom 1948). Dendrogaster usarporum, new species Fig. 2 Diagnosis. —Middle piece about twice as long as wide; mantle branches very thick, anterior and posterior branching complex- > Fig. 2. Dendrogaster usarporum, new species: A-E, Females: A, Holotype (USNM 228256), habitus, wounds and missing branch sites hatched; B, Paratype and broken branches from it (USNM 228257); C, Distal part of paratype antennule, lateral view; D, Holotype maxillae, oblique lateral view, with vestigial mandibles (thin VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 703 i ge )\ cea ea ) oA i > (ll | oo” arrows) and maxillules (thick arrows) at base; E, Holotype thoracopod (below) with detail of tip (above); F—J, Male paratypes (USNM 228257): F, Two males, habitus, lateral and dorsal views; G, Antennule, lateral view; H, Frontal filament; I, Oral cone, including some musculature (mostly of pharyngeal pump) and extra point on maxilla (arrow); J, Fifth abdominal segment and furcal rami, showing bases of 8 setae on near ramus. Scale bars in mm. 704 ity about equal; terminal branches generally tertiary, very large and rounded. Single large, spine-like seta on 2 antennule segment 3; no muscle in anterobasal part of this segment. Males with cylindrical posterior processes, pad instead of aesthetasc on antennular seg- ment 4, often small spines on seta-bearing prominance behind claw guard, small extra points on maxillae. Etymology.—Named for the men and women of the United States Antarctic Re- search Program (USARP). Material. —3 22 (holotype USNM 228256; paratypes USNM 228257) in coelom of 3 Porania antarctica glabra Sladen; coll. G. Hendler, 29 Mar 1982, Hero Cr 824, Sta 39-1, 64°47.51'S, 64°11.66'W, 226-265 m. Holotype and 1 paratype dissected. Holo- type brooding round, 0.42 mm diameter eggs, 7 6 paratypes (USNM 228257) re- moved from middle piece, 1 left in main branch; dissected 2 paratype with ripe ova- ries but no brood or 66; second paratype 2 in poor condition, lacking tip of middle piece with appendages. Description. —Females: Holotype mantle span 33 mm, paratypes 28-30 mm (Fig. 2A, B). Middle piece torn in holotype, 5.6 mm and 8.0 mm long in paratypes, about twice as long as wide, shape variable. Span of main branches about as long as middle piece, thicker than middle piece. Thick anterior and posterior primary branch on each side quickly dividing into 2-3 thick secondary branches, these breaking up into several round terminal branches from half to nearly as large as distal end of middle piece. Antennule 4-segmented, subchelate (Fig. 2C). Segment 3 with | large, anterior, spine- like seta, a faint anterobasal fusion seam laterally, no muscle visible in cut-off corner. Segment 4 rounded, with movable claw and truncately conical claw guard; medial ridge between claw and claw guard more prom- inent than lateral one; small seta at base of claw; large lateral and tiny medial seta be- hind claw, former directed either upwards or transversely; 2-3 distal setae on claw guard, 1 longer than others; 2 setae arising PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON separately behind claw guard, proximal one longer. Holotype with vestigial mandibles and maxillules, maxillae well developed, bifid, with elongate posterior hooks directed ba- sally, elongate distal prongs either straight or splayed outwards (Fig. 2D). Post-cephalic part of body in dissected paratype segmented: first a wide zone with vestigial left thoracopod (massive base and appendix with 5 setae) and lobe medial to it (Fig. 2E), 2 unequal lobes on right; then a narrow, transverse ridge; then 3 progres- sively less broad, diaphanous bulges, the first possibly paired; then an unsegmented por- tion. Males: Segmented, appendage-bearing main body between 2 oval valves about 0.8 mm long and 0.4 mm high, each with cy- lindrical, slightly curved or bent posterior process 1.9-6.2 mm long (Fig. 2F). Pro- cesses containing gut diverticulum and testes with typical bullet-headed sperm (Grygier 1981a). Body consisting of head, 6-seg- mented thorax (suture between first thorac- omere and head clearly visible dorsally), and 5-segmented abdomen. Antennules 4-seg- mented, subchelate (Fig. 2G). Segment 3 with tiny hairs anteriorly, 2 anterodistal spines, lateral fusion seam, and small trans- verse muscle in delimited anterobasal re- gion. Segment 4 with movable claw and ta- pered claw guard; seta at base of claw; longer one to each side behind claw; | short apical and 2 long, subterminal setae on claw guard; long seta (bifid in 1 case) behind claw guard arising from prominence with up to 2 short spines; small proximal pad corresponding to ventral aesthetasc of other Dendrogaster 66. Pair of small, club-shaped frontal fila- ments present posterolateral to antennules (Fig. 2H). Oral cone normal, with conical labrum around bifid maxillae (Fig. 21), rear hooks of latter pointing basally or distally, minute extra points medial to them. Thoracomeres less high posteriorly; no long gap between oral cone and thoraco- pods; no epaulets on thoracomere 6; no limbs on thoracomere |. Other 5 limb pairs VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 (thoracopods 2-6) of normal construction: coxa, basis, 2-segmented exopod, 3-seg- mented endopod except 2-segmented in thoracopod 6. Limb setation examined in 3 86: lateral coxal seta on thoracopods 2-3, longer on 2; medial basal seta not visible on any leg in whole mount; 4 long terminal exopod setae (3 on exopod 6), apparently 3 long terminal endopod setae (one-half as long as others) plus 1 seta on second en- dopod segment (2 terminal setae only on thoracopod 6). Abdominal segments 2 and 5 longest, 4 shortest. Penis not visible in whole mounts. Furcal rami, as seen clearly in | specimen (Fig. 2J), square with normal setation: 3 basomedial, 1 mediodorsal, and 4 terminal setae, ventral one shortest; dorsal terminal spine present or not. Natatory se- tae of limbs and furca setulate. Remarks.—The robustness of the branches suggests an affinity with D. ant- arctica, but the branching pattern is simpler and the terminal branches much larger rel- ative to the middle piece. The dissected paratype, which has rather long secondary branches, superficially resembles D. rim- skykorsakowi Wagin, 1950, but its branches are thicker and the clusters of terminal branches much larger. A single large spine on antennule segment 3 also occurs in D. sagittaria Grygier, 1985b, D. arbusculus Fisher, 1911, D. punctata Grygier, 1982, D. sp. cf. antarctica, and sporadically in D. fish- eri Grygier, 1982 (Grygier 1982, 1985b, herein). In the present case, the apparent lack of an anterobasal muscle in this seg- ment is probably real, since it could not be found in four antennules examined. The single reduced thoracopod has implications discussed above. The males are entirely typical of the genus except for the minute extra point on each maxilla; a larger such point has been de- scribed in specimens attributed to D. ber- ingensis Wagin, 1957 (Grygier 1985b), but not in any other species. The posterior hooks on the maxillae are clearly movable, being found in more than one position, so their directionality cannot be used as a taxonom- 705 ic character (e.g., by Wagin 1950). The an- teriorly bounded first thoracomere is note- worthy since it is usually described as fused to the head in this genus. Finding vestigial mouthparts in either sex probably depends on luck in dissection, so their reported presence or absence should not be used as taxonomic criteria in this genus. Family Ctenosculidae Thiele, 1925 Gongylophysema, new genus Diagnosis.— Female carapace spherical or subspherical with thin cuticle; small, pro- truding, ventral aperture guarded by spines and hooked setae. Cephalic attachment zone semi-inverted. Antennules apparently ab- sent. Labrum short, its edges well separated; mandibles absent; maxillules present as rounded lobes; maxillae large, mostly fused except for short, bifid tips. Thorax enlarged, especially anteriorly, with long medial dor- sal horns on segments 2—5 and 6 pairs of uniramous, asetose limbs, sixth much smaller than rest. Short filamentary ap- pendages present. Seminal receptacles in legs 2-5. Penis absent. Abdomen 4-segmented. Furcal rami pointing ventrally, tapered with very few or no setae. Sexes separate by as- cothoracid larva, adult males unknown. In- habiting internal integumental cysts in as- teroids. Etymology. —From Greek gongylos (ball) and physema (bubble), referring to the shape of the carapace; gender neuter. Type species.—Gongylophysema aseto- sum, new species. Gongylophysema asetosum, new species Figs. 3, 4 Diagnosis. — As for genus. Etymology. —Referring to the basically asetose thoracopods and furca. Material.—11 9°2 (holotype USNM 228254, 10 paratypes USNM 228255) in- habiting internal cysts in 3 Odontaster val- idus, 9 in specimen shared with Dendro- gaster sp. (see above), 1 immature and 2 706 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON . = TINS E Fig. 3. Gongylophysema asetosum, new genus and species, paratype females (USNM 228255): A, Armament of carapace aperture; B, Main body, thoracomeres 2—6 and abdominal segments numbered, s, seminal receptacles; C, Oral cone showing maxillules (mx) flanking pointed maxillae, e, esophagus; D, Set of thoracopods, numbered, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 mature paratypes dissected, carapace opened in holotype and another paratype. Coll. G. Hendler, 25 Mar 1982, Hero Cr 824, Sta 30-1, 64°14.15'S, 62°33.60’W, 90-135 m. Host-parasite relations.—Each parasite lies within the host’s disc or arm in a thin, tough pocket of host tissue (invaginated in- tegument?) which separates it from the coe- lom. Access to the external medium is maintained through a minute slit in the host’s aboral wall at the site of the carapace aperture (i.e., the parasite is normally up- side down). This is nearly the same rela- tionship as Endaster hamatosculum Gry- gier, 1985c, has with its zoroasterid starfish hosts (Grygier 1985c), but the cyst wall here lacks calcareous elements. Large cysts may be evident externally as bumps. The dermal ossicles of O. validus are normally orna- mented with many small spinules, but in the vicinity of many cysts only bare knobs remain, and there are no papular openings around the slit. Cysts are roughly spherical or slightly wider than thick, mostly 3—7 mm across, but down to 1.5 mm. Some cysts from host arms bear imprints of the am- bulacral plates against which they have grown. Description. —Carapace roughly spheri- cal, usually slightly wider than high or long, nearly same size as enclosing cyst (holotype 6.7 X 6.4 mm, a dissected paratype 7 x 6.5 Xx 6.0 mm). Short aperture on small ventral prominence, cuticle thickest there, with pores. Narrow zone of spines and hooked setae along aperture lips (Fig. 3A), then wider zone of hooked setae, most of surface smooth, unarmed. Diverticula of Ovaries and midgut ramifying extensively within carapace. Body attached by partly inverted head to anteroventral side of carapace, thorax curved so abdomen points ventrally toward aperture (Fig. 3B). Head bearing oral cone; _— 707 no antennules, antennae, or frontal fila- ments found. Thorax 6-segmented, no boundary discerned between first segment and head. Thoracomeres 1-5 enlarged dor- sally, but not greatly widened. Front and rear borders of first segment indistinct. Tho- racic segments 2—5 each with a hirsute, for- wardly curved, presumably movable (inter- nal muscles present), dorsal protrusion or ‘“‘horn,”’ first one much shorter than others; horns relatively much shorter in smallest, immature, dissected individual. Dorsum of thoracomere 1 (region anterior of base of first horn) of variable length, short in ho- lotype, quite long in illustrated paratype (Fig. 3B), intermediate in other examined para- types. Filamentary appendages and 6 pairs of thoracopods present. Abdomen 4-seg- mented, tapered and ending with furcal rami, segment | larger than other 3 combined. Labrum relatively short, its edges far apart, exposing most of maxillae (Fig. 3C). Mandibles apparently absent. Maxillules re- duced to pair of round lobes (identity judged on basis of extrinsic musculature [Grygier 1984]). Maxillae large, basal region pro- jecting ventroposteriorly, medially fused for most of length; tips bifid, immovable, bare- ly projecting from fused portion. Prominent pair of maxillary gland swellings between oral cone and thoracopods |, this the widest part of main body. Thoracopods 1-5 elon- gate, uniramous (Fig. 3D), lacking true setae but bearing short, fine hairs, leg 2 longest, then 1 and 3, 4 and 5 somewhat shorter. Leg 1 attached higher on body than others, with 2 genital opening anteriorly at base and filamentary appendage with numerous short projections anterodorsal to that (Fig. 3D, E). Cluster of short, tubular seminal recep- tacles basolaterally within legs 2—5. Thor- acopod 6 uniramous, naked, much smaller than other legs (Fig. 3D). No penis observed on first abdominal segment. Furcal rami ta- with filamentary appendage (f) and sites of seminal receptacles (s) indicated, latter only drawn in leg 2; E, Detail of a filamentary appendage; F, Furcal ramus of different specimen from B. Scale bars in mm. 708 pered or bluntly triangular, longer than high, surfaces heavily hirsute, but only 0-2 short distal setae (Fig. 3B, F). Developmental stages.— Holotype brood- ing about 275 embryos and hatched asco- thoracid larvae I. One dissected paratype with 314 ascothoracid larvae I ready to molt to ascothoracid larva II, 2 other large para- types with about 450 embryos and about 400 eggs, respectively. Embryological de- velopment proceeding directly to ascoth- oracid larva, no naupliar stage. Eggs: Oval, 0.51 x 0.42 mm. Early embryos (Fig. 4A): Helmet-shaped, 0.73 mm long, 0.56 mm wide, 0.54 mm high, filled with yolk or oil gobules, ventro- lateral rim produced into small anteroven- tral flaps and larger posterior protrusions. Unarmed antennules extending beyond rim, state of other appendages unclear. Late embryos (Fig. 4B, C): Dome-shaped, yolk- or oil-filled shield over cephalic ap- pendages and posteriorly protruding thor- aco-abdomen. Shield 0.46 mm long, 0.41 mm wide, 0.36 mm high, total length 0.66 mm. Appendages present as unarmed an- lagen: antennules longest, with or without distal notch; labrum rounded; antennae and mandibles absent; maxillules smaller than maxillae, both uniramous; 6 pairs of bira- mous thoracopods, endopod more narrow than exopod; pair of lobes behind them, presumably representing genital limbs; short furcal lobes. Ascothoracid larva I: Carapace bivalved, oval, averaging 0.84 mm long. Sexes sepa- rate, some specimens with bundles of elon- gate sperm in carapace valves, others with immature ovaries. Body with head, 6-seg- mented thorax (first segment not distinct from head), and 4-segmented abdomen (Fig. 4D). Head bearing large, approximately 4-segmented antennules, small frontal fila- ments, labrum and maxillae (maxillules not seen, probably present). Antennules Z-shaped (Fig. 4D); penultimate segment with about 4 anterodistal setae; distal seg- ment with large, probably immovable claw PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON with 3 short basal setae, short cylindrical claw guard with 2 setae, long seta behind claw guard, and protrusion with tiny sen- sillum. Frontal filament short with 2 un- equal, short processes (Fig. 4E). Labrum a flat shield in front of and shorter than max- illae, edges folded back, hiding any other mouthparts (Fig. 4D, F). Maxillae separate for much of length, tips with 1-3 small points (Fig. 4D, F). Six pairs of biramous thora- copods with long setae (half as long on first pair) (Fig. 4D, G, H). Legs divided into coxa, basis, 2-segmented exopod, and 3-segmented endopod (2-segmented in legs 1 and 6, first segment very short in leg 1). Exopods with 3 terminal and 1 slightly sub- terminal setae, just 3 terminal setae on leg 6. Endopods with | short seta on second segment (none on proximal segment of leg 1), 2 long setae on terminal segment. Ab- dominal segment 4 longest, others approx- imately equal (Fig. 4D). Penis of segment 1 sexually dimorphic, in males longer than legs, with 2 distal setae (Fig. 41), in females less than half as long and unarmed (Fig. 4J). Furcal rami rectangular, just under twice as long as high, usually with 4 terminal and 3 mediodistal setae (Fig. 4D), but slightly variable. Ascothoracid larva II: Some features of this stage could be made out beneath cuticle of older ascothoracid larvae I preparing to molt. Antennular claws sexually dimorphic, females with 10 + 2 triangular teeth along inner curve (Fig. 4K), males with comb-like row of about twice as many, finer teeth (Fig. 4L). Impossible to determine number of an- tennular segments or whether strap-like aesthetasc present. Frontal filaments with relatively much longer aesthetasc than be- fore. Sharp, pointed maxiliules and appar- ently distally undivided maxillae present (Fig. 4F). Remarks. —Systematic position: Gongy- lophysema asetosum has features character- istic of the Petrarcidae (Petrarcinae), the Dendrogastridae (Ulophysematinae), and the Ctenosculidae. The Petrarca-like fea- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 709 nN .05 G Fig. 4. Gongylophysema asetosum, new genus and species, developmental stages: A, Embryo, lateral view, front end left; B, C, Late embryos, lateral and ventral views respectively, latter showing appendage anlagen (e.g., mx, maxillule, thoracopods 1 and 6); D-J, Ascothoracid larva I; D, Main body, lateral view, some thoracomeres numbered, setae only shown complete on legs | and 3, penis stippled; E, Frontal filament; F, Oral cone, maxillules (mx) and longer maxillae of ascothoracid larva II dashed within; G, Thoracopod 1; H, Thoracopod 2; I, Male penis; J, Female penis with anlage of ascothoracid larva II penis dashed within; K, L, Female and male antennular claws, respectively, of ascothoracid larva II. Scale bars in mm. tures include the oral cone—the short la- brum with widely separated lateral margins and the labium-like, nearly fused maxillae (most similar to Petrarca morula Grygier, 1985a)—and the asetose, unsegmented limbs. The Petrarcidae infest scleractinian corals, and these resemblances must be con- vergent simplifications. Adult characters in common with Ulophysema include an at least partly inverted cephalic attachment zone, anteriorly curled, muscular thoracic horns on 4 thoracomeres (segments 1-4 in Ulophysema), uniramous thoracopods, loss of some mouthparts (all but labrum in U/- ophysema), a ventrally pointed abdomen, and nearly asetose furcal rami (asetose or absent in Ulophysema). The sexual dimor- phism of the ascothoracid larva II anten- 710 nular claw is the same as in U. oeresundense Brattstrom, 1936 (Grygier, 1987a), and that species also exhibits sexual differences in penis development at this stage. Ulophy- sema, however, shares so many advanced features with the dendrogastrine genera Bi- furgaster and Dendrogaster—nearly identi- cal, subchelate, larval antennules; loss of first thoracopod at all stages; loss of seminal re- ceptacles; reduction of mandibles and max- illules; reduction of abdomen to 2 segments or less; great enlargement of carapace into lobes; complete or nearly complete endo- parasitism—that these three dendrogastrid genera together must form a monophyletic set (Grygier, 1987b). Gongylophysema shares a mode of life within an integumentary cyst of an asteroid with the ctenosculid genera Ctenosculum Heath, 1910 (see Grygier 1983a) and En- daster Grygier, 1985c. All three genera have vestigial or absent antennules, apparently no mandibles, a partly or wholly inverted cephalic attachment zone, large but simpli- fied thoracopods (mostly biramous 1n Cten- osculum and Endaster) with small, tubular seminal receptacles in legs 2—5, no discern- able penis in adult females, filamentary ap- pendages, and an array of spines and hooked setae near the carapace aperture (last 2 fea- tures previously overlooked in Ctenoscu- lum). Gongylophysema is assigned to the Ctenosculidae on the basis of these mostly apomorphic features. Ctenosculum has 4 dorsal horns on segments 1-4 or 2-5 and tapered filamentary appendages (based on new, Australian specimens and reexami- nation of Grygier’s 1983a specimen); unlike Gongylophysema it has a large, toothed, posteroventral carapace aperture, setose legs and furca, and 2-segmented antennules. En- daster is similar to G. asetosum in carapace form aside from being more oval, and its abdomen points ventrally, but it has setose thoracopods and furcal rami, very long, conical filamentary appendages, and a com- pletely different thoracic armament with no long dorsal horns. In both Ctenosculum and PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Endaster the oral cone is more generalized than in Gongylophysema; the rear edges of the labrum meet behind the other mouth- parts. Endaster shows sexual dimorphism at ascothoracid larva I, involving penis de- velopment as well as gonads (Grygier 1985c). In sum, G. asetosum appears to be the most apomorphic (i.e., reduced) member of the Ctenosculidae in terms of mouthparts, thor- acopods, and furcal setation; the thoracic horns suggest a close affinity to Ctenoscu- lum. Embryology: The seventh pair of trunk limb buds in this species can only reason- ably be interpreted as rudimentary genita- lia, yet the fully developed ascothoracid lar- va has a medial penis, as do adult ascothoracidans in general. This seems to confirm the assumption (e.g., Grygier 1983b) that the penis is the Ascothoracida (and Cir- ripedia) represented fused appendages of trunk segment 7. Although retention of the brood to the ascothoracid larva is quite usual in the As- cothoracida, there normally are brooded naupliar instars. Direct development from the embryo to the ascothoracid larva, as seen here, only otherwise occurs in a few species of Dendrogaster (Wagin 1948, 1954; Grygier 1981b) as one end of a spectrum of ontogenetic patterns. Notes on an unidentified ctenosculid. —H. L. Clark (1902) described a 15 mm long, bilobed structure (USNM 19899) collected at Albatross Sta 3342 (off Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, 2900 m) as a monstrous possible holothurian. A. H. Clark (1916) reexamined the specimen and determined it to be a piece of a Brisinga (Asteroidea) arm with an external cyst induced by a “cu- rious type of degenerate mollusc.” Although this specimen is not Antarctic, it is worth treating in the present context because after examining the specimen, I have concluded that the parasite was most likely a cteno- sculid ascothoracidan, of which only a por- tion of the carapace remains. Typically branched ascothoracidan ovaries are pres- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ent in the carapace. Among the Ctenoscu- lidae, Ctenosculum hawaiiense Heath, 1910, infests a deep-water brisingid, so this par- asite may possibly belong to that genus. A. H. Clark (1916) noted more cysts on Bri- singa from the same station, but these spec- imens were not found at the Smithsonian in 1985, so the precise identity of the par- asite cannot be determined. Acknowledgments I thank Gordon Hendler (formerly Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Cen- ter) for collecting and arranging the loan of the Antarctic specimens, Maureen Downey (National Museum of Natural History) for locating the Brisinga-cyst, and the Institute of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Copenhagen, for providing facilities during a postdoctoral exchange fellowship awarded by the American-Scandinavian Founda- tion. Literature Cited Brattstrom, H. 1936. Ulophysema oresundense n. gen. et sp., eine neue Art der Ordnung Cirripedia Ascothoracica (vorlaufige Mitteilung).— Arkiv for Zoologi 28A(23):1-10. . 1948. Undersdkningar éver Oresund XXXIV. Studies on Ulophysema oresundense 3. On the morphology of the ascothoracid Ulophysema or- esundense Brattstro6m.—Lunds Universitets _ Arsskrift. N.F. Avd. 2. 44(5):1-31. Clark, A. H. 1916. Identification of a supposedly anomalous echinoderm.—Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 29:49-50. Clark, A.M. 1962. Asteroidea.—B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Reports, Series B (Zoology and Botany) 9(1):1-104. 1977. Starfishes and related echinoderms, Third Edition. T.F.H. Publications, Hong Kong, 160 pp. Clark, H. L. 1902. An extraordinary animal.—Zool- ogischer Anzeiger 25:509-511. Dahl, E. 1956. Some crustacean relationships. Pp. 138-147 in K. G. Wingstrand, ed., Bertil Han- str6m, zoological papers in honour of his sixty- fifth birthday November 20th, 1956. Zoological Institute, Lund. Fisher, W. K. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific 711 and adjacent waters. Part 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa.— United States National Museum Bulletin 76(1):1-419. Gruvel, A. 1905. Monographie des Cirrhipédes ou Thécostracés. Masson, Paris, 472 pp. [reprinted Asher, Amsterdam, 1965] Grygier, M. J. 1980. A representative of the genus Dendrogaster (Cirripedia: Ascothoracica) para- sitic in an Antarctic starfish. —Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 61(16):174. [Abstract] . 1981a. Sperm of the ascothoracican parasite Dendrogaster, the most primitive found in Crus- tacea.—International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction 3:65-73. 1981b. A representative of the genus Den- drogaster (Cirripedia: Ascothoracica) parasitic in an Antarctic starfish.—Antarctic Research Series 32(1):1-15. 1982. Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothorac- ida) from California: Sea-star parasites collected by the Albatross. — Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 42(18):443-454. . 1983a. Ctenosculum hawaiiense Heath: Con- firmation of its affinities (Crustacea: Ascotho- racida—ex Mollusca: Gastropoda). —Journal of Crustacean Biology 3:257-265. . 1983b. Ascothoracida and the unity of Max- illopoda. Pp. 73-104 in F. R. Schram, ed., Crus- tacean phylogeny. Balkema, Rotterdam. 1984. Comparative morphology and ontog- eny of the Ascothoracida, a step toward a phy- logeny of the maxillopoda. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni- versity of California San Diego, 417 pp. 1985a. New ascothoracid crustacean endo- parasites of Scleractinia.—Journal of Natural History 19:1029-1043. 1985b. Two species of Dendrogaster (Crus- tacea: Ascothoracida) parasitic in porcellanas- terid starfishes.—Galathea Report 16:113-—120. 1985c. Crustacea Ascothoracida.—Mém- oires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Série A, Zoologie 133:417—426. 1987a. Reappraisal of sex determination in the Ascothoracida.—Crustaceana 52:149-162. 1987b. Classification of the Ascothoracida (Crustacea). — Proceedings of the Biological So- ciety of Washington 100:452—458. , and D. B. Fratt. 1984. The ascothoracid crus- tacean Ascothorax gigas: Redescription, larval development, and notes on its infestation of the Antarctic ophiuroid Ophionotus victoriae. — Antarctic Research Series 41:43-58. Heath, H. 1910. A new genus of parasitic gastro- pods.— Biological Bulletin 18:99-108. Karande, A. A., and C. Oguro. 198la. Larvae of My- riocladus astropectinis (Yosii 1931) (Ascotho- 712 Tacica) reared under laboratory conditions. — Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science (Animal Sciences) 90:23-31. ——, and . 1981b. Comments on taxonomic characters of Myriocladus astropectinis Yosil, 1931 (Ascothoracica).—Crustaceana 41:108- 110. Knipovich, N. 1890. Dendrogaster astericola nov. g. et sp., a new form of parasitic Cirripedia of the group Ascothoracida: Preliminary report.— Vestnik Estestvoznaniya 1(8):353—357. [in Rus- sian] Knipowitsch, N. 1892. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gruppe Ascothoracida.— Trudy S.-Peterburgs- kogo Obshchestva Estestvoispytateley. Ot- del’yeniye Zoologii i Fiziologii 23(2):1-155. [Russian with German summary] Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de. 1880. Histoire de la Laura gerardiae type nouveau de crustacé parasite. — Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Génér- ale. Série 1. 8:537-581. Stone, C., and J. Moyse. 1985. Bifurgaster, a new genus of Ascothoracida (Crustacea: Maxillo- poda) parasitic in deep water asteroids. —Jour- nal of Natural History 19:1269-1279. Thiele, J. 1925. Prosobranchia. Pp. 40-94 in W. Ku- kenthal and T. Krumbach, eds., Handbuch der Zoologie 5(1, 1):40-94. Wagin, V. L. 1948. On the types of larval develop- ment in the Dendrogasteridae (Ascothoracida, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Entomostraca).— Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 59:387-390. [in Russian] 1950. On new parasitic crustaceans of the family Dendrogasteridae (order Ascothoraci- da).—Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Es- testvoispytateley 70(4):3-89. [in Russian] 1954. On the structure, larval development and metamorphosis of the dendrogasterids (parasitic crustaceans of the order Ascothorac- ida).—Uchenye Zapiski Leningradskogo Go- sudarstvennogo Universiteta 172(Seriya Biol- ogicheskikh Nauk 35):42-89. [in Russian] 1957. Dendrogasteridae (Entomostraca, As- cothoracida) aus den Asteroidea der Bering- see.— Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Es- testvoispytateley 73(4):58-63. [Russian with German summary] 1968. Ascothorax gigas n. sp. from the Ant- arctic ophiuroid Ophionotus victoriae Bell and information on the distribution of the genus As- cothorax. Pp. 10-19 in V. L. Wagin, ed., Sbornik Kratkikh Soobshchenty, Zoologiya (Vypusk II). Kazan University Press, Kazan. [in Russian] . 1976. Meshkogrudyye Raki (Ascothoracida). Kazan University Press, Kazan, 141 pp. fin Russian] Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 713-716 IDENTITY OF CROCODILUS MEXICANUS BOCOURT, 1869 (REPTILIA: CROCODYLIDAE) Charles A. Ross and Franklin D. Ross Abstract. —Examination of type material and analysis of Central American crocodile neck squamation indicate that Crocodilus mexicanus is a synonym of Crocodylus moreletii. Crocodilus mexicanus Bocourt, 1869 was recognized for less than twenty years (Su- michrast 1880, 1882, 1884; Cope 1887, as a subspecies of C. americanus) until Gin- ther (1885) synonymized it with Crocodylus moreletii Duméril and Bibron, 1851 (as C. americanus var. moreletii). In 1889 Bou- lenger transferred C. mexicanus to the syn- onymy of Crocodilus americanus Laurent, 1768 (=Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807) as suggested by Gray (1872). Since Boulenger’s action, the specific allocation of this taxon has been uncertain and most subsequent au- thors have merely followed Boulenger un- critically. Crocodilus mexicanus was described from two specimens: an adult received at the Mu- seum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN 7579), from Tampico in 1845 and referred to as “‘variété a dix écussons cer- vicaux”’ of C. acutus by Duméril and Du- meéril (1851), and Dumeéril (1852); along with a juvenile. Crocodilus mexicanus was said to differ from C. acutus by head shape, color, and neck squamation, but was not compared to C. moreletii. The figure of the adult syntype (Bocourt 1873, pl. 8, fig. 3) showed a large crocodile with ten neck shield or nuchal scales, and dark coloration. This plate also showed regular tail squamation, and a dis- tinct preorbital hump, two character states associated with C. acutus. Analysis of the number of neck scales in C. acutus and C. moreletii, based on mu- seum specimens and material examined in Mexico and Central America, and a re-ex- amination of MNHN 7579, the adult syn- type of C. mexicanus, now permit a more definitive specific allocation of this taxon and confirms Smith and Smith’s (1977) ten- tative allocation of C. mexicanus to the syn- onymy of C. moreletii. Analysis of variation in neck squamation used data from 170 crocodiles from Mexico and Central America north of Panama. Our criteria for distinguishing between C. acutus and C. moreletii are many, but most are subtle and some vary individually. Two re- liable characters were found: the presence or absence of basicaudal scale row irregu- larity (Ross and Ross 1974), and the shape of the premaxillary-maxillary suture (Schmidt 1924). These characters are used by us to identify this sample as containing 70 C. acutus, and 100 C. moreletii (as shown in Table 1). Nape scales (PC 25 + 26; terminology of Ross and Mayer 1983 = post-occipital scales of Deraniyagala 1939; King and Brazaitis 1971; Brazaitis 1974; Ross and Roberts 1979) and neck shield scales (PC 20 + 21, 22 + 23 and rarely PC 19 and 24 = nuchal scales as above) were counted. The most common condition in both C. acutus and C. moreletii is 4 nape scales (60% C. acutus, 64% C. moreletii) and 6 neck shield scales (60% C. acutus, 85% C. moreletii). How- 714 Table 1.— Frequency distribution of number of neck scales in crocodiles from Mexico and Central America north of Panama. Analysis of neck shield scales and nape scutes utilized data from 70 C. acutus, and 98 (neck shield) and 100 (nape scutes) C. moreletii. Neck shield, Chi square = 38.99, 5 d.f., P < 0.01. Nape scutes, Chi square = 63.81, 5 d.f., P < 0.01. Number of scales Neck shield (PC 19-24) 3 4 5 6 7S C. acutus 4 18 -4 43 1 O C. moreletii 0) 1 l 8&7 5. 4 Nape scutes (PC 25-26) DD 3 4 5 6 7/ C. acutus 13 4d 43 @ @ @ C. moreletii O O 64 15 20 1 ever, the distribution of these traits is sig- nificant and helps to distinguish C. acutus (fewer neck scales) from C. moreletii (Table 1). Only one C. acutus (FMNH 23147 from Isla Cozumel, Mexico), had more than 6 neck shield scales and two C. moreletii (FMNH 123668 and MCZ 8047 from northeastern Mexico and Quintana Roo, Mexico, respectively) had less than 4 nape scales or 6 neck shield scales. A discriminant analysis (BMDP7M; Dix- on 1975) of these data was performed. The adult syntype of C. mexicanus, MNHN 7579, which has 4 nape and 10 neck shield scales, was entered without species identity. It was assigned to C. moreletii with a 99% probability. Examination of MNHN 7579 showed that this specimen also exhibits basicaudal scale row irregularity, a distinctive characteristic of C. moreletii (Ross and Ross 1974). This characteristic was not mentioned in the original description, or later redescription, and the figure of MNHN 7579 (Bocourt 1873, pl. 8, fig. 3), which is accurate in most details, was inaccurate for this trait as it clearly shows regular basicaudal scale rows, a condition found in C. acutus in Mexico and Central America (Ross and Ross 1974). PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The juvenile syntype of C. mexicanus has not been located. Bocourt (1869) stated that it originated in the same locality as the adult, 1.e., Tampico, but later (1873) gave the lo- cality only as ““Mexique.”’ Bocourt (1869) described this specimen, the juvenile syn- type, as being no larger than 79 cm and possessing 8 neck shield scales. Owing to the number of neck shield scales it is likely to be referable to C. moreletii for the reason outlined above. Because the juvenile is missing, has questionable locality data, and since the nature of its basicaudal tail squa- mation and shape of the premaxillary-max- illary suture cannot be determined, we des- ignate MNHN 7579, the mounted, ca. 2 m long adult, as lectotype of C. mexicanus. Crocodilus mexicanus Bocourt, 1869 Crocodilus mexicanus Bocourt, 1869:20, 1873:34.—Sumichrast, 1880:171, 1882: 276, 1884:34. Crocodilus americanus var. moreletii (part.): Gunther, 1885:21. Crocodilus americanus mexicanus: Cope, 1887:20. Crocodilus americanus (part.): Boulenger, 1889:281.—Cope, 1900:173. Crocodylus moreletii (part.): Schmidt, 1924: 84.—Smith and Smith, 1977:95. Champsa acuta (part.): Werner, 1933:17. Crocodylus acutus acutus (part.): Smith and Taylor, 1950:211. Crocodylus acutus (part.): Wermuth, 1953: 476.—Mertens and Wermuth, 1955: 408.—Wermuth and Mertens, 1961:359, 1977:141.—Steel, 1973:62.—Alvarez del Toro, 1974:13.—Smith and Smith, 1976: Cr-10. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Charles D. Rob- erts for assistance with analysis of neck squamation data. George R. Zug and W. Ronald Heyer provided research space. Ronald I. Crombie, Roy W. McDiarmid, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Gregory C. Mayer, and Storrs L. Olson read drafts of this manuscript. Madame Roux- Esteve (MNHN) assisted with the locating and examination of the type of C. mexi- canus. Literature Cited Alvarez del Toro, M. 1974. Los Crocodylia de Mex- ico (Estudio Comparativo). Editorial Libros de Mexico, Mexico, ix + 70 pp. Bocourt, M. 1869. Descriptions de quelques reptiles et poissons nouveaux appartenant a la faune tropicale de l’Amérique.— Nouvelles Archives du Museum 5:19-24. 1873. Etudes sur les reptiles. Mission scien- tifique au Mexique et dans l’Amérique Cen- trale—recherches zoologiques. Troisiéme Par- tie, 2° Livraison, pp. 33-112. Imprimerie Impériale, Paris. Boulenger, G. A. 1889. Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the Brit- ish Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, London, x + 311 pp. Brazaitis, P. 1974. The identification of living croc- odilians.— Zoologica 58(3—4):59-101. Cope, E. D. 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and rep- tiles of Central America and Mexico.—Bulletin of the United States National Museum 32:1-98. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North America. — Report of the United States National Museum for 1898:153-1270. Deraniyagala, P. E. P. 1939. The tetrapod reptiles of Ceylon. Volume 1. Testudinates and Crocodil- ians. Colombo Museum of Natural History, Colombo, xxxii + 412 pp. Dixon, W. J. 1975. (Ed.) B.M.D.P., biomedical com- puter programs. University of California Press, Berkeley, xi + 792 pp. Dumeril, A.H. A. 1852. Description des reptiles nou- veaux Ou imparfaitement connus de la collec- tion du Muséum d Histoire Naturelle.—Ar- chives du Museum 6:209-264. Dumeril, A. M. C.,and A. H. A. Duméril. 1851. Cat- alogue méthodique de la collection des reptiles. Gide et Boudry, Paris, iv + 224 pp. Gray, J. E. 1872. Catalogue of shield reptiles in the collection of the British Museum. Part 2. Emy- dosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphisbae- nians. Taylor and Francis, London, vi + 41 pp. Gunther, A. 1885. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, London, xx + 326 pp. King, F. W., and P. Brazaitis. 1971. Species identi- fication of commercial crocodilian skins. — Zoo- logica 56(2):15-70. ae Mertens, R., and H. Wermuth. 1955. Die rezenten Schildkr6ten, Krokodile und Bruckenesch- sen.—Zoologische Jahrbticher (Systematik) 83(5):323-440. Ross, C. A., and F. D. Ross. 1974. Caudal scalation of Central American Crocodylus. — Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 87:23 1— 234. , and C. D. Roberts. 1979. Scalation of the American Alligator.—United States Depart- ment of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report — Wildlife, 225:1-8. Ross, F. D., and G. C. Mayer. 1983. On the dorsal armor of the Crocodilia. Pp. 305-331 in A. G. J. Rhodin and K. Miyata, eds., Advances in herpetology and evolutionary biology—essays in honor of Ernest E. Williams. Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge. Schmidt, K. P. 1924. Notes on Central American crocodiles.— Field Museum of Natural History Publication 220, Zoological Series 12(6):79-92. Smith, H. M., and R. B. Smith. 1976. Synopsis of the herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume 3. Source analysis and index for Mexican reptiles. John Johnson, North Bennington, Vermont. , and 1977. Synopsis of the herpeto- fauna of Mexico. Volume 5. Guide to Mexican Amphisbaenians and Crocodilians. Biblio- graphic Addendum 2. John Johnson, North Bennington, Vermont, 187 pp. ,and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated check- list and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. — United States National Museum Bulletin 199:1-253. Steel, R. 1973. Crocodylia.—Encyclopedia of Pa- leoherpetology 16(16):vii—116. Sumichrast, F. 1880. Contribution a Vhistoire na- turelle du Mexique. 1. Notes sur une collection de reptiles et de batraciens de la partie occiden- tale de l’Isthme de Tehuantepec.— Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 5:162-190. 1882. Contribucion a la historia natural de México. 1. Notas acerca de una coleccion de reptiles y batracios de la parte occidental del Istmo de Tehuantepec.—La Naturaleza 5:268— 293. . 1884. Enumeracion de las especies de reptiles observados en la parte meridional de la Repub- lica Mexicana.—La Naturaleza 6:31-45. Wermuth, H. 1953. Systematik der rezenten kroko- dile.— Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Mu- seum, Berlin 29:375-514. , and R. Mertens. 1961. Schildkr6éten, Kro- kodile, Briickenechsen. Gustav Fischer, Jena, xxv1 + 422 pp. , and 1977. Das Tierreich. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien. Testudines, 716 Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. Walter de Gruy- ter, Berlin, xxvii + 174 pp. Werner, F. 1933. Das Tierreich. Loricata. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig, xiv + 40 pp. (CAR) Department of Vertebrate Zool- ogy, National Museum of Natural History, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (FDR) Department of Herpetology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 717-725 MICROPROSTHEMA EMMILTUM, NEW SPECIES, AND OTHER RECORDS OF STENOPODIDEAN SHRIMPS FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA) Joseph W. Goy Abstract.—A new species of shrimp in the genus Microprosthema from the eastern Pacific is described and figured. Specimens have been collected from the Galapagos Islands, Panama, and the Gulf of California. The new species, Microprosthema emmiltum, represents a geminate or cognate species for it is closely related to the western Atlantic M. semilaeve. Microprosthema emmiltum is distinguished from M. semilaeve by slight morphological differences in ab- domen, uropods, and spination of the pereiopods as well as by coloration. A specimen of Stenopus hispidus is recorded from Taboga Island, Panama, bring- ing the total to five for species of stenopodidean shrimps found in the eastern Pacific. While examining some unidentified ste- nopodid material from the National Mu- seum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., I found two specimens of an undescribed Microprosthema, collected by the Velero IIT off Isla Santa Maria, Galapagos. Dr. M. K. Wicksten, while sorting specimens at the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, found another speci- men of the new species from off Taboga Island, Panama. Alex Kerstitch, an under- water photographer, sent Dr. Wicksten another specimen of this stenopodid with photographs of the animal in life. While examining some stenopodid ma- terial in the collection of the Copenhagen University Zoological Museum, I found a male specimen of Stenopus hispidus col- lected by Mortensen in 1916 from Taboga Island, Panama. The banded coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, is widespread in tropical waters of the western Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The present record extends its known range into the eastern Pacific. Microprosthema emmiltum, new species Figs. 1-4 Material examined. —-GALAPAGOS IS- LANDS: ISLA SANTA MARIA (Fioreana or Charles Island), off Black Beach, 1°16'36”S, 90°29'42’”W, Velero III sta 33- 33, rocky shores, 27 Jan 1933, USNM 231363, female (holotype).—1°17'38’S, 90°29'55”W, Velero IIT sta 199-34, 30 Jan 1934, USNM 231364, ovigerous female (paratype). PANAMA: TABOGA ISLAND, 8°47’ 35’”N, 79°33'15”W, T. Mortensen, Apr 1916, AHF 161, ovigerous female (paratype). MEXICO: BAJA CALIFORNIA, Los Friales, north of Cabo San Lucas, 23°23'N, 109°24'W, 9.1 m, rock and sand, hand net, under rock. Alex Kerstitch coll., 8 Jul 1981, AHF 8110, ovigerous female (paratype). Diagnosis. —Moderately small stenopod- idean shrimp with subcylindrical, depressed body, with few spinous processes; carapace covered with some small spines; third pe- reiopod with minutely pitted surface giving 718 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Microprosthema emmiltum, holotype, female: A, Dorsal view; B, Carapace, lateral view; C, Antennule, dorsal view; D, Antennule, ventral view; E, Antenna and scaphocerite, ventral view; F, Antennal peduncle and scaphocerite, dorsal view. Scale bars represent 1.0 mm. Setules not shown on all setae for clarity. scaly appearance, propodus with dorsal crista, numerous small spines dorsally and ventrally; dorsal surface of abdominal so- mites glabrous, pleura of last 3 abdominal somites ending in small spines; 1—3 spinules on dorsal surface of uropodal endopodite outside median ridge; scaphocerite lobate with 4-5 very strong teeth on outer margin; first maxilliped with 3-segmented endopo- dite; antennular and antennal flagella, fourth and fifth pereiopods red; rest of shrimp white with appendages, carapace, and abdomen tinged with red. | Description. — Holotype (female, USNM). Rostrum (Fig. 1A, B) long, deflexed, nearly reaching level of distal end of scaphocerite. Dorsal margin with 5 strong spines, ven- trally small spine, laterally without spines. Carapace (Fig. 1A, B) covered with few long setae, scattered spinules, directed for- ward, placed in more or less longitudinal rows. Spinules most strongly developed an- terodorsally, smallest posterodorsally. Three rows of 3—4 spinules in median region of carapace from base of rostrum to cervical groove. Cervical groove distinct with 4 spi- nules along each lateral margin. Large supraorbital, antennal, brachiostegal, and hepatic spines present. Two small ptery- gostomian spines present. Ventrolateral carapacial angle and posterior margin of branchiostegite rounded. Abdomen (Fig. 1A) broad, depressed, dorsally glabrous, without transverse cari- nae or rows of tubercles. First 3 abdominal somites with posterior margin near base of pleura rounded. Pleura of fourth somite ending in 2 sharp teeth; bearing long seta laterally. Pleura of fifth somite ending in | blunt, 2 sharp teeth. Pleura of sixth somite ending in blunt tooth; 4 long setae laterally. Telson (Fig. 1A) longer than uropods, truncately triangular. Dorsal surface with 2 longitudinal ridges, ending considerable VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 distance before posterior margin, bearing 3 strong teeth; middle teeth provided with long seta at outer part of base. Two pairs of spi- nules anteriorly in median groove; 2 small anterior submarginal spines present at tel- son base. Lateral margin at each side pro- vided with large median lateral spine; pos- terior margin with 3 small spines; posterior % of telson fringed with plumose setae. Uropods (Fig. 1A) well developed, almost reaching tip of telson. Exopodite with outer margin slightly rounded, bearing 9-10 teeth; inner margin semicircular, fringed with plu- mose setae. Dorsal surface with 2 distinct longitudinal ridges without spinules. En- dopodite subovate, outer margin with 7-8 teeth; inner margin fringed with plumose setae; dorsal surface with distinct unarmed median longitudinal ridge with 1—3 spinules outside ridge. Eyes (Fig. 1A) well developed, cornea smaller, narrower than peduncle. Facets, pigment distinct in cornea. Ophthalmic pe- duncle dorsally with 2 spinules. Basal segment of antennular peduncle (Fig. 1C, D) with distinct, sharply pointed, curved stylocerite. Basal, middle segments with some spinules. Both flagella short, pro- vided with numerous plumose setae; upper flagellum with 63 aesthetascs, 2 on articles 2-3, 3 on articles 4-12, and 4 on articles 13-20. Antenna (Fig. 1E, F) with strong basal segment; outer margin ending in acute spine; inner margin with distinct laminate process. Other segments of antennal peduncle with some spinules. Scaphocerite reaching slight- ly beyond tip of rostrum; lobate, rather nar- row at base; outer margin slightly concave with 5 sharp, strong teeth; inner margin strongly convex, fringed with long plumose setae. Dorsal surface with distinct longitu- dinal carina, ventral surface glabrous. An- tennal flagellum well developed, extending slightly beyond abdominal somites, covered with numerous short plumose setae. Epistome (Fig. 2A) triangular anteriorly with 2 stout submedian spines, | small me- 719 dian spine at end of median carina. Labrum normally developed. Paragnath bilobed with lobes separated by median fissure. Thoracic sternites broadening from front to back with 2 submedian blunt spinules on segments 5— 6, none on segments 4, 7-8. Mandible (Fig. 2B, C) robust with short, fused molar and incisor processes. Molar surface with few irregular teeth; incisor thickened with 6 small median teeth. Palp well developed, 3-segmented. Proximal seg- ment without setae; middle segment with 4 small lateral plumose setae, 5 distal plu- mose setae, plumose seta at distordorsal ex- tremity; distal segment broad, fringed with plumose setae. Maxillule (Fig. 2D) with slender undivid- ed endopodite bearing 2 lateral, 4 distal plu- mose setae. Proximal endite moderately broad, somewhat truncate distally with 4 plumose setae laterally; 10 compound spi- nose setae, 8 simple setae distally. Distal endite slightly broader, rounded distally, bearing 8 compound spinose setae, numer- ous simple setae. Maxilla (Fig. 2E) with setose coxal and basal endites. Endopodite long, slender, ex- ceeding anterior margin of scaphognathite, 29 long plumose setae laterally and distally. Scaphognathite long, narrow, fringed with numerous plumose setae. First maxilliped (Fig. 2F) with 3-seg- mented endopodite; proximal segment long with 8 long plumose setae laterally; middle segment rounded, about 0.5 length of prox- imal segment, with 12 long plumose lateral setae, short plumose distomesial seta; distal segment small with minute simple terminal seta. Basipodite large, rounded anteriorly, with straight outer border bearing dense fringe of short plumose setae; coxopodite bilobed, with each lobe bearing numerous short plumose setae. Exopodite well devel- oped, bearing 3 proximal and 32 distal long plumose setae. Large epipod with moder- ately slender proximal and distal lobes. Second maxilliped (Fig. 2G) with 4-seg- mented endopodite. Dactylus suboval with 720 Sg! aie, LG SY ( E PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Ze Ze i \ MN Wii \ ‘ SS Fig. 2. Microprosthema emmiltum, holotype, female: A, Epistome and labrum, ventral view; B, Mandible, ventral view; C, Mandible, dorsal view; D, Maxillule; E, Maxilla; F, First maxilliped; G, Second maxilliped. Scale bar represents 1.0 mm. Setules not shown on all setae for clarity. dense fringe of setae along distodorsal mar- gin, 8 compound spinose setae, few simple setae on distal margin. Propodus rounded, about equal in length to dactylus, densely setose on dorsal margin. Carpus short, slightly longer than propodus, with 6 long simple setae at distodorsal angle. Merus 2.0 times length of dactylus, with straight inner border bearing long simple seta distally; outer border convex with numerous long simple setae. Ischium and basis fused into setose lobes; coxa lobate with dense fringe of setae. Exopodite long, slender, undivided with distal 2 bearing 44 long plumose setae, 7 long simple proximal setae. Basipodite with 12 long simple setae. Third maxilliped (Fig. 3A) endopodite strongly developed, 5-segmented. Dactylus slender with dense fringe of setae. Propodus slightly longer than dactylus, with numer- ous simple setae, setiferous organ distally on inner margin. Carpus equal to dactylar length, with numerous simple setae. Merus almost 2.0 times carpal length, robust, with 4 sharp spines, few simple setae on outer Margin; inner margin with numerous sim- ple setae. Ischium robust, almost 2.0 times meral length, with 7 sharp spines on outer margin; 3 spines, numerous simple setae on inner margin. Coxa short, rounded, with dense fringe of simple setae. Exopodite long, slender, extending past carpus, with distal % bearing 34 long plumose setae. First pereiopod (Fig. 3B) small, slender, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 721 Fig. 3. Microprosthema emmiltum, holotype, female: A, Third maxilliped; B, First pereiopod; C, Second pereiopod; D, Third pereiopod; E, Fourth pereiopod; F, Fifth pereiopod; G, First pleopod; H, Second pleopod. Scale bar represents 1.0 mm. Setules not shown on all setae for clarity. reaching past scaphocerite, all segments without spines. Fingers slightly compressed, with hooked tips, cutting edges provided with 8 minute peg-like teeth separated by rectangular chitinous lamellae. Fingers and distodorsal extremity of palm bearing small tufts of long setae. Distoventral part of car- pus and proximoventral part of propodus provided with setiferous organ, 2 long setae extending over carpal part of organ. Carpus longest segment, about 2.0 times propodal length, merus about 0.7 times carpal length, ischium about 0.5 times carpal length. These segments all bearing few simple setae. Second pereiopod (Fig. 3C) similarly built as first, including setation, but longer. No setiferous organ present. Carpus longest seg- ment, about 2.0 times longer than propo- dus, merus slightly longer than propodus, ischium about 0.8 propodal length. Third pereiopod (Fig. 3D) robust, largest, strongest, reaching with entire carpus be- yond scaphocerite, covered with minute pits giving surface scaly appearance. Palm of chela longest segment with dorsal crista bearing 25 small spines, numerous simple setae; ventral margin with 23 small spines, numerous simple setae. Fingers elongate, with sharp hooked crossing tips, distally bearing small tufts of long setae. Dactylar cutting edge with large triangular tooth di- viding chitinous ridge, fitting into 2 dorsal teeth on propodal cutting edge. Cutting edge of propodus with chitinous ridge bearing sharp tooth, blunt tooth about midlength. Carpus almost as long as propodus, narrow- ing proximally; dorsal margin with 10 spines; 2 large rounded tubercles, 3 spines at distal margin; ventral margin with 11 spines; few long simple setae on margins. Merus same length as carpus; dorsal margin with 3 small proximal spines, few long simple setae; ven- tral margin with 3 small proximal spines, 3 long distal spines, few long simple setae. 722 Ischium short, unarmed except for 2 long simple setae at distodorsal extremity. Basis and coxa short with few long simple setae. Fourth and fifth pereiopods (Fig. 3E, F) long, slender, propodus and carpus undi- vided. Dactyli biunguiculate with unguis long, slightly curved, separated from dac- tylar corpus; accessory spine straight, more than 0.5 times length of unguis. Propodi with ventral row of 13-14 movable spines, dorsally with few long simple setae. Carpi longest segments, with 3—4 ventral movable spines, few long simple setae dorsally. Is- chia, bases, coxae short, unarmed except for few long simple setae. First pleopod (Fig. 3G) uniramous, sec- ond (Fig. 3H) biramous, all lacking appen- dices. First pleopod smallest, with exopo- dite about 2.0 times length of basipodite, margins with dense fringe of plumose setae. Rami of second pleopod 1.5 times length of basipodite, 2 plumose setae on basipodite, margins of rami fringed with plumose setae. Third to fifth pleopods generally similar, third largest of all pleopods, decreasing in size posteriorly. Branchial formula: Maxil- lipeds Pereiopods I I WI I WD WIV V Pleurobranchsie—s—s le lel eles Arthrobranchs (eal 2 2 22 ee — Podobranchs - l----- - Epipods Np: of lege ls tlle Exopods Lede oly -Sho3ic= Se = Measurements (Gn mm): The measure- ments are given for the holotype first fol- lowed by the paratypes from smallest to largest in parentheses. Postorbital carapace length, 5.6 (2.8, 4.5, 5.0). Rostral carapace length, 7.3 (4.3, 6.4, 6.7). Total length, ap- prox., 17.5 (11.1, 14.0, 14.3). Length of third pereiopod, 17.2 (9.9, —, 14.1). Coloration: “Few red spots laterally, for greater part colorless. Antennular and an- tennal flagella also red. Dactyl and propodi of last 2 pairs of legs red but proximal and PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON distal ends of joints white. Merus of che- lipeds red, a longitudinal splash of red on outer side of either palm. Narrower, bar- like on smaller chela.” (W. L. Schmitt. un- published color notes accompanying holo- type.) Coloration of the Baja California paratype is based on color photographs of the shrimp immediately after capture. The overall body color is white with carapacial spines, rostrum, abdominal somites, telson, and uropods having a reddish outline. An- tennular and antennal flagella and carpi of last 2 pairs of pereiopods are deep red. Dac- tyli, propodi, and meri of fourth and fifth pereiopods outlined in red. Third pereio- pods with seashell pink meri and lower half of palms. First 2 pereiopods and mouth- parts whitish with pink outlines. Eggs are emerald green. Paratypes: The new species is slightly variable in the number of body and appen- dage spines. For example, the smallest spec- imen (Fig. 4A) has more spines on the car- apace and abdominal pleura, but fewer teeth on the uropodal endopodite than the ho- lotype. There are fewer spines on the third pereiopod (Fig. 4B) and more spines on the inner ischial margin of the third maxilliped (Fig. 4C) than those of the holotype. Two paratypes have only 4 teeth on the outer margin of the scaphocerite and 2-3 external meral spines on the third maxilliped. All three paratypes were ovigerous with eggs 0.49-0.53 mm in diameter. Eggs early in embryonic development (Fig. 4D) were rounded and yolky, while eggs later in de- velopment (Fig. 4E) were elongated with eyed embryos. The egg masses were not large, with the specimens from Taboga hav- ing 37 eggs, Baja California 80 eggs and the Galapagos 82 eggs. Some of the morpho- logical differences probably reflect allome- tric growth changes and normal variation in the species. Type-localities. —Galapagos Islands, Isla Santa Maria (Floreana), off Black Beach; Taboga Island, Panama; Baja California, Mexico. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 723 Me 44, (Wy yy, 4) A\ fi NN) Ep ANG fp AW \ WY TY RW NY by 3 Fig. 4. Microprosthema emmiltum, paratypes, Gulf of California: A, Dorsal view; B, Third pereiopod; C, Third maxilliped; D, Early egg, Galapagos; E, Egg with eyed embryo. Scale bars represent 1.0 mm. Setules not shown on all setae for clarity. 724 Habitat. — All the specimens were taken in rocky shores with one captured under a rock in sand and rubble substrate. This specimen was collected at a relatively shal- low depth of less than 10 m, which is con- sistent for other members of the genus (Hol- thuis 1946). Etymology.—The specific name is de- rived from the Greek ““emmiltos”’ meaning “‘red-tinged”’; it is given in reference to the coloration of the living animal. Remarks. —The new species, Micropros- thema emmiltum, closely follows the defi- nition of the genus Microprosthema Stimp- son given by Holthuis (1946). It represents another example of a geminate species of decapod crustacean from the eastern Pacific (Abele 1972, 1974). Itis most closely related to the western Atlantic M. semilaeve, but differs in color, abdomen, uropods, and spi- nation of the pereiopods. A complete color description of M. semilaeve was given by Manning (1961) and comparison with the new species shows that M. emmiltum has both a different overall body color and pat- tern. In all specimens of M. semilaeve (77) examined from the western Atlantic by the author, the second pereiopods bear 1-2 meral spines; the third pereiopods have nu- merous spinules on the surfaces of the meri, carpi, propodi and dactyli; the first and sec- ond abdominal somites have transverse ridges dorsally; and the dorsal longitudinal ridge of the uropodal endopodite bears 1-2 medial spinules and ends in a spinule. M- croprosthema emmiltum also resembles the Indo-West Pacific M. validum but differs in abdomen, uropods, and body and appen- dage spination. Several authors have re- cently identified Microprosthema from In- dia and Pakistan coasts as either M. validum (Pillai 1962, Tirmizi and Kazmi 1979) or M. semilaeve (Mahadevan et al. 1962, Raje and Ranade 1978). I agree with de Saint Laurent and Cleva (1981) that all of these above-mentioned Indian and Pakistan specimens are not M. validum or M. semi- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON laeve but represent an undescribed species of Microprosthema. Other Stenopodids from the Eastern Pacific A male Stenopus hispidus taken from off Taboga Island, Panama (8°47'35’N, 79°33'15”"W) was examined by the author. This specimen closely resembles the de- scription and illustrations of S. hispidus (Holthuis 1946). However, the telson is ab- normally forked with 8-11 spines on each fork. This may have been due to improper healing of an injury, since in all other mor- phological characters the specimen fits the description of S. hispidus. Three other ste- nopodidean shrimps have so far been col- lected in the eastern Pacific. Spongicoloides galapagensis was found off the Galapagos Islands at 717 m depth (Goy 1980). Odon- tozona rubra was collected in shallow waters of the Gulf of California and O. spongicola was found off Santa Catalina Island at 609 m depth (Wicksten 1982). The present rec- ords of Microprosthema emmiltum and Stenopus hispidus brings the total to five species of stenopodidean shrimps known from the eastern Pacific. Acknowledgments Iam extremely grateful to Dr. R. B. Man- ning, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Dr. T. Wolff, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, and Dr. M. K. Wicksten, Texas A&M University for providing me with the specimens used in this study. Literature Cited Abele, L. G. 1972. Comparative habitat diversitiy and faunal relationships between the Pacific and Caribbean Panamanian decapod Crustacea: A preliminary report with some remarks on the crustacean fauna of Panama.—Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 2:125-138. 1974. Species diversity of decapod crusta- ceans in marine habitats. — Ecology 55:156-161. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Goy, J. W. 1980. Spongicoloides galapagensis, a new shrimp representing the first record of the genus from the Pacific Ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda: Stenopodidae).— Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 93(3):760-770. Holthuis, L. B. 1946. Biological results of the Snellius Expedition XIV. The Stenopodidae, Nephrop- sidae, Scyllaridae, and Palinuridae.—Tem- minckia 7:1—-178. Mahadevan, S., K. Rangarajan, and C. Sankarankutty. 1962. On two specimens of Microprosthemasp. (Decapoda, Macrura) from Palk Bay.—Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 4: 235-238. Manning, R. B. 1961. Observations on Micropros- thema semilaeve (von Martens) (Decapoda, Stenopodidea) from Florida.—Crustaceana 2(1): 81-82. Pillai, N. K. 1962. On the occurrence of Micropros- thema validum Stimpson in Indian waters.— Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 3(1—2):267—269. 725 Raje, P. C., and M. R. Ranade. 1978. Early life his- tory of a stenopodid shrimp, Microprosthema semilaeve (Decapoda; Macrura).—Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 17(1) 1975 (1978):213-222. de Saint Laurent, M., and R. Cleva. 1981. Crustacés Décapodes: Stenopodidea. Pp. 151-188 in Ré- sultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. I. Phil- ippines (18-28 Mars 1976), vol. 1. 7. Mémoires ORSTOM, vol. 91, 1981. Tirmizi, N. M.,and Q. B. Kazmi. 1979. New decapod crustacean records for the northern Arabian Sea.— Crustaceana 36(2):181-185. Wicksten, M. K. 1982. Two species of Odontozona (Decapoda: Stenopodidea) from the eastern Pa- cific. —Journal of Crustacean Biology 2(1):130— 135. Department of Biology, Texas A&M Uni- versity, College Station, Texas 77843. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 726-734 TWO NEW SPECIES OF PAGURISTES (DECAPODA: ANOMURA: DIOGENIDAE) FROM SOUTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA Gary J. Morgan Abstract.—Two new species of Paguristes from southwestern Australia are diagnosed and described. A key to known Australian species of Paguristes is presented. The genus Paguristes Dana has a world- wide distribution, occurring in waters rang- ing in depth from the intertidal to greater than 200 m. Very little is known of Pagu- ristes species in Australian waters. The de- scribed Australian species are P. aciculus Grant, 1905, P. brevirostris Baker, 1905, P. frontalis (H. Milne Edwards, 1836), P. pugil McCulloch, 1913, P. squamosus Mc- Culloch, 1913, P. sulcatus Baker, 1905 and P. tuberculatus Whitelegge, 1900. Pagu- ristes barbatus (Heller, 1862) possibly oc- curs in Australia as noted by Alcock (1905) though this was disputed by McCulloch (1913). Paguristes setosus (H. Milne Ed- wards, 1848) has been recorded from New Guinea and New Zealand (Stimpson 1859, Alcock 1905) and hence might be expected to occur in Australia. Recent collection by hand, snorkelling, and SCUBA of hermit crabs from littoral and shallow sublittoral waters of south- western Australia from Esperance (33°52’S, 121°53’E) in the east to Dongara (29°15'S, 114°56’E) in the north and west yielded specimens of Paguristes frontalis and P. sul- catus, and of two undescribed species. The new species are described in this paper. A key is provided for the known species of Paguristes in Australia. Western Australian Museum registration numbers are prefixed by WAM. Shield length is abbreviated as SL, carapace length as CL and Western Australia as W.A. Paguristes longisetosus, new species Fig. 1A-—G Material examined. — Holotype 6, SL 7.3 mm, CL 11.8 mm, Two Mile Beach, east of Hopetoun, 33°57'S, 120°07’E, W.A.; shallow sublittoral rocky platform, in shell of Thais orbita (Gmelin, 1791); 28 Nov 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 1441-86. Para- types 2 66, SL 7.3 mm and 5.0 mm, 1 ju- venile in shell, type locality, from Phasi- anella ventricosa Swainson, 1822, Nerita atramentosa Reeve, 1855, and Cominella eburnea (Reeve, 1846) shells respectively; 28 Nov 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 1442- 86. 2 66, SL 4.9 mm and 2.4 mm, 2 9°, SL 4.3 mm (ovigerous) and 2.3 mm, | juvenile, Frenchmans Bay, 35°05’S, 117°56'E, near Albany, W.A.; shallow sublittoral rocks and sand, in shells of Thalotia conica (Gray, 1827); 19 Apr 1986, G. J. Morgan, WAM 1443-86. Diagnosis. —Rostrum narrow and ex- ceeding lateral projections. Ocular acicles multispinous. Antennular peduncles slight- ly shorter than or similar in length to ocular peduncles. Antennal flagella much shorter than carapace. Chelipeds subequal and spi- nose. Posterior lobes of telson with marginal spines. Long setae on chelipeds, pereopods and tailfan, but not obscuring spines. Col- oration generally brown with cream or white spines and scattered red patches. Description. —Shield (Fig. 1A) slightly VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 727 \ iT MW \ j Wii HY | NW ve Vis Fig. 1. Paguristes longisetosus, holotype 6: A, Shield and cephalic appendages (dorsal view) (setae omitted left side); B, Left cheliped (dorsal); C, Left cheliped (lateral); D, Left second pereopod (lateral); E, Left first pleopod (lateral); F, Left second pleopod (ventral); G, Telson (dorsal). Scale = 2.0 mm (A—D, G); 1.2 mm (E, F). 728 longer than broad. Anterior margin between rostrum and lateral projections concave; rostrum narrow, very produced and ex- ceeding lateral projections; lateral projec- tions usually with small terminal spinule. Dorsal surface of shield punctate and sculp- tured, with coarse setae scattered dorsally, denser laterally. Ocular peduncles long and generally cy- lindrical, approximately same length as width of anterior margin of shield; pedun- cles slightly inflated proximally and nearly naked except for long setae on proximo- dorsal surface. Ocular acicles multispinous, with 5 large and | small distal spines on holotype, 3—5 spines on paratypes; mesial margins slightly concave, lateral margins approximately right angular; acicles sepa- rated basally by slightly less than '2 basal width of one acicle. Antennular peduncles slightly shorter than or similar in length to ocular peduncles. U1- timate and penultimate segments unarmed, proximal segment with 4 distolateral and 1 distomesial spines. Peduncular setation sparse. Antennal peduncles reaching to distal third of ocular peduncles. Fifth (ultimate) segment unarmed; fourth segment with dor- solateral spine; third with distal apical spine; second with bifid distolateral spine, 1—2 lat- eral spines and 1-2 spines at distomesial angle; first segment with 1-2 lateral spines. Antennal acicle reaching to or very nearly to distal end of ultimate peduncular seg- ment; acicle terminating in bifid spine, dis- tolateral margin with 1-2 spines, proxi- momesial edge with 1-3 spines. Antennal flagella much shorter than carapace. Long sparse setae on peduncular segments, longer and denser on acicle; flagellar articles each with about 10 moderately long setae. Chelipeds (Fig. 1B, C) subequal, very spi- nose and hirsute; no distinct sexual dimor- phism. Dactyl slightly longer than half length of propodus; cutting edge with irregularly- sized teeth, row of about 10 corneous teeth distally and large terminal corneous tooth; PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON dorsal and mesial surfaces with irregularly distributed spines and tubercles, larger dor- sally, some corneous tipped. Dactyl slightly overlapped by fixed finger distally, small but distinct gap between fingers proximally. Fixed finger with irregularly sized cutting teeth, generally larger than those on dactyl, and large corneous terminal tooth; irregu- larly-sized and distributed spines and tu- bercles on dorsal and lateral surfaces, also on palm; spines on ventrolateral surface of propodus and ventral surface posterior to dactyl. Palm slightly broader than long. Car- pus almost as broad as long, subtriangular, shorter than merus; spines on dorsal and lateral surfaces, some corneous tipped; small spine at distoventral margin. Merus com- pressed laterally; low tubercles on dor- somesial and lateral faces, small spines and denticles along distal, ventromesial and ventrolateral edges. Setation heavy on dac- tyl, propodus and carpus; setae long, mostly in clumps around base of spines but not obscuring spines, especially on dorsal sur- faces; merus less hirsute, most setae along distal margin and ventral surface. Second pereopod (Fig. 1D) slightly longer than cheliped. Dactyl longer than propodus, terminating in strong corneous claw; 18-21 and 22-25 corneous spines along ventral and dorsomesial edges respectively, ventral spines longer. Propodus with dorsal row of 8—9 spines, ventrally some small spinules at setal bases. Carpus shorter than merus, sev- eral spines on dorsal surface, tubercles at setal bases. Merus laterally compressed, un- armed except for row of spinules along ven- tral and dorsal margins. Tufts of long simple setae on all segments, especially on dorsal and ventral margins. Third pereopod similar to second. Sternite of third pereopod with anterior lobe subrectangular, gradual concavity pos- teriorly, abruptly concave anteriorly. First and second pleopods of male paired, illustrated in Fig. 1E, F. Females with paired gonopores and first pleopods; brood pouch subquadrate. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Tailfan very asymmetrical, left uropods much larger than right. Telson (Fig. 1G) with left posterior lobe larger than right; left lobe with 9 spines along posterior margin, right lobe with 9-10 posterior spines also dis- tributed along lateral margin. Anterior lobes of telson each with 1-2 lateral spinules. Tel- son and uropods fringed with long setae. Coloration (in life).—Shield pale brown with setal pores cream or white and darker red/brown patches, especially along midline and midlaterally. Ocular peduncles and aci- cles pale brown, darker proximally; corneas black. Antennular and antennal peduncles and flagella red/brown. Chelipeds pale brown with white spines and tubercles; some red patches on carpi and meri. Pereopods red or red/brown, with white patches at setal bases forming irregular dorsal, lateral and ventral rows. Setae pale yellow or yellow/ brown. Eggs.—Ovigerous female with 15 rela- tively large (maximum diameter 1.2-1.3 mm) subspherical orange eggs. Etymology.—From the Latin for “long bristles.” Remarks.—This species is readily rec- ognizable in southern Australia by the long setae and acute spines on the chelipeds. Un- like Paguristes sulcatus which also occurs along southwestern Australian shores, the setae do not obscure spination of the che- lipeds. In P. squamous McCulloch and P. pugil McCulloch from southeast Australia, the palm of the chelipeds bears crenulate squamiform tubercles (McCulloch 1913). Paguristes longisetosus is presently known only from the Hopetoun and Albany regions of Western Australia. Paguristes purpureantennatus, new species Figs. 2A-I, 3A Material examined. — Holotype 4, SL 21.2 mm, CL 33.3 mm, Cosy Corner, 35°06’S, 117°37’'E, near Migo Island, Torbay, west of Albany, W.A.; 3 m, rocks and sand near Amphibolis and Posidonia seagrasses, in shell 729 of Campanile symbolicum Iredale, 1917; 1 Dec 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 1438-86. Paratypes 6, SL 22.2 mm, 3 9°, SL 19.0 mm (ovigerous), 15.6 mm, 15.6 mm, near Dyer Island, Rottnest Island, 32°00’S, 115°30’E, W.A.; 3—4 m, rock and sand, in C. sym- bolicum shells; 19 Dec 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 493-86.—2 99, SL 14.8 mm, 12.9 mm (both ovigerous), Geordie Bay, Rott- nest Island, W.A.; 6 m, rock and sand, in C. symbolicum shells; 18 Dec 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 405-86.—2 66, SL 10.9 mm, 10.2 mm, offshore from Rottnest Island ho- tel, W.A.; 6 m, rock and sand; 19 Dec 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 403-86.—2, SL 18.2 mm (ovigerous), Parker Point, Rottnest Is- land, W.A.; 3 m, sand, rock and Pocillopora coral; 19 Dec 1985, G. J. Morgan, WAM 500-86.—2 66, SL 9.5 mm and 3.8 mm, 1 juvenile, Cliff Head, 29°32’S, 114°59’E, south of Dongara, W.A.; 2—3 m, sand and rock near seagrasses; 23 Apr 1986, G. J. Morgan, WAM 1440-86.—2, SL 4.5 mm, 4 juveniles, Seven Mile Beach, 29°11’S, 114°53’E, north of Dongara, W.A.; 1-3 m, sand and rock, in Rhinoclavis bitubercula- tum (Sowerby, 1855) shells; 22 Apr 1986, G. J. Morgan, WAM 1439-86. Diagnosis. —Rostrum narrow, exceeding lateral projections. Ocular acicles simple, approximate distally. Antennular peduncles slightly shorter than or similar in length to ocular peduncles. Antennal flagella shorter than carapace. Chelipeds very unequal, left much larger than right; dactyls and propodi densely covered with small tubercles, dactyl of right cheliped with similarly sized tuber- cles. Lateral surfaces of propodi of chelipeds with distinct longitudinal ridge. Dactyls of pereopods 2 and 3 much longer than pro- podi. Shield red; pereopods covered with fine, short longitudinal red flecks; anten- nules and antennae lilac or purple. Description. —Shield (Fig. 2A) approxi- mately 1.5 times longer than broad. Ante- rior margin between rostrum and lateral projections concave; rostrum narrow, very produced and much exceeding lateral pro- 730 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Paguristes purpureantennatus, A, B, D-I, holotype 6; C, paratype °, SL 19.0 mm: A, Shield and cephalic appendages (dorsal view) (setae omitted left side); B, Left cheliped male (lateral); C, Left cheliped female (lateral); D, Right cheliped male (lateral); E, Left second pereopod (lateral); F, Dactyl of left third pereopod (lateral); G, First pleopod male (lateral); H, Second pleopod male (ventral); I, Telson (dorsal). Scale = 10.0 mm (B, D-F); 8.0 mm (A, C, I); 2.6 mm (G, H). jections; lateral projections with terminal approximately same length as width of an- spinule. Dorsal surface of shield punctate terior margin of shield; peduncles slightly and anteriorly sculptured, with very light inflated proximally and almost naked. Ocu- setation. Some spinules laterally. lar acicles simple, mesial margins convex, Ocular peduncles long and cylindrical, lateral margins almost right angular; acicles VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 approximate at tips, separated basally by less than half basal width of one acicle. Antennular peduncles slightly shorter than or similar in length to ocular peduncles; pe- duncular segments unarmed and sparsely setose. Antennal peduncles reaching to or slight- ly beyond half length of ocular peduncles. Fifth (ultimate) segment unarmed; fourth with small dorsolateral spine; third with dis- tal apical spine; second with distolateral (often bifid) and distomesial spines; first segment unarmed. Antennal acicle reaching to proximal third or half length of ultimate peduncular segment; acicle with terminal spine, 2 distolateral spines and 1-2 proxi- momesial spines. Antennal flagella shorter than carapace (sometimes similar length on small specimens). Antennal setation sparse, densest on third peduncular segment and on acicle; flagella with very short setae. Left cheliped of males (Fig. 2B) much larger than right. Dactyl half length or slightly shorter than half length of propo- dus; cutting edge with small, rounded cut- ting teeth, recessed proximally, and about 11-12 small distal corneous teeth; all sur- faces of dactyl densely tuberculate. Dactyl touching fixed finger distally, narrow gap between fingers proximally. Fixed finger with small cutting teeth, protruding into proxi- mal dactylar recess; finger with distinct broad lateral ridge curving from distal apex to lateral surface of palm, ventrolateral sur- face of finger and distal palm shallowly con- cave; sharper ventral ridge from apex of finger to distal palm, flattening on prox- imoventral surface of palm; blunt dorsal ridge on palm. Fixed finger and palm dense- ly covered by small blunt tubercles, largest dorsally and very small and flattened on ventrolateral surface. Palm slightly longer than broad. Carpus longer than broad, sub- triangular, much shorter than merus; carpus spinose, spines smallest laterally and me- sially, larger dorsally. Merus slightly com- pressed laterally; dorsal and ventromesial edges with small blunt spines, elsewhere with 731 small scattered tubercles. Setae extremely sparse on all segments. Left cheliped of females (Fig. 2C) smaller and less robust than that of males, but still larger than right cheliped. Propodus and dactyl densely tuberculate, larger tubercles dorsally, midlaterally and ventrally on pro- podus. Right cheliped of males (Fig. 2D) more elongate than left, right propodus about 4 length of left propodus. Dactyl approxi- mately half length of propodus; small cut- ting teeth, recessed proximally, and numer- ous small corneous distal teeth fusing into large apical tooth; dactyl densely tubercu- late, most tubercles similarly-sized though sharper dorsomesially and slightly larger proximally. Fixed finger with small cutting teeth, cutting edge produced into recess of dactyl, distal tip only slightly corneous; dis- tinct broad lateral ridge and sharp ventral ridge on fixed finger and propodal palm, ventrolateral surface of propodus flattened. Propodus densely tuberculate, tubercles very small on ventrolateral and mesial surfaces; 1-2 irregular rows of blunt spines on dorsal ridge of palm. Carpus laterally compressed, much shorter than merus; dorsal margin with large broad-based spines, lateral and dorsomesial surfaces with spaced tubercles and small spines, ventromesial surface quite smooth. Merus with small distal spines; scattered tubercles on dorsal and lateral sur- faces, small denticles along ventral edge; mesially smooth. Setation light, most setae on dorsomesial surfaces of propodus and carpus. Right cheliped of females similar to that of males, though tubercles usually slightly larger on proximodorsal surface of dactyl and lateral surface of propodus. Pro- podus and carpus less setose than on males. Second pereopod (Fig. 2E) distinctly longer than left cheliped. Dactyl much lon- ger than propodus, terminating in corneous claw; ventral row of corneous spines, largest distally, proximally very small; dense clumps of short, very thick setae in irregular rows on dorsal surface. Propodus with 8- 732 Fig. 3. Dactyl, right cheliped (mesial view): A, Pa- guristes purpureantennatus, holotype; B, P. frontalis, SL 24.0 mm. Scale = 4.0 mm. 11 dorsal spines, and several small scattered dorsomesial spines; small spinules ventral- ly. Carpus laterally compressed and with longitudinal sulcus, much shorter than me- rus; about 5 dorsal spines, 1—2 distolateral spines and often distolateral spinules. Me- rus laterally compressed, with row of small ventral spines and some dorsal spinules; 1— 2 spines at distolateral angle. Third pereopod slightly longer than sec- ond; dactyl and propodus longer, and merus shorter and less compressed, than those seg- ments of second pereopods. Right third pe- reopod longer than left. Dactyl (Fig. 2F) with sharp dorsolateral longitudinal ridge; ter- minating in corneous spine but lacking ven- tral spines; clumps of short, thick setae in irregular dorsal rows. Propodal and carpal spines smaller than on second peropod. Pe- reopods 2 and 3 sparsely setose; pereopods 4 and 5 with denser dorsal and ventral se- tation. Sternite of third pereopod with abrupt posterior indentation and gradually con- cave, converging lateral sides. First and second pleopods of male paired, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON illustrated in Fig. 2G, H. Females with paired gonopores and first pleopods; brood pouch very elongate, subtriangular. Tailfan very asymmetrical, left uropods much larger than right. Telson (Fig. 21) with posterior lobes subquadrate, left lobe slight- ly larger than right; margins of both lobes unarmed, fringed with long setae. Coloration (in life). —Shield bright red or red/brown, thorax slightly paler. Ocular pe- duncles orange or red, corneas black, ocular acicles orange or red. Antennular and an- tennal peduncles and flagella lilac or purple. Dactyls of chelipeds cream or white, some- times tinged with pink, sometimes with pale small orange dots; propodi of chelipeds sim- ilar to dactyls, often tinged red/orange proximally; carpi and meri red/orange with white spines and tubercles. Pereopods cream or orange with numerous red or deep pink short longitudinal flecks. Very small indi- viduals paler, pereopods cream with orange flecks. Eggs. —Eggs subspherical, maximum di- ameter 1.5—1.8 mm, orange. Etymology.—From the Latin “purpu- reus,” purple, and “‘antenna.” Remarks. —This large species closely re- sembles Paguristes frontalis which occurs in Victoria (Phillips et al. 1984) and South Australia (Hale 1927) and ranges into West- ern Australia at least as far west and north as Cape Naturaliste, 180 km south of Perth. Paguristes purpureantennatus has been less frequently collected, though probably often confused with P. frontalis, and is presently known only from Western Australia from the Albany region west and north to Don- gara, including Rottnest Island. The ranges of the two species therefore overlap consid- erably but I am not aware of their occur- rence at the same locality. Microhabitat preferences of the species are not known though both inhabit broadly similar envi- ronments of shallow subtidal waters, usu- ally in association with rocky reefs, and both frequently utilize the large Campanile sym- bolicum shells. The two species differ in several small but VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 distinct morphological characters. The lat- eral surfaces of left and right chelipeds of P. purpureantennatus are more distinctly ridged than on P. frontalis. The dactyl of the right cheliped of P. purpureantennatus is ornamented dorsomesially with closely packed similarly-sized tubercles, while the dactyl of P. frontalis bears more widely spaced, irregularly sized spines and tuber- cles (Fig. 3). The dactyl, propodus and car- pus of the right cheliped of male P. pur- pureantennatus are less setose than those of P. frontalis. Dactyls of pereopods 2 and 3 are relatively longer on P. purpureanten- natus. The most obvious difference between the species is their respective coloration. Pa- guristes purpureantennatus is predominant- ly bright red on the shield with pereopods 2-5 cream or orange and densely flecked with red or deep pink. The antennules and antennae are lilac or purple and ocular pe- duncles uniformly orange or red. Paguristes frontalis is deep salmon on the shield, with pereopods similarly colored and only sparsely dotted with deep red/brown spots at setal pores. Antennules and antennae are salmon/brown and ocular peduncles salm- on with an orange band proximal to cor- neas. The species can be distinguished readily by coloration while alive. There was some difficulty in deciding which of the two species was originally de- scribed as P. frontalis. Milne Edwards’s (1836) description is insufficiently detailed to permit certain identification, but the il- lustration (pl. 14, fig. 1) supports the present designation in that the dactyl of the right cheliped appears to bear irregularly sized tubercles and the dactyls of pereopods 2 and 3 are not as long as those of P. purpurean- tennatus. The redescription of P. frontalis by Baker (1905) is more detailed though similarly inconclusive, but examination of South Australian specimens described by Baker and other material labelled P. fron- talis in the South Australian Museum col- lection confirmed the present designation. The specimen illustrated in Hale (1927) as 733 P. frontalis would appear to bear only scat- tered dark spots on pereopods, again sup- porting the present decision. Key to Australian Species of Paguristes [eChelipedsisubequalessa sae 2 — Left cheliped obviously larger than TIMER densa seme dee tira ares aay seth 7/ 2. Rostrum broad, only slightly ex- ceeding lateral projections ....... 3 — Rostrum acute, much exceeding lat- SHAll [NEODISCMOMS Solos oe de ocho see 4 Sa Oculanaciclesssimpleiis sean ee — Ocular acicles multispinous das hh ate ie nei a P. brevirostris Baker 4. Setae on chelipeds very long, but not obscuring spines P. /ongisetosus, n. sp. — Setae on chelipeds moderately long, very dense and obscuring spines... 5 5. Dorsal surface of propodus of che- lipeds with acute spines neta! Spain Six caepesl igh eee P. sulcatus Baker — Dorsal surface of propodus of che- lipeds with crenulate squamiform tubercles 6. Carpus of chelipeds with antero- dorsal rounded boss dela Sogn cyanate a is tp P. pugil McCulloch — Carpus of chelipeds lacking boss nested Mand cieees P. squamosus McCulloch 7. Rostrum short, not exceeding lat- eral projections; left cheliped spi- 1 OSCH eee Ie P. tuberculatus Whitelegge — Rostrum long, much exceeding lat- eral projections; left cheliped finely tuberculate 8. Dactyl of right cheliped with irreg- ularly-sized tubercles and spines; pereopods salmon with scattered red spots, antennae red/orange ....... gle P. frontalis (H. Milne Edwards) — Dactyl of right cheliped with dense, similarly-sized tubercles; pereopods cream/orange with dense red speck- ling, antennae purple P. purpureantennatus, n. sp. 734 Acknowledgments I thank Ms. Diana Jones who assisted in collection of specimens. Dr. Wolfgang Zeid- ler provided South Australian Museum ma- terial for my examination. Literature Cited Alcock, A. 1905. Catalogue of the Indian decapod Crustacea in the collection of the Indian Mu- seum. Part IJ. Anomura. Fasciculus I. Pagu- rides. Indian Museum, Calcutta, xi + 197 pp., 16 pls. Baker, W.H. 1905. Notes on South Australian deca- pod Crustacea. Part IIJ.—Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 29:252-269. Hale, H. M. 1927. The crustaceans of South Austra- lia. Part I. British Science Guild and South Aus- tralian Government, Adelaide, 201 pp., 202 figs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON McCulloch, A. R. 1913. Studies in Australian Crus- tacea. No. 3.—Records of the Australian Mu- seum 9:321-353. Milne Edwards, H. 1836. Observations zoologiques sur les Pagures et description d’un nouveau gen- re de la tribu des Paguriens.— Annales des Sci- ences Naturelles (ser: 2) 6:257—288, pls. 13-14. Phillips, D. A. B., C. P. Handrech, P. E. Bock, R. Burn, B. J. Smith, and D. A. Staples (eds.). 1984. Coastal invertebrates of Victoria. An atlas of selected species. Marine Research Group of Vic- toria and Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, 168 pp. Stimpson, W. 1859. Crustacea Anomura. I. Teleo- somi.— Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1859:225-251. Department of Carcinology, Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Australia 6000. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 735-761 REVISION OF THE GENUS GOLFINGIA (SIPUNCULA: GOLFINGIIDAE) Edward B. Cutler and Norma J. Cutler Abstract. —The species in the sipunculan genus Golfingia (Golfingia) are re- viewed and evaluated in light of 13 historically used morphological characters. Whenever possible type material was examined. The monograph of Stephen and Edmonds (1972) was used as a starting point and changes made in the intervening years are reiterated here. Of the 40 putative species listed in that work or described since then, 12 remain valid species (two moved to other genera), three are reduced to subspecific rank, four are considered either species inquirendum or incertae sedis, and the remainder (21) are considered junior synonyms. One new monotypic subgenus (Spinata) is described. The known distribution of each species is summarized and a key is provided. This is the last in a series of revisionary articles (begun in Cutler and Murina 1977) addressing those taxa previously treated as subgenera of the sipunculan genus Golfin- gia. Earlier papers dealt with Mitosiphon, Fisherana, and Apionsoma (Cutler 1979), Golfingiella and Siphonoides (Cutler, Cutler and Gibbs 1983), Thysanocardia (Gibbs, Cutler and Cutler 1983), and Nephasoma = Phascoloides (Cutler and Cutler 1986). The starting point for this paper is the mono- graph of Stephen and Edmonds (1972) and includes all 35 names listed as valid species in that work, one from another genus, plus the four named since that time. Table 1 lists those names and their current status. This taxon traces its origins back to an “outing on the greens” of 19th century St. Andrews, Scotland: “... and I have ac- cordingly ventured to dedicate the new ge- nus of Sipunculid worms indicated by this specimen to the local goddess whose cult is historically associated with the most an- cient of Scottish seats of learning” (Lankes- ter 1885:469). There was subsequent con- fusion about the proper use of this name and the generic name Phascolosoma until Fisher clarified the matter in 1950. Whenever possible we have obtained type material to verify the original descriptions. In several cases we have made detailed ob- servations on series of recently collected in- dividuals to evaluate better the traditionally used morphological characters. Much of the material for this analysis of variation within populations came from collections near the Kerguelen Islands. We first discuss the morphological char- acters in light of our recent analyses. This is followed by a section where each of the species we consider to be valid is discussed; this includes a synonomy and discussion of newly added junior synonyms. The two species previously transferred to other gen- era and the four species considered to be incertae sedis or species inquirendum are discussed separately. A key to all the valid species and a summary of their distribution is presented. The following abbreviations are used in this text for the museums from which we borrowed material: Australian Museum, South Sydney (AMSS); British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); Irish National Museum, Dublin INMD); Muséum Na- tional d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin (MNHU); Musée 736 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1.—Original and proposed names of species of Golfingia. Original name Proposed name Golfingia anderssoni (Théel, 1911) Golfingia anguinea (Sluiter, 1902) Golfingia appendiculata (Sato, 1934) Golfingia birsteini Murina, 1973 Golfingia cantabriensis Edmonds, 1960 Golfingia capensis (Yeuscher, 1874) Golfingia charcoti (Hérubel, 1906) Golfingia cylindrata (Keferstein, 1865) Golfingia derjugini (Gadd, 1911) Golfingia elongata (Keferstein, 1863) Golfingia glossipapillosa (Sato, 1934) Golfingia herdmani (Shipley, 1903) Golfingia hudsoniana (Chamberlin, 1920) Golfingia ikedai Fisher, 1950 Golfingia iniqua (Sluiter, 1912) Golfingia kolensis (Gadd, 1911) Golfingia lagensis (Fischer, 1895) Golfingia liochros Cutler & Cutler, 1979 Golfingia margaritacea (Sars, 1851) Golfingia mawsoni (Benham, 1922) Golfingia mirabilis Murina, 1969 Golfingia muricaudata (Southern, 1913) Golfingia mutabilis (Southern, 1913) Golfingia nordenskjoldi (Théel, 1911) Golfingia nota (Sato, 1934) Golfingia ohlini (Théel, 1911) Golfingia okinoseana (Ikeda, 1904) Golfingia owstoni (Ikeda, 1904) Golfingia pectinatoida Cutler & Cutler, 1979 Golfingia profunda (Roule, 1898) Golfingia pudica (Selenka, 1885) (partim) Golfingia recondita (Sluiter, 1900) Golfingia reticulata (Hérubel, 1925) Golfingia rugosa (Southern, 1913) Golfingia scutiger (Roule, 1906) Golfingia signa (Sato, 1934) Golfingia solitaria (Sluiter, 1912) Golfingia soya (Sato, 1934) Golfingia trichocephala (Sluiter, 1902) Golfingia vulgaris (de Blainville, 1827) no change species inquirendum Golfingia muricaudata no change Golfingia margaritacea no change Golfingia elongata Golfingia elongata Golfingia elongata no change Golfingia margaritacea Golfingia vulgaris herdmani Golfingia muricaudata Golfingia margaritacea. no change Golfingia vulgaris incertae sedis Golfingia vulgaris herdmani no change Golfingia margaritacea ohlini no change no change Golfingia iniqua Golfingia margaritacea Golfingia margaritacea Golfingia margaritacea ohlini Golfingia margaritacea Golfingia vulgaris G. (Spinata) pectinatoides Golfingia margaritacea Golfingia margaritacea ohlini Apionsoma recondita incertae sedis Golfingia iniqua incertae sedis Golfingia margaritacea Golfingia vulgaris Golfingia margaritacea Apionsoma trichocephala no change Océanographique, Monaco (MOMY); Na- turhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (NHRS); National Museum of Canada, Ot- tawa (NMCO); National Science Museum, Tokyo (NSMT); Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh (RSME); University Museum, Oxford (UMOU); United States National Museum (USNM); Zoologisk Museum, Co- penhagen (UZMK); Zoological Institute, Leningrad (ZIAS); Zoological Institute, To- hoku University, Sendai (ZITU); Zoolo- gisch Museum, Universiteit van Amster- dam (ZMUA); Zoological Museum, Bergen (ZMUB); Zoological Museum, Hamburg (ZMUH). Morphological Characters The following section includes comments on those features which have historically been used by systematists to describe and differentiate species within this genus. These VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 descriptions were legitimate attempts but not always based on a good understanding of possible variation within a population (species). These characters are the same as those used in Nephasoma. In Cutler and Cutler (1986) parallel observations are pre- sented for that genus. There are striking par- allels between these two genera and obvious ““species pairs’ exist. For example, there is one species in each genus with large bulbous inflated papillae and distinct tails on the posterior end of the trunk (G. anderssoni and UN. flagriferum) and one species in each with hooks in rings (G. elongata and N. rim- icola). Golfingia margaritacea and N. er- emita are twins except for the lack of dorsal retractors in the latter. 1. Introvert hooks. —Several species are known to have deciduous hooks and we sus- pect this is true for most species. Those few putative species reported as lacking hooks are based on individuals over 10 mm long and hooks may have been present in earlier ontogenetic stages. The only “hookless” species remaining after this work is G. an- derssoni for which the smallest animal re- corded to date has a 25 mm trunk. Most species in the genus have small (20—40 um), scattered, pale hooks. Two species have large (150-300 um), slender, spinelike hooks (G. birsteini and G. mirabilis). Between these two extremes are G. muricaudata (50-150 um in small worms) and G. vulgaris with dark hooks generally 50-120 um tall (Saiz- Salinas 1986 reported 20—275 wm hooks and Edmonds 1956 reported 120—200 um hooks in his var. queenslandensis = G. vulgaris herdmani). Two species that have hooks in rings are G. elongata (45-100 um) and G. (Spinata) pectinatoides (25-30 um). These latter ones are unique as they have a small comb of basal spinelets like several of the Apionsoma species. 2. Tentacles.—The standard pattern is a series of digitate circumoral tentacles whose number and complexity increases with age (Fig. 1; see also Théel 1905, pl. 14, figs. 192— 195 or Gibbs 1977). Adult specimens com- W370 monly have 16-40 units but the number may exceed this in large worms (over 10 cm). The array in G. nordenskjoldi was al- leged to consist of only two tentacles but what was seen is only the tips of the two larger, dorsal tentacles in an incompletely expanded specimen of G. margaritacea. A few species have been reported to have few- er than 16 but most of these were based on small individuals and may not be mean- ingful. Golfingia birsteini with 8-10 very short ones may be one real exception. The tentacular crown in G. (Spinata) pectina- toides may be unique, being neither the standard array nor nuchal tentacles. The small diameter and partially retracted state of the specimens precludes a definitive statement. 3. Caudal appendage. — The posterior end of the trunk in most species comes to a blunt, rounded terminus but may form a “pencil point’? due to contraction of the circular muscle layer (Fig. 2). There are two species (G. anderssoni and G. muricaudata) which do exhibit a distinct caudal appendage (tail) of variable length being rudimentary in small individuals. This can be a useful character unless the worm is damaged or less than 5 mm long when its apparent absence could be misleading. 4. Trunk length to width ratio.—Most species have cylindrical trunks with the length exceeding the diameter by 5—10 times. Since these are very elastic muscular sacs, selective contraction and relaxation of mus- cle layers can greatly modify these propor- tions in a single individual and therefore these measurements should not be used in a precise or strict way. There is only one species which is very elongate—G. birsteini has a trunk 15-20 times longer than wide. Golfingia elongata has been reported as hav- ing similar proportions but most individ- uals are less elongate. One species is con- sistently at the other end of the spectrum — G. iniqua almost always has a length only about three times the diameter, i.e., plump and stout. 5. Introvert length. —This measurement is 738 usually presented as a proportion of the trunk length and there are three problems here: A. As has been demonstrated in other genera the relative length of these two body parts changes with age, the introvert being a larger part of the whole in younger animals and appearing to decrease in relative size due to allometric growth. B. The second problem results from the very plastic form of these animals and extreme elasticity of the introvert in particular. When the intro- vert is measured in the withdrawn condition the value obtained will be much shorter than in the same worm with a fully extended in- trovert. C. The third problem results from different ways of determining where the in- trovert/trunk junction is, 1.e., where does the introvert start? We have defined this as being just anterior to the nephridiopores (or anus in those taxa where this is anterior). With this understanding it can be asserted that most species have introverts 0.7—1 times the trunk length. Golfingia (Spinata) pec- tinatoides has a significantly longer one (up to 2X). One other apparent anomaly is in G. rugosa = iniqua. The worm Southern (1913) described was 5 mm long: “‘The pro- boscis is invaginated for a distance of 2 mm, and its total length from the anus to the tentacular crown is 8.5 mm.” This was changed in Stephen and Edmonds (1972: 107) to read “‘Introvert up to about 10.5 mm....” This could be read as having an introvert twice the trunk length but in Southern’s one worm it should read 1.7 x and, more importantly note the small trunk size which reaffirms point A above. Another confusing situation occurs with G. muri- caudata. Southern (1913) gives measure- ments which include total length (introvert, trunk and tail) and says that there is “‘thus considerable variation in the relative pro- portions.” If one discounts the tail, since it is not part of the trunk but only an appen- dage, the introvert lengths range from 62-— 89% of the trunk length. Sato’s (1934) data were misinterpreted by Stephen and Ed- monds (1972:109) to suggest a short intro- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON vert (less than 50%) in G. soya. Some of his measurements are of incompletely extended introverts and the actual range is 65-75%. In summary, except for G. (Spinata) pectin- atoides, the introvert is from 65—100% of the trunk length in Gol/fingia species and is not a useful character for differentiating species. 6. Anus/nephridiopores relationship. —In this genus the anus is either at the same anterior/posterior level of the nephridio- pores or slightly posterior to them. In the latter case the distance is rarely more than 1-2 mm in larger worms. 7. Papillae distribution/size/shape. —The epidermis of sipunculans has a variety of glandular bodies capable of producing mu- cus and other products. The number and density of these structures, the degree to which these protrude above the surface to form papillae and the particular shape of these papillae is extremely variable. In al- most all species these are more numerous in the anterior and posterior 10—20% of the trunk. These are especially distinct in G. vulgaris and large on the posterior end of G. anderssoni, but aside from these excep- tions, the specificity of form and size ascribed to various species by earlier au- thors is misleading. Our observations sug- gest that the age (older worms have larger papillae), microhabitat (a close-fitting hard dwelling stimulates larger papillae) and postmortem chemical history of the worm (bleaching of pigment) has a significant im- pact on the morphology of these papillae. 8. Shields. —This term has caused some confusion within this phylum. The Aspi- dosiphonidae have a hardened epidermal structure (calcium carbonate or scleropro- tein) at the anterior end of the trunk (some- times posterior also) which is called a shield. This same term has been used to describe a different situation in this genus, i.e., an aggregation of close-packed papillae around the ends of the trunk giving it a dark, rugose appearance as in G. vulgaris and its subspe- cies (Edmonds 1980:19). This is not a shield VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 as the term is used in the Aspinosiphonidae and its use here should be avoided. A recent example of the problem is in Murina’s (1969: 1732) description of G. mirabilis where she said ‘“‘At both ends of the trunk papillae are distributed thickly enough and resemble a shield.”” Murina (1975) also used this term when creating her new subgenus Dushana (see below). 9. Spindle muscle. —In most sipunculans there is a thin thread-like muscle running through the gut coil and connecting to it at intervals. The origin of this muscle is either on the body wall anterior to the anus (as in G. (Spinata)), or from the wall of the rec- tum, wing muscle or a small flap of tissue just under it (as in Golfingia (Golfingia)). This muscle terminates posteriorly within the gut coil in this genus. In some other genera it extends out of the coil and attaches to the posterior end of the trunk. Whether this muscle is described as strong or weak can be a semantic issue depending on that author’s experience and frame of reference. While it may not be equally developed, all Golfingia species do have one. 10. Retractor muscles’ point of origin. — The two pairs of muscles which insert be- hind the ‘head’ and function to retract the introvert have their origins on the inner sur- face of the trunk wall. The position of these attachments along the anterior/posterior axis _ has been assumed to be meaningful by many authors (Benham 1922 is one exception). Our data from Nephasoma suggest that the relative position does change during growth, resulting in an apparent anteriad shift in the point of origin (Cutler and Cutler 1986). The data from this genus are less clear, per- haps because of fewer large worms. The most common condition is for the ventral pair to have its origin in the middle third (35-65% of the distance to the posterior end) and the dorsal pair more anteriorly (10-20%). Two apparent exceptions to this may be in some large G. muricaudata or the long, slender G. birsteini in which the ventrals are around 20%. The other exceptions to this rule are 739 in G. mirabilis and G. (Spinata) pectina- toides where the dorsal origins are posterior to the ventrals, both in the anterior quarter. 11. Intestinal coiling. — As in other genera the number of gut coils increases with age and is not species specific. This number is commonly 20-30 but the reported range is from 10 to 90. Most species exhibits a tight- ly wound double helix but this can be dis- rupted and appear loose. 12. Intestinal fixing muscles. —The num- ber of fine, thread-like muscles attaching the gut coil to the body wall varies from 0-4 according to published accounts. This has been alleged to be a species-specific char- acter but our experience suggests that these are very fragile structures and can be easily broken, overlooked, and even if present not mentioned by certain authors. The number of muscles within one population also var- ies (our G. margaritacea ohlini, and Gibbs 1973:81 on G. elongata). The one species which appears to lack these is G. (Spinata) pectinatoides. 13. Rectal caecum.—As in Nephasoma this character is difficult to see in small in- dividuals and not consistently present. Also, some authors simply do not mention whether or not it is present but this should not be interpreted as equivalent to being absent. Summary.—Of these 13 characters six have some usefulness to the systematist (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10) while the remaining seven do not help differentiate species within Golfin- gia (Golfingia). We have been unable to dis- cern any helpful new morphological char- acters. Systematic Section Genus Golfingia, Lankester, 1885 Type species.—Sipunculus vulgaris (de Blainville, 1827). Diagnosis. —Species small to large sized; body wall with continuous muscle layers; oral disc carries tentacles arranged around mouth; four introvert retractor muscles; 740 contractile vessel without true villi; spindle muscle not attached posteriorly; two ne- phridia. Key to Golfingia Species 1. Nephridia bilobed, both pair of re- tractors close to ventral nerve cord, hooks with basal spinelets, spindle muscle anterior to anus pia iaet 4 0) G. (Spinata) pectinatoides — Nephridia unilobed, anterior retrac- tors dorso-laterally displaced, hooks (if present) without basal spinelets, spindle muscle posterior to anus or on rectum subgenus Golfingias.s. 2 2. Caudal appendage present ....... 3 Caudal appendage not present ... 4 3. Large bladderlike papillae at base of caudal appendage G. anderssoni — Base of caudal appendage without large bladderlike papillae Sachs Teh ne PR ee et G. muricaudata 4. Introvert hooks in rings .. G. elongata — Introvert hooks scattered, if present hariepsn, brits soils leh Alien Pee coisa fit ta clik 5 5. Anterior and posterior ends of trunk dark and coarsely papillated ..... 6 — Ends of trunk not distinctly different COlOF/texbullien Say. SAS ere eres 7 6. Ventral retractor muscles originate posterior to dorsal pair .... G. vulgaris — Ventral retractor muscles originate anterior to dorsal pair .... G. mirabilis 7. Trunk length less than 3 times the width G. iniqua — Trunk length more than 3 times the width 8. Reduced tentacles, large hooks ( 150; una) ete sete: G. birsteini — Normal tentacles, hooks, if present, small (<75 wm) 9. Contractile vessel simple, without bulbous swellings .... G. margaritacea — Contractile vessel with bulbous swellings/vesicles, often orange col- ored, southern Africa .... G. capensis PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Golfingia (Spinata), new subgenus Type species. —Golfingia pectinatoides Cutler and Cutler, 1979. Diagnosis. —Small to medium sized with introvert longer than trunk; small hooks with basal spinelets and arranged in rings; slen- der retractor muscles about equal in size and both pairs very close to ventral nerve cord; spindle muscle originates from the body wall just anterior to anus; nephridia bilobed. Remarks.—This monotypic subgenus is an inhabitant of shallow warm waters. There is a Suite of character states (retractors, hooks and nephridia) which this taxon shares with Phascolosoma (Edmondsius) pectinata and several Apionsoma species. This is most likely an example of convergent or parallel evolution. The decision to place this taxon in Golfingia is based on the arrangement of the tentacles which appear to be around the mouth (no individual has its introvert com- pletely extended) and the spindle muscle not inserted posteriorly on the body wall. There is real need for closer analysis of these sim- ilar species using non-morphological char- acters. The subgeneric name refers to the presence of small basal spinelets on the hooks. Golfingia pectinatoides Cutler and Cutler, 1979 Golfingia pectinatoida Cutler and Cutler, 1979a:95 1-954, figs. 3-5. Material examined. —Type material: MNHN and USNM. This inhabitant of coral reefs is distinc- tive. The important characters are those of the subgenus. Additionally, the gut is in an irregular loose coil and there are no fixing musles. Known distribution. —Coral reefs at Tu- lear, Madagascar, and Moorea Island, French Polynesia, at intertidal depths. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Subgenus Golfingia (sensu stricto) Lankester, 1885 Type species.—Sipunculus yulgaris (de Blainville, 1827). Diagnosis. —Introvert equal to or shorter than trunk; simple hooks usually scattered if present (rings in G. e/ongata); anterior pair of retractor muscles with origins more dorsally placed than posterior ventral pair; spindle muscle originates from wall of rec- tum (sometimes under wing muscle); ne- phridia unilobed. We first present a consideration of the most complex “‘superspecies” in this genus which will be followed by the remaining val- id species in alphabetical order. Comments on the “‘margaritacea”’ Section As seems to be true in several genera there is here one very widespread and ill defined species (Superspecies?) which has a long and complex history. This morph has retained most of those characters thought to be ple- siomorphic (Cutler and Gibbs 1985) with no distinguishing traits other than the lack of anything unique. We here present a sum- mary of those names which have been con- sidered to be some kind of subset of G. mar- garitacea by previous authors. In a later section we propose additional changes. Sars introduced the name Sipunculus margaritaceus in 1851. It consisted of four sentences in Norwegian, had no illustra- tions and was based on an unspecified num- ber of individuals from Norwegian fjords. This was summarized in Latin in the same year by Diesing as a five phrase description. In 1865 Keferstein introduced Phasco- losoma oerstedii from Greenland, and Qua- trefages used Siponcle oerstedii referring to Keferstein’s material; this genus name was not used by subsequent authors. Koren and Danielssen (1875) treated oerstedii as a ju- nior synonym of G. margaritacea. How- ever, Théel (1875) and Horst (1882) con- tinued to treat it a a species. Selenka et al. 741 (1883) and J. Fischer (1914) both consid- ered it to be a junior synonym. The name Phascolosoma capsiforme was put forth by Baird in 1868 for some Falk- land Island worms. Théel (1911) reduced this to be a junior synonym. It was contin- ued as a variety by Fischer (1913) who in 1920 reconsidered and also treated it as a junior synonym. However, Leroy (1936) ig- nored them and listed it as a species. In 1965 Edmonds used it at the subspecific rank, but in Stephen and Edmonds (1972), it again was reduced to a junior synonym. The next names appeared in 1875: Phas- colosoma albidum and P. fulgens by Théel for far North Atlantic material. Selenka et al. (1883) and J. Fischer (1914) both re- duced these names to junior synonyms. In 1881 Danielssen and Koren named Stephanostoma hanseni for some Norwe- gian arctic worms. This was changed to Phascolosoma hanseni by Selenka et al. (1883). Théel (1905) first synonymized Stephanostoma barentsei (Horst, 1882) with P. hanseni and then divided this taxon into two “forms”: occidentalis and orientalis. Sluiter (1912) used this name for one spec- imen. Fischer (1922a and 1924) considered this whole complex to be synonymous with G. margaritacea. In 1925 Wesenberg-Lund used P. hanseniasa species. Stephen (1941), Wesenberg-Lund (1955), and Stephen and Edmonds (1972) used it as a subspecies. In 1974, Gibbs demoted it again to the status of a junior synonym, and we concur. Michaelsen in 1889, introduced three names for several Antarctic specimens: Phascolosoma georgianum, P. fuscum, and P. antarcticum. These names were repeated by Fischer (1895) and Hérubel used one in 1906 and another in 1908. In 1911, Théel synonymized all three names under G. mar- garitacea, and we concur. But, antarcticum has continued to appear as a subspecies or varietal name up to the present. The next new name, Phascolosoma ja- ponicum, was introduced by Ikeda in 1904 742 for Japanese material. In 1947, Chin mis- takenly applied this name to something with only one pair of retractor muscles. Fisher (1950) changed this name to Golfingia ike- dai (since P. japonicum was unavailable; see P. japonicum Grube). Cutler and Cutler (1981) reduced this to the rank of subspe- cles. In 1905 Théel named Phascolosoma try- bomi from Sweden, but in 1924 Fischer sug- gested that it should be treated as a variety of G. margaritacea and this was also the conclusion arrived at by Lindroth (1941). However, Stephen (1934) used it as a species and then (1941, 1948, 1960) treated it asa subspecies. This last choice was also fol- lowed by Wesenberg-Lund (1955), Murina (1957), and Stephen and Edmonds (1972). We do not concur but treat it as a junior synonym. In the same year, Théel (1905) split the species into two forms, “‘siberica”’ and “‘fin- marchica.” These were transformed to sub- species in Stephen and Edmonds (1972). Gibbs (1974) asserted that “finmarchica”’ must be considered synonymous with the nominate subspecies. We treat both names as junior synonyms. Roule (1906) erected the taxon Phasco- losoma profundum off the Azores, but this name went unused until Stephen and Ed- monds (1972). In 1977 Cutler and Murina placed it in the synonymy of G. margari- tacea. In 1908 Lanchester named Phascolosoma socium for Antarctic material which Fischer (1929) submerged as a junior synonym. Sluiter (1912) introduced Phascolosoma iniquum from the NE Atlantic which also went unused until Stephen and Edmonds (1972). Cutler and Murina (1977) reduced this to the status ofa junior synonym. Gibbs (1986) considered this a valid species and a senior synonym of G. mutabilis and G. rugosa. In the same year, Sluiter (1912) erected Phascolosoma pusillum from the Cape Verde Islands. Wesenberg-Lund (1959a:209) “‘is PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON inclined to regard” it as a junior synonym, but Stephen and Edmonds (1972) trans- ferred the taxon to the subgenus Golfingiella and made no reference to Wesenberg-Lund’s paper. In 1977 Cutler and Murina consid- ered this entity to be a junior synonym of Golfingia (Mitosiphon) trichocephala (now Apionsoma trichocephala sensu Cutler 1979). Gerould (1913) created the subspecies Phascolosoma margaritacea meridionalis for a population off North America. This was repeated in Stephen and Edmonds (1972), but the name has not been applied to any new material (see Cutler 1973). It was dif- ferentiated from the nominate form by being very elongate (length often 10-20 times the width). Its biological significance is doubt- ful. In 1934 Sato named Phascolosoma noto and P. soyo from the Sea of Japan; they were not mentioned again until Stephen and Ed- monds (1972). In Cutler and Cutler (1981) G. soyo was demoted to a subspecies with G. noto its junior synonym. Fisher (1952) erected a subspecies, Gol- fingia margaritacea californiensis, which was maintained by Stephen and Edmonds (1972), Gibbs (1974), and Rice (1980) based only on Fisher’s original material. The as- sertion that this form deserves subspecific rank is based on tentacle number and mor- phology, skin thickness/roughness and number of fixing muscles. As discussed in the Introduction these characters are too variable to be used in this way. Four years later Edmonds (1956) estab- lished Golfingia margaritacea adelaidensis from Australia which was repeated in Ste- phen and Edmonds (1972) and Edmonds (1980). Murina (1977:230) listed it in the synonymy of G. margaritacea margarita- cea. This subspecies has only been reported from Southern Australia but in many ways resembles both the shallow water G. mar- garitacea from Japan and the South African G. capense. This is only known from large (60-100 mm trunk) shallow water speci- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 mens. It supposedly differs from the nom- inate form on such characters as strength and attachment of spindle muscle, number of fixing muscles, color, and a more rudi- mentary caecum. While this may be a bi- ologically distinct taxon our anatomical analysis makes the retention of this subspe- cific rank difficult to justify. Future analyses of this population should consider the pos- sibility of a shallow water Indo-West Pacific taxon with a strong spindle muscle attaching under the wing muscle and a voluminous contractile vessel. Edmonds (1960) also named a new species from New Zealand, Golfingia cantabriensis, which was later (Cutler and Murina 1977) synonymized with G. margaritacea. Summary.—The reason that so many names have been used for a single species rests largely in the variability of the external form. The characters used by these authors to differentiate the taxa have included: over- all size (few to several hundred millimeters long); color (e.g., yellowish to reddish brown, dirty pink, bluish white, straw, rust and the following shades of grey: reddish, whitish, brownish, yellowish, or bluish); ratio of in- trovert to trunk length (up to 1.2:1), thick- ness/texture of skin (thin to thick, smooth to corky, translucent to opaque, with or without reticulations); papillae shape, size, and distribution; shape of the posterior end (with or without “‘tail’’); and the presence and distribution of introvert hooks. Perhaps the most elaborately described external fea- ture has been the tentacular crown (from few to many tentacles). The relative posi- tion of the nephridiopore and anus has also been utilized by some authors. The internal anatomy has been used but to a lesser extent, e.g., the number of gut coils (but without reference to the size of the individuals), the number of fixing mus- cles, and presence of a rectal caecum. As noted above many of these characters do vary with size of the worms, nature of the microhabitat, or the preservation methods. Some of these biologists had limited ex- 743 perience with both the worms and the si- punculan literature. Also, they were work- ing within the paradigm of a typological species concept. The kind of analysis we have engaged in suggests to us that these variations are all possible within one bio- logical species but willingly acknowledge that we could be wrong and hope that different kinds of data can be generated to test this hypothesis. Golfingia margaritacea margaritacea (Sars, 1851) In Stephen and Edmonds (1972:94) there is a lengthy synonymy for this species and those taxa considered subspecies at that time, which we will not repeat here. What follows is only a partial synonymy including the original author and changes made since 1970. Sipunculus margaritaceus Sars, 1851:196— IO. Golfingia margaritacea. —Murina, 1971:42; 1972:301; 1973:69; 1974:235; 1977:230- 232; 1978:122.—Cutler, 1973:136—-138; 1977a:139-140.—Gibbs, 1974:871-876; 1977:12-13.—Cutler and Murina, 1977: 176-177.—Cutler and Cutler, 1979b:104; 1980b:197-198.—Frank, 1983:12-13.— Cutler, Cutler and Nishikawa, 1984: 263-—264.—Saiz-Salinas, 1984:180-182; 1986:21-22. *Golfingia margaritacea adelaidensis Ed- monds, 1956:302-303, pl. 2, fig. 2; 1980: 21.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:97.— Murina, 1977:230. *Golfingia margaritaceum californiensis Fisher, 1952:392-—393.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:97-98.—Rice, 1980:494. Phascolosoma margaritacea finmarchica Theéel, 1905:63-64. *Golfingia margaritacea finmarchica. —Ste- phen and Edmonds, 1972:98. Phascolosoma margaritaceum forma sibir- ica Théel, 1905:64-65. *Golfingia margaritacea sibirica. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:99. 744 Phascolosoma antarcticum Michaelsen, 1889:73-84. Phascolosoma margaritaceum var. antarc- ticum. — Fischer, 1929:481. *Golfingia margaritacea antarctica. —Ste- phen and Edmonds, 1972:97.—Cutler, Cutler and Nishikawa, 1984:265. Golfingia cantabriensis Edmonds, 1960: 163-164, text-fig. 4.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:86-87. Phascolosoma glossipapillosum Sato, 1934: 10-12, pl. 1, fig. 5. Golfingia glossipapillosa. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:91.—Murina, 1977:229.— Cutler and Cutler, 1981:61-62. Phascolosoma hanseni Danielssen and Ko- ren, 1881:9-13. Phascolosoma margaritaceum hanseni. — Stephen, 1941:253. *Golfingia margaritacea hanseni. —Wesen- berg-Lund, 1955:9. Phascolosoma japonicum Ikeda, 1904:5-7, figs. 2, 28, 29.—Chin, 1947:100. Golfingia ikedai.—Fisher (nom. nov. pro Phascolosoma japonicum Ikeda, 1904, non Physcosoma japonicum Grube, 1877), 1950:550; 1952:390.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:92.—Murina, 1977:228- 229.—Nishikawa, 1977:11. Golfingia margaritacea ikedai. —Cutler and Cutler, 1981:63.—Cutler, Cutler and Ni- shikawa, 1984:264—265. *Phascolosoma margaritaceum var. merid- ionalis Gerould, 1913:382. Golfingia margaritacea meridionalis. —Ste- phen and Edmonds, 1972:98-99. Golfingia mawsoni.—sensu Murina, 1964: 230-233. Phascolosoma nordenskjoldi Théel, 1911: 30-31, pl. 3, figs. 35—41.— Fischer, 1920: 416; 1922b:34; 1929:483.—Stephen, 1941:253-254; 1948:217. Golfingia nordenskjoldi.— Wesenberg-Lund, 1955:9-11.—Murina, 1964:237-238; 1978:122. Phascolosoma noto Sato, 1934:14—-16, pl. 1, fig. 7, text-fig. 17. Golfingia nota.—Stephen and Edmonds, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1972:102.—Murina, and Cutler, 1981:63. Phascolosoma okinoseanum Ikeda, 1904:9— 12, text-figs. 4, 34-38. Golfingia okinoseana.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:103.—Murina, 1977:223.— Cutler and Cutler, 1981:64.— Cutler, Cut- ler, and Nishikawa, 1984:263. Phascolosoma profundum Roule, 1898:385; 1906:74-77. Golfingia profunda. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:104.—Cutler and Murina, 1977:176-177. Phascolosoma signum Sato, 1934:16-17, pl. 1, fig. 8, text-fig. 18. Golfingia signa.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:108.—Murina, 1977:233.—Cutler and Cutler, 1981:65.—Cutler, Cutler and Nishikawa, 1984:266. Phascolosoma soyo Sato, 1934:17-—20, fig. 9, text-figs. 19-21. Golfingia soya.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:109.—Murina, 1977:233-234. Golfingia margaritacea soyo.—Cutler and Cutler, 1981:66.—Cutler, Cutler and Ni- shikawa, 1984:265. Phascolosoma trybomi Théel, 1905:69-70. Phascolosoma margaritaceum trybomi. — Fischer, 1924:72. *Golfingia margaritacea trybomi. —Wes- enberg-Lund, 1955:8.—Murina, 1971:42; 1977:232-233. 1977:234.— Cutler Material examined.—Types: AMSS, G. margaritacea adelaidensis Edmonds; BMNH, P. capsiforme Baird; NHRS, P. nordenskjoldi Théel; USNM, G. margari- taceum californiensis Fisher and G. m. me- ridionalis Gerould; ZITU, P. soyo Sato; ZMUB, P. hanseni Danielssen and Koren; ZMUH, Michaelsen’s three species, P. ant- arcticum, P. fuscum, P. georgianum; ZMUT, P. japonicum Ikeda (=G. ikedai). Also: re- cently collected specimens of G. ikedai from near the type locality; G. soya from the Ja- pan Sea (G. nota cannot be located); some G. margaritacea from the East Atlantic Ocean at UZMK and NHRS identified by VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Wesenberg-Lund, and at NHRS some iden- tified by Théel. There are eight names used as subspecies in Stephen and Edmonds (1972) which we regard as undeserving of that rank/status. These are marked with an * in the above synonymy and are discussed in the preced- ing, “Comments on the ‘margaritacea’ Sec- tion.”” The following nine names were pre- sented as valid species in Stephen and Edmonds (1972). We conclude that these should be treated as junior synonyms of G. margaritacea. Following that is the single taxon we present as a subspecies. Cutler and Murina (1977) reduced G. cantabriensis to the status of a junior syn- onym. Subsequent analysis of the single specimen showed it to be in very poor con- dition and complete examination is prohib- ited. There are only some subtle external differences. Golfingia glossipapillosa was discussed in Cutler and Cutler (1981) where they raised questions about its biological validity but did not change its status. However, in Cut- ler, Cutler, and Niskikawa (1984) this was reduced to the status of a junior synonym. Cutler and Cutler (1981) determined G. ikedai to be a subspecies of G. margaritacea. The putative difference at that time was the bulbous and vesicular contractile vessel in larger worms. In Cutler, Cutler, and Nishi- _kawa (1984) it was noted that some indi- viduals from a particular population (trunks less than 20 mm) bore scattered small hooks. It is now apparent that these differences are not unique. Golfingia okinoseana was discussed in Cutler and Cutler (1981), and at that time it was left unchanged despite a very weak foundation (one specimen). Cutler, Cutler, and Nishikawa (1984), after finding no new material in their collections of over 3200 worms, reduced this to a junior synonym. Cutler and Cutler (1981) determined G. nota and G. soya to be conspecific and re- duced this combined taxon to subspecific rank. They did not consider it conspecific 745 with the nominate form based on the large, cone- or pear-shaped papillae on the prox- imal portion of the introvert. This is not a clear distinction, and since no additional specimens have been located for compara- tive studies, we now further reduce the rank of this taxon. The type material of G. nordenskjoldi at NHRS consists of three vials. No. 218 has only an introvert with many tentacles. No. 219 has three specimens, one of which is missing its introvert. No. 220 has three specimens, the largest has a 5 mm trunk which is rough. One does appear to have only two tentacles, but the introvert is not completely extended. Fischer did not have new material but merely repeated Théel’s record. It is now clear that these worms are merely a few young animals. Golfingia profunda was determined to be a junior synonym in Cutler and Murina C977): Golfingia signa (Sato 1934) was discussed in Cutler and Cutler (1981). Cutler, Cutler, and Nishikawa (1984) concurred by retain- ing the name but expressed reservations. Its putative differences from G. margaritacea are only external, mostly the wavy, zig-zag ridges on the posterior end of the body. We have found this condition in other material from different parts of the world and we can no longer justify specific rank for this name. The variations in the morphology of this taxon have been commented on above. It is therefore a very difficult species to de- scribe with precision. Aside from the ge- neric and subgeneric characters and the above comments on the variations one can add very little. Known distribution. —Golfingia margar- itacea margaritacea 1s a very widely dis- tributed taxon living in all sectors of the Atlantic, Arctic and Antarctic Oceans (80°N-78°S); the North, Southeast and Southwest Pacific (over 30°N and S) with a few exceptions at lower latitudes but in deep water (over 2000 m). The depth range is |- 5300 m but most specimens have been col- 746 Fig. 1. crown. (Scale lines are 2 and 0.5 mm.) lected from depths less than 300 m. It is unknown from the Indian Ocean and Med- iterranean Sea. Golfingia margaritacea ohlini (Théel, 1911) Figs. 1, 2 Phascolosoma ohlini Théel, 1911:29-30, pl. 2, figs. 21-23, pl. 3, figs. 24-27, pl. 5, figs. 69-70.—Fischer, 1920:413; 1929:484.— Stephen, 1941:254—255. Golfingia ohlini.—Wesenberg-Lund, 1955: 10; 1963:106-107.—Edmonds, 1965: 31.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:102.— Murina, 1972:301-—302; 1974:235; 1978: 122.—Cutler and Cutler, 1980b:199. Not Golfingia ohlini. —Wesenberg-Lund, 1959b:61 (see G. elongata). Phascolosoma mawsoni Benham, 1922:13- 17.—Fischer, 1929:482—483.—Stephen, 1948:218. Golfingia mawsoni.—Edmonds, 1972:84— 85.—Murina, 1972:301; 1977:225-227.— Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:99-100. Not Murina, 1964:230—233. Phascolosoma pudicum Selenka, 1885:11- 12.— Fischer, 1929:484.—Stephen, 1948: 217-218. Golfingia pudica. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:104-105.—Cutler, Cutler and Gibbs, 1983:671-672. Golfingia vulgarls [sic] var. antarctica Mu- rina, 1957:996-997. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Golfingia margaritacea ohlini, the generalized golfingiid morph: A, Whole animal; B, Tentacular Golfingia vulgaris murinae.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:111. Material examined.—Types: NHRS, G. ohlini;, AMSS, G. mawsoni; additional re- cently collected specimens from subantarc- tic waters near the Kerguelen Islands. G. pudica: BMNH, Type material; UMOU, one specimen which we believe to be part of the original collection; UZMK, a specimen of Wesenberg-Lund’s from Mauritius; ZIAS, a specimen of Murina’s from the East China Sea. The following is a chronologically-ar- ranged, historical review of this taxon. In 1911 Théel named this species from five specimens collected at 24-95 m off South Georgia. The total body length was 6-17 mm with a pointed posterior extrem- ity having crowded cylindrical papillae. The anus was “in the middle of the body” with the nephridia at the same level; therefore, as currently defined, the trunks were 3-9 mm long with introverts of equal length. There were 10-16 tentacles. He compared these worms to G. cylindrata but the hooks and papillae separated them. Our exami- nation of this material showed the follow- ing: Vial no. 215 is the very small one which is listed as holotype in Stephen and Ed- monds (1972). This worm had never been opened and proved to have only two re- tractor muscles; therefore it is a Nephaso- ma, not a Golfingia species. No. 216 has VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 747 Fig. 2. Posterior ends of some Golfingia margaritacea ohlini from the Kerguelen Islands showing possible variation in form within one population. (Scale line is 1 mm.) two large worms with eggs in the coelom, a “pencil point’’ posterior end, and no visible hooks. No. 217 has two worms packed with sperm and has small introvert hooks. These also had never been dissected but do have four retractor muscles. They are very sim- ilar to the small Japanese G. margaritacea reported by Cutler, Cutler, and Nishikawa (1984). In 1920 Fischer recorded one G. ohlini from 385 m off Australia with hooks and 12 tentacles (therefore a small worm?). He apparently repeated this record in 1929. When Benham described G. mawsoni in 1922 he had 50 worms with total length ranging from 8—42 mm. He had some in- teresting comments about how one “‘cannot put much reliance on proportions of length of various regions or upon such features as the exact position of the origin of the intro- vert retractor muscles.”’ He also discussed how contractions of the circular and lon- gitudinal muscle layers could modify the shape of the posterior end. His assertion that this species was clearly distinct from G. margaritacea was less than convincing since he based that distinction on the color and texture of the skin plus the presence of a “distinct cone” at the posterior tip. He also mentioned the “longer introvert”’ and other unspecified differences. Our exami- nation of the type collection served to con- firm the accuracy of his description and fig- ures. Only our conclusions were different. Seven years later Fischer (1929) repeated Benham’s record from Commonwealth Bay. He had no new material. In 1941, Stephen reported 24 G. ohlini from the Falklands at 130-720 m. Our ex- amination of this material showed it to agree 748 well with Théel’s animals but not all of them have hooks, they have more tentacles, and come from deeper water. The vial from sta- tion WS-33 also contains some Nephasoma species. The next record of G. mawsoni was Ste- phen (1948:218) where he recorded about 200 worms (size not mentioned) from near the type locality at depths of 163-300 m. His one morphological observation of in- terest was that the posterior cone was hardly ever sunk into a “pit” as many of Benham’s were. In 1955 Wesenberg-Lund reported a sin- gle, 8 mm G. ohlini from 270 m off Chile. We could not examine the tentacles or hooks, and this could have been almost any member of the genus. Her comment “... rather long, cylindrical papillae crowded at the posterior extremity of the body and characteristic of this species were distinct under the microscope” reflects a dependen- cy on one of the most labile characters. In 1957 Murina described the new variety G. vulgaris var. antarctica but on the copy sent to us had drawn a line through that name and written in G. ohlini (see 1972). In 1959b Wesenberg-Lund recorded one G. ohlini from intertidal water on Mauri- tius. Our examination of this worm showed it to be a member of this genus with hooks but with no posterior point. According to Wesenberg-Lund, it has 24 tentacles and 15 rings of hooks with 30 hooks per ring. This habitat makes the record very suspect and, given hooks in rings and slender propor- tions, this worm should be considered a G. elongata. In 1963 Wesenberg-Lund recorded five specimens of G. ohlini from 12-13 m in False Bay, South Africa. These measure 5— 19 mm, and the largest one has 30 tentacles. In her discussion of the tentacles and nuchal organ, she has the dorsal and ventral sides reversed. Hooks are present and scattered. After a gap of sixteen years, G. mawsoni was used again by Murina (1964:230—233) where she gave a detailed account of two PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON specimens from 3990 m in the Bering Sea. These worms had trunks 35 and 40 mm long and introverts shorter than the trunks. She felt these fit Benham’s species despite a few differences such as the introvert length and anterior position of the retractor muscles. She accounted for this by ontogenetic changes which she discussed at some length including an interesting quote from Gerould (1913) about these problems. The drasti- cally different depth and far northern lati- tude of these two worms raises our doubts about these belonging to the same gene pool as the shallow Antarctic populations. Therefore, we have moved these two worms to G. margaritacea margaritacea. In 1965 Edmonds reported five G. ohlini from 5—432 m in the Ross Sea. These were 8-22 mm long with introverts a little shorter than the trunks and 14-16 tentacles. Hooks were in irregular rows. He identified these on the bases of size, shape, number of ten- tacles, retractors, and hooks. Murina (1972) recorded two smaller G. mawsoni from the South Atlantic (South Africa, 318 m and Argentina, 75 m) which seem to fit more closely Benham’s species. In this same article, she also has G. ohlini with G. vulgaris var. antarctica as a junior synonym. This latter record was based on 17 specimens from 59-1900 m in the Ant- arctic Ocean. Their trunks are 3-14 mm and posterior ends range from blunt to pointed with obvious tail-like appendage. This pa- per also contained G. margaritacea. In that same year, Edmonds (1972) pub- lished on a collection of 47 G. mawsoni from the Antarctic with introverts shorter than the trunk (maximum length 30 mm, most between 18 and 24 mm) and other “minor” differences from Benham’s description. Some had short, sharp pointed posterior ends. Also in 1972, Stephen and Edmonds dif- ferentiate G. mawsoni from G. margarita- cea in their key to this genus by the presence or absence of a rectal caecum, and from G. nota/soya by the number of fixing muscles VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 (3 vs. 2). Golfingia mawsoni has not been used since. In 1974 Murina reported five G. ohlini from 932-1435 m off the Falklands. The largest trunk is 3.5 mm, but she said that the color of the body and the form of the papillae allowed her to identify them. This assertion is difficult to accept. She went on to compare it to the “closely related” G. vulgaris from which it differs, according to her, by the form of the nuchal organ and posterior papillae. In 1978 Murina added two G. ohlini from 710-850 m south of New Zealand. Then Cutler and Cutler (1980b) recorded 96 spec- imens of G. ohlini from the far South At- lantic at 81-247 m. These were 2.5-12 mm long with hooks 17—90 um high (most less than 50 wm) and pencil point or nipple-like posterior ends. In his account of the Australian sipun- culans, Edmonds (1980) lists the earlier rec- ords of G. ohlini but has no new records. Golfingia pudica was discussed at length in Cutler, Cutler, and Gibbs (1983) wherein it was shown that this name had been used for two different populations, one is an Apionsoma species and the other, original of Selenka’s, is a Golfingia species. Selenka said it differed from G. vulgaris in distri- bution of hooks, number of tentacles, and distribution of papillae. Not all of the type - specimens have hooks but in those which do, the arrangement is not in distinct rings as Selenka alleged. Fischer (1929) merely repeated Selenka’s record. Stephen’s (1948) material was badly damaged and cannot now be located. Both of these collections came from the Kerguelen Islands, a common lo- cality for G. margaritacea ohlini. In summary, this taxon is defined by us as a population whose morphology grades into that of G. margaritacea from northern waters. The two alleged differences are the presence of hooks in some of these (see In- troduction) and the difference in the shape of the posterior end of the trunk (pointed not round). After examining all the litera- 749 ture, the type material, and many newly col- lected specimens, the putative differences fade into a cloud of variation. Hooks are only present in smaller worms, and the form of the posterior end varies widely even with- in one dredge sample (Fig. 2). The decision to rank this at the subspecific level is based on the assumption that there is significant reduction in gene flow but that it is not com- pletely reproductively isolated. Known distribution. —It has been collect- ed in Antarctic and subantarctic waters in- cluding the southern tips of South America and Africa, several southern islands and Antarctica (most between 44° and 77°S). The depths are commonly less than 300 m with a few as deep as 1425 m. This particular population is extremely interesting from an evolutionary standpoint since the G. margaritacea ‘superspecies’ 1S closer to the hypothetical ancestral sipun- culan than any other extant taxon (has the fewest apomorphic character states, see Cutler and Gibbs 1985). Its distribution in the southern seas places it in an excellent position (i.e., a “center of dispersal’’) to serve as an ancestral stock for other cold water taxa as habitats opened up during the Ce- nozoic (Zinsmeister and Feldmann 1984). Golfingia anderssoni (Théel, 1911) Phascolosoma anderssoni Théel, 1911:28- 29, pl. 2, figs. 28-34, pl. 5, figs. 71-74.— Fischer, 1929:481.—Stephen, 1941:250- 251; 1948:216. Golfingia anderssoni.—Murina, 1957:992- 993; 1964:222—-224: 1971:42; 1972:296- 298; 1974:234; 1977:222-223.—Ed- monds, 1965:30.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:84-85. Material examined. —Types: NHRS, three vials of specimens labeled type, no designated holotype. Also recently collected specimens from the South Atlantic. This is a well-defined species with a solid foundation having the distinctive posterior trunk papillae and caudal appendage. In 750 many ways it is very similar to Nephasoma flagriferum. Known distribution. — Eight of the 11 pub- lished records are from the far southern lat- itudes at a depth range of 75-1880 m. One is from the Atlantic Ocean at 1 7—19°S, 4335- 4613 m. There are two records, each of a single specimen, from deep water (3150 and 6135 m) in the northern Pacific Ocean (28° and 44°N). These two northern hemisphere records seem peculiar and additional rec- ords would help solidify this pattern. Golfingia birsteini Murina 1973 Golfingia birsteini Murina, 1973:942-943, fig. 1.—Frank, 1983:10-11. Material examined.—Type: ZIAS. This long slender species (length up to 15 times the width) with reduced tentacles is similar to several Nephasoma species. The papillae are variable in shape (Murina said ‘pear-shaped’). The posterior end does not bear a caudal appendage but is cone-shaped as the result of circular muscle contraction. The hooks are large and scattered, not in rings, and it has no eyespots; thus, is dif- ferent than G. elongata. Known distribution.—Only one record (seven worms) from the Northwest Pacific (58°N, 149°W) at 3200 m. Golfingia capensis (Teuscher, 1874) Phascolosoma capense Teuscher, 1874:488-— 489, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5, 12, 14.—Selenka et al., 1883:29-30.—Selenka, 1885:12.— Sluiter, 1898:443.—Fischer, 1895:14; 1920:414; 1922a:9-10; 1922b:16.—Le- roy, 1936:425.—Stephen, 1942:251. Golfingia capensis. —Wesenberg-Lund, 1959c:181-182; 1963:108-110.—Ste- phen and Cutler, 1969:114—115.—Ste- phen and Edmonds, 1972:87.—Cutler, 1977a:139. Dendrostoma stephensoni Stephen, 1942: US) M35 Olle Neti, 5). PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Dendrostomum stephensoni Wesenberg- Lund, 1963:133-134, fig. 10. Themiste stephensoni.—Stephen and Cut- ler, 1969:116.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:212—213.—Cutler, 1977b:154. Material examined. —ZMUH, a worm la- beled “type” from Lagos but it had been identified by Fischer so probably was not Teuscher’s material; also four specimens from “‘the Cape, Africa’ but no additional station data. NHRS, one worm identified by Fischer from “Cape, Africa.”” UZMK, one very large worm (over 18 cm) from “Koreas Kyst, 110 m” with no indication of who identified it or when and Wesenberg- Lund’s specimens of Themiste stephensoni. RSME, type material of 7. stephensoni. There is a semantic problem with the term ‘villi’ in this common but localized species. The contractile vessel does have bulbous swellings or vesicles along a portion of its length but these are not villi in the sense of Cutler and Cutler (1982:750). No member of this genus bears true contractile vessel villi. This expanded vessel is similar to that seen in intertidal populations from Japan (G. margaritacea ikedaiin Cutler and Cutler 1981) and this expanded surface area is probably an adaptation to lower oxygen ten- sion in warmer shallow waters. A few small individuals in both these populations also bear small hooks. This species shares many characters with G. margaritacea, especially the shallow water Australian and Japanese populations with bulbous contractile vessels. If it is truly reproductively isolated (1.e., not an Indo- West Pacific taxon) it must differ at only a few loci. Whether one interprets the large size of some members of this population (up to 20 cm) as under genetic control or simply epigenetic plasticity is important. Given our present knowledge we cannot an- swer several important questions, so will, at this time, not reduce this to the status of a subspecies of G. margaritacea. When we reexamined the 7hemiste ste- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 phensoni material it became clear that these worms actually belonged to G. capensis (Gibbs and Cutler, 1987). The putative con- tractile vessel villi are only the bulbous ves- icles characteristic of this species. Known distribution. —South Africa to Mombasa on the east coast and Ile St. Paul (40°S, 80°E). All but two records are from depths less than 100 m, the deepest is at 430 m. Golfingia elongata (Keferstein, 1863) Phascolosoma elongatum Keferstein, 1863: 39, pl. 3, fig. 5. Golfingia elongata. —(see Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:90-91 for most of the lengthy synonymy prior to 1970).— Akesson, 1961:511-—530.—Stephen, 1960: 15.—Murina, 1972:299; 1975:1088; 1977:215-217.—Cutler, 1973:134- 136.—Zavodnik and Murina, 1975:127; 1976:85.—Gibbs, 1977:10—-11.—Cutler and Cutler, 1980b:197.—Ocharan, 1980: 117-118.—Frank, 1983:11-12.—Cutler, Cutler and Nishikawa, 1984:262—263.— Saiz-Salinas, 1984:180; 1986:18-—20. Phascolosoma charcoti Hérubel, 1906a:127— 128; 1906b:651-652; 1908:2—8.—Fi- scher, 1929:483. Golfingia charcoti.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:89. Phascolosoma cylindratum Keferstein, ~ 1865:428.—Selenka et al., 1883:25.— Gerould, 1913:382-383.—Leroy, 1936: 425. Golfingia cylindrata. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:89. Phascolosoma derjugini Gadd, 1911:82-83. Golfingia derjugini. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:90. Golfingia ohlini. —Wesenberg-Lund, 1959b: 61. Material examined. -MNHU, type of G. elongata; RSME, type of G. cluthensis Ste- phen; additional recently collected speci- mens from the North Atlantic. 751 The type material consists of several vials of specimens in very good condition, some with extended introverts showing the 8-10 rings of hooks which characterize this well founded species. The type materials of Golfingia charcoti, G. cylindrata, and G. derjugini cannot be located. Cutler (1973) reduced G. cylindrata and Cutler and Murina (1977) reduced the other two to junior synonyms and we reaf- firm those actions. Known distribution.—From the north- west Atlantic (Newfoundland to Bermuda and Cuba), the northeast Atlantic (Spitz- bergen to Iberian Peninsula and the Medi- terranean) from intertidal to 200 m depths. In the Pacific from the East and South China Seas at 91-590 m. There is a single worm reported from the Indian Ocean (Mauritius intertidal sand, Wesenberg-Lund 1959b). Golfingia iniqua (Sluiter, 1912) Phascolosoma iniquum Sluiter, 1912:14, pl. 1, fig. 4. Golfingia iniqua.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:93. Phascolosoma mutabile Southern, 1913:19- 20), Golfingia mutabilis. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:101.—Murina, 1977:219- De Phascolosoma rugosum Southern, 1913:18— 19. Not Phascolosoma rugosum var. mauritan- iense Hérubel, 1925a:262. Golfingia rugosa. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:107.—Murina, 1977:219.—Saiz- Salinas, 1986:24—-27. Material examined.—Types: INMD, G. mutabile and G. rugosa; MOM\, G. iniqua; many recently collected specimens from near the type locality. Cutler and Murina (1977) determined this to be a junior synonym of G. margaritacea. However, in light of recent comparisons of all these types (and new material) we now 52 believe that the earlier action was a mistake. The distinctions Southern made between his two species are probably only an artifact of size (e.g., number of tentacles) and/or state of contraction of his six individuals. His failure to compare this material to Sluiter’s species may be due to the fact that they were published at about the same time. Sluiter’s also were said to lack hooks while hooks are present in some (but not all) of Southern’s worms. This species 1s one which has de- ciduous hooks and does share many char- acters with G. margaritacea. It is possible that future studies will show this to be a partially isolated subset of a polymorphic G. margaritacea gene pool (subspecies?). The major distinction lies in the shape of the trunk (more robust, fat and pear-shaped, length almost always less than 3 times the width) and the texture of the epidermis in the larger ones (over 10 mm) being thick with irregular lines/wrinkles/zig-zag pat- tern; admittedly somewhat less than abso- lute. The smaller individuals do not have as thick a body wall in the mid section but width/length ratio is consistently lower than other congeneric species. Hérubel’s (1925a) subspecies is a taxon we would place in incertae sedis since the description (based on a single worm of un- known size) is extremely brief, there are no illustrations, the type cannot be located, and the habitat (25 m depth at 8°24’W and 33°24’N) is atypical. Known distribution. —Northeast Atlantic Ocean, 29-52°N, 10—30°W, from depths of 500-1800 m. Golfingia mirabilis Murina, 1969 Golfingia mirabilis Murina, 1969:1732- 1733, fig. 1. Material examined.—Type: ZIAS. This single worm was described as having shields but does not. The posterior end of the trunk is somewhat contracted, dark, papillated and rugose while at the anterior PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON end the skin has faint zig-zag ridges and is dark. The reference to a caudal appendage in the original description 1s somewhat mis- leading as the structure is 0.7 mm long on a 36 mm trunk and is really just a nipple- like termination of trunk, not uncommon in this genus. The hooks are at least 200 um tall and the tentacles are especially numer- ous, over 50 well defined units. The ventral retractor muscles originate anterior to the origins of the dorsal pair by about 10% of the trunk length, an unusual relationship within this genus. Despite the lack of an adequate data base this species seems dis- tinct enough to be retained. There is the possibility that it is an anomalous G. vul- garis and if additional specimens are not collected in forthcoming years the reality of this taxon might well be questioned. Known distribution. —Off Tanzania, 7°S, 40°E, 802 m. Golfingia muricaudata (Southern, 1913) Phascolosoma muricaudatum Southern, 1913:21, pl. 4, fig. 5.— Fischer, 1920:415; 1922a:10-11; 1929:483; 1931:139. Golfingia muricaudata. —Murina, 1964: 233-237; 1971:43; 1977:209-210; 1978: 122.—Cutler, 1973:133-134; 1977a: 140.—Cutler and Cutler, 1979:949-950; 1980a:45 1-452; 1980b:198-199.— Frank, 1983:13.—Cutler, Cutler and Nishikawa, 1984:265-266. Phascolosoma appendiculatum Sato, 1934: 7-10.—Murina, 1964:224—227. Golfingia appendiculata. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:86.—Cutler, 1977a:139.— Murina, 1977:224—225; 1978:122.—Cut- ler and Cutler, 198 1:60—61.—Cutler, Cut- ler and Nishikawa, 1984:262. Phascolosoma hudsonianum Chamberlin, 1920:3d—4d. Golfingia hudsoniana.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:91-—92. Material examined. —Types: ZMUH; nu- merous recently collected specimens from VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 near the type locality; NMCO, G. hudson- iana; G. appendiculata lost. Cutler and Cut- ler (1981) deposited reference specimens at NSMT and USNM which had been col- lected from near the type locality. This common deep-water species is well founded. It is easily distinguished by its cau- dal appendage (nipple-like in very small worms to up to 50% of trunk length in large ones) bearing cylindrical papillae. The nerve cord ends anterior to the tail. Deciduous hooks (up to 100 um tall) are present in small individuals. The introvert is generally shorter than the trunk. Our decision to reduce G. appendiculata to a junior synonym is based on our current understanding that this putative species, based on 16 worms in five records, is merely a few larger hookless individuals. Our anal- ysis indicates that G. muricaudata starts its life with hooks but by the time an animal reaches 5-10 mm most have lost these de- ciduous structures. Cutler (1973) determined G. hudsoniana to be a junior synonym and we reafhirm that conclusion. Known distribution. —Common at bathy- al and abyssal depths in the North Atlantic from Cape Hatteras (one Caribbean record at 17°N from 4000 m), up to 58°N, across to Europe and West Africa (at 60-70 m in upwelling areas off Ivory Coast). It occurs down to South Africa, Kerguelen and Bou- vet Islands and up the east coast of Africa through the Mozambique Channel to Tan- zania at bathyal depths. In the North Pacific it has been recorded from British Columbia around the Bering Sea to Japan at depths from 85-6860 m. Murina (1978) is the only record from the far south Pacific and is based on six worms from around 55°S, 159°E and 4400-5400 m deep. In this paper she used four names (margaritacea, ohlini, muricau- data, and appendiculata) with no morpho- logical comments or indication of how she differentiated between these very similar forms. 753 Golfingia vulgaris vulgaris (de Blainville, 1827) Sipunculus vulgaris de Blainville, 1827:312— 313, pl. 33, fig. 3 (see Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:110 for extensive synony- my prior to 1970). Golfingia vulgaris. —Murina, 1971:43; 1973: 70; 1977:217-219.—Zavodnik and Mu- rina, 1975:128; 1976:85-86.— Cutler and Murina, 1977:177-178.—Gibbs, 1977: 14—-15.— Cutler and Cutler, 1979a:950.— Frank, 1983:13-14.—Cutler, Cutler and Nishikawa, 1984:266-—267.—Saiz-Sali- nas, 1986:27-29. Phascolosoma yulgare var. astuta Selenka, 1885:11. Golfingia vulgaris astuta. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:111-112. Phascolosoma vulgare var. multipapillosum Hérubel, 1925a:261. Golfingia vulgaris multipapillosa. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:112. Phascolosoma vulgare selenkae Lanchester, 1905:31-32. Golfingia vulgaris selenkae.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:112-113. Phascolosoma vulgare tropicum Sluiter, 1902:33-34. Golfingia vulgaris tropica.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:113. Golfingia (Dushana) adriatica Murina, 1975: 1085-1087.—Zavodnik and Murina, 1976:86. Phascolosoma kolense Gadd, 1911:80-81, 102-103. Golfingia kolensis. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:93.—Cutler and Murina, 1977:177— 178. Phascolosoma owstoni Ikeda, 1904:12-15. Golfingia owstoni. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:103-104.—Murina, 1977:214- 215.—Cutler and Cutler, 1981:64—65. Phascolosoma solitarium Sluiter, 1912:15- 16. Golfingia solitaria. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:108.—Murina, 1977:227. 754 Not Golfingia vulgarls [sic] var. antarctica Murina, 1957:996-997 (=Golfingia vul- garis murinae nom. nov. pro Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:111) (see G. margarita- cea ohlini). Material examined. —Types: MOMV, G. solitaria; ZMUA, G. vy. tropica, BMNH, G. y. astuta and G. vy. selenkae; ZIAS, G. adri- atica. Types of G. vulgaris, G. kolensis, G. owstoni, and G. v. multipapillosum cannot be located. This is a common, well-founded species characterized by both ends of the trunk dis- tinct, much darker and more heavily pap- illated than the mid-trunk. The introvert is shorter than the trunk and it has normal tentacles. The large hooks are scattered, dark and spine-like. Its spindle muscle is well developed and originates under the wing muscle just posterior to the anus, sometimes from two branches. Selenka’s variety astuta is represented by a single, dried, collapsed, hard worm which precludes any internal examination. There are no external features to distinguish it from G. vulgaris, therefore, we reduce this indi- vidual to the status of a junior synonym. When Herubel (1925a) used the name Phascolosoma vulgare multipapillosum he provided neither a description nor illustra- tion. It was merely listed along with two other subspecies and consequently this has no meaning. The two G. v. selenkae Lanchester de- scribed from East Africa are in good con- dition. However, the alleged differences are not significant (hook and papillae size, and origin of the ventral retractor muscles); these fall within the range for this species. At this time the animals do not show any indication of the dark pigment on the ends of the trunk so typical of this species. Rather, they are a uniform light brown color. Its shallow, trop- ical location is more noteworthy than its morphology. Sluiter’s (1902) subspecies, G. v. tropica was based on two worms. One of these is a Nephasoma species. The alleged distinc- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON tions of the remaining worm from the nom- inate form are within the range of variation and judged to be insignificant. Sato’s (1934) use of this name was because of the hook size (60-70 wm), now known to be normal for the species. Golfingia adriatica was based on two specimens, each lacking one dorsal retractor muscle and possessing an inner body wall with peculiar connective tissue sheets (par- tial dissepiments). The subgenus erected at this time was defined as having ‘shields’ at both ends of the trunk but this is another problem of semantics (see Introduction). The type species for the subgenus was G. scutiger (see below). It is clear to us that these two worms are anomalous G. vulgaris with ontogenetically modified retractor muscles as noted in other species (see Gibbs 1973). Golfingia kolense (Gadd, 1911) was syn- onymized by Cutler and Murina (1977). Golfingia owstoni was discussed in Cutler and Cutler (1981:64—-65) where they con- cluded that the alleged differences were in- significant. The single specimen of G. solitaria is in good condition. It does lack hooks, the con- tractile vessel is bulbous, and there are prominent papillae on both ends of the trunk. No additional specimens have been recorded from the North Sea or adjacent waters and we propose that Sluiter’s worm is simply one hookless representative of this population and therefore a junior synonym. Known distribution.—In the Northeast Atlantic Ocean including Greenland, Scan- dinavia, the British Isles, and into the Med- iterranean, Adriatic and Red Seas; south to the Azores, Canaries, and Cape Verde Is- lands and West Africa; in the Indian Ocean off Durban and Zanzibar; the Pacific Ocean in the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench, Japan, Malaya, Singapore and one record (Frank 1983) off British Columbia (the only one from the eastern Pacific). The total depth range is from 5—2000 m but more com- monly 10-500 m, deeper records are rare. There is one very deep record from 5540 m VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 in the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Its ab- sence from the western Atlantic ocean and rarity in the eastern Pacific Ocean is note- worthy. The Indo-West Pacific warm water records may belong to a distinct population (or the following subspecies?) but there is currently insufficient data to assert this with confidence. Golfingia vulgaris herdmani (Shipley, 1903) new status Centrosiphon herdmani Shipley, 1903:171- 174, pl. 1, figs. 4-10.—Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:268-269. Golfingia herdmani Edmonds, 1980:19-21. Golfingia liochros Cutler and Cutler, 1979a: 950-951, fig. 2. Golfingia (Golfingia), n. sp. Cutler, 1977a: 140. Golfingia vulgaris queenslandensis Ed- monds, 1956:303-305.—Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:112.—Edmonds, 1980: 21-22. Material examined. — The type (and only) material of Centrosiphon herdmani cannot be located but several recently collected Australian specimens identified by Ed- monds as G.. herdmani were examined; AMSS, Type of G. vy. queenslandensis; MNHN, Type of G. liochros. This taxon differs from the nominate form by having the anterior and posterior ends of the trunk forming a modified cap or pseu- doshield consisting of dark spherical pa- pillae arranged in irregular radiating rows especially evident on the posterior end. It also has larger hooks (120-200 um) asso- ciated with bulbous papillae and lives in shallow warm water. Edmonds’ account of G. herdmani is de- tailed and precise. In the thirty years since G. v. queenslandensis was described no new material has been given this name. One of the major distinguishing features of G. herd- mani is the peculiar nature of the anterior and posterior trunk; “. . . looking rather like aspidosiphonid caps or shields which are 755 surrounded at their junction with trunk by a fold of body wall.’’ However, when de- scribing this species Edmonds (1980:19) went on to say “When the specimens are relaxed the “shields” usually become less evident and sometimes disappear.” In G. vy. queenslandensis he said: “There is a weakly developed rim between the base of the in- trovert and the trunk, much like that found in G. herdmani”’ (Edmonds 1980:22), there- fore, in our opinion, simply two relaxed specimens of the same species. These two worms are paler but the arrangement of the posterior papillae is the same. His comment that the G. herdmani are internally very similar to an Australian subspecies of G. margaritacea 1s true but the same could be said for many members of this genus. The original description of G. liochros compared it to two species with ‘shields’ now considered to be junior synonyms of G. vulgaris. There are external similarities to G. v. vulgaris but differences sufficient to retain its separate status were believed to be present. After this side-by-side compar- ison it is clear we were mistaken. Some worms do have bulbous contractile vessels and the size of the ventral retractors may vary from 1.5—4 times the ventral (usually 2—3). Other size-related differences we have covered in the introduction to this paper. As these worms are less than 20 mm long and the G. v. herdmani/queenslandensis are up to 60 mm and since all exist around the Indian Ocean we conclude that we simply have the two ends of one continuum; i.e., a shallow water Indo-West Pacific taxon. Known distribution. —Madagascar, Mo- zambique Channel, Ceylon, Thailand, Great Barrier Reef and South Australia from in- tertidal depths (one at 300 m). Species Transferred to Other Genera in Previous Papers These species are listed with only brief comments. Additional details can be found in the cited references. 756 Golfingia recondita (Sluiter, 1900) This was transferred to the subgenus M- tosiphon in Cutler and Murina (1977). In Cutler (1979) this was shifted to the sub- genus Apionsoma which has since been el- evated to generic rank (Cutler and Gibbs 1985). It is not a well founded species. Golfingia trichocephala (Sluiter, 1902) This followed a path similar to that of G. recondita except that the first shift occurred in Cutler (1973) when it was moved to the subgenus Mitosiphon. It is presently in the genus Apionsoma (Cutler 1979) and is a widespread, common species. Species Considered species inquirendum or incertae sedis Golfingia reticulata (Hérubel, 1925) Phascolosoma reticulatum Hérubel, 1925a: 262; 1925b:272-277, text-figs. 1-6. Golfingia reticulata. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:105-107.—Saiz-Salinas, 1986:22-24. Material examined.—Type: MNHN. The single type specimen is in very bad condition, partially dried out and the intro- vert 1s missing so we cannot verify any of the critical differences. The area around the type locality has been intensely sampled over the past few decades and nothing matching this description has been collected. Saiz-Sa- linas (1986) merely repeated the original re- cord. Several aspects of the description are peculiar but in many ways this is similar to G. vulgaris. In our judgment it is best to add this name to the list of incertae sedis. Golfingia scutiger (Roule, 1906) Phascolosoma scutiger Roule, 1906:8 1-86, pl. 9, figs. 90, 95, 96, pl. 10, figs. 97-99. Golfingia scutiger. —Murina, 1975:1085-— NOSSO e2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Material examined. —Type cannot be lo- cated. This single specimen from the coast of Morocco was omitted from Stephen and Edmonds (1972). The worm seems to have been lost to science and no one has applied this name to additional material since 1906. We strongly suspect that this is a specimen of G. vulgaris with the posterior end drawn in and flattened, but since we cannot verify this we hereby place it on the list of incertae sedis. Murina (1975) unfortunately used this enigmatic taxon as the type species for her new subgenus Golfingia (Dushana) which now ceases to have any meaning (see also G. adriatica). Golfingia anguinea (Sluiter, 1902) Phascolosoma anguineum Sluiter, 1902:36— 37, pl. 3, figs. 13-16. Golfingia anguinea. —Stephen and Ed- monds, 1972:85. Material examined. —Type: ZMUA. The single specimen is in very poor con- dition. The internal organs are missing or badly distorted. The introvert was de- scribed as being four times the trunk length but it now appears torn and incomplete and is only equal to the trunk in length. The description of this introvert tip with “thread- like feeler’’ sounds like a ripped introvert, not the natural state. As the poor condition of this specimen precludes verification of the description and no additional specimens have been recorded, we place this name on the list of species inquirendum pending fu- ture clarification. ' Golfingia lagensis (Fischer, 1895) Phascolosoma lagense Fischer, 1895:13-—14; 1914:76-77, pl. 2, figs. 1-3. Golfingia lagensis. —Stephen and Edmonds, 1972:93-94. Material examined. —Type cannot be lo- cated. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 This species was based on a single 10 mm specimen which seems to have been lost to science. The presumed absence of a spindle muscle has been heavily weighted (Stephen and Edmonds 1972) but the fact that Fi- scher was “unable to perceive” this fine thread-like muscle in a single small worm is not surprising (see Introduction). One could place this in synonymy with G. mar- garitacea based on overall similarity as Wesenberg-Lund (1959a:209) suggested, but a more prudent option, being unable to ver- ify anything about this specimen, is to place it on the list of incertae sedis. Acknowledgments The continued interest and exchange of ideas with S. Edmonds, Adelaide, and P. Gibbs, Plymouth, have been invaluable. We are indebted to G. Brown, Utica College, who did much of the analysis of the liter- ature on G. margaritacea and to G. C. Stey- skal, Washington, who kindly provided guidance in emending the species names. Financial support was provided by the Na- tional Science Foundation (grant BSR 83- 14301). The cooperation of the following persons and institutions in the loan of ref- erence material and/or providing access to their collections was essential to the com- pletion of this project and is appreciated: P. _ Hutchings (AMSS); R. Sims (BMNH),; Irish National Museum, Dublin; J. Renaud-Mor- nant (MNHN); G. Hartwich (MNHU); G. Testa (MOMV); R. Olerod (NHRS); Na- tional Museum of Canada, Ottawa; S. Chambers (RSME); University Museum, Oxford University; M. Rice (USNM); J. Kirkegaard (UZMK); A. V. Ivanov (ZIAS); Zoological Institute Tohoku University, Sendai; Institut voor Taxonomische Zoo- logie, Amsterdam; E. Willassen (ZMUB); M. Dzwillo (ZMUH). Literature Cited Akesson, B. 1961. The development of Golfingia elongata Keferstein (Sipunculidea) with some 757 remarks on the development of neurosecretory cells in sipunculids.— Arkiv for Zoologi 13(23): 511-531. Baird, W. 1868. Monograph on the species of worms belonging to the subclass Gephyreae. — Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society of London, 1868: 77-114. Benham, W. B. 1922. Gephyrea Inermia.—Austra- lian Antarctic Exposition 1911-14. Scientific Reports Series C, Zoology and Botany 6 (5):5— Dil. Blainville, H. M. D. de. 1827. Dictionnaire des sci- ences naturelles. 49:305-313. Chamberlin, R. V. 1920. 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The sipunculids of the eastern coast of North America.—Proceedings of the United States National Museum 44:373-437. Gibbs, P.E. 1973. On the genus Go/fingia (Sipuncula) in the Plymouth area with a description of a new species. —Journal of the Marine Biological As- sociation of the United Kingdom 53:73-86. 1974. Golfingia margaritacea (Sipuncula) in British waters.—Journal of the Marine Biolog- ical Association of the United Kingdom 54:87 1— 877. 1977. British sipunculans.—Synopses of the British Fauna (new series) 12:1—35. 1986. The taxonomy of some little-known Sipuncula of the North-East Atlantic region in- cluding new records. — Journal of the Marine Bi- ological Association of the United Kingdom 66: 335-341. ,and E. B. Cutler. 1987. A classification of the phylum Sipuncula.— Bulletin of the British Mu- seum Natural History (Zoology) 52(1):43-58. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ——., , and N. J. Cutler. 1983. 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The Gephyrea of Japan.—Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 20(4):1-87. Keferstein, W. 1863. Beitrage sur Kenntnis der Gat- tung Phascolosoma F. S. Leuck. Untersuchun- gen Uber niedere Seethiere. — Zeitschrift fiir Wis- senschaftliche Zoologie 12:35—51. 1865. Beitrage zur anatomischen und sys- tematischen Kenntniss der Sipunculiden. — Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 15: 404-445. Koren, J., and D. C. Danielsen. 1875. Bidrag til-de norske Gephyrea naturhistorie.—Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 21:108-138. Lanchester, W. F. 1905. Gephyrea in the marine fau- na of Zanzibar and British East Africa from the collections made by C. Crossland in 1901- 1902.— Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1:28-35. . 1908. Sipunculoidea of the National Antarc- tic Expedition 1901-1904.— Natural History 4: 1-6. Lankester, E.R. 1885. Golfingia macintoshi, a new sipunculid from the coast of Scotland. —Trans- actions of the Linnean Society of London, Zo- ology 11(2):37-43. Leroy, P. 1936. Les sipunculiens du Muséum d’His- toire Naturelle de Paris.— Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 8(2):423- 426. Lindroth, A. 1941. Echiurida, Sipunculida und En- teropneusta aus dem Skagerack 1933.—Zoolo- giska Bidrag fran Uppsala 20:443-452. 759 Michaelsen, W. 1889. Die Gephyreen von Sud-Geor- gien nach der Ausbeute der deutschen Station von 1882-1883.—Jahrbuch der Hamburg Wis- senschaftliche 6:73-84. Murina, V. V. 1957. Sipunculids collected on the first trip of the complex Antarctic expedition on the ‘Ob’ in 1956.—Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 36(7): 992-998. . 1964. New and rare species of sipunculids of the genus Golfingia.—Trudy Instituta Okea- nologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 69:216-253. 1969. Two new species of sipunculids (si- punculida) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. — Zoolgicheskii Zhurnal 48:1732-1734. 1971. On the occurrence of deep-sea sipun- culids and priapulids in the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench.— Trudy Instituta Okeanologi Akade- mii Nauk SSSR 92:41-45. 1972. Contribution of the sipunculid fauna of the Southern Hemisphere.—Zoologii Insti- tuta Akademii Nauk SSSR 11(19):294-314. 1973. Fhe fauna of sipunculids from the Pe- ruvian-Chilean Trench.—Zoologicheskii Zhur- nal 5:66—71. 1974. Contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of sipunculid worms from the South At- lantic based on data of the “Akademik Kurcha- tov’ expedition in 1971.—Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 98:228-239. 1975. New taxa of the genus. Golfingia. — Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 54:1085-1089. . 1977. Marine worms of the arctic and boreal waters of Europe. Fauna of the USSR. Academy of Science USSR, Leningrad, 283 pp. . 1978. On the sipunculids and priapulids fau- na of the southern Pacific.—Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Academii Nauk SSSR 113:120-131. Nishikawa, T. 1977. Sipuncula.— Nature Study 23(4): 11-12. 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Los gusanos sipunculidos (Sipunula) de los fondos litorales y circalitorales de las cos- tas de la peninsula Ibérica, Islas Baleares, Ca- narias y mares adyacentes. — Monografias Insti- tuto Espanol de Oceanografia, Madrid 1:1—84. Sars, M. 1851. Beretning om en 1 Sommeren 1849 foretagen zoologisk Reise 1 Lofoten og Finmar- ken.—Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 6: 121-125, 190-211. Sato, H. 1934. Report on the Sipunculoidea, Echiu- roidea, and Priapuloidea collected by the Soyo- Maru Expedition of 1922-1930.—Science Re- ports of the Tohoku University 4:1032. Selenka, E. 1885. Report on the Gephyrea collected by H.M.S. Challenger during 1873-76.— Report of Scientific Results of the Voyage of Challenger Zoology 13(36):1—25. —., J. G. de Man, and C. Bulow. 1883. Die Si- punculiden, eine systematische Monographie. — Semper, Reisen in Archipelago Phillippinen 2, 4:1-131. Shipley, A. E. 1903. Report on the Gephyrea col- lected by Prof. Herdman at Ceylon in 1902.— Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries, Supplementary Reports 3:169-176. Sluiter, C. P. 1898. Gephyreen von Siid Africa.— Zoologische Jahrbiicher Abteiling fiir Syste- matik 11:442—450. 1900. Géphyriens (Sipunculides et Echiur- ides) provenant des campagnes de |’Hirondelle et de la Princesse Alice, 1886-1897 15:1—29. 1902. Die Sipunculiden und Echiuriden der “Siboga” Expedition, nebst Zusammenstellung der Uberdies aus den indischen Archipel be- kannten Arten.—Siboga Expeditie, Monogra- phie 25:1—53. 1912. Géphyriens (Sipunculides et Echiur- ides) provenant des campagnes de la Princesse Alice, 1898-1910.—Résultats des Campagnes Scientifique Accomplies su son Yacht sur Albert I, Prince Souverain de Monaco 36:1-—36. Southern, R. 1913. Gephyrea of the coasts of Ire- land.—Scientific Investigations of the Fisheries Branch, Department of Agriculture for Ireland 3:1-46. Stephen, A. C. 1934. The Echiuridae, Sipunculidae, and Priapulidae of Scottish and adjacent waters.— Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 22:159-186. 1941. The Echiuridae, Sipunculidae, and Priapulidae collected by the ships of the Dis- covery Committee during the years 1926- 1937.—Discovery Reports 21:235-260. 1942. The South African intertidal zone and its relation to ocean currents. Notes on the in- tertidal sipunculids of Cape Province and Na- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON tal.—Annals of the Natal Museum 10(2):245— 256. 1948. Sipunculids.—B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Re- ports, Series B 5(4):213-220. 1960. British echiurids (Echiuroidea), Si- punculids (Sipunculoidea), and Priapulids (Pria- puloidea).—Synopses of the British Fauna 12: 1-27. , and E. B. Cutler. 1969. On a collection of Sipuncula, Echiura, and Priapulida from South African waters. — Transactions of the Royal So- ciety of South Africa 38(2):111-121. , and S. J. Edmonds. 1972. 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Gephyrea from Chile. — Lunds Universitets Arsskrift 51(10):1-23. . 1959a. Sipunculoidea and Echiuroidea.—Reé- sultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la “Ca- lypso” 4:207-217. 1959b. Sipunculids and Echiuridae from Mauritius.— Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 121:53—73. 1959c. Sipunculoidea and Echiuroidea from Tropical West Africa.—Atlantide Report 5:177— 210. 1963. South African Sipunculids and Echiu- roids from coastal waters. — Videnskabelige Meddelelser Danske fra Naturhistorisk Foren- ing i Kjobenhavn 125:101-146. Zavodnik, D.,and V.G. Murina. 1975. Contribution to Sipuncula of North Adriatic insular region. — Rapports et procés-verbaux des Reunions Com- mission Internationale pour |’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée 23(2):127— 128. . 1976. Sipuncula of the region of Rovinj (North Adriatic Sea). — Biosistematika 2(1):79-89. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 761 Zinsmeister, W. J., and R. M. Feldmann. 1984. Ce- (EBC) Utica College of Syracuse Univer- nozoic high latitude heterochroneity of South- sity, Utica, New York 13502: (NJC) Ham- Hemispher ine fi .— Sci 224; . : ee alton @olleges Clinton, News Vork3323. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 762-768 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLUMMERS ISLAND, MARYLAND. XXVII. THE DECLINE OF FOREST BREEDING BIRDS ON PLUMMERS ISLAND, MARYLAND, AND VICINITY David W. Johnston and Daniel I. Winings Abstract. — Breeding birds at five deciduous forest sites in the Washington, D.C. area have experienced alarming declines in recent decades. On Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland, 61% of the breeding species were lost over 50 years, and from 1943 to 1984 breeding populations declined 38% from 134 pairs to 83.5 pairs. For four other sites in the area, long-term breeding density losses ranged from 7% to 68%. Average losses of 0.5 species and 4.3 breeding pairs per year were calculated from the four sites. Significant among these losses were Neotropical migrants, but at most sites declines were also noted in the resident and short-distance migratory species. Similar trends have been de- tected in long-term studies at several other deciduous forest sites in North America. Additional patterns are reported from the Washington area sites: (1) over the years Neotropical species have been lost gradually, not abruptly, and (2) for individual species, losses have occurred in different years on different sites despite their proximity. Causes of the declines are briefly discussed, with a special focus on vehicular disturbance as a contributing factor on Plummers Island. Accelerating tropical deforestation, the increasing widespread loss of biological di- versity, and forest fragmentation in North America have attracted the attention of sys- tematists, ecologists, conservationists, and decision-makers in recent years. Because birds are conspicuous members of forest communities, breeding bird populations are often used as indicators of forest vitality and stability both in North America and the Neotropics (Aldrich and Robbins 1970). Only by using long-term data sets, however, can bird population trends be accurately identified and critically analyzed; only in recent years have such long-term sets been available. In the greater Washington, D.C. area, near the Potomac River from the vi- cinity of the Capital Beltway (I-495) in Vir- ginia and Maryland to well inside the Dis- trict of Columbia (Fig. 1), breeding birds have been censused in five deciduous forest sites over periods of years ranging from 14 to 41. The present paper is an analysis of the data from these long-term censuses with an emphasis on Plummers Island, Mary- land, where observations extend back to 1935 and before (Fisher 1935). Consider- ation is given to the dramatic loss of Neo- tropical migrants and the changing popu- lations of resident birds. Sites and methods.—On Plummers Is- land (PI) and the adjacent mainland (Site 2, Fig. 1) immediately east of the Cabin John Bridge, a characteristic floodplain forest is dominated by cottonwoods (Populus del- toides) and sycamores (Platanus occiden- talis). This lowland forest grades into an upland forest dominated by oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. borealis), hickories (Carya gla- bra, C. tomentosa), tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), and other deciduous species. When Fisher (1935) and Aldrich and Duvall VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 VIRGINIA 1 DRANESVILLE 2 PLUMMER’S ISLAND 3 CABIN JOHN ISLAND 4 GLOVER-ARCHBOLD PARK 5 ROCK CREEK PARK _ ls , | a 2 3 4 KM sali Fig. 1. The location of breeding bird census sites in the Washington, D.C. area. 4 (1943) reported on the birds here,the main- land portion of the site contained a 7-acre old field which subsequently experienced characteristic succession from grassland to young scrub pine (Pinus virginiana) (Fig. 2). By 1984, the field had long since been re- placed by a forest community dominated by tulip-tree. Data used for this site in the present analysis include Fisher’s descriptive report (1935) of breeding birds up to 1935, a breeding bird census by Aldrich and Du- Z ve D \ Si dea Zo We / yy Hi 0 7 Y YWyy Yj SCALE IN Yy YY Fig. 2. The Plummers Island and adjacent mainland census site. F marks the location where the old field once existed. Map courtesy of the Washington Biologists’ Field Club. 763 vall (1943), and our census in 1984. The total census area (island and mainland in Fig. 2) was approximately 50 acres. Dranesville District Park (DR) (Site 1), formerly known as Burling Park, has been described as an immature oak-hickory hardwood forest (Mainland 1971), also dominated at that time by tulip-tree and several species of oaks with an understory of hickories. The census area of 27.2 acres is a virtually uniform forest surrounded by 200 acres of similar habitat. Although 14 consecutive years of censuses are available (begun in 1972), 1972 was a year of inad- equate coverage, so our analysis of the Dranesville data set begins with 1973. Cabin John Island (CJ) (Site 3) was de- scribed in detail (Anonymous 1947) as “a mature deciduous floodplain forest. . . about 100 years old,” dominated then by syca- more, American elm (U/mus americana), tulip-tree, black walnut (Juglans nigra), and other hardwoods. From the census area of 18.75 acres, 34 censuses have been pub- lished between 1947 and 1986. The Glover-Archbold Park (GA) site (Site 100 200 300 400 FEET 764 Table 1.—Breeding bird censuses on Plummers Is- land, 1943 and 1984. Figures are for pairs or territorial males on the 50-acre site. 1943 1984 Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceous) 15 13.5 Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis for- mosus) 11 0) Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardi- nalis) 9 12.5 Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax vi- rescens) 9 6 Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovi- cianus) 7 8 Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) 6* 0 Northern Parula (Parula americana) 6 4 Wood Thrush (Hylocichla musteli- na) 5 0 American Redstart (Setophaga ruti- cilla) 5 0) Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor) 4* 0 Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) 4* 0 Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) 4 1 Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavi- frons) 3 0 Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) 3 2.5 Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) 3 2 European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 3 1 Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) Big 2 American Goldfinch (Carduelis tris- tis) ae 1 Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) 2 D Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) ape 0 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) 2 0 Carolina Chickadee (Parus caroli- nensis) 2 6.5 White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta car- olinensis) 2 | Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus) 2) 2.5 Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) 2 1 Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) D* 0 Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) Dis 0) Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus vi- rens) 1 6 American Robin (Turdus migrato- rius) 1 0 Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) 1 0 Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscu- 1a) 1 1 American Crow (Corvus brachyrhyn- chos) i 1 — _ Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1.—Continued. 1943 1984 Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinen- SiS) 1 0 Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) 1 0 Rufous-sided Towhee (Pipilo ery- throphthalmus) 1* 0 Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pu- bescens) 1 1.5 Ruby-throated Hummingbird (4r- chilochus colubris) 1 0 Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) 1 Barred Owl (Strix varia) 1 1 Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macular- 1a) 1 0 Northern Oriole (Icterus galbula) 0 1 Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus) 0 DS Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) 0 1 House Finch (Carpodacus mexican- us) 0) 1 Total breeding pairs or territorial males 134 83.5 * Species found in old field. 4) is a 35-acre upland deciduous forest, de- scribed by Briggs (1960) as “‘about 100 years old’’ and dominated by beech (Fagus gran- difolia), tulip-tree, and several species of oaks and maples (Acer spp.). From 1959 to 1986, 25 censuses have been published. The Rock Creek Park (RC) census site (Site 5) was originally 80 acres but was re- duced to 65 acres in 1963. It was described (Anonymous 1948) as a “hardwood forest with scattered pine” dominated by tulip- tree, oaks (Q. alba, Q. prinus), other hard- woods, and some scrub pine. From 1948 to 1986, 29 censuses have been published. Censuses from these last four sites have been published in ‘““The Wood Thrush,” ‘*Atlantic Naturalist,’ and ““American Birds.”’ None of the published, annual cen- sus analyses provide information on any substantial habitat changes within the sites since the original habitat descriptions were published. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Table 2.—Summary of breeding bird population data, Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland, 1935- 1984. Up to Breeding birds 1935 1943 1984 Species richness 67 41 26 No. Neotropical species 28 18 9 No. resident/short-distance migrant species 39 23 17 Density (pr./100 acres) a. Neotropical species — 154 74 b. Resident/s-d. migrants — 114 93 Although some census-takers have changed at these sites over the years, tech- niques for censusing the breeding birds have generally followed the widely used spot- mapping/singing-male/territory-mapping technique described by Williams (1936) and discussed in detail in Ralph and Scott (1981). Results. —For Plummers Island and the adjacent mainland, Fisher (1935) listed 67 breeding species recorded up to that time. Of these, 39 were resident and/or short-dis- tance migrants (57%), whereas 28 were Neo- tropical species (43%). The census in 1943 by Aldrich and Duvall showed that 26 species had been lost from the breeding pop- ulation, and, by 1984, the total species rich- ness was further reduced from 41 to only 26, nine (35%) of which were Neotropical species (Tables 1, 2). Thus, in a span of about 50 years, 61% of the formerly breed- ing species were no longer found at this site. Over the 50-year period the reduction of 68% in species richness of Neotropical birds was paralled by an equally alarming decline (56%) of resident and/or short-distance mi- grant species. Some of the species losses can undoubtedly be attributed to habitat changes associated with old-field succession de- scribed above. For example, of the nine species breeding in or near the small field in 1943, all except the Indigo Bunting and American Goldfinch were gone by 1984, and the few remaining pairs of these two species bred only at the edge of the study site along the Potomac River. 765 Table 3.—Long-term breeding bird data for five de- ciduous forest sites in the Washington, D.C., area. Percent* resident or short- Percent* Pairs/100 ac. distance Neotropical Species (mean loss migrant migrant Site richness per yr.*) species species Plummers Island 1943 41 268 35 65 1984 26 167 (2.5) 54 46 Cabin John 1947 30 608 41 59 1986 24 344 (6.8) 69 31 Rock Creek Park 1948 29 233 15 85 1986 25 74 (4.2) 58 42 Glover-Archbold 1959 39 570 47 53 1986 30 529 (1.5) 69 31 Dranesville 1973 25 327 58 42 1986 19 261 (4.7) 52 48 * Of pairs/100 ac. Between 1943 and 1984, population den- sity losses at the Plummers Island site were high for Neotropical species (51%) but less for the residents (18%), the latter decline being offset somewhat by small increases in the Northern Cardinal, Carolina Wren, and Carolina Chickadee. Major population and species losses for Neotropical migrants over the last 41 years included the Kentucky Warbler (11 pr. to 0), Wood Thrush (5 to 0), Yellow-throated Vireo (3 to 0), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (2 to 0), and others (Table 1). Analysis of the long-term data sets from the other four sites reveals some notable parallels and a few differences when com- pared to the PI data (Table 3). PI had a decrease in species richness of 37% in 41 years; for the other four sites, decreases in species were: 14% (RC, 39 yr), 20% (CJ, 34 yr), 23% (GA, 25 yr), and 24% (DR, 14 yr). The mean loss in species richness over the four sites was 0.5 species per year. Popu- lation density changes, on the other hand, differed widely among the sites, from 7% 766 (GA) and 20% (DR) to 43% (CJ) and 68% (RC), compared with 38% on PI. The mean loss over the four sites was 4.3 breeding pairs per year (on a 100-acre basis). Ex- amination of each year’s census revealed the fact that declines in total breeding pairs ap- parently began at different times at the dif- ferent sites—about 1964 (RC), 1972 (CJ), and 1976 (GA). These analyses are in gen- eral agreement with the detailed reports for these three sites (CJ, RC, GA) discussed by Criswell (1975) and Briggs and Criswell (1986). Focusing on the ten species with the high- est initial densities at each of the sites, species showing the greatest density losses were the Red-eyed Vireo, Kentucky Warbler, Aca- dian Flycatcher, Northern Parula, Wood Thrush, and American Redstart, all Neo- tropical migrants. Interestingly, some resi- dent species had small increases on most of the sites, e.g., Northern Cardinal, Carolina Wren, Carolina Chickadee, and Tufted Tit- mouse. Discussion. —Long-term studies of breed- ing birds from specific sites in North Amer- ican deciduous forests date back to 1923. From 1923 to 1947, breeding bird popu- lations in one Michigan (Walkinshaw 1947) and two Ohio (Williams 1947, Preston 1960) forests showed no apparent population trends. However, the 50-year study by Ken- deigh (1982) in Illinois showed a gradual increase in breeding bird density from 1927 to a peak about 1960, after which a modest decline continued through 1976. In the I[]- linois study, Neotropical species peaked in 1950 as 50% of the total breeding popula- tion, then decreased to only 27% by 1976. A 23-year study in Connecticut revealed a slightly increasing population from 1953 until 1964, followed by a dramatic decline beginning about 1970 (Butcher et al. 1981). Over a 16-year period from 1969 to 1984, populations in a New Hampshire forest de- clined steadily from 640 breeding adults to 360/100 acres with the most notable losses occurring after 1977 (Holmes et al. 1986). PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Combining the analysis of these long-term trends with those from the deciduous forest sites summarized here for the Washington area, several general patterns are evident (Table 3). (1) Declines became evident at most sites after 1960 for total breeding bird densities and Neotropical species. (2) For individual species showing declines, espe- cially the Neotropical ones, population den- sities gradually decreased year by year often down to a single pair. Subsequently, over the next few years, the species was often reported as an unmated or single territorial © male, then as a “+” or “visitor.” These latter designations usually meant that only one bird was seen once or twice on the cen- sus area but without any evidence of terri- toriality. Rarely did a species “return” as a breeding pair after an absence of several years, but such instances did occur with the Yellow-throated Vireo (CJ), Hooded War- bler (RC), and Prothonotary Warbler (PI). This general pattern is reported here be- cause it strongly suggests that Neotropical species have decreased gradually and not abruptly in the breeding populations. (3) From these long-term census data, another pattern of decrease is apparent at least for the Neotropical migrants in the Washington area. Because of -some differences in vege- tational composition, physiography, and microclimate among these four sites, one might expect that individual species would be lost at different times. And the data sup- port this pattern. For example, the last breeding pair of American Redstarts was found in 1973 (RC), 1974 (GA), and 1981 (CJ). For the Kentucky Warbler, a different temporal pattern of loss was evident: 1961 (RC), 1965 (CJ), 1970 (GA), and 1978 (DR). And for the Hooded Warbler, the data are: 1960 (GA), 1969 (RC), and 1978 (DR). Thus, individual Neotropical migrant species have disappeared as breeding birds in different years at the different sites despite the proximity of the sites. Although breeding. densities have de- clined at all five sites in recent decades, es- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 pecially for the Neotropical species, some individual resident species as noted above have shown small but reasonably consistent increases. We hypothesize two explanations for these increases, the hypotheses not being mutually exclusive: Given the likelihood of reduced competition for environmental re- sources with the decrease of Neotropical birds, the remaining resident species could have expanded their ecological niches with a consequent increase in breeding potential. Secondly, it is also possible that during the nonbreeding season some of the resident species move into contiguous habitats where they find supplemental food resources at feeding stations. Such additional resources could conceivably reduce overwinter mor- tality, thus also increasing the breeding po- tential. The causes of species and population de- clines are complex and have recently been attributed to a variety of factors, including forest fragmentation in North America (Whitcomb 1986), deforestation in the American tropics (Terborgh 1980), and the effects of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molo- thrus ater) parasitism (Brittingham and Temple 1983). Our study does not directly address these hypotheses from a cause-and- effect standpoint. However, a correlation might exist between our reported declines of breeding Neotropical migrants and ac- celerating deforestation in the Neotropics, a correlation also developed by several au- thors in Keast and Morton (1980). At least for PI, our field observations specifically suggest that human disturbance was a causal factor in population declines of some species, in addition to the successional factor dis- cussed above. Vehicular traffic passing over the Cabin John- Bridge (completed about 1962) immediately adjacent to the study area produces a deafening (to humans) noise level that could affect breeding birds.at that por- tion of the study site despite the fact that the habitat has shown no appreciable change since then. In fact, for species still breeding on the study area in 1984, in the forest hab- 767 itat immediately adjacent to the bridge 10 species showed a total reduction (1943- 1984) from 11 to 6 territories. Acknowledgments The research on Plummers Island in 1984 was supported by a grant from the Wash- ington Biologists’ Field Club. Jody Mar- shall, Alice Lindahl, and Brian Millsap as- sisted in the censuses. We are also grateful to John W. Aldrich, Eugene S. Morton, and Stephan R. Taub for commenting on an ear- lier draft of the manuscript. Literature Cited Aldrich, J. W., and A. J. Duvall. 1943. Breeding bird populations of the Potomac River flood plain and adjoining uplands. Pp. 5-7 in Manuscript Report, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. , and C. S. Robbins. 1970. Changing abun- dance of migratory birds in North America. Pp. 17-26 in H. K. Buechner and J. H. Buechner, eds., The avifauna of northern Latin America: a symposium held at the Smithsonian Institu- tion, 11-15 April 1966.—Smithsonian Contri- butions to Zoology No. 26. Anonymous. 1947. Census No. 23. Mature decidu- ous flood plain forest.—Audubon Field Notes 1:212-213. . 1948. Census No. 14. Central hardwood for- est with scattered pine.— Audubon Field Notes 2:234-235. Briggs, S. A. 1960. Census No. 31. Mixed upland habitat.— Audubon Field Notes 14:502-503. , and J. H. Criswell. 1986. Changing ratio be- tween neotropical migrant and permanent res- ident breeding birds in three woodland plots, 1947-1985. Paper presented at XIX Interna- tional Ornithological Congress. Ottawa, Cana- da. Brittingham, M. C., and S. A. Temple. 1983. Have cowbirds caused forest songbirds to decline?— BioScience 33:31-35. Butcher, G. S., W. A. Niering, W. J. Barry, and R. H. Goodwin. 1981. Equilibrium biogeography and the size of nature preserves: An avian case study. — Oecologia 49:29-37. Criswell, J. A. 1975. Breeding bird population stud- ies, 1975.—Atlantic Naturalist 30:175-176. Fisher, A. K. 1935. Natural history of Plummers Is- land, Maryland. IV, Birds.— Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 48:159-167. Holmes, R. T., T. W. Sherry, and F. W. Sturges. 1986. 768 Bird community dynamics in a temperate de- ciduous forest: Long-term trends at Hubbard Brook.— Ecological Monographs 56:201-220. Keast, A., and E. S. Morton [eds.] 1980. Migrant birds in the Neotropics. Smithsonian Institu- tion, Washington, D.C. 576 pp. Kendeigh, S. C. 1982. Bird populations in East Cen- tral Illinois: Fluctuations, variations, and de- velopment over a half-century.—Illinois Bio- logical Monographs 52:1-136. Mainland, E. A. 1971. Burling Park. Upland oak- hickory hardwood forest.—Atlantic Naturalist 26:77-78. Preston, F. W. 1960. Time and space and the vari- ation of species. —Ecology 41:61 1-627. Ralph, C. J., and J. M. Scott. 1981. Estimating num- bers of terrestrial birds.—Studies in Avian Bi- ology 6:1-630. Terborgh, J. W. 1980. The conservation of neotrop- ical migrants: Present and future. Pp. 21-30 in PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON A. Keast and E. S. Morton, eds., Migrant birds in the Neotropics: Ecology, behavior, distribu- tion, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Walkinshaw, L.H. 1947. No. 26. Brushy field, wood- lots, and ponds. (Breeding bird censuses.)— Au- dubon Field Notes 1:214—215. Whitcomb, R. F. 1986. Birds and the beltway. —At- lantic Naturalist 36:10-13. Williams, A. B. 1936. The composition and dynam- ics of a beech-maple climax community. —Eco- logical Monographs 6:318-408. 1947. Climax beech-maple forest with some hemlock (15 year summary).— Audubon Field Notes 1:205-210. Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 769-775 A NEW EXTINCT SPECIES OF GIANT PIGEON (COLUMBIDAE: DUCULA) FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS ON WALLIS (UVEA) ISLAND, SOUTH PACIFIC Jean Christophe Balouet and Storrs L. Olson Abstract.—A new species of giant pigeon, Ducula david, is described from an archeological excavation on Uvea Island, Wallis group. The new species was contemporaneous with early Lapita culture. Ducula david is related to, but larger than, either D. pacifica or D. galeata. It was sympatric with D. pacifica and provides further evidence that more than one species of Ducula co-existed on small Pacific islands prior to the arrival of man, who was responsible for the extinction of larger species of Ducu/a throughout almost the entire Pacific. The Wallis Islands, consisting of the large island of Uvea and some 22 much smaller satellites, lie in the South Pacific about 385 km northeast of Fiji and 300 km west of Samodadh3:12, to 13°24’S; 176°6' to 176°14'’W). In the area between Fiji and Sa- moa, the Wallis group forms the northern point of a triangle with the Horn Islands (Futuna) to the southwest, and Niuafo’ou, a remote northern outlier of the Tonga group, to the southeast. The island of Uvea _is 14 km long by 7.5 km wide, with an area of 95 km? and a maximum elevation of 142 m. The preceding is summarized from Stearns (1945) and Aubert de la Rue (1963). Excavations of Polynesian archeological sites on Uvea by Frimigacci, Siorat, and Vienne (see Appendix) have produced a few vertebrate remains, mainly of pig, sea tur- tles, and birds. Among the latter are bones belonging to an undescribed species of pi- geon of the genus Ducula. The material de- scribed below is housed in the collections of the Département des Sciences Humaines, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Tech- nique Outre Mer (ORSTOM), Nouméa, New Caledonia. Class Aves Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae Genus Ducula Hodgson, 1836 The imperial pigeons (Ducula) can be dis- tinguished from other large pigeons in the Pacific by the widely separated proximal fo- ramina of the tarsometatarsus, the inner fo- ramen being very large and separated from the inner side of the bone only by a thin ridge. Also, the inner cotyla is hooked an- teriorly. Ducula david, new species Fig. | Holotype. —Right tarsometatarsus (MU 021 A/83 3335), lacking the hypotarsus and the distal end 1 cm below the facet for meta- tarsal I, internal cotyla damaged. Type locality. —Utuleve (site WF-U-MU 21A of Frimigacci et al., see Appendix), west side of the island of Uvea, Wallis group, South Pacific. Horizon and age. —Late Holocene arche- ological deposits, Bed VI?, 0.80—0.85 m be- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Tarsometatarsi of Ducula in posterior (top row) and anterior (bottom row) views. A, D. galeata; B, D. david, new species, holotype; C, D. pacifica; D, D. goliath. 1.5x. low surface, in association with Lapita ce- ramics of the Utuleve II type (see Appendix; Fig. 2). The radiocarbon age of the bed be- low that yielding the holotype is 2350-2550 YBP (Frimigacci, pers. comm.). Lapita cul- ture appeared in Samoa and Tonga about 2500 to 3000 YBP and pottery manufacture is thought to have ceased there early in the Christian era (Green 1979, Davidson 1979). The bones of D. david were probably de- posited between about 2000 and 2500 YBP (see Appendix). Paratypes. —Fragment of a left coracoid (MU 021 A/83 4252) from the same locality as the holotype but from a lower level. An- terior portion of a left scapula (UMU 46 A Al A2/83 1352) from the Malama Tagata site (see Appendix, Table 2). Measurements of types.—See Table 1. Etymology.—In a genus with a species VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ( stones VARIOUS SHELLS SAMPLE FOR DATING 771 NORTH 200 0 100 200300 400 500 POTSHERDS [©] BONE OF Ducula david BONE OF Ducula pacifica J SHELLS OF Trochus Fig. 2. Stratigraphic section of the excavation at Utuleve, Uvea, Site W-FU-MU 21A. The column on the left gives depth in cm. The column on the right shows the number of potsherds found in each 5 cm interval of the dig. Feature | is a post hole, feature 2 an unexcavated control column, and feature 3 a pit filling. Trochus is a large marine gastropod. named goliath, it seems fitting to dedicate another species to David, whose name is invariably linked with the giant Philistine. In a reversal of the biblical fable, Ducula david was larger than D. goliath but per- ished, whereas the New Caledonian D. go- _liath is smaller and still survives. Diagnosis. — A very large species of Ducu- la, with the tarsometatarsus larger and more robust than in either D. goliath or D. ga- leata. Tarsometatarsus with well developed proximal inner foramen, stout shaft, very well developed facet for metatarsal I, and proximal foramina widely separated; tuber- cle for tibialis anticus located on external edge of shaft. Comparative material (skeletons) exam- ined.—Ducula goliath, 1; D. galeata, limb bones removed from skin; D. pacifica, 3 + 3 partials; D. aurorae, 1; D. oceanica, 1; D. pinon, 2; D. badia, 3; D. myristicivora, 1 partial; D. perspicillata, 8; D. radiata, 1; D. aenea, 17; D. bicolor, 7; D. luctuosa, 1; D. spilorrhoa, 1. All specimens in National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, except D. goliath, Muséum Na- tional d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Comparisons. — Among the species groups of Ducula recognized by Goodwin (1983), that containing D. pacifica, D. oceanica, D. aurorae, and D. galeata is very uniform in tarsometatarsal morphology. Ducula david shares with these species the same dispo- sition of the muscular insertions anterior and posterior to the internal cotyla, both being triangular in shape and oriented at 45° to the long axis of the bone. Ducula pacifica is the most similar species in osteology to D. david. The proximal foramina of the tar- sometatarsus are more widely separated in D. david than in any other species, and the metatarsal facet is much better developed, occupying half the width of the shaft. Discussion. —Throughout the Pacific, the 772 Table 1.— Measurements (mm) of Ducula david, new species, compared with other large species of Ducula. D. D. D. david galeata goliath Tarsometatarsus Distance between proximal end of metatarsal facet and internal cotyla 20.8 20.5 18.6 Proximal width 11.9 11.5 10.3 Depth of inner cotyla 6.3 5.3 4.2 Width of inner cotyla 5235 42 338: Distance between proximal foramina 3.2 2.0 2.4 Width of shaft at metatarsal facet 6.2 4.8 5.1 Depth of shaft at metatarsal facet 3.9 3.5 3.3 D. D. D. david oceanica pacifica Scapula Maximum diameter of glenoid facet 5:5)» s4el 3.9 Maximum proximal width 11.9 8.9 8.6 Width of neck 4.8 3.1 3.1 Depth of neck 2.6 1.8 2.0 Coracoid Minimum diameter at mid- point 4.4 3.1 3.0 Maximum diameter at mid- point 4.8 3.3 3.2 very large forms of Ducula appear to have been especially vulnerable to extinction. The only historically known populations of pi- geons of this size in Oceania are D. goliath in New Caledonia and D. galeata of Nuku Hiva, Marquesas. Recent discoveries in ar- cheological and paleontological sites, as well as an account from Captain Cook’s second voyage, have shown that D. galeata, or a closely similar form, occurred not only on other islands of the Marquesas (D. W. Steadman, in press), but on Henderson Is- land in the remote Pitcairn group (Stead- man and Olson 1985), on Mangaia in the Cook group (Steadman 1985), and on Ta- hiti, in the Society group (Lysaght 1957). [Within Ducula, the specific name Columba reinholdforsteri Wagler, 1829, is probably a PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON senior synonym of Serresius galeata Bo- naparte, 1855 (Lysaght 1957; Bruce et al. 1985; Olson and Steadman, in press).] Ducula galeata was therefore a widespread species that might be expected in deposits on many other islands as well. The same was probably true of D. david. A very large pigeon has been reported from archeological deposits in the Lakeba Islands in the Fiji archipelago (Gibbons and Clunie 1986; specimens examined by Olson and D. W. Steadman), which, from its relative proximity to the Wallis group, might be re- ferrable to D. david or a closely allied form. From the island of Lifuka in the Tonga group, a species of Ducula even larger than D. david has been discovered in an arche- ological site (D. W. Steadman, pers. comm.). The evidence of numerous extinct pop- ulations of large species of Ducula in ar- cheological deposits shows that these birds persisted until the arrival of man, and their extinction is doubtless attributable to hu- man influence. Whereas many man-caused extinctions of birds in the Pacific were due to habitat destruction or introduced pred- ators (Olson and James 1984), the demise of the large species of Ducula was probably largely a result of direct overexploitation. For example, pigeon snaring was a very 1m- portant facet of Tongan culture (McKern 1929, Gifford 1929) and the same is likely to have been true all through Polynesia. The artificial, man-induced, pattern of distribution of pigeons in the Pacific has given rise to numerous erroneous system- atic and biogeographic conclusions. Mayr (1940, 1942) has cited D. galeata as a classic case of allopatric speciation, as he supposed it to be only a representative of D. pacifica that evolved its manifestly divergent char- acters as a result of its great isolation in the Marquesas. Discounting the benefits of hindsight, it seems unbelievable that such a highly volant species as D. galeata would be confined to a single island and not be found elsewhere in the Marquesan archi- pelago. In any case, D. galeata was widely VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 773 Table 2.—Provenance of bones of Ducula and Gallus from archeological sites on Uvea, Wallis Islands. Cata- log Bed Depth Pottery type Species Element Site W-FU-MU 21A Utuleve 3335 VIe 0.80-0.85 m Utuleve II D. david Holotype Tarsometatarsus 4252 vI> 1.00-1.10 m Utuleve I D. david Paratype Coracoid 5275 VIII 1.50-1.60 m Utuleve I D. pacifica Coracoid 4950 VII 1.20-1.30 m Utuleve I D. pacifica Coracoid 941 VIF 0.80-0.85 m Utuleve II G. gallus Tibiotarsus Site W-FU-MU 46-A Malama Tagata 1352 8 1.40-1.43 m Utuleve I D. david Paratype Scapula 1138 8 0.95-1.00 m Utuleve I D. pacifica Scapula 1059 8 0.80-0.85 m Utuleve II G. gallus Tibiotarsus sympatric with smaller species of Ducula and is not merely a well-marked allospecies of D. pacifica. Modern concepts of biogeog- raphy and competitive exclusion have been used by Holyoak and Thibault (1978) to explain why the species of Ducula (and fruit- doves of the genus Ptilinopus as well) are allopatric throughout most of the Pacific. Paleontological and archeological evidence has now refuted these ideas by showing that two forms of Ducula occurred sympatrically Over wide areas. Ducula pacifica Gmelin, 1789 Material.—Two bones from the type lo- cality of D. david and one other from the nearby Malama Tagata site (see Appendix, Table 2) do not differ in size or in mor- phology from bones of this widespread species. Remarks. — Ducula pacifica occurs today in the Wallis group and has been recorded elsewhere from the Solomons east to Sa- moa, Tonga, and the Cook Islands. Order Galliformes Family Phasianidae Genus Gallus Brisson, 1760 Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 Material. —Two distal ends of tibiotarsi. Remarks. — These bones of domestic fowl, a species imported to the island by Polyne- sians, show significant variation in size (UMU 46 A, Al-A2 /83 1059 —distal width 12.1 mm, distal depth 13.5; UMU 24 A 83 941 —distal width 10.3, distal depth 10.8). Acknowledgments We are deeply indebted to Dr. D. Fri- migacci who permitted our study of the specimens from Wallis Island and supplied the archeological documentation. Our col- laboration at the National Museum of Natural History was made possible by a short-term visitor’s grant to Balouet from the Office of Fellowships and Grants of the Smithsonian Institution. We are grateful to David W. Steadman for sharing informa- tion and commenting on the manuscript. Literature Cited Aubert de la Riie, E. 1963. Introduction a la géologie et a la géographie des Iles Wallis et Horn.— Journal de la Société des Océanistes 19(19):47— 56. Bruce, M. D., D. T. Holyoak, and J.-C. Thibault. 1985. Carpophaga aurorae Peale, 1848 and Serresius galeatus Bonaparte, 1855 (Aves): Pro- posed conservation by the suppression of Co- lumba R. Forsteri Wagler, 1829.Z.N.(S.)2277.— Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 42:50-53. Davidson, J. M. 1979. Samoa and Tonga. Pp. 82— 109 in J. D. Jennings, ed., The prehistory of Polynesia. Harvard University Press, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts. Gibbons, J. R. H., and F.G. A. U. Clunie. 1986. Sea level changes and Pacific prehistory.— Journal of Pacific History 21:58-82. 774 Gifford, E. W. 1929. Tongan society.—Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 61:i-iv, 1-366. Goodwin, D. 1983. Pigeons and doves of the world. Third edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 363 pp. Green, R. C. 1979. Lapita. Pp. 27-60 in J. D. Jen- nings, ed., The prehistory of Polynesia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Holyoak, D. T., and J.-C. Thibault. 1978. Notes on the phylogeny, distribution and ecology of fru- givorous pigeons in Polynesia.—Emu 78:201- 206. Kirch, P. V. 1976. Ethno-archaeological investiga- tions in Futuna and Uvea (western Polynesia): A preliminary report.—Journal of the Polyne- sian Society 85:27-69. Lysaght, A. 1957. The name of the giant pigeon of the Marquesas Islands.—Ibis 99:118-120. Mayr, E. 1940. Speciation phenomena in birds.— American Naturalist 74:249-278. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York, xiv + 334 pages. McKern, W. C. 1929. Archaeology of Tonga.—Ber- nice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 60:1-123. Olson, S. L., and H. F. James. 1984. The role of Polynesians in the extinction of the avifauna of the Hawaiian islands. Pp. 768-780 in P. S. Mar- tin and R. G. Klein, eds., Quaternary extinc- tions. A prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON , and D. W. Steadman. [In press] Comments on the proposed suppression of Rallus nigra Miller 1784, and Columba R. Forsteri Wagler, 1829. Z.N.(S.)2276. 2277.— Bulletin of Zoolog- ical Nomenclature. Steadman, D. W. 1985. Fossil birds from Mangaia, southern Cook Islands.— Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 105:58—66. [In press] Fossil birds and biogeography in Polynesia. Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologicus. ,and S. L. Olson. 1985. Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an “unin- habited”’ island.— Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82:6191-6195. Stearns, H.T. 1945. Geology of the Wallis Islands. — Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 56:849-860. (JCB) Laboratoire de Paléontologie des Vertebres et de Paléontologie Humaine, Université Paris VI, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; (SLO) Department of Ver- tebrate Zoology, National Museum of Nat- ural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 775 Appendix Preliminary Report on Archeological Sites on Wallis (Uvea) Island Yielding Bones of Pigeons (Ducula) D. Frimigacci, C. Sand, J. P. Siorat, and B. Vienne (translated and edited by Storrs L. Olson) The site yielding bones of Ducula david (designated WF-U-MU 214A) is located at Utuleve, at about the midpoint of the western side of the island of Uvea. The entire archeological sequence of the island was exposed in this excavation. In the eight beds that were recognized (Fig. 2) are ceramics that correspond to three distinct levels: Utuleve I, the oldest, and Utuleve IJ and III, all three belonging to the same cultural unit, the Lapita. The superficial soil at the site was covered with wild yams and with numerous potsherds strewn about. The description of the different beds follows, with color designations from the Munsell soil color chart in parentheses. Bed I.—Black humic soil (7.5 YR 3/2) heavily dis- turbed by agricultural activity. Bed II.—Black sandy clay (7.5 YR 3/2) invariably culturally altered. Pottery and food remains more abundant than in Bed I. Bed III.—Dark sandy soil (10 YR 3/1) spared by farmers. This is an archeological filling composed of large shells, most often burnt, hearth stones, and a great number of potsherds. A post hole is contemporaneous with this level (Feature 1 in Fig. 2). Bed IV.—Light sandy soil (10 YR 3/3) with some burnt shells representing the base of Bed III. Bed V.—Gray sandy soil (10 YR 3/2) in which the pottery is different from the overlying beds. Numerous shells present. This bed is an archeological filling with a very great density of remains at the surface. A control column was left in place below this bed (Feature 2 in Fig. 2). Bed VI?.— Deep ochraceous sandy soil with food re- mains and hearth stones. First appearance of potsherds with stamped impressions. Bed VI>.—Light ochraceous sandy soil (10 YR 3/3), the difference in color from VI? being most noticeable on the west face. Elsewhere the color of Bed VI is uniformly light ochre. The greatest concentration of pottery is found at the surface of Bed VI° and the first dotted and geometric Lapita decorations appear here. Bed VII.—Brown sandy soil (10 YR 6/4) in which was found a pit filling of black sediment rich in pottery and food remains (Feature 3 in Fig. 2). Bed VIII.— Very light sandy dune soil (10 YR 7/4), without anthropic coloration, in which some potsherds still occur. Bed IX.—Consolidated beach sand consisting of coarse shell fragments, archeologically sterile. One bone of Ducula david and one of D. pacifica were recovered from a site (WF-U-MU-046-A) at the stone monument of Malama Tagata, also in the Utu- leve region. The same three cultural levels (Utuleve I, II and III) as in the preceding site were present here. The bones come from a low level (ca. 1.5 m below surface; Table 2) in a dark sandy clay layer (Bed 8) resting immediately above a basalt monument. The pigeon bones from the preceding two sites came from levels containing ancient Lapita pottery. At site WF-U-MU 21A, Utuleve III pottery occurred in beds I to IV. This most recent ceramic type is undecorated and is found throughout Uvea. Utuleve II pottery ap- pears in beds V and VI?. This is much finer than the preceding, with rare decorations confined to the bor- ders. The same pottery, which goes back to the first centuries BC, is found at Futuna (Kirch 1976; Frimi- gacci, Siorat, and Vienne, in prep.), and is comparable to that from the Singatoka site on Fiji dating to the same epoch. Utuleve I pottery, which is even more ancient, with dentate stamped (pointillé) decorations, appears in beds VI® to VIII. The same ceramic se- quence (Utuleve I, II, III) is revealed at Futuna (Fri- migacci, Siorat, and Vienne, in prep.). The stratigraphic position of the bones shows that these pigeons coexisted with the first human occupants of Uvea. The extinction of Ducula david may have taken place in the first centuries AD. The Polynesians attached considerable significance to pigeons. Tongan nobles used to construct “pigeon mounds,” called sia heulupe, from which they evidently snared pigeons (McKern 1929). (DF) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UA 275, Paris, France; (JPS) Musée Neo-Calédonian, Nouméa, New Caledonia; (BV) Institut Fran¢ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Co- operation, Nouméa, New Caledonia. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 776-843 SPRINGSNAILS (GASTROPODA: HYDROBIIDAE) OF ASH MEADOWS, AMARGOSA BASIN, CALIFORNIA-NEVADA Robert Hershler and Donald W. Sada Abstract. — Aquatic snails of the family Hydrobiidae were sampled from nu- merous springs in Ash Meadows, California—Nevada, during 1985-1986. The fauna of this lush oasis is represented by at least three lineages and composed of 11 species in two genera, Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886 and 7ryonia Stimpson, 1865. Nine species are described herein as new. Nine species are locally endemic (three are restricted to single springs), while the remaining two are restricted to Amargosa River drainage. Pyrgulopsis species are well-differ- entiated in shell and anatomical features (mostly penial morphology), whereas Tryonia species show marked variation only in the former. Stepwise discriminant analyses were done using shell morphometric data from three separate species groups in Ash Meadows. Separate analyses were done using standard measurements and Raupian parameters as a local test of their effectiveness in discriminating between closely related forms. Classifica- tion was uniformly high (86-93%) when the former data set was used, sup- porting taxonomy presented herein. Raupian parameters produced less suc- cessful classifications (48-71%), probably due to absence of shape diversity among similar-shelled members of species groups considered. Ash Meadows springsnails parallel local fishes in having affinities with taxa from the Death Valley System and Colorado River drainages. Distributional evidence suggests that local differentiation of snails has primarily occurred within narrow ranges of altitude, in contrast to patterns documented for local fishes. Gill-breathing springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) inhabiting the series of inter- montane valleys that constitute the Death Valley System (Miller 1943) of southeastern California and southwestern Nevada are poorly known, as they are throughout the arid Southwest. While only two species have been described from this region, based on material collected by the United States De- partment of Agriculture 1891 Death Valley Expedition, unpublished data (see Taylor 1966, Landye 1973, Hershler 1985, Taylor in Williams et al. 1985) suggest that many additional species are present in the region, with diversity and localization of endemic taxa likely surpassing that documented for the region’s well studied ichthyofauna (see Miller 1948, Soltz and Naiman 1978, Minckley et al. 1986). An ongoing survey of the region’s Hy- drobiidae was initiated during 1985 by the senior author to obtain material for system- atic study of the fauna. Fieldwork during 1985-1986 included survey of all known springs in Ash Meadows, a lush oasis re- nowned for its highly endemic biota (Beat- ley 1977, Soltz and Naiman 1978, Reveal 1979). We present herein a description of this faunule as the first of a series of papers on systematics of springsnails of the Death Valley System. Eleven springsnail species are recognized, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Warm Springs Tonopah Pahrump 50 100 SS ES a ae Fig. 1. representing two genera, Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886, and 7ryonia Stimpson, 1865. Nine species are new, and nine are endemic to Ash Meadows, three of which are restricted to single springs. Non-endem- ic forms are restricted to Amargosa River drainage in the eastern part of the Death Valley System. Both total and endemic di- versity are striking, clearly exceeding values for local fishes, and seldom matched by 777 Caliente Las Vegas Boulder City Kilometers Map showing location of Ash Meadows, Nevada—California. springsnail fauna of similarly sized regions (Taylor 1966). Three lineages are recog- nized in the fauna, which has affinities with springsnails from Death Valley System and Colorado River drainages. Shell morpho- metric data were gathered from selected populations and subjected to stepwise dis- criminant function analyses, with standard measurements and Raupian parameters (Raup 1966) used in separate analyses as a 778 local test of relative effectiveness in discrim- inating between closely related taxa. The taxonomic work presented herein is that of Hershler. Other parts of the paper were co-written. Environmental Setting Ash Meadows occupies ca. 25,000 ha in Amargosa Desert along the California—Ne- vada border 60 km W of Death Valley (Fig. 1). Local terrain slopes from neighboring hills of 1300 m elevation southwest to el- evation of 560 min Amargosa Valley. Mean annual temperature is 18.5°C (Dudley and Larson 1976), with summer highs often ex- ceeding 40°C. Local rainfall is scant, aver- aging ca. 7.0 cm annually (Dudley and Lar- son 1976). Shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) and Haplopapus acaradenius dominate on xeric soils in Ash Meadows, and salt grass (Dis- tichlis spicata) and rushes (Juncus balticus and J. nodosus) are spread Over mesic areas where moisture is maintained by spring dis- charge or seasonal precipitation. Ash trees (Fraxinus velutina var. coriacea), mesquite (Prosopis julifera and P. pubescens), wild grape (Vitus arizonica), and salt grass are predominant riparian flora (Beatley 1971). The name ““Ash Meadows”’ refers to local abundance of ash trees (Carlson 1974). Approximately 50 springs are scattered throughout Ash Meadows, many emerging from old lake beds along a fault-controlled spring line in northern and eastern parts of the area. Springs (Figs. 2—4) vary in size from the large limnocrene, Crystal Pool, ca. 20 m in diameter and discharging 189 liters/ sec, to seeps less than 1.0 m across and dis- charging only a few cc/sec (Dudley and Lar- son 1976, Garside and Schilling 1979). To- tal annual spring discharge is estimated as 671 liters/sec (Winograd and Thordarsen 1975). Individual spring outflows extend 0.1-10 km before disappearing into soil. Springs are either isolated by expanses of PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON arid terrain, or continuously or seasonally connected by confluence of outflows. Large springs are thermal (28—-32°C). Typically lower temperatures of smaller springs may be due to rapid heat loss associated with small discharge. Springs along the eastern part of Ash Meadows are generally warmer than those to the west. All spring water is potable. Total dissolved solids range be- tween 410 and 870 mg/liter (Dudley and Larson 1976), and specific conductivity ranges from 550-800 micromhos/cm (Win- ograd and Thordarson 1975). Sodium is the dominant cation, with concentrations rang- ing from 0.18—0.23 meq/liter; followed by magnesium and calcium. Bicarbonate ion is the most abundant anion, with typical con- centration of 4.9 meq/liter (Dudley and Lar- son 1976, Garside and Schilling 1979). Lo- cal spring discharge is old water (ca. 10,000 years; Winograd and Thordarson 1975) transported to the area by deep carbonate aquifers draining about 7200 km? of south- ern Nevada (Winograd and Thordarson 1975). While currently endorheic, the area has had past connections with nearby Amargosa River, located a few km to the west (albeit intermittent at this point), which continues to the south before turning back north to terminate in Death Valley. Ash Meadows is among the most signif- icant endangered aquatic ecosystems in western North America (Williams et al. 1985). Including springsnails described herein, a total of 22 species-group aquatic or riparian taxa are considered local endem- ics, a total unmatched by any similar-sized area in the United States. Approximately 4000 ha. of the area (16% of total), including most springs, has been perturbed by mining, agriculture, and a municipal development. Establishment of a number of exotic species has further altered the ecosystem, with in- vading biota including bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), mosquito fish (Gambusia af- finis), sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), red- rim melania snail (Melanoides tuberculata), VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ‘é.. Sy es = —. Sf 4 RE : a # % "i he ; (i A “Ses _ = Zoe ON | 779 Fig. 2. Photographs of Ash Meadows springs: a, Big Spring (11/8/85); b, Crystal Pool (11/8/85). crayfish (Procambarus clarki), and salt ce- dar (Tamarisk sp.). Perturbation has caused population decline of virtually all endemic taxa, 12 of which are federally listed as threatened or endangered (USDI 1986). All other endemic species, including most springsnails recognized herein, are candi- dates for future listing (USDI 1985a, b). There is, however, cause for optimism as The Nature Conservancy purchased the area in 1984 and sold it to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which established the Ash Mead- ows National Wildlife Refuge (Sada and Mozejko 1984). 780 i. se . mae (11/10/85). List of Recognized Taxa Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry). P. erythropoma (Pilsbry, in Stearns 1893). P. fairbanksensis Hershler and Sada, new species. P. crystalis Hershler and Sada, new species. P. isolatus Hershler and Sada, new species. P. nanus Hershler and Sada, new species. P. pisteri Hershler and Sada, new species. Tryonia angulata Hershler and Sada, new species. T. variegata Hershler and Sada, new species. T. ericae Hershler and Sada, new species. T. elata Hershler and Sada, new species. Materials and Methods Material examined. — Most localities vis- ited, including all sites having snails, are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Snails were collected Fig. 3. Photographs of Ash Meadows springs: a, Outflow of North Indian Spring (11/10/85); b, Devils Hole PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON me) Mi 2 by either washing rocks or sifting soft sed- iments with a fine-mesh hand sieve. Water temperature and conductivity were mea- sured with a YSI Model 33, S-C-T meter. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were de- termined using a YSI 97 oxygen meter. De- tailed descriptions of all localities visited in Ash Meadows are in Appendix 1. A few additional snailless sites were visited, in- cluding seeps by Crystal Pool. Collections often included shells of locally extinct springsnails that will be discussed further in a future publication. Distributions of species in Ash Meadows are shown in Figs. 16, 25, and 44. Snails were relaxed with menthol crystals, fixed in 4% buffered formalin and preserved in 70% ethanol. This material is housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM) collec- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 781 cae J a A) 2 ee . Wer LS Fig. 4. Photographs of Ash Meadows springs: a, Outflow of Purgatory Spring (source at upper right corner) (11/6/85); b, Outflow of small spring at Point of Rocks (11/8/85). tion, with paratypes of new species also de- posited in the Florida State Museum (UF). Unless otherwise stated, catalog numbers in text refer to USNM material. Morphologic study. —Shells, opercula, and radulae were photographed using a HITA- CHI S-570 scanning electron microscope (SEM). Generalized radular formulae were based on examination of SEM photos and are given in following order of tooth types: centrals, laterals, inner marginals, outer marginals. Intact bodies for dissection were obtained by decalcifying shells in concen- trated Bouin’s Solution and removing re- 782 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1.—Shell parameters for Pyrgulopsis species. Shell height (SH) and width (SW) are given in mm. NW = number of whorls, T = translation rate, D = distance of generating curve from coiling axis, AS = apertural shape, W = whorl expansion rate. Parameter Species and locality NW SH SW T D AS WwW P. micrococcus Purgatory Spring Xe ASS ee il 1.69 4.77 —0.041 1.26 1.86 (n = 12) s 0.23 0.18 0.09 0.55 0.05 0.06 0.32 Spring (N) S of Rogers Spring xX 4.33 2.57 1.66 4.71 —0.001 1.24 1.60 (n = 15) S 0.20 0.16 O.12 0.68 0.05 0.04 0.48 Spring (S) S of Rogers Spring X 4.36 2.59 1.68 4.42 —0.028 1.26 1.52 (n = 9) s 0.18 0.14 0.08 £0.37 0.04 0.05 0.25 Spring S of Five Springs xX 4.30 2.32 1.53 4.67 —0.023 1.26 1.45 (n = 14) s 0.18 0.15 0.10 0.94 0.06 0.07 0.33 Shaft Spring X 448 2.59 1.67 5.71 —0.043 1.24 1.79 (n = 11) S 0.31 0.19 0.06 0.65 0.07 0.04 0.39 Springs (E) near Crystal Reservoir xX 4.38 2.47 1.60 5.10 —0.099 1.33 2.42 (n = 15) s 0.25 0.20 0.13 0.92 0.087 0.08 0.79 Spring at Clay Pits xX 4.23 1.98 1.34 4.67 —0.049 1.19 1.45 (n = 10) s 0.34 #8 0.11 0.10 0.47 0.05 0.05 0.33 Springs S of Clay Pits X 4.36 2.08 1.33 5.78 —0.107 1.17 1.68 (n= 11) s 0.23 O.15 0.08 0.66 0.05 0.06 0.39 Frenchy Springs (E) x 4.41 2.06 1.34 4.62 —0.017 1.20 1.23 (n = 11) s 0.20 0.10 0.07 0.48 0.06 0.05 0.20 Frenchy Springs (W) xX 4.03 1.70 1.21 4.08 —0.054 1.22 1.53 (n = 15) s 0.19 0.09 0.07 0.71 0.04 0.03 0.31 Last Chance Spring DEN 42S 2.36 1.53 4.84 —0.033 1.20 1.32 (n = 15) s 0.18 0.14 & 0.11 0.44 0.05 0.10 0.23 P. fairbanksensis Fairbanks Spring x T3229" 2:84) 2:56" - 3313 —0.045 1.13 1.71 (n = 14) s 0.34 0.24 O.17 0.59 0.07 0.07 0.36 P. crystalis Crystal Spring xe 317) 204. 2.16. 2.34 0.14 1.20 . 2.08 (n = 3) s 0.29 0.20 0.22 #£0.06 0.05 0.12 0.95 P. erythropoma King’s Pool xX 3.41 DAS BN 3.60 —0.077 1.20 1.77 (n = 14) s 0.23 0.20 0.14 & 0.78 0.06 0.05 0.66 Point of Rocks Springs (1) x 3.38 1.82 1.77 3.04 —0.066 1.21 2.79 (n = 12) s 0.29 0.09 0.09 0.24 0.04 0.09 0.97 Point of Rocks Springs (2) X% 93560, 2°38) 2213 3.58 —0.08 22 e219 (n = 10) s’ 0.13 0.12 O.15 £0.42 0.04 0.06 0.38 Point of Rocks Springs (3) x 3.64 2.36 Dp) 3.79 —0.08 1.17 2.44 (n = 16) s 0.32 0.16 # 0.11 0.49 0.27 0.05 0.87 Point of Rocks Springs (4) xX 3.30 1.66 1.61 3.06 —0.053 1.24 2.54 (n = 16) s 0.14 O.12 0.14 # 0.28 0.04 0.05 1.14 P. pisteri Scruggs Spring x 4.03 2.50 DS) 3.46 —0.031 1.13 2.09 (n = 19) s 0.20 0.17 4O.12 #0.56 0.05 0.05 0.53 Marsh Spring oe) Sad PRS AAS SGI —0.081 1.11 2.19 (n = 12) S 0.29 0.18 0.12 # 0.65 0.05 0.03 0.80 ————————————————————— SSS SSS SS SSS VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Table 1.—Continued. Species and locality NW P. nanus Five Springs BG 3.50 (n = 14) s 0.20 Mary Scott Spring x 3.66 (n = 17) s 0.28 Collins Ranch Spring x 3.50 (a= 12) Seow P. isolatus Spring at Clay Pits x 4.00 (n = 13) Ss 0.14 maining pellicle. Selected animals were dried using a DENTON DCP-1 Critical Point Drier and then photographed using SEM. Both standard measurements and Rau- pian parameters were obtained from select- ed series of adult specimens. While sexual dimorphism is common in hydrobiids, our intent was to characterize roughly typical adult form and therefore our measurements were based on randomly selected series of unsexed shells with complete and/or thick- ened inner lips (denoting adulthood). Shells were cleaned with CLOROX to remove sur- face deposits, and oriented in standard aper- tural aspect (Fig. 7) after counting of whorls (NW). Points and aspects of shell outline necessary for obtaining measurements, in- cluding position of coiling axis (Co, ap- proximated as bisector of spire angle), were drawn on paper using camera lucida (12, 25 or 50 x). Distances between points were then determined with a millimeter ruler. The fol- lowing standard shell measurements were made (Fig. 7): 1) Shell Height (SH). 2) Shell Width (SW). 3) Length of Body Whorl (LBW). 4) Width of Body Whorl (WBW). 5) Aperture Length (AL) = length of line segment ab. 6) Aperture Width (AW) = length of line segment cd, perpendicular bisector of ab. The following additional measurements Parameter SH SW ‘I D As W 1.72 1.64 322) 0.002 1.16 2.51 0.09 0.10 0.33 0.04 0.04 0.85 2.04 1.78 3.60 -—0.057 1.07 1.96 0.20 0.15 0.53 0.06 0.11 0.64 1.62 1.49 3.18 —0.021 1.18 2.19 0.12 0.12 0.29 0.03 0.07 0.45 2194" 1239) 3953) 01066" ily, 9 0.14 0.11 0.31 0.05 0.04 0.47 were made in order to generate Raupian parameters: 1) Y = distance along coiling axis from apical tip to intersection (e) of line perpen- dicular to axis and passing through center of generating curve, approximated as inter- section (f) of line segments ab and cd. 2) R = length of line segment ef, perpen- dicular distance from coiling axis to gen- erating curve. 3) D1 = length of line segment ge, per- pendicular distance from coiling axis to in- ner edge of aperture. 4) D2 = length of line segment eh, per- pendicular distance from coiling axis to out- er edge of aperture. 5) S1 = length of line segment 1j, perpen- dicular distance from coiling axis to suture half a whorl back from aperture. 6) S2 = length of line segment kl, per- pendicular distance from coiling axis to su- ture at posterior end of body whorl. Raupian parameters (slightly modified from Raup 1966) were generated as follows: 1) Translation Rate (T) = Y/R. 2) Whorl Expansion Rate (W) = (S1/S2)?. Note that W is approximated by measure- ments separated by a half whorl increment, hence the need to square the ratio. This is a crude approximation of W as only a single ratio was used, rather than the mean of (or preferably a function based on) a series of such measurements representing ontoge- 784 116° 20° Fairbanks Spr. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 0 1 2 Lintititis ss Kilometers uf Rogers Spr. 4 “e5 Longstreet \96& Spr. pel 2 {iP TAT ALY Fig. 5. ~~ 1 Oo Point of Rocks Sprs. yee 34-40 41 gJack Rabbit Spr. 2 Big Spr. sits 46 bb 45 é i B ett Map of Ash Meadows, showing collecting localities. Adapted from Ash Meadows Quadrangle, Ne- vada—California (1952), USGS 15 minute series (topographic). Enclosed area at Point of Rocks enlarged in Fig. 6. netic variation. The suture at posterior junc- tion of aperture and body whorl was not used in this computation as hydrobiid shells typically have loosened coiling during the last quarter whorl of growth. 3) Distance from coiling axis to generat- ing curve (D) = D1/D2. 4) Aperture Shape (AS) = AS/AW. Data analysis. —Descriptive statistics were generated using SYSTAT (Wilkinson 1986) and are summarized in Tables | and 2. Stepwise discriminant function (canoni- cal variates) analyses were performed using SPSS-X (Klecka 1975). Since the goal of VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 34 Fig. 6. Map of Point of Rocks area (enclosed by rectangle in Fig. 5), showing location of springs. Filled circle in King’s Pool indicates location of spring orifice. these analyses was to gauge distinctiveness of similar allopatric species, and as discrim- inant function analysis is most effective when the number of groups is small, sepa- rate analyses were done on each of three sets of three or four congeners considered closely related (Table 3). Note that the highly dis- tinctive P. micrococcus was excluded. Dis- criminant analyses were constructed using all specimens measured for each species (considered as separate groups). Separate analyses using Raupian and standard shell parameters (excluding NW) were done to compare effectiveness of these data sets in discriminating species, yielding a total of six runs. Variables were selected in discrimi- nant analyses on basis of providing the larg- _est Mahalanobis distance between closest pairs of groups. In six of eight initial runs, continued selection of variables eventually resulted in decreased separation of closest groups. These were therefore rerun, using only variables providing continually in- creasing separation with each step. Pooled within-groups covariance matrix was used to compute probabilities of group member- ship. Key to Ash Meadows Hydrobiidae 1. Penis simple or bilobed distally, with glandular ridge on surface (Pyrgulopsis) — Penis with small, papillae-like 785 < SH LBW k——-S w ——+| = WE == Fig. 7. Points and measurements used in morpho- metric analysis. Co, Coiling axis; LBW, Length of body whorl; SH, Shell height; SW, Shell width; WBW, Width of body whorl; Y, Translation along coiling axis. See text for explanation of points a-I. lobes, glandular ridge absent (CUT ONTO) ok nn Ro ae VO ROR 8 Pp eRenissbilobe@aae ee eee 3 — Penis simple, without lobes ..... 6 3. Penial lobe much shorter than fil- AMON be Hice Doe ek, care aoe Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis, new species — Lobe about same length or longer tlvamemllamniventes er eas ee 4 4. Penial lobe about same length as 786 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 2.—Shell parameters for Tryonia species. Shell height (SH) and width (SW) are given in mm. NW = number of whorls, T = translation rate, D = distance of generating curve from coiling axis, AS = apertural shape, W = whorl expansion rate. Parameter Species and locality NW SH SW T D AS WwW T. angulata Fairbanks Spring XxX 5.98 3.56 1.72 6.40 —0.074 1.51 1.53 (n = 12) s 0.27 0.24 0.07 0.53 0.02 0.08 0.30 Crystal Spring xX 5.48 3.28 1.70 6.52 —0.009 1.45 1.23 (n = 12) s 0.27 0.21 0.11 0.74 0.02 0.09 0.11 Big Spring xX 5.65 3.08 1.52 5.98 —0.076 1.46 1.45 (n = 15) s 0.72 0.30 £0.11 0.59 0.04 0.06 0.34 T. variegata Five Springs x 6.20 3.73 1.71 7.74 —0.052 1.46 1.52 (n = 16) s 0.75 0.82 £0.12 1.86 0.06 0.13 0.33 Chalk Spring xX 7.46 S22) 1.73 13.41 —0.056 1.58 1.38 (n = 14) s 0.40 0.57 0.11 3.23 0.09 0.10 0.28 Mary Scott Spring On 5.15 1.81 12.17 —0.083 1.56 1.52 (n = 7) s 0.43 0.29 0.12 0.46 0.03 0.10 0.29 Scruggs Spring (N) Nea sl 4.33 1.85 8.69 —0.047 1.57 1.44 (n = 11) s 0.17 0.30 0.11 1.21 0.05 0.09 0.19 Scruggs Spring (S) xX 7.08 4.42 1.75 8.28 —0.071 1.55 1.51 (n = 15) s 0.31 0.18 0.07 0.69 0.03 0.08 0.26 Marsh Spring xX 7.16 £4.51 1.81 10.42 —0.080 1.62 1.62 (n = 16). s 0.27 0.22 #£40.07 1.28 0.06 0.08 0.31 Indian Spring (N) Xn l/r 1.86 10.48 —0.078 1.51 1.50 (n = 15) s 0.50 0.32 #&02.11 0.90 0.04 0.06 0.25 School Spring X 644 4.24 1.76 9.46 —0.063 1.53 1.66 (n = 9) s 0.21 0.23 0.18 0.88 0.04 0.06 0.28 Devils Hole X 6.67 3.44 1.69 6.38 0.067 1.33 1.31 (n = 13) s 0.66 0.20 0.08 0.84 0.05 0.06 0.21 Collins-Ranch Spring x 5.96 2.90 1.29 6.86 —0.112 1.48 1.61 (n= 11) s 0.19 0.10 0.08 £0.30 0.05 0.17. 0.22 Springs (W) near Crystal Reservoir xs 5!) 5.61 2.06 9.63 —0.082 1.57 1.36 (n= 14) s 0.52 0.38 #£0.15 1.32 0.04 0.08 0.18 Springs (E) near Crystal Reservoir x 8.66 6.41 2.04 14.05 —0.137 1.51 1.48 (n = 17) s 0.66 0.58 0.14 3.06 0.07 0.21 0.37 Point of Rocks Springs (4) x 708 4.08 1.73 9.51 —0.069 1.63 1.41 (n = 10) s 0.46 0.27 # 0.08 1.50 0.08 0.07 0.21 Point of Rocks Springs (5) x 6.19 3.74 1.69 7.83 —0.073 1.61 1.43 Cia) s 0.39 80.41 0.13 0.99 0.06 0.06 0.16 T. ericae Scruggs Spring K> 5.19 1.57 0.87 6.41 —0.026 1.28 1.49 (n = 9) s 0.58 0.19 0.05 1.23 0.06 0.08 0.27 Springs (N) N of Collins Ranch x 4.28 1.37 0.76 5.15 —0.093 1.33 1.57 (n = 10) s 0.34 O.16 0.04 #&« 0.59 0.05 0.07 0.24 T. elata Point of Rocks Springs (1) X 6.37 1.88 0.83 9.00 —0.068 1.38 1.43 (dn = Ihs)) 5 O27 OM O05 ~ 1.25 0.07 0.06 0.29 Point of Rocks Springs (4) X% 3162; , 2:31 0.94 8.89 —0.056 1.39 1.42 (n = 15) Ss O45 O25. O05 ~ 1g 0.07 O10 027 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 10. filament, glandular ridge elongated along long axis of lobe .... Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry) Lobe longer than filament, glan- dular ridge elongated along distal edge of lobe . Shell <2.4 mm high; penis ex- tending only slightly anterior to mantle collar Sit ee Pyrgulopsis nanus, new species Shell >2.6 mm high; penis ex- tending well anterior to mantle col- lar .. Pyrgulopsis isolatus, new species . Distal penis much wider than fil- ament Distal penis only slightly wider than filament . Aperture ovate, adnate to or slight- ly separated from body whorl; glandular ridge small, circular ... ... Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry) Aperture greatly enlarged, very broadly ovate, well separated from body whorl; glandular ridge en- larged, elongate .... Pyrgulopsis crystalis, new species . Whorls angled well below sutures; outer apertural lip strongly sinuate Tryonia angulata, new species Subsutural angulations absent; outer apertural lip straight to mod- erately sinuate . Shell typically <2.0 mm tall, elon- GANCECOMIGH fee tye Amlae et Shell typically >2.0 mm tall, tur- riform to aciculate ............ 10 Shell 1.8—2.9 mm tall, with mod- erately rounded and slightly shoul- deredtwhiorlso te ae Oo ee ee. Shell 2.8—7.5 mm tall; whorls well- rounded and typically unshoul- dered Tryonia variegata, new species 787 Systematics Family Hydrobiidae Troschel, 1857 Genus Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886 Fluminicola Stimpson, 1865:52 [in part]. Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886:9.— Hershler and Thompson, 1987:28 [with references]. Diagnosis. —Shell globose to conical, 1.2— 8.0 mm tall. Aperture simple, often loos- ened from body whorl, inner lip often thick- ened. Umbilicus absent to open. Proto- conch usually covered with wrinkled pits. Teleoconch smooth or unicarinate on pe- riphery, growth lines often prominent. Tae- nioglossate radula with basal cusps on cen- tral teeth. Head/foot, mantle, and penis often with distinctive pigmented (melanin) re- gions. Penis with small distal lobe (reduced or absent in a few species) and narrow fil- ament of varying length. Penial surface typ- ically having one to fifteen glandular ridges, sometimes borne on fleshy crests. Females Oviparous. Capsule gland with 2 tissue sec- tions and near-terminal opening. Bursa cop- ulatrix often partly posterior to albumen gland. Seminal receptacle relatively small (absent in one species). Comparisons. —Fluminicola_ erythro- poma Pilsbry and similar Ash Meadows taxa described below have globose-neritiform shells characteristic of the genus. However, they are much smaller than typical F/umin- icola and have smooth protoconchs and penial glandular ridges, features seen 1n nei- ther F. nuttalliana (Lea), the generic type species, nor in any other lithoglyphine ex- amined by Thompson (1984). Possession of penial glandular ridges in these taxa indi- cates that they are nymphophilines (see Thompson 1979 for subfamilial diagnosis) convergent upon Fluminicola. Unusual character states (i.e., F/uminicola-like shell, unlobed penis, dark body pigmentation) oc- cur among these species, suggesting that they comprise a distinctive species group. How- ever, variation indicates gradation toward 788 states typical of Pyrgulopsis, to which they are therefore assigned. Fluminicola aver- nalis Pilsbry and F. merriami Pilsbry and Beecher from southern Nevada, which also have penial glandular ridges (Hershler, pers. obs.), are also transferred to Pyrgulopsis. Remarks. —Congeners differ primarily in shell features, penial form and pattern of glandular ridge positioning. An expanded description is given below for P. erythro- poma as representative of the Fluminicola- like group. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry) Oasis Valley springsnail Figs. 8a, 9-16 Amnicola micrococcus Pilsbry in Stearns, LS9S=2iie Fontelicella micrococcus. —Gregg and Tay- lor, 1965:109.—Landye, 1973:18.—Tay- lor, 1975:123.—USDI, 1984b:21673. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus. —Hershler and Thompson, 1987:30. Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: small spring in Oasis Valley ANSP 67279 (holotype, 123622 (paratypes from type lot).—Spring in Oasis Valley (Thirsty Canyon), Nye County, Nevada, T10S, R47E, SE % sec. 32, 850297, 18 Nov 1985.—Spring 0.2 km S of Rogers Spring, 850334, 859180, 7 Nov 1985.—Spring 0.3 km S of Rogers Spring, 850336, 859181, 7 Nov 1985; 850335, 7 Jul 1986.— Purgatory Spring, 850333, 859179, 6 Nov 1985.— Spring 1.0 km S of Five Springs, 850338, 859182, 8 Nov 1985; 850337, 7 Jul 1985.— Shaft Spring, 850331, 859183, 10 Nov 1985.—Chalk Spring, 850340, 10 Nov 1985.—Spring (southern) N of Collins Ranch Spring, 850342, 859195, 9 Nov 1985; 850341, 8 Jul 1986.—Spring N of Clay Pits, 850343, 859184, 11 Nov 1985; 850344, 8 Jul 1986.—Spring at Clay Pits, 850345, 859185, 11 Nov 1985; 850346, 8 Jul 1986.— Spring S of Clay Pits, 850347, 859186, 11 Nov 1985; 850348, 8 Jul 1986.—Spring (western) near Crystal Reservoir, 850349, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 10 Nov 1985.—Spring (eastern) near Crys- tal Reservoir, 850350, 859187, 10 Nov 1985.—Frenchy Springs (western), 850352, 859189, 10 Nov 1985.—Frenchy Springs (eastern), 850351, 859188, 10 Nov 1985.— Last Chance Spring, 850353, 859190, 10 Nov 1985. CALIFORNIA, INYO COUN- TY: Shoshone Spring (Shoshone), T22N, R7E, NW corner sec. 30, 12 Mar 1985.— Tecopa Hot Springs (Tecopa), T21N, R7E, NE corner sec. 33, 12 Mar 1985.—Spring by Grimshaw Lake (Tecopa), T21N, R7E, NE corner sec. 9, 13 Mar 1985.—Springs in Amargosa Gorge (Tecopa), T21N, R7E, SE corner sec. 9, 13 Mar 1985. Diagnosis. —A small-sized species, with moderate-spired, globose to ovate-conic shell. Penis with single glandular ridge on ventral surface of moderate-sized lobe. Description. —Shell (Figs. 8a, 9, 10) 1.6— 2.8 mm high, up to one and a half times taller than wide. Whorls, 3.75—5.0, well- rounded, with impressed sutures and slight sutural shelving. Spire convex, often irreg- ularly so due to bulging of whorls. Body whorl 63-80% of shell height. Shell color- less, transparent; periostracum light brown. Aperture ovate-pyriform, usually separated from body whorl in adult specimens. Inner lip moderately thickened and slightly re- flected; outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink-like to open. Growth lines moderately pro- nounced. Visceral coil usually darkly pigmented, especially on stomach. Melanic pigmenta- tion of head/foot variable; ranging from ab- sent to sparse covering of light brown pig- ment to near uniform (except for central portion on sides) black. Dense, dark, subep- ithelial pigment granules sometimes present in sides of head/foot. Penial filament usually with dark subepithelial pigment along much of length (Figs. 12-14). Radular (Fig. 11) formula: 5-1-5/1-1, 3-1- 4, 20-26, 31; width of central tooth, 0.023 mm. Cusps on central teeth dagger-like. Stomach slightly longer than style sac. Pos- terior stomach edge with small caecum. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 789 Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of shells of Pyrgulopsis spp.: a, P. micrococcus, paratype, USNM 123622, spring in Oasis Valley; b, e, h, P. erythropoma, King’s Pool (b, paratype, ANSP 73667; e, h, USNM 859207); c, f, i, P. crystalis, Crystal Pool (c, holotype, USNM 859205; f, i, paratypes, USNM 859206); d, g, P. fairbanksensis, Fairbanks Spring (d, holotype, USNM 859203; g, paratype, USNM 859204). Kidney relatively elongate. Ctenidium with up to 20 triangular filaments. Anterior fifth (ca.) of prostate gland pallial. Penis (Figs. 12-14) small, barely extending anterior to mantle collar, near-straight, thickened, 2 or more times longer than wide. Vas deferens located along outer edge of penis (not fig- ured). Filament thickened and short. Penial lobe simple, rarely extending distal to tip of filament. Glandular ridge usually occupying most of penial lobe, but sometimes reduced or absent. Pallial oviduct complex (Fig. 15) typical of genus. Capsule gland opening slit- like. Posterior section of capsule gland somewhat longer than anterior section. Al- bumen gland slightly longer than capsule 790 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 9. Shells of P. micrococcus: a, b, USNM 850297, spring in Oasis Valley; c, d, USNM 859180, spring 0.2 km S of Rogers Spring; e, f, USNM 859181, spring 0.3 km S of Rogers Spring; g, h, USNM 859179, Purgatory Spring; 1, j, USNM 859182, spring 1:0 km S of Five Springs; k, USNM 859195, spring (southern) N of Collins Ranch Spring; 1, USNM 859184, spring N of Clay Pits; m, USNM 859185, spring at Clay Pits. gland. Oviduct looping twice before receiv- ing duct of seminal receptacle. Bursa cop- ulatrix club-shaped, variable in size, but al- ways larger than seminal receptacle. Bursa partly posterior to albumen gland. Type locality. —Small spring in Oasis Val- ley, Nye County, Nevada (precise location unknown). Distribution and habitat.—Restricted to Amargosa River drainage: Oasis Valley (several springs) and Ash Meadows (15 sites, Fig. 16) in Nye County, Nevada; and Sho- shone Spring and numerous springs in vi- cinity of Tecopa in Inyo County, California. Typically common in soft sediments in up- per segments of small springbrooks. Syntopic with P. nanus, n. sp. (described below) in spring north of Collins Ranch Spring, and with P. isolatus, n. sp. (de- scribed below) in spring S of Clay Pits. Comparisons. — Distinguished from sev- eral Arizona species possessing single glan- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 791 Fig. 10. Shells of P. micrococcus: a, b, USNM 859186, spring S of Clay Pits; c, d, USNM 859187, spring (eastern) near Crystal Reservoir; e, f, USNM 859183, Shaft Spring; g, h, USNM 859188, Frenchy Springs (eastern); 1, }, USNM 859189, Frenchy Springs (western); k, 1, USNM 859190, Last Chance Spring. dular ridge on penial lobe (Hershler and Landye 1988) by narrower shell and in- variant location of glandular ridge on ven- tral surface of penial lobe. Additional study is needed to determine status of similar forms occurring in springs in Death Valley and adjacent basins to the west. Specimens collected by Nelson and Bailey in 1891 from Saratoga Spring in Death Valley (USNM 123904) and referred to P. micrococcus by Pilsbry (in Stearns 1893) represent an un- described congener belonging to the F/umin- icola-like group. Additional descriptive information for this species is provided by Gregg and Taylor (1965), and Hershler and Thompson (1987). Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry) Ash Meadows pebblesnail Figs. 8b, e, h, 17, 18d-i, 19b, c, 20-22, 23a—c, 24a, c, 25 Fluminicola fusca Haldeman var. minor. — Pilsbry in Stearns, 1893:282. Fluminicola erythropoma Pilsbry, 1899:125. 792 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON at AN os = ON Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of radula of P. micrococcus, USNM 850297, spring in Oasis Valley, showing the four tooth types: a, Centrals (bar = 12 wm); b, Laterals (bar = 10 um); c, Inner marginals (bar = 8.6 um); d, Outer marginals (bar = 6.0 um). ‘*Fluminicola”’’? erythropoma. —Landye, Point-of-Rocks Springs snail.—Taylor in 1973:15.—Taylor, 1975:79. Williams et al., 1985:43. Fluminicola erythropoma. —Sada and Mo- zejko, 1984:A-1 (Appndx.).—USDI, Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE 1984b:21673. COUNTY: Point of Rocks Springs, King’s VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 793 Fig. 12. Penes of P. micrococcus: a, b, USNM 850297, spring in Oasis Valley; c, USNM 850334, spring 0.2 km S of Rogers Spring; d, USNM 850333, Purgatory Spring; e, USNM 850338, spring 1.0 km S of Five Springs. Dorsal aspects to left, ventral aspects to right; light screened areas indicate glandular ridges, darker screened areas indicate melanic pigment. Pool, ANSP 73607 (holotype), ANSP 73667 (paratypes from type lot); 850371, 859207, 8 Nov 1985; 857861, 8 Jul 1986.— Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 35), 850372, 859208, 8 Nov 1985.—Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 36), 857862, 859209, 8 Nov 1985; 857863, 8 Jul 1986.—Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 37), 857864, 859210, 8 Nov 1985.—Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 38), 857865, 8 Nov 1985.— Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 39), 857866, 9 Nov 1985.—Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 40), 856867, 859211, 9 Nov 1985. Diagnosis.—A small-sized species with very short-spired, globose-turbinate shell. Penis simple, with small glandular ridge near base on dorsal surface. 794 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig 13. Penes of P. micrococcus: a, USNM 850331, Shaft Spring; b, USNM 850344, spring N of Clay Pits; c, USNM 850346, spring at Clay Pits; d, USNM 850348, spring S of Clay Pits. Description. —Shell (Figs. 8b, e, h, 17, 18d-1) 1.6—2.4 mm high, slightly taller than wide. Whorls, 3.0—4.0, well-rounded, with impressed sutures. Spire convex, with apex often highly eroded. Body whorl ca. 90% of shell height. Shell transparent when fresh; periostracum thin, amber-colored, some- times absent. Aperture broadly ovate, an- gulate above. Inner lip moderately thick- ened, slightly reflected, narrowly adnate above (rarely free). Outer lip fairly thin. Umbilicus broadly open. Protoconch (Fig. 17) surface slightly wrinkled; teleoconch with pronounced growth lines and faint spiral striations. Visceral coil uniformly dark brown. Head/ foot, including snout and distal parts of ten- tacles, usually covered with very dark brown epithelial pigment, with central areas on sides of head/foot somewhat lighter. Sole of foot unpigmented. Dark internal pigment filling much of penial filament, sometimes extending into proximal penis (Fig. 23a—c). Radular (Fig. 20) formula: 7-1-7/1-1, 4-1- 5, 26-28, 27-28; width of central tooth, 0.029 mm. Cusps on central teeth narrow, dagger-like. Head/foot morphology as for genus although foot relatively broad and thickened. Ciliation on cephalic tentacles sparse, irregular (Fig. 19b). Ctenidium with about 15 filaments. Testis a single, lobate mass filling most of digestive gland and partly overlapping posterior stomach (Fig. 21). Prostate gland longer than wide, with small pallial portion. Vas deferens extend- ing along outer edge of penis without coil- ing; exiting slightly distal to penis base (Fig. 22). Penis (Figs. 19c, 22, 23a—c) small, blade- like, much longer than wide, tapering dis- tally so that base of filament indistinct. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 795 $$) 09-5 ti Fig. 14. Penes of P. micrococcus: a, USNM 850349, spring (western) near of Crystal Reservoir; b, USNM 850350, spring (eastern) near Crystal Reservoir; c, USNM 850351, Frenchy Springs (eastern); d, USNM 850352, - Frenchy Springs (western); e, USNM 850353, Last Chance Spring. Glandular ridge circular to somewhat elon- gate, positioned at one-third to one-half of length of penis from base. Pallial oviduct complex (Fig. 24a, c) as for genus. Capsule gland opening slit-like. Anterior capsule gland section much longer than posterior section. Capsule gland slightly longer than albumen gland. Oviduct looping once lat- eral to albumen gland. Seminal receptacle very small relative to bursa copulatrix. Club- shaped bursa copulatrix partly posterior to albumen gland; width of bursa duct vari- able. Type locality.—King’s Pool at Point of Rocks, Ash Meadows, Nye County, Neva- da. Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to six springs at Point of Rocks near eastern end of spring line in Ash Meadows (Fig. 25). Springs all within 0.5 km of one another at 702-707 m elevation. In King’s Pool, species restricted to opening of large orifice, where large numbers of snails were clinging to travertine and were abundant. Also found in five small springbrooks in area (common im three), on stones and travertine in swift current. Comparisons. —Similar to other Ash 796 Fig. 15. Pallial oviducts of P. micrococcus, viewed from left side: a, USNM 850297, spring in Oasis Val- ley; b, USNM 850350, spring (eastern) near Crystal Reservoir. Ag = albumen gland; Bu = bursa copulatrix; Cga = capsule gland opening; Cg1 = posterior capsule gland section; Cg2 = anterior capsule gland section; Dbu = duct of bursa copulatrix; Emc = posterior end of pallial cavity; Ov = oviduct; Sr = seminal receptacle. Meadows congeners found in large spring pools as all have globose-neritiform shell with very reduced spire. These differ from P. avernalis and P. merriami by lacking pe- nial crests. Distinguished from P. fairbank- sensis, n. sp. (described below) by smaller size, thinner inner shell lip and unlobed pe- nis. Separated from P. crystalis, n. sp. (de- scribed below), a probable sister species, by globose (versus neritiform) shell and thicker penial filament. Distinguished from both of above by narrower, more numerous cusps on radular teeth. Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis, new species Fairbanks springsnail Figs. 8d, g, 18a, b, 19a, 24d, 25-27 Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Fairbanks Spring, 859203 (ho- lotype), 859204 (paratypes), UF 93955 (paratypes), 850369, 7 Nov 1985; 850367, 7 Jul 1986. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Diagnosis. —A moderate-sized species with very short-spired, globose-turbinate shell having especially thickened inner lip. Penis with small lobe bearing single glan- dular ridge ventrally. Description. —Shell (Figs. 8d, g, 18a, b) 2.5-3.4 mm high, slightly taller than wide. Whorls, 3.0—4.0, well-rounded. Sutures im- pressed. Spire convex, apex usually eroded. Body whorl ca. 90% of shell height. Shell transparent when fresh; amber periostra- cum very thin or absent. Aperture broadly ovate, angulate above. Inner lip well thick- ened and reflected above, adnate to or slightly separated from body whorl above. Outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink-like, um- bilical area often eroded. Growth lines pro- nounced on teleoconch; spiral striations faint. Paucispiral operculum, typical of ge- nus, shown in Fig. 19a. Visceral coil dark brown. Head/foot vari- ably covered with grey-brown pigment. Small pigment patch on base of penial fil- ament. Radular (Fig. 26) formula: 3(4)-1-4/1-1, 3-1-4(5), 16-18, 20-25; width of central tooth, 0.053 mm. Central cusps on central and lateral teeth broad. Dimorphism of cusp size on lateral teeth pronounced (Fig. 26c). Heavy wear evident on ribbons. Ctenidial filaments, ca. 20. Penis (Fig. 27) small, elon- gate, with relatively small, blunt distal lobe. Filament elongate, tapering. Glandular ridge small, circular, located along or just proxi- mal to tip of lobe. Albumen gland longer than capsule gland, with significant pallial portion (Fig. 24d). Seminal receptacle mi- nute. Bursa copulatrix partly posterior to albumen gland. Type locality.—Fairbanks Spring, Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to type locality, a large spring at relatively low elevation (695 m) in northern part of Ash Meadows (Fig. 25). Common on travertine at spring orifice. Etymology. —Named for Fairbanks Spring. Comparisons. —Separated from similar VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fairbanks Spr. WD 0) 1 So. u titi 1 Kilometers uf Rogers Spr. ~~ 4 “e5 = Longstreet : Spr. Crystal Pool @ Micrococcus Ae de Point of Rocks ee Sprs. Jack Rabbit Spr. Fig. 16. Map showing distribution of P. micrococcus in Ash Meadows. Ash Meadows Pyrgulopsis by highly thick- ened inner shell lip and unique penis, elon- gate with small lobe and long filament. Pyrgulopsis crystalis, new species Crystal springsnail Figs. 8c, f, 1, 18c, 23d, 24b, 25, 28 Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Crystal Spring, 859205 (holo- type), 859206 (paratypes), UF 93956 (para- types), 850368, 8 Nov 1985; 850370, 7 Jul 1986. Diagnosis. —A small-sized species, with globose-neritiform shell. Spire very short; aperture broad and enlarged. Penis simple, with narrow filament and large glandular ridge. Description. —Shell (Figs. 8c, f, 1, 18c) 1.8- 2.6 mm high; width typically slightly ex- 798 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 17. SEM micrographs of shells of P. erythropoma: a, Protoconch (bar = 120 ym), USNM 857863, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 36); b, Close-up showing strong growth lines on-teleoconch (bar = 86 wm), USNM 857864, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 37). VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 799 Fig. 18: Shells of Pyrgulopsis spp.: a, b, Paratypes, P. fairbanksensis, USNM 859204, Fairbanks Spring; c, Paratype, P. crystalis, USNM- 859206, Crystal Spring; d—i, P. erythropoma (d, e, USNM 859207, King’s Pool; f, USNM 859208, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 35]; g, h, USNM 859210, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 37]; 1, USNM 859211, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 40]). ceeding length. Whorls, 3.0—3.5, highly con- vex, with deeply impressed sutures. Spire outline concave due to greatly expanded body whorl, which gives shell neritiform ap- pearance. Apex often uneroded; protoconch somewhat tilted relative to subsequent whorls (Fig. 8c). Body whorl ca. 90% of shell height. Shell colorless, transparent, quite thin; periostracum very light brown. Ap- erture very broadly ovate (near-circular), only slightly angled above, well separated from body whorl in largest specimens. Inner lip moderately thickened and slightly re- flected above; outer lip thin. Umbilicus broadly open. Growth lines prominent; spi- ral lines very weak—absent. Visceral coil dark brown. Head/foot vari- ably dusted with grey-brown melanin. Pen- ial filament with small pigment patch proxi- mally (Fig. 23d). Radular (Fig. 28) formula: 3(4)-1-3(4)/1-1, 2(3)-1-3, 14, 16-18; width of central tooth, 800 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 19. SEM micrographs of operculum, cephalic tentacles, and penes of Pyrgulopsis spp.: a, Operculum of P. fairbanksensis (bar = 0.43 mm), USNM 850368, Fairbanks Spring; b, c, P. erythropoma, USNM 857863 (b, left cephalic tentacle showing irregular patches of cilia [bar = 150 um]; c, penis [indicated by arrow ] [bar = 0.3 mm]); d, penis of P. isolatus (bar = 0.3 mm), USNM 850366, spring S of Clay Pits. 0.047 mm. Cusps on central and lateral teeth lial. Small penis (Fig. 23d) longer than wide, fairly broad. Heavy wear apparent on rib- tapering distally. Filament narrow, elon- bons. Ctenidium with 15-20 filaments. gate. Glandular ridge elongate and large, fill- Prostate gland small, ca. 25% of length pal- ing much of ventral surface of penis. Cap- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 20. Radula of P. erythropoma, USNM 857864, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 37): a, Centrals (bar = 12 um); b, Laterals (bar = 8.6 um); c, Inner marginals (bar = 8.6 wm); d, Outer marginals (bar = 8.6 um). sule gland opening broad. Albumen and Type locality. —Crystal Pool, Ash Mead- capsule glands near-equal in length (Fig. ows, Nye County, Nevada. 24b). Seminal receptacle minute. Distal edge Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to of bursa copulatrix even with posterior end and rare in type locality, a large, low ele- of albumen gland. vation (668 m) spring in Ash Meadows (Fig. 802 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 21. Male anatomy (minus head) of P. erythropoma, USNM 857861, King’s Pool. Pallial roof cut away to expose contents of posterior portion of cavity; prostate gland (Pr) lifted (dorsally) slightly to expose kidney. Ct = ctenidium; Dg = digestive gland; Emc = posterior end of pallial cavity; In = intestine; Ki = kidney; Oes = oesophagus; Os = osphradium; Pc = pericardium; Pr = prostate gland; St = stomach; Sts = style sac; Sv = seminal vesicle; Ts = testis; Vd1 = posterior vas deferens; Vd2 = anterior vas deferens. 25). Snails only found clinging to travertine Comparisons. —Neritiform shell and walls of chasm-like orifices in deepest (>four simple penis with slender filament and large meters) part of spring. glandular ridge distinguish this from other Etymology. —Named after Crystal Pool. Fluminicola-like Pyrgulopsis. Pyrgulopsis nanus, new species Distal-gland springsnail Figs. 25, 29a, d, 30-32, 33a, b Large gland Nevada springs snail.— Sada and Mozejko, 1984: fig. 5. ‘“‘“Fluminicola”’ sp.—USDI, 1984b:21673. Large gland Nevada spring snail.— Taylor in Williams et al., 1985:43. Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Five Springs, 859191 (holo- 0.5 Toe bae. type), 859192 (paratypes), UF 93957 (para- Fig. 22. Penis of P. erythropoma, USNM 857851, types), 850354, 7 Nov 1985.—Mary Scott King’s Pool, showing location of vas deferens (dotted Spring, 850355, 859113, 9 Nov 1985; line in penis). Vd = vas deferens. 850356, 8 Jul 1986.— Collins Ranch Spring, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 803 F 0.5 mm Penes of P. erythropoma and P. crystalis: a—c, P. erythropoma (Pilsbry) (a, USNM 857861, King’s Fig. 23. ——| Pool; b, USNM 857863, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 36]; c, USNM 857864, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 37]); d, P. crystalis new species, USNM 850370, Crystal Pool. 850357, 859194, 9 Nov 1985; 850360, 8 Jul 1986.—Spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring, 850359, 859196, 9 Nov 1985; 850360, 8 Jul 1986. Diagnosis.—A small-sized species with globose, short-spired shell. Penis with short filament and large lobe bearing glandular ridge along distal edge. Description. —Shell (Figs. 29a, d, 30) 1.5— 2.4 mm high, slightly taller than broad. Whorls, 3.0—4.0, convex and inflated, with impressed sutures. Spire straight or slightly convex. Body whorl ca. 83% of shell height. Shell colorless, transparent; amber perios- tracum thin. Aperture broadly ovate, pyri- form above. Inner lip slightly thickened and reflected, narrowly adnate to or slightly sep- arated from body whorl. Outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink-like to broadly open. Growth lines pronounced; spiral striae weakly developed. Visceral coil typically uniformly dark brown. Head/foot variably dusted with brown melanin; grey pigment often concen- trated along sides of operculigerous lobe. Proximal half of penial filament usually darkly pigmented externally (Fig. 32). Radular (Fig. 31) formula: 4(5)-1-4(5)/1-1, 2-1-3, 20-22, 21; width of central tooth, 0.035 mm. Central tooth broadly trapezoi- dal, cusps fairly narrow. Penis (Fig. 32) longer than wide. Elongate lobe character- istic; width of lobe variable but typically subequal to width of penis near base. Fila- ment short, rarely exceeding lobe in length, narrow compared to lobe. Glandular ridge typically located at or just proximal to tip of lobe; ridge size and shape variable, rang- ing from small and circular to thickened and elongate. Albumen gland somewhat longer than capsule gland; posterior section of lat- ter sometimes greatly reduced (Fig. 33a, b). 804 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON b Fig. 24. Pallial oviducts of Pyrgulopsis spp., viewed from left side: a, c, P. erythropoma (a, USNM 857867, King’s Pool; c, USNM 857863, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 36]); b, P. crystalis, USNM 850370, Crystal Pool; d, P. fairbanksensis, USNM 850368, Fairbanks Spring. Capsule gland vestibule (Vsb) and position of intestine (In) shown only in a. Ag = albumen gland; Bu = bursa copulatrix; Cga = capsule gland opening; Cg1 = posterior capsule gland section; Cg2 = anterior capsule gland section; Dbu = duct of bursa copulatrix; Emc = posterior end of pallial cavity; In = intestine; Ov = oviduct; Sr = seminal receptacle; Vsb = capsule gland vestibule. Seminal receptacle minute. Bursa copula- trix small, club-shaped to near-spherical, partly posterior to albumen gland. Type locality. —Five Springs, Ash Mead- ows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.— Restricted to four small Ash Meadows springbrooks within 10 km of one another at or above 700 m elevation (Fig. 25). Common in up- per segments of streams on soft sediment and loose travertine. Etymology. —From Latin nanus, a dwarf, referring to small size of species. Comparisons. —Unusual penial mor- phology shared by P. isolatus, n. sp. (de- scribed below). Separable from this proba- ble sister species by smaller size, smaller penis (relative to body size), more globose shell, and narrower cusps on central radular teeth. Pyrgulopsis pisteri, new species Median-gland springsnail Figs. 29b, e, 33c, 34a-e, 35, 36 Median-gland Nevada spring snail.—Sada and Mozejko, 1984: fig. 5. ‘**Fluminicola” sp.—USDI, 1984:21673. Median-gland Nevada spring snail.—Tay- lor in Williams et al., 1985:43. Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Marsh Spring, 859197 (holo- type), 859198 (paratypes), UF 94958 (para- types), 850364, 10 Nov 1985.—North VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fairbanks Spr. Longstreet Spr. ~—~0O “~— NPM UN dy “MM ayn Fig. 25. Scruggs Spring, 850362, 859199, 10 Nov 1985; 850361, 8 Jul 1986.—Observation pond below School Spring, 850365, 859200, 10 Nov 1985. Diagnosis.—A small-sized species with globose shell with short spire. Penis simple, nontapering, with glandular ridge posi- tioned ventrally near mid-point. Description. —Shell (Figs. 29b, e, 34a-e) 0 1 2 3 Liisi 1 __1 Kilometers | Afairbanksensis Onanus O pisteri Bcrystalis Aisolatus @erythropoma Point of Rocks J Sprs. 34-40 Jack Rabbit Spr. Map showing distribution of Pyrgulopsis spp. in Ash Meadows. 1.8—2.7 mm high, slightly taller than broad. Whorls, 3.25—4.50, convex and inflated. Su- tures impressed. Spire slightly convex. Body whorl ca. 83% of shell height. Shell color- less, transparent, with very thin, light brown periostracum (sometimes absent). Aperture broadly ovate, somewhat angled above. In- ner lip slightly thickened and reflected; nar- rowly adnate to or slightly separated from PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Pa Fig. 26. Radula of P. fairbanksensis, USNM 850368, Fairbanks Spring. a, Centrals (bar = 20 um); b, Laterals (bar = 23.1 um); c, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 27 um); d, Outer marginal (bar = 10 um). body whorl. Outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink- like to broadly open. Growth lines pro- nounced, often somewhat elevated near end of body whorl. Spiral striae moderately pro- nounced. Visceral coil typically uniform dark brown or black. Head/foot variably dusted with brown melanin; grey pigment often concen- trated along sides of operculigerous lobe. Proximal half of penial filament darkly pig- mented, with pigment often extending into distalmost penis (Fig. 36). Radular (Fig. 35) formula: 3(4)-1-3(4)/1-1, 3-1-3(4), 16-17, 14; width of central tooth, 0.045 mm. Cusps on central teeth moder- ately wide. Ctenidial filaments, ca. 20. Pros- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 -—_—_—————————_j 0.5 mm Fig. 27. tate gland small, largely pallial. Penis (Fig. 36) near-rectangular, with narrow filament arising from broad distal end. Filament less than half of penis length. Glandular ridge typically large and circular, positioned at or near inner edge of penis. Albumen gland slightly longer than capsule gland (Fig. 33c). Seminal receptacle minute. Bursa copula- - trix quite small, near-spherical, partly pos- terior to albumen gland; duct of bursa nar- row. Type locality. —Marsh Spring, Ash Mead- ows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.— Restricted to small-sized Marsh and North Scurggs Springs, and an observation pond below School Spring, all within two km of one another above 702 m elevation in Ash Meadows. Common in springpools and out- flows of former two springs, on aquatic mac- rophytes, and travertine. Rare in observa- tion pond, on soft, detritus-covered substrate. Etymology. —Named after E. P. Pister, in Penes of P. fairbanksensis, USNM 850368, 807 Fairbanks Spring. recognition of his tremendous effort over the past 20 years to preserve native aquatic fauna of the Death Valley System. Comparisons. —Shell similar to that of P. nanus and P. isolatus, n. sp. (described be- low), but species separable from above by absence of penial lobe and position of glan- dular ridge. Simple penis having glandular ridge near mid-point of ventral surface sim- ilar to those of P. erythropoma and P. crys- talis, but species distinguished from above by high-spired shell, untapered shape of pe- nis, and habitat of small springs (Compared to large spring pools). Pyrgulopsis isolatus, new species Elongate-gland springsnail Figs. 19d, 25, 29c, f, 33d, 34f, g, 37, 38 Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Spring S of Clay Pits, 859201 (holotype), 859202 (paratypes), UF 93959 (paratypes), 850366, 8 Jul 1986. Diagnosis.—A large-sized species, with PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 28. Radula of P. crystalis, USNM 850370, Crystal Pool. a, Centrals (bar = 17.6 wm); b, Laterals and inner marginal (bar = 17.6 um); c, Inner marginals (bar = 15.0 um); d, Outer marginal (bar = 8.6 wm). broadly conical shell having moderate spire. Description. —Shell (Figs. 29c, f, 34f, g) Penis enlarged, rectangular, with enlarged 2.6—-3.1 mm high, ca. one-fifth taller than lobe bearing elongate glandular ridge dis- wide. Whorls 3.75—4.25, convex and inflat- tally. ed, with impressed sutures. Spire straight or VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 809 Fig. 29. SEM micrographs of shells of Pyrgulopsis spp.: a, d, P. nanus, Five Springs (a, holotype, USNM 859191; d, Paratype, USNM 859192); b, e, P. pisteri, Marsh Spring (b, holotype, USNM 859197; e, paratype, USNM 859198); c, f, P. isolatus, spring S of Clay Pits (c, holotype, USNM 859201; f, paratype, USNM 859202). slightly convex. Body whorl ca. 80% of shell height. Shell colorless, transparent; perios- tracum light brown. Aperture ovate, slightly angular above. Inner lip slightly thickened and reflected; often slightly separated from body whorl. Outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink- like to broadly open. Growth lines pro- - nounced; spiral striae weakly developed. Visceral coil typically uniformly dark brown. Head/foot variably dusted with brown melanin; grey pigment often concen- trated along sides of operculigerous lobe. Virtual entirety of penial filament usually darkly pigmented (Fig. 38). Radular (Fig. 37) formula: 4-1-4/1-1, 3-1-3(4), 22-24, 24-27; width of central tooth, 0.044 mm. Central cusps of central and lateral teeth broad. Ctenidial filaments, ca. 20. Prostate gland large, with very small pallial portion. Penis (Figs. 19d, 38) ex- tending well anterior to mantle collar, non- tapering, with deep folds along much of length. Lobe often as long as distal penis, nontapering or even expanding distally. Fil- 810 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 30. Shells of P. nanus: a, b, Paratypes, USNM 859192, Five Springs; c, d, USNM 859193, Mary Scott Spring; e, f, USNM 859194, Collins Ranch Spring; g, h, USNM 859196, spring 1.0 km N of Collins Ranch Spring. ament very short relative to penis length. Glandular ridge narrowly elongate, typically extending along entire distal edge of lobe. Albumen gland longer than capsule gland (Fig. 33d). Seminal receptacle minute. Bur- sa copulatrix enlarged, more than half of length posterior to albumen gland. Type locality. —Spring at Clay Pits, Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to type locality W of Carson Slough, Ash Meadows (Fig. 25). Most common in small stream outflow from marsh. Etymology.—From New Latin isolatus, detached or separate, referring to endemism in area disjunct from most other Ash Mead- Ows waters. Comparisons. —Most similar to P. nanus (see above). Genus 7ryonia Stimpson, 1865 Tryonia Stimpson, Hershler and Thomp- son, 1987:26 [with references]. Diagnosis. —Shell elongate-conic to tur- reted, 1.2-7.0 mm tall. Aperture simple, un- thickened. Umbilicus narrow or absent. Sexual dimorphism often pronounced (males smaller). Protoconch smooth or with slight wrinkling. Teleoconch smooth or with spiral lines and/or axial striations or varices; growth lines often prominent. Operculum paucispiral. Central radular teeth dagger- like; basal cusps present. Penis flattened, elongate, with varying numbers of papillae at base and along inner curvature. Females Ovoviviparous. Capsule gland reflected pos- teriorly; albumen gland greatly reduced. Spermathecal duct opens posterior to cap- sule gland opening. Remarks.—Congeners differ mostly in subtle shell features, with number and lo- cation of penial papillae sometimes varying. Additional study will be necessary to con- firm our impression that detailed anatomy of Ash Meadows TJryonia varies little from that described below for T. angulata, n. sp. Tryonia angulata, new species Sportinggoods Tryonia Figs. 39a, 40, 41, 42a, d, 43, 44 Sportinggoods Tryonia.—Sada and Mozej- ko, 1984: fig. 5. Tryonia sp.—USDI, 1984:21673. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 31. Sportinggoods tryonia.— Taylor in Wil- liams et al., 1985:43. Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Fairbanks Spring, 859151 (ho- lotype), 859152 (paratypes), UF 93960 Radula of P. nanus, USNM 850354, Five Springs. a, Centrals (bar = 15 um); b, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 13.6 um); c, Inner marginals (bar = 7.5 um); d, Outer marginal (bar = 6 wm). (paratypes), 850298, 7 Nov 1985; 850299, 7 Jul 1986.—Crystal Pool, 850300, 859153, 8 Nov 1985.—Big Spring, 850302, 859212, 8 Nov 1985; 850301, 8 Jul 1986. Diagnosis. —A fairly large-sized species, with elongate-conic shell. Whorls with sub- 812 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON a —S SSS 0.5 mm Fig. 32. Penes of P. nanus: a, b, USNM 850354, Five Springs; c, d, USNM 850356, Mary Scott Spring; e, USNM 850360, spring (southern) N of Collins Ranch Spring; f, USNM 850358, Collins Ranch Spring. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 813 Fig. 33. Pallial oviducts of Pyrgulopsis spp., viewed from left side: a, b, P. nanus (a, USNM 850354, Five Springs; b, USNM 850356, Mary Scott Spring); c, P. pisteri, USNM 850364, Marsh Spring; d, P. isolatus, USNM 850366, spring S of Clay Pits. “c” and d drawn to same scales as a and b, respectively. Ag = albumen gland; Bu = bursa copulatrix; Cga = capsule gland opening; Cgl = posterior capsule gland section; Cg2 = anterior capsule gland section; Dbu = duct of bursa copulatrix; Emc = posterior end of pallial cavity; Ov = oviduct; Sr’ = seminal receptacle. Fig. 34. Shells of P. pisteri and P. isolatus: a—e, P. pisteri (a, b, USNM 859199, North Scruggs Spring; c, d, paratypes, USNM 859198, Marsh Spring; e, USNM 859200, observation pond below School Spring); f, g, P. isolatus, paratypes, USNM 859202, spring S of Clay Pits. 814 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ‘ tL / Fig. 35. Radula of P. pisteri, USNM 850364, Marsh Spring. a, Centrals (bar = 20 um); b, Laterals (bar = 20 um); c, Inner marginals (bar = 12 wm); d, Outer marginals (bar = 6.7 um). sutural angulations; outer apertural lip strongly sinuate. Central radular teeth with 2 pairs of basal cusps. Penis with 3 papillae on inner curvature (2 distal); outer curva- ture often with papilla at base. Description. —Shell (Figs. 39a, 40) 2.7— 4.0 mm high, about twice as tall as wide. Whorls, 5.0—7.0, well-rounded, fairly rap- idly expanding, with impressed sutures. Translation rate (T) moderate, 5.2—7.9. Spire VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 36. Penes of P. pisteri: a, b, USNM 850362, North Scruggs Spring; c, d, USNM 850364, Marsh Spring; e, USNM 850365, observation pond below School Spring. slightly convex; apex often eroded. Body whorl ca. 60% of shell height. Shell color- less, transparent (although eroded apex whitened); periostracum light brown. Ap- erture narrowly ovate, slightly angled above, usually fairly broadly adnate to body whorl above. Inner lip slightly thickened, reflected below; outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink-like. Growth lines moderately pronounced. Visceral coil darkly pigmented with mel- anin, especially on digestive gland and stomach. Snout and sides of head/foot vari- ably dusted with grey or brown pigment. Operculigerous lobe darkly pigmented in- ternally. Penis frequently with small, distal pigment patch. Proximal papillae often darkly pigmented and bases of distal pa- pillae sometimes streaked with melanin. _ Radular (Fig. 41) formula: 5-1-5/2-2, 3-1- 4, 22, 34; width of central tooth, 0.025 mm. Cusps on outer marginals (Fig. 41d) rela- tively numerous. Ctenidium with up to 25 small filaments. Prostate gland (Fig. 42a) bean-shaped, with more than one-third of length pallial. Posterior vas deferens (Vd1) enters left side of prostate gland, near pos- terior edge; anterior vas deferens (Vd2) exits from anterior tip of gland as thickened tube. Vas deferens only slightly looping in penis. Penis elongate, projecting well anterior to mantle collar, coiling counter-clockwise. Distal edge of penis blunt, with slight bulge on inner side. Penis with 2 distal, flask- shaped papillae on inner curvature; usually closely spaced near distal tip; and single pa- pilla at base on inner curvature. Single, en- larged papilla often present at base on outer curvature. General organization of pallial PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 37. Radula of P. isolatus, USNM 850366, spring S of Clay Pits. a, Centrals (bar = 15 wm); b, Lateral (bar = 10 um); c, Inner marginals (bar = 10.7 wm); d, Outer marginal (bar = 5 wm). oviduct complex (Fig. 43) as for genus. Cap- sule gland with small anterior sphincter (Cg2, Fig. 43a) and small (4-8) number of shelled embryos. Bursa copulatrix (Bu) ovate, part- ly covered by pallial oviduct; seminal re- ceptacle (Sr) minute, positioned ventral to anterior portion of bursa. Oviduct (Ov) with small distal loop; oviduct and albumen gland (Ag) joining ventral to bursa, posterior to rear wall of pallial cavity (Emc). Just ante- rior to this point, oviduct joins duct of sem- inal receptacle (Fig. 43b), which then loops several times before joining narrow duct of bursa at or just posterior to end of pallial VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 817 Fig. 38. Penes of P. isolatus, USNM 850366, spring S of Clay Pits. cavity. Spermathecal duct (Sd) pressed against capsule gland, opening at about one- third of pallial cavity length from posterior wall. Type locality.—Fairbanks Spring, Ash _ Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to three large limnocrenes in Ash Meadows at ca. 671 m elevation (Fig. 44). Common at all three sites. Etymology. —From Latin angulus, corner or bend, referring to characteristic angulate shell whorls. Comparisons. —Shell form of T. angulata reminiscent of that of T. clathrata Stimpson from southeastern Nevada but separated from latter by smaller size, absence of te- leoconch sculpture, and pattern of penial lobation. United with other Ash Meadows Tryonia by possession of three papillae on inner curvature (two distal); pattern differ- ing from those seen in 7. clathrata (>four papillae on inner curvature; Hershler and Thompson 1987) and taxa from Arizona (two papillae; Hershler and Landye 1988) and New Mexico (single papilla; Taylor 1983). Distinguished from other Ash Meadows Tryonia by combination of large size and elongate-conic shell shape; angulate whorl profile; and strongly sinuate outer apertural lip. Most closely resembles 7. variegata, n. sp. (described below), as both are relatively large-sized and occasionally have a papilla on outer penial curvature. Tryonia variegata, new species Amargosa Tryonia Figs. 39e-g, 42b, e, g, h, 44-52 Tryonia. —Minckley and Deacon, 1975:108. Small solid Tryonia.—Sada and Mozejko, 1984: fig. 5. Fig. 39. SEM micrographs of shells of Tryonia spp.: a, T. angulata, holotype, USNM 859151, Fairbanks Spring; b, 7. elata, holotype, USNM 859159, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 35); c, d, T. ericae (c, holotype, USNM 859162, North Scruggs Spring; d, USNM 859165, spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring); e-g, T. variegata (e, USNM 859157, Collins Ranch Spring; f, USNM 859155, Devils Hole; g, holotype, USNM 859166, Five Springs). Spots on shells are artifacts of SEM preparation. 818 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 819 (ype 4 Oe mata Fig. 40. Shells of 7. angulata: a, b, Paratypes, USNM 859152, Fairbanks Spring; c, d, USNM 859153, Crystal Pool; e, f, USNM 859212, Big Spring. Point of Rocks Tryonia.—Sada and Mo- zejko, 1984: fig. 5. Devils Hole Amargosa Tryonia.— Sada and Mozejko, 1984: fig. 5. Amargosa Tryonia snail.—USDI, 21673. Point of Rocks Tryonia snail.—USDI, 1984:21673. Amargosa tryonia.— Taylor in Williams et al., 1985:43. Point-of-Rocks tryonia.—Taylor in Wil- liams et al., 1985:43. 1984: Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Five Springs, 859166 (holo- type), 859167 (paratypes), UF 93961 (para- types), 850314, 7 Nov 1985.—Chalk Spring, 850315, 859168, 10 Nov 1985.— Mary Scott Spring, 850316, 859169, 9 Nov 1985; 850317, 8 Jul 1986.— North Scruggs Spring, 850327, 859175, 9 Nov 1985; 850326, 8 Jul 1986.—South Scruggs Spring, 850318, 859170, 9 Nov 1985.—Marsh Spring, 850319, 859171, 10 Nov 1985; 850320, 8 Jul 1986.—North Indian Spring, 850321, 859172, 10 Nov 1985.—South Indian Spring, 850322, 10 Nov 1985.—School Spring, 850323, 859173, 10 Nov 1985; Ob- servation pond below School Spring, 850324, 10 Nov 1985.—Devils Hole, 859155, 850304, 8 Nov 1985; 850303, 8 Jul 1986.—Spring (southern) N of Collins Ranch Spring, 850307, 859158, 9 Nov 1985; 850308, 8 Jul 1986.— Collins Ranch Spring, 859156, 859157, 850305, 9 Nov 1985; 850306, 8 Jul 1986.—Spring S of Clay Pits, 850331, 10 Jul 1986.—Spring (western) near Crystal Reservoir, 850325, 859174, 10 Nov 1985.—Spring (eastern) near Crystal Res- ervoir, 850328, 859176, 9 Nov 1985.— Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 38), 850329, 859177, 8 Nov 1985.—Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 39), 850330, 859178, 9 Nov 1985. CALIFORNIA, INYO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 41. Radula of 7. angulata, USNM 850299, Fairbanks Spring. a, Centrals (bar = 8.6 um); b, Laterals (bar = 6 wm); c, Inner marginals (bar = 7.5 um); d, Outer marginal (bar = 3.8 um). > Fig. 43. Female reproductive anatomy of T. angulata, USNM 850299, Fairbanks Spring: a, Pallial oviduct and associated structures, viewed from right side; b, Bursa copulatrix complex, viewed from right side. Position of bursa and anterior portion of duct in b indicated by dashed lines. Ag = albumen gland; Bu = bursa copulatrix; Cga = capsule gland opening; Cgl = posterior section of capsule gland; Cg2 = anterior section of capsule gland; Dsr = duct of seminal receptacle; Emc = posterior end of pallial cavity; Oov = opening of oviduct into albumen gland; Osd = opening of spermathecal duct; Ov = oviduct; Sd = spermathecal duct; Sr = seminal receptacle. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 821 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.5 mm Fig. 42. Male reproductive anatomy of 7ryonia spp.: a, d, T. angulata, USNM 850299, Fairbanks Spring (a, prostate gland and associated structures and organs, viewed from right side; d, penis); b, e, g, h, Penes of T. variegata (b, USNM 850329, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 38]; e, USNM 850314, Five Springs; g, USNM 850303, Devils Hole; h, USNM 850305, Collins Ranch Spring); c, Penis of T. elata, USNM 850309, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 35]; f, 1, Penes of T. ericae (f, USNM 850312, North Scruggs Spring; i, USNM 850313, spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring). “a,” d, b, e, g, h; and c, f, i drawn to same scales, respectively. Ct = ctenidium; Emc = posterior end of pallial cavity; Ki = kidney; Pa = terminal papilla; Plo = penial lobe; Pr = prostate gland; Vd1 = posterior vas deferens; Vd2 = anterior vas deferens. 0.5 mm 822 Fairbanks Spr. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 0 1 3 Loess 1 Kilometers u| Rogers Spr. Longstreet Spr. ~~ Ua Oangulata @®variegata Aericae Oelata Point of Rocks Sprs. 7 38,39 8 35,38 Jack Rabbit Spr. Fig. 44. Map showing distribution of 7ryonia spp. in Ash Meadows. COUNTY: Shoshone Spring (Shoshone), T22N, R7E, NW corner sec. 30, 12 Mar 1985.—Spring by Grimshaw Lake (Teco- pa), T21N, R7E, NE corner sec. 9, 13 Mar 1985. Diagnosis. —A variably-sized species (medium to large), with high-spired, turri- form-aciculate shell. Aperture moderately sinuate. Central radular teeth with 2 pairs of basal cusps. Penis with 3 or 4 papillae on inner curvature (all but 1 distal); outer cur- vature occasionally with basal papilla. Description. —Shell (Figs. 39e-g, 45-48) 2.8-7.5 mm high, more than twice as tall as wide. Whorls, 5.25—9.75, slightly to mod- erately convex, with slightly impressed su- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 823 Fig. 45. Shells of 7. variegata: a, b, Paratypes, USNM 859166, Five Springs; c, d, USNM 859168, Chalk Spring; e, f, USNM 859169, Mary Scott Spring; g, h, USNM 859175, North Scruggs Spring. 824 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 46. Shells of 7. variegata: a, b, USNM 859170, South Scruggs Spring; c, d, USNM 859171, Marsh Spring; e, f, USNM 859172, North Indian Spring; g, h, USNM 859173, School Spring. tures. Elongation of shell reflected in high metrical in one population (Figs. 39f, 48a, values of T varying from 5.3—21.7 (aver- _ b), with abaxial point well below (rather than aging 9.7). Whorls sometimes slightly at) mid-point of whorl. Spire convex, with shouldered; whorl outline unusually asym- middle portion sometimes near-straight due VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 825 Fig. 47. Shells of 7. variegata: a, b, USNM 859174, spring (western) near Crystal Reservoir; c, d, USNM 859176, spring (eastern) near Crystal Reservoir; e, f, USNM 859177, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 38); g, -h, USNM 859178, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 39). to little whorl expansion; apex often eroded. slightly angled above, often slightly loos- Body whorl ca. 50% of shell height. Shell ened from body whorl (or with short adnate colorless, transparent; periostracum thin, — section). Inner lip slightly thickened, reflect- light brown. Aperture narrowly ovate, ed below; outer lip thin. Umbilicus chink- Fig. 48. Shells of T. variegata: a,b, USNM 859155, Devils Hole; c, d, USNM 859157, Collins Ranch Spring; e, f, USNM 859158, spring (southern) N of Collins Ranch Spring. like to open. Growth lines pronounced; weak collabral threads or costae sometimes pres- ent. Visceral coil darkly pigmented with mel- anin, especially on digestive gland and stomach. Snout and sides of head/foot usu- ally darkly pigmented. Operculigerous lobe darkly pigmented internally. Penis fre- quently with small, distal pigment patch (Fig. 42b, e, h). Radular (Figs. 49-52) formula: (4-7)-1- (4-7)/2-2, (3)4-1-5, 17-29, 22-30; width of central tooth, 0.023 mm. Penis (Fig. 42b, e, g, h) large: third distal papilla occasionally present on inner penial curvature. Median distal papilla often small, and likely repre- senting an addition to common pattern of 2 distal lobes. Type locality. — Five Springs, Ash Mead- ows, Nye County, Nevada. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Distribution and habitat.—Occurs in at least 19 small springs in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada (Fig. 44), and in a few sim- ilar springs at Shoshone and Tecopa, Inyo County, California. Common at virtually all sites. Found on macrophytes, in detritus- covered areas, or on travertine blocks in springpools; and on travertine and in soft sediment along sides of upper portions of stream outflows. Syntopic with T. ericae, n. sp. (described below) in North Scruggs Spring, and with T. elata, n. sp. (described below) in small spring at Point of Rocks. Etymology.—From Latin variegatus, of different sorts, referring to variable shell of this species. Comparisons. —Shell similar in general aspect to 7. protea (Gould), but never ex- hibiting sculptural features characteristic of that species. Among Ash Meadows conge- ners, most similar to T. angulata (see above). Remarks. —Species may be polytypic, as distinctive forms are found in Devils Hole (see above, Fig. 48a, b), in springs near Crys- tal Reservoir (shells highly aciculate, with collabral sculpture, Fig. 47a—d) and in a spring N of Collins Ranch Spring (unusually small-sized shells, Fig. 47c-f). Tryonia ericae, new species Minute Tryonia Figs. 39c, d, 42f, 1, 44, 53a—d, 54, 55 Minute slender Tryonia.—Sada and Mo- zejko, 1984: fig. 5. Minute slender tryonia.—Taylor in Wil- liams et al., 1985:43. Material examined.—NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: North Scruggs Spring, 859162 (holotype), 859163 (paratypes), UF 93962 (paratypes), 850312, 9 Nov 1985.—Spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring, 859165, 850313, 9 Nov 1985. Diagnosis.—A very small-sized species with elongate-conic to turriform shell. Cen- tral teeth with 1 or 2 pair(s) of basal cusps. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 49. Radula of T. variegata, USNM 850314, Five Springs: a, Centrals (bar = 7.5 um); b, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 5.0 wm); c, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 6.0: um); d, Outer marginal (bar = 4.3 pm). Penis small, with 3 papillae (2 distal) on tallas wide. Whorls, 3.75—6.0 well-rounded, inner curvature. with deeply impressed sutures. Whorls Description. —Shell (Figs. 39c, d, 53a-d) sometimes shouldered below sutures. 1.2-1.9 mm high, slightly less than twice as Translation rate moderate, ca. 5.8. Spire PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 50. Radula of 7. variegata, USNM 850325, spring (western) near Crystal Reservoir: a, Centrals (bar = 8.6 wm); b, Laterals (bar = 7.5 um); c, Inner marginal (bar = 6.0 um); d, Inner and outer marginals (bar = 6.0 pm). slightly convex. Body whorl ca. 65% of shell height. Shell colorless, transparent; perios- tracum very faint, light brown. Aperture ovate, slightly angled above, usually slightly separated from body whorl. Inner lip thick- ened, slightly reflected; outer lip thin, straight or very slightly convex. Umbilicus chink- like. Growth lines moderately pronounced. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 a Fig. 51. Radula of T. variegata, USNM 850303, Devils Hole: a, Centrals (bar = 10 wm); b, Laterals and inner marginal (bar = 7.5 um); c, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 10 um); d, Outer marginals (bar = 6 wm). Visceral coil darkly pigmented. Head/foot usually lightly pigmented with grey-black melanin. Operculigerous lobe dark. Distal tip of penis with pigment patch. Radular (Figs. 54, 55) formula: 6-1-6/(1)2- (1)2, 4-1-4(5), 20-25, 20-22; width of cen- tral tooth, 0.015 mm. Outer marginals with relatively few cusps (Figs. 54d, 55d). Distal penial papillae sometimes enlarged (Fig. 42f) relative to proximal papilla. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON = Fig.52. Radula of T. variegata, USNM 850305, Collins Ranch Spring: a, Centrals (bar = 7.5 wm); b, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 5 wm); c, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 7.5 um); d, Outer marginals (bar = 5 pm). Type locality. —North Scruggs Spring, Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to two small springs, North Scruggs Spring and spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring, within four km of one another at ca. 708 m elevation in Ash Meadows (Fig. 44). Com- mon in small springpool of former, on var- ious macrophytes, and in stream outflow of latter, on loose travertine bits and algal mats. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Etymology.—Named after spouse of se- nior author. Comparisons. — Distinguished from T. angulata and T. variegata by much smaller size. Overlaps in adult size with T. elata, n. sp. (described below) and shares with this probable sister species unusual character- states of small penis (relative to body size), and (occasional in former) single pair of bas- al cusps on central radular teeth. Separable from T. elata by typically smaller size, less elongate shell, and more rounded whorls. Tryonia elata, new species Point of Rocks Tryonia Figs. 39b, 42c, 44, 53e-h, 56 Material examined. —NEVADA, NYE COUNTY: Point of Rocks Springs (Local- ity 35), 859159 (holotype), 859160 (para- types), UF 93963 (paratypes), 850309, 8 Nov 1985.— Point of Rocks Springs (local- ity 38), 850310, 859161, 8 Nov 1985. Diagnosis. —A small-sized species, with narrow, turriform shell. Central teeth with single pair of basal cusps. Penis with 3 pa- pillae (2 distal) on inner curvature. Description. —Shell (Figs. 39b, 53e—-h) 1.8- 2.9 mm high, slightly more than twice as tall as wide. Whorls, 5.25—6.75, moderately rounded with impressed sutures and prom- inent shoulders below sutures. Translation rate high, averaging 8.9. Spire slightly con- ~ vex, with middle whorls often exhibiting little expansion; apex often eroded. Body whorl about half shell height. Shell color- less, transparent; periostracum very faint, light brown. Aperture ovate, slightly angled above. Inner lip slightly thickened, reflect- ed, either broadly adnate (above) to or slightly separated from body whorl; outer lip straight or very slightly sinuate. Umbi- licus chink-like to open. Faint spiral lines often on second whorl. Growth lines well- developed, with periodic elevated lines common. Visceral coil darkly pigmented. Head/foot variably dusted with epithelial melanin. Fig. 53. b, paratypes, USNM 859163, North Scruggs Spring; c, d, USNM 859165, spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring); e-h, 7. elata (e, f, paratypes, USNM 859160, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 35]; g, h, USNM 859161, Point of Rocks Springs [Locality 38]). Shells of Tryonia spp.: a—d, T. ericae (a, Operculigerous lobe lightly pigmented in- ternally. Distal penis with pigment patch. Radular (Fig. 56) formula: 6-1-6/1-1, 4-1- 4, 19, 23; width of central tooth, 0.015 mm. Penial lobation undistinctive (Fig. 42c). Type locality.—Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 35), Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Distribution and habitat.—Endemic to two small springs on travertine mound at Point of Rocks, Ash Meadows (Fig. 44). Common in stream outflows in silted areas. Etymology. —From Latin elatus, exalted or high, referring to endemism of species on elevated mound at Point of Rocks. Comparisons. — Most similar to T. ericae (see above). Morphometrics Significant heterogeneity among species occurred in all three groups for each stan- dard shell measurement used (ANOVA, P < 0.05). However, for two of three groups sev- eral Raupian parameters did not vary sig- nificantly among species (Group II; T, AS, W, P > 0.08; Group III, D, W, P > 0.27). PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 54. Radula of T. ericae, USNM 850312, North Scruggs Spring: a, Centrals (bar = 6 wm); b, Laterals (bar = 4.3 um); c, Laterals, inner and outer marginals (bar = 5 wm); d, Outer marginals (bar = 3 um). Results of discriminant analyses are in Ta- bles 4-6. Overall classification was 86-93% in analyses using standard shell measure- ments. In analyses using Raupian parame- ters, classification was 71% for Groups I and II, but only 48% for Group II. If classifi- cation of individual species is considered, classification based on standard measure- ments was higher (often by > 20%) in every case, with values exceeding 80% for every species except P. crystalis, in which one of three shells measured was misclassified (67% VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 55. Radula of T. ericae, USNM 850313, spring (northern) N of Collins Ranch Spring: a, Centrals (bar = 7.5 wm); b, Laterals and inner marginal (bar = 4.3 wm); c, Laterals (worn) and inner marginals (bar = 5 um); d, Outer marginals (bar = 3 um). classification). Significant (P < 0.05) sepa- ration of closest groups was achieved in all three analyses using standard measure- ments, but only in one of three (for Tryonia spp.) using Raupian parameters. For this local example, standard shell measurements were obviously superior to Raupian parameters in discriminating among the taxa concerned. Poor perfor- mance by the latter suggests that size or size- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 56. Radula of 7. elata, USNM 850309, Point of Rocks Springs (Locality 35): a, Centrals (bar = 6.7 pm); b, Centrals and laterals (bar = 6.7 wm); c, Laterals and inner marginals (bar = 7.5 um); d, Outer marginals (bar = 4 um). correlated features (as quantified by stan- dard measurements) vary more among species involved than shape (alone) as quan- tified by Raupian parameters. Translation (T) and whorl expansion (W) rates, respon- sible for much shape variation among gas- tropods (Raup 1966), were not even selected in two of three stepwise discriminant anal- yses. In the analysis of 7ryonia spp., T was incorporated into the discriminant equation VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Table 3.—List of species groups with number of specimens and populations used in discriminant anal- yses. Mean shell height (mm) is given for each species. ber ber of of pop bc speci- ula Group and species SH mens tions I—Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis 2.84 14 1 P. crystalis 2.04 3 1 P. erythropoma 2.09 68 5 II—P. nanus 1.82 43 3 P. pisteri 2.41 31 2 P. isolatus 2.94 13 1 II—Tryonia variegata 4.53 180 14 T. angulata 3.29 39 3 T. elata 2.10 30 2 T. ericae 1.47 19 2 and used to separate species differing in shell elongation. We feel that our determination of Raupian parameters was accurate enough to have discerned variation among species except in the possible case of W, although the simplified estimate used was able to de- tect differences between the two genera in- volved (see Tables | and 2). Discussion The uniformly high percentage of correct classification of species using standard shell 835 measurements lends support to our species level decisions. Pyrgulopsis species are also distinguished by anatomical features (most- ly penial morphology), with 7ryonia species exhibiting lesser variation. Significant dif- ferentiation within the three groups can also be demonstrated by comparing shell vari- ation among species with variation within P. micrococcus, a widespread species in Ash Meadows (not used in discriminant analy- ses). This was done by generating F values for each character, using variance among species aS numerator and variance within P. micrococcus as denominator (data from ANOVA). For each group, significant het- erogeneity of all variables occurred (F test, JP << (00), Clear morphological separation of species is also indicated in two cases of syntopy involving 7. variegata and either of two congeners, 7. ericae (North Scruggs Spring) and T. elata (spring at Point of Rocks). In each case, syntopic species differ signifi- cantly in size (shell height) and number of whorls (t test, P < 0.05), and there was no misclassification of specimens of either in discriminant analyses. Origins of Ash Meadows springsnails are largely conjectural at this time not only be- cause the regional fauna remains unstudied, Table 4.—Results of discriminant function analyses on Group I (Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis, P. crystalis, P. erthropoma) using standard and Raupian shell parameters. Variables listed in order of entry during analysis. Percent correct classification is given in parentheses. Discriminant fn. coefficients Standardized coefficients Correlations Variables Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Standard (86) SW —0.01 0.26 —0.62 3.34 0.88 0.46 LBW 0.01 —0.10 0.81 —1.46 0.96 0.16 AW 0.11 —0.22 0.82 — 1.64 0.95 0.20 (Constant) —7.48 —3.14 C. correlation 0.70 0.36 Raupian (71) D — 14.60 14.81 —0.71 0.72 —0.58 0.82 AS 12.06 8.55 0.82 0.58 0.71 0.70 (Constant) —15.36 —9.24 C. correlation 0.44 0.26 836 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 5.—Results of discriminant function analyses on Group II (Pyrgulopsis nanus, P. pisteri, P. isolatus) using standard and Raupian shell parameters. Variables listed in order of entry during analysis. Percent correct classification is given in parentheses. Discriminant fn. coefficients Standardized coefficients Correlations Variables Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Standard (93) LBW 0.01 —0.18 0.56 —1.35 0.94 —0.14 AW 0.01 0.36 0.02 1.61 0.83 0.51 AL 0.10 —0.01 0.50 —0.06 0.93 0.14 (Constant) — 13.44 —2.41 C. correlation 0.92 0.44 Raupian (48) D —11.39 13.94 —0.63 0.78 —0.59 0.81 AS 11.36 8.28 0.81 0.59 0.77 0.63 (Constant) — 13.40 —8.73 C. correlation 0.30 0.14 but also because phyletic relationships among taxa involved are not easily eluci- dated solely on the basis of morphological data provided by such phenotypically con- servative snails. The highly endemic Ash Meadows fauna is probably an old one, with progenitors entering the area along with fishes during late Pliocene—early Pleistocene (Hubbs and Miller 1948, Smith 1978, Minckley et al. 1986). Faunal antiquity cou- pled with occurrence in a region having complex drainage history further clouds zoogeographic inquiry. Minckley et al. (1986:565) commented in this regard (while discussing fishes of the region), “It is im- portant to understand that available time has provided ample opportunity for aquatic connections through most unlikely areas and that bits of evidence for such events may not be contemporaneous.” We recognize at least three lineages in the fauna, which includes apparent species flocks Table 6.—Results of discriminant function analyses on Group III (7 yronia spp.) using standard and Raupian shell parameters. Variables listed in order of entry during analysis. Percent correct classification is given in parentheses. Discriminant fn. coefficients Standardized coefficients Correlations Variables Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Fn. 1 Fn. 2 Standard (86) SH —0.01 —0.06 —1.35 2.43 0.55 0.74 WBW —0.01 —0.1 1 0.97 —1.10 0.83 0.43 LBW 0.01 —0.10 0.93 —1.45 0.79 0.51 AL 0.01 0.10 0.23 0.86 0.85 0.48 (Constant) —9.71 1.79 C. correlation 0.89 0.62 Raupian (71) AS 4.95 —7.61 0.56 —0.86 0.65 —0.74 Tt 0.36 0.31 0.87 0.75 0.76 0.50 D 6.85 2.40 0.46 0.16 —0.07 —0.06 (Constant) —10.14 8.76 C. correlation 0.63 0.36 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 (sensu Greenwood 1984:18) of Pyrgulopsis and 7ryonia that may have arisen from lo- cal evolution. Local Pyrgulopsis is separable into (at least) two lineages, corresponding to endemic and non-endemic components. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus, restricted to Amargesa basin, has affinities with similar- shelled, undescribed forms occurring in Death Valley and other basins to the west. All other Ash Meadows Pyrgulopsis belong to an informal Fluminicola-like group. No known members of this group occur west of Amargosa basin and affinities of Ash Meadows forms apparently lie with fauna of either Amargosa or Colorado River drainage. Monophyly of this endemic com- ponent may be indicated by shared absence of fleshy penial crests (contrasting with taxa from southwestern Nevada). However, con- flicting groupings based on shell form and habitat type versus soft-part and radular morphology suggest a more complex situ- ation. Ash Meadows TJryonia, including three endemic species plus 7. variegata (which also occurs elsewhere in Amargosa drain- age), are separable from other nominal con- geners by penial lobation pattern, but quite similar to undescribed taxa from Death Val- ley. Given their morphological uniformity, local endemics are probably monophyletic and possibly derived from 7. variegata. Ash Meadows springsnails thus parallel local fish fauna in having affinities with taxa from both Death Valley System and Colo- rado River drainage: Empetrichthys, now extinct in Ash Meadows, also occurred in nearby Pahrump Valley, and is related to Crenichthys from southeastern Nevada; Ash Meadows pupfish (Cyprinodon) are related to forms occurring in lower Amargosa drainage and in Death Valley; local speckled dace (Rhinichthys) are members of a wide- spread species occurring in Amargosa and Owens Valleys (Soltz and Naiman 1978, Miller 1981, Minckley et al. 1986). Springsnail distribution in Ash Meadows reflects divergent habitat utilization as well 837 as possible local allopatric speciation. Most taxa occur in small springs and outflows al- though several Fluminicola-like Pyrgulop- sis and Tryonia angulata are restricted to large spring pools. The former are obviously specialized for clinging to hard substrate in strong current (present at spring orifices). The two nonendemic species are wide- spread in Ash Meadows, while endemics are more narrowly distributed (Figs. 25, 44). Distribution of closely related endemics suggests that local differentiation of taxa has occurred largely among disjunct habitats having a narrow range of altitude (note Pyr- gulopsis of large springs [Fig. 25] and small- sized Tryonia spp. [Fig. 44]). Such a pattern is in contrast to that seen for local pupfishes, in which species are zoned by elevation. The Devils Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis, is endemic to the highest spring in Ash Meadows (741 m); Warm Springs pupfish, C. nevadensis pectoralis, occur in springs isolated at a lower elevation of 715 m; and Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish, C. 1. mio- nectes, occur in springs at elevations of 683- 695 m elevation. Miller (1948) suggested that this pattern reflects local differentiation that occurred as springs at these elevations became progressively isolated as pluvial wetland receded, with the highly divergent Devils Hole pupfish having been isolated for the longest time period. Among springs, only the presumed sister species pair of P. isolatus and P. nanus (Fig. 25) provide a possible example of such differentiation along an altitudinal gradient. Distribution of springsnails in Ash Meadows must be interpreted with caution, however, given probable alteration of historical patterns due to extensive modification of aquatic habi- tats in the area. Acknowledgments Fieldwork in Ash Meadows was support- ed (in part) by Smithsonian Institution Re- search Opportunity Fund (ROF) 1233F669 awarded to Hershler. The National Park 838 Service (Death Valley National Monument) provided Hershler with a permit to collect in Devils Hole. Bob Love provided shelter during an unusually blustery November night in Ash Meadows. Hershler gratefully acknowledges assistance from the following NMNH personnel: Dr. Lee-Ann Hayek, who provided invaluable advice and assistance regarding data analysis; staff of Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory (W. Brown, H. Wolf, S. Braden); Molly Kelly Ryan, who drew maps and camera lucida renderings of shells; Paul Greenhall, who performed the laborious tasks of shell measurement and data entry; and Diane Bohmhauer, who re- viewed an early draft of the manuscript. Literature Cited Beatley, J.C. 1977. Ash Meadows, Nevada’s unique oasis in the Mojave Desert.—Mentzelia 3:20- 24. Call, R. E., and H. A. Pilsbry. 1886. On Pyrgulopsis, a new genus of rissoid mollusk, with descrip- tions of two new forms.—Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 5:9- 14. Carlson, H. S. 1974. Nevada Place Names; a geo- graphical dictionary. Reno, Nevada, University of Nevada Press, 282 pp. Dudley, W. W., and J. D. Larson. 1976. Effect of irrigation pumping on desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada.—U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 927:1—52. Garside, L. J., and J. H. Schilling. 1979. Thermal waters of Nevada.—Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 91:1-163. Greenwood, P.H. 1984. What is a species flock? Pp. 13-19 in A. A. Echelle and I. Kornfield, eds., Evolution of fish species flocks. Maine, Uni- versity of Maine Press at Orono. Gregg, W. O., and D. W. Taylor. 1965. Fontelicella (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae), a new genus of west American freshwater snails.—Malacologia 3:103-110. Hershler, R. 1985. Survey of the rissoacean snails (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of the Death Val- ley drainage system, California.— Unpublished report to California Department of Fish and Game, and Bureau of Land Management, Cal- ifornia Desert District Office, 39 pp. , and J. J. Landye. 1988. Arizona Hydrobi- idae.—Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 459:1-63. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON , and F.G. Thompson. 1987. North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): Rede- scription and systematic relationships of Tryon- ia Stimpson, 1865 and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886.—Nautilus 10:25—32. Hubbs, C. L., and R. R. Miller. 1948. Correlation between fish distribution and hydrographic his- tory in the desert basins of western United States. Pp. 17-166 in The Great Basin, with emphasis on Glacial and Postglacial times.—Bulletin of the University of Utah 38, Biological Series 10. Klecka, W.R. 1975. Discriminant analysis. Pp. 434— 467 in N. H. Nie, C. H. Hull, J. G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner, and D. H. Bent, eds., Statistical package for the social sciences, second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. Landye, J.J. 1973. Status of inland aquatic and semi- aquatic mollusks of the American Southwest. Unpublished report to U.S. Department of In- terior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Office of Rare and Endangered Species, Wash- ington, D.C., 60 pp. Miller, R.R. 1943. Cyprinodon salinus, a new species of fish from Death Valley, California.—Copeia 1943:69-78. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley System of eastern California and south- western Nevada.— Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Mich- igan 68:1—155. 1981. Coevolution of deserts and pupfishes (genus Cyprinodon) in the American Southwest. Pp. 39-94 in R. J. Naiman and D. L. Soltz, eds., Fishes in North American deserts. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Minckley, C. O., and J. E. Deacon. 1975. Foods of the Devil’s Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis (Cyprinodontidae).—Southwestern Naturalist 20:105-111. Minckley, W. L., D. A. Hendrickson, and C. E. Bond. 1986. Geography of western North American freshwater fishes: Description and relationships to intracontinental tectonism. Pp. 519-613 in C. H. Hocutt and E. O. Wiley, eds., Zoogeog- raphy of North American freshwater fishes. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Pilsbry, H. A. 1899. Catalogue of the Amnicolidae of the western United States. — Nautilus 12:121— 27, Raup, D. M. 1966. Geometric analysis of shell coil- ing: General problems.—Journal of Paleontol- ogy 40:1178-1190. Reveal, J.L. 1979. Biogeography of the intermontane region, speculative appraisal.—Mentzelia 4:1— 92. Sada, D. W., and A. Mozejko. 1984. Ash Meadows; Nye County, Nevada; Environmental assess- ment. Unpublished report prepared by Depart- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ment of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region I, Portland, Oregon, 64 pp. Smith, G. R. 1978. Biogeography of intermountain fishes. Pp. 17—42 in K. T. Harper and J. L. Re- veal, eds., Intermountain biogeography, a sym- posium. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir 2. Soltz, D. L., and R. J. Naiman. 1978. The natural history of native fishes in the Death Valley Sys- tem.— Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 30:1—76. Stearns, R. E. C. 1893. Report on land and fresh- water shells collected in California and Nevada by the Death Valley Expedition, including a few additional species obtained by Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam and assistants in parts of the southwestern United States. — North American Fauna 7:269- 283. Stimpson, W. 1865. Diagnoses of newly discovered genera of gasteropods, belonging to the sub-fam. Hydrobiinae, of the family Rissoidae.— Amer- ican Journal of Conchology 1:52-54. Taylor, D. W. 1966. Summary of North American Blancan nonmarine mollusks.— Malacologia 4: 1-172. 1975. Index and bibliography of Late Ce- nozoic freshwater Mollusca of western North America.— Papers on Paleontology, Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 10:1—-384. 1983. Status investigation of mollusks. Un- published report to New Mexico Department of * Game and Fish, 81 pp. Thompson, F.G. 1979. The systematic relationships of the hydrobioid snail genus Nymphophilus Taylor, 1966 and the status of the subfamily Nymphophilinae.— Malacological Review 12: 41-49. 1984. North American freshwater snail gen- era of the hydrobiid subfamily Lithoglyphi- nae. — Malacologia 25:109-141. - United States Department of Interior (USDI). 1984. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of invertebrate wildlife for listing as en- dangered or threatened species.— Federal Reg- ister 49:21664—21675. 1985a. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of vertebrate wildlife; notice of review. — Federal Register 50:37958—-37967. 1985b. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species; notice of re- view. Federal Register 50:39526-—39527. . 1986. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. —Compilation and special reprint of 50 GRReWal Wand 17/12: Wilkinson, L. 1986. SYSTAT: The system for sta- tistics. Evanston, Illinois, SYSTAT, Inc., 519 pp. Williams, J. E., D. B. Bowman, J. E. Brooks, A. A. 839 Echelle, R. J. Edwards, D. A. Hendrickson, and J. J. Landye. 1985. Endangered aquatic eco- systems in North American deserts with a list of vanishing fishes of the region. — Journal of the Arizona—Nevada Academy of Science 20:1-62. , and D. W. Sada. 1985. Status of two endan- gered fishes, Cyprinodon nevadensis moinectes and Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis, from two springs in Ash Meadows, Nevada.—Southwest- ern Naturalist 30:475—484. Winograd, I. J., and W. Thordarson. 1975. Hydro- geologic and hydrochemical framework, South- Central Great Basin, Nevada—California, with special reference to the Nevada Test Site.— U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 712C:1- 126. (RH) Department of Invertebrate Zool- ogy, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (DS) Department of Biology, Uni- versity of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89507. Appendix 1 Collection localities, numbered as in Figs. 5 and 6. Data (in parentheses, with subsets lacking for some sites) include location (from Ash Meadows Quadran- gle, Nevada—California [1952], USGS 15 minute series [topographic]), water temperature, conductivity, dis- solved oxygen, discharge, and elevation of site. Dis- charge estimated or from Dudley and Larson (1976) or Garside and Schilling (1979). Capsule habitat de- scriptions are provided, with notes on condition of site, springsnail deployment, and presence of native fishes and introduced biota. 1. Fairbanks Spring (NE 4 Sec. 9, T17S, R50E; 27°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 3.5 mg/liter, 6500 liters/min, 695 m). Large limnocrene tributary to outflows from Rog- ers, Soda, Longstreet, and Five Springs in Carson Slough. Spring enlarged by heavy equipment; spring- pool now circular, approximately 15 m in diameter and four meters deep. Bordering vegetation a mixture of mesquite and salt grass. Submergent vegetation ab- sent in springpool; cattails bordering much of pool pe- rimeter and common in outflow. Pyrgulopsis fairbank- sensis common, clinging to travertine at spring orifice; T. angulata common in soft substrate of outflow. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish present; speckled dace and poolfish extinct. Mosquito fish, red-rim melania, and crayfish abundant. 2. Soda Spring (NW ‘4 Sec. 10, T17S, RSOE, 22°C, 290 liters/min, 695 m). Moderate-sized, disturbed spring consisting of seemingly stagnant pool heavily 840 overgrown by salt cedar, willow, and mesquite. Sea- sonally tributary to outflow from Fairbanks Spring. Springsnails absent. Mosquito fish and red-rim mela- nia abundant. 3. Rogers Spring (NE 4 Sec. 15, T17S, R50E; 28°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 2.0 mg/liter, 2700 liters/min, 695 m). Deep limnocrene seasonally tributary to outflows from Soda, Longstreet, Fairbanks, and Five Springs in Carson Slough. Spring pool and outflow altered by heavy equipment; outflow contained in man-made channels. Springpool without submerged vegetation, but cattails and rushes dense along pool perimeter and in outflow. Springsnails absent. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish present in springpool, less common in outflows. Ash Meadows speckled dace and Ash Meadows poolfish extinct. Mosquito fish, crayfish, and red-rim melania present. 4. Spring 0.2 km S of Rogers Spring (SE % Sec. 15, T17S, R50E; 12°C, 560, 4.3 mg/liter, <10 liters/min, 695 m). Northern-most of many small seeps (two con- taining springsnails) located along north-south bluffex- tending almost to Longstreet Spring. Spring isolated. Flow not evident, but small stringer maintained for approximately 75 m. Heavily overgrown by rushes. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus rare in soft mud at spring- source. 5. Spring 0.3 km S of Rogers Spring (SE % Sec. 15, T17S, RSOE; 17°C, 780 micromhos/cm, 7.3 mg/liter, <10 liters/min, 695 m). Small, isolated seep similar to above, located along same bluff. Flow not evident, but discharge maintaining moist area of about 30 x 50 m. Heavily overgrown by rushes and saw grass. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus restricted to source area, mod- erately common. 6. Longstreet Spring (NE % Sec. 22, T17S, RSOE; 27°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 4.3 mg/liter, 4700 liters/ min, 701 m). Large limnocrene impounded by meter high dike diverting outflow in two directions; both out- flow channels man-made. Submergent vegetation ab- sent in impoundment and outflows, but latter with dense cattails. Impoundment periphery dominated by salt grass, salt ceder, and cattail, with occasional mes- quite. Springsnails absent. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish common; speckled dace extinct. Bullfrogs, mosquito fish, crayfish, and red-rim melania common. 7. Five Springs (NW '4 Sec. 23, T17S, R50E; 32°C, 820 micromhos/cm, 3.1 mg/liter, 546 liters/min, 716 m). Complex of at least eight small springs; discharges combining to form outflow extending three kilometers to west. All springs channelized and diverted into earthen canals by heavy equipment. Chara sp. primary submergent vegetation; cattail dominant emergent. Salt grass and rushes border springs and outflows. Pyrgu- lopsis nanus and T. variegata common on all substrates in restricted small area of stream isolated from lower segment (having red-rim melania) by 0.75 m vertical drop probably created by equipment during spring de- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON velopment. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish and mos- quito fish present. 8. Purgatory Spring (SW % Sec. 14, T17S, RSOE; 32°C, 820 micromhos/cm, 7.0 mg/liter, 87 liters/min [from well casing], 722 m). Small, isolated seep badly disturbed by wild horse activity. Discharge contained in narrow, shallow channel for about 10 m before spreading over area of about 75 x 75 m. Emergent vegetation, salt grass and rushes. Pyrgulopsis micro- coccus restricted to and rare in submergent Chara sp. lining a small gauging box having cool (25°C) water. 9. Spring 1.0 km S of Five Springs (SW 4 Sec. 23, T17S, RS50E; 29°C, 740 micromhos/cm, 3.3 mg/liter, <10 liters/min, 716 m). Isolated seep with broad, shal- low outflow extending about a kilometer. Disturbance minimal, although source likely deepened. Densely covered by rushes; bordered by salt grass. Pyrgulopsis muicrococcus moderately common upstream, in soft substrate within dense rushes. 10. Cold Spring (SE % Sec. 21, T17S, RSOE; 284 liters/min, 683 m). Small spring on eastern border of and tributary to Carson Slough. Springsnails absent. Crayfish abundant. 11. Shaft Spring (NW 4 Sec. 26, T17S, RSOE; 26°C, 650 micromhos/cm, 3.2 mg/liter, 600 liters/min [est.], 719 m). Isolated spring with broad outflow densely covered by rushes and cattail. Flows for about 1.5 km to west. Appearance pristine although small aban- doned mine near source. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus com- mon on all substrates. 12. Chalk Spring (NW '4 Sec. 26, T17S, R50E; 18.5°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 3.9 mg/liter, <10 liters/min, 719 m). Small isolated spring, located about 200 m S of Shaft Spring. Outflow less than 100 m long, spreading to cover area of about 25 x 75 m. Disturbed but resta- bilized: now covered by dense rushes and wild grape. Tryonia variegata and P. micrococcus common in soft substrate at source. 13. Mary Scott Spring (NW 14 Sec. 35, T17S, RSOE; 27°C, 750 micromhos/cm, 4.5 mg/liter, 600 liters/min [est.], 704 m). Isolated spring discharging from deep pool about 0.75 m in diameter and 1.0 m across. Spring diverted in past. Outflow channel well defined, ex- tending 1.5 km; densely covered by shrub and mes- quite. Rushes cover open areas. 7ryonia variegata common in soft substrates in backwaters upflow; P. nanus common on travertine bits. 14. North Scruggs Spring (NE 4 Sec. 35, T17S, R50E; 32°C, 810 micromhos/cm, 2.8 mg/liter, 227 liters/min, 710 m). Moderate-size spring located about 30 m from South Scruggs Spring: springs connected by man-made channels. Springpool and upper 50 m of deeply incised outflow overgrown by salt grass; lower areas modified and impounded. A two meter wide outflow channel extends 3 km to west. Channel densely covered by rushes and bordered by mesquite, ash trees, and shrub. Pyrgulopsis pisteri and T. variegata abundant near VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 source in vegetated areas. Warm Springs pupfish pres- ent. 15. South Scruggs Spring (NE 4 Sec. 35, T17S, RSOE; 32°C, 800 micromhos/cm, 2.8 mg/liter, 230 liters/min [est.], 710 m). Moderate-size spring with broad (1.5 m), shallow outflow densely vegetated by rushes. Spring manipulated and badly trampled by wild horses. Out- flow extending three kilometers to west. Spring source with sparsely scattered rushes, bordered by salt grass. Tryonia variegata common in soft substrate and on submerged Chara sp. Warm Springs pupfish and mos- quito fish present. 16. Marsh Spring (SE 4 Sec. 35, T17S, RSOE; 30°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 2.7 mg/liter, 600 liters/min [est.], 710 m). Isolated spring. Sourcepool 4.0 m across and 2.0 m deep. Source and upper 30 m of outflow undis- turbed; below a small dike impounds flow, producing wet area about 50 x 30 m. Bordering vegetation pri- marily salt grass with some saw grass. Rushes sparse in stream; impoundment densely covered by cattails. Tryonia variegata abundant in soft substrate and P. pisteri common on travertine in areas with current. Warm Springs pupfish and bullfrogs present. 17. North Indian Spring (SE '4 Sec. 35, T17S, RSOE; 27°C, 780 micromhos/cm, 3.3 mg/liter, 400 liters/min [est.], 710 m). Moderate size spring: sourcepool 0.8 m wide and 0.3 m deep. Old diversion structures indicate past manipulation. Spring now restabilized and flowing in isolated, well-defined channel for about 3.0 km. Dense ash tree/mesquite thicket covers much of outflow; rushes thick in exposed areas of stream. Tryonia variegata common in soft substrate of uppermost 60 m of out- flow. Warm Springs pupfish present. Mosquito fish re- stricted to lower reaches of stream. 18. South Indian Spring (SE % Sec. 35, T17S, RSOE; 28°C, 790 micromhos/cm, 3.8 mg/liter, 200 liters/min [est.], 710 m). Small spring with narrow outflow chan- nel. Located 150 m south of North Indian Spring; springs isolated from one another. Disturbance not ap- _ parent, but proximity to above suggests probable past alteration. Outflow densely covered by rushes, with scattered ash trees, mesquite, and shrub. Seepage from Indian Springs maintaining one of few remaining ash tree/mesquite bosques in Ash Meadows. Jryonia var- iegata common in soft substrates of outflow channel. Warm Springs pupfish and mosquito fish present. 19. Mexican Spring (SE %4 Sec. 35, T17S, R50E). Formerly a small pool that largely dried in 1973 (Soltz and Naiman 1978). Heavily overgrown by rushes; open water absent. Springsnails absent; Warm Springs pup- fish extinct. 20. School Spring (SE % Sec. 35, T17S, RS50E; 32.5°C, 710 micromhos/cm, 3.2 mg/liter, 75 liters/min [est.], 715 m). Moderate size spring: sourcepool 1.0 m across and 3 cm deep. Current strong in narrow outflow. Spring altered in 1970’s to increase pool habitat for Warm Springs pupfish. Additional pools constructed in 1981. 841 Mesquite and shrub now reestablished at site. Rushes, cattail, and Chara sp. dense in springpool and outflow. Tryonia variegata common in soft sediments at spring source. Above common and P. pisteri rare in soft sub- strate of large (7.0 m across), cool (22°C) observation pond below spring. Warm Springs pupfish present. 21. Devil’s Hole (SE % Sec. 35, T17N, R50E; 32°C, 820 micromhos/cm, 3.2 mg/liter, no discharge, ele- vation, 741 m). A 4 x 17 m pool, deep to one side, without outflow. Lies 15 m below surrounding terrain in limestone cavern. Surrounding and emergent vege- tation absent. Submergent vegetation on shallow shelf includes several species of filamentous algae. Water level temporarily lowered during period of local groundwater mining during 1970’s. Tryonia variegata moderately common on large travertine blocks in shelf. Devils Hole pupfish and Devils Hole Warm Spring riffle beetle endemic to site. 22. Spring N of Collins Ranch Spring (NE % Sec. 1, T18S, RS50E; 31°C, 800 micromhos/cm, 3.1 mg/liter, 100 liters/min [est.], 710 m). Small spring with shallow outflow extending westward from north-south bluff Originating near Collins Ranch Spring. Isolated from nearby Locality 23. Nearby rusted pipes suggest past alteration. Outflow a well defined channel bordered by shrub and ash trees, extending ca. 1.0 km. Rushes dense in sun-exposed areas. Tryonia ericae common in soft sediments and on algal mats. 23. Spring N of Collins Ranch, about 150 m S of Locality 22 (SE % Sec. 1, T18S, RS50OE; 27°C, 650 mi- cromhos/cm, 5.4 mg/liter, 75 liters/min [est.], 710 m). Small spring with shallow outflow extending 1.0 km to west. Spring and outflow densely covered by rushes, shrub, and wild grape; ash trees scattered along length. Scattered debris suggest past disturbance. Tryonia var- iegata and P. micrococcus common in soft mud be- neath dense rushes, P. nanus rare. 24. Collins Ranch Spring (SW 4 Sec. 1, T18S, R50E; 25.5°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 4.3 mg/liter, 40 liters/min, 707 m). Several small springs on ranch, but only east- erm-most seep occupied by springsnails. Diversion structures and nearby building foundations indicate past modifications. Broad, shallow outflow densely covered by rushes, flowing 75 m. Scattered ash trees, shrub, and mesquite provide little shade. Pyrgulopsis nanus and T. variegata common in mud and on trav- ertine bits along outflow margins. 25. Crystal Pool (NE % Sec. 3, T18S, R50E; 27°C, 870 micromhos/cm, 3.9 mg/liter, 11,000 liters/min, 668 m). Large limnocrene about 5.0 m deep and 15 m across. Although pumped during 1970’s for irrigation, springpool appears undisturbed. Outflow channelized and impounded. Historically tributary to Carson Slough and therefore seasonally connected to outflows from Fairbanks, Rogers, Longstreet, Five, Big, and Jack Rabbit Springs. Springpool bordered by rushes, sedges (primarily Scirpus robustus), and salt grass. Outflow 842 heavily overgrown with cattails. Submergent vegeta- tion, filamentous algae. Pyrgulopsis crystalis extremely rare, located on less than | m? of travertine in strongly voided water at orifice. Tryonia angulata abundant in soft substrate throughout springpool. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish present, Ash Meadows speckled dace and Ash Meadows poolfish extinct. Bullfrogs, mos- quito fish, sailfin mollies, crayfish, and red-rim melania abundant in spring and outflow. 26. Spring N of Clay Pits (SE %4 Sec. 6, T18S, R50E; 10°C, 580 micromhos/cm, < 10 liters/min [est.], 652 m). Isolated small seep in west side of Carson Slough, flowing to east for about 50 m. Some evidence of past alteration by heavy equipment to enhance discharge. Densely covered by rushes. Several mesquite shrubs scattered along outflow. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus com- mon in mud. 27. Spring at Clay Pits (SW 4 Sec. 6, T18S, RS0E; 13°C, 500 micromhos/cm, 50 liters/min [est.], 658 m). Isolated spring lying in 70 x 150 m pit created for clay mining. Wetland vegetation supported by spring and outflow includes salt grass, cattail, and rushes. Outflow extending 1.0 km to north. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus common on Chara sp. in outflow channel. 28. Spring S of Clay Pits (NE 4 Sec. 7, T18S, RS50E; 7°C, 430 micromhos/cm, 400 liters/min [est.], 658 m). Isolated spring W of Carson Slough. Discharge from large, 50 x 50 m area enclosed in (artificial?) pit sur- rounded by 2.0 m high travertine walls. Character of site seemingly natural, although slightly impacted by grazing horses. Outflow extends to south for 100 m before spreading to form a 0.5 ha wetland. Spring source bordered by salt grass and rushes; Chara sp. abundant. Emergent cattails in outflow; wetland vegetated by bunch grass. Pyrgulopsis isolatus moderately common along pool perimeters in spring area, extremely com- mon on rocks in outflow, absent from wetland: P. mi- crococcus rare. 29. Spring near Crystal Reservoir (NW 1 Sec. 11, T18S, RS50E; 16°C, 700 micromhos/cm, 3.0 mg/liter, 200 liters/min [est.], 665 m). Marshy area watered by discharge from well casing atop a spring-mound dense- ly covered by rushes. Scattered debris indicates past disturbance. Outflow tributary to that of Locality 30, and extending 1.0 km to south and then west toward Crystal Reservoir. 7Tryonia variegata common and Pyrgulopsis microcoecus very rare in soft substrate. 30. Spring 200 m east of Locality 30 (NW % Sec. 11, T18S, RSOE; 19°C, 730 micromhos/cm, 4.4 mg/ liter, 400 liters/min [est.], 665 m). Habitat similar to above; outflows combine to create 2.0 ha wetland dom- inated by rushes and sedges. Spring source altered by heavy equipment during agricultural development. Outflow channel 2.0 m wide and shallow. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus common on watercress; T. variegata com- mon in soft sediments. 31. Bradford Springs (SE % Sec. 11, T18S, RSOE; 21.5°C, 850 micromhos/cm, 3.2 mg/liter, 1700 liters/ PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON min [est.], 684 m). Site includes three adjacent springs formerly flowing westward. Springs now altered and connected by earthen canal capturing flow from Point of Rocks Springs (Localities 34—40) and extending southward to spread over land cleared and leveled for agriculture. Site remains badly degraded. Spring sources populated by cattails; canal with filamentous algae. Springsnails absent from single (middle) spring ex- amined. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish and Ash Meadows speckled dace present in springs and canal. Bullfrogs, mosquito fish, sailfin mollies, red-rim me- lania, and crayfish abundant. 32. Tubbs Spring (SW ‘4 Sec. 12, T18S, R50E; 600 liters/min [est.], 684 m). Small springpool lying 2.0 m below surrounding terrain; outflow tributary to Brad- ford Springs through small pipe. Spring altered during clearing of land for agriculture: surrounding vegetation now consisting of weeds. Cattails surrounding spring- pool. Although not sampled, site’s degraded condition suggests absence of springsnails. 33. Forest Spring (SW \% Sec. 7, T18S, RS51E; 22°C, 660 micromhos/cm, 6.8 mg/liter, 0.0 liters/min, 698 m). Spring greatly altered during agricultural devel- Opment, now surrounded by salt cedar. Springsnails absent. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish, Ash Mead- ows speckled dace, and Ash Meadows poolfish extinct. Bullfrogs, mosquito fish, sailfin mollies, red-rim me- lania, and crayfish present. Point of Rocks Springs (Localities 34—40; SE 4 Sec. 7, T18S, RS1E). Site altered a number of times during agricultural and municipal development. Many small springs now inundated by series of four ponds con- structed in 1982, with Localities 35-40 representing springs remaining above impoundments. Discharge from Point of Rocks Springs historically flowed for 3.0 km in braided channels to southwest through a mes- quite bosque, without surface connection to other springs. Outflows from Localities 34-37 now com- bined in ponds, which feed King’s Pool and then con- nect with Bradford Springs via artificial channel. 34. King’s Pool (30°C, 810 micromhos/cm, 3.1 mg/ liter, 4500 liters/min, 701 m). Largest and western- most of Point of Rocks Springs with single discrete orifice at SE corner of pool. Size, depth, and configu- ration of pool changed several times during agricultural and municipal development. Surrounding vegetation primarily salt cedar and cattails; mesquite and yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica) also present. Submer- gent vegetation, filamentous green algae. Pyrgulopsis erythropoma restricted to small area at orifice, abun- dant on travertine. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish present; Ash Meadows speckled dace and Ash Mead- ows poolfish extinct. Bullfrogs, sailfin moles, mos- quito fish, red-rim melania, and crayfish present. 35. Spring about 150 m east of King’s Pool (32°C, 810 micromhos/cm, 5.0 mg/liter, 450 liters/min [est.], 705 m). Small rheocrene emerging from crevice and flowing southward through limestone trough before VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 cascading down 15 m embankment and entering ar- tificial pond. Habitat appears pristine. Outflow 0.5 m wide, several centimeters deep; bordered by salt grass and rushes. Pyrgulopsis erythropoma common on trav- ertine; 7. elata common in soft sediments in limestone trough. 36. Spring about 60 m east of Locality 35 (29°C, 790 micromhos/cm, 6.0 mg/liter, 450 liters/min [fest.], 705 m). Similar, pristine-appearing rheocrene also cascad- ing southward down narrow channel into artificial pond. Channel 0.2 m wide, 15 m long, several centimeters deep; bordered by saw grass, salt grass, and rushes. Pyrgulopsis erythropoma abundant on stones. 37. Spring 30 m east of Locality 36 (30°C, 680 mi- cromhos/cm, 6.6 mg/liter, 450 liters/min [est.], 705 m). Very swiftly flowing rheocrene. Outflow 15 m long and 0.2 m wide, cascading southward into artificial pond. Outflow disturbed during pond construction in 1982, but habitat regained natural character. Bordering vegetation similar to that found at Localities 35 and 36, with addition of scattered mesquite. Pyrgulopsis erythropoma abundant on travertine. 38. Seep 100 m N of Locality 35 (28°C, 700 mi- cromhos/cm, 7.1 mg/liter, <10 liters/min [est.], 707 m). Seep watering area of 2 x 10 m. Site modified by backhoe in past; currently impacted by wild horse ac- tivity. Rushes and Chara sp. dominate as emergent and submergent vegetation, respectively. Salt grass, scattered mesquite, and wild grape enclose downflow portions of site (and those of Localities 39 and 40). Tryonia elata and T. variegata common in mud; P. erythropoma rare. 39. Spring 4.0 m N of Locality 38 (30°C, 780 mi- cromhos/cm, 6.5 mg/liter, 75 liters/min [est.], 707 m). Seep with small outflow extending 5.0 m to west; dense- ly covered by rushes. Site regained stability following past backhoe disturbance. Tryonia variegata common in mud; P. erythropoma rare on travertine. 40. Spring 7.0 m N of Locality 39 (32°C, 810 mi- ’ cromhos/em, 6.1 mg/liter, 45 liters/min [est.], 707 m). Swiftly flowing rheocrene; outflow a well defined chan- nel extending 5.0 m. Site in good condition despite past alteration by heavy equipment. Bordering vege- tation matches that for Localities 37-39. Pyrgulopsis erythropoma abundant on travertine. 41. Jack Rabbit Spring (NW 14 Sec. 18, T18S, R51E; 843 27°C, 870 micromhos/cm, 3.9 mg/liter, 2500 liters/ min, 692 m). Large limnocrene temporarily dried by pumping during early 1970’s. Outflow extending about 5.0 km in well defined channel before converging with that from Big Spring. Will seasonally connect with waters from Fairbanks, Rogers, Longstreet, Soda, Five Springs, and Crystal Pool in Carson Slough. Ash Mead- ows Amargosa pupfish and Ash Meadows speckled dace now reestablished. Bullfrogs, red-rim melania, and crayfish present (Williams and Sada 1985). 42. Big Spring (NE % Sec. 19, T18S, R51E; 26°C, 850 micromhos/cm, 3940 liters/min, 683 m). Large limnocrene about 20 m across and 7.0 m deep. Outflow channelized and used for irrigation, but spring other- wise undisturbed. Bordering vegetation includes salt grass, saw grass, and bunch grass. Mesquite and salt cedar scattered along outflow. Filamentous green algae moderately common in springpool and outflow; cat- tails also in latter. Tryonia angulata scarce in spring- pool and outflow. Ash Meadows Amargosa pupfish and Ash Meadows speckled dace present; Ash Meadows poolfish extinct. Bullfrogs, mosquito fish, sailfin mol- lies, and crayfish present (Williams and Sada 1985). 43. Brahma Spring (NW 44 Sec. 29, T18S, R51E; 50 liters/min [est.], elevation, 693 m). Isolated site badly degraded by horse grazing to point of no longer resem- bling natural spring. Springsnails absent. 44. Bole Spring (NE '4 Sec. 30, T18S, R51E; 45 liters/ min [est.], 686 m). Spring in same condition as above. Springsnails absent; crayfish present. 45, 46. Frenchy Springs (NW 4 Sec. 30, T18S, R51E; 16°C, 410 micromhos/cm, < 10 liters/min [est.], 686 m). Six isolated seeps occupying area in which small ponds (about 1.5 m deep and 2.5 m? area) created by heavy equipment. Site trampled by wild horses. Mes- quite, salt grass, and rushes border seeps; ponds cov- ered by duck weed (Lemmna sp.). Pyrgulopsis micro- coccus present and moderately common in two seeps, in mud of shallows well vegetated by rushes. 47. Last Chance Spring (Center Sec. 30, T18S, R51E; 16°C, 520 micromhos/cm, 3.9 mg/liter, <10 liters/min, 684 m). Seep flowing about 5.0 m before entering dense wild grape/mesquite thicket. Site badly trampled by wild horses. Pyrgulopsis micrococcus and T. variegata common in mud and on emergent vegetation. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 844-855 STUDIES IN THE LEPIDAPLOA COMPLEX (VERNONIEAE: ASTERACEAE). TI. TWO NEW GENERA, CYRTOCYMURA AND EIRMOCEPHALA Harold Robinson Abstract. —The Vernonia series scorpioides proves to consist of at least three distinct elements. The elements showing strongly scorpioid tips on their cymes are recognized as two new genera, the V. scorpioides group as Cyrtocymura and the V. brachiata group as Eirmocephala. The two differ in the bases of their leaves, persistence of their heads, structure of their pappus bristles, elaboration of the bases of their anther thecae, and surface of their achenes. The latter genus also shows an isolated occurrence of rhizomatous lophate pollen in one species. The rejection of the previous arbitrary selection of V. scorpioides as lectotype of Lepidaploa is confirmed. The present paper continues a series of studies aimed at the resolution of the Lep- idaploa group in the tribe Vernonieae. This study deals with a group that has been con- sistently associated with Lepidaploa due to its scorpioid cymes, and which is also no- menclaturally entwined with the latter ge- nus. One of the species also shows the rhi- zomatous lophate pollen form that is otherwise unique to the Lepidaploa com- plex. The actual interrelationships of the scorpioid group need careful revision, and some of the species concepts have proven to need correction. Historically the scorpioid group has been closely tied to the name Lepidaploa. Ver- nonia scorpioides was one of the seven species included by Cassini in 1823 in his subgenus Lepidaploa. Unfortunately, V. scorpioides was the first listed. In spite of the fact that it is generically distinct from the other species and is very unrepresen- tative of the series, four of which form a related group, it was later arbitrarily and rather incidentally selected as lectotype of the genus by Gleason (1906:162). The lec- totypification was overturned and the more appropriate V. albicaulis Pers. was selected by Robinson et al. (1980). Many lectotyp- ifications such as that made by Gleason have had to be overturned because they were made strictly on the basis of first-listed even if they were totally unrepresentative of the original concept. In the present concept, V. scorpioides is not the lectotype of Lepida- ploa, or congeneric with the latter genus, and it is the type of a new and distinct genus of Vernonieae. Both the names Lepidaploa and Scor- pioideae have become widely used for subgroups of Vernonia, the former as the broader concept with Scorpioideae as a subgroup. Both concepts were applied so widely as to be undefinable, as seen in Baker (1873), where the Scorpioideae included such diverse species as V. geminata Less., V. platensis Less., V. tweedieana Baker, V. westiniana Less., V. mariana Mart., and V. eupatoriifolia DC. The refined concept of the series Scor- pioides of Jones (1979), provided the first sound basis for discussion of the group. The species included are V. cainarachiensis Hei- ron., V. diffusa Less., V. ignobilis Less., V. megaphylla Hieron., and V. scorpioides (Lam.) Pers. cited with type A pollen (Figs. 5-12), and V. brachiata Benth. cited with type D pollen (Figs. 1-4), using the pollen VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 3.5uUN =< 4 Figs. 1-4. Pollen of Eirmocephala brachiata (Bentham ex Oersted) H. Robinson. 1, 2, Dotted lines = 13.6 pm; 3, dotted line = 2 um; 4, dotted line = 2.7 um. 1, Whole grain showing colpus with crosswalls above and below pore; 2, Polar view showing polar areole, P marks positions of pores; 3—4, Crests of exine stripped from foot layer showing rhizome and weak basal attachments. types defined by Jones (1979). With the ex- these have reason to be considered as a pos- ception of the unrelated V. ignobilis, allthe sibly closely related group. species listed show the uninterrupted cy- The seriate-cymose condition is particu- mose branches that have lost all trace of larly well-developed in the general section their basically proliferated nature. All of Lepidaploa, and reaches its extreme in the 846 present series. This character has been the primary reason for the continuing close as- sociation between the groups. In both groups the cymose branches have to be recognized as an evolutionary derivative of a repeat- edly proliferating branching series, each seg- ment of the branch being technically a lat- eral innovation from below the preceding head. Only in this way is the sequence of maturation of the heads maintained from the base upward. In true Lepidaploa the original form is more obvious and some deflection of the branch at each head is often evident. This is true even in such species as V. geminata, which has the subtending bracts reduced and only partially displaced laterally. In the more restricted Scorpioides group all trace of the innovating basic struc- ture is lost, and the subtending bracts are shifted almost completely to one side. The two rows of heads are nearly fused into one. The branch appears as one continuous ra- chis and the tip is sometimes truly scorpioid as in a Boraginaceous inflorescence. The in- florescence of the scorpioid group must be considered one of the most highly derived forms in the Vernonieae; it is undoubtedly derived from the more generalized type of Lepidaploa inflorescence, which is distrib- uted more widely in the tribe than the im- mediate Lepidaploa complex. The series Scorpioides has one marked distinction from the true Lepidaploa com- plex in its pollen. The character presents several problems in interpretation, but the Lepidaploa complex is one of the largest groups in the Vernonieae that has almost consistently lophate-pollen, while the series Scorpioides has type A pollen in all but one species. The one example is not particularly close in any other character to Lepidaploa and does nothing to support the idea of close relationships between the groups. The least specialized of the species listed by Jones (1979) is V. diffusa, and that species has type A pollen like the large related series con- taining such species as V. patens H.B.K.., V. tweedieana, V. brasiliana Druce, and V. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON polyanthes Less. If the type A pollen is a reversion type as now seems likely in the Vernonieae (Robinson and Kahn 1986), the reversion seems to have occurred before the origin of the series Scorpioides. The one example of type D pollen in the series Scorpioides does require an expla- nation. The pollen of V. brachiata is not just lophate (Figs. 1, 2), but is the rhizo- matous type that otherwise seems to be re- stricted in the tribe to the true Lepidaploa complex (Figs. 3, 4). The pollen type will be discussed more fully in the treatment of Lepidaploa. The pollen 1s totally unlike that seen in other members of the series Scor- pioides, such as V. megaphylla (Figs. 5-8) and V. scorpioides (Figs. 9-12). This occur- rence of rhizomatous lophate pollen in V. brachiata cannot be a relict, but other ex- planations also encounter difficulties. The general distribution of pollen types in the group does not suggest the degree of insta- bility of types that is found in such genera as Distephanus (Robinson and Kahn 1986), although something certainly caused insta- bility within the limited relationship of V. brachiata. Hybridization is personally re- garded as a major factor in the evolution of the American Vernonieae. However, V. brachiata does not show the degree of dif- ference from its close relatives, especially V. megaphylla, that would be expected if hy- bridization with a remote relative were in- volved in one species and not the others. The present conclusion is that the group of three species shares a hybrid history be- tween an ancestor more like V. diffusa and one that was a Lepidaploa. The resulting hybrid could have the instability of pollen characters that on further evolution distrib- uted differently to the derived species. There are many members of Lepidaploa in the geographical area of the V. brachiata group that could have furnished the genes for rhi- zomatous lophate pollen with polar areoles (Figs. 1-4). SEM views of the pollen of V. megaphylla, although it is type A, give fur- ther support to the hybrid ancestry for the VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 6.@um 7) 1.36um Figs. 5-8. Pollen of Eirmocephala megaphylla (Hieron.) H. Robinson. 5—7, Whole grains, dotted lines = 10 pm; 5, Polar view showing irregularity and areole at pole; 6, Colpar view showing variable sizes of areoles in adjacent intercolpus; 7, Oblique view showing intercolpus, pole at lower end of large areole; 8, Broken surface, dotted line = 1.36 wm, showing two smaller basal columellae and large scar of central columella of missing spine. group by showing structures interpreted as polar areoles (Fig. 5). The latter character is found in the regularly lophate grains of V. brachiata, but is lacking from the type A grains of V. scorpioides (Fig. 9) of the non- hybrid group. Light microscope examina- tion of some V. cainarachensis pollen also shows evidence of such irregular polar ar- eoles. The probable existence of a hybrid an- 848 cestry with Lepidaploa for only part of the series Scorpioides raises the question of oth- er possible evidence of disunity in that group. Initially it can be noted that the differences between the two main groups of the series, recognized here as genera, the V. scorpioides group (Cyrtocymura) and the V. brachiata group (Eirmocephala), cannot be accounted for simply by the hybridization of the latter with Lepidaploa. It should also be noted that the third group involved, V. diffusa shows clear evidence of relationship to the large and widespread V. patens-V. brasi- liana group. Finally it must be noted that the V. brachiata (Eirmocephala) and V. scorpioides (Cyrtocymura) groups each show more characters in common with the V. dif- fusa than with each other. The characters involved include the leaf bases, persistence of heads, corolla form, anther bases, resinif- erous cells on the achene surface, carpo- podium, and pappus. In Eirmocephala, in all but a few speci- mens of E. cainarachiensis, the lamina of the leaf extends as a wing to the base of the petiole. Even where it is narrowed at the base it broadens again at the insertion. This differs from both Cyrtocymura and V. dif- fusa, where the petiole is always distinct and often long. This is one character in Eir- mocephala that may trace to a Lepidaploa parentage. The leaves of the latter genus are characteristically sessile or short-petiolate, although not with the winged or pseudo- petiolate form seen in Eirmocephala. The tendency for whole older heads on the cymose branches to dehisce is restricted in the groups under discussion to Cyrtocy- mura. The older branches ultimately be- come completely bare except for the single small bract at the base of each head. The loss of heads limits the ability to check old receptacles on the specimens. The condition is regarded as a specialized characteristic of the genus. The corolla lobes of Cyrtocymura seem characteristically more erect and less dis- torted than those of the other groups under PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON discussion. Eirmocephala and the V. diffusa group seem to have more recurved or dis- torted lobes on the open corollas. The co- rolla lobes of Cyrtocymura also have rather distinctive sericeous pilosity on the outer surface in all but one species, the latter being an evident reversion. In Eirmocephala the bases of the anther thecae are sclerified and form dentate ap- pendages. In this respect the genus falls out- side the technical limits of traditional Ver- nonia, but the character has been widely ignored by previous students of the tribe. The anther bases of Eirmocephala may re- late the genus to V. diffusa, where strongly developed sclerified appendages are also present. Similar basal appendages also oc- cur in close relatives of V. diffusa, such as V. discolor Less. and V. piresii H. Robinson, but they do not occur in most other mem- bers of that group, such as V. patens or V. brasiliana. There are no sclerified cells at the base of the thecae in Cyrtocymura. In contrast, the tissue is very indistinct at the base and more like the condition found in most Vernonieae. In Vernonia diffusa and its relatives, and in Cyrtocymura, the surface of the achene bears distinct specialized cells that are re- ferred to here as resiniferous. These are id- ioblasts that seem to contain some special substance, but they have no obvious struc- ture such as a raphid inside. In Cyrtocymura the cells are intermixed with other cells that seem similarly shaped and mamillose but are not enlarged or colored. In contrast, Eir- mocephala has no resiniferous cells on the surface. Raphids are present in other cells of the achene walls. They are elongate in Eirmocephala, short-oblong in Cyrtocy- mura, and very short in V. diffusa. The carpopodium in two species of Eir- mocephala is greatly enlarged and has very thick-walled oblong cells. In spite of the larger size, the detailed structure of the car- popodia is similar to that of V. diffusa and its relatives. The third species of Eirmo- cephala, E. megaphylla, has a shorter an- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 nuliform carpopodium with essentially quadrate cells. The narrow, small-celled form of carpopodium seen in Cyrtocymura is undoubtedly neotic in its unenlarged, usu- ally thin-walled cells, but it is clearly less developed than the unexpanded form of Eirmocephala carpopodium seen in E. megaphylla. The pappus of Cyrtocymura differs from others in the series Scorpioides by the struc- ture of both the bases and the tips. The bases have a longer, narrow, fragile area with nu- merous transverse walls, and the tips are more spreading-scabridulous with no evi- dent clavate enlargement. The capillary bristles of the Cyrtocymura type can be eas- ily distinguished from the clavate, erectly scabridulous and somewhat more persistent types of Eirmocephala and the V. diffusa group. No intergrading forms have been seen. The variations in pollen within Eirmo- cephala would seem to be greater than the variations between members of that genus and Cyrtocymura, and the presence of type A pollen in both genera would be expected to minimize the possibility of meaningful differences. The most common type of sub- structure is found under the spines of both genera, a large central post with a few ad- ditional small basal columellae (Figs. 8, 12). Nevertheless, the genera seem to differ by _ the presence of polar areoles in Eirmoceph- ala (Figs. 2, 5), even in the type A grains, and their lack in Cyrtocymura (Fig. 9). The pollen in Eirmocephala also shows varia- tions in size that contrast with the apparent uniformity in Cyrtocymura. The pollen of the latter genus measures between ca. 35- 37 wm in fluid in all species that have been examined. Eirmocephala also has grains that size, but E. megaphylla shows pollen that may be one of the consistently smallest in the tribe at ca. 30 wm in fluid. The sizes are smaller in SEM preparations than in fluid, but the comparative differences are still ev- ident (Figs. 5—7, 9-11). The evidence of the above characters in- 849 dicates that the members of the series Scor- pioides are generically distinct from the true Lepidaploa complex, and that they, in ad- dition, form three distinct elements among themselves. The superficially similar ex- treme development of the scorpioides cymes in Cyrtocymura and Eirmocephala proves misleading since each of those groups proves to be related separately to a form more like V. diffusa or even more remote elements among the South American Vernonieae with type A pollen. The relationship of V. diffusa is left for treatment at a future time. The two other elements of the series Scorpioides are here described as the new genera Cyr- tocymura and Eirmocephala. Key to the Genera Cyrtocymura and Eirmocephala 1. Leaves distinctly petiolate with nar- row insertions onto the stem; older heads at bases of cymes deciduous leaving only reduced subtending bracts on branch; pappus bristles not clavate distally, distinctly scabri- dulous at tip; anther thecae without sclerified dentate basal appendages; achene surface with bulging en- larged resiniferous cells .. Cyrtocymura 1. Leaves almost always broadly winged to the base, broadly inserted at base on the stem; older heads at bases of cymes not deciduous, with at least outer involucral bracts per- sistent; pappus bristles distinctly broadened near tips, with erect non- spreading indistinct scabridulae; anther thecae with sclerified basal appendages; achene surface without differentiated resiniferous cells ... PHO tene See. DREMNRUN. Gee pny Eirmocephala Cyrtocymura H. Robinson, gen. nov. Plantae herbaceae perennes laxe ramosae 0.1—1.5 (—3.0) altae. Caules teretes vel len- iter angulati. Folia alterna petiolata base an- guste inserta; laminae late ovatae vel late PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1. /6um Figs. 9-12. Pollen of Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H. Robinson. 9-11, Whole grains; 9, dotted line = 12 um; 10, 11, dotted lines = 12.5 wm; 9, Polar view showing lack of polar areole; 10, Colpar view showing part of intercolpar region; 11, Intercolpar view; 12, Broken spine, dotted line = 1.76 um, showing branching of central columella and one nearby smaller basal columella. lanceolatae integrae vel dentatae subtuslen- subduplicibus densis lateralibus sessilia de- iter vel dense tomentosae et glandulo-punc- mum decidua; bracteae involucri ca. 20-30 tatae. Inflorescentiae terminales in ramis subimbricatae ca. tri-seriatae inaequilongae elongatis seriate cymosis scorpioideis di- graduatae in apice breviter acutae vel fili- varicate proliferatae. Capitula in seriebus forme attentuatae. Flores in capitulo 14—30; VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 corollae inferne plerumque glabrae, lobis plerumque erectis et plerumque sericeo- pilosulis; thecae antherarum base non appendiculatae non scleroideae, cellulis en- dothecialibus in scutis scleroideis multo no- duliferae; appendices apicales antherarum glabrae; basi stylorum discoideo-nodati. Achaenia 10-costata inter costam dense ser- iceo-setulifera, raphidis elongatis, cellulis superificialibus mamillosis et saepe in par- tibus resiniferis; carpopodia anguste annu- lata, cellulis subquadratis in parietibus len- iter incrassatis; setae pappi interiores capillares facile deciduae in partibus basi- laribus transversaliter septatis elongatae ap- ice non clavatae distincte scabridulae, squa- mae pappi exteriores lineares. Grana pollinis in diametro ca. 40 wm non vel leniter lo- phata (typus A). Type: Conyza scorpioides Lamarck. The genus includes six species, four con- centrated in eastern Brasil and adjacent Bo- livia, and a fifth widely distributed as far north as Mexico. A sixth species is in the West Indies. Key to the Species of Cyrtocymura 1. Involucres covered by a dense, whitish tomentum; bracts without hairs inside at the apex; bases of leaf blades truncate, leaf apex obtuse or rounded, the margins distinctly crenate or crenate-serrate ...C. harleyi 1. Involucres appearing brownish, without a dense, whitish tomentum; bracts with hairs on inner surface at the apex; bases of leaf blades ob- tusely to acuminately angled; leaf apex acute or acuminate, the mar- gins remotely serrulate to dentate, MGW ChENALC hc viet ts unl antaued Heese! 2, 2. Tips of inner involucral bracts and the persistent bract at the base of the head subulate to short acumi- nate 3. Leaves rounded-ovate with shortly apiculate tips; petioles 5 mm or less 851 long, terminating rather abruptly at the rounded base of the leaf blade. aster AA Ate C. saepia 3. Leaves ovate with acute tips; peti- oles up to 10 mm long, terminating distally in the acuminate base of the bladetidi Spi htyeione .e C. scorpioides 2. Tips of all involucral bracts and the persistent bract at the base of the head flagelliform 4. Stems and branches of the inflores- cence with a short pubescence, yel- lowish in younger parts; heads mostly 5-6 mm high; corolla lobes with few or no long hairs; leaf blades SchmUlate helt eee y Ge . C. mattos-silvae 4. Stems and branches of the inflores- cence with a deep grayish or whitish tomentum; heads mostly 7-9 mm high; corolla lobes with many seri- ceous hairs on the outer surface .. 5 5. Leaf blades with rounded bases, abruptly narrowly decurrent on the petiole, the margins remotely ser- rulate to strongly serrate or dentate AUK EAU TPAD RBEE DE 91 sre C. lanuginosa 5. Leaf blades narrowly acute or acu- minate at the base, the margins closelyasemmulate ame ee C. cincta Cyrtocymura cincta (Griseb.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia cincta Griseb., Symb. Fl. Argent. IGQWS79: Cacalia cincta (Griseb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Plant. 3(2):138. 1898. Vernonia scorpioides var. cincta (Griseb.) Cabrera, Darwiniana 6:338. 1944. Argentina, Bolivia. The species is restricted to the eastern slopes of the Andes in Bolivia from Santa Cruz southward into northern Argentina. As in the case of all the close relatives of C. scorpioides, the present species has been re- duced to varietal level (see Cabrera above). Some specimens of C. scorpioides seem in- termediate in the tips of their involucral 852 bracts, but they are easily assigned on the basis of their darker and less dense pubes- cence and by their more nearly entire leaves. The species distinctions seem strongest in the Bolivian material. Cyrtocymura harleyi (H. Robinson) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia harleyi H. Robinson, Phytologia 44:287. 1979. Brazil (Bahia). The species is the only member of the genus sufficiently distinct to avoid any broadened concept of V. scorpioides. The appearance of the leaves is totally different and the involucral bracts have no hairs on the inner surface at the tip. Cyrtocymura lanuginosa (Gardn.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia lanuginosa Gardn., Lond. J. Bot. 5:219. 1846. Brazil (Minas Gerais). The species was originally distinguished from C. scorpioides by the more acuminated and 3-nerved involucral bracts, the glabrous receptacle, and the shorter more paleaceous external pappus (Gardner 1846). An isotype (US) also shows a thicker pubescence on the stems, leaf undersurfaces, and involucres, a condition that was evidently the basis of the species name. The species was subsequently reduced to synonymy by Baker (1873) un- der Vernonia sororia DC. which was treated as a variety of V. scorpioides. The species was resurrected and extended to include in its synonymy V. mattos-silvae of Bahia by Robinson (1980). At present, in spite of fail- ure of some of the original distinctions such as the receptacle character, the species is regarded as distinct from V. scorpioides, V. sororia, and V. mattos-silvae, being restrict- ed to Minas Gerais. Although related to C. mattos-silvae in the flagelliform tips of its bracts and in its closely serrulate leaf mar- gins, it is distinct in the deeper, more grayish PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON pubescence, the more truncate base of its leaf blades, and the presence of numerous hairs on the corolla lobes. The species is actually more closely related to C. cincta of Argentina and Bolivia, from which it differs in the leaf base and margin. The older species with which it has been synonymized, V. so- roria DC., proves in microfiche to be a to- tally different entity, matching in its type locality of Rio de Janeiro, its nearly sessile leaves, and its sparser heads that sometimes have small foliose bracts, the later described V. coulonii Sch. Bip. ex Baker, which is a true Lepidaploa. Cyrtocymura mattos-silvae (H. Robinson) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia mattos-silvae H. Robinson, Phy- tologia 44:288. 1979. Brasil (Bahia). The species was originally described (Robinson 1979) in ignorance of the exis- tence of V. lanuginosa Gardn. which was then in synonymy under a variety of V. scor- pioides. Discovery of the latter caused an Over-reaction, with reduction of the new species to synonymy (Robinson 1980). The species is accepted here on the basis of the attenuate bases of its leaf blades, its shorter pubescence, its smaller heads, and its nearly or completely hairless corolla lobes. The species is the only member of the genus lacking numerous hairs on the corolla lobes. The descriptions consistently refer to the corollas as violet, but in most of the spec- imens the corollas seem to dry with a more reddish or orange color. Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lamarck) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Conyza scorpioides Lamarck, Encycl. Méth- od. 2:88. 1786. Vernonia scorpioides (Lamarck) Pers., Syn. Plant. 2:404. 1807. Vernonia subrepanda Pers., Syn. Plant. 2: 404. 1807. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Vernonia tournefortioides H.B.K., Nov. Gen., folio ed. 4:27. 1818. Lepidaploa scorpioides (Lamarck) Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat. 26:16. 1823, comb. inval. due to author’s failure to recognize Lep- idaploa at generic rank at the time. Chrysocoma repanda Vellozo, Fl. Flum. 8: ple Sy 1825: Vernonia centriflora Link & Otto, Ic. Plant. Select. pl. 55. 1828 Dec/or Jan 1829. Staehelina solidaginoides Willd. ex Lessing, Linnaea 4:281. 1829. Vernonia longeracemosa Martius ex DC., Prodr. 5:42. 1836, nom. inval. in synon. Vernonia flavescens Lessing, Linnaea 6:657. 1831. Cacalia scorpioides (Lamarck) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Plant. 1:971. 1891. First described from Brazil. Widely dis- tributed in South America from Argentina north to Trinidad and Tobago, and in Cen- tral America north to Mexico. The species has been interpreted widely by most recent taxonomists, with C. cincta, C. lanuginosa, and C. saepia being reduced to its synonymy. The present concept shows a comparative lack of regional variation in spite of its wide distribution. The species overlaps geographically with all other mem- bers of the genus except C. saepia of His- paniola. Cyrtocymura saepia (Ekman) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia saepia Ekman Ark. for Bot. 17(7): 63. 1921, as “saepium.” Haiti. The species has been reduced to synon- ymy under Vernonia scorpioides by Keeley (1978), and geographical considerations might at first seem to support the idea. It is the only species of the genus to be found entirely outside the center of diversity in eastern Brazil and Bolivia. Still, there are precedents for such distribution patterns in such groups as the Eupatorieae, and bird 853 flight paths could explain such a northward extension from a Brasilian center. In any case, the species is distinctively densely fo- liate without intermediate forms, and it is geographically isolated in the Greater An- tilles. Eirmocephala H. Robinson, gen. nov. Plantae herbaceae perennes saepe suffru- tescentes vel subarborescentes laxe ramosae ad 1.5—3.0 (-6) m altae. Caules angulati. Fo- lia alterna base alata vel breviter pseudo- petiolata in caulibus late inserta; lamina ovata vel lanceolata margine serrata var- iabiliter pubescentia et subtus glandulo- punctatae. Inflorescentiae terminales in ramis numerosis elongatis seriate cymosis divaricate proliferatae interdum apice scor- ploideae. Capitula in seriebus subduplici- bus lateralibus sessilia demum plerumque persistentia; bracteae involucri ca. 24—65 dense subimbricatae multiseriatae inaequi- longae in apicibus late scariosae. Flores in capitulo 7-35; corollae inferne glabrae, lobis tenuibus distaliter pauce glanduliferis et in- terdum pauce piliferis; thecae antherarum base distincte scleroideae et dentatae; cel- lulae endotheciales in scutis scleroideis multo noduliferae; appendices apicales an- therarum glanduliferae vel non glandulif- erae; basi stylorum discoideo-nodati. Achaenia 10-costata intercostate erecto-pa- tentiter setulifera base glandulifera, raphidis minutis breviter oblongis, cellulis superfi- cialibus resiniferous nullis; carpopodia an- nuliformia vel gongyliformia; setae pappi interiores capillares subpersistentes in par- tibus basilaribus transversaliter septatis ab- breviatae apice distincte latiores dense as- cendentiter scabridulae, squamae pappi exteriores lineares. Grana pollinis in dia- metro ca. 30-45 um lophata et rhizomati- fera vel non lophata (typi A et C). Type: Vernonia brachiata Benth. ex Oersted. The genus contains three species that are distributed geographically from Costa Rica 854 and Colombia in the north to Bolivia in the south. Key to the Species of Eirmocephala 1. Branches of inflorescence densly to- mentose, the surface not visible; heads containing ca. 60 involucral bracts and 35 flowers, the inner bracts of the involucre linear, with long narrowly acute tips; achenes with narrow, annuliform carpopo- dia; apical anther appendages nar- rowly rounded at the tip ........ TESS, PS he E. megaphylla 1. Branches of inflorescence with cos- tae obvious, not completely covered by pubescence; heads containing 24— 45 involucral bracts and ca. 7-21 flowers, the inner involucral bracts with rounded or shortly pointed tips; achenes with large, swollen carpo- podia; apical anther appendages sharply acute at the tip 2. Involucres mostly wider than high, the pale or rarely reddish bracts bearing a dark median costa, acute or apiculate at the apex; heads con- taining ca. 45 involucral bracts and 21 flowers; apical anther append- ages glabrous E.. brachiata 2. Involucres as high as wide or higher, the dark bracts lacking a darker me- dian line, usually rounded at the apex, sometimes mucronate; heads containing 24—28 involucral bracts and 7-15 flowers; apical anther ap- pendages glanduliferous er ea ee E. cainarachiensis Eirmocephala brachiata (Bentham ex Oersted) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Figs. 1—4 Vernonia brachiata Bentham ex Oersted, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. For- en. Kjg@benhavn 1852:67. 1852. Costa PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern Ecuador (Manabi). Eirmocephala cainarachiensis (Hieron.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia cainarachiensis Hieron., Verh. Bot. Vereins. Prov. Brandenburg 48:196. 1906. Peru, Ecuador (Napo). Eirmocephala megaphylla (Hieron.) H. Robinson, comb. nov. Figs. 5-8 Vernonia megaphylla Hieron., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 48:195. 1906. Vernonia digitata Rusby, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 8:125. 1912. The species has been placed in the syn- onymy of Vernonia brachiata in the recent treatment of the Peruvian species by Jones (1980), in spite of the previous observation by Jones (1979) that the two species differ in the form of their pollen. The species differ additionally in the density of the pubes- cence on their inflorescence branches and involucres, the shape of the involucral bracts, the numbers of bracts and flowers in the heads, the shape of the apical anther appendages, and the expansion of the car- popodia. Also, the outer squamae of the pappus in the present species are longer (often over | mm). In the carpopodia and the shape of the anther appendage the northern FE. brachiata shows a closer rela- tionship to E. cainarachiensis than to E. megaphylla. The two species that were syn- onymized are completely separated geo- graphically. The present species occurs only in Peru and Bolivia. Acknowledgments The pollen specimens were prepared by Mary Sangrey and Barbara Eastwood using facilities of the Botany Department Paly- nological Laboratory. The photographs were prepared by Suzanne Braden and Brian VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Kahn of the Smithsonian Museum of Nat- ural History SEM Laboratory using a Hi- tachi S-570 scanning electron microscope. Literature Cited Baker, J. G. 1873. Compositae I. Vernoniaceae. In Martius, C. F. P., Flora Brasiliensis 6(2):2-179. Cassini, H. 1823. Lépidaple, Lepidaploa. In G. Cu- vier, ed., Dict. Sci. Nat. 26:16—24. [Reprinted in R. M. King and H. W. Dawson, editors, 1975, Cassini on Compositae. 3 volumes. New York: Oriole Editions.] Gardner, G. 1846. Contributions towards a flora of Brazil, being the distinctive characters of some new species of Compositae belonging to the tribe Vernoniaceae.— London Journal of Botany 5: 209-242. Gleason, H. A. 1906. A revision of the North Amer- ican Vernonieae. — Bulletin of the New York Bo- tanical Garden 4:144-243. Jones, S. B. 1979. Synopsis and pollen morphology of Vernonia (Compositae: Vernonieae) in the New World.—Rhodora 81:425-447. 1980. Tribe Vernonieae. Jn Macbride, J. F., 855 Flora of Peru:—Fieldiana: Botany, n. s. 5:22- 69. Keeley, S. C. 1978. A revision of the West Indian Vernonias (Compositae).—Journal of the Ar- nold Arboretum 59:360-413. Robinson, H. 1979. New species of Vernonieae (As- teraceae). II. Five new species of Vernonia from Bahia.— Phytologia 44:287-299. 1980. New species of Vernonieae (Astera- ceae). V. Additions to Vernonia from Brasil.— Phytologia 45:166-208. —,, F. Bohlmann, and R. M. King. 1980. Che- mosystematic notes on the Asteraceae. III. Nat- ural subdivisions of the Vernonieae.—Phyto- logia 46:421—436. —, and B. Kahn. 1986. Trinervate leaves, yellow flowers, tailed anthers, and pollen variation in Distephanus Cassini (Vernonieae: Astera- ceae). — Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 99:493-501. Department of Botany, National Mu- seum of Natural History, Smithsonian In- stitution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 856-875 REVISIONS IN CLASSIFICATION OF GAMMARIDEAN AMPHIPODA (CRUSTACEA), PART 3 J. L. Barnard and G. S. Karaman Abstract. —The following new families are described or revived: Cardenioi- dae, Clarenciidae, Pseudamphilochidae, and Bolttsiidae (the latter two are com- panion families); the Ochlesidae are incorporated into the Acanthonotozo- matidae. The following new genera are described: Meraldia in Acanthonotozomatidae (Ochlesinae); Abdia, Manerogeneia, Membrilopus, Na- sageneia, and Whangarusa in Eusiridae; Geniculophotis in Isaeidae; [sipingus in Liljeborgiidae; Bruunosa, Cedrosella, Cicadosa, Galathella, Lepiduristes, and Rimakoroga in Lysianassidae; Stegosoladidus in Stegocephalidae; Aurometopa, Knysmetopa, Torometopa, Vonimetopa, and Zaikometopa in Stenothoidae; Hystriphlias in Temnophliantidae. The following change in nomenclature is proposed: Valettiella formerly in Lysianassidae is removed to Gammarella in the Nuuanuids (Pherusanids). We continue our series of expositions on new genera and nomenclatural changes nec- essary to realign various Amphipoda pre- paratory to our completion of a new com- pendium of genera in Gammaridea. Parts | and 2 are Karaman and Barnard (1979) and Barnard and Karaman (1982). As we have indicated before, the pro- mulgation of new taxa and substantive changes in others from the literature alone is not the most desirable of methods. We are trying to keep these changes to the min- imum, but in order to write keys to genera and otherwise to define genera as precisely as possible it becomes necessary to remove certain species from selected genera or cer- tain genera from selected families and to create new taxa. We base these changes on extensive review of the world literature in each taxonomic group. We recognize that many other taxonomists are engaged in re- visions of various taxonomic groups and have left them the task of realigning those. We frequently list species for each genus we change; for each species we list principal references and distribution in the style we propose to use.in our forthcoming generic compendium. The distribution is cited as a three-digit number in brackets which can be determined from the list on pages 184—203 of Barnard and Barnard (1983). The method of description and citation of relationships follows the pattern of the aforementioned monograph. Any genus lacking reference can be found in J. L. Barnard (1969a). Acanthonotozomatidae (Ochlesinae), new combination, new rank Remarks. —New taxa recently described provide the intergradation necessitating amalgamation of Ochlesidae with Acan- thonotozomatidae. We retain Ochlesinae at subfamily level temporarily, although we have little conviction that any gross differ- ences are to be found. Ochlesinae are simply apomorphic acanthonotozomatids with loss of articles on the maxillipedal palp. One species of Ochlesis is so distinctive that it is relegated to a new genus, Meraldia. Diagnosis. — Body massive, compressed; anterior coxae acuminate or oddly shaped. Head short, tall, partially enveloped by pe- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 reon. Accessory flagellum absent. Mouth- parts grouped conically. Mandibular rakers absent, molar very small, poorly triturative or simple. Palp of maxilliped O—2-articulate. Gnathopods feeble, gnathopod 1 simple, hand of gnathopod 2 simple, otherwise gnathopod 2 carpo- or merochelate. Uro- somites separate. Uropod 3 ordinary. Tel- son entire or weakly slit. See Lysianassidae. Description. —Rostrum large. Eyes ordi- nary. Lateral cephalic lobes well developed. Antennae cuspidate or not; antennal flagella sparsely articulate. Labrum elongate. Left mandible with spiniform lacinia mobilis, right lacinia mobilis absent, palp article 1 elongate. Mandibular lobes of labium acu- minate, inner lobes weak or absent. Inner plate of maxilla 1 small, outer plate sub- conical, spines mostly fused to base, palp vestigial or absent. Maxilla 2 elongate. Inner plate of maxilliped acuminate, outer oper- culiform. Coxae variable. Articles 3-6 of gnathopod 1 elongate, apical setae strap- shaped or grossly feathered; articles 4-6 of gnathopod 2 elongate. Article 2 of pereo- pods 5-7 well or weakly expanded, with even or deeply sinuate posteroventral lobe. Pe- reopodal dactyls variable in length. Pleo- pods ordinary. Epimera toothed or not. Outer ramus of uropod 3 shortened. Body narrowing dorsally to thin continuous keel, one or more segments usually with large dorsal tooth. Gills 2—?, narrow, strap-shaped and cla- vate or apically geniculate; oostegites nar- row and broad together in same species, thus narrow on coxae 2 and 5 but broad on coxae 3-4 or also broad on coxa 2 in another species. Variables.—Peduncle of antenna 1 with large teeth (Ochlesis type) or not (Ochlesis eridunda); dactyls of pereopods 3-7 elon- gate (Ochlesis innocens), short (Ochlesis len- ticulosus). Relationship.—Of the suborder Gam- maridea, only the Ochlesinae and the genus Danaella (see also Thoriella and Chevreuxi- 857 ella) in the Lysianassoidea lack a palp on the maxilliped. This lack is characteristic of all members of the Hyperiidea but Ochle- sinae appear in other respects to be related closely to Gammaridea; and Ochlesodius has a 2-articulate palp and thus shows a close connection to the Acanthonotozomatidae. The large coxae are especially characteristic of gammarideans but the general body shape resembles that of Acanthonotozomatidae and Astyridae (=Stilipedidae). Assumed to be apomorphs of Acantho- notozomatidae. Key to the Genera of Ochlesinae 1. Palp of maxilliped 2-articulate ... Arts th eromuth gece yoda: gel moet: Ochlesodius — Palp of maxilliped O-l-articulate .. 2 2. Body keel dorsally flattened, with plaques, pereonites with lateral plaques, telson linguiform, lateral margins curled upward Meraldia — Body keel dorsally knife-like, pereo- nites smooth laterally, telson flat ... 3 3. Palp of maxilliped absent .... Ochlesis — Palp of maxilliped l-articulate ... ee ace he ag PP ee ae Re oe Curidia Curidia Thomas Curidia Thomas, 1983:127 (Curidia debro- gania Thomas, 1983, monotypy). Diagnosis. — As in key. Species. —debrogania Thomas, 1983 [362]. Marine, Belize to Biscayne Bay, Florida, 2-20 m, | species. Meraldia Barnard and Karaman, new genus Type species.—Ochlesis meraldi (J. L. Barnard, 1972a, original designation). Diagnosis. — As in key. Species. —meraldi (J. L. Barnard, 1972a) [785]. Marine, Pearson Islands, South Australia, 35 m, | species. 858 Ochlesis Stebbing Ochlesis Stebbing, 1910:581 (Ochlesis in- nocens Stebbing, 1910a, monotypy). Diagnosis. — As in key. Removal.—O. meraldi to Meraldia. Species. —alii J. L. Barnard, 1970a (?in- nocens ID of Pirlot, 1936 and ?Schellenberg, 1938) [381 + 2640]; eridunda J. L. Barnard, 1972a [785]; innocens Stebbing, 1910 [781]; lenticulosus K. H. Barnard, 1940 (Griffiths 1974b, c, 1975) [743]: levetzowi Schellenberg, 1953 (Griffiths 1974a, c) [743]. Marine, Indo-Pacific from Hawaii to southern Australia and southern Africa, 0- 200 m, 5 species. Ochlesodius Ledoyer Ochlesodius Ledoyer, 1982:48 (Ochlesodius spinicornis Ledoyer, 1982, original des- ignation). Diagnosis. — As in key. Species. —spinicornis Ledoyer, 1982 [698]. Marine, Madagascar, 26 m, | species. Cardenioidae, new family Type genus. —Cardenio Stebbing, 1888. Diagnosis. —Gammaridean with non- galeate head (though probably derived from such); accessory flagellum of antenna 1| uni- articulate but large; antenna 2 lacking facial spines on article 4; upper lip fleshy, ven- trally rounded; mandibles with 3-articulate palp, article 3 short, thick, weakly bevelled apically, all setae apical, molar medium to large, triturative, spine row present; lower lip with mandibular lobes broad but not projecting, inner lobes present and separate from each other, no extraordinary wide space between outer lobes; maxillae 1—2 well developed, inner lobes strongly setose me- dially, palp of maxilla 1 biarticulate; plates of maxilliped well developed, palp 3-artic- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ulate; coxae poorly setose, coxa 1 tiny and hidden by large following coxae; gnathopod 1 present, essentially 6-articulate (dactyl vestigial), carpus large and lobate, propodus small and simple, gnathopod 2 very slender, elongate, carpus dominant, dactyl vestigial or absent; pereopods 3—4 with dactyls ves- tigial, of pereopods 5—6 small, of pereopod 7 absent; pereopod 6 dominant, pereopods generally fossorial; uropods 1-3 present, strongly biramous; telson elongate, deeply cleft. Relationship. —Sharing many characters of Synopiidae but head not distinctly galeate and coxa 1 strongly reduced. Characters shared with Synopiidae include the short article 3 of the mandibular palp, fossorial pereopods, rather slender though reduced antenna | and shape of the gnathopods. Formerly in the old concepts of Hausto- riidae-Pontoporeiidae but not now in those groups because of the non-fossorial anten- nae, non-haustorioid but otherwise well de- veloped lanceolate rami on uropod 3, and elongate poorly setose telson. The diagnosis of Cardenio below follows that of Synopiidae for comparisons. Cardenio Stebbing Cardenio Stebbing, 1888:806 (Cardenio paurodactylus Stebbing, 1888, mono- typy); 1906:125. Diagnosis.—Forehead not protuberant, lateral cephalic lobe not sharp, eyes present; mandible with palp, molar of medium size and not dominating mandible, moderately triturative; articles 1-2 of antenna | basic, article 3 as long as 1 (longer than 2), no teeth; dactyl of maxilliped vestigial or ab- sent; coxa | strongly reduced; coxae 3—4 not pelagont; gnathopods simple, gnathopod 1 stout, carpus thick, lobate, with serrate spines; gnathopod 2 slender, carpus long, not lobate, without serrate spines, dactyl ob- solescent or absent; pereopods 5-7 elongate, dactyls elongate, pereopod 6 dominant; ar- ticle 2 of pereopod 7 strongly expanded, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 subtruncate ventrally; pleonites 1-3 dentic- ulate; uropod 3 not grossly exceeding uro- pod 1, peduncle elongate, uropod 2 short; telson elongate, deeply cleft. Species. —paurodactylus Stebbing, 1888, 1906 (K. H. Barnard 1932, Stephensen 1947, Thurston 1974b) [835, 890]. Antiboreal and Antarctic islands, 0—70 m, 1 species. Clarenciidae, new familly Type genus.—Clarencia K. H. Barnard, 1931. Diagnosis. —Peduncle of antenna | short, stubby, accessory flagellum absent. Man- dibular molar simple, conical. Plates of maxilliped of medium size. Gnathopod 2 enlarged and chelate, article 3 short. Uro- pods and telson [unknown]. See Sebidae; Lysianassidae; Eusiridae and allies. Description. —Body compressed, dorsally carinate and toothed, urosomites | and 2 free, first elongate and crested [urosomite 3 unknown]. Head subcuboidal, rostrum ob- solescent, lateral lobes undeveloped; eyes absent. Antennae [broken], but peduncle of an- tenna | short and articles 1-3 progressively shorter, article 1 shorter than head, article 3 produced and almost as long as article 2, article 1 of primary flagellum ordinary [re- mainder broken]; antenna 2 much longer than 1 [but missing from middle of article 5]. Epistome and labrum [?separate, ?labrum dominant, ?broader than long, ?epistome unproduced], labrum apically rounded. Mandibular incisor ordinary, toothed, la- cinia mobilis [?present], rakers 5, molar simple, subconical, palp attached oppecsite molar, article 3 shorter than 2, subfalciform, strongly setose, setae = DE. Labium with appressed outer lobes, with weak fused ap- pressed inner lobes. Inner plate of maxilla 1 medium, with 4 marginal setae, outer plate with 9 spines, palp long, 2-articulate, article 859 1 short; plates of maxilla 2 moderately nar- row, moderately setose, outer longer than inner; plates of maxilliped of medium size, poorly armed, palp stout, 4-articulate, dac- tyl long, unguiform. Coxae 1—4 medium, coxa 4 scarcely larg- est, coxa 1 weakly expanded, coxa 3 weakly tapering, coxa 4 scarcely lobate and scarcely excavate, coxa 5 slightly shorter than 4. Gnathopod 1 small, carpus not lobate, propodus of medium length, as long as car- pus, palm transverse; gnathopod 2 enlarged, carpus tiny, cryptic, propodus huge, palm chelate, dactyl fitting palm. Pereopods short to medium, 3-4 ordi- nary, article 2 of pereopods 5—7 expanded, weakly lobate, [scarcely setulate?]. Pleopods [?ordinary, each ramus with ? articles]. Uro- some elongate, epimera ordinary, urosome elongate [but urosome missing from 2 on- ward, uropods 1—3 missing, telson missing]. Gills [2—?], simple; oostegites [unknown]. Sexual dimorphism. —Unknown [speci- men immature]. Remarks. —Apices of antennae, uro- somites, and all of uropods and telson miss- ing. Relationship. — Differing from Sebidae (see J. L. Barnard 1969a) in the short stubby peduncle of antenna |, and the absence of the accessory flagellum. Differing from Lysianassidae in the en- largement of gnathopod 2 with short article 3. Differing from Eusiridae in the combi- nation of short peduncle on antenna | and chelate gnathopod 2. Vaguely resembling Acanthonotozoma- tidae but only coxa 4 scarcely acuminate, gnathopod 2 huge and chelate. Clarencia K. H. Barnard Clarencia K. H. Barnard, 1931:428 (Cla- rencia chelata K. H. Barnard, 1931, orig- inal designation); 1932:155. Species. —chelata K. H. Barnard, 1931, 1932 [871B]. 860 Marine, South Shetland Islands, 342 m, 1 species. Eusiridae Abdia Barnard and Karaman, new genus Type species. — Atylopsis latipalpus Walk- er and Scott, 1903, here designated. Etymology. —From the type locality, ‘*‘Abd-el-Kuri.”” Feminine. Body ordinary, compressed, smooth. Rostrum [?large], lateral cephalic lobes or- dinary, anteroventral margin of head not produced. Eyes ovate. Antenna | longer than 2, peduncular ar- ticles of antenna | progressively shorter, ar- ticle 2 shorter than head, article 3 not pro- duced; article 1 of primary flagellum short, accessory flagellum absent. Labrum [?entire, ?subrounded, ?broader than long, ?epistome unproduced]. Molar triturative, columnar, article 2 of mandib- ular palp unlobed, article 3 shorter than 2. Labium: [?inner lobes absent]. Maxilla 1: inner plate with 3 medial setae, palp long, article | slightly elongate. Maxilla 2: [?inner plate not broader nor longer than outer, ?plates narrow, ?inner plate without facial row of setae and other medial setae]. Maxilliped: inner plate relatively long, outer plate slightly shorter than inner; palp of 4 articles, 4 slightly shorter than 3, 3 unlobed, 4 not spinose along inferior margin. Coxae ordinary, coxa | not produced an- teriorly nor expanded ventrally, coxa 4 with posterior lobe, excavate. Gnathopods diverse, small (female), of similar size, subchelate, not eusirid, carpus of both scarcely shorter than propodus, of second only with strong posterodistal lobe extending distad, carpus of both without nu- merous long posterior setae. Pereopods 3-7 ordinary, simple, dactyls simple, article 2 not anteriorly lobate. Coxal gills heavily pleated as in Atylidae. Epi- meron 3 not serrate. Urosomites distinct. Outer rami of uropods 1-2 shortened; rami with lateral and dorsal spines. Uropod 3 ordinary, not extended beyond uropod 1, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON peduncle without large process, rami lan- ceolate. Telson ordinary, cleft, apices with- out long apical armaments. Assumption. —\If Pontogeneia barnardi Rabindranath (1972) is a synonym of Aty- lopsis latipalpus then the rostrum of Abdia is large like that of Tethygeneia (see J. L. Barnard 1972a) and Nasageneia (see be- low). Relationship. — Differing from the fresh- water Australia Pseudomoera in the pres- ence of carpal lobes only on gnathopod 2. Differing from Tethygeneia in the seriate, not anthurial, calceolli. Not Atylidae because urosomites sepa- rate. See Nasageneia. Species. —latipalpus (Waiker and Scott, 1903) (Sivaprakasam 1968) (?=barnardi Rabindranath, 1972) [690]. Marine, India to Abd-el-Kuri, sublittoral, 1 species. Manerogeneia, new genus Type species. —Pontogeneiella maneroo J. L. Barnard 1972a, here designated. Etymology. —From the type species, ““maneroo,”’ and “geneia,” a common sufhix in this family. Feminine. Body ordinary, compressed, smooth. Rostrum large, lateral cephalic lobes ordi- nary, anteroventral margin of head not pro- duced. Eyes round. Antenna | longer than 2, peduncular ar- ticles progressively shorter, article 1 shorter than head, article 3 weakly produced; article 1 of primary flagellum as long as article 3 of peduncle; accessory flagellum absent. Labrum entire, subrounded, broader than long; epistome unproduced. Molar tritura- tive, columnar, article 2 of mandibular palp unlobed, article 3 as long as 2. Labium: in- ner lobes present. Maxilla 1: inner plate with many medial setae, palp long, article 1 short. Maxilla 2: inner plate not broader nor long- er than outer, inner plate with facial row of many setae and other medial setae. Maxil- liped: inner plate relatively short, outer plate not longer than inner; palp of 4 articles, 4 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 slightly shorter than 3, 3 unlobed, 4 weakly setulate along inferior margin. Coxae ordinary, coxa | not produced an- teriorly nor expanded ventrally, coxa 4 not quite twice as long as 1, excavate, with pos- terior lobe. Gnathopods alike, medium, but 1 scarcely larger than 2, subchelate, not eu- sirid, carpus of both shorter than propodus, with weak or no posterior lobe not extend- ing distad, carpus without numerous long posterior setae, propodi rectangular. Pereopods 3-7 ordinary, simple, dactyls strongly toothed or bifid on inferior mar- gins, article 2 not anteriorly lobate. Epimer- on 3 smooth. Outer rami of uropods 1-3 shortened; rami with lateral and dorsal spines. Uropod 3 ordinary, not extended beyond uropod 1, peduncle without large process, rami lan- ceolate. Telson slightly elongate, entire, lin- guiform, without long apical armaments. Relationship. —Noted among its relatives for the bifid dactyls of pereopods 5-7. Clos- est to 7ylosapis Thurston (1974a) but back smooth, telson not emarginate, medial mar- gin of inner plate on maxilla 1 strongly se- tose, and gnathopod | slightly enlarged; also like Atylopsis but outer ramus of uropod 3 shortened. Differing from Prostebbingia and Gondogeneia (see J. L. Barnard 1972a, b) in the uncleft telson; from Bovallia in the short article 1 of antenna 1; from Halirages in the unserrate epimeron 3, short outer ra- mus of uropod 3 and non-emarginate tel- son. See Apherusa, Haliragoides, Membrilo- pus (below). Species. —maneroo (J. L. Barnard, 1972a) [775]. Marine, New Zealand, intertidal, 1 species. Membrilopus, new genus Type species. —Metaleptamphopus mem- brisetata J. L. Barnard, 1961, here desig- nated. Etymology. —“‘Membri,” from the type species, and L., “‘lopho,’’ comb. Masculine. 861 Body ordinary, compressed, smooth. Rostrum medium, lateral cephalic lobes or- dinary, anteroventral margin of head scarcely produced. Eyes reniform. Antenna | longer than 2, peduncular ar- ticles progressively shorter, article 1 shorter than head, article 3 not produced; article 1 of primary flagellum short, accessory fla- gellum 1-articulate, barrel-shaped. Labrum entire, subrounded, broader than long, epistome unproduced. Molar tritura- tive, columnar, article 2 of mandibular palp unlobed, article 3 as long as 2. Labium: in- ner lobes absent. Maxilla 1: inner plate with many medial setae, palp long, article 1 short. Maxilla 2: inner plate not broader nor long- er than outer, plates narrow, inner without facial row of setae but with 2 other medial setae. Maxilliped: inner plate relatively short, outer plate slightly longer than inner; palp of 4 articles, 4 slightly shorter than 3, 3 unlobed, 4 spinose along inferior margin. Coxae ordinary, coxa | not produced an- teriorly nor expanded ventrally, coxa 4 al- most twice as long as 1, with posterior lobe, excavate. Gnathopods alike, medium, subchelate, not eusirid, carpus of both nearly as long as propodus, with weak posterior lobe not ex- tending distad, with numerous long poste- rior setae, propodi weakly inflated, trape- zoidal. Pereopods 3-7 scarcely elongate, simple, dactyls strongly pectinate on inferior mar- gins, article 2 not anteriorly lobate. Epimeron 3 smooth. Outer rami of uropods 1-3 not or slightly shortened; rami with lateral and dorsal spines. Uropod 3 ordinary, not extended beyond uropod 1, peduncle without large process, rami lanceolate, outer shortened. Telson ordinary, entire, linguiform, without long apical armaments. Relationship. —Like Metaleptamphopus but lobes of maxilla 2 narrow, inferior side of pereopodal dactyls 3-7 ornamented (not superior side), accessory flagellum present, enlarged gnathopods with short lobed carpi, articles 2-3 of maxillipedal palp normally 862 shorter and uropod 3 neither extended well beyond uropod | nor bearing elongate pe- duncle. Differing from Prostebbingia in the un- cleft telson; from Haliragoides in the short carpi of the gnathopods and the absence of truly facial setae on maxilla 2; from Ma- nerogeneia (see above) in the absence of in- ner lobes on the lower lip, absence of facial setae on maxilla 2, and the pectinate dactyls of the pereopods (bifid only in Maneroge- neia). Very close to Atylopsis but lacking a process on article 3 of antenna 1, lacking inner lobes on the lower lip and bearing pectinate dactyls on the pereopods. Also very close to Paracalliopiella Tzvetkova and Ku- drjaschov (1975) but differing in the pecti- nate dactyls and lack of inner lobes on the lower lip. Close to TJylosapis Thurston (1974a) but inner plate of maxilla | strongly setose medially. Differing from Lopyastis Thurston (1974a) in the short outer ramus of uropod 3 and the pectinate dactyls of the pereopods. See Harpinioides. Species. —membrisetatus (J. L. Barnard, 1961) (Griffiths 1974a) [416B]. Marine, southwest Africa, 537 m, 1 species. Nasageneia, new genus Type species.—Pontogeneia nasa J. L. Barnard, 1969b, here designated. Etymology. —‘‘Nasa,’’ from the type species, and “geneia,” a common sufhx in this family. Feminine. Body slender, compressed, smooth. Ros- trum large, lateral cephalic lobes ordinary, anteroventral margin of head scarcely pro- duced. Eyes reniform. Antennae subequal, peduncular articles of antenna | progressively shorter, article 1 shorter than head, article 3 weakly pro- duced; article 1 of primary flagellum ordi- nary to short, accessory flagellum absent. Labrum entire, subrounded, broader than PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON long; epistome unproduced. Molar tritura- tive, columnar, article 2 of mandibular palp unlobed, article 3 shorter than 2. Labium: inner lobes absent. Maxilla 1: inner plate with | medial and 2 apical setae, palp long, article 1 short. Maxilla 2: inner plate not broader but slightly longer than outer, inner plate without facial row of setae but with other medial setae, few, large, at least one slightly submarginal. Maxilliped: inner plate not relatively long, outer plate slightly shorter than inner; palp of 4 articles, 4 slightly shorter than 3, 3 unlobed, 4 not spi- nose along inferior margin. Coxae ordinary to short, coxa | not pro- duced anteriorly nor expanded ventrally, coxa 4 without posterior lobe, excavate. Gnathopods diverse, medium, of similar size, subchelate, not eusirid, medium, car- pus of both shorter than propodus, only gnathopod 2 with strong posterior lobe ex- tending distad, carpus without numerous long posterior setae, propodi rectangular in female, inflated in male, in latter with pos- terior spines outside limits of oblique palm. Pereopods 3—7 ordinary, simple, dactyls simple, article 2 not anteriorly lobate. Epimeron 3 serrate. Outer rami of uropods 1—2 shortened; rami with lateral and dorsal spines. Uropod 3 ordinary, not extended beyond uropod 1, peduncle with small process, rami lanceo- late. Telson ordinary, weakly cleft, apices without long armaments. Relationship.—Like Tethygeneia J. L. Barnard (1972a) but epimeron 3 serrate and propodi of male gnathopods with posterior spines well outside palmar limits as in Gon- dogeneia. Calceoli tending to be much more strongly anthurial than in Tethygeneia, with one lobe quite linguiform. Differing from Abdia (see above) in the serrate epimeron 3 and presence of many spines on the propodi of the gnathopods outside of the palmar area. See Antarctogeneia Thurston (1974a), Pseudomoera. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Species.—nasa (J. L. Barnard, 1969b, 1979) [370]; quinsana (J. L. Barnard, 1964b, 1969b, 1979) [370]. Marine, warm temperate California and Mexico, 0-1 m, 2 species. Whangarusa, new genus Type species. —Panoploea translucens Chilton, 1884, here designated. Etymology. Composed of parts of ““Whangaparoa”’ (Peninsula) and “‘translu- cens.”” Feminine. Body ordinary, compressed, smooth. Rostrum very small, lateral cephalic lobes ordinary, anteroventral margin of head not produced. Eyes ovate. Antenna | longer than 2, peduncular ar- ticles progressively shorter, article 1 shorter than head, article 3 weakly produced; article 1 of primary flagellum ordinary, accessory flagellum absent. Labrum [?entire, subrounded, broader than long]; epistome unproduced. Molar tri- turative, columnar, article 2 of mandibular palp unlobed, article 3 almost as long as 2. Labium: inner lobes small. Maxilla 1: inner plate with many medial setae, palp long, article 1 short. Maxilla 2: inner plate not broader nor longer than outer, inner plate with full facial row of setae and other medial setae. Maxilliped: inner plate not relatively - long, outer plate slightly longer than inner; palp of 4 articles, 4 slightly shorter than 3, 3 unlobed, 4 not spinose along inferior mar- gin. Coxae ordinary, coxa | not produced an- teriorly nor expanded ventrally, coxa 4 with posterior lobe, excavate. Gnathopods alike, large, 1 larger than 2, subchelate, not eusirid, carpus of both in male much shorter than propodus, with weak posterior lobe not extending distad, carpus without numerous long posterior se- tae, gnathopods 1-2 of female much more slender, carpus as long as propodus. Pereopods 3-7 ordinary, simple, dactyls 863 simple, article 2 not anteriorly lobate. Epimeron 3 smooth. Outer rami of uropods 1-2 shortened; rami with lateral and dorsal spines. Uropod 3 ordinary to small, not extended beyond uropod 1, peduncle without large process, rami lanceolate. Telson ordinary, entire, almost pointed, without long apical armaments. Relationship. — Differing from Gondoge- neia J. L. Barnard (1972a, b) in the uncleft telson. Differing from Atylopsis, Laothoes, Apherusa, and Halirages in the grossly en- larged male gnathopod 1, both gnathopods with very short carpus and large propodi. Species. —translucens (Chilton, 1884, 1921) JJ. L. Barnard, 1972b) [775]. Marine, New Zealand, intertidal, 1 species. Isaeidae Cheiriphotis Walker Cheiriphotis Walker, 1904:283 (Melita megacheles Giles, 1885, monotypy). Photis geniculata K. H. Barnard (1935) is transferred to this genus. Liljeborgiidae Key to the Genera of Liljeborgiidae 1. Article 1 of mandibular palp short sl taetahns A ae por ead th tee Sect deualte Idunella gate 2. Wrist of gnathopods 1-2 strongly produced, slender and elongate, one or both dactyls of gnathopods 1-2 deeply serrate or toothed — Wrist of gnathopods 1-2 weakly produced, slender or thick or short, neither gnathopodal dactyl deeply serrate nor toothed 3. Coxa 1 enlarged, posteroventrally lobate and enveloping reduced cox- ae 2-3, each lobe of telson with 4+ spines Tsipingus — Coxa | ordinary, not lobate, coxae 2-3 of ordinary length and not en- veloped by coxa 1, each lobe of tel- son with 1 spine .......... Liljeborgia 4. Mandibular molar triturative, gnathopod 2 propodus and carpus SctoseraltenlOnlyee ye eee Sextonia — Mandibular molar simple, gnatho- pod 2 propodus and carpus naked anteriorly Listriella Tsipingus, new genus Type species. — Liljeborgia epistomata K. H. Barnard, 1932, original designation. Etymology.—From “‘Isipingo,” a beach in southern Africa. Masculine. Diagnosis. — Article 2 of peduncle on an- tenna | [?short], accessory flagellum 4+- articulate. Epistome hugely produced. Ar- ticle 1 of mandibular palp elongate. In male, coxa | greatly enlarged, posteroventrally lo- bate, this lobe encompassing much reduced coxae 2—3; coxa 4 much smaller than coxa 1, abnormally narrowed and anteriorly be- velled. Wrists of gnathopods 1-2 strongly produced, dactyls deeply toothed. Outer ra- mus of uropod 3 [?uniarticulate]. Each lobe of telson with 4—S apical spines. Relationship. —Differing from Liljebor- gia in the large epistomal process, enlarged coxa 1 enveloping reduced coxae 2-3 and the multispinose lobes of the telson. Species. —epistomata (K. H. Barnard, 1932, 1940, 1955) [743]. Marine, South Africa, 44-124 m, 1 species. Lysianassidae We are aware that our colleagues are re- vising this family; we have many new gen- era to describe but are delaying these as long as possible to allow our colleagues, who have better information than we, time to publish; the following five genera, however, are needed in print urgently by one of us (Bar- nard) to service a paper in press on amphi- pods from thermal vents. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Bruunosa, new genus Type species.—Tryphosa bruuni Dahl, 1959, here designated. Etymology. —From roots of the type species. Feminine. Mouthparts forming quadrate bundle. Labrum and epistome differentially pro- duced, not prominent, separate, labrum slightly dominant in size and projection, blunt. Incisor ordinary, molar triturative, large, palp attached opposite molar. Inner plate of maxilla 1 weakly (2) setose; palp biarticulate, large. Inner and outer plates of maxilliped well developed, palp slightly ex- ceeding outer plate, dactyl well developed. Coxa | large and visible, slightly tapering or rounded below. Gnathopod 1 short, sub- chelate, palm oblique, article 5 slightly long- er than 6, dactyl large; article 6 of gnathopod 2 much shorter than article 5, ordinary, propodus subchelate, dactyl thick and stub- by. Inner ramus of uropod 2 with large notch. Uropod 3 ordinary, peduncle elongate, in- ner ramus strongly shortened, outer ramus 2-articulate. Telson elongate, deeply cleft. Additional characters.—Article 1 of ac- cessory flagellum elongate and flattened; outer plate of maxilla 2 much broader than inner; outer plate of maxilliped with large articulate spines (versus Cicadosa and An- onyx); coxa 4 posteroventral lobe weak and blunt (versus Anonyx and Cicadosa); dactyl of gnathopod 2 especially thick; telson with dorsal spines but none terminal. Relationship. — Differing from Cicadosa in the large articulate spines on outer plate of maxilliped, subchelate gnathopod 1, and slightly rounded, not expanded coxa 1. From Anonyx in large spines on outer plate of maxilliped, slightly rounded, not expanded coxa 1, incised inner ramus of uropod 2, and dorsal spines on telson. From Tryphosella in triturative molar, slightly dominant labrum, and dorsal not terminal telsonic spines. From Ambasiopsis, Cedrosella, Gala- thella, and Schisturella in the non-reduced VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 coxa 1; in addition, from Cedrosella and Galathella by the incised inner ramus of uropod 2. Species. —bruuni Dahl, 1959 [714A]. Marine, Kermadec Trench, 6660-6770 m, | species. Cedrosella, new genus Type species. —Ambasiopsis (?) fomes J. L. Barnard, 1967, here designated. Etymology.—From “‘Cedros,”’ the type locality of the type species, and “ella” L. diminutive sufhx. Feminine. Mouthparts forming quadrate bundle. Labrum and epistome differentially pro- duced, not prominent, separate, labrum slightly dominant in size and projection, blunt. Incisor ordinary, molar weakly tri- turative, large, also setulose, palp attached opposite molar. Inner plate of maxilla 1 weakly (2) setose; palp biarticulate, large. Inner and outer plates of maxilliped well developed, palp strongly exceeding outer plate, dactyl well developed. Coxa | strongly shortened and partly cov- ered by coxa 2, tapering. Gnathopod 1 short, strongly subchelate, palm transverse, article 5 shorter than 6, dactyl large; article 6 of gnathopod 2 much shorter than article 5, ordinary, propodus minutely chelate. Inner ramus of uropod 2 without notch. Uropod 3 ordinary, peduncle ordinary, in- ner ramus slightly shortened, outer ramus 2-articulate. Telson ordinary, short, deeply cleft. Additional characters. —Head lacking sinus for antenna 2; antennae very short; basalmost inner seta of maxilla 2 largest; apex of outer plate on maxilliped with 2 thick spines; dactyl of gnathopod 1 lacking inner tooth; pereopods 5-7 very short. Relationship. — Differing from Ambasiop- sis in: lack of carina on article 1 of peduncle on antenna |; D-setae occupying less than half of mandibular palp article 3 (but also true of Ambasiopsis tumicornis); 10 spines on outer plate of maxilla 1; apex of outer plate on maxilliped with strong apical spines 865 (but also weakly in Ambasiopsis tumicor- nis); article 5 of gnathopod 1 shorter than article 6, dactyl without inner tooth, palm transverse; no process on urosomite 1. From Schisturella in lack of notch on in- ner ramus of uropod 2, small antennae, weaker molar, small head without sinus for antenna 2 and short pereopods 5-7. From Galathella in the slightly reduced and setulose molar, and the narrow and ser- rate apex of the palp on maxilla | (versus broad and armed with articulate bead-like spines). Species. —fomes (J. L. Barnard, 1967) [309A]. Marine, Cedros Trench, Pacific Mexico, 3705-3745 m, 1 species. Cicadosa, new genus Type species.—Anonyx cicadoides Steb- bing, 1888, here designated. Etymology. —From “‘cicadoides”’’ and “‘osus,”’ L. suffix denoting quality of, for ex- ample, fullness. Feminine. Mouthparts forming quadrate bundle. Labrum and epistome separate, differen- tially produced, labrum slightly dominant in size and projection, subsharp. Incisor or- dinary, molar simple, large, weakly coni- colaminate, subconical, setulose; palp at- tached strongly distal to molar. Inner plate of maxilla 1 weakly (2) setose; palp biartic- ulate, large. Inner and outer plates of max- illiped well developed, palp strongly ex- ceeding outer plate, dactyl well developed. Coxa | large and visible, not tapering. Gnathopod 1 simple or poorly subchelate, palm oblique, article 5 shorter than 6, dactyl large; article 6 of gnathopod 2 greatly short- er than article 5, ordinary, propodus with minute palm. Inner ramus of uropod 2 with large notch. Uropod 3 ordinary, peduncle slightly elon- gate, inner ramus slightly shortened, outer ramus 2-articulate. Telson elongate, deeply cleft. Sexual dimorphism. —Male antennae 1- 866 2 calceolate, flagellum of antenna 2 elon- gate, peduncle with anterior male tufts. Relationship. — Differing from Anonyx in the simple gnathopod 1, slightly elongate article 3 of gnathopod 1 and the slightly shorter palp of the maxilliped. Differing from Tryphosella in the ex- panded coxa 1 and notched inner ramus of uropod 2. From 7metonyx in the notched inner ra- mus of uropod 2 and weakness of elongation on article 3 of gnathopod 1. From Tryphosites in the dominant la- brum. See Bruunosa above. Species. —cicadoides (Stebbing, 1888, as Anonyx) (Schellenberg 1926, Bellan-Santini and Ledoyer 1974) [851]. Marine, Kerguelen Isiand, 3-228 m, 1 species. Galathella, new genus Type species —Schisturella galatheae Dahl, 1959, here selected. Etymology. —From “‘galatheae’’ and “ella” L. diminutive sufiix. Feminine. Mouthparts forming quadrate bundle. Labrum and epistome not differentially pro- duced, not prominent, separate, neither dominant, blunt. Incisor ordinary; molar triturative, large, palp attached opposite molar. Inner plate of maxilla 1 weakly (2) setose; palp biarticulate, large. Inner poorly and outer plates of maxilliped well devel- oped, palp strongly exceeding outer plate, dactyl well developed. Coxa | slightly shortened, tapering, and partly covered by coxa 2. Gnathopod | short, subchelate, palm oblique, articles 5 and 6 subequal, dactyl large; article 6 of gnatho- pod 2 slightly shorter than article 5, ordi- nary, propodus subchelate. Inner ramus of uropod 2 without notch. Uropod 3 ordinary, peduncle elongate, in- ner ramus slightly shortened, outer ramus 2-articulate. Telson ordinary, deeply cleft. Relationship. — Differing from Schisturel- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Ja in the unproduced upper lip and lack of notch on the inner ramus of uropod 3. Species. — galatheae (Dahl, 1959) [715A]. Marine, Kermadec Trench, 6960—7000 m, | species. Lepiduristes, new genus Type species.—Uristes (?) lepidus J. L. Barnard, 1964a, here selected. Etymology. — Based on the old name of the taxon, Uristes lepidus. Masculine. Article 1 of antenna | thickened and car- inate. Mouthparts forming quadrate bun- dle. Labrum and epistome separate, not produced, epistome slightly dominant in size. Incisor ordinary, molar weakly tritur- ative, large, palp attached opposite molar. Inner plate of maxilla 1 weakly (?2) setose; palp biarticulate, large. Inner and outer plates of maxilliped well developed, palp strongly exceeding outer plate, dactyl well developed. Coxa | tapering, slightly shortened and partly covered by coxa 2. Gnathopod 1 poorly subchelate, palm oblique, article 3 elongate, article 5 scarcely longer than 6, dactyl large, gnathopod 2 scarcely subche- late, propodus slightly longer than article 5. Inner ramus of uropod 2 without notch. Uropod 3 ordinary, peduncle ordinary, in- ner ramus slightly shortened, outer ramus 2-articulate. Telson ordinary, deeply cleft. Sexual dimorphism. — Unstudied. Relationship. —Differing from Uristes, Lepidepecreum, and Tryphosella, and most other similar lysianassids in the elongate ar- ticle 3 of gnathopod 1. The almost complete loss of ventral cephalic integrity is not suf- ficient for generic differentiation because this is a feature of Uristes perspinis and is found moderately well developed in most of the taxa formerly assigned to Tryphosa or Try- vhosella. The attachment of antenna 2 into a strong anteroventral cephalic notch is typ- ical of most lysianassids but in the Uristes- Tryphosa-Tryphosella complex this cephal- ic support is weakened or lost and the base VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 of antenna 2 is shoved posteriorly and has only weak cephalic envelopment. Species. —lepidus (J. L. Barnard, 1964a) [404A]. Marine, Caribbean Sea, 5419-5497 m, 1 species. Rimakoroga, new genus Type species. —Pseudokoroga rima J. L. Barnard, 1964b, here selected. Etymology. — From the name of the type species. Feminine. Mouthparts forming quadrate bundle. Labrum and epistome prominent, separate, epistome slightly dominant in size and pro- jection, blunt. Incisor ordinary, molar weakly triturative, of medium size, also set- ulose; palp attached strongly proximal to molar. Inner plate of maxilla | [?weakly (2) setose]; palp biarticulate, large. Inner and outer plates of maxilliped well developed, palp strongly exceeding outer plate, dactyl well developed. Coxa | large and visible, not tapering. Gnathopod | in male strongly enlarged, strongly subchelate, palm transverse, article 5 much shorter than 6, lobate, dactyl large; article 6 of gnathopod 2 much shorter than article 5, ordinary, propodus minutely che- late. Inner ramus of uropod 2 without notch. - Uropod 3 ordinary, peduncle ordinary, in- ner ramus slightly shortened, outer ramus 2-articulate. Telson ordinary, weakly to deeply cleft. Additional characters.—Primary flagel- lum of antenna | with 5 articles only; ter- minal male gnathopod 1 with carpus very short, lobe thin, propodus enormous, palm and hind margin continuous (as in Jschy- rocerus), dactyl immense and folding back on false palm; epimeron 3 weakly serrate. Sexual dimorphism. —Female gnathopod 1 small but thick, carpus short and lobate, propodus subrectangular, palm almost transverse, dactyl fitting palm; otherwise 867 antennae, eyes and uropod 3 similar be- tween the sexes. Relationship. — Differing from Pseudo- koroga in the cleft telson and unconstricted inner ramus of uropod 2. From Orchomene in the inflated article 6 of male gnathopod 1, in the terminal male this propodus developing massively, palm and hind margin contiguous, dactyl huge and folding back on false palm. From Koroga in the cleft telson, strongly transformed gnathopod 1 of the terminal male and the better developed molar. Species. —rima (J. L. Barnard, 1964b, c, 1966) [370]. Marine, southern California and west Mexico, 2-30 m, | species. Nuuanuids (Pherusanids, Gammarellids) This family group cannot bear a name until some person asks the ICZN to deter- mine its spelling. There is already a family Gammarellidae Bousfield (1977), based on the unrelated genus Gammarellus. Gammarella Bate, new synonymy Pherusa Leach, 1814:432 (homonym, Poly- chaeta) (Pherusa fucicola Leach, 1814, monotypy). Gammarella Bate, 1857:143 (Gammarella orchestiformis Bate, 1857, monotypy, =Pherusa fucicola Leach).— Barnard and Barnard, 1983:637. Pherusana J. L. Barnard, 1964d:62 (new name for Pherusa, same type species). Nuuanu J. L. Barnard, 1970:166 (Nuuanu amikai J. L. Barnard, original designa- tion). Cottesloe J. L. Barnard, 1974:27 (Cottesloe berringar J. L. Barnard, 1974, original designation). Valettiella Griffiths, 1977:116 (Valettiella castellana Griffiths, 1977, original des- ignation). Valettiella is a synonym of Gammarella and is not a genus of the Lysianassidae. 868 Pseudamphilochidae Pseudamphilochidae Schellenberg, 1931:92. Diagnosis. —Like Amphilochidae but coxae 1—4 ordinary, coxa | expanded ven- trally and broader than coxa 2, coxa 4 of medium size and well excavate posteriorly. Telson cleft. Relatively good plesiomorph of other amphilochids because of strong rostrum, round eye, mouthparts, hammer-like small gnathopods of general form, elongate (but split) telson. Description.—Antennae longer than in other amphilochids but individual articles of similar dimensions. Accessory flagellum obsolescent. Antenna 2 longer than antenna 1, article 4 of peduncle longer than article 5. Upper lip scarcely incised (unusual). Mandibular incisor of ordinary width, toothed, lacinia mobilis present, raker row sparse (unusual), molar simple and obso- lescent, palp stout (unusual). Lower lip with well developed unnotched outer lobes bear- ing ordinary blunt mandibular lobes, outer lobes widely separated by well developed unfused inner lobes. Inner plate of maxilla 1 small, with 1 seta, outer plate with 9 spines, palp thin, 2-articulate. Plates of maxilla 2 broad but outer much narrower than inner, latter naked medially. Maxilliped ordinary but inner plate slightly broader than nor- mal. Gnathopods small, alike, carpi short, weakly lobate, propodi longer, moderately expanded, palm almost transverse. Pereo- pods 3-7 ordinary. Outer ramus of uropod | strongly, of uro- pod 2 scarcely shorter than inner; peduncle of uropod 3 not greatly elongate (unusual), inner ramus half as long as outer (unusual). Telson elongate, leaf-like, apex sharp but telson split more than one third its length (unusual). See Bolttsiidae (below). Relationship. —The unusual characters marked above spoil a tight definition of am- philochoidids. The type genus needs exten- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON sive study. Though coxa | is broadened, Pseudamphilochus differs from Astyridae (=Stilipedidae) in the propodi of the gnathopods being larger than the carpi and is not a member of Acanthonotozomatidae because no anterior coxa is acuminate. Pseudamphilochus Schellenberg Pseudamphilochus Schellenberg, 1931:92 (Pseudamphilochus shoemakeri Schellen- berg, 1931, monotypy). With the char- acters of the family. Species. —shoemakeri Schellenberg, 1931 [833]. Marine, South Georgia, 12-15 m, 1 species. Bolttsiidae, new family Type genus. — Bolttsia Griffiths, 1976. Diagnosis. —Like Amphilochidae but coxae 1-4 of ordinary size, coxa 1 not ex- panded ventrally and not broader than coxa 2; coxa 4 of medium size, broader than coxa 3, posterodorsal excavation small. Telson entire. Relatively good plesiomorph of other amphilochids but probably a distinct side branch from ancestors of Pseudamphilo- chidae because of poorly developed exca- vation on coxa 4, uncleft telson and unex- panded coxa 1. Description. — Antennae short and simi- lar to those of amphilochids. Antenna 2 slightly shorter than antenna 1, article 5 longer than 4. Accessory flagellum obsoles- cent. Upper lip scarcely incised (unusual), molar large but simple, setulose, palp of me- dium stoutness. Lower lip with well devel- oped unnotched outer lobes bearing ordi- nary blunt mandibular lobes, outer lobes widely separated by well developed unfused inner lobes. Inner plate of maxilla | small, naked, outer plate with 7 spines, palp thin, 2-articulate. Plates of maxilla 2 of medium width, subequal in width, inner without large VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 medial setae. Maxilliped ordinary, inner plates thin, apical spine of dactyl very strong. Gnathopods moderately enlarged, alike, carpi short, weakly lobate, propodi longer, well expanded, palms almost transverse. Pereopods 3-7 ordinary. Outer ramus of uropods 2-3 shortened; peduncle of uropod 3 elongate, rami naked and shorter than peduncle. Telson elongate, leaf-like, entire, apically rounded. Pleonites 1—3 with dorsal tooth. Relationship. — Differing from Amphilo- chidae in the large coxa 1. From Pseudamphilochidae in the short antennae, uncleft telson, thin inner plate of maxilliped, presence of 7 (versus 9) spines on the outer plate of maxilla 1, and regular uropod 3 with elongate peduncle. Bolttsia Griffiths Bolttsia Griffiths, 1976:12 (Bolttsia minuta Griffiths, 1976, original designation). With the characters of the family. Species. —minuta Griffiths, 1976 [743]. Marine, coastal disjunct lagoon (Sibaya Lake), South Africa near Mozambique bor- der, 1 species. Stegocephalidae Stegosoladidus, new genus Type species. —Andaniotes simplex K. H. Barnard, 1930, here designated. Etymology.—From root of Stegocephal- idae, “‘sol’’ L. sun, “‘idus’’ L. having the na- ture of. Body smooth. Article 1 of flagellum on antenna | [?longer than peduncle]. Article 4 of peduncle on antenna 2 [?longer than article 5]. Labrum [?ordinary, ?elongate, ?very broad, ?asymmetrically incised]. Mandib- ular incisor smooth. Labium very short, with gaping extended lobes, with [?1 or 2 bidigi- tate distal fingers]. Maxilla 1 ordinary, palp l-articulate (slender relative to Andaniotes corpulentus). Outer plate of maxilla 2 or- 869 dinary, spines without hooks. Inner plate of maxilliped not reaching base of palp article 1, palp 3-articulate (articles 1-2 coalesced), article 2 unproduced. Dactyls of gnathopods simple. Pereopods 3-4 simple. Article 2 of pereopod 6 ex- panded. Pereopod 7 with 7 articles. Uropod 3 biramous, outer ramus [?2-ar- ticulate, peduncle ?longer than rami]. Tel- son [?as broad as long], incised. Relationship. —Like Andaniotes but plates of maxilliped very short, palp with only 3 articles, apparently articles 1-2 of primor- dial palp fused (or article 4 lost and article 1 elongate). Species. —simplex (K. H. Barnard, 1930) [779]. Marine, New Zealand, Three Kings Is- lands, 183 m, 1 species. Stenothoidae Aurometopa, new genus Type species. — Metopoides aurorae Nich- olls, 1938, here designated. Etymology. — From the type species, au- rorae and the genus Metopa. Feminine. Antenna | lacking nasiform process on article 1. Accessory flagellum [not dis- cerned]. Palp of mandible 3-articulate; palp of maxilla 1 biarticulate. Inner plate of max- illa 2 ordinary. Inner plates of maxillipeds well separated. Gnathopods 1-2 subchelate, scarcely different from each other in shape, gnathopod | small, palm oblique and short- er than posterior margin of propodus; ar- ticle 4 not incipiently chelate; article 5 short, lobed; article 6 expanded. Gnathopod 2 en- larged, palm strongly oblique, article 5 short, lobed. Pereopod 5 with rectolinear article 2, pereopod 7 with expanded lobate article 2; pereopod 6 with intermediate article 2. Pereonite 4 ordinary. Pleonites 4—6 free; pleonite 3 lacking dorsal process; pleonite 4 not weakly extended posterodorsally. Tel- son ordinary, flat. Relationship. —Differing from Meto- poides and Proboloides in the relatively short 870 and weakly lobate carpus of gnathopod 1 with unexpanded elongate propodus. From Torometopa in the perfectly rec- tolinear article 2 of pereopod 5. Aurometopa also has article 2 of pereopod 6 differing from pereopod 7 unlike the other genera mentioned. Species. —aurorae (Nicholls, 1938) (J. L. Barnard 1972b) [850]. Marine, Macquarie Island, 0 m, | species. Knysmetopa, new genus Type species.—Parametopa grandimana Griffiths, 1974c, here designated. Etymology.—From “Knysma,” a town near the type locality, and the classic genus Metopa. Feminine. Antenna | lacking nasiform process on article 1. Antenna 2 half as long as antenna 1. Accessory flagellum absent. Palp of man- dible absent; palp of maxilla | biarticulate. Inner plate of maxilla 2 ordinary. Inner plates of maxillipeds well separated. Coxa 2 not bevelled anteriorly. Gnathopods 1-2 subchelate, strongly different from each oth- er in size and shape, gnathopod 1 small, subchelate, palm oblique and as long as pos- terior margin of propodus; article 4 chelate and freely projecting, article 5 elongate, un- lobed; article 6 slightly expanded. Gnatho- pod 2 greatly enlarged, palm strongly oblique, articles 4—5 short, lobed. Pereopod 5 with rectolinear article 2, pereopods 6—7 with expanded and lobate article 2. Pereon- ite 4 ordinary. Pleonites 4-6 free; pleonite 3 lacking dorsal process; pleonite 4 not ex- tended posterodorsally. Telson ordinary, flat. Variables. —Coxa 4 adze-shaped and pointing posteriorly as in Stenothoe. Relationship. — Differing from Stenothoe in the short antenna 2 and non-bevelled an- teroventral angle of coxa 2. From Wallametopa in the subchelate gnathopod 1. From Parametopa in the absence of a na- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON siform process on antenna 1, huge enlarge- ment of gnathopod 2 and rearward pointing adze-shaped coxa 4. Species. — grandimana (Griffiths, 1974c) [743]. Marine, South Africa, 200 m, | species. Torometopa, new genus Type species. —Metopa crenatipalmata Stebbing, 1888, here designated. Etymology. —From “‘torus,’’ protuber- ance, and the genus Metopa. Feminine. Antenna 1 lacking nasiform process on article 1. Accessory flagellum O-2-articu- late. Palp of mandible 3-articulate; palp of maxilla 1 biarticulate. Inner plate of maxilla 2 ordinary. Inner plates of maxillipeds well separated. Gnathopods 1-2 different from each other in size and shape, gnathopod 1 small, almost simple or weakly subchelate, palm oblique and shorter than posterior margin of propodus; article 4 incipiently chelate; article 5 elongate, unlobed; article 6 long, weakly expanded. Gnathopod 2 en- larged, palm strongly oblique, article 5 short, lobed. Pereopod 5 with rectolinear article 2 bearing posteroventral lobe, pereopods 6—7 with expanded and lobate article 2. Pereon- ite 4 ordinary. Pleonites 4—6 free; pleonite 3 lacking dorsal process; pleonite 4 not weakly extended posterodorsally. Telson ordinary, flat. Variables. —Inner plate of maxilliped adze-shaped (perlata); gnathopod 1 elon- gate, sublinear (aequalis, carinata, denti- mana, perlata); pleonite 3 with dorsal tooth (carinata). Relationship. — Differing from Meto- poides and Proboloides in the lobation on article 2 of pereopod 5. Species. —aequalis J. L. Barnard, 1962 [416A]; antarctica Walker, 1906, 1907 (K. H. Bar- nard, 1932) [871]; carinata (Schellenberg, 1931) (K. H. Bar- nard, 1932) [833 + B]; VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 crenatipalmata (Stebbing, 1888) (K. H. Bar- nard, 1932) (Bellan-Santini, 1972a) [867 + 731 + B]; compacta Stebbing, 1888 (Schellenberg, 1931) [867 + B]; crassicornis Schellenberg, 1931 [831]; dentimana Nicholls, 1938 (Bellan-Santini, 1972a, b) [870 + B]; palmata Ruffo, 1949 [802B]; parallelocheir (Stebbing, 1888) (Schellen- berg, 1931) (K. H. Barnard, 1932) [867]; perlata K. H. Barnard, 1930 [893]; porcellana K. H. Barnard, 1932 [831]; stephenseni Ruffo, 1949 [802B]. Marine, Antarctica and antiboreal, N. to Tristan da Cunha and Magellan area, into deep southern basins, 10-4986 m, 12 species. Vonimetopa, new genus Type species. —Metopella dubia Shoe- maker, 1964, here selected. Etymology.—From Somateria voniger, duck from which this species was found in stomach and classic genus Metopa. Mas- culine. Antenna | lacking nasiform process on article 1. Accessory flagellum absent. Palp of mandible 1-articulate; palp of maxilla 1 uniarticulate. Inner plate of maxilla 2 or- dinary. Inner plates of maxillipeds well sep- arated. Gnathopod | small, simple, article 4 incipiently chelate; article 5 short, un- lobed; article 6 elongate, linear. Gnathopod 2 weakly enlarged, palm strongly oblique, article 5 short, lobed. Pereopods 5—7 with rectolinear article 2. Pereonite 4 ordinary. Pleonites 4—6 free; pleonite 3 lacking dorsal process; pleonite 4 not weakly extended posterodorsally. Telson ordinary, flat. Relationship. — Differing from Metopel- loides in the elongate simple propodus and short lobed carpus of gnathopod 1; and the fully separated inner plates of the maxil- lipeds. See Zaikometopa. 871 Species. —barnardi Gurjanova, 1938, 1951 [280]; brazhnikovi Gurjanova, 1948, 1951 (Ku- drjaschov and Zujagintsev 1975) [280]; dubia Shoemaker, 1964 [277]; schellenbergi Gurjanova, 1938, 1951 [391]; shoemakeri Gurjanova, 1938, 1951 (Ku- drjaschov 1979) [280]; zernovi Gurjanova, 1948, 1951 [391]. Marine, Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Japan Sea, shallow to 5 m, 6 species. Zaikometopa, new genus Type species. —Metopelloides erythro- phthalmus Coyle and Mueller, 1981, here selected. Etymology. — From the paratype locality, “Zaikov Bay,” Alaska, and the classic ge- nus, Metopa. Feminine. Antenna | bearing nasiform process on article 1. Accessory flagellum absent. Palp of mandible 1-articulate; palp of maxilla 1 biarticulate. Inner plate of maxilla 2 ordi- nary. Inner plates of maxillipeds mostly fused together. Coxa 2 small and hidden by coxa 3. Gnathopod | small, simple, article 4 incipiently chelate; article 5 short, un- lobed; article 6 elongate, linear. Gnathopod 2 enlarged, palm parachelate, article 5 short, lobed. Pereopods 5—7 with rectolinear ar- ticle 2. Pereonite 4 highly elongate. Pleo- nites 4—6 free; pleonite 3 lacking dorsal process; pleonite 4 strongly carinate pos- terodorsally. Telson ordinary, flat. Relationship. — Differing from Metopel- loides and Vonimetopa in the nasiform lobe on article 1 of antenna 1, the mostly fused inner plates of the maxillipeds and the car- inate urosomite 1. From Metopelloides also in the short lobed carpus and elongate simple propodus of gnathopod 1; and the unusually small coxa 2 hidden by coxa 3. Species. —erythrophthalmus Coyle and Mueller, 1981 [272]. 872 Marine, Gulf of Alaska westward along Alaskan Peninsula, 0 m, | species. Temnophliantidae Temnophliidae Griffiths, 1975:171. Latinists inform us the family name should be emended to the spelling of our center heading. Diagnosis. — Head slightly reduced in size; basal fusion of antenna 2 [unknown (but probably fused)]; urosomal fusion un- known; pleon small and flexed below body; thorax depressed, very broad and flat or tri- quetrous, segments laterally discontiguous and produced into pleurae; coxae, though small, splayed outwards. Eyes small, om- matidial. Antennae short. Accessory flagel- lum absent. Mandible lacking palp, molar degraded, styliform; maxillae feeble. Gnathopods simple. Peduncles of pleopods expanded. Uropods 1-2 with one ramus, uropod 3 without ramus. Telson entire, laminar or appearing weakly fleshy, pyri- form. See Phliantidae; Eophliantidae; Pliopla- teidae. Description. —Head with thorn-like ros- trum. Antennal flagella 1—2-articulate. Right lacinia mobilis absent; rakers sparse. Inner lobes of lower lip absent. Inner plate and palp of maxilla 1 absent, outer plate with 4—5 spines. Maxilla 2 poorly setose. Max- illipeds short, stout, plates ordinary, palp 2-articulate. Coxae rectangular, bifid, or tri- fid. Gnathopods and pereopods either sim- ple or prehensile. Article 2 of pereopods 5— 7 unexpanded. Body smooth dorsally or el- evated in triquetral fashion with processes on head, pereon and pleonites 1—2. Rami of pleopods well developed. Rami of uro- pods 1-2 very short. Oostegite form and count and gill formulas [unknown]; gills slender; setae of oostegites curl-tipped. Relationship. — Differing from Phlianti- dae, Eophliantidae, and Plioplateidae (see J. L. Barnard 1978) in the presence of pe- reonal pleurae. Similarity in body form be- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON tween Hystriphlias and Plioplateidae sug- gests descent through common ancestor. Key to the Genera of Temnophliantidae 1. Body flat, lacking dorsal processes, coxae simple, all thoracic legs sim- jo) Commenting Cantata: Kale tics Temnophlias — Body triquetrous, with dorsal pro- cesses, coxae bifid or trifid, all tho- racic legs prehensile ...... Hystriphlias Hystriphlias, new genus Type species. — Temnophlias hystrix K. H. Barnard, 1954, here selected. Etymology. —From the old name of the taxon, Temnophiias hystrix. Neuter? Diagnosis. —Body triquetrous, with dor- sal processes, coxae bifid or trifid, all tho- racic legs prehensile. Species. —hystrix (K. H. Barnard, 1954) (Griffiths 1975) [743]. Marine, South Africa, littoral, 1 species. Temnophlias K. H. Barnard Temnophlias K. H. Barnard, 1916:158 (Temnophlias capensis K. H. Barnard, 1916, monotypy).— Griffiths, 1975:172. Diagnosis.—Body flat, lacking dorsal processes, coxae simple, all thoracic legs simple. Species. —capensis K. H. Barnard, 1916, 1954 (Griffiths 1975) [743]. Marine, South Africa, littoral, 1 species. Literature Cited Barnard, J.L. 1961. Gammaridean Amphipoda from depths of 400 to 6000 meters.—Galathea Re- port 5:23-128. . 1962. South Atlantic abyssal amphipods col- lected by R/V Vema.— Abyssal Crustacea, Vema Research Series 1:1-78. 1964a. Deep-sea Amphipoda (Crustacea) collected by the R/V “Vema” in the eastern Pa- cific Ocean and the Caribbean and Mediterra- nean seas.— Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 127:3-46. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1964b. Marine Amphipoda of Bahia de San Quintin, Baja California. — Pacific Naturalist 4: 55-139. . 1964c. Los anfipodos bentonicos marinos de la costa occidental de Baja California. — Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural 24:205—274. . 1964d. Revision of some families, genera and species of gammaridean Amphipoda.—Crusta- ceana 7:49-74. 1966. Submarine canyons of Southern Cal- ifornia Part V. Systematics: Amphipoda.—Al- lan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 27(5):1—-166. 1967. Bathyal and abyssal gammaridean Amphipoda of Cedros Trench, Baja Califor- nia.— United States National Museum, Bulletin 260:1-205. 1969a. The families and genera of marine gammaridean Amphipoda.— United States Na- tional Museum, Bulletin 271:1—535. 1969b. A biological survey of Bahia de Los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico, IV. Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea).— Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 15:175- 228. . 1970. Sublittoral Gammaridea (Amphipoda) of the Hawaiian Islands.—Smithsonian Contri- butions to Zoology 34:1-286. 1972a. Gammaridean Amphipoda of Aus- tralia, Part I.—Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 103:1-—333. 1972b. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Algae-living littoral Gammaridea (Crustacea Amphipoda).—New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 62:7-216. . 1974. Gammaridean Amphipoda of Austra- lia, Part II.—Smithsonian Contributions to Zo- ology 139:1-148. . 1978. Redescription of Plioplateia K. H. Bar- nard, a genus of amphipod (Crustacea) from South Africa. — Annals of the South African Mu- seum 77:47—55. . 1979. Littoral gammaridean Amphipoda from the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Is- lands.—Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 271:—vi and 1-149. , and C. M. Barnard. 1983. Freshwater Am- phipoda of the world. Mt. Vernon, Virginia. Hayfield Associates, 830 pp. , and G. S. Karaman. 1982. Classificatory re- visions in gammaridean Amphipoda (Crusta- cea).— Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95:167-187. Barnard, K. H. 1916. Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. 5. The Amphipoda.— Annals of the South African Museum 15:105— 302. . 1930. Amphipoda.—British Antarctic (“Ter- 873 ra Nova’’) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Reports, Zoology 8:307—454. 1931. Diagnosis of new genera and species of amphipod Crustacea collected during the ‘Discovery’ investigations, 1925—-1927.—An- nals and Magazine of Natural History (10)7:425-— 430. . 1932. Amphipoda.—Discovery Reports 5:1— 326. 1935. Report on some Amphipoda, Isopoda, and Tanaidacea in the collections of the Indian Museum.—Records of the Indian Museum 37: 279-319. 1940. Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. XII. Further additions to the Tanaidacea, Isopoda, and Amphipoda, together with keys for the identification of the hitherto recorded marine and fresh-water species. — An- nals of the South African Museum 32:381-543. . 1954. New records and new species of Crus- tacea from South Africa.—Annales du Musée du Congo Belge, Tervuren, Zoologie 1:120-131. 1955. Additions to the fauna-list of South African Crustacea and Pycnogonida.— Annals of the South African Museum 43:1-107. Bate, C.S. 1857. On anew amphipod.—The Natural History Review 4:229-230. Bellan-Santini, D. 1972a. Invertébrés marine des XIIéme et XVéme Expéditions Antarctiques Frangaises en Terre Adélie 10.—Tethys Supple- ment 4:157-238. . 1972b. Amphipodes provenant des contenus stomacaux de trois espéces de poissons Noto- theniidae recoltés en Terre Adélie (Antarc- tique).— Tethys 4:683-702. , and M. Ledoyer. 1974. Gammariens (Crus- tacea-Amphipoda) des Iles Kerguelen et Cro- zet.— Tethys 5:635-707. Bousfield, E. L. 1977. A new look at the systematics of gammaroidean amphipods of the world.— Crustaceana, Supplement 4:282-316. Chilton, C. 1884. Additions to the sessile-eyed Crus- tacea of New Zealand.— Transactions and Pro- ceedings of the New Zealand Institute 16:249- 265. 1921. Some New Zealand Amphipoda No. 2.—Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 53(new issue):220—234. Coyle, K. O., and G. J. Mueller. 1981. New records of Alaskan marine Crustacea, with descriptions of two new gammaridean Amphipoda.—Sarsia 66:7-18. Dahl, E. 1959. Amphipoda from depths exceeding 6000 meters.—Galathea Report 1:211—240. Griffiths, C. L. 1974a. The Amphipoda of southern Africa Part 2. The Gammaridea and Caprellidea of South West Africa south of 20°S.— Annals of the South African Museum 62:169-208. 874 1974b. The Amphipoda of southern Africa Part 3. The Gammaridea and Caprellidea of Na- tal.— Annals of the South African Museum 62: 209-264. 1974c. The Amphipoda of southern Africa Part 4. The Gammaridea and Caprellidea of the Cape Province east of Cape Agulhas.— Annals of the South African Museum 65:251-336. 1975. The Amphipoda of southern Africa Part 5. The Gammaridea and Caprellidea of the Cape Province west of Cape Agulhas.— Annals of the South African Museum 67:91-181. 1976. Some new and notable Amphipoda from southern Africa.— Annals of the South Af- rican Museum 72:11-35. 1977. The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude Cruises Part 6. Amphipoda.— Annals of the South African Museum 74:105—123. Gurjanova, E. 1938. Amphipoda, Gammaroidea of Siaukhu Bay and Sudzukhe Bay (Japan Sea).— Reports of the Japan Sea Hydrobiological Ex- pedition of the Zoological Institute of the Acad- emy of Sciences USSR in 1934 1:241-404. 1948. Amphipoda Tixogo Okeana II. Ste- nothoidae Dal’nevostochyx Morei.—Note- books of the Academician Sergei Alekseyich Zernov (Hydrobiologist), pp. 287-325. 1951. Bokoplavy more} SSSR 1 soprede- Vnykh vod (Amphipoda-Gammaridea).— Aka- demiia Nauk SSSR, Opredeliteli po Fauna SSSR 41:1-1029. Karaman, G. S., and J. L. Barnard. 1979. Classifi- catory revisions in Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea), Part 1.— Proceedings of the Biolog- ical Society of Washington 92:106-165. Kudrjaschov, V. A. 1979. Fauna i ekologija razno- nogikh rakoobraznykh litorali severnoi chasti Tatarskogo Proliva.—Issledovanija Pelagiches- kix 1 Donnyx Organizmov Dal’nevostochnyx Morei 15:123-127. , and A. Y. Zyjaginstsev. 1975. Amphipods [sic] crustaceans: Composition and distribution in the fouling of natural substrates in the tidal zone of the Tauysk Gulf, the Okhotsk Sea.— Transactions of the Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok 3:137-166. Leach, W. E. 1814. Crustaceology. Appendix.— The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia 7:429—434. Ledoyer, M. 1982. Crustacés amphipodes gamma- riens. Familles des Acanthonotozomatidae a Gammiaridae.—Faune de Madagascar 59(1):1— 598. Nicholls, G. E. 1938. Amphipoda Gammaridea.— Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14. Scientific Reports, C.— Zoology and Botany 2(4): 1-145. Pirlot, J. M. 1936. Les amphipodes de l’expédition du Siboga. —Siboga-Expeditie 33e:237-328. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Rabindranath, P. 1972. Studies on gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea) from India.— Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amster- dam 2:155-172. Ruffo, S. 1949. Amphipodes (II). Résultats du voyage de la Belgica en 1897—99.—Rapports Scienti- fiques, Zoologie 2:1—-58. Schellenberg, A. 1926. Die Gammariden der deutschen Stidpolar-Expedition 1901—1903.— Deutsch Sudpolar-Expedition 18:235-414. . 1931. Gammariden und Caprelliden des Ma- gellangebietes, Siidgeorgiens und der Westan- tarktis.— Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901-1903 2(6): 1-290. 1938. Litorale Amphipoden des tropischen Pazifiks.—Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (3)16(6):1-105. Shoemaker, C. R. 1964. Some new amphipods from the west coast of North America with notes on some unusual species.— Proceedings of the United States National Museum 115:391—430. Sivaprakasam, T. E. 1968. Amphipoda from the east coast of India Part I. Gammaridea.— Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 8: 82-122. Stebbing, T. R. R. 1888. Report on the Amphipoda collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76.—Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, Zoology 29:1—xxiv and 1|- 1737. 1906. Amphipoda I. Gammaridea.—Das Tierreich 21:1—806. 1910. Crustacea. Part V. Amphipoda. Sci- entific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. “‘Thetis.’’>— Australian Museum, Memoir 4(2):565-658. Stephensen, K. 1947. Tanaidacea, Isopoda, Amphip- oda, and Pycnogonida.—Det Norske Viden- skaps-Akademi i Oslo, Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions, 1927-1928 27:1-90. Thomas, J.D. 1983. Curidia debrogania, anew genus and species of amphipod (Crustacea: Ochlesi- dae) from the barrier reefs of Belize, Central America.— Proceedings of the Biological Soci- ety of Washington 96:127-133. Thurston, M.H. 1974a. Crustacea Amphipoda from Graham Land and the Scotia Arc, collected by Operation Tabarin and the Falkland Islands De- pendencies Survey, 1944—-59.—British Antarc- tic Survey Scientific Reports 85:1—-89. 1974b. The Crustacea Amphipoda of Signy Island, South Orkney Islands.— British Antarc- tic Survey Scientific Reports 71:1-133. Tzvetkova, N. L., and V. A. Kudrjaschov. 1975. Novyi rod amfipod semeistva Calliopiidae iz VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 severnoi chasti Tichogo Okeana.—Biologija Morya 4:13-23. Walker, A. O. 1904. Report on the amphipods col- lected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902.— Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Supplementary Report 17:229-300. . 1906. Preliminary descriptions of new species of Amphipoda from the ‘Discovery’ Antarctic Expedition, 1902-1904.—Annals and Maga- zine of Natural History (7)18:13-18. . 1907. Crustacea. III. Amphipoda. — National Antarctic Expedition, British Museum (Natural History) 3:1-39. 875 , and A. Scott. 1903. Decapoda and sessile- eyed crustaceans from Abd-el-Kuri.— The Nat- ural History of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri 2:216- 232. (JLB) Department of Invertebrate Zool- ogy, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (GSK) Freshwater Institute, Tito- grad, Yugoslavia, 84000. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 876-891 OSTRACODA FROM THE SKAGERRAK, NORTH SEA (MYODOCOPINA) Louis S. Kornicker Abstract.—Doloria sarsi, new species, is described and illustrated, and a supplementary description is presented of Philomedes lilljeborgii (Sars, 1865) from specimens collected in 1865 in the Skagerrak. The synonymy for P. lilljeborgii is comprehensive. A key is presented to certain species of Phi- lomedes. The Skagerrak is a broad arm of the North Sea bounded by the southeastern coast of Norway on the northeast, Denmark on the south, and the western end of Sweden on the east. While preparing a paper on the Myodocopina of the Bay of Biscay (in press), I borrowed for comparative purposes from the Naturhistoriska Riksmusset, Stock- holm, Sweden, two vials of specimens col- lected in the Skagerrak that had been re- ferred to Philomedes lilljeborgii by Skogsberg (1920:410). Some of the specimens of /i//- Jeborgii that I examined from the vials had fewer bristles on the endopodite of the 2nd antenna, the mandible, and 7th limb than on the specimens described by Skogsberg. The differences, as well as some additional characters not mentioned by Skogsberg, are presented herein in a supplementary de- scription. One of the vials, which contained about 130 specimens of P. /illjeborgii, also had an adult female of a new species of Do- loria. Although only the single specimen of the new species was available, its distinc- tiveness warranted its description. All spec- imens have been returned to Dr. A. An- dersson, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Extensive collections of ostracodes in the Skagerrak by Elofson (1941) contained only four species in three genera of Myodoco- pina: Prionotoleberis norvegica (Sars, 1869), Philomedes brenda (Baird, 1850), P. lillje- borgii (Sars, 1865), and Vargula norvegica (Baird, 1860). Thus, the new species, Do- loria sarsi, increases the number of species known from the Skagerrak to five, and the number of genera to four. One of the common species in the Skager- rak, Philomedes brenda, was reported [as P. globosa] at station 1101 in the Mediterra- nean Sea by Granata and Caporiacco (1949: 38). Because of some discrepancies in that paper discussed by me in a previous paper (Kornicker 1982:5), I referred the speci- mens collected at station 1101 to Phi- lomedes species indeterminate (Kornicker 1982:5). I later wrote enquiring about the sample to Dr. Christian Carpine, Conser- vateur des Collections, Institut Océano- graphique, Monaco, where the specimens reported by Granata and Caporiacco are de- posited. She informed me (in litt., 7 May 1986) that Philomedes globosa |=P. brenda] had been listed erroneously in the sample from station 1101, and that the species list- ed should have been Conchoecia inermis (Claus, 1891). Therefore, I herewith refer to Conchoecia inermis the specimens from sample 1101 that had been referred to P. globosa by Granata and Caporiacco (1949: 38) and to Philomedes species indetermi- nate by Kornicker (1982:5). Although C. inermis was not listed at station 1101 by Granata and Caporiacco (1949) on page 38, that station was reported to have the species on page 31. On page 31 station 1101 is listed as having been collected in the campaign of VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1991; the year should have been 1901 ac- cording to Dr. Carpine. Philomedidae Muller, 1906 Genus Philomedes Liljeborg, 1853 Discussion. —Two species of Philomedes have been reported from the Skagerrak: P. brenda (Baird, 1850) and P. /illjeborgii (Sars, 1865). A supplementary description of the latter is given herein, and a key is presented to species of Philomedes having a 7th limb with a terminal end similar to that of P. lilljeborgii. Key to Adult Females of Certain Species of Philomedes (7th Limb with 5 or more Terminal Pegs 3—4 times Longer than Wide) 1. Dorsal margin of mandibular basale VM SMO MStLES yx: 212) aoe keel een ene Ges tase P. curvata Poulsen, 1962 — Dorsal margin of mandibular basale wate eOristless wie beri ee See: yy 2. 7th limb with 9-11 bristles ...... 3 — 7th limb with more than 15 bristles PPmemrT a spbrponrky tipi). nlemniaenercye’, 4 3. Small process at inferior end of ros- trum extending to outer edge of la- mellar prolongation of selvage 5g lol ots Geen ele tee eae P. tetradens Kornicker and Caraion, 1977 — Small process at inferior end of ros- trum either lacking, or if present, not reaching outer edge of lamellar prolongation ..P /illjeborgii (Sars, 1865) 4. 2nd endopodial joint of 2nd anten- na with 3 bristles an Deirte!s ; P. orbicularis Brady, 1907 — 2nd endopodial joint of 2nd anten- na with 5 bristles Syrrs P. subantarctica Kornicker, 1975 — 2nd endopodial joint of 2nd anten- na with 2 bristles 5. Carapace length greater than 3 mm and with diagonal bristle-bearing list 877 on inner surface of caudal process; 7th limb with 10-11 pegs BUEE om, ( P. multidentata Chavtur, 1983 — Carapace length less than 3 mm and without diagonal bristle-bearing list on inner surface of caudal process; 7th limb with 5-7 pegs 6. 4th joint of lst antenna with 3 ven- tral bristles; 1st endopodial joint of 2nd antenna with 5 bristles See an Ae P. longidentata Chavtur, 1983 — 4th joint of Ist antenna with 4 ven- tral bristles; 1st endopodial joint of 2nd antenna with 6 bristles eS ANS Ae P. albatross Kornicker, 1982 Philomedes lilljeborgii (Sars, 1865) Figs. 1, 2a—d Bradycinetus Lilljeborgii Sars, 1865:112.— Brady, 1868:468; 1872:59.—?Brady and Robertson, 1872:70.—Jones, Kirkby, Brady, 1874:9. Philomedes_ Lilljeborgii.—Sars, 1869:356, 357; 1872:252, 280, 286; 1886:74, 89; 1887:220, 226; 1890:15.—Norman, 1891: 119, 121.—Miuller, 1893:380; 1894:186, 209; 1897:2.—?Brady and Norman, 1896: 658-659, 661, pl. 5:figs. 4-6, pl. 52:figs. 3, 4.—?Gran, 1902:20, 66, 67, 80, 131, 132, 141-146, 151, 160, 161, 209, 210.— Ostenfeld, 1931:611. Bradycinetus lilljeborgti.— Brady, 1871:293. Bradycinetus lilljeborgi. —Brady, 1880:154. Philomedes Lilljeborgi. —?Cleve, 1903:24.— Conseil Permanent International pour Exploration de la Mer, 1903:210, 286, 287, 306; 1904:25, 50-51, 61; 1906:97.— Ostenfeld and Wesenberg-Lund, 1909: 114.—?Apstein, 1911:169, pl. 23:fig. 4. Philomedes Liljeborgii.—?O. Paulsen, 1909: 38-40; 1918:18, 20, 21. Philomedes lilljeborgi. —?Steuer, 1910: 376.—Sars, 1922:14, 15, pl. 8.—Soot- Ryen, 1927:19.—Klie, 1929:3, 43; 1944: 2-4, fig. 4.—Miiller, 1931:23 [excluding specimens from Kola Fjord]. — Ostenfeld, 878 1931:641.—?Stephensen, 1938:3, 17.— Puri and Hulings, 1957:171.—Neale, 1965:269.—Puri, 1966:460.—Bratte- gard, 1967:302.—Carpine, 1970:64.— Hartmann, 1975:577.—Kornicker, 1975: 64, 271, 272.—Cohen and Kornicker, 1975:26.—Chavtur, 1983:11, 17, 39, 40. Philomedes lilljeborgii. —Muller, 1912:XV, 26, 32, 428.—Kornicker, 1975:75-76; 1982:23; 1984:23.—Kornicker and Car- aion, 1977:8-12, 15, 19. Philomedes (Philomedes) Lilljeborgi. — Skogsberg, 1920:2, 349, 350, 354, 365, 366, 369, 375, 384-386, 389, 391, 402- 411, 413, 414, 416, 422, figs.70-73. Philomedes (Philomedes) lilljeborgi. — Elof- son, 1941:233, 238-240, 369, 372, 375, 393, 394, 403, 405, 419, 420, 426, 451, 456, 467, 468, 472, 473, 486, 487, 488, 497, 523; 1943:3; 1969:11, 16-18, 139, HE MNAS Sweets lGOslG/Gn 7. LSet 200, 203-205, 213, 215, 218, 219, 229- MN, GAN. DISs Philomedes bonneti Kornicker and Caraion, 1977:3, 4, 9-15, figs. 6-10.— Kornicker, 1982:23 [key]. Not Philomedes lilljeborgi. —E. M. Poulsen, 1962:346, fig. 151.—Darby, 1965:25, 26, 53, pl. 10:figs. 1-11 [=P. keslingi Kor- nicker, 1984:23]. Holotype. —Lost (Skogsberg 1920:409). Type locality. —Near Drobak, Christiania Fjord, 110-183 m. Material. —2 vials in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Vial 1: Approximately 130 juveniles and adult fe- males and the following labels, “125,” “contr. T. Skogsberg,” ““Philomedes Lillje- borgii (Sars), Koster Fjorden, Lerbotten, 100f, 5.8.1865,” “5/8/1865, Koster Fjor- den, 100f.”’ Vial 2: Approximately 90 ju- Fig. 1. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON veniles and adult females and the following labels, “129,” ““T. Skogsberg cont.,” “‘Phi- lomedes Lilljeborgii (Sars), Skagerak 330 f.l. Lindahl,” a 4th small label having the same information as previous label except Skag- erak spelled ““Skagerrak.” Skogsberg (1920: 410) referred to the sample in vial 1 as “Koster; 5. VIII. 1865; depth 180 m; clay; 130 specimens, mature females and larvae (coll. unknown); R. M. S. 125,” and he re- ferred to sample 129 in vial 2 as one of several samples collected by J. Lindahl without definite localities but at depths in- dicating they were taken in the Norwegian Depression; depth of the sample was given as 350 m. Skogsberg reported 211 females and juveniles in sample 129, fewer than in the vial I received. Distribution. — Records of this species are well documented off the western coasts of Norway and Sweden and in the Skagerrak bordering Sweden at depths roughly be- tween 50-914 m, but according to Elofson (1969:16) specimens are usually found at depths greater than 200 m. The species also has been reported southwest of Ireland, off Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Beer Island, in the Barents Sea, and elsewhere in the North Sea; however, identifications from those areas are not well documented, and I have questioned some identifications in the syn- onymy. Confirmation is especially needed for Iceland, because the misidentification of specimens from near Iceland by Poulsen (1962:346) suggests that another species re- sembling P. /i/ljeborgii lives there. Kornick- er and Caraion (1977:9) described P. bon- neti collected off Mauritania at a depth of 1120 m. Except for being smaller, I cannot find a specific character to separate the species from P. /illjeborgii as defined herein, and therefore, have referred it to that species = Philomedes lilljeborgii, adult female from vial 1: a, Complete specimen, length 2.24 mm; b, Inferior tip of rostrum of right valve showing triangular process and lamellar prolongation of selvage, inside view; c, d, Tips of caudal processes of left and right valves, respectively, inside view; e, f, Lateral view of left maxilla and VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 879 medial view of right maxilla, respectively, not all bristles shown; g, 1st and 2nd exopodial joints of left Sth limb, posterior view; h, 2nd exopodial joint of right 5th limb, anterior view. 880 (see Discussion). This extends the range of P. lilljeborgii south to the continental slope of Mauritania. Supplementary description of adult fe- male (Figs. 1, 2a—d).— Carapace with slight- ly convex ventral and dorsal margins and fairly linear anterior and posterior margins (Fig. la); anterior edge of rostrum linear or very slightly concave; anterior and inferior corners of rostrum forming close to right angle; inferior corner of rostrum with small pointed process reaching about midwidth of lamellar prolongation of selvage (Fig. 1b); posteroventral corner of valve with small but distinct caudal process projecting pos- teriorly; minute process present ventral to incisur and just reaching or projecting past valve edge (Fig. la); outer edge of caudal process minutely crenulate when viewed at high magnification (x 40 objective) (Fig. Ic, d). Ornamentation: Carapace with widely scattered long and short slender bristles, some with broad base; about 10 bristles on outside of shell near edge along ventral and posterior margin of caudal process, addi- tional bristles near outer edge of ventral and anterior margins of valve. Infold (Fig. 1c, d): Rostral infold with about 17 spinous and divided bristles form- ing single row parallel to anterior edge of rostrum, and 4 shorter and more slender bare bristles along ventral edge of rostrum (bare bristle nearest to inner end of incisur shorter than others); 1 small bristle present on infold just posterior to inner end of in- cisur; anteroventral infold with 11-14 par- allel striae and 16 short spinous bristles forming row (no striae between bristles and outer edge of valve); list with anterior end at base of posterior bristle (of anteroventral row), continuing posteriorly parallel to ven- tral margin, then bending dorsally away from valve edge (farthest from valve edge op- posite caudal process); posteroventral and posterior list with slender bristles forming groups of 1-5. Narrow pocket present at caudal process with 4—5 small bristles along PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ventral edge; 1-3 small bristles on infold just anterior to pocket; 3 small bristles at outer edge of caudal process having bases just lateral to selvage (bristles not part of infold). Selvage (Fig. 1b—d): Broad lamellar pro- longation along rostrum and ventral margin of incisur appearing segmented (segments perpendicular to valve edge and with nar- row Striae), and with marginal fringe; sel- vage along anteroventral margin with long filaments with bases on lateral side of pro- longation at about midwidth; prolongation along ventral and posteroventral margin with narrow striae (better developed in proximal half of prolongation) and marginal fringe; posterior half of prolongation of ven- tral selvage without lateral filaments and with proximal part defined by its distal edge at about midwidth of prolongation; prolon- gation along caudal process narrow and without marginal fringe; prolongation along posterior edge of valve dorsal to caudal pro- cess narrow and with marginal fringe; on right valve hairs forming tranverse rows just dorsal to caudal process (Fig. 1 b—d); on left valve long hairs just dorsal to caudal process parallel valve edge (Fig. Ic). Size: Sample 125, 2 specimens: Ist spec- imen, right valve in concavity slide and un- der cover slip, length 2.24 mm, height 1.51 mm; 2nd specimen, length 2.20 mm, height 1.50 mm. Skogsberg (1920:404) gave length of specimens he studied as 2.15—2.6 mm. First antenna: Pilosity: 1st joint with me- dial spines forming rows near ventral mar- gin and more widely scattered spines on me- dial surface; 2nd joint with medial spines forming rows near and on dorsal margin, a few longer medial spines proximally near ventral margin, lateral spines forming row parallel to distal margin in dorsal half of joint, and few lateral spines forming distal rows near ventral margin. Bristles of limb similar to those described by Skogsberg (1920:406). Second antenna: Protopodite bare. En- dopodite 2-jointed: Ist joint with 6 short VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 bristles (5 proximal, | distal); 2nd joint of left limb of Ist specimen with | long ventral bristle (with wreaths of long spines) fol- lowed by 2 shorter ventral bristles (without long spines) and 1 recurved terminal fila- ment; 2nd joint of right limb of same spec- imen with long ventral bristle (with wreaths of long spines) followed by | shorter bristle (without long spines) and recurved terminal filament. 2nd joint of left limb of 2nd spec- imen with 1 long ventral bristle (with wreaths of long spines) followed by 1 short bristle (without long spines), 1 longer bristle with long spines, and recurved terminal fil- ament; right limb of 2nd specimen with 1 long bristle (with wreaths of long spines) followed by 1 short bristle (without long spines), 1 longer bristle with long spines, 1 short bristle without long spines, and re- curved terminal filament. Exopodite: Ist joint with small straight medial bristle on distal margin; bristles of joints 2—5 short, without natatory hairs or ventral spines; bristles of joints 6-8 long, with natatory hairs; 9th joint with 7 bristles, all but shorter 1 or 2 bristles with natatory hairs; joints 3- 8 with small basal spines (spines longer on distal joints); basal spine of 8th joint about half length of joint; lateral spine not ob- served on 9th joint; joints 3-8 with short spines forming rows. Mandible: Bifurcate and spinous coxale endite with small ringed bristle near base; medial surface of coxale with spines form- ing rows. Basale: dorsal margin with 3 or 4 bristles (with few long spines near middle) distal to midlength and 2 terminal bristles (long bristle with 2 rings of long spines near middle; shorter bristle lateral, about half length of long bristle and about same length as dorsal margin of lst endopodial joint); lateral side with 5 bristles near or on ventral Margin; ventral margin with 3 distal bristles (both lateral and ventral bristles with wreaths of long spines); medial side with 6 proximal bristles (3 stout, pectinate, 3 slen- der with wreaths of long spines), and long spines forming rows. Exopodite about %4 881 length of dorsal margin of Ist endopodial joint, hirsute distally, with 2 distal bristles (proximal longer and with wreaths of long spines; distal bare). Ist endopodial joint: ventral margin with 4 bristles, all with wreaths of long spines; medial surface with short spines forming rows. 2nd endopodial joint: ventral margin with 6 distal bristles forming 2 groups, each with 3 spinous bris- tles; dorsal margin with 11 or 12 bristles near middle forming 3 groups of 4 or 5, 1 (medial), and 6 bristles; medial surface with spines forming rows. End joint: with 3 claws with faint ventral proximal teeth, and 4 bristles. Maxilla (Fig. le, f): Endite I broad, with 8 spinous and pectinate bristles; endite II slender, with about 6 spinous and pectinate bristles; endite III long, slender, with 1 proximal bare bristle and about 10 distal spinous and pectinate bristles. Precoxale with dorsal fringe of long hairs. Coxale with stout hirsute dorsal bristle. Basale with 4 distal bristles: 2 slender, dorsal, and 2 ven- tral (1 lateral, 1 medial). Exopodite with 3 bristles (1 short, bare, 2 long with wreaths of long hairs). 1st endopodial joint with dor- sal spines, | alpha-bristle with wreaths of long spines, and 5 slender beta-bristles; bris- tles of end joint similar to those described by Skogsberg (1920:408). Fifth limb (Fig. 1g, h): Epipodite with 55 bristles. 1st exopodial joint with 4 constit- uent teeth; distal tooth bifurcate with large pointed anterior proximal tooth having a smaller pointed tooth near its base (Fig. 1g); bristle proximal to small posterior tooth with short spines; anterior side near outer edge with short stout bristle on small lobe; usual 2 spinous anterior bristles not observed on specimen examined. 2nd exopodial joint with 2 small teeth (both with | or 2 marginal teeth) on inner curvature of the large flat triangular sclerotized tooth (Fig. 1g); group of 3 posterior bristles comprising stout pec- tinate middle bristle with 1 small bristle on each side; c-bristle stout, bare; distal outer corner or large flat tooth with small spinous 882 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 anterior bristle (Fig. 1h). 3rd exopodial joint with 3 bristles on inner lobe and 2 hirsute bristles on outer lobe. 4th and 5th joints fused, hirsute, with 5 spinous terminal bris- tles. Sixth limb: Epipodite represented by 4 small hirsute bristles. Endite I small, with 2 medial and | terminal bristle; endite II narrower and about half length of endites Ill and IV, with 1 medial and 3 terminal bristles; endite III with | medial and 7 or 8 terminal bristles; endite IV with | medial and 8 terminal bristles. End joint with 29- 30 hirsute and spinous bristles. Seventh limb: With 9 or 10 bristles: prox- imal group with 4 or 5 bristles, 2 or 3 on each side, each with 5—6 bells; terminal group with 3 bristles on peg side, each with 4—5 bells, and 2 bristles on comb side, each with up to 6 bells; all bristles with distal marginal spines proximal to bells. Comb with about 13 teeth; each tooth comprising rounded central part with alar projection on each side; alar projection pointed at distal end; side opposite comb with 9 elongate rounded pegs (pegs arranged in ellipse without central peg, but appearing as 2 rows (each with 4—5 pegs) on appendage compressed under cover slip). (Skogsberg (1920: fig 72:14) illustrated limb with 11 pegs.) Furca: Each lamella with 10 claws; claws decreasing in length along lamella; claws 1- 6 with spines forming medial row near base, claws 7-10 without spines forming row; claw 1 of right lamella anterior to claw | of left lamella; claw | with teeth forming 2 rows and claws 2-6 with single row of stout teeth along slightly concave posterior margins; anterior margins of claws 1-6 convex and —_— 883 with few or no anterior spines; claws 7-10 with spines of similar size and abundance forming row along linear anterior and pos- terior margins (claws 7-10 could be consid- ered secondary); hairs present on lamella following claw 10 and also between claws. Bellonci organ (Fig. 2a): Elongate, cylin- drical, with rounded tip. Eyes: Lateral eyes cylindrical, minute, with few minute cells (ommatidia?) (Fig. 2d). Medial eye without pigment (Fig. 2a). Upper lip (Fig. 2a—c): Tapering anteriorly and with minute glandular processes at tip. Anterior of body (Fig. 2a): Rounded an- terior process between medial eye and upper lip. Stout, lateral, pointed, spine-like pro- cess on each side of body proximal to upper lip (process not previously reported on the Philomedidae) (Fig. 2c). Y-sclerite: Typical for genus. Remarks. —A lateral spine-like process on each side of the body proximal to the upper lip has not been reported previously on members of the Philomedidae. However, such processes are visible on an SEM mi- crograph of Tetragonodon ctenorynchus (Brady, 1887) published by Kornicker and Caraion (1977: pl. 13b), suggesting that the processes might be common but were pre- viously overlooked. Variability. —Female: Skogsberg (1920: 406) gave the number of ventral bristles on the 2nd endopodial joint of the 2nd antenna as 3 or 4; one of the specimens studied herein has 2 ventral bristles on one limb and 3 on the other; thus expanding the variability of the number of ventral bristles to 2—4. Skogs- berg (1920:408) gave the number of dorsal bristles on the mandibular basale as 6 or 7; Fig. 2. Philomedes lilljeborgii, adult female from vial 1: a, Anterior of body viewed from left side showing medial eye and Bellonci organ, rounded anterior process, and upper lip; b, Anterior of body viewed from right side showing anterior process and upper lip; c, Anterior of body viewed from front showing anterior process at top midwidth, and upper lip (angle near midwidth represents anterior tip of lip); d, Right and left lateral eyes. Doloria sarsi, adult female, holotype: e, Complete specimen showing right lateral eye as seen through shell and projecting furca, length 2.67 mm; f, Rostrum of right valve, inside view; g, Caudal process of right valve, inside view; h, Detail from g; i, Rostrum of left valve, inside view; j, Caudal process of left valve, inside view; k, Detail from j. 884 a specimen studied herein has 5 bristles on one mandible and 6 on the other; thus ex- panding the variability of the number of dorsal bristles to 5—7. Skogsberg (1920:408) gave the number of bristles on the 7th limb as 10 or 11. A specimen studied herein has 9 bristles on one limb and 10 on the other; thus expanding the variability of the num- ber of bristles to 9-11. Skogsberg (1920:408) reported the basale of the maxilla to have 2 (rarely 3) anterior bristles. The specimen I examined has 2 bristles in that position. Discussion. —Appendages of male P. /ill- Jeborgii collected in the vicinity of either Norway or Sweden have not been described. However, the mandibular basale, maxilla, and 7th limbs of female and male Phi- lomedes generally have the same number of bristles. According to Poulsen (1962:348, 349) the male from near Iceland that he referred to P. /illjeborgii has only three dor- sal bristles on the mandibular basale, one anterior bristle on the basale of the maxilla, and 27-30 bristles on the 7th limb. These are outside the range of variability of these characters on female P. /illjeborgii; there- fore, I here refer Poulsen’s male to Species Inquirenda. Poulsen (1962:346) also re- ferred a juvenile female to P. /illjeborgii but only gave its length; therefore, I here refer that specimen also to Species Inquirenda. Ina key to species of Philomedes, Chavtur (1983:38—40) separated P. /illjeborgii from other species by its having eight dorsal bris- tles on the mandibular basale. That number is outside the five to seven bristles that have been reported on specimens from Denmark and Sweden. In their description of P. bonneti collected off Mauritania at a depth of 1120 m, Kor- nicker and Caraion (1977:15) listed for P. bonneti the following characters that sepa- rate P. bonneti from P. lilljeborgii: minute digitations along the posterior edge of the caudal process, five dorsal bristles on the mandibular basale, and nine bristles on the 7th limb. In the present study of P. Jillje- borgii, minute digitations were observed (at PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON high resolution, x20 objective, x15 eye- piece) along the posterior edge of the caudal process, and the variability of the number of dorsal bristles on the mandibular basale and on the 7th limb was found to include the number of bristles on those appendages of P. bonneti. That species, therefore, is here referred to P. /illjeborgii. The length of the single female measured by Kornicker and Caraion (1977:10) was 1.99 mm, smaller than females of P. /illjeborgii from Norway and Sweden (2.15—2.6 mm). Cypridinidae Baird, 1850 Discussion. —The single specimen upon which the new species here described is based, is an adult female belonging to either the genus Doloria Skogsberg, 1920:223, or Paradoloria Hanai, 1974:119. Because the two genera can be separated only by mor- phological differences in adult males it is not possible with certainty to refer the new species to either genus. I have referred it to Doloria because it resembles in many char- acters the type species (D. /evis) of Doloria. Genus Doloria Skogsberg, 1920 Type species. —Cypridina (Doloria) levis Skogsberg, 1920:225. Doloria sarsi, new species Figs. 2e-k, 3 Etymology. — For G. O. Sars. Holotype.— Adult female; unique speci- men from vial R. M.S. 125, Naturhistoriska Rikmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Type locality. —Koster Fiord, Lerbotton, Skagerrak, west coast of Sweden, depth 100 fm (182.9 m); collected 5 Aug 1865. Distribution. —Known only from type lo- cality. Description of adult female (Figs. 2e-k, 3).—Carapace smooth, oval in lateral view with posteroventral caudal process not marked by abrupt change in curvature (Fig. 2e, g, j); incisur small, at valve midheight; VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 anterior edge and tip of rostrum unusual in having a lip folding inward (visible best in medial view at high resolution (with x10 objective, 15 x eyepiece; Fig. 2f, 1). Infold: Broad in area of rostrum, caudal process, and ventral to incisur, becoming narrower elsewhere (Fig. 2f, g, j). Bristles of rostral infold mostly missing on specimen but indicated by sockets on left valve (Fig. 21); 2 unequal bristles at inner end of incisur (Fig. 2f, 1); anteroventral infold with about 10 bifurcate bristles (Several more indicated by sockets); broad list along anterior edge of caudal process with smooth posterior edge and minute inwardly oriented spine-like processes; list of caudal process of left valve terminating dorsally in round knob (Fig. 2), k); list of caudal process of right valve ter- minating at ventral end of ridge along inner edge of posterodorsal infold (Fig. 2g, h); dor- sal part of broad selvage of caudal process of right valve posterior to list with depres- sion with convex dorsal margin (Fig. 2g, h). Infold of caudal process of right valve broader than that of left valve. Selvage: Lamellar prolongation present along anterior and ventral margins of valves, absent along posterior margin; prolongation divided at inner end of incisur; prolonga- tion along anteroventral margin with mi- nute spines along edge, elsewhere edge smooth. Locking device: When posterior edges of lateral outlines of drawings of left and right valves are superimposed, the rounded knob at dorsal end of list of caudal process of left valve (Fig. 2k) appears to lie within depres- sion posterior to dorsal end of list of caudal process of right valve (Fig. 2h) suggesting a locking device possibly useful for aligning valves. Size: Holotype, length 2.67 mm, height 1.87 mm. First antenna (Fig. 3a, b): Ist joint bare. 2nd joint with small hairs forming rows along dorsal margin. 3rd joint short, with 2 bristles bearing short marginal spines (dor- sal bristle proximal with base about 3 length 885 of joint from proximal suture of joint, ven- tral bristle terminal). 4th joint elongate with 2 terminal bristles (1 ventral, 1 dorsal). Sen- sory bristle of Sth joint with 10 long stout proximal filaments (proximal 4 filaments with tips missing, remaining 6 filaments about '2 length of stem), 2 slender short distal filaments, and bifurcate tip. 6th joint with short medial bristle. 7th joint: a-bristle spinous, slightly longer than bristle of 6th joint; b-bristle about *4 length of sensory bristle of 5th joint, with 5 short marginal filaments, some pectinate; c-bristle 1 longer than sensory bristle, with 8 marginal fila- ments, and bifurcate tip. 8th joint: d- and e-bristles longer than b-bristle, bare with blunt tips; f-bristle same length as c-bristle, with 8 marginal filaments (some pectinate) and bifurcate tip; g-bristle longer than f-bristle, with 11 marginal filaments (some pectinate), and bifurcate tip. Second antenna (Fig. 3c): Protopodite with small spinous medial bristle. Endopodite 3- jointed: lst joint with 4 proximal bristles (3 short, 1 long) and 1 long distal bristle; 2nd joint elongate, bare; 3rd joint small, well defined from 2nd joint by suture, with long terminal filament. Exopodite: bristle of 2nd joint reaching just past 9th joint, with 19- 23 slender ventral spines (spines longer dis- tally), and no dorsal hairs or spines on left limb but some slender dorsal spines on right limb, tip of bristle with terminal papilla; bristles of joints 3-8 with natatory hairs, no spines; 9th joint with 4 bristles (3 long, 1 short), all with natatory hairs, no spines; joints 2-8 with basal spines; spine of 8th joint about '2 length of 9th joint; 9th joint with lateral spine longer than joint. Mandible (Fig. 3d): Coxale endite taper- ing to point, spinous, with terminal spines not markedly stouter than others; small bristle near base of endite. Basale: ventral margin with 2 a-bristles, 1 small b-bristle, 2 c-bristles, and 2 d-bristles; dorsal margin with 1 midbristle (with short marginal spines) and 2 terminal bristles with short marginal spines. Exopodite hirsute, reach- 886 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ing past distal end of dorsal margin of Ist endopodial joint, with 2 distal bristles, both with short marginal spines, proximal bristle longer. Ist endopodial joint with few ter- minal spines on dorsal margin and 4 ventral bristles (2 long, 2 short on left limb, | long, 3 short on right limb (aberrant), all with marginal spines). 2nd endopodial joint: me- dial surface with few small distal spines; ventral margin with small spines and 3 slen- der bristles forming 2 groups of | and 2 bristles (medial and lateral bristle of distal pair about same diameter); dorsal margin with 6 long bristles followed by 1 short bris- tle (all with short marginal spines) and 14 cleaning-type bristles (6 with stout marginal spines, 8 with slender marginal spines) (dor- sal bristles not shown on illustrated limb). End joint with 3 bare claws with hook-like tips (dorsal claw shorter than others) and 4 bristles (no bristles with broad proximal part). Maxilla (Fig. 3e—h): Endite I broad with 8 spinous terminal bristles and claws; endite II narrow with 6 spinous terminal bristles and claws; endite III narrow with 1 slender proximal bristle (outline of bristle shown on Fig. 3e), 2 distal bristles on anterior edge, 1 short terminal claw, and 2 terminal bris- tles. Coxale with fringe of dorsal hairs and hirsute dorsal bristle. Basale with 4-6 bris- tles: 1 terminal (with long hairs) on ventral _ margin, 1 short bristle on distal edge near ventral margin, and 2—4 terminal bristles on dorsal margin. Exopodite with 3 bristles (1 proximal, 2 terminal). 1st endopodial joint with 2 alpha-bristles, 2 beta-bristles (longest pectinate), and dorsal hairs; cutting —_— 887 tooth weakly developed with slightly digi- tate edge. 2nd endopodial joint with 3 a-bristles, 2 small claw-like b-bristles, 2 or 3 short ringed b-bristles (3rd b-bristles could be interpreted to be 4th a-bristle), 2 stout ringed c-bristles, and 3 stout, curved, non- pectinate claw-like d-bristles (Fig. 3h). Fifth limb (Fig. 31-1): Tooth not observed on protopodite. Endite I with 7 spinous bristles; endite II with 2 spinous and 3 pec- tinate bristles; endite III with 3 bristles at inner corner (additional bristles obscure). lst exopodial joint: main tooth with trian- gular peg (illustrated left limb probably aberrant in not having peg present on right limb) and 6 constituent teeth (secondary marginal teeth mostly bifurcate); spinous bristle proximal to peg. 2nd endopodial joint with spinous posterior c-bristle, spinous an- terior d-bristle, 4 pectinate a-bristles, and total of 8 b- and b’-bristles; additional an- terior bristles obscure on specimen. Inner lobe of 3rd exopodial joint undeveloped, with 2 bristles (1 with long hairs, other with short spines); outer lobe hirsute, with 2 bris- tles with long proximal hairs and short dis- tal spines. 4th and 5th exopodial joints fused, hirsute, with 2 terminal bristles (outer with long proximal hairs and short distal spines, inner with long hairs). Epipodite incom- plete, remaining part with 52 hirsute bris- tles. Sixth limb (Fig. 3m): Epipodite with 2 or 3 bare bristles. Endite I with 2 short hirsute medial bristles and 2 long terminal bristles (1 with long proximal and short distal spines, other with long spines to tip); endite II with 2 short hirsute medial bristles and 2 long Fig. 3. Doloria sarsi, adult female, holotype: a, Left 1st antenna; b, Same, showing bristles of joints 7 and 8; c, Distal part of protopodite and endopodite of right 2nd antenna; d, Left mandible, dorsal bristles of 2nd endopodial joint not shown; e, Left maxilla, medial view, not all bristles shown; f, Right maxilla, lateral view, not all bristles shown; g, Same, endites I-III; h, Same, 3 stout d-bristles of end joint; i, Left Sth limb, posterior view; Jj, Same, endites I-III; k, Posterior view of right Sth limb showing peg and 2 proximal teeth of Ist exopodial joint; 1, Same, exopodial joints 3—5 (Goints 4 and 5 fused); m, Left 6th limb; n, Tip of 7th limb; 0, Posterior of body showing genital ring (stippled), unextruded eggs (dashed circles), left lamella of furca, Y-sclerite and girdle; p, Anterior of body showing medial eye and Bellonci organ, rounded anterior process, lateral eye, and upper lip. 888 terminal bristles with long proximal and short distal spines; endite III with 1 medial bristle with long proximal and short distal spines, and 3 terminal bristles (1 or 2 with short spines, | or 2 with long proximal and short distal spines); endite IV with 3 or 4 bristles (2 with short marginal spines, | or 2 with long proximal and short distal spines). End joint with 14 bristles: 2 posterior bris- tles plumose; next 2 bristles with long prox- imal hairs and short distal spines; except for 2nd bristle from anterior end, which has only short spines, next 7 bristles along edge long, with long proximal and short distal spines; 3 short bristles on anterior half of joint with bases on lateral side of edge, with short marginal spines; lateral side of edge with long spines (spines absent between 2 posterior plumose bristles); medial surface of joint hirsute. Seventh limb (Fig. 3n): Terminal segment with 10 bristles on comb side and 8 on jaw side; some bristles obscured on proximal segments, 10 observed on comb side, and 8 on peg side; total observed bristles 36 but more probably present. Comb comprising long central tooth with 4 slightly shorter teeth (with rounded tips and pointed alar projections near midlength) and 4 short teeth (with square tips) on each side; total number of comb teeth about 17. Jaw opposite comb resembling cupped palm with about 9 teeth along edge (lateral profile in Fig. 3n); mus- cles capable of actuating jaw illustrated in Fig. 3n. Furca (Fig. 30): Each lamella with 11 claws decreasing in width and length posteriorly along lamella; right lamella slightly anterior to left; all claws with teeth along posterior edge. Bellonci organ (Fig. 3p): Short, cylindrical with rounded tip, with about 15 narrow rings near tip (not all rings shown in illustration). Eyes: Lateral eyes well developed with about 20 ommatidia in field of dark pigment (Fig. 3p). Medial eye unpigmented (Fig. 3p). Upper lip (Fig. 3p): In lateral view an- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON teroventral margin of undivided part evenly rounded and bearing numerous small glan- dular openings; divided glandular part bear- ing small glandular openings; minute tusk bearing single glandular opening lateral to posterior end of divided part; posterior of lip evenly rounded, hirsute. Genitalia (Fig. 30): Comprising oval ring on each side of body anterior to furca. Posterior of body (Fig. 30): Evenly round- ed. Y-sclerite (Fig. 30): Indistinct but seem- ingly typical for subfamily. Eggs (Fig. 30): Each side of body with cluster of 8 small unextruded eggs (16 total). Comparisons.—Doloria sarsi resembles D. levis in that both species have the fol- lowing combination of characters: dorsal bristle of the 3rd joint of the Ist antenna close to the 2nd joint, only three bristles on the ventral margin of the 2nd endopodial joint of the mandible, three claw-like non- pectinate d-bristles on the end joint of the maxilla, only two bristles on the fused 4th and 5th exopodial joints of the 5th limb, a toothed jaw opposite the comb of the 7th limb, and 11 claws on the furca. Doloria sarsi differs from D. /evis in having two to four anterior bristles instead of only one on the basale of the maxilla. Doloria levis is known only from the vicinity of South Georgia and the continental subregion of Antarctica (Kornicker 1975:102). Parado- loria acorensis (Granata and Caporiacco, 1949:7) [the male of the species is unknown; thus, the species could belong in Doloria] is not well known; it is from the Azores (1482 m) and Bay of Biscay (1455 m) and differs from D. sarsi in having 12 instead of 11 furcal claws. Other species of Doloria and Paradoloria differ from D. sarsi in having more than two bristles on the fused 4th and 5th exopodial joints of the Sth limb, as well as in other characters. Poulsen (1962:147) stated that Cypridina gracilis Brady (1880: 156) (from the Azores, 1829 m) may pos- sibly be included in Paradoloria. The large VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 size of that species (length 5 mm) clearly distinguishes it from D. sarsi (length 2.67 mm). Acknowledgments I wish to thank Dr. A. Andersson for sending specimens, Dr. Anne C. Cohen for considerable assistance in preparing the synonymy of P. /illjeborgii, Dr. C. Carpine for information concerning P. brenda, Mrs. E. Harrison for preparing the extensive Lit- erature Cited section and for general assis- tance, and Mr. J. Schroeder for inking the illustrations. My thanks are due to Drs. Thomas E. Bowman and Anne C. Cohen for reviewing the manuscript. Literature Cited Apstein, C. 1911. Ostracoden.—Bulletin trimestriel des résultats acquis pendant les Croisiéres pé- riodiques et dans les périodes intermédiaires, Conseil Permanent International pour l’Explo- ration de la Mer. 1911(2):163-169. Baird, W. 1850. The natural history of the British Entomostraca. London, 364 pp., 36 pls. . 1860. Note upon the genus Cypridina Milne- Edwards, with a description of some new species. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 28:199-202. Brady, G.S. 1868. A monograph ofthe Recent British Ostracoda.—Transactions of the Linnean So- ciety of London 26(2):353-495. 1871. A review of the Cypridinidae of the European seas, with description of a new species. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 19:289-296. . 1872. Remarque sur les Cypridinidae. Chap- itre [X. Sur les Cypridinidae de Cap-Breton et sur ceux des mers d’Europe.—Les Fonds de la Mer 2:53-61, pls. 1-5. 1880. Report on the Ostracoda dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873- 1876.—Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger (Zoology) 1(3):1— 184. 1907. Crustacea. V. Ostracoda.— National Antarctic Expedition 1901-1904. Natural His- tory, Volume III, Zoology and Botany:1—9, 3 pls., 1 text fig. , and A. M. Norman. 1896. A monograph of 889 the marine and freshwater Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and of northwestern Europe. — Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin So- ciety (2)5:621-684. , and D. Robertson. 1872. Contributions to the study of the Entomostraca, VI: On the dis- tribution of the British Ostracoda.— Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)9:48-70. Brattegard, IT. 1967. Pogonophora and associated fauna in the deep basin of Sognefjorden. — Sarsia 29:299-306. Carpine, C. 1970. Ecologie de l’étage bathyal dans la Méditerranée occidentale.— Mémoires de |’In- stitut Océanographique, Monaco 2:1—146. Chavtur, V. G. 1983. Ostracodes (Myodocopina, Cladocopina) of temperate and cold waters of the northern hemisphere.—Academy of Sci- ences of the USSR, Far-Eastern Science Center, Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, 132 pp. Claus, C. 1891. Die Gattungen und Arten der me- diterranen und atlantischen Halocypriden nebst Bemerkungen uber die Organisation der sel- ben.—Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institut (Vienna and Trieste) 9:1—34. Cleve, P. T. 1903. Plankton-researches in 1901 and 1902.—Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akade- miens Handlingar 36(8):3—53. Cohen, A. C., and L. S. Kornicker. 1975. Taxonomic indexes to Ostracoda (Suborder Myodocopina) in Skogsberg (1920) and Poulsen (1962, 1965).— Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 204:1- 29. Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer. 1903. Bulletin des résultats acquis pen- dant les courses périodique: année 1901-1903. 316 pp. 1904. Bulletin des résultats acquis pendant les courses périodique: année 1903-1904. A: 78 pp.; B: 103 pp.; C: 17 pp.; D: 236 pp. 1906. Publications de circonstance, 33: ca- talogue des espéces de plantes et d’animaux ob- serveées dan le plankton recueilli pendant les ex- péditions périodiques depuis le mois d’Aout 1902 jusqu’au mois de Mai 1905. 151 pp. Darby, D. G. 1965. Ecology and taxonomy of Os- tracoda in the vicinity of Sapelo Island, Georgia. Report no. 2 in R. V. Kesling, ed., Four reports of Ostracod investigations, 77 pp. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan. [Offset re- port.] Elofson, O. 194]. Zur Kenntnis der marinen Ostra- coden schwedens mit besonderer Bericksichti- gung des Skageraks.— Uppsala Universitet, Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala 19:215-534. 1943. Neuere Beobachtungen tber die Ver- 890 breitung der Ostracoden an den skandinavichen Kiisten.— Arkiv for Zoologi 35A(2):1—26. . 1969. Marine Ostracoda of Sweden with spe- cial consideration of the Skagerrak. 286 pp. [Translation of 1941 publication. Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1969.] Gran, H. H. 1902. Das Plankton des norwegischen Nordmeeres.—Report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations, Bergen 2(2)5:1—222, 1 pl. Granata, L., and L. Caporiacco. 1949. Ostracodes marins recueillis pendant les Croisiéres du Prince Albert Ier.—Resultats des Campagnes Scienti- fiques du Prince de Monaco 109:1—51, pls. 1—4. Hanai, T. 1974. Notes on the taxonomy of Japanese cyprinids.—Geoscience and Man, Louisiana State University Press 6:117-126. Hartmann, G. 1975. Ostracoda. Jn H. G. Bronns, ed., Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs 5(1)(2, 4, 4):569-786. Jones, T. R., J. W. Kirkby, and G. S. Brady. 1874. A monograph of the British fossil bivalved Ento- mostraca from the Carboniferous formations. Part I. The Cypridinidae and their allies. Pa- laeontolographical Society, London, mono- graph 28, 56 pp. Klie, W. 1929. Ostracoda. In G. Grimpe, ed., Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee, 16(10b): 56 pp. Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. . 1944. Ostracoda, I: Familie: Cypridinidae. — Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, Zooplankton, sheet 5:1—4. Kornicker, L.S. 1975. Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodo- copina).—Smithsonian Contributions to Zool- ogy 163:1-720. 1982. A restudy of the Amphiatlantic ostra- code Philomedes brenda (Baird, 1850) (Myodo- copina).—Smithsonian Contributions to Zool- ogy 358:1—28. 1984. Philomedidae of the continental shelf of eastern North America and the northern Gulf of Mexico (Ostracoda: Myodocopina).—Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology 393:1-78. ——., and F. E. Caraion. 1977. West African my- odocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinidae, Philome- didae). —Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 241:1-100. Liljeborg, W. 1853. Ostracoda. Pp. 92-130 in De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus: Cladocera, Os- tracoda et Copepoda in Scania Occurrentibus. Lund: Tryckyt uti Berlinska Botryckeriet. Miller, G. W. 1893. Ueber Lebensweise und Ent- wicklungsgeschichte der Ostracoden.—Sit- zungsberichte der Kiiniglich Preussischen Aka- demie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 23:355-381. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON . 1894. Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschmitte. — Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 21:1— 404. . 1897. Ein Fall von Selbstverstiimmelung bei einem Ostracoden (Philomedes brenda Baird). [Preprint: 1—5; later published in 1898 in Mitt- heilungen aus dem naturwissenschaftlichen Verein fur Neu-Vorpommern und Rugen in Greifswald (Berlin) 29:40—44.] 1912. Ostracoda.— Das Tierreich 31:1—434. 1931. Die Ostracoden des arktischen Ge- bietes. In F. Romer and F. Schaudinn, eds., Fauna Arctica 6(1):22—32. Neale, J. W. 1965. Some factors influencing the dis- tribution of Recent British Ostracoda.—Pub- blicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli (supplement) 33(1964):247-307. Norman, A.M. 1891. Notes on the marine Crustacea Ostracoda of Norway.—Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6)7:108-121. Ostenfeld, C. H. 1914. Bulletin Planktonique pour les années 1908-1911. (Continuation du Bul- letin trimestriel des résultats acquis pendant les Croisiéres périodiques et dans let périodes in- termédiaires, Partie D). Quatriéme Partie, Con- seil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, pp. 69-136. . 1931. Résume des observations sur le plank- ton des mers explorées par le conseil pendant les années 1902—1908.— Bulletin trimestriel des resultats acquis pendant les Croisiéres périodes intermédiaires, Conseil Permanent Internation- al pour l’Exploration de la Mer 4:601-672. , and C. Wesenberg-Lund. 1909. Catalogue des espéces de plantes et d’animaux observées dan le plankton recueilli pendant les expéditions périodiques depuis le mois d’Aout 1905 jus- qu’au mois de Mai 1908, Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, Pub- lications de Circonstance 48:1—151. Paulsen, O. 1909. Plankton investigations in the waters around Iceland and in the North Atlantic in 1904.—Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Havundersggelser, Serie Plankton 1(8):1—57. 1918. Plankton and other biological inves- tigations in the sea around the Faeroes in 1913.— Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Havunder- sogelser, Serie Plankton 1(13):1-27. Poulsen, E. M. 1962. Ostracoda-Myodocopa, 1: Cy- pridiniformes-Cypridinidae.— Dana Report 57: 1-414. Puri, H.S. 1966. Ecologic distribution of Recent Os- tracoda.— Proceedings of Symposium on Crus- tacea, Ernakulam, pt. 1. Marine Biological As- sociation of India Symposium Series 2:457-495. , and N. C. Hulings. 1957. Recent ostracode VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 facies from Panama City to Florida Bay area. — Transactions Gulf Coast Association of Geo- logical Studies 7:167—190. Sars, G. O. 1865. Oversight af Norges marine Ostra- coder. —Forhandlingeri 1 Videnskabsselskabet 1 Christiania 8:1—130. [Preprint; serial published 1866.] 1869. Undersggelser over Christianiafjor- dens Dydvandsfauna.—Nyt Magazin for Na- turvidenskaberne 16:305-362. . 1872. Undersggelser over Hardangerfjordens Fauna.—Forhandlingeri 1 Videnskabsselskabet i Christiania 1871:246-286. 1886. Crustacea, II: List of species observed on the expedition, with remarks on occurrence and distribution. Pp. 1-96 in The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876-1878. Gron- dahl and Son, Christiana. 1887. Nye bidrag til kundskaben om Mid- delhavets Invertebratfauna. IV. Ostracoda Mediterranea. (Sydeuropaeiske Ostracoder).— Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, Kristiania 12:173-263, 313-324, pls. 1-20. [Preprint; serial published 1888.] 1890. Oversight af Norges crustaceer, med forelabige Bemaerkninger over de nye eller mindre bekjendte arter, II (Branchiopoda-Os- 891 tracoda-Cirripedia).— Forhandlingeri i Viden- skabsselskabet i Christiania 1890 [1891](1):1- 80. 1922. Cypridinidae, Conchoeciidae, Poly- copidae (part). Ostracoda. Crustacea of Norway 91, 2):1-32. Skogsberg, T. 1920. Studies on marine ostracods, I: Cypridinids, Halocyprids, and Polycopids.— Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala, supplement 1: 1-784. Soot-Ryen, T. 1927. Crustacea, III: Isopoda, Cu- macea, Ostracoda and Pycnogonida. In O. Grgonlie and T. Soot-Ryen, eds., The Folden Fiord, zoological hydrographical and quater- nary geological observations made in the Folden Fiord during the summer of 1923.—Troms@ Museums Skrifter 1(5):15-20. Stephensen, K. 1938. Marine Ostracoda and Cladoc- era.— Zoology of Iceland 3(32):1-19. Steuer, A. 1910. Planktonkunde. xv + 723 pp. Leip- zig, B. G. Teubner. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 892-901 AMMOTHEA VERENAE AND SERICOSURA VENTICOLA, TWO NEW HYDROTHERMAL VENT-ASSOCIATED PYCNOGONIDS FROM THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC C. Allan Child Abstract.—Two new pycnogonid species, Ammothea verenae and Sericosura venticola, are described from hydrothermal vents on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific. These first known vent-associated pycnogonids are compared with previously known species of the two genera; their distribution, possible reasons for the evolution of this distribution among these and similar genera, and observable characters in the species’ morphologies in relation to hydro- thermal vents are discussed. Continuing investigations of hydrother- mal vents on tectonic rifts in the deep oceans during the last decade since their discovery have revealed a wealth of fauna new to sci- ence. It is not surprising that these intensive investigations should discover pycnogonids among the often unique fauna associated with these vents. The two species described here are new and are also the first pycno- gonids to be found in association with hy- drothermal vents. Specimens of both genera to which the new species belong have been taken before at similar depths and in diverse localities, but none have been reported from or found associated with tectonic rifts. Bot- tom photographs supplied with some of the specimens reported here plainly show pyc- nogonids and other rift fauna in close as- sociation with vents. Well over half the specimens listed in the following “‘Materials Examined” sections are partly covered with layers of polymetallic sulfides spewed out of nearby vents. Clearly, the pycnogonids and other vent fauna must have developed adaptive strategies to permit their living and proliferating in these seemingly transient areas of wide temperature and chemical variation. How this has been accomplished is beyond the scope of speculation in this paper, although a few observations on ad- aptation are offered in the discussion sec- tion. It is sufficient to say in light of our present knowledge that they have adapted successfully with at least one of the new species found widespread along several hundred kilometers of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in vent temperatures at least as high as 85°C. Family Ammotheidae Genus Ammothea Leach, 1814 Ammothea verenae, new species Fig. 1 Material examined. —ENDEAVOUR SEGMENT: vent at 47°57.1'N, 129°06.0'W, 2216 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 2 Sep 1984, sta 1446-3-702, holotype male with eggs (USNM 233636), paratypes, 4 males with eggs, 1 male, 1 female (USNM 233637), paratypes, 5 males with eggs (NMC).— “TLC? Vent, 47°57.1N, 129°06s3ayvee 250 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 3 Sep 1984, sta A1446- 719, paratype juvenile (USNM 233638).— Another vent near “TLC” Vent, same lo- cality, 2199 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 6 Sep 1984, sta A1451-706, paratypes, 1 male with eggs, 2 females, 1 juvenile (NMC). Other material: EXPLORER RIDGE: Pogo Peaks Vent, 49°45.5’N, 130°16.2'W, 1853 m, coll. DSRV Pisces IV, 23 Jun 1984, sta P1492-714, 1 2, 1 juv (USNM), 1 2 ovig, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 5 juv (NMC).—Magic Mountain, Gulati Gusher, 49°45'36”N, 130°16'07’W, 1818 m, coll. DSRV Pisces IV, 1 Jul 1984, sta P1494- 703, 2 6, 4 2, 35 juv (UVBC). — Hottest vent (85°C), same locality, coll. DSRV Pisces IV, 1 Jul 1984, sta P1494-704, 1 6 (USNM).— Biomass sample, same locality, depth, and collector, 1 Jul 1984, sta P1494-718, 1 4,9 2, 64 juv (USNM).—“Lunch Hour” Vent, same locality, collector, 1808 m, 2 Jul 1984, sta P1495-705, 1 36 with eggs, 1 6, 4 2, 28 juv (NMC).— Upper Magic Mountain, Crab Vent, 49°46’N, 130°18’W, 1780 m, coll. Pisces IV, 4 Jul 1984, sta P1494-701, 3 juv (USNM).—Same locality, collector, 1837 m, sta P1497-700, 4 Jul 1984, 3 6 with eggs, 1 6, 3 2, 8juv (UVBC).— Busted Thruster Vent, 49°45.7'N, 130°16.1'W, 1823 m, coll. Pisces IV, 19 Aug 1984, sta P1505-717, 2 6 with eggs, 3 6, 4 2, 9 juv (UVBO), 2 3 with eggs, 1 2, 8 juv (USNM). ENDEAVOUR SEGMENT: Juan de Fuca Ridge: vent at 47°57.0'N, 129°04.0'W, 2212 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 24 Jul 1984, sta 1418, 1 2(USNM).—Vent, associated with vestimentiferans, ca. 46°N, 130°W, ca. 2000 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 25 Jul 1984, sta 1419, 1 2, 1 juv (USNM). AXIAL SEAMOUNT: Devil Vent, near base of Hammond’s Hell (60°C), 45°55.6'N, 130°01.8’W, 1570 m, coll. DSRV Pisces IV, 14 Jul 1986, sta P1720-710, 1 6(USNM).— Hammond’s Hell, same locality and depth, coll. Pisces IV, 19 Jul 1986, sta P1723-711, 1 2 ovig, 2 2 (USNM).—Inactive sulfide chimney near Embley’s Inferno, same lo- cality, depth, collector, sta P1725-712, 25 Jul 1986, 3 jay (NMC).—Demon Vent no. 1, same locality, depth, collector, sta P1728- 709, 29 Jul 1986, 1 juvy (USNM).—Not-So- Miserable Vent, near Holland’s Hillock, same locality, depth, and collector, sta P1733-707, 3 Aug 1986, 2 6 with eggs, 1 4, 1 9, 4 juv (UVBC).— Miserable Vent, same locality, depth, and collector, sta P1733-708, 3 Aug 1986, 1 juv (USNM).— Vent, same locality, depth, and collector, sta P1733-713, 3 Aug 1986, 1 6 with eggs, 2 juvy (USNM). 893 SOUTHERN JUAN DE FUCA RIDGE: vent 1, 44°39'15”N, 130°22'W, ca. 2225 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 24 Oct 1984, sta A1463- 7B-716, 2 2, 1 juv (USNM). Description. — Male: size moderately large, leg span 43.4 mm. Integument smooth, without texture. Trunk moderately slender, posterior of each segment flared into ex- panded cowling, without tubercles. Neck greatly expanded anteriorly, glabrous. Ocu- lar tubercle a low truncate cone, shorter than basal width, without eyes, lateral sensory papillae prominent. Ocular tubercle placed just anterior to midlength of expanded neck, over palp insertion. Oviger implantation posterior to neck expansion, at narrowest point, anterior to but almost touching first lateral processes. Lateral processes moder- ately crowded, separated by less than half their diameters, as long as 1.5 times their diameters, armed with single dorsodistal seta each and | or 2 laterodistal setae except at anterior and posterior extremities. Probos- cis massive, as long as anterior 3 trunk seg- ments, proximal half with distinct ventral bend, hint of tripartite segmentation lines present, mouth surface flat. Proboscis base a separate truncate cone segment about 0.15 as long as proboscis. Abdomen slender with slightly bulbous tip, as long as distal rim of first coxae on posterior legs, armed with sev- eral dorso- and laterodistal short setae. Chelifore short, 2-segmented. Scape short, only twice as long as diameter, armed with few distal and lateral setae shorter than seg- ment diameter. Chela vestigial, a short stump with hint of movable finger ventrally, armed with tiny ventral seta. Palp 9-segmented, longer than proboscis, basal segment massive, 3 times wider than distal segments. Second segment longest, armed with few short setae increasing in numbers distally. Third segment as long as basal segment, slightly longer than fifth seg- ment, armed with few dorsal setae, one longer than segment diameter. Fourth seg- ment only 0.7 as long as second, armed with many ventral setae, most longer than seg- 894 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BMY 24, = VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ment diameter. Terminal 4 segments sub- equal in length, very setose ventrally, most setae longer than segment diameters. Oviger segments 4 and 5 equal in length, slightly longer than second segment, each with many short proximal setae. Strigilis ex- tremely setose; sixth segment with many long ectal setae and 8 plain short endal spines, seventh and eighth segments with corresponding ectal spines, fewer in num- ber, ninth and tenth without setae. Terminal 4 segments with endal denticulate spines in the formula 1:1:1:2, each spine having many lateral serrations. Egg size less than half di- ameter of main oviger segments, carried in large ovoid clusters. Legs moderately long, slender, extremely setose. First coxa with several lateral and ventral setae, some longer than segment d1- ameter. Second coxa with fringe of many lateral and ventrodistal setae. Third coxa with ventral field of long closely spaced se- tae sufficient in numbers to hide ventral out- line of segment. Femur armed with similar setae proximoventrally, decreasing in num- bers distally, and line of shorter lateral and dorsal setae. Location of femoral cement gland pore not definitely established, but may be dorsodistal in fringe of setae or prox- imolaterally as pores along line of lateral setae. Second tibia longest segment, slightly longer than first tibia and femur which are subequal in length. Three major segments armed with lines of lateral, dorsal and ven- tral setae, some slightly longer than segment diameters. Propodus slender, moderately curved, without marked heel, sole with 1 1— 13 narrow spines, flanked with short lateral setae fewer in numbers. Propodus shape and spination similar on all legs. Claw robust, well curved, about 0.4 as long as propodus, auxiliaries almost as long as main claw, —_— Fig. 1. 895 slender, well curved. Sexual pores on second coxae of posterior 2 pairs of legs only. Female paratype: slightly larger in all measurements except for oviger which is smaller than that of male. Strigilis with 2— 5 ectal short setae, without fields of setae, terminal 4 segments with denticulate spines in formula 2:2:1:2. Sexual pores on all sec- ond coxae ventrally. Juvenile chela small, with slender very curved fingers overlap- ping at tips when closed, without teeth. Measurements. —Holotype, in mm: trunk length (insertion of chelifore to tip 4th lat- eral processes) 5.6; trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes) 3.12; proboscis length 4.5; abdomen length 1.72; third leg, coxa 1 0.78; coxa 2 1.75; coxa 3 1.39; femur 4.3; tibia 1 4.32; tibia 2 4.68; tarsus 0.52; propodus 1.76; claw 0.65. Distribution. —Known from the type lo- cality, Endeavour Segment on Juan de Fuca Ridge in 2199-2250 m, and from Axial Sea- mount and Explorer Ridge in 1570-2225 m, all on or in close proximity to hydro- thermal vents. Etymology.—This species is named for Dr. Verena Tunnicliffe, University of Vic- toria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, who collected and contributed most of the specimens listed here. Remarks. — This new species can be easily separated from most Ammothea species be- cause it lacks the large dorsomedian trunk tubercles on the cowls of each segment pos- terior that are present in most species and most prominent in males. It can be further separated from most other known species by its total lack of specialized or differen- tiated sole spines and by having all propodal shape and armature alike. It lacks the large heel spines of most species and the dissim- ilarity of anterior leg propodi from those of Ammothea verenae, male holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C, Oviger; D, Oviger strigilis, enlarged; E, Third leg. Female paratype: F, Third leg with ova; G, Oviger; H, Oviger strigilis, enlarged; I, Chela of adult and of juvenile. 896 posterior legs. Ammothea hilgendorfi(Bohm) and A. spicula Nakamura and Child are the only northern species without dorsomedian trunk processes although both have major heel spines differing from those of the sole, and A. australiensis Flynn appears to be the only southern species with no trunk pro- cesses, but it also has major heel spines. Therefore, this new species is the only one known with uniform sole spines and no trunk processes. The new species has other distinguishing characters such as the distinctive large bent proboscis, the extremely setose legs of the male, the giant palp first segment, and a lack of eyes on the very low ocular tubercle. The latter character is shared by only one other known species in this genus, A. profunda Losina-Losinsky. Most species of the genus are found in shallower depths or at least at depths where some light penetrates to jus- tify the retention of eyes. This species is apparently very common, at least in the restricted depths of the north- east Pacific where its hydrothermal vent habitats occur. It has been taken at vents, on sulfide chimneys, and adjacent to vents spewing sulfide particles such that over half the specimens listed above have some part to most of their anatomy encased in solid- ified polymetallic sulfide crusts. Photo- graphs taken at some of the vent habitats show lava forms and other large clastic shapes covered with these sulfides and hav- ing pycnogonids, limpets, galatheid crabs, worms (Polynoidae), and unidentified fauna inhabiting most surfaces in good numbers. Unlike most of the sparse records showing lack of thermal tolerance for pycnogonids, these specimens apparently survive a wide range of temperatures. Recorded tempera- tures around some of the vents list differ- ences of 4°-5° above ambient at correspond- ing depths, but one capture of this species was made at the “‘hottest vent” sampled on Explorer Ridge (85°C). Another specimen was taken at “Devil Vent’? on Axial Sea- mount at 60°C. It is difficult to imagine how PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON such delicate animals can survive these temperatures unless mixing among bottom currents is such that cooling takes place al- most instantly after exposure to tempera- tures such as those above. Genus Sericosura Fry and Hedgpeth, 1969 Sericosura venticola, new species Fig. 2 Material examined. -ENDEAVOUR SEGMENT: vent, associated with vesti- mentiferans, 47°57.0'N, 129°04.0’W, 2208 m, coll. DSRV Alvin 25 Jul 1984, sta 1419, holotype male with eggs (USNM 233639).— Vent, 47°57.1'N, 129°06.0'W, 2216 m, coll. DSRV Alvin, 2 Sep 1984, sta A1446-3-702, paratype male with eggs (USNM 233640), paratype male with eggs (NMC). Description. —Size moderately large, leg span 27.6 mm. Integument smooth, with- out papillae or other texture. Trunk slender, graceful, posterior of anterior 3 trunk seg- ments flared into cowl, without tubercles. Neck gradually expanded anteriorly, armed with pair of short setae on both anterolateral tips. Ocular tubercle slightly taller than bas- al diameter, without eyes, with prominent lateral sensory papillae, rounded at apex, placed just anterior to midlength of neck. Oviger implantation massive, at narrowest point of neck, posterior to ocular tubercle, almost touching first lateral processes. Lat- eral processes almost touching, separated by less than half their diameters, swollen dis- tally to constricted bases, only slightly long- er than maximum diameters, armed with 1-3 laterodistal setae, none longer than half segment diameter. Proboscis massive, ovoid, without ventral bend, carried hori- zontally, without trace of segmentation lines, almost as long as trunk, mouth surface flat. Abdomen slender, curved ventrally, tip swollen, extending to distal rim of second coxae of fourth legs, armed with 5-6 distal short setae, with distinct basal segmentation line. Chelifores short, 2-segmented. Scape twice VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 897 Fig. 2. Sericosura venticola, male holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C, Palp; D, Third leg, with enlargement of cement gland; E, Oviger; F, Oviger strigilis, enlarged. as long as diameter, slightly curved toward median line, armed distally with 3—4 short lateral setae. Chela tiny, vestigial, with only trace of movable finger, armed with single short distal seta. Palp 7-segmented, heavily setose. Seg- ments 2 and 4 subequal, armed with many dorsal and lateral setae, most shorter than segment diameter. Segments 5 and 6 sub- equal, with slight ventral swelling, armed with dense setae mostly longer than seg- ments. Seventh segment cylindrical, as long 898 as fifth and sixth combined, armed with dense setae of same length as those on more proximal segments. Oviger second segment longest, length 3.5 times diameter, fourth and fifth segments slightly shorter, subequal, all armed with row of very short ectal setae. Strigilis heavi- ly setose, ectal setae longer than segment diameters, with endal denticulate spines in formula 0:2:1:2, spines with many lateral serrations. Extremely tiny eggs carried ce- mented into hollow balls. Legs moderately long, segments slender, very setose. First coxa armed with 1-2 an- terior setae and fringe of latero- and ven- trodistal setae. Second coxa with several dorsal and lateral setae and fringe of distal setae. Third coxa with dense field of ventral and distal setae, many as long as segment diameter. Femur with dense fringe of prox- imoventral short setae and several longer lateral and dorsodistal setae. Cement gland almost at proximal margin of femur, with low surface bulge and very short tube point- ing anteriorly on each leg. Tube not visible from posterior surface. First tibia longest segment, femur and second tibia slightly shorter, equal in length. Tibiae armed with many lateral, dorsal and ventral setae, mostly in rows, few on dorsal surface longer than segment diameter. Tarsus short, armed with single dorsal and 5-6 ventral setae. Propodus moderately curved, without heel or larger heel spines, sole with 10—12 spines not longer than segment diameter. Propo- dus armed with short lateral and dorsal se- tae. Claw moderately curved, slightly over 0.3 length of propodus, auxiliary claws very slender, 0.7 as long as main claw. Sexual pores ventrodistal on second coxae of pos- terior 4 legs. Female and juvenile characters unknown. Measurements. — Holotype, in mm: Trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral processes) 3.58; trunk width (across 2nd lat- eral processes) 2.3; proboscis length 3.09; abdomen length 1.55; third leg, coxa 1 0.78; coxa 2 1.1; coxa 3 0.82; femur 2.58; tibia PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1 2.74; tibia 2 2.58; tarsus 0.25; propodus 1.34; claw 0.48. Distribution.—Known from the type lo- cality only, the Endeavour Segment in 2208-— 2216 m. Etymology. —The specific name refers to a vent dweller. Remarks. — This new species is very sim- ilar to the other known species of the genus, S. mitrata. The differences are in a more slender and longer habitus of the entire an- imal in S. venticola, and its very different arrangement of appendage setae. The setae arrangement and number are dimorphic in both species, but the female of S. mitrata has a ventral fringe of long hair-like setae and many short setae on the tibiae. The male (Child 1982:19-20, fig. 6c), unlike S. venticola, has no such field of ventral setae and has fewer setae on any leg segment. In S. venticola, the female is unknown, but the male has a dense field of long setae on the ventral surface of the third coxae and the adjacent proximal surface of the femur. The other leg segments are quite setose and it is probably safe to predict that the legs of the female will have very different setation based on S. mitrata. Other differences are found in the much shorter cement gland tube of S. venticola, its longer and more slender chelifores, a tar- sus and propodus with many more sole spines and setae, its longer and more setose palp segments, and its lack of any of the very long lateral leg setae present on S. mi- trata. The ovigers of both species are re- markably similar except that the strigilis of S. venticola has more setae. Although of little taxonomic value as a critical character, the leg span of the new species is more than twice that of S. mitrata, although the trunk lengths are more nearly alike. There are only six known specimens, in- cluding the above three males, reported for this apparently rare genus. The other known species, S. mitrata, has been taken along the African side of the Antarctic coast in 219 m (Gordon 1944:54—57, as Achelia mitra- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 ta), and on the Walvis Ridge in 2117-2154 m (Child 1982:19-21). There were no hy- drothermally active localities mentioned at the Walvis Ridge collecting site, but their presence cannot be ruled out. The depth here almost coincides with the capture depths of the new species. Gordon de- scribed the blind S. mitrata from a single female specimen and remarked on the ap- parent anomaly of blindness versus the rel- atively shallow depth of capture. This could be related to net contamination from a pre- vious deeper haul, but Fry and Hedgpeth (1969:112—113) comment on the same depth discrepancies of several other blind shallow Antarctic species, making them skeptical of such anomalies, particularly in cold Ant- arctic waters. Discussion The two new species, Ammothea verenae and Sericosura venticola, belong to previ- ously known genera. The genus Ammothea Leach, 1814, contains about 23 species, none of which are known to be vent-specific, and most of which are found in the Antarctic, Subantarctic, or at least in the Southern Hemisphere. Of the 23 species, only four are found partly or exclusively in the North- ern Hemisphere, all in the northern Pacific, suggesting that the genus had its origins and proliferation in Antarctic waters and has subsequently spread northward. All north Pacific species, Ammothea hedgpethi (Uti- nomi) (Japan), A. hilgendorfi (BOhm) (Pan- Pacific), A. profunda Losina-Losinsky (Ku- ril Islands), and A. spicula Nakamura and Child (Japan), have been collected in shal- low depths (less than 200 m) except A. pro- funda which was taken in 1500 m. Fry and Hedgpeth (1969:94) suggest that this species “has spread into the Northern Hemisphere by way of the cold abyssal or hadal regions.”’ This certainly might account for the spread of Ammothea verenae, at least to the north- east Pacific from elsewhere, but would not explain its spread along hydrothermal rifts 899 and ridges, its only known habitat. This sug- gests a later adaptation to hydrothermal vent life after evolving first in northern Pacific areas. A cold abyssal distribution would also not explain the shallow and shore prolif- eration of A. hilgendorfi, principally around the rim of the northern Pacific, and presum- ably the presence of the two Japanese shal- low-water species. Ammothea hilgendorfi must be a very long time resident of north- ern Pacific waters due to its extensive dis- tribution from the Russian Arctic and China to the Society Islands and California. There is one record of A. hilgendorfi from England, but a better north Atlantic coun- terpart to the Pacific species would be Jry- gaeus communis Dohrn. This genus prob- ably split off from the parent Ammothea stock quite early, possibly from a species very much like A. hilgendorfi, A. magniceps Thomson, or A. australiensis Flynn, all of which are closely related and are superfi- cially very much like 7. communis. In be- coming 7rygaeus, the species discarded all trace of atrophied chelae while retaining the chelifore stump, and lost an oviger segment and a palp segment or two (the numbers vary among specimens). It shows a marked Tethyan distribution across the width of the Mediterranean. Sericosura is another genus even more closely related to Ammothea, and it is prob- ably not hydrothermal vent-specific. The second published record of S. mitrata (Child 1982:19-21, fig. 6) places 1t in much deeper water than the type (219 m versus 2100 m) and further north on the Walvis Ridge, a transverse oceanic ridge between continents said to be seismically inactive (Marvin 1973: 134) and distant from any locus of tectonic plate spreading. The two new species of Sericosura and Ammothea described here appear superfi- cially to be very similar when the ovigers, coxae setation, trunk habitus, and trunk— proboscis size are compared. In Sericosura, as in the genus 7rygaeus, another genus has evolved with the secondary loss of appen- 900 dage segments. Sericosura has seven palp segments while Ammothea has nine (some- times eight), and the former genus has lost its eyes (unnecessary in deep water) in con- trast to eyes being present in most of the Ammothea species, or at least those from shallow water. The terminal palp segment of Sericosura is elongate and it probably coalesced from two former segments while losing another from the original nine. The loss (or gain) of dorsomedian trunk tuber- cles, a common character present in most species of Ammothea, is the only other char- acter differentiating Sericosura from Am- mothea, but this is perhaps a secondary loss and is not unique among known Ammothea species. As noted above, dorsomedian trunk tubercles might have been a secondary gain in Ammothea, but they are taller or other- wise more marked in many juvenile speci- mens of the genus. The two species of Seri- cosura lack them. There are many questions concerning the presence of pycnogonids at hydrothermal vents and the very few answers are almost entirely conjectural. This is due in large part to our lack of even rudimentary knowledge of life histories and habits of most pycno- gonids. We know very little of food and habitat preference and there has been no study, to my knowledge, of egg size and fe- cundity as a function of the duration and number of larval stages. The details of these life habits are simply not available to us. The extremely tiny egg size of both of these species would suggest shorter embry- onic and protonymphon stages with an in- creased number of juvenile stages similar to those of decapod crustaceans (Van Dover et al. 1985:223). Egg size is seldom noted in pycnogonid reports, but among those species figured with eggs attached to the male ovigers, the egg size generally appears to be equal to at least half or as much as the full diameter of the oviger segments on which they are strung. This excludes some of the callipallenid genera and species and some of the Nymphon species which have what PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON could be called giant eggs full of yolk. The eggs of Ammothea verenae are slightly larger than those of Sericosura venticola, in terms of the oviger segment size of each, but both egg sizes are sufficiently small to suggest a single pattern of abbreviated early devel- opment stages possibly related to hydro- thermal vent-related habitats. The com- plete life history of so few pycnogonids is known with any certainty that it would be futile to speculate as to whether or not this abbreviated pattern with more juvenile stages is the exception to usual embryonic development or is the more normal course of events taken by the majority of pycno- gonids. Another question begging an answer in relation to hydrothermal vent-associated pycnogonids concerns the nature of food available to them. Pycnogonids are often found associated with sessile coelenterates from which they extract body juices with their suctorial proboscis. What sessile or- ganisms are available in association with hydrothermal vents that are suitable for this suctorial form of extraction? The organisms most available appear to be vestimentifer- ans, palm worms, and vent-associated bac- teria. There is nothing in hydrothermal vent- related literature, particularly in that of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, suggesting a prevalence of any form of sessile coelenterates at vents, but there is a form of mucus comprising a considerable portion of the total biomass (Tunnicliffe et al. 1985:459, 461) which, al- though low in organic content (less than 13% while containing 66.8% sulphur), could form a substantial part of the pycnogonid diet. Examination of the gut content of several specimens of Ammothea verenae was in- conclusive, although what appeared to be small groups of bacteria were present. This evidence could be due to the ingestion of ubiquitous bacteria fortuitously, sulphur- oxidizing bacteria being present in almost all vent situations. No parts or recognizable tissues from worms were identified in the gut contents, although this does not rule out VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 their ingestion. From the slight evidence available, no conclusive proof can therefore be discovered concerning the diet, or in- deed, the life habits of these two vent-as- sociated species. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Dr. M. L. Jones, De- partment of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for first bringing some of these specimens to my at- tention, and to Dr. V. Tunnicliffe, Biology Department, University of Victoria, Vic- toria, British Columbia, Canada, for sup- plying the majority of specimens, collection data, and for an engaging and enthusiastic correspondence during the inception of this paper. The collection of specimens listed in this paper was supported in part by the Na- tional Science Foundation of the U.S. and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Re- search Council of Canada. The specimens are deposited in the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, under the catalog num- bers of the U.S. National Museum (USNM), the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa (NMC), and in the University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia (UVBC). 901 Literature Cited Child, C. A. 1982. Deep-sea Pycnogonida from the North and South Atlantic Basins. —Smithsoni- an Contributions to Zoology 349:i-iv, 1-54, 15 figs. Fry, W. G., and J. W. Hedgpeth. 1969. Pycnogonida, 1 Colossendeidae, Pycnogonidae, Endeidae, Ammotheidae. The Fauna of the Ross Sea, Part 7, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Mem- oir No. 49, New Zealand Department of Sci- entific and Industrial Research Bulletin 198:1— 139, 206 figs. Gordon, I. 1944. Pycnogonida.—B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Reports, Series B (Zoology and Botany) 5(1):1—72, 27 figs. Marvin, U. B. 1973. Continental drift. The evolution of a concept. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 239 pp., 102 figs. Tunnicliffe, V., S. K. Juniper, and M. E. de Burgh. 1985. The hydrothermal vent community on Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Jn M. L. Jones, ed., The hydrothermal vents of the east- ern Pacific: An overview. —Bulletin of the Bi- ological Society of Washington 6:453—464. Van Dover, C. L., J. R. Factor, A. B. Williams, and C. J. Berg, Jr. 1985. Reproductive patterns of decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal vents. InM. L. Jones, ed., The hydrothermal vents of the eastern Pacific: An overview.—Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 6:223—227. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 902-916 NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN PYCNOGONIDA FROM ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC WATERS C. Allan Child Abstract. —Five new species, Ascorhynchus antipodus, A. cooki, Cilunculus spinicristus, Eurycydeantarctica, and Cheilopallene gigantea, and onerarespecies, Oropallene dimorpha (Hoek), were sorted from various Antarctic collections taken from localities southwest of New Zealand, off the Antarctic Peninsula, and the Ross Sea. The new species are compared with known species of the genera and their distribution is given. Many collections of Antarctic and Sub- antarctic pycnogonids have been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History both before and subsequent to Fry and Hedgpeth’s (1969) partial treatment of the genera representing the last or most current monograph on the subject. Among the sev- eral thousand lots of pycnogonida sorted from bottom material, the five species de- scribed and figured here were found to be new to science. The five new species are Ascorhynchus antipodus, A. cooki, Cilun- culus spinicristus, Eurycyde antarctica, and Cheilopallene gigantea. Another species, Oropallene dimorpha (Hoek), rarely record- ed or figured in the literature, is refigured here with new capture records. So much ef- fort has been expended in capturing and de- scribing the pycnogonids and other taxa from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters that it might be thought remarkable that as any as five new species of Pycnogonida could be found to describe. To the contrary, the deeper waters around New Zealand, its Sub- antarctic islands, and those of Australia (Macquarie Island in particular), have had little collecting effort in comparison to the many expeditions that scoured the Ross Sea over the past 90 years. It is perhaps signif- icant, then, that this report contains only one new species from the outer reaches of the Ross Sea, at the Cape Adare coast. It will be many years before it can be safely said that all is known of the Pycnogonida of the Ross Sea or of any other area of com- parable size in the oceans of the world. Family Ammotheidae Dohrn Genus Ascorhynchus Sars, 1877 Ascorhynchus antipodus, new species Fig. 1 Material examined.—Southwest Pacific Basin, E of the Antipodes Islands, 49°21’S, 172°16'W, 5340 m, coll. Eltanin, sta 25- 366, 15 Nov 1966, holotype, female (USNM 233600). Description. —Size moderately small, slender, leg span 20.4 mm. Integument closely papillose, imparting pebbled ap- pearance. Trunk long, slender, posterior part of first three segments widely flaring, with- out median tubercles, narrowest diameter of trunk only half diameter of flared cowls. Lateral processes very short, only as long as their diameters, glabrous. Neck long, oviger implantation at half-length of neck, well an- terior to first lateral processes. Neck armed with 2 conical anterolaterai tubercles point- ing obliquely above chelifore insertions. Ocular tubercle, sensory papillae and eyes entirely lacking. Proboscis slender, bipar- tite, without distal constriction, as long as first 2 trunk segments combined. Abdomen long, slender, glabrous, reaching almost to distal tip of second coxae of fourth legs. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 903 Fig. 1. leg; D, Palp; E, Oviger, with enlargement of denticulate spine. Chelifore scape of 1 segment cylindrical, slender, over 6 times longer than its di- ameter, armed with 2-3 short distal setae. Chela tiny, fingers fully formed, apparently functional, glabrous. Palp segment 3 about 0.2 longer than seg- ment 5, terminal 6 segments progressively more setose ventrally and laterally. Segment 6 equal in length to segments 8 and 9, seg- ment 7 half again longer, segment 10 tiny, shorter and narrower than other terminal segments. Oviger with few endal setae on major seg- ments. Third segment longest, fourth only 0.6 as long, strigilis segments progressively Ascorhynchus antipodus, female holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C, Third shorter, armed with denticulate spines in 2 rows in distally progressing formula 8:7:6: 6, with glabrous slightly curved terminal claw almost as long as terminal segment. Denticulate spines long, slender, with 5—6 denticles per side. Legs moderately long, very slender, light- ly spinose, with row of tiny setae on ventral tibiae and sole of tarsus and propodus. Sec- ond coxae long, almost 4 times length of first or third, swollen medially and distally with large number of ova. First tibiae long- est of major segments with second tibiae shorter than femorae. Tarsus and propodus slender, tarsus half propodus length, both 904 armed with very short setae. Claws mod- erately curved, all of equal length, 0.43 as long as propodus. Male and juvenile characters unknown. Measurements (in mm).—Trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral pro- cesses) 3.7; trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes) 1.24; proboscis length 2.2; ab- domen length 0.91; third leg, coxa 1 0.3; coxa 2 1.18; coxa 3 0.31; femur 2.12; tibia 1 2.54; tibia 2 1.61; tarsus 0.4; propodus 0.78; claw 0.34. Distribution. —Known only from the type locality, E of the Antipodes Islands, New Zealand, in 5340 m. Etymology.—This species is named for the land nearest its place of capture, the Antipodes Islands. Remarks. — This new species is sufficient- ly close to Ascorhynchus bucerus Turpaeva, from the northern Pacific, for them to form a geminate pair. The general habitus of the two 1s very similar and they were captured at approximately the same depth. The prin- cipal difference between them is that 4. bu- cerus has 2-segmented scapes while this species has scapes of a single segment that are longer in relation to the trunk than those of A. bucerus. Palp segment 5 is subequal to segment 3 in 4. bucerus, but segment 5 is 0.2 shorter than segment 3 in A. antipo- dus. Other differences are: A. bucerus has a palp terminal segment almost equal in length to the penultimate segment, the neck is longer in relation to other trunk segments, the oviger implant bulges are nearer the first lateral processes and in the posterior half of the neck, the abdomen is approximately equal in length to the fourth trunk segment, the tarsus is about 0.75 as long as the pro- podus, the femur is subequal in length to the second tibia, and in the oviger, segment 4 is shorter than segment 5. In A. antipodus, the palp terminal segment is only half as long as the penultimate segment, the neck is shorter, the oviger implant bulges are at the neck midpoint, the abdomen is longer than the posterior trunk segment, the tarsus PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON is only half the length of the propodus, the femur is 0.2 longer than the second tibia, and oviger segment 4 is longer than seg- ment 5. The second coxae of this species, swollen with ova, are reminiscent of A. ovicoxa Stock, but the two species are otherwise quite dissimilar. Placement and arrangement of the fem- oral cement gland aperture or apertures must await the capture of a male of this geminate new species. Ascorhynchus cooki, new species Fig. 2 Material examined. —Southwest Pacific, SW of Macquarie Island, 59°58’S, 155°31'E, 2985-2992 m, coll. El/tanin, sta 1964, 10 Feb 1967, holotype male (USNM 233601), 2 paratype females (USNM 233602).—N of Chatham Rise, New Zealand, 41°45’S, 178°05'W, 2610-2668 m, coll. Eltanin, sta 1711, 25 May 1966, 3 paratype females (USNM 233603).—SE of Cook Strait, New Zealand, 42°11'S, 175°11’E, 2612 mecoll: Eltanin, sta 25-371, 20 Nov 1966, paratype chelate juvenile (USNM 233604). Description. —Size gigantic for genus, leg span 178 mm. Integument smooth, gla- brous. Trunk slender, graceful, posterior of first 3 segments flaring into cowls having dorsomedian tubercles with rounded tips. Lateral processes twice as long as maximum diameters, without setae, with low dorso- distal tubercles rounded at tips. Neck long, oviger implantation directly ventral to ocu- lar tubercle which is placed just posterior to median neck length. Ocular tubercle twice as long as diameter with anterior pair of eyes at median length, posterior pair of eyes more distal. Proboscis slender, tripartite, only as long as first trunk segment, mouth flat. Ab- domen slender, extending only to distal rim of first coxae on fourth legs, glabrous, car- ried slightly ventral with distal half curved dorsally. Chelifore scapes with 2 segments, armed VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 905 Fig. 2. Ascorhynchus cooki, male holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C, Third leg, with enlargement of claws of first and third legs; D, Palp; E, Oviger; F, Oviger terminal segments, enlarged; G, Oviger denticulate spine, enlarged. with 1—2 small distal setae. Scape segments subequal, slightly clubbed distally, short, each no longer than neck width. Chela tiny, vestigial, movable finger represented by tiny ventral bump, glabrous. Palp third segment 3.5 times longer than fourth, terminal 5 segments very slender, numbered from shortest to longest; 6, 7, 10, 9, with 8 longest, all armed with ventral fringe of tiny setae. Oviger segment 5 about 0.8 length of seg- ment 4, both armed with tiny lateral setae. 906 Sixth segment clubbed distally, armed with distal fringe of short and long setae, some longer than segment diameter. Strigilis 4 segments increasingly shorter in length pro- gressing distally, armed with 3-4 rows of denticulate spines, | row larger than lateral rows, larger row with formula 9:8:8:9, spines slender, with many lateral denticulations. Terminal claw well curved, short, only 0.35 length of terminal segment. Legs long, slender, glabrous, femur long- est segment with tibia | longer than tibia 2. Cement glands numbering 21-24 tiny pores on femur, 19-23 pores on entire length of tibia 1. Tarsus slender straight cylinder, subequal in length to slender slightly curved propodus, both armed with few tiny ventral setae. Claws of first pair of legs extremely tiny, only about 0.3 as long as other 6 claws, which only about 0.18 propodal length, none curved. Sex pores only on posterior 4 sec- ond coxae. Female slightly larger, oviger without long setae and with fewer denticulate spines. Sex- ual pores on all second coxae. Measurements (in mm).— Holotype: trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral processes) 25.5; trunk width (across 2nd lat- eral processes) 12.5; proboscis length 16; abdomen length 6; third leg, coxa 1 4.0; coxa 2 10.5; coxa 3 4.75; femur 20.5; tibia 1 22.0; tibia 2 12.5; tarsus 4.0; propodus 4.0; claw 0.75; claw of first legs 0.2. Distribution. —Known from the type lo- cality, the SW Pacific, SW of Macquarie Is- land, in 2985-2992 m, and from N of the Chatham Rise and off Cook Strait, New Zealand, in 2610-2668 m. Etymology.—The new species is named for the great Pacific explorer, Captain James Cook. Remarks. —This species is very close to Ascorhynchus armatus (Wilson), as will be seen in the following key of the five giant species known to this genus. Were it not for the very widely separated collecting locali- ties for this new species (SW Pacific) and those of A. armatus (N. Atlantic), I would PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON be more inclined to attribute the differences among the two species as possible variations within a single species. Male cement gland(s) have proved to be a stable character in most genera and form a good diagnostic element. The cement gland pores in A. armatus ap- pear to be consistently greater in number (53-90) than those of A. cooki (40-47). With only a single male on which to count the pores, the number is within a narrow range and will probably form a wider range when more specimens of this deep-living giant be- come available. I believe the few differ- ences, including trunk and lateral process tubercle dissimilarities, between the two species are sufficient to keep them as sep- arate species until it can be established whether or not A. armatus inhabits the Pa- cific and if there are transitional specimens bridging the differences enumerated in the key. The five giant species known to this genus all share the following characters; trunks with median dorsal tubercles, long abdomina, 2- segmented scapes, many cement gland pores on multiple leg segments, a tarsus almost as long or equal to the propodal length, and trunks at least 13 mm long or greater. Mea- surements will, of course, vary among spec- imens of any one species. Key to the Giant Species of the Genus Ascorhynchus 1. Eyes present, however small; trunk length over 15 mm — Eyes lacking; trunk length slightly OVEL!| Senne eee A. glaber Hoek 2. Lateral processes smooth, without tubercles £20. 20: SS) 2 eae 3 — Lateral processes with tubercles of any SIZ6 2... ss ee 4 3. Tarsus 0.8 propodal length; about 22 cement gland pores on femorae, first tibiae; propodal claws equal in length; scape first segment shorter than second VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 — Tarsus, propodus subequal; about 45-54 cement gland pores on fem- orae, first tibiae; first legs propodal claws shorter; scape first segment longer than second .. A. japonicus Ives 4. Lateral process tubercles tall, with- out setae; scape segments almost equal; ocular tubercle twice taller than basal diameter; chelifores al- most glabrous, with few very short setae — Lateral process tubercles tiny, pro- cesses with lateral setae; first scape segment only 0.5-0.6 length of seg- ment 2; ocular tubercle no taller than base width; chelifores with some se- tae as long as segment diameters .. MRP ek, § A, pararmatus Stock 5. Femorae with 21-24 cement gland pores, 19-23 on first tibiae; tarsus, propodus subequal in length; trunk, lateral process tubercles rounded at tips; third palp segment 3.5 length oOlfourth es... . . A. cooki, new species — Femorae with 33-50 cement gland pores, 20—40 on first tibiae; tarsus 0.8 propodal length; trunk, lateral process tubercle tips pointed; third palp segment 4 times longer than hOUMtTes ee A. armatus (Wilson) Genus Cilunculus Loman, 1908 Cilunculus spinicristus, new species Fig. 3 Material examined. —N of Antipodes Is- lands, New Zealand, 49°40’S, 178°53’E, 476— 540 m, coll. Eltanin, sta 27-1851, 3 Jan 1966, holotype male (damaged), USNM 233605. Description. —Size moderately large, leg span slightly over 30 mm. Trunk robust, fully segmented, armed with 6-8 short spines on posterior rims of each raised segment. Lateral processes separated by slightly more than their diameters, as long as twice their diameters, armed with several short antero- lateral, posterolateral, and dorsodistal 907 spines. Anterolateral rim of first segment armed with 2 short spines per side. Neck broad, short, ovigers implanted at narrow- est part. Neck flaring widely at anterior around chelifore insertion. Ocular tubercle implanted at midpoint of anterior neck broadening, over twice as tall as wide, with short truncate cone at tip, without eyes. Pro- boscis large, bulbous, without hint of distal or proximal segmentation lines, but with distinct longitudinal segmentation lines. Abdomen moderately long, slightly swollen distally, armed with 3 dorsodistal short se- tae, carried almost horizontally, slightly longer than distal rims of 4th leg second coxae. Chelifore scape 1-segmented, broad, little longer than wide, with hint of segmentation line at proximal constriction, armed with few short distal setae. Chela vestigial, with distal cleft and knobs giving hint of fingers, unarmed. Palp slender, first segment only slightly longer than wide, second segment longest, 0.25 longer than fourth, both armed with few lateral and dorsodistal setae. Third seg- ment halflength of fourth, armed with distal fringe of few short setae. Terminal segments each shorter than last, armed with ventral fringe of setae longer than segment diame- ters. Oviger long, slender, armed with very few short setae. Second segment 0.75 as long as fourth, the longest. Fifth segment only slightly shorter than second. Strigilis 5 seg- ments with few short setae, those of seventh and eighth segments longer than segment diameters. Denticulate spines only present on ninth and tenth segments; | on ninth, 2 on tenth, spines broad, with 7-8 lateral den- ticulations. Legs moderately long, spinose. Coxae with few short lateral and dorsodistal spines, fe- mur with many ventrally. Cement gland tube long, equal to segment diameter, placed just proximal to dorsodistal tip of femur, point- ing distally, not elevated. First tibiae only slightly longer than femorae, second tibiae 908 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. Cilunculus spinicrista, male holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C, Third leg, with cement gland and duct enlarged; D, Palp; E, Oviger; F, Oviger terminal segments, enlarged; G, Third leg terminal segments, enlarged. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 longest, both armed with many lateral, dor- sal, and ventral setae, few slightly longer than segment diameters. Tarsus very short, propodus over 5 times longer, well curved, armed with 2 heel spines and 6-7 very short sole spines, dorsally with several setae, 3 longer than propodal diameter. Claw ro- bust, strongly curved only at tip, almost half propodal length. Auxiliary claws slender, moderately curved, 0.75 length of main claw. Sex pores on second coxae of posterior 2 pairs of legs. Female and juvenile characters unknown. Measurements (in mm).—Trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral pro- cesses) 3.98; trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes) 2.53; proboscis length 2.64; ab- domen length 1.38; third leg, coxa 1 0.53; coxa 2 1.2; coxa 3 0.73; femur 2.8; tibia 1 2.88; tibia 2 3.49; tarsus 0.24; propodus 1.34; claw 0.58. Distribution. —Known only from the type locality, N of the Antipodes Islands, New Zealand, in 476-540 m. Etymology. —The new species name is a compound of the Latin spina and crista, re- ferring to a spiny crest or ridge in reference to the spines on each of the median dorsal trunk ridges. Remarks. — This new species differs from all other known Cilunculus species by the presence of the row of spines on the pos- terior rim of each trunk segment which lack any form of tubercles, the blind, moderately long, cylindrical ocular tubercle with a short blunt conical tip, the very broad, short che- lifore scapes, the long, tenuous oviger, the very spiny legs, and the cement gland tube at the dorsodistal end of each femur, point- ing distally instead of well elevated as in many species. The combination of these characters is not found in any other known species although the characters, taken sep- arately, are not unique except perhaps the strong spines on the posterior trunk rims of the new species. The genus is found worldwide in widely scattered localities with only a single species, 909 C. sewelli Calman, known to have much breadth of distribution (E. Africa to New Zealand). Unfortunately, most species are known only from a type or type-lot, which is the case for many deep-water species and genera of pycnogonids. The majority of Ci- lunculus species are known from the South- ern Hemisphere while several are known from Japan, the Caribbean, Bay of Biscay, and the English Channel. The southernmost records are for C. cactoides Fry and Hedg- peth, from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Cilunculus is a deeper water, more slender counterpart of the shallower genus Am- mothella, and indeed, several of the species have been confused between these genera, while one or two have been described as species of other genera. As Fry and Hedg- peth (1969:124) declared, ““At best, Cilun- culus is an uneasy genus.”’ Most writers in- cluding this one have thought it best to retain the genus as a separate entity while avoiding specific names that could become hom- onyms in a future generic or family revision. Genus Eurycyde Schiddte, 1857 Eurycyde antarctica, new species Fig. 4 Material examined. —E of Adare Penin- sula, Ross Sea, Antarctica, 72°00’S, 172°28'E, 523-528 m, coll. Eltanin, sta 1997, 10 Jan 1968, holotype male, USNM 233606, paratype female, USNM 233607; NE of Cape Adare, Ross Sea, 71°17’S, 171°33'’E, 659-714 m, coll. Eltanin, sta 1870, 14 Jan 1967, paratypes, 1 female, 1 juvenile, USNM 233608. Description. —Size typical for genus, leg span slightly over 10 mm. Trunk robust, glabrous, completely segmented, each seg- ment inserted anteriorly into swollen cowl of posterior of first 3 segments. Lateral pro- cesses moderately short, only 1.5 times as long as wide, separated by their diameters, armed with short, narrow, dorsodistal tu- bercles only half as tall as segment diame- ters, without setae or spines. Ocular tubercle 910 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 4. Eurycyde antarctica, male holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C, Third leg with cement gland tube enlarged; D, Palp; E, Oviger, with denticulate spine enlarged; F, Oviger terminal segment, enlarged. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 with broad base tapering to slender ante- rlor-pointing tip, glabrous, with lateral sen- sory papillae projecting as tiny slender tu- bercles, eyes darkly pigmented, of equal size, posterior pair placed distally to anterior more proximal pair. Oviger implantation directly ventral to ocular tubercle, at mid- point of first trunk segment. Proboscis of typical 2 segments, proximal segment cylin- drical, half distal segment length. Second segment carried ventrally from narrow at- tachment to first segment, swollen at mid- length, ovoid, with very narrow pointed mouth. Abdomen cylindrical, tapering dis- tally, as long as midlength of second coxae of fourth legs, armed distally with 4 short setae, without long spines. Chelifore scape 2-segmented, slender, long, extending to midlength of second pro- boscis segment, armed with 2-3 long broad spines on first segment which is 0.2 times longer than second segment. Second seg- ment armed with 2-3 long spines similar to those of first segment. Chela tiny, with short, broad, curved immovable finger and tiny bud as movable finger, glabrous. Palp 9-segmented, second segment long- est, about 0.3 longer than fourth segment. Fifth segment shortest, not longer than wide. Terminal 5 segments subequal in length to fourth, terminal 4 with fields of ventral setae equal to or slightly longer than segments. Oviger fairly long, major segments armed with few short, lateral, recurved setae. Fifth segment 0.85 as long as fourth, sixth half length of fifth. Strigilis 4 segments each shorter than last, armed with distal ectal seta each and 2 rows of endal denticulate spines in the formula (counting both rows), 9:6:5:7, with almost straight terminal claw lacking teeth. Denticulate spines narrow, with 5-6 denticles per side. Legs slender, major segments each nar- rower than last distally, armed with few very long broad spines and several long pointed spines, with 1-2 pointed spines on tibiae having setules or “feathered.” First coxae without tubercles of any description. Tibiae 911 subequal in length, femorae slightly shorter. Cement gland a small swelling proximally, at 0.25 femur length, with short tube point- ing obliquely anterior and distally. Tarsus 0.33 length of propodus. Propodus very slightly curved, without heel or heel spines, armed with many short sole spines. Claw broad, well curved, less than 0.3 propodal length, no auxiliaries. Female slightly larger in most measure- ments. Legs with several more feathered sharp spines. Ova carried in very swollen second coxae, none found in femorae. Ocu- lar tubercle with short blunt anterior tuber- cle half as tall as that of male. Neck shorter than male’s, and lateral process tubercle shorter and broader based. Measurements (in mm).—Trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral pro- cesses) 1.33; trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes) 0.86; proboscis length (second segment only) 0.84; abdomen length 0.55; third leg, coxa 1 0.23; coxa 2 0.56; coxa 3 0.25; femur 0.95; tibia 1 1.0; tibia 2 1.0; tarsus 0.14; propodus 0.43; claw 0.12. Distribution. —Known only from its type locality, off Cape Adare and its Peninsula, Ross Sea, in 523-714 m. Etymology.—This species is named for the Ocean in which it was collected. Remarks. — Of the nine or ten recognized species of Eurycyde, this is the first known to have the following combination of char- acters; no ocular tubercle spines or setae, and no tubercles on the first coxae. It is also the first species of the genus to be found in Antarctic waters. Most known species are from tropical or at least tropical-temperate habitats. The only cold water species known was the first to be described; E. hispida (Kroyer), distributed from eastern Canada to the western Russian Arctic. This new species and E. hispida could be classified as the ‘conservative’ element of this genus be- cause they both lack the long ocular tubercle spines and the spinose first coxae tubercles of many other species. The new species has very few long broad spines on any appen- 912 dage, in contrast to the many spines on most species. The cement gland bulge and tube of the new species are smaller than those of most species where the male gland is known, and is close to those of E. hispida. This new species differs from any other, including E. hispida, in having much less spinose ap- pendages and very different lateral process tubercles in a genus where most species have very slender pointed tubercles or none at all. All species of this genus are closely allied in characters such as oviger, palp, chelifore, and terminal leg segment lengths and shapes. No known Eurycyde species has the long pointed ocular tubercle without spines or setae present in this new species. Family Callipallenidae Hilton Genus Cheilopallene Stock, 1955 Cheilopallene gigantea, new species Fig. 5 Material examined. —E of Antarctic (Palmer) Peninsula, Weddell Sea, Antarc- tica, off Larsen Ice Shelf, 66°28’S, 57°26’W, 581-610 m, coll. Hero, sta 3-28D, 17 Aug 1970, holotype male, USNM 233609. Description. —Size extremely large for ge- nus, leg span 57.6 mm. Trunk moderately robust, segments slightly inflated, glabrous. Lateral processes short, less than twice as long as diameters, separated by less than their diameters, armed with 2-3 dorsodistal small setae. Neck moderately long, tapering anteriorly toward greatly inflated anterior at chelifore and proboscis insertion, armed with 4 dorsodistal setae over chelifore in- sertion. Ocular tubercle low, only slightly taller than width at base, tip rounded, eyes large, lightly pigmented, sensory papillae tiny. Tubercle placed toward posterior of cephalic segment, just anterior to first lateral processes and slightly posterior to midpoint of oviger insertion bulges. Proboscis typical, fairly short, proximal half cylindrical, in- flated distally, tapering to moderately large petal-like lips, each semirectangular, cov- ered with closely packed pilose setae. Ab- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON domen short, extending barely to tip of 4th lateral processes, armed with 4—5 short dis- tal setae. Chelifores massive, single segmented scapes very large in diameter. Chelae palm almost globular, fingers typical, shorter than palm, with uneven ridges and bumps as dentition. Scape armed with few short setae, chelae with many short setae on distal palm and fingers. Oviger fully formed, of 10 segments with strigilis. Third segment slightly longer than first two combined in length. Third through sixth segments armed with rows of short ventral and dorsal setae. Fourth and fifth segments slightly curved, fifth slightly long- er than fourth, armed with dorsodistal tu- bercle not quite as tall as segment diameter, armed with 5-6 short setae. Sixth segment with dorsal and ventral fringe of short setae increasing in numbers distally. Strigilis seg- ments subequal in length, fully formed, armed with few short ectal setae, row of endal denticulate spines in formula 19:19: 18:16, and terminal claw slightly over half length of terminal segment, bearing 23-24 short closely spaced endal setae. Denticu- late spines of 2 lengths; proximal forms shorter with 3 proximolateral serrations and many tiny crenulations distally, and distal spines, longer, with 3—4 lateral serrations grading into many fine crenulations distally. Egg size slightly greater than maximum di- ameter of widest segment. Legs moderately setose with short setae, none as long as segment diameter, increas- ing in numbers on major distal segments. Tibia 2 longest segment, femur and tibia 1 subequal, second coxae slightly longer than first and third combined. Femur with 4 tiny slightly raised cement gland pores evenly spaced along length of segment. Tarsus short, about 0.22 length of propodus, armed with tuft of short ventral setae. Propodus slightly curved, without marked heel, with 4 large heel spines increasing in size distally from proximal smallest. Sole armed with many very short setae and short flanking setae. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 913 Fig. 5. Cheilopallene gigantea, male holotype: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Proboscis, ventral view, with lip setae removed (below), lips with setae (above); C, Oviger, with enlargements of distal and proximal denticulate spines and terminal claw; D, Third leg, with one cement gland pore enlarged; E, Chela. Propodus tip slightly projecting. Claw long, slender, slightly curved, about 0.7 as long as propodus. Without auxiliary claws. Measurements (in mm).—Trunk length (chelifore insertion to tip 4th lateral pro- cesses) 5.46; trunk width (across 2nd lateral processes) 3.08; proboscis length 1.62; ab- domen length 0.58; third leg, coxa 1 1.02; coxa 2 2.62; coxa 3 1.22; femur 5.38; tibia 1 5.46; tibia 2 7.32; tarsus 0.48; propodus Dl S=iclaw 162: Distribution. —Known only from the type 914 locality, off the Larsen Ice Shelf on the east side of the Antarctic (Palmer) Peninsula, Antarctica, in 581-610 m. Etymology. — This giant (Latin: gigantea) new species is named for its size which is at least four times larger than any other known species of the genus. Remarks. —The enigmatic genus Cheilo- pallene now contains four known species, including this new species; C. brevichela Clark (Maldives), C. clavigera Stock (U.S. Virgin Islands), and C. trappa Clark (Snares Islands, New Zealand). Three of these four species have normal ten-segmented ovigers with a strigilis bearing denticulate spines, while the type of the genus, C. clavigera (Stock, 1955:230-233), has an elongate fifth Oviger segment that is clubbed distally. A tiny sixth segment extends beyond this swollen tip and represents all that remains of the strigilis. A series of males of this species must be examined to discern wheth- er or not this is the natural state of the ovi- ger. This abbreviated oviger appears also to be the natural form in many specimens of another genus erected to emphasize this character. Pushkin (1974:938—-940) re- moved Hodgson’s (1915) Pallenopsis spi- cata from that genus and placed it in his genus Clavigeropallene, because it bears seven Oviger segments in the male (instead of the usual ten), with the sixth broadly clubbed, and lacks a strigilis. This oviger modification appears to be neither a local- ized distributional feature nor a monotypic malformation due to damage and subse- quent regeneration in a number of speci- mens (Hodgson 1915, Calman 1915, Hodg- son 1927, Gordon 1938). Instead, it is probably another apomorphic character in a group of genera that are undergoing rapid change and dissemination from areas of or- igin in the Southern Hemisphere. It appears that many and perhaps even the majority of genera (now numbering 24 or 25) in the family Callipallenidae had their origins in that hemisphere and have reached their present known distribution patterns through PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON unknown means of transport. Without a planktonic larval stage or other means of active transport, many species are localized or endemic and their dissemination in the oceans of the world is probably quite slow. The distribution of most callipallenid gen- era is poorly known to fragmentary at best, as is true for most pycnogonids, but the ma- jority of species in these genera have been taken in Southern Hemisphere localities or at least near the equator in Indo-Pacific lo- calities. From this distributional evidence, Australia and South Africa are the two focal points of dissemination among the majority of genera in this family, with Antarctic polar seas containing a wealth of species with characters crossing many generic lines. This inevitably points toward a Gondwanaland land mass for the origins of the protofamily that lead to the many genera now extant, but without a valid geological record to sup- port such an hypothesis, it must remain conjecture. This species differs from the three others known, in addition to its very much larger size, by having much shorter lips covered by a thick coat of setae. In the other species, the lips are narrower, longer, glabrous, and described as ‘petal-shaped’. The proboscis and its parts are very characteristic in al- most all pycnogonids and have long served as one of the valid diagnostic features. The lips of this new species are not typical of others in the genus which have small gla- brous triangular lips, but are more charac- teristic of other species in genera having lip fringes or heavily setose oral surfaces such as some of the Parapallene, Pallenoides, and Pseudopallene species. The lip characters are species-specific and do not always serve as diagnostic characters for the genera in this family. The chelae of the four species are re- markably similar and all have the uneven endal finger surfaces. The movable finger appears to fit into a pseudosocket toward the tip of the immovable finger, but the use of such an arrangement for feeding or de- fense can only be conjectural. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 6. Oropallene dimorpha, male: A, Trunk, dorsal view; B, Trunk, lateral view; C. Chela; D, Palp; E, _ Oviger terminal segment with distal spine enlarged; F, Third leg, terminal segments. Genus Oropallene Schimkewitsch, 1930 Oropallene dimorpha (Hoek) Fig. 6 Pallene dimorpha Hoek, 1898:290-293, pl. il, figs. 1-6. Oropallene dimorpha. —Schimkewitsch, 1930:245 [text], 291-292 [text].—Gor- don, 1944:36.—Stock, 1954:29 [text]. Material examined.—NE of Macquarie Island, SW Pacific, 54°30’S, 158°59’E, 112- 124 m, coll. E/tanin, sta 1974, 15 Feb 1967, 62 males with eggs, males, females, juve- niles; same locality, 54°24’S, 159°01'E, 79- 93 m, coll. El/tanin, sta 1417, 10 Feb 1965, 2 male juveniles. Remarks.—These specimens constitute only the fourth and fifth capture records for this species, apparently not due to its rarity (62 specimens in one trawl sample above), but because of the scarcity of collections from the extremely inhospitable Kerguelen Islands (its type locality) and equally in- hospitable Macquarie Island. Hoek (1898) described the species from “few’ specimens, while Gordon (1944) listed a female from Kerguelen and three juveniles from Mac- quarie which she attributed to this species. 916 To our knowledge, it is confined to the two areas in depths or 69-220 m. The adult specimens have several marked differences from the type figured by Hoek. None of these specimens have the tall cone at the ocular tubercle apex, but instead have the tip rounded with a small papilla of vary- ing size. Hoek’s male specimen (Fig. 6) has a much smaller oviger terminal claw and more denticulate spines per strigilis seg- ment. The type propodus is longer, has long- er claws, and has a single large heel spine while these specimens have a shorter seg- ment, shorter claws, and two heel spines. The second segment of the type palp is lon- ger than the first while the reverse is the case with these specimens, but they are otherwise sufficiently like Hoek’s figures and descrip- tion to warrant classifying them as the same species. Acknowledgments I am grateful to the Smithsonian Ocean- ographic Sorting Center personnel who sort- ed and contributed the many thousand pyc- nogonid specimens to the National Museum, among which were the species described in this report. I am grateful to the invertebrate editor, Dr. T. E. Bowman, for making help- ful suggestions for the improvement of this paper. The specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History under U.S.N.M. catalog numbers. Literature Cited Calman, W.T. 1915. Pycnogonida.—British Antarc- tic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910, Zoology 3(1): 1-74, 22 figs. Clark, W. C. 1963. Australian Pycnogonida.—Rec- ords of the Australian Museum 26(1):1—-81, 38 figs. 1971. Pycnogonida of the Snares Islands. — New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5(2):329-341, 3 figs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fry, W. G., and J. W. Hedgpeth. 1969. Pycnogonida, 1 Colossendeidae, Pycnogonidae, Endeidae, Ammotheidae. The Fauna of the Ross Sea, Part 7.—New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 49, New Zealand Department of Sci- entific and Industrial Research Bulletin 198:1— 139, 206 figs. Gordon, I. 1938. Pycnogonida.—Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (CQ), (Zoology & Botany) 2(8):1—40, 8 figs. . 1944. Pycnogonida.— Reports of the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Re- search Expedition (B), 5(1):1—72, 27 figs. Hodgson, T. V. 1914. Preliminary reports on the Pycnogonida of the German Southpolar Expe- dition, 1901-1903.— Zoologischer Anzeiger 45(4):158-165. . 1927. Die Pycnogoniden der Deutschen Siid- polar-Expedition 1901—03.—Deutsche Sidpo- lar-Expedition 19 (Zool. II):303-358, 17 figs. Hoek, P. P. C. 1898. On four pycnogonids dredged during the cruise of the Challenger (investigated and described after the completion of the re- port). With an appendix.— Tijdschrift der Ne- derlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging (2) 5(2— 4):290-301, 2 pls. Pushkin, A. F. 1947. [Clavigeropallene gen. n. (Pan- topoda) from the Antarctic.]—Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 53(6):938-940, 6 figs. [In Russian + English summary. ] Schimkewitsch, W. 1930. [Pycnogonida (Pantopo- da).]|— Fauna SSSR, Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Part 2:225-555, 5 pls, 156 figs., 1 table. [In Russian and Latin.] Stock, J. H. 1954. Pycnogonida from Indo-West-Pa- cific, Australian and New Zealand waters. Pa- pers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pacific Expedi- tion 1914-1916.— Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 1 Kjoben- havn 116:1-168, 81 figs. 1955. Pycnogonida from the West Indies, Central America and the Pacific coast of North America. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Pa- cific Expedition 1914—-1916.—Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn 117:209-226, 26 figs. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 917-926 FOUR SPECIES OF SPHAERODORIDAE (ANNELIDA: POLYCHAETA) INCLUDING ONE NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES FROM ALASKA Jerry D. Kudenov Abstract. — Four species of Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta) including one new genus and three new species are described from Alaska. Amacrodorum bipa- pillatum is a new genus and species from the Aleutian Island of Akutan; Sphae- rodoropsis uzintunensis and S. katchemakensis are both new species from Katchemak Bay, Homer; Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer (Moore, 1909) is also reported. Amacrodorum is partly characterized by the absence of macropapillae and the presence of two kinds of papillae. It is strongly isolated in the family, and superficially similar to Levidorum Hartman in that both taxa lack macro- papillae. However, Amacrodorum differs from Levidorum in not having smooth body surfaces and in having head appendages; Levidorum was recently assigned to a separate family that may be more closely related to syllids (Perkins 1987). A key to described species of Sphaerodoropsis recorded from Alaska is pre- sented. A single, unusual sphaerodorid poly- chaete that could not be placed to a known genus led to a study of the family in Alaska. The specimen was obtained from a benthic survey in Akutan Straits, near the Aleutian Island of Akutan as part of an environmen- tal impact study for the township of Akutan to obtain a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency for an offshore waste dis- charge site. Survey details and results are available in Jones & Stokes (1984a, b). Ad- ditional sphaerodorids were obtained from another impact study of a boat harbor ex- pansion for the city of Homer by Dames and Moore (1984). Type materials are de- posited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton D.C. (USNM). Family Sphaerodoridae Malmgren Amacrodorum, new genus Type species.—Amacrodorum bipapilla- tum new species, by original designation. Diagnosis. —Macro- and microtubercles absent; papillae present over all body sur- faces of which both elliptical and hemi- spherical papillae present on dorsum. An- terior end truncate, with 1 median and 2 pairs of lateral antennae; all antennae short. Parapodia each with a single aciculum; setae simple; large recurved hooks absent. Remarks. —Amacrodorum differs from all other described genera of sphaerodorids in lacking both macrotubercles and microtu- bercles, and in having two kinds of papillae. The hemispherical papillae appear not to have been described previously for the fam- ily. As such, Amacrodorum is highly iso- lated in the Sphaerodoridae. Fauchald (1974:270) made a similar observation for Levidorum Hartman, 1967, which totally lacks both macro- and microtubercles as well as papillae. In fact, Fauchald (1974:270), first suggested that one taxon each of amac- ropapillate (represented by Levidorum) and macropapillate species be recognized as sep- arate families in a superfamily complex. 918 In light of this suggestion, Perkins (1987) both redescribed Levidorum and assigned it to the newly defined Levidoridae Perkins, 1987; Levidorum is the type genus by mono- typy. However, Perkins states that Levido- rum is more closely allied to syllids than to sphaerodorids, particularly since the two former groups both have a chitinous foregut and proventriculus. Perkins further suggests that both eye and setal morphologies of his newly described species further ally this family more closely to syllids than sphae- rodorids. Palps may also be present in Levi- dorum which is a syllid trait not typically associated with sphaerodorids, although Perkins could not establish an homology between the palps of levodorids and syllids. Levodorids differ from both syllids and sphaerodorids in having perhaps two peri- stomial segments, each of which lacks cirri and antennae. However, it will be most in- formative histologically to confirm the pres- ence of two peristomial segments before this particular trait can be critically accepted, especially since only one was noted by Fauchald (1974:270). In any case, Amacrodorum differs strik- ingly from Levidorum in having papillae distributed over all general body surfaces, in having typical sphaerodorid prostomial antennae instead of “‘palps,” in having one aciculum per parapodium rather than two— three, and in having setae entirely simple and not a mixture of either pseudocompos- ite and simple bristles. Given the removal of Levidorum by Perkins (1987), all other described sphaerodorid genera have dorsal macropapillae. A logical extension of Fau- chald’s suggestion would be to establish another family or subfamily for morpho- logically distinct sphaerodorids such as Amacrodorum (i.e. Amacrodoridae or Amacrodorinae). Clearly, this new sphae- rodorid genus is strongly isolated within the family. Whiie such an approach is probably justifiable, it is clearly parsimonius to retain Amacrodorum in the Sphaerodoridae for the present time. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Etymology.—Amacrodorum derives from Latin, A, meaning without, macro, meaning large, and dorum, meaning dorsal surface, referring to the absence of dorsal macro- tubercles. Gender: Feminine. Amacrodorum bipapillatum, new species Figs. 1, 2A Material examined. — ALASKA: Akutan Island, Akutan Harbor, just north and east of Akun Strait, sta 11-3, sample 23, 54°09'72"N, 165°42'83”W, 59 m, poorly sorted silty sand, 18 Sep 1983, coll. Harvey Van Veldhuizen; Holotype USNM 102784. Description. —A small species, measuring 2.1 mm long, 0.45 mm wide without para- podia, 0.5 mm wide with for 16 setigers. Body short, grub-like, widest anteriorly; translucent, lacking pigmentation; white yolky eggs visible through body wall. Prostomium truncate anteriorly; median antenna stout, digitiform, distally blunt (Fig. 1A, B). All lateral antennae digitiform, dis- tally blunt, having similar lengths, longer than median antenna. Superior laterals each with 2 proximal papillar spurs (Fig. 1B); inferior lateral antennae lacking proximal spurs. Eyes numbering | pair (Fig. 1A). Peristomial cirri shorter than median an- tenna, distally inflated, blunt (Fig. 1A, B). Proboscis short, muscular, extending to se- tiger 2. Six papillae encircled by prostomial antennae; papillae otherwise present on peristomium. Parapodia uniramous, stout, as long as wide (Fig. 1C, D); acicular lobe truncate, with presetal lobes digitiform, distally round, projecting well beyond acicular lobe; postse- tal lobes absent (Fig. 1C—E). Ventral cirri conical, distally blunt, projecting beyond acicular lobe (Fig. 1D, E). Parapodial pa- pillae numbering only 1, present on anterior parapodial surfaces; all other parapodial surfaces lacking papillae (Fig. 1C, D). Dorsal macrotubercles, microtubercles absent. Dorsum otherwise with hemispher- ical and elliptical papillae (Fig. 1F, G) ar- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 919 Fig.1. Amacrodorum bipapillatum, holotype (USNM 102784): A, Anterior segments, dorsal view; B, Anterior segments, left lateral view; C, Left setiger 14, oblique anterolateral view; D, Left setiger 13, dorsal view; E, Left setiger 12, detail of distal parapodium, anterior parapodial papilla not shown, dorsal view; F, Hemispherical papillae, lateral view; G, Ellipsoidal papilla, lateral view; H, Ventral papilla, lateral view; I, Superior simple seta, lateral view; J, Inferior simple setae, lateral view; K, Simple seta, dorsal view. m ant, median antenna: s | ant, superior median antenna; i | ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A-D = 0.05 mm; E, J-K = 0.01 mm; F-H = 0.02 mm. _ ranged in complex pattern of 13 rows (Fig. 2A). Ventral papillae resembling dorsal pa- pillae, arranged in zig-zag pattern of 7 al- ternating rows of elliptical and hemispher- ical papillae (Fig. 1H). Simple falcigers present in all setigers, typically numbering 4—5 per fascicle, having sharp, distally recurved tips, and blade- shaped subdistal regions having smooth dorsal cutting edges (Fig. 1I—K); subdistal spurs on concave cutting surfaces absent. Remarks.—Amacrodorum bipapillatum differs from all other described sphaero- dorids in having two kinds of papillae pres- ent on dorsal and ventral surfaces. The setae of A. bipapillatum superficially resemble those of Sphaerodorum recurvatum Fauch- ald, 1974, S. vietnamense Fauchald, 1974, and other members of this genus in having distally recurved tips. However, the above species of Sphaerodorum also possess a small subdistal spur on concave cutting surfaces which is absent in A. bipapillatum. These Sphaerodorum species also tend to have long, tapering recurved distal tips and not short, stout tips. Etymology.—The epithet, bipapillatum refers to the presence of two different kinds of body papillae. It is considered a noun in apposition. Type locality.—Akutan Harbor, Akutan Island, Alaska. PPe 2 ee © e © ePP C : é 5 eo PPe e o © PPe eee ee. °@ ® © a y Fig. 2. Amacrodorum bipapillatum, holotype (USNM 102784): A, Distribution pattern of dorsal body papillae from setigers 6—7. B, Sphaerodoropsis uzin- tunensis, holotype (USNM 102810): Same, setigers 8— 9. C, Sphaerodoropsis katchemakensis, holotype (USNM 102782): Same, setigers 6—7. Relative sizes of papillae reflected in different sized letters. H = hemi- spherical papillae; E = large elliptical papillae; e = small elliptical papillae. Large black dots refer to ma- cropapillae; small dots to papillae. Arrow points an- teriorly. A—C, schematic, not to scale. Sphaerodoropsis Hartman and Fauchald, 1971 Sphaerodoropsis uzintunensis, new species Figs. 2B, 3 Material examined.— ALASKA: Katch- emak Bay, Homer Spit Boat Harbor, sta 210-1, 59°36'18.4”N, 151°24’41.8”W, 10 m, silt-clay, 28 Feb 1984, coll. Dave Erikson, 1 paratype, USNM 102808.—Sta 215-2 59°36'19.1"N, 151°24’39.0”W, 15 m, silt- clay, 28 Feb 1984, coll. Dennis Lees, 1 paratype, USNM 102809.—Sta 310-1, 59°36'11.7"N, 151°24'35.7”W, 3 m, slightly silty fine sand with shrimp wastes, 29 Feb 1984, coll. Dennis Lees, holotype having 18 setigers, USNM 102810, 1 paratype, USNM 102811.—Sta 315-1, 59°36'14.8’N, 151°24’34.5”W, 15 m, silt-clay, 29 Feb 1984, coll. Bill Blaylock, 3 paratypes, including PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON worm of 16 setigers as illustrated, USNM 102812.—Sta. 315-4, same, 1 paratype, USNM 102813. Description. —A small species, measuring 2.2 mm long, 0.7 mm wide without para- podia, 0.75 mm wide with parapodia, for up to 20 setigers. Holotype 16 mm long, 0.7 mm wide without parapodia, 0.75 mm wide with parapodia, for 18 setigers. Body short, grub-like, widest medially; macrotubercles of holotype with traces of gray coloration, otherwise lacking pigmentation, and light yellow in alcohol. Prostomium reduced, truncate anterior- ly; median antenna stout, digitiform, dis- tally blunt (Fig. 3A, B). All lateral antennae digitiform, distally blunt, longer than me- dian antenna; inferior lateral antennae slightly longer than superior lateral anten- nae. All lateral antennae each with 4 prox- imal papillar spurs (Fig. 3A, B). Eyes num- bering | pair (Fig. 3A—C). Peristomium reduced; peristomial cirri about as long as median antenna, digitiform, distally blunt (Fig. 3A—D). Proboscis long, muscular, ex- tending over setigers 3-7. Seven papillae tightly encircled by prostomial antennae; papillae otherwise present on peristomium (Fig. 3C). Parapodia uniramous, stout, about 2x longer than high at base (Fig. 3E, F); acicular lobe triangular and distally pointed; 1 pre- setal lobe, distally blunt, subdistally inflat- ed, projecting well beyond acicular lobe (Fig. 3E, F); 1 distal postsetal lobe inserted just behind superior dorsal edge level with acic- ular lobe (Fig. 3E, F). Ventral cirrus conical to trapezoidal, distally blunt, approaching but not projecting beyond acicular lobe (Fig. 3E, F). Parapodial papillae numbering 3, including 1 on anterior surfaces, and 1 each on proximal dorsal superior (not shown) and ventral inferior edges (Fig. 3E, F); absent from posterior parapodial surfaces. Dorsal macrotubercles sessile (Fig. 3G), arranged in 6-8 longitudinal rows (Fig. 3D), each macrotubercle spherical, with 13-15 longitudinal rows of long, papillae arranged in complex nonrandom pattern (Fig. 2B). VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 921 Fig. 3. Sphaerodoropsis uzintunensis, paratype (USNM 102812): A, Head region, dorsal view; B, Head region, ventral view; C, Anterior segments, lateral view; D, Anterior segments, dorsal view; E, Left setiger 7, anteroventral view, dorsal superior papilla omitted; F, Same, posterior view, setae and dorsal superior papilla omitted; G, Macrotubercle, lateral view; H, Dorsal papilla, lateral view; I, Ventral papilla, lateral view; J, Composite falciger, lateral view; K, Detail, shaft tip of composite falciger, ventrolateral view; L, Pygidium, lateral view; M, Same, ventral view. m ant, median antenna; s | ant, superior median antenna; i | ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A-C, E-I, L-M = 0.05 mm; D, J—K = 0.01 mm. Ventrum with 9 alternating rows of small, elliptical papillae (Fig. 31) forming zig-zag pattern. Composite falcigers numbering 4—6 per fascicle; blades long, smooth, distally re- curved, unidentate (Fig. 3E, J), decreasing in length within a fascicle; shafts long; shaft tips slightly inflated, with dorsal superior distal surfaces smooth; dorsal superior branch long, spike-shaped, subdistally notched, ventral inferior branch truncate, forming socket for blade (Fig. 3K). Pygidium terminal; paired anal cirri huge, larger than dorsal macrotubercles, spheri- cal, with large, conspicuous unpaired mid- ventral cirrus flanked by pair of smaller, digitiform papillae (Fig. 3L, M). Remarks. —Sphaerodoropsis uzintunen- sis, new species, is related to both S. sphae- rulifer (Moore, 1909), and S. benguellarum (Day, 1963) in having similar numbers of sessile macrotubercles and a single presetal parapodial lobe. Sphaerodoropsis uzintu- nensis has a single postsetal lobe, which is absent from the other two species. S. uzintu- nensis further differs from S. sphaerulifer in having proximal papillar spurs on prosto- mial antennae and in having small dorsal papillae distributed between adjacent rows of macrotubercles. This species is also su- perficially similar to Sphaerodoropsis min- uta (Webster and Benedict, 1887) from which it differs in having six to eight dorsal macrotubercles rather than the usual 10-12 macrotubercles; only one instead of two, postsetal parapodial lobes; one parapodial papilla each on anterior parapodial surfaces and proximal ventral inferior parapodial 922 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 4. Sphaerodoropsis katchemakensis, holotype (USNM 102782): A, Head region, lateral view; B, Same, dorsal view; C, Same, ventral view; D, Right setiger 6, dorsal view; E, Right setiger 6, anterior view; F, Left setiger 6, posterior view; G, Macropapilla, lateral view; H—I, Papillae, lateral view; J-K, Composite falcigers, lateral view; L, Pygidium, ventral view. m ant, median antenna; s | ant, superior median antenna; i | ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A—C, D-I, L = 0.05 mm; J-—K = 0.01 mm. edges rather than one each on both anterior and posterior parapodial surfaces; and smooth and not minutely serrated compos- ite falcigers. Etymology. —The epithet derives from the Tanainan Indian place name for the Homer Spit where this species was discovered. Type locality. —Homer Boat Harbor, Ho- mer, Alaska. Sphaerodoropsis katchemakensis, new species Fig. 2C, 4 Material examined.— ALASKA: Katch- emak Bay, Homer Spit Boat Harbor, sta 200-4, 59°36'18.0’N, 151°24'44.5”"W, 5 m, coarse to fine sand between boulders and cobble, 28 Feb 1984, coll. Dave Erikson, 2 paratypes, USNM 102783.—Sta 210-1, 59°36'18.4”"N, 151°24'41.8”W, 10 m, silt- clay, 28 Feb 1984, coll. Dennis Lees, ho- lotype, USNM 102782. Description.—A small species; holotype measuring 1.2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide with- out parapodia, 0.65 mm wide with para- podia, for 14 setigers. Body short, truncate anteriorly and posteriorly, widest poste- riorly; lacking pigmentation; light brown to white in alcohol. Prostomium truncate anteriorly; median antenna short, strongly inflated, distally VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 blunt (Fig. 4A, B). All lateral antennae dig- itiform, distally blunt, much longer than median antenna; superior lateral antennae longest. Superior lateral antennae each with 3 proximal papillar spurs; inferior latera!s each with 2 (Fig. 4A—C). Eyes well devel- oped, numbering | pair (Fig. 4A). Peristo- mial cirri distally inflated, blunt, about as long as median antenna. Proboscis short, muscular, extending over setigers 3-6. Three papillae including 1 median unpaired and 2 ventral papillae encircled by prostomial antennae (Fig. 4A, C); papillae present on peristomium (Fig. 4A, B). Parapodia uniramous, short, stout, about as long as wide (Fig. 4D-—F); acicular lobe rounded to triangular; presetal lobes num- bering 1 per parapodium, digitiform, dis- tally blunt, projecting well beyond acicular lobe (Fig. 4D-—F); postsetal lobes digitiform to distally inflated, numbering 1-2, variably distributed, with setigers 2—4 each with 2 and all others each with 1. Ventral cirrus bluntly conical, extending beyond acicular lobe (Fig. 4D). Parapodial papillae num- bering 3, including | on anterior surfaces, and | each on proximal dorsal superior and ventral inferior edges (Fig. 4D-—F); absent from posterior parapodial surfaces. One in- terramal papilla present between adjacent parapodia (Fig. 4D). Dorsal macrotubercles spherical, sessile, _variable sized (Fig. 4G), arrayed in 8-9 lon- gitudinal rows, accompanied by around 10 smaller papillae (Fig. 4H) arranged in com- plex non-random pattern (Fig. 2C). Ven- trum with 11 alternating rows of papillae (Fig. 41) forming zig-zag pattern. Composite falcigers generally numbering 4—5 per fascicle; blades moderately long, smooth, distally recurved, unidentate (Fig. 4J, K), decreasing in length both within a fascicle and posteriorly along body; shafts moderately long to short; shaft tips distally serrated along dorsal superior edges (Fig. 4J, K), with dorsal superior branch long, spike- shaped, sometimes subdistally notched, ventral inferior branch truncate, forming socket for blade (Fig. 4J, K). 923 Pygidium terminal, paired anal cirri spherical, with unpaired midventral digiti- form cirrus (Fig. 4L). Remarks. — Sphaerodoropsis katchema- kensis is closely related to S. uzintunensis. It is probable that these two represent sib- ling species. For example, both species have identical distributions of parapodial pa- pillae; a single presetal and generally a single postsetal lobe, although S. katchemackensis has two postsetal lobes in anteriormost parapodia; overlapping numbers of dorsal longitudinal rows of macrotubercles; com- plex and nonrandom distributions of dorsal papillae; triangular shaped acicular lobes; similar distribution patterns of ventral pa- pillae; and similar numbers of setae, all with smooth cutting margins. Sphaerodoropsis katchemakensis differs from S. uzintunensis in having 2 proximal spurs on each inferior lateral and three spurs on each superior lateral prostomial anten- nae, instead of four on each. In all, three papillae are encompassed by the antennae of S. katchemakensis, instead of seven as in S. uzintunensis. Rows of dorsal papillae number ten rows in S. katchemakensis, and 13-15 in S. uzintunensis. Parapodia are as long as wide in S. katchemakensis, and twice the width in S. uwzintunensis. Ventral cirri of S. katchemakensis extend beyond the acicular lobes of parapodia, and do not in S. uzintunensis. Lastly, distal regions of se- tal shafts are conspicuously serrated in S. kachemakensis and smooth in S. uzintu- nensis. Specimens of S. katchemakensis were ini- tially identified as Sphaerodoropsis minuta (Webster and Benedict, 1887) based on the presence of two parapodial postseta! lobes in anteriormost parapodia, and the num- bers of dorsal macrotubercles (Webster and Benedict 1887, Pettibone 1963, Hartman 1968, Banse and Hobson 1974). However, detailed examinations revealed that usually only one postsetal lobe is present instead of two; the ventral cirrus projects well beyond the acicular lobe, and approaches but does not surpass the tip of the presetal lobe, rath- 924 er than not extending beyond the acicular lobe; acicular lobes are shorter, and do not project to or beyond the postsetal lobes; the total number of parapodial papillae number three instead of two; the posterior parapo- dial surfaces lack papillae whereas one 1s present in S. minuta; the number of dorsal macrotubercles number eight to nine, not 10-12 to 14; and the blades of composite falcigers are smooth and not serrated. These differences are both consistent in the present materials and differ significantly from S. minuta. Etymology. —The epithet, katchemaken- sis, derives from the name of Katchemak Bay, Alaska, where this species was discov- ered. Type locality. —Homer Boat Harbor, Ho- mer, Alaska. Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer (Moore, 1909) Sphaerodorum sphaerulifer Moore, 1909: 336.— Uschakov, 1955:222. Sphaerodoridium _ sphaerulifer.—Litzen, 1961:415.—Banse and Hobson, 1968: 18.—Hartman, 1968:605. Sphaerodoropsis sphaerulifer.—Fauchald, 1974:277.—Banse and Hobson, 1974:76. Material examined.—ALASKA: Katch- emak Bay, Homer Spit Boat Harbor, sta DD Nky SIBVO MG IAN, USIELAY SOO Vis, ILS) sa, silt-clay, 28 Feb 1984, coll. Dennis Lees, 1 specimen, USNM 102800.—Sta 215-2, same, 1 specimen, USNM 102801. Remarks. — These two specimens are ten- tatively referred to S. sphaerulifer on the basis of Banse and Hobson (1974), and pending receipt of additional material. A more precise determination is not possible since their prostomia are either distorted (USNM 102800) or fully retracted (USNM 102801). In any case, these specimens agree generally with previous descriptions, and differ in some important ways from those provided by Moore (1909), Hartman (1968), and Fauchald (1974). For example, Fau- chald (1974), who embellished Moore’s PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (1909) original contribution, describes the presence of small papillae between the ma- cropapillae, distally truncate parapodial lobes, and short falcate blades on com- pound setae. Specimens from Alaska differ in totally lacking papillae between dorsal macropapillae, in having triangular acicular lobes, and in having notably long falcate blades. As such, Alaskan specimens appear to agree more closely with descriptions pro- vided by Uschakov (1955), Liitzen (1961), and Banse and Hobson (1974). Additional materials from southcentral Alaska are needed before this apparent discrepancy in- volving the type species for the genus can be resolved. Distribution. —Newly reported from Alaska; previously recorded from British Columbia, Washington, California, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk. Key to Species of Sphaerodoropsis Recorded from Alaska In all, eight described species of sphae- rodorids have been recorded from Alaskan waters in published accounts as follows: Amacrodorum bipapillatum: this study, Akutan Island. Sphaerodoridium claparedii (Greeff), Beau- fort Sea; (Bilyard and Carey 1980). Sphaerodoropsis biserialis (Berkeley and Berkeley), southeast and southcentral Alaska, ?Aleutian Islands to Japan; (Lutz- en 1961, Hartman 1968, Imajima 1969) S. minuta (Webster and Benedict), Beau- fort and Chukchi Seas, southcentral and southeast Alaska; (Hartman 1968, Bil- yard and Carey 1970, Kudenov, unpub- lished data). S. katchemakensis: this study, Katchemak Bay, Homer, Alaska. S. sphaerulifer (Moore), southcentral Alas- ka; this study. S. uzintunensis: this study, Katchemak Bay, Homer, Alaska. Sphaerodorum papullifer Moore, southeast Alaska, (Kudenov, unpublished). VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 The following key is based on published rec- ords of Sphaerodoropsis species from Alas- kan waters, and partly follows Banse and Hobson (1974:76). 1. Dorsum with 4 dorsal longitudinal rows of macrotubercles ... S. biserialis — Dorsum with 6-14 dorsal longitu- dinal rows of macrotubercles ..... 2 2. Blades of composite setae minutely Soluce Camere eh tikes Littl sil Beet 3 — Blades of composite setae smooth, HIGMmMuMUbehyeSetrated | .........: 4 3. Dorsum with 7-8 dorsal longitudi- nal rows of macrotubercles; dorsum without papillae; parapodia without postsetal lobes ......... S. sphaerulifer — Dorsum with 10-14, normally 10- 12 dorsal longitudinal rows of ma- crotubercles; dorsum with papillae; parapodia with 2 postsetal lobes .. 2 5 bis 3 Ree ne S. minuta 4. Dorsum with 8-9 dorsal longitudi- nal rows of macrotubercles; supe- rior and inferior lateral antennae each with 3 and 2 proximal spurs; ventral cirri project beyond acicu- laeparapodial lobes... 2.6.2... — Dorsum with 6-8 dorsal longitudi- nal rows of macrotubercles; supe- rior and inferior lateral antennae each with 4 proximal spurs; ventral cirri do not project beyond acicular LOWESHe ee S. uzintunensis Acknowledgments I wish to thank Harvey Van Veldhuizen, Jones & Stokes Associates, Seattle, Wash- ington, and Bill Blaylock, Dave Erikson, and Dennis Lees, Dames & Moore, Homer, Alaska, for providing the opportunity for me to examine polychaetes collected as part of environmental impact studies. I also thank Kristian Fauchald, Natural Museum of Natural History, for reviewing and com- menting on this manuscript. 925 Literature Cited Banse, K., and K. Hobson. 1968. Benthic polychates from the Puget Sound, Washington, with re- marks on four other species.—Proceedings of the United States National Museum 125(3667): 1-53. —, and 1974. Benthic errantiate poly- chaetes of British Columbia and Washington. — Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Can- ada 185:1-111. Bilyard, G. R.,and A. G. Carey. 1980. Zoogeography of western Beaufort sea Polychaeta (Anneli- da).—Sarsia 65:19-26. Dames, T. and W. Moore. 1984. Environmental monitoring study. Homer small boat harbor ex- pansion. Winter 1984. Prepared for the city of Homer, Alaska. Dames & Moore Consulting Engineers, Anchorage, Alaska. 53 pp. Day, J. H. 1963. The polychaete fauna of South Af- rica. Part 8. New species and records from grab samples and dredgings.— Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology 10:381- 445. Fauchald, K. 1974. Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Er- rantia) from world-wide areas. — Journal of Nat- ural History 8:257-289. Jones, R., and J. Stokes. 1984a. Effects of seafood waste deposits on water quality and benthos of Akutan Harbor, Alaska.— United States Envi- ronmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Con- tract Number 68-01-6613, Work Assignment Number 9. 81 pp., 12 appendices. , and 1984b. Environmental assess- ment of alternative seafood waste disposal methods at Akutan Harbor, Alaska.— United States Environmental Protection Agency, Re- gion 10, Contract Number 910/9-83-115. 97 pp., 1 appendix. Hartman, O. 1967. Polychaetous annelids collected by the USNS Eltanin and Staten Island cruises, chiefly from Antarctic seas.—Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 2:1—387. 1968. Atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foun- dation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 828 pp. Liitzen, J. 1961. Surune nouvelle espéce de polychéte Sphaerodoridium commensalis n.g., n.sp. (Poly- chaeta Errantia, familie des Sphaerodoridae) vi- vant en commensal de Terebellides stroemi Sars.— Cashiers de Biologie Marine 2:409-416. Moore, J. P. 1909. The polychaetous annelids dredged by the U.S.S. A/batross off the coast of southern California in 1904. I. Syllidae, Sphaerodoridae, Hesionidae and Phyllodocidae.— Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia 61:321-351. 926 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Perkins, T. H. 1987. Levidoridae (Polychaeta), new family, with remarks on two new species of Le- vidorum from Florida.— Bulletin of the Biologi- cal Society of Washington 7:162-168. Pettibone, M. 1963. Marine polychaete worms of the New England region. I. Aphroditidae to Troch- ochaetidae. — Bulletin of the United States Na- tional Museum 227(1):1—356. Uschakov, P. 1955. [Polychaetous annelids of the Far eastern Seas of the USSR.] Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Keys to the Faunas of the SSSR 56:1—445 (trans- lated from Russian by Isreal Program Scientific Translating, Jerusalem, No. 1259, 1965). (NITS No. TT 65-50020). Webster, H. E., and J. E. Benedict. 1887. The An- nelida Chaetopoda from Eastport, Maine.—Re- port of the U.S. Fisheries Commission for 1885: 707-755. Department of Biological Sciences, Uni- versity of Alaska, Anchorage, 3211 Provi- dence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 927-935 FIVE NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERODORIDAE (ANNELIDA: POLYCHAETA) FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO Jerry D. Kudenov Abstract. —Five new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) are described from the Gulf of Mexico, including Clavodorum mexicanum, Ephesi- ella bipapillata, Sphaerephesia fauchaldi, Sphaerodoridium lutzeni, and Sphae- rodoropsis vittori. This study is based on two small collec- tions of sphaerodorids from the Gulf of Mexico. One collection derives from Dr. Henry Kritzler, while the other was taken as part of the Bureau of Land Management’s Outer Continental Shelf Baseline Environ- mental Survey along the coasts of Missis- sippi, Alabama, and Florida (MAFLA), southwest Florida (SOWFLA), the Louisi- ana Offshore Oil Port Study (LOOP), and the Mississippi Sound Study (MS). All MAFLA samples were collected by Dames and Moore, and SOWFLA samples by Woodward-Clyde Environmental Consul- tants. Details of the MAFLA survey are giv- _ en by Dames and Moore (1979). In all, five new species of sphaerodorids are described from the northern Gulf of Mexico, including Clavodorum mexicanum, Ephesiella bipa- pillata, Sphaerephesia fauchaldi, Sphaero- doridium lutzeni and Sphaerodoropsis vit- tori. These materials were generously made available by Joan M. Uebelacker and Paul G. Johnson, Barry Vittor and Associates, Mobile, Alabama, and most were originally treated by Kudenov (1984). All materials, including types, are deposited in the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington D.C. (USNM). Clavodorum Hartman and Fauchald, 1971 Clavodorum mexicanum, new species Fig. 1 Material examined. —FLORIDA, GULF OF MEXICO: MAFLA sta 2209H, 27°52'30.5’N, 83°33'59.0’W, clayey-sandy- silt, 34 m Feb 1978; holotype, USNM 102786.—SOFLA sta 8C, 26°16.72'N, 83°12.81'W, fine sand, 48 m, Nov 1980; 1 paratype, USNM 102787.—ALABAMA, GULF OF MEXICO: MS sta 477-8, 30°01.89'N, 88°27.63'W, sand, 23.8 m, 31 Mar 1981; 1 paratype, USNM 102788. Description. — Body short, grub-like, wid- est anteriorly; brown to white in alcohol. Length of holotype 2.1 mm; width to 0.6 mm without parapodia, 1 mm with para- podia; complete, having 21 setigers. Prostomium truncate; median antenna long, gradually tapering, extending poste- riorly to setiger | (Fig. 1A). Superior lateral antennae cylindrical, distally blunt, lacking proximal spurs. Inferior lateral antennae similar to superior ones, shorter, lacking proximal spurs. One pair of eyes present at level of peristomial cirri, latter papilliform. Proboscis short, muscular, extending pos- teriorly to setiger 6. Parapodia uniramous, up to 4x longer than wide; acicular lobes conical, with pre- 928 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Clavodorum mexicanum, new species (A—D, G—K: paratype, USNM 102787; E-F: holotype, USNM 102786): A, Anterior end, dorsal view [specimen illustrated missing right superior lateral antenna]; B, Para- podium, right setiger 9, dorsal view; C, Same, right setiger 14, anterior view; D, Same, left setiger 7, posterior view; E, Same, right setiger 8, posterior view; F, Same, anterior view; G, Macrotubercle; H, Composite falciger, lateral view; I, Same, shaft tip, lateral view; J, Same, ventrolateral view; K, Same, dorsolateral view; m ant, median antenna; s 1 ant, superior median antenna; 11 ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A, B-D, E-F, G = 0.05 mm; H—K = 0.1 mm. setal lobe and 1-2 postsetal lobes, latter de- pending on body size, absent from last 3—4 setigers; all digitiform (Fig. 1B-—F). Para- podia maximally developed around setiger 12, decreasing gradually in size posteriorly; last reduced abruptly. Ventral cirri thickly digitiform, inserted terminally on parapo- dia, extending beyond acicular lobes. Para- podial papillae numbering 3-6, depending on body size; with 16-setiger specimen (USNM 102787) having 1 papilla each on anterior parapodial surfaces, ventral infe- rior and dorsal superior distal edges (Fig. 1B-D); 21-setiger specimen (USNM 102786) having 3 papillae on anterior para- podial surfaces, 2 on ventral inferior edges, 1 on dorsal superior distal edge (Fig. 1E, F). Papillae absent from dorsal superior edges and posterior surfaces (Fig. 1B, D, E). Dorsal macrotubercles stalked (Fig. 1G), arranged in 6 longitudinal rows, each mac- rotubercle having slender column and spherical head. Ventral papillae arranged in Zig-zag pattern of 10 alternating rows, each papilla ellipsoidal. Composite falcigers numbering up to 6 per fascicle; blades smooth, unidentate (Fig. 1H), decreasing slightly in length inferiorly within a fascicle (Fig. 1 F); shaft tips inflated, with dorsal superior branch long, conical and spinulose (Fig. 1H—J), ventral inferior branch medially notched, forming socket for blade (Fig. 1K). Remarks. —Clavodorum mexicanum 1s most closely allied to C. atlanticum Hart- man and Fauchald, 1971, from deep water near the Bermuda Islands, in having six rows of dorsal macrotubercles and in lacking elongate parapodia posteriorly. Clavodo- rum mexicanum differs from its congener in lacking accessory papillae on superior lat- eral antennae, in lacking postsetal lobes in the last three to four setigers, in having eyes, in having two postsetal lobes instead of one, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 and in having ten ventral rows of papillae. Clavodorum mexicanum 1s also closely re- lated to C. /ongipes Fauchald, 1974, in lack- ing postsetal parapodial lobes, that are ab- sent from the last two to three parapodia in C. mexicanum, and the last eight to nine parapodia in C. Jongipes. Both C. mexican- um and C. atlanticum differ from C. lon- gipes in lacking elongate parapodia in far posterior setigers. Clavodorum mexicanum was cited as Clavodorum sp. A by Kudenov (1984:36-39). Size range. —Length 1.4—2.8 mm; width 0.3-0.5 mm without parapodia, 0.5—0.8 mm with parapodia; 16—21 setigers. Etymology.—The epithet refers to the Gulf of Mexico from which this species was collected. Distribution. —Northeast Gulf of Mexico, offshore of Alabama, Florida, fine sand to sandy-clayey-silt, 23.8—48 m. Ephesiella Chamberlin, 1919, sensu Hartman and Fauchald, 1971 Ephesiella bipapillata, new species BS 2 Material examined. —LOUISIANA, GULF OF MEXICO: LOOP sta 481-8, 28°56'06"N, 90°01'30’”W, 33.6 m, 11 Nov 1979; holotype, USNM 102789.—Sta 482- 2, 28°54'48’"N, 89°59’05”W, 33.6 m, 16 Apr 1980; 1 paratype, USNM 102790. _ Description. —Body elongate, widest me- dially; white or pink (due to prior staining in rose bengal) in alcohol. Length of holo- type 3.5 mm; width to 0.5 mm without parapodia, 0.6 mm with parapodia; com- plete, having 57 setigers. Prostomium truncate; median antenna short, digitiform; 2 pairs of lateral antennae equally long, cirriform (Fig. 2A). One pair of eyes present at level of peristomial cirri (Fig. 2A), latter digitiform, short. Single pa- pilla present near base of each lateral an- tenna; median papilla inserted anterior to median antenna (Fig. 2A). Parapodia uniramous, short, 2x longer than wide; acicular lobes conical; pre- and 929 postsetal lobes absent (Fig. 2B—D). Para- podial papillae numbering 9, including 4 on anterior surfaces (Fig. 2B); 3 on posterior surfaces, including | inserted on upper part of acicular lobe (Fig. 2C), 2 on dorsal su- perior edges (Fig. 2B—D). Latter including | near base of parapodium, and 1 inserted distally near tip of acicular lobe being large, erect. Ventral cirrus digitiform, basally in- flated, not projecting beyond parapodial lobes (Fig. 2B—D). Dorsal macrotubercles sessile, arranged in 2 longitudinal rows, each macrotubercle spherical with terminal papilla (Fig. 2E). Dorsal microtubercles arranged in 2 longi- tudinal rows, each microtubercle digitiform (Fig. 2F). Papillae distributed over dorsum in 22 longitudinal rows, including 3 each between rows of macro- and microtuber- cles, 16 between rows of microtubercles. Ventrum with 4 longitudinal rows of small elliptical papillae. Single, stout recurved hook present in parapodia of setiger 1 (Fig. 2G). Composite falcigers numbering up to 5 per fascicle, present in all parapodia from setiger 2; blades smooth, unidentate, decreasing in length inferiorly within a fascicle (Fig. 2H— J); shaft tips inflated, obliquely truncate, with dorsal superior branch longest, pointed, ventral inferior branch forming socket for blade (Fig. 2H). Remarks. — Ephesiella bipapillata is most closely allied to Ephesiella mixta Hartman and Fauchald, 1971, from abyssal depths in the northwest Atlantic, in having recurved hooks in setiger 1, two pairs of long lateral antennae, ventral cirri not projecting be- yond parapodial lobes, and erect dorsal su- perior papillae on all parapodia. Ephesiella bipapillata differs from its congener in hav- ing only one instead of two simple hooks per fascicle, in having two dorsal superior distal papillae instead of one, and in having 26 total rows of dorsal and ventral papillae instead of a sparse, and an apparently ran- dom pattern. Size range.—Length 2-3.5 mm; width 930 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2. Ephesiella bipapillata, new species (holotype, USNM 102789): A, Anterior end, dorsal view; B, Parapodium, right setiger 14, posterior view; C, Same, anterior view; D, Same, right setiger 17, oblique dor- solateral view of anterior surface exposing ventral cirrus; E, Macrotubercle; F, Microtubercle; G, Recurved simple hook, setiger 1; H-J, Composite falcigers from the same fascicle; H, Superior seta; I, Intermediate seta: J, Inferior seta; m ant, median antenna; s 1 ant, superior median antenna; i | ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A-G = 0.05 mm; H-I = 0.01 mm. without parapodia 0.2—0.5 mm, 0.3-—0.6 mm wide with parapodia; 33-57 setigers. Etymology. — The epithet derives from the presence of two dorsal superior distal para- podial papillae. Distribution. — Northcentral Gulf of Mex- ico, 33.6 m. Sphaerephesia Fauchald, 1972 Sphaerephesia fauchaldi, new species Fig. 3 Material examined. —FLORIDA: GULF OF MEXICO: SOFLA sta 16B, 25°45.7'N, 83°11.07'W, fine sand, 54 m, Apr 1981; ho- lotype, USNM 102785. Description. — Body short, grub-like, wid- est anteriorly; translucent to white in alco- hol. Length of holotype 2.2 mm; width 0.6 mm without parapodia, 0.8 mm wide with parapodia; complete, having 16 setigers. Holotype ovigerous. Prostomium truncate anteriorly; median antenna large, stout, distally blunt (Fig. 3A, B). Superior lateral antennae short, slender; medial and inferior pairs each 2x longer, cylindrical, inflated basally, all lacking proximal papillar spurs (Fig. 3A, B). Eyes absent. Peristomial cirri digitiform, distally blunt, about as long as medial, inferior an- tennae (Fig. 3A, B). Proboscis short, mus- cular, extending posteriorly to setiger 4. Eight papillae encircled by prostomial antennae (not illustrated); papillae otherwise present on peristomium. Parapodia uniramous, up to 2x longer than wide; acicular lobes rounded, with pre- setal lobe large, conical, projecting beyond acicular lobe; postsetal lobes absent (Fig. 3C, D). Ventral cirri digitiform, inserted on distal '3 of parapodial lobes, extending be- yond acicular lobes (Fig. 3C, D). Parapodial papillae number 8, including 4 on anterior parapodial surfaces; 2 on posterior surfaces; 2 on superior dorsal edges including one inserted distally; ventral inferior edges lack- ing papillae (Fig. 3C, D). Dorsal macrotubercles sessile, arranged VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 931 Fig. 3. Sphaerephesia fauchaldi, new species (holotype, USNM 102785): A, Anterior end, dorsal view; B, Anterior end, left lateral view; C, Parapodium, left setiger 9, dorsal view; D, Same, left setiger 12, oblique anterolateral view; E, Macrotubercle; F, Microtubercle; G, Composite falciger, lateral view; H, Same, shaft tip, lateral ventral view; I, Same, ventrolateral view; m ant, median antenna; s | ant, superior median antenna; i | ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A-B, C—-D, E-F = 0.05 mm; G-I = 0.01 mm. in 4 longitudinal rows, each macrotubercle spherical with stout terminal papilla (Fig. 3E). Dorsum otherwise with approximately 12 irregular rows of microtubercles (Fig. 3F), each having small spherical heads. Ventral _ papillae appearing to be arranged in 12 ir- regular longitudinal rows. Composite falcigers numbering 5—7 per fascicles anteriorly, increasing up to 16 pos- teriorly; blades long, smooth, with falcate unidentate tips (Fig. 3G); shaft tips not in- flated, with dorsal superior branch entire, spike-shaped and ventral inferior branch medially notched, forming socket for blade (Fig. 3H, I). Remarks. —Sphaerephesia fauchaldi is most closely allied to Sphaerephesia chilen- sis Fauchald, 1974, from intertidal and shal- low subtidal depths of central and southern Chile, in having eight papillae encircled by three pairs of similarly shaped prostomial antennae (which could not be illustrated), and similar composite falcigers. Sphaere- phesia fauchaldi differs from its congener in having five instead of one to two parapodial papillae, and in having 12 rows of sessile dorsal microtubercles. These two species are zoogeographically and probably also evolutionarily related. Sphaerephesia chilensis is known from the southeastern Pacific (Chile), while Sphaere- phesia fauchaldi is newly reported from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. It is probable that these species may have diverged from a more widely distributed ancestral stock present in these regions prior to the Miocene closure of the Panama Isthmus. Sphaere- phesia fauchaldi was cited as Sphaerephesia sp. A by Kudenov (1984:36-3). Etymology. —The epithet is named after Kristian Fauchald in honor of his contri- butions to our understanding of this family. Distribution. —East Gulf of Mexico, off- shore of Florida, fine sand, 54 m. 932 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 4. Sphaerodoridium lutzeni, new species (A—G: holotype, USNM 102803; H, paratype, USNM 102807): A, Anterior end, dorsal view; B, Anterior end, ventral view; C, Parapodium, right setiger 8, posterior view; D, Same, left setiger 5, anterior view; E, Macrotubercle; F, Composite falciger, lateral view; G, Same, shaft tip, lateroventral view; H, Same, ventral view; m ant, median antenna; s 1 ant, superior median antenna; i | ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A, B—E = 0.05 mm; F—H = 0.01 mm. Sphaerodoridium Litzen, 1961, restricted sensu Fauchald, 1974 Sphaerodoridium lutzeni, new species Fig. 4 Material examined. —FLORIDA, GULF OF MEXICO: MAFLA sta 2209C, 27°52'30.5”N, 83°33'59.0’W, clayey-sandy- silt, 34 m, Aug 1977; 1 paratype, USNM NOZSO2Z == stay 2209 Gar 7 23.085 INP 83°33'59.0”W, clayey-sandy-silt, 34 m, Aug 1977; holotype, USNM 102803.—Sta 2210C, 27°57'28.8"N, 83°42'29.2’W, silty- very fine sand, 37 m, Jul 1976; 1 paratype, USNM 102804.—?Sta 2422F, 29°30'N, 84°27'W, medium fine sand, 24 m, Jul 1976; 1 specimen, USNM 102805.—Sta 2423C, 29°37'00.8"N, 84°17'00.2”W, silty fine sand, 19 m, Nov 1977; 2 paratypes, USNM 102806.—Sta 2536G, 29°30’0.16’N, 86°24’ 59.0” W, clayey silt, 189 m, Jul 1976; 2 para- types, USNM 102807. Description.—Body grub-like; transpar- ent body wall with white macrotubercles in alcohol. Length of holotype 2 mm; width 0.3 mm without parapodia, 0.4 mm wide with parapodia; complete, having 16 seti- gers. Anterior end bluntly rounded; median antenna short, digitiform; superior lateral antennae long, digitiform, each with 2 prox- imal papillae (Fig. 4A); inferior lateral an- tennae similar to median in shape, size, each with single proximal papilla (Fig. 4B). One pair of eyes present at level of peristomial cirri (Fig. 4A). Peristomial cirri digitiform, shorter than median antenna (Fig. 4A, B). Proboscis large, extending posteriorly to se- tiger 5. Papillae present on prostomium, peristomium. Parapodia uniramous, up to 4X longer than wide; acicular lobes conical, with pre- setal lobes large, digitiform, projecting be- yond acicular lobe; postsetal lobes absent VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 (Fig. 4C, D). Parapodial papillae numbering 4, including | on anterior surfaces (Fig. 4D); 1 on ventral inferior edges (Fig. 4C, D); and 2 on dorsal superior distal edges, superi- ormost of these largest (Fig. 4C, D). Ventral cirri large, thick, digitiform, inserted dis- tally on parapodial lobes, equalling length of presetal lobes, extending beyond aciculat lobes (Fig. 4C, D). Dorsal macrotubercles stalked, arranged in up to 6 longitudinal rows, each macro- tubercle having stout column and spherical head (Fig. 4E). Ventral papillae arranged in zig-zag pattern of 6 alternating rows. Pa- pillae otherwise absent from dorsal and lat- eral surfaces. Composite falcigers numbering up to 10 per fascicle; blades smooth, recurved, uni- dentate (Fig. 4F), decreasing only slightly inferiorly within a fascicle; shaft tips inflat- ed, with dorsal superior branch long, con- ical, and ventral inferior branch medially notched, forming socket for blade (Fig. 4G, H). Remarks. —Sphaerodoridium lutzeni dif- fers from the only other described species, Sphaerodoridium caparedii (Greeff 1866) in having inferior lateral prostomial antennae each with a single proximal papilla, in lack- ing ventral transverse rows of papillae, in lacking papillae on dorsal and lateral sur- faces, in having a regular zig-zag pattern of six alternating rows of ventral papillae, and in having four instead of two parapodial papillae. It is highly probable that the spec- imen of Sphaerodoridium (Ephesiella) cla- paredii sensu Day (1973:36) is referrable to Sphaerodoridium lutzeni since it lacks dor- sal papillae. Sphaerodoridium lutzeni was cited as Sphaerodoridium sp. A by Kudenov (1984:36-11). Size range. —Length 0.9—2.5 mm; width 0.2-0.5 mm without parapodia, 0.3-0.8 mm with parapodia; 8-16 setigers. Etymology. —The epithet is named after Professor Jorgen Liitzen, who first proposed the genus Sphaerodoridium. Distribution. —Northeast Gulf of Mexico, 933 offshore of Florida, silty, very fine sand to clayey silt, 19-189 m. Sphaerodoropsis Hartman and Fauchald, 1971 Sphaerodoropsis vittori, new species Fig. 5 Material examined.— ALABAMA, OFF MOBILE BAY, GULF OF MEXICO: MALFA sta 19C, 29°36'10.9"N, 87°23’ 30.9”W, 75 m, 30 May 1974; 1 specimen, USNM _ 102791.—Sta 2644], 29°36.2'N, 87°23.5’W, medium sand, 75 m, Jun 1975; 1 specimen, USNM 102795.—Sta 2645], 29°35'00.5"N, 87°20'02.2”W, coarse sand, 106 m, Nov 1977; 1 paratype, USNM 102796.—FLORIDA, GULF OF MEXI- CO: MALFA sta 2528F, 29°54'58.6’N, 86°04'58.5”W, 37 m, coarse sand, Sep 1977; 1 paratype, USNM 102792.—Sta 2533C, 29°42'59.9"N, 85°15'28.6”W, coarse sand, 67 m, Jul 1976; 1 specimen, USNM 102794.—Sta 2528G, same; 1 paratype, USNM 102793.—Sta 2746D, 27°03.5'N, 84°13.7'W, silty, very fine sand, 121 m, Feb 1978; holotype, USNM 102797.—Sta SO- FLA 4C, 26°45.81'N, 83°32.12'W, medium sand, 56 m, Mar 1981; 1 paratype, USNM 102798.—Sta 5A, 26°45.7'N, 84°00.13'W, coarse sand, 91 m, May 1981; 1 paratype, USNM 102799. Description. — Body grub-like, widest an- teriorly; light brown to white in alcohol. Length of holotype 3.5 mm (3.8 mm with proboscis everted); width 1 mm without parapodia, 1.2 mm wide with parapodia; complete, having 32 setigers. Anterior end truncate; median antenna short, digitiform; 2 pairs cirriform lateral antennae, with superior lateral antennae shorter than inferior lateral antennae (Fig. 5A [angle of illustration distorts this rela- tionship]). Eyes absent. Peristomial cirri digitiform, longer, larger than median an- tenna. Proboscis large, muscular, extending posteriorly to setiger 8 (everted in holotype). Prostomium, peristomium studded with 934 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON D Fig. 5. Sphaerodoropsis vittori, new species (holotype, USNM 102797): A, Anterior end, oblique dorsal view from posterior perspective [angle of illustration incorrectly suggesting lateral prostomial antennae of equal lengths]; B, Parapodium, left setiger 13, posterior view; C, Same, anterior view; D, Macrotubercle; E, Composite falciger, lateral view; F, Same, shaft tip, ventrolateral view; m ant, median antenna; s | ant, superior median antenna; 11 ant, inferior median antenna. Scales: A, B-C, D = 0.05 mm; E-F = 0.01 mm. small papillae, including cluster of 3 near base of inferior lateral antennae (Fig. 5A). Parapodia uniramous, short, up to 3X longer than wide; acicular lobes conical; presetal lobes long, digitiform; postsetal lobes absent (Fig. 5B, C). Parapodial pa- pillae stout, numbering 20, including post- setal superior papilla inserted on acicular lobe (Fig. 5B); 6 on anterior surfaces (Fig. 5C); 5 on posterior surfaces (Fig. 5B); 5 on dorsal superior edges (Fig. 5C); 3 on ventral inferior edges (Fig. SC). Ventral cirri subu- late, projecting beyond acicular lobes. Dorsal macrotubercles sessile (Fig. 5D), arranged in 4 longitudinal rows, each mac- rotubercle spherical. Dorsum and ventrum densely covered by short randomly ar- ranged papillae. Composite falcigers numbering up to 10 per fascicle; blades long, smooth, distally recurved, unidentate (Fig. 5E), decreasing in length ventrally within a fascicle; shafts long; shaft tips inflated, with dorsal superior branch long, spike-shaped, distally entire or sometimes bifid, and ventral inferior branch medially notched, forming socket for blade (Fig. SF). Remarks. —Sphaerodoropsis vittori is most closely allied to Sphaerodoropsis tri- plicata Fauchald, 1974, from a depth of 675— 715 m offshore of Durban, South Africa, in having four rows of dorsal macrotubercles, two pairs of lateral prostomial antennae, a presetal parapodial lobe, dorsal superior parapodial papillae, and ventral cirri pro- jecting well beyond acicular lobes. Sphae- rodoropsis vittori differs from its congener in having only one superior parapodial pa- pilla instead of two large ones, in having up to 13 additional stout parapodial papillae rather than smooth and wrinkled parapo- dia, and a cluster of three prostomial pa- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 pillae near the base of each inferior lateral antenna. Sphaerodoropsis vittori is also re- lated to Sphaerodoropsis philippi Fauvel, 1911, in having numerous parapodial pa- pillae. However, Sphaerodoropsis vittori dif- fers from S. philippi in having 20 stout pa- pillae per parapodium instead of up to 10- 11 slender ones. Sphaerodoropsis philippi further lacks both dorsal superior distal parapodial papillae, and ventral cirri that project beyond acicular lobes. Sphaerodo- ropsis vittori was cited as Sphaerodoropsis sp. A by Kudenov (1984:36-5). Size range. —Length 0.7—7.5 mm; width 0.2-0.5 without parapodia, 0.3-0.8 mm with parapodia; 12-32 setigers. Etymology. —The epithet takes its name from Barry M. Vittor, in recognition of his efforts to characterize the polychaete fauna of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Distribution. —Northeast and east Gulf of Mexico, offshore of Florida, silty, very fine sand to coarse sand, 37-121 m. Acknowledgments I wish to thank Paul Johnson and Joan Uebelacker, Barry Vittor and Associates, Mobile, Alabama, for allowing me to work on sphaerodorids collected as part of the Bureau of Land Management’s program in the Gulf of Mexico. I am also indebted to Susan J. Williams, Allan Hancock Foun- _ dation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, both for lending specimens and for generously making space and facilities available; and to Kristian Fau- chald, Natural Museum of Natural History, for reviewing this manuscript. Literature Cited Claparéde, A.R.E. 1863. Beobachtungen iiber Ana- tomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Kiiste von Normandie angestellt. Leipzig, W. Engelmann. 120 pp. 935 Dames, T., and W. Moore. 1979. Final report. The Mississippi, Alabama, Florida Outer Continen- tal Shelf Survey MAFLA 1977/1978, Vols. I-A, B, for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Washington, D.C. NTIS PB-294 288. New Or- leans, Louisiana. Day, J.H. 1973. New Polychaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Car- olina.— National Oceanographic and Atmo- spheric Administration, Technical Report, Na- tional Marine Fisheries Science Circular 375:1— 140. Fauchald, K. 1972. Benthic polychaetous annelids from deep water off western Mexico and adja- cent areas in the eastern Pacific Ocean.— Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 7:1- 575. . 1974. Sphaerodoridae (Polychaeta: Errantia) from world-wide areas.—Journal of Natural History 8:257-289. Fauvel, P. 1911. Annélides polychétes. Duc d’Orle- ans Campagne Arctique de 1907, IV + 45 pp. Greeff, R. 1866. Ueber die Anneliden-Gattung Sphaerodorum Orst., und einen Reprasentanten derselben, Sphaerodorum claparedii.— Archiv fir Naturgeschichte, Berlin (Wiegmann’s Ar- chiv) 32:338-351. Hartman, O. 1968. Atlas of the Errantiate Polychae- tous Annelids from California. Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 828 pp. , and K. Fauchald. 1971. Deep-water benthic polychaetous annelids off New England to Ber- muda and other North Atlantic areas. Part II.— Allan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 6:1-327. Kudenov, J.D. 1984. Family Sphaerodoridae Chap- ter 36. In J. M. Uebelacker, and P. G. Johnson, eds., Taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Final Report to the Minerals Management Service, contract 14-12- 001-29091. Barry A. Vittor & Associates, Inc., Mobile, Alabama. Vol. V, 12 pp. Liitzen, J. 1961. Sur une nouvelle espéce de polychéte Sphaerodoridium commensalis n.g., n.sp. (Poly- chaeta Errantia, famille des Sphaerodoridae) vi- vant en commensal Terebellides stroemi Sars. — Cahiers de Biologie Marine 2:409-416. Department of Biological Sciences, Uni- versity of Alaska, Anchorage, 3211 Provi- dence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508. po > het fiser) ct ax neni in VP * ‘ nt pate it ms thy ei OTN & Vey umdohe Miter TE ana) ‘cat stirs iiges Yo as MF yrragtte’y ceypae Bei _* HP ote ai kon eter ; CAM base, Abney; ‘o. ae . ‘ , rn uae iy $y ae Isvurt ly Ain ennai oui Marabelind. 28a wen Py: Any anata : oe ’ hat & nygea gat SO ott Poke tise OS aed sens Baan isirragy ity of a OE" cabagm: to fina tdel rah | \T one aN) AN i ci pe iu } i leas oth, ¥ a ¢ f Ayia i} fn: WPT. i Prd Ler. So eh) eae bY) Flee Lita A? Shea dd elie UMESRMEN ; ; : “end sitet” sy ret Ow UO nae & 7 fa Pom Pe he fy ted Mjesmncst stata ley na »! r Uses Vaothaped aaa veasvig’ Gin séd oe Busten BO nce PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 937-991 NEW AND PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TAXA OF ISIDID OCTOCORALS (COELENTERATA: GORGONACEA), PARTLY FROM ANTARCTIC WATERS Frederick M. Bayer and Jeffrey Stefani Abstract.— The classification and taxonomic characters of the gorgonacean family Isididae are discussed, and a revised key to world genera is presented. The Austral genus Primnoisis Studer [and Wright] and its type species P. ant- arctica (Studer) are discussed on the basis of material taken by HMS Challenger and by R/V Hero, and a new species, P. mimas, is described from South Georgia. The genus Echinisis Thomson and Rennet and its type species E. spicata (Hickson) are discussed on the basis of material taken by USARP, and three new species, E. eltanin, E. vema, and E. persephone are described. The genus Sc/erisis Studer is discussed and its type species, S. pulchella Studer, is redescribed on the basis of a specimen obtained by USARP. Ceratoisis ramosa Hickson is redescribed and the species reassigned to the genus Chathamisis Grant. A new genus, Stenisis, is established for the Caribbean Primnoisis hu- milis Deichmann, and the species is redescribed on the basis of recently col- lected specimens. A new genus and species, Australisis sarmentosa, are estab- lished for abundant sub-Antarctic material obtained by USARP. Five new finds of Ceratoisis microspiculata Molander are reported from Antarctic lo- calities, variation among the specimens described, and the species assigned to a new genus Jenuisis. The genus Chelidonisis Studer, heretofore known only from eastern Atlantic localities, is reported from the Gulf of Mexico and the Philippine Islands. A new subspecies, C. aurantiaca mexicana, and a new species, C. philippinensis, are described. In the course of describing a collection of anewspecies respectively. These species are - 1sidid octocorals from New Caledonia (Bay- the subject of the present paper. er and Stefani, 1987), it was necessary to examine a wide range of specimens, both identified and unidentified, belonging to that family. Among these were detected six un- BM(NH) = British Museum (Natural His- Abbreviations described species that were not pertinent to tory) the New Caledonian fauna and consequent- USARP = United States Antarctic Re- ly were omitted from that paper. In addi- search Program tion, two incorrect generic allocations were USNM = National Museum of Natural discovered which require new genus-level History, Smithsonian Institu- taxa, and two records of Chelidonisis from tion the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Classification that substantially widen the range of that The currently accepted subdivision of the genus are recorded as a new subspecies and family Isididae into subfamilies was pro- 938 posed by Kiikenthal (1915, 1919, 1924) and modified by Grant (1976). Although that system is open to some criticism, it is not the purpose of this paper to revise the subfamilies. Grant’s characterization of subfamilies and allocation of genera, here reduced to key form, is as follows: 1 (4). ”, ((8))). Polyps retractile. Sclerites of polyps are thorny spin- dles. Muricellisidinae (Muricellis- 1S). Sclerites of polyps are small rods with tubercles. Isidinae (Isis, Che- lidonisis). . Polyps non-rectractile. . Sclerites of polyps include needles, spindles or rods. Keratoisidinae (Keratoisis, Lepidisis, Acanella, Isi- della). . Sclerites of polyps are exclusively scales. . Polyps with operculum. Peltastisi- dinae (Peltastisis, Chathamisis, Minuisis). . Polyps without operculum. . Scales of polyps cycloid, with smooth margin, irregularly ar- ranged. Circinisidinae (Circinisis). . Scales of polyps crescentic, with dentate or serrate margin, trans- versely placed. Mopseinae (Mop- sea, Primnoisis). 3) (ps Taxonomic Characters Classification and identification of isidid octocorals has traditionally been based upon (1) retractability of the polyps, (2) growth form of the colonies, (3) details of the ar- ticulated axial skeleton, (4) shape and size of the calcareous sclerites, and (5) arrange- ment of sclerites on the individual polyps. To this character array Grant (1976) has added (6) the presence or absence of sclerites specially differentiated as opercular scales protecting the oral region of the polyps. 1. Retractility. —The distinction between retractility (line 1 in the key plan above) PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and non-retractility (line 4) directly in- volves the anatomical concepts of antho- codia and anthostele (Bourne 1900) and is often blurred, both here and elsewhere in the Gorgonacea. In the case of the sole ge- nus, Muricellisis of the Muricellisidinae, the polyps consist of a distal part (anthocodia) armed with sclerites that form a crown and points, which is completely retractile within a proximal, calicular part (anthostele) stiff- ened by sclerites, which projects above the general coenenchymal surface. The tenta- cles fold inward over the mouth and are enclosed within the crown and points, just as is the case in Paramuricea. In the case of Jsis, the polyps are nearly or quite devoid of sclerites and have no proximal calicular part filled with sclerites; they are completely retractile within a thick, common coenenchyme. Consequently, the polyps of sis, although completely retrac- tile, are not composed of anthocodia and anthostele. In the case of Keratoisis and other genera attributed to Keratoisidinae, the polyps usually are armed with numerous sclerites that fill the body wall and extend into the tentacles. The polyps are proportionally very tall and the spiculation of the distal part is continuous with that of the proximal part. As there is no division into anthocodia and anthostele, the polyps cannot withdraw the entire distal part within the proximal body wall, but can only fold the tentacles over the mouth. Because of their height and the thin- ness of the common coenenchyme, retrac- tion is impossible. The polyps of Chelidonisis, which have been considered retractile because they form conspicuous hemispherical or bluntly con- ical calyces (Kukenthal 1919:599, 631; 1924: 414, 445), demonstrate an intermediate condition. The spiculation of the body wall is continuous with that of the tentacles, which merely fold inward over the mouth; the projecting “calyx” is actually the scler- ite-filled body wall of the polyp. The polyps are not retractile in the same way that those VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 of either Muricellisis or Isis are retractile, and in this sense they differ from the polyps of Keratoisis only in relative height and in form of the sclerites. Terminology: The term “calyx,” equiv- alent to Kukenthal’s “‘Polypenkelch,” is correct for the anthostele of Muricellisis but is not appropriate for the different structure formed by the polyps of Chelidonisis, Mop- sea, Acanthoisis and other isidids, prim- noids and ellisellids that are unable to with- draw the distal part of the polyp into a specialized proximal part (Bayer et al. 1983: 6). The term “‘verruca’’ was used by Verrill, Deichmann and others not only for this kind of structure, but for the true “calyx” as well. Verseveldt (1940:5) employed “‘verruca’”’ for the wart-like anthostele when the antho- codia is retracted. As it is useful to distin- guish between an anthostelar calyx and the “calyx” of polyps that are incapable of re- traction, and Bayer et al. (1983) recom- mended no term for the latter, it might now be appropriate to restrict the term “calyx” to the former condition and revive “‘ver- ruca” for the latter. The adjectival form “‘“verrucal”’ should be used in preference to Deichmann’s “‘verrucinal’’ (probably false- ly analogous to “‘calicinal’’). 2. Growth form. —The manner of branch- ing and colonial form developed in the subfamily Mopseinae (+ Peltastisidinae and Circinisidinae Grant) are (1) filiform, un- branched, (2) planar, dichotomous or pin- nate, and (3) branched in all directions, bushy or bottle-brush shaped. These colon- ial types were the main characteristics dis- tinguishing genera until Echinisis was es- tablished by Thomson and Rennet (1931) for bottle-brush colonies with strongly spi- nose polyp-sclerites. Subsequently, Grant (1976) employed the development of a dis- tinctly differentiated operculum of 8 plates to establish the genera Chathamisis and Minuisis for species not otherwise different from Primnoisis. The shape of isidid colonies ranges from simple, unbranched whips to densely ° 939 branched, bushy or arborescent forms, comparable to the range of form present in other families. Recurrent patterns of branching are pinnate, dichotomous, and bottle-brush forms that correspond exactly with the growth forms of primnoid colonies. 3. Axial skeleton. — Although the overall aspect of isidid colonies depends upon the diverse form of the supporting axis, the ar- ticulated nature of the axis is consistent. Branching may take place from the horny nodes or from the calcareous internodes. The internodes may be long or short, hollow or solid, longitudinally grooved or not, smooth or sculptured with granules, thorns or spines. 4. Sclerites.—The distinction between spindles (or rods or needles) and scales is by no means sharp, as spindles can be more or less flattened depending, at least in part, upon the space in which they occur. The larger sclerites of the polyps of all Kerato- isidinae are cylindrical rods or tapered spin- dles, but the small sclerites may be thin scales even though their thickness is not limited by space. In Jenuisis exilis described below, the sclerites of the polyp body are elongated and tapered, but are flat and scale-like even though they seem not to be limited by space. They are, in fact, scales, not spindles, thus excluding 7enuisis from Keratoisidinae. 5. The arrangement and number of scler- ites in the body of the polyp influences its mobility. The polyps of sis are essentially devoid of sclerites, hence can withdraw completely into the thick common coenen- chyme that invests the supporting axis. Long sclerites placed longitudinally, as in Kera- toisis, preclude any appreciable shortening of the body during contraction, whereas smaller sclerites transversely placed, as in Mopsea, permit the body to be shortened to a greater or lesser extent. Added protec- tion is gained by turning the oral end of the polyp inward toward the axis during con- traction, a motion possible if the sclerites along the adaxial side of the body are small- er or fewer than those along the abaxial side. 940 6. Operculum. —The differentiation of the distal body scales and the proximal tentacle scales as protective structures for the con- tracted polyp is so inconsistent that its use as a character at the subfamily level is sus- pect. Among species of Mopsea alone, there are species with (1) a well-differentiated operculum of eight triangular scales (Wop- sea plumacea Briggs), (2) a series of trian- gular to crescentic scales transversely ar- ranged along the base of the tentacles (Mopsea whiteleggei), and (3) narrow scales set en chevron on the base of the tentacles (Mopsea encrinula). In Grant’s system, Mopsea whiteleggei and M. encrinula fall in the Mopseinae, but Mopsea plumacea would fall in the Peltastisidinae. In Echinisis spicata, the scales of the two distalmost circles of body sclerites project spine-like around the bases of the tentacles. Within these marginal scales eight acutely triangular scales of the tentacle bases fold inward over the infolded tentacles, which bear smaller triangular scales decreasing in size distad along the tentacle backs, fol- lowed by transversely set crescentic scales. If the eight triangular scales are treated as an “operculum,” as Grant (1976) did, E. spicata should fit without difficulty in the subfamily Peltastisidinae, as the polyp sclerites are exclusively scales, even though they have deeply incised margins. In the three new species here ascribed to Echinisis, the distalmost circle of body scales (i.e., ““marginals’’) can fold inward over the bases of the tentacles in complete contrac- tion, forming an apparent operculum, but these scales are poorly differentiated from those on the base of the tentacles making it difficult to distinguish “opercular” scales from those following. From this it can only be concluded that the degree of differentiation of the sclerites to form an “‘operculum”’ is variable, ranging from narrow scales set en chevron on the bases of the tentacles, through a series of imbricating crescentic scales transversely arranged, to a single large triangular or tri- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON radiate scale on the base of each tentacle, followed distally by smaller scales. In spe- ciose genera such as Mopsea, all of these conditions and intergrades occur. It there- fore appears that this character is more im- portant at the species level than at the ge- neric level. However, until more material is available for evaluation, the genera Chat- hamisis Grant and Minuisis Grant are maintained as distinct from Primnoisis Wright and Studer. Family Isididae Lamouroux, 1812, sensu lato The continuing increase in collections and discovery of new species obscures some of the taxonomic boundaries that have be- come accepted over the past century, mak- ing the allocation of species to genera, and of genera to subfamilies, increasingly prob- lematical. Material both old and new now at our disposal requires the establishment of four new genera of Isididae in addition to the revalidation of two others suggested in a separate paper (Bayer and Stefani 1987), bringing to 20 the number of genera in this family. As the relationship of the various genera is unclear and the boundaries of the subfamilies are blurred, no attempt is made here to propose a “natural” arrangement. Accordingly, we offer the following artificial key for the differentiation of the genera of Isididae here recognized. 1(2)._ Polyps unarmed or with only a few tiny rods in tentacles, contractile within thick coe- nenchyme. Sclerites of coenen- chyme are small clubs in sur- face layer, with capstans and tuberculate spindles in the deeper layers, sometimes de- veloping as double heads or coarse pebbles SL CERES Isis Linnaeus, 1758 Polyps armed with numerous sclerites, conspicuously pro-. 2(1). VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 3(4). 4(2). 5(6). 6(5). 7(8). 8(22). 9(16). 10(1 1). 11(10). 123): 13(12). 14(15). 15(14). 16(9). jecting above the thin coenen- chyme. Sclerites of polyps organized as crown and points in anthoco- diae fully retractile within prominent calycular antho- steles. Sclerites are thorny SPUNGTSS «heron nugehaneeprineer di we ....Muricellisis Kiikenthal, 1915 Sclerites of polyps not orga- nized as crown and points, pol- yps not divided into anthoco- dial and anthostelar portions; tentacles fold inward at sum- mit of prominent verrucae, but upper part of polyp does not retract into lower. Coenenchymal sclerites are 6-radiates bea: Sy te Chelidonisis Studer, 1890 Coenenchymal sclerites if present never 6-radiate. Sclerites of polyps are cycloid scales with smooth margins cs etal eae Circinisis Grant, 1976 Sclerites of polyps are trans- versely arranged plates. Eight large scales at bases of tentacles are differentiated as a distinct operculum. Colonies unbranched, filiform AEE) Senh ¥ Peltastisis Nutting, 1910 Colonies branched. Opercular scales triangular .. alpha ean Minuisis Grant, 1976 Opercular scales triradiate. Polyp sclerites of distalmost 1- 3 whorls below tentacles fur- nished with a strong projecting spike Echinisis Thomson and Rennet, 1931 Polyp sclerites of distalmost 1- 3 whorls without projecting spike ..Chathamisis Grant, 1976 No well-differentiated oper- culum of eight scales; bases of tentacles covered by several 17(21). 18(19). 19(20). 20(18). 21(17). 2G): 23(26). 24(25). 25(26). 26(29). 27(28). 28(27). 29(23). 30(31). 941 transverse, oblique, or con- verging scales. Polyps tall, clavate, often re- curved toward axis. Colonies bushy, often bottle- brush shaped ........ Primnoisis Studer [and Wright], 1887 Colonies pinnate, dichoto- mous, or openly irregular; in- ternodes of axis longitudinally fluted, often but not always with small spines or denticles on the ribs FR Sei Mopsea Lamouroux, 1816 Colonies planar, distantly pin- nate; internodes of axis not fluted, covered with low, blunt DICKIES soe Stenisis, n. gen. Polyps short, not recurved to- ward axis Acanthoisis Studer [and Wright], 1887 Sclerites of polyps are not transversely set plates but spindles, rods, or slender flat scales arranged longitudinally or obliquely. Colonies unbranched. Colonies tall, polyps all around; internodes of axis usually hollow, sometimes longitudinally fluted, surface smooth ...Lepidisis Verrill, 1883 Colonies small, polyps biseri- al; internodes of axis solid, not longitudinally fluted, covered with low, sharp prickles gfe LARP AE, atantyad Caribisis, n. gen. Colonies branched from the nodes. Branches arranged in whorls, growth form bushy aS oe eee Acanella Gray, 1870 Branches not in whorls, growth form approximately planar .. Hons) aS RUN. Tsidella Gray, 1857 Colonies branched from the internodes. Sclerites of polyps are minute 942 flat scales never projecting be- tween the tentacle bases PREM, heen. oe Tenuisis, n. gen. Sclerites of polyps are spindles or rods. Polyps filled with slender, sharp spindles arranged con- spicuously en chevron; no strong spindles projecting spine-like between bases of tentacles; colonies abundantly bushy; axis with numerous horny nodes throughout, in- ternodes not longitudinally ribbed or fluted, covered with small sharp prickles most con- spicuous on distal internodes Sut an aan ae Australisis, n. gen. Polyps with strong, longitudi- nally or obliquely arranged spindles not en chevron. Colonies pinnate or bottle- brush shaped, of small or moderate size, main axis with few nodes joining long inter- nodes expanded as runway for commensal polychaete worm. Spike-like sclerites around oral end of polyp, if present, aligned on the bases of tentacles, be- tween the mesenterial inser- tions Sclerisis Studer, 1878 Colonies not bottle-brush shaped, large and robust, axis with numerous nodes through- out, joining internodes not ex- panded as runway for com- mensal worms. Oral end of polyps with strong spindles or needles projecting spine-like between bases of tentacles Keratoisis Wright, 1869 31(30). 32(33). 33(32). 34(35). 35(34). Primnoisis Studer [and Wright], 1887 Primnoisis Studer [and Wright], 1887:46.— Wright and Studer, 1889:34.—Kiken- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON thal, 1912:339; 1919:611; 1924:432.— Gravier, 1913:456.—Deichmann, 1936: 250.—Bayer, 1956:F222; 1981:942.— Grant, 1976:10, 35. Ceratoisis (part). — Hickson, 1907:7. Type species. —Isis antarctica Studer, 1879; by monotypy. Diagnosis.—Isidids branched from the internodes, in several planes or on all sides in the form of a bottle-brush; polyps cylin- drical or clavate, standing straight or in- clined from the axis, sometimes recurved toward the axis, scattered on all sides of the branches; sclerites in the form of serrated scales or plates, sometimes narrow and fu- siform, transversely placed in the polyps; bases of tentacles armed with converging scales. Remarks. — As originally constituted, Primnoisis contained a single species, [sis antarctica Studer; the original specimen taken northwest of Kerguelen by the Gazelle was a denuded axis of bottle-brush growth form. The characters of the polyps and their spiculation remained unknown until the Challenger Expedition obtained living spec- imens of strikingly similar habitus in 310 fathoms off Prince Edward Island. Because of its distinctive growth-form (now known to be shared by several species of Primnoisis and Echinisis), Studer in collaboration with E. P. Wright identified the Challenger ma- terial with that from Kerguelen taken by the Gazelle cruise, briefly described the polyps and spiculation, and established the genus Primnoisis (Studer [and Wright], 1887:45). However, the bare axis of the type specimen of Isis antarctica could belong to any of sev- eral species in at least two genera, so the generic characters of Primnoisis are based upon the Challenger specimen so identified and described in detail in the Challenger report, not upon the type of Jsis antarctica, its nominal type species. Comparison of our drawing (Fig. 3a) with Wright and Studer’s illustration of the same VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 material (1889:pl. 8, fig. 2a) immediately reveals a discrepancy in the shape of the polyps. Although we at first suspected that either the Challenger specimens are a com- posite of more than one species, or the il- lustrations of the polyps of P. rigida (1889: pl. 8, fig. 3a) and antarctica (pl. 8, fig. 2a) were transposed, we are informed by Mr. Simon J. Moore (British Museum [Nat. Hist.]) that neither is the case. His exami- nation of all the Challenger specimens la- beled as P. antarctica shows them to be ho- mogeneous and in agreement with our drawing. His comparison of antarctica with P. rigida shows that the polyps of the latter are distinctly recurved, in conformity with pl. 8, fig. 3a, whereas the polyps of antarc- tica are bent inward little, if at all. Conse- quently, the discrepancy probably can be attributed to inaccuracy of drawing intro- duced by the commercial lithographer who prepared the plates for the Challenger re- port. Three new species also of profusely bushy, if not strictly bottle-brush, growth form were added to Primnoisis by Wright and Studer (1889:34—40). This dense branching has been accepted as a generic character distin- guishing Primnoisis from Mopsea, in which branching 1s “always” planar (either pinnate or dichotomous), and on the basis of it sev- eral more species have been added to the genus over the years. These include Cera- toisis spicata Hickson and Primnoisis ar- mata Kukenthal (both now included in Echinisis on the strength of spicular char- acters of the polyps), P. formosa Gravier and P. fragilis Kiikenthal. Primnoisis delicatula Hickson, Ceratoisis ramosa Hickson (transferred to Primnoisis by Kukenthal 1919), and Primnoisis hu- milis Deichmann, although abundantly branched, depart from the “characteristic” growth form of Primnoisis and differ in oth- er characters as well, hence cannot justifi- ably be retained in Primnoisis. The branchlets of P. ramosa have a very 943 strong tendency to remain in one plane, and the polyps have a kind of operculum formed by a single large triradiate scale resting upon one or more crescentic scales at the base of each tentacle. These scales, particularly mentioned by Hickson (1904:224), consist of a crescentic or bifurcate base and strong apical spike. Owing to the stylization of the drawing, the disposition of the opercular scales is not clearly shown in Hickson’s fig- ure of the polyps (pl. 8, fig. 12); each octant ordinarily includes only one large triradiate scale, the base of which rests upon one or two crescentic “circum-opercular”’ scales. Considering these features, Ceratoisis ra- mosa Hickson, 1904, falls in Grant’s genus Chathamisis rather than in Primnoisis. Primnoisis humilis Deichmann (1936: 251) was described only from the fragmen- tary type specimen from off the Dry Tor- tugas and has never been illustrated. Three finds taken by the University of Miami Deep-sea Expeditions consist of several specimens in good condition, which pro- vide additional morphological information as well as distributional data, are now placed on record. These specimens show that the species has consistently planar colonies branched in an openly pinnate or “lateral” manner, Mopsea-like polyps with trans- verse sclerites, and ungrooved internodes covered with low prickles, characters in- compatible with Mopsea, Primnoisis, and all other genera of Isididae. Primnoisis hu- milis Deichmann is therefore assigned to a new genus Stenisis, described below. Kiukenthal (1924) recognized eight valid and four doubtful species in the genus Prim- noisis Studer and Wright, 1887. Two of the species he considered valid, P. spicata (Hickson) and P. armata Kukenthal, are at present assigned to a genus of their own, Echinisis Thomson and Rennet, 1931. Of the species considered doubtful by Kuken- thal, P. pulchella (Studer) is the type species of the distinct genus Sclerisis Studer, 1879; P. ramosa (Hickson, 1905), originally de- 944 scribed in Ceratoisis [sic], can be reassigned to the genus Chathamisis Grant as dem- onstrated in this paper; P. ramosa Thomson and Ritchie, 1906 (not Hickson, 1905) was based upon denuded axis and is insufficient- ly characterized for subsequent recognition; P. formosa Gravier, 1913, is possibly a valid species but is not clearly differentiated from certain of those species recognized as valid by Kukenthal. Subsequent to Kukenthal’s summary in 1924, Deichmann (1936:251) described Primnoisis humilis, a new species taken off Florida by the U.S. Coast Survey steamer Blake, the first record of the genus in the northern hemisphere. Study of ma- terial more extensive than that available to Deichmann now demonstrates that P. hu- milis cannot be retained in Primnoisis as now constituted, so a new genus 1s proposed for it in these pages. The nominal species attributable to Prim- noisis are as follows: 1. Primnoisis antarctica (Studer), from Prince Edward Island. 2. Primnoisis sparsa Wright and Studer, from Prince Edward Island. 3. Primnoisis ambigua Wright and Studer, from Kerguelen Island. 4. Primnoisis rigida Wright and Studer, from off Rio de la Plata. 5. Primnoisis fragilis Kikenthal, from Gauss Station, Antarctic. 6. Primnoisis mimas n. sp., from off South Georgia. As the polyps of Primnoisis do not ma- terially differ in spiculation from those of Mopsea, these genera are distinguished chiefly by colonial form. On the basis of this criterion, P. delicatula Hickson is more ap- propriately assigned to the genus Mopsea and appears to be close to M. gracilis Grav- ier, although not branched strictly in one plane. Primnoisis fragilis Kikenthal (1912:342) has the bottle-brush form of P. antarctica PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and polyps not much different in size. The marginal scales were depicted as roughly tri- angular with their apices projecting as points around the distal end of the polyp. The transverse body scales as originally illus- trated (Ktkenthal 1912:342; 1924:436, fig. 206) are unusually large, but this large size may be more apparent than real, because it is notoriously difficult to discern the shape and edges of all the scales covering the pol- yps. As the shape and armature of the polyps and the general form of the sclerites in the subfamily Mopseinae Gray (+ Peltastisi- dinae and Circinisidinae Grant) are so uni- form, generic distinctions are with few ex- ceptions based mainly on colonial form and pattern of branching. Unbranched, filiform or flagelliform colonies comprise Peltastisis and Circinisis, planar colonies branched either pinnately or dichotomously have been assigned to Mopsea and Acanthoisis (with the recent addition of Circinisis), and col- onies abundantly branched in all direction comprise the genera Primnoisis and Echi- nisis. The recently established genera Chathamisis and Minuisis (Grant, 1976) have essentially Primnoisis growth form but were distinguished on the basis of opercular development. Primnoisis antarctica (Studer, 1879) Figs. la, 2, 3a, b, 4 ?Isis antarctica Studer, 1879:661, pl. 5, fig. 32. Primnoisis antarctica. —Wright and Studer, 1889:35, pl. 8, figs. 2, 2a, 2b; pl. 9, fig. 6. Material examined. —Branchlet from one colony from off Marion Island, Prince Ed- ward Islands: 46°41’00”S, 38°10’00”E, 310 fathoms; HMS Challenger sta 145A, 27 Dec 1873, BM(NH) 1889.7.5.24. Antarctic Peninsula, Palmer Archipela- go, Graham Land: 64°49.4’S to 64°49.5'S, 62°51.9'W, 120-148 m, Hero cruise 721, sta 730, 27 Dec 1971. Three nearly complete VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 945 Fig. 1. a, Primnoisis antarctica (Studer), USNM 78355; b, Echinisis spicata (Hickson), USNM 75222; c, Chathamisis ramosa (Hickson), USNM 43071. Vertical scale divided in mm applies to all three specimens. 946 Fig. 2. Primnoisis antarctica (Studer), BM(NH) 1889.7.5.24: Left, colony, scale = 1 cm; right, detail of same, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON scale = 1 mm. Photographs courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). colonies, and branches, alcohol, USNM 78355. Discussion. — Although described and il- lustrated by Wright and Studer (1889) in considerable detail, essential information about the size, distribution, and spiculation of the polyps was not presented. Conse- quently, we have examined the polyps and sclerites of a fragment from one of the Chal- lenger specimens through the kindness of Dr. P. F. S. Cornelius, and here present il- lustrations (Figs. 2, 3a, 4) to supplement the description. | Neither Hickson (1907:6), Thomson and Rennet (1931:11), nor Broch (1965:20) pro- vided enough information to confirm their reports of the species. The drawings given by Kukenthal (1912:340, figs. 55-57) are sufficient to demonstrate that his specimen probably was not the species taken by the Challenger. One lot of specimens of bottle-brush form (USNM 78355) discovered among the Ant- arctic collections of the National Museum of Natural History can be referred to P. ant- arctica as represented by the Challenger specimen now examined. Although the lat- ter was dredged near Prince Edward Island, the present lot from the Palmer Archipelago along the west coast of the Antarctic Pen- insula is at least from the same general sec- tor of the Antarctic even if not remotely topotypic. The polyps (Fig. 3b) are for the most part similar to those of the Challenger specimens (Fig. 3a) in size and shape and spiculation, but the fully developed polyps (as opposed to obviously young individuals) show considerable variation in size from one twig to another even on the same branch. Moreover, many polyps are misshapen ow- ing to the presence of 1—4 large eggs, a con- dition not observed by Wright and Studer. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 947 a ay o = SS SS : a eae Patan See = Fig. 3. antarctica from Hero sta 730, USNM 78355; c, d, Primnoisis mimas n. sp., USNM 78356. Scale at c applies to c only; that at d applies to a, b, d. a, Primnoisis antarctica (Studer) from Challenger sta 145A, BM(NH) 1889.7.5.24; b, Primnoisis Primnoisis mimas, new species Figs3¢..d,. 5. 6 Material examined.—Vicinity of South Georgia: 54°14.1'S., 37°54.2'W, depth 164—- 183 m. USARP, R/V Islas Orcadas, cruise 575, sta 101, 10 Jun 1975; 2 colonies with- out holdfast, USNM 78356 (holotype), USNM 78357 (paratype). Vicinity of South Georgia: 53°5 1’—53°52'S, 37°38'—37°36'W, depth 97-101 m. USARP, USNS Eltanin, cruise 22, sta 1535, 7 Feb 1966; 1 colony without holdfast, USNM 78358 (paratype) and 1 small colony pos- sibly juvenile or representing a different species (USNM 78359). Diagnosis. —Bottlebrush-shaped Prim- noisis with closely crowded clavate polyps PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 4. Primnoisis antarctica (Studer) from Challenger sta 145A, BM(NH) 1889.7.5.24. a-e, sclerites: a, From tentacles; b, From base of tentacle; c, From body of polyp; d, e, From coenenchyme; f, g, Part of axial internode. 0.1 mm scale bar at c applies to a—f; 0.05 mm bar at g applies to g only. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 5. Primnoisis mimas n. sp., holotype colony, USNM 78356. Scale bar = 1 cm. 950 2 mm tall; verrucae armed with numerous, transverse, deeply serrated scales; coenen- chyme with slender spinous rods and spin- dles commonly flattened and scale-like. Description.—The holotype colony (Fig. 5) is approximately 43 cm high. It is shaped like a bottle-brush, with up to three up- wardly directed branches arising from each internode of the main axis, measuring up to 7 cm in length, 0.7 mm in diameter (without polyps). Proximally the axis lacks its holdfast; the basal node measures 4 mm in diameter, and 7 mm in length; subsequent nodes are at most 3 mm long, becoming much shorter distad. The internodes are between 2 and 4.5 mm in length, those at the base and summit of the stem shorter, those in the middle more consistently 4.0-4.5 mm in length; proximally the internodes are about 4 mm in diameter, decreasing to 3 mm about mid-height, and tapering to less than 0.5 mm apically. The internodes are sculptured with distinct longitudinal ridges and grooves (Fig. 6e); oval or circular pits marking the location of desmocytes in the axis epithe- lium are numerous and irregularly scattered in the grooves (Fig. 6f). Secondary branch- lets and terminal twigs arise from the in- ternodes of the branches, which average 2.5 mm in length, 0.7 mm in diameter. The upwardly directed polyps are so crowded around the stem and branches that they overlap each other. They are club- shaped, 2 mm tall with tentacles folded over the mouth; at their base, they measure 1 mm in diameter, at the top, 0.6 mm. They tend to be more abundant on three of the four sides of the branches and twigs. | The sclerites of the verrucae are deeply serrated, translucent scales up to 0.3 mm long and 0.1—0.15 mm wide (Fig. 6c) trans- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON versely arranged in numerous irregular lon- gitudinal rows (Fig. 3c, d). Smaller, trans- versely placed scales with more closely serrated margins extend along the backs of the tentacles, curved to fit the contour of the rachis (Fig. 6a); those extending into the pinnules show a peculiar twist (Fig. 6b). The coenenchyme contains slender, spinous spindles and rods 0.25—0.3 mm long, many distinctly flattened and scale-like (Fig. 6d). The polyps and coenenchyme are dull brown; the lower nodes of the main stem are a rich reddish brown, becoming paler distad. The internodes are white. Comparisons. —In growth form this species is stouter and more robust than any Primnoisis heretofore described. The ver- rucal scales are more deeply and sharply serrated, and smaller than than those of P. antarctica, which may exceed 0.4 mm in length. A specimen illustrated by Grant (1976:37, fig. 32) and attributed to P. ant- arctica bears some resemblance to the ma- terial here described, but insufficient infor- mation is provided to determine its relationship. Primnoisis formosa Gravier (1913:453; 1914:31, pl. 1, figs. 3-5), also reported by Grant (1976:38), has a much more delicate growth form, and seems to be closer to antarctica than to the present ma- terial. Etymology.—Greek Miuac, one of the giants, slain by Zeus (or perhaps Ares) dur- ing the war with the gods. Remarks.—A specimen (USNM 78358) collected at Eltanin sta 1535, off South Georgia, is smaller and paler than the ho- lotype and paratype from Js/as Orcadas sta 101, but it agrees in all other details. A still smaller colony (USNM 78359) from Eltan- in sta 1535 has polyps that are widely sep- arated, slender and nearly straight like those =~ Fig. 6. Primnoisis mimas n. sp. a—d, sclerites: a, From tentacles; b, From pinnules; c, From body of polyp; d, From coenenchyme; e, f, Part of axial internodes. 0.1 mm bar at a applies to a, c, d; 0.05 mm bar at b applies to b only; 0.2 mm bar at e applies to e only; 0.1 mm bar at f applies to f only. me ea —O 2 5) Z = = ea = 2) — © > 952 of P. antarctica on its lower branches, but on the upper branches and apex of the main stem clavate, recurved polyps are crowded as in the type material of P. mimas. The variation among specimens from dif- ferent stations and among colonies from the same haul suggests that intensive study of more abundant material will be necessary before Antarctic species of gorgonians can be adequately delimited and reliably rec- ognized. Echinisis Thomson and Rennet, 1931 Ceratoisis (part). — Hickson, 1907:5. Primnoisis (part).—Kukenthal, 1915:122; 1919:611; 1924:432. Echinisis Thomson and Rennet, 1931:15.— Grant, 1976:47. Diagnosis. —\sididae with polyps covered by conspicuously lobed or branched scales having deeply serrate margins, those of | to 3 distal transverse rows bearing a strong projecting spine. Type species. —Ceratoisis spicata Hick- son, 1907, by subsequent designation. Remarks. — This genus was established for colonies of essentially Primnoisis growth form, but in which the body sclerites of the polyps are irregularly stellate plates, those of the distalmost transverse rows below the tentacles having one ray developed as a strong projecting spike (Thomson and Ren- net 1931). In one species (E. spicata), scales of the uppermost 2—3 rows develop such a spine; in the other (E. armata), only one row has the spines. Observations on vari- ation of this character suggest that it is not wholly consistent (Thomson and Rennet 1931; Grant 1976). The three new species described herein, while clearly showing pro- jecting spinous polyp scales as in Echinisis, depart from the bottle-brush growth form of the two species of that genus known here- tofore. As we consider it undesirable to erect yet another genus, solely on the basis of growth form, we here place the new forms in Echinisis with a suitably emended diag- nosis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The recognition of Echinisis spicata, the type species of Echinisis Thomson and Ren- net, 1931, on the basis of published data about the two species included in it is prob- lematical. Kukenthal (1912) considered his Primnoisis armata to be close to, if not iden- tical with, Hickson’s Ceratoisis spicata (Hickson, 1907:7) but maintained the two as distinct species on the basis of the num- ber of transverse rows of polyp sclerites bearing projecting spines and the different appearance of the body scales; the polyps of spicata also were considerably larger (2 mm) than those of armata (1.3 mm). The species have subsequently been re- ported only infrequently, armata once when the genus Echinisis was established (Thom- son and Rennet 1931), spicata once by Grant (1976) from six stations off New Zealand. Thomson and Rennet (1931) reported vari- ation in the number of transverse distal scale rows developing strong spines and suggest- ed intergradation between spicata and ar- mata but retained both species as valid. Grant (1976:49) reported similar variation among his specimens, referring all to spicata while echoing Thomson and Rennet’s doubt about the distinctness of the species. We have examined specimens from Ba- hia Grande, Sta. Cruz, Argentina (USNM 77367), the South Shetland Islands (USNM 75651), Palmer Peninsula (USNM 58161, 76913, Hero 1022, Hero 26-1), Ross Sea (USNM 75222, Eltanin 2110), and off Cape Adare (USNM 77355), ranging in depth from 173 m to 2350 m. They show con- spicuous differences in growth form, size of polyps, spiculation, and color of the polyps resulting from pigmentation of the mesen- terial filaments, making unequivocal iden- tification with either spicata or armata dif- ficult. In no case is the circlet of spines of the polyps confined to the single distalmost row as reported by Kukenthal for armata. The type locality of Echinisis spicata is McMurdo Bay in the Ross Sea, 175-218 m (96-120 fathoms), Scott Coast, Antarctica. Among the specimens that we have studied, three are from the Ross Sea, one from the VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 255 LISSA RN ae fix A ng SN 3 ey, Me ean, NE ET IEA Swe EFI Pees GS Fig. 7. a, Echinisis spicata (Hickson), two polyps; b, Echinisis eltanin, n.sp., two polyps; c, Echinisis vena, n. sp., three polyps; d, Echinisis persephone, n. sp., isolated polyp and twig tip wtih three polyps. Scale applies to all figures. eastern part of the sea off Saunders Coast, of Cape Hallett in 392 m (USNM 77355). depth unrecorded (USNM 75222), one from In attempting to recognize E. armata with the middle part of the seain 2350 mofwater reasonable confidence the sample from 2350 (USNM 78379), and one from the vicinity m has been excluded on the basis of depth 954 as well as size of the spines of the distal body scales. Those from the other two Ross Sea stations are in close agreement and they conform in all essentials with Hickson’s original description; the station off Cape Adare is some 700 km north of the type locality in a similar depth. These two lots are here taken to represent E. spicata (Hick- son). Grant (1976) did not include this genus in any of the subfamilies that he recognized, owing to the presence of an “operculum” composed of eight triradiate sclerites (Thomson and Rennet 1931:12, 16). Echinisis spicata (Hickson, 1907) Figs. 1b, 7a, 8 Ceratoisis spicata Hickson, 1907:7, pl. 2, figs. 16—18.— Thomson and Rennet, 1931: IS. Primnoisis spicata. —Kukenthal, 1919:613; 1924:433. Echinisis spicata. —Grant, 1976:47, figs. 48, 49. Material examined. —Ross Sea: 76°30'S, 156°19'W, Deepfreeze II, USS Staten Is- land, sta 21, coll. J. Q. Tierney, 26 Dec 1960; one colony with holdfast, one smaller colony without holdfast, one completely de- corticated axis, and fragments; in alcohol. USNM 75222.—Ross Sea: off Cape Hallett, 72°05.8'S, 172°15.2°E, 392 m, Deep Freeze III, USS Atka sta 23, 12 Jan 1958; two small incomplete colonies, alcohol. USNM 77355. Diagnosis.—Bottle-brush shaped Echi- nisis with body sclerites of the three distal- most transverse rows each prolonged into a strong, echinulate spike. ; Description. —The colonies are branched on all sides in bottle-brush form, but the lateral branches tend to bend in such a way that the growth form becomes almost fla- bellate (Fig. Ib), as Hickson (1907:7) men- tioned. The internodes of the principal axis are from 10 to 17 mm long, their length being rather consistent in any- one colony; PROCEEDINGS OF ‘THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON they give rise on all sides.to about tO to 13 lateral branches, which do not originate with anode. The first node of the lateral branches occurs at about 1 cm from the main axis, before which several secondary branchlets may be produced without articulating nodes. In the completely denuded axis from the eastern part of the Ross Sea, one lateral branch from the first main internode is de- veloped as a secondary branch almost as long as the main axis, but less robust and with: fewer branchlets. The fully developed polyps are up to 2 mm tall and 0.75 mm in diameter, mostly separated by at least their own diameter but tending to become more crowded toward the twig tips. The scales of the distalmost three circlets below the ten- tacles are produced as a stout spine arising from a bifurcated, lobed base (Figs. 7a, 8e); the sclerites of the proximal part of the pol- ypsare stellate plates with elaborately lobed rays, often with one of the rays more sharply serrated and inconspicuously projecting from the body of the polyp (Fig. 8f). The bases of the tentacles are armed with tri- radiate scales of inverted Y-shape (Fig. 8c), the most proximal of which (Fig. 8d) fold inward over the tentacles in contraction, forming an “operculum” in the sense of Grant (1976). One or more smaller trira- diate scales may follow the opercular scale, giving way distad to small flat rodlets and then transversely set crescentic scales (Fig. 8a, b) of the type that is of widespread oc- currence also in Primnoisis, Mopsea, Chathamisis and ‘Sclerisis. The coenen- chyme is thin, filled with stellate plates (Fig. 8g). The color is pale tan with darker brown- ish polyps. Echinisis eltanin, new species Figs. 7b, 9b, 10 Material examined.—Campbell Plateau south of New Zealand: 49°51'S, 178°35’E, 2010-2100 m, USNS Eltanin, sta 2143, 26 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 8. Echinisis spicata (Hickson), USNM 77355. a=g, sclerites: a, b, From rachis of tentacles; c, From base of tentacles; d, Opercular sclerites from beneath tentacles; e, Thorn-stars from distal part of polyp; f, Stellate plates from body of polyp; g, From coenenchyme; h, Part of axial internode. 0.1 mm scale bar at b applies only to b; 0.1 mm bar at f applies to all others. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 9. a, Echinisis vema, n. sp., syntypic branches, USNM 78362; b, Echinisis eltanin, n. sp., holotype, USNM 78361; c, Stenisis humilis (Deichmann), n. gen., USNM 57287; d, Caribisis simplex, n. gen., n. sp., holotype colony USNM 57290. All scales = 1 cm; that at top applies to a and b. Feb 1968; branch (of a larger colony?), now broken in two pieces; alcohol; holotype, USNM 78361. Diagnosis. —Echinisis with branching planar, irregularly pinnate or lateral, with- out anastomoses. Internodes unusually long, forming tapering branches without nodes. Verrucae with sclerites of distalmost 2 or 3 transverse rows prolonged into a stout, echinulate, often 3-lobed projection. Description. —Though the general growth- form is unknown because the colony is not VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 10. Echinisis eltanin, n. sp., sclerites: a, b, From rachis of tentacles; c, From base of tentacle; d, Prickly thorn-stars from distal part of polyp; e, Prickly thornscales from proximal part of polyp; f, g, From coenenchyme. Scale bar at b = 0.05 mm applies to b only; bar between d and e = 0.1 mm, applies to all others. complete, the specimen is in one plane (Fig. es occur laterally, mainly on one side of the 9b) and suggests that the complete colony colony. Terminal branchlets taper to a point, probably was planar. Long, stout branches and are unbranched. curve toward the top of the colony. Branch- The axis is solid, with unusually long, 958 branched calcareous white internodes (3.5 cm high) tapering to the tips of the branches. Slight ribbing is visible along the entire in- ternode, but the surface of the axis is quite smooth. The single horny node present in this specimen measures | mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in length. The polyps (Fig. 7b) are prominent, cy- lindrical, non-retractile, perpendicular to the axis, when contracted forming verrucae that measure 1 mm in height, 0.6 mm in di- ameter. They are alternate, at intervals of about 0.75 mm, occurring only on one co- lonial face. The 8 triangular scales form a distinct operculum only when the tentacles are completely infolded. In the polyps, the tentacles have elongat- ed triradiate scales (Fig. 10c) proximally, measuring up to 0.2 mm, and sharply curved scales distally, the concave margins of which are smooth, while the convex margins are prominently serrated. These measure up to 0.2 mm in length. The body sclerites of the polyps include thorn-scales (Fig. 10d) mea- suring 0.35 mm in height, 0.5 mm in width, placed around the base of the tentacles in circular rows. In the body wall below this, the transversal thorn scales (Fig. 10e) be- come more complex, with their basic cres- cent shape becoming more apparent, finally assuming the shape of curved spindles in the coenenchyme at the base of the polyp. The coenenchyme contains a thin layer of pale yellow sclerites (Fig. 10f), and ap- pears bumpy owing to the presence of short spindles and 4-rayed bodies with a promi- nent blunt projection, and longer, more or less bent spindles measuring up to 0.4 mm in length, covered with conical spines, also often with a median hump or blunt projec- tion, serrated along the edges, and 4-armed sclerites measuring 0.25 mm in length, also with blunt projections and serrated edges. The colony in alcohol is pale yellow in color. Etymology. —Named after USNS Eltan- in, which operated in Antarctic waters un- der the U.S. Antarctic Research Program between July 1962 and December 1972. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Remarks.—The planar branching of the present material indicates that the colony could hardly have been in the bottle-brush shape of the previously described species of Echinisis. Assignment of this new species to that genus is made on the basis of the spi- nous development of the verrucal sclerites. Echinisis vema, new species Figs. 7c, 9a, 11 Material examined. —South Atlantic Ocean, Falkland Plateau: 54°44’S, 55°39’W, 1814-1919 m, R/V Vema sta 17-61, 11 May 1961; four branches (of a larger colony?). Syntypic branches, USNM 78362. Dry. Diagnosis. —Irregularly branched Echi- nisis with repeatedly branched internodes infrequently interrupted by horny nodes; distal scales of verrucae prolonged into mul- tiple serrated spikes. Description. — The overall growth form is unknown because the colony is not com- plete. The specimen consists of 4 fragments irregularly branched, not planar and neither pinnate nor dichotomous (Fig. 9a). The axis consists of calcareous internodal material showing evidence of only 2 nodal articula- tions; examination by strong transmitted il- lumination fails to reveal nodes overgrown by internodal substance. The internodes are repeatedly branched, tapered toward the twig tips where longitudinal grooving becomes evident; elsewhere the surface is macro- scopically smooth. The contracted polyps (Fig. 7c) form short, cylindrical verrucae attaining about 1.75 mm in diameter; the tallest are about 2.5 mm tall, but most are less and some are only | mm tall. The body of the polyps is covered proximally by transversely ar- ranged, irregularly lobed plates up to 0.7 mm long, curved in conformity with the body contours (Fig. 11f). The sclerites sur- rounding the oral end of the verrucae are basically triradiate scales about 0.7—0.8 mm in length, but with elaborately lobed mar- gins. Those of the distalmost 2 or 3 trans- verse rows are prolonged as a strongly ser- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 11. Echinisis vema, n. sp., sclerites: a, b, From tentacles; c, From base of tentacle; d, Opercular scales from beneath tentacles; e, Thorn-stars from distal part of polyp; f, Lobate scales from proximal part of polyp; g, From coenenchyme. Scale applies to all figures. rated spike; those of the _ sclerites immediately surrounding the tentacle bases may have on one or both sides one or more low, serrated lobes (Fig. 1 1d). In the sclerites of the lower transverse rows the lateral lobes of the central spike become prolonged as accessory spikes (Fig. 1 le). The scales of the tentacles (Fig. 1la) progressively diminish in size distad, changing in shape from roughly triradiate scales at their bases, which 960 fold over the oral region as an ““operculum”’ (Fig. 1 1c), to curved, crescentic scales trans- versely placed along the distal part of the tentacle rachis (Fig. 11a). The coenenchyme contains a thin layer of irregularly oriented flattened spindles 0.5—0.6 mm long, orna- mented with prominent tubercles (Fig. 11g). The colony in dried condition is white; the sclerites are colorless, translucent. Etymology.—Named after R/V Vema of Lamont Geophysical Observatory. Remarks.— While adequate to demon- strate the distinctness of this species, the material is insufficient to permit conjecture about the overall branching of the colony. The irregular, crooked branchlets do not in- dicate the bottle-brush form assumed by Echinisis spicata and E. armata, so assign- ment to Echinisis is made on the basis of the spinous development of the distal scler- ites of the verrucae. Echinisis persephone, new species lars els 2s 118) Material examined.—Southwest Pacific Basin: 42°01’ to 41°57'S, 130°02' to 130°01'W, 4831-4851 m, USNS Eltanin sta 1775, 14 Aug 1966; many fragments, al- cohol, USNM 78363, syntypic branchlets. Diagnosis. —Echinisis of unknown colo- nial form. Distal part of verrucae surround- ed by 3 whorls of thornscales with a claw- like spine projecting obliquely from a di- varicate or flattened lobate base; proximal part encircled by transverse, curved, flat- tened spindles sculptured by scattered con- ical projections. Coenenchyme with small, irregular spindles, many developing an out- wardly directed hump. Description.—The specimen is broken into many fragments, none longer than about 1.5 cm, some bifurcated or producing | or 2 short branchlets (Fig. 12a); the calcareous axis shows no trace of horny nodes among the numerous fragments, hence seems to consist solely of internodal material devoid of longitudinal grooves. The polyps form PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON prominent cylindrical verrucae about 1 mm tall and 0.5 mm in diameter when fully de- veloped (Fig. 7d), placed uniserially along the branchlets, mostly 1-2 mm apart but occasionally a little more or less. The distal part of the verrucae is surrounded by 3 (sometimes 2) whorls of thornscales with an obliquely projecting claw-like, serrated spike; the base of the verrucae is encircled by transversely placed, curved, rather flat- tened spindles (Figs. 7d, 12b); the tentacles of most polyps are loosely folded over the oral region. The coenenchyme has a pebbly appearance (Fig. 7d) resulting from a single layer of short spindles mostly with a prom- inent hump. The verrucal thornscales, aligned in 8 ver- tical rows, are composed of a claw-like ser- rated spike projecting obliquely from a bi- furcated or lobed, flattened base (Fig. 13d); in many cases the spike is apically enlarged and furnished with several strong diverging thorns (Fig. 13e). The spike is 0.3-0.4 mm long and the base 0.3—0.45 in width. Similar thornscales of smaller size (Fig. 13c) are present on the bases of the tentacles and are capable of folding over the inturned tenta- cles; distally on the tentacles they give way to transversely placed narrow scales curved to fit the contour of the rachis; these have a smooth concave margin and a convex margin with tall thorns (Fig. 13a, b) that project along the backs of the tentacles. The largest measure about 0.2—0.25 mm, de- creasing in size distad along the tentacle. The curved spindles surrounding the base of the polyps are about 0.45 mm long, those merging with the coenenchyme as much as 0.7 mm and not so strongly curved. The coenenchymal sclerites (Fig. 13g) include ir- regular spindles mostly with a strongly humped projecting surface, sometimes re- duced to a roughly hemispherical thorny body, sometimes distinctly fusiform and with or without a thorny projecting process. The stubby, humped bodies are 0.2—0.3 mm long, the narrower spindles up to about 0.5 mm. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 961 Fig. 12. Echinisis persephone, n. sp.: a, Broken branchlets; b, Profile of contracted polyp (stereoscopic view). Scale at a = 1 mm; that at b = 0.2 mm. The axis is not longitudinally grooved but has faint short surficial striations (Fig. 13h); desmocyte pits are absent except near the extreme tips of the branchlets. Comparisons. —In general shape the ver- rucal thornscales of Echinisis persephone are similar to those of both Echinisis vema and E. eltanin, the spike often having lateral lobes or accessory projections. At first sight, they are conspicuously different from the thornscales of Echinisis spicata and might be considered indicative of a distinct genus. However, it is by no means rare for the thornscales of E. spicata to be apically lobed, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 13. Echinisis persephone, n. sp., sclerites: a, b, From rachis of tentacles; c, From base of tentacles; d, e, Thornscales form verrucal wall; f, Transverse scales from verrucal base; g, Coenenchymal scales transitional to verrucae; h, From coenenchyme; i, Part of axial internode. Bar scales at b and 1 apply to b and 1 only; scale at d applies to all others. All bars = 0.2 mm. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 and the spike may have distinct, even strong, lateral spikes. Therefore, until more mate- rial is available to provide information about colonial characters, it seems preferable to treat all of the Primnoisis-like forms with verrucal thornscales or thornstars as a single genus Echinisis. Etymology.—Persephone, mythological character, daughter of Zeus, wife of Hades and Queen of the lower world. Remarks.—As numbers of sponge spic- ules were found on these fragments, it is possible that the colony was associated with a sponge, as was observed in Primnoisis de- licatula by Hickson (1907:5). If the gorgo- nian was embedded in, or largely covered by, sponge tissue, this could account for the fragmentary condition of the sample ob- tained. Sclerisis Studer, 1879 Sclerisis Studer, 1879:661.—Kikenthal, 1915:124. Primnoisis. —Kukenthal, 1924:432 (part). Since our reestablishment of this genus and description of Sclerisis macquariana were written (Bayer and Stefani 1987), we have located another specimen from Antarctic waters which provides additional information about this little-known genus. We interpret the specimen as conforming with all the salient characters mentioned by Studer (1879) in his brief original descrip- tion of the genus Sc/erisis and its sole species Sclerisis pulchella. Sclerisis pulchella Studer, 1879 Figs. 13, 14c, 15 Sclerisis pulchella Studer, 1879:662, pl. 5, fig. 33 a, b, c. Material examined. —South Atlantic Ocean: 61°04’'S to 61°07’S, 39°55'W to 39°42'W, 2355-2897 m, USARP, USS E/- tanin sta 1545, 11 Feb 1966; three large branches, possibly of a single colony; alco- hol. USNM 78364. 963 Apart from being a much larger colony in better state of preservation (Fig. 13), the present specimen agrees with all important points in Studer’s description: ““Aufrecht verzweigt, die Kalkglieder sehr lang, fein gestreift, die hornigen Glieder kurz, schei- benformig. Die Aste entspringen von den kalkigen Gliedern. Die Rinde, sehr diinn, entbehrt der Spicula. Die Kelche sind glock- enformig, mit eingeschnurter Basis und be- deckt mit grossen gebogenen, dornigen Spindeln, welche in Sklerenchym dicht aneinander liegen und sich mannigfach kreuzen und um die Kelchmundung, sen- krecht stehend, einen achtklappigen Deckel bilden.”’ (1879:661.) ““Der Stamm ist gerade, und besteht aus einem kurzen, scheibenfor- migen Hornglied und einem 35 mm. langen Kalkgliede. Das Kalkglied ist eigenthumlich missgestaltet durch die Anwesenheit einer Annelide, welche an dem Stamm lebt. Der- selbe ist lamellenartig abgeplattet, die Ran- der zusammengebogen, so dass eine tiefe Hohlrinne entsteht, in welcher der Wurm, eine Eunicide, lebt ... Vom Stamme ent- springen nach drei Seiten feine, dunne Zweige von hochstens | mm. Dicke an der Basis und bis 10 mm. Lange aus abwech- selnd kurzen hornigen und langen kalkigen Gliedern. Die Kalkglieder sind fein langs- gestreift. Die glockenformigen Kelche sit- zen vereinzelt an den diinnen Astchen. Die Spicula, welche die Kelchmiindung schlie- ssen, sind lange, dornige, an der Basis am meisten verbreiterte Schuppen. Farbe weiss.” (1879:662.) In our specimen, the polyps are campan- ulate and basally constricted, directed downward, covered with large, bent, thorny spindles, which lie close together and var- iously cross one another, placed vertically at the distal end of the calyces to form an 8-lobed “‘operculum”’ (Fig. 1 5c). The stem is straight and consists of short, discoidal horny nodes and long calcareous internodes that are about 35 mm long. The internodes of the principal branches are characteristically expanded to form con- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 N oS, i ——=— aN re ae — SS SS —— — ——S— —- 965 C I ]) iSCe ADSM 3 2 SS aA SS SSS Ss aE SSS EZ WN SSS SSS ———— —S —— Se SS ——— —— 4 ESS SS —S Fig. 15. a, Chathamisis ramosa (Hickson); b, Stenisis humilis (Deichmann); c, Sclerisis pulchella Studer. cave, gutterlike structures from the up- turned edges of which the lateral branchlets arise (Fig. 14b). The slender lateral twigs, which leave one face of the colony free, contain horny nodes and calcareous internodes as described by Studer, but the nodes are infrequent and the internodes long, commonly branching re- peatedly without intervention of horny nodes, so they are not composed of short nodes “alternating” with long internodes, but rather of long, branching calcareous in- ternodes infrequently interrupted by horny nodes. Here it can be mentioned that Stu- | a der’s figure (1879:pl. 5, fig. 33) illustrates rather few nodes in the branchlets, but it is unclear whether or not the internodes branch without intervening nodes. The principal discrepancy between Stu- der’s description and the specimen before us is Studer’s statement that the spicules that close the calicular aperture are long, thorny scales mostly expanded toward the base. Strictly interpreted, this condition ap- plies more closely to Sclerisis macquariana Bayer and Stefani than to the specimen at hand. However, the verrucal sclerites of this specimen (Fig. 16d) definitely are long, Fig. 14. Sclerisis pulchella Studer, USNM 78364: a, Broken colony; b, Branch (stereoscopic view). Scale bars = 1 cm. 966 thorny, distinctly flattened and commonly expanded at one end. Studer’s drawing of the polyps of pulchella (1879:pl. 5, fig. 33b) does not suggest the strong projecting spines ofS. macquariana, as it certainly would have had the spines been as conspicuous as in that species. Moreover, Studer’s definition of “scales” is not clear, but the flattened thorny spindles of the present specimen could very easily qualify. Transversely ar- ranged crescentic scales with serrated con- vex margin (Fig. 16a) extend along the ra- chis of the tentacles, the proximal ones becoming more or less asymmetrical (Fig. 16b) and obliquely placed. The coen- enchymal sclerites are stubby rods covered with blunt projections (Fig. 16e). Remarks.—Two pieces of denuded axis (USNM 78365) from Eltanin sta 1991 (south of New Zealand: 54°39’S to 54°44'S, 170°22’E to 170°25’E, in 1862-1940 m, 2 Jan 1968) are strikingly similar in growth form to the present specimen attributed to Sclerisis pulchella. A small piece of branch and two intact but dissociated polyps from the same haul (USNM 78366) are distinctly different from those of S. pulchella as here described. On the strength of the possibility that these polyps are conspecific with the axial fragments, we do not assign the latter to S. pulchella. If the polyps and axial frag- ments are not conspecific, the possibility re- mains that the latter are S. pulchella, so we here record that the largest, expanded, gut- terlike internode, broken at both ends, is 65 mm long and 5 mm wide; from both edges it produces lateral branchlets, some of which are further branched, all without horny nodes. It is highly probable that the intact colony would have been closely similar in growth form to the colony of pulchella here reported. It must be mentioned that the type lo- cality of Sclerisis pulchella is northeast of New Zealand in 597 fathoms (1092 m), whereas the specimen from Eltanin sta 1545 is from the South Atlantic. Therefore, there is a possibility that the denuded axis from PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCiETY OF WASHINGTON sta 1991 south of New Zealand is the real pulchella, regardless of whether it is or is not conspecific with the South Atlantic specimen. Studer’s type specimen must be examined to resolve the question. Chathamisis Grant, 1976 Chathamisis Grant, 1976:9, 10, 43.—Bay- er, 1981:941 (in key). Type species. —Chathamisis bayeri Grant, 1976: by original designation. Diagnosis. —See Grant 1976:43. Chathamisis ramosa (Hickson, 1904), new combination Figs. lc, 15a, 17 Ceratoisis ramosa Hickson, 1904:224, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4; pl. 8, fig. 12.— Thomson, 1911: 877, pl. 43, fig. 1. Primnoisis ramosa. —Kukenthal, 1919:616; 1924:436.—Deichmann, 1936:251. Not Primnoisis ramosa Thomson and Rit- chie, 1906:851, pl. 1, fig. 2. Material examined.—Vicinity of Dur- ban, South Africa: 30°02’45”S, 31°03'25’E, 112 fathoms, 30 Jun 1930; one colony with- out holdfast, in alcohol, USNM 43071. Description. —The original description (Hickson 1904) requires some amplifica- tion. Although the colony (Fig. 1c) is pro- fusely bushy, the smaller branches strongly tend to ramify in one plane; some scattered anastomosis occurs. The calcareous inter- nodes have several shallow longitudinal fur- rows separated by low ridges; the slender distal internodes are triangular or quadran- gular in cross section, having 3 or 4 rounded ridges separating the shallow furrows that form the sides. Many of the polyps have the squat, chal- icelike aspect shown in Hickson’s drawing (1904: pl. 8, fig. 12); for the most part, the polyps are strongly curved downward, away from the tips of the branches (Fig. 15a). The 8 large scales of the tentacle bases form a low conical operculum over the infolded tentacles, often lying almost flat. The tri- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 16. Sclerisis pulchella Studer, a—e, sclerites: a, b, From rachis of tentacles; c, From pinnules; d, From verrucal walls; e, From coenenchyme; f, g, Part of axial internode. Upper scale = 0.1 mm, applies to all sclerites; scale at f= 1 mm; scale at g = 0.05 mm. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 17. Chathamisis ramosa (Hickson), a—f, sclerites: a, From rachis of tentacles; b, From base of tentacles; c, From opercular sectors; d, e, From verrucal wall; f, From coenenchyme. 0.1 mm scale bar at c applies to all figures. radiate opercular scales typically rest upon octant may result in an opercular segment a transverse lunate scale that occupies the with an irregular number of scales, and oc- basal concavity (Fig. 17c); non-fatal break- casionally a narrow accessory sclerite les age and repair of the scales in one or more_ along one or both sides of the apical spike VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 of the opercular scales, but the opercular valves do not typically consist of several scales as depicted in Hickson’s stylized drawing. The tentacles, which occasionally are preserved outside the opercular scales, have a series of small scales transversely placed along the back of the rachis (Fig. 17a). The more proximally placed of these have a bifurcated base that partially surrounds the tentacular rachis, resulting in forms in- termediate between opercular and distal tentacular scales (Fig. 17b). A similar con- dition occurs in Echinisis spicata (see Fig. 8c). The body sclerites are transversely placed crescentic plates about 0.3 mm long, some with 2 broad diverging lobes on the proximal edge, others with several narrow lobes (Fig. 17d). The coenenchymal sclerites are elongated scales up to 0.35 mm long, the smaller individuals often with a median constriction (Fig. 17f). Distribution. —South Africa. Remarks. — There is no question but that the eight triradiate scales of the tentacle bas- es form an operculum in the sense of Grant (1976). However, the transverse scales im- mediately beneath each opercular scale tend to fold inward farther and farther with stronger degrees of contraction, the end re- sult of which is a condition not unlike that seen in some species of Mopsea; the chief difference is that the uppermost scale is the largest and forms an opercular scale, where- as in Mopsea the scales become progres- sively smaller distad on the tentacles. Stenisis, new genus Primnotsis (part).—Deichmann, 1936:250 (not Studer [and Wright], 1887). Type species. —Primnoisis humilis Deich- mann, 1936. Diagnosis. —Small, planar colonies branched from the internodes in a distantly pinnate manner, internodes without longi- tudinal grooves and ribs, covered with low, pointed thorns; polyps biserial, forming up- turned verrucae weakly recurved toward 969 axis, not retractile, tentacles folding over mouth; verrucal sclerites narrow, curved, spindlelike plates transversely arranged be- low tentacles. Etymology. —Greek orévoo = narrow + Isis, Egyptian goddess of the earth and the moon, whose name was applied to jointed octocorals by Linnaeus (1758). Remarks. —The new species described by Deichmann (1936) as Primnoisis humilis was described and illustrated by Verrill in the unpublished manuscript on the Blake collection later rewritten and published by Miss Deichmann. Unfortunately, Verrill’s original manuscript is no longer extant, but the surviving plates show that he recognized two species that he placed in a new genus Stenisis, one of them the Primnoisis humilis of Deichmann. Without access to Verrill’s text it is impossible to say how the two species differed, but the illustrations reveal nothing significant. All of the specimens in the present collection can be attributed to one species, identical with Deichmann’s Primnoisis humilis. The colonies branched in one plane, with biserial polyps armed with very narrow transverse plates of almost spindle-like form, are characters so at vari- ance with Primnoisis that a separate genus is required, as recognized by Verrill a cen- tury ago. For this genus we here use the name Stenisis originally proposed for it by Vermill. Stenisis humilis (Deichmann, 1936) Figs. 9c, 15b, 18 Primnoisis humilis Deichmann, 1936:251. Material examined.—Northwest Provi- dence Channel, Bahamas: 26°32'N, 78°55'W, 183-549 m, R/V Gerda, sta G-493, 3 Feb 1965; one profusely subdi- vided branch, possibly a complete colony lacking holdfast, USNM 57287.— Yucatan Channel: 20°55'N, 86°28’W, 97-120 fath- oms, R/V Gerda sta G-889, 10 Sep 1967; two profusely subdivided branches, possi- bly colonies without holdfasts; one exten- 970 sively decorticated, USNM 57288.—Yu- catan Channel: 21°04'N, 86°19'W, 185-200 fathoms, R/V Gerda sta G-898, 10 Sep 1967; ten more or less complete colonies and sev- eral broken branches, some partially decor- ticated and overgrown by epizoans, USNM 57289. Diagnosis. —As for the genus. Description. —The present specimens conform in all respects to Deichmann’s de- scription of the dried type specimen, but their better condition and greater number permit some minor amplification. The sev- eral colonies, some of which are complete (though partly decorticated and overgrown by epizoans), range from 2 to 5 cm in height, branched in a loosely pinnate or lateral manner chiefly in one plane and about as wide as high (Fig. 9c). The colonies are ar- ticulated to a discoidal holdfast by a basal horny node 1.5—4.5 mm long but only 0.4— 0.5 mm wide. The first internode, which may or may not bear one or two lateral branches, is 3-4 mm long and 0.5—0.6 mm in diameter. The following nodes are 1—1.5 mm long, those of the smaller branches about 0.5 mm, and about 0.25 mm in di- ameter. In the finest terminal branchlets, the nodes may be only 0.15 mm in diameter and 0.5—0.6 mm long; the internodes vary in length from 0.5 mm to 3 mm or more. The internodes are not longitudinally fur- rowed but are covered by small, conical spi- nules (Fig. 18e). The polyps (Fig. 15b) are 0.7—0.9 mm tall, somewhat larger than reported by Deich- mann, but this may be explained by a dif- ference in method of measurement. For the most part they are directed upward, al- though downward-pointing individuals are not rare. They are covered proximally by transversely and obliquely placed narrow, fusiform plates 0.2-0.25 mm long, sculp- tured externally by simple, blunt spines (Fig. 18c); these sclerites are more accurately de- scribed as curved spindles, flattened and smooth internally, sculptured externally by crowded, blunt spines. The bases of the ten- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON tacles are covered by smaller, straight spin- dles set en chevron (Fig. 18a); small, twist- ed, claw-like scales (Fig. 18b) occur distally in the tentacles, probably in the pinnules, but their exact position could not be deter- mined. The coenenchyme contains a layer of spindles (Fig. 18d) similar to those of the polyps but not strongly curved, up to 0.2 mm long. Remarks.—The planar branching, spin- dle-like sclerites, and unfurrowed prickly internodes preclude assignment of this species to the genus Primnoisis. The exceptional length of the basal node suggests that conditions of the habitat call for greater flexibility of the axis than would be afforded by the short, disk-like nodes more usual in small isidids. Deichmann’s assertion that this species is closely related to Primnoisis rigida Wright and Studer (1889:37) and might be nothing more than a shallow-water form of it is without justification. Primnoisis rigida is a densely bushy form that appears to be a true Primnoisis. Australisis, new genus Type species. — Australisis sarmentosa, n. sp. Diagnosis. — Bushy isidids branched from the internodes; internodes round in cross- section, tapered, not longitudinally grooved, but covered with low prickles or thorns; pol- yps on all sides, not retractile but forming prominent cylindrical verrucae; verrucal walls filled with thorny spindles arranged distinctly en chevron in eight longitudinal tracts. Etymology. —Latin australis = south- ern + Isis, in allusion to the geographic range of the type species. Remarks. —This genus cannot be accom- modated in any of the subfamilies as now defined. The polyps are not retractile into the coenenchyme as those of Jsis are, but form prominent cylindrical verrucae. The VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Fig. 18. Stenisis humilis (Deichmann), a—d, sclerites: a, From base of tentacles; b, From pinnules; c, From verrucal wall; d, From coenenchyme; e, Part of axial internode. 0.05 mm bar at b applies to a and b; 0.1 mm bar below c applies to c and d; 0.1 mm bar at e applies to e only. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 19. Australisis sarmentosa, n. gen., n. sp.: a, Paratype, USNM 78370; b, Holotype, USNM 78368; c, Paratype, USNM 78371, stereoscopic pair. Scale at b applies to a and b. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 verrucal sclerites are distributed without in- terruption from base to tentacles, so the pol- yps are not divided into an anthostelar and an anthocodial part as in Muricellisis, and therefore lack crown and points. The ver- rucal sclerites are exclusively spindles ar- ranged conspicuously en chevron. Australisis sarmentosa, new species Figs. 19, 20, 21d-1 Material examined. —South Shetland Is- lands: 61°19’ to 61°21'S, 56°28’ to 56°27’W, 403 m, 5’ Blake Trawl, USNS Eltanin sta 992, 13 Mar 1964; fragments, USNM 78367.—Off South Georgia: 54°29’S, 39°22'W, 659-686 m, 5’ Blake Trawl, USNS Eltanin sta 1536, 8 Feb 1966; one colony, holotype, USNM 78368; 4+ colonies, para- types, USNM 78369.—Off South Georgia: 55°00.6'S, 37°42.6'W, 494-501 m, USARP, R/V Islas Orcadas, cruise 575, sta 91, 7 Jun 1975; one colony complete except for hold- fast, paratype, USNM 78370.—Off South Georgia: 53°27.1'S, 41°39.2'W, 371-424 m, USARP, R/V Islas Orcadas, cruise 575, sta 102, 11 Jun 1975; one complete colony and several partly denuded branches, paratypes, USNM 78371. Diagnosis.— As for the genus. Description. —The colony branches abun- dantly in all directions from the internodes to form a dense, upright bush (Fig. 19). Most _ internodes produce 1, often 2 or 3 lateral branches that diverge in various directions but rarely if ever coalescing, even when they come in close proximity; the few internodes that fail to branch are usually terminal or subterminal. The lateral branches arise from the parent internode without a nodal artic- ulation, and the branch may itself branch again before producing a horny node. The internodes are round in cross-section except in the immediate vicinity of branch origins, where some flattening may occur; when branches originate at an angle of 45° or less, the axils may be extensively filled in to pro- duce even greater flattening. The internodes are not longitudinally grooved, but are cov- Fig. 20. Australisis sarmentosa, n. gen., n. sp. Part of branchlet with contracted verrucae. ered with small, sharp prickles (Fig. 211), most conspicuous on the more distal inter- nodes, becoming lower and obscure on the larger, proximal internodes. The minute pits marking the position of desmocytes in the axis epithelium are irregularly scattered over the surface (Fig. 21h). Most of the specimens have been de- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 2la—c, Caribisis simplex, n. gen., n. sp., sclerites: a, From tentacles; b, From verrucal wall; c, From coenenchyme. d-i, Australisis sarmentosa n. gen., n. sp., a—g, sclerites: d, From pinnules; e, From base of tentacles; f, From verrucal wall; g, From coenenchyme; h, Surface of axial internode; i, Part of axial internode. Upper scale bar = 0.1 mm, applies to a—c; scale at d = 0.1 mm, applies to d—g; scale at h = 0.05 mm; scale at i = 1 mm. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 tached from their holdfast at the basal ar- ticulation, but one small colony attached to a pebble, and another to a fragment of dead scleractinian coral, show that the holdfast is a thin calcareous disk from which the colony arises by way of a basal node. The contracted polyps (Fig. 20) are prom- inent, cylindrical, and sometimes slightly enlarged distally, 2-3 mm tall depending upon the degree of contraction. They are situated on all sides of the branches, 2—4 mm apart but with a tendency to occur in opposite pairs; often they are more closely placed near twig tips, and twigs commonly end with an opposed pair. The tentacles are folded over the mouth and may be turned inward to a greater or lesser extent. The sclerites of the body wall are narrow, pointed spindles up to about 0.65 mm long, usually curved or bent, ornamented with low, sharp thorns (Fig. 21f); they are ar- ranged in closely crowded chevrons con- verging on the bases of the tentacles. The spindles on the base of the tentacles are less sharply sculptured (Fig. 2le) and decrease in size distally, assuming a longitudinal di- rection; smaller, slender spindles about 0.3 mm long, somewhat twisted and more or less distinctly expanded at one end (Fig. 21d) extend into the pinnules, expanded end out- ermost. The coenenchyme contains shorter, thorny spindles about 0.45 mm long, whose _ thorns are somewhat stronger on one side, and rather flattened, irregular forms of smaller size (Fig. 21g). The colonies are pale tan or dark cream- colored, the nodes light brown and the in- ternodes white. Etymology. —Latin sarmentosus = full of twigs, in allusion to the bushy growth form. Remarks. —The densely branched, com- pact growth form, the prominent cylindrical verrucae with sclerites conspicuously en chevron, and the prickly cylindrical inter- nodes without longitudinal fluting of Aus- tralisis sarmentosa are features unlike those of any isidid heretofore reported. The char- acter of the internodes is shared with Car- 975 ibisis simplex n. gen., n. sp. and Primnoisis humilis Deichmann (now reassigned to a new genus Stenisis). Although the former is further similar in having only spindle- shaped sclerites, these are only indistinctly arranged in chevrons in verrucae that are distinctly up-turned and recurved toward the axis as in several species of Mopsea, and the unique type colony is unbranched. The internodes of Stenisis humilis (Deichmann) are similarly prickly and ungrooved, but the colonies are small and planar, and the up- turned and recurved verrucae are armed with narrow, transverse plates similar to those of some species of Mopsea and Acanthoisis. Caribisis, new genus Diagnosis. —Unbranched isidids with non-retractile polyps biserially placed, di- rected upward and recurved toward the axis. Sclerites exclusively spindles, those of ver- rucae longitudinally arranged in eight tracts irregularly en chevron. Internodes not lon- gitudinally grooved, covered with low prickles. Type species. —Caribisis simplex, n. sp. Caribisis simplex, new species Figs. 9d, 2la—c, 22 Material examined. — Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles; off St. Vincent: 13°20.8'N, 61°02.5'W, 576-842 m, 5’ Blake Trawl, R/V John Elliott Pillsbury sta P-881, 6 Jul 1969; one colony, holotype, USNM 57290. Diagnosis. —Unbranched colonies with biserial polyps directed upward and re- curved toward the axis; sclerites exclusively tuberculate spindles, in the verrucae ar- ranged indistinctly en chevron in 8 longi- tudinal tracts. Description. —The holotype (Fig. 9d) is an unbranched colony 4.5 cm in height con- sisting of 4 internodes articulated by horny nodes, arising from a conical, calcareous holdfast. The polyps are biserial and vari- ably alternate (Fig. 21a), directed obliquely upward, and measuring 1.1 mm in height, 976 — 3 ii rept aM atthe dibabetidt aby od) ld soeatepiinip se Sapee ats ' ee a wont ent alisia +s ianot oe ae en Se A eae EP a ave Mette lt: ; , \ G ae ¥ bal " : ; ; lk ‘ it i! i i SPE Mares eRe Ses or: Coat esate te fee ery let yahoos an ane j sii t } L J e - 1 4 5 Ae i) io. Picante A / ; (8) ples \, 70 ee his ud if ' >" : av” Ali? ft tving Sa er " a | adlibbe yop Pubs sue sa Coretional = laa ais de Wi. ies Rihent) Dae d ae aC 4 ; Rte = i ‘ ha ou ( i : : Pineda ig aa 4 baa i - PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 993-1017 FIRST FLOWERING DATES FOR SPRING-BLOOMING PLANTS OF THE WASHINGTON, D.C., AREA FOR THE YEARS 1970 TO 1983 Stanwyn G. Shetler and Susan K. Wiser Abstract. —The first-flowering dates for spring-blooming plants (both native/ naturalized and cultivated species) have been recorded by volunteers in the Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, since 1970. The first fourteen years (1970-1983) of these observations are tabulated, and the native/naturalized records are analyzed briefly. Over 100 persons contributed observations, recording 397 native/naturalized species and 704 cultivated species. Bar graphs of first-flowering dates are presented for all native/natu- ralized species for which there are four or more years of records, and compar- isons of cumulative numbers of woody, perennial, biennial, and annual species coming into flower by a certain date are graphed. Variation in first-flowering dates from year to year within and among species is described and possible explanations are discussed. Phenology is the study of periodic cycles in biological events and their relation to cli- mate. One important phenological cycle is flowering in plants. In temperate areas, such as the mid-Atlantic region, this cycle is an annual one. Flowering plants are generally dormant throughout the winter but renew growth in spring. Many species flower in the spring within a few weeks after growth re- sumes. Several factors, which are seasonal _ themselves, are well known to correlate with flowering time. Among these are (1) tem- perature, (2) day-length, (3) degree of can- opy closure, (4) potential for pollination, 1.e., availability of pollinators or suitability for wind-pollination, and (5) microclimate. Re- cently, Fagerstrom and Agren (1980) have proposed that competition for seedling es- tablishment may also influence the pheno- logical spread of flowering. While flowering time may vary greatly from year to year, each species has its own approximate time- table, and there is an overall flowering pat- tern as the season progresses. This study was begun by Shetler in 1970 as an informal effort to record the first dates of blooming for as many spring-flowering woody and herbaceous species as possible in the immediate Washington, D.C., area. To ensure as wide a coverage as possible, he enlisted the help of other interested per- sons by posting a recording chart outside his office in the Department of Botany at the Smithsonian Institution, and soon oth- ers were contributing regularly. The project quickly proved popular as a means of fol- lowing the progress of spring and became an annual tradition, which has been contin- ued down to the present. Each year the chart is put up at the beginning of the calendar year, and recording is continued through May 3lst. At the outset, June 1st was se- lected as the arbitrary cutoff for the spring season. After the annual observations had accu- mulated for several years, it became appar- ent that they were adding up to a unique phenological record for the area, and efforts were begun to computerize the data. De- spite the large number of observers and re- cording variability introduced thereby, the flowering dates were becoming predictable 994 and the species comparisons reliable as the years of data accumulated. In 1983, after 14 springs of recording first- flowering dates in the manner described, it seemed obvious that the annual observa- tions were beginning to yield diminishing returns and that the time had come to sum- marize what had been learned. Accordingly, the authors began to process and analyze the first 14 years of records, and the results of the analysis are presented in this paper. Lester Ward, in his important early flora of Washington and vicinity published in 1881, included observations of flowering dates for 122 species of native and natu- ralized plants. More recently, two studies of spring flowering times have been made in this area. Terrell (1970) produced an an- notated list of spring-flowering plants of the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal with general flowering information on 342 species. Thomas (1963, 1965) made de- tailed studies of 286 species flowering on Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River at Washington, D.C. The Washington, D.C., area lies on the juncture of the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain, with the Piedmont to the northwest and the Coastal Plain to the southeast. The Piedmont has a marked intrusion of Ap- palachian Mountain and northern plants, while the Coastal Plain area, 1.e., lower Po- tomac River, is rich in marsh species (Hitchcock and Standley 1919). A record of first-flowering dates provides a practical guide for such activities as teach- ing, planning fieldtrips, and collecting re- search materials during the spring season. Such a list serves as a basis for determining when the bulk of the species begins to bloom in the spring season and in detecting how the number of species coming into flower changes through the course of the season. Other aspects of spring flowering that we wished to examine were (1) the relation- ships of peaks of first bloom to life-form and to native and naturalized vs. cultivated species, (2) the patterns of year-to-year vari- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ation in first-flowering dates within indi- vidual species, and (3) the types of species that are the most or least variable. Methods The data analyzed here are dates of first- flowering or anthesis recorded for the years 1970 through 1983 for species coming into bloom between January Ist and June Ist. A species was not always observed in its initial flowering stage. If flowering was more ad- vanced when first observed, then the ap- proximate stage of flowering (e.g., peak- flowering, late-flowering) was recorded. Any given species was recorded only once in any given year. “Date of first-flowering,” as used in this study, requires explanation. “Flowering” is taken to mean the stage at which a perfect flower or a male flower is shedding pollen or a female flower is receptive to pollen. ‘‘First-flowering,” literally, would be the moment at which the very first flower begins to shed pollen or display receptive stigmas. A “‘first-flowering date,” therefore, would be the date for a given species within the study area on which the first flower of the season begins to shed pollen or display re- ceptive stigmas. The study also includes some gymnosperms and other non-flower- ing plants. The date of “‘first-flowering”’ for these species is the date when spore- or pol- len-shedding began. Because, for a region as large as the D.C. area, it is impossible in virtually all cases to establish this date on an absolute basis, in actual practice “date of first-flowering” becomes the date on which a species is first observed to be in flower. The validity of the concept of first-flowering depends, there- fore, on observing the species as early as possible in their annual flowering cycles, 1.e., as close as possible to the absolute dates of first-flowering. In this study most of the species (more than 90 percent) recorded each year were actually observed in very early, though not necessarily the absolute earliest, VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 stages of flowering. Each year, however, some of the species recorded were in more advanced stages of flowering when first ob- served. For the purposes of this paper, we eliminated all records based on flowering stages beyond what was deemed to be the peak-flowering stage. Ranges of first-flow- ering dates (earliest and latest ever record- ed) and averages of first-flowering dates were computed on the basis of all the remaining dates, including some that were recorded for species that had already reached peak-flow- ering by the time that they were observed. All observations were made by volun- teers, and the species recorded each year are the ones that the volunteers happened to observe in first- or early-flowering stage in the given year. Because it was an entirely informal, voluntary project, there was no systematic effort to include all spring-flow- ering species or even the same set of species every year. Thus, while many species were recorded year after year, they were not nec- essarily recorded from the same localities or by the same observers every year, and many species happened to be recorded only once during the entire 14-year period. Many other spring-flowering species never hap- pened to be reported even once during this 14-year period. This was particularly true of grasses and sedges. Altogether, 109 per- sons contributed one or more observations to the flowering records over the 14 years. All observations were recorded from lo- calities within about a 35-mile radius of the center of the District of Columbia. The lo- calities are plotted on Fig. 1 for all first- flowering records of native and naturalized species only. From the outset, first-flowering dates were recorded for exotic species (e.g., hyacinth, Hyacinthus orientalis) growing under cul- tivation as well as for native and naturalized species. The status of the species, whether “cultivated” or “native or naturalized,” was coded into the computer record, and the two groups of records were analyzed separately. The complete list of the native and natu- 995 ralized species that were recorded over the 14-year period (397 spp.) is presented in Appendix 1, and the list of cultivated species that were recorded more than once (401 spp.) is presented in Appendix 2. In these appen- dices, the range of first-flowering dates, the average first-flowering date, and the number of observations used in these determina- tions are presented. For certain native and naturalized species, some of the flowering dates were recorded from plants being cultivated as ornamentals (e.g., as shade trees or as wildflowers). A native or naturalized species was treated as a “cultivated” species and analyzed with the cultivated group only when al// recorded dates were for plants growing in cultivation. This explains why a few locally native or naturalized species appear in Appendix 2. In the case of native or naturalized plants, therefore, no distinction was made between flowering observations from the wild and from cultivation when both kinds of obser- vations had been made for the same species; all observations were treated as though made in the wild. Native and naturalized species of eastern North America that are unknown in the wild from the local area of this study automatically were treated as “cultivated” species and appear in Appendix 2. Except for the inclusion of Appendix 2, we have confined our analysis in this paper to the native and naturalized species. Be- cause all of the records are sight records without preserved specimen vouchers, the cultivated taxa, in particular, present major taxonomic and nomenclatural problems. Many were not identified to species in the first place, while in other cases the identi- fications are debatable. With cultivated plants there also is the problem of cultivars. The nomenclature for the cultivated plants in Appendix 2 follows Hortus Third (Bailey and Bailey 1976), as far as possible. Oth- erwise, the names were retained as recorded by the observers, and the validity of the identifications rests on the authority of the observers. Varietal names are retained only Fig. 1. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON f UpperMarlboro Map of recording localities of spring-flowering plants, 1970-1983. The number of records from each locality is indicated by the following symbols: Open circle = 1-10 records, Half circle = 10-50 records, Solid circle = 50 or more records. Stippled areas are locations of heavy observation, with cited localities too dense to map. in the cases where more than one variety was recorded for the same species. For the native and naturalized species, the taxonomic circumscriptions and no- menclature largely follow the eighth edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany (Fernald 1970). In some cases, the more recent interpreta- tions of the National List of Scientific Plant Names (United States Soil Conservation Service 1982) were adopted. No infraspe- cific names were retained for native or nat- uralized species. To determine whether a species was na- tive or naturalized in the study area, we consulted Hermann’s (1946) Checklist of Plants in the Washington-Baltimore Area and the separate Washington-Baltimore Herbarium in the U.S. National Herbarium (US) at the Smithsonian Institution. Any records for species not previously reported VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 from the wild in the study area were dropped from the database because of their doubtful status. Throughout the life of the project, Shetler has served as the final authority for iden- tifications of native and naturalized species when there has been any doubt. He person- ally identified many specimens brought in by observers who were unable to name them and corrected or verified many other doubt- ful determinations made by unsure observ- ers. In the vast majority of cases, however, the observer made his or her own identifi- cation, which was accepted by Shetler, as recorded, unless there was good reason for questioning the identification. Nonetheless, Shetler accepts ultimate responsibility for the identifications, taxonomic interpreta- tions, and nomenclature in this paper. Computer analysis and graphing were done using a Honeywell 6680 mainframe, Calcomp 1051 Drum Plotter, and a custom built CPM microcomputer using DBASE II software. Results The records include observations on plants from 95 different plant families, al- though 40% of the records are for species of the following eight families: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Lili- aceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, and Vio- -laceae. Figure 2 is a bar graph of the first-flow- ering dates of all the individual species for which there are four or more years of rec- ords. The species are arranged chronologi- cally in order of their average first-flowering dates. The computer-generated bar for each species plots the first-flowering dates of the species on a calendar scale. Dates for other than the initial flowering stage are plotted with special symbols, as defined in the leg- end. Cumulative numbers of species coming into flower by a given date are graphed ac- cording to certain categories (e.g., woody 997 plants) in Figs. 3 and 4. These graphs were generated by plotting the species totals in one-week intervals. Each point on a partic- ular graph represents the sum of all species of the given category that came into flower over the whole 14-year period during the given week. A weekly rather than a daily interval was chosen so as to balance out year-to-year variability produced by the ob- vious weekend peaks in date recording. The top curve of each figure cumulates all species, regardless of category, by the weekly intervals of first-flowering. The oth- er curves represent different categories of species. For this purpose, the species were classified in terms of life-form (Fig. 3: an- nual, biennial, perennial, or woody) and na- tiveness (Fig. 4). This information was gath- ered primarily from Gray’s Manual of Botany (Fernald 1970) and the Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (Gleason and Cronquist 1963). Discussion The regular flowering season in the Wash- ington area begins in late February or early March. Some plant species flower earlier in the year, however, especially when there are mild spells in the weather or when they oc- cur in sheltered places. Figures 3 and 4 show 29 species coming into flower in early Jan- uary over the 14-year period. Because the recording of flowering dates did not start until January lst of each year, species that had begun to flower in the previous autumn and had remained in flower through the new year often were recorded as beginning to flower on or soon after January Ist. Con- sequently, the initial peak of first-flowering in January is an artifact of the method of data collection. The species that appear to begin flowering in January and February are primarily widespread weedy introductions, such as common chickweed (Stellaria media), dan- delion (Taraxacum officinale), henbit La- FLOWERING STAGE STELLARIA MEDIA a ee TARAXACUM OFFICINALE 2 Se ee ee ee ee SYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS Fee ee ee ee FIRST ACER SACCHARINUM a +8 8 2 +, EARLY CARDAMINE HIRSUTA ee ee ee ee LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE es a Sn $4) PEAK VERONICA AGRESTIS —o ra @ —__9-@—3 ——— LATE DRABA VERNA > pe pp re CORYLUS AMERICANA & 44——+#1 ALNUS SERRULATA c= 8} ——$#4) ACER RUBRUM ER HR SENECIO VULGARIS ee re TUSSILAGO FARFARA G69 gg} 7 PHLOX SUBULATA cone a 28} 5} a) HEPATICA AMERICANA — re 7 CLAYTONIA VIRCGINICA ———<—9_2 9) a VERONICA HEDERAEFOLIA 48} 8-888 88-8} 8 ERIGENIA BULBOSA G—5—e8 9} —_- ap - —_-@ ____ --___—a LAMIUM PURPJREUM —— ee ee DUCHESNEA INDICA se BE AG 8 2) ERODIUM CICUTARIUM —————————————— rs = sa POA ANNUA = Se eee Oe BE BR ee VERONICA ARVENSIS ———————_ SS re DENTARIA LACINIATA AR a — A 5 =) SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS 8} LINDERA BENZOIN ee CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS » —-. ea $3 2 GLECHOMA HEDERACEA 8 — So — oF VERONICA PERSICA SAXIFRAGA VIRCINIENSIS ice ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM MERTENSIA VIRGINICA DICENTRA CUCULLARIA VIOLA PAPILIONACEA ARABIS LAEVIGATA EPIGAEA REPENS ACER NECUNDO HOUSTONIA CAERULEA SB —- a BHO 8 AMELANCHIER ARBOREA meee JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA nna ee MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES DENTARIA HETEROPHYLLA RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS POPULUS DELTOIDES o ee 8) VIOLA KITAIBELIANA (GS TRILLIUM SESSILE ROE 0 CORYDALIS FLAVULA , @ 8 STELLARIA PUBERA @ 3 ——a9 A ANEMONELLA THALICTROIDES O48 a TRIFOLIUM REPENS a oo >} 4 ARABIS LYRATA > oe =<) PHLOX DIVARICATA CARDAMINE PENSYLVANICA co -- -e- a! SASSAFRAS ALBIDUM Fig. 2. List of recorded native or naturalized species with line graphs of actual dates of first-flowering. The species are listed in order of flowering, from earliest to latest, based on average first-flowering dates. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 999 SENECIO AUREUS ee eee ee eal DICENTRA CANADENSIS re ee ores CERCIS CANADENSIS pe - ACER SACCHARUM 7 POA CUSPIDATA Ge man VIOLA ERIOCARPA o wee QUERCUS BOREALIS c os RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS See 2 BARBAREA VULGARIS G o — ASARUM CANADENSE Ge} Saar ZIZIA AUREA a ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS ALLIARIA OFFICINALIS & ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA = Pa — FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA VIOLA AFFINIS A— i >——_ A) CARDAMINE BULBOSA e ae es = ARABIDOPSIS THAL1ANA eee ee FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOIDES ae eases VIOLA STRIATA cian SE een ORNITHOGALUM NUTANS ura POTENTILLA CANADENSIS ee ra CHAEROPHYLLUM PROCUMBENS eet CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES a eee SILENE CAROLINIANA a Si ae ge ANEMONE QUINQUEFOLIA eee UVULARIA SESSILIFOLIA ccceroeee BETULA NIGRA % aes PANAX TRIFOLIUS fi Bei ean oa OBOLARIA VIRGINICA ally a RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS gone ge eee s AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS Hee eee cea ie VIOLA PEDATA CORNUS FLORIDA foe pap a cea EL sa GERANIUM MACULATUM eee ee LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM x : eee rine ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM Pen ANTENNARIA NEODIOICA pay Se ated ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM eng es SCLERANTHUS ANNUUS Gas --—3—_a) STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA +S — 8-2} VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM a ey LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA oo OSMORHIZA CLAYTONI 13685—o-or VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM G—_0- ©3888) OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS 6 -39p8—a9—__» CERASTIUM ARVENSE 2} $9) ASIMINA TRILOBA 2-0) VACCINIUM VACILLANS as 9 —$_ SALIX NIGRA oe eg MORUS ALBA o-8—-3 —2) QUERCUS ALBA Gee) QUERCUS PHELLOS G—e—_5 9) RUMEX ACETOSELLA —$—$ 9 9 $$ —__) Boge Qi eee aaa gad as a luli ala abe aa JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY 1000 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM PHACELIA RANUNCULACEA Ripka POTENTILLA SIMPLEX ea Gee CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE go ee mae POA PRATENSIS poe ae De GALIUM APARINE tee DACTYLIS GLOMERATA RHODODENDRON NUDIFLORUM LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA KRIGIA DANDELION == UVULARIA PERFOLIATA pee SEDUM TERNATUM o> eae aes VICIA CAROLINIANA ORCHIS SPECTABILIS HYBANTHUS CONCOLOR CHRYSOGONUM VIRCINIANUM &—_ 8 888) PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA been 5 ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS 2 ome PLANTAGO VIRGINICA ees aa) TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE pes VIOLA PRIMULIFOLIA o a5 PHACELIA DUBIA as a CONOPHOLIS AMERICANA PRUNUS SEROTINA VACCINIUM STAMINEUM RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS Gee) VICIA ANGUSTIFOLIA ~m—se-2 ROBINIA PSEUDO-ACACIA ae a ae PINUS VIRGINIANA pean COMANDRA UMBELLATA moe MAZUS JAPONICUS eee OROBANCHE UNIFLORA ose an GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA OXALIS STRICTA o8—_3—4 TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM So HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM o—_288—_4) SMILACINA RACEMOSA O3882—_A) SOLANUM DULCAMARA G——_—_$_ 88-2 —_8) CHIONANTHUS VIRCINICUS &—_ 62S —o TRADESCANTIA VIRGINIANA G—=—_—__—_# 4) RUBUS FLAGELLARIS o—se—_~ SALVIA LYRATA HYPOXIS HIRSUTA LEUCOTHOE RACEMOSA LONICERA JAPONICA OXALIS VIOLACEA HIERACIUM VENOSUM SISYRINCHIUM SP MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS O88 —f e— se) GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA OE ——, JUGLANS NIGRA oes ILEX OPACA —— 2) al n 4 wily 1 t 1 rou irey ivi ' 1S Vo Lao 23 13 dena 2 7 2 ) 2025. 15 Gis 2025 1 5 1015 20 25 1 1001 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 vaiw SN1O1113W SNBALNT WATYOHOTO WWISST1L1V SNHINV ITV WNIdaS SN INA IOANOO ViIVJ 1044ad SINVOOTYL VIJOVEYNSH XVIIWS WONTEVNNYO WONADOdY WET VOSS 71IW VAI THOV VITOS11V1 VIWIVy SNAdSTYO X3AWNY VeOTSTLINW VSOU WNIT TO4TYS0V WANYNETA SANVOTYSWY SNWANONS VYASIWOd VEN IOVW WNLIVINSG WANYNEIA SNVOTGWY SNHY VIVLLTOVS WIOIA YNVINIOYNTA V103043W WONWSHINVONIAT WNWAHLNVSAYHO SISNSAYVY SN INA IOANOO VYssTYAdWd WI LANCSSNOUE PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1002 s]ULTd JO SULIOJ-aJT] JUOIOYIP Sy} FO YORS 1OF woIsso1B01d SULIQMOY-1SIY OY} SVeoIpUl Sout] TOYO OY] “potied yoom-ouo UsATS & ZULINP JOMOY O}UT Zurur09 soioads JO Jaquunu [e101 sy} SMOYS SUT] PHOS ‘do} OY, :pelpnis siv9K p] [][e Ul potted yoom-ou0 poquiosaid & JoAO JOMOY OJUT BuTUIOD soToads JO Joquinu oy} ZuruTUINs Aq poyeroue’d SBA [210] VW “WOSBES Ot} ZuLinp yaom Aq YIoM JOMOY O1UT SUTLIOS so1oads JO S[e}0} SATIE[NUIND Jo sYdeID “E “SI AVW udv yVW qa NV Le et 6¢ St ‘ st v st Z za = x m 002 2 © “J (oe) | © (os) @ OS2 1003 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 UMOP UdAOIQ [e101 9Yi YIM Inq “¢ “BLY Ul SB “UOSBas sy) SULINP Yoom AQ YIM JOMOY O}FUI ZUTUIOD satdads Jo sje101 JANeINUIND Jo sydeIH ‘p SI Ze AVW et 6¢ YdV Sl St yuVvIN “SULIOJ-Of1] AQ JO P¥2SUI ..pozIjeinjeu,, pue ,aaneu,, 4q dad oO -- “7 GAZINIVYENLVN AAILVN T1V = ------5 L¢@ Nv os oo- OSI 002 ose ooe (€861-OZ61) SISAHLNV LSul4a NI SAIOAdS 4O YSEWNN IVLOL 1004 mium amplexicaule), and speedwell (Ve- ronica agrestis). Ward (1881) and Hitchcock and Standley (1919) noted that in our area several weedy species with inconspicuous flowers bloom quite early in the season or even during the winter months when the weather is warm or when they are growing in especially sunny or protected spots. Pen- found (1956) observed that Taraxacum of- ficinale flowers discontinuously throughout the year, even in December and January. It is obvious that some of our weedy species bloom in December as well as January. Variability in first-flowering dates of weedy species is discussed in more detail later. Naturalized exotic species make up two- thirds of the species that start to flower be- tween January Ist and mid-February. The number of naturalized exotic species com- ing into flower increases gradually through the course of the season. Looking at the sea- son as a whole, exotic species account for approximately 25% of the plants observed. Native species begin to bloom in late Feb- ruary. In mid- to late March, the number of native plants coming into bloom in- creases sharply. This rate continues to in- crease sharply until mid- to late April when the number of first-flowering plants reaches a peak. The level then drops at an equally sharp rate until late May when there is a slight resurgence (Fig. 4). Initially we thought that the drop in first- flowerings in late May was caused by a lack of sustained interest on the part of our ob- servers in recording first-flowering dates af- ter the initial excitement of looking for spring wildflowers in bloom. However, other re- searchers have noted a similar peak and fall in the number of species coming into bloom. Anderson and Hubricht (1940) observed a drop in the number of species coming into bloom after the April peak. They attributed this peak to woodland plants whose blooms must be completed by the time the leaves of the canopy trees are fully expanded, when the available light that reaches the forest floor is greatly reduced. This same reason- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ing was used by Wolfe et al. (1949), Jackson (1966), Taylor (1974), and Heinrich (1976) to explain similar spring peaks in their data. Anderson and Hubricht (1940) noted that treeless habitats are not under the same pressure and do not experience a spring peak. Rather, the number of plants beginning to bloom rises slowly to reach a peak in mid- summer. It is likely that the slight increase in the number of plants coming into flower that we observed in late May can be attrib- uted to herbaceous species of open habitats, such as field bindweed (Convolvulus arven- sis), ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucan- themum), yarrew (Achillea millefolium), chicory (Cichorium intybus), and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), and to late-blooming woody species. To analyze the controlling factors in flow- ering peaks, the species observed were di- vided into categories by life-form. This showed that woody plants accounted for 31% of the records. Sporadic blooming of woody plants has been recorded prior to mid-February. This was observed in silver maple (Acer saccharinum), common alder (Alnus serrulata), and American elm (U/- mus americana). The early blooming of Acer and U/mus in our area was also noted by Hitchcock and Standley (1919). Generally, however, the woody plants in the D.C. re- gion start their blooming period in late Feb- ruary. Flowering remains at a low level until late March, when the number of species coming into flower begins to climb. The number continues to climb steadily until it reaches a peak in late April. It then falls slightly and remains at a constant level through June Ist (Fig. 3). The peak in blooming of woody plants can be partially explained by the fact that many of the woody plants studied are wind- pollinated. It is most advantageous for wind- pollination to occur before trees leaf out completely and their leaves impede air movement. This rationale has been pro- posed by Heinrich (1976) and Whitehead (1969). Our data tend to support this prop- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 osition. Most of the wind-pollinated woody species, e.g., oaks (Quercus spp.), hazelnuts (Corylus spp.), river birch (Betula nigra), common alder (Alnus serrulata), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), American elm (Ulmus americana), and white ash (Fraxi- nus americana) begin to bloom before April 20 on the average. However, some wind- pollinated trees were observed to begin blooming after May Ist on the average. These are paper-mulberry (Broussonetia pa- pyrifera), hickories (Carya spp.), black wal- nut (Juglans nigra), and osage-orange (Ma- clura pomifera). Most of the woody species that were observed beginning to bloom after May Ist on the average are not wind-pol- linated, e.g., multiflora rose (Rosa multi- flora), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera ja- ponica), northern dewberry (Rubus flagellaris), mountain laurel (Kalmia lati- folia), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), maple-leaved viburnum (Viburnum aceri- folium), and deerberry and blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). Pollination information was obtained from Proctor and Yeo (1972) and Cronquist (1981). The majority (53%) of the records are of perennial species. The perennial group, like the woody-plant group, begins blooming in late February. The rate of increase of species coming into flower, however, is much faster than among the woody plants observed. The number of first-flowering perennials reaches a peak in mid- to late April. This is slightly earlier than that for woody plants. The number of perennials coming into flower drops dramatically after this peak until late May when it shows a resurgence (Fig. 3). Many of the perennials studied are wood- land spring ephemerals, e.g., jack-in-the- pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), harbinger-of-spring (Erigenia bulbosa), cut-leaved toothwort (Dentaria laciniata), toadshade (Trillium sessile). As mentioned previously, these plants must complete a large part of their life-cycle before the trees have finished leaf- ing out, cutting off their light supply. Thus, 1005 the woodland spring ephemerals are highly adapted to take advantage of the narrow ““window” of time in early spring when tem- perature, moisture, and light conditions al- low renewed growth but before the canopy closes over and greatly reduces the available light on the forest floor. This adaptive peak most likely is what explains the sharp spring peak in the blooming of perennials. Annuals and biennials make up a rela- tively small portion of spring-flowering species recorded. Approximately 5% of the species recorded over the entire study pe- riod were biennials, and 11% were annuals. Once the first annuals and biennials begin to bloom the total numbers of these species coming into flower each one-week period remain relatively constant throughout the spring season and have little influence on the cumulative peak, in late April, for all plants coming into flower in a given week (Fig. 3, solid line). The peaks in the cumulative flowering curves for all species recorded are formed mainly by native perennials and woody plants (cf. Figs. 3 and 4). Biennials, annuals, and all naturalized plants in this study come into flower at a relatively uniform rate throughout the season. Their flowering levels do not have a large impact on the overall peaks of flowering for all species. The range of year-to-year first-flowering dates varies considerably from species to species (Fig. 2). It is to be expected that species whose flowering is primarily gov- erned by day-length will show the least year- to-year variability in first-flowering date while those species whose flowering is gov- erned more by climatic conditions will show the most year-to-year variability. Leopold and Jones (1947), Jacques and Hilleary (1945), and Moss (1960) suggested that the earliest blooming species are likely to show the most annual variation in the start of flowering. Our data support these sugges- tions. Table 1 shows that the average de- parture from the average first-flowering date decreases progressively through the spring 1006 Table 1.—Average number of days of departure from average dates of first-flowering, tabulated in weekly intervals. Week of average first flowering date Average of departures from average first flowering date* Jan 29-Feb 5 26 Feb 6—Feb 12 22 Feb 13—Feb 19 the Feb 20—Feb 26 11 Feb 27—Mar 5 DY Mar 6—Mar 12 14 Mar 13—Mar 19 14 Mar 20—Mar 26 18 Mar 27—Apr 2 10 Apr 3—Apr 9 7 May 15—May 21 May 21—May 27 Apr 10—Apr 16 8 Apr 17—Apr 23 7 Apr 24—Apr 30 6 May 1—May 7 6 May 8—May 14 6 5 4 * Examples from the week of March 13—March 19 are used here to illustrate how the average departure from average first-flowering date was computed. Five species, Veronica hederaefolia, Claytonia virginica, Hepatica americana, Phlox subulata, and Tussilago farfara, have average first-flowering dates in this week. The absolute value of the departure of each first-flow- ering date (in days) from each species’ own average first-flowering date was calculated for each year for which a first-flowering date was recorded. For example, Claytonia virginica has an average first-flowering date of March 15. In 1982 its first-flowering date was March 24, which was 9 days later than the average. In 1971 its first-flowering date was March 13, which was 2 days earlier than the average. The absolute values of the departure from the average for these two years were 9 and 2 days, respectively. All of the absolute differences for all five species were totalled and then averaged together to come up with the overall average absolute departure for this one-week period. ** None of the species analyzed has an average flow- ering date in this time period. season. The blooming times of early-flow- ering species may be more directly related to climate than the blooming times of late- flowering species and, therefore, may be re- flecting the greater variation in the climate early in the season by the greater variation in their first blooming dates. Temperature as a controlling factor is suggested particularly by the year-to-year variation in the average day of first-flow- ering. When all first-flowering dates are ex- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON pressed in number of days from January 1 and these dates are then averaged over all species that bloom after March 1 for each year, the average day of first-flowering is seen to vary from the 101st (1977) to the 115th day (1971, 1982) of the year. This is a maximum fluctuation of two weeks. This kind of variation certainly supports the common notion of “early” and “late” springs. On the other hand, the average day of first-flowering is exactly the same for as many as three years (1975, 1978, 1983). The observations were too uncontrolled to carry this analysis any further. Of the species studied, those with the most pronounced variation in first-flowering dates (60+ days) tend to be the weedier species. Most of these are exotic annuals, e.g., henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), bird’s-eye speed- well (Veronica agrestis), whitlow-grass (Draba verna), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), and shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). A small number of exotic perennials, e.g., false strawberry (Duchesnea indica) and white clover (Trifolium repens), also show high variability. In the case of some plants the first-flowering period would look much less variable if one were to select the most discrete clump of five or so dates from among the total observations that may span a relatively wide period. These are species such as chickweed (Stellaria media) and poor-man’s pepper (Lepidium virgini- cum) that begin their main flowering period in, say, April or May but often have scat- tered individuals or populations that begin flowering much earlier in sheltered loca- tions or during a mild year. In reality the more discrete cluster of dates represents more accurately the typical range of first- flowering dates for the species. Sporadic ear- ly flowering, owing to habitat protection, mild weather, or genetic diversity among populations or individuals, is especially likely among weedy species whose success as weeds may be due in part to flowering times that are less synchronized than in oth- er species. They certainly do not flower uni- formly throughout the year, although they VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 may bloom sporadically in different sea- sons. Budd and Campbell (1959) suggest that in the range weeds that they studied early flowering may be an adaptation to enable the species to set seed before competitive grass species commence their rapid growth. Sporadic blooming aside, these species do have a time when a large proportion of their plants come into bloom. This probably would become apparent after many obser- vations. The native perennials that display long flowering spans, viz., blunt-leaved hepatica (Hepatica americana) and mosspink (Phlox subulata), may have one or two very early records, while the rest of the records are in a relatively discrete cluster. These early rec- ords may be aberrant, either recorded in a very warm year or recorded from a peculiar individual ofa population in which the bulk of the population may have come into flow- er at a more predictable time. Clearly, the onset of flowering in the spring is affected by a number of environmental variables. The earliest species vary the most in their flower initiation, but many species bloom year after year in a reasonably pre- dictable time frame. This discrete pattern of flowering onset suggests, as many other studies have shown, a relatively precise ad- aptation to photoperiod and/or temperature regime (especially cumulative degree-days). Some questions arise when attempting to interpret the flowering times of those species in our records with apparently discrete first- flowering spans. Although some species may truly flower in a quite discrete time span, there are at least two other possible expla- nations. On the one hand, in those cases where relatively few dates were recorded during the 14-year period there is less chance to vary, as, for example, in the cases of knawel (Scleranthus annuus), 5 records; narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago lanceo- lata), 5 records; and Mazus japonicus, 4 rec- ords. For such weedy species one would ex- pect a more variable first-flowering span, which more records probably would show. Likewise, some of the species recorded to- 1007 ward the end of the final month (1.e., May) of the annual observation period may also appear to have discrete flowering periods when in fact a longer period (1.e., beyond June Ist) of recording might have shown that in some years first-flowering did not begin until after June Ist. Given the rather uncontrolled way in which this study was conducted, one would not be justified in drawing more definite conclusions. Basically, we are presenting here a large set of observations that we think are of interest in themselves, and we have tried not to carry our analysis beyond what is justified by the nature of the data. Ad- ditional studies of individual species with a rigorous experimental design would be needed to answer the questions raised. Acknowledgments We are indebted to the numerous per- sons— 109 to be exact—who voluntarily re- corded one or more flowering dates on our charts over the 14-year period. Deserving special mention are Aaron Goldberg and John Wurdack, who both recorded many species year after year and were by far the most important contributors to the data for cultivated species. Several high school stu- dents in the Co-curriculum Program of the Madeira School, Greenway, Virginia, helped compile the records from the charts and punch the data on cards for processing; Hel- en Bartlett and Eugenia Minonda, in par- ticular, provided indispensable assistance in the compilation. The initial computer programming and processing were done by Thomas Kopler. Kenneth McCormick did the programming for the computer-gener- ated graph. Finally, special thanks are due Laura Lehtonen for her many hours of work on the preparation of the data for analysis. Literature Cited Anderson, E., and L. Hubricht. 1940. A method for describing and comparing blooming seasons. — Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 67:639-— 648. 1008 Bailey, L. H., and E. Z. Bailey (revised and expanded by the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Horto- rium). 1976. Hortus Third. Macmillan, New York. 1290 pp. Budd, A. C., and J. B. Campbell. 1959. Flowering sequence of a local flora.—Journal of Range Management 12:127-132. Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classi- fication of flowering plants. Columbia Univer- sity Press, New York. 1262 pp. Fagerstrom, T., and G. I. Agren. 1980. Phenological spread in plants: A result of adaptations to en- vironmental stochasticity?— Vegetatio 43:83—86. Fernald, M. L. with corrections supplied by R. C. Rol- lins. 1970. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., New York. 1632 pp. Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand, Princeton. 810 pp. Heinrich, B. 1976. Flowering phenologies: bog, woodland and disturbed habitats. — Ecology 57: 890-899. Hermann, F. J. 1946. A checklist of plants in the Washington-Baltimore area. 2nd ed. Issued by the Conference on District Flora, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 134 pp. Hitchcock, A. S., and P. C. Standley. 1919. Flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington. 329 pp. Jackson, M.T. 1966. Effects of microclimate on spring flowering phenology.—Ecology 47:407-415. Jacques, H. E., and D. Hilleary. 1945. A thirty year’s phenological record of the spring flowering plants of Henry County.—Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 52:149-152. Leopold, A., and S. E. Jones. 1947. A phenological record for Sauk and Dane counties, Wisconsin, 1935-1945.—Ecological Monographs 17:81- 122. Moss, E. H. 1960. Spring phenological records at Edmonton, Alberta.— Canadian Field Natural- ist 74(2):113-118. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Penfound, W. T. 1956. Phenology of spring weeds in Norman, Oklahoma.—Southwestern Natu- ralist 1(3):121-124. Proctor, M., and P. Yeo. 1972. The pollination of flowers. Taplinger Publishing Company. New York. 418 pp. Taylor, F.G. 1974. Phenodynamics of production in a mesic deciduous forest. Pp. 237—254 in H. Lieth ed., Phenology and seasonality modeling. Springer-Verlag, New York. Terrell, E. T. 1970. Spring flora of the C&O Canal area, from Georgetown to Seneca, Maryland. — Castanea 35:1-25. Thomas, L. K. 1963. Periodicity and anthesis on Theodore Roosevelt Island for the year 1962— 1963. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Capitol Region, Scientific Report No. 2. 26 pp. 1965. Flowering dates on Theodore Roose- velt Island. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 19 pp. United States Soil Conservation Service. 1982. Na- tional list of scientific plant names. 2 volumes. United States Department of Agriculture. Ward, L. F. 1881. Guide to the flora of Washington and vicinity. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. No. 22. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington. 264 pp. Whitehead, D. R. 1969. Wind pollination in the an- giosperms: evolutionary and environmental considerations. — Evolution 23:28-35. Wolfe, J. N.,R.T. Wareham, and H. T. Scofield. 1949. Microclimates and macroclimate of Neotoma, a small valley in central Ohio.— Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin 41 8(1):1-257. (SGS) Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (SW) Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Appendix 1.—Alphabetical list of spring-blooming native and naturalized species of plants of the Wash- ington, D.C., area for which the date of first-flowering was recorded one or more times during the years 1970 to 1983. Species Acer negundo Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Acer saccharum Achillea millefolium Acorus calamus Actaea pachypoda Ailanthus altissima Ajuga reptans Alliaria officinalis Allium vineale Alnus serrulata Amelanchier arborea Amelanchier canadensis Amelanchier laevis Anagallis arvensis Anemone quinquefolia Anemonella thalictroides Antennaria neglecta Antennaria neodioica Antennaria parlinii Antennaria plantagini- folia Anthemis arvensis Anthoxanthum odoratum Aplectrum hyemale Apocynum androsaemi- folium Apocynum cannabinum Aquilegia canadensis Arabidopsis thaliana Arabis laevigata Arabis lyrata Arabis patens Aralia nudicaulis Arisaema dracontium Arisaema triphyllum Aronia arbutifolia Aronia melanocarpa Aronia prunifolia Asarum canadense Asimina triloba Asparagus officinalis Barbarea verna Barbarea vulgaris Betula nigra Brassica campestris Brassica nigra Brassica rapa Range of dates 3/16—4/15 2/22-4/2 1/18-3/20 4/4-4/20 5/12-5/30 5/22-5/24 4/29-4/29 5/21-5/31 4/1-5/9 3/3 1—4/29 5/27-5/27 2/4—4/12 3/28—4/16 4/2-4/18 4/17-4/23 5/29-5/29 4/10—4/25 3/25—4/26 4/10-5/4 4/10-5/7 5/9-5/9 3/31-5/1 4/29-5/26 4/1 2-5/2 5/14-5/22 5/26-5/26 5/16-5/30 4/4-5/7 3/29-5/9 3/25-4/16 3/19-5/11 4/20-5/11 4/25-4/25 5/8-5/15 4/14—4/29 4/19-5/9 4/24-5/10 5/4-5/12 3/28—4/25 4/12-5/3 5/11-5/16 4/7-4/7 3/20-4/20 4/7-4/29 4/7-4/25 5/24—-5/24 4/16—4/16 date 4/4 3/11 2/22 4/12 5/22 5/23 4/29 5/27 4/16 4/15 5/27 3/10 4/5 4/9 4/20 5/29) 4/20 4/7 4/25 4/22 5/9 4/16 5/13 4/22 5/17 5/26 5/25 4/21 4/18 4/3 4/11 4/29 4/25 5/12 4/22 5/2 5/1 5/8 4/14 4/25 5/14 4/7 4/14 4/20 4/15 5/24 4/16 Average No. of years 12 14 14 Nn — — m= OW WwW Ore ND CO Oe WOk KN — BDWAD = — RBar BRWOKE NK WN WAIWNKH WOO HRW Le — a — — Appendix 1.—Continued. Range 1009 Average No. of Species of dates date years Broussonetia papyrifera 5/6-5/21 5/15 4 Caltha palustris 4/17-4/30 4/23 4 Capsella bursa-pastoris 1/1-5/9 3/28 10 Cardamine bulbosa 3/17-5/7 4/17 7 Cardamine hirsuta 1/1-3/21 2/27 14 Cardamine pensylvanica 3/19-5/7 4/11 6 Carex pensylvanica 4/11-4/16 4/14 2 Carex platyphylla 5/6-5/6 5/6 1 Carpinus caroliniana 3/27-4/29 4/10 6 Carya glabra 5/1-5/1 5/1 1 Carya tomentosa 5/2-5/7 5/5 2) Caulophyllum thalic- troides 4/7-4/29 4/19 6 Ceanothus americanus 5/30-5/30 5/30 D Celastrus orbiculatus 5/8—-5/8 5/8 1 Celastrus scandens 5/5-5/11 5/8 2 Celtis occidentalis 4/29-4/29 4/29 1 Centaurea maculosa 5/24-5/24 5/24 1 Cerastium arvense 4/14-5/10 4/25 10 Cercis canadensis 3/23-5/2 4/12 12 Chaerophyllum procum- bens 4/12—-5/1 4/19 11 Chamaelirium luteum 5/12-5/12 5/12 1 Chelidonium majus 4/19-5/5 4/27 6 Chionanthus virginicus 4/29-5/19 5/10 12 Chrysanthemum leucan- themum 5/7-5/22 5/16 7 Chrysogonum virgini- anum 4/20-5/11 5/3 9 Cichorium intybus 5/22-5/31 5/27 6 Claytonia virginica 2/19-4/1 WIS 13 Clematis viorna 5/19-5/19 5/19 1 Comandra umbellata 4/29-5/23 5/7 4 Commelina communis 5/31-5/31 5/31 1 Comptonia peregrina 4/2-4/11 4/6 4 Conium maculatum 5/29-5/29 5/29 1 Conopholis americana 4/4-5/17 5/5 7 Convolvulus arvensis 5/14-5/17 5/16 4 Convolvulus sepium 5/22-5/31 5/26 5 Cornus florida 4/6-5/12 4/21 14 Coronilla varia 5/29-5/29 5/29 1 Corydalis flavula 3/25-4/21 4/8 14 Corylus americana 3/1-3/17 3/8 4 Corylus cornuta 2/23-3/19 3/7 2 Crepis japonica 5/9-5/9 5/9 1 Cryptotaenia canaden- sis 5/31-5/31 5/31 2 Cymbalaria muralis 4/3-4/29 4/16 2) Cynodon dactylon 5/31-5/31 5/31 1 Cynoglossum virgini- anum 5/14-5/14 5/14 1 Cypripedium acaule 4/17-5/10 = 4/28 6 Cypripedium calceolus 4/29-5/10 5/4 6 1010 Appendix 1.—Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Cytisus scoparius 4/28-5/8 5/2 3 Dactylis glomerata 4/19-5/4 4/29 4 Daucus carota 5/31-5/31 5/31 2 Dentaria heterophylla 3/20-4/24 4/5 11 Dentaria laciniata 3/10-4/11 3/25 14 Dicentra canadensis 4/1-4/29 4/12 10 Dicentra cucularia 3/19-4/16 4/3 14 Dioscorea quaternata 5/21-5/29 5/24 3 Dioscorea villosa 5/13-5/13 5/13 1 Diospyros virginiana 5/31-5/31 5/31 1 Dirca palustris 3/13-4/8 3/26 8 Dodecatheon meadia 4/17-4/25 4/22 3 Draba verna 1/13-3/29 3/8 11 Duchesnea indica 1/2-4/30 3/21 12 Epigaea repens 3/17-4/24 4/4 11 *Equisetum arvense 4/19-4/19 4/19 2 Erigenia bulbosa 3/1-4/11 3/16 13 Erigeron annuus 5/15-5/15 5/15 1 Erigeron philadelphicus 5/5-5/11 5/8 3 Erigeron pulchellus 4/27-5/13 5/6 3 Erodium cicutarium 1/1-5/2 3/23 7 Erythronium alhbidum 4/7-4/19 4/15 9 Erythronium ameri- canum 3/23-4/16 4/1 14 Euonymus americanus 5/11-5/29 5/19 7 Euphorbia commutata 4/20-4/20 4/20 1 Euphorbia cyparissias 4/19-5/7 4/30 3 Euphorbia supina 5/25-5/25 5/25 1 Fagus grandifolia 4/11-4/23 4/17 3 Festuca ovina 5/15-5/30 5/23 2 Floerkea proserpina- coides 4/9-4/25 4/18 9 Fragaria virginiana 4/4-5/9 4/17 10 Fraxinus americana 4/8—4/8 4/8 1 Galinsoga ciliata 5/20-5/22 5/21 D Galium aparine 4/22-5/2 4/29 9 Gaylussacia baccata 4/30-5/26 5/13 4 Gaylussacia frondosa $/12-5/20 5/16 2 Geranium carolinianum 4/5-5/28 5/8 6 Geranium maculatum 4/11-5/4 4/222 Geranium molle 5/15-5/15 5/15 1 Geum vernum 4/18-4/18 4/18 1 Gillenia trifoliata 5/23-5/23 5/23 1 Glechoma hederacea 3/14 / Gan /SileeealS Hepatica americana 1/9—4/11 3/16 13 Hesperis matronalis 4/25-5/8 4/30 4 Heuchera americana 5/15-5/21 5/17 3 Hieracium pratense 5/20-5/23 5/22 yp} Hieracium venosum WI=V23 S/i13) 4 Houstonia caerulea 2/22-4/25 4/4 14 Houstonia purpurea »/23—5/ 235/23 1 Hybanthus concolor 5/5-5/11 5/7 3 Hydrophyllum virgini- anum 4/29-5/17 5/9 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Appendix 1.— Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Hypericum perforatum 5/30-5/30 5/30 1 Hypoxis hirsuta 4/28-5/23 5/11 5 Ilex opaca 5/8-5/22 5/14 9 Tlex verticillata 5/22-5/31 5/27 3 Impatiens capensis 5/28—5/28 5/28 1 Tris cristata 4/30-5/11 5/4 3 Tris verna 4/29-4/29 4/29 1 Tris versicolor 5/8-5/26 5/16 3 Tsotria verticillata 4/29-5/16 5/5 3 Jeffersonia diphylla 3/25-4/16 4/6 10 Juglans nigra 5/4-5/20 5/13 4 *Juniperus virginiana 3/13-3/28 3/23 3 Kalmia angustifolia 5/16-5/22 5/18 3 Kalmia latifolia 5/5-5/30 5/20 10 Krigia dandelion 4/29-5/5 5/1 4 Lamium amplexicaule 1/2-4/18 2/28 14 Lamium purpureum 2/5—4/9 3/19 13 Lathyrus venosus 5/9-5/9 5/9 1 Leonurus cardiaca 5/22-5/29 5/26 2 Lepidium campestre 4/3-5/11 4/30 5 Lepidium virginicum 1/2-5/23 4/22 6 Leucothoe racemosa 4/25-5/23 5/11 4 Linaria canadensis $/22-5/30 5/25 3 Lindera benzoin 3/7-4/11 3/27 14 Linum usitatissimum 4/11-4/11 4/11 1 Linum virginianum 5/23-5/23 5/23 1 Liparis lilifiolia 5/21-5/29 5/25 2 Liquidambar styraciflua 4/19-4/30 4/24 5 Liriodendron tulipifera 4/21-5/21 5/8 14 Lithospermum arvense 4/25-4/25 4/25 1 Lobelia spicata 5/30-5/30 5/30 1 Lolium perenne 5/14-5/30 5/23 3 Lonicera japonica 4/17-5/30 = 5/11 9 Lonicera morrowit 4/20-5/6 4/28 2, Lonicera sempervirens 5/20-5/25 5/23 2, Lotus corniculatus 5/2-5/2 3/2 1 Lupinus perennis 5/7-5/7 5/7 1 Luzula campestris 3/24-4/16 4/8 3 Lyonia ligustrina 5/23-5/23 5/23 1 Lysimachia nummularia 5/20-5/24 5/22 3 Lysimachia quadrifolia 5/26-5/26 5/26 1 Lythrum salicaria 5/30-5/30 5/30 1 Maclura pomifera 5/17-5/20 5/19 5 Magnolia virginiana 5/3-5/22 5/13 5 Maianthemum cana- dense 4/19-5/7 4/30 5 Marrubium vulgare 5/29-5/29 5/29 2 Mazus japonicus 4/26-5S/16 5/8 4 Medeola virginiana 5/7-5/24 5/16 7 Medicago lupulina 5/5-5/5 5/5 1 Medicago sativa 5/15-5/30 5/23 2 Melilotus alba §/22-5/31 5/27 5 Melilotus officinalis 5/3-5/23 5/13 7 Mertensia virginica 3/12-4/13 4/2 14 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Appendix 1.—Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Mitchella repens 5/26—-5/31 5/29 3 Mitella diphylla 4/1 7-5/2 4/23 5 Morus alba 4/19-5/5 4/26 5 Morus rubra 4/23—-4/23 4/23 1 Muscari botryoides 3/21-4/24 4/6 9 Nepeta cataria 4/16-4/16 4/16 1 Nuphar advena 5/20-5/20 5/20 1 Nymphaea odorata 5/16-5/16 5/16 1 Nyssa sylvatica 5/3-5/27 5/15 8 Obolaria virginica 4/12-4/30 4/20 4 Oenothera laciniata 5/26-5/26 5/26 1 Oenothera tetragona 5/30-5/30 5/30 1 Opuntia humifusa 5/30-5/30 5/30 1 Orchis spectabilis 4/21-5/14 5/2 5 Ornithogalum nutans 4/10-4/25 4/18 5 Ornithogalum umbel- latum 4/18-5/6 4/30 6 Orobanche uniflora 4/30-5/15 5/8 7 Orontium aquaticum 4/22-5S/11 4/30 3 Osmorhiza claytoni 4/16-5/2 4/24 9 Osmorhiza longistylis 4/16—5/7 4/25 9 *Osmunda cinnamomea 4/29-4/29 4/29 1 *Osmunda claytoniana 4/29-4/29 4/29 1 Ostrya virginiana 3/27-4/29 4/15 3 Oxalis corniculata 4/12-4/12 4/12 1 Oxalis europaea 4/27-4/30 4/29 2 Oxalis grandis 5/5-5/5 5/5 1 Oxalis stricta 5/2-5/15 5/8 4 Oxalis violacea 4/30-5/23 5/11 5 Panax trifolius 4/1-5/7 4/20 9 Paulownia tomentosa 4/9-5/9 5/2 12 Phacelia dubia 4/29-5S/13 5/5 4 Phacelia ranunculacea 4/18-4/29 4/25 6 Phleum pratense 5/31-5/31 5/31 1 Phlox divaricata 3/12-4/24 4/11 13 Phlox subulata 1/1-4/10 3/16 14 Physocarpus opulifolius 5/15-5/28 5/19 4 Phytolacca americana 5/31-5/31 5/31 1 *Pinus strobus 5/15-5/28 5/19 4 *Pinus virginiana 5/2-5/9 5/7 4 Plantago lanceolata 4/25-5/16 5/3 7 Plantago rugelii 5/26-5/26 5/26 1 Plantago virginica 4/25-S/10 5/3 4 Platanus occidentalis 4/25-5/3 4/30 5 Poa annua 1/24-4/27 3/23 9 Poa cuspidata 3/31-4/28 4/12 5 Poa pratensis 4/12—5/8 4/29 4 Podophyllum peltatum 4/14—5/5 4/27 14 Polygonatum biflorum 5/3-5/28 5/10 6 Polygonatum canalicu- latum 5/16-5/16 5/16 1 Polygonum aviculare 4/15-4/15 4/15 1 Polygonum hydropi- peroides 5/28-5/28 5/28 1 Appendix 1.—Continued. Species Polygonum persicaria Populus deltoides Populus grandidentata Potentilla argentea Potentilla canadensis Potentilla norvegica Potentilla recta Potentilla simplex Prunus americana Prunus angustifolia Prunus pensylvanica Prunus serotina Prunus virginiana Ptelea trifoliata Quercus alba Quercus borealis Quercus coccinea Quercus palustris Quercus phellos Quercus prinus Quercus stellata Ranunculus abortivus Ranunculus acris Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculus ficaria Ranunculus hispidus Ranunculus micranthus Ranunculus recurvatus Ranunculus septentrio- nalis Rhododendron nudi- florum Rhododendron viscosum Rhus aromatica Rhus radicans Rhus typhina Rhus vernix Robinia pseudo-acacia Rosa carolina Rosa multiflora Rubus allegheniensis Rubus argutus Rubus enslenii Rubus flagellaris Rumex acetosella Rumex crispus Sagina decumbens Sagittaria rigida Salix alba Salix humilis Salix nigra Salix sericea Salvia lyrata Sambucus canadensis Range of dates 5/24—-5/24 3/16—4/28 3/29-3/29 5/17-5/17 4/8-4/29 5/24-5/30 5/9-5/26 4/20-5/9 3/16-4/21 3/9-4/25 4/19-4/30 4/12-5/17 5/11-5/11 5/16-5/29 4/23—4/30 3/29-4/24 4/24-4/29 3/30-5/1 4/19-5/4 4/29-4/29 4/29-5/3 3/19-4/16 4/18-4/18 3/27-5/9 3/25=3/25 4/7-5/6 4/12—4/24 4/28-5/11 4/5-4/24 4/19-5/13 5/26-5/26 4/11-4/19 5/5—5/30 5/26—5/29 5/20-5/20 4/19-5/15 5/23—5/23 5/12-5/28 4/23-5/24 5/16—5/16 5/11-5/11 5/5=5/12 4/2-5/22 5/4—5/30 3/28-S/1 5/30-5/30 4/2-5/5 3/20-3/28 3/21-5/9 3/27—4/5 4/28-5/28 5/20-5/25 1011 Average No. of date 5/24 4/8 3/29 5/17 4/18 5/27 5/18 4/28 4/3 3/27 4/23 5/5 5/11 5/23 4/26 4/13 4/27 4/17 4/27 4/29 5/1 4/7 4/18 4/21 3/25 4/23 4/18 5/6 4/13 4/30 5/26 4/16 5/16 5/28 5/20 5/7 sf 23) 5/20 5/7 5/16 5/11 5/9 4/27 5/20 4/10 5/30 4/19 B/S 4/26 3/31 5/11 5/23 years = — YNnNnwreoorhhe HRPRNH UPN KW BWNH WH HD OK K— CH —_ — — — BAW HBWN KH WYO NRKP KEW UNKE NK NN Pee 1012 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Appendix 1.—Continued. Appendix 1.—Continued. Range Average No. of Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Species of dates date years Sanguinaria canadensis 3/13-4/4 3/26 Triodanis perfoliata 5/16-5/31 5/25 5 Sanicula gregaria 5/7-5/22 5/15 Triosteum angustifolium 5/9-5/9 5/9 1 Sarracenia purpurea 5/9-5/12 5/10 *Tsuga canadensis 4/24—4/30 4/26 3 Sassafras albidum 3/25-4/24 4/11 Tussilago farfara 2/24-4/13 3/15 13 Saxifraga pensylvanica 4/29-4/29 4/29 Typha angustifolia 5/29-5/29 5/29 1 Saxifraga virginiensis 3/7-4/15. 3/31 Ulmus americana 2/1=3/22 3/2 14 Scleranthus annuus 4/16-5/4 4/23 Ulmus rubra 4/11-4/11 4/11 1 Scutellaria serrata 5/4-5/22 5/13 D) Urtica dioica 5/29-5/29 5/29 1 Sedum ternatum 4/25-S/10 5/2 11 Uyularia perfoliata 4/21-5/10 5/2 8 Senecio aureus 3/10-5/7 4/12 12 Uvularia sessilifolia 4/8-5/1 4/19 9 Senecio crawfordii 5/12-5/12 5/12 1 Vaccinium angustifolium 4/22-4/24 4/23 2 Senecio smallii 5/9-5/9 5/9 2 Vaccinium atrococcum 4/7-5/9 4/26 3 Senecio vulgaris 1/7-4/27 3/11 4 Vaccinium corymbosum 4/10-5/13 4/23 6 Silene alba 5/5-5/10 5/8 2 Vaccinium stamineum 4/23-5/26 5/6 11 Silene caroliniana 3/3 1-5/4 4/19 10 Vaccinium vacillans 4/20-5/9 4/26 7 Silene vulgaris Valeriana pauciflora 5/10-5/19 5/16 3 (cucubalus) 5/9-5/9 5/9 1 Veronica agrestis 1/2-4/12 2/28 9 Sisymbrium officinale 5/20-5/31 5/26 2 Veronica arvensis 2/1-4/27 3/25 4 Sisyrinchium spp. 4/30-5/30 5/13 7 Veronica hederaefolia 2/23-4/11 3/18 14 Smilacina racemosa 4/30-5/21 5/9 1 Veronica officinalis 3/7-5/21 4/23 3 Smilacina stellata 5/9-5/9 5/9 1 Veronica persica 3/3-4/30 3/31 7 Smilax herbacea 5/23-5/28 5/25 4 Veronica serpyllifolia 5/15-5/15 5/15 1 Smilax rotundifolia 5/23-5/23 5/23 1 Viburnum acerifolium 5/14-5/23 5/19 5 Solanum carolinense 5/28-5/31 5/29 3 Viburnum dentatum 5/5-5/30 5/21 4 Solanum dulcamara 4/26-5/21 5/10 8 Viburnum prunifolium 4/11-5/4 4/25 12 Solidago juncea 5/26-5/26 5/26 1 Viburnum rafinesqui- Sonchus asper W2I- SDD Sf 2D 1 anum 5/11-5/15 = 5/13 3 Sonchus oleraceus 5/16-5/20 5/18 2 Viburnum recognitum 5/5—5/5 5/5 1 Sparganium eurycarpum 5/23-5/29 5/27 4 Vicia angustifolia 5/1-5/12 5/6 5 Staphylea trifolia 4/11-4/30 4/22 9 Vicia caroliniana 4/21-5/23 5/2 5 Stellaria graminea 5/30-5/31 5/31 2 Vicia villosa 5/29-5/29 5/29 1 Stellaria longifolia 5/5-5/5 5/5 Viola affinis 4/1-4/27 4/17 5 Stellaria media 1/1-3/23 1/28 Viola cucullata 4/4—4/13 4/10 3 Stellaria pubera 3/20-4/18 4/8 Viola eriocarpa 3/18-5/2 4/12 13 Symplocarpus foetidus 1/1-3/14 2/9 Viola fimbriatula 4/12-5/9 4/24 3 Taenidia integerrima 5/22-5/22 5/22 Viola kitaibeliana 3/25-4/21 4/8 10 Taraxacum officinale 1/1-3/21 92/1 Viola papilionacea 3/14—-4/16 4/3 14 Thalictrum dioicum 4/1 7-5/7 4/27 2 Viola pedata 4/11-5/7 4/21 5 Thalictrum polygamum —5/23-5/23 5/23 1 Viola primulifolia 4/21-5/9 5/4 4 Thaspium barbinode 5/7-5/11 5/9 p) Viola pubescens 4/12-4/16 4/14 2 Thlaspi arvense 5/17-5/17 ~—- 5/17 1 Viola sagittata 5/9-5/23 5/16 4 Tiarella cordifolia 4/16-4/29 4/22 4 Viola sororia 4/2-4/29 4/18 3 Tilia americana WIS SfBil 2B Viola striata 4/3—5/2 4/18 12 Tradescantia virginiana 4/28-5/26 5/10 5 Viola triloba 4/29-5/10 5/3 3 Tragopogon pratensis 5/12-5/16 5/14 2) Vitis labrusca 5/28-5/28 5/28 1 Trifolium dubium 5/8-5/20 95/15 3 Vitis vulpina 5/23-5/25 5/24 2 Trifolium hybridum 4/29-5/21 5/9 4 Zizia aurea 3/25-5/19 4/15 9 Trifolium pratense 4/25-5/10 5/4 8 Trifolium procumbens 5/23-5/23 5/23 1 * Non-flowering plants. Date of ‘first flowering” is Trifolium repens 1/2-5/19 4/10 6 date when spores are first released or when male cones Trillium sessile 4/2-4/16 4/8 12 begin to shed pollen. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1013 Appendix 2.—Alphabetical list of spring-blooming Appendix 2.— Continued. cultivated species of plants of the Washington, D.C. area for which the date of first-flowering was recorded Range Average No. of more than one time during the years 1970 to 1983. pre Pas oe Betula populifolia 4/26-4/30 4/28 2 Bae Ee eee | Blenilansiiata WIS SG 3 Borago officinalis 5/29-5/30 5/30 2 Acer campestre 5/2-5/3 5/3 2 Brassica oleracea 3/17-4/10 3/29 2 Acer palmatum 4/1-4/27 4/16 5 Buxus semperiverens 3/6-4/13 3/26 6 Acer platanoides 3/25-4/25 4/9 10 Calendula officinalis 4/30-5/30 5/15 2 Acer pseudo-platanus 4/5-5/10 4/27 10 Calycanthus floridus 4/26-5/15 5/7 4 Actinidia arguta 5/10-5/24 5/19 4 Camellia japonica 1/27-4/6 wie ili Adonis amurensis 2/20-3/15 3/7 3 Campanula rotundifolia 5/9-5/30 5/16 3 Aegopodium podagraria 5/2\-5/26 5/24 2 Caragana arborescens 4/19-5/1 4/25 3 Aesculus glabra 4/25-S/10 5/2 4 Carum carvi 4/25-5/29 5/7 4 Aesculus hippocastanum 4/19-5/15 5/2 9 Carya illinoensis 5/6-5/18 5/11 3 Aesculus pavia 4/25—-5/4 4/30 5 Catalpa speciosa 5/17-5/30 5/25 6 Akebia quinata 4/11-4/17 4/14 4 Centaurea montana 5/2-5/7 5/5 2 Alchemilla vulgaris 4/19-4/24 4/22 3 Centranthus ruber 5/2-5/15 5/8 3 Allium christophii 5/15-5/15 5/15 DD *Cephalotaxus harring- Allium fistulosum 5/2-5/16 5/8 3 tonia 4/16-4/17 = 4/17 D Allium giganteum 5/21-5/29 5/25 ) Cercidiphyllum japon- Allium schoenoprasum 5/15-5/20 5/18 2 icum 3/24—4/6 3/31 4 Amsonia tabernaemon- Cercis chinensis 4/1 7-5/1 4/24 2 tana 4/25—5/4 4/30 4 Chaenomeles japonica 1/15-4/16 3/3 5 Anemone “De Caen” 4/9-4/10 4/10 2 Chaenomeles lagenaria 1/12-4/11 3/9 4 Anemone blanda 2/21-5/23 3/28 7 Chaenomeles speciosa 3/17-3/19 3/18 2 Anemone pulsatilla 3/15-4/2 3/21 3 Chaenomeles sp. 1/1-3/29 2/12 4 Angelica archangelica 5/14-5/15 5/15 2 *Chamaecyparis pisifera 4/5-5/14 4/25 2 Antirrhinum majus 5/21-5/30 5/26 2 Cheiranthus cheiri 3/20-4/19 4/4 3 Aquilegia ecalcarata 5/1-5/7 5/4 2 Chelidonium japonicum 4/13-4/26 4/21 3 Aquilegia flabellata 4/22-4/24 4/23 3 Chimonanthus praecox 1/1-3/15 2/4 4 Arabis caucasica 1/26-4/2 3/1 3 Chionanthus retusus 5/3-5S/15 5/8 3 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4/11-4/19 4/16 4 Chionodoxa luciliae 3/12—4/8 3/22 10 Arenaria grandiflora 5/15-5/15 5/15 D Chloranthus japonicus 4/5-4/17 4/14 4 Arenaria montana 5/6-5/15 5/9 3 Chrysanthemum coc- Arisaema sikokianum 4/22-4/26 4/25 4 cineum 5/7-5/9 5/8 D} Arisaema thunbergii 4/30—-5/2 5/1 y} Chrysanthemum par- Arisaema vingens 4/30-5/2 5/1 2 thenium 5/29-5/29 5/29 2 Aristolochia durior 5/15-5/16 5/16 2 Cladrastis lutea 5/5-5/10 5/8 2 Armeria juncea 4/17-4/26 4/22 2 Clematis addisonii 4/26-5/8 2 3 Armeria juniperifolia 4/5-4/13 4/9 D) Clematis albicoma 4/26-5/2 4/28 3 Armeria maritima 5/6-5/10 5/9 3 Clematis coactilis 4/26-5/8 5/2 3 Armoracia rusticana 5/3-5/7 5/5 2) Clematis integrifolia 5/15-5/16 5/16 2 Arum italicum spp. Clematis versicolor 5/16-5/27 5/22 2 pictum 5/15-5/26 5/21 2 Clematis viticaulis 5/13-5/22 5/17 3 Asarum minus 5/1-5/2 5/2 y} Convyallaria majalis 4/19-5/5 4/29 8 Asarum naniflora 4/19-5/2 4/26 A, Coriandrum sativum 5/2-5/29 5/16 2 Asarum shuttleworthii 4/19-5/9 4/30 4 Coriaria japonica 5/23-5/26 5/25 2 Asarum virginicum 4/2-4/19 4/11 2 Cornus kousa 5/16-5/27 5/22 5 Aucuba japonica 3/11-4/18 4/1 5 Cornus mas 1/27-3/22 3/6 14 Baptisia australis 5/2-5/10 5/6 3 Corydalis ambigua 3/29-4/13 4/7 3 Berberis gagnepainii 4/7-4/8 4/8 2 Corydalis lutea 4/2-4/18 4/12 3 Berberis julianae 3/27-4/20 4/9 4 Corydalis ochroleuca 4/17—4/20 4/19 2 Berberis thunbergii 3/17-4/29 4/11 6 Corylopsis pauciflora 3/14—4/5 3/25 5 Betula pendula 4/4-4/10 4/7 2 Corylus avellana 1/2-4/4 3/2 8 Betula platyphylla 4/4-4/12 4/9 4 Cotinus coggygria 5/22-5/23 5/23 2 1014 Appendix 2.— Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Crataegus mollis 3/23-4/13 4/6 1] Crataegus phaenopyrum 5/27-5/29 5/28 2 Crocus biflorus var. weldenii 2/27-3/20 3/10 2 Crocus chrysanthus 1/28-2/11 2/4 2 Crocus etruscus 3/13-3/20 3/17 yD) Crocus flavus 1/10-3/13 2/14 5 Crocus fleischeri 2/27-3/20 3/10 D Crocus sieberi 1/10-3/20 2/16 5 Crocus tomasinianus 3/17-3/25 3/21 3 Crocus vernus 3/10-3/15 3/13 D Crocus spp. 2/4-3/14 2/18 9 Croton alabamensis 4/2-4/17 4/10 p)} *Cryptomeria japonica 3/13-3/15 3/14 2 *Cunninghamia lanceo- lata 4/19-4/26 4/23 y Cyclamen coum 2/22-3/9 3/2 2 Daphne genkwa 3/27-4/14 4/7 3 Daphne odora 3/12-3/27 3/21 4 Daphne retusa 4/2-4/17 4/12 4 Datura stramonium 5/22-5/24 5/23 2 Delphinium tricorne 5/4-5/8 5/6 3 Dentaria multifida 4/13-4/22 4/18 yp) Dianthus barbatus 5/2-5/7 5/5 2 Dianthus caryophyllus 4/24-5/20 5/7 2 Dicentra eximia 4/12-5/9 4/24 4 Dicentra formosa 4/17-4/24 4/21 2 Dicentra formosa vat. oregana 4/20-4/24 4/22 2 Dicentra spectabilis 4/20-5/10 4/29 4 Dictamnus albus 5/7-5/9 5/8 3 Digitalis grandiflora 5/22-5/29 5/26 2 Digitalis purpurea 5/10-5/24 5/18 4 Draba rigida 3/20-3/29 3/25 2 Dracocephalum calo- phyllum $/23-5S/27 5/25 2 Endymion non-scriptus 4/27—5/4 5/1 2 Enkianthus campanu- latus 5/6-5/28 5/17 2) Epimedium grandiflorum 4/2-4/17 4/11 5 Epimedium perralde- ranum 4/10-4/17 4/14 3 Epimedium sagittatum 4/10-5/2 AV = Epimedium semper- virens 4/13-4/16 4/15 2) Epimedium x rubrum 4/5—4/14 4/10 3 Epimedium x versi- color 4/10-4/13 4/12 D, Epimedium x warley- ense 4/2-4/14 4/9 4 Eranthis hyemalis VW QV VYQ2 UR M3} Erica carnea 2/2-4/21 3/19 6 Erythronium rostratum 3/27-3/29 3/28 2) PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Appendix 2.— Continued. Species Eschscholzia californica Eunomia oppositifolia Euonymus alata Euphorbia epithymoides Forsythia suspensa Forsythia spp. Fothergilla gardenii Fraxinus excelsior Fritillaria imperialis Fritillaria meleagris Gaillardia pulchella Galanthus elwesii Galanthus nivalis Galax urceolata Galium odoratum Genista sagittalis Geranium macror- rhizum Geranium phaeum Geum rivale Geum urbanum *Ginkgo biloba Glaucium flavum Gleditsia triacanthos Globularia cordifolia Gymnocladus dioica Gypsophila repens Halesia carolina Hamamelis mollis Hamamelis vernalis Helianthemum nummu- larium Heliotropium arbores- cens Helleborus niger Helleborus orientalis Hemerocallis minor Hepatica nobilis Heuchera sanguinea Hyacinthus orientalis Hydrangea anomala Hypericum fragile Iberis sempervirens Tlex aquifolium Tlex crenata Tlex glabra Tllicium floridanum Ipheion uniflorum Tris bakerana Tris danfordiae Tris gracilipes Tris histrioides Tris pseudacorus Range of dates 5/3-5/24 3/5=3/27 4/28-5/23 4/26-5/1 3/12-3/19 1/13/22 4/19—4/30 4/8—4/16 4/4—4/10 4/5—4/22 5/17-5/24 2/14—3/10 1/1-—3/15 5/22-5/29 4/23-5/3 5/16-5/27 5/7-5/16 5/2-5/13 3/13-3/27 5/15—5/20 4/19-5/2 5/15—5/20 5/9-5/17 4/26-5/7 5/18—5/31 5/2-5/30 4/19-5/2 1/3 1-3/22 2/1=2/27 5/1-5/30 5/20-5/29 3/5-3/17 2/14—3/20 5/20-5/22 3/5-3/20 4/26-5/7 3/11-4/1 5/16=5/22 5/15=5/27 1/1—4/5 4/14—4/26 5/24—5/29 5/30-5/31 4/2-5/2 3/29-4/17 3/1-3/17 2/18—4/1 5/2-5/16 3/1-3/9 5/8—5/30 Average No. of years date 5/18 3/17 5/7 4/29 3/15 2/25 4/24 4/12 4/7 4/15 5/21 2/22 2/17 5/26 4/27 5/22 5/10 5/8 3/20 5/18 4/25 5/18. 5/11 5/1 5/24 5/15 4/25 2/22 2/14 5/16 5/25 3/9 3/5 5/21 3/14 5/2 3/19 5/20 5/21 3/6 4/20 5/26 5/31 4/15 4/7 3/9 3/4 5/8 3/5 5/17 & — NWWwW BwoOW WN WW OB HW NN W N NDNA WWWHWaAN BN NY NW W = WNWOWWhRWWNHAYN We BUN WH WN A lb VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Appendix 2.—Continued. Species Tris reticulata Tris X germanica Tsatis tinctoria Itea virginica Jasminum nudiflorum Jeffersonia dubia Kerria japonica Kolkwitzia amabilis Laburnum anagyroides *Larix decidua Lavandula pinnata Leitneria floridana Leucojum aestivum Leucothoe fontanesiana Limnanthes alba Linaria annua Linum perenne Lonicera fragrantis- sima Lonicera maackii Loropetalum chinense Lychnis coronaria Lyonia mariana Magnolia acuminata Magnolia ashei Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia kobus Magnolia macrophylla Magnolia stellata Magnolia tripetala Magnolia x loebneri Magnolia x soulangi- ana Mahonia aquifolium Mahonia bealei Mahonia repens Mahonia spp. Malus angustifolia Malus baccata Malus halliana Malus hupehensis Malus sylvestris Matricaria recutita Muscari armeniacum Myrica cerifera Myrica pensylvanica Narcissus “‘February Gold” Narcissus “Jack Snipe” Narcissus “‘King Alfred” Narcissus “Tete-a- tete”’ Range of dates 2/22-3/15 1/12-5/20 4/19—4/30 5/29-5/31 1/1-—3/22 3/29—4/17 4/18—4/20 5/3-5/20 4/20-5/10 4/4—4/20 5/28-5/29 4/8—4/16 4/17—4/20 4/24-5/2 5/14—-5/15 4/10-5/1 4/24—4/30 1/2-—3/22 5/7-5/8 4/1 1-5/15 5/22-5/30 5/17-5/30 5/2-5/10 5/15=5/27 5/11-5/30 3/19—4/5 5/18-5/30 3/4—3/28 5/1-5/11 3/5—3/27 3/5—-4/8 3/20-4/5 1/1-3/14 4/5—4/5 1/25-2/28 4/29-5/7 4/12—4/17 4/2-4/17 3/23-4/11 4/5—4/25 5/2=5/7 3/20—4/13 5/4—5/8 4/25-5/7 3/3-3/25 3/30-3/31 3/17-3/18 3/13-3/20 Average No. of date 3/5 4/11 4/24 5/30 2/10 4/7 4/19 5/11 5/3 4/12 5/29 4/11 4/18 4/29 5/15 4/21 4/27 2/20 5/8 4/25 5/26 5/24 5/6 5/23 5/23 3/28 5/23 3/17 5/6 3/16 3/22 3/29 2/12 4/5 2/11 5/3 4/15 4/10 4/3 4/15 5/5 4/1 5/6 5/1 3/15 3/30 3/18 3/16 years _ 9 7 3 4 4 3 2 3 4 D 2) 5) 3 3 yp) y 2 = — NOHPPHRNNWNHNYNWH FS BWNNNONNNNN BN GS Nn Appendix 2.—Continued. 1015 Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Narcissus asturiensis 3/5-—3/20 3/13 D) Narcissus bulbocodium 4/10-4/17 4/14 2 Narcissus bulbocodium var. CONSpicuus 3/15-3/20 3/18 2) Narcissus jonquilla 4/23-5/8 5/1 2 Narcissus pseudo-nar- CISSUS 3/1-3/24 3/11 12 Narcissus scaberulus 3/18-4/13 3/31 D; Narcissus triandrus 3/6-4/17 = 3/27 Dp Nigella damascena 5/22-5/29 5/25 3 Nothoscordum bivalve 4/22-5/1 4/26 4 Pachysandra procum- bens 4/5-4/13 4/8 4 Pachysandra terminalis 3/7-4/21 3/28 10 Papaver orientale 5/10-5/20 5/15 y) Penstemon hirsutus 5/15-5/17 = 5/16 3 Penstemon pinifolius 5/15-5/27 = 5/21 2 Petasites japonicus 3/13-3/29 3/23 3 Philadelphus spp. 4/20-5/20 5/9 3 Phlox bifida 4/5-4/17 4/13 3 Phlox stolonifera 4/15-4/24 4/20 3 Phlox x procumbens 4/20-4/22 4/21 2 Picrasma quassioides 5/7-5/8 5/8 2 Pieris “Forest flame” 3/23-3/29 3/26 3 Pieris floribunda 3/12-3/27 3/20 2 Pieris japonica 2/22-3/23 3/12 14 *Pinus banksiana 4/19-5/4 4/29 3 *Pinus densiflora 5/7-5/8 5/8 yp) *Pinus nigra 4/24—-5/5 5/1 5 *Pinus wallichiana 5/22-5/31 5/26 4 Plantago psyllium 5/7-5/15 5/10 3 Platycladus orientalis 3/5-3/27 3/16 3 Polemonium reptans 4/8-5/2 4/20 2 Polygonatum falcatum 5/14-5/16 5/15 3 Polygonatum odoratum 5/1—5/2 5/2 2) Poncirus trifoliata 4/4-4/23 4/15 3 Populus tremuloides 3/20-4/5 3/28 4 Potentilla aurea 4/1 7-5/2 4/25 D, Potentilla fruticosa 5/2-5/7 5/5 2 Potentilla nevadensis 3/29-4/13 4/5 3 Potentilla tridentata 5/4-5/22 5/11 3 Primula japonica 5/2-5/16 5/10 4 Prunus “Flowering Cherry”’ 1/3-3/26 2/25 4 Prunus cerasifera 3/17-4/10 3/29 D Prunus laurocerasus 1/1-4/30 8 4/7 7 Prunus mume 3/5-3/16 3/12 3 Prunus persica 3/24-3/25 3/25 2 Prunus subhirtella 3/12-4/10 3/26 4 Prunus yedoensis 3/4—4/6 3/26 9 Prunus yedoenesis/ serrulata 3/17—4/9 3/29 5 Psoralea subacaulis 5/7-5/8 5/8 D 1016 Appendix 2.— Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Pterocarya stenoptera 4/11-4/23 4/15 3 Pulmonaria angustifolia 4/10-4/17 4/14 2 Pulmonaria officinalis 3/20-3/27 3/24 2D Puschkinia scilloides 3/4—4/1 3/19 9 Pyracantha “Mohave” 4/19-5/14 5/2 2 Pyracantha spp. 5/14-5/22 5/18 2 Pyrus calleryana 3/12-4/12 3/30 9 Pyrus communis 3/22-4/27 4/10 7 Quercus acutissima 4/21-4/23 4/22 2 Quercus falcata 4/14-4/24 4/20 6 Rhododendron “Azalea” 3/18—4/12 3/29 4 Rhododendron “‘Pioneer” 3/14—-3/18 3/16 2 Rhododendron catawbi- ense 5/14-5/26 5/20 2) Rhododendron chap- manii 5/7-5/13 5/9 3 Rhododendron keiskei 3/29-4/10 4/4 2 Rhododendron mucro- nulatum 1/1-3/22 2/22 9 Rhodotypos scandens 4/26-5/29 5/18 3 Robinia hispida 5/15-5/29 5/22 y Rorippa indica $/20-5/22 5/21 y) Rosa foetida 5/8-5/14 5/10 3 Rosa rugosa 5/7-5/8 5/8 2 Rosmarinus officinalis 4/10-4/17 4/13 3 Ruta graveolens 5/9-5/29 5/18 3 Salix aegyptiaca 3/5-3/27 3/16 2 Salix babylonica 3/25-4/13 4/5 5 Salix caprea 3/8—-4/5 3/23 4 Salix discolor 2/24—4/2 3/15 2 Salix glaucophylloides 4/2-4/4 4/3 2) Salix gracilistyla 3/15-3/23 3/19 3 Salix purpurea 3/20-3/27 3/24 2 Salix x chrysocoma 3/27-4/2 3/30 2 Salix spp. 2/27-3/4 3/2 2 Salvia officinalis 5/14-5/15 5/15 2 Sanguinaria canadensis (cv.) 3/29-4/14 4/6 2 Sanguisorba minor 5/3-5/8 5/6 3 Saponaria x oliviana 5/7-5/15 5/11 2 Sarcococca hookerana 3/5-4/12 3/22 4 Saxifraga caroliniana 5/7-5/15—S/11 2 Schivereckia doerfleri 3/27-4/13 4/5 . 2 Scilla bifolia 3/5-3/20 3/12 5 Scilla siberica DYNA BYND 113} Scilla tubergeniana 3/12-3/29 3/21 4 Scorzonera hispanica 5/22—5/29 5/26 y Sedum pulchellum 5/7-S/17_ 5/13 3 Senecio haworthii 4/17-4/26 4/22 3 Shortia galacifolia 3/12-4/14 3/29 5 Skimmia japonica 4/5—4/8 4/7 D; Spiraea prunifolia 3/30-5/2 4/20 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Appendix 2.—Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Spiraea x vanhouttei 4/24-5/13 5/6 6 Styrax japonicus 5/14-5/26 395/21 3 Styrax obassia 5/9-5/16 = 5/12 3 Symphytum officinale 4/25-5/7 5/1 3 Symplocos paniculata 4/25-5/7 5/2 4 Syringa oblata 4/11-4/23 4/17 2 Syringa vulgaris 3/30-4/24 4/14 9 *Taxodium distichum 3/29—4/2 3/31 3 *Taxus baccata 3/13-3/29 3/22 3 *Taxus cusipidata 3/5-3/18 3/14 5 *Thuja occidentalis 3/15-3/29 3/22 2) Thymus praecox 5/14-5/22 5/18 2) Thymus vulgaris 5/15-5/15 5/15 2 Tilia x europaea 5/27-5/31 5/29 3 Torreya nucifera 4/25-5/7 5/2 4 Tradescantia hirsuti- caulis 5/2-5/8 5/5 3 Tradescantia longipes 5/1-5/7 5/4 2 Trillium cuneatum 4/1-4/22 4/10 4 Trillium decipiens 4/1-4/13 4/7 4 Trillium decumbens 4/5-4/13 4/9 4 Trillium discolor 5/7-5/8 5/8 D} Trillium erectum 4/14—5/7 4/23 6 Trillium grandiflorum 4/14-4/29 4/19 5 Trillium maculatum 4/5-4/13 4/9 3 Trillium ovatum 4/2-4/17 4/11 3 Trillium pusillum var. pusillum 3/31—4/1 3/31 3 Trillium pusillum var. virginianum 3/27—4/2 3/30 4 Trillium tschonoskii 3/29-4/13 4/7 3 Trillium underwoodii 4/9-4/24 4/17 3 Trillium viride 4/26—-5/8 5/4 2 Trochodendron arali- oides 5/3-5/17 5/10 2) Trollius europaeus 4/25-5/8 5/3 3 Tulbaghia violacea 5/8-5/16 5/12 2 Tulipa “Gold Coin” 3/21—4/2 3/27 2 Tulipa batalinii 4/19-4/26 4/23 2 Tulipa kaufmanniana 3/25-4/8 4/1 4 Tulipa kolpakowskiana 4/17-4/17 4/17 2 Tulipa linifolia 4/26-5/1 4/29 2 Tulipa maximowiczili 4/20-5/1 4/26 2) Tulipa pulchella var. violacea 3/18-3/27 3/23 2) Tulipa spp. 3/27-4/4 3/30 5 Valeriana officinalis 5/8-5/14 5/10 3 Vancouveria hexandra 5/17-5/22 5/20 2 Viburnum alnifolium 4/26—-5/4 4/30 D, Viburnum carlesii 2/19-4/17 4/1 10 Viburnum farreri 2/12—4/8 3/17 3 Viburnum plicatum 5/7-5/8 5/8 2 VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Appendix 2.— Continued. Range Average No. of Species of dates date years Viburnum rhytidophyl- lum 4/13-5/2 4/25 3 Vinca minor 1/1-4/7 3/13 14 Viola canadensis 4/17-4/30 4/25 3 Viola labradorica 4/10-4/15 4/13 2 Viola odorata 3/13-4/12 3/25 4 Viola tricolor 1/1-4/11 2/6 8 Waldsteinia lobata 4/17-4/17 4/17 2 Weigelia florida 5/13-5/14 5/14 y) Weigelia japonica 5/8-5/11 5/10 2, Appendix 2.—Continued. Species Wisteria floribunda Wisteria sinensis Wisteria spp. Xanthorhiza simpliciss- ima Zelkova serrata Range of dates 4/16-4/27 3/30-5/6 4/17-5/2 4/11-4/12 4/20-4/26 1017 Average No. of date 4/21 4/20 4/25 4/12 4/23 years 3 5 4 2 2 * Non-flowering plants. Date of “‘first flowering” is date when spores are first released or when male cones begin to shed pollen. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 1018-1022 HYPOCONCHA PARASITICA (LINNAEUS, 1763), A SENIOR SYNONYM OF HYPOCONCHA SABULOSA (HERBST, 1799) (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: BRACHYURA) L. B. Holthuis and Raymond B. Manning Abstract.—Hypoconcha parasitica (Linnaeus, 1763) is the oldest available name for the species now known as Hypoconcha sabulosa (Herbst, 1799). The identity of Cancer parasiticus Lin- naeus, 1763, almost always indicated by its invalid junior synonym Cancer pinnophy- lax Linnaeus, 1767, has puzzled several au- thors. Especially in the 18th and the first third of the 19th centuries efforts were made to place the species in the system of the Brachyura. It was considered to be either a dorippid or a pinnotherid, but in almost all cases its identity was considered dubious. After 1830 the name virtually disappeared from the carcinological literature. In 1837 H. Milne Edwards cited Cancer pinnophy- lax Linnaeus, 1767, in the synonymy of Do- rippe astuta Fabricius, 1798, ignoring its priority. Schmitt, McCain, and Davidson (1973:53, 56), in their review of the pin- notherid literature, dealt with the species under Pinnotheres maculatus Say, 1818, but came to the conclusion that Linnaeus’ species was unidentifiable. In a recent review of the subfamily Do- rippinae, family Dorippidae (Holthuis and Manning, in preparation), we encountered the problem of Cancer parasiticus versus Cancer pinnophylax. A study of the litera- ture led us to believe that we have found its correct solution. The original description of Cancer parasiticus, based on material from Amer- ica, was published by Linnaeus (1763:415) in the thesis of his pupil Boas Johansson. The text is as follows: “CANCER parasiticus brachyurus, thorace inaequali orbiculato ciliato, pedibus dorsalibus quatuor. ‘“‘Habitat in America intra Camam laz- arum D. D. Jaquin. Testa magnitudine dim- idii imperalis. Thorax orbiculatus, integer- rimus, convexus, cinereus, laevis, subinaequalis tuberculis paucis minutissim- is. In Dorso pedes 4 minores; ungvibus duo- bus aduncis. Pedes subtus 4 praeter manus. Cauda inflexa brevis.” Four years later, Linnaeus (1767:1039) gave the species a new name, Cancer pin- nophylax, and described it as follows: ““Pinno- phylax. 5. C[ancer] brachyurus, thorace orbiculato inaequali ciliato, pe- dibus dorsalibus quatuor. Amoen.acad. 6. p. 415.n.93. Rumph. mus. 35. Pinnotheres. Habitat in America intra Cha- mam Lazarum, D. Jacquin, cu- jus Pinnotheres & custos est.” That the name Cancer pinnophylax was intended by Linnaeus (1767) to replace Cancer parasiticus is evident from the fact that he referred to the description in Amoenitates Academicae. Furthermore, the 1767 description is an abbreviated version of that given in 1763, supplemented by the addition of the reference to Rumphius. However, the account of Pinnoteres (not Pinnotheres) in Rumphius (1705:25 [not 35]) deals with pontoniid shrimps and pinno- therid crabs from Amboina, Moluccas. Most subsequent authors of the 18th cen- tury (Houttuyn 1769:317; Fabricius 1775: ‘VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 402; 1781:498; 1787:317; 1793:444; Statius Muller 1775:1100; Gmelin 1789:2964; Olivier 1791:156) copied or translated Lin- naeus’ description without adding anything new and evidently without having seen any additional material. All used the name Can- cer pinnophylax for the species, and al- though most did refer to the paper in the Amoenitates Academicae, the name para- siticus was not accepted. Like Linnaeus (1767), these authors, under Cancer pin- nophylax, also gave references to the de- scriptions of true pinnotherids by pre-Lin- naean authors. Herbst (1783:104, pl. 2, fig. 27) in the synonymy of Cancer pinnophylax cited not only the above authors but also references to other descriptions of pinno- therids and of dorippids, at the same time remarking that he was not certain that not more than one species was involved. His own illustration was clearly that of a pin- notherid. Fabricius (1798:361), however, cited Cancer pinnophylax Linnaeus in the synonymy of his own Dorippe astuta, not adopting Linnaeus’ name. Bosc (1802:243, pl. 6, fig. 3) placed the species in the Pin- notheridae as Pinnotheres pinnophylax, and his figure is a copy of that published by Herbst. Latreille (1803:84) did not agree with Bosc and suggested that Linnaeus’ species was “plus voisin des dorippes.” As already mentioned above, H. Milne Edwards (1837: 157) followed Fabricius in considering Can- cer pinnophylax a synonym of Dorippe as- tuta. This was practically the last that was heard of Linnaeus’ species until Schmitt, McCain, and Davidson (1973) again dis- cussed it. Rathbun (1918:66) meanwhile had assigned Bosc’s (1802) material of Pinno- theres pinnophylax, but not the material of Linnaeus, with considerable doubt to Pin- notheres ostreum Say, 1817. It seems clear that authors like Herbst and Bosc, who identified Cancer pinnophylax with a pinnotherid, were led to this conclu- sion by Linnaeus’ description of the cara- pace as circular, smooth and convex, and the fact that the animals were said to live 1019 in bivalve shells. However, the dorsal po- sition of the last two pairs of legs and the fact that these legs end in two hook-shaped claws is evidence against the pinnotherid nature of the species. The position of the last two pairs of legs evidently suggested to Fabricius, Latreille, and H. Milne Edwards that the species was closer to the dorippids, although these do not have circular, smooth, convex bodies and do not live in shells, al- though some species certainly do carry them around. In our opinion, the only genus that fits Linnaeus’ description is the dromiid Hy- poconcha. In Hypoconcha the outline of the body is circular (orbiculato); the front of the carapace is semicircularly rounded and al- though the lateral margins may be straight or even concave, they are covered by the last two pairs of legs in such a way that the whole is more or less circular. The dorsal surface of the carapace is smooth (laevis), uneven (subinaequalis or inaequalis) and convex; the lateral margin has no teeth (in- tegerrimus), only a few widely placed tu- bercles (tuberculis paucis minutissimus). Also the margin of the carapace is conspic- uously ciliated, bearing a fringe of long hairs (ciliato). The last two pairs of legs of Hy- poconchaare turned dorsally and are shorter than the other legs (in dorso pedes 4 mi- nores); they each end in two sharp, hook- shaped claws (unguibus duobus aduncis). This leaves on the ventral side two pairs of long pereiopods next to the cheliped (pedes subtus 4 praeter manus). Hypoconcha holds with its last legs the shell of a bivalve into which it can retract itself. Although no species of Hypoconcha has been reported to carry a shell of Chama, the shape of these shells is such that to find Hypoconcha using a valve of Chama is a real possibility. The bivalve mentioned by Linnaeus, Chama lazarus Linnaeus, is an Indo-West Pacific species, and it is therefore more likely that the shell in which Cancer parasiticus was found is the American Chama macero- phylla Gmelin, as already pointed out by 1020 Rathbun (1918:66) and Schmitt, McCain, and Davidson (1973:56); also, there is the possibility that Linnaeus (or Jacquin) mis- identified the genus. The size of the carapace (testa) of Cancer parasiticus was given by Linnaeus as ““mag- nitudine dimidii imperalis.”’ The word “‘im- peralis’’ probably is a typographical error for “‘imperialis,’ and undoubtedly refers to the Russian gold coin, the imperial, which was first issued in 1745 during the reign of Empress Elisabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great, who was born in 1709 and reigned from 1741 to 1762. The value of the gold imperial is 10 rubles, that of the half-imperial being 5 rubles. The dutch translation of Linnaeus’ description by Houttuyn (1769:312) indicates its size as follows: ““De Schaal heeft de grootte van een halve Ryksdaalder”’ (The shell has the size of a half rijksdaalder) (the latter is some- times translated as rix dollar). The German translation by Statius Muller (1775:1100) runs as follows: ““Das ganze rauhhaarige Schild ist nicht grosser als ein Acht- groschenstuck.” We are indebted to the coin dealer from Amsterdam, Messrs. Jacques Schulman, for the information that the diameter of a half imperial (a gold five ruble piece, first coined in 1753) is 26 mm. The type of Cancer parasiticus was col- lected in America by ““D. D. Jaquin.”’ Ja- quin is, without any doubt, Nicolas Joseph Jacquin (born Leiden, The Netherlands, 16 February 1727—died Vienna, Austria, 24 October 1817), who was appointed imperial botanist at the Austrian court in 1752, and who between 1754 and 1759 made a bo- tanical expedition to America, in the course of which evidently he obtained the speci- men of Cancer parasiticus that he sent to Linnaeus. Although there can be little doubt that Linnaeus’ species is a Hypoconcha, it is more difficult to determine which species he had before him. As Jacquin collected mainly or exclusively in the West Indies, his speci- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON mens can belong only to one of the three western Atlantic species: Hypoconcha sab- ulosa (Herbst, 1799), H. arcuata Stimpson, 1858, or H. spinosissima Rathbun, 1933. This latter species is conspicuously spinous and lives in deeper water than the others so it is less likely to have been found by Jac- quin. The best known of the three western Atlantic species is H. sabulosa; it has long been known from the West Indies. Rathbun (1937:44) cited the description and illustra- tion of it made by P. Nicolson based on a specimen from Santo Domingo and pub- lished in 1776. Hypoconcha sabulosa 1s characterized by the presence of “three large granulated tubercles on either side of ven- tral surface of carapace” (Rathbun 1937: 44). Of interest here is the fact that Herbst (1783:104), when describing Cancer pin- nophylax Linnaeus (“Der Linnéische Pin- newdachter’’), ended the German translation of Linnaeus’ description with the words “die Scheeren sind grade, und haben an der Seite drey Punkte’’ (the chelae are straight and have laterally three points), which might very well refer to the three granualated tu- bercles characteristic of Hypoconcha sabu- losa. We have not been able to find these characters mentioned in any of Linnaeus’ descriptions of Cancer parasiticus or C. pin- nophylax and we do not know where Herbst got his information. If the observation is correct, there can be little doubt that Cancer parasiticus is conspecific with Hypoconcha sabulosa. There is another piece of circumstantial evidence supporting this supposition. Herbst (1799:57), when describing his Cancer sab- ulosus, mentioned that he had found his specimen in the Imperial collection of Aus- tria in Vienna. It is not unlikely that Jac- quin, before sending a specimen of Hypo- concha sabulosa to Linnaeus, placed material of the same species first in the Im- perial collection of Austria, and that Herbst had seen one of those specimens. In summary we can Say that there is not ’ VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 the slightest doubt that Cancer parasiticus (and thus C. pinnophylax) is a species of Hypoconcha, as Linnaeus’ description does not fit any other genus. Furthermore it is most likely that it is a senior synonym of Cancer sabulosus Herbst as (1) that species was known to collectors in the 18th century and evidently could be obtained without any special equipment, (2) Linnaeus’ descrip- tion fits the species, even to size, and, if Herbst’s observation that the type has three points near the chelae is correct, there can be no doubt of its conspecificity with C. sabulosus, and (3) there seems to be a good possibility that the types of Cancer parasit- icus and C. sabulosus came from a single lot, collected by N. J. Jacquin for the Im- perial Austrian collection in Vienna. In order to settle the identity of Cancer parasiticus, we here select a male specimen (carapace length 23.2 mm, carapace width, 22.4 mm; larger of 2 males in lot) taken in the channel between White Shoal and Log- gerhead Key, Tortugas, Florida, 9.5 fms (=17 m), 21 June 1931, leg. Waldo L. Schmitt to be the neotype of Cancer para- siticus Linnaeus, 1763 and of Cancer pin- nophylax Linnaeus, 1767. The specimen agrees completely with M. J. Rathbun’s de- scription (1937:45) of Hypoconcha sabulosa (Herbst, 1799); it was figured by her (1937) on pl. 8, figs. 3, 4. It is housed in the col- lection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, D.C., under catalogue number USNM 66796. This is contribution number 197 from the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port, Fort Pierce, Florida. Literature Cited Bosc, L. A. G. 1802. Histoire naturelle de Crustacés, contenant leur description et leurs moeurs, avec figures dessinées d’aprés nature 1:1—258. Paris. Fabricius, J.C. 1775. Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, ob- 1021 servationibus:(i-xxx), 1-832. Flensburgi and Lipsiae. 1781. Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationi- bus, descriptionibus |:i—viii, 1-552. Hamburgi and Kilonii. 1787. Mantissa insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus ge- nericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus 1:i—xx, 1-348. Hafniae. 1793. Entomologia systematics emendata et aucta, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, des- criptionibus 2:viii + 519 pp. Hafniae. 1798. Supplementum entomologiae syste- maticae. 572 pp. Hafniae. Gmelin, J. F. 1789. Caroli a Linné, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, or- dines, genera, species cum characteribus, differ- entiis, synonymis, locis (ed. 13) 1(5):2225-—3020. Lipsiae. Herbst, J. F. W. 1782-1804. Versuch einer Natur- geschichte der Krabben und Krebse, nebst einer systematischen Beschreibung ihrer verschiede- nen Arten. Volumes 1-3, 515 pp. Berlin and Stralsund. Houttuyn, M. 1769. Vervolg en besluit der Insekten. Natuurlyke Historie of uitvoerige beschryving der dieren, platen en mineraalen, volgens het samenstel van der Heer Linnaeus 1(13): (i—vi), 1-534, (i—x), pls. 99-106. Amsterdam. Latreille, P. A. 1803. Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, des Crustacés et des Insectes 6:1— 391, pls. 44-57. Paris. Linnaeus, C. 1763. Centuria insectorum, quam, prae- side D.D. Car. von Linné, proposuit Boas Jo- hansson, Calmariensis. Amoenitates Academi- cae 6:384—415. . 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (ed. 12) 1(2):533-1327, @—xxxvii). Holmiae. Milne Edwards, H. 1837. Histoire naturelle des Crus- tacés, comprenant l’anatomie, la physiologie et la classification des ces animaux 2:532 pp. Paris. Olivier, A. G. 1791. Crabe. Cancer. Encyclopédie méthodique. Histoire naturelle. Insectes 6:136- 182. Paris. Rathbun, M. J. 1918. The grapsoid crabs of Amer- ica.— United States National Museum, Bulletin 97:xxul, 1-461. 1937. The oxystomatous and allied crabs of America.—United States National Museum, Bulletin 166: vi, 1-278. Rumphius, G. E. 1705. D’Amboinsche rariteitka- mer, behelzende eene beschryvinge van aller- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON hande zoo weeke als harde schaalvisschen, te weeten raare krabben, kreeften, en diergelyke zeedieren, als mede allerhande hoorntjes en schulpen, die men in d’Amboinsche zee vindt: daar beneven zommige mineraalen, gesteenten, en soorten van aarde, die in d’Amboinsche, en zommige omleggende eilanden gevonden wor- den: (i-xx), 1-340, (@—xxxxiii), pls. 1-60. Am- sterdam. Schmitt, W. L., J. C. McCain, and E. S. Davidson. 1973. Decapoda, I: Brachyura, I: Fam. Pin- notheridae. Jn L. B. Holthuis and H.-E. Gruner, ed., Crustaceorum Catalogus 3:1—160. Statius Muller, P. L. 1775. Von den Insecten. Des Ritters Carl von Linné Ko6niglich Schwedischen Leibartzes &c. &c. vollstandiges Natursystem nach der zwolften latemischen Ausgabe und nach Anleitung del hollaandischen Houttuynischen Werks mit einer ausfuhrlichen Erklarung aus- gefertiget 5:(i—x11), 761—1066, (i—cii), pls. 23-35. Nurnberg. (LBH) Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Post Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; (RBM) Department of In- vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 1023-1035 OBSERVATIONS ON THREE KNOWN FREE-LIVING MARINE NEMATODES OF THE FAMILY IRONIDAE (NEMATODA: ENOPLIDA) AND A DESCRIPTION OF THALASSTRONUS LYNNAE N. SP. FROM NORTHWEST FLORIDA Edwin J. Keppner Abstract.—Two known species of free-living marine nematodes, Thalassi- ronus britannicus and Thalassironus americanus, are described from sediments vegetated with manatee grass (Syringodium filiformis) and shoal grass (Halodule wrightii) and non-vegetated sediments from St. Andrew Bay, Bay County, Florida. Differences between specimens from the two habitats are discussed. Thalassironus lynnae n. sp. is described from vegetated sediments in St. Andrew Bay. It differs from the other species in the genus by having a long, flagellate tail, shorter more posteriorly located double cervical setae, and by the presence of a segmented, pre-anal papilla in males. A key to the species of the genus Thalassironus is given. Ironella prismatolaima is described from non-vegetated sediments from the Gulf of Mexico off Sea Horse Key, Levy County, Florida. Chitwood (1960) discussed the genera of the family Ironidae De Man, 1876, and pro- vided a key to their identity. Lorenzen (1981) discussed the taxonomic characters of the members of the Ironidae and listed the gen- era within the subfamily Thalassironinae Andrassy, 1976. Species belonging to two of the genera of the Thalassironinae, 7ha- lassironus De Man, 1889, and Ironella Cobb, 1920, were recently recovered from sedi- ments in St. Andrew Bay, Bay County, Flor- ida and the Gulf of Mexico off Levy County, Florida. The specimens of Thalassironus described herein were recovered from sub- tidal, non-vegetated sediments or subtidal sediments vegetated with either manatee grass (Syringodium filiformis) or shoal grass (Halodule wrightii) in St. Andrew Bay by the writer. The specimens of Jronella pris- matolaima Cobb, 1920, were loaned by Dr. Armen C. Tarjan from the University of Florida Nematode Collection. The speci- mens of J. prismatolaima were recovered from subtidal, non-vegetated sediment from the Gulf of Mexico. Materials and Methods Specimens of Thalassironus were collect- ed with a core sampler 4.5 cm in diameter and 10 cm in length and were extracted from the sediment by repeated washing and de- canting. Nematodes were removed alive, fixed in hot alcohol-formalin-acetic acid, cleared in glycerine and mounted in anhy- drous glycerine on Cobb slides. The bor- rowed specimens of Jronella had been fixed in formalin and mounted in anhydrous glyc- erine on Cobb slides. Nematodes were mea- sured with a calibrated ocular micrometer. All measurements are given in wm unless otherwise stated, and the mean is followed by the range in parentheses. Spicular lengths are given as the chord of the arc. Ironidae De Man, 1876 Thalassironinae Andrassy, 1976 Thalassironus De Man, 1889 The genus Thalassironus contains those members of the family Ironidae in which the cephalic sensillae are setiform; there are 1024 two subventral and a single, double, dorsal tooth; spicules are equal in length and cau- dal glands are present. The genus contains the following species: Thalassironus britan- nicus De Man, 1889, Thalassironus bipar- titus (Wieser, 1953) Chitwood, 1960, Tha- lassironus jJungi Inglis, 1964, Thalassironus bisetosus Vitiello, 1970, and Thalassironus americanus Keppner, 1986. The sixth species of the genus is described herein. In addition, specimens of 7. britannicus col- lected from two habitats in St. Andrew Bay are described and additional observations are provided for 7. americanus from veg- etated sediments. Thalassironus lynnae, new species Figs. 1-6, 29, 30 Diagnosis.—Two males and one female. Body slender, cuticle smooth; distinct lon- gitudinal and transverse striations absent. Head with 6 small, labial papillae. Cephalic setae arranged as anterior circle of 6 long setae and circle of 4 short submedian setae immediately posterior to circle of 6; pos- terior circle of 4 setae about 0.7 length of anterior 6 setae. Stoma long, narrow, with cuticularized walls and 3 prominent, ante- riorly directed teeth (2 subventral and 1 double dorsal) at anterior end. One male with additional 3 teeth at level of amphid. Amphids just posterior to lateral cephalic setae; each amphid with short seta just pos- terior to middle of posterior margin. Short cervical setae arranged on each side as 1 subdorsal, 1 dorsoventral, | lateral, 1 ven- trolateral and 1 subventral; each appears double with wide base, separated only at tip. Excretory pore anterior to cephalic setae. Somatic setae not observed, caudal setae sparse or absent. Esophagus surrounding buccal cavity and attaching to cephalic cu- ticle anteriorly, peribuccal portion expand- ed, then narrowed to nerve ring and ex- panded to junction with intestine. Tail conical then cylindrical; caudal glands pres- ent; presence or absence of spinneret could PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON not be determined with certainty with light microscope. Males (n = 2): Length 3.13 mm (3.06— 3.19), width at midbody 31 (30-32). Head diameter 18 (18-18) at level of cephalic se- tae; cephalic setae 15 (14-16) and 10.5 (10- 11) long. Amphids 5.5 (5-6) wide. Stoma 40.5 (39-42) long and 6 (6-6) wide at base of teeth. Esophagus 355 (347-363) long; nerve ring 120 (115-125) from anterior end. Tail 300 long in holotype specimen and 245 long in paratype specimen but appears bro- ken. Width at anus 26.5 (26-27). Tail with small setae on conical portion. Single large, segmented, midventral, pre-anal papilla present. Spicules 37.5 (35-40) long, broad, slightly curved. Gubernaculum 15 (14-16) long; elongate with blunt tip. a = 100.9 (99.7-102.0); b = 8.81 (8.43—9.19); c= 10.2 (holotype), 13.0 (paratype). Female (n = 1): Length 3.84 mm, width at midbody 38. Head diameter at level of cephalic setae 19; cephalic setae 14 and 11 long. Amphids 6 wide. Stoma 42 long and 6 wide at base of teeth. Esophagus 389 long; nerve ring 120 from anterior end. Tail ap- pearing broken, 506 long and 27 wide at anus; caudal setae not observed. Reproduc- tive system amphidelphic, ovaries reflexed; vulva 1.85 mm from anterior end. Walls of vagina thin, not heavily cuticularized. a = 101.1; b = 9.87; c = 7.59; V = 48%. Remarks. — Thalassironus lynnae belongs to that group of species in which the longer cephalic setae are about equal to the cor- responding head diameter and the cervical setae are double or appear double. Tha- lassironus lynnae differs from the species in the group (T. britannicus, T. jungi, and T. americanus) in the presence of a long nar- row tail; in the shorter, more posteriorly located double, cervical setae; presence of a small post-amphidial seta; and the presence of the segmented, pre-anal papilla in males. The first pair of cervical setae in the other three species is long and located just pos- terior to the amphids. Type specimens. —Holotype male, USNM VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1025 Figs. 1-6. Thalassironus lynnae: 1, Paratype male, head, lateral view; 2, Holotype male, head, sublateral view; 3, Male, posterior end, lateral view; 4, Holotype male, left spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view; 5, Male paratype, left spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view; 6, Female, posterior end, lateral view. Scales in um. 1026 Table 1.—Selected measurements of males of the genus 7halassironus* Demanian ratios Length tail Pairs cervical Length gubernaculum setae Length spicules Length stoma Length cephalic setae Species 39.0-41.7 15.8-16.5 5.1-5.6 7.3-7.6 8.43-9.19 67-86 30-38 63.3-66.3 151-154 0 0 28 1 5 4 4 82-84 39-42 42-46 T. bisetosus Vitiello (1970) 10.2-10.9 4.5-5.0 ADt 186-204 245-300 190-225 145-166 52 58-60 35-40 62-72 7.5 & 6.5 26-27 & 14-16 14-16 & 10-11 26-28 & 11-12 21-24 & — 24 & 10 T. bipatitus (Wieser, 1953) T. jungi Inglis (1964) T. lynnae n. sp. 26.9-28.2 28-30 97-101 39-42 67-77 10.2-13.0 99.7-102.0 14-16 30-38 T. britannicus Warwick (1977) 41.2-43.7 10.5-11.2 66.4-69.4 T. britannicus Yoshimura (1980) T. britannicus non-vegetated T. britannicus vegetated PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 21.8 30.6-30.8 6.62 8.58-8.74 8.58-8.93 9.03-10.7 41.2 82.7-91.6 147 100-110 29 16-18 56 32-35 72 48-49 4 1 4 22-24 & 6-7 31.9-33.7 35.2-40.2 78.4—-88.5 101.6-128.3 123-126 55-56 15-17 42-46 58-60 53-56 18-20 & 4-6 18-20 & 5-6 T. americanus non-vegetated T. americanus vegetated 107-118 11-14 * = measurements in microns; + = anal diameters. 77101; paratype male, USNM 77102; al- lotype female, USNM 77103. Type locality.—Subtidal sediment vege- tated with manatee grass from mouth of Freshwater Bayou, St. Andrew Bay, Bay County, Florida (85°39’00”W, 30°07'30’N). Etymology.—Named for my wife Lynn, in appreciation for her help with and gen- erous support of my studies on nematodes. Thalassironus britannicus De Man, 1889 Figs. 7-14, 31, 32 Diagnosis.—Two males and one female were recovered from vegetated sediments, and one male and two juvenile females were recovered from non-vegetated sediments in St. Andrew Bay. Although obviously the same species, the specimens from the two sites differed appreciably in some characters (Table 1). Body long, slender or broad. Cuticle with delicate transverse striations beginning just posterior to cephalic setae, extending length of body; broad longitudinal striations pres- ent for length of body. Head with 3 lips, 6 small labial papillae and single circle of 10 (6 + 4) cephalic setae; 4 submedian setae about 0.3-0.4 length of other 6. Stoma long, narrow with cuticularized walls and 3 prom- inent teeth (2 subventral and 1 double dor- sal) at anterior end. Amphids just posterior to lateral cephalic setae. Cervical setae dou- ble, separated only at tips; arranged as 3 setae in longitudinal row on each lateral sur- face and 1 seta on dorsal and ventral sur- faces. Lateral cervical setae decreasing in length from anterior to posterior. Somatic setae not observed in specimen from non- vegetated sediment, present posteriorly in specimens from vegetated sediments. Small papilla-like structures present in cervical and caudal region in specimens from non-veg- etated sediment; not observed in specimens from vegetated sediments. Caudal setae present. Excretory pore anterior to cephalic setae. Esophagus surrounding buccal cavity and attaching to cephalic cuticle, peribuccal portion expanded, then narrowed to nerve VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1027 Figs. 7-14. Thalassironus britannicus: 7, Male, head, sublateral view, from non-vegetated sediment; 8, Male, head, sublateral view, from vegetated sediment; 9, Male, posterior end, lateral view, from vegetated sediment; 10, Male, right spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view, from vegetated sediment; 11, Female, tail, lateral view, from vegetated sediment; 12, Male, posterior end, lateral view, from non-vegetated sediment; 13, Male, left spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view, from non-vegetated sediment; 14, Female, tail, lateral view, from non- vegetated sediment. Scales in um. 1028 ring and expanded to junction with intes- tine. Tail short, conical; spinneret and cau- dal glands present. Males (n = 3): Table 1 gives the mea- surements for the males from non-vegetated and vegetated sediments separately. The following represents the totals of specimens from both sites. Length 3.26 mm (3.06- 3.39), width at midbody 50.7 (37-78). Head diameter 24.3 (22-29) at level of cephalic setae; cephalic setae 23 (22—24) and 7.7 (6— 10) long. Stoma 56 (48-72) long and 10.3 (8-13) wide at base of teeth. Amphid 7.7 (6-11) wide. Lateral, double, cervical setae located 21.7 (19-24), 29 (26-32), and 44.7 (42-48) from anterior end. Esophagus 410 (350-485) long; nerve ring 97 (83-115) from anterior end. Tail 119 (100-147) long and 40 (37-46) wide at anus. Tail with single pair small, pre-anal, subventral setae, 4—5 pairs subventral post-anal setae and single pair at tail tip. Spicules 41 (32-56) long; almost straight, broad. Gubernaculum 20.7 (16-29) long, elongate with blunt, cup- shaped distal end. a = 71.8 (41.2—-91.6); b = 7.98 (6.62-8.74); c = 27.7 (21.8-30.8). Mature female (n = 1): Specimen from vegetated sediment. Length 3.75 mm, width at midbody 42. Head diameter 22 at level of cephalic setae; cephalic setae 18 and 6 long. Amphids 6 wide. Stoma 48 long and 10 wide at base of teeth. Lateral cervical setae located 21, 27, and 43 from anterior end. Esophagus 411 long; nerve ring 147 from anterior end. Tail 131 long and 29 wide at anus. Caudal setae restricted to sin- gle pair at tail tip. Reproductive system am- phidelphic, ovaries reflexed; vulva 2.31 mm from anterior end. Vagina with heavily cu- ticularized walls, brown in color. a = 89.3; lp) = SNORE = 2508 W = C2, Juvenile females (n = 2): Specimens from non-vegetated sediments. Length 3.07 mm (3.01-3.12), width at midbody 85 (80-90). Head diameter 29.5 (29-30) at level of ce- phalic setae; cephalic setae 21.5 (21-22) and 9.5 (9-10) long. Amphid 9.5 (9-10) wide. Stoma 74.5 (69-80) long and 11 (11-11) PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON wide at base of teeth. Lateral cervical setae located 21.5 (21-22), 32 (27-37) and 49.5 (43-56) from anterior end. Tail 153 (149- 157) long and 50.5 (50-51) wide at anus. Caudal setae sparse, located posteriorly on tail. Reproductive system amphidelphic, ovaries reflexed; vulva 1.84 mm (1.81—1.86) from anterior end. Vagina with heavily cu- ticularized walls, brown in color. a = 36.2 (34.7-37.6); b = 6.04 (5.91-6.17); c = 20.1 (19.9-20.2); V = 60% (60-60). Remarks.—The male and juvenile fe- males from non-vegetated sediments agree with the descriptions of 7. britannicus given by Warwick (1977) and Yoshimura (1980) except for the shorter body length and somewhat shorter spicules. However, the specimens from vegetated sediments differ appreciably from the above descriptions in the shorter length of the stoma, in the larger *“‘a”’ value and in the thinner cuticle. In ad- dition, the males from vegetated sediments differ from the above males in the shorter length of the spicules and gubernaculum. Specimens. — Three males, USNM 77104, 77105, 77106; one female, USNM 77107; two juvenile females, USNM 77108, 77109. Locality. —Non-vegetated, subtidal sedi- ment in St. Andrew Bay at the National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory, Pan- ama City, Bay County, Florida (85°42'43’”W, 30°08'33”N). Subtidal sediments vegetated with manatee grass or shoal grass in Fresh- water Bayou, St. Andrew Bay, Bay County, Florida (85°39'00”W, 30°07'30’N). Thalassironus americanus Keppner, 1986 Figs. 15-21, 33, 34 Diagnosis.—Five males and three fe- males were recovered from vegetated sed- iments (manatee grass or shoal grass). The original description of 7. americanus was based on specimens from non-vegetated sediments. Table 1 gives the measurements of the type material for comparison with that given below for those from vegetated sediments. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Body long, slender; cuticle smooth. Head with 3 lips, 6 small, labial papillae and single circle of 10 (6 + 4) cephalic setae; lateral and 4 submedian setae about 4 length of longer 4 submedian setae. Four double cer- vical setae in longitudinal row on each lat- eral surface. First lateral cervical seta much longer than others, not separated at tip; 3 posterior laterals short with elongate base, separated at tip. Single normal seta present dorsally and ventrally just posterior to last double, lateral seta. Somatic setae not ob- served, caudal setae present. Stoma long, narrow, with cuticularized walls and 3 prominent teeth (2 subventral and | double dorsal) at anterior end. Anterior points of subventral teeth between 2 points of dorsal tooth resulting in points being in straight, transverse series at oral aperture. En face views of 7. americanus at various levels similar in structure to that described for Thalassironus jungi by Van der Heiden (1975). Amphids just posterior to lateral ce- phalic setae. Excretory pore anterior to ce- phalic setae. Esophagus surrounding buccal cavity and attaching anteriorly to cephalic cuticle, peribuccal portion expanded, then narrowing to nerve ring and expanding to junction with intestine. Male tail short, con- ical; female tail conical then expands to tip. Caudal glands and spinneret present. Males (n = 5): Length 4.15 mm (3.86— 4.62), width at midbody 36.4 (34—40). Head diameter 22.2 (21-24) at level of cephalic setae; cephalic setae 19 (18-20) and 5.2 (5— 6) long. Amphids 9 (8—10) wide. Stoma 53.8 (53-56) long and 8.8 (8-10) wide at base of teeth. Lateral double cervical setae located 24.2 (22-27), 50.2 (45-58), 64.2 (58-69) and 85.4 (83-88) from anterior end. Esophagus 428 (411-438) long; nerve ring 149 (141- 155) from anterior end. Tail 112 (107-118) long and 34.4 (34-35) wide at anus. Tail with 5 midventral, post-anal supplement- like structures; caudal setae sparse, 1 pair at tail tip. Spicules 44.4 (42—46) long, broad, arcuate with blunt tips. Gubernaculum short, broad, 11.6 (11-14) long. a = 114.3 1029 (101.6-128.3); b = 9.7 (9.03-10.7); c = 37.1 (35.2—40.2). Females (n = 4): Length 4.33 mm (4.17— 4.51), width at midbody 36.8 (35-38). Head diameter 22.5 (21-24) at level of cephalic setae; cephalic setae 18.5 (18-19) and 4.5 (4-5) long. Amphids 9 (8-10) wide. Stoma 54 (53-56) long and 8.8 (8—10) wide at base of teeth. Lateral, double, cervical setae lo- cated 24 (22-26), 44.3 (43-45), 59.7 (53- 64) and 81 (78-83) from anterior end. Esophagus 421 (400-442) long; nerve ring 145 (141-149) from anterior end. Tail 133 (128-136) long and 28.2 (27-30) wide at anus. Caudal setae sparse. Reproductive system amphidelphic, ovaries reflexed; vul- va 3.14 mm (2.99-3.19) from anterior end. Vagina with heavily cuticularized walls, brown in color. a = 118.0 (112.7—124.0); b = 10.3 (9.40-10.8); c = 32.6 (30.7-33.7); V = 72.8% (70-76). Remarks. —The specimens from non- vegetated sediments differ from those from vegetated sediments in that the cuticle is thicker, the spicules and gubernaculum are longer, the three posterior pairs of double cervical setae appear absent and the “‘a”’ val- ue is smaller. Specimens. — Three males, USNM 76391, 77110, 77111; 5 females, USNM 76390, TG63O2®, VU, TLS, TINA. Locality. —Sediments vegetated with manatee grass or shoal grass in Freshwater Bayou, St. Andrew Bay, Bay County, Flor- ida (85°39'00”W, 30°07'30’N). Key to the Species of the Genus Thalassironus De Man, 1889 Vitiello (1970) provided a key to the species of Thalassironus. Warwick (1977) corrected the character used in the key for T. britannicus. The following key incorpo- rates the species added since 1970. 1. Longer cephalic setae less than '2 corresponding diameter; double cervical setae absent — Longer cephalic setae greater than 12 1030 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 15-21. Thalassironus americanus from vegetated sediment: 15, Male, anterior end, lateral view; 16, Male, right spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view; 17, Male, posterior end, lateral view; 18, Female, tail, lateral view; 19, Male, en face view, extreme anterior end; 20, Male, en face view, level of base of teeth; 21, Male, en face view, level of cephalic setae. (Abbreviations for Figs. 19-21: LS = labial seta, DT = dorsal tooth, VT = subventral tooth, DO = dorsal odontophore, VO = subventral odontophore.) Scales in pm. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 corresponding diameter; double cervical setae present ............ 3 2. Cuticle transversely striated. Tail 2.1—2.2 anal diameters long, conical with narrow, cylindrical, distal part. Spicules 82-84 long Ss ee ee T. bisetosus Vitiello, 1970 — Cuticle smooth. Tail 4.5—-5 anal di- ameters long, conical. Spicules 52 long .. 7. bipartitus (Wieser, 1953) Chitwood, 1960 3. Tail long, flagellate; males with seg- mented, pre-anal papilla......... ae ees ei T. lynnae n. sp. — Tail short, conical, not flagellate; males without segmented, pre-anal J OPA CULE gs aes ee oer a 4 4. Head with 6 long and 4 short ce- phalic setae. Double cervical setae located in stomatal region only ... La T. britannicus De Man, 1889 — Head with 4 long and 6 short ce- phalic setae. Double cervical setae in stomatal region and posterior to stoma 5. Single pair double cervical setae just posterior to amphid. Spicules al- most straight; gubernaculum elon- gate. Female tail conical bo ibe ee T. jungi Inglis, 1964 — Four pairs lateral, double cervical setae; first posterior to amphid, re- mainder posterior to stoma. Spic- ules arcuate; gubernaculum short, broad. Female tail tip clavate .... 1s a T. americanus Keppner, 1986 Tronella Cobb, 1920 Tronella prismatolaima Cobb, 1920 Figs. 22-28, 35-37 Diagnosis. —Body short, slender; cuticle thin, smooth. Head with 6 lips each with short seta; cephalic setae arranged as ante- rior circle of 6 and posterior circle of 4; all of equal length. Stomatal wall thickened at level of base of teeth. Amphid large, located 1031 about midlevel of stoma. Single long, post- amphidial seta on each lateral surface. Sto- matal walls cuticularized with anteriorly di- rected teeth arranged as 3 large (1 dorsal and 2 subventral) and 2 smaller laterals. Subventrals with large median point and smaller distal point; denticles present at base of dorsal tooth. Cervical, somatic and cau- dal setae not observed. Esophagus sur- rounding buccal cavity and attaching to ce- phalic cuticle. Excretory pore anterior to first circle cephalic setae. Tail long, conical then cylindrical. Caudal glands and spinneret present. Males (n = 4): Length 1.61 mm (1.48- 1.73), width at midbody 23 (22-24). Head diameter 20 (19-21) at level of amphid. Ce- phalic setae 12.5 (11-13) and 12.8 (11-14) long. Amphid 13.5 (1 1-15) wide. Stoma 35.3 (32-37) long and 5.5 (5-6) wide at base of teeth. Esophagus 334.2 (310-352) long; nerve ring 137 (122-146) from anterior end. Tail 154 (133-166) long and 21.8 (21-22) wide at anus. Single, tubular, pre-anal sup- plement 15 (14-16) from anus, aperture di- rected almost anteriorly with 1 long seta projecting from it. Spicules 87.8 (80-94) long, equal, curved; capitulum narrower than remainder of spicule. Gugernaculum, if present, a thin plate. a = 70.1 (65.0-—75.9); b = 4.81 (4.68—4.91); c = 10.5 (9.94-11.1). Female (n = 1): Length 1.61 mm, width at midbody 43. Head diameter 26 at level of amphid. Cephalic setae broken or absent. Amphid 13 wide. Stoma 42 long and 6 wide at base of teeth. Esophagus 325 long; nerve ring 131 from anterior end. Tail 168 long and 22 wide at anus. Reproductive system amphidelphic, ovaries reflexed; vulva 806 from anterior end. a = 37.4; b = 4.95; c = 9.58; V = 50%. Remarks.—The genus Jronella contains two species, J. prismatolaima Cobb, 1920, and J. cobbi Timm, 1952. Cobb (1920) did not provide a drawing of the male genital apparatus of J. prismatolaima. Riemann (1966) described J. prismatolaima from Eu- ropean waters, and mentioned that this male 1032 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 22-28. Jronella prismatolaima: 22, Male, head, left lateral view; 23, Male, teeth, left lateral view; 24, Male, head, right lateral view; 25, Male, posterior end, lateral view; 26, Male, left spicule and supplement, lateral view; 27, Male, tip of right spicule and supplement, lateral view; 28, Female, tail, lateral view. Scales in ym. specimen differed from the original descrip- tion in the body length, relative length of cephalic setae and the length of the tail. The specimens described herein are very similar to the original description and to that of Riemann (1966). They differ from that of Riemann (1966) in the length of the spicules (80-94 vs. 53.5) and in the demanian “a” VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Figs. 29-34. Thalassironus lynnae: 29, Male, head, lateral view; 30, Male, spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view. Scale bars = 15 wm. Thalassironus britannicus: 31, Male, head, lateral view; 32, Male, spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view. Scales bars = 15 wm. Thalassironus americanus: 33, Male, head, lateral view; 34, Male, spicules and gubernaculum, lateral view. Scale bars = 15 um. 1034 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Figs. 35-37. Jronella prismatolaima: 35, Male, anterior end, lateral view; 36, Male, spicule and gubernac- ulum, lateral view. Scale bars = 15 wm. 37, Male, head, lateral view. Scale bar = 20 wm. value (65.0—75.9 vs. 51). Timm (1952) de- scribed I. cobbi on the basis of a single fe- male and mentions six long labial and six long cephalic setae but does not mention or figure additional cephalic setae. Therefore, the four cephalic setae of the posterior circle appear missing in I. cobbi. Ironella accord- ing to Cobb (1920) and Chitwood (1960) has ten cephalic setae in two circles of six and four. The single circle of six cephalic setae in J. cobbi would be unique for the genus. Therefore, I. cobbi should be regard- ed as a species inquirenda until the type specimen can be examined or other material becomes available. Specimens. — Florida Nematode Collec- tion, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 1 female A-141 and 1 male A-142; and 2 males, USNM 77115, 77116 and 1 juvenile 77117. Locality. —Six to eight miles off Sea Horse Key, Gulf of Mexico, off Levy County, Flor- ida. Acknowledgments I thank Dr. W. Duane Hope of the Na- tional Museum of Natural History for his review of the manuscript, examination of the specimens, many helpful comments and suggestions and his patience and encour- agement. I thank Dr. Armen C. Tarjan of the University of Florida for the loan of specimens and his aid and encouragement. Literature Cited Chitwood, B. G. 1960. A preliminary contribution on the marine nemas (Adenophorea) of North- ern California.— Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 79(4):347-384. Cobb, N. A. 1920. One hundred new Nemas.—Con- tributions to a Science of Nematology (Balti- more) 9:217-343. Lorenzen, S. 1981. Entwurf eines phylogenetischen Systems der freilebende Nematoden Veroffent- lichungen des Instituts fiir Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, Supplement 7:1—472. Riemann, F. 1966. Die interstitiella Fauna im Elbe- VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Aestuar. Verbreitung und Systematik.— Archiv fir Hydrobiologie, Supplement 31:1-279. Timm, R. W. 1952. A survey of the marine nema- todes of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland.—Chesa- peake Biological Laboratory Publication 95:1- 70. Van der Heiden, A. 1975. The structure of the an- terior feeding apparatus in members of the Iro- nidae (Nematoda: Enoplida).— Nematologica 20: 419-436. Vitiello, P. 1970. Nematodes libres marins des vases profundes du Golfe du Lion I. Enoplida.—Te- thys 2(1):139-210. 1035 Warwick, R. M. 1977. Some free-living marine nematodes from the Isle of Scilly.—Journal of Natural History 11:381-392. Yoshimura, K. 1980. Free-living marine nematodes from Kii Peninsula. I.— Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 25:39-49. 306 Hibiscus Avenue, Panama City Beach, Florida 32407. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 1036-1039 HARRIETA, A NEW GENUS FOR CYMODOCE FAXONI (RICHARDSON) (CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA: SPHAEROMATIDAE) Brian Kensley Abstract.—A new genus, Harrieta, is diagnosed for Cymodoce faxoni (Rich- ardson), a common shallow-water isopod of the Florida Keys and the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The new genus is characterized by the possession of three pairs of oostegites with five pairs of internal pouches and metamorphosed mouth- parts in the female, and by a uropodal exopod twice the length of the endopod in the male. That the isopod family Sphaeromatidae is in need of a generic revision based on phylogenetic principles, is no secret. Be- tween 70 and 80 generic names are in cur- rent use, with generic diagnoses often blurred and overlapping. It comes as no surprise that when new criteria are used in an at- tempt to stabilize a taxonomy, earlier taxo- nomic placements become questionable. Thus with Harrison’s work on the structure of the brood pouch of sphaeromatids (1984), following on from Hansen (1905), it was inevitable that the generic status of some species would need to be re-examined. The use of such major morphological fea- tures as oostegites, internal pouches, and anterior and posterior pockets in ovigerous females, has the potential to give a degree of stability to the classification of the Sphae- romatidae. These female reproductive structures are here regarded as being of such crucial importance as to allow generic place- ment based on these features only. Which structures or combination of structures are apomorphic, and which plesiomorphic, however, remains to be worked out. This lack of determined apomorphic features lends some uncertainty, but still allows for comparison of genera based on major re- productive morphological features. Examination of material of Cymodoce faxoni (Richardson), and comparison with the diagnosis of Cymodoce Leach, 1814 (see Harrison 1984:377) necessitates placing this species in a new genus. Subfamily Sphaeromatinae Harrieta, new genus Diagnosis. —Sexual dimorphism marked by posterior margin of pleotelson more strongly trilobed, and elongation of urop- odal exopods, in male. Female: mouthparts metamorphosed. Mandible fused with cephalosome, incisor, lacinia, and molar not distinguishable. Maxilla | of 2 simple rounded lobes; max- illa 2 of 3 simple rounded lobes. Maxilliped with palp articles lacking setae; endite dis- tally broadly truncate, unarmed. Brood pouch consisting of 3 pairs of oostegites on pereonites 2—4 overlapping in midline, plus 5 pairs of internal pouches. Uropodal rami subequal in length. Male: Adult lacking dorsal processes. Pleopod 2, copulatory stylet articulating ba- sally on endopod, curved, barely reaching beyond apex of ramus, with distal hook. Penes basally fused, rami slender, elongate, tapering to acute apices. Uropodal exopod VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 twice length of endopod, slender, oval in cross section, tapering to narrowly acute apex. Type species. —Exosphaeroma faxoni Richardson, 1905, Gender: feminine. Etymology. — The generic name is in hon- or of Harriet Richardson, the original de- scriber of the type species, and a prolific isopod researcher around the turn of the century. Remarks. —Based on Harrison (1984: 377), the presence of three, rather than four, pairs of oostegites excludes faxoni from the genus Cymodoce. Harrison’s tables 1 and 2 (1984:394-397) conveniently summarize the brood pouch and mouthparts informa- tion for most genera of sphaeromatids. From these tables it can be seen that the combi- nation of three pairs of overlapping ooste- gites, five pairs of internal pouches, and metamorphosed mouthparts in the female fit none of the known sphaeromatine gen- era. The present separation of faxoni from Cymodoce draws attention to these differ- ences and emphasizes the importance of brood pouch characters in the taxonomy of this group. Harrieta faxoni (Richardson, 1905) Fig. 1 Exosphaeroma faxoni Richardson, 1905: 292, figs. 307, 308. Exosphaeroma faxoni: Pearse and Whar- ton, 1938:640. Cymodoce faxoni: Menzies and Miller, 1955: 293, figs. 1,2.—Rouse, 1969:134.— Schultz, 1969:127, fig. 182.—Lyons et al., 1971:28.—Clark and Robertson, 1982:47, 49, 54, fig. 18.— Menzies and Kruczynski, 1983:50, fig. 14.— Harrison and Holdich, 1984:383. Material examined. —National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu- tion: USNM 41882, 2 6, 2 ovig. 2, 7 im- mature, Key West, Florida, Jul 1874.— USNM 41883, 1 3, 1 ovig. 2, Cedar Key, Florida, 1874.—USNM 86833, 2 6, 3 ovig. 1037 Fig. 1. Harrieta faxoni, male pleopod 2. 2, | immature, Jupiter Is., Florida, 16 Feb 1940.—USNM 86834, 2 immature, Apa- lachicola, Florida, 19 Jan 1936.—USNM 86835, 1 6, Apalachicola, Florida, 6 Jun 1935.—USNM 86836, 2 6, 1 ovig. 2, 2 im- mature, Big Lake, Alabama, 28 Jan 1938.— USNM 86837, 2 ovig. 2, Bottlepoint Key, Florida, 20 Nov 1939.—USNM 184382, 1 6, 8 ovig. 2, 2 immature, Everglades Na- tional Park, Florida, 11 Nov 1965.—USNM 211432, 14 4, 4 ovig. 2, 30 immature, God- frey Creek, Lemon Bay, Florida, 23 Jan 1938.—USNM 211433, 4 4, 1 ovig 2, 7 im- mature, Key West, Florida, 1968.—USNM 211434, 1 6, 3 immature, Fleming Key, Florida, 24 Mar 1968. 1038 Indian River Coastal Zone Museum (all material from Florida): Sta 101c, 15 6, 22 ovig. °, 140 immature, Banana River, Bre- vard Co., intertidal, 27 Feb 1975.—1 34, 1 ovig. 2, 1 immature, Haulover Canal, Bre- vard Co., Intertidal, 12 Dec 1978.—1 4, 1 ovig. 2, 2 immature, Key Largo, Thalassia seagrass flat, 9 Mar 1982.—Sta 129, 19 4, 11 ovig. °, 39 immature, Indian River, St. Lucie Co., intertidal, 29 Oct 1975.—Sta 88b, 1 6, Indian River, Martin Co., intertidal, 17 Dec 1974.—Sta 116d, 1 immature, Indian River, Brevard Co., intertidal, 29 May 1975.—Sta 79c, 1 6, 7 ovig. 2, 6 immature, Haulover Canal, Brevard Co., 14 Nov 1974. Diagnosis. — Female: Frontal lamina with broad, slightly convex anterior margin. Cephalon with rounded ridge bearing 2 barely discernible submedian tubercles near posterior margin. Anterior fused pleonites with 2 low rounded submedian tubercles on posterior margin. Pleotelson with 2 strong broadly conical tubercles on inflated midre- gion; posterior margin faintly trilobed. Uropodal rami subequal in length, endopod distally oblique-truncate; exopod apically acute. Male: Pleotelson as in female, but with trilobed apex more defined. Uropodal en- dopod distally oblique-truncate; exopod twice length of endopod, tapering to nar- rowly acute apex. Penes separate, slender, tapering to acute apex. Pleopod 2, copula- tory stylet articulating basally on endopod, curved, barely reaching beyond apex of ra- mus, with distal hook. Color. —The majority of freshly pre- served specimens examined showed a scat- tering of red-brown chromatophores on the cephalon, pereon, pleon, antennular and an- tennal flagella, and uropodal rami. The ster- nites of ovigerous females are always fairly densely pigmented with a reticulate pattern. A few specimens were seen having the entire dorsum densely pigmented, while yet fewer specimens have the cephalon and pleon densely pigmented with no connecting pig- ment or a faint to fairly strong connecting middorsal band of pigment. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Distribution. — Florida to Texas, intertid- al to shallow infratidal. Remarks. —Menzies and Kruczynski (1983:50) place both Exosphaeroma antil- lense Richardson, 1912, and Exosphaero- ma barrerae Boone, 1918, in the synonymy of Cymodoce faxoni. Examination of the holotype of Exosphaeroma antillense shows this to be a different species: the frontal lam- ina is not as broad as that of Harrieta faxoni, and both uropodal rami are distally round- ed. The holotype of Exosphaeroma barrerae is more than twice the size of adult Harrieta faxoni, and shows several obvious differ- ences, including the shape of the frontal lamina, pleotelson, and uropodal rami. Ex- osphaeroma antillense does possess three pairs of overlapping oostegites, the condi- tion of the holotype does not allow further comment on the brood pouch structure, while the holotype of E. barrerae is a non- ovigerous female. Until fresh ovigerous ma- terial of these species becomes available, and brood pouch structure can be elucidat- ed, both are excluded from the genus Har- rieta. Cymodoce brasiliensis Richardson, 1906, was compared with the present species, in an attempt to discover a possible congener. Examination of the syntypic material (USNM 32246, 32626) showed the oviger- ous female to have four pairs of oostegites on pereonites 1—4. The species redescribed as C. brasiliensis by Loyola e Silva (1960: 68, figs. 10, 11; 1963:2, unnumbered fig.) was said to have three pairs of oostegites, and is thus not Richardson’s species. No mention was made of brood pouches. The male described by Loyola e Silva (1960) has subequal uropodal rami, and is clearly not Harrieta faxoni. The difference in the urop- odal exopod would suggest that Loyola e Silva’s species is not a congener of Harrieta. Acknowledgments Iam grateful to Dr. Keith Harrison (Brit- ish Museum [Natural History]), for his gen- erous sharing of ideas on the taxonomy of VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 this species, and for reading a draft of this paper. Dr. Richard Heard (Gulf Coast Re- search Laboratory) and Ms. Marilyn Schotte (Smithsonian Institution) also provided ideas on sphaeromatid taxonomy. Dr. John Miller (Indian River Coastal Zone Mu- seum) kindly provided material on loan. Literature Cited Boone, P.L. 1918. Description of ten new isopods. — Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 54: 591-604. Clark, S. T., and P. B. Robertson. 1982. Shallow water marine isopods of Texas. —Contributions to Marine Science 25:45—59. Hansen, H. J. 1905. On the propagation, structure, and classification of the family Sphaeromi- dae.— Quarterly Journal of Microscopial Sci- ence 49(1):69-135. Harrison, K. 1984. The morphology of the sphae- romatid brood pouch (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae).— Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 82:363-407. , and D. M. Holdich. 1984. Hemibranchiate sphaeromatids (Crustacea: Isopoda) from Queensland, Australia, with a world-wide re- view of the genera discussed. — Zoological Jour- nal of the Linnean Society 81:275-387. Loyolae Silva, J.de. 1960. Sphaeromatidae do litoral Brasileiro (Isopoda-Crustacea).—Boletim da Universidade do Parana, Zoologia 4:1—182. . 1963. Metamorfoses das pecas bucais em fe- meas de Cymodoce Leach, 1814 (Isopoda-Crus- tacea).— Boletim do Instituto de Defesa do Pa- trimonio Natural, Zoologia 5:1-10. Lyons, W.G.,S. P. Cobb, D. K. Camp, J. A. Mountain, 1039 T. Savage, L. Lyons, and E. A. Joyce, Jr. 1971. Preliminary inventory of marine invertebrates collected near the electrical generating plant, Crystal River, Florida, in 1969.—Florida De- partment of Natural Resources, Marine Re- search Laboratory, Professional Paper 14:1—45. Menzies, R. J., and W. L. Kruczynski. 1983. Isopod Crustacea (exclusive of Epicaridea).— Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 6(1):1-126. , and M. A. Miller. 1955. A redescription of the marine isopod crustacean “Exosphaeroma”’ faxoni Richardson from Texas.—Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 5(4): 292-296. Pearse, A. S., and G. W. Wharton. 1938. The oyster “leech” Stylochus inimicus Palombi, associated with oysters on the coasts of Florida.—Ecolog- ical Monographs 8(4):605-655. Richardson, H. 1905. A monograph on the isopods of North America. — Bulletin of the United States National Museum 54:i-liii, 1-727. . 1906. Descriptions of new isopod crustaceans of the family Sphaeromidae.— Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 31:1—22. 1912. Marine and terrestrial isopods from Jamaica.— Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 42:187-194. Rouse, W. L. 1969. Littoral Crustacea from south- west Florida. — Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 32(2):127—152. Schultz, G. A. 1969. How to know the marine isopod crustaceans. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 359 pp. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 1040-1048 A NEW TROGLOBITIC CRAYFISH FROM NORTHWESTERN ARKANSAS (DECAPODA: CAMBARIDAE) Horton H. Hobbs, Jr., and Arthur V. Brown Abstract. —A new troglobitic crayfish, Cambarus (Jugicambarus) aculabrum, is described from two cave streams in Benton County, Arkansas. Its closest affinities are with three other troglobitic species occurring in the Ozark region: C. (J.) zophonastes from Arkansas, C. (J.) setosus from Missouri, and C. (J.) tartarus from Oklahoma. The crayfish described herein from Ben- ton County, Arkansas, is the second trog- lobitic decapod to be reported from the state. Only the rare Cambarus (Jugicambarus) zo- phonastes Hobbs and Bedinger (1964:11), known from a single locality (Hell Creek Cave) in Stone County, has been found pre- viously. Two additional closely related al- binistic species, however, occur in the Ozark region: C. (J.) setosus Faxon (1889:237) in southern Missouri, and C. (J.) tartarus Hobbs and Cooper (1972:51) in eastern Oklahoma. The more distantly related trog- lobitic C. (J.) cryptodytes Hobbs (1941:110) frequents subterranean waters of the pan- handle of Florida and southwestern Geor- gia. (For a review of what is known about these crayfishes, see Hobbs, Hobbs, and Daniel 1977.) Features that will aid in dis- tinguishing between them are pointed out in the appended key and are illustrated in riggs Cambarus (Jugicambarus) aculabrum, new species Figs. la—l, 2a—c, e, j, n Diagnosis. —Body and eyes without pig- ment, latter reduced. Body and chelipeds studded with conspicuous stiff setae. Ros- trum usually with small marginal spines, occasionally tapering to apex without set- ting off distinct angle at base of acumen. Areola 17.5 to 54.5 times as long as wide, comprising 43.2 to 47.2 percent of entire length of carapace (50.3 to 55.3 percent of postorbital length), and with 1 or 2 punc- tations in narrowest part. Cervical spines minute; suborbital angle lacking; postorbit- al ridges reduced but sometimes with very small, corneous apical tubercles. Antennal scale 1.7 to 1.8 times as long as wide, broad- est distinctly distal to midlength. Chela with subrectangular palm bearing irregular me- sial arrangement of 20 to 25 tubercles; lon- gitudinal ridges of fingers well developed. Hooks on ischia of third pereiopods of male distinctly compressed, not reaching ba- sioischial articulation, and not opposed by tubercle on basis. First pleopod of first form male with rather long, strongly recurved, scythe-like central projection bearing dis- tinct subapical notch; mesial process ap- pearing somewhat degenerate, not inflated, with basal part of distal (morphological ce- phalic) margin shallowly concave, and dis- posed at about 120 degrees to shaft of ap- pendage; proximolateral lobe not set off from shaft by groove. Annulus ventralis subsym- metrical in outline, caudal part slightly movable; cephalic half traversed by deep submedian longitudinal trough; sinus orig- inating on caudolateral (either right or left) side of trough from which coursing cau- domesially and, crossing median line, con- tinuing to fossa, and from latter turning VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1041 Fig. 1. Cambarus (J.) aculabrum (a, b, f-1 from holotype; c, e from morphotype, and d from allotype): a, Lateral view of cephalothorax; b, c, Mesial view of first pleopod; d, Annulus ventralis; e, f, Lateral view of first pleopod; g, Caudal view of first pleopods; h, Ventral view of basal podomeres of third and fourth pereiopods; i, Right antennal scale; j, Dorsal view of carapace; k, Epistome; 1, Dorsal view of distal podomeres of cheliped. gently to median line where, after following Areola narrow, 36.7 times as long as wide, it for short distance, ending on caudal wall with 1 punctation in narrowest part; length of annulus. First pleopod of female repre- of areola 45.8 percent of entire length of sented by minute tuberculiform papilla. carapace (53.9 percent of postorbital length). Holotypic male, form I: Body subovate, Rostrum with weakly thickened, elevated, strongly depressed (Figs. la, j). Abdomen strongly convergent borders bearing minute narrower than thorax (9.1 and 11.6 mm). corneous tubercles at base of acumen; latter 1042 with upturned corneous tip overreaching base of ultimate podomere of antennular peduncle; upper surface of rostrum shallow- ly concave and bearing setiferous puncta- tions, those on mesial flank of both borders deep. Subrostral ridge well developed and evident in dorsal aspect along basal half of rostrum. Postorbital ridges weak, deeply grooved dorsally, and dextral member with small corneous tubercle on cephalic extrem- ity. Suborbital angle absent; branchiostegal spine small. Cervical spine also small but with acute, corneous tip. Carapace conspic- uously punctate dorsally; hepatic, mandib- ular, and anteroventral branchiostegal re- gions tuberculate, most of branchiostegites granular; majority of punctations and gran- ules supporting setae, many of which erect. Abdomen and carapace subequal in length (24.1 and 24.0 mm); pleura rather short and rounded ventrally. Cephalic section of tel- son with two spines in each caudolateral corner, more mesial one movable. Proximal podomere of uropod with acute spine on mesial lobe; mesial ramus with moderately well developed median keel terminating distally in small premarginal spine; spine also present on distolateral angle. Cephalic lobe of epistome (Fig. 1k) sub- triangular with acute anteromedian angle, anterolateral margins elevated (ventrally), dextral one bearing 2 small tubercles; main body of epistome with longitudinal median trough lacking well-defined fovea, but dis- tinct oblique ridge (not illustrated) extend- ing anterolaterally from lateral extremity of arched zygoma. Basal segment of antennule with well developed spines lightly mesial to median line at base of distal third of pod- omere. Antennal flagellum broken. Anten- nal scale (Fig. 11) decidedly wide, broadest distal to midlength; thickened lateral part terminating distally in acute, corneous- tipped spine overreaching tip of acumen and almost attaining distal extremity of anten- nular peduncle. Right chela (Fig. 11) little more than 3.5 times as long as wide, slightly depressed, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and with subrectangular palm; mesial mar- gin of palm with about 24 tubercles ar- ranged roughly in 2 staggered rows and many with long, stiff setae extending from their distal bases; base of palm with irregular row of 9 or 10 tubercles extending transversely from ventrolateral condyle across lateral and dorsal surfaces to level of dorsomesial con- dyle; ventrodistal surface of palm with 3 submedian tubercles: 2 on proximal flank of oblique ridge and 1 proximal to them; lateral margin with row of low tubercles along proximal half and setiferous puncta- tions distally; almost all punctations and tu- bercles on palm and fingers supporting long stiff setae. Opposable margin of fixed finger with 2 rows of tubercles: dorsal row con- sisting of 9 on proximal half and 2 minute ones (too small to include in illustration) in distal third; ventral row of 5 beginning just proximal to midlength of finger and ex- tending to base of distal fourth; tubercles of both rows with corneous tips; single row of minute denticles extending almost entire length of finger between dorsal and ventral rows of tubercles. Opposable margin of dac- tyl with single row of 16 tubercles along proximal four-fifths of finger interspersed among single row of minute denticles; all tubercles, except for abraded ones, with cor- neous tips. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of both fingers with well developed longitu- dinal ridges; mesial margin of dactyl with conspicuous setiferous punctations. Carpus of cheliped longer than broad (5.6 and 4.2 mm) with shallow, oblique furrow dorsally; mesial surface with 2 large spike- like tubercles situated distal to 3 much smaller ones; ventral surface with 3 tuber- cles on distal border, middle one smaller than others, mesial one largest; lateral sur- face with oblique row of several small tu- bercles and few others more proximally sit- uated, 2 somewhat dorsally and 1 ventrally; podomere otherwise bearing setiferous punctations. Dorsal surface of merus with single row of tubercles basally, but tubercles forming VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 distally broadening band beyond mid- length; ventral surface with mesial and lat- eral rows of 15 tubercles each, those in distal half of both rows spikelike. Mesial and lat- eral surfaces punctate, and distolateral ex- tremity with single spikelike tubercle. Is- chium with ventromesial row of 4 small tubercles distal to fracture suture. Hook present on ischium of third pereio- pod only (Fig. lh); hook strongly com- pressed and not reaching basioischial artic- ulation and not opposed by tubercle on basis. Coxa of fourth pereiopod with rounded, somewhat compressed caudomesial boss. Coxa of fifth pereiopod without promi- nences. For measurements see Table 1. First pleopods (Figs. 1b, f, g) reaching coxae of third pereiopods when abdomen flexed. See “Diagnosis” for description. Allotypic female: Differing from holotype in other than secondary sexual features in following respects: acumen almost reaching distal margin of penultimate podomere of antennular penduncle; postorbital ridges with minute, corneous apical tubercle; right cervical spine reduced to small tubercle; ab- domen longer than carapace, and pleura more flared; both anterolateral margins of cephalic lobe of epistome with 2 tubercles, dextral with rudimentary third one, and most anterior one situated adjacent to rounded apex of lobe; oblique lateral ridge of main body of epistome with small spine at lateral extremity; antennal flagellum also broken but reaching fifth abdominal ter- gum; mesial margin of palm of right chela with 18 tubercles (left with 20) arranged in 2 rows; ventrodistal surface of palm with 1 (right) or 2 (left) tubercles; opposable mar- gin of fixed finger of right cheliped with 6 tubercles (8 on left) in dorsal row and 3 (4 on left) in ventral row; opposable margin of dactyl with row of 10 (9 on left); mesial surface of right carpus with | spikelike tu- bercle and 6 smaller ones (left with 1 and 4); merus of right cheliped with ventrolat- eral row of 11 tubercles and ventromesial one of 16 (most spikelike); ischium of both 1043 Table 1.—Measurements (mm) of Cambarus (J.) aculabrum. Mor- Holo-_ Allo- pho- Topo- type type, type, _ type al + 3 II 31 Carapace: Entire length DMO D3 WOs7/ 233,11 Postorbital length 20.4 20.8 17.7 19.7 Width Wi@ ils O88) Wis Height Cle pres “7x 8.4 Areola: Width O83 O02 O07 @,3 Length 11.0 10.9 8.9 10.9 Rostrum: Width Dette QS ei2t5sy B276 Length 3 Op wSOaur sist 3:3 Chela: Length, palm mesial margin 8.9 89 Wd 79 Palm width Of WS Gall 6.5 Length, lateral margin MAT 23.5 200 224! Dactyl length 14.3 13.1 11.2 13.0 Abdomen: Width Qi N03 79 9.3 Length MEM BS FAQ 2HsI chelipeds with ventromesial row of 3 small tubercles distal to fracture suture. Annulus ventralis (Fig. 1d; see also Fig. 2n) as described in “‘Diagnosis.” Morphotypic male, form II: Differing from holotype in following respects: acu- men falling short of midlength of ultimate podomere of antennular peduncle; postor- bital ridges very poorly developed and nei- ther with tubercle at cephalic extremity; ab- domen longer than carapace; antennal scale with distolateral margins more concave, and left basal angle with small tubercle, disto- lateral spine reaching distal extremity of an- tennular peduncle; ventrodistal surface of palm of right chela with single tubercle on proximal flank of oblique ridge, left as in holotype; opposable margin of fixed finger of right chela with 6 tubercles in dorsal row and 3 in ventral (left chela with 6 and 2); opposable margin of dactyi with row of 10 tubercles on right chela and 13 on left; ven- 1044 tral surface of merus of right cheliped with 11 tubercles in lateral row and 13 in mesial (14 in each row on left); tubercles in ven- tromesial row of ischium very small. Typ- ically, hook on ischium of third pereiopod smaller but otherwise similar to that in ho- lotype. First pleopod (Fig. lc, e) with ter- minal elements more robust but disposed almost as in holotype, although mesial pro- cess more strongly reflexed. Type locality. —Logan Cave, about 11 km east of Shiloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas (Gallatin Quadrangle T. 18N, R. 32W, Sec. 33; 36°11'50"N, 94°22’50’W). This Ozarkian solution channel, located in the Mississippian cherty-limestone Boone Formation of the Springfield Plateau, is ap- proximately 2000 m long. Water flows (about 19,000 m?/day) through the entire length of the cave and forms a brook where it surfaces at an elevation of about 323 m. A conical sink hole (10 m diameter x 10 m deep) provides a second access to the passageway about 300 m upstream from that at the spring opening. Collapse of the cave roof formed the sink and dammed the stream, creating an underground lake about 200 m long, 2-6 m wide, and 2-3 m deep. Most of the Cambarus (J.) aculabrum have been seen in this pool, but they also occur in other reaches of the stream. They are usually found along the side walls of the pool or at the margin ofthe stream. As many as six have been seen during one survey, but more often not one is in evidence. The cave contains a diverse array of other species in- cluding among the aquatic forms, an epi- gean crayfish, Orconectes neglectus neglec- tus (Faxon); Ozark cavefish, Amblyopsis rosae (Eigenmann); isopods, Caecidotea sti- ladactyla Mackin and Hubricht; amphi- pods, Stygobromus ozarkensis (Holsinger); Fig. 2. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON sculpins, Cottus carolinae Gill, and sala- manders, 7yphlotriton spelaeus (Stejneger), Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, E. longicauda (Green), and E. multiplicata (Cope). Ter- restrial cave inhabitants include a large pop- ulation of gray bats, Myotis grisecens How- ell, other bats, e.g., Pipistrellis subflavus Cuvier, collembolans, beetles, dipterans, millipedes, and pseudoscorpions. Disposition of types.—The holotype, al- lotype, and morphotype are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), numbers 219149, 219150, 219151, respectively. Paratypes, consisting of 1 6 I from Logan Cave, and 3 61,3 6II, and | ? from Bear Hollow Cave (see ““Range’’), are also in the Smithsonian Institution. Size.— The largest specimen available is a female from Bear Hollow Cave possessing a carapace length of 28.2 mm (postorbital carapace length, 24.0 mm). The largest (the holotype) and smallest first form males have corresponding lengths of 24.0 (20.4) mm and 16.2 (13.7) mm, respectively. Range.—This crayfish is known from only two localities, both in Benton County, Ar- kansas; the type locality and Bear Hollow Cave which is situated about 38 km NNW of Logan Cave (T. 21N, R. 30W, Sec. 18; 36°29'S0’N, 94°13'25”W). The latter cave is also a solution tunnel in the Boone For- mation, but the opening on the hillside is at an elevation of 1160 feet (354 m) and the small stream in it no longer discharges at the surface. There is less habitat available in the much smaller stream (about 200 m long and 0.2 m deep) in Bear Hollow Cave than in the type locality, but as many as nine crayfish have been seen during a single survey. The cave fauna is much less diverse than that in Logan Cave, probably reflecting =~ Epistome and secondary sexual features of troglobitic members of subgenus Jugicambarus (a, epistome; b, i-m, mesial view of first pleopod of first form male; c, lateral view of same; d—h, caudal view of same; n, annulus ventralis): a—c, n, Paratypes of C. (J.) aculabrum from Bear Hollow Cave; d, i, Holotype of C. (J.) zophonastes; e, j, Holotype of C. (J.) aculabrum; f, k, C. (J.) setosus from Smallins Cave; g, 1, Holotype of C. (J.) tartarus; h, m, Holotype of C. (J.) cryptodytes. VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 1045 1046 the lower energy source resulting from the absence of a large colony of bats. Seasonal data.—First form males were obtained on 31 December 1985, 16 January 1986, 20 February 1986, 8 October 1986, and 25 February 1987. Females carrying eggs or young have not been observed. Variations.—The most striking varia- tions noted are in the shape and degree of development of the marginal tubercles of the rostrum, the ornamentation of the an- teromedian lobe of the epistome, and in the relative width of the areola. The rostral margins may converge almost from the level of the orbit to the base of the acumen, or they may be subparallel or even slightly con- vex laterally. Moderately well developed marginal tubercles may mark the base of the acumen, but they may be minute, and occasionally are absent (perhaps resulting from injury in an earlier instar) and the an- gle missing at the base of the acumen. The anteromedian lobe of the epistome is ba- sically in the form of an isosceles triangle with a relatively broad base; however, the anterolateral sides may be slightly concave, unevenly and asymmetrically crenate, and in at least one specimen the anterolateral angles are produced anteriorly (Fig. 2a); in all of the specimens examined, however, there exists an anteromedian, subacute an- gle. As pointed out above, the width of the areola is decidedly variable, ranging from 17.5 to more than 50 times as long as broad. Other variations occur in the numbers of tubercles on the several podomeres of the cheliped, but they scarcely extend the range of numbers noted in the descriptions of the primary types. Compare Figure 1b, f with M05, Ce The populations in the two caves seem consistently to differ in two respects: spec- imens from the type locality exhibit rostra with more strongly convergent lateral mar- gins than do those from Bear Hollow Cave; also, the areola is proportionately narrower (36.3 to 54.5, avg. 43.0 times as long as PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON wide, n = 4) than that in specimens from the latter (17.5 to 35.3, avg. 26.8, n = 7). Relationships. — There is every reason to believe that the four troglobitic crayfishes of the Ozark Region are more closely allied to one another than any one Is to other trog- lobitic or epigean species. They resemble each other so closely, and the ranges of vari- ation are so similar that one is almost forced to conclude that, unlike the troglobitic Pro- cambarus in Florida in which at least three separate origins from epigean ancestors were postulated by Hobbs and Franz (1986), they appear to have been derived from a single stock that gained access to an early subter- ranean channel in the Ozark uplift. In this stock, a mien that was to become charac- teristic of all of the troglobitic Jugicambarus now known to inhabit the subterranean waters of the Ozark region was soon ac- quired. The features contributing to the ex- isting similarities are apparently so much in accord with the similar environments in which subsequent isolated populations have become established that few consistently unique qualities, except in secondary sexual characters of the males, can be found in any of them. The only local clues as to the nature of the ancestral epigean stock that entered the Ozark region must be sought in the very poorly known C. (J.) causeyi (Reimer 1966: 9). But, like its troglobitic relatives, this rel- ict has become so highly adapted (burrow- ing in seepage areas and in the substrate of small headwater streams) that surely its physiognomy is unlikely to reflect many an- cestral qualities of the early epigean Ozark- ian Jugicambarus stock any better than do those of the troglobites. For example, its strongly compressed body is unique in the subgenus, and few other members of Cam- barus appear to be so slender. Likely a better appreciation of the visage of the most recent epigean antecedent of the troglobites might be gained by turning to the stream-dwelling Jugicambarus frequenting the Cumberland -VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 Plateau and Highland Rim of Tennessee and Kentucky. Perhaps surprising is the obser- vation that marginal spines or tubercles on the rostrum, considered generally to be a primitive feature in crayfish lineages, are lacking in all Jugicambarus except the Ozarkian troglobites! Does their presence in these cave dwellers represent a primitive retention or an atavistic recurrence? Two features seem consistently to set C. (J.) aculabrum apart from its close relatives. The anteromedian lobe of the epistome is produced anteriorly in an acute or subacute apex, hence the name accorded the species, and the first pleopod, which lacks even a trace of a groove at the base of the proxi- molateral lobe, exhibits a strongly reflexed, distally tapering central projection that bears a shallow subapical notch. The following key should aid in the identification of the first form males of the five troglobitic mem- bers of the subgenus Jugicambarus. Key to the Troglobitic Members of the Subgenus Jugicambarus (Based on first pleopods of first form males) 1. Central projection directed at right angle to shaft of appendage (Fig. 2h, 11) PE C. (J.) cryptodytes — Central projection bent more than at right angle to shaft of appendage (ieee ete Be Ee eae Sey 2 2. Proximolateral lobe of first pleopod set off from shaft by shallow or deep transverse groove (Fig. 2f, g) ..... 3 — Proximolateral lobe of shaft of first pleopod not set off from shaft by transverse groove (Figs. 2d,e).... 4 3. Central projection short, not taper- ing, truncate apically (Fig. 2g, 1) .. divas ae pba inina Aerie rae C. (J.) tartarus — Central projection moderately long, and tapering to rounded apex (Fig. TIES) lid eink ig Sea Oe ah ate C. (J.) setosus 4. Central projection short and lacking 1047 subapical notch (Fig. 2d,i) ...... C. (J.) zophonastes — Central projection moderately long and with shallow subapical notch (Fis 26a ig) aa thtx C. (J.) aculabrum ee Acknowledgments We extend our thanks to C. Stanley Todd for the interest, enthusiasm, and assistance provided during the course of a study, by one of us (AVB), of the Ozark caves and their faunas. His help in obtaining the series of specimens on which this report is based was invaluable. We are also grateful to the Arkansas Nongame Preservation Commit- tee for a grant that made the cave study possible. For their comments and criticisms of the manuscript, appreciation 1s extended to Thomas E. Bowman of the Smithsonian Institution, J. F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., of the Uni- versity of South Alabama, and H. H. Hobbs, III of Wittenberg University. We also ap- preciate the assistance of Mark E. Gordon with various aspects of the study. Literature Cited Faxon, Walter. 1889. Cambarus setosus Faxon. In Samuel Garman, Cave animals from south- western Missouri.— Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 17(6): 237, pl. 1: figs. 1-3; pl. 2: fig. 1. Hobbs, Horton H., Jr. 1941. Three new Florida cray- fishes of the subgenus Cambarus (Decapoda, Astacidae).—American Midland Naturalist 26(1):110-121, 2 pls. , and M. S. Bedinger. 1964. A new troglobitic crayfish of the genus Cambarus (Decapoda, As- tacidae) from Arkansas with a note on the range of Cambarus cryptodytes Hobbs. — Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 77(3): 9-15, 11 figs. , and Martha R. Cooper. 1972. A new trog- lobitic crayfish from Oklahoma (Decapoda: As- tacidae).— Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 85(3):49-56. 1 fig, , and Richard Franz. 1986. New troglobitic crayfish with comments on its relationship to epigean and other hypogean crayfishes of Flor- 1048 ida.—Journal of Crustacean Biology 6(3):509- 519, 2 figs. —., H. H. Hobbs, III, and Margaret A. Daniel. 1977. A review of the troglobitic crustaceans of the Americas.—Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 244:v + 183 pp, 70 figs. Reimer, Rollin DeWayne. 1966. Two new species of the genus Cambarus from Arkansas (Decapoda, Astacidae).— Tulane Studies in Zoology 13(1): 9-15, 18 figs. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (HHH) Department of Invertebrate Zo- ology, National Museum of Natural His- tory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (AVB) Department of Zoology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ar- kansas 72701. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 1049-1050 ON THE STATUS OF THE PHYLUM-NAME, AND OTHER NAMES, OF THE VESTIMENTIFERAN TUBE WORMS Meredith L. Jones Abstract.—Two phylum-names have been proposed for the same group of animals, the vestimentiferan tube worms of hydrothermal vents and elsewhere. Priority for the phylum-name Vestimentifera Jones, as well as for the classes Axonobranchia Jones and Basibranchia Jones and the orders Riftiida Jones and Lamellibrachiida Jones, is established; these are the senior synonyms for these taxa. It has come to my attention that there exists a possibility of confusion concerning the valid name of the phylum containing tube worms of the genera Lamellibrachia, Riftia, Escarpia, Tevnia, Oasisia and Ridge- id. The phylum Vestimentifera was pro- posed in a publication dated 30 December 1985 and was available for distribution on that date (Jones 1985). The phylum in- cludes: the class Axonobranchia with the single order Riftiida and the single family Riftiidae, containing the genus Riftia, only; and the class Basibranchia with two orders, Lamellibrachiida (with two families, La- mellibrachiidae and Escarpiidae, each mon- ogeneric, with Lamellibrachia and Escar- pia, respectively), and Tevniida (with two families, Tevniidae, with the genera Tevnia and Oasisia, and Ridgeiidae, with the single genus Ridgeia). The phylum Mesoneurophora was pro- posed in a publication that bears the date ““1985”> (Manée-Garzon and Montero 1985”). The phylum includes a single class, Vestimentifera, with two orders, Lamelli- brachida (with the single genus Lamellibra- chia, with the family Lamellibrachiidae im- plied) and Ptyllida (with the single genus Riftia, with the family Riftiidae implied). This was something ofa surprise to me since I had discussed my intent to propose a new phylum for these tube worms during “... un franco y positivo intercambio de ideas” (Mané-Garzon and Montero “1985’’:27), when one of the authors visited me in my laboratory on 24 August 1985, my paper being “‘in press” (Jones 1985). The two dates involved here suggest that there is a question of priority concerning the validity of the two sets of names of phy- lum, class, and order, for the date of the phylum Vestimentifera is quite late in the year. On the back cover of the paper proposing the phylum Mesoneurophora there is print- ed “INZAURRALDE Prensa” and “De- posito Legal 215257/86.” The final two fig- ures of the number suggest that the paper may have been printed in 1986, in spite of the date inscribed, 1985. Inquiries, by telephone, to INZAUR- RALDE Press, Montevideo, indicated that the paper was printed and available for dis- tribution on or about 12 June 1986; a re- quest for written confirmation of this date has not been answered as yet. The number associated with ““Deposito Legal,’’ above, is assigned by the Biblioteca Nacional, Montevideo, to publications pro- duced in Uruguay. In response to a request for details concerning the date of publica- tion of the paper and of its availability, the Director of the Department of Public Ser- 1050 vice of the National Library stated, in a let- ter, that the date of issue of this number was 19 March 1986 and that their records showed that the paper was available to read- ers at the Library in July 1986. A letter to the Editor of the Revista de Biologia del Uruguay, dated 6 October 1986, concerning the date of publication of the article in question, has gone unanswered; a similar letter to the authors of the paper, dated 26 February 1987, likewise, has gone unanswered. It is evident from the comments from the National Library, Montevideo, that there is a priority of date for the publication of 30 December 1985 proposing the phylum Ves- timentifera, along the classes and orders proposed with it. Although it is acknowledged that the In- ternational Code of Zoological Nomencla- ture (International Commission on Zoolog- ical Nomenclature 1985) does not apply to taxa above the familial level (Article 1 (b) (4)), some guidance is available for the pres- ent case; application of Article 21 (c) of the Code indicates that the earliest date of pub- lication of the Uruguayan paper considered here must be 31 December 1985. In either case, then, the phylum Vesti- mentifera Jones, the classes Axonobranchia Jones and Basibranchia Jones and the or- ders Riftiida Jones and Lamellibrachiida Jones have priority, on the basis of date, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON and the phylum Mesoneurophora Maneé- Garzon & Montero, the class Vestimenti- fera Mané-Garzon & Montero and the or- ders Ptyllida Mané-Garzon & Montero and Lamellibrachida Mané-Garzon & Montero are their respective junior synonyms. I thank F. M. Bayer of this department for comment on and discussion of the manuscript and V. Solis-Weiss, Universi- dad Nacional Autonoma de México, for help with translations and in making telephone calls to Uruguay. Literature Cited International Commission on Zoological Nomencla- ture. 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 3rd ed. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, xx + 338 pp. Jones, M. L. 1985. On the Vestimentifera, new phy- lum: Six new species, and other taxa, from hy- drothermal vents and elsewhere. — Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 6:117—158. Mané-Garzon, F., and R. Montero. “1985.” Sobre una nueva forma de verme tubicola-Lamelli- brachia victori [sic] n. sp. (Vestimentifera)- Proposicion de un nuevo phylum: Mesoneuro- phora.— Revista de Biologia del Uruguay 8(1): 1-28. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Di- vision of Worms, NHB-163, National Mu- seum of Natural History, Smithsonian In- stitution, Washington, D.C. 20560. PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, p. 1051 PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL LISTS AND INDEXES OF NAMES AND WORKS IN ZOOLOGY The 1987 edition of the “Official Lists and Indexes ...” has been published by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. This publication records for the first time in a single volume all the animal names and the titles of works on which the International Commission has ruled since it was set up in 1895. The volume comprises 366 pages and includes 9900 entries. References are arranged alphabetically in four sec- tions: family-group names, generic names, specific names, and titles of works. In North America, copies may be ordered from the American Association for Zoological Nomenclature (AAZN, % NHB Stop 163, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560). The cost is $110.00 ($100.00 to AAZN members). PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, p. 1052 BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON PROCEEDINGS 114th Annual Meeting, 27 May 1987 The meeting was called to order by Austin Williams at 1:00 p.m. in the Waldo Schmitt Room, National Museum of Natural History. Don Wilson, Treasurer, reported that income from dues, subscriptions, and page charges were higher in 1986 than they had been in 1985, but that income from the sale of past issues of the Proceedings was, inexplicably, down. Total income for 1896 was $101,725.00. The estimated income for 1987 is $91,300.00, and the estimated expenditures are $67,500.00—leaving about $23,000.00 available to subsidize page charges. Austin noted that the report had been approved by the Council, and no questions were asked. Brian Kensley, Editor, then reported on Volume 99 of the Proceedings. Ninety papers, totaling 770 pages, were published in 1986 and the number of papers related to botany seems to be increasing. It was noted that papers submitted by individuals unable to pay page-charges were currently subject to publication delays of up to a year. Unpaid papers now account for about 50 pages per issue, and Brian hopes that additional funds will be available to increase this to 60 pages per issue. There were no comments on this report. Austin announced that the Nominations Committee, consisting of Richard P. Vari, Stanley M. Weitzman, and Donald B. Whitehead, will circulate an election ballot later in the year. Bruce Collette moved that the meeting be adjourned; Ted Bayer seconded the motion; the meeting was adjourned at 1:30 p.m. Respectively submitted, C. W. Hart, Jr. Secretary INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS Content.—The Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington contains papers bearing on systematics in the biological sciences (botany, zoology, and paleontology), and notices of business transacted at meetings of the Society. Except at the direction of the Council, only manuscripts by Society members will be accepted. Papers are published in English (except for Latin diagnoses/descriptions of plant taxa), with a summary in an alternate language when appropriate. Submission of manuscripts. —Submit manuscripts to the Editor, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, National Museum of Natural History NHB-163, Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Review.—One of the Society’s aims is to give its members an opportunity for prompt pub- lication of their shorter contributions. Manuscripts are reviewed in order of receipt by a board of Associate Editors and appropriate referees. Proofs.—First proofs are submitted to authors for correction and approval. Reprint orders are taken with returned proofs. Publication charges. — Authors are asked to assume publication costs of page-charges, tabular material, and figures, at the lowest possible rates. Authors are required to pay the charges for figures, tables, changes at proof stage, and reprints. Payment of full costs will facilitate speedy publication. Costs: Printed page @ $60.00, figures @ $10.00, tabular material $3.00 per printed inch. One ms. page = approx. 0.4 printed page. Presentation. — Manuscripts should be typed double-spaced throughout (including tables, leg- ends, and footnotes) on one side of 8% x 11 inch sheets, with at least one inch of margin all around. Manuscripts in dot-matrix will not be accepted. Submit two facsimiles (including illustrations) with the original, and retain an author’s copy. Pages must be numbered consec- utively. Underline singly scientific names of genera and lower categories; leave other indications to the editor. The sequence of material should be: Title, Author(s), Abstract, Text, Acknowledgments, Literature Cited, Author’s(s’) Address(es), Appendix, Figure Legends, Figures (each numbered and identified), Tables (double-spaced throughout, each table numbered with an Arabic numeral and with heading provided). Clarity of presentation, and requirements of taxonomic and nomenclatural procedures ne- cessitate reasonable consistency in the organization of papers. Telegraphic style is required for descriptions and diagnoses. Literature citations in the text should be in abbreviated style (author, date, page), except in botanical synonymies, with unabbreviated citations of journals and books in the Literature Cited sections. Direct quotations in the text must be accompanied by author, date, and pagination. The establishment of new taxa must conform with the requirements of the appropriate international codes of nomenclature. When appropriate, accounts of new taxa must cite a type specimen deposited in an institutional collection. Examples of journal and book citations: Eigenmann, C. H. 1915. The Cheirodontidae, a subfamily of minute characid fishes of South America.— Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 7(1):1—-99. Ridgely, R. S. 1976. A guide to the birds of Panama. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 354 pp. Olson, S. L. 1973. The fossil record of birds. Pp. 79-238 in D. Farner, J. King, and K. Parkes, eds., Avian biology, volume 8. Academic Press, New York. Figures and tables with their legends and headings should be self-explanatory, not requiring reference to the text. Indicate figure and table placement in pencil in the margin of the manu- script. Plan illustrations in proportions that will efficiently use space on the type bed of the Proceedings. Original illustrations should not exceed 15 x 24 inches. Figures requiring solid black backgrounds should be indicated as such when the manuscript is submitted, but should not be masked. CONTENTS Storthyngura torbeni, a new species of hadal isopod from the a hypothesis on its origin (Crustacea: Eurycopidae) _ 5; Nicoya tuberculata, a new genus and species of spider crab from Pisinae) Ctenosculidae Identity of Crocodilus mexicanus Bocourt, 1869 Rese Cc on Plummers Island, Maryland, ard vicinity A new extinct species of giant pigeon (Colbmbidae Wallis (Uvea) Island, pou Pacific Vee gonids from the northeast Pacific New and little known Pycnogonida from Antarctic and Subantarctic Four species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) including: one species from Alaska Five new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the ¢ New and previously known taxa of isidid octocorals (Coelenterata: | Antarctic waters Frederick M. First flowering dates for spring-blooming plants of the Washingto. 1970 to 1983 Stanwyn G. S Hypoconcha parasitica (Linnaeus, 1763), a senior synonym of Hyp 1799) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) L. B. Holthuis Observations on three known free-living marine nematodes of the Enoplida) and a description of Thalassironus lynnae n. sp. frot Harrieta, anew genus for Cymodoce faxoni (Richardson) (Crus A new troglobitic crayfish from northwestern Arkansas (Decapox Horton H. Hobb On the status of the phylum-name, and other names, of the ves Publication of the Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Wor. Biological Society of Washington: Proceedings of the 114th Annu Table of contents, Volume 100 Index to new taxa, Volume 100 3 1-100 1987 ES 1 -1880- INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Volumes 1—100 inclusive 1880-1987 PHYLLIS SPANGLER Compiler Editors: Phyllis Spangler and C. Brian Robbins Associate Editors Invertebrates: Thomas E. Bowman Stephen D. Cairns Insects: Paul J. Spangler Vertebrates: |G. David Johnson Plants: David B. Lellinger 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 0024 0025 0026 0027 0028 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS AND TITLES Abele, L. G. A new species of Sesarma, S. (Holometopus) rubinofforum, from the Pacific coast of Panama (Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae) Abele, L. G. A new species of freshwater shrimp (genus Atya) from the Pacific drainages of Panama Abele, L. G. The taxonomic status of Sesarma festae Nobili, 1901, S. ophioderma Nobili, 1901, and S. biolleyi Rathbun, 1906 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae) in the eastern Pacific Abele, L. G. Rediscovery of Sesarma aequatoriale Ortmann, 1894 in the eastern Pacific (Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae) Abele, L. G. A reevaluation of Sesarma barbimanum Cano, 1889 and S. crassipes Cano, 1889 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Grapsidae) Abele, L. G., & I. E. Efford. A new species of Lepidopa, L. dexterae, (Anomura, Albuneidae), from the Caribbean coast of Panama : Abele, L. G., & W. Kim. Notes on the freshwater shrimps of Isla del Coco with the description of Macrobrachium cocoense, new species . Adis, J., & R. C. Froeschner. Notes on distribution of some Latin American cotton-stainers (Dysdercus: Pyrrhocoridae: Hemiptera) and remarks on the biology of Dysdercus urbahni Schmidt ........... Adkison, D. L. Description of Dactylokepon sulcipes n. sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) and notes on D. caribaeus ................ Adkison, D. L. Probopyrinella heardi n. sp. (Isopoda: Bopyridae) a branchial parasite of the hippolytid shrimp Latreutes parvulus (Decapoda: Caridea) Adkison, D. L. Two new species of Gigantione Kossmann (Isopoda: Epicaridea: Bopyridae) from the western North Atlantic Adkison, D. L., & R. W. Heard. Description of a new genus and species of Pseudioninae (Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasite of the hermit crab Pagurus annulipes (Stimpson) from North Carolina Adkison, D. L., R. W. Heard, & G. T. Clark. Description of the male and notes on the female of Argeiopsis inhacae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) Adkison, D. L., & T. S. Hopkins. Tectasquilla lutzae, new genus and species (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Lysiosquillidae) from the Gulf of Mexico Ahearn, M. E., & J. F. Lance. A new species of Neochoerus (Rodentia: Hydrochoeridae) from the Blancan (Late Pliocene) of North America Aldrich, J. A new subspecies of sandhill crane from Mississippi ..... Aldrich, J. W. New bobwhite from northeastern Mexico Aldrich, J. W. A new fox sparrow from the northwestern United States Aldrich, J. W. Notes on the Steller jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) of southern INTE SIC OT ener Neier ane N es fens i. malian serials | lene lioall lca Aldrich, J. W. New subspecies of birds from western North America . Aldrich, J. W. A new house finch from the Palouse country of the northwestern United States Aldrich, J. W. Geographic variation in white-winged doves with reference to possible source of new Florida population Aldrich, T. H. New molluskan names Alfaro, A. A new owl from Costa Rica Allan, P. Craspedacusta sowerbii in Maryland .................-. Allard, H. A. The stridulations of some "katydids" ............... Allard, H. A. The drumming spider (Lycosa gulosa Walckenaer) Allen, G. M. The type locality of Ametrida minor H. Allen e© © © © © © © © © © © we ee 8 8 © © © «© © © eo 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew © 8 ee 8 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 Ble ee 8 8 8 eB 8 8 8 8 ° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew ew 8 8 ee ele le le 8 le le 8 8 8 2 © © © © © © © © ° © © © © © © © © © 8 © © 8 8 ee 8 8 8 8 lee 8 8 ee 8 8 © © © © © © © © © © 8 ef 8 8 8 ew 8 ew le el lel ee © © © © © © © © te 8 8 Be 8 8 8 ee el ee © © © © eo 86:333-337 88:51-58 89:631-643 90:495-504 92:176-183 84:501-506 97:95 1-960 95:371-376 95:702-708 97:550-554 97:761-772 91:408-417 95:334-337 97:532-537 93:435-442 85:63-70 55:67-69 56:163-166 57:23-24 59:129-135 62:29-30 94:641-651 36:199 18:217 65:109 23:35-40 49:67-68 15:88-89 Allen, G. M. The mammals of Margarita Island, Venezuela ....... AllenG. M: Notes:on Bahama bats) 252% 00 scree cree eee Allen, G. M. The west African forest pig (Hylochoerus rimator Thomas) Allen, G. M. Mammals from Yunnan and Tonkin ............... Allen: G: MavAtnew bat fromifonkint) 2 sew, 25 Ae eee Allen, 'G: Mi *Acnew?battfromuMexico nse) erie. Se ene fee Allen, G. M. The water shrew of Nova Scotia ...:.............. Allen, G. M. Two undescribed West Indian bats ................ Allen, G. M. The pampa fox of the Bogota savanna ............. Allen, G. R. Bodianus bimaculatus, a new species of Wrasse (Pisces: abridae) trom the PalauyArchipelasor).2 Sse et eee ae Allen, G. R., & R. Lubbock. Glyphidodontops springer, a new species of damelfish (Pomacentridae) from the Philippine and Molucca Islands Allen, J. A. The systematic name of the Cuban red bat Allen, J. A. The proper name of the viscacha Allen, J. A. The generic names Myrmecophaga and Tamandua, and the specific names of the opossums of the genus Didelphis Allen, J. A. The proper generic names of the viscacha, chinchillas, and their allies e 2 © © e © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee Ble le ele ele el ell ell el el elle ele le el 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © 8 ew ele lel ell le lw ele ee 8 8 le le el Allen, J. A. Notes on the names of a few South American mammals Allen, J. A. A further note on the generic names of the Mephitinae Allen, J. A. A futher note on the name of the Argentine viscacha Allen, J. A. Notes on Phoca nigra Pallas ..............-..-+--- Allen, J. A. Note on Sciurus mollipilosus Audubon and Bachman . Allen, J. A. The proper name of the Mexican Tamandua ......... Allen, J. A. The generic names Speothos and Icticyon ............ Allen, J. A. The genotypes of Echimys and Loncheres ............ Allison, A. The occurrence of certain tropical plants in Mississippi Allison, A. The occurrence of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. in Louisiana Alvarez, R., & S. L. Olson. A new merganser from the Miocene of Virginia (Aves: Anatidae) Alvarez-Noguera, F. Pseudothelphusa mexicana, a new freshwater crab from the State of Guerrero, Mexico (Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae) Alvarino, A. Spadella gaetanoi, a new benthic chaetognath from Hawaii Alvarino, A. Spadella legazpichessi, a new benthic chaetognath from Enewetak, Marshall Islands Alvarino, A. Nectocarmen antonioi, a new Prayinae, Calycophorae, Siphonophora from California Alvarino, A. Spadella pimukatharos, a new benthic chaetognath from Santa Catalina Island, California Alvarino, A., & K. R. Frankwick. Heteropyramis alcala and Thalassophyes ferrarii, new species of Clausophyidae (Calycophorae: Siphonophorae) from the South Pacific Alvarino, A., & J. M. Wojtan. Three new species of Lensia, and description of the eudoxia stages of Lensia reticulata and Lensia lelouveteau (Calycophorae: Siphonophorae) Ames, O. A new species of Habenaria from Cuba Ames, O. Additions to the orchid flora of Florida Ames, O. Three new orchid species Ames, O. Notes on orchids new to Florida Ames, O. Descriptions of new species of Acoridium from the Philippines Ames, O. Additions to the orchid flora of Panama e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee ew 8 el el el ell elle elle el lel ell el el el ele © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee 8 le ee wl le ell ell ll ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee 8 le ltl le lel le le 8 © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew ew wl el lel el el lel ell e 2 © © © © © © & © ew 8 ew et ew ew ee ew ele eh ele ee © © © © ee ee tt ee ee ee el ee © ee © ee 8 ew ee ew ee © © © © © © ee 8 ee ee ew ee 8 = © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 8 © 8 ew ew ew ell le lel tll tll el ele ele ell 15:91-97 18:65-71 23:49-51 25:177-179 26:213-214 27:109-111 28:15-17 30:165-170 36:55-57 86:385-389 88:345-350 13:165 13:183-184 14:91-93 14:181-182 14:183-185 15:59-66 15:196 16:49 16:126 19:200 27:147 29:205-206 15:195 15:247 91:522-532 100:1-3 91:650-657 94:107-121 96:339-348 100:125-133 96:686-692 97:49-59 16:117-118 17:115-117 17:119-120 19:1-2 19:143-153 34:149-154 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0076 0077 0078 0079 0080 0081 0082 0083 0084 0085 0086 0087 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 0097 0098 0099 0100 0101 0102 0103 0104 0105 0106 0107 Ames, O. Descriptions of new orchids from tropical America with nomenclatorial changes Ames, O. A new species of Pleurothallis from Central America Ames, O. An addition to the flora of Honduras ................. Ames, O. A new Bletia from Honduras Ames, O. Additions to the orchid flora of the United States Ames, O., & C. Schweinfurth. A new species of Pleurothallis from Mexico Amin, O. M. On the species and populations of the genus Acanthocephalus (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from North American freshwater fishes: a cladistic analysis Ananthakrishnan, T. N. Allometry and speciation in Ecacanthothrips Bagnall Anderson, S. Conspecificity of Plagiodontia aedium and P. hylaeum (Rodentia) Anderson, W. D., Jr., & G. D. Johnson. A new species of Callanthias (Pisces: Perciformes: Percoidei: Callanthiidae) from the southeastern Pacific Ocean Anderson, W. D., Jr., H. T. Kami, & G. D. Johnson. A new genus of Pacific Etelinae (Pisces: Lutjanidae) with redescription of the type-species Anderson, W. D., Jr., P. K. Talwar, & G. D. Johnson. A replacement name for Tangia Chan (Pisces: Perciformes: Lutjanidae) with redescriptions of the genus and type-species Ashlock, P. D. New synonymies and generic changes in the Lygaeidae (Elemiptera-eteroptena) aise ae eee eee etek atk kA ee Ayensu, E. S. Studies on pollen morphology in the Velloziaceae BaezR., P. Eupleurodon peruvianus (Rathbun, 1923); a species of crab newly recorded from Chile (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) Bailey, R. M., & E. O. Wiley. Identification of the American cyprinodontid fish Hydrargira swampina Lacépéde .............. ee se eo ee ¢ e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 he le 8 he le le lel ell lll lle lel hele le ll ee © e e e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew 8 8 le tlt 8 ew ele le ele lel ll Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. and southeastern New Mexico Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. genus Thomomys Bailey, V. Bailey, V. National Park Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Bailey, V. Buffalo of the Malheur Valley, Oregon Bailey, V. A new name for the Rocky Mountain elk Baker, A. C. The dimorphs of species of Chaitophorus Baker, A. C. Fitch’s thorn leaf aphis List of mammals of the District of Columbia ........... Revision of the American voles of the genus Evotomys A new species of Evotomys from British Columbia Descriptions of eleven new species and subspecies of voles Synopsis of the North American species of Sigmodon Seven new mammals from western Texas Identity of Thomomys umbrinus (Richardson) A new white-footed mouse from Texas Two new pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys A new subspecies of mountain sheep from western Texas = © © @ © © © © © © © oo ee © © © © © © © eo 2 8 8 © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 Ten new mammals from New Mexico Two new subspecies of North American beavers Eleven new species and subspecies of pocket gophers of the ee Tc O Dado oO A new subspecies of meadow mouse from Wyoming A new subspecies of chipmunk from the Yellowstone Mammals of the District of Columbia fire northwesterniwinite-tailideen see sane eek re rietet. Amphipoda) 5.2 ere Barnard, W. S. Some results by massage et contre-coup ........... Barr, D. J. Enantiosis cavernicola, a new genus and species of demersal copepod (Calanoida: Epacteriscidae) from San Salvador Island, Balamiasy: F525 VO RA, Se PAE PCa a ee ERR Barreca, J. L. Synonymy of Tenonia priops (Hartman) (Polychaeta: Polymoidae))a. bes lee hn ieee eas ES NP I Barton, A. J. A statistical study of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope) with comments on the kinship of T. butleri (Cope) Bartsch, P. A new landshell from California Bartsch, P. Sonorella wolcottiana--a correction ...............00. Bartsch, P. A new shipworm from the United States ............. Bartsch, P. The status of the tunicate genera Appendicularia and STS UOTIU TTD shade to A RR ONE IO LOD LRN Bartsch; P: Additions to the Haitian avitaunas® Sy. eee eo: Bartsch, P. Two new species of fossil marine shells from California Bartsch, P. A new fossil pryamidellid mollusk from the west coast of PRITICTA CA”), chk ahdivs Bins hc ciicreg ah, SU RS Risen GAY EN es nae Bartsch, P. A new marine mollusk of the genus Cerithiopsis from Blorida. rc yisedratceatcuencoaciuls Wem, Ped Oy apeilel er ll Seat alee Bartsch, P. Four new mollusks from the Philippine Islands Bartsch, P. New marine mollusks from the Philippine Islands Bartsch, P. Three new Philippine Island land shells .............. Bartsch, P. Critical remarks on Philippine landshells with descriptions Of new. forms. .....2AB 2) 2ORRORIT) AF ONT TROORI ENN Rava ies Bartsch, P. Critical remarks on Philippine Island land shells Bartsch, P. Two new landshells from California Bartsch)’ P. Arne wiShipwormiij8e?. 0) Sele, ee. siete HR eee Bartsch, P. A new classification of the shipworms and descriptions of some)new wood’ boring miollusks\ uy. 408 See eee eee oe Bartsch, P. New marine mollusks from the west coast of America Bartsch, P. Additions to our knowledge of shipworms 93:490-5 14 94:1211-1218 93:849-874 94:295-313 98:1048-1053 88:5 15-547 95:610-620 95:167-187 100:856-875 97:864-881 100: 147-163 100:532-542 2:116-117 97:160-166 97:801-803 69:71-81 16:103-104 17:101 21:211-212 28:145-146 30:131-132 31:79-80 31:81 31:135-136 31:153-154 31:181-187 31:199-201 32:15-19 32:177-183 32:247-248 33:69-70 34:25-32 34:33-39 36:95-101 0294 0295 0296 0297 0298 0299 0300 0301 0302 0303 0304 0305 0306 0307 0308 0309 0310 0311 0312 0313 0314 0315 0316 0317 0318 0319 0320 0321 0322 0323 0324 Bartsch, P. Stenomorph, a new term in taxonomy Bartsch, P. A new intermediate host of the Asiatic blood fluke, SCISLOSOUIG JADONICIIM SNe cence (ater st a ahaa eee Aelia a Maree ls oe, 5 Bartsch, P. A synopsis of the Philippine land mollusks of the subgenus Ryssota Bartsch, P. A synopsis of Philippine land mollusks of the subgenera Lamarckiella and Pararyssota of the genus Ryssota Bartsch, P. The correct name of the Florida Hydatina Bartsch, P. The nomenclatorial status of.certain northern turritid mollusks Bartsch, P. A synopsis of the Philippine land mollusks of the genus Hemitrichia Bartsch, P. A new genus of Cuban urocoptid mollusks ............ Bartsch, P. Some notes upon west American turrid mollusks Bartsch, P. Some turrid mollusks of Monterey Bay and vinicity Bartsch, P. A new Tomocyclus from Mexico Bartsch, P. A new subspecies of Helicostyla florida from Mindoro, Philippine Islands Bartsch, P., & H. A. Rehder. New cones from the Hawaiian Islands Barwick, A. R. Jaw of fossil whalebone whale: Siphonocetus priscus Barwick, A. R. Skull of fossil porpoise, Delphinodon dividum, from banks of Potomac River, at Wakefield, Virginia ............... Batchelder, C. F. An undescribed shrew of the genus Sorex Batchelder, C. F. A new name for Sorex macrurus Batchelder Bauer, R. T. Penaeoid shrimp fauna from tropical seagrass meadows: species composition, diurnal, and seasonal variation in abundance Baumann, R. W. What is Alloperla imbecilla (Say)? Designation of a neotype, and a new Alloperla from eastern North America (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) Baumann, R. W. A report on the fifth international symposium on IE COPE Ae hretg We ey stent ec a) water dae See ema Ma Ye RSs Ube a alaat AS “sate Bayer, F. M. Two new species of Arthrogorgia (Goronacea: Primnoidae) from the Aleutian Islands region Bayer, F. M. Adelogorgia telones, a new species of gorgonacean coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the Galapagos Islands Bayer, F. M. The correct name of the helioporan octocoral Lithotelesto fmicropora Bayer and Muzik» 2. siees seek Skk, MERE ie eC ee. aye Bayer, F. M. Distichogorgia sconsa, a new genus and species of chrysogorgiid octocoral (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Blake Plateau off northern Florida Bayer, F. M. Armadillogorgia cyathella and Ophidiogorgia paradoxa, two new genera and species of primnoid octocorals (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from South Georgia and South Orkney Islands Bayer, F. M. Pseudoplumarella echidna, 2 new species of primnoid octocoral from Queensland (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) Bayer, F. M. On some genera of stoloniferous octocorals (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with descriptions of new taxa ......... Bayer, F. M. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa), with diagnoses of new taxa Bayer, F. M. Some new and old species of the primnoid genus Callogorgia Gray, with a revalidation of the related genus Fanellia Gray (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) Bayer, F. M., & E. Deichmann. The Ellisellidae (Octocorallia) and their bearing on the zoogeography of the eastern Pacific Bayer, F. M., & H. A. Fehlmann. The discovery of a freshwater opisthobranchiate mollusk, Acochlidium amboinense Strubell, in the Ral als am Sie ns. teirets cla ispalspa ote sos orl ace cca abanco ray arises rete tener = o 2 © © © © © © © © 8 ee * 28 © © © © © © © © 8 ee © © © © © © © © o© © 8 ew ew ele ll © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 ele le Ble ew le ee 2° © 6© © © © © © © © © © © eB eee ee ew ee ee le le 8 lw eee © © © © eo ee © © © © © © © © 8 © © ee ee ee eee ee el 36:199 49:139-141 51:101-119 52:41-56 53:92 54:1-13 55:27-44 56:31 §7:25-29 57:57-68 58:63 59:179 56:85-88 21-122 53:91-92 10:133-134 24:97 98:177-190 87:257-264 88:399-427 65:63-69 91:1026-1036 92:873-875 92:876-882 93:216-228 94:622-630 94:878-901 94:902-947 95:116-160 73:175-182 73:183-193 10 325 0326 0327 0328 0329 0330 0331 0332 0333 0334 0335 0336 0337 0338 0339 0340 0341 0342 0343 0344 0345 0346 0347 0348 0349 0350 0351 0352 0353 0354 0355 0356 Bayer, F. M., & K. M. Muzik. An Atlantic helioporan coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) Bayer, F. M., & J. Stefani. New and previously known taxa of isidid octocorals (Coelenterata: Gorgonacea), partly from Antarctic waters Baylor, E. R., & L. C. Stuart. A new race of Bufovalliceps from Guatemala Bean, B. A. Description of a new species of luminous lizard fish, Scopelosaurus smithii, from off the coast of Brazil .............. Bean, B. A., & A. C. Weed. Notes on the coloration of fishes Bean, B. A., & A. C. Weed. Recent additions to the fish fauna of the District of Columbia Bean, B. A., & E. D. Reid. On a new species of Brook Silverside, Labidesthes vanhyningi, from Florida Bean, T. H. Descriptions of new Bermudian fishes Bean, T. H. Description of new fishes of Bermuda Bean, T. H. Description of a new cisco from Lake Erie Bean, T. H., & H. G. Dresel. Diagnoses of three new species of fishes from the Gulf of Mexico Beattie, R. K. Charles Vancouver Piper and the flora of the Pacific Northwest Becker, J. J. Pandion lovensis, a new species of osprey from the Late Miocene of Florida Becker, J. J. A new vulture (Vulturidae: Pliogyps) from the Late Miocene of Florida Becker, J. J. Additional material of Anhinga grandis Martin and Mengel (Aves: Anhingidae) from the Late Miocene of Florida Becker, W. Agnewsviolet from. Chinay cei. adie seusmsioys oh tee ee Becker, W- fAcnew.violetafrom:Colombiaigeycgs ein! cececuy tek eee Becklund, W. W. The role of the national parasite collection in Veterinary, Parasit@lo pyr con Sor jeltramyaceleeetts ache cisyseaereeo Men Beecher, C. E., & C. Schuchert. Development of the brachial supports in Dielasma and Zygospira Behle, W. H., & J. W. Aldrich. Description of a new yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) from the northern Rocky Mountain-Great Plains region Behle, W. H., & R. K. Selander. A new race of dusky grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) from the Great Basin Benedict, J. E. The Arcturidae in the U. S. National Museum Benedict, J. E. Two new isopods of the genus Jdotea from the coast of Califomia diane... 4 did 2 ee Ro cet eee ee eon ae Benson, S. B. Descriptions of two races of Perognathus amplus from AATIZOTID yd cee, SAR erat cd eal acpi a es ce cr taorconene a teyresec i peel Benson, S. B. Description of a race of the Mexican vole, Microtus mexicanus, from southeastern Utah Benson, S. B. Description of a race of Dipodomys merriami from ANIZONG. ¥ p34. 4s sew dbp eaeeign gary eka tek ep aeiist varie pee Benson, S. B. Descriptions of two races of Perognathus intermedius from ABIzONa. (Py s.0.eey key RH fy eon Ge eh ering Bor Benson, S. B. Description of a race of Perognathus parvus from Arizona Benson, S. B. Notes on kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis) from Mexico Benson, S. B. Descriptions and records of harvest mice (genus Reithrodontomys) from Mexico Benson, S. B. New subspecies of the canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) from Sonora, Mexico Benson, S. B. A new cotton rat (Sigmodon) from Arizona and New Mexico 2 2 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 we 8 ew ee ee ee lel ele eel el eel etl e © © © © © © © © © ew © ew ew 8 8 ew et le ltl te wl ele ele tl lw eo 2 © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 8 eel el elle elle el el el el el ele ell eee © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 ew ee ele ele ele lee 8 lel ele le le lel ele el ee ew ew el 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © eB © ew © ee 8 ew ee ee el el Bl el el el ell ell ele lee 8 le 8 90:975-984 100:937-991 74:195-202 38:13-14 24:69-76 24:171-174 43:193-194 19:29-33 25:121-126 29:25-26 2:99-100 41:61-66 98:314-320 99:502-508 100:358-363 38:117 41:151 82:603-609 8:71-78 60:69-72 64:125-127 12:41-51 12:53-55 46:109-112 47:49-S0 47:181-184 47:199-201 50:181-182 51:17-23 52:147-150 53:1-3 53:157-158 0357 0358 0359 0360 0361 0362 0363 0364 0365 0366 0367 0368 0369 0370 0371 0372 0373 0374 0375 0376 0377 0378 0379 0380 0381 0382 0383 0384 Benson, S. B. Description of a subspecies of Myotis yumanensis from PaajanCalitonniaeNCMteOm creme tes het st ce ae eres oa ee Benson, S. B. Description of a mastiff bat (genus Eumops) from Sonora, Mexico Benson, S. B., & D. F. Tillotson. Descriptions of two subspecies of pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) from Sonora Benson, S. B., & D. F. Tillotson. A substitute name for Thomomys bottae occipitalis Benson and Tillotson Bernard, E. C. Ditylenchus intermedius (De Man) Filipjev (Nematoda: Anguinidae) and Basiria hiberna, n. sp. (Nematoda: Psilenchidae) MOM NENMESSCE Ts Fee et ace ce cua ee cece Tee en ce MMO Knee a Benn Bernard, E. C. Two new species of Protura (Insecta) from North America Berry, F. H., & P. J. P. Whitehead. A new speciesof sardine (Sardinella, Clupeidae) from the Marquesas Islands Bertelsen, R. D. Speleobregma lanzaroteum, a new genus and species of Scalibregmatidae (Polychaeta) from a marine cave in the Canary Islands Bertelsen, R. D., & D. P. Weston. A new species of Sclerobregma (Polychaeta: Scalibregmatidae) from off the southeastern United States Bieri, R., D. Bonilla, & F. Arcos. Function of the teeth and vestibular organ in the Chaetognatha as indicated by scanning electron MNcroscope andiotherobservatlonS: 4-5-2295: sk ee: Biffar, T. A. Three new species of callianassid shrimp (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from the western Atlantic Birdsong, R. S. Microgobius crocatus, a new gobiid fish from Pacific EcATL AIT Apap wwe ei eehasepteg olla e. osc w) clin. celia; sepeig seug aris! wie (erro ats oh ere Bishop, G. A. Two new crabs, Parapaguristes tuberculatus and Palaeoxantho libertiensis, from the Prairie Bluff Formation (Middle Maastrichtian), Union County, Mississippi, U.S.A. Bishop, G. A. Dromiopsis kimberlyae, a new Late Cretaceous crab from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota Bishop, L. B. Three apparently undescribed owls ................ Bishop, L. B. Sexual dichromatism in the pygmy owl Bishop, L. B. Two apparently unrecognized races of North American birds Bishop, S. C. Description of a new salamander from Oregon, with MOLES ROMENe ALEC SPECIES eae ieee epee cre tae eee see ete ease Bishop, S. C. A new cave spider from North Carolina Bishop, S. C., & C. R. Crosby. A new genus and two new species of Dictynidae (Araneae) Bishop, S. C., & C. R. Crosby. A new genus of spiders in the Erigoneae Bishop, S. C., & C. Ruderman. Four new species of Dictyna Bishop, S. C., & M. R. Wright. A new neotenic salamander from Texas Bishopp, F. C. Some new North American Ixodidae with notes on other species Bishopp, F. C. A new species of Dermacentor and notes on other North American Ixodidae Black, J. B. A new crawfish of the genus Cambarusfrom southwest Louisiana (Decapoda;Astacidae) 222 ..2...-2-6- 05 eee oe Black, J. B. A new crawfish of the genus Hobbseusfrom Mississippi (Decapoda. sAstacidae)) i 2) t ote Meh uietn Aete aver smaus iarialel cenit Blake, D. B. The taxonomic position of the modernsea-star Cistina Gray, 1840 ee © © © © © © © © © © &@ © © © © © 8 ew we ew eee lll ele eee ew ell oe © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 ele le ew 8 8 8 elle le tle ltl el lel lel el ell 8 e 2© © © © © © © © © © © © © © 6 8 8 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 88 lw lw ell tl ltl ltl lel ele ele lel tle 8 ee © © © @ © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 oe 8 8 8 ew 8 8 le 8 le ew ele tl el ele ell ele lll lw lt 2 2 © © © © © © © © © 8 2 © © © © © © © © 8 8 e © © © ©» © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee 8 8 8 le ele ee ee eel 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 ee ee ee ele lel ele lel el ele le eee ee er ee ee ee ee 11 60:45-46 60:133-134 Seis lesks3s) 53:93 93:303-310 98:72-80 81:209-221 99:375-379 93:708-713 96:110-114 83:35-49 81:191-196 99:604-611 100:35-39 44:93-95 44:97-98 46:201-205 47:169-171 63:9-11 48:45-48 49:39-42 59:1-7 50:141-143 24:197-208 25:29-37 80:173-178 82:193-200 91:234-241 12 0385 0386 0387 0388 0389 0390 0391 0392 0393 0394 0395 0396 0397 0398 0399 0400 0401 0402 0403 0404 0405 0406 0407 0408 0409 0410 0411 0412 0413 0414 0415 0416 0417 0418 0419 0420 0421 0422 0423 0424 0425 0426 0427 Blake, J. A. Four new species of Carazziella (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from North and South America, with a redescription of two previously describediforms iit -yer bie cy. eying on. Sie eee oles ers Blake, J. A. Revision of some polydorids (Polychaeta: Spionidae) described and recorded from British Columbia by Edith and Cyril Berkeley Blake, J. A. Polydora and Boccardia species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from western Mexico, chiefly from calcareous habitats Blake, J. A. The Scalibregmatidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from South America and Antarctica collected chiefly during the cruises of the R/V Anton Bruun, R/V Hero and USNS Eltanin Blake, J. A. Four new species of Spionidae (Polychaeta) from New Zealand, with comments on a syntype of Spio aequalis Ehlers from Chatham Tslamd Wt /S2 i jeter tenes sree Meat Sie paanell ek al a Blake, J. A., & K. H. Woodwick. The morphology of Tripolydora spinosa Woodwick (Polychaeta: Spionidae): an application of the scanning electron microscope to Polychaete systematics © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ee ele 8 le el ell lel elle lel elle ell ll Blake, Sor vA new Salvia tromiGuatemalae ens.) se Ge ee eee Blake’ S: Fa New plants fromesinaloay ese ei ape eee ee ae ee Blake, S. F. Nine new plants of the genus Stylosanthes ............ Blakes Ss By Fivemew species: otCedrela naan ae oe Blake's) E> liwomew, Salvias tromiGuatemalays 2% 2 0 eee ee oe Blake, S. F. New trees and shrubs from Mexico and Guatemala Blakes S#E.) New trees vandishrubs from) Yucatane = 42) 42 ee eae ie BlakesiSeka, News MeliaceaentrommVicxicon or. es eee eee Blakes spas Aunew Aspiiai irom WrmintG ad a ere en aoe en veto ain eee Blake, S. F. New names for three North American Asteraceae ..... Blake, S. F. New plants from South and Central America collected by Wilson PODENOE ENE are fei: tats Marts ents RG Et ect OR oe te Blake, S. F. New Asteraceae from Utah and Nevada ............. Blake, S. F. Two new species of Moraceae from South America Blake, S. F. Three new composites from Bolivia Blake, S. F. A new Gymnocoronis from Mexico ..............-.-.- BlakewS. E4sNew botanicallnamesiiae sy pie a spate lee eee Blake, S. F. Eight new Asteraceae from Mexico, Guatemala, and J SUNS opeDTTO) Fetes Areas ten Pua a 7k Nae aa Ve ge pee iB ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 Blakey SE Dwoimew species Of Sciaphilay eno is. i. ee sue ee Blake, S. F. New names for five South American Asteraceae ....... Blake, S. F. A new Stylosanthes from British Honduras ........... Blake, S. F. New names for five American Asteraceae ........... Blake, S. F. Two genera of Asteraceae new to the United States Blakes Suk /cennoa cacmicasin« €olombiawe +e.) hae eee Blake, S. F. A new Hymenothrix from Arizona ................+.. Blake, S. F. Two new species of Securidaca from South America BlakevSEs) Asnew GrndeliaiiromulexaS wae ee ee Blake, S. F. Notes on Thelesperma Blake, S. F. A new Polygala from. Colombia and Bolivia Blake? SR.) /Acnew Folygala trom Bermuday sya. en sinner ake Blake, S. F. Two new Asteraceae from Mexico collected by Georges Woronow Blake, S. F. Six new South American species of Verbesina Blake, SUF Anew Laphamia trom: Califormiaga esa eee Blake, So Fs) Anew dVivasianiromy Bers ae ea See ee ieee Blake, S. F. A new Erigeron from California and Nevada .......... Blake, S. F. A new plant of the genus Polygala from Mexico Blake, S. F. Five new plants of the genus Aplopappus Blake, S. F. Four new plants of the genus Diplostephium .......... e © © © © © © © © © © © © © @ © © 8 8 ee 8 8 8 el ell elle tle el elle el ele lt ll «0 @ © © © © © 8 @ © 92:466-481 92:606-617 93:947-962 94:1131-1162 97:148-159 94:352-362 32:187-188 32:189-193 33:45-53 33:107-111 33:113-115 33:117-120 34:43-46 3421S ely 34:119-120 35:78 35:117-123 35s b/3-177 35:179-180 36:51-54 36:179-180 36:200 37:55-61 38:45-48 38:85-86 39:51-52 39:144 39:145 39:146 40:49-50 40:51-53 41:139-140 41:145-150 43:5-6 43:161-162 43:163-165 44:79-85 45:141-142 46:191-192 47:173-174 48:31-32 48:169-173 49:77-81 0428 0429 0430 0431 0432 0433 0434 0435 0436 0437 0438 0439 0440 0441 0442 0443 0444 0445 0446 0447 0448 0449 0450 0451 0452 0453 0454 0455 0456 0457 0458 Blake, S. F. A new plant of the genus Polygala from northern Mexico Blake, S. F. Two new Asteraceae from the Charleston Mountains, INS ya ag UN real seta ued) Shoyrelileatay ior «Se allairaiic a Wivaatie yah aa AGRA LMR Ani Blake, S. F. A new Aplopappus from the Death Valley region, California Blake, S. F. A pleistocene porpoise (Tursiops sp.) from Maryland Blake, S. F. Two new species of Heliopsis (Asteraceae) from South America Blake, S. F. Four new Asteraceae from northern Mexico collected by Re WiseTo lnm S torre ie PMO ASNT IE AVI ce inl dase MM te eee ye) ¥ Blake, S. F. Five new Asteraceae from Oaxaca collected by W. H. Camp Blake, S. F. A new Chaetopappa from the GuadelupeMountains of INE WeMexICOLanicm@lexas sini eye Neel. Avi AVA. elie SL Blake, S. F. Three new Asteraceae from Guatemala ............. Bogan, M. A. Identification of Myotis californicus and M. leibii in SOUGMVESSRMUNOGEAV AMERICA 4 a) dic... sels ae © oe becdtal ERRORS Bogan, M. A., & C. Jones. Observations on Lepus callotis in New RC XAC OMB mre Mep satay SAl el: 2 cisducants! Sees! ep tgierat ch SURE TERRIER, Bohart, R. M. New species of mosquitoes from the Marianas and Okinawa (Diptera, Culicidae) Bohart, R. M. New species of solitary Vespidae from North America (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Bohart, R. M. North American additions to the genus Prerocheilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Bohart, R. M. Three new species of Stenodynerus from eastern United States (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) Bohart, R. M. New species of black Tachysphex from North America Gavimenopteray Sphecicae) mais Ash) yencun ies So. One mie ee ese Bohart, R. M. New species of Chrysis in the lauta, propria and venusta groups from North America (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) .. Bohart, R. M. New Stenodynerus from North America (Hymenoptera; FSUITTTE MIG AC) MAM PE TS oman ALM ts Ris Mg, Sate Rhein MY ws oie a Bohart, R. M. New species of cuckoo wasps bred from twigs in western North America (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) Bohart, R. M. A synopsis of the American species of the genus Oryttus (iiyvimenopteras Sphecidae) js, 8's) javcks alec seme inten ies ete! Bohart, R. M. New species of Gorytini from western North America (ilymenopteras, Speci ae) jp ani sue Ae eeteveucrre ena ee eet eee tes Bohart, R. M., & D. S. Farner. New culicine mosquitoes from the Philippine Islands (Diptera,Culicidae) Bohart, R. M., & L. S. Kimsey. A revision of the New World species of Hedychridium (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) ................. Bohart, R. M., & E. I. Schlinger. Descriptions oftwo new western Ox belus. (Elymenopteray Sphecidac) hh iale.mkieaei a Aree oe Bond, C. E., & D. L. Stein. Opaeophacus acrogeneius, a new genus and species of Zoarcidae (Pisces: Osteichthyes) from the Bering Sea ... Bond, G. M. A new blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) from Newfoundland Bond, G. M. Notes on the taxonomy of the birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia Part II--Passeriformes Bongers, T. Revision of the genus Leptosomatum Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda: eptosomaticlae) rsp iy-valer seucurvets axel. uehopeeciaiiay: a) goa: Bongers, T. Revision of the genus Leptosomatides Filipjev, 1918 (Nematoda-sE noplida) yy are teinde es eWay: fe cision inate leucs a gouemcy ea le, 6 ae Boone, P. L. An interesting addition to the Floridian decapod crustacean fauna Boone, P. L. New marine tanaid and isopod Crustacea from California ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ee 8 8 el ell ell ell el el el el el el ell 2 © © © e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 le le 8 le ° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee eee © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee 13 49:151-152 51:7-10 52:97-98 52:99 See sle7s 54:17-21 55:113-119 59:47-48 60:41-44 87:49-56 88:45-49 59:39-46 63:77-81 63:195-200 66:185-189 75:33-39 77:223-236 79:73-81 79:131-134 81:431-437 83:445-453 57:69-73 91:590-635 69:37-39 97:522-525 75:205-206 79:165-169 96:807-855 97:12-29 35:137-140 36:147-155 14 0459 0460 0461 0462 0463 0464 0465 0466 0467 0468 0469 0470 0471 0472 0473 0474 0475 0476 0477 0478 0479 0480 0481 0482 0483 0484 Boothe, B. B., Jr., & R. W. Heard. Discias vernbergi, new species, a caridean shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Bresiliidae) from the northwestern Atlantic Bouchard, R. W., and J. W. Bouchard. Orconectes saxatilis, a new Species of.crayiishi from eastern) Oklahomajiis > iy. sae ee Bouchard, R. W., & J. W. Bouchard. Orconectes etnieri, a new species of crayfish from western Tennessee and northern Mississippi with notes on Procambarus ablusus and Orconectes wrighti Bouchard, R. W., & D. A. Etnier. A new species of primary burrowing crayfish of the genus Cambarusfrom the Ridge and Valley Province in Tennessee Boulton, R. A new species of tree partridge from Szechuan, China Boulton, R. New birds from Angola Bourdon, R., & T. E. Bowman. Western Atlantic species of the parasitic genus Leidya (Epicaridea: Bopyridae) ................ Boving, A.G Description of the larva of Decadiomus pictus Chapin (ScymmninisCoceinellidae) jy sc sta esen estes Sa ae es ae le Bowen, W. W. Review of the subspecies of the African scrub-robin, Erythropygia leucophrys (Vieillot) Bowman, T. E. Tisbe monozota, a new harpacticoid copepod from Florida Bowman, T. E. Xilitloniscus, a new genus for the Mexican troglobitic isopod, Cordioniscus laevis Rioja (Oniscoidea: Trichoniscidae) Bowman, T. E. Asellus kenki, a new isopod crustacean from springs in the eastermiUniteds{States.cns4r S4y)ioee sb os ts Ae oo eee Bowman, T. E. Cithadius cyathurae, a new genus and species of Tachidiidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) associated with the estuarine isopod,:Cyathuraipolitaws. or ete es UAE Le ate ie ae Bowman, T. E. Two freshwater copepods from Barrancas, Venezuela: Notodiaptomus cearensis (Wright) and N. venezolanus deeveyorum, new subspecies (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) Bowman, T. E. The "sea flea" Dolobrotus mardeni n. gen., n. sp., a deep-water American lobster bait scavenger (Amphipoda: Eusiridae) Bowman, T. E. Miostephos cubrobex, a new genus and species of copepod from an anchialine pool in Cuba (Calanoida: Stephidae) Bowman, T. E. Isopod crustaceans (except Anthuridae) collected on the presidential cruise of 1938 Bowman, T. E. Dendrosomides lucicutiae, a new species of suctorian from the pelagic calanoid copepod, Lucicutia Bowman, T. E. Orchestia vaggala, a new land-hopper from the Galapagos Islands (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) Bowman, T. E. Ceratolana papuae, a new genus and species of mangrove-boring cirolanid isopod from Papua New Guinea Bowman, T. E. Antromysis (Surinamysis) merista, anew freshwater mysid from Venezuela (Crustacea: Mysidacea) ................ Bowman, T. E. First description of the male opossum shrimp, Heteromysis bermudensis bermudensis (Crustacea: Mysidacea) Bowman, T. E. Calasellus longus, a new genus and species of troglobitic asellid from Shaver Lake,California (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Bowman, T. E. The correct identity of the pelagicamphipod Primno macropa, with a diagnosis of Primmo abyssalis (Hyperiidea: Phrosinidae) Bowman, T. E. Heteromysoides dennisi, a new mysidacean crustacean from Cemetery Cave, Grand Bahama Island Bowman, T. E. Thermosphaeroma cavicauda and T. macrura, new sphaeromatid isopods from Mexican hot springs ............... eee eee es ee ow ee ew ew te wee eel lll ee © © © © © © ew ew ee ee ee ee ee ee eo 8 © © © © © © @ © © © ew ee ee ee el eel el el el ele lel eel el el tl el el el elle le ll le 100:506-514 88:439-445 88:459-468 92:589-600 45:235-236 47:45-48 83:409-424 46:101-104 47:157-167 75:125-131 78:209-215 80:131-140 85:249-254 86:193-202 87:129-138 89:185-190 89:653-665 89:695-702 90:658-668 90:819-825 93:208-215 94:458-461 94:866-872 98:121-126 98:945-948 98:1042-1047 0485 0486 0487 0488 0489 0490 0491 0492 0493 0494 0495 0496 0497 0498 0499 0500 0501 0502 0503 0504 0505 0506 0507 0508 Bowman, T. E. Tridentella recava, a new isopod from tilefish burrows in the New York Bight (Flabellifera: Tridentellidae) Bowman, T. E. Paracymothoa tholoceps, a new freshwater parasitic isopod from southern Venezuela (Flabellifera: Cymothoidae) ..... Bowman, T. E. Bahalana mayana, a new troglobitic cirolanid isopod from Cozumel Island and the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico ........ Bowman, T. E., & D. C. Beckett. A redescription of the troglobitic isopod, Caecidotea stygia, from the environs of Cincinnati, Ohio (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Bowman, T. E., & R. Franz. Anopsilana crenata, a new troglobitic cirolanid isopod from the Grand Cayman Island, Caribbean Sea ... Bowman, T. E., and C. Holmquist. Asellus (Asellus) alaskensis, n. sp., the first Alaskan Asellus, with remarks on its Asian affinities (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Bowman, T. E., & T. M. Iliffe. Bermudalana aruboides, a new genus and species of troglobitic isopoda (Cirolanidae) from marine caves on Bermuda Bowman, T. E., T. M. Iliffe, & J. Yager. New records of the troglobitic mysid genus Stygiomysis: S. clarkei, new species, from the Caicos Islands, and S. holthuisi (Gordon) from Grand Bahama Island (Crustacea: Mysidacea) Bowman, T. E., & T. M. Iliffe. Anopsilana lingua,a new freshwater Troglobitic isopod from the Palau Islands (Flabellifera: Cirolanidae) Bowman, T. E., & J. J. Lewis. Caecidotea rotunda,a new troglobitic asellid from Indizna and Ohio (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) .... Bowman, T. E., & G. Longley. Redescription and assignment to the new genus Lirceolus of the Texas troglobitic water slater, Asellus smithii (Ulrich) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Bowman, T. E., & B. F. Morris. Carpias Richardson 1902, a senior synonym of Bagatus Nobili 1906, and the validity of Carpias minutus (Richardson 1902) (Isopoda: Asellota: Janiridae) Bowman, T. E., & F. Phillips. Bioluminescence in the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca, causedby pathogenic bacteria Bowman, T. E., R. Prins, & B. F. Morris. Notes on the harpacticoid copepods Attheyella pilosa and A. carolinensis, associates of crayfishes HABE TeASteENUC MITE Gd) States) edakoten-i-rance. Reena ey eteta els. lee Bowman, T. E., & G. A. Schultz. The isopod crustacean genus Munnogonium George and Stromerg, 1968 (Munnidae, Asellota) Bowman, T. E., & B. Sket. Remasellus, a new genus for the troglobitic swimming Florida asellid isopod, Asellus parvus Steeves Bowman, T. E., & R. A. Wasmer. The deep-sea amphipod Paracyphocaris praedator (Gammaridea: Lysianassidae) associated with the pelagic shrimp Oplophorus novaezeelandiae as an egg-mimic Bowman, T. E., J. Yager, & T. M. Iliffe. Speonebalia cannoni, n. gen., n. sp., from the Caicos Islands, the first hypogean leptostracan (Nebaliacea: Nebaliidae) Bowman, T. E., III, & H. H. Hobbs, II. Caecidotea filicispeluncae, a new troglobitic asellid isopod from Ohio Bradford, J. M. First record of a copepod parasitizing the ostracod family Rutidermatidae (Myodocopina: Cypridinacea): Sphaeronella spinosa n. sp. (Copepoda: Choniostomatidae) ................. Bradley, J. C. Two new species of Chelogynus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) from New York State Bradley, J.C. Dates of publication of Westwood’s Arcana Entomologica Brady, M. K. A new snake from Florida Brady, M. K. The third specimen of Elaphe rosacea (Cope) ese © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 le el ee 8 lel tl ell lw e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee eel el ell el ell ell «8 © © © © © © © © © 8 ew e © © © © © © 2 eee © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ew 8 ee lel el lel ele le eee ee Ce o © ee vi so ee © 6 6 eee « wa @ = « 15 99:269-273 99:753-756 100:659-663 91:294-302 95:522-529 88:59-72 96:291-300 97:637-644 100:347-352 97:425-431 88:489-496 92:650-657 97:526-528 81:571-585 87:265-271 98:544-560 97:844-848 98:439-446 96:693-697 93:141-144 39:7-8 88:91-93 45:5-7 46:153-154 16 0509 0510 0511 0512 0513 0514 0515 0516 0517 0518 0519 0520 0521 0522 0523 0524 0525 0526 0527 0528 0529 0530 0531 0532 0533 0534 0535 Brady, M. K., & F. Harper. A Florida subspecies of Pseudacris nigrita (Ely lide itis! ss 5 GRR hie By Ree TS Ra ser a ie ice Oo Brady, M. K. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. VI. Reptiles and amphibians Brakoniecki, T. F., & C. F. E. Roper. Lolliguncula argus, a new species of loliginid squid (Cephalopoda: Myopsida) from the tropical Caster Paciticiiwamuscs ssc tae Ned Wane ila penta NRA REARS ty Brame, A. H., Jr.. & D. B. Wake. A new plethodontid salamander (genus Magnadigita) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia Brame, A. H., Jr.. & D. B. Wake. Redescription of the plethodontid salamander Bolitoglossa lignicolor (Peters), with remarks on the status of B. palustris Taylor Branson, B. A., & D. L. Batch. An ecological study on Valley-forest spiders from northern Kentucky Branson, B. A., & D. L. Batch. Effects of strip mining on small-stream fishesiin €ast-centraleKenticky iw sts)-«. cr eas, se ware eet yale Breder, C. M., Jr., & J. T. Nichols. On the significance of vertebral counts in exocoetid taxonomy Briggs, M. A. Apparent neoteny in the saw-whet owls of Mexico and Central America Brimley, C. S. Some notes on the zoology of Lake Ellis, Craven County, North Carolina, with special reference to herpetology Brimley, C. S. Records of some reptiles and batrachians from the southeastern United States Brimley, C. S. Notes on the salamanders of the North Carolina mountains with descriptions of two new forms Brimley, C. S. The two forms of red Spelerpes occurring at Raleigh, NAL Cra teal) Meee eee) Cee NA Mee Re ane ne Brinkhurst, R. O. A new species of Limnodrilus (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from Jamaica Brinkhurst, R. O. On the types in the genus Peloscolex Leidy (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) Brinkhurst, R. O. A contribution to the taxonomy of the Tubificinae (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) Brinkhurst, R. O. Two new species of Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) from the Northern Territory of Australia Brinkhurst, R. O. The generic and subfamilial classification of the Naididae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) Brinkhurst, R. O. Varichaetadrilus minutus (Brinkhurst, 1965) new combination for Psammoryctides (?) minutus (Oligochaeta: PUWDUL ELAS) i. Ls Aa a ee eine a pn TE RRA 2, Brinkhurst, R. O. Notes on Varichaetadrilus Brinkhurst and Kathman, 1983 (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) Brinkhurst, R. O., & M. T. Barbour. A new species of Aulodrilus Bretscher (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from North America Brinkhurst, R. O., & K. A. Coates. The genus Paranais (Oligochaeta: Naididae) in North America Brinkhurst, R. O., & R. J. Diaz. Isochaetides columbiensis, new species (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from the Columbia River, Oregon ..... Brinkhurst, R. O., & R. D. Kathman. Varichaetadrilus, a new name for Varichaeta Brinkhurst, 1981, non Speiser, 1903, (Diptera) with a description of a new species V. fulleri Brinkhurst, R. O., & R. D. Kathman. Arctodrilus wulikenses, new genus, new species (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) from Alaska Brodkorb, P. Description of a new warbler from Guadeloupe, West Indies ee 2 © © © © © © ww ee ew ew lel tl ell elle lle el lll ee © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 ee el ele ele ele el 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee ee ee el ell ele el ell tll ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew ew ew ee lel el ell el ele lll le 2 © © © © © © © © © © © ew © © © 8 8 8 8 lel elle ele ele lll 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 le 8 ltl ll eco eo © © © 2 2 5 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © & © eB 8 8 8 8 8 ee eee 8 88 8 ee eel ee ee © © ew we 8 48:107-109 50:137-139 98:47-53 75:71-75 76:289-296 81:197-208 84:507-517 47:37-44 67:179-182 22:129-137 23:9-18 25:135-140 30:87-88 92:42-44 92:677-681 94:1048-1067 97:142-147 98:470-475 98:655-656 100:515-517 98:93 1-934 98:303-313 98:949-953 96:301-306 96:407-410 44:3-4 46:123-128 0536 0537 0538 0539 0540 0541 0542 0543 0544 0545 0546 0547 0548 0549 0550 0551 0552 0553 0554 0555 0556 0557 ~ 0558 0559 0560 0561 0562 0563 0564 0565 Brodkorb, P. A new genus of tyrant-flycatchers ................. Brodkorb, P. The southern races of the great ant-shrike, Taraba major Brodkorb, P. Additions to the avifauna of Paraguay Brodkorb; P: Uhreemew birdsitrom/Paraguay \i):):). lack Sse ee ae Brodkorb, P. Two undescribed South American barbets Brodkorb, P. Notes on the races of Rhea americana (Linnaeus) ..... Brodkorp, Pe: Aysouthern mace) of the Jacana 0.) .)s02). 0%). 8 2 sie). Brodkorb, P. An undescribcd woodpecker from the Paraguayan Chaco Brodkorb, P. The chachalaca of interior Chiapas ................ Brodkorb, P. A new subspecies of Trogon citreolus ............+.+-. Brooks, D. R., & J. N. Caira. Atrophecaecum lobacetabulare, n. sp. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae: Acanthostominae) with discussion of the generic status of Paracanthostomum Fischthal and Kuntz, 1965, and Ateuchocephala Coil and Kuntz, 1960 ................... Brooks, D. R., M. A. Mayes, & T. B. Thorson. Cestode parasites in Myliobatis goodei Garman (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) from Riode La Plata, Uruguay, with a summary of cestodes collected from South American elasmobranchs during 1975-1979 ......... Brooks, D. R., & R. M. Overstreet. Acanthostome digeneans from the American alligator in the southeastern United States ........... Brooks, D. R., & G. Rasmussen. Proteocephalidean cestodes from Venezuelan siluriform fishes, with a revised classification of the NManticellindac mimo’, caret ait. ho. hick elu payed epaenty (Abs jaa ayloed Brown, B. A new species of Aricidea (Polychaeta: Paraonidae) from SLOT CLD Ws Ss AER AOI AY. nih veal iN Shan steal Aoi abhi) S Brown, B. A redescription of Scoloplos simplex (Hutchings, 1974) (ColychaetayOxcbiniidae) fromyAustralia,-)-y2 ee) eee Eee LY): Brown, B. C., & H. M. Smith. A new subspecies of Mexican coral snake Brown, L. N. First record of the pigmy shrew in Wyoming and description of a new subspecies (Mammalia: Insectivora) ........ Brown, W. C., & A. C. Alcala. A new lizard of the genus Gekko from ewe pine Ll Shamdsyeg wey ares Me Bihoniee. lenhawmets a eit eile Brown, W. C., & A. C. Alcala. Additions to the leiolopismid lizards known from the Philippines,with descriptions of a new species and SUSE CLES nda are icp eis cic AREAL. cit riieuarr IES, ‘Areviious, wget Brown, W. C., & A.C. Alcala. A new frog of the genus Oreophryne and a list of amphibians from Camiguin Island, Philippines Brown, W. C., & A. C. Alcala. A new frog of the genus Rana from the MIL PPINESig Pater se MORRO erable tlh Nev tems benswrntaerloea hel aural yt 0. Brown, W. C., & A. C. Alcala. A new cave Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) arom theybnilip pine sland sigeiyer-easkperneeek te eionenen i ee Brown, W. C., & J. I. Menzies. A new Platymantis (Amphibia: Ranidae) from New Ireland, with notes on the amphibians of the ISMMANCK#ATCHIDELAGO) jue die pvehenes eh eAalenyel ile ee cempesli ull ts See mei 2) Brown, W. C., J. C. Pernetta, & D. Watling. A new lizard of the genus mora (Scucidae) tromthe Fiji Islands 522 7424 + sehen ene ole Brown, W. C., & D. S. Rabor. A new sphenomorphid lizard (Seincidae) fromthe) Philippine islands, f.e. G44 aoe eee ee Brown, W. C., & M. J. Tyler. Frogs of the genus Platymantis (Ranidae) from New Britain with descriptions of new species ..... Browning, M. R. The types and type-localities of Oreortyx pictus (Douglas) and Ortyx plumiferus Gould Browning, M. R. An evaluation of the new species and subspecies proposed in Oberholser’s Bird Life of Texas Bruce, N. L., & T. E. Bowman. The status of Cirolana parva Hansen, 1890 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) with notes on its distribution ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 el 8 lel elle ele hel hel ell ele lle elle hele ell ll 17 50:1 50:7-8 50:33-34 52:83-84 52:135-136 52:137-138 52:185-186 54:23 55:181-182 55:183-184 95;223-231k 93:1239-1252 90:1016-1029 97:748-760 89:433-438 92:762-768 55:63-65 79:49-51 75:67-69 76:69-79 80:65-68 90:669-675 95:386-391 91:965-971 93:350-356 80:69-72 81:69-86 90:808-8 12 91:85-122 95:325-333 18 0566 0567 0568 0569 0570 0571 0572 0573 0574 0575 0576 0577 0578 0579 0580 0581 0582 0585 0587 0588 0584 0586 0583 0589 0590 Bruce, A. J., & F. A. Chace, Jr. Paralebbeus zotheculatus, n. gen., n. sp., a new hippolytid shrimp from the Australian northwest shelf Brusca, R. C., & M. Ninos. The status of Cirolanacaliforniensis Schultz, and C. deminuta Menzies and George, with a key to the California species of Cirolana (Isopoda: Cirolanidae) Brusca, R. C., & B. R. Wallerstein. The marine isopod crustaceans of the Gulf of California II. Idoteidae: new genus and species, range extensions, and comments on evolution and taxonomy within the Peammnily acu Sele a Oa ae EEE PARE PS, TEN WO oO A ore Buckett, J. S., & M. R. Gardner. Rediscovery and redescription of Tylobolus deses Cook, with the description of a new subspecies (Diplopoda: Spirobolidae) Buckett, J. S., & M. R. Gardner. Revision of the milliped genus Wamokia Chamberlin from the Sierra Nevada of central California (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) ...................- Buden, D. W. A review of the bats of the endemic West Indian genus Erophylla’''s 2 23 SEQ) BG Oe Ie RAS et Buden, D. W., & D. L. Felder. Cave shrimps in theCaicos Islands Buden, D. W. New subspecies of thick-billed vireo (Aves: Vireonidae) from the Caicos Islands, with remarks on taxonomic status of other populations: “See TA VARs USE eee Sven epenpema ls hie ha Buden, D. W. A new subspecies of Common Ground-Dove from Ile de la Tortue, Haiti, with taxonomic reappraisal of Bahaman populations (Aves? Columbidae ia vonie haan) Se he. ele eRe Bueno-Soria, J. Three new species of Ochrotrichia (Metrichia) from Chiapas, Mexico (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) ................ Bueno-Soria, J. Three new species of the genus Protoptila from Mexico and Costa Rica Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) ............... Burger, W. L., H. M. Smith, & F. E. Potter, Jr. Another neotenic Eurycea-trom the Edwands’Plateau, pen Wa Os Sees ee Burks, B. D. Ten new reared species of Tetrastichus (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) ists Pane was ORY Se Ae, Beer ok BLES ae ewe Burks, B. D. The North American species of Elasmus Westwood (MymenopterasEulophidae) ya. See Mee es. «Sahakari Burks, B. D. A new Tritneptis, with a revised key to the Nearctic species of the genus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) ............. Burleigh, T. D. Description of a new subspecies of yellow-throat, Geothilypis trichasotromeGeorpiaus 2 Peet Rie Ree ee Burleigh, T. D. Two new birds from the southern Appalachians ..... Burleigh, T. D. Two new subspecies of birds from western North PRITIE RICAN) SRT OAS SANUS RR IN A A LER AN, 2 oe Ne Burleigh, T. D. Geographic variation in the western wood pewee (CONLOPUS SOTAIAUIUS) OIA. NOR. WA Fe BS A ge Burleigh, T. D. Geographic variation in the cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) Burleigh, T. D., & A. J. Duvall. A new Contopus (Blacicus), from the cays: Of southern’ @uba ey fakin ets DO Bie Ok Rad Burleigh, T. B.[D], & A. J. Duvall. A new subspecies of veery from the northwestern United’States((2". 4, Vie ies sae Burleigh, T. D., & H. S. Peters. Geographic variation in Newfoundland birds 2 25 SER ATL RIT WR PES EE te PRET Burr, B. M., & W. W. Dimmick. Redescription of the bigeye shiner, Notropis boops (Pisces: ‘Gyprinidae), 22 2 ee ee ee ee Burreson, E. M. A new deep-sea leech, Bathybdellasawyeri, n. gen., n. sp., from thermal vent areas on the Galapagos Rift 99:237-247 91:379-385 92:253-271 79:41-47 81:511-538 89:1-15 90:108-115 98:591-597 98:790-798 96:79-83 97:392-394 63:51-57 76:47-58 78:201-207 84:1-5 47:21-22 48:61-62 72:15-17 73:141-146 76:177-180 61:167-168 1238-35 61:111-124 96:50-58 94:483-491 0591 0592 0593 0594 0595 0596 0597 0598 0599 0600 0601 0602 0603 0604 0605 0606 0607 0608 0609 0610 0611 0612 0613 0614 Burt, C. E. The genus of teiid lizards, Verticaria Cope, 1869, considered as a synonym of Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830, with a key to the primitive genera of the Teiidae Burt, C. E. A report on some amphibians and reptiles from Kansas, INebraskasxand Oklahoma’ Sypris Bees sO) Wh i NONE wh Burt, C. E. The status of the spotted race-runner, Cnemidophorus Kexiineatus) silans (Bairdand Girard) cag: Poe sees 2 228 bon ee Burt, C. E. The status of the horned lizard Phrynosoma brevicornis, described from Texas by E. G. Boulenger (1916) Burt, W. H. A new pocket gopher of the genus Thomomys from Utah Burt, W. H. An undescribed jack-rabbit, genus Lepus, from Carmen Island, Gulf of California, Mexico Burt, W. H. A new rice rat (Oryzomys) from Sonora, Mexico Busck, A. Notes on some tortricid genera with descriptions of new PATMICTICAMIESPECIES PS rete eye te cts ee ata eat ove Te tne ee mee Byrnes, T., & R. Cressey. A redescription of Colobomatus mylionus Fukui from Australian Acanthopagrus (Sparidae) (Crustacea: Copepoda: Philichthyidae) Cairns, S. D. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 121. A review of the recent species of Balanophyllia (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of four new species Cairns, S. D. New genus and species of ahermatypic coral (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) from the western Atlantic Cairns, S. D. Observations of species of the fossil genus Axopora (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) and its evolutionary significance to the Stylasteridae Cairns, S. D. Three new species of Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) Cairns, S. D. Conopora adeta, new species (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Australia, the first known unattached stylasterid Calder, D. R. Hydroida from estuaries of South Carolina, USA: Families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae Calder, D. R. New observations on Cladocarpus flexuosus Nurring, 1900 (Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae), a bathyal hydroid from the Gulf of Mexico Calder, D. R. Symmetroscyphus, a new genus of thecate hydroid (Family Thyroscyphidae) from Bermuda Camp, D. K. Platysquilla horologii (Stomatopoda, Lysiosquillidae), a new species from the Gulf of Mexico, with an emendation of the PEMETICIMETMILION NY arrc en eae aie are eee Ree eS uk Campbell, D. B., & R. L. Turner. Echinaster graminicola, a new species of spinulosid sea star (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the west coast of Florida Campden-Main, S. M. The identity of Oligodon cyclurus (Cantor, 1839) and revalidation of Oligodon brevicauda (Steindachner, 1867) (Serpentes: Colubridae) Campos, M. R., & G. Rodriguez. New species of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae) from Colombia ...... Campos, M. R., & G. Rodriguez. A new species of Neostrengeria (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pseudothelphusidae) with notes on geographical distribution of the genus Cannatella, D. C. Two new species of Centrolenella from Bolivia (Anura: Centrolenidae) Cannatella, D. C. Synonymy and distribution of Phyllomedusa boliviana Bouwlengem (Anurasriylidae) wee Yee Aas eee Sele. lees o 8 © © © © © © © © © ew 8 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee lel elle ll lw ee © © @ © © © © © © © © © © © © 6 8B 8 8 ee ee lel lhl ell tll elle ll 2° e@ © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8B 8 8 8 ele lel ell ell lel tll el ell ell lll ll 2 © © © « © © © © © © © © 8 8 © 8 © 8 8 8 8 8 le le 8 le ele ll lt lel ell el elle lel e © © © © © © © © © © © © ee © © 8 8 ew ele lel ll ee © © e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ele lt le el lee ew ee 8 ele le 19 42:153-156 44:11-16 44:73-77 45:73-74 44:37-39 46:37-38 47:107-108 19:173-182 99:388-391 90:132-148 91:216-221 96:758-769 98:728-739 100:141-146 96:7-28 97:408-412 99:380-383 84:119-127 97:167-178 82:763-765 97:538-543 98:718-727 93:714-724 96:59-66 20 0615 0616 0617 0618 0619 0620 0621 0622 0623 0624 0625 0626 0627 0628 0629 0630 0631 0632 0633 0634 0635 0636 0637 0638 0639 0640 0641 0642 0643 0644 Cannatella, D. C. The systematic status of Syrrhophus juninensis Shreve (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Carleton, M. D., & C. B. Robbins. On the status and affinities of Hybomys planifrons (Miller, 1900) (Rodentia: Muridae) Carter, D. C. A new species of Rhinophylia [sic] (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomatidae) from South America...[should be Rhinophylla] Carter, D. C. A new species of Anoura (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from South Amertcay tess 14 eae eet pee Carter, D. C., & W. B. Davis. Tadarida aurispinosa (Peale) (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in North America Cartwright, O. L. A review of the aphodiine beetles of the Galapagos Islands (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Cartwright, O. L. A key to the crassulus group of Aphodius with descriptions of new species from Texas and Maryland (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) Cary, M. A new Reithrodontomys from western Nebraska Cary, M. Identity of Eutamias pallidus (Allen), with a description of a related form from the South Dakota Bad Lands ............... Cary, M. Some unrecorded Colorado mammals ................. Cary, M. A Colorado record for Callospermophilus wortmani, with notes on the recent capture of Antrozous pallidus Cary, M. A new pocket mouse from Wyoming Causey, D. Octolasmis dawsoni, new species (Cirripedia: Lepadidae) {KOMMBAIVMOMMUSSIGATICUS eek ie 1 Ra ae che hada ae Aopemieueme Causey, N. B. New genera and species of chordeumoid millipeds in the United States, and notes on some established species Causey, N. B. On two new colobognath millipeds and records of some established species from east of the Rocky Mountains Causey, N. B. Four new chordeumoid millipeds from the United States Causey, N. B. New Mexican and Venezuelan millipeds in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey Causey, N. B. New records and descriptions of polydesmoid millipeds (order Polydesmida) from the eastern United States ............ Causey, N. B. New records and descriptions of Californian Diplopoda Causey, N. B. Floridobolus, a new milliped genus (Spirobolidae) Causey, N. B. Pill millipeds (Desmonidae, Polydesmida) in the United States Causey, N. B. New records and descriptions of a new genus and a new species of millipeds of the family Striariidae (Chordeumida) ...... Causey, N. B. Two new troglodytic millipeds from Texas Causey, N. B. A second species of the milliped genus Trigenotyla (Chordeumidea: Conotylidae: Trichopetalinae: Scoterpini) Causey, N. B. New records of Onomeris underwoodi Cook (Diplopoda: Glomerida: Glomeridae) Causey, N. B. Speostriaria, new genus (Diplopoda: Chordeumida: Chordeumidea: Striariidae) Causey, N. B. Millipeds collected in Guatemalan caves, including Calymmodesmus inquinatus, n. sp. (Stylodesmidae: Polydesmida) Causey, N. B. Austrotyla, a new milliped genus (Chordeumidea: Conotylidae: Conotylinae) Causey, N. B. New North and Central American records of Orthoporus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) Causey, N. B. Trichopetalum subterraneum, new species from Kentucky, new records and a key to the genus (Diplopoda; Cordeumida; Trichopetalidae) ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee Be ee ele le ll ee 2 © © © © © © © 8 we ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8B ee tl tlhe ell elle ele ll ll ee e © © © ew eee © © © © © 8 ee ee ee el © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © © 8 8 8 ee ee 8 le 8 lel ele le lel tlle lee elle ell © 8. e © © © © © © © ee ew ee ee ele ew ele le eel ele ell 98:774-777 98:956-1003 79:235-238 81:427-430 74:161-165 83:51-58 85:57-61 16:53-54 19:87-90 20:23-28 20:85-86 24:61 73:95-98 64:117-124 64:137-140 65:111-116 67:55-67 68:21-30 68:87-94 70:205-207 71:173-178 71:179-183 72:69-73 72:75-77 72:151-153 73:25-28 73:275-279 74:25 1-265 77:175-181 80:117-121 0645 0646 0647 0648 0649 0650 0651 0652 0653 0654 0655 0656 0657 0658 0659 0660 0661 0662 0663 0664 0665 0666 0667 0668 0669 0670 0671 0672 0673 0674 0675 0676 0677 0678 0679 0680 0681 Causey, N. B. The Cambalidae in Mexican caves, with descriptions of three new species of Mexicambala (Diplopoda: Cambalida) Chace, F. A., Jr. A new shrimp of the genus Periclimenes from the IVE SEMMTICIOS w aareeircitaits Meta de Heike ta te tevne fe fo 4e te Fonte dello vernecsei¥e te o.8a/ue ¥o ME AU ne Hm Ve ese, Cave Chace, F. A., Jr. A new crab of the genus Cycloes (Crustacea; Brachyura; Calappidae) from Saint Helena, South Atlantic Ocean Chace, F. A., Jr. Cave Shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea) from the Dominican Republic Chace, F. A., Jr., & D. E. Brown. A new polychelate shrimp from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia and its bearing on the family Bresiliidae;(@rustacea: DecapodanCandea) ethyl ake ee. ales Chace, F. A., Jr., & S. L. H. Fuller. A new shrimp of the genus Gnathophyllum (Decapoda, Caridea) from Puerto Rico @hamiberlin;, R.\Vi> Newspiroboloididiplopods 2 324.242 5... .0/. 0). Chamberlin, R. V. Polychaetes from Monterey Bay .............. Chamberlin, R. V. A new Texan Parajulus Chamberlin, R. V. A new solpugid from Panama Chamberlin, R. V. Two new spiroboloid diplopods from PAIS itil tcay Die steele Sh eH My ANUS T sees cane LN I Ae Iull a sue cg: RENEE Chamberlin, R. V. A new diplopod from Texas and a new chilopod from Alaska Chamberlin, R. V. A new leptodesmoid diplopod from Louisiana Chamberlin, R. V. A new diplopod of the genus Atopetholus ....... Chamberlin, R. V. The Julidae and Isobatidae in North America Chamberlin, R. V. Further notes on the nomenclature of North Amencanemlidae and sNemasomidaes 2. 14 see eis eee eee Chamberlin, R. V. Two new American arachnids of the order PASCO CREM O NGL. ila ive lich MECH ar iat a aU Aa LC AA) Ce Chamberlin, R. V. The North American spiders of the family Smaphosidazen yet wey Wawra ue note tiers Vy MEN AREAL AMOREI EDA VE Note. Chamberlin, R. V. Two diplopod immigrants taken at Hololulu ..... Chamberlin, R. V. A new cryptodesmoid milliped from Santo MD OHIUUT SOM TS ese Dae eet ee aa Ue, ame EE ae Chamberlin, R. V. An Algerian julid in America ................ Chamberlin, R. V. A new freshwater nereid from China Chamberlin, R. V. A new clubionid spider of the genus Phruronellus MROMIM CALITO Taam sake Stace cc eee eects Grae hetonaks LAMM MERA REY Eh Chamberlin, R. V. Notes on chilopods and diplopods from Barro Colorado Id., and other parts of the Canal Zone, with diagnoses DINE W SPECIES ater Me ee ee Ra COUN RRS LN Mi a eI Chamberlin, R. V. Notes on North American spiders heretofore HELE med toCOClotes PALE: Mee she ie as Si Lah eee Die ee 2 Chamberlin, R. V. Two new American chilopods Chamberlin, R. V. A new burrowing spider of the genus Lycosa from the Uintah Mountains, Utah Chamberlin, R. New diplopodst se At, We FE eee SF, Chamberlin, R. A new arachnid of the order Pedipalpida ....... Chamberlin, R. A new trap-door spider from Texas Chamberlin, R. Two new geophiloid chilopods from Mexico and Texas Chamberlin, R. V. On six new lithobiid centipeds from North Carolina Chamberlin, R. Chamberlin, R. Chamberlin, R. Chamberlin, R. Chamberlin, R. ee es ew ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 ew 8 8 ee ee ele lel tll lel tlle eel ele ltl eee ee © eo ew we oe e © © © © © © © © © © 8 © ew 8 8 ee 8 fle 8 ee 8 le el el el elle tll tll elle ew ele ele ll ec On five new polydesmid millipeds from Mexico On a collection of myriopods from Venezuela On ten new centipeds from Mexico and Venezuela New millipeds from Michoacan . On nine North American polydesmoid millipeds .. oe 2 © © © © © ew ew Be ew <<<<< zil 84:271-281 71:125-130 81:605-612 88:29-44 91:756-766 83:493-504 31:165-170 31:173-180 32:119-120 32:211-212 33:37-39 33:41-44 33:97-99 33:101-102 34:81-84 35:7-9 35:11-12 35:145-171 36:165-167 36:189-190 36:191-192 37:79-82 38:7-8 38:35-44 38:119-124 39:9-10 49:15-16 51:205-208 52:123-124 53:5-6 53:65-66 SeES-1/1/ 54:63-66 54:137-142 S521 7-23 35:57-62 56:35-40 Die, 0682 0683 0684 0685 0686 0687 0688 0689 0690 0691 0692 0693 0694 0695 0696 0697 0698 0699 0700 0701 0702 0703 0704 0705 0706 0707 0708 0709 0710 0711 0712 0713 0714 0715 0716 0717 0718 Chamberlin, R. V. Some records and descriptions of American chilopods oe woieD. beihee i BRR eek baked Ae renee Chamberlin, R. V. Some records and descriptions of American diplopods Chamberlin, R. V. Two millipeds from southern California ........ Chamberlin, R. V. On some millipeds from Saipan .............. Chamberlin, R. V. Two new species of the milliped genera Chonaphe PUTO IBZ U TTL ORE ARE oR MS erga hig ea Millon apne searmmm ms be! bl ly a.) Aker c Chamberlin, R. V. A new American genus in the chilopod family Flimantariidae:™ spear sas Neer afer eth Bet eh ie aaa ty the tke A es ae Chamberlin, R. V. On four millipeds from Georgia and Mississippi . Chamberlin, R. V. A new milliped and two new centipeds from Guam Chamberlin, R. V. Seven new American millipeds ............... Chamberlin, R. V. Two new species of Trichomorpha from Panama .. Chamberlin, R. V. A new genus and four new species in the diplopod family Xystodesmidae Chamberlin, R. V. A new family in the diplopod order Chordeumida Chamberlin, R. V. Some western millipeds of the family Chelodesmidae Chamberlin, R. V. Some diplopods from Puerto Rico Chamberlin, R. V. Some chilopods from Puerto Rico Chamberlin, R. V. A new geophiloid centiped from the littoral of Southeast, Alaska? seit ya pew hiyshey tts ie barley Sei tan, eae Chamberlin, R. V. Six new American millipeds, with notes on several cave-dwelling Speciess Wats irsteen teen SAR ae Wea sees 2 eee Chamberlin, R. V. Six new California millipeds ................. Chamberlin, R. V. Four new American chilopods Chamberlin, R. V. Geophiloid chilopods taken in the northern Andes in 1954-1955 Chamberlin, R. V. Five new South American chilopods ........... Chamberlin, R. V. Occurrence of the chilopod genus Ethmostigmus in STINE TLC RRS. 5s hte eee lar il cate Ae ean ne ES i Aaa abe ences Selinsah (hs Spee Chamberlin, R. V. A new marine centiped from the California littoral Chamberlin, R. V. Five new western geophilid chilopods .......... Vv Vv 2° 6 © © © © © © © © © © 8 fe 8 Be ee el elle lel ell elle lel ltl ltl lel lel tl el tll ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 ew 8 8 ele le le ele elt lw lel ell el tll tl ee © © © © © © © © 8 2 © © © © © © © @ 8 ew Chamberlin, R. V. Millipeds from the Nevada test area Chamberlin, R. V. A new genus in the chilopod family Tampiyidae .. Chamberlin, R. V. A new genus in the chilopod family Dignathodontidae with proposal of two subfamilies (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha) Chamberlin, R.V., & E. Berry. A new mollusk of the genus Pupoides from Southern Wtalaiti eg eee ich aii AUIS Rpt eck bem ca aie Chamberlin, R. V., & W. J. Gertsch. Notes on spiders from southeastern Utah es OSGi. BEER Rate seh? GAR Ses ee Chamberlin, R. V., & W. J. Gertsch. On fifteen new North American spiders Chamberlin, R. V., & S. Mulaik. On a new family in the Notostigmata Chamberlin, R. V., & Y. M. Wang. Miscellaneous new North American centipeds of the order Lithobiida .................. Chamberlin, R. V., & Y. M. Wang. Some records and descriptions of chilopods from Japan and other Oriental area Chamberlin, R. V., & A. M. Woodbury. Notes on the spiders of Washington County, Utah Chapin, E. A. A new Hydnocera (Coleoptera: Cleridae) Chapin, E. A. New species of Coleoptera (fam. Cleridae) from the Philippine and neighboring regions, collected by Prof. Charles F. Baker e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 ew 8 8 8 ew 8 8 ew el elt ll elle el el elle ll ee « © © © © © © © ee ew ew 56:97-108 56:143-151 57:113-115 58:33-37 59:31-33 59:35-37 59:139-141 59:161-163 60:9-13 60:63-65 62:3-5 62:7-8 62:125-129 63:147-153 63:155-160 65:83 66:67-71 67:231-233 68:179-181 70:21-30 71:57-60 71:185-186 73:99-101 73:239-243 75:53-55 76:33-35 79:215-219 44:7-8 41:175-187 43:137-144 55:125-131 65:55-61 65:177-186 42:131-141 31:107-108 32:225-234 35:55-58 0719 0720 0721 0722 0723 0724 0725 0726 0727 0728 0729 0730 0731 0732 0733 0734 0735 0736 0737 0738 0739 0740 0741 0742 0743 0744 0745 0746 0747 0748 0749 Chapin, E. A. On Simonella, a genus of salticid spiders new to North America Chapin, E. A. New species of Callimerus from Mindanao, Philippine Islands Chapin, E. A. On some Coccinellidae of the tribe Telsimiini, with descriptions of new species Chapin, E. A. On some Asiatic Cleridae (Col.) ................. Chapin, E. A. A new genus and species of Staphylinidae from SZe-ChUlan Chinareys cater ttre cerns eo chee ie coe ve ae Mare ee win eh Chapin, E. A. Notes of North American Tillinae, with description of a new Cymatodera (Col.: Cleridae) Chapin, E. A. A new Orthrius from Siam (Col.: Cleridae) Chapin, E. A. New species of Haliplus Latr. (Col.) Chapin, E. A. A new Serica from New Jersey Chapin, E. A. A new genus of West Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) Chapin, E. A. An apparently new scarab beetle (Coleoptera) now established at Charleston, South Carolina Chapin, E. A. A new Listrochelus injuring Pinus pondcrosa Lawson in the Rocky Mountain region. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) ........ Chapin, E. A. A new genus and species of dung-inhabiting Scarabaeidae from Puerto Rico, with notes on the Coprinae of the Greater Antilles (Coleoptera) Chapin, E. A. The nomenclature and taxonomy of the genera of the scarabaeid subfamily Glaphyrinae Chapin, E. A. Necessary changes of names in the coleopterous family SEARADACITAECIN Ae eae ee iecte. aie Sirti ual etek vere ier ae Meee yan o.¢ Chapman, F. M. Descriptions of proposed new birds from Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia Chapman, F. M. Unusual types of apparent geographic variation in color and of individual variation in size exhibited by Ostinops decumanus Chapman, P. M. A new species of Homochaeta (Oligochaeta: Naididae) from the west coast of Canada .................... Chapman, P. M. The prostomial pit in Bothrioneurum vejdovskyanum Stole (Oligochaeta): a note on detail revealed by SEM .......... Chapman, P. M, & R. O. Brinkhurst. Setal morphology of the oligochaetes Tubifex tubifex and Ilyodrilus frantzi (capillatus) as TEVealeMiD VES Miia ot cpu er bemt sti ciuens sate seta er aterm save ser aee i, Chase, A. Notes on the genera of Paniceae. I Chase Aum Notesionsgeneraoimbaniceaes ly rere ie tee ee. Chase, A. Notes on genera of Paniceae. III Chase, A. Notes on genera of Paniceae. IV Chernoff, B., & R. R. Miller. Systematics and variation of the Aztec shiner, Notropis sallei, a cyprinid fish from central Mexico Chernoff. B., & R. R. Miller. Mexican freshwater silversides (Pisces: Atherinidae) of the genus Archomenidia, with the description of a MEW, SPECIES. "yi. eis eee hela eis da Spare Rees SSRI ig its ALTE CAA a eA Chernoff, N., & R. Pope. Two new mites of the genus Klinckowstroemia from Mexico (Acarina: Klinckowstroemiidae) ; Child, C. A. Pycnogonida of the Smithsonian-Bredin Pacific expedition, MOST cde BAD as eens As Pci. LOBE A AAAM! AE CMRPC na OS... Child, C. A. A new species of Anoropallene (Pycnogonida) from the el awatianelslands. (502/85 7 Bei he A ak: UML DeLee ie ey bes ele eeaas Child, C. A. Hedgpethius tridentatus, a new genus and new species, and other Pycnogonida from Key West, Florida, U. S. A. Child, C. A. The Pycnogonida types of William A. Hilton. I. PhOxChilrdMG ae a 7% as iets Soles ore coe he tte re se ererene areal ae Ce ey Ce ee er } 2 ee © © © © © © © © © © © wee lel el ele le ele le lel ll "2 © @ © © © © © © © © ow ee © e@ © © © © © © © © © © © ee ee © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 8 ee lee le ll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ee © © © © 23 35:129-131 35:133-134 39:129-133 40:19-22 40:75-77 40:143-145 41:125-126 43:9-12 44:5-6 46:95-99 47:33-35 47:93-94 47:99-101 51:79-86 59:79-80 32:253-267 33:25-31 94:455-457 92:812-813 99:3 23-9211 19:183-192 21:1-9 21:175-188 24:103-159 94:18-36 95:428-439 83:145-153 83:287-307 85:147-150 87:493-500 88:189-209 24 0750 0751 0752 0753 0754 0755 0756 0757 0758 0759 0760 0761 0762 0763 0764 0765 0766 0767 0768 0769 0770 0771 0772 0773 0774 0775 0776 0777 0778 0779 0780 0781 0782 0783 0784 0785 0786 0787 0788 0789 Child, C. A. On some Pycnogonida of French Oceania Child, C. A. Four new species of Anoplodactylus (Pycnogonida) from ther western: NorthyAtlamtic iti has sie ice Agena Mie cto Ml a. « Child, C. A. Pycnogonida of the western Pacific islands I. The Marshall Islands Child, C. A. Pycnogonida of the western Pacific islands I. Guam and thexRalan Estland sys soya icpeues coc con cutel hat Muon Ce REN he ain wae a ie Child, C. A. The Pycnogonida types of H. V. M. Hall Child, C. A. Ammothea verenae and Sericosura venticola, two new hydrothermal vent-associated pycnogonids from the northeast Pacific Child, C. A. New and little known Pycnogonida from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters Child, C. A.. & K. Nakamura. A gynandromorph of the Japanese pycnogonid Anoplodactylus gestiens (Ortmann) Chirichigno F., N., & T. Iwamoto. Coryphaenoides delsolarn, a new species of macrourid fish from the Pacific coast of South America . Chittenden, F. H. Notes on Sphenophorus (Coleoptera) ........... Chittenden, F. H. Notes on the behavior of Coftinis nitida L. and its bird enemies Chittenden, F. H. An introduced beetle related to the tomato weevil . Choate, J. R. Taxonomic status of the shrew, Notiosorex (Xenosorex) phillipsii Schaldach, 1966 (Mammalia: Insectivora) Clark, A. H. On the name of the common American eel .......... Clark, A. H. Description of a new Euphonia from the southern West Indies Clark, A. H. Preliminary descriptions of three new birds from St. Vincent, West Indies Clark, A. H. New genera of unstalked crinoids Clark, A. H. Two new crinoid genera Clark, A:|H. “New generaand) species of crinoids 2...2. - 6.3.22 cious = Clark, A. H. A revision of the crinoid families Thalassometridae and Himerometridae ClarkvAe EL: Yiwo new: Australian crinoids: 344 ee, & Sted) Sin can ieee Clark, A. H. New recent crinoids from the Indian Ocean .......... Clark, A. H. The type of the genus Comaster Clark AVE sEhototaxissamongycnmoidsa yey. Ao ae ry eee ee 8 Clark, A. H. Systematic position of Oligometra studeri Clark, A. H. New recent Indian crinoids Clark, A. H. New genera and higher groups of unstalked crinoids Clark, A. H. A proposed division of the phylum Echinodermata Clark, A. H. A new crinoid from the Solomon Islands ............ Clark, A. H. On the type specimen of the crinoid described by Miller as Alecto purpurea Clark, A. H. A new crinoid genus from the Indian Ocean Clark, A. H. Owen’s recent encrinite identified Clark, A. H. Seventeen new East Indian crinoids belonging to the famillies;Comasteridae andy Zycomethdae mr ee) see eee Clark, A. H. Six new East Indian crinoids belonging to the family Charitometridae Clark, A. H. A revision of the American species of Peripatus ....... Clark, A. H. A revision of the crinoid family Mariametridae Clark, A. H. Description of a collection of unstalked crinoids made by Captain Suenson in eastern Asia Clark, A. H. A new race of the mandarin duck from southern Japan Clark, A. H. A note on the occurrence of Epiperipatus imthurmi (Sclater) is... stale aE! teh 3 Ain ed A a eee a ae Clark, A. H. The first New Zealand crinoid © © © © © © © © © © 8 we 8 eee © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 eB ew ee ee ee ee ee elle le ee © © © © © © © © © © © fe we ee ee ee ew eel el el el el el el el ell ell e © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee ee el ele lel ell tlle ele lel ele el ee ee © © © © © ee © 8 eB ew 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 8 ee lel el ell ele el ele lel ell e 2 © © © © © © © © © we ee eee ee ee ee el 90:440-446 90:584-596 95:270-281 96:698-714 100:552-558 100:892-901 100:902-916 95:292-296 89:519-527 32:269-270 39:15-17 39:71-74 82:469-476 16:52 18:19-21 18:61-63 21:125-136 21:149-152 21:219-231 22:1-22 22:39-42 22:75-85 22:87 22:87 22:88 22:143-151 22:173-177 22:183-184 2327 23:95-98 24:87-88 24:98 25:17-28 25:77-83 26:15-19 26:141-144 26:177-182 27:87 28:182 29:48 0790 0791 0792 0793 0794 0795 0796 0797 0798 0799 0800 0801 0802 0803 0804 0805 0806 0807 0808 0809 0810 0811 0812 0813 0814 0815 0816 0817 0818 0319 0820 0821 0822 0823 Clark, A. H. Identification of a supposedly anomalous echinoderm Clark, A. H. Six new starfishes from the Gulf of California and adjacent waters Clark, A. H. Three interesting additions to the crinoid fauna of Sacami Bay and sunuipa Gulf apan! . vine wale ene. hane Clark, A. H. A new brittle-star of the genus Ophiomitra from southern Japan Clark, A. H. A new starfish from the Magellanic Region ......... Clark, A. H. Two new ophiurans from the China Sea Clark, A. H. Four new echinoderms from the West Indies ......... Clark, A. H. Three new starfish and one new brittle-star from Chile Clark, A. H. Two new astroradiate echinoderms from the Pacific Coast omeolombiayandtEcuador anaes eek Ue ected ots oe cuepe ats Clark, A. H. A new unstalked crinoid from the Philippine Islands Clark, A. H. A new crinoid from New Zealand, and another from Tasmania Clark, A. H. Some necessary changes in Crustacean nomenclature ... Clark, A. H. A new unstalked crinoid from the Philippine Islands Clark, A. H. A new name for Heliaster multiradiatus (Gray) ........ Clark, A. H. A new ophiuran of the genus Ophiopsila from southern California Clark, A. H. Preliminary list of the butterflies of the District of Columbia Clark, A. H. Records of the wood tortoise (Clemmys insculpta) in the vicinity of the District of Columbia Clark, A. H. Ona collection of crinoids from the Raffles Museum, Singapore Clark, A. H. Observations on the butterflies of Apple Orchard Mountain, Bedford County, Virginia Clark, A. H. A new butterfly from the Solomon Islands ........... Clark, A. H. Two new butterflies from the Admiralty Islands ....... Clark, A. H. Two new starfishes and a new brittle-star from Florida aMGwAIADAMIAN sea ek Pak ye ese cok Salen, ote fea a 4 a MR OC Clark, A. H. Classification of the butterflies, with the allocation of the genera occurring in North America north of Mexico ............ Clark, A. H. On a collection of sea-stars from the Philippine Islands Clark, A. H., & L. F. Clark. Preliminary list of the butterflies of IVC Are ROM ea ee ee aL a Akad TREN Seale ath a EU Clark, A. H., & L. F. Clark. Butterflies from Virginia and the District of Columbia Clark, A. H., & L. F. Clark. Notes on Virginia butterflies Clark, A. H., & L. F. Clark. Butterflies from Virginia Clark, G. T., & R. Fricke. A new species of dragonet, Synchiropus randalli, from Easter Island (Teleostei: Callionymidae) .......... Clark, H. L. The short-mouthed snake (Eutainia brachystoma Cope) in Southern Michi oeamiy wh ss ew ees ee ake RRL, RO NU Ay Ob nN oa Clark, H. W. The holophytic plankton of Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan, Guatemala Clark, H. W., & G. H. Gillette. Some observations made on Little River, near Wichita, Kansas, with reference to the Unionidae Clark, J., & J. L. Barnard. Lucayarina catacumba, new genus, new species, a Bahamian sea-cave amphipod (Crustacea: Amphipoda: TEV SIATIASSIC AES) yeier se CMe hacs I eR Ree nen Ih STE RTA HE. AR Clark, J., & J. L. Barnard. Tonocote, a new genus and species of Zobrachoidae from Argentina (Crustacea: Marine Amphipoda) ee © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 © ew ee ee le el lel el el ell lll el ele eel ell Ce i a) e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ew ew 8 he 8 lel ell tll elle le flee 8 wl ee e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © ee ew 8 ew fle lel ell tlle el ell ele lel ell «© © © e@ © © © © © © © © © © ew ew ee 8 ee 8 8 ee ele lel el ele le lel el el ele lw ll 25 29:49-50 29:51-62 29:105-108 29:225-226 30:7 30:13-16 30:63-70 30:151-158 30:171-174 Bilz3)7/ 31:41-43 32:199 33:21-22 33:183 34:109-110 42:113-116 43:13-15 47:9-14 47:177-179 57:95-96 59:119-120 61:55-65 61:77-81 62:73-77 50:87-91 $1:1-6 51:177-181 52:177-183 98:539-543 16:83-87 21:91-105 24:63-68 98:243-254 99:225-236 26 0824 0825 0826 0827 0828 0829 0830 0831 0832 0833 0834 0835 0836 0837 0838 0839 0840 0841 0842 0843 0844 0845 0846 0847 0848 0849 0850 0851 0852 0853 0854 0855 0856 0857 0858 0859 0860 0861 0862 Clark, J., & J. L. Barnard. Chono angustiarum, a new genus and species of Zobrachoidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Magellan Strait, with a revision of Urohaustoriidae .................... Clarke, J. F. G. A new tortricid genus from South America ........ Clarke, J. F. G. A new genus and species from the Juan Fernandez Islands (Lepidoptera: Blastodacnidae) Clarke, J. F.G. Range extension of the genus Asymphorodes Meyrick (Kepidopterax Cosmoptentpidac) iis Sets Ween ee sues eae re Coates, K. A. A contribution to the taxonomy of the Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta). Review of Stephensoniella, with new species records . Coates, K. A. Redescription of the oligochaete genus Propappus and diagnosis of the new family Propappidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) Cochran, D. M. Two new species of Calamaria from Borneo ....... Cochran, D. M. A new species of Eleutherodactylus from the Dominican Republic Cochran, D. M. A new genus of anguid lizards from Haiti ......... Cochran, D. M. New reptiles and batrachians collected by Dr. Hugh M. Smith in Siam Cochran, D. M. A new species of Chamaelinorops from Haiti Cochran, D. M. A new genus and species of lizard, Hispaniolus pratensis, from the Haitian Republic Cochran, D. M. The herpetological collections made in Haiti and its adjoining islands by Walter J. Eyerdam Cochran, D. M. The identity of Werner’s Dromicus w-nigrum ....... Cochran, D. M. A second species of Deiroptyx from Cuba Cochran, D. M. New reptiles from Beata Island, Dominican Republic Cochran, D. M. Two new subspecies of lizards of the genus Leiocephalus from Hispaniola Cochran, D. M. Two new lizards from Hispaniola ............... Cochran, D. M. A new snake, Jaltris parishi, from the Republic of 1 GVA Uape aA Gen oenghy een mr netieY aren Meets AES ce Abr EP Cm eae as rare cre ied Cochran, D. M. A new frog, Eleutherodactylus wetmorei, from the Republic of Haiti Cochran, D. M. A new gecko from Haiti, Avistelliger expectatus Cochran, D. M. Diagnoses of new frogs from Brazil Cochran, D. M. A new species of frog from Haiti Cochran, D. M. Reptiles and amphibians from the Lesser Antilles collected by Dr. S. T. Danforth Cockerell, T. D. New and little known Coccidae I. Ripersiella and Ceroputo Cockerell, T. Cockerell, T. Cockerell, T. Cockerell, T. Cockerell, T. Cockerell, T. Cockerell, T. e © © © © © © © 8 © © © © 8 8 ew ew ew tle lel tl tll ele le ele le lll Ce i e © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee ee ee tl le eee © © © © © © Be ew 8 8 8 8 8 ew ew eB ee ee 8 8 e 2 © © © © © © © © © we ew 8 ew 8 ew ew ee 8 ee le ele 8 lee ee ee el e © © © © © © © © © © © ee ee 8 we 8 ee ee el > e 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew eB eB 8 le 8 8 el el lew lel tle tll ell elle el 8 8 8 A new Ribes from New Mexico .............. A new cocklebur from New Mexico Three fishes new to the fauna of New Mexico ... A new subgenus for Nyctaginia cockerellae ...... Notes on Tetraneuris linearifolia .............. New American bees The scales of the cobitid and homalopterid fishes Cockerell, T. The cyprinid subfamily Chondrostominae Cockerell, T. On the validity of the North American cyprinid genus Notemigonus Cockerell, T. D. A. The nomenclature of the American fishes usually called)-euciscusgandiRistiltes: ae ove Se ey a ee A ee ee Cockerell, T. D. A. The scales of the atherinid fishes Cockerell, T. D. A. The scales of the clupeid fishes .............. Cockerell, T. D. A. On the scales of some malacopterygian fishes Cockerell, T. D. A. The scales of the African cyprinid fishes, with a discussion of related Asiatic and European species ............. e © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 © 8 8 ew ee ee © © © UVyuugVyy PPP PPP pr PP 100:75-88 75:293-294 77:125-126 100:596-599 96:411-419 99:417-428 36:91-92 36:93-94 40:91-92 40:179-191 41:45-47 41:49-51 41:53-59 41:127 41:169-170 44:89-92 45:177-182 45:183-187 45:189-190 45:191-193 46:33-35 51:41-42 51:93-94 51:147-155 14:165-167 15:99-100 16:9-10 16:49 16:52 17:111-112 18:177-184 22:205-207 22:209-210 22:211-213 22:215-217 23:47-48 23:61-63 23:111-113 23:141-152 0863 0864 0865 0866 0867 0868 0869 0870 0871 0872 0873 0874 0875 0876 0877 0878 0879 0880 0881 0882 0883 0884 0885 0886 0887 0888 0889 0896 0891 0892 0893 0894 0895 0896 Cockerell, T. D. A. The nomenclature of the Scyphomedusae Cockerell, T. D. A. Note on the scales of the osteoglossid fishes Cockerell, T. D. A. The nomenclature of the Hydromedusae ....... Cockerell, T. D. A. Some notes on fish scales .................. Cockerell, T. D. A. The scales of the simenchelyid, ophidiid, brotulid ANG DKe SMACELOLICMMISIMES pists ants cee Mane aoe cles tits Fa, ayer Ay nL ROLE Cockerell, T. D. A. A Peripatus from Guatemala ................ Cockerell, T. The scales of the blennioid fishes ee © © © © © © © © 2 D. A. Cockerell, T. D. A. Some plants from New Mexico .............. Cockerell, T. D. A. A new Helianthus from Colorado ............ @ockerell a: Di yAe "Scales ‘of Panama fishes; 9.2 sks este soles < D. A. Cockerell, T. A fossil tsetse fly and other Diptera from Florissant, Colorado Cockerell, T. D. A. Descriptions of fossil insects Cockerell, T. D. A., & E. M. Allison. The scales of some American CV OTM ACN he Maske ee Mere eae are Nace TCs, Pelee es Aaa Naaman seen, Cockerell, T. D. A.. & H. Andrews. Dragon-flies from the English Oligocene Cockerell, T. D. A., P. Barker, & M. Barker. A new Cypripedium ... Cockerell, T. D. A., & O. Callaway. Notes on the scales of fishes. The herbivorous Cyprinidae. Cockerell, T. D. A., & O. Callaway. Observations on the fishes of the EMUISUIN OM OPIS i cg ...0 Segre dens ae a tae t nee, ane nN, ee ree mm Cockerell, T. D. A., & R. C. Harris. The wings of the meloid beetles Cockerell, T. D. A., L. I. Miller, & M. Printz. The relative lengths of Hieslange ancesmalluimtestines in TOGentS va CN heist Cockerell, T. D. A., & E. V. Moore. On the nature of the teeth in ctenoid scales Cockerell, T. D. A., & T. E. Snyder. A fossil termite from Germany Cockerell, T. D. A., & T. E. Snyder. Termite synonymy--Ulmeriella bauckhorni Meunier and Macrohodotermes Fuller .............. Cockrum, E. L., & R. H. Baker. A new jumping mouse (genus Zapus) from Kansas Coen, L. D., & K. L. Heck, Jr. Notes on the biology of some seagrass- dwelling crustaceans (Stomatopoda and Decapoda) from Caribbean AMET ATT Au tase tera tes ret aPa ts Pai's totes Be tera hs fol oA NESE EE ARO MSO GN IM Cohen, D. M. Notes on a small collection of liparid fishes from the Yellow Sea Cohen, D. M. Lycenchelys bullisi, a new eelpout from the Gulf of Mexico Cohen, D. M. A new tribe and a new species of ophidioid fish Cohen, D. M. Viviparous ophidioid fish genus Calamopteryx: new species from western Atlantic and Galapagos ................. Cohen, D. M. Saccogaster melanomycter (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae), a new fish species from the Caribbean Cohen, D. M. New and rare ophidiiform fishes from the eastern Atlantic: Canary Islands to the Cape of Good Hope ............ Cohen, D. M., & E. A. Lachner. Summary. [Symposium on natural history collectons] Cohen, D. M., & J. G. Nielsen. A review of the viviparous ophidioid fishesvor the. genus: Saccogaster: MN Aeys ee a Ph the huoMe te cla) wie wate, Cohen, D. M., & C. R. Robins. A new ophidioid fish (genus Lucifuga) from a limestone sink, New Providence Island, Bahamas Cohen, D. M., & J. P. Wourms. Microbrotula randalli, a new viviparous ophidioid fish from Samoa and New Hebrides, whose embryos bear trophotaeniae ee © e e © e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 8 lel tl lt ew ew el 8 ell ell el e © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 fe 8 8 8 8 le lel le 8 ele eel ll ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee lel lel el hele lel ele 8 lel el ell el el elle el el el ell ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 8 ew 8 8 8 ee © © © oo 27 24:7-12 24:39 24:77-86 24:209-213 26:75-77 26:87-88 26:89-91 26:203-204 27:5-8 28:151-159 30:19-21 30:79-81 22:157-163 29:89-91 14:178 22:121-123 22:189-196 8:25-32 26:205-207 23:91-93 8:21-22 38:86 63:1-4 96:202-224 73:15-19 77:113-117 79:183-204 86:339-350 94:374-377 94:1085-1103 82:759-762 85:445-467 83:133-144 89:81-98 28 0897 0898 0899 0900 0901 0902 0903 0904 0905 0906 0907 0908 0909 0910 0911 0912 0913 0914 0915 0916 0917 0918 0919 0920 0921 0922 0923 0924 0925 0926 0927 0928 0929 Cole, G. A. The epimera of North American fresh-water species of Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Cole, G. A., & W. L. Minckley. A new species of aquatic isopod crustacean (genus Asellus) from the Puebla Plateau, central México Cole, G. A., & W. L. Minckley. Stenasellid isopod crustaceans in the Western Hemisphere--a new genus and species from México--witha review of other North American freshwater isopod genera ....... Coles, R. J. Notes on the sharks and rays of Cape Lookout, N. C. Colin, P. L. Seranus incisus, new species from the Caribbean Sea (Piscés:"Serranidae) 2. 2 2aya cree ieee ayalacyes SER ere bie Collette, B. B. Astroblepus pholeter, a new species of cave-dwelling cathishfromeastermyBcuadOry Aan 4c teres yet. cro ays teat: pues eee Collette, B. B. Daector schmitti, a new species of venomous toadfish from the Pacitievcoast of CentralyAmentca eed ees hace Collette, B. B. Potamorrhaphis petersi, a new species of freshwater needlefish (Belonidae) from the Upper Orinoco and Rio Negro ... Collette, B. B. A review of the coral toadfishes of the genus Sanopus with descriptions of two new species from Cozumel Island, Mexico . Collette, B. B. South American freshwater needlefishes of the genus Potamorrhaphis (Beloniformes: Belonidae) ................... Collette, B. B. Recognition of two species of double-lined mackerels (GrammatorcynusaScombridac)i eyeemers: ) Seah bio ene Cte Collette, B. B. Two new species of coral toadfishes, family Batrachoididae, genus Sanopus, from Yucatan, Mexico, and Belize . Collette, B. B. Zenarchopterus ornithocephala, a new species of freshwater halfbeak (Pisces: Hemirhamphidae) from the Vogelkop Peninsula'of NewsGuineayincn = cine ane ees seine oe aie Gee Collette, B. B., & N. V. Parin. Five new species of halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae) from the Indo-west Pacific ................. Conant, R. Another new water snake of the genus Natrix from the Mexican plateau yee 25 0). Wie Mea pop eupe penn ne epee gee ae Conant, R. A new subspecies of the pit viper, Agkistrodon bilineatus (Reptilia Wiperidae)itrom;CentralvAmericay 4222s eee ee Conover, B. A new race of Penelope argyrotis from Colombia ....... Conover, B. A new race of Rallus nigricans from Colombia ........ Conover, H. B. A new pigeon from Siam © © © © © © © © © © © © © © eo 8 ew 8 lel 8 Conover, H. B. A new species of francolin from southern Abyssinia. Conover, H. B. The races of the tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus .. Conover; H. Bi Anew trumpetersfrom Brazil) 2 -6o..4.05. 6. ee Conover, H. B. A new race of Dactylortyx from Honduras ......... Conover, H. B. A new race of Tinamus major from Brazil ......... Conover, H. B. A new race of the spotted tinamou, Nothura maculosa, fromthe Paraguayani@hacoys. aaa hee Sey eee eye Conover, H. B. A new race of Bob White from the Cauca Valley, Colombia [).6. TOD a A a ot sani oy pee Conover, H. B. A new race of Nettion andium from Venezuela ..... Constance, L., & R. C. Rollins. New or otherwise noteworthy northwestern plants--II: Two new species from the Grand Canyon of the Snake River 5.0.10. SAN pe i SL Oh AE Ph ea Cook, O. F. The vegetative vigor of hybrids and mutations Cooke, M. T. Birds of the Washington Region ................. Cooke, M. T. Birds of the Washington, D. C., region ............. Cooke, W. J. New scyphozoan records for Hawaii: Anomalorhiza shawi Light, 1921, and Thysanostoma loriferum (Ehrenberg, 1835); with notes on several-othenshizostomess ies? yee iy eee ee aoe Cooke, W. J., & C. D. MacDonald. The puerulus and post-puerulus of the Hawaiian spiny lobster Panulirus marginatus ............+.. 83:333-348 81:755-759 84:313-326 28:89-94 91:191-196 75:311-314 81:155-159 87:31-39 87:185-204 95:714-747 96:715-718 96:719-724 98:107-111 91:731-747 76:169-172 97:135-141 58:125-126 62:173-174 43:1-2 43:3-4 46:113-117 47:119-120 50:73-74 50:191-192 50:227-229 51:53-54 54:143-144 49:147-149 17:83-89 97:583-588 94:1226-1232 0930 0931 0932 0933 0934 0935 0936 0937 0938 0939 0940 0941 0942 0943 0944 0945 0946 0947 0948 0949 0950 0951 0952 0953 0954 0955 0956 0957 0958 0959 0960 0961 0962 0963 Cooke, W. W. Bird migration in the District of Columbia ......... Cooke, W. W. Incubation period of box-turtle eggs Cooke, W. W. Bird migration in the District of Columbia ......... Coovert, G. A., & F. C. Thompson. The Sphegina species of eastern North America (Diptera: Syrphidae) Copeland, M. A new record for Microsorex in New York .......... Copeland, M. Notes on the mammals of Mt. Greylock, Massachusetts Copeland, M. Pipistrellus in Main Copeland, M., & M. L. Church. Notes on the mammals of Grand Manan, N. B., with a description of a new subspecies of white-footed TM OUSC sei: RLSM Ra ttek Rey Mobinil Oat mere athe Cali Ocal beeen tae, dior. de Copeland, M., & A. S. Pope. Notes on Maine mammals Cory, C. B. A review of Reichenbach’s genera Siptornis and Cranioleuca, with descriptions of new allied genera and a subgenus Cory, C. B. The relationships and geographical distribution of the species and races belonging to the genus Rhynchocyclus Cottam, C., L. Kelso, & W. H. Ball. The Louisiana heron in the Washington, D. C., region Coull, B. C. Harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea) of the family Tetragonicipitidae Lang: a review and revision, with keys to phrespeTe ra vam Guspe cies dearertiey a sieht Seuieibe epeh Ute wil ede tirr eG aha fay Coville, F. V. Descriptions of new plants from southern California, Nevada WitahwandwATizonacis2). Wee meee eb wale gente 2. Coville, F. V. Juncus marginatus and its varieties ................ Coville, F. V. Juncus confusus, a new rush from the Rocky Mountain Re Ful COTM csr csee cur abot elua-poOk Be cwihaliaty 1's, ar iin ROMA RMON Degen Daneel Ne Coville, F. V. Ribes erythrocarpum, a new currant from the vicinity of Cratewbakes@repome Mies sleds fins) Mae deal sbi. Colosee a heh Coville, F. V. Collomia mazama, a new plant from the vicinity of Grater SakeHi@re compas: Ut Ne MeL Mui SCH uel a oY Coville, F. V. The itinerary of John Jeffrey, an early botanical explorer Ofawesterm NorthyAmenicaspernt ci, ero RI) A ene ne 2 2 Coville, F. V. The technical name of the camas plant Coville, F. V. The botanical explorations of Thomas Nuttall in California Coville, F. V. Ribes mescalerium, an undescribed currant from New Mexico and Texas Coville, F. V. Ribes coloradense, an undescribed currant from the Rocky Mountams:ofiColorado +.) 2. tReet) ee ee Le Coville, F. V. Juncus columbianus, an undescribed rush from the Columbia plains Coville, F. V. Ribes aureum and Ribes lentum CovillewEs VaiGrossulanainarcescens Peo els Re ee Coville, F. V., & S. F. Blake. Notes on District of Columbia Juncaceae Coville, F. V., & J. B. Leiberg. Two new plants from Mount Mazama, Oregons, se ete A ie, a et Bente) 6 x. des ae eo Dae Cowan, I. McT. A new race of deer from eastern California Cowan, I. McT. The distribution of flying suirrels in western British Columbia with the description of a new race Cowan, I. McT. A new race of Peromyscus maniculatus from British Columbia Cowan, I. McT. Insularity in the genus Sorex on the north coast of BTicishy Columbia wyctsse < m eh eee YS oe ee Es TS nt oe, ies Cowan, I. McT. Notes on the distribution of the chipmunks (Eutamias) in southern British Columbia and the Rocky Mountain region of southern Alberta with descriptions of two new races ............ Cowan, R. The national collections as biological standards ee © © © © © © © © © © eB 8 ee le ele le ew ele ele ee © © © @ © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 le 8 8 ele ee 2 2 © © © © © © © 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 eB eee ell el el ell el ele lel ele le lel eee ec © © ec ee ee © we we 29 21:107-118 233124 26:21-25 90:536-552 25:96 25:157-162 IAP PAL 19:121-125 30:159-160 32:149-159 a2 -217-223 45:207 86:9-23 7:65-80 8:121-128 10:127-130 10:131-132 11:35-37 11:57-60 11:61-65 13:109-121 13:195-198 14:1-6 14:87-89 15:23-29 28:181 31:45-46 11:169-171 46:69-70 50:77-82 50:215-216 54:95-107 59:107-116 82:611-617 30 0964 0965 0966 0967 0968 0969 0970 0971 0972 0973 0974 0975 0976 0977 0978 0979 0980 0981 0982 0983 0984 0985 0986 0987 0988 0989 Cowan, R. S. Studies of tropical American Leguminosae--VII Cowan, R. S. A revision of the genus Bocoa (Caesalpinioideae- Swartzieae) Cowan, R. S. Studies of tropical American Leguminosae--VIII ...... Crabill, R. E., Jr. On the identity of Stenophilus grenadae (Chamberlin) with a key to the known North American congeners (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Himantariidae) Crabill, R. E., Jr. A new Cruzobius from Mexico (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Watobiidae) Crabill, R. E., Jr. A revised interpretation of the primitive centipede genus Arup, with redescription of its type-species and list of known species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae) Crabill, R. E., Jr. A new Floridan [sic] Cryptops with key to the state’s species (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae) .......... Crabill, R. E., Jr. A new Watophilus from Utah, including a list of all known species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Chilenophilidae) .... Crane, J. W., D. G. Kritsky, & R. J. Kayton. Neotropical Monogenoidea. 1. Oligapta kruidenieri n. sp. (Axinidae: Indocotylinae) from Thyrinops pachylepis (Gunther) in El Salvador Cressey, H. B. Ceratocolax mykternastes, new species (Copepoda, Bomolochidae) parasitic in the nasal sinus of Haemulon sciurus (Pisces, Pomadasyidae) from Belize Cressey, R. A new species of Dentigryps Wilson (Copepoda, Caligoida) from Madagas Caw soja i a'se any sus BOAO Meee ee TA eRe teeNeyos REG Cressey, R., & P. Nutter. Reidentification of David Causey’s Caligus collections (Crustacea: Copepoda) Cressey, R. F. A redescription of Hatschekia conifera, Yamaguti 1939, (Copepoda, Caligoida), including the first description of the male .. Cressey, R. F. Five new parasitic copepods from California inshore fish Cressey, R. F. Hatschekia pacifica new species (Copepoda: Caligoida) a parasite of the sand bass, Paralebrax nebulifer (Giard) Cressey, R. F. Two new argulids (Crustacea: Branchiura) from the eastern United States Cressey, R. F. Therodamas dawsoni, a new species of parasitic copepod (Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) from the west coast of Panama Cressey, R. F. A redescription of Hermilius pyriventris Heller (Copepoda: Caligoida) with the first description of the male Cressey, R. F. Shiinoa elagata, a new species of parasitic copepod (Cyclopoida) from Elagatus (Carangidae) Cressey, R. F. Nicothoe tumulosa a new siphonostome copepod parasitic on the unique decapod Neoglyphea inopinata Forest and Saint Laurent Cressey, R. F. Two new species of Colobomatus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida), parasitic on Pacific fishy. 2% 3. .c424W). les he oe oe Cressey, R. F. A new genus of bomolochid copepods from Indo-West Pacific nemipterid fishes Cressey, R. F. A redescription of Ichthyotaces pteroisicola Shiino (Crustacea: Copepoda: Philichthiidae) from the lizardfish Synodus variegatus Lacépéde(Synodontidae) Cressey, R. F., & M. Dojiri. Bomolochus paucus, a new species of copepod parasitic on sciaenid fishes frum southern California ..... Cressey, R. F., & J. E. Randall. Synodus capricornis, a new lizardfish from Easter and Pitcairn Islands Cressey, R. F., & M. Schotte. Three new species of Colobomatus (Copepoda: Philichthyidae) parasitic in the mandibular canals of haemulid fishes ee i ee ey 2 e© ee © © © © © © © ee ew ee eB eee eel le ee © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee ee ee ele lll ° 8 © © © © © © © © © ee ee 8 ee ew ew ee ew 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee ee ee el Ble ew ew ee lel 86:447-459 87:95-128 90:237-242 73:87-94 75:133-135 77:161-169 82:201-204 88:395-398 92:719-723 94:514-524 79:91-94 100:600-602 81:173-178 82:409-427 82:843-845 84:253-258 85:265-269 87:235-243 88:433-438 89:119-126 90:579-583 95:495-504 97:529-531 97:221-225 91:767-774 96:189-201 0990 0991 0992 0993 0994 0995 0996 0997 0998 0999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1005 1004 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 Crews, C. R., & A. L. Metcalf. A new species of oreohelicid land snail from the San Agustin Plains, New Mexico Crocker, D. W. The crayfishes of New England ................. Crombie, R. I. A new species of frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from the Cockpit Country of Jamaica Crosby, C. R. Studies in American spiders: The genus Aigola Ghiamibenlin yh ewe ete BN) Re eaiir sb eS A eee. Crumly, C. R. An annotated checklist of the fossil tortoises of China and Mongolia Cuatrecasas, J. Studies on Andean Compositae V Cuatrecasas, J. Studies on Andean Compositae: VI .............. Cuatrecasas, J. Studies in neotropical Senecioneae IV. New taxa in NEHECIOV ANG CADTEniClawwr SC MNiOn Ort Roth Re a NS tan Cutler, E. B. New species of Sipuncula from the western North PNUBUCIONS US 2 eh UR CA ad eee ae Pe eR LAT ai a a Cutler, E. B. A new species of Aspidosiphon (Sipuncula) from the WESLCHMPAC APC, OCEATIMMEM Ace rsmetie Rai mile Ik RM ORTAR ewe. GU: Cutler, E. B., & N. J. Cutler. A revision of the genus Siphonosoma (Sippncil a) Pease see ey ORIN URS AS e en AOR eS NEN 3. Cutler, E. B., & N. J. Cutler. A revision of the genera Phascolion Théel, and Onchnesoma Koren and Danielssen (Sipuncula) Cutler, E. B., & N. J. Cutler. Revision of the genus Golfingia WipunculaxGolfingtidae) .oi5 als wae ease RO news Bite. Cutler, E. B., N. J. Cutler, & P. E. Gibbs. A revision of the Golfingia subgenera Golfingiella, Stephen, 1964, and Siphonoides, Murina, 1967 GSE pOUUTTC UIA) jy es eee Sree esterase cn SUT Dee aR le te LE PR Cutler, E. B., & N. A. Duffy. A new species of Phascolion (Sipuncula) hOmutienwestenmyNOnt My Atlantic mest ye yere See INS eae eee) « Cutler, N. J., & E. B. Cutler. A revision of the genus Nephasoma Sipuncula: Golfingiidae) MPAs i Cutress, B. M. A new Prionocidaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from thesMiddle; Miocene iotRlondanw: iia. hacen ts een 2d Dale, G. Apogon mosavi, a new western Atlantic cardinalfish, and a note on the occurrence of Apogon leptocalus in the Bahamas DallOWAHAUBiologicalisketchy wei. Lh eis, Oh OO ial Dall, W. H. On some Hydrocorallinae from Alaska and California Dally Wor. tSomevAmericam concholopistsim tyr. 2) Melee. Wa fs oc Dall, W. H. Deep sea mollusks and the conditions under which they exisizm[PresidenmtialeAddress| tx. Minis tHE EL talainl Wie. wid tie. ala Dall, W. H. On dynamic influences in evolution ................ Dall, W. H. Review of the classification of the Cyrenacea ......... Dall, W. H. Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the Santa BarbarayChannely Cahiformiaw ewer ee ee ena ae, BES Dall, W.H., & P. Bartsch. Synopsis of the genera, subgenera and sections of the family Pyramidellidae Dall w. H.” Note onthe nameHendersoniawwe.e.. eee eee. S.. Dall, W. H. Note on the earliest use of the generic name Purpura in binomial nomenclature Mme eee ee tele tis he meet ean ts. Dall, W. H. A new proserpinoid land shell from Brazil Dall, W. H. A new chiton from the New England coast ........... Dall, W. H. Description of a new genus and species of bivalve from the Coronado Islands, Lower California .................2000- Dall, W. H. Prodrome of a revision of the Chrysodomoid Whelks of the boreal and arctic regions Dall, W. H. New Bulimulus from the Galapagos Islands and Peru Dall, W. H. Description of new species of shells chiefly from Magdalena Bay, Lower California 31 95:256-264 92:225-252 90:194-204 50:35-42 96:567-580 74:7-27 77:127-156 98:623-626 82:209-217 94:445-449 95:748-762 98:809-850 100:735-761 96:669-674 85:71-75 99:547-573 89:191-197 90:19-29 1:56-59 Deities) 4:95-134 §:1-22 6:1-10 16:5-8 16:171-176 17:1-16 18:189 18:189 18:201-202 18:203-204 MB AIP 29:7-8 30:9-11 31:5-8 a2 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 Changes in and additions to molluscan nomenclature New shells from the northwest coast ................ Some unrecorded names in the Muricidae Notes on molluscan nomenclature Dall, W. H. Note on the Atlantic Coast species Plicatula .......... Dall, W. H. Note on the species of Petricolaria of the eastern coast of the United States 4 Py eee oo sl US Wiad my hs ee a Dall, W. H. A new Margarites from Greenland Pall W. He yA new Pecten trom Colombiay ¢ .).452% 223445505. eee Dall, W. H. New shells from Japan and the Loochoo Islands ....... Dalquest, W. W. An isolated race of Microtus montanus from eastern Washington: ihe? FO ATO oe a aes eat Dalquest, W. W. The systematic status of the races of the little big-eared) bat MyorsvevorissEiwAllcn ta, Sera ieie oe See eee Dalquest, W. W. A new name for the desert race of the bat, Myotis californicus Dalquest, W. W. Two new mammals from central Mexico ......... Dalquest, W. W. Mexican bats of the genus Artibeus Daiquest, W. W. American bats of the genus Mimon ............. Dalquest, W. W., & E. R. Hall. A new subspecies of funnel-eared bat (Natalus mexicanus) from eastern Mexico ............22++2005 Dalquest, W. W., & V. B. Scheffer. Three new pocket gophers (genus Thomomys) from western Washington Damkaer, D. M. Parastephos occatum, a new species of hyperbenthic copepod (Calanoida: Stephidae) from the inland marine waters of Washington Stateiqer. Samer sik eos awe oe eae a eee Danforth, S. T. A new clapper rail from Antigua, British West Indies Danforth, S. T. The races of Oreopeleia mystacea (Temminck) ...... Danforth, S. T., & J. T. Emlen, Jr. A new Agelaius from Haiti ...... Danielopol, D. L. Supplementary data on the morphology of Neonesidea and remarks on the systematic position of the family Bairdiidae:(Ostracoda-sRodocopida) 2): 12 ame. eee eee Danielopol, D. L. On the carapace shape of some European freshwater interstitial Candoninae (Ostracoda) ................ Dardeau, M. A new species of Pontophilus (Crustacea: Natantia: Crangonidae) from the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic Dauer, D. M. A new species of Scolelepis (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Lizard Island #Austratialncwmas): sega Gk. bee neh nih aphyabinsn i ea ke Fe Davidson, M. E. McL. New birds from Chiriqui Province, Panama Davis, D. The Oligochaeta of Georges Bank (NW Atlantic), with descniptions offourmewmspeciesm my ae teste ek ete) ee Davis, W. B. A new horned lizard, genus Phrynosoma, from Mexico Davis, W. B. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex Davis, W. B. Correction--Review of the genus Leptonycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera) [75:193--198, 1962] ...............04. Davis, W. B. A new species of Heterogeomys (Mammalia: Geomyidae) from, Fondunasnstsy ates Wee Sete TE RN Ene lee aa hn oo eel Davis, W. B., & D. C. Carter. Review of the genus Leptonycteris (Maminalia: Chiroptera) Sain) theta td Deedes eA. Davis, W. B., & D. C. Carter. A new species of fruit-eating bat (genus Arubeus) froms€entralsAmencayis any ian ae eee een Davis, W. B., & J. R. Dixon. A new Coleonyx from Texas Davis, W. B., & J. R. Dixon. Snakes of the Chilpancingo region, MEXICO). 2.5 DLS RV a ERS LS de at Davis, W. B., & J. R. Dixon. Reptiles (exclusive of snakes) of the Chilpancingo region, Mexico Ce) ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 fe ee ele ee le le le 31:137-138 32:249-251 36:75-77 37:87-90 38:90 38:90 39:59 39:61 39:63-66 54:145-147 56:1-2 59:67 64:105-107 66:61-65 70:45-47 62:153-154 55:95-98 83:505-514 47:19-20 5§1:73-74 40:147-148 85:39-48 93:743-756 93:563-572 98:678-681 45:167-168 98:158-176 66:27-29 71:163-166 (52320 79:175-177 75:193-197 77:119-121 71:149-152 72:79-92 74:37-55 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 Davis, W. H. The status of the Seminole bat, Lasiurus seminolus (Rhoads) SA PR RUS HR ee Meenas whvlalt tun daw lATS Rrebamia dl. prcce Davis, W. H. A new subspecies of the eastern Pipistrelle from Florida Dawson, C. E. Gunterichthys longipenis, a new genus and species of ophidioid fish from the northern Gulf of Mexico Dawson, C. E. Paragunnellichthys seychellensis, a new genus and species of gobioid fish (Microdesmidae) from the western Indian Ocean Dawson, C. E. Two new wormfishes (Gobioidea: Microdesmidae) from Lane pla Lvatray@) CE carted Rupp yee | cacenee Ges feta nai ss: a ete e ersah wos Rie PMR ANE. f Dawson, C. E. Citharichthys abbotti, a new flatfish (Bothidae) from the SouthwestemiGulfjoti Mexico eee ek Ga H4ik Dawson, C. E. Paragunnellichthys fehlmanni, a new gobioid fish (Microdesmidae) from the Indian Ocean Dawson, C. E. A new wormfish (Gobioidea: Microdesmidae) from the northern Red Sea Dawson, C. E. The Caribbean Atlantic blenny Lupinoblennius dispar (tribe: Blenniini), with observations on a Pacific population Dawson, C. E. A redescription of Lophogobius cristulatus Ginsburg (Pisces: Gobiidae) with notes on L. cyprinoides (Pallas) ......... Dawson, C. E. A new eastern Pacific wormfish, Microdesmus knappi (Pisces: Microdesmidae) Dawson, C. E. Microdesmus bahianus, a new western Atlantic wormfish (Pisces: Microdesmidae) Dawson, C. E. Pseudophallus brasiliensis (Pisces: Syngnathidae), a new freshwater pipefish from Brazil Dawson, C. E. Review of the Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Choeroichthys (Pisces: Syngnathidae), with descriptions of two new species ...... Dawson, C. E. Review of the Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Lissocampus (Syngnathidae) Dawson, C. E. Review of the Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Hippichthys (Syngnathidae) Dawson, C. E. Review of the Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Bhanotia, MathedescriptonvOmeynuda my Sp PY Wse Nhs shee le cbr L., S Dawson, C. E. The Indo-Pacific pipefish genera Notiocampus gen. nov. Ande Nannocampus: Gunther, ieee) ty es eeieeie tye uot meeinay ee ho. Dawson, C. E. Notes on western Atlantic pipefishes with description of Syngnathus caribbaeus n. sp. and Cosmocampus n. gen. .........- Dawson, C. E. The Indo-Pacific pipefish genus Urocampus (Syngnathidae) Dawson, C. E. Notes on west African pipefishes (Syngnathidae) with description Of Ennecacampusens Cen eis skyie wee ae ee aie) fs = 8 Dawson, C. E. Review of the genus Micrognathus Duncker (Pisces: Syngnathidae), with description of M. natans, n. sp. Dawson, C. E., & C. J. M. Glover. Hypselognathus horndus, a new species of pipefish (Syngnathidae) from South Australia ......... Dawson, C. E., & J. E. Randall. Notes on Indo-Pacific pipefishes (Pisces: Syngnathidae) with description of two new species ....... Dayton, W. A. Notes on the type locality of Pentstemon micranthus Nuttall Dayton, Wi-AX Avfew motes ontplantinamespsins Mee Sok Poo Dayton, W. A. New names for some western montane plants ....... Dayton, W. A. What is Agoseris apiculata Greene? Dayton WA: AGtnicanpellanymaplem 23 seas) saeiah Me Beye Seay « Shs Deacon, J. E., & J. E. Williams. Annotated list of the fishes of Nevada Deardoff, T. L., & R. M. Overstreet. Review of Hysterothylacium and Theringascaris (both previously = Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico ................ = © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 2° 2 © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ee ee le lle tll tl tl ele lle 8 ll ee © © © e@ © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee 8 ee ele 8 ew el lel ll ll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 ee 8 el le 8 8 ee 8 le el ee © © © © © @ © © © © © & #6 oe 8 8 8 8 ew ew ew 8 e © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee ee 8 ee ele le ele le le lel ele le ee 8 ell ese © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 ee 8 ee ee le ele ee le 8 le 8 ee 8 2 6 © © © © © © © 8 8 oe 8 8 8 8 ee ee ee ee ee ee el ee lel elle eee ele 33 70:181 70:213-215 79:205-214 80:73-81 81:53-67 82:355-372 82:373-380 83:267-272 83:273-285 84:371-384 85:191-203 86:203-209 87:405-410 89:39-65 89:599-620 91:132-157 91:392-407 92:482-493 92:671-676 93:830-844 94:464-478 95:657-687 95:403-407 88:263-280 39:11-13 40:117-118 40:119-121 41:17-19 58:27-28 97:103-118 93:1035-1079 34 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 iS 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 20 1122 1123 1124 Deevey, G. B. Bathyconchoecia, a new genus of pelagic ostracods (Myodocopa Halocyprididae) with six new species from the deeper waters of the (Gulfor Mexicans). ere et ee ae si BREE IR Deevey, G. B. Pelagic ostracods (Myodocopa Halocyprididae) from the North: Atlanticioff Barbados i950 See ce toe ls Ae Se Deevey, G. B. A new species of Temoropia (Copepoda: Calanoida) fromthe: SargassoiSeay. oa. Peet Us Pe Los ieee ye aes Deevey, G. B. Paraugaptilus (Copepoda: Calanoida): two species, one new, fromthe Sargasso Seal Annee 2 ae oben a oie enae Ae Deevey, G. B. Bathypontia (Copepoda: Calanoida): six species, one new; from *the Sargasso\Seance,..' (es eee Deevey, G. B. Pelagic ostracods collected on Hudson 70 between the equator and 55°S in the Atlantic Deevey, G. B. Two new species of Bathyconchoecia (Myodocopa Halocyprididae) fromithe!Canbbean'Seal 22 2) 20: ae eee Deevey, G. B. Conchoecia convexa, a new species of halocyprid ostracod from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico Deevey, G. B. The planktonic ostracods of the Cariaco Trench and adjacent waters Deevey, G. B. Bathypontia Sars (Copepoda: Calanoida): eight species, two new, from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico Deignan, H. G. A new race of Yuhina flavicollis, from the mountains of north Siam Deignan, H. G. A new Myophonus from north Siam Deignan, H. G. A review of the southern (Melanostigma) group of the red-headed laughing-thrush, Garrulax erythrocephalus (Vigors), with descriptions of two new races from Siam Deignan, H. G. A new flower-pecker from the Malay Peninsula Deignan, H. G. New forms of Anthreptes and Seicercus (Aves) from the Indo-Chinese sub-region Deignan, H. G. Some early bird-records for Maryland and the District of Columbia Deignan, H. G. Occurrence of the Hudsonian godwit in the District of Columbia Deignan, H. G. Two preoccupied names of oriental birds Deignan, H. G. Hoyt’s horned lark on the eastern shore, Maryland Deignan, H. G. A new Pitta from the Malay Peninsula Deignan, H. G. The races of the white-throated flycatcher warbler [Abroscopus superciliarias (Blyth)] Deignan, H. G. A new canary flycatcher from the Philippine Islands Deignan, H. G. A new race of the intermediate egret, Egretta intermedia’ (Wagler) Rea LI ee NET, SINE SO MAURIS 0k ote Deignan, H. G. New races of Asiatic broadbills (Eurylaimidae) ..... Deignan, H. G. Some untenable names in the Old World flycatchers . Deignan, H. G. Races of the bulbul Microscelis charlottae (Finsch) and 1tS TElatives: “RA HL APSR i eee Ace ay Bree ae Deignan, H. G. A miscellany of new birds from eastern Asia ....... Deignan, H. G. A new race of the hawk-owl, Ninox scutulata, from the Jah) 0) 0) 0} bol MESA STREET TA ape riele, o get areianees Oe MeN RPP oni g) argent 62 Deignan, H. G. A new blackbird (Aves) from western China ....... Deignan, H. G. Chinese races of Pomatorhinus erythrogenys Vigors Deignan, H. G. Four new races of birds from east Asia ........... Deignan, H. G. New races of birds from Laem Thong, the golden ChEFSOMeSE: (nF 7). Mh A527 ee ee, ea ee Deignan, H. G. A trio of new birds from tropical Asia Deignan, H. G. An innominate laughing-thrush (Garrulax) of northwestern Yunnan ee © © © © © eo ee es © © © © te © ee ee ee ee el 2s © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew ee ee ee 8 ee ltl lel ele lt lle lel el ele ee ele el eee ee © © © © © © ew ee ew ee ee eel el 81:539-570 82:799-824 84:359-370 86:247-260 86:357-371 87:351-379 88:141-158 90:358-366 91:52-73 92:724-742 50:217-218 51:25-26 51:87-92 51:97 56:29-30 56:69 56:70 56:70-71 56:71 59:55 60:19-26 60:61 60:97-98 60:119-122 60:165-168 61:1-9 61:13-16 64:41-42 64:135 65:119-124 68:145-147 69:207-211 70:43-44 70:189-191 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 IM 1132 1133 1134 1B) 1136 Uky, 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 Deignan, H. G. Two new birds from eastern Asia ............... Delaney, P. M. The synonymy of Cirolana tuberculata (Richardson, 1910) (Isopoda: Flabellifera: Cirolanidae) Deléve,J. Elminthidae of Liberia (Coleoptera) ................. Deonier, D. L., W. N. Mathis, & J. T. Rogersburg. Natural history and life-cycle stages of Notiphila carinata (Diptera: Ephydridae) Desbruyéres, D., & L. Laubier. Paralvinella grasslei, new genus, new species of Alvinellinae (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae) from the Galapagos Rift geothermal vents Devaney, D. M. Ophiomastix koehleri, a new ophiocomid brittlestar (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the western Indian Ocean DeWitt, H. H., P. A. Grecay, J. S. Hacunda, B. P. Lindsay, R. F. Shaw, & D. W. Townsend. An addition to the fish fauna of the Gulf of Mame: with) recondsyoftirare, SpeClesia sive) syiitn te bP iaets cotta dey. Ae Dickerman, R. W. Two hitherto unnamed populations of Acchmophorus (Aves: Podicipitidac), 24%. sae aks See. = A: Dickey, D. R. Five new mammals of the genus Peromyscus from El Salvador Dickey, D. R. Five new mammals of the rodent genera Sciurus, Orthogeomys, Heteromys, and Rheomys, from El Salvador Dickey, D. R. A new marsupial from El Salvador Dickey, D. R. The spotted skunk of the Channel Islands of southern California Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. A new red-winged blackbird from NESTE MMUN LC Xd CO ane t 8 Crate IRIE RUN L F aN ey mutans IT Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. Four new birds from Salvador . . Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. Two new pigeons from Salvador Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. Seven new birds from Salvador Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. The spotted rock wrens of Central America Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. Further descriptions of new birds HOMME SAV AGC OL s.2/ 4 4 aes ht notte eo) ATOR an, ok BRE OP SOLA Deh Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. A new subspecies of Myioborus and a new species of Chlorospingus from El Salvador ........... Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. The race of Lampornis vindipallens\(Bourcier andyMulsant)) 9.2 222 Seis A Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. A new Attila from El Salvador Dickey, D. R., & A. J. Van Rossem. A new race of the hairy woodpecker from El Salvador Diersing, V. E. An analysis of Peromyscus difficilis from the Mexican- United States boundary area Dillon, W. A., & W. J. Hargis, Jr. Monogenetic trematodes from the southern Pacific Ocean. Part IV. Polyopisthocotyleids from New Zealand fishes: The families Mazocraeidae, Diclidophoridae and Hexabothriidae Dixon, J. A new harvest mouse from the salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California Dixon, J. R. A new species of gecko (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from the Bay vislandss HOnGduras, 1! yank en ne Ae eco heen isu eine Dixon, J. R. A new species of the colubrid snake genus Liophis from Brazil Dixon, J. R., C. A. Ketchersid, & C. S. Lieb. A new species of Sceloporus (undulatus group; Sauria, Iguanidae) from Mexico ..... Do Amaral, A. Studies of neotropical ophidia. III. On Helminthophis lay otenmninatus \(REtETS HSS )iei2 ts Be 6 ARC Saeki ellie Be. ee © © © © © © © © ee © 8 ew ee 8 es © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 ee ee ell ell ell ll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 he lB le le ele 8 ell elt 8 lll elle 88 ll 8 ee © «© © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee he ee ele 8 lel el ell ele le wl ele lll 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 8 8 le le eh ell el tlhe ltl elle ell ell lle 2 © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ee 8 tle tlw lw le ele lel ll eee © © @ © © © © © © © © © © © 8 eo 8 ew ee 8 ele ell el ele ele ele ll ee © © © © © © © © 8 ee ew 8 we 8 8 8 ew lel lel el ele lel tle el ell ele lel el el el ele ele le 35 71:161-162 99:731-734 86:299-313 91:798-814 95:484-494 90:274-283 94:669-674 99:435-436 41:1-6 41:7-13 41:15-16 42:157-159 38:131-132 38:133-135 39:109-110 40:1-7 40:25-27 41:129-131 41:189-190 42:209-211 42:217-218 42:219-220 89:45 1-466 81:351-365 21:197-198 81:419-425 98:295-302 84:307-312 39:123-125 36 1154 155 1156 Sy7/ 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 IS) 1176 JOT) 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 Dojiri, M., & J. Sieg. Ingolfiella fuscina, new species (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of North America, and partial redescription of I. atlantisi Mills, 1967 Doolittle, A. A. New Cladocera from New England .............. Dor, M., & G. R. Allen. Neopomacentrus miryae, a new species of pomacentrid fish from the Red Sea Dougherty, E. C., & J. E. Steinberg. Notes on the skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Caprellidae) of California Doutt, J. K. New Clethrionomys from Utah and Pennsylvania ....... Dow, R. Odonata from Santa Clara, Cuba Downey, M. E. Astronebris tatafilius (Euryalae: Asteronychidae), a new genus and species of ophiuroid from the Aleutians, with a revised key to the family Asteronychidae Downey, M. E. A note on the Atlantic species of the starfish genus Linckia Downey, M. E. Drachmaster bullisi new genus and species of Ophidiasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with a key to the Caribbean species of the family Downey, M. E. Marsipaster acicula, new species (Asteroidea: Echinodermata), from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico Downey, M. E. A new species of the genus Solaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) irom NMartinigie ! © pie...) ielek reeks cento ie eee eye Downey, M. E. Two new species of the genus Tamara (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the tropical western Atlantic . Downey, M. E. Ampheraster alaminos, a new species of the family Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Gulf of Mexico Downey, M. E. Midgardia xandaros new genus, new species, a large brisingid starfish from the Gulf of Mexico Downey, M. E. Pythonaster pacificus n. sp., a new Starfish of the family Myxasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) Downey, M. E. Hymenaster kieri, a new species of starfish of the family Pterasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) Downey, M. E. Floriaster maya, new genus and species of the family Goniasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) .................. Downey, M. E. A new goniasterid seastar, Evoplosoma scorpio (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), from the northeastern Atlantic ..... Downey, M. E. Evoplosoma virgo, a new goniasterid starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Gulf of Mexico .......... Drake, C. J. Synonymical notes on tingitid genera with the descriptions of two new Species from Haiti (Hemip:) 2.2252. 52./. 4822 29.5 2. Drake, C. J. New genera and species of Tingidae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. New neogaean water-striders (Hemiptera-Veliidae) Drake, C. J. New neogaean Rhagovelia (Hemiptera: Veliidae) ...... Drake, C. J. A new genus and new species of Tingidae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. A miscellany of new Tingidae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. Some Tingidae from the French Cameroons (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. Two new species of shore-bugs (Hemiptera) (Saldidae: REptOpodidae wears FATA le eR A aR Ae ea Oe Mie SU Drake, C. J. New neotropical Hydrometridae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. New apterous Aradidae (Hemiptera) ............... Drake, C. J. New neotropical water-striders (Hemiptera) .......... Drake, C. J. A necessary correction in the nomenclature of water- striders (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. New neotropical Veliidae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J. A new Cylindrostethus from Peru (Hemiptera: Gerridae) Drake, C. J. Synonymic data and two new genera of shore-bugs (Hemiptera: Saldidae) ee © © © © © © © © © © © eee ee ee ee ee 2 © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 ew el ee © © © © @ © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ew 8 8 8 ew ee he hel lel tlhe elle ell el ell ell ee © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 ee ee 8 8 ee ee ll © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © we 8 ew ew 8 8 lel ell el ele eB ee el 100:494-505 Ppa Se =115)5) 90:183-188 66:39-49 54:161-164 44:55-60 80:41-45 81:41-43 83:77-81 83:309-311 84:39-42 84:43-50 84:51-54 84:421-426 92:70-74 92:801-803 93:346-349 94:561-563 95:772-773 41:21-23 61:149-155 64:75-80 66:145-152 66:211-223 67:1-15 68:105-107 68:109-111 69:153-156 70:35-40 70:111-117 70:193 71:133-141 74:65-66 75:115-123 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 12 122 i213 1214 1205 1216 1217 Drake, C. J. A new species of lacebug from China (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Drake, C. J., & J. C. M. Carvalho. New waterstriders from Brazil (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J., & H. C. Chapman. Preliminary report on the Pleidae (lemp tera) roti the vAmmenicas! i 7.012... (Nei ies Must Netra p nee conan Drake, C. J., & H. C. Chapman. A new genus and species of water- strider from California (Hemiptera: Macroveliidae) Drake C. J., & E. J. Hambleton. New species and new genera of American Tingidae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. Notes on American Anthocoridae with descriptions of new forms Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. Notes on the genus Rhagovelia, with descriptions of six new species Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. Three new gerrids from North America (Hemip.) Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. New American Veliidae (Hemiptera) Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. A new genus and species of water- strider from the West Indies--Gerridae: Hemiptera Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. Concerning neotropical species of Rhagovelia (Veliidae: Hemiptera) Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. New Veliidae (Hemiptera) from Central America Drake, C. J., & H. M. Harris. Notes on American water-striders Drake, C. J., & J. L. Herring. The genus Nidicola (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae Drake, C. J., & F. C. Hottes. Five new species and a new variety of water-striders from North America (Hemiptera: Gerridae) ....... Drake, C. J., & F. C. Hottes. Two new species of Saldidae (Hemiptera) from western United States Drake, C. J.. & F. C. Hottes. Three new species of Saldidae ee «© © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8B ee eee lel el el el ll ell tll kl kl ell tl ele el ell ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8B we ele ee lel elle lll lle lel tle lel 2 2 © © © oe © we 8 hhc Oo OSOUC oO WoO BNO Oo) Oo 0 Oo Ole, GG Geo ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee te tl wl el el tl elle tl 2° 2 © © e © © © © © © © © © © © © & & © 8 © 8 8 8 8 8 elle ltl ell elle lel lel ele ll = 2 © © © © © © © ow 8 2° © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 ee ee 8 8 ele 8 ° 8 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 8 8 lel ele le le lle lel tl lle lk le ew le ele 8 8 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew 8B eel elle 8 8 ew 8 8 8 tlle le 8 8 8 8 8 8 ELE manera iene Aes ey Lepeie tee: PONENT Te rete A Se OEM ae Drake, C. J., & F. C. Hottes. A new halobatinid from Mexico dilemipteras,Geridac) iy Mise Fe SR ROR ik aia ARN Drake, C. J., & F. C. Hottes. Notes on the genus Rheumatobates Berprotha(Memiptera, Heteroptera) es cie cs. se se eee. on et Drake, C. J., & F. C. Hottes. Concerning some Mexicans [sic] Veliidae GEemiip tera) panacea et A Reve ia AN, eal So) Reno gy Drake, C. J., & F. C. Hottes. Notes on Microvelia flavipes (Hemiptera: CLIT AS) WS: AA RDM ae MAE NY 0s De WTAE Fg Drake, C. J., & D. R. Lauck. The genus Veloidea Gould (Hemiptera: WSIS) AL PAIRS PARR, thet are Matt Drake, C. J., & J. Maldonado Capriles. Puerto Rican water-striders (TS THAT TS TAN OPE A HAE RRDRLLENET. MND AAAI ER. BS at ae Drake, C. J., & M. E. Poor. Concerning the genus Leptobyrsa Stal GELEMIUP LETRA) ia AIS RED eRe, ee BREN eas a Tae auret Drake, C. J., & M. A. H. Quadri. A new species of lacebug from Pakistan (rMenmiptera:aingidae)) cic >> e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 le ell ele lee lll ele elt elle elle lel lll Goldman, E. A. A new weasel from Costa Rica ................ Goldman, E. A. The generic names Cercomys and Proechimys ...... Goldman, E. A. The type locality of Proechimys steerei Goldman Goldman, E. A. A new peccary from Costa Rica ................ Goldman, E. A. A new generic name for the Asiatic tapir ......... Goldman, E. A. A new bat of the genus Mimon from Mexico ...... Goldman, E. A. The status of Cebus imitator Thomas ............ Goldman, E. A. The status of certain American species of Myotis Goldman, E. A. A new spider monkey from Panama ............. Goldman, E. A. Five new rice rats of the genus Oryzomys from Middle ANIMMERICA,, | fey sbotegcaed Haiky ben Orta BA) aginst A ci ra ge Goldman, E. A. Five new mammals from Mexico and Arizona ..... A Goldman, E. A. Notes on the genera Jsothnx Wagner and Phyllomys Bearind J A. Bis a (APR SOHNE BIE ae Re ies aay geen eG ag cae Goldman, E. A. The status of Sigmodontomys alfari Allen and Oryzomys ochraceus Allen Goldman, E. A. A new vesper rat from Nicaragua Goldman, E. A. New mammals from North and Middle America Goldman, E. A. Two new pocket mice from Wyoming Goldman, E. A. Five new mammals from Arizona and Colorado .... Goldman, E. A. A new pocket mouse from Idaho ............... 18:251 18:249-250 11:231-234 62:155-157 25:94 81:257-260 95:319-324 97:601-614 82:219-231 84:327-333 85:557-577 90:1002-1015 91:963-964 81:587-603 93:145-152 93:971-981 100:4-7 17:79-82 18:27-33 22:139-141 24:237-239 25:9-10 25:94 25:186 25:189-190 26:65-66 27:75-76 27:99 27:102 28:101-102 28:127-130 28:133-137 29:125-126 29:127 29:155-156 30:107-116 30:147-148 31:21-25 35:105-106 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 i575 1576 SUT 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 159) 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 Goldman, E. A. Three new kangaroo rats of the genus Dipodomys Goldman, E. A. A new bat of the genus Trachops from Guatemala Goldman, E. A. A new kangaroo rat of the genus Dipodomys from OVA STEXOT 08 SUM Orcas ree CLA ne ema EOL SS UAT a a eat a Goldman, E. A. The collared peccaries of Middle America ........ Goldman, E. A. A new kangaroo mouse from Nevada ............ Goldman, E. A. A new kangaroo mouse from California .......... Goldman, E. A. A new wood rat from Arizona ................. Goldman, E. A. A new kangaroo rat from Sonora ............... Goldman, E. A. Three new rodents from western Arizona ......... Goldman, E. A. Three new rodents from Arizona and New Mexico .. Goldman, E. A. A new cacomistle from Arizona ................ Goldman, E. A. Two new rodents from Arizona ................ Goldman, E. A. A new muskrat from Arizona .................. Goldman, E. A. Two new mammals from Honduras ............. Goldman) ESA heyjaguars of NorthyAmerica 2/2022 2255055252. * Goldman, E. A. The status of the Costa Rican red bat ........... Goldman, E. A. Five new rodents from Arizona and New Mexico Goldman, E. A. A new brown mouse of the genus Scotinomys from MNES ST CO) AE SIARE a 8 Rein Mane ane a ADB aa BUR SIS mie aA Me RE aR a Goldman, E. A. Two new pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys .. Goldman, E. A. Pocket gophers of the Thomomys bottae group in the MAMCOES TALES Maire nth apy ey ONE Sey ay cok alee et we are evan Goldman, E. A. New American mustelids of the genera Martes, Gulo LILLE Tine ae are ee eee GPS eT igs ema en nate enaertin se Newell bast Manne GoldmanjE A» A new puma/trom Texas Ve) io a Se Goldman, E. A. A new mountain sheep from Lower California ..... Goldman, E. A. A new kangaroo rat from southwestern Arizona .... Goldman, E. A. Two new pocket gophers of the Thomomys bottae STC OMUCI NY thats MRSA ep au aR Dearest AA Re oak Goldman, E. A. Four new mammals from Utah ................ Goldman, E. A. Six new rodents from Coahuila and Texas and notes oasthe status Olseveral described forms) =s)0 4). see eee oe Goldman, E. A. A substitute name for Felis concolor youngi ....... Goldman, E. A. A new pocket gopher of the genus Zygogeomys ..... Goldman, E. A. Two new pocket gophers from Lower California Goldman, E. A. A new pocket mouse of the genus Perognathus from INC VAs ra en as eee, Sct MR EE, RMR MD HO REE SA Goldman, E. A. Remarks on voles of the genus Lemmuiscus, with one described sas ie waters. ote Peas) RANT NN Hineh et kine Goldman, E. A. Three new wolves from North America .......... Goldman, E. A. A new western subspecies of golden mouse ....... Goldman, E. A. Three new rodents from southern Utah .......... Goldman, E. A. Notes on the coatis of the Mexican mainland ...... Goldman, E. A. A new white-footed mouse from Mexico ......... Goldman, E. A. A new skunk of the genus Conepatus from Mexico .. Goldman, E. A. A new pronghorn antelope from Sonora ......... Goldman, E. A. A new cacomistle from Guerrero ............... Goldman, E. A., & H. H. T. Jackson. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. IX. Mammals eo 2 © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee el ee le 8 ee ele 8 Goldman, E. A., & R. Kellogg. Ten new white-tailed deer from North and Middle Pnenica Gomon, J. R. Parapercis diplospilus (Pisces: Mugiloididae), a new species from the Philippine Islands 2° e© © © © © © © © ew ee tel lel lel ell ell Gomon, M. F. A new eastern Pacific labrid (Pisces), Decodon melasma, a geminate species of the western Atlantic D. puellaris ... 49 36:139-141 38:23-24 38:33-34 39:47-49 39:127-128 40:115-116 40:205-206 41:141-142 41:203-206 44:133-136 45:87-88 45:89-91 45:93-94 45:121-123 45:143-145 45:148 46:71-77 48:141-142 48:149-151 48:153-157 48:175-186 49:137-138 50:29-32 50:75-76 50:133-135 50:221-225 51:55-61 5163 51:211-212 52:29-31 52:33-35 54:69-71 54:109-113 54:189-191 55:75-78 55:79-82 552 157-158 56:89-90 58:3-4 58:105-106 52:131-134 53:81-89 93:989-996 87:205-216 50 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 Gomon, M. F. A new genus and eastern Pacific species of bodianine labrid fish Gonzalez,E. A new record of Paracorophium hartmannorum Andres, 1975, from the Chilean coast, with a description of the adult (Amphipoda: Corophiidae) Gonzalez, R. H., & L. M. Smith. Japygidae of South America, 5: New species of Japygidae from Chile Goode, G. B. The beginnings of Natural History in America Goode, G. B. The beginnings of American Science. The third century [Presidential address] Goode, G. B., & T. H. Bean. Description of a new genus and species of pediculate fishes (Halieutella lappa) Goodman, S. M. The validity and relationships of Prinia gracilis natronensis (Aves: Sylviidae) Gopalakrishnan, T. C. A review of the copepod Scottocalanus securifrons (T. Scott) and a note on its synonym Scolecithrix cuneifrons Willey (Calanoida: Scolecithricidae) Gordon, A. E. Descriptions of females of four species of Cheumatopsyche from the southern United States (Hydropsychidae, Trichoptera) Gordon, R. D. Additional notes on the genus Glaresis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Gordon, R. D. A new species of Aphodius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from sand dunes in Chihuahua, Mexico Gore, R. H. Studies on decapod Crustacea from the Indian River region of Florida. VI. The identity of Parthenope (Platylambrus) serrata (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) and Parthenope (Platylambrus) granulata (Kingsley, 1879) Gore, R. H. Three new shrimps, and some interesting new records of decapod Crustacea from a deep-water coral reef in the Florida Keys Gore, R. H. The identity of Petrolisthes marginatus Stimpson, 1859, and the description of Petrolisthes dissimulatus, n. sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcelianidae) Gore, R. H., & L. J. Becker. Studies on stomatopod Crustacea of the Indian River region of Florida. I. Rediscovery and extension of range of Heterosquilla armata (Smith, 1881) Gore, R. H., & L. J. Becker. Studies on stomatopod Crustacea from the Indian River region of Florida. II. An annotated check list of the mantis shrimps of the central eastern Florida coast Gore, R. H., & C. L. Van Dover. Studies on decapod Crustacea from the Indian River region of Florida. XIX. Larval development in the laboratory of Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903, with notes on larvae of American species in the genus (Anomura: Albuneidae) Goy, J. W. Spongicoloides galapagensis, a new shrimp representing the first record of the genus from the Pacific Ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda: Stenopodidea) Goy, J. W. Microprosthema emmiltum, new species, and other records of stenopodidean shrimps from the eastern Pacific (Crustacea: Decapoda) Goy, J. W., & D. M. Devaney. Stenopus pyrsonotus, a new species of stenopodidean shrimp from the Indo-West Pacific region (Crustacea: Decapoda) Goy, J. W., & A. J. Provenzano, Jr. Juvenile morphology of the rare burrowing mud shrimp Naushonia crangonoides Kingsley, with a review of the genus Naushonia (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Laomediidae) oe ee) | ee eee @ © © © © © © © ew ew ee ee eel el ele lel ll ee ee © © © © © © wo ew 8 ew 8 8 8 ew eee el ele elle lel el tle el el el el el el lll © © © © © © © © © © © © Bw ew © 8 8 ew 8 ee ee ee le tlt lel el el el el el el ell le e 2 © © © © © © © 8 8 ee 8 ew ew ele ell lel elt le ee le le ee © © e@ © © © © © © 8 ee © ew eB ee tlle lee ele ee el ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ee 8 ee 8 ew ele lel el ele eel ee ele ee © e@ © © © © © © © © © © 8 eB 8 ew © 8 8 8 ew we ell ell ltl el el ele lee eel 89:621-629 99:21-28 77:35-45 3:35-105 4:9-94 2:88 97:1-11 87:273-282 85:279-286 87:91-94 90:232-236 90:505-531 94:135-162 96:89-102 88:21-27 89:147-183 93:1016-1034 93:760-770 100:717-725 93:781-796 92:339-359 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 Grabe, S. A. Occurrence of Mysidopsis almyra Bowman, 1964 (Mysidacea) in the Patapsco River Estuary (Upper Chesapeake Bay), atrey Led UES AN Bree 4 ipsiyselty ites eieth cs) whttenyey ol aclan Bf eh ors, 6) os Se kivawebaedivonas tat Grant, R. E. Argyrotheca arguta, a new species of brachiopod from the Marshall Islands, western Pacific Graves, G. R. Geographic variation in the white-mantled barbet (Capito hypoleucus) of Colombia (Aves: Capitonidae) ........... Graves, G. R. Systematics of the gorgeted woodstars (Aves: Trochilidae: Acestrura) Graves, G. R., & S. L. Olson. A new subspecies of Turdus swalesi (Aves: Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) from the Dominican Republic Graves, G. R., & M. B. Robbins. A new subspecies of Siptornis striaticollis (Aves: Furnariidae) from the eastern slope of the Andes Gray, W. S., Jr., & J. C. McCain. The taxonomic status of Mandibulophoxus gilesi Barnard, 1957 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) .... Green, K. D. Uncispionidae, a new polychaete family (Annelida) Green, T. M. Pinnotheres jamesi synonymized with P. reticulatus (Decapoda: Brachyura) Greene, E. L. Diagnoses aragallorum Greene, E. L. Some west American red cherries Greene, E. L. Revision of the genus Wislizenia Greenwood, P. H., G. S. Myers, D. E. Rosen, & S. H. Weitzman. Named main divisions of teleostean fishes Gressitt, J. L. New reptiles from Formosa and Hainan Gressitt, J. L. A new snake from southeastern China Gressitt, J. L. A new burrowing frog and a new lizard from Hainan Island Gressitt, J. L. Some amphibians from Formosa and the Ryu Kyu Islands, with description of a new species Griffiths, D. New species of Opuntia Griffiths, D. New species of Opuntia Grigarick, A. A., & R. O. Schuster. A new species of Oropus Casey (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) Grigarick, A. A., F. Mihelcic, & R. O. Schuster. New Tardigrada from western North America: I, Pseudechiniscus Grinnell, J. A new blue grosbeak from California © e © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee le lel ell lel el ele elle ll ees + © © © © © © 8 ew ew ew 8 ee © © © © © © © 8 e © 8 ew ee eo © @ © © © © © © © 8 © 8 © ee 8 lw - 2 © © © © © © ee ww ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © © © 8 8 8 ew ele le ew ell elle ele ee eel ell Ce © 8 © © © © © © © © 8 et 8 8 ele ele ew ele lel 2 © © © © © © © © © © © ee ew 8 le wl 8 le le ele lw 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 elle le lee ee ell Grinnell, J. mice .. Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J. Nevada Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J. Grinnell, J., California Grinnell, J., A new member of the Perognathus parvus group of pocket The Warner Mountain cony ith tnuiat ewsutmahl 4 A new red-winged blackbird from the Great Basin A new race of Microtus montanus from the central Sierra, e 6 © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 8 ee ee ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew 8 ew 8 8 8 8 ew ew ew ell elle lel el el ele lel elt ell The California lowland mink a distinct race Geographic variation in Citellus tereticaudus Four new kangaroo rats from west-central California . The song sparrow of San Miguel Island, California A new pocket gopher from Lassen County, California & J. E. Hill. A new pocket gopher from Kern County, eo © © © © © © © 8 oe ee & J. M. Linsdale. Two new foxes from the southern Califormianiisiands.. 2/553). ba weswah tea akies se Ne Grobman, A. B. The identity of Desmmognathus phoca (Matthes) and of Desmognathusmonticola. Dunny . <2 33h 28 ee eee 3 Grobman, A. B. Some recent collections of Plethodon from Virginia withthe idescriptionfof anew form ae ana) i. Gene. Penge! Br B Sil 94:863-865 96:178-180 99:61-64 99:218-224 99:580-583 100:121-124 82:189-192 95:530-536 98:611-614 18:11-17 18:55-60 19:127-132 80:227-228 49:117-121 50:125-128 51:127-130 51:159-164 27:23-28 29:9-15 75:307-309 77:5-8 24:163 25:127-128 25:129-130 27:107-108 27:207-208 29:213-214 31:105-106 32:203-205 41:37-38 47:193-197 49:103-104 43:153-155 58:39-43 62:135-140 a2 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 Grogan, W. L., Ji., & W. W. Wirth. A new American genus of predaceous midges related to Palpomyia and Bezzia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Groves, C. P. A new subspecies of white-handed gibbon from northern Thailand, Hylobates lar carpenteri new subspecies Grygier, M. J. Two new lamippid copepods parasitic on gorgonians from" Hawanvand the "Bahamas asi.) eta.) eee) te) tk neces Grygier, M. J. Gorgoniscus incisodactylus, a new isopod of the epicaridean superfamily Cryptoniscoidea, parasitic on an ascothoracican cirriped from Hawaii Grygier, M. J. Scalpelloniscus, a new genus for two species of cryptoniscid isopods (Epicaridea) parasitic on abyssal stalked barmacles”. aig) Ry Ses ee Meena are er Ny SR Ie eg aa aN Grygier, M. J. Classification of the Ascothoracida (Crustacea) ...... Grygier, M. J. Antarctic records of asteroid-infesting Ascothoracida (Crustacea), including a new genus of Ctenosculidae Grygier, M. J., & M. B. Salvat. Dendrogaster argentinensis, new species, a South American sea-star parasite (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) Gudger, E. W. Natural history notes on some Beaufort, N. C., fishes, 1910-11. No. I. Elasmobranchii--with special reference to utero- gestation Gudger, E. W. Natural history notes on some Beaufort, N. C., fishes, 1OLO=19D1E Now Te Tele ostomnlt. .)2) sae ata ale aoe ee an Gudger, E. W. Natural history notes on some Beaufort, N. C., fishes, --1912 Guilday, J. E., & J. K. Doutt. The collared lemming (Dicrostonyyx) from the Pennsylvania Pleistocene Gurney, A. B. Further advances in the taxonomy and distribution of the Grylloblattidae (Orthoptera) Gurney, A. B. On the name of the migratory grasshopper of the United States and Canada, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) (Orthoptera, ASCTICIG AE) 4a scferie HE ne Uys deme PUES hea pete Laie eke ges Gurney, A. B., & J. Liebermann. Grasshoppers of the tribe Ommexechini: a key to genera, a new Argentine genus, and notes on others (Orthoptera, Acrididae) Hachisuka, the Marquess. Revisional note on the didine birds of Réunion Hachisuka, the Marquess. Ce 2 Ce ec fe! ee) le 0) 8 eo Je" e/a: 40): 8 fe! isle: ws Mejje elie: eliacya On the flightless heron of Rodriguez ..... Hachisuka, the Marquess. Extinct chough from Rodriguez ......... Hachisuka, the Marquess. Descriptions of two new races of birds from South Chinar ais Weebl ib et ena ale allvencte layin OR Sao ek ie Hachisuka, the Marquess. the Philippine Islands Hachisuka, the Marquess. Islands Hafner, J.C. New kangaroo mice, genus Microdipodops (Rodentia: Heteromyidae), from Idaho and Nevada Hahn, W. L. A new bat from Mexico Hahn Welk. Myotis iuciusus imi Kamchatka 405 \..2 ie en Haig, J. Description of a new hermit crab (family Paguridae) from southern Califomiarand Mexico 5 yc ss. ees oe oe eee ae Haig, J. Contribution toward a revision of the porcellanid genus Porcellana (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) Hale, M. E., Jr. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XXI. Infestation of lichen Parmelia baltimorensis Gyel. & For. by Hypogastrura packardi Folsom (Collembola) Hall, E. R. A new weasel from Louisiana eee © © © © © © © © ee 8 ee ew ele lel tl lel hl ele ell ele ee © e@ @ @ © © © © © © © © © © © © ew eB ee ee ew ee el ele ell tl elle lee ee ee el eee © © © © © eB © © ee ee 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 ee ew 8 94:1279-1305 81:625-627 93:662-673 94:122-134 94:1258-1270 100:452-458 100:700-712 97:43-48 25:141-155 25:165-175 26:97-109 74:249-250 74:67-76 75:189-192 76:127-138 50:69-71 50:145-149 50:211-213 54:49-50 54:51-53 54:169 98:1-9 18:247-248 18:254 90:648-657 91:706-714 85:287-295 40:193-194 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 72 LAS 1714 AS 1716 LA Hall, E. R. A new subspecies of Peromyscus, from San José Island, Lower California, Mexico Hall, E. R. A new pocket gopher from Lower California, Mexico Hall, E.R. Three new pocket gophers from New Mexico and Arizona Hall, E. R. A new weasel from Panama Hall, E.R. A new pika (mammalian genus Ochotona) from central Nevada Plame ANINeWAWEASE! ARON PET Mercer ied Nom, ween: Hall, E.R. A new weasel from Bolivia and Peru ................ Hall, E. R. Notes on the meadow mice Microtus montanus and M. nanus with description of a new subspecies from Colorado Rallye Ro New heteromyid rodents) from) Nevada 2.285205. 200.2% Hall, E. R. Four new ermines from the islands of southeastern Alaska Hall, E. R. A new subspecies of cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, from Michoacan, México Hall, E. R., & T. Alvarez. A new species of mouse (Peromyscus) from northwestern Veracruz, Mexico Hall, E. R., & W. B. Davis. Notes on Arizona rodents ............ Hall, E. R., & F. E. Durham. A new pocket gopher from Nevada Hall, E. R., & D. H. Johnson. A new chipmunk of the Eutamias DINOS OTOUP ATOM NEVAGA min Ph finals ae ae Shapers © eles. 5 Hall, E. R., & C. A. Long. A new subspecies of pocket gopher (Thomomys umbrinus) from Sinaloa, Mexico, with comments on T. u. sinaloae and T. u. evexus Hall, E. R., & R. T. Orr. A new race of pocket gopher found in Oregon and Washington Hall, E. R., & B. Villa R. A new harvest mouse from Michoacan, Mexico Hall, E. R., & W. B. Whitlow. A new black-tailed jack-rabbit from Idaho Halpern, J. A. Biological investigations of the deep sea. 38. A new western Atlantic Dipsacaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) with the GISCHMDUTON OL KNOWN SPECIES 1s crete vite a ths botnet COR Bye. 02h Halpern, J. A. Biological investigations of the deep sea. 46. The genus Litonotaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) .................... Halpern, J. A. Biological investigations of the deep sea. 50. The validity and generic position of Pentagonaster parvus Perrier (EchinodermatawAsteroidea). Vn tw ee seme me eck, Meal / Halpern, J. A. Biological investigations of the deep sea. 53. New Species and"genera‘of gonmiastend sealstars sees ee ya ee le Halpern, J. A. Pseudarchasterinae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) of the PSATATUGIG! Seta AE EELS Mere ee DN ere | PRN O LbN e RRON ORR Fa, Haman, D. Voorthuyseniella ventressi, new species (Microproblematica) fom the Basal Pleistocene of Louisiana ys. yee ee «ee Haman, D. Saidovina new name for Loxostomina Saidova, 1975 (non Sellier de Civrieux, 1968) and the status of Loxostomella Saidova, 1975 (Foraminiferida) Haman, D. Review of the foraminiferal genus Orbignynella Saidova, ETS Bcc SUE eis ak elu et ate le URC TORE 1 RS a SEROUS Rt Haman, D., K. L. Finger, & R. W. Huddleston. Bicornifera Lindenberg, 1965 emend. Keij, 1969 (Microproblematica) from the type Byram Marl (OleOcene)sMISsissip pi Rie HEE MEIER Ue Haman, D., & R. W. Huddleston. Falsipatellina, a new name for Pseudopatellina Kenawy and Nyiro,1967 non Haque, 1960 (Foraminiferida) e © © © © © © © © © © 8 we ee ee eel elle lel el el tll lel el tl tl ell elle lel el lll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 ew ele le lll ell elle lle 8 2 © © © © © © © © © © @ 8 8 ee © 8 ew © 8 ee ele ee 8 ee lel el elle le ele 8 le le ele ll ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 8 8 ew 8 le lee 8 el ell el ele ele 8 8 ee lel 59 44:87 45:67-69 45:95-98 45:139-140 47:103-105 48:143-145 51:67-68 51:131-133 54:55-61 57:35-41 62:149-150 74:203-205 47:51-56 51:15-16 53:155-156 73:35-37 46:41-43 62:163-164 45:71-72 81:23 1-239 82:129-142 82:503-506 83:1-12 85:359-383 92:527-532 97:419 98:622 94:696-698 94:378-379 54 1718 1719 1720 172A 122 23 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1/32 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 st Haman, D., & R. W. Huddleston. Caudriella, a new name for Margaritella Caudri, 1974 (Foraminiferida), non Meek and Hayden, 1860! (Molltisca) eres iw.8 Wee} pet ae icplnes Sheen mga oe Haman, D., R. W. Huddleston, & J. P. Donahue. Obandyella, a new name for Hirsuzella Bandy, 1972 (Foraminiferida), non Cooper and Muir-Wood, 1951 (Brachiopoda) Hambleton, E. J. A new name for a mealybug Hamilton, W. J., Jr. A new mink from the Florida Everglades ...... Hamilton, W. J., Jr. A new subspecies of Blarina brevicauda from Florida Hamilton, W. J., Jr. Two new rice rats (genus Oryzomys) from Florida Handley, C. O., Jr. A new hare (Lepus arcticus) from northern Canada Handley, C. O., Jr. A new flying squirrel from the southern Appalachian*Moumtains ie fs eerie cape cit eele Sik eeeh oer anes iar ae Handley, C. O., Jr. A new species of free-tailed bat (genus Eumops) from Brazil Handley, C. O., Jr. The taxonomic status of the bats Corynorhinus phyllotis G. M. Allen and Idionycteris mexicanus Anthony Handley, C. O., Jr. A new species of free-tailed bat (genus Mormoptertis) {romeR ent teen. asere eyy oie ae Cet ane rn eas oa ae Handley, C. O., Jr. Descriptions of new bats (Choeroniscus and Rhinophylla) from Colombia Handley, C. O., Jr. New species of mammals from northern South America: a long-tongued bat, genus Anoura Gray .............. Handley, C. O., Jr., & J. R. Choate. The correct name for the least short-tailed shrew (Cryptotis parva) of Guatemala (Mammalia: IMSEctivora):' ie Se eierks aioe tse ted yas a Na a, ae Handley, C. O., Jr., & K. C. Ferris. Descriptions of new bats of the SENUS VAMIPYTOPSN LN ei Carats NEN, Wrrtien: shel SRG aeS Diet ee Hanna, G. D. Interesting mammals on the Pribilof Islands Harasewych, M. G. Pterynotus xenos, a new species of muricid from off northern Jamaica (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Harding, K. A. Courtship display in a Bornean frog .............. Hardy, R. Three new rodents from southern Utah ............... Hardy, R. A new kangaroo-rat from southwestern Utah Hardy, R. The taxonomic status of some chipmunks of the genus Eutamias in southwestern Utah Hardy, R. A new tree squirrel from central Utah Hargis, W. J., Jr., & W. A. Dillon. Helminth parasites of Antarctic vertebrates. Part IV. Monogenetic trematodes from Antarctic fishes: the supertamulysCapsaloidea PriceylOSGni4 ey aw ret ee Harman, W. J. A new species of Stephensoniana (Oligochaeta: Naididae) from North America Harman, W. J. Three new species of Oligochaeta (Naididae) from the southeastern U.S. Harman, W. J. & M.S. Loden. The re-evaluation of the Opistocystidae (Oligochaeta) with descriptions of two new genera ............. Harman, W. J., & M. L. McMahan. A reevaluation of Pristina longiseta (Ohigochaeta:Naididae)) in) NorthyAmericay {255295 sea ae Harper, D. E., Jr. Nephtys cryptomma, new species (Polychaeta: Nephtyidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico Harper, F. A new subspecies of Prunella modularis from the Pyrenees Harper, F. A new Texas subspecies of the lizard genus Holbrookia Harper FF: The nameoithesophertrog yee ne eee eens Harpers ithe nameyorthesblesbokrercec:. Gen oe ee ree Harper; Fs The name/of theroyalipalmiie ag 544-6 wo aes ne Harper, F. A new cricket frog (Acris) from the middle western States ee © © © © © © © 8 we we ow 8 2° © © © © @ e © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ew © 8 8 8 le el ell lel el el el elle lel el ll e © 8 © © © © © © © © © 2 © © © © 8 8 ew 8 8 ew ew 8 8 he ell tll Bll el ele ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © © 8 8 8 8 e © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew 8 ee ew ee 8 eel elle le el ele le ee ew el 97:126 93:1264-1265 Sostid 61:139 68:37-39 68:83-86 65:199-200 66:191-194 68:177-178 69:53 69:197-201 79:83-88 97:513-52 1 83:195-201 84:519-523 27:218 95:639-641 95:621-624 55:87-91 57:53-55 58:85-87 63:13-14 81:403-411 88:1-3 90:483-490 91:453-462 88:167-178 99:1-7 32:243-244 45:15-17 48:79-82 52:89-91 59:29-30 60:39-40 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 LIS, 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 L773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 Harper, F. History and nomenclature of the pocket gophers (Geomys) HUB (CCSEOY Ua a cole ES) la \ ain ie ae Harper, F. The type locality of Hyla triseriata Wied Harper, F. Amphibians and reptiles of the Ungava Peninsula Harper, F. Amphibians and reptiles of Keewatin and northern Manitoba Harrison, E. Type specimens of freshwater Ostracoda described by Norma C. Furtos in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution ..................... Harrison, E. B., & T. E. Bowman. Mysidium rickettsi, a new species of mysid from the Gulf of California (Crustacea: Mysidacea: Mysidae) Harry, R. R. A new loach of the genus Acanthophthalmus from Siam Hart, C. W., Jr.. Two new entocytherid ostracods from the vicinity of Washington, D.C. Hart, C. W., Jr. A new species of the genus Sphaeromicola (Ostracoda: Entocytheridae: Sphaeromicolinae) from Texas, with notes on relationships between European and North American species ..... Hart, C. W., Jr. A new atyid shrimp, Palauatya dasyomma, from Palau, Caroline Islands Hart, C. W., Jr. New freshwater shrimp records for Tobago, West Indies, with a summary of records for the Lesser Antilles (Atyidae and Palaemonidae) Hart, C. W., Jr., & J. Clark. A new commensal ostracod of the genus Microsyssitria from South Africa (Ostracoda: Entocytheridae: Microsyssitriinae) Hart, C. W., Jr.. & D. G. Hart. A new ostracod (Entocytheridae, Notocytherinae) commensal on New Zealand crayfish Hart, C. W., Jr., R. B. Manning, & T. M. Iliffe. The fauna of Atlantic marine caves: evidence of dispersal by sea floor spreading while maintaining ties to deep waters Hasbrouck, E. M. The European widgeon near Washington Hastings, P. A., & S. A. Bortone. Chriolepis vespa, a new species of Gobiid fish from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico Hastings, P. A., & R. L. Shipp. A new species of pikeblenny (Pisces: Chaenopsidae: Chaenopsis) from the western Atlantic Hatcher, J. B. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of Colorado Hatcher, J. B. A new name for the dinosaur Haplocanthus Hatcher .. Hawkes, C. R., T. R. Meyers, & T. C. Shirley. Larval biology of Briarosaccus callosus Boschma (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) Hay, O. P. Descriptions of two new species of ruminants from the Pleistocene of Iowa Hay, O. P. Occurrence of Scott’s gray fox in probably recent cave deposits in Kentucky Hay, O. P. Further observations on some extinct elephants Hay, O. P. Description of some fossil vertebrates from the Upper Miocene of Texas Hay, O. P. On the status of privately issued papers on systematic zoology Hay, W. P. Two new subterranean crustaceans from the United States Hay, W. P. On the proper application of the name Cambarus carolinus Erichson Hay, W. P. The color of the fully adult Ophibolus rhombomaculatus Holbrook Hay, W. P. A list of batrachians and reptiles of the District of Columbia and vicinity Hay, W. P. On the distribution of Hyla evittata Miller Hay, W. P. On the habits of Cambarus uhleri Faxon Ce i ey ee © @ © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee ee ee elle 8 le ell lel elle ee © © © © © © © © ew ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 oe 8 8 8 ee le 8 8 8 ee ew ew le 8 el le eee © © © 2 e © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee © 8 © © 8 8 8 ee ew 8 ell ell el tlh el ell el elle ele el 2 2 © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 ee 8 8 Ble lel elle lel elle elle 8 ew ee ell 5) 65:35-38 68:155-156 69:93-103 76:159-168 100:371-374 100:674-679 62:69-72 77:243-246 91:724-730 93:481-489 93:845-848 97:217-220 83:579-583 98:288-292 SoR//I 94:427-436 93:875-886 16:1-2 16:100 98:935-944 26:5-7 35:53-54 35:97-101 37:1-19 37:109-112 14:179-180 15:38 15:90 15:121-145 15:199 17:167 56 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 Ios 1796 17ST 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 © 6 ce © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ew ee eel 8 Hay, W. P. A bear animalcule renamed Hay, W. P. Preliminary descriptions of five new species of crustaceans fom the coastiot North Carolina ye seein Weney: kee tte) ered ene) salle Hayes, W. A., & R. D. Reimer. Faxonella blairi, a new crawfish from the Red River drainage of Oklahoma and Arkansas ............ Heaney, L. R. A new species of tree squirrel (Sundasciurus) from Palawan Island, Philippines (Mammalia: Sciuridae) Heaney, L. R. Mammals from Camiguin Island, Philippines ........ Heaney, L. R., & G. S. Morgan. A new species of gymnure, Podogymnura, (Mammalia: Erinaceidae) from Dinagat Island, Philippines Heaney. L. R., & R. M. Timm. Systematics and distribution of shrews of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia: Insectivora) in Vietnam ...... Heard. R. W., & D. G. Perlmutter. Description of Colomastix janiceae n. sp., a commensal amphipod (Gammaridea: Colomastigidae) from the Florida Keys, USA Heard, R. W., III, & W. B. Sikora. A new species of Corophium Latreille, 1806 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Georgia brackish waters with some ecological notes Heemstra, P. C., & W. D. Anderson, Jr. A new species of serranid fish genus Plectranthias (Pisces: Perciformes) from the southeastern Pacific Ocean, with comments on the genus Ellerkeldia .......... Henderson, J., & T. D. A. Cockerell. Notes on the pikas of Colorado Hendler, G. Sex-reversal and viviparity in Ophiolepis kien, n. sp., with notes on viviparous brittlestars from the Caribbean (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea))s: APROPOS Ne EI ER ORS OR Hendler, G., & J. E. Miller. Ophioderma devaneyi and Ophioderma ensiferum, new brittlestar species from the western Atlantic (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) Hendrickx, M. E., & J. Salgado-Barragan. A new species of stomatopod, Eurysquilla pumae (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Eurysquillidae), from the Gulf of California, Mexico Hendrickx, M. E., M. K. Wicksten, & A. M. van der Heiden. Studies of the coastal marine fauna of southern Sinaloa, Mexico. IV. Report on the caridean crustaceans Hendrix, G. Y., & R. H. Gore. Studies on decapod Crustacea from the Indian River region of Florida. I. Alpheus thomasi, new species, a new snapping shrimp from the subtropical east coast of Florida (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) Henshaw, H. W., An extension of the range of the wood tortoise Herald, E. S., & C. E. Dawson. Micrognathus erugatus, a new marine pipefish from Brazil (Pisces: Syngnathidae) Herbst, G. N., A. B. Williams, & B. B. Boothe, Jr. Reassessment of northern geographic limits for decapod crustacean species in the Carolinian Province, USA; some major range extensions itemized Heron, G. A., & D. M. Damkaer. Eurytemora richingsi, a new species of deep-water calanoid copepod from the Arctic Ocean Heron, G. A., & D. M. Damkaer. Two species of Urocopia, planktonic poecilostomatoid copepods of the family Urocopiidae Humes and Stock, 1972 Herre, A. W., & D. E. Kauffman. New and little known Philippine trighds’ ..2..csieyaagniteres ta a etsaey ile bande thee eee Soda ne Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. IV. A new catostomid from Mexico and a new callionymid from Celebes and the Philippines Herre, A. W. [C. T.] A new cyprinid genus and species and a new characin from Portuguese East Africa © © © © © © © © © © 2 © © © © ee 8 ee ell elt lel ell elt le ew 8 lee ele le ele el ee © © © © © © © © ew tle ltl tlw ll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © ee © © ew eB ew ew 8 el ell ee + © © © © © © ee ew ee 19:46-47 30:71-73 90:1-5 92:280-286 97:119-125 95:13-26 96:115-120 90:30-42 84:467-476 96:632-637 26:125-128 92:783-795 97:442-461 100:529-531 96:67-78 86:413-422 20:65 87:27-29 91:989-998 89:127-136 99:140-148 65:27-30 49:11-13 49:99-101 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 Herre, A. W. C. T. A new Chinese blenny emer wc. 1. lhe genera of Phallostethidae) 50.1)... avin atee Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. IX. A new species of Salarias, with a key to the Philippine species Herre, A. W. C. T. Two new species of lichens and new records for Washington state and North Carolina Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XI. Two new genera and species. With key to theipenera of eObies withivomenine teeth Mein). (tl. olen) ohare Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XVI. A new species of sand-diver, with notes GuEsOmenare PObIOIdsShEs ay Ay WHat ke ils SOLS Se Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XVII. New fishes from Johore and India Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XV.--Two new minute gobies of the genus Mistichthys, from the Philippines Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XIV.--A new genus and three new species of gobies from the Philippines Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XVIII.--Two new species of Tamanka, with a key to the species from the Philippines and China Herre, A. W. C. T. Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University. XIX.--Two new Philippine gobies, with key to Be peneraroneobiesiwithvomerine teeth oun ae eel. Jee « Herre, A. W. C. T. New genera of Eleotridae and Gobiidae and one new species from West Africa Herre, A. W. C. T. Two new gobies from the Philippines with notes on EMI G FATS. LODY, miei: i BUA etaeh act Parola NARMS Welt al A oe Hershkovitz, P. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of HiewOULhAMenicansorms ey. see Nee Seas Micah op baten. Hershkovitz, P. Generic names of the four-eyed pouch opossum and fiemnoollyeopossumi(Didelphidae) )) hese) 2. «| ee Hershkovitz, P. Technical names of the African muishond (genus Zonilla) and the Colombian hog-nosed skunk (genus Conepatus) Hershkovitz, P. Status of the generic name Zorilla (Mammalia): nomenclature by rule or by caprice Hershkovitz, P. The systematic position of the marmoset, Simia leonina Riumbolt, (Primates) i are: +) Jpoeeewin eyecare ucpetee So See ete oR NP Hershkovitz, P. The type locality of Bison bison Linnaeus Hershkovitz, P. Technical names of the South American marsh deer ANGE PAM pPasydeen eypsbaewdyer sai ite Mine raed coll spb Gols 3 Hershkovitz, P. Type localities and nomenclature of some American primates, with remarks on secondary homonyms ............... Hershkovitz, P. The scientific names of the species of capuchin monkeys (CebussETXleDe m)myeyariecwit. Gel cweimareaon. aes eee Maye tea diven ee ae bs Hershkovitz, P. Two new genera of South American rodents (G@rICEtIMAe) Meee. BRAIN U NR n ae a re NE DN Sitch tenia gute a ef Hershkovitz, P. A new species of South American brocket, genus Mazar (CeIvidae) Wyn A055 5 Sees tee RM arse apeest. J Hershkovitz, P. A new race of red brocket deer (Mazama americana) from Colombia Hershkovitz, P. The type locality of Felis concolor concolor Linnaeus Hershkovitz, P. The nomenclature of South American peccaries ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © ee eel el ell ell lel hl ell ell ll ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew 8 ee eel e © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © ee lel 8 ltl wl el elle le lll Cd 57 51:65-66 52:139-144 55:1-7 56:17-20 56:91-95 57:5-10 57:45-51 57:107-111 58:11-15 58:73-76 58:77-81 59:121-126 63:73-76 61:41-45 62:11-12 62:13-16 68:185-191 70:17-19 70:31-32 71:13-16 71:53-56 72:1-3 72:5-9 72:45-53 72:93-95 72:97-99 76:85-87 58 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 Hershkovitz, P. Comments on generic names of four-eyed opossums (Family Didelphidae)) 22...) Sea eae hae Hershkovitz, P. Philander and four-eyed opossums once again Hershkovitz, P. Subspecies and geographic distribution of black-mantle Tamarins Saguinus nigricollis Spix (Primates: Callitrichidae) Hershler, R., & G. Longley. Hadoceras taylori, a new genus and species of phreatic Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea) from south-central Texas Hershler, R., & G. Longley. Phreatoceras, a new name for Hadoceras Hershler and Longley, 1986 (Gastropoda) non Strand, 1934 (Cephalopoda) Hershler, R., & D. W. Sada. Springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) of Ash Meadows, Amargosa Basin, California-Nevada Heyer, W. R. Vanzolinius, a new genus proposed for Leptodactylus discodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) Heyer, W. R. Adenomera lutzi (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), a new species of frog from Guyana Heyer, W. R. A discriminant function analysis of the frogs of the genus Adenomera (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Heyer, W. R. The calls and taxonomic positions of Hyla giesleri and Ololygon opalina (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) Heyer, W. R. Two new species of the frog genus Hylodes from Capara6, Minas Gerais, Brasil (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Heyer, W. R. Clarification of the names Rana mystacea Spix, 1824, Leptodactylus amazonicus Heyer, 1978 and a description of a new species, Leptodactylus spixi (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) ......... Heyer, W. R. Notes on the frog genus Cycloramphus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), with descriptions of two new species Heyer, W. R. New species of frogs from Boracéia, Sao Paulo, Brazil Heyer, W. R., & R. B. Cocroft. Descriptions of two new species of Hylodes from the Atlantic forests of Brazil (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Heyer, W. R., C. H. Daugherty, & L. R. Maxson. Systematic resolution of the genera of the Crinia complex (Amphibia: Anura: Myobatrachidae) Heyer, W. R. & M. J. Diment. The karyotype of Vanzolinius discodactylus and comments on usefulness of karyotypes in determining relationships in the Leptodactylus-complex (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) Heyer, W. R., & J. A. Peters. The frog genus Leptodactylus in Ecuador Heyer, W. R., & W. F. Pyburn. Leptodactylus riveroi, a new frog species from Amazonia, South America (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Higgins, H. G. Two new South American mites (Acari: Oribatei) Higgins, R. P. Indian Ocean kinorhyncha 2. Neocentrophyidae, a new homalorhagid family Higgins, R. P. Redescription of Echinoderes pilosus (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) Hill, R. T. Paleontology of the Seca Formations of Texas--The invertebrate paleontology of the Trinity Division Hill, R. T. The paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas. The invertebrate fossils of the Caprina Limestone Beds Hinds, W. E. A new tobacco thrips Hitchcock, A. S. Hitchcock, A. S. Hitchcock, A. S. Hitchcock, A. S. Hitchcock, A. S. eee © © © © © © ee 8 8 ew ee el tle ew ele ltl tl lel ell tl el el tll ll ee ee © © © © © ew © ew ee ew we ee ee hee et wt te ee ee et ll ecec eee ee eo eo 6 © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 eee ee ee © © © ew ee eee ee ew ee eee ee e+ © © © © © © © ee tw 8 ee + © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 8 8 2 © © © © © © 8 ow ee @ © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ee ew ew el el ele lel tll ele el el ele lel tll ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee ee ee ee ele lel el lel el ele le ele ele el ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee ee ee elt le ltl ell ele ele ew le lel ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew oe ee ee ele tl el ell tl ell el ele ele el el ele = 2 e© © © © © © © © ew ew 8 Note on a New Zealand grass Note on some foreign grasses New species of grasses from South America New species of grasses from Central America New species of grasses from the United States ..... 89:295-303 93:943-946 95:647-656 99:121-136 100:402 100:776-843 87:81-90 88:315-318 89:581-591 93:655-661 95:377-385 96:270-272 96:548-559 98:657-671 99:100-109 95:423-427 87:327-335 84:163-170 96:560-566 79:13-15 82:113-128 99:399-405 8:9-40 8:97-108 18:197-199 28:182 29:128 36:195-198 40:79-88 41:157-163 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 Hitchcock, A. S. Fifteen new species of grasses, six from Africa, nine from China Ho, J. Four new parasitic copepods of the family Chondracanthidae from California inshore fishes Ho, J., & L. E. McKinney. A new species of Eudactylina (Copepoda, Eudactylinidae) parasitic on black shark from Chile ............ Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Orconectes from SGU CMe TMESSCEM site \ceetn ity ste aie ors) sceP SPN hc eer co hks etie a ha, 5 Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Orconectes from the Nashville Basin in Tennessee, with notes on the range of Orconectes compressus (Faxon) (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Cambarellus from Texas (Becapoda: Astacidae) fini cne reat se tsitte ticey ea nie were oitas, | Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Procambarus from Alabama and Florida (Decapoda, Astacidae) ................. Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Cambarus from IVTISSISSIPDPI, sunreanre nes isk ee Tanchs cts enue Liat dt. ub Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the extraneus section of the genus Cambarus with a key to the species of the section (Decapoda, PNSTACICAG)) ten tae fe Gin Sam Su ayes he Rte ch IA MERC Mee TaD Seat 20d Hobbs, H. H., Jr.. A new cave-dwelling crayfish from the Greenbrier drainage system, West Virginia (Decapoda, Astacidae) .......... Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Cambarus from Tennessee with an emended definition of the genus (Decapoda, PASTACIO AS NF fea kiya ithe » cae eminrats £cemeacet hee. IRE. Lone Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish from Alabama with observations on the cristatus section of the genus Cambarus (Decapoda, Astacidae) . Hobbs, H. H., Jr. Two new crayfishes of the genus Cambarus from Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee (Decapoda, Astacidae) ....... Hobbs, H. H., Jr. Two new species of the crayfish genus Procambarus (Decapoda, Astacidae) with keys to the members of the spiculifer ROU DM ere carer ere EN eM ne nat. Lat, EMI RICS, chat ciel Gun ty be Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish from the Nashville Basin, Tennessee Hobbs, H. H., Jr. New crayfishes of the genus Cambarus from Tennessee and Georgia (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Procambarus from Mississippi (Decapoda: Astacidae)) "ets. ae So eee ees Hobbs, H. H., Jr. New crayfishes of the genus Procambarus from Alabama and Texas (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr. New species and relationships of the members of the PENUSMAINCAINDONIS® Wee tr tie ere ae Ae ake nee me Lt ekteg ey Hobbs, H. H., Jr. The crayfish Bouchardina robisoni, a new genus and species (Decapoda, Cambaridae) from southern Arkansas Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from San MEME SPBOLOS ts MIEXICO™ co. tees tee ee ene eee oie eel a ale hea NRE Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new crayfish from the Ouachita River Basin in Arkansas (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr. New dwarf crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from Mexico "and Florida’ \. 2058 ny. sree se al tene: jaar etayee aon Badd Hobbs, H. H., Jr. A new pseudothelphusid crab from the state of Jalisco, Mexico Hobbs, H. H., Jr. Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) carlsoni, a new subgenus and species of crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from South Carolina e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ee ee ew ew el ell lel ell tll ell lee eee el 2 2 © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 8 2 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 e © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 eB eB ee ew lel ell el tl lel el el el ele lee ee el 59 43:89-96 85:523-539 94:745-752 61:85-91 62:17-25 63:89-94 66:173-178 68:95-100 69:115-121 77:189-194 78:265-273 79:109-116 81:261-274 82:329-348 83:161-169 83:241-259 83:459-468 84:31-94 86:461-481 89:733-742 90:412-419 92:804-811 93:194-207 93:357-361 96:429-439 60 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 TZ 1913 Hobbs, H. H., Jr. On the identity of Astacus (Cambarus) mexicanus Erichson (1846) and Cambarus aztecus Saussure (1857) (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with the description of Procambarus olmecorum, new species, from Veracruz, Mexico Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. S. Bedinger. A new troglobitic crayfish of the genus Cambarus (Decapoda, Astacidae) from Arkansas with a note on the range of Cambarus cryptodytes Hobbs Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & R. W. Bouchard. A new crayfish from the Cumberland River system with notes on Cambarus carolinus (Erichson) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & A. V. Brown. A new troglobitic crayfish from northwestern Arkansas (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & P. H. Carlson. Distocambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) elevated to generic rank, with an account of D. crocker, new species, from South Carolina Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & P. H. Carlson. A new member of the genus Distocambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Saluda Basin, South Carolina Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. R. Cooper. A new troglobitic crayfish from Oklahoma (Decapoda: Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & J. F. Fitzpatrick, Jr. A new crayfish of the propinquus group of the genus Orconectes from the Ohio drainage system in West Virginia (Decapoda: Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & J. F. Fitzpatrick, Jr. A new crayfish of the genus Fallicambarus from Tennessee (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & A. G. Grubbs. Notes on the crayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) xilitlae (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & E. T. Hall, Jr. New crayfishes from Georgia (Decapoda Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & E. T. Hall, Jr. A new crayfish from the Tallapoosa River in Georgia (Decapoda: Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & H. H. Hobbs, II. A new crayfish of the genus Cambarus from Georgia (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & D. S. Lee. A new troglobitic crayfish (Decapoda, Cambaridae) from peninsular Florida Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & A. C. McClure. On a small collection of entocytherid ostracods with the descriptions of three new species Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & D. B. Means. Two new troglobitic crayfishes (Decapoda, Astacidae) from Florida Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & F. O. Perkins. A new burrowing crayfish from North Carolina (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & D. J. Peters. A substitute name for the homonym Aphelocythere Hobbs and Peters (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & D. J. Peters. The entocytherid ostracod fauna of northern Georgia Hobbs, H. H., Jr.. & H. W. Robison. A new crayfish of the genus Procambarus from southwestern _ Arkansas Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & H. W. Robison. A new burrowing crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from southwestern Arkansas Hobbs, H. H. Jr., & M. Walton. A new crayfish of the genus Procambarus from Alabama (Decpoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H. Jr., & M. Walton. A new crayfish of the genus Procambarus from southern Alabama (Decapoda, Astacidae) Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. Walton. New entocytherid ostracods from Tennessee ‘and Virpimia 80s, AON Tes Spree SES, Le eae Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. Walton. New entocytherid ostracods from Tennessee with a key to the species of the genus Ascetocythere . ee © © © © © © © 8 © ee ew 8 8 © © © © © © © © © es © © © © © © © © © © © ee © 8 8 ee 8 e202 ee © © © © © © oe © 8 8 ew ee ee 8 eo 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 100:198-215 77:9-15 86:41-68 100:1040-1048 96:420-428 98:81-89 85:49-56 75:207-214 82:829-836 99:735-738 82:281-294 85:151-161 75:41-45 89:383-391 96:770-779 84:393-409 80:141-146 911037 95:297-318 95:545-553 98:1035-1041 72:39-44 73:123-129 82:851-863 88:5-20 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1523 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1957 1938 1939 1940 1941 Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. Walton. New entocytherid Ostracods from Kentucky and Tennessee Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. Walton. New entocytherid ostracods of the genus Dactylocythere Hobbs, H. H., Jr., & M. Whiteman. A new, economically important crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Neches River Basin, Texas, with a key to the subgenus Fallicambarus Hobbs, H. H., III. Two new genera and species of the ostracod family Entocytheridae with a key to the genera Hobbs, H. H., III. A new genus and two new species of entocytherid ostracods from Alabama and Mississippi Hobbs, H. H., III. New entocytherid ostracods of the genus Omithocythere and the description of a new genus Hobbs, H. H., III. New entocytherid ostracods of the genera Ankylocythere and Dactylocythere Hobbs, H. H., II. A new species of the endemic South American genus Aegla from Parana, Brazil (Crustacea: Anomura: Aeglidae) .. Hobbs, H. H., III. Additional notes on cave shrimps (Crustacea: Atyidae and Palaemonidae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, México .. Hobson, K. D. Novaquesta trifurcata, a new genus and species of the family Questidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts Hobson, K. D. Some polychaetes of the superfamily Eunicea from the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans Hobson, K. D. Polychaeta new to New England, with additions to the description of Aberranta enigmatica Hartman Hobson, K. D. Two new species and two new records of the family Paraonidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean Hoffman, R. L. Eumeces anthracinus (Baird) in Virginia Hoffman, R. L. Notes on Cnemidophorus sexlineatus in Virginia ..... Hoffman, R. L. Range extension for Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor Hoffman, R. L. The status of the milliped Lasiolathus virginicus, with notes on Scytonotus granulatus Hoffman, R. L. Two new genera of xystodesmid millipeds from eastern United States Hoffman, R. L. Three new species of Diplopoda from Virginia Hoffman, R. L. Systematic notes on some Central American millipeds Hoffman, R. L. The status of the milliped Chelodesmus marxi Cook, and of the family name Chelodesmidae Hoffman, R. L. Scolodesmus and related African milliped genera (Polydesmida Sironpylosomidae)m mens) -)aee ner ieee se woke Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. I. The genus Eurhinocricus Brolemann Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. II. A second paper Onrthe SENUS LUhiNOCHCUS APOIO AVA ate tee Bi oe als Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. II. The genus Sptirobolinus Silvestri Hoffman, R. L. Generic names in the family Platyrhacidae and their type species, with a consideration of the status of Stenonia Gray, 1842 Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. IV. The characters and relationships of the genera Narceus Rafinesque 1820 and Spirobolus Brandt 1833 Hoffman, R. L. The status of Fontaria coriacea Koch and of Polydesmus corrugatus Wood: a most regrettable tangle of names in the Diplopoda (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) ee © © © © © © © © © © ew © 8 ee ee lel el ell el el elle lel e © 2 © © © © © © © © © ewe ee ew ew lel ell ell elle el el elle lel ee © © © © © © © © ew ee ee ee el ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee elle el el ele lel ell ell ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee 8 ew ew 8 el ele lel ell el el elle ele le le lel le 2 © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew et 8 el 8 wl ele le le ell 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 el el ele lhl el ele ell el el ell ee © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee ee elle tlle lel ell elle elle ee © «© © © © © © © © © eB 8 8 8 8 el ele lee el lel lll elle tle ele eel eel ele lel ee © © © © © © © 8 we ew ew ele lel ell lll lel elle ele lll ect ee ewe ee ee ee 61 89:393-404 90:600-614 100:403-411 78:159-164 82:167-170 83:171-182 84:137-146 91:982-988 92:618-633 83:191-194 83:527-544 84:245-252 85:549-555 57:123-124 57:124-125 58:131-132 60:139-140 61:93-96 62:81-87 63:69-71 63:185-188 66:75-83 66:179-183 68:31-35 68:151-154 69:41-49 70:61-68 70:183-187 62 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 19577 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Hoffman, R. L. On the identity of Pseudotremia cavernarum Cope, a poorly known American chordeumoid diplopod Hoffman, R. L. A new diplopod genus from Guatemala, closely related to Desmonus, and its effect on the validity of the families Desmonidae and Cyclodesmidae (Polydesmida: Sphaeriodesmidae) Hoffman, R. L. Studies of spiroboloid millipeds. V. The correct identity of the genus Rhinocricus, based upon a study of its type species Hoffman, R. L. A new genus and species in the diplopod family Xystodesmidae (Polydesmida) Hoffman, R. L. A new diplopod genus and species from Georgia (Polydesmida:.Xystodesmudae 2). ease a ee ee eae Hoffman, R. L. A new milliped of the xystodesmid genus Brachoria from southwestern Virginia Hoffman, R. L. The status of Fontaria pulchella Bollman, with the proposal of a new genus and tribe in the Diplopod family Xystodesmidae Hoffman, R. L. A third smooth species of Polylepiscus (Polydesmida: uryuridae) {ye RS Be Carlee orotate. Sn ee a ee a ea a Hoffman, R. L. A second species in the diplopod genus Choctella (Spirostreptida: Choctellidae) Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. VI. A remarkable new genus and subfamily of the Spirobolellidae from Vera Cruz, Mexico Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spirostreptoid millipeds. IX. The status of the Indian senuseerorelus(Chamberlinys-). ee ae ee ae eee Hoffman, R. L. A note on the milliped genera Myrmecodesmus and liyma (Polydesmida: Stylodesmidae)i=s) faye cee = ae ee Hoffman, R. L. A new polydesmid milliped from the southern Appalachians, with remarks on the status of Dixidesmus and a proposed terminology for polydesmid gonopods Hoffman, R. L. A new genus and species of euryurid millipeds from Chiapas (Polydesmida: Platyrhacidae) Hoffman, R. L. A new genus and species of rhysodesmine milliped from southern Georgia (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae) .......... Hoffman, R. L. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. XII. The status of Spirobolus noronhensis Pocock, 1890, and some related species (Pachybolidae) Hoffmann, R. S. The identity of Lewis’ marmot, Arctomys lewisii Hoffmann, R. S. The correct name for the Palearctic brown, or flat- skulled=shrew IS¥S@ree roDOratisueis. 2st. Bs sae eRelete wae Hoffmeister, D. F. Two new subspecies of the Pifion mouse, Reromyscus, truer, tromeyCalitormiave aac eee eek eee a Hoffmeister, D. F. New subspecies of kangaroo rats of the Dipodomys ordii group from Montana and Wyoming Hoffmeister, D. F. The silky pocket mouse, Perognathus flavus, in Arizona, with a description of a new subspecies ............... Hoffmeister, D. F. A new spotted ground squirrel from Mexico ..... Hoffmeister, D. F., & L. de la Torre. Two new subspecies of Peromyscus difficilis from Mexico Hoffmeister, D. F., & L. de la Torre. The baculum in the wood rat N@OLOING: SIGTTETSTANS 0 ba. apd Ft EINE, OE PRU Re a Ae Holleman, J. J. Marine turbellarians of the Pacific coastI ......... Hollister, N. Two new bats from the southwestern United States Hollister, N. Descriptions of two new muskrats .............--.- Hollister, N./Notesyonsome mamesio®lions#.en 2: eee Hollister, N. A new muskrat from the Great Plains .............. Ce ee eee © © © © © © © © © ew ee ee he ele el ele lel elk *« 26 2 © © © © © © © © © © ee ee el elle ele ele eel el eee © © © © © oe ee ew ee ee et ele lt lll el tl a ee ee © © © © e © ew ew we ee ee el i 71:113-117 72:173-182 73:5-14 75:181-187 76:113-119 76:223-225 77:25-34 TATIANS 78:55-58 82:177-187 83:183-190 86:511-515 87:345-350 88:211-216 91:365-373 91:929-935 90:291-301 98:17-28 54:129-132 55:165-168 69:55-58 72:37-38 72:167-169 72:171-172 85:405-411 22:43-44 23:1-2 23123 23:125-126 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. National Museum Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. the eastern states Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Ainica *.. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Maryland Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. Hollister, N. A new musk-deer from Korea The generic name of the muskrat The type locality of Mellivora abyssinica Two new species of Epimys from Luzon heb wowisiana: puma eee eveN ins MMS a Le ey Description of a new Philippine flying-squirrel The generic name of the African buffalo The nomenclature of the cheetahs Description of a new water mungoose from East Africa . iwomewsAmenicanupilcaswars eh aci 4:5, Isopoda:/Anthuridea) one 4 SI ee ee Kensley, B. A new genus and species of anthurid isopod from deep water off the east coast of the United States Kensley, B. Five new genera of anthurid isopod curstaceans Kensley, B. Redescription of Haliophasma barnardi (Monod) from West Africa (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae) Kensley, B. Redescription of Zonophryxus trilobus Richardson, with notes on the male and developmental stages (Crustacea: Isopoda: Dajidae) Kensley, B. New species of anthurideans from the Cook and Fiji Islands (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridea) .................... Kensley, B. A new species of Munna Kroyer from Nigeria (Crustacea: Isopoda: Munnidae) Kensley, B. Records of anthurids from Florida, Central America, and South America (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae) .............. Kensley, B. Notes on Axiopsis (Axiopsis) serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) ............... Kensley, B. Further records of marine isopod crustaceans from the Caribbean Kensley, B. Harrieta, a new genus for Cymodoce faxoni (Richardson) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae) Kensley, B., & R. H. Gore. Coralaxius abelei, new genus and new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Axiidae): a coral- inhabiting shrimp from the Florida keys and the western Caribbean CAPR tee ey MP etiatlalat alas te “abet te Yolo tetas ds Ww NGS Metals Hats So te Wig Se ee ee © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ee el e © © © @ © © © © © © eo ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 ee 8 8 ew ew ee ele ele lll el el ele le ee ll 2° 0© 8 © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 ele elle ew eo ee © © © © © © © © © © &© © © ee ee eel ell el ell el el elle le ll Pe ee 15 59:57-62 46:151 62:143-146 24:45-51 82:539-558 83:13-33 83:313-320 88:113-120 89:645-652 92:389-393 95:161-166 97:209-216 100:664-673 95:567-570 100:40-43 100:459-461 91:222-233 91:558-562 OTIS 92 92:658-664 92:665-670 92:814-836 93:136-140 93:725-742 93:1253-1263 100:559-577 100:1036-1039 93:1277-1294 74 2349 2350 2351 2352 2358 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 Dei 2392 2373 2374 23S: 2376 2377) 2378 Kensley, B., & R. Heard. A new species of the genus Spinianirella Menzies (Crustacea: Isopoda: Janiridae) from the western Atlantic . Kensley, B., & H. W. Kaufman. Cleantioides, a new idoteid isopod genus from Baja California and Panama Kensley, B., & M. L. Koening. Two new species of Quantanthura from Brasil (Crustacea, Isopoda, Anthuridae) ...................44. Kensley, B., & G. C. B. Poore. Anthurids from the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridae) Kensley, B., & J. Reid. Arabanthura enigmatica, a new genus and species of anthurid isopod from the Arabian Gulf Kensley, B., & M. Schotte. Redescription of Arcturella lineata (Stebbing) from South Africa (Crustacea: Isopoda: Arcturidae) Kensley, B., & M. Schotte. New records of isopod Crustacea from the Caribbean, the Florida Keys, and the Bahamas Kensley, B., & P. Snelgrove. Records of marine isopod crustaceans associated with the coral Madracis mirabilis from Barbados ....... Kensley, B., & W. Tobias. Redescription of Heterocarpus laevis A. Milne Edwards (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) .......... Keppner, E. J. Observations on three known free-living marine nematodes of the family Ironidae (Nematoda: Enoplida) and a description of Thalassironus lynnae n. sp. from northwest Florida Killip, E. P. New names for tropical American plants Killip, E. P. Plants recently discovered on Plummers Island as a result of low-water conditions Killip, E. P. Two new species of Pilea, from Mexico and Panama Killip, E. P., & S. F. Blake. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. II. Flowering plants and ferns Killip, E. P., & S. F. Blake. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. X. Flowering plants and ferns--Supplement 1 ........ Kimsey, L. S. The Cleptinae of the Western Hemisphere (Chrysididae: lyme nop tera) alps AW, nize) sitet Seacrest ee ets RN apn aos cole King, W. V. The New Guinea species of Culex (Culiciomyia), with descriptions of two new species Kingsolver, J. M. Eighteen new species of Bruchidae, principally from Costa Rica, with host records and distributional notes (Insecta: Woleoptena) nye Pewee eat ee een mene cl act ate tag ge oe 20 ana Kingsolver, J. M., & D. R. Whitehead. Biosystematics of Central American species of Ctenocolum, a new genus of seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Klappenbach, M. A. A new species of Eupera (Mollusca; Pelecypoda) fromaVELaitt | F Miacy yet atte cick Atanas in uenet ct acne J Wale a elie a a ca Klingener, D., & G. K. Creighton. On small bats of the genus Pteropus from the Philippines Knab, F. New species of Anisopidae (Rhyphidae) from tropical PAO rican Kai 1. Laue teh is: abel va ect. aedeagal Kanab) RavAt new) botetlytromireimdceniye" sees sare ieee en eee Knab} Fs SimulitdaciofiPena)fya syste seb cat solar s teas Knab, F. Supplementary notes on Peruvian Simuliidae Knab, F. Two new species of Pipunculus [Diptera; Pipunculidae] Knab, F. A new mosquito from the eastern United States Knab, F. On some North American species of Microdon. [Diptera: Syrphidac] yest eee eye Pie as Daten coal De A Knapp, L. W. Platycephalus beauforti, a new species of flathead (Pisces: Platycephalidae) from the western Pacific Knapp, L. W. Redescription, relationships and status of the Maryland darter, Etheostoma sellare (Radcliffe and Welsh), an endangered species ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee ele ele ell ele ll ee © © © © © © © © © ew we 8 8 ee 8 tle lel el ele le le le le 8 ll «= 0 © © © © © © © © © 8 2 2 * © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © © 8 ew 8 ee el el tle el ele tl tl tl ele el ee ee el 98:682-687 91:658-665 91:953-962 95:625-636 97:674-680 97:240-244 100:216-247 100:186-197 98:237-242 100:1023-1035 40:29 44:111-115 52:27-28 48:118-134 66:31-38 94:801-818 59:143-153 93:229-283 87:283-312 82:825-828 97:395-403 25:111-113 26:155-156 27:81-85 27:123-124 28:83-85 29:161-163 30:133-143 86:117-125 89:99-117 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2501 2392 2395 2394 2395 2396 257 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 Knapp, L. W., & T. Wongratana. Sorsogona mellanoptera, a new flathead fish from the northern Indian Ocean (Teleostei: Riatycephalidae) were: Wake 28 LES MNS ae BUG eat RRB, Knight, H. H. Descriptions of twelve new species of Miridae from the District of Columbia and vicinity (Hemiptera) ................ Knight, H. H. Key to the species of Clivinema with descriptions of Sevenimew species (Hemiptera; Minidae) iy) eee ees ots Knight, K. L. A new species of Aedes (Christophersiomyia) from the Bhilippinesi(DipteraCulicidae My aed PS Ok. . Knight, K. L., & L. E. Rozeboom. The Aedes (Stegomyia) albolineatus BrOUpi(DipterayCulicidae) Wrst. OLSEN MEO ERE ak Knowlton, F. H. Additions to the flora of Washington and vicinity, MOMeApril A etSS4tovAprils 1: L886m. diols Sas a Me eee on Knowlton, F. H. The fossil flora of the Bozeman coal field ........ Knowlton, F. H. Change of name of Ficus? hesperia from vicinity of ENS Hila MOTE SOM Shae U NN Ne END entails RE IC ee RFR IRE Ld Knowlton hb. (Changerofinaine:ieaa 2h Hi ee ee Knutson, L. Key to subfamilies of robber flies based on pupal cases, with a description of the pupal case of Doryclus distendens (Asilidae: IIE Za O CITE) OMe taka -c Smee Rts RDU REY yn! Cruel aaa nS, ales Knutson, L. V. Pupa of Neomochterus angustipennis (Hine), with notes on feeding habits of robber flies and a review of publications on morphology of immature stages (Diptera: Asilidae) Koelz, W. New birds from Asia, chiefly from India Koelzy Wathreeimew subspecies of birds: “inn! 2. 2s SY Owe K6no, H. A new species of Curculionidae, Phyllobius intrusus, injurious imche state, of Rhodemslandi(Coleoptera)) Wyse WS 8 Kornfield, I., & J. N. Taylor. A new species of polymorphic fish, Cichlasoma minckleyi, from Cuatro Ciénegas, Mexico (Teleostei: SiC aS) aA ERR US BRNO, LAIN BI Sh MR ll) Kornicker, L. S. Bathyal myodocopid Ostracoda from the northeastern Sligo Viexico. Axess. MOTE, MN COR AO UONR k Dae eek Kornicker, L. S. Bathyconchoecia deeveyae, a highly ornamented new species of Ostracoda (Halocyprididae) from the Peru-Chile Trench SV SLCLING Posy eco eee APR RNR AL che SL ARR cH MRS MRR OL Kornicker, L. S. Removal of gelatinous coating from the surface of the carapace of Ostracoda in preparation for their examination with the Scamming (eclectromamlicroscope! LAW es ciele clei lee totaal tee aireens Kornicker, L. S. Sarsiella maurae, a new species of marine Ostracoda (Sarsiellidae: Myodocopina) from Bahia de Los Angeles, Gulf of California; MexicoO RIG} SAO y AMOR O OL BO eh II re Ae Kornicker, L. S. Myodocopid Ostracoda of the Indian River complex, Bloridar as | GRHOMERG bac Maka ac aad aay Sada e oe ee Kornicker, L. S. The adult male of Harbansus bradmyersi Kornicker, 1978, and a key to subfamilies of the Philomedidae (Ostracoda: Myodocopina) Kornicker, L. S. Range extension and supplementary description of Bathyconchoecia deeveyae (Ostracoda: Halocyprididae) .......... Kornicker, L. S. Alternochelata lizardensis, a new species of myodocopine ostracode from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (Rutidermatidae)) cf La ee NG Ra PL PO Kornicker, L. S. Harbansus slatteryi, a new species of myodocopine ostracode from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (Philomedidae) Kornicker, L. S. Zeugophilomedes, a new genus of myodocopine ostracode (Philomedinae) Kornicker, L. S. Ostracoda from the west coast of Central America (Myodocopina: Cypridinacea) e © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ew ew ell elle el el elle el el el el el el el ell ee eee © © © © © © © we ew 8 ee 8 ee el ell el el elle ll ee © © © © © © © © © 8 ee eB ele le le ee ele elle 8 75 100:381-385 40:9-18 41:31-36 60:73-76 59:83-98 3:106-132 7:153-154 15:86 19:95 88:509-513 85:163-178 52:61-82 52:121-122 61:169-170 96:253-269 81:439-471 82:403-408 89:365-367 90:676-684 90:788-797 91:99-1007 94:1237-1243 95:793-806 96:181-188 96:478-480 97:127-134 76 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 Kornicker, L. S. Azygocypridina lowryi, a new species of myodocopid ostracode from bathyal depths in the Tasman Sea off New South Wales, Australia Kornicker, L. S. Thaumatoconcha porosa, a new species of abyssal ostracode from the Indian Ocean (Halocyprida: Thaumatocyprididae) Kornicker, L. S. Redescription of Sheina ori Harding, 1966, a myodocopid ostracode collected on fishes off Queensland, Australia Kornicker, L. S. Eusarsiella thominx, a new species of myodocopid Ostracoda from the continental shelf of southern California Kornicker, L. S. Supplementary description of Cypridina americana (Miller, 1890), a luminescent myodocopid ostracode from the east Pacific Kornicker, L. S. Ostracoda from the Skagerrak, North Sea (Myodocopina) Kornicker, L. S., & J. H. Baker. Vargula tsujii, a new species of luminescent Ostracoda from Lower and southern California (Myodocopa: Cypridininae) Kornicker, L. S., & M. Bowen. Sarsiell ozotothrix, a new species of marine ostracoda (Myodocopina) from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America Kornicker, L. S., & A. C. Cohen. Dantyinae, a new subfamily of Ostracoda (Myodocopina: Sarsiellidae) Kornicker, L. S., & A. C. Cohen. The relative position of the left and right lamellae of the furca in the order Myodocopida (Crustacea: Ostracoda) Kornicker, L. S., & T. M. Iliffe. Deeveyinae, a new subfamily of Ostrocoda (Halocyprididae) from a marine cave on the Turks and Caicos Islands Kornicker, L. S., & R. F. Maddocks. Cycloleberis christiei, a new species of marine Ostracoda (Suborder Myodocopina) from Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa Kornicker, L. S., & K. G. McKenzie. Redescription of Eurypylus petrosus Brady, 1869, and a key to the genera of Sarsiellidae (Myodocopina: Ostracoda) Kornicker, L. S., & R. J. Palmer. Deeveya bransoni, a new species of troglobitic halocyprid ostracode from anchialine caves on South Andros Island, Bahamas (Crustacea: Ostracoda) Kramer, J. P. Six new species of Chinaia from Central America (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Kramer, J. P. An elucidation of the neotropical genus Chinaia with a key to males and a new allied genus [Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Neocoelidiinae] Kramer, J. P. A remarkable new species of neotropical Agalliopsis and the previously unknown male of Agalliopsis inscripta Oman (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Agalliinae) Kramer, J. P. New Venezuelan leafhoppers of the subfamilies Xestocephalinae and Neocoelidiinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) ... Kramer, J. P. A synopsis of Biza and a new allied genus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae> Neocoelidiinae)x Wa hse seh eae Re eee See Kramer, J. P. New Liberian leafhoppers of the genus Recilia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) Kramer, J. P. New and little known Mexican and neotropical Deltocephalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Kramer, J. P. A review of the oriental leafhopper genus Sudra Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Hylicinae) Ce) eee © © © © © © ew ee ew 8 ew 8 8 eB ee ew ee ee eel ltl tll el el el ele elk le e 2 © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 ee elt lel tl lll ele le lel ell eee es © © © © © eB © ew ee 8 98:698-704 98:1012-1021 99:639-646 100:134-140 100:173-181 100:876-891 90:218-231 88:497-502 91:490-508 94:739-744 98:476-493 90:894-914 89:347-351 100:610-623 71:69-74 72:23-31 73:63-65 74:235-239 75:101-105 75:259-267 76:37-46 77:47-51 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 Kramer, J. P. New species of Deltocephalinae from the Americas (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Kramer, J. P. Taxonomic study of the American planthopper genus Cyrpoptus (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Fulgoridae) .............. Kramer, J. P., & R. Linnavuori. A new genus and two new species of leafhoppers from South America (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: INGOCOSIIGIIIAE) RT Sra pate eee eee seers cee te ke LN OAT RR Dik eee Kritsky, D. C., & M. Beverley-Burton. The status of Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958, and Cycloplectanum Oliver, IGSaVionogenecas Diplectanidae)) Seana cies sears soe Kritsky, D. C., W. A. Boeger, & V. E. Thatcher. Neotropical Monogenea. 7. Parasites of the Pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Cuvier), with descriptions of two new species and redescription of Dawestrema cycloancistrium Price and Nowlin, 1967 (Dactylogyridae: PATICYROCEPHAlimae) mers sei ees tustee aay = tse tated a ES Kritsky, D. C., W. A. Boeger, & V. E. Thatcher. Neotropical Monogenea. 9. Status of Trinigyrus Hanek, Molnar, and Fernando, 1974 (Dactylogyridae) with descriptions of two new species from loricariid catfishes from the Brazilian Amazon ................ Kritsky, D. C., & V. E. Thatcher. Neotropical Monogenea. *5. Five new species from the Aruana, Osteoglossum bicirrosum Vandelli, a freshwater teleost from Brazil, with the proposal of Gonocleithrum n. gen. (Dactylogyridae: Ancyrocephalinae) Kritsky, D. C., & V. E. Thatcher. Neotropical Monogenea. 6. Five new species of Diplectanum (Diplectanidae) from freshwater teleosts, Plagioscion spp. (Sciaenidae), in Brazil Kritsky, D. C., V. E. Thatcher, & W. A. Boeger. Neotropical Monogenea. 10. Omothecium, new genus (Dactylogyridae: Ancyrocephalinae) and two new species from the Piranambu, Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix), (Siluriformes), in Brazil ........... Krombein, K. V. Miscellaneous prey records of solitary wasps. III. Gilgmenopteray A cule ata. eras ace a ceie) ccd atiee oeroreen cliceney oyu) olan Oley oheaRlaNe Krombein, K. V. Natural History of Plummers Island, Maryland XII. A biological note on Trypoxylon richardsi Sandhouse ............ Krombein, K. V. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XIII. Descriptions of new wasps from Plummers Island, Maryland, (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Krombein, K. V. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XVI. Biological notes on Chaetodactylus krombeini Baker, a parasitic mite of the megachilid bee, Osmia (Osmia) lignaria Say (Acarina: Chaetodactylidae) Krombein, K. V. Notes on the Entomognathus of eastern United States (iyimenopteraySphecidae ia. a ian ce Rees ete. Krombein, K. V. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XVII. Annotated list of the wasps (Hymenoptera: Bethyloidea, Scolioidea, Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, Sphecoidea) Krombein, K. V. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XVIII. The hibiscus wasp, an abundant rarity, and its associates GiiymenopterasSsphecidacyi sen: ceouieetecsnets montana ae ra ena as Krombein, K. V. A new wasp from Trinidad, predaceous on Curculionidae and Bruchidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Krombein, K. V. Notes on North American Stigmus Panzer @AymenopteraSphecwidea) ie.) mers ema tenes, ciel te Krombein, K. V., & F. E. Kurczewski. Biological notes on three Floridian wasps (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) Kropp, R. K. Tanaocheles stenochilus, a new genus and species of crab from Guam, Mariana Islands (Brachyura: Xanthidae) ........... ° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 ee lee ee ee el e 6 e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 eB © ew ee ltl lel el ele hel ele le ll e@ © © © © © © © © © © 6 8 8 8 ee ee ee eee ec e « es ece ee es © © oe eB we ee Be ew 77 78:17-31 91:303-335 72:55-58 99:17-20 98:321-331 99:392-398 96:581-597 97:432-441 100:8-12 71:21-26 72:101-102 75:1-17 75:237-249 76:247-254 76:255-280 77:73-112 84:435-437 86:211-229 76:139-152 97:744-747 78 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 Kropp, R. K. A neotype designation for Petrolisthes tomentosus (Dana), and description of Petrolisthes heterochrous, new species, from the Mariana Islands (Anomura: Porcellanidae) Kropp, R. K., & R. B. Manning. Cryptochiridae, the correct name for the family containing the gall crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) Kruczynski, W. L., & R. J. Menzies. Taxonomic status of Synsynella Hay and Bopyro Pearse (Isopoda: Bopyridae) ................. Kruczynski, W. L., & G. J. Myers. Occurrence of Apanthura magnifica Menzies and Frankenberg, 1966 (Isopoda: Anthuridae) from the west coast of Florida, with a key to the species of Apanthura Stebbing,; 1900; waves) heeste erties yet slate Seep doer Pe ao Kudenov, J. D. Redescription of the major spines of Polydora ligni Webster (Polychaeta: Spionidae) Kudenoy, J. D. Streptospinigera heteroseta, a new genus and species of Eusyllinae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from the western shelf of Florida . Kudenov, J. D. Four new species of Scalibregmatidae (Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Mexico, with comments on the familial placement of Mucibregma Fauchald and Hancock, 1981 Kudenoy, J. D. Four species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) including one new genus and three new species from Alaska Kudenov, J. D. Five new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Mexico Kudenov, J. D., & J. H. Dorsey. Astreptosyllis acrassiseta, a new genus and species of the subfamily Eusyllinae (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from AUistraliaw) cs cb in « eee + oe MOE Me ee oe sea Kurczewski, F. E., & N. F. R. Snyder. Observations on the nesting of Pompilus (Ammosphex) michiganensis (Dreisbach) (Hymenoptera; Pompilidae) i... 0 SRR OU eet Ae cee, othe a. Comey e ie Kyte, M. A. Ophiacantha clypeata n. sp. from the Bering Sea, with a redescription of Ophiacantha rhachophora Clark (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) nicer. averve eb el s eG. Pare hated os eae Kyte, M. A. Ophiacantha abyssa, new species, and Ophiophthalmus displasia (Clark), a suggested new combination in the ophiuroid family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from off Oregon, U.S.A. Kyte, M. A. Stegophiura ponderosa (Lyman), new combination, and Amphiophiura vemae and Homophiura nexila, new species (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the R/V Vema collections Kyte, M. A. Erratum [100:249-256] Lachner, E. A., & J. F. McKinney. A new fish species of the genus Vanderhorstia (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Amirante Islands, Indian Ocean Lachner, E. A., & W. R. Taylor. A new cardinal fish of the genus Archamia from northern Australia Lange, K. I. Taxonomy and nomenclature of some pocket gophers from ‘southeastern;Arizonay - eeiiee in eee esses 4. ete Lapota, D. Bioluminescence in the marine ostracod Cypridina americana (Miller, 1890) off Manzanillo, Mexico (Myodocopa: Cypridininae) Latorre, A. C. A new South American bat Laubier, L., & J. Ramos. A new genus of Poecilochaetidae (polychaetous annelids) in the Mediterranean: Elicodasia mirabilis Laubier, L., & J. Ramos. A new genus of Poecilochaetidae Asychis elongata (Annelida: Polychaeta) in San Francisco Bay, with COMIMENES Oy UtSKSVNODYMIY ph AVAL eee ley ace goatee ren eal peat eo 2 2© © © © © © © © 8 © ew 8 ee 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 © ew ee ee eee ee le ele lel ltl tlw el ee tll wl ee © © © © © © © © ew ee 8 te ew ele lel el eel ell 2° © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 we ele lll el elle tll ltl ell ele lel ele le 8 e 2 © © © © © © © we ee ew et ee ee ele lll © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © 8 8 8 8 ew 8 8 ele ltl lle 8 ee ele lel 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 ew ew 8 ew 8 8 ee 8 le le ele 8 ee 8 eel 99:452-463 98:954-955 89:551-557 89:353-360 95:571-574 96:84-88 98:332-340 100:917-926 100:927-935 95:575-578 77:215-222 90:55-59 95:505-508 100:249-256 100:680 93:963-970 73:29-34 72:127-132 96:307-308 20:57-58 86:69-77 87:175-184 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 Laubier, L., & J. Ramos. A new species of Pseudopolydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Solomon Islands Lawler, A. R., & W. J. Hargis, Jr. Monogenetic trematodes from the southern Pacific Ocean. Part V. Monopisthocotyleids from Australian fishes, the subfamily Trochopodinae Lawrey, J. T., & M. E. Hale, Jr. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XXIII. Studies on lichen growth rate at Plummers Island, IMIR EAE TIVO svelte 5 crate tsar inde yh cap MPL Aare lil ide aia a Seal Lawson, T. J. The validity of Candacia tuberculata Wolfenden and comparison with C. bradyi Scott (Copepoda, Calanoida) Lazo-Wasem, E. A. Idunella smithi, a new species of marine amphipod (Gammaridea: Liljeborgiidae) from the east coast of the United States Lazo-Wasem, E. A., & M. F. Gable. A review of recently discovered type specimens of Bermuda Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) described by B. W. Kunkel (1882-1969) Lee, M. R., & S. D. Durrant. A new long-tailed vole (Microtus lonsicauaus (NMeriam)) trom Utaly 3.5.6. aoe lk eee ee Lee, M. R., & S. D. Durrant. A new jumping mouse (Zapus princeps Allen) from Utah Lee, M. R., & D. F. Hoffmeister. Status of certain fox squirrels in Mexico and Arizona Lee, W. L. Guitarra abbotti and G. isabellae, new sponges from the CANtCUMM ACI CE ee erent cre darn ca cre age ata dre tee tae easter. Leiberg, J. B. Delphinium viridescens and Sambucus leiosperma, two new plants from the northwest coast Lellinger, D. B. Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on the pteridophytes of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, I .......... Lellinger, D. B. Nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on the pteridophytes of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, II Leonard, E. C. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. III. Mosses Leonard, E. C. A new species of Spathacanthus from Guatemala . Leonard, E. C. Two new tropical American species of Acanthaceae . Leonard, E. C. A new species of Dicliptera from Mexico Leonard, E. C. Three new Acanthaceae from Panama ............ Leonard, E. C., & E. P. Killip. Natural history of Plummers Island, eiciny tariclse VINER Che ris ero ets LON Sa heiels See ue vee ew lai elated Leonard, E. C., & M. E. Pierce. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. VII. Hepaticae Leonard, M. D. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XIX. Annotated list of the aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Lewis, J. E. Reversal of asymmetry of chelae in Calappa Weber, 1795 (Decapoda: Oxystomata) Lewis, J. J. A comparison of Pseudobaicalasellus and Caecidotea, with a description of Caecidotea bowmani, n. sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Lewis, J. J. Caecidotea salemensis and C. fustis, new subterranean Asellids from the Salem Plateau (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Lewis, J. J. A diagnosis of the Hobbsi group, with descriptions of Caecidotea teresae, n. sp., and C. macropropoda Chase and Blair (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Lewis, J. J. The assignment of the Texas troglobitic water slater Caecidotea pilus to the genus Lirceolus, with an emended diagnosis of the genus (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Lewis, J. J. Caecidotea fonticulus, the first troglobtic asellid from the Ouachita Mountains (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) ee + © © © ew © we ee 8 CT tr ey eee @ © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee ee ew ew eel ele lel el el ell ele el © se © © © © © © © © © © © 6 ee ee 8 el ll eee 6 6 © © © 6 eo 6 © © © © © © 2 oeececsee see se © © we es we we ee te twee el ee ele ll ee ee + © ee oe ee ee ee oe ee eo eo © se ew ow 79 87:389-394 81:367-402 90:698-725 86:483-493 98:705-710 100:321-336 73:167-170 73:171-174 76:181-189 100:465-479 11:39-41 89:703-732 98:366-390 48:135-137 50:15-16 52:17-18 52:163-164 56:53-56 52:23-26 §2:21-22 79:117-126 82:63-79 93:314-326 94:579-590 95:338-346 96:145-148 96:149-153 80 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 255 2516 yest) 2518 2519 2520 PESVA) D522 2525 Lewis, J. J.. & T. E. Bowman. Caecidotea carolinensis, n. sp., the first subterranean water slater from North Carolina (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) Lewis, J. J., & J. R. Holsinger. Caecidotea phreatica, a new phreatobitic isopod crustacean (Asellidae) from southeastern Vinpiniay > . hyo tht mucus Nt Set cinerea Masietoy SA cia awe Pe aie ae ous Lewis, R. E. A new species of Coptopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1908, from northern Saudi Arabia with comments and a key to the genus (Siphonapteray, Coptopsyllidae) civ) i..20 alr ae th caer Lewis, R. E. A new species of Rhadinopsylla from the Republic of Lebanon (Siphonaptera; Hystrichopsyllidae) .................. Lew Ton, H. M., & G. C. B. Poore. Neastacilla falclandica (Ohlin), type species of the genus, and N. tattersalli, new species (Crustacea: Isopoda: Arcturidae) Lidicker, W. Z., Jr. A new subspecies of the cliff chipmunk from central Chihuahuas ace ieutd phat 5 tatty deen peaciemens ates Gees eed etree Lidicker, W. Z., Jr., & W. I. Follett. Isoodon Desmarest, 1817, rather than Thylacis Iliger, 1811, as the valid generic name of the short- nosed bandicoots (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) ................. Light, W. J. Occurrence of the Atlantic maldanid Asychis elongata (Annelida, Polychaeta) in San Francisco Bay, with comments on its synonymy Light, W. J. A new species of Pseudopolydora (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the Solomon Islands Light, W. J. Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from San Francisco Bay, California: a revised list with nomenclatural changes, new records, and comments on related species from the northeastern Pacific OCCA 6 at ier sjcevaiarta fered) atten lanccieeh cnt EE) gc es, DE apa tee a ae Light, W. J. Reexamination of the species referred to the genus Flabelliderma Hartman (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae and A CROCIDTIGAG)) jp tot cian htt Hyatt hac ekena) See ed oboe ech hb singautcntaes ae Lincoln, F. C. Description of a new bob-white from Colorado Lincoln, F. C. A review of the genus Pedioecetes in Colorado Lincoln, F. C. Some notes on the plumage of the male Florida red- WVU (ARE] AIUS DV flOMA AILS) ste canals nays tiie tenleediro cni kat cvoiiahey hel Ao. sways Bincoln. FCs A note ion’ the domestic pigeons cit... yeuch- sy-oyedoucy tal ee Lincoln, F. C. A note on the food habits of the sharp-tailed grouse (Pedioecetes P. campestris) Lincoln, F. C. Loons and horned grebes in pound nets Lincoln, F. C. Some notes on the birds of the Washington, D. C. REGIONY «3.5: MH: Ben Ae ebay 5 lak ere Bash anes Vale eee comet sie Lincoln F.C. weitting power of the anallamivashee biathletes stale oe Lincoln, F. C. Prothonotary warbler breeding in the Washington REGIONE: 2.95 atin, he dette, subha sar ma ek Etec Uae seamen iva ae Lincoln, F. C. Forster’s tern in the District of Columbia List, G. M. Three new genera and three new species of Cimicidae from North America ; Little, E. L., Jr. A note on Rafinesque’s florula Columbica Lo, T. C. Elsinoé stage of Sphaceloma sacchan Loden, M.S. A revision of the genus Psammoryctides (Oligochaeta: Pubificidde) AmgNertheAmentcag yi se sue hia ee eae a are cac aimee Loden, M. S. A new North American species of fresh-water Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) Loden, M. S., & S. M. Locy. Barbidrilus paucisetus, new genus, new species (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae), from eastern North America Loeblich, A. R., Jr., & H. Tappan. Saedeleeria, new genus of the family Allogromiidae (Foraminifera) ee > © © © © eo oe eee © © © © © ew we ee ee ete eee ee ee el 90:968-974 98:1004-1011 77:199-214 80:179-186 99:191-195 73:267-273 81:251-256 87:175-183 87:389-393 90:66-88 91:681-690 28:103 30:83-86 32:196-197 35:227 36:200 38:88 39:141 39:142 41:172 41:209-210 38:103-110 56:57-65 77:1-3 91:74-84 92:601-605 93:1173-1176 73:195-196 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 25311 2IS2 2533 2534 2539 2536 2597 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 Loeblich, A. R., Jr., & H. Tappan. Remarks on the systematics of the Sarkodina (Protozoa), renamed homonyms and new and validated Utes ten - Ans En ety att A es ee Oe Loeblich, A. R., Jr., & H. Tappan. The status of Hagenowella Cushman, 1933 and a new genus Hagenowina ................. Loeblich, A. R., Jr., & H. Tappan. Six new generic names in the Mycetozoida (Trichiidae) and Foraminiferida (Fischerinidae, Buliminidae, Caucasinidae, and Pleurostomellidae), and a redescription of Loxostomum (Loxostomidae, new family) Loeblich, A. R., Jr., & H. Tappan. Type fixation and validation of certain calcareous nannoplankton genera ................005. Loeblich, A. R., Jr.. & H. Tappan. Thysanoprobolus, a new acritarch genus from the Early Devonian (Late Gedinnian) Haragan Formation of Oklahoma, U.S.A. Loeblich, A. R., III. Type designations for Dicladia (Ebriaceae), Periptera (Bacillariophyceae), Gymnocella, Phaeodactylis and HnacoOspiae as (Wadi Olaria) | i. ciscyere oc) ales aye ain. oo Ae wte de eal s ae Loeblich, A. R., III. A new marine dinoflagellate genus, Cachonina, in axenic culture from the Salton Sea, California with remarks on the genus Peridinium Loeblich, A. R., III, & K. E. Fine. Marine chloromonads: more widely distributed in neritic environments than previously thought Loeblich, A. R., III, & L. A. Loeblich. Nomenclature and taxonomic position of Pseudosporidae, Vampyrellidae and Acinetactidae Loeblich A. R., III, J. L. Sherley, & R. J. Schmidt. Redescription of the thecal tabulation of Scrippsiella gregaria (Lombard and Capon) comb. nov. (Pyrrhophyta) with light and scanning electron microscopy Long, C. A. Taxonomic status of the snowshoe rabbit, Lepus americanus seclusus Baker and Hankins Long, C. A. A new subspecies of chipmunk from the Door Peninsula, Wisconsin (Mammalia: Rodentia) Longley, G., & P. J. Spangler. The larva of a new subterranean water beetle, Haideoporus texanus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae) Loomis, H. F. Two unusual Central American spirostreptid milliped species Loomis, H. F. Three new polydesmoid millipeds from Central America Loomis, H. F. Two new families and other North American Diplopoda of the suborder Chordeumidea Loomis, H. F. New North American spiroboloid millipeds of the families Atopetholidae and Messicobolidae Loomis, H. F. Rectified type locality for two millipeds formerly CRE MILE AHtO SPAM AIA yi: a slcd 1c5. cova PRA ARRa Toke ee tae ED. « Loomis, H. F., & R. L. Hoffman. Synonymy of various diplopods Loomis, H. F., & R. L. Hoffman. A remarkable new family of spined polydesmoid Diplopoda, including a species lacking gonopods in the male sex Louton, J. A. A new species of Ophiogomphus (Insecta: Odonata: Gomphidae) from the Western Highland Rim in Tennessee ...... Loveridge, A. A new Anadia from Colombia with remarks on other members of the genus Loveridge, A. New frogs of the genera Arthroleptis and Hyperolius from Lan pany erritO ny jis, ofc coins 12 asap sdeeepeyee a eeuepaii kM apdesalions oils % Loveridge, A. New opisthoglyphous snakes of the genera Crotaphopeltis and Trimerorhinus from Angola and Kenya Colony .. Loveridge, A. New races of a skink (Siaphos) and frog (Xenopus) from the Uganda Protectorate ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 ew ew ew 8 8 8 lt lt le le lel 8 le le ele lel ee © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 le 8 el lel el elle ele lll el el ele lel el ell ell ee © © © © © © © © 8 ee © 8 8 8 ew el eo 8 © © © © © © © © © © ee ee 8 8 ee 8 le el ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 81 74:213-234 74:241-243 75:107-113 76:191-196 83:261-266 78:189-191 81:91-96 90:388-399 78:115-119 92:45-50 78:125-126 84:201-202 90:532-535 75:47-51 77:183-188 79:221-230 81:499-510 84:175-176 61:51-54 75:145-158 95:198-202 42:99-102 45:61-63 45:83-85 45:113-115 82 2549 2550 2551 2952 2593 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2M 2572 2573 2574 AE) 2576 2ST 2578 2579 Loveridge, A. A new worm snake of the genus Leptotyphlops from Guerrero, Mexico Loveridge, A. New geckos of the genus Lygodactylus from Somaliland, Sudan, Kenya, and Tanganyika Loveridge, A. New geckos of the genus Hemidactylus from Zanzibar and Manda Islands Loveridge, A. New tree snakes of the genera Thrasops and Dendraspis from Kenya Colony 00. 2a Dee ES SAIS see Loveridge, A. New snakes of the genera Calamaria, Bungarus and Trimeresurus from Mount Kinabalu, North Borneo Loveridge, A. A new freshwater snake (Chersydrus granulatus luzonensis) from'the* Philippines siya s 5 eens fede eee Bla ae Loveridge, A. A new frog (Hyperolius power) from Natal, South Africa Loveridge, A. A new skink (Leiolepisma hawaiiensis) from Honolulu Loveridge, A. New geckos (Phelsuma & Lygodactylus), snake (Leptotyphlops), and frog (Phrynobatrachus) from Pemba Island, East Africa Loveridge, A. An undescribed skink (Lygosoma) from New Caledonia Loveridge, A. Bogertia lutzae--a new genus and species of gecko from Bahia, Brazil) Ol oe shies BaP ye ER il ek eae, SR he Loveridge, A. Remarks on the gekkonid genera Homopholis and Platypholis with description of a mew race .............22..00- Loveridge, A. A new teiid lizard of the genus Ecpleopus from Brazil Loveridge, A. A new elapid snake of the genus Maticora from Sarawak, Boreas eee are scala Oe eae Sete Pe, See cy oe ee Loveridge, A. New scincid lizards of the genera Tropidophorus and Lygosoma from New Guinea Loveridge, A. New tree-frogs of the genera Hyla and Nyctimystes from New Guinea Loveridge, A. A new blind snake (Typhlops tovelli) from Darwin, PUES Mer a me re NEA Ee OES PT ne: Rem ge ah, oe red Mit as oF A Loveridge, A. A new worm-lizard (Ancylocranium barken) from Tanganyika vlenritony 21k: ea eV see 8 Loveridge, A. A new agamid lizard (Agama kirkii fitzsimonsi) from Southern Rhodesia Loveridge, A. New frogs of the genera Cyclorana and Hyla from southeastermeAustraltany >. Mei. ARO. Bee Oh be eee Loveridge, A. A new gecko of the genus Gymnodactylus from Serpent Island Lowe, C. H., Jr. A new salamander (genus Ambystoma) from Arizona Lowe, C. H., Jr., & W. H. Woodin, III. A new racer (genus Masticophis) from Arizona and Sonora, Mexico Lucas, F. A. On Carcharodon mortoni Gibbes Lydekker, R. The use of Epimys in a generic sense Lynch, J. D. Two new Eleutherodactylus from western Mexico (Amphibia; Leptodactylidae) Lynch, J. D. A new eleutherodactyline frog from Amazonian Ecuador Lynch, J. D. A new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador .......... Lynch, J. D. A new high Andean slope species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from Colombia and Ecuador ....... Lynch, J. D. A new species of Eleutherodactylus from northern Ecuador (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) Lynch, J. D. Two new species of earless frogs allied to Eleutherodactylus surdus (Leptodactylidae) from the Pacific slopes of the Ecuadorian:Andes 8) S20 RO eae Be Ry PE ae Ce , eee © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 lel Bele elle ll Ce ey ee 2 © © © © © © ee ee 8 eo 6 © © © © © © ew we ee e © © © © © © © © e © 8 8 8 8 8B ee 8 el 45:151-152 48:195-200 49:59-61 49:63-65 51:43-45 51:209 51:213-214 52:1-2 54:175-178 54:193-194 54:195-196 57:1-3 57:97-98 57:105-106 58:47-51 58:53-58 58:111 59:73-75 63:127-129 63:131-135 64:91-92 67:243-245 67:247-250 7:151-152 23:124 80:211-217 83:221-225 7:381-387 88:351-354 92:498-504 93:327-338 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597: 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 Lynch, J. D., & M. S. Hoogmoed. Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from northeastern South America Lynch, J. D., & R. W. McDiarmid. Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Bolivia Lynch, J. D., & P. M. Ruiz-Carranza. A new genus and species of poison-dart frog (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) from the Andes of northern Colombia Lyon, M. W., Jr. Description of a new phyllostome bat from the isthmus of Panama Lyon, M. W., Jr. Description of a new bat from Colombia ......... Lyon, M. W., Jr. Lophostoma venezuelae changed to Tonatia venezuelae Lyon, M. W., Jr. The pigmy squirrels of the Nannosciurus melanotis group Lyon, M. W., Jr. ee ee © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee ee el el el lel ell tll el el el ell lll eo 8 e© © © © © © © © © © 8B © ee ee ew ee el elle lel ele ee ee el Type of the genus Pronolagus Lyon, M. W., Jr. Type of the genus Atherurus, brush-tailed porcupines Lyon, M. W., Jr. A new flying squirrel from the island of Terutau, west coast of Malay Peninsula Lyon, M. W., Jr. The authority for the name Nycticebus menagensis Lyon, M. W., Jr. Sciurus poliopus Lyon changed to Sciurus conipus . Lyon, M. W., Jr. Descriptions of four new treeshrews Lyon, M. W., Jr. Tadarida Rafinesque versus Nyctinomus Geoffroy Lyon, M. W., Jr. Lichtenstein’s plural distributive generic names Bubalides, Connochaetes and Gazellae Lyon, M. W., Jr. Eureodon as the generic name of the warthogs Lyon, M. W., Jr. Macaca versus Pithecus as the generic name of the macaques Lyon, M. W., Jr. Two new mammals from Sumatra Lyons, W. G. Status of the genus Oceanida DeFolin (Gastropoda: Eulimidae), with a description of a new species MacFarland, F. M. A preliminary account of the Dorididae of Monterey bay Califonmarduc: 2 Ake, Hae AUER k San ae Machado-Allison, C. E. The systematic position of the bats Desmodus and Chilonycteris, based on host-parasite relationships (Mammalia; Chiroptera) Maciolek, N. J. A new genus and species of Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the north and south Atlantic Maciolek, N. J. Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Galapagos Rift geothermal vents Mackenzie Keke “A newr@arexairom-Alberta, 22.2046. 2 ans eee Malloch, J. R. Some undescribed North American Sapromyzidae .... Malloch, J. R. Synopsis of the genus Probezzia, with description of a new species (Diptera) Malloch, J. R. Four new North American Diptera ............... Malloch, J. R. The generic status of Chrysanthrax osten Sacken. [Bombyliidae, Diptera] Malloch, J. R. Occurrence of a European solitary bee (Andrena wilkella Kirby) in the eastern United States Malloch, J. R. Notes and descriptions of some anthomyiid genera Malloch, J. R. One new genus and two new species of Anthomyiidae from the vicinity of Washington, D. C. (Diptera) Malloch, J. R. Two new North American Anthomyiidae (Diptera) ... Malloch, J. R. Some new eastern Anthomyiidae (Diptera) ......... Malloch, J. R. Seven new species of the syrphid genus Sphegina Meigen (Diptera) Malloch, J. R. The American species of the genus Gnphoneura Schiner (Diptera, Sapromyzidae) ee © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ee tle 8 el ell el ell le lw e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 el ell elle ele ele ele ll ee «© © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee ee elle lel el elle 8 ee eel eo ee © © © © © © © ee ee 8 e © e © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © ee ew et le le 8 ell ell ell el ll © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee ee ee tt ew el el ele ele elk ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee ee le ltl tll ell elle ele lel ll fe eh) mpeehsine! efile) ie © (ate) = ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ee ee el ell ele ele ele le le le lel 83 90:424-439 100:337-346 95:557-562 15:83-84 I5nIST-152 15:248 19:51-56 19:95 19:199 20:17-18 22:89 24:98 24:167-170 27:217-218 27:228-229 28:141 28:179 29:209-211 91:539-545 18:35-54 80:223-226 94:228-239 94:826-837 25:5 1-52 27:29-41 27:137-139 28:45-48 29:63-70 31:61-63 31:65-68 32:1-4 32:133-134 32:207-210 35:141-144 38:75-77 84 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 Malloch, J. R., & W. L. McAtee. Flies of the family Drosophilidae of the District of Columbia region, with keys to genera, and other notes, of broader application Manning, R. B. A new Lysiosquilla (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) from the Gulf of California, with a redescription of L. decemspinosa Rathbun Manning, R. B. Seven new species of stomatopod crustaceans from the northwestern Atlantic Manning, R. B. Nannosquilla anomala, a new stomatopod crustacean from California Manning, R. B. Three new stomatopod crustaceans from the Indo- Malayan area Manning, R. B. Notes on the Gonodactylus section of the family Gonodactylidae (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), with descriptions of four new genera and a new species Manning, R. B. The postlarvae and juvenile stages of two species of Pseudosquillopsis (Crustacea, Stomatopoda) from the eastern Pacific region Manning, R. B. Automation in museum collections Manning, R. B. Notes on the west American nephropidean lobster, Nephropsissoccidentalis maxon. 2) eis Pek 2 tee Sawer aes geen Manning, R. B. Nine new American stomatopod crustaceans ....... Manning, R. B. Two new species of Gonodactylus (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), from Eniwetok Atoll, Pacific Ocean Manning, R. B. Lysiosquilla panamica, a new stomatopod crustacean from the eastern Pacific region Manning, R. B. The postlarva of the stomatopod crustacean Heterosquilla polydactyla (Von Martens) .............+-e2000- Manning, R. B. Three new stomatopod crustaceans of the family Lysiosquillidae from the eastern Pacific region ................ Manning, R. B. Notes on some stomatopod crustaceans from Peru Manning, R. B. Eurysquilla pacifica, a new stomatopod crustacean from INGWABGLTAIM, oe MOM, BRR ET NONE PRAY SUE ea a alae Manning, R. B. Two new species of the Indo-west Pacific genus Chorisquilla (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), with notes on C. excavata (Miers) Manning, R. B. A redescription of Clorida mauiana (Bigelow), a stomatopod crustacean new to the American fauna Manning, R. B. Notes on some eastern Pacific stomatopod Crustacea, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species of Lysiosquillidag 2" 0) YW ag POG E RE, Ue Ree ae EAL neha i) Sea Manning, R. B. Preliminary accounts of five new genera of stomatopod crustaceans Manning, R. B. A new genus of stomatopod crustacean from the Indo- West Pacific region Manning, R. B. Additional records for two eastern Atlantic Stomatopod! Crustaceans 6. M4...) sevens cateriotahelaighule eles See renee Manning, R. B. Nannosquilla vasquezi, a new stomatopod crustacean fromthe Atlantic coastiof Panama soem ene. eile ena Manning, R. B. Notes on two species of stomatopod Crustacea from Phuket Island’ Thailand! yey) Ss See Ba a eee Baa Manning, R. B. The superfamilies, families, and genera of recent stomatopod Crustacea, with diagnoses of six new families ........ Manning, R. B. Oratosquilla megalops, a new stomatopod crustacean from Taiwan “) Sse erie SEG Rei ae eo a eet ae Manning, R. B. Crenatosquilla, a new genus of stomatopod crustacean from the*€astiPacikies Sissi.) Wace ee SNe Be Set ete aE baa NEr Spe Manning, R. B. A small trap for collecting crustaceans in shallow water ee © © © © © @ © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 ee 8 8 el el el el el ele ele lel ll Ce i er) ee © © © © © © © © ew © 8 ew ee el lel ell ele lll ll e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew eB ew ee 8 ee 8 eel ele lel el ele le 8 ew ee 8 8 8 le ee © © © © we ee ee - © © © © © © © oe e 8 © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew eB 8 8 ew 8 8 ew 8 8 eel lel elt le le lel ele ee 8 le le 37:25-41 74:29-35 75:215-222 80:147-150 81:241-250 82:143-166 82:525-537 82:671-686 82:865-869 83:99-114 84:73-80 84:225-230 84:265-269 85:271-278 85:297-307 88:249-252 88:253-261 89:215-219 89:221-231 90:420-423 91:1-4 91:450-452 92:380-383 92:394-398 93:362-372 93:523-524 97:191-193 99:266-268 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 Manning, R. B. Notes on western Atlantic Callianassidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) Manning, R. B., & D. K. Camp. A review of the Platysquilla complex (Crustacea, Stomatopoda, Nannosquillidae), with the designation of two new genera Manning, R. B., & D. K. Camp. Fennerosquilla, a new genus of stomatopod crustacean from the northwestern Atlantic .......... Manning, R. B., & D. L. Felder. The status of the callianassid genus Callichirus Stimpson, 1866 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) Manning, R. B., & C. W. Hart, Jr. Gonodactylus lightbourni, a new stomatopod crustacean from Bermuda Manning, R. B., & C. W. Hart, Jr. The status of the hippolytid shrimp genera Barbouria and Ligur (Crustacea: Decapoda): a reevaluation Manning, R. B., & R. W. Heard. Additional records for Callianassa rathbunae Schmitt, 1935, from Florida and the Bahamas (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae) Manning, R. B., & L. B. Holthuis. Geryon fenneri, a new deep-water crab from Florida (Crustacea: Decapoda: Geryonidie) Manning, R. B., & L. B. Holthuis. Preliminary descriptions of four new species of dorippid crabs from the Indo-West Pacific region (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) Manning, R. B., & L. B. Holthuis. Notes on Geryon from Bermuda, with the description of Geryon inghami, new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Geryonidae) Manning, R. B., & C. Lewinsohn. Rissoides, a new genus of stomatopod crustacean from the east Atlantic and South Africa Manning, R. B., & A. Michel. Harpiosquilla intermedia, a new stomatopod Crustacean from New Caledonia Manning, R. B., & B. Morton. Pinnotherids (Crustacea: Decapoda) and leptonaceans (Mollusca: Bivalvia) associated with sipunculan MGIMS AT HOMES MOM. sree hOMN NO IMAM, nie, Shee. HAWN T MRC Es «8 Manning, R. B., & M. L. Reaka. Three new stomatopod Crustaceans from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Manning, R. B., & M. L. Reaka. Gonodactylus siamensis, a new stomatopod crustacean from Thailand Manning, R. B., & M. L. Reaka. Gonodactylus insularis, a new stomatopod crustacean from Enewetak Atoll, Pacific Ocean Manning, R. B., & P. Struhsaker. Occurrence of the Caribbean stomatopod, Bathysquilla microps, off Hawaii, with additional records for B. microps and B. crassispinosa Marelli, D. C. New records for Caprellidae in California, and notes on a morphological variant of Caprella verrucosa Boeck, 1871 Maris, R. C. Larvae of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) from offshore waters of Virginia, U.S.A. Markham, J. C. The status and systematic position of the species of the bopyrid isopod genus Phyllodurus Stimpson, 1857 Markham, J.C. A new genus and species of bopyrid isopod parasitic on the western Atlantic porcellanid Pachycheles ackleianus A. Milne Edwards Markham, J. C. A new genus and species of bopyrid isopod infesting the crangonid shrimp Pontophilus abyssi Smith in deep water of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean Markham, J. C., & J. J. McDermott. A tabulation of the Crustacea Decapoda: of Bermuda... 295 eee tena dates de ec taecc aS ct Markle, D. F., J. T. Williams, & J. E. Olney. Description of a new species of Echiodon (Teleostei: Carapidae) from Antarctic and adjacent seas ee © © © © © © © © ew ew 8 8 ew ee 8 lel ll e@ 0@ © © © © © © © © © © © e © © © © 8 8 8 8 ew 8 2 © © © © © © © © 8 eee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 © ew 8 8 ee eee tlt tl lee 8 8 8 eel 85 100:386-401 94:591-597 96:317-322 99:437-443 94:708-712 97:655-665 99:347-349 97:666-673 99:363-365 99:366-373 95:352-353 86:113-115 100:543-551 92:634-639 94:479-482 95:347-351 89:439-449 94:654-662 99:602-603 90:813-818 91:483-489 92:769-772 93:1266-1276 96:645-657 86 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 Marshall, H. G. Phytoplankton composition in the southeastern Pacific between Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands (Archipiélago de Col6n)\w\. join direyer ghee etek) edale tee niteey oI setts pity Oe ee, Marshall, H. G. Marine algae from San Salvador Island, Bahamas ... Marshall, H. G. Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern coast of the USA IV. Shelf waters between Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and\Gape:Canaveral.\Floridals 4 .-stteps tenn) ice teens seo Martin, J. W., & L. G. Abele. Naushonia panamensis, new species (Decapoda: Thalassinidae: Laomediidae) from the Pacific coast of Panama, with notestontheigentsis ams sierra ie er eee Martin, J. W., & D. L. Felder. Rediscovery and redescription of Cirolana obtruncata Richardson, 1901 (Peracarida: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) from the east coast of Mexico Mather, F. J., UI. Seriola carpenteri, a new species of amberjack (Pisces: Carangidae) from tropical western Africa Mathis, W. N. Key to the neotropical genera of Parydrinae with a revision of the genus Eleleides Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae) Mathis, W. N. A revision of the genus Rhysophora Cresson with a key tomelatedsoeneran( Diptera phydridae)yeewaeee ere eee Mathis, W. N. A revision of the nearctic species of Limnellia Malloch (Diptera: Ephydridae) Mathis, W. N. A revision of the shore fly genus Homalometopus Becker (Diptera: Ephydridae) Matta, J. F., & G. W. Wolfe. New species of nearctic Hydroporus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Maxon, W. R. Polypodium hesperium, a new fern from western North = 2 © © © © © © © 8 8 8 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 ew elle ell wlll lll le 8 e © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 et ele ell el el el el ell 2° © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 8 ee ee et el el el el el ell ele lll Maxon, W. R. The hooded warbler breeding near Washington, D. C. Maxon, W. R. A new cloak-fern from Mexico .................- Maxon, W. R. A new fern from Porto Rico ...................- Maxon, W. R. A new name for a Middle American fern .......... Maxon, W. R. A new Lycopodium from Guatemala .............. Maxon, W. R. A new name for Kaulfussia Blume, a genus of MarattiaceOus LernsmMeay. Avene Po a ee ee ce Maxon, W. R. A new Botrychium from Alabama ................ Maxon, W. R. Notes on western species of Pellaea Maxon, W. R. The lip-ferns of the southwestern United States related to Cheilanthes myniophylla Maxon, W. R. A new Selaginella from Oklahoma and Texas Maxon, W. R. A new Cheilanthes from Mexico ...............+. Maxon, W. R. A new Alsophila from Guatemala and Veracruz Maxon Wks A: neglected: fermiupapen w.ryae a0) te enone acta Maxon, W. R. Notes on a collection of ferns from the Dominican eo + © © @ © © © © 8 8 ew 8 Republic yie. Wed. eee eo owantee jot taecnet beater aise Maxon, W. R. A new Dryopteris from Dominica ................ Maxon, W. R. Occasional notes on Old World ferns,--[ ........... Maxon, W. R. A third species of Atalopteris ................0.. Maxon, W. R. New or noteworthy ferns from the Dominican Republic Maxon Wake Fern miscellany) jntsi ie al ievcealeiw id rete taee Sete. Maxon, W..R. .Fernpmiscellany--Il)..4 i seijonk San aaa sane ook Maxon,,,W:,:Ri\,Fesn-miscellamy—--Dlh pice ys tee a pant. eopaievaks Seca Maxon, W. R. A second species of Ormoloma ..............005- Maxon, W. R. A new Lycopodium from western Guatemala ....... Maxon, W. R. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. I. Introduction. | rjewe diaries wy aust dll teyeelt ys TN hs Us vee lya epee rote daveys Maxon, W. -R: Ferm miscellany--lV) 1}. (a slsiiaeee! snusia ee ee Geen: Maxon;); WR’. Ferm miscellany-=Viiiiaeieris oc) ee gee eS eee ene 85:1-37 93:285-290 95:99-113 95:478-483 97:30-34 84:177-188 90:553-565 90:921-945 91:250-293 97:251-262 92:287-293 13:199-200 153156 18:205-206 18:215-216 18:224 18:231-232 18:239-240 19:23-24 30:179-184 31:139-151 31:171-172 32:111-112 32:125-126 34:111-113 35:47-51 36:49-50 36:169-177 37:63-64 37:97-104 43:81-88 46:105-108 46:139-145 46:157-158 46:159-160 48:115-117 51:33-40 52:113-120 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 277 2718 2719 2720 2721 222. 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 Maxon, W. R. Fern miscellany--VI Maxon WaRe Puerto Rican fer notes 7s 52a. 2 ee eae an oe Maxon, W. R., & C. V. Morton. A new species of Dryopteris, subgenus Eudryopteris, from Guatemala Maxon, W. R., & P. C. Standley. Ferns of the Republic of Salvador Mayes, M. A., & D. R. Brooks. Cestode parasites of some Venezuelan stingrays Mayes, M. A., D. R. Brooks, & T. B. Thorson. Potamotrygonocotyle tsalickisi, new genus and species (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) and Paraheteronchocotyle amazonensis, new genus and species (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from Potamotrygon circularis Garman (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in northwestern Brazil ...... McAtee, W. L. A list of the mammals, reptiles and batrachians of Monroe County, Indiana McAtee, W. L. A list of plants collected on St. Vincent Island, Florida McAtee, W. L. Key to the nearctic genera and species of Geocorinae Gdleteroptera;Lypaerdae) iis et Cates Bc c2 8s lait coat co eeliel bins eases iie ios McAtee, W. L. Genera of the Eupterygidae (Homoptera; Jassoidea) . McAtee, W. L. A new genus for Tettigonia trifasciata Say. dElomopteraEuptenygidac)m sete en ee ete eA pees te ey it ile McAtee, W. L. Summary of notes on winter blooming at Washington, 1D) CEP olen ata: barca ee Race re a OP GS c Ae eee McAtee, W. L. Cercopidae of the vicinity of Washington, D. C., with descriptions of new varieties of Clastoptera (Homoptera) McAtee, W. L. Membracidae of the vicinity of Washington, D. C. McAtee, W. L. Muhlenberg on plants collected in the District of Columbia region about 1809 McAtee, W. L. A new species of Otiocerus (Homoptera; Fulgoridae) McAtee, W. L. Records of species of the genus Erythroneura (Homoptera; Eupterygidae) with descriptions of new forms McAtee, W. L. Seventh supplement to the flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity McAtee, W. L. Account of the pastime, a Washington periodical, largely of natural history, published in 1883-1885 McAtee, W. L. Eighth supplement to the flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity McAtee, W. L. Timber rattlesnake in the District of Columbia region McAtee, W. L., & J. R. Malloch. Changes in names of American Rhynchota chiefly Emesinae McAtee, W. L., & J. R. Malloch. Further notes on names of Emesinae andl othe mWhyachOtast: ev. peiiers Aan Ss Miucetetee: Bete 5B alts aj te McAtee, W. L., & J. R. Malloch. Another annectant genus MilemipteracCimucoidea) kt eee he tei burt cue Sloe ie: oie cree nt Noss. McAtee, W. L., & J. R. Malloch. A character for recognition of the family Membracidae McAtee, W. L., & F. P. Metcalf. Notes on cockleburs (Ambrosiaceae; Xanthium) of the District of Columbia and vicinity McAtee, W. L., & A. C. Weed. First list of the fishes of the vicinity of PiummersilslandiManyland ess. + Sapaek! NERS J) eB McCain, J. C. Paracaprella barnardi, a new species of caprellid (Crustacea; Amphipoda) from the west coast of Panama McCain, J. C. A new species of Caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) TEOMMOTES Ope ge IE, SE RE RR aa a, SD NA McCain, J. C. Familial taxa within the Caprellidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) * © © © © © © © © © © © ew ee 8B 8 8 8 ew 8 ele le lle lle eel elt lle el elle lel ell ell ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 8 ltl elt le 8 8 el 8 8 le 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © © © 8 8 8 8 8 ele ee ee ele ll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee ee ew ele ele lel ell ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © eB we 8 we ew 8 ee el tl tl ele le 8 ee ee el 87 57:17-21 60:123-129 50:179-180 43:167-178 93:1230-1238 94:1205-1210 20:1-16 26:39-51 27:125-136 31:109-123 32:121-123 32:129-132 33:171-176 34:123-133 35:63-71 36:45-47 37:13 1-134 43:21-54 45:23-28 53:135-154 57:33 35-95 36:161-163 38:145-147 41:39-40 33:177-179 28:1-14 80:219-222 82:507-509 82:837-842 88 2735 2736 PaeyI| 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 Diol PIS 21/38) 2754 DADS 2756 US 2758 McCranie, J. R., & L. D. Wilson. A new species of red-eyed treefrog of the Ayla uranochroa group (Anura: Hylidae) from northern Honduras McDermott, F. A. Some observations on a photogenic micro-organism, Pseudomonas lucifera Molisch McDermott, F. A., & H. S. Barber. Luminous earthworms in Washington shy. b ah S iss cnckcwe wartime ks pedeiia rata hc ae Galen ine me nn roe McDermott, J. J. The distribution and food habits of Nephtys bucera Ehlers, 1868, (Polychaeta: Nephtyidae) in the surf zone of a sandy beach McEachran, J. D., & J: D. Fechhelm. A new species of skate from Western Australia with comments on the status of Pavoraja Whitley, 1939)\(Chondrichthyes:;Rajitormes) yey rie aster ae McEachran, J. D., & J. D. Fechhelm. A new species of skate from the western Indian Ocean, with comments on the status of Raja (Okamejei) (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes) McEachran, J. D., & T. Miyake. Comments on the skates of the tropical eastern Pacific: one new species and three new records (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes) McEachran, J. D., & M. Stehmann. A new species of skate, Neoraja carolinensis, from off the southeastern United States (Elasmobranchii: Rajoidei) McGregor, R. C. Zosterops flavissima McGregor, preoccupied McKaye, K. R., & C. Mackenzie. Cyrtocara liemi, a previously undescribed paedophagous cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa McKenney, R. E. B. Observations on the conditions of light production in luminous bacteria McKenzie, K. G. Bonaducecytheridae, a new family of cytheracean Ostracoda, and its phylogenetic significance McKenzie, K. G. Description of a new cypridopsine genus (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Campbell Island, with a key to the Cypridopsinae . McKenzie, K. G. Bonaducecytheridae McKenzie, 1977: a subjective synonym of Psammocytheridae Klie, 1938 (Ostracoda: Podocopida: Cytheracea) (eee wee, Saar SS feu A en en peretn, earns ae McKinney, J. F., & E. A. Lachner. Two new species of Callogobius from Indo-Pacific waters (Teleostei: Gobiidae) ................ McKinney, J. F., & &. A. Lachner. A new species of gobiid fish, Callogobius stellatus, from Flores Island, Indonesia (Teleostei: Gobiidae) McKinney, J. F., & E. A. Lachner. Callogobius crassus, a new fish from the Indo-Pacific region (Teleostei: Gobiidae) ................. McKinney, L. D. Four new and unusual amphipods from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea McKinney, L. D., & J. L. Barnard. A new marine genus and species of the Nuuanu-group (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from the Yucatan Reninsulan:, 2) 3 tack eee ps PRG Sirs a ernie 2a 8 bess hE lgatiak. heat McLaughlin, P. A., & J. H. Brock. A new species of hermit crab of the genus Nematopagurus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae) from Hawaii McMahan, M. L. Anatomical notes on Lutodrilus multivesiculatus (Annelida: Oligochaeta) ine stains deters ea earl a hy aa sieva carci AL Meanley, B. Carpenter frog, Rana virgatipes, on the coastal plain of Maryland: 26. Sea Qt ego Ry EO Sp Re Siete Meanley, B. Eumeces laticeps (Schneider) in the Alleghanian zone of Merry lear. si Rese SS aa MT lg rca Une TO Meanley, B. Natrix erythrogaster in the Austroparian zone of Maryland 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 ew ee el ele lel elle el ele hel el ele lel el el el el el ell lw ee © © © © © © © © © we 8 © ew ee el el el wl el ele ele lee 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © ew eB et tle el lel ele 8 ee 8 le 99:51-55 24:179-183 27:147-148 100:21-27 95:1-12 95:440-450 97:773-787 97:724-735 17:165 95:398-402 15:213-234 90:263-273 95:766-771 96:684-685 91:203-215 91:715-723 97:627-631 93:83-103 90:161-171 87:245-255 92:84-97 64:59 64:59-60 64:60 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 Pit 2772 2773 2774 ZIS 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 Meanley, B., & G. M. Bond. A new race of Swainson’s warbler from thevAppalachiani Mountains ry ose aad a ed eo ROIS. A erie Mearns, E. A. Description of a new deer (Dorcelaphus texanus) from ihexasyandmortherm Mexico): hifi Eee MeN WBA Mearns, E. A. On the occurrence of a bat of the genus Mormoops in LS MOIS ANStALES Py SR kira LVION, (Sie UESROV DCMT RUictrape MBC RT LO AS Mearns, E. A. On the recent occurrence of the black rat in Boston, Massachusetts Mearns, E. A. Note on Dipodomys montanus Baird .............. Mearns, E. A. Remarks on an unusually large marine lobster caught of Newportiyikhode Island he) HO My Mets Or NR ae Mearns, E. A. A new pocketmouse from southern California ....... Mearns, E. A. The American jaguars Mearns, E. A. Description of a new ocelot from Texas and northeastern Mexico Mearns, E. A. Two new cats of the eyra group from North America Mearns, E. A. On the mainland forms of the eastern deermouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) Mearns, E. A. An addition to the avifauna of the United States Mearns, E. A. Description of a new swallow from the western United States Mearns, E. A. Two new species of poisonous sumachs from the states of Rhode Island and Florida Mearns, E. A. Descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species of ATL PINEADINGAS We erctate re cher. clos See Ne anu neN GN atau STuPN Aen, Mearns, E. A. Note on a specimen of Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie- Grant Mearns, E. A. Descriptions of eight new Philippine birds, with notes on other species new to the islands Mearns, E. A. Two specimens of Chaetura celebensis (Sclater) ...... Mearns, E. A. New names for two subspecies of Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) Mearns, E. A. Description of a new subspecies of the painted bunting from the interior of Texas Mearns, E. A. On the correct name for the red-winged blackbird of themomtheaster WnitediStates, i)... 5.2 ee eke eke tee ee eee ees Mearns, E. A. Descriptions of three new raccoons from the Mexican boundary region Mearns, E. A. The earliest systematic name for the Tuoza or Georgia POCKEL COPMET 4 Wei hA, AMR RHEE BE ay NEN URS oN a Wa Mearns, E. A. Diagnosis of a new subspecies of Gambel’s quail from COlOFAdO 5). Hw PLE Ee LG NN, I Sao TN Pt Mearns, E. A. Description of a new subspecies of the American least STUN Ay hatte, Malte HIRE DINING Ease AOC Crnies UMaine athe cc RMR Nae li ay Meek, S. E. Two new species of fishes from Brazil Meek, S. E. A collection of fishes from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Mendez G., M., & M. K. Wicksten. Notalpheus imarpe: a new genus and species of snapping shrimp from western South America (Decapoda: Alpheidae) Menez, E. G., & H. P. Calumpong. Halophila decipiens, an unreported Scagnass fromthe: Pinilippumesy icc iie we neie elle Lok celeouciuelieypctin Ge ye'le je sea ete Menke, A. S. Notes on species of Lethocerus Mayr and Hydrocyrius Spinola described by Guerin-Meneville, L. Dufour, A. L. Montandon, and G. A. W. Herrich-Schaffer (Belostomatidae; Lemp tera) 5 yay, ROL s SOR RENNIN Foe, iM eV tier eR COTE Menke, A. S. A new genus of digger wasps from South America (iymenopteraxSphecidacy ys. cite. eee cl Ne A gle ee e© © © © © © © © © & © © ee 8 8 ee ele © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 wt ee ee tll ell ele le lel ll ll 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 © 8 8 8 ee Be 8 ew ee 8 elle lhe hel ell ele ele le le 2° © © © © © © © © © 8 © © ee ee hel el ele el lel elle lll ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 we ew ew ee 8 lel elle 8 ee ele lll 89 63:191-193 12:23-26 13:166 13:167 13:167 13:168-169 14:135-136 14:137-143 14:145-148 14:149-151 14:153-155 14:177-178 15:31-32 15:147-149 18:1-8 18:76-77 18:83-90 18:185 24:101-102 24:217-218 24:226-227 27:63-67 27:102 27:113 2971-12 18:241-242 18:243-245 95:709-713 98:232-236 75:61-65 75:303-305 90 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 279i 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 Menke, A. S. New species of North American Ammophila, Part II (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) 1) st) ee sere et pee Merriam, C. H. Description of a new species of chipmunk from California (Tamias macrorhabdotes sp. NOV.) ........+++0+0005- Merriam, C. H. Description of a new species of bat from the western United States (Vespertilio ciliolabrum sp. nov.) Merriam, C. H. Description of a new mouse from New Mexico. Hesperomys (Vesperimus) anthonyi sp. nov. Merriam, C. H. Description of a new fox from southern California. Vulpes macrotis sp. nov. long-eared fox ................------ Merriam, C. H. The geographic distribution of life in North America with special reference to the Mammalia [Presidential address] Merriam, C.H. Plants of the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea .......... Merriam, C. H. Description of a new prairie dog (Cynomys mexicanus) from Mexico Merriam, C. H. Description of a new genus and species of murine rodent (Xenomys nelsoni) from the state of Colima, western Mexico Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of nine new mammals collected by E. W. Nelson in the states of Colima and Jalisco, Mexico ........ Merriam, C. H. The occurrence of Cooper’s lemming mouse (Synaptomys cooperi) in the Atlantic States ................... Merriam, C. H. Rediscovery of the Mexican kangaroo rat, Dipodomys phillipsi Gray. With field notes by E. W. Nelson Merriam, C. H. Two new woodrats from the plateau region of Arizona (Neotoma pinetorum and N. arizonae). With remarks on the validity ofthe genus Leonoma OlGray. naire Aaa a cee Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of eight new ground squirrels of the genera Spermophilus and Tamias from California, Texas, and Mexico Merriam, C. H. Preliminary descriptions of four new mammals from southern’ Mexico; collectediby, EW Nelsons 425.44-tae eae Merriam, C. H. The yellow bear of Louisiana, Ursus luteolus Griffith . Merriam, C. H. Preliminary descriptions of eleven new kangaroo rats of the genera Dipodomys and Perodipus Merriam, C. H. Abstract of a study of the American wood rats, with descriptions of fourteen new species and subspecies of the genus Neotoma Merriam, C. H. Revision of the lemmings of the genus Synaptomys, With’ descriptions Of NEW SPECIES, 2 cess ohne. Se att erence Merriam, C. H. Preliminary synopsis of the American bears Merriam, C.H.. A new fir from Arizona, Abies arizonica Merriam, C. H. Romerolagus nelsoni, a new genus and species of rabbit from Mt. Popocatepetl, Mexico Merriam, C. H. Revision of the coyotes or prairie wolves, with descriptions of new forms Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of two murine opossums from Mexico .. Merriam, C. H. Phenacomys preblei, a new vole from the mountains of Colorado 24ia8 See Bt eke apna vanes antecteiiol NS at cits. tcc uses Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of two new red backed mice (Evotomys) from Oregon) 7 Oe No Ve Ae NT IME SN Bene ae ie Merriam, C. H. The voles of the subgenus Chilotus, with descriptions Of NEW SPECIES. Ue mova cee ee eee See othe ec ee ae fee Merriam, C. H. Two new moles from California and Oregon ....... Merriam, C. H. Three new jumping mice (Zapus) from the northwest Merriam, C. H. Description of a new muskrat from the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia 7. ee oR 1, ite Ry dali nh, My NS Merriam, C. H. Lepus baileyi, a new cottontail rabbit from Wyoming . ee © © © © @ © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee © @ © © © © © © © © 6&8 8 8 8 ee ew ew ew ewe ell el el ele ele lel el el el ele lel ele 8 eee © © © 79:25-39 3:25-28 4:1-4 4:5-7 4:135-138 7:1-64 7:133-150 7:157-158 7:159-163 7:164-174 7:175-177 8:83-96 8:109-112 8:129-138 8:143-146 8:147-151 9:109-115 9:117-128 10:55-64 10:65-83 10:115-118 10:169-174 11:19-33 11:43-44 11:45 11:71-72 11:73-75 11:101-102 11:103-104 11:143 11:147-148 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 — 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 Merriam, C. H. A new fur-seal or sea-bear (Arctocephalus townsendi) from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California ................. Merriam, C. H. A new bat of the genus Antrozous from California Merriam, C. H. Description of a new Bassariscus from Lower California, with remarks on ‘Bassaris raptor’ Baird Merriam, C. H. Notes on the chipmunks of the genus Eutamias occurring west of the east base of the Cascade-Sierra system, with descriptions of new forms Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of eight new pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys, from Oregon, California, and Nevada ............. Merriam, C. H. Ovis nelsoni, a new mountain sheep from the desert Region OL Southern Galitorniay Sn cate. ONE SEAR COIN Rec), Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of two new pumas from the northwestern United States Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of five new rodents from the coast region of Alaska Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of a new flying squirrel from Ft. Klamath, Oregon Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of five new shrews from Mexico, Guatemalavand'Colombiays ey ees FE eS re Merriam, C. H. Cervus roosevelti, a new elk from the Olympics Merriam, C. H. Nelsonia neotomodon, a new genus and species of IMUMIMe FOMENE trom NIEXI CON her ye RIAN sO EW Re ik hak Merriam, C. H. Mammals of Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of six new ground squirrels from the western United States Merriam, C. H. The earliest generic name for the North American deer, with descriptions of five new species and subspecies Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of two new subgenera and three new species of Microtus from Mexico and Guatemala Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of twenty new species and a new subgenus of Peromyscus from Mexico and Guatemala ........... Merriam, C. H. A new genus (Neotomodon) and three new species of murine rodents from the mountains of southern Mexico ......... Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of six new rodents of the genera MAplodontia and MROMOMyS Pa); oe ne ae ek ee tee e's Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of two new mammals from California Merriam, C. H. Description of a new harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys) from Mexico Merriam, C. H. Two new bighorns and a new antelope from Mexico and the United States Merriam, C. H. Six new mammals from Cozumel Island, Yucatan Merriam, C. H. A new brocket from Yucatan .................. Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of twenty-three new pocket gophers of tHe PENUSsTHOMOMIVS! ite tee meee Mir PRT area ioe Hatt ERS ANE os Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of four new peccaries from Mexico Merriam, C. H. Two new rodents from northwestern California ..... Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of three new kangaroo mice of the genus IVICTORIDOGODS™ OTOH DU Pe, RR STEN ha eas ha Fare talbe tera te te! SRS Merriam, C. H. Twenty new pocket mice (Heteromys and Liomys) from Mexico Merriam, C. H. Five new mammals from Mexico Merriam, C. H. A new bobcat (Lynx uinta) from the Rocky Mountains Merriam, C. H. Three new foxes of the kit and desert fox groups Merriam, C. H. Two new shrews of the Sorex tenellus group from California Merriam, C. H. Two new bears from the Alaska peninsula 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee le lel el ele lel lh lel ell lll 8 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew 8 lel hw el lw le lel lll lel tll lle lll tll 8 lw ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew © © © © 8 ew ee 8 el elle hele 8 le el 8 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 hel 8 le ele he ew lle 8 CS Sc 91 11:175-178 11:179-180 11:185-187 11:189-212 11:213-216 11:217-218 11:219-220 11:221-223 TE2Z5 11:227-230 11:271-275 2 29 12:13-19 12:69-71 12:99-104 12:105-108 12-115-125 12:127-129 13:19-21 Beil Sy2 (53152 14:29-32 14:99-104 14:105-106 14:107-117 14:119-124 14:125-126 14:127-128 15:41-50 15:67-69 15:71-72 15:73-74 15:75-76 15:77-79 92 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 Merriam, C. H. Six new skunks of the genus Conepatus ........... Merriam, C. H. Four new Arctic foxes Merriam, C. H. Two new wood rats (genus Neotoma) from the state of Coahuila, Mexico, sxciereestiaslvebnuspaiin were is SA reed been an. Ia: Merriam, C. H. Eight new mammals from the United States ....... Merriam, C. H. Four new mammals, including a new genus (Teanopus) trom Mexico yt eet, lead gece, een ences eee ee © © © © © we ee ee ee el elt ll Merriam, C. H. Four new grasshopper mice, genus Onychomys ..... Merriam, C. H. Two new squirrels of the Aberti group ........... Merriam, C. H. Jack rabbits of the Lepuscampestris group ......... Merriam, C. H. Unrecognized jack rabbits of the Lepus texianus group Merriam, C. H. New and little known kangaroo rats of the genus Perod ipits: 0) ss eter it Red A ya ace trary Ne wen PS eeneeyd holdin ER. Merriam, C. H. Four new bears from North America ............ H Merriam, C. H. A new coyote from southern Mexico ............. Merriam, C. H. A new sea otter from southern California ......... Merriam, C. H. A new elk from California, Cervus nannodes ....... Merriam, C. H. Two new chipmunks from Colorado and Arizona Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of ten new kangaroo rats Merriam, C. H. Three new rodents from Colorado Merriam, C. H. Four new rodents from California ............... Merriam, C. H. Ursus sheldoni, a new bear from Montague Island, PAM aSkal aegis GRU Piet aatce ctrl. Site a Bp chelya s,s vantchcteclied yhoo egeg ee Merriam, C. H. Six new ground squirrels of the Citellus mollis group from) Idaho} Oregon,jand)Nevaday on, «eisai sonics acai, aerate Merriam, C. H. Descriptions of thirty apparently new grizzly and brown bears from North America Merriam, C. H. Ovis sheldoni, a new mountain sheep trom Sierra del Rosario, Sonora, Mexico Merriam, C. H. Nineteen apparently new grizzly and brown bears FROMM WESTETT “AMMO TICE 6a ipicges ize shh ce ppenreatatin alia oh eer eg oe Pee Merriam, C.H. Two new manzanitas from the Sierra Nevada of California Merriam, C. H. Additional information on the range of Ursus planiceps, a Colorado grizzly Merriam, C. H. Ursus holzworthi, a new grizzly from the Talkeetna Mountains t Alaska nyruatialue: Seville is ai Bbw: cues lense aac meme ee Messing, C. G. Reclassification and redescription of the comatulid Comatonia cristata (Hartlaub) (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) ....... Metcalf, A. L., & D. H. Riskind. Four new species of Polygyra (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Polygyridae) from Coahuila, México Metcalf, A. L, & R. A Smartt. Two new species of Ashmunella from Dona Ana County, New Mexico, with notes on the Ashmunella kochii Clapp complex (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Polygyridae) Mikkelsen, P. M. Studies on euphausiacean crustaceans from the Indian River region of Florida. I. Systematics of the Stylocheiron longicorne species-group, with emphasis on reproductive morphology Mikkelsen, P. M. The Euphausiacea of eastern Florida (Crustacea: Malacostraca) Miller, A. H. Two new races of birds from the Upper Magdalena Valley of Colombiaiy oc. Mi soa Mi oe lie coe oe ee eee Miller, A. H. A new race of nighthawk from the upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia. wash ettoasl oles ae ty dean eot tae oe Miller, E. H., W. W. H. Gunn, J. P. Myers, & B. N. Veprintsev. Species-distinctiveness of long-billed dowitcher song (Aves: Scolopacidae i, wsiax\haleeus am Padang 00 aie ey ak Rew onde tae 2 © © © © © © © © we 8 8 e828 ee © © © © © © Be ew ew ele ele ell tl elle ee ¢ © © © © © 8 ew 8 8 8 ew ele ew eel ltl lel ell el el tle el rT 15:161-165 15:167-172 16:47-48 16:73-77 16:79-82 17:123-125 17:129-130 17:131-133 17:135-137 17:139-145 17:153-155 ses TI 17:159-160 18:23-25 18:163-165 20:75-79 21:143-144 21:145-147 23:127-130 26:135-138 27:173-196 29:129-132 29:133-154 31:101-103 42:171-172 42:173-174 94:240-253 91:815-827 90:849-876 94:1174-1204 100:275-295 65:13-17 72:155-157 97:804-811 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2903 2914 2915 2916 2907 2918 2919 — 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 Miller, G. C. A new armored searobin fish, Peristedion unicuspis, family Peristediidae, from the Straits of Florida Miller, G. S., Jr. United States Miller, G. S., Jr. eastern United States Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller G2'S3) Ir. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Venezuela .. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Siam Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Anaptogonia Miller, G. S., Jr. M. microtis Miller Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G: S., Jr. Europe Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller GS. Ir: Curagao ... Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Lankawi and the Butang Islands Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. Miller, G. S., Jr. A jumping mouse (Zapus insignis Miller), new to the Description of a new white-footed mouse from the Notes on Thomomys bulbivorus The Central American Thyroptera Note on the milk dentition of Desmodus Description of a new vole from Oregon Synopsis of voles of the genus Phenacomys Description of a new bat from Margarita Island, eo 8 © © © © © © © © © ee 8 eo 6 © © © © © © © © ew eo 2 2© © © © © © © ee © © © © © © 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ew ee 8 ee ele el ell tl tll ell el elle ell Description of a new vole from Kashmir Description of a new rodent of the genus Jdiurus A new rabbit from Margarita Island, Venezuela Notes on the naked-tailed armadillos ............ Description of a new vole from eastern Siberia A new vole from Hall Island, Bering Sea ......... Two new glossophagine bats from the West Indies . . A new polar hare from Labrador A new fossil bear from Ohio A new moose from Alaska A new treefrog from the District of Columbia The dogbanes of the District of Columbia Three new bats from the Island of Curagao ...... Seven new rats collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in The Vespertilio concinnus of Harrison Allen The generic name Evotomys not invalidated by * 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 2 © © © © © © © © © © ew © ew ew eo ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 2 2 © © « Note on Micronycteris brachyotis (Dobson) and The systematic name of the Cuban red bat Note on the Vespertilio blythii of Tomes The Scotophilus pachyomus of Tomes a valid species A bat of the genus Lichonycteris in South America The systematic name of the large noctule bat of e 6 © © © © © © 8 A new subgenus for Lepus idahoensis Antennaria solitaria near the District of Columbia A second collection of bats from the Island of A new gerbille from eastern Turkestan A new mouse deer from Lower Siam Mammals collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on Pulo 2° © © © © © © © ew ew 8 ee ew eee el ele ell The subgenus Rhinosciurus of Trouessart A new squirrel from Borneo Acnew'deer from GostaRica shia ee. Pe. Ae Anew dormouse tromultalye. te) ee te eee 5 Five new shrews from Europe A new shrew from Switzerland The alpine varying hare Descriptions of three new Asiatic shrews A new name for Mus obscurus Miller ............ 93 80:19-25 8:1-8 8:55-69 8:113-116 10:109-112 10:113-114 11:67-68 11:77-87 11:139 11:141 12:73-76 12:97-98 13:1-8 13:11-12 13:13-14 13:33-37 13:39-40 13:53-56 13:57-59 13:75-78 13:79-90 13:123-127 13:137-150 13:154 13:154 13:154-155 13:155 132155 13:155-156 13:156 13:156 13:157 1BsiSi 13:159-162 13:163-164 13:185-186 13:187-193 14:23 14:33-34 14:35-37 14:39-40 14:41-45 14:95-96 14:97-98 14:157-159 14:178 94 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 Miller, G. S., Jr. The large yellow pond lilies of the northeastern United States eo ee © «© © © © © © © © © © © © ww © ew ee wo we ew ee ew ee eee ell Miller, G. S., Jr. The technical names of two dogbanes from the District of Columbia Miller, G. S., Jr. A fully adult specimen of Ophibolus rhombomaculatus Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Miller, G Hasve Aline One Ie RS we Fee ee Sey le ase oie ese hice S Sty die BSc Oath: syn ie fOundl. a Sey dis VOnedT: Bye ies mises oie OSS Ue BS Te Hse adie Slice ese ein Sey ies ae Jie SE fies fuse < et) “i Morton, C. V. A new Viburnum from Mexico .............-+-+--- Morton, C. V. A new species of Markea from Colombia .......... Morton, C. V. A new Brunfelsia from Brazil .............+..... 97 52:125-129 53:23-29 54:35-42 54:149 54:151-159 54:211-216 54:217 55:45-48 59:99-102 59:103-105 60:27-28 60:31-35 60:141-146 62:101-102 62:103-104 63:59-60 63:109-110 67:235-237 100:726-734 98:29-46 93:597-608 97:404-407 13:157-158 13:171-182 14:25 22:179-182 40:99-109 43:17-20 50:55-60 78:217-223 83:545-568 43:157-159 44:9-10 45:49-54 46:83-84 46:85 46:87-89 48:55-58 48:73-76 49:153-154 51:75-77 51:215-216 58:1-2 62:151-152 98 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 Silt 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 S122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 S187 S153 3134 3135 3136 3137 Morton, C. V. Three new Gesneriaceae from Panama ............ Morton, C. V. A new Ampelocera from Cuba Mound, M. C. Two new conodont genera from the Joins Formation (Lower Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma Muchmore, W. B. A remarkable pseudoscorpion from the hair of a rat (Peudoscorpionida, Chernetidae) Muchmore, W. B. The unique, cave-restricted genus Aphrastochthonius (Pseudoscorpionida, Chthoniidae) Muchmore, W. B. New species of Apochthonius, mainly from caves in central and eastern United States (Pseudoscorpionida, Chthoniidae) Muchmore, W. B. Aphrastochthonius pachysetus, a new cavernicolous species from New Mexico (Pseudoscorpionida, Chthoniidae) Muesebeck, C. F. W. The genus Mesocoelus Schulz (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) ee scccct ccc cee ee een eee ee Ae Re I arene Ps Muesebeck, C. F. W. The North American species of the genus Laelius Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) ................. Muesebeck, C. F. W. A remarkable new species of Perilitus from Mexico,(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)’ = nnn. ee oe a ome oe Muir, F., & J. C. Wershaw. A new bird from the island of Ceram, Moluceasy ce costs nueuede meee nck kee Soe ee oe eet ee Muma, M. H. New and interesting spiders from Maryland ......... Murdy, E. O., C. J. Ferraris, Jr., D. F. Hoese, & R. C. Steene. Preliminary list of fishes from Sombrero Island, Philippines, with fifteen new records Murdy, E. O., & J. D. McEachran. Istigobius hoesei, a new gobiid fish from Australia (Perciformes: Gobiidae) Musser, G. G. A new subspecies of flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) from southwestern Utah Myers, G. S. Notes on some amphibians in western North America .. Myers, G. S. Fishes from the upper Rio Meta Basin, Colombia ..... Myers, G. S. The status of the southern California toad, Bufo californicus (Camp) Myers, G. S. A new genus of funduline cyprinodont fishes from the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela Myers, G. S. A new phallostethid fish from Palawan Myers, G. S. Four new fresh-water fishes from Brazil, Venezuela and Paraguay: 1 Ere RE ero a tun: dots woe ale LuUSRn cits TRAE Dee arr chee Myers, G. S. A new anabantid fish of the genus Betta from Johore Myers, G. S. On the Indo-Australian fishes of the genus Scatophagus, with description of a new genus, Selenotoca Myers, G. S. A new characid fish of the genus Hyphessobrycon from the Peruvian Amazon Myers, G. S. A new genus of gymnotid eels from the Peruvian Amazon Myers, G. S. A new owstoniid fish from deep water off the Philippines Myers, G. S. A new frog from the Anamallai Hills, with notes on other frogs and some snakes from south India Myers, G. S. A new frog of the genus Micrixalus from Travancore Myers, G. S. Notes on some frogs from Peru and Ecuador Myers, G. S., & T. P. Maslin. The California plethodont salamander, Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch), with description of a new subspecies and notes on other western Aneides ................ Nader, I. A. Two new subspecics of kangaroo rats, genus Dipodomys Nakamura, I. Lateral line of Diplospinus multistriatus (Teleostei: Gempylidae) Nakamura, K., & C. A. Child. Three new species of Pycnogonida from Sagami Bay, Japan: ¢2 0's) 2 2.75245 IRS PO a ER Weir eel ah ec ee © © © ew ew ew we ee we ee eel el ell Ce ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee ele lel elle ele ele le ell eee © © © © © © © © © © ee © 8 8 fe 8 ew ew ee ew ee el 2 2 © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 eB ee el el ele ele el ele ll ee © © © © © © © 8 we 8 8 8 8 69:193-195 71:153-154 78:193-200 85:427-432 85:433-443 89:67-79 89:361-364 45:227-230 52:171-175 68:143-144 23:65 58:91-104 94:1163-1173 95:642-646 74:119-125 43:55-64 43:65-71 43:73-77 45:159-162 48:5-6 48:7-13 48:25-26 49:83-85 49:97-98 49:115-116 52:19-20 55:49-55 55:71-74 55:151-155 61:127-135 78:49-54 95:408-411 95:282-291 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 Sis 3152 3153 3154 S155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 — 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 S77 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 Needham, J. G. A new genus and species of dragonfly from Brazil Needham, J. G. New genera and species of Perlidae Needham, J. G. A new genus and species of Libellulinae from Brazil Nelson, A. Nelson, A. Nelson, A. Nelson, A. The genus Hedysarum in the Rocky Mountains ......... Psilostrophe, a neglected genus of southwestern plants Two new plants from New Mexico .................. New plants from Nevada ee © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ew lel ele ell ll lw Nelson, A. A decade of new plants names ....................- Nelson, A. Plantae Andrewseae Nelson, A. New plants from Nevada. II Nelson, A. Note on Arabis pedicellata A. Nelson Nelson, A. Some new western plants and their collectors .......... Nelson, A., & T. D. A. Cockerell. Three new plants from New Mexico Nelson, A., & P. B. Kennedy. Plantae montrosensis. I Nelson, A., & P. B. Kennedy. New plants from the Great Basin Nelson, E. W. Description of a new species of Lagomys from Alaska . Nelson, E. W. Description of a new species of Arvicola, of the MAM OMAeSS LOU. drome ALAS Kawah ey ey uekey ichepsy ci-s tues cney sven SeeDeNe Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new birds from the Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new birds from Mexico, with a revision of the genus Dactylortyx Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new squirrels from Mexico and Central America Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new birds from northwestern Mexico Nelson, E. W. The correct name for the eastern form of the fox squirrel (Sciurus ludovicianus) Nelson, E. W. A new species of Galictis from Mexico Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of two new squirrels from Mexico Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species and subspecies of birds from Mexico Nelson, E. W. A new subspecies of the Cuban cliff swallow ........ Nelson, E. W. A new pigmy squirrel from Central America ........ Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new birds from southern Mexico ..... Nelson, E. W. A revision of the North American mainland species of © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8&8 © ee 8 ee 8 8 8 lel hele 88 le le 8 2° © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ew ee ele 8 le ee ew 8 lew el ° © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © fe 8 8 ee 8 ew he ele lel 8 lel lel ell ele le 8 8 le ee © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ew 8 ew 8 8 ee 8 8 ee 2 © © © © © © © ee 8 VARI GIVUIS. © 5 Sec. « At OU LER NERO 2 SU AS Re ew See oA Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of seven new rabbits from Mexico ...... Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new squirrels from Mexico ......... Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of four new birds from Mexico ........ Nelson, E. W. Description of a new species of whip-poor-will from IVI CON Ns. SuRPA creer 2 DPR PA Oni SRNR RU aes 8 Nelson, E. W. Notes on the names of certain North American birds Nelson, E. W. A new species of clapper rail from Yucatan ........ Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of new North American rabbits ........ Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of two new subspecies of North American TEV AEEATIVALS 3H), Sse) cl EP PS eee Eira ete eS SL UE IRENE. | Nelson, E. W. A new thrush from Mexico ..................00. Nelson, E. W. A new subspecies of pigmy owl .................. Nelson, E. W. Two genera of bats new to Middle America Nelson, E. W. A new subspecies of pronghorn antelope from Lower California Nelson, E. W. A correction of two recent names for mammals Nelson, E. W. A new subspecies of nun bird from Panama Nelson, E. W. A new bat from the eastern United States Nelson, E. W. Description of a new subspecies of moose from Way OMIT UmEes tee. Prem me Are cee cece the eRe ek asl Nelson, E. W. Two new birds from Mexico e © © © © © 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee ee el 99 16:55-57 18:107-110 18:113-115 15:183-186 16:19-23 16:29-30 17:91-98 17:99-100 17:173-179 18:171-176 18:187 20:33-39 16:45-46 19:35-39 19:155-157 8:117-120 8:139-141 12:5-11 12:57-68 12:145-156 13:25-31 13:169-170 14:129-130 14:131-132 14:169-175 15:211 16:121-122 16:151-159 17:21-50 17:103-110 17:147-150 17:151-152 18:111-112 18:121-126 18:141-142 20:81-84 20:87-88 22:49-50 23:103-104 25:93 25:107-108 25:116 26:67-68 26:183-184 27:71-73 39:105-107 100 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 B82 SiS) 3194 3195 3196 S197) 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 S212 SPAS) Nelson, E. W. Description of a new subspecies of beaver Nelson, E. W. Descriptions of three new subspecies of birds from Mexico and Guatemalawiedeii Slee en nL eae Nelson, E. W. Description of a new lemming from Alaska ......... Nelson, E. W. A new subspecies of Colinus nigrogularis (Gould) Nelson, E. W. Remarks on coyotes, with description of a new subspecies; from Salvadon(s 4908 eee eee Nelson, E. W. New subspecies of the American Arctic hare ........ Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. Eleven new mammals from Lower California Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. A new pocket mouse from Lower California Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. Six new pocket mice from Lower California and notes on the status of several described species Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Heterogeomys trom Mexico aya. Wel. eee oe Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. Three new raccoons from Mexico and) Salvad Ofpawerwiiys, ty Abate aes qayiudcovscmetucs SEGRE tO AS Re Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. A new pocket gopher of the genus Orthogeomys from Guatemala Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. Two new woodrats from Lower California Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. A new mountain lion from Wan COUVven TS] andy yan tcituce eeu aivogcyctsupseons ee nea Ra wontaTNcchacacec mee Nelson, E. W. & E. A. Goldman. A new subspecies of the snail kite, ‘Rostrhamus sociabilisg(Vicillot)) Maieey- el. 2 See Tee Bee oe Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. Three new rodents from southern MEXICO, ph oesusiiveio i isneteie . RieR aN es. RUAN BENGE) hs egies wepaare ak aa Nelson, E. W., & E. A. Goldman. Revision of the pocket gophers of the genus ‘Cratogeoniysin ai eh, Ais Se NA We eee Nelson, J. S. Creedia alleni and Creedia partimsquamigera (Perciformes: Creediidae), two new marine fish species from Australia, with notes on other Australiamicreediids aan ee a eee ake Ae es or Nelson, J. S., & J. E. Randall. Crystallodytes pauciradiatus (Perciformes), a new creediid fish species from Easter Island ..... Nelson, W. G. A new species of the marine amphipod genus Gammaropsis from the southeastern United States (Photidae) Netting, M. G., N. B. Green, & N. D. Richmond. The occurrence of Wehrle’s salamander, Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, in Mirginia>r::.. eck Hisense uk cee. wea te aot. Ae Nichols, F. H. Tenonia kitsapensis, a new genus and species of the family Polynoidae (Polychaeta) from Puget Sound (Washington) Nichols, J. T. A small collection of Alaska fishes ................ Nichols, J. T. On two new characins in the American Museum Nichols J ST stNewaChinesesfishes amare Sava ee Nichols, J. T. A contribution to the ichthyology of Bermuda ....... Nichols, J. T., & C. M. Breder, Jr.. Otophidium welshi, a new cusk eel, with notes on two others from the Gulf of Mexico ............. Nichols, J. T., & C. M. Breder, Jr. New gulf races of a Pacific Scorpaena and Prionotus, with notes on other Gulf of Mexico fishes Nichols, J. T., & F. E. Firth. Rare fishes off the Atlantic Coast including a newrssrammicolepidawaeys. Mewar a aes ee ae Nichols, J. T., & F. R. LaMonte. A new Varicorhinus from Lake Tanganyika) sees here accede Be dyasuciels depen ataehe the )ate re ence dalek Ae ee © © © © © © © © © © we ew ee el eel ell lel lel el el el el el ell ele lel ele eee 8 ee) 40:125-126 41:153-156 42:143-146 45:169-171 45:223-225 47:83-86 22:23-28 36:159-160 42:103-111 42:147-152 44:17-21 44:105-106 44:107-109 45:105-107 46:193 46:195-198 47:135-153 96:29-37 98:403-410 93:1223-1229 59:157-160 82:205-208 2171-5 26:151-152 31:15-19 33:59-63 35:13-15 37 :21-23 52:85-88 63:175 3214 S215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237) 3238 5239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 8251 a252 3253 3254 3255 Ng, P. K. L., & G. Rodriguez. New records of Mimilambrus wileyi Williams, 1979 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura), with notes on the systematics of the Mimilambridae Williams, 1979, and Parthenopidae MacLeay, 1838, sensu Guinot, 1978 ............. Noble, G. K. Description of a new eublepharid lizard from Costa Rica Noble, G. K. Some neotropical batrachians preserved in the United States National Museum with a note on the secondary sexual characters of these and other amphibians .................... Norden, A. W. A new entocytherid ostracod of the genus Plectocythere Norden, A. W., & B. B. Norden. A new entocytherid ostracod of the genus Dactylocythere Novak, A., & M. Salmon. Uca panacea, a new species of fiddler crab from the Gulf coast of the United States Nunomura, N. Tanaidaceans and anthuridean isopods collected on the Presidential Cruise of 1938 Oberholser, H. C. Seven new birds from Paraguay Oberholser, H. C. A new cliff swallow from Texas ............... Oberholser, H. Description of a new Vireo Oberholser, H. C. Note on the generic name Aylophilus Oberholser, H. The North American forms of Astragalinus psaltria SEN Is LSE Neca) an area Soa Ab AU, Oe ad eee a nee Oe Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Telmatodytes Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new genus and species of Trochilidae lelelorole Oberholser, H. C. An earlier name for Melospiza lincolnii striata Oberholser, H. C. The specific name of the hawk owls ........... Oberholser, H. C. Piranga erythromelas versus Piranga mexicana ..... Oberholser, H. C. The status of the generic name Hemiprocne Nitzsch Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Querquedula ............. Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Ofocoris from Lower California Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Melospiza from California . . C. The status of Butorides brunescens (Lembeye) C. Four new birds from Newfoundland Oberholser, H. C. Pooecetes gramineus confinis in Louisiana Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Sialia from Mexico ........ Oberholser, H. C. Mutanda ornithologica. I ................... C C C C C Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new genus of Anatidae Oberholser, H. C. Autumn water-bird records at Washington, D. C. Oberholser, H. C. Piranga rubra rubra in Colorado Oberholser, H. C. Mutanda ornithologica. II ................... Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new subspecies of Perisoreus OUOSCUTUS!: « POS ANAL. SUN AS se GIO Ge NEN Rahs ee EIR aM oe a ve Oberholser, H. C. Mutanda ornithologica. III Oberholser, H. C. Olor columbianus on the Potomac River Oberholser, H. C. Squatarola squatarola cynosurae near Washington, e 6 © © © © © © © we © 8 8 | Dk Gs ene eh coker inte arte cme A ata ro nea toe eae ee Oberholser, H. C. Hierofalco rusticolus candicans in North Dakota ... Oberholser, H. C. Aristonetta, a good genus .................... Oberholser, H. C. Spizella monticola (Gmelin), the correct name for the North American tree sparrow Oberholser, H. C. Mutanda ornithologica. IV .................. Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Jole from the Anamba Islands Oberholser, H. C. The status of the genus Orchilus Cabanis ........ Oberholser, H. C. Mutanda ornithologica. V Oberholser, H. C. Mutanda ornithologica. VI .................. 101 37:65-71 90:491-494 98:627-629 87:313-326 91:936-952 14:187-188 16:15-16 16:17-18 16:101-102 16:113-116 16:149-150 18:161-162 19:42 19:42-43 19:43 19:67-69 19:93-94 20:41-42 24:251-252 25:53-56 27:43-54 27:101 30:27-28 30:75-76 30:119-120 30:122 30:122 30:125-126 30:185-188 31:47-49 31:97 31:97 31:97 31:98 31:98 31:125-126 31:197-198 31:203-204 32:7-8 32:21-22 102 3256 325i), 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Conurus from the Andaman Islands Ce Oberholser, H. C. The family name of the American wood warblers Oberholser, H. C. Eumyias versus Stoporala Oberholser, H. C. Passerherbulus leconteii (Audubon) becomes Passerherbulus caudacutus (Latham) Oberholser, H. C. The proper orthography of the generic name Phoethornis Swainson . The status of the subfamily name Fuligulinae . Mutanda ornitohologica. VII Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. sparrow Oberholser, H. (Temminck) Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Prion vittatus Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Bonaparte Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Hyphantornis Oberholser, H. Java’ Oberholser, H. Illiger Oberholser, H. Hodgson Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Oberholser, H. Islands Oberholser, H. Alaska Oberholser, H. (Wilson) aeGe eee eee © © © © © © © we © ew we ee ee ell el el el el el el ell el The status of the subgenus Sieberocitta Coues . Spizella arborea the proper name for the tree ee The taxonomic position of the genus Ramphalcyon The status of the genus Centronyx Baird The generic name of the rook The status of Larus hyperboreus barrovianus Ridgway Pagophila eburnea versus Pagophila alba The status of the genus Asarcia Sharpe The names of the subfamilies of Scolopacidae .. Notes on the names of Halobaena caerulea and eee +e es © © ee we eee Mutanda ornithologica. VIII Description of a new clapper rail from Florida Mutanda ornithologica. IX Descriptions of five new subspecies of Cyornis .... Mutanda ornithologica. X Textor Temminck versus Alecto Lesson Hyphantornis Gray becomes Textor Temminck .... Mutanda ornithologica. XI Liopiilus Cabanis preoccupied A new name for the genus Curaeus Sclater Anthracoceros Reichenbach versus Hydrocissa eee es se ew eo ee ew ee ee 8 eee © © = © © © © © eB ee ee ee © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 Note on the name Hypermegethes Reichenow . Note on the generic names Textor, Alecto, and Cy Cr Cr . Rostrhamus Lesson versus Cymindes Spix Phoenicothraupis Cabanis becomes Habia Blyth ... Chloronerpes Swainson versus Piculus Spix Notes on the races of Ramphalcyon capensis Description of a new Oriolus A new name for the genus Actophilus Oberholser Description of a new Oriolus from the Nicobar eee e © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee © © © Be ew ew we ew ew we we ee ew eee ee 8 ee 8 Cr i e 2 © © © © © © © © © © ew ew ew ew ew ew ew ee ew ewe ew ew ew el heel tl el hl el el el ele eel 32:29-32 32:46 32:47 32:47 32:48 32:48 32:127-128 32:135-137 32:139 32:140 32:140 32:141 32:141 32:173-175 32:199 32:200 32:200 32:201 32:239-240 33:33-34 33:83-84 33:85-87 34:49-50 34:78-79 34:79 34:105-107 34:136 34:136 34:136 34:136-137 34:137 34:163-166 35:73-75 35:79 35:79 35:79-80 36:201-202 37:135-138 38:5-6 38:90 39:31-32 43:151-152 44:123-127 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Odontophorus from Costa Rica Oberholser, H. C. Descriptions of two new passerine birds from the western United States Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new chickadee from the eastern United States Oberholser, H. C. Description of a new Arizona race of the grasshopper sparrow Oberholser, H. C. A new flycatcher from the western United States Oberholser, H. C. A new hermit thrush from Canada Oberholser, H. C. A new red-tailed hawk from Honduras O’Dor, R. K., & R. D. Durward. A preliminary note on JIlex illecebrosus larvae hatched from eggs spawned in captivity Ohwada, T. Redescription of the nephtyid polychaete Aglaophamus minusculus Hartman, 1965 Oliver, M. K. Labidochromis textilis, a new cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi Olson, S. L. The generic distinction of the Hispaniolan woodpecker, Chryserpes striatus (Aves: Picidae) Olson, S. L. A study of the Neotropical rail Anurolimnas castaneiceps (Aves: Rallidae) with a description of a new subspecies Olson, S. L. A new species of Nesotrochis from Hispaniola, with notes on other fossil rails from the West Indies (Aves: Rallidae) Olson, S. L. A new species of Milvago from Hispaniola, with notes on other fossil caracaras from the West Indies (Aves: Falconidae) .... Olson, S. L. A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae) Olson, S. L. Fossil woodcocks: an extinct species from Puerto Rico and an invalid species from Malta (Aves: Scolopacidae: Scolopax) Olson, S. L. A great auk, Pinguinis, from the Pliocene of North Carolina (Aves: Alcidae) Olson, S. L. The nomenclatural status of the taxa of fossil birds attributed to Auguste Aymard Olson, S. L. Revision of the tawny-faced antwren, Microbates emerementris (Aves: Passeriformes)? 5 920i oe Ye Olson, S. L. Geographic variation in the yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia: Parulidae) of the Pacific coast of Middle and South America Olson, S. L. The subspecies of grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) in Panama (Aves: Emberizinae) ................. Olson, S. L. A revision of the subspecies of Sporophila ("Oryzoborus") angolensis (Aves: Emberizinae) Olson, S. L. A revision of the northern forms of Euphonia xanthogaster (Aves: Thraupidae) Olson, S. L. Systematic notes on certain oscines from Panama and adjacent areas (Aves: Passeriformes) Olson, S. L. The nature of the variability in the variable seedeater in Panama (Sporophila americana: Emberizinae) Olson, S. L. Geographic variation in Chlorospingus ophthalmicus in Colombia and Venezuela (Aves: Thraupidae) Olson. S. L. A hamerkop from the Early Pliocene of South Africa (Aves: Scopidae) Olson, S. L. Evidence of a large albatross in the Miocene of Argentina (Aves:4Diomedeidae). saepierietcae Pee ers ane dos in hee inet & Olson. S. L. A new species of Siphonorhis from Quaternary cave deposits in Cuba (Aves: Caprimulgidae) ..................2-.. Olson, S. L. A new genus of tropicbird (Pelecaniformes: Phaethontidae) from the Middle Miocene Calvert Formation of DV Betray beta dy rciteye scr yyeito fe royes resto, -s RSE RI. SR TTY | A ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee ee eel el el ele lel el elle lll ee ee © © © © © © Bw ew we ew ew ew ew ww ee el lel el Bl elle ee ew 8 ee © © © © eo ee © © © © © © © © © 8 ee 8 ele ltl el tll el el el ele lel ele ll e © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew © 8 8 ee 8 el lel ele lel el ell ll ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ew 8 ee ee ee e © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8B 8 8 8 elt le 8 ew 8 le 8 le lel lel wl lel ele ew ew le 8 8 ee e+ © © © © © © ee © © ew 103 45:39-41 50:117-119 50:219-220 55:15-16 60:77 69:69 72:159 91:1076-1078 98:604-610 88:319-330 85:499-507 86:403-411 87:439-450 88:355-365 89:259-263 89:265-274 90:690-697 91:444-449 93:68-74 93:473-480 93:757-759 94:43-51 94:101-106 94:363-373 94:380-390 96:103-109 97:736-740 97:741-743 98:526-532 98:85 1-855 104 3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 S535 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 S552 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 Olson, S. L., & A. Feduccia. An Old World occurrence of the Eocene avian family Primobucconidae Olson, S. L., and E. N. Kurochkin. Fossil evidence of a tapaculo in the Quaternary of Cuba (Aves: Passeriformes: Scytalopodidae) Olson, S. L., & D. W. Steadman. A new genus of flightless ibis (Threskiornithidae) and other fossil birds from cave deposits in Jamar, HAs. o Me OIRE SAEs Oe a ene es Olson, S. L., & D. W. Steadman. The fossil record of the Glareolidae and Haematopodidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) ................ Olson, S. L., & D. W. Steadman. The humerus of Xenicibis, the extinct flightless ibis of Jamaica Olson, S. L., & A. Wetmore. Priliminary diagnoses of two extraordinary new genera of birds from Pleistocene deposits in the Flawatan islands) ¥isr. ysis, gees et adn taste ea ete te to a Ombholt, P. E., & R. W. Heard. A new species of Spilocuma (Cumacea: Bodotriidae: Mancocuminae) from the Gulf of Mexico Opell, B. D. A new Uloborus Latreille species from Argentina (Arachnida: Araneae: Wlobondae) 3) 924: eee oo ec Orejas-Miranda, B. R., & G. R. Zug. A new tricolor Leptotyphlops (Reptilia: Serpentes), from, Renin y/jcvew Jans pe aeneyee aie ee vs chal nape Orejas-Miranda, B., G. R. Zug, D. Y. E. Garcia, & F. Achaval. Scale organs on the head of Leptotyphlops (Reptilia, Serpentes): a variational study Orr, R. T. Two new woodrats from Lower California, Mexico Orr, R. T. Descriptions of three new races of brush rabbit from California Orr, R. T., & G. S. Taboada. A new species of bat of the genus Antrozous trom-Chibawieieaneccith-qaheurarieaiattee WA Siti fe Orr, R. T., & J. D. Webster. New subspecies of birds from Oaxaca (Aves: Phasianidae, Turdidae, Parulidae) Osborn, H. F. Publication standards in invertebrate palaeontology ... Osgood, W. H. Chamaea fasciata and its subspecies Osgood, W. H. A new white-footed mouse from California Osgood, W. H. Some names of American Cervidae .............. Osgood, W. H. Two new spermophiles from Alaska Osgood, W. H. Haplomylomys, a new subgenus of Peromyscus Osgood, W. H. Thirty new mice of the genus Peromyscus from Mexico and Guatemala ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ee 8 ew ew 8 el el el ele el eel ele le ll Osgood, W. H. Two new pocket mice of the genus Perognathus ..... Osgood, W. H. A new name for the Peromyscus nebracensis of certain AUETOLS YER UROR SSS ORR, Sk ieee omelets att Ma eal oP Osgood, W. H. A new flying squirrel from the coast of Alaska ..... Osgood, W. H. Symbos, a substitute for Scaphoceros ............. Osgood, W. H. Mastodon remains in the Yukon Valley ........... Osgood, W. H. A new vole from Montague Island, Alaska ........ Osgood; W. H.. Fournew pocket mice was Wee. eee Osgood, W. H. Some unrecognized and misapplied names of American: mammals ':)a4.6 Cahn ey Rea ema, ey. Osgood, W. H. A collection of mammals from the region of Mount McKinley, Alaska Osgood, W. H. A specimen of Bison occidentalis from northwest Canada: 2404-0 wn, MR Naas Maelo Oe kei rel aren Osgood, W. H. A new white-footed mouse from Alaska Osgood, W. H. The status of Sorex merriami, with description of an allied‘new species from Witahiin genie s) Wi ease Tel eee ee Osgood, W. H. The name of the Rocky Mountain sheep Osgood, W. H. A new name for Ochotona minima ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew © ew we 8 ew ee 8 lee ee ee ee 8 92:494-497 100:353-357 90:447-457 91:972-981 92:23-27 89:247-257 92:184-194 95:554-556 87:167-173 90:209-213 47:109-111 48:27-30 73:83-86 81:37-40 36:1-6 13:41-42 14:193-194 15:87-88 16:25-27 17:53-54 17:55-77 17:127-128 18:77 18:133-134 18:223-224 18:254-255 19:71-72 20:19-21 20:43-52 20:59-63 20:65 21:141-142 22:51-53 26:57-61 26:80 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 Soni 3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 Jon9 3380 3381 3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390 591 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 Osgood, W. H. Two new mouse opossums from Yucatan Osgood, W. H. Dates for Ovis canadensis, Ovis cervina and Ovis montana Osgood, W. H. Note on Eptesicus propinquus Osgood, W. H. The name of Azara’s Agouarachay ............... Osgood, W. H. A new flying-squirrel from the Philippine Islands .... Osgood, W. H. The status of Perognathus longimembris (Coues) ..... Owens, J. M. Rhombopsammia, a new genus of the family Micrabaciidae (Coelenterata: Scleractinia) Owens, J. M. On the elevation of the Stephanophyllia subgenus Letepsammia to generic rank (Coelenterata: Scleractinia: Micrabaciidae) Pack, H. J. Food habits of Sceloporus graciosus graciosus (Baird and Girard) i i eo 2 ce © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew ew 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 eB el ele le le le 8 ele lel elle le tlt ew el ell elle ll Pack, H. J. Pack, H. J. Pack, H. J. Pack, H. J. Food habits of Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard ... Food habits of Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell) Food habits of Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) . . The food habits of Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (S201) Cabin ca Rie t nce fle aan ann oe UR AL 20a am an Packard, R. L. The taxonomic status of Peromyscus allex Osgood .... Page, L. M. A new crayfish of the genus Orconectes from the Little Wabash River system of Illinois (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Palmer, T. S. A new generic name for the Bering Sea fur-seal ...... Palmer, T. S. Notes on the nomenclature of four genera of tropical PAUMEHICATIMIMAMIMNAIS ¢ ssa 4s ots een ston ee te et SOI SS Palmer, T. S. A list of the generic and family names of rodents ..... Palmer, T. S. Random notes on the nomenclature of the Chiroptera Palmer, T. S. Notes on three genera of dolphins ................ Palmer, T. S. Notes on Tatoua and other genera of Edentates ...... Palmer, T. S. The earliest generic name of the northern fur seal Palmer, T. S. Ammomys and other compounds of Mys ............ Palmer, T. S. An earlier name for the genus Evotomys Palmer, T. S., & W. L. McAtee. A list of the publications of Albert IGSTIRICK@ RIS Cher ty csi ree EO Oe tee eet ne nets Se ee Palmer, W. Ferns of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia Palmer, W. Gyrostachys simplex in Virginia Palmer, W., & J. H. Riley. Descriptions of three new birds from Cuba TCE Ses alicammia Suaewe fae teehee Vt SPN rian A UAivay Nils yo el cce Vas ee Paradiso, J. L. A new star-nosed mole (Condylura) from the southeastern United States Paradiso, J. L. A new white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) from SOULE Aster VinpIMIAy aessEr ey es te eats Sees. nea, eed ee, Na Paradiso, J. L. A new subspecies of Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) from Serasan (South Natuna) Island, Indonesia Paradiso, J. L., & R. H. Manville. Taxonomic notes on the tundra vole (Microtusioeconomus) in Alaskan nee eh a eRe ees ee ae Parenti, L. R. Relationships of the African killifish genus Foerschichthys (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae) Parin, N. V., & V. E. Becker. Materials for a revision of the trichiuroid fishes of the genus Benthodesmus, with the description of four new species and one new subspecies ....................- Park, O., & E. J. Pearce. Simkinion, a new genus of pselaphid beetles from New Zealand Parkes, K. C. The generic name of the white and scarlet ibises Parkes, K. C. Taxonomic notes on the laughing gull Parkes, K. C. A revision of the Philippine elegant titmouse (Parus CLEQAMS)|. = Ebene, SMe “ate alle nity Shee PEST AE Mee), coe 8 ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 © © 8 ee 2° © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew eB 8 8 8 8 8 ew ele 8 8 ew el eee © © © © © © © © © © © we ee el ell el ell el lel elle eee ell 105 26:175-176 27:1-3 27:101 28:142-143 31:1-2 31:95-96 99:248-256 99:486-488 34:63-66 35:1-3 36:79-81 36:83-84 36:85-89 71:17-19 98:564-570 7:156 11:173-174 11:241-270 12:109-114 13:23-24 13:71-73 14:133-134 19:97 41:87 39:21-28 13:61-70 17:165 15:33-34 72:103-107 73:21-23 84:293-300 74:77-91 95:451-457 83:351-364 75:251-257 64:61 65:193-195 71:95-106 106 3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429 3430 3431 3432 Parkes, K. C. New subspecies of Philippine birds ................ Parkes, K. C. The races of the citrine canary flycatcher, Culicicapa helianthea Parkes, K. C. Geographic variation in Azara’s marsh blackbird, Agelaius cyanopus Parkes, K. C. The red-throated ant-tanager (Habia fuscicauda) in Panama and Colombiay,))..cAsweasiaol cesta: 3 aot ayes Parkes, K. C. A revision of the red-rumped cacique, Cacicus haemorrhous (Aves: Icteridae) Parkes, K. C. Revision of the collared gnatwren, Microbates collaris (Aves: Passeriformes) Parkes, K. C., & P. S. Humphrey. Geographic variation and plumage sequence of the tanager Hemithraupis flavicollis in the Guianas and adjacent Brazil Pawson, D. L. Protankyra grayi new species and Labidoplax buskii (McIntosh) from off North Carolina (Holothuroidea; Synaptidae) .. Pawson, D. L. Redescription of Cucumaria semperi Bell, an Indo-West-Pacific holothurian echinoderm ................... Pawson, D. L. A new psolid sea cucumber from the Virgin Islands Pawson, D. L. Ekkentropelma brychia n.g., n.sp., an Antarctic psolid holothurian with a functionally lateral sole ..................-. Pawson, D. L. Siniotrochus phoxus new genus, new species, a myriotrochid holothurian new to the United States east coast ..... Pawson, D. L. Shallow-water sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize ................. Pawson, D. L. Two new sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the eastern United States Pawson. D. L. Psychronaetes hanseni, a new genus and species of elasipodan sea cucumber from the eastern central Pacific (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Pawson. D. L. Psychropotes hyalinus, new species, a swimming elasipod sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the north central’ Pacific, Oceanys tantet tere ab evsie ty cuit Soha Sh fons 8, eas Pawson, D. L., & C. A. Gust. Holothuria (Platyperona) rowei, a new sea cucumber from Florida (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Pawson, D. L., & J. E. Miller. Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the genus Thyone, with description of two new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Pawson, D. L., & T. F. Phelan. Clypeaster kieri, a new species of clypeasteroid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from off Bombay, India Pawson, D. L., & T. C. Shirley. Occurrence of the subgenus Holothuria (Holothuria) in the Gulf of Mexico (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Pawson, D. L., & J. F. Valentine. Psolidium prostratum, new species, from off the east coast of the U.S.A. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Payson, E. B., & H. St. John. The Washington species of Draba_ .... Pearcy, W. G., & G. L. Voss. A new species of gonatid squid from the northeastern Pacific ........ wacyeretey tree tanan tierra ys achintsnct aS paras Peck, M. E. New Oregon plants Peck, MoE. Sixmew)plants from \Oregoniy i ja5f seyepar 4.05 ys aah Peck; M“E.) jNew, plants from) Oregon! Avena ene es aerate Peck, M. E. Some new species and varieties of Oregon plants ...... Peebles, R. H. A new agave of southern Arizona Penard, T. E. Status of Spermophila schistacea Lawrence .......... Penard, T. E. A new flycatcher from Surinam .................. Penn, G. H.. A new crawfish from the Hatchie River in Mississippi and: Tennessee (Decapoda Astacidae)§ Me ee 36 aac) ee ee ec ee ee & ee © © © © © © © ee ee © © ee ee 8 ee ee ew ew ee ew 8 ee 2 © © © © © © 8 eB ee 8 ee e © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 © 8 8 8 8 ee ee ew el 8 le ee ee 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © eB © © © 8 8 8 © 8 Be ele hele el el ele ee ee eee © © © © © © © ee ew 73:57-61 73:215-219 79:1-12 82:233-241 83:203-214 93:61-67 76:81-84 80:151-156 80:157-161 81:347-349 84:113-118 84:23 1-234 89:369-382 89:405-409 96:154-159 98:523-525 94:873-877 94:391-403 92:796-800 90:915-920 94:450-454 43:97-122 76:105-111 47:185-188 49:109-111 50:93-94 50:121-123 48:139-140 36:59-62 36:63-64 76:121-125 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 Pennell, F. W., & G. N. Jones. A new Indian paint-brush from Mount FRALANIE Tes bey ee NRIOL hie ea date thea Sutuel Mica yb 6 Pereira, G. Freshwater shrimps from Venezuela III: Macrobrachium quelchi (De Man) and Euryrhynchus pemoni, n. sp.; (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from La Gran Sabana .............. Pereira S., G. Freshwater shrimps from Venezuela I: Seven new species of Palaemoninae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) ... Pérez Farante, I. A new species and two new subspecies of shrimp of the genus Penaeus from the western Atlantic Pérez Farfante, I. Penaeopsis eduardoi, a new species of shrimp (Crustacea: Penaeidae) from the Indo-West Pacific Pérez Farfante, I. Range extensions of the shrimps Solenocera necopina Burkenroad and Parapenaeus americanus Rathbun (Gnustaceas Decapoda Penaeoidea)) Pa Fa. ee ee a ae Pérez Farfante, I. Penaeopsis jerryi, new species from the Indian Ocean (Crustaceasbenaeoidea)n was 2 010) More fepedas se teste eiwiian el totaes Pérez Farfante, I. A new species of rock shrimp of the genus Sicyonia (Penaeoidea), with a key to the western Atlantic species Pérez Farfante, I. Solenocera alfonso, a new species of shrimp (Penaeoidea: Solenoceridae) from the Philippines Pérez Farfante, I, & D. L. Grey. A new species of Solenocera (Crustacea: Decapoda: Solenoceridae) from northern Australia Pérez Farfante, I., & B. G. Ivanov. Range extension of Penaeopsis serrata (Crustacea: Penaeoidea) to off New Jersey and Rio Grande OLS) ST Re Ie ace gtr oie SEA, RR, ts) or, eas cen Cary Sr A 2 2 © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 Pérez Farfante, I., & B. Kensley. Cryptopenaeus crosnien, a new species of shrimp, and a new record of C. sinensis (Penaeoidea: Solenocerdae) from Australian waters ....... 9205020). J65e 48 Perkins, P. D., & P. J. Spangler. Quadryops, new genus, and three new species of arboreal Dryopidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from Panama and Ecuador Perkins, T. H. Lumbrineridae, Arabellidae, and Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta), principally from Florida, with descriptions of six new species Perkins, T. H. Review of species previously referred to Ceratonereis mirabilis, and descriptions of new species of Ceratonereis, Nephtys, and Goniada (Polychaeta) Perkins, T. H. Syllidae (Polychaeta), principally from Florida, with descriptions of a new genus and twenty-one new species ......... Perkins, T. H. Revision of Demonax Kinberg, Hypsicomus Grube, and Notaulax Tauber, with a review of Megalomma Johansson from Hiouda (Polychaeta-"Sabellidae)* 264048 teen ase ey SI, Perkins, T. H. New species of Phyllodocidae and Hesionidae (Polychaeta), principally from Florida Perkins, T. H. Chrysopetalum, Bhawania and two new genera of Chrysopetalidae (Polychaeta), principally from Florida .......... Peters, J. A. The generic allocation of the frog Ceratophrys stolzmanni Steindachner, with the description of a new subspecies from Ecuador Peters, J. A. A replacement name for Bothrops lansbergii venezuelensis Oze41959.(ViperidaesSerpentes)imie. se eee et eee Peters, J. A. A note on the generic name Cyclagras Cope and Eejosophis Jan (Reptilia:,Serpentes)\st nse Gs ks eee ee ee Peters, J. L. The Porto Rican grasshopper sparrow Peters, J. L. A revision of the golden warblers, Dendrvica petechia GLAMMEN Bae eo eete da ere ene crate imme Bee AN Roa 2 WEEE SMES COE Peters, Jt 1: eee © © e@ © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © © 8 8 8 ee ele le ltl 8 le 8 8 8 8 ew 8 8 ee ee © © © © © 8B © we ew © ee 8 ee ew ew ee ee ee el el ell el tl el ele lel eel ell ll 107 50:207-209 98:615-621 99:198-213 80:83-99 90:172-182 90:597-599 92:208-215 93:771-780 94:631-639 93:421-434 92:204-207 98:281-287 98:494-510 92:415-465 93:1-49 93:1080-1172 97:285-368 97:555-582 98:856-915 80:105-112 81:319-322 82:847-850 30:95-96 40:31-41 42:121-123 108 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 Peters, J. L. Remarks on the hawks hitherto included in the genus Wbyeter: "oto RES AE INS Sh dhe NON EAI aR ee eS ad eee A 2 8 Peters, J. L. Laterallus Gray antedates Creciscus Cabanis .......... Peters, J. L. Remarks on the avian genus Eos Peters, J. L. A new hawk of the genus Geranospiza Peters, J. L., & A. Loveridge. New birds from Kenya Colony ....... Petit, R. E. A new Thracia from South Carolina (Mollusca: Pélecypoda)s Ferien aha ROSS OTN AR RS He Ae Ney ave os tok Petit, R. E. A new species of Cancellaria (Mollusca: Cancellariidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico Pettibone, M. H. New species of polychaete worms from the Atlantic Ocean, with a revision of the Dorvilleidae Pettibone, M. H. New species of polychaete worms (Spionidae: Spiophanes) from the east and west coast of North America ...... Pettibone, M. H. Revision of some genera of polychaete worms of the family Spionidae, including the description of a new species of SEOleLSPis-« ey EW O NA ey Sete PUR 5A NE A Uc een Vines ath A Pettibone, M. H. Two new species of Aricidea (Polychaeta, Paraonidae) from Virginia and Florida, and redescription of Aricidea fragilis Webster Pettibone, M. H. Heteraphrodita altoni, a new genus and species of polychaete worm (Polychaeta, Aphroditidae) from deep water off Oregon, and a revision of the aphroditid genera ............... Pettibone, M. H. Review of some species referred to Scalisetosus McIntosh (Polychaeta, Polynoidae) Pettibone, M. H. Remarks on the North Pacific Harmothoe tenebricosa Moore (Polychaeta, Polynoidae) and its association with asteroids (Echinodermata Asteroidea) ase e oe eae eee eee ore) ane Pettibone, M. H. The genera Polyeunoa McIntosh, Hololepidella Willey, and three new genera (Polychaeta, Polynoidae) Pettibone, M. H. The genera Sthenelanella Moore and Euleanira Horst (Polychaeta, Sigalionidae) Pettibone, M. H. Australaugeneria pottsi, new name for Polynoe longicirrus Potts, from the Maldive Islands (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) Pettibone, M. H. Two new genera of Sigalionidae (Polychaeta) ..... Pettibone, M. H. Review of the genus Hermenia, with a description of a new species (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Lepidonotinae) Pettibone, M. H. The synonymy and distribution of the estuarine Hypaniola florida (Hartman) from the east coast of the United States (Polychaeta:vAmpharetidae) eevee aiecks ie eyo eel iy Sinn) oe Pettibone, M. H. Redescription of Bruunilla natalensis Hartman (Polychaeta: Polynoidae), originally referred to Fauveliopsidae .... Pettibone, M. H. A new scale worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift-area off western Mexico at 21°N ............. Pettibone, M. H. Minusculisquama hughesi, a new genus and species of scale worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from eastern Canada ....... Pettibone, M. H. A new scale-worm commensal with deep-sea mussels on the Galapagos hydrothermal vent (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) Pettibone, M. H. Two new species of Lepidonotopodium (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Lepidonotopodinae) from hydrothermal vents off the Galapagos and East Pacific Rise at21°N .............+++-05+ Pettibone, M. H. Polychaete worms from a cave in the Bahamas and from experimental wood panels in deep water of the North Atlantic (Polynoidae: Macellicephalinae, Harmothoinae) ............... Pettibone, M. H. An additional new scale worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift area off western Mexico at Bae Noisccvonmy, fT deciayeie la aM it ol ge Se EN Th hod ben ndicea hess Ce 2 © © © © © © © oe 44:23-26 45:119-120 48:67-70 48:71-72 48:77-78 77:157-159 96:250-252 74:167-185 75:77-87 76:89-103 78:127-139 79:95-107 82:1-29 82:31-41 82:43-62 82:429-438 82:519-524 83:365-386 88:233-247 90:205-208 92:384-388 96:392-399 96:400-406 97:226-239 97:849-863 98:127-149 98:150-157 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 Pettibone, M. H. Additional branchiate scale-worms (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from Galapagos hydrothermal vent and rift-area off RV ESTSTMMVISNICON at 2 RUIN Mera. siete vit ae Mak neo cle eS. Ya ty, Ne Pettibone, M. H. New genera and species of deep-sea Macellicephalinae and Harmothoinae (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal rift areas off the Galapagos and western Mexico at ZigNe andiiron the Santa Catalina\@hannel! ./) 5 i) nat. oe ae Pettibone, M. H. A new scale-worm commensal with deep-sea mussels in the seep-sites at the Florida Escarpment in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Branchipolynoinae) Petuch, E. J. New gastropods from the Abrolhos Archipelago and reef complex, Brazil Petuch, E. J. A new species of Conus from southeastern Florida Cviollusca:tGastropodayng: ie esas es ete bs las not ees e Petuch, E. J. A volutid species radiation from northern Honduras, with notes on the Honduran Caloosahatchian secondary relict pocket Petuch, E. J. Paraprovincialism: remnants of paleoprovincial boundaries in recent marine molluscan provinces .............. Petuch, E. J. New South American gastropods in the genera Conus (Conidae) and Latirus (Fasciolariidae) ..................008. Petuch, E. J. The Austral-African conid subgenus Floraconus Iredale, 1930, taken off Bermuda (Gastropoda: Conidae) Phelan, T. F. Comments on the echinoid genus Encope, and a new SUID OCIUS MN ye ce a earecc ecutive ees tata yc lone a a oe Eee me te ere felt 2 Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Ten new subspecies of birds from \IGINGTAUIS) GA, AR Stott Fe ce oP LD ease Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Two new subspecies of birds from Bonaire, sland "tA crest. es peered ee coe ee ted Oe ee ele Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Eight new birds from the subtropical zone of the Paria Peninsula, Venezuela Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Eleven new subspecies of birds REOTMVSTE ZUG LaR Avia Sait) Mia MUR i UN SAUER OR NE ELE RAD A Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Seven new subspecies of birds from Weneziela Rah. A btyheiuedt tos cicyhis Boge ere Feehan We Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Three new subspecies of birds from \VSIETAUO) ES TAG tole Care ian gsi eir ree ig wc AUPE ECE AM Aa Aa Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Seven new subspecies of Wenezueclam bindsit’ tae rattan. Grete) setae Nec esheets COUR et Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Four new Venezuelan birds ..... Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Nine new subspecies of birds from Menezuclanie tiasear sree ans( Pcaaparen tees WHS, fxn TA RLRS ELE UA, Rae Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Nine new birds from the Perija Mountains and eleven extensions of ranges to Venezuela ........ Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Eight new subspecies of birds from the Perija Mountains, Venezuela Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Eight new birds and thirty-three extensions of ranges to Venezuela Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Notes on Venezuelan birds and descriptions of six new subspecies Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Five new Venezuelan birds and nine extensions of ranges to Colombia ..................-05. Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Seven new birds from Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Amazonas, Venezuela Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Three new birds from Cerro el Teteo, Venezuela, and extensions of ranges to Venezuela and Colombia 2 © © © © © © © © © 8 e© © © © © © © © © © © ew te el 8 ee 888 eee © © © © © © © © © ew ee 8 eel ele elle ee © © © © © © © © © 8 we ew ee 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © eB 8 8 8 el el el el ele tl tl tll elle 8 le lee ll 109 98:447-469 98:740-757 99:444-451 92:510-526 93:299-302 94:1110-1130 95:774-780 99:8-14 99:15-16 85:109-129 60:149-163 61:171-174 62:33-44 62:109-124 62:185-194 63:43-49 63:115-126 64:65-72 65:39-54 65:89-105 66:1-12 66:125-144 67:103-113 68:47-58 68:113-123 69:127-134 110 3511 3512 S53 3514 S)/5) 3516 S57 3518 soll’) 3520 S521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3927, 3528 3529 3530 S5p)l DISe 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550 Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Five new birds from Rio Chiquito, Tachira, Venezuela and two extensions of ranges from Colombia Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Descriptions of four new Venezuelan birds, extensions of ranges to Venezuela and other notes Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Descriptions of two new Venezuelan birds and distributional notes Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Two new subspecies of birds from the San Luis Mountains of Venezuela and distributional notes Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. A new subspecies of Furnariidae from! Venezuela andvextensionsiofranves crs. eyee eee eee Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Notes on Venezuelan birds and description of a new subspecies of Trochilidae Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. A new subspecies of warbler from Cerro de la Neblina, Venezuela, and notes Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Two new subspecies of birds from Venezuela, the rufous phase of Pauxi pauxi, and other notes Phillips, C. J. A new subspecies of horseshoe bat (Hipposideros diadema) from the Solomon Islands Phillips, C. J., & E. C. Birney. Taxonomic status of the vespertilionid genus Anamygdon (Mammalia; Chiroptera) Phillips, J. C. A new puma from Lower California ............... Phillips, J. C. Two new African birds Pine, R. H. Anatomical and nomenclatural notes on opossums Piper, C. V. New and interesting American grasses Piper, C. V. Wyethia helianthoides Nuttall and Wyethia amplexicaulis Nuttall ee © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 ew 8 8 8 e 2 © © eo Ce Piper, C. V. Andropogon halepensis and Andropogon sorghum ....... Piper, C. V. Notes on Quamasia with a description of a new species Piper: V.. New plantssfromiOregonyy.. Jae i sy cue ele poe Piper, @) V> Theicowhagesandorelated species) Vises 60.8 -Bifommisyaypreoccupied namerns 2). a.s tel Leyes teewe de 125 50:83-86 51:157-158 51:165-166 52:187-195 53:55-64 54:15-16 54:73-76 54:115-117 54:119-124 54:181-182 55:159-164 BS os 192 60:47-49 58:29-32 61:159-165 19:73-82 64:97-100 73:245-260 73:261-266 IBPAR IRV: 93:405-416 91:563-568 69:169-176 70:201-203 64:101-103 76:297-303 52:157-158 81:473-477 82:349-354 79:139-143 37:83-85 38:57-67 38:89 126 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 Snyder, T..E:. ThertPseudo-fhight)iofitermitesw)-2) eee wee Snyder, T. E. Notes on fossil termites with particular reference to Florissant, Colorado Snyder, T. E. Races or sub-species in Reticulitermes .............. Snyder, T. E. Nasutitermes (N.) benjamini, a new name for Eutermes PPAISULIGTIS, SJ OSUG: voi 10, ose :a.'5/4)-0 S03 0, 5! SEMA RG ENS HEELS NOES ER EM Di, Snyder, T. E. Two new termites from India .................... Snyder, T. E. A new species of Brazilian termite, featuring an intermediate soldier-worker individual ...................... Snyder, T. E. Two new termites from Costa Rica Snyder, T. E. An introduced anobiid beetle destructive to houses in thee S@uthenm:, States y, sic. reise. 4, 5. casi breton elie See revert lege bs: eaten teens tei eee Snyder, T. E., & E. P. Popenoe. The founding of new colonies by Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar Sohn, I. G., & L. S. Kornicker. Cypretta kawatai, a new species of freshwater, ostracoda; (Crustacea) ie, s)4415 choo at a eee ae Solis-Weiss,V. Parandalia bennei (Pilargidae) and Spiophanes lowai (Spionidae), new species of polychaetous annelids from Mazatlan Bay, Pacific coast of Mexico Spangler, P. J. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland XIV. Biological notes and description of the larva and pupa of Copelatus glyphicus (Say) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) ..................--- Spangler, P. J. A new species of the genus Oosternum and a key to the U. S. species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spangler, P. J. A new species of Laccobius from the Greater Antilles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spangler, P. J. A new genus and new species of water beetle from Bolivia with a key to the genera of the Western Hemisphere Colymbetini: (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)) - aise eee ere Spangler, P. J. A new genus and two new species of madicolous beetles from Venezuela (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spangler, P. J. The bionomics, immature stages, and distribution of the rare predacious water beetle, Hoperius planatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Spangler, P. J. The monenclature, bionomics, and distribution of Notaticus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Aubehydrinae) ....... Spangler, P. J. Three new Ecuadorian species of the aquatic beetle genus Chaetarthria (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) ............... Spangler, P. J. A new genus of water beetle from austral South America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spangler, P. J. Description of the larva and pupa of Cylorygmus lineatopunctatus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Rygmodini) ........ Spangler, P. J. A new genus of madicolous beetles from Ecuador (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrobiinae) Spangler, P. J. A new species of the aquatic beetle genus Dryopomorphus from Borneo (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larinae) ..... Spangler, P. J. Three new species of water scavenger beetles of the genus Chaetarthria from South America (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spangler, P. J., & J. L. Cross. A description of the egg case and larva of the water scavenger beetle, Helobata striata (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spangler, P. J., & G. W. Folkerts. The larva of Pachydrus princeps (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Spangler, P. J., & G. W. Folkerts. Reassignment of Colpius inflatus and a description of its larva (Coleoptera: Noteridae) Spangler, P. J., & J. M. Gillespie. The larva and pupa of the predaceous water beetle, Hygrotus sayi (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) ee © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 eo 8 © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 8 ee 8 eel el elle lle ll e 0 © © © © © © © © © 8 © © 8 et 8 8 le ee ele le le ll ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 ee 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ee ew ew ell ele 8 eee 8 ll ee ee © © © © ew 38:89 38:149-166 39:1-6 39:143 46:91-93 46:161-165 47:95-97 48:59-60 45:153-157 85:313-316 96:370-378 75:19-23 75:97-100 81:751-754 84:427-433 85:139-146 86:423-434 86:495-500 90:566-578 92:697-718 92:743-752 92:753-761 98:416-421 99:509-516 85:413-418 86:351-355 86:501-509 86:143-151 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 Spangler, P. J., & R. D. Gordon. Descriptions of the larvae of some predacious water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Spangler, P. J., & P. D. Perkins. Three new species of the neotropical water beetle genus Elmoparnus (Coleoptera: Dryopidae) Spangler, P. J., & S. Santiago-de Bueno. A new water scavenger beetle from Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Spinelli, G. R., & W. W. Wirth. A review of the neotropical predaceous midge genus Paryphoconus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Springer, S. Triakis fehlmanni, a new shark from the coast of Somalia Springer, S. & V. Sadowsky. Subspecies of the western Atlantic cat shark, Scyliorhinus retifer Springer, V. G. The Indo-Pacific blenniid fish genus Stanulus, with description of a new species from the Great Barrier Reef (Blenniidae; Blenniinae; Salariini) Springer, V. G. Cirrisalarias bunares, new genus and species of blenniid fish from the Indian Ocean Springer, V. G. Notes on blenniid fishes of the tribe Omobranchini, with descriptions of two new species Springer, V. G. Oman ypsilon, a new genus and species of blenniid fish from the Indian Ocean Springer, V. G., & W. F. Smith-Vaniz. Blennius antholops, new deep- water fish, from the Gulf of Guinea, with comments on the bathymetric distribution of the family Blennidae ............... Springer, V. G., & R. E. Trist. A new clinid fish species, Paraclinus Fehimanns stromibcnadore: sees ein aks eee: OG Ae De MG Squires, D. F., & P. M. Ralph. A new scleractinian coral of the genus Flabellum from New Zealand, with a new record of Stephanocyathus St. John, H. A revision of the loco-weeds of Washington .......... St. John, H. Additional plants from Glacier National Park St. John, H. New and noteworthy northwestern plants. Part4 ...... St. John, H. New and noteworthy northwestern plants. Part 7 St. John, H. Nomenclatorial changes in Glossopetalon (Celastraceae) . St. John, H. More variants of Scaevola taccada (Goodeniaceae) Hawaiian plant studies 43 St. John, H., C. S. English, Jr..G. N. Jones, R. Palmer, R. Sprague, F. A. Warren, & G. Weitman. New and noteworthy northwestern plants. Part I St. John, H., & F. A. Warren. The crinite headed Hieraciums of the TOOLS OM oF Ree AR ay ey Wy VR es Br et May ct Bt ny gs oe CRRA? “ARAM SOE, Stager, K. E. A new cacomistle from southeastern California ....... Standing, J. D. Common inshore barnacle cyprids of the Oregonian Paunal) Province’ (Crustacea: Cirripedia) ) Yon 57.0 aaa e. Standing J. D. Occurrences of shrimps (Natantia: Penaeidea and Caridea) in central California and Oregon ................... ee © © © © © © © © 8 8 * 2 8 © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ee 8 ee 8 ee 8 8 le 8 Standley, P. C. The American species of Fagonia ................ Standley, P. C. Wootonella, a new genus of Carduaceae ........... Standley, P. C. Five new plants from New Mexico ............... Standley, P. C. A new Dodecatheon from New Mexico ............ Standley, P. C. A new Amelanchier from southeastern California .... Standley, PG Dheigenus'Chomyarn eens eS A Rsk 5). Standley, P. C. A new species of Achyranthes from Tobago ........ Standley, P. C. A new species of Jresine from the United States ..... Standley, P. C. A change of name for an Arizona mistletoe ........ Standley, P. C. Six new species of trees and shrubs from Mexico Standley.P:/G: i Avnew) Nycteleamame te pana. 212) ed. enais aictamie Me 3): Standley, P. C. Two new species of plants from Cuba ............ Standley, P. C. Six new species of plants from Mexico ............ 127 86:261-277 89:743-760 92:333-338 97:882-908 81:613-624 83:83-98 81:111-121 89:199-203 94:699-707 98:90-97 83:215-220 82:323-327 78:259-263 41:97-106 41:199 44:29-36 50:3-5 55:109-112 88:73-75 41:191-199 41:107-109 63:203-204 93:1184-1203 94:774-786 24:243-250 25:119-120 26:115-119 26:195-196 27:197-198 27:221-224 28:87-88 28:171-173 29:86 31:131-134 32:143 32:241-242 33:65-67 128 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 ee © © © © © © 8 Standley, P. C. Eight new species of plants from Mexico Standley, P. C. Nine new species of plants from Central America Standley, P. C. A new species of Gymnanthes from Texas Stannard, L. J., Jr. A new Australian Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) Stannard, L. J., Jr. Tropothrips in North America (Thysanoptera; Phlaeothripidae) Stannard, L. J., Jr. Five new thrips from the southwest (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) Stannard, L. J., Jr. Six new species of Adelothrips from the New World with critical remarks on this genus and related genera (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) Stannard, L. J., Jr. On the occurrence of Agrothrips in Illinois and Kansas, with a review of the North American species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) Stannard, L. J., Jr. Three new species and one new genus of Heterothripidae (Thysanoptera) from South America Starck, W. A., II, & W. R. Courtenay, Jr. Chorististium eukrines, a new serranid fish from Florida, with notes on related species ......... Stauffer, J. R., Jr., B. M. Burr, C. H. Hocutt, & R. E. Jenkins. Checklist of the fishes of the central and northern Applachian Mountains Stauffer, J. R., Jr.. & K. R. McKaye. Description of a paedophagous deep-water cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa Steadman, D. W., & G. S. Morgan. A new species of bullfinch (Aves: Emberizinae) from a Late Quaternary cave deposit on Cayman Brac, West Indies Steadman, D. W., & M. C. Zarriello. Two new species of parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from archeological sites in the Marquesas Islands Stearns, R. E. C. On the composition and decomposition of fresh water mussel shells with notes and queries Stearns, R. E. C. Smell the dominant sense in Diabrotica 12-punctata and Lunar MAXINUSIE Vole RM hee ed See Ee ES SEE Stebbings ake» Mamaiavand Mamatidae )).1:).. be deities Steele, E. S. Sixth list of additions to the flora of Washington, D.C. and vicinity. With descriptions of new species and varieties by Edward L. Greene, Alvah A. Eaton, and the author Steiner, G. Nematodes parasitic on and associated with roots of mangolds(Vageres hybrids)\ serra 5 sei vata ts ah, aa ee Stejneger, L. Diagnoses of new species of birds from Kamtschatka and the Commander Islands Stejneger, L. Diagnoses of eight new batrachians and reptiles from the RiwKiw ArchipelagosJapan Yt a ia as Oe ore kee Stejneger, L. A new opisthoglyph snake from Formosa Stejneger, L. The generic name Coccystes untenable Stejneger, L. Gerrhonotus caeruleus versus Gerrhonotus burnettii Stejneger, L. Ptychozoon kuhli a new name for P. homalocephalum Stejneger, L. Some generic names of turtles Stejneger, L. A salamander new to the District of Columbia Stejneger, L. Description of a new species of gecko from Cocos Island Stejneger, L. A new name for the Hawaiian bird genus Oreomyza Stejneger, L. A new hognose snake from Florida ................ Stejneger, L. A new species of large iguana from the Bahama Islands Stejneger, L. A new lizard from the Rio Grande Valley, Texas Stejneger, L. A snake new to the District of Columbia Stejneger, L. Generic names of some chelyid turtles Stejneger, L. The amphibian generic name Engystoma untenable Ce ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © eee © 8 ew 8 © ee 8 8 lel eel el ele ele ll ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 le elt lel ele le ee 8 8 8 8 8 le ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 37:43-47 37:49-53 397185 65:127-130 67:81-84 69:21-26 69:105-113 71:143-148 84:335-343 75:159-167 95:27-47 99:29-33 98:544-553 100:518-528 20:67-69 21:137-140 18:157-159 14:47-86 54:31-34 2:97-99 14:189-191 15:15-17 15:37 12317 15:37 15:235-238 15:239-240 16:3-4 16:11 16:123-124 16:129-132 17:17-20 18:73-74 22:125-127 23:165-167 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 Stejneper, LAVA newplizardfrombRortopRicO, 6) tiennoseeme ee «ak « ¢ Stejneger, L. The systematic name of the Pacific walrus Stejneger, L. A new species of tailless batrachian from North America Stejneger, L. New generic name for a tree-toad from New Guinea Stejneger, L. Notes on amphisbaenian nomenclature Stejneger, L. A new lizard of the genus Sceloporus from Texas Stejneger, L. A new species of horned tree-toad from Panama Stejneger, L. The salamander genus Ranodon in North America Stejneger, L. Description of a new snapping turtle and a new lizard EOIN, RUOTIM AE, gthiecccesvital aj ae eeaieas ty ablnice) secant hay aPet MMM oxceelnn Bie. Stejneger, L. Nomenclatorial notes on milk snakes Stejneger, L. The "glass-snake" of Formosa Stejneger, L. The woodfrogs of Japan Stejneger, L. Two new tailless amphibians from western China Sremmecgen ly Avnew,snake fromy Chimaet eae uk pido tele coe ae. Stejneger, L. Description of a new box turtle from Mexico ........ Stejneger, L. Restitution of the name Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz for a MiESTCDMAMV ER tOTLOISE) c's! thru Surya beeen eaten dwell jel uy cvalioh ieee Stephens, F. Descriptions of two new mammals from southern CAUNTOMMUAL hele sear in: Rlapepa el edelee aa shetnk Hee. oR gt eso alan. Stephens, J. S., Jr., & V. G. Springer. Neoclinus nudus, new scaleless clinid fish from Taiwan with a key to Neoclinus ............... Sterrer, W., & T. M. Iliffe. Mesonerilla prospera, a new archiannelid LE ORM GIN AME: CAVES) 1 ESS TMU Ayah etees oe oh yk possi Me aia oy vasa ve ts « Stevenson, H. M. The populations of boat-tailed grackles in the Southeastern Winiteds States) Mikio. pwr aiete emedei apuaucl Muensyicielehuhclaa ly aul Stevenson, J. A., & E. M. Ermold. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. Wi Cr Une tune, Siwaslte ele ct, Abii, lant. Gt Ue aie Be a a Stevenson, J. O. Two new birds from northwestern Texas ......... Stewart, R. E., & J. W. Aldrich. Distinction of maritime and prairie populations of blie-wingedsteal i205 ba iyisayes syeyeich - dysfebavel acid pa lennud Steyskal, G. C. A key to the genera of Anthomyiinae known to occur in America north of Mexico, with notes on the genus Ganperdea pidrichy (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) jg eye pata hy fenene oye eierey apse ga « Steyskal, G. C. On the grammar of names formed with -scelus, -sceles, SSCCHOMOLCK Oe i yiitensepiabe Stelle tig Ailes be Pil Bard eli vend Lael maul, Steyskal, G. C. Euxesta mazorca, new species, associated with ears of maize in South America (Diptera, Otitidae) ...............+.. Steyskal, G. C. The grammar of family-group names as exemplified by POSE; Ole ISIE Shs tie kien ce ih ei Nap CE alae ince, Son L a Stickel, W. H. The Mexican snakes of the genera Sonora and Chionactis with notes on the status of other colubrid genera ...... Stickel, W. H. Occurrence and identification of the prairie deer-mouse IMRCE MERA lamyLAMG)y ak ceticmencaetecnest yee ity cuyciire As wiescpee cas de AE Stock, J. H., & G. Longley. The generic status and distribution of Monodella texana Maguire, the only known North American SIME RIMOSHACTACE AIG a hep eW Stl Ales cpy Mili cus che A NE. Adana sb Stone, A., & D. S. Farner. Further notes on the Aedes scutellaris group Dp Leta Cult Cid Be) Weg tet tg pr hg hn yg Bs ei gh Bho Mur ah cy 5 Stone, B. C. Boerlagiodendron (Araliaceae) in eastern Melanesia Stone, B. C. The genus Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) in the Solomon Islands Stone, B. C. The genus Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) in Fiji, Tonga, and ‘SHUI ane GISuar eo aca eS DR Rte ee oem en Uren Saeed ena Stone, B. C. Notes on the plant genus Pandanus in Fiji, Tonga, the INewsbiebrides ange Niiie tase: taen pel Sey Wn iether a MA) and eee! cubed Stone, B. C. Pandanus decus-montium, a new species from the Solomon Islands ec e ee © © ow 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew 8 ee 8 ee 8 8 129 26:69-71 27:145 28:131-132 29:85 29:85 29:227-230 30:31-33 30:123-124 31:89-92 31:99 32:142 Sy HB-1e 39:53-54 42:129-130 46:119-120 Sle 13:153 84:65-72 95:509-514 91:27-51 49:123-131 53:15-17 69:29-34 80:1-7 84:7-11 87:73-75 93:168-177 56:109-127 64:25-31 94:569-578 58:155-162 135:25-32 76:1-7 78:81-92 80:47-59 82:439-441 130 4177 4178 4179 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4186 4187 4188 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 Strecker, J. K., Jr. The reptiles and batrachians of Victoria and Refugio Counties, Texas Strecker, J. K., Jr. A preliminary annotated list of the batrachia of Texas Strecker, J. K., Jr. The reptiles and batrachians of McLennan County, Texas Strecker, J. K., Jr. Notes on the habits of two Arkansas salamanders and a list of batrachians and reptiles collected at Hot Springs Strecker, J. K., Jr. Notes on the breeding habits of Phrynosoma cormutum. andiother Wexasilizards)|\ 392944 aso ee ee ee Strecker, J. K., Jr. Notes on the life history of Scaphiopus couchii Baird Strecker, J. K., Jr. Notes on the narrow-mouthed toads (Engystoma) and the description of a new species from southeastern Texas Strecker, J. K., Jr. Description of a new solitary spadefoot (Scaphiopus hurterii) from Texas, with other herpetological notes ............ Stuart, L. C. A new Hypopachus from Guatemala Stuart, L. C. A new species of Xenosaurus from Guatemala ........ Stuart, L. C. Another new Hypopachus from Guatemala Stuart, L. C. Two new species of Eleutherodactylus from Guatemala Stuart, L. C. Errata (54:47-48) Stuart, L.C. Comments on the undulata group of Ameiva (Sauria) Stuart, L. C. A new Tropidodipsas (Ophidia) from Alta Verapaz, Guatemala Stuart, L. C. Another new Plectrohyla from Guatemala Stuart, L.C. A new Trimetopon (Ophidia) from Guatemala ........ Stuart, L. C. Some new amphibians from Guatemala ............. Stuart, L. C. Descriptions of some new amphibians and reptiles from Guatemala Sturtevant, W. C. Does anthropology need museums? Suttkus, R. D., & W. R. Taylor. Noturus munitus, a new species of madtom, family Ictaluridae, from southern United States Sutton, G. M., & T. D. Burleigh. A new Abeille’s grosbeak from Tamaulipas Swales, B. H. A former record of the heath hen (Tympanuchus cupido) at Washington, D.C. Swales, B. H. Records of several rare birds from near Washington, D.C. Swallen, J. R. New species, names, and combinations of grasses Swallen, J. R. Two new grasses from Florida and Texas Swallen, J. R. Nine new grasses from Mexico Swarth, H. S. Three new subspecies of Passerella iliaca Swarth, H. S. The lemming of Nunivak Island, Alaska ............ Swarth, H. S. The long-tailed meadow-mouse of southeastern Alaska Tai, A., & R. B. Manning. A new species of Potamocypoda (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) from Malaysia Tappan, H. Valkanovia, a new name for the the camoebian Euglyphella Valkanov, 1962 non Warthin, 1934 (Protozoa: Rhizopodea) Tate, C. M., J. F. Pagels, & C. O. Handley, Jr. Distribution and systematic relationship of two kinds of short-tailed shrews (Soricidae: Blarina)\in south-central’Virginia yy. Saha ain eee ee Taverner, P. A. A partial study of the Canadian savanna sparrows, with description of Passerculus sandwichensis campestris, subsp. nov. the prairie savannah sparrow #2 3s 4 cab eed ee oe Taylor, E. H. The discovery of a lizard Sceloporus torquatus cyanogenys Cope in Texas, new to the fauna of the United States Taylor, E. H. Two new Mexican skinks of the genus Eumeces Taylor, E. H. New species of skinks from Mexico ese eee ee es we we we ewe ew ew ew ee tell el el ele elle ll ee eee ee © © © © © © © © © we we we ee © © © ew ew we ew ew ew ee ell tll el tl ele 8 le el Ce eee «© © © © © © © © ee 8 8 8 ee ew ee ele lel elle ele le ee 8 8 ec ee « © eee e+ © © © © © © ew oe 8 21:47-52 21:53-61 21:69-83 21:85-89 21:165-169 21:199-206 22:115-120 23:115-121 53:19-21 54:47-48 54:125-128 54:197-200 §$4:217 55:143-149 55:177-179 61:17-18 62:165-168 65:1-9 67:159-177 82:619-649 78:169-178 52:145-146 32:198 33:181-182 54:43-45 55:93-94 56:77-83 31:161-163 44:101-103 46:207-211 97:615-617 79:89 93:50-60 45:201-205 44:129-131 46:129-137 46:175-181 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 4243 Taylor, E. H. Description of a new Sonoran snake of the genus Ficimia, with notes on other Mexican species Taylor, E. H. The rediscovery of the lizard Eumeces altamirani (Dugés) with notes on two other Mexican species of the genus Taylor, E. H. New species of hylid frogs from Mexico with comments on the rare Hyla bistincta Cope Taylor, E. H. A new Syrrhophus from Guerrero, Mexico Taylor, E. H. Palatal sesamoid bones and palatal teeth in Cnemidophorus, with notes on these teeth in other saurian genera Taylor, E. H. A new plethodont salamander from New Mexico Taylor, E. H. Two new species of Mexican plethodontid salamanders Taylor, E. H. Some Mexican frogs Taylor, E. H. A new Hylella from Mexico Taylor, E. H. New Costa Rican salamanders Taylor, E. H. Two new genera and a new family of tropical American frogs Taylor, E. H., & I. W. Knobloch. Report on an herpetological collection from the Sierra Madre mountains of Chihuahua Taylor, J. J. A reclassification of Iris species bearing arillate seeds ... Taylor, W. P. Aplodontia humboldtiana, a new mountain beaver from the Humboldt Bay District, California Taylor, W. P. A new pocket gopher from western Washington ...... Taylor, W. P. Thomomys douglasii shawi, a new subspecies of pocket gopher from Mount Rainer, Washington Taylor. W. R. Observations on specimen fixation ................ Taylor, W. R., R. E. Jenkins, & E. A. Lachner. Rediscovery and description of the ictalurid catfish, Noturus flavipinnis Thayer, J. E., & O. Bangs. Breeding birds of the Sierra de Antonez, north central Sonora Thomas, F. G., & K. Auffenberg. Hypselostoma latispira, a new pupillid land snail from the Philippine Islands Thomas, J. D. A redescription of the wood-rasping amphipod Tropichelura gomezi Ortiz, 1976 (Cheluridae) from the Florida Keys, with notes on its distribution and ecology ..................--- Thomas, J. D. Curidia debrogania, a new genus and species of amphipod (Crustacea: Ochlesidae) from the barrier reefs of Belize, Central America Thomas, J. D., & J. L. Barnard. Acanthohaustorius pansus, a new species of sand-burrowing amphipod from Looe Key Reef, Florida Keys, with redescription and distribution data of Acanthohaustorius bousfieldi Frame, 1980 (Amphipoda: Haustoriidae) ............. Thomas, J. D., & J. L. Barnard. Perioculodes cerasinus, n. sp., the first record of the genus from the Caribbean Sea (Amphipoda: Oedicerotidae) Thomas, J. D., & J. L. Barnard. Two new species of two new gammaridan genera (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Florida keys Thomas, J. D., & J. L. Barnard. A new marine genus of the Maera group (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Belize Thomas, J. D., & J. L. Barnard. The Indo-Pacific Audulla chelifera reported from the Caribbean Sea (Crustacea: Amphipoda) ....... Thomas, J. D., & R. W. Heard. A new species of Cerapus Say, 1817 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the northern Gulf of Mexico, with notes on its ecology Thomas, L. P. A redescription of the amphiurid brittlestar Ophiocnida cubana A. H. Clark, 1917 Thomas, L. P. The systematic position of Amphilimna (Echinodermata; Ola eOId eal) itaeerers eee he oo Ue Shte ae setiaseiey datas ccheamnveie re blot ine’ 2 SORES ee ee + © © © © © © 8 8B 8 8 2° 28 © © © © © ye © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee 8 © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © © © 8 © 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 eB elle lel el ele ele ele 8 le lel ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ee ew ewe 8 8 ee cee © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 ee ee «© © © © © © © © © ef 8 ew 8 ew 8 8 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 8 © 8 8 eee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 8 ee 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 131 49:51-54 49:55-58 50:43-54 53:95-97 53:119-123 54:77-79 54:81-85 54:87-94 56:49-51 61:177-180 64:33-37 53:125-130 89:411-420 29:21-23 32:169-171 34:121-122 90:753-763 83:469-475 19:17-22 97:86-89 92:863-872 96:127-133 97:909-926 98:98-106 98:191-203 98:630-635 100:364-370 92:98-105 76:217-221 80:123-129 132 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 Thomas, L. P. The ophiacanthid genus Amphilimna (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) t. 20) cx. < 075 2 CR TR PE he oe Thomas, O. The name of the Aard-Vark .................0.00- Thomas, O;. The namevof the‘ogotona. Wri s4 Ae Se et ae Ae Thomas, O.4 The*name’ of theiviscachatent 228) Sr eee oe. | Thomas, O. A new spiny rat from La Guaira, Venezuela .......... Thomas, O. The generic names of the peccaries, northern fur seal, and sea leopard Thomas, O. On the generic names, Notophorus, Alces, Dama, and Cephalotes, with remarks on the "one-letter rule" in nomenclature Thomas, O. Suggestions for the nomenclature of the cranial length measurements and of the cheek-teeth of mammals ............. Thomas, O. Notes on Limnomys Thomas, O. Buffon’s "Porc-épic de Malaca." Thomas, O. The generic names Cercomys and Proechimys Thomas, O. The technical name of the Tasmanian devil Thomas, O. Determination of Vesperugo vagans Dobson from "Bermuda" Thomas, O. The generic name Connochaetes of Lichtenstein Thomas, O. Phacochoerus as the generic name of the warthogs Thomas, O. Note on the name Corynorhinus megalotis ............ Thomas, O. Choiropotamus versus Koiropotamus Thomas, R. The smaller teiid lizards (Gymnophthalmus and Bachia) of the southeastern Caribbean Thomas, R. Leeward Islands Typhlops (Reptilia, Serpentes) ........ Thomas, R. A new species of Typhlops (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) from ELIS PALO La? se usesszebisciepteica ish OPAL RT ER ey a aS cates Thomas, R. A new dwarf Sphaerodactylus from Haiti (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) Thomas, R., R. W. McDiarmid, & F. G. Thompson. Three new species of thread snakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) from Hispaniola Thomassin, B. A. Contribution to the polychaetous study of the Tulear Region (SW of Madagascar) IV. Sthenelanella corallicola new species (Sigalionidae) Thompson, F. G. New land snails from El Salvador .............. Thompson, F. G. A new cyclophorid land snail from the West Indies (Prosobranchia), and the discussion of a new subfamily Thompson, F. G. A new land snail of the family Proserpinidae from Chiapas, Mexico (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) Thompson, F. G. Ceochasma, a remarkable new land snail from Colima, Mexico (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Helicinidae) Thompson, F. G. Two new land snails of the genus Opisthostoma from Borneo (Prosobranchia: Cyclophoracea: Diplommatinide) i eo 2 © © © © © © © © © © woe te ew tlw el el ell ell e326 e © © © © © © © © © © © © we ew ew ee ee ee ee ele el el el ele el el ele le ele ll eee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee 8 ew ew 8 8 8 8 ee ee ew ew ee 8 ee ee el eee © © © © © © © © © ee © 8 8 8 ew ee le hel el ele ee 8 ee le 8 eee ee © © © Thompson, F. G. A new species of Euglandina from Peru (Gastropoda: eee eee ec e ee © © © © ew ew ee ee ee eee ee ee ee 8 Pulmonata: Spiraxidae) Thompson, F. G. Columbinia vasquezi, a new clausiliid land snail from Bolivia Thompson, F. G., & K. Euler hens Hypselostoma latispira, a new pupillid land snail from the Philippine Islands Thompson, F. G., & J. E. Deisler. A new tree snail, genus Drymaeus (Bulimulidae) from southeastern Peru Thompson, F. G., & T. M. Iliffe. Two new operculate land snails from the Palau Archipelago Thompson, H. B. Description of a new subspecies of Rana pretiosa from (Nevadas, O04 405. Ce AR A a EB Thompson, M. C., & P. Temple. Geographic variation in the coot in New Guinea Cr ees es © © © © © © Be ew oe 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee ew © oe ew ee el tlle el el tl el ele ele eee 88:127-139 14:24 14:24 14:25 14:27-28 15:153-154 15:197-198 18:191-196 19:199 20:66 25:115-116 25:116 28:69 28:69 28:181 29:127 34:135 78:141-154 79:255-265 87:11-18 95:81-88 98:204-220 85:255-264 76:19-31 80:13-18 80:61-63 81:45-52 91:386-391 95:763-765 98:768-773 97:86-89 95:265-268 100:447-451 26:53-55 77:251-252 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4286 4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 Thompson, R. G. A synoptic list of the described ground beetle larvae of North America (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Thurman, C. L., II. Uca marguerita, a new species of fiddler crab (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) from eastern Mexico ................ Tidestrom, I. A new Salicornia Tidestrom, I. Novitates Florae Utahensis Tidestrom, I. A new Delphinium from Utah Tidestrom, I. New or noteworthy species of plants from Utah and JSST CES RAO MRE ASH AE NRG eco rr oa Sg ASO sO eMC Lae Tidestrom, I. New plants from Nevada Tidestrom, I., & W. A. Dayton. A new Silene from the Umpqua Natl OnaleKORESE <2 et. .cvet Sepeeene octet Mwah ars GUbye ace ne ah Tidestrom, I. New Arizona plant names Tidestrom, I. Notes on Astragalus (Tournef.) L. ................. Tilden, J. E. Notes on a collection of algae from Guatemala ....... Timm, R. M., & J. S. Ashe. Host and elevational specificity of parasitic beetles (Amblyopinus Solsky) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) LIMPERATI ITI, ieee ters Siete ree Caterer HN REN OLMIS Spt nda ae aki Timm, R. M., & R. D. Price. A review of Cummingsia Ferris (Mallophaga: Trimenoponidae), with a description of two new species Titgen, R. H. Hawaiian Xanthidae (Decapoda: Brachyura) II. Description of Garthiella, new genus, with a redescription of G. aberrans (Rathbun, 1906) Todd, E. L. Synonymical notes on some South American species of Gelastocoris Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Gelastocoridae) ............. Todd, E. L. Notes on some toad bugs (Hemiptera: Gelastocoridae) jBH Ova) Wale U Ea el Ace mens er ioe A oe Todd, E. L. A new species of Eulepidotis Hubner from South America (enidopteray NOChiIdae ise eis Bian eel I ere hee we Tai Rey) Todd, E. L. Nomenclatural and descriptive notes on Orodesma apicina H.-S. and its subspecies (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) Todd, E. L. Two new species of Eusceptis Hubner and notes on other Species (lepidopteran Noctuidae)it: Sees Seco. SOP Oe. oD. Todd, E. L. The types of plusiine noctuids described by J. B. Smith (Lepidoptera) Todd, E. L. Two new species of Gonodonta Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Todd, E. L. Distributional and nomenclatural notes on some Gelastocoridae in the collection of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum (Hemiptera) Todd, W. E. C. A new warbler from the Bahama Islands .......... Todd, W. E. C. Two new woodpeckers from Central America ...... Todd, W. E. C. Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new birds from tropical Americas, 0) Wee Ae Shyla sibelia, eg Tay! abut eM. 6s. Todd, W. E. C. Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new South American birds Todd, W. E. C. Preliminary diagnoses of seven apparently new neotropical birds 22 Been Ae Cee ikieh eed Ria C4 Todd, W. E. C. Preliminary diagnoses of fifteen apparently new HEOMOPICal IFAS ee ls ce hen Lele | ree Plata rtadieeenl ie Hh. Todd, W. E. C. Preliminary diagnoses of apparently new birds from Colombia and Bolivia Todd, W. E. C. New genera, species, and subspecies of South American birds Todd, W. E. C. Descriptions of apparently new Colombian birds .... Todd, W. E. C. Descriptions of apparently new South American birds 2° 2 © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 ee ee © © © © © © © © 8 we 8 ee el ele elle le le 8 8 8 es © © © © © © © © © © © © © & © © ew ew 8 8 8 ew 8 © 8 8 8 ele ele lel el el el el el el el tl ee e@ © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee © © © 8 8 8 ew ee ele le le 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Ce ese eee ee © © © © © © we © 8 8 ew ew ele ele le lel el ell Blew le 8 ew 8 8 8 8 133 90:99-107 94:169-180 26:13 26:121-122 27:61 36:181-184 38:15 42:207-208 48:39-43 50:17-21 21:153-156 100:13-20 98:391-402 99:56-60 74:57-63 74:93-94 75:269-272 77:65-71 84:283-291 85:385-387 86:243-245 90:214-217 22:171-172 23:153-155 26:169-174 28:79-82 28:169-170 29:95-98 30:3-6 30:127-129 32:113-117 33:71-75 134 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 Todd, W. E. C. Studies in the Tyrannidae. I. A revision of the genus Pipromorpha Todd, W. E. C. Studies in the Tyrannidae. II. The restricted genus Myiobius Todd, W. E. C. New forms of finches and tanagers from tropical America Todd, W. E. C. Studies in the Tyrannidae. forms of Myiarchus Todd, W. E. C. A synopsis of the genus Arremonops Todd, W. E. C. Remarks on the genus Amblycercus and its allies .... Todd, W. E. C. A new cuckoo-shrike from Australia ............. Todd, W. E. C. Descriptions of eight new neotropical birds ........ Todd, W. E. C. Descriptions of new Furnariidae and Dendrocolaptidae Todd, W. E. C. Note on Arremonops superciliosus chiapensis Nelson . . Todd, W. E. C. Sixteen new birds from Brazil and Guiana ToddsiwE. CsFournew birds fromvBrazileeen: Wane). ee Todd, W. E. C. New gnateaters and antbirds from tropical America, with a revision of the genus Myrmeciza and its allies ............ ry i i ey ery Ill. The South American eee ee ee we ew ew wo eee ee ee e © © we we ew wo ow ee ee ew ew ew ew ee el ell el ell elle lel 8 Todd, W. E. C. Five new manakins from South America .......... Todd, W. E. C. A review of the vireonine genus Pachysylvia_ ....... Todd, W. E. C. A new mockingbird from Colombia ............. Todd, W. E. C. Critical notes on the neotropical thrushes ......... Todd, W. E. C. New South American wrems ................... Todd, W. E. C. Critical notes on the Cracidae ................. Todd, W. E. C. Seven apparently new South American birds ....... Todd, W. E. C. A new weaver-bird from Cameroun ............. Todd, W. E. C. A new name for Odontophorus capistratus Todd Todd, W. E. C. Geographical variation in the American titlark ..... Todd, W. E. C. Critical remarks on the long-billed marsh wren ..... Todd, W. E. C. Critical remarks on Crypturellus variegatus and its AMES 2)... 5) dees hate ee RO ate ion Le: todas wae Todd, W. E. C. Two new swifts of the genus Chaetura ............ Todd, W. E. C. The pigeons of the Columba plumbea group ....... Todd, W. E. C. Notes on Crypturellus cinereus (Gmelin) .......... Todd, W. E. C. Critical remarks on the trogons ................. Todd, W. E. C. Two new birds from tropical America ............ Todd, W. E. C. Critical remarks on the toucams ................ Todd, W. E. C. A new gnatcatcher from Bolivia ................ Todd, W. E. C. Further note on the Ramphastos ambiguus of SWINSON ocicis xe premrcnunutes «Whereas oboe oem niiob ots ae Todd, W. E. C. The Venezuelan races of Piaya cayana ........... Todd, W. E. C. Two new South American pigeons .............. Todd, W. E. C. Two new owls from Bolivia .................00- Todd, W. E. C. Systematics of the white-crowned sparrow ......... Todd, W. E. C. A new booby and a new ibis from South America ... Todd, W. E. C. Critical notes on the cotingas .................. Todd, W. E. C. Two apparently new oven-birds from Colombia ..... Todd, W. E. C. A new Gallinule from Bolivia .................. Todd, W. E. C., & G. M. Sutton. Taxonomic remarks on the Carolina chickadee)\Perthestes Carolimentsts: siete tater 0 1c ie iw hr wee ate ee Re Oe Tokioka, T., & P. B. Bhavanarayana. Note on the occurrence of a swarm of Salpa cylindrica Cuvier (Tunicata: Salpidae) in Sardinera Lagoon, Puerto Rico!) 240. 26 2 Oe AO EE A wee at Toll, R. B. The lycoteuthid genus Oregoniateuthis Voss, 1956, a synonym of Lycoteuthis Pfeffer, 1900 (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) 34:173-192 35:17-38 35:89-93 35:181-217 36:35-44 37:113-117 3PM19 37:121-124 38:79-82 38:89 38:91-99 38:111-113 40:149-177 41:111-113 42:181-205 44:45-46 44:47-54 45:9-14 45:209-213 45:215-220 45:221-222 45:237 48:63-65 50:23 50:175-178 50:183-184 50:185-190 51:123-126 56:3-15 56:47-48 56:153-162 592155 60:17-18 60:59-60 60:67-68 60:95-96 61:19-20 61:49-50 63:5-7 63:85-87 67:85-86 49:69-70 92:572-576 96:365-369 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 Toll, R. B. The reinstatement of Bathypolypus faeroensis (Russell, 1909) (Octopoda: Bathypolypodinae) ..........06 sua. ele nen eee Toll, R. B., & S. C. Hess. A small, mature male Architeuthis (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) with remarks on maturation in the family Torre, L. de la. The status of Mormopteris peruanus J. A. Allen ..... Torre, L. de la. The correct type locality of the bat Trachops coffini .. Torre, L. de la The dental formula of the bats of the genus Diaemus . Torre, L. de la The status of the bat Myotis velifer cobanensis Goodwin Torre, L. de la. New bats of the genus Sturnira (Phyllostomidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of Peru and the Windward Islands, West Indies Torre, L. de la, & A. Schwartz. New species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the islands of Guadeloupe and Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles Tortonese, E., & M. E. Downey. On the genera Echinaster Mueller and Troschel and Othilia Gray, and the validity of Verrillaster Downey (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) Townsend, C. H. Descriptions of a new eagle from Alaska and a new squirrel from Lower California Townsend, C. H. T. Proposal of new muscoid genera for old species Townsend, C. H. T. New genera and species of American muscoid MPU PRES Tes seks he, USMS Lenycush chsh ofIRE IRp: Systane eens ow So. dees Townsend, C. H. T. Genera of the dipterous tribe Sarcophagini ' Traub, R. Fleas collected by the Chicago Natural History expedition to the Philippines, 1946-1947 True, F. W. A Darwinian bibliography True, F. W. New name for a North American squirrel ............ True, F. W. On species of South American Delphinidae described by DivkwAs Philippi an 1893 and 1896... oi 6 ee oe boys ee ees ee True, F. W. New name for Pontoleon True, F. W. Discovery of a fossil delphinoid cetacean, with tuberculate eB tr. Ue PPA be bine Sek ghar eyes peak a! ere ast ae pt Aies aeher ivr atitee al Ale hoe Tuck, R. G., Jr. Rediscovery and redescription of the Khuzistan dwarf gecko, Microgecko helenae Nikolsky (Sauria: Gekkonidae) Tuck, R. G., Jr., & D. Hardy, Jr. Status of the Ober Tobago Collection, Smithsonian Institution, and the proper allocation of Amiva suranamensis tobaganus Cope (Sauria: Teiidae) Turner, R. L. Revision of Ophiopaepale Ljungman, 1872 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), with a redescription of O. goesiana Ljungman, 1872, and notes on O. diplax (Nielsen, 1932), new combination Turner, R. L. Microphiopholis, replacement name for Micropholis Thomas, 1966 (Ophiuroidea: Amphiuridae), non Huxley, 1859 (Amphibia: Dissorophidae) Turner, R. L., & D. B. Campbell. A redescription of Echinaster modestus Perrier, 1881 (Asteroidea: Spinulosida) from the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the West Indies .................2-0--00- Tyler, J. C., & K. Matsuura. Comments on the osteology of balistoid fishes (Tetraodontiformes), with notes on the triodontid pelvis Uebelacker, J. M. Review of some little-known species of syllids (Annelida: Polychaeta) described from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean by Herman Augener in 1924 ..................-.-. Ulrich, E. O., & E. Kirk. Amecystis, a new genus of Ordovician Cystidea Utinomi, H. Redescriptions and illustrations of some primnoid octocorals from Japan Cee i eee ee © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8B 8 ew 8 8 8 eB 8 8 8 8 ew 8 8 Be 8 8 8 8 eee eee © © © e@ © © 8B ee we ew ew 8 ew ee ee ew ee © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew 8 ew 8 ew 8 8 ew 8 8 el el ele lel Bl ele 8 le ee 8 ew 8 8 Ce ee 135 98:598-603 94:753-760 69:187-188 69:189 69:191 71:167-170 79:267-272 79:297-303 90:829-830 11:145-146 28:19-23 30:43-50 30:189-197 64:1-21 1:92-101 13:183 16:133-143 18:253 24:37-38 83:477-482 86:231-241 97:927-941 98:1028-1029 94:344-351 94:52-66 95:583-593 34:147-148 91:1008-1025 136 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 Vagvolgyi, J. Eight new Ashmunellas from the southwestern United States)(Pulmonata: Polyeyridae) , 2.2.42... 2 eee ene Se Vagvolgyi, J. Six new species and subspecies of Naesiotus from the Galapagos Islands (Pulmonata: Bulimulidae) Valentine, B. D. The plethodontid salamander Phaeognathus: external morphology and'zoogeography*". 21. 2). Ylwwol, Out tomes ail... Valentine, B. D. Notes on anthribid weevils. I. Some Indo-Australian genera relatedtopEncoryrius : S10. OS AD. Sie. he PRI. BA Valentine, B. D. Notes on anthribid weevils. II. The species described by Adolphe Hoffmann Van Dover, C. L., A. B. Williams, & J. R. Factor. The first zoeal stage of a hydrothermal vent crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Bythograeidae) Van Eseltine, G. P. Selaginella funiformis, a new species in the S. FUPeSHISeSTOUD ies. < by ke ees Be he aod Se Aes ee eee aha Van Rossem, A. J. The races of Sitta pygmaea Vigors Van Rossem, A. J. A new name necessary for the Calaveras warbler . Van Rossem, A. J. The Sonora races of Camptostoma and Platypsaris Van Rossem, A. J. The Black-Tailed Gnatcatcher of middle Lower California; a correction Van Rossem, A. J. A race of the Derby Flycatcher from northwestern Mexico Van Rossem, A. J. The Ferruginous Pigmy Owl of northwestern Mexico and Arizona Van Rossem, A. J. A Mexican race of the Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis [Linnaeus]) Van Rossem, A. J. Descriptions of two new races of the Ground Cuckoo (Morococcyx erythropygus [Lesson] from Mexico Van Rossem, A. J. Four new races of Sittidae and Certhidae from Mexico Van Rossem, A. J. A race of the Rivoli Humming Bird from Arizona and ‘northwestern Mexico! eee anh Nh A S. Van Rossem, A. J. Descriptions of two new subspecies of birds from WESLEDME MENT COMER ee OED SS PO PERI TM ENS OTE NES won Van Rossem, A. J. Notes on two woodhewers from Mexico ........ Van Rossem, A. J. A new race of the Mangrove Swallow from northwestern Mexico vite: AOA Ds Re ee, eT ee Van Rossem, A. J. The status of Du Bus’ type of Granatellus venustus Van Rossem, A. J. Three new races of birds from Central America .. Van Rossem, A. J. Preliminary comment on some Pacific coast petrels Van Rossem, A. J. Comment on certain birds of Baja California, including descriptions of three new races ...........--..----- Van Rossem, A. J. A race of Urubitornis solitaria from northwestern Mexico Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. A new bat falcon from Sonora Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. The blue-gray pnateatcher of/southerm Sonora i. asec 2h Bl Oe Sore Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. The yellow-green vireo of northwestern Mexico wis seeeeens ve fl ee ear Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. The tiger-bittern of northwestern.) Mexicoriey.Uj.00- tisk) as tot eats 4s biel 1 Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. A new woodpecker of the genus Piculusiiroms Sonora: (22k Ss ee es ot Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. A northern race of Tityra semifasciata Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. A race of Verreaux’s dove from Sonora 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew 8B ew ee ee el 2 2 © © © © © © 8 ew 8 Ce 87:139-166 90:764-777 76:153-158 84:459-466 85:353-358 97:413-418 30:161-162 42:175-177 42:179 43:129-131 44:99 50:25-26 50:27-28 51:99 51:169-171 52:3-6 52:7-8 52:11-12 52:15-16 §2:155-156 53:13-14 54:171-173 55:9-11 60:51-56 61:67-68 50:107 50:109-110 50:159-160 50:161-162 50:195-196 50:197 50:199-200 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. A northwestern race of the Mexican cormorant Van Rossen, A. J., & the Marquess Hachisuka. A race of the military macaw from Sonora Vari, R. P. The genus Leptagoniates (Pisces: Characoidei) with a description of a new species from Bolivia Vari, R. P. Hemiodopsis ocellata, a new hemiodontid characoid fish (Pisces: Characoidea) from western Surinam Vari, R. P. Curimatopsis myersi, a new curimatid characiform fish (Pisces: Characiformes) from Paraguay Vari, R. P. A new species of Bivibranchia (Pisces: Characiformes) from Surinam, with comments on the genus Vari, R. P. Serrabrycon magoi, a new genus and species of scale-eating characid (Pisces: Characiformes) from the Upper Rio Negro Vari, R. P. Two new species of curimatid fishes (Ostariophysi: Characiformes) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Vari, R. P., & J. Géry. Cheirodon ortegai, a new markedly sexually dimorphic cheirodontine (Pisces: Characoidea) from the Rio Ucayali of Peru Vari, R. P., & J. Géry. Nannocharax maculicauda, a new species of African characoid fish (Characoidea: Distichodontidae) with comments on the genus Hemigrammocharax Vari, R. P., & J. Géry. A new curimatid fish (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the Amazon Basin Vari, R. P., & M. Goulding. A new species of Bivibranchia (Pisces: Characiformes) from the Amazon River Basin Vari, R. P., S. L. Jewett, D. C. Taphorn, & C. R. Gilbert. A new catfish of the genus Epapterus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the Orinoco River Basin Vari, R. P., & A. M. Williams. Headstanders of the neotropical anostomid genus Abramites (Pisces: Characiformes: Anostomidae) Vaughan, T. W. Some recent changes in the nomenclature of West Indian corals Vaughan, T. W. An addition to the coral fauna of the Aquia Eocene Formation of Maryland Vaughan, T. W. A redescription of the coral Platytrochus speciosus Vaughan, T. W. Corrections to the nomenclature of the Eocene fossil Conalsiofthe Winited: States) Aye 5 fei coh We epey arti ste alae a Vecchione, M. Larval development of J//ex Steenstrup, 1880, in the northwestern Atlantic, with comments on J/Ilex larval distribution Vecchione, M. Morphology and development of planktonic Lolliguncula brevis (Cephalopoda: Myopsida) Vecchione, M., & C. F. E. Roper. Occurrence of larval Illex illecebrosus and other young cephalopods in the slope water/Gulf Stream interface Vermeij, G. J. The systematic position of the neritid prosobranch gastropod Nerita polita and related species Viereck, H. L. Preoccupied names in the genus Andrena (Hymenoptera) Viereck, H. L. One new genus and five new species of Ichneumon-flies Viereck, H. L. Notes on the bee genus Andrena (Hymenoptera) Viereck, H. L. A list of families and subfamilies of ichneumon-flies or the super-family Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) Viereck, H. L. Additions and corrections to "A list of families and subfamilies of ichneumon-flies or the super family Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera)" eeeeeee se ee ee ee © © © ew 8B ee ee el el el el el ele ltl ll 2 © © © © © © © © we we ew 8 8 8 lw ee © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © eB 8 8 8 e © © © © © © © © © © ee ow eee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 we 8 ew 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 ee 8 wl 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew © © 8 ew ew 8 8 le 8 el 8 8 8 ele lel hell le ew 8 8 i ese © © © © © © © oe ow e 2 e©« © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew ee ee el ell elle el 8 8 8 8 187) 52:9-10 52:13-14 91:184-190 95:188-193 95:788-792 98:511-522 99:328-334 100:603-609 93:75-82 94:1076-1084 98:1030-1034 98:1054-1061 97:462-472 100:89-103 15:53-58 15:205-206 15:207-209 16:101 91:1060-1075 95:602-609 99:703-708 97:688-692 29:127 29:165-171 31:59 31:69-74 32:48 138 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 Viereck, H. L. Additions to "A list of families and subfamilies of ichneumon-flies or the superfamily Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera)" Viereck; Hi. L2.,Groteinaeja new subfamily. 955 coe pice ase es a Vila P., I., & N. Bahamonde N. Two new species of Stratiodrilus, S. aeglaphilus and S. pugnaxi (Annelida: Histriobdellidae) from Chile Villalobos-Figueroa, A., & H. H. Hobbs, Jr. A new dwarf crayfish from the Pacific versant of Mexico (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Viosca, P., Jr. A new species of Hyla from Louisiana ............. Viosca, P., Jr. A new waterdog from central Louisiana Von Bloecker, J. C., Jr. A new race of Perognathus longimembris from southern California Von Bloecker, J. C., Jr. Three new mammals from salt marsh areas in southern California Von Bloecker, J. C., Jr. Four new rodents from Monterey County, California MonaBloeckers JC. Jr. AvcOme COM gina Syaituhes alee ior ssemeusiny weal: Von Bloecker, J. C., Jr. Two new pocket mice, genus Perognathus, from west- central Californian jg? i ee a otain Later tg ace Toke wee Von Bloecker, J. C., Jr. Geographic variation in Neotoma lepida in west-central Galiformiay iA fp.) tenis ia Setanenal ede) lta ee kar eisai Von Bloecker, J. C., Jr. Two new shrews from west-central California Voss, G. L. Six new species and two new subspecies of cephalopods from the Philippine Islands Voss, G. L. A note on Loligo corolliflora Tilesius, 1829, a long forgottenrsquid fromyeasteTm Seas) Pc. csctassavoyeis) oer aaieet Pao Voss, G. L. Two new species of octopods of the genus Graneledone (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from the southern ocean ............. Voss, G. L. Octopus rapanui, new species, from Easter Island (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) Voss, G. L. A redescription of Octopus ornatus Gould, 1852 (Octopoda: Cephalopoda) and the status of Callistoctopus Taki, 1964 Wainright, S. C., & T. H. Perkins. Gymnodorvillea floridana, a new genus and species of Dorvilleidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Florida Walcott, C. D. Note on Lower Cambrian fossils from Cohassett, Mass Walcott, C. D. Note on some appendages of the trilobites ......... Walls, J. G. A new Faxonella from northeast Louisiana (Decapoda, Astacidae) A.) . tered ware ol thes eyo oka ee eee aoe Walls, J. G. Three new crawfishes related to Orconectes difficilis (Faxon) (Decapoda: Astacidae) Walter, T. C. New species of PaalacPai oes from the Indo-Pacific, with a clarification of P. aurivilli and P. mertoni (Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida) wy. fs pil Gey seierapetireye tia muctey Sh Se. ee ae ae Ward, L. A. Spionidae (Polychaeta: Annelida) from Hawaii, with descriptions of five new species Ward, L. F. Darwin as a botanist Ward, L. F. List of plants added to the flora of Washington from April 1, 1882, to April 1, 1884 Ward, L. F. The course of biologic evolution [Presidential address] Ward, L. F. Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism [Presidential address] Ward, L. F. Fossil cycadean trunks of North America, with a revision of the genus Cycadeoidea Buckland Ward, L. F. Descriptions of the species of Cycadeoidea, or fossil cycadean trunks, thus far discovered in the iron ore belt, Potomac Formation: of. Maryland jyesrcs 4 oyeeiees ahs i a ae a Were eet Warren, E.R. A new chipmunk from Colorado ................. eee eee ee ew © eee ee eee © © © © ©w © © © ew ew ew we we 8 ee ee ee ew ee 8 lo Co i eee eee © © © © © © © ee we ee ee ee 8 ee 8 8 8 8 Ce ee © © © © © © © © @ © © © © ee ee ew we ee 8 8 8 Ce eoesceeeee ees ee ee es © we ew ee we ew 8B 8 8 32:198 36:201 98:347-350 94:492-502 41:89-91 51:143-145 45:127-129 45:131-137 50:153-157 50:193 51:197-200 51:201-204 52:93-96 75:169-176 78:155-157 88:447-458 92:360-367 94:525-534 95:694-701 PENSE) 9:89-97 81:413-418 84:449-458 97:369-391 94:713-730 1:81-86 2:84-87 §:23-55 6:11-71 9:75-87 1is1-17% 22:105-106 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 449] 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 Warren, E. R. Notes on the distribution of some Colorado mammals Warren, E. R. Additional notes on the distribution of Colorado MAMMALS ener eee cetera oN icioie ses oe ceo ee eee Warren, E. R. Dichromatism in Neotoma mexicana fallax from Costilla County, Colorado Wasbauer, M. S. A new spider hunting wasp of the subgenus Dipogon from western Nevada (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) Wasbauer, M. S. A new species of Quemaya from the Colorado Desert of California (Hymenoptera; Tiphiidae) Wassell, J. T. Revision of the lumbriculid oligochaete Eclipidrilus Eisen, 1881, with descriptions of three subgenera and Eclipidrilus (Leptodrilus) fontanus n. subg., n. sp. from Pennsylvania Wasshausen, D. C. The systematics of the genus Pachystachys (Acanthaceae) Watling, L. A new species of Acetabulastoma Shornikov from central California withtameviewlorthe Genuss 4s esos see vee nee ee. Watling, L. Parametopella inquilinus, new species from Delaware Bay oyster beds (Amphipoda: Stenothoidae) Watling, L. Two new genera and a new subfamily of Bodotriidae (Crustacea: Cumacea) from eastern North America Watling, L., & H. Holman. New Amphipoda from the southern ocean, with partial revisions of the Acanthonotozomatidae and Paramphithoidae Watling, L., & H. Holman. Additional acanthonotozomatid, paramphithoid, and stegocephalid Amphipoda from the southern ocean Watling, L., & D. Maurer. A new euryhaline species of Parapleustes (Amphipoda) from the east coast of North America ............ Watling, L., & D. Maurer. Chiridotea stenops Menzies and Frankenberg, a juvenile of C. arenicola Wigley (Crustacea: Isopoda) Watson, G. E. The chukar partridge (Aves) of St. Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean Watson, R. E., & E. A. Lachner. A new species of Psi/ogobius from the Indo-Pacific with a redescription of Psilogobius mainlandi (Pisces: Gobiidae) Webster, J. D. A new subspecies of fox sparrow from Alaska Weed, A. C. New frogs from Minnesota Weems, R. E. A large parasuchian (Phytosaur) from the Upper Triassic portion of the Culpeper Basin of Virginia (USA) ........ Weems, R. E. Miocene and Pliocene Molidae (Ranzania, Mola) from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina (Pisces: Tetraodontiformes) Weems, R. E., K. A. Beem, & T. A. Miller. A new species of Bothriolepis (Placodermi: Bothriolepidae) from the Upper Devonian of Virginia (USA) Weems, R. E., & S. R. Horman. Teleost fish remains (Osteoglossidae, Blochiidae, Scombridae, Triodontidae, Diodontidae) from the Lower Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Maryland Weems, R. E., & J. F. Windolph, Jr. A new actinopterygian fish (Paleonisciformes) from the Upper Mississippian Bluestone Ronmation of West, Virginia’ cick ae oes ee kee settee ne oe Weinstein, M. P., K. L. Heck, Jr., & R. W. Davis. First records of the maculated flounder Bothus maculiferus (Poey) from the Caribbean Coasion CentralWAimentay ays rtm tocy. ctor icc es ee ee hae Weiss, H. B. Notes on Gargaphia tiliae Walsh, the Linden lace-bug Weiss, H. B. Diptera and fungi Weiss, H. B. The fungous insect fauna of a mesophytic woods in New Jersey Ce eee © © © © oe 2 © © © © © © © © © © ee ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 © 8 © © 8 8 8 ew ee te el 8 ew ew ee le 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ee 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 8 le ee ew 8 ee tle lel le le le ew 8 8 ee © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 ew 8 8 8 8 ew ew 8 ele 8 lel tlhe el el he ee 8 8 8 wl eee © © © © © © © © © © 8 ew ew ee 8 ee 8 ee 8 ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 8 8 eB ew 8 le el ee el ell tlle lel el ele ele 139 25:3-7 26:9-11 26:35-37 79:17-19 80:169-172 97:78-85 99:160-185 85:481-487 88:429-432 89:593-598 93:609-654 94:181-227 86:1-7 88:121-125 79:179-182 98:644-654 96:664-668 35:107-110 92:682-688 98:422-438 94:984-1004 96:38-49 99:584-601 eSre Niles Ig 32:165-168 34:85-88 35:125-128 140 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 Weiss, H. B. Notes on the ratios of insect food habits Weiss, H. B., & E. West. Fungous insects and their hosts Weiss, H. B., & E. West. Additional fungous insects and their hosts Weiss, H. B. & E. West. Additional notes on fungous insects ....... Weitzman, M. HAyphessobrycon elachys, a new miniature characid from easter Paraguays(Pisces:|Characifonmes) yey a).5 sae ace a ea Weitzman, M. J., & R. P. Vari. Astyanax scologaster, a new characid (Pisces: Ostariophysi) from the Rio Negro, South America Weitzman, S. H. A new catfish, Corydoras concolor (Callichthyidae) from Vemezie lay tte) ae onesie iehde Ae te ete hye Jy) aol a ee cine he seme Weitzman, S. H. A new catfish, Corydoras pastazensis (Callichthyidae) from Ecuador Weitzman, S. H. Hyphessobrycon socolofi, a new species of characoid fish (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Rio Negro of Brazil Weitzman, S. H. A new species of characoid fish, Hyphessobrycon diancistrus, from the Rio Vichada, Orinoco River drainage, Colombia, South America (Teleostei: Characidae) Weitzman, S. H., A new species of Elachocharax (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Rio Negro region of Venezuela and Brazil Weitzman, S. H. A new species of Xenurobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Rio Mamoré Basin of Bolivia Weitzman, S. H., & M. H. Balph. Some phylogenetic implications of a discovery of Aspidoras pauciradiatus (Pisces: Siluriformes: Callichthyhidae) from the Rio Negro in Brazil Weitzman, S. H., & J. Géry. The relationships of the South American pygmy characoid fishes of the genus Elachocharax, with a redescription of Elachocharax junki (Teleostei: Characidae) Weitzman, S. H., & C. A. Gongalvesda Cruz. The South American fish genus Rachoviscus, with a description of a new species (Teleostei: Characidae) Weitzman, S. H., & R. H. Kanazawa. Ammocryptocharax elegans, a new genus and species of riffle-inhabiting characoid fish (Teleostei: Characidae); from) SouthyAmenricaye.a40 deat tee eS ee Weitzman, S. W [H]., & R. H. Kanazawa. A new species of pygmy characoid fish from the Rio Negro and Rio Amazonas, South America (Teleostei: Characidae) Weitzman, S. H., & R. H. Kanazawa. The South American fish genus Elachocharax Myers with a description of a new species (Teleostei: @haracidae) "PS oo. RP I (8 oO Aa pase en cloracas Weitzman, S. H., N. A. Menezes, & H. A. Britski. Nermatocharax venustus, a new genus and species of fish from the Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Teleostei: Characidae) Weitzman, S. H., & R. P. Vari. Two new species and a new genus of miniature characid fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes) from northern South America Wetmore, A. A new Accipiter from Porto Rico with notes on the allied forms of Cuba‘and San Domingo! Wn aeie ee ee Wetmore, A. An anatomical note on the genus Chordeiles Swainson Wetmore, A. A new cuckoo from New Zealand Wetmore, A. A new honey-eater from the Marianne Islands Wetmore, A. Description of a new subspecies of the little yellow bittern'fromythesehilippine tslands) jee) rycen ae ere eee Wetmore, A. A note on the eye of the black skimmer (Rynchops nigra) Wetmore, A. Description of a whippoorwill from Porto Rico ....... Wetmore, A. Five new species of birds from cave deposits in Porto Rico eeceee eee eee ee ew ew ew ee ee ee ee eee ee ewe ee wee ee ecee ee se ce ee © ew ow ee ew ew ee ee ee ee ew ee ell 38:1-4 33:1-19 34:59-61 34:167-171 98:799-808 99:709-716 74:105-110 76:59-63 90:326-347 90:348-357 99:739-747 100:112-120 92:10-22 93:887-913 93:997-1015 89:325-346 90:149-160 91:158-183 99:335-346 100:640-652 27:119-121 28:175-176 30:1-2 30:117-118 31:83-84 SZ195 32:235-237 33:77-81 33:182-183 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 Wetmore, A. Description of a Brachyspiza from the Chaco of Arcentinatand Paraguay nei RA OR em Alle ES Wetmore, A. A thrush new to science from Haiti Wetmore, A. The clapper rail of Hispaniola Wetmore, A. The short-eared owls of Porto Rico and Hispaniola Wetmore, A. A new species of piculet from Gonave Island ........ Wetmore, A. The mourning dove in Jamaica ................... Wetmore, A. A new subspecies of flycatcher from Gonave Island, PA LUGAM Oren eth HN AAPM SAPS ONIN 98 SURES TE acl, Wetmore, A. New races of birds from Haiti Wetmore, A. A new hummingbird from St. Andrews Island, Caribbean SSNPS EE, Hoch Ra aE ORCS, MROURTIREIOUN eh ROC AU A Doe CATA lena ual 2° Wetmore, A. The ground-dove of Navassa Island Wetmore, A. The bullfinch of Ile a Vache, Haiti ................ Wiemionre,A’ he genenc name! Haploris (4s 32.) Pe gee: Wetmore, A. Two new geographic races of birds from Central America Wetmore, A. New forms of birds from México and Colombia Wetmore, A. Descriptions of three additional birds from southern WER ACHIIZ Bi yew ibs UE ERNE NU de Sa yA SE Mee heals ca tae Wetmore, A. A review of the Giant Antpitta Grallaria gigantea Wetmore, A. New forms of birds from Panama and Colombia ...... Wetmore, A. An additional form of the South American Grasshopper Sparrow Wetmore, A. An additional form of Pepper-Shrike from western ATM AETN Ate do) ote A peove ecm re Maura ve vas SORT RONEN ea, RTE SAS 2 Wetmore, A. Additional forms of birds from the Republics of Panama and Colombia Wetmore, A. Additional forms of birds from Panama and Colombia Wetmore, A. Additional subspecies of birds from Colombia Wetmore, A. Description of a race of the shearwater Puffinus lherminieni from Panama Wetmore, A. An additional race of the pileated tinamou from Panama Wetmore, A. Further systematic notes on the avifauna of Panama .. Wetmore, A. Descriptions of additional forms of birds from Panama and Colombia Wetmore, A., & P. Galindo. Additions to the birds recorded in JPEN Too s WA am as SMR ea e080 UN eae. ce Wetmore, A., & F. C. Lincoln. A new warbler from Hispaniola Wetmore, A., & K. C. Parkes. A new subspecies of Ivory-Billed Woodhewermtrom:Mexicon eee SOS i) RE A eet MET Me Wetmore, A., & J. L. Peters. A new genus and four new subspecies of American birds 2 © © © © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew 8 ee 8 8 8 8 8 lle ele he 8 8 lt lel Belle 8 le 8 ew 8 ee ee © © © © © © © © © © e © © ee ee 8 8 8 ee 8 lel el el Ble 8 ee ee el Wetmore, A. & J. L. Peters. New genera and subspecies based on ZAEDEMEME? DINGS aM itepe tas creme. ela, iSRR MORAINE ACE abet Wetmore, A., & J. L. Peters. Remarks on the genus Ochetorhynchus |. KES (2) REE OU a 22 oe ee ec eA ee ee Wetmore, A., & W. H. Phelps. A new form of Myioborus from northern South America Wetmore, A., & W. H. Phelps. Two new wood-hewers of the genus Dendroplex from Venezuela and Colombia ..................-. Wetmore, A., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. A new form of hummingbird from the Perija Mountains of Venezuela and Colombia Wetmore, A., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. A race of forest-inhabiting finch from the Perija Mountains of Venezuela and Columbia [sic] Wetmore, A., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Notes on the rufous goatsuckers of WETS ZIG lap seen Heaters rece ive toh oteeatone eG cam se hoe EER eRe Ee rhea ie we a a 2 28 © © © © © © © © 8 8 141 35:39-40 40:55-56 41:121-122 41:165-166 41:167-168 41:173 41:201 42:117-119 43:7-8 43:149-150 44:27-28 45:103-104 53:51-53 54:203-210 55:105-108 $8:17-20 59:49-54 62:161-162 63:61-62 63:171-174 69:123-126 71:1-4 72:19-21 76:173-176 80:229-242 82:767-776 85:309-311 44:121-122 75:57-59 35:41-46 36:143-145 62:97-100 57:11-13 59:63-66 65:135-136 66:13-14 66:15-19 142 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 Wetmore, A., & W. H. Phelps, Jr. Further additions to the list of birds of Venezuela Wetzel, M. J. Limnodrilus tortilipenis, a new North American species of freshwater Tubificidae (Annelida: Clitellata: Oligochaeta) Wetzel, R. M. The species of Tamandua Gray (Edentata, Myrmecophagidae) Wetzel, R. M., & D. Kock. The identity of Bradypus variegatus Schinz (Mammalia, Edentata) Wheeler, L. C. Dichapetalacea et Euphorbiaceae novae White, C. A. Certain phases in the geological history of the North American continent, biologically considered [President’s address] White, C. A. The application of biology to geological history White, D. A new name for Buthotrephis divaricata D.W. Wickham, D. E. A new species of Carcinonemertes (Nemertea: Carcinonemertidae) with notes on the genus from the Pacific coast Wicksten, M. K. Range extensions of four species of crangonid shrimps from California and Baja California, with a key to the genera (Natantia: Crangonidae) Wicksten, M. K. New records of the species of Glyphocrangon in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (Caridea: Glyphocrangonidae) Wicksten, M. K. New records of Stereomastis sculpta pacifica (Faxon) (Decapoda: Polychelidae) in the eastern Pacific Ocean Wicksten, M. K. The species of Automate (Caridea: Alpheidae) in the eastern Pacific Ocean Wicksten, M. K. New records of pinnotherid crabs from the Gulf of California (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) Wicksten, M. K. Pinnixa costaricana, a new species of crab from Central America (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) Wicksten, M. K. New records of snapping shrimps (family Alpheidae) from California Wicksten, M. K. Nicoya tuberculata, a new genus and species of spider crab from Pacific Costa Rica (Majidae: Pisinae) Wicksten, M. K., & T. H. Butler. Description of Eualus lineatus new species, with a redescription of Heptacarpus herdmani (Walker) (Caridea: Hippolytidae) Wicksten, M. K., & M. E. Hendrickx. New records of caridean shrimps in the Gulf of California, Mexico Wicksten, M. K., & M. E. Hendrickx. Alpheopsis cortesiana, a new snapping shrimp from the Gulf of California Wilkins, K. T. Pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys (Rodentia: Geomyidae) from the Pleistocene of Florida Williams, A. B. Allactaea lithostrota, a new genus and species of crab (Decapoda: Xanthidae) from North Carolina, U.S.A. Williams, A. B. Two new axiids (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidae: Calocaris) from North Carolina and the Straits of Florida ........ Williams, A. B. A new species of Hypsophrys (Decapoda: Homolidae) from the Straits of Florida, with notes on related crabs Williams, A. B. Distinction between a Gulf of Mexico and a Carolinian Atlantic species of the swimming crab Ovalipes (Decapoda: Portunidae) Williams, A. B. Transfer to Pseudomedaeus of the xanthid crab Micropanope distinctus (Rathbun) Williams, A. B. A new crab family from shallow waters of the West Indies (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) Williams, A. B. A new crab family from the vicinity of submarine thermal vents on the Galapagos Rift (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) ee © © © © © © © © © we et ee ee 8 le lel ele el eee eo © © oe ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ew 8 8 ew 8 ew 8 ew 8 ele hel lll ele 8 8 ew 8 8 8 Ce ee ee e@ © © © © © © © © ee © 8 8 ee ee ee 8 el ee © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ee ew ew ew ee ee ew ew el el el el eee ee 8 ee 69:1-10 100:182-185 88:95-112 86:25-33 53:7-11 2:41-66 3:1-20 15:86 91:197-202 90:963-967 92:217-224 93:914-919 94:1104-1109 95:354-357 95:579-582 97:186-190 100:691-693 96:1-6 98:571-573 99:196-197 98:761-767 87:19-26 87:451-464 87:485-492 89:205-214 91:546-557 92:399-414 93:443-472 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 Williams, A. B. Upogebia synagelas, new species, a commensal mud shrimp from sponges in the western central Atlantic (Decapoda: Upogebiidae) Williams, A. B., & D. L. Felder. Analysis of stone crabs: Menippe mercenaria (Say), restricted, and a previously unrecognized species described (Decapoda: Xanthidae)/ 2 Ses yey) eekehrs earn) chepeten-) oe 2 Williams, A. B., J. K. Shaw, & T. S. Hopkins. Stilbomastax, a new genus of spider crab (Majidae: Tychinae) from the West Indies region, with notes on American relatives Williams, A. B., & C. L. Van Dover. A new species of Munidopsis from submarine thermal vents of the East Pacific Rise at 21°N (Anomura: Galatheidae)) iat Seer ers ae Cs he arcsec Williams, D. J. A new genus and species of mealybug from the Philippine Islands (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) .............. Williams, E. H., Jr. Two new species of Anyrocephalus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from marine fishes of the northern Gulf of Mexico Williams, E. H., Jr., & L. B. Williams. Four new species of Renocila (Isopoda: Cymothoidae), the first reported from the New World Williams, E. H., Jr., & L. B. Williams. The first Anilocra and Pleopodias isopods (Crustacea: Cymothoidae) parasitic on Japanese fishessiwith threemew-SPECieS) sae ak Gee ens siete eitioles cle Ses ehe Gc Williams, J. D., & D. A. Etnier. Percina (Imostoma) antesella, a new percid fish from the Coosa River system in Tennessee and Georgia Williams, J. D., & D. A. Etnier. Etheostoma aquali, a new percid fish (subgenus Nothonotus) from the Duck and Buffalo Rivers, MNETITIESSEES PRN ee PIR, I OE SOE ee ee Williams, J. E., & C. E. Bond. Gila boraxobius, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Oregon with a comparison to G. alvordensis) Hubbs and? Miller 08, le. ee a eens Williams, J. L. Ilyocryptus gouldeni, a new species of water flea, and the first American record of I. agilis Kurz (Crustacea: Cladocera: PLACTOLMEICI GAG) tiers eae rey eee en Re AS RMU DE, O, AM RE Williams, J. T. Cirripectes imitator, a new species of western Pacific blenniid fish Williams, J. T., & A. M. Smart. Redescription of the Brazilian labrisomid fish Starksia brasiliensis ......... cece cece eens Williams, L. B., & E. H. Williams, Jr. Nine new species of Anilocra (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae) external parasites of West Indian CORAMETCEL AISIES Mwy Fs Le tome ee Hal Mle te ere TRE gS GRO PA Williams, L. B., & E. H. Williams, Jr. Three new species of Renocila (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothoidae), external parasites of coral reef fishes from the Ryukyu Islands of Japan ..................05. Williams, N. S. Three new species of Brueelia (Mallophaga: Philopteridae) from the Mimidae (Aves: Passeriformes) ......... Williamson, M. B. West American Mitridae--north of Cape St. Lucas, ower Califopmiayy, 2 stn Rvereein ees we co cleeh SAM er, Bk ands Pa OT, Wilson, C. B. New species of parasitic copepods from the Massachusetts: coaSstsicie (wey aE te a mh ie Sh EE cece Wilson, D. E. The systematic status of Perognathus merriami Allen. Wilson, D. E. The subspecies of Thyroptera discifera (Lichtenstein and REL). eciisdstissie cis oes eer ea RR i UI Nn be SOA iy, Wilson, G. D. Taxonomy and postmarsupial development of a dominant deep-sea eurycopid isopod (Crustacea) .............. Wilson. G. D. F. An unusual species complex in the genus Eurycope (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellota) from the deep north Atlantic Ocean 143 100:590-595 99:517-543 90:884-893 96:481-488 80:27-29 93:383-387 93=51/5-592 99:647-657 90:6-18 91:463-471 93:291-298 91:666-680 98:533-538 96:638-644 94:1005-1047 100:417-432 96:599-604 19:193-197 18:127-131 86:175-191 89:305-311 94:276-294 96:452-467 144 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 Wilson, G. D. F. Pseudojaniridae (Crustacea: Isopoda), a new family for Pseudojanira stenetrioides Barnard, 1925, a species intermediate between the asellote superfamilies Stenetrioidea and Janiroidea ... Wilson, K. A., L. E. Scotto, & R. H. Gore. Studies on decapod Crustacea from the Indian River region of Florida XIII. Larval development under laboratory conditions of the spider crab Mithrax forceps (A. Milne Edwards, 1875) (Brachyura: Majidae) Wilson, M. S. North American harpacticoid copepods 4. Diagnoses of new species of fresh-water Canthocamptidae and Cletodidae (genus Aluntemannia) Wilson, M. S. North American harpacticoid copepods 5. The status of Attheyella americana (Herrick) and the correct name for the subgenus Brehmniella) Xs Ae Ney, eee ini Caen te trees Ie) ae Wilson, M. S. North American harpacticoid copepods 7. A new species of Stenhelia from Nuwuk Lake on the Arctic coast of Alaska Wilson, M. S. North American harpacticoid copepods 9. A new Mesochra (Canthocamptidae) from the Gulf of Mexico with notes on a related Mediterranean form Wilson, M. S., & P. L. Illg. The family Clausiidae (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) Wirth, W. W. Notes on North American shore flies of the subfamily Parydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae) Wirth, W. W., & W. L. Grogan, Jr. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXIV. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) 2. The species of the tribes Heteromyiini and Sphaeromiini Wirth, W. W., & W. L. Grogan, Jr. The nearctic species of the Bezzia bivittata group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ................... Wirth, W. W., N. C. Ratanaworabhan, & D. H. Messersmith. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 1. Introduction and key to genera Witt, W. L. Distributional notes on some Virginia reptiles ......... Wolf, P. S. A revision of the Bogueidae Hartman and Fauchald, 1971, and its reduction to Bogueinae, a subfamily of Maldanidae (Polychaeta) Wolf, P. S. A new genus and species of interstitial Sigalionidae and a report on the presence of venom glands in some scale-worm families (Annelida: Polychaeta) Wolf, P. S. Three new species of Pilargidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the east coast of Florida, Puerto Rico, and the Gulf of Mexico Wolf, P. S. Four new genera of Dorvilleidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Mexico Wolf, P. S. Three new species of Dorvilleidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Puerto Rico and Florida and a new genus for dorvilleids from Scandinavia and! NorthvAmenricaiape sno ceeieen cee Wolf, P. S. Two new species of Pettiboneia (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) primarily from the Gulf of Mexico Wolfe, G. W., & P. J. Spangler. A synopsis of the Laccomis difformis species group with a revised key to North American species of Laccomis Des Gozis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) Wongratana, T. Four new species of clupeoid fishes (Clupeidae and Engraulidae) from Australian waters Woodbury, A. M. A new Gerrhonotus lizard from Utah Woodbury, A. M., & D.M. Woodbury. Studies of the rat snake, Elaphe laeta, with description of a new subspecies Woodwick, K. H. Taxonomic revision of two polydorid species (Annelida, Polychaeta, Spionidae) Cr ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © ew ew 8 eB ew ew we ee 8 ee ele Bl ee ee 8 8 ee 8 Ce eee © © © © © © 8 8 © 8 © 8 © 8 ee 8 8 ee ee ee ee ell eee © © © © © © © © © © 8 99:350-358 92:307-327 71:43--48 71:49-52 78:179-187 83:483-491 68:129-141 78:59-63 91:847-903 96:489-523 90:615-647 76:305-306 96:238-249 99:79-83 99:464-471 99:616-626 99:627-638 100:28-34 98:61-71 100:104-111 58:5-10 55:133-142 76:209-215 4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 Woodwick, K. H., & T. Sensenbaugh. Saxipendium coronatum, new genus, new species (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta): the unusual spaghetti worms of the Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vents Work, R. C. Further comments on the range of Murex florifer Reeve . Worley, E. K., & D. R. Franz. A comparative study of selected skeletal structures in the seastars Asterias forbesi (Desor), A. vulgaris Verrill, and A. rubens L., with a discussion of possible relationships Wright, A. H. Notes on Clemmys Wright, A. H. A new bullfrog (Rana heckscheri) from Georgia and Florida Wright, A. H. & A. A. Wright. Notes on Sceloporus merriami Stejneger Wright, A. H., & E. L. Palmer. Notes on Lucania ommata (Jordan) Yager, J. Cryptocorynetes haptodiscus, new genus, new species, and Speleonectes benjamini, new species, of remipede crustaceans from anchialine caves in the Bahamas, with remarks on distribution and ecology Yager, J.. & F. R. Schram. Lasionectes entrichoma, new genus, new species, (Crustacea: Remipedia) from anchialine caves in the Turks and Caicos, British West Indies Yochelson, E. L. Fossils--The how and why of collecting and storing Young, D. N. Taxonomic observations on eastern Pacific Antithamnion species (Rhodophyta: Ceramiaceae) described by E. Y. Dawson ... Young, M. W., & H. Kritzler. Paraeupolymnia, a new genus of terebellid (Polychaeta: Terebellidae) from Belize Youngman, P. M. A new subspecies of varying lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus (Pallas), from Yukon Territory (Mammalia, Rodentia) ... Zibrowius, H., & S. D. Cairns. Remarks on the stylasterine fauna of the West Indies, with the description of Stylaster antillarum, a new species from the Lesser Antilles (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasterina) Zielke, E. Description of six new species of Muscidae (Diptera) from the Ethiopian Region Zimmer, J. T. Instinctive feeding habits of young herons Zimmer, J. T. An older name for Pipra opalizans Pelzeln Zimmer, J.T. A new race of Myrmeciza schistacea from central Peru . Zimmer, J. T. New birds from Peru, Brazil, and Costa Rica Zimmer, J.T. A new form of Crypturellus noctivagus Zimmer, J. T. A new subspecies of Inezia subflava from the neighborhood of Mt. Duida, Venezuela Zimmer, J. T. A new subspecies of Arremon schlegeli ............. Zimmer, J. T. A new species of finch from Ecuador Zimmer, J. T. A new subspecies of Euscarthmornis zosterops Zimmer, J. T. New birds from Pernambuco, Brazil Zimmer, J. T. A new subspecies of pipit from Argentina and Paraguay Zimmer, J. T. A new subspecies of Upucerthia dumetaria (Family Furnariidae) from Pera Zimmerman, R. J., & J. L. Barnard. A new genus of primitive marine hadziid (Amphipoda) from Bimini and Puerto Rico Zottoli, R. Two new genera of deep-sea polychaete worms of the family Ampharetidae and the role of one species in deep-sea SOSVSLCMIS pen siete ie cya veal na ae sbatza cade caclallcheuhe ty reve cia Ae BuaNiel aoneania LOE Zottoli, R. Amphisamytha galapagensis, a new species of ampharetid polychaete from the vicinity of abyssal hydrothermal vents in the Galapagos Rift, and the role of this species in rift ecosystems ..... Zug, G. R. Three new subspecies of the lizard Leiocephalus macropus Cope from Cuba Zug, G. R. A new skink (Reptilia: Sauria: Leiolopisma) from Fiji ee © © © © © © © © © ew ee ee ele ee lee le lll ee ee © © © © © © © © ee ee ee ee ew ee ee e © © © © © © © © © © © ee ew 8 8 8 eB ee 8 8 el el ele ee ee el e 2 © © © 6 oe e 2 © © © © © © © 8 ee ee © © © © © © © © © © © © 8B 8 ee ee ee ee ele le el ele ell 2 28 es © © © © © © © © © 8 8 ew ee ew ele lel elle ltl lel le ee ee ell 145 98:351-365 83:349-350 96:524-547 Silas lesy/ 37:141-152 40:57-63 33:183-185 100:302-320 99:65-70 82:585-601 94:94-100 100:687-690 80:31-33 95:210-221 84:103-111 31:94 38:87 40:207-210 42:81-98 51:47-51 52:167-169 54:133-135 56:33-34 58:45-46 60:99-104 65:31-34 67:189-193 89:565-580 95:48-57 96:379-391 72:139-150 98:221-231 146 4673 Zullo, V. A., & W. Miller, III. Barnacles (Cirripedia: Balanidae) from the Lower Pleistocene James City Formation, North Carolina coastal plain, with the description of a new species of Balanus Da Costa 4674 Zullo, V. A., & N. F. Sohl. Scalpelloid barnacles from the Upper Cretaceous of southeastern North Carolina .................. 4675 Zullo, V. A., & J. D. Standing. Sponge-inhabiting barnacles (Cirripedia: Archaeobalanidae) of the Carolinian Province, southeastern United States, with the description of a new species of Membranobalanus*Pilsbiy” 2 2 a ei oe 4676 Zusi, R. L. The role of museum collections in ornithological research 4677 Zusi, R. L. & G. D. Bentz. Variation of a muscle in hummingbirds and swifts and its systematic implications .................... 99:717-730 98:636-643 96:468-477 82:651-661 95:412-420 147 TAXONOMIC/SUBJECT GUIDE The following references were used for the classification or subject categories. The title numbers are placed under the appropriate category. If a listed title contained more than three different categories in the same hierarchy (i.e., more than three families), it is listed in the next highest category. Taxonomic categories are only given for those in which there is a listed title. Major headings, phyla, and equivalent rank are shown in all capital letters. All other categories are defined, except for family names, which are identifiable by their endings. Blackwelder, R. E. 1963. Classification of the animal kingdom. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 94 pp. Borror, D. J., D. M. DeLong, & C.A. Triplehorn. 1976. An introduction to the study of insects (4th edition). Holt, Rineheart & Winston, New York, xii + 852 pp. Bowman, T. E., & L. G. Abele. 1982. Classification of the Recent Crustacea. Pp. 1-27 in L. G. Abele, ed., The Biology of Crustacea, volume 1, Systematics, the fossil record, and biogeography. Academic Press, New York, 319 pp. Frost, D. R. (ed.). 1985. Amphibian species of the world: a taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas, 732 pp. Goin, C., O. Goin, & G. Zug. 1978. Introduction to herpetology, third edition. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 378 pp. Hoffman, R. L. 1979. Classification of the Diplopoda. Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genéve, 237 pp. Honacki, J. H., E. Kinman, & J. W. Koeppl (eds.). 1982. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of Systematics Collections, 694 pp. Levi, H. W. 1982. Arachnida. P. 72 in S. B. Parker, ed., Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Volume 2. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1232 pp. Nelson, J. S. 1984. Fishes of the world, second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 532 pp. Peters J. L., et al. 1931-1987. Birds of the world, 16 volumes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. BIOLOGY GENERAL 109, 272, 342, 893, 963, 1008, 1012, 1516-1518, 1608, 1609, 1765, 1776, 2161, 2622, 2723, 3388, 3557, 3683, 3800, 3847, 4165, 4167, 4230, 4369, 4469, 4470, 4572, 4573 PALAEONTOLOGY 15, 307, 308, 1282, 1769, 1770, 1856, 1857, 2151, 3343, 4461, 4492, 4650 BOTANY GENERAL 336, 925, 948, 950, 963, 1085, 2518, 2702, 2796, 3718, 3932, 3970, 4467, 4469, 4470 FOSSILS 2385-2387, 4471, 4472, 4574 BACTERIA 2529, 2736, 2745 ALGAE 820, 1214-1216, 1377, 2018, 2527, 2528, 2530, 2531, 2533, 2667-2669, 4289, 4574, 4651 148 FUNGI 2268, 2519, 3084, 3085, 3548, 4161, 4499, 4500, 4502-4504 LICHENS 1687, 1810, 2471, 2487, 3548 BRYOPHYTES 2482, 2488, 3084, 3085, 3548 FERNS & FERN-ALLIES 2016, 2017, 2019, 2362, 2363, 2384, 2480, 2481, 2678, 2680-2701, 2703-2708, 2712, 2722, 2724, 3084, 3085, 3389, 3548, 3997, 4088, 4123, 4389 GYMNOSPERMS 2722, 2810, 3995, 3996, 4107 ANGIOSPERMS 3548, 3971 MONOCOTYLEDONS 63-74, 82, 408, 739-742, 877, 943-945, 949, 953, 956, 1252, 1750, 1859-1864, 2362, 2363, 2384, 2603, 2712, 2716, 2719, 2724, 2772, 2787, 2909, 2935, 3096, 3146, 3390, 3425-3429, 3524, 3526-3528, 3536, 3543, 3719, 3820, 3884, 4025, 4083-4085, 4123, 4173-4176, 4201-4203, 4226, 4287, 4468 DICOTYLEDONS 53, 54, 340, 341, 391-407, 409-430, 432-436, 849, 850, 852, 853, 870, 871, 924, 946, 947, 951, 952, 954, 955, 957, 964-966, 995, 996, 997, 1084, 1086-1088, 1215, 1216, 1283, 1311- 1313, 1422-1424, 1635-1637, 1643, 1644, 1746, 2016-2019, 2268, 2359-2363, 2384, 2479, 2483-2486, 2712, 2716, 2719, 2722, 2724, 2730, 2772, 2878, 2921, 2936, 2955, 2961, 3083- 3085, 3092-3095, 3097-3106, 3141-3152, 3423, 3425-3428, 3433, 3525, 3528-3542, 3544- 3547, 3684, 3807-3812, 3820, 3835, 3886, 3993-3995, 4082-4087, 4088, 4089, 4093, 4094, 4096-4108, 4123, 4124, 4172, 4281-4288, 4468, 4480, 4571 ZOOLOGY MICROPROBLEMATICA 1716, 2212, 3107 PROTOZOA 476, 1472, 1714, 1715, 1717-1719, 2210, 2213, 2215, 2217, 2218, 2523--2526, 2532, 3934, 4208 PORIFERA 2478, 3799, 3843, 3844, 4675 COELENTERATA Hydrozoa [class] 25, 59, 61, 62, 602-607, 865, 1009, 3086, 3931 Scyphozoa [class] 863, 928 Anthozoa [class] Alcyonaria [subclass] 314-323, 325, 326, 1663, 2232, 2234, 2235, 3815, 4382 Zoantharia [subclass] 600, 601, 2230, 2348, 2356, 3370, 3371, 4081, 4429-4432, 4654 149 PLATYHELMINTHES Turbellaria [class] 1966, 2325-2334 Trematoda [class] 295, 546, 548, 972, 1148, 1740, 2430-2435, 2470, 2710, 3563-3566 Cestoda [class] 547, 549, 2709 NEMERTEA 3813, 4575 ACANTHOCEPHALA 15) KINORHYNCHA 1854, 1855 NEMATODA 361, 455, 456, 1090, 1473, 2072-2075, 2358, 4124 BRYOZOA 2214, 2239 BRACHIOPODA 343, 1627, 3885 MOLLUSCA General 23, 284, 292, 1010, 1023, 1024, 1027, 2216, 3491, 3635, 3822 Amphineura [class] 1014, 1019, 1032 Gastropoda [class] 3815 Prosobranchia [subclass] 1011 Archaeogastropoda [order] 1030, 1032, 3488, 3577, 3578, 3629, 3631, 4268-4271, 4276, 4436 Coenogastropoda [order] 281, 283, 285, 295, 299, 302, 303, 306, 1014, 1015, 1017, 1021, 1026, 1280, 1837, 1838, 1839, 2152-2159, 2598, 3090, 3464, 3488-3490, 3492, 3493, 3550, 3570, 3571, 3582, 3583, 3633, 3823, 3824, 4612, 4642 Opisthobranchia [subclass] 282, 298, 324, 1014, 1025, 1734, 2599 Pulmonata [subclass] 276, 277, 286-289, 296, 297, 300, 301, 304, 305, 709, 990, 1016, 1018, 1022, 1335, 1336, 1442, 2882, 2883, 3032-3035, 3089, 3090, 3628, 3630, 3634, 3831, 3992, 4233, 4267, 4272-4275, 4383, 4384 Bivalvia [class] 278, 290, 291, 293, 821, 1013, 1020, 1025, 1028, 1029, 1031, 1633, 2225, 2228, 2231, 2236, 2368, 2655, 3091, 3463, 4120 Scaphopoda [class] 1032, 1277-1279 Cephalopoda [class] 511, 1838, 3306, 3424, 3632, 3816-3819, 4354-4356, 4433-4435, 4455-4459 SIPUNCULIDA 998-1005, 2655, 3647 150 ANNELIDA Chaetapoda [class] Polychaeta [subclass] General 210, 215, 652, 1345, 1925 Acrocirridae 213, 2506 Ampharetidae 1129, 3477, 4669, 4670 Amphroditidae 3469 Arabellidae 3446 Capitellidae 1332-1334, 1448 Chrysopetalidae 3451 Dorvilleidae 1492, 3446, 3465, 4460, 4633-4635 Eunicidae 214, 1343, 1346, 1924, 3973 Flabelligeridae 2506 Goniadidae 3447 Hesionidae 3450 Iphitimidae 1492 Lumbrineridae 3446 Magelonidae 2293 Maldanidae 2503, 4630 Nepthyidae 1745, 2738, 3307 Nereididae 666, 2237, 3447 Onuphidae 1340-1342, 1344, 3447, 3833, 3855, 3973 Opheliidae 3854 Orbiniidae 551 Paraonidae 550, 1926, 2291, 3468 Pilargidae 4051, 4632 Poecilochaetidae 2467, 2468 Polynoidae 274, 3205, 3470, 3471, 3472, 3474, 3476, 3478-3487 Questidae 1923 Sabellidae 212, 1385, 2292, 3449 151 Scalibregmatidae 364, 365, 388, 2453 Sigalionidae 3473, 3475, 4266, 4631 Sphaerodoridae 2454, 2455 Spionidae 385-387, 389, 390, 1048, 1425, 2451, 2469, 2504, 2505, 2601, 2602, 3466, 3467, 4051, 4466, 4640 Syllidae 211, 2452, 2456, 3448, 3449, 4380 Terebellidae 2238, 4652 Oligochaeta [subclass] 110, 111, 112, 522-533, 736-738, 828, 829, 1050, 1287-1293, 1493-1502, 1741- 1744, 2308, 2520-2522, 2737, 2755, 3037, 3038, 3588, 3929, 3930, 4000, 4479, 4568 Branchiobdellida [subclass] 2023-2028, 2030-2035 Hirudinea [class] 590 Archiannelida [class] 4159, 4444 TARDIGRADA 1646, 3899, 3901 ONYCHOPHORA 868, 784, 788 ARTHROPODA Trilobita [subphylum] 4462 Chelicerata [subphylum] Xiphosura [class] Eurypterida [class] Pyncnogonida [class] 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 3137 Arachnida [class] Acari [order] Ascaidae 1439 Chaetodactylidae 108, 2439 Dermanyssidae 1330, 2263 Eriophyidae 1320 Fedrizzidae 3553 Gamasidae 1315 Ixodidae 380, 381, 2311 Klinckowstroemiidae 745 Laelaptidae 1439 152 Macrochelidae 1439 Neocaridae We Oribatidae 1853 Podapolipodidae 1320 Tarsonemidae 1320 Trombiculidae 1314, 1316, 1325, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1338, 1471, 2265 Tyroglyphidae 1331, 1441 Araneae [order] 514, 710, 715, 3116 Agelenidae 669, 711 Clubionidae 667, 711 Ctenizidae 674 Dictynidae 376, 378 Gnaphosidae 662 Linyphiidae 377 Lycosidae 27, 671 Micryphantidae 993 Nesticidae 375 Salticidae 719 Theridiidae 1438 Uloboridae 3336 Pseudoscorpiones [order] Chernetidae 3108 Chthoniidae 3109-3111, 3898 Solifugae [order] Solpugidae 654 Schizomida [order] Schizomidae 661, 673 Crustacea [subphylum] General 2642, 3599 Remipedia [class] Nectiopoda [order] Speleonectidae 4648, 4649 Branchiopoda [class] Cladocera [order] Chydoridae 1155 Macrotrichidae 1155, 4606 Maxillopoda [class] Cirripedea [subclass] Ascathoracica [order] 1666 Ctenosculidae 1667 Dendrogastridae 1668 Thoracica [order] 4091 Lepadidae 627 Scalpellidae 4674 Archaeobalanidae 4675 Balanidae 1447, 4673 Rhizocephala [order] Peltogastridae 1771 Copepoda [subclass] Calanoida [order] Arietellidae 1094 Lucicutiidae 476 Bathypontiidae 1095, 1100 Candaciidae 2472 Diaptomidae 472, 3641 Pseudodiaptomidae Temoridae 1093, 1802 Aetideidae 1372, Euchaetidae e7Al Scolecitrichidae 1612 Spinocalanidae 1402 Stephidae 474, 1041 Epacteriscioidea [order] Epacteriscidae 273 154 Harpacticoida [order] Cerviniidae 3048 Tachidiidae 471 Tegastidae 2230 Tisbidae 468 Canthocamptidae 498, 3643, 3644, 4620, 4621, 4623 Tetragonicipitidae 942 Cletodidae 4620 Diosaccidae 4622 Cyclopoida [order] Cyclopidae 3627, 3642, 3643 Oithonidae 1370, 1373, 1374 Poecilostomatoida [order] Bomolochidae 973, 977, 985, 987 Chondracanthidae 1865 Clausidiidae 2226 Clausiidae 4624 Ergasilidae [now in Therodamasidae] Lamippidae 1663 Lichomolgidae P2PAM2225, 222), 2228, 2232, 2234: 2235, 2241 Myicolidae P22ESS D228, 2231 Oncaeidae 1369 Philichthyidae 599, 984, 986, 989 Pseudanthessiidae 2229 Shiinoidae 982 Therodamasidae 980 Urocopiidae 1803 Siphonostomatoida [order] Caligidae 974, 975, 977, 981, 2301, 4613 Choniostomatidae 504 Dichelesthiidae 976, 978 155 Dirivultidae 2233 Eudactylinidae 1866, 4613 Lernaeoceridae 2300 Lernaeopodidae 2302 Nicothoidae 983 Pandaridae 4613 Branchiura [subclass] Arguloida [order] Argulidae 979 Ostracoda [class] Myodocopa [subclass] Myodocopida [order] 2414, 2394 Cylindroleberididae 2398, 2414, 2416 ridinidae 1096, 2405, 2407, 2409-2411, 2465 Philomedidae 2394, 2399, 2402, 2403, 2410 Pseudophilomedidae 2398, 2404 Rutidermatidae 504, 2401, 2404 Sarsiellidae 113, 2396, 2397, 2398, 2408, 2412, 2413, 2417 Halocyprida [order] 2394 Halocyprididae 1091, 1092, 1096-1099, 2395, 2400, 2415, 2418 Thaumatocyprididae 2406 Podocopa [subclass] Podocopida [order] 1756 Bonaducecytheridae 2746 [=Psammocytheridae] 2748 Cytheridae 1362 Entocytheridae 1759, 1760, 1763, 1764, 1903, 1906, 1907, 1912-1915, 1917-1920, 3217, 3218 Candoniidae 1046, 1756 Cyprididae 1362-1367, 4050 Cypridopsidae 2747 Bairdiidae 1045 156 Paradoxostomatidae 4481 Malacostraca [class] 886 Phyllocarida [subclass] Leptostraca [order] Nebaliidae 502 Hoplocarida [subclass] Stomatopoda [order] 886, 2624, 2639 Bathysquillidae 2659 Eurysquillidae 1796, 2630 Gonodactylidae 1620, 2620, 2621, 2625, 2635, 2647, 2656-2658 Hemisquillidae 2629 Protosquillidae 1481, 2631 Pseudosquillidae 2636 Harpiosquillidae 2654 Squillidae 1481, 1620, 2617, 2619, 2629, 2632, 2634, 2636, 2638, 2640, 2641, 2645, 2653 Coronididae 2633 Lysiosquillidae 14, 608, 1620, 2616, 2617, 2619, 2626-2628, 2633 Nannosquillidae 1469, 2618, 2637, 2644, 2656 Eumalacostraca [subclass] Pancarida [superorder] Thermosbaenacea [order] Monodellidae 4170 Peracarida [superorder] Mysidacea [order] Mysidae 479, 480, 483, 1528, 1626, 1757, 3046, 3047 Stygiomysidae 492 Amphipoda [order] Gammaridae [suborder] 267, 268, 2306, 2474, 3982 Acanthonotozomatidae 4484, 4485 Ampeliscidae 1538, 2299, 3974 Atylidae 2S. 3977 Cheluridae 4234 Colomastigidae 1790 Corophiidae 269, 1606, 1791, 2305, 3978, 3981, 4241 Crangonyctidae 3979 Dulichiidae 264 Eusiridae 473, 2752 Exoedicerotidae 266 Gammaridae 897, 2021, 2753, 4238, 4239 Hadziidae 4668 Haustoriidae 3976, 4236 Hyalellidae 497 Hyalidae 3981 Ingolfiellidae 1154 Isaeidae 271, 4240 Laphystiopsidae 3975 Liljeborgiidae 2304, 2473 Lysianassidae 501, 822, 3974, 3983 Melitidae 256 Neomegamphopidae 270 Ochlesidae 4235 Oedicerotidae 257, 4237 Paramphithoidae 4484, 4485 Phliantidae 261 Photidae 3203, 3214, 3974 Phoxocephelidae 258-260, 262, 263, 265, 1632 Pleustidae 4486 Sebidae 2IS2 Stegocephalidae 4484, 4485 Stenothoidae 4482 Talitridae 477 Urohaustoriidae iyi 158 Zobrachoidae 823, 824 Caprellidea [suborder] 2474, 2734 Aeginellidae 1474 Caprellidae 1157, 1474, 2660, 2732, 2733 Dodecadidae 1474 Hyperiidea [suborder] Phrosinidae 482 Isopoda [order] Gnathiidea [suborder] 2356 Anthuridea [suborder] 458, 2346, 2355, 2356 Anthuridae 2338, 2339, 2340, 2342, 2344, 2351-2353, 2450, 3552, 3889, 3890 Paranthuridae 2337, 2342, 3220, 3889 Flabellifera [suborder] 458, 475, 2346, 2355, 2356 Aegidae 3651 Cirolanidae 478, 487, 489, 491, 493, 565, 567, 627, 1126, 2671 Cymothoidae 486, 3654, 3655, 4601, 4602, 4609, 4010 Serolidae 1508 Sphaeromatidae 484, 1535, 2347, 3649, 3650 Tridentellidae 485 Asellota [suborder] 475, 2068, 2356, Asellidae 470, 481, 488, 490, 494, 495, S00, 503, 898, 1295, 1401, 1777, 2022, 2491-2497, 3045 Stenasellidae 899 Stenetriidae 3653, 3890 Eurycopidae 1509, 1510, 4616, 4617 Janiridae 496, 2349, 3029 Pseudojamiridae 4618 Mesosignidae 3891 Munnidae 499, 2343, 3892 Pieurogoniidae 2243 159 Valvifera [suborder] 458, 2346 Arcturidae 346, 2354, 2500 Idoteidae 347, 568, 2242, 2350, 3030, 3551, 3652, 4487 Epicaridea [suborder] Bopyridae 9-13, 465, 2449, 2662-2664, 3857 Cabiropsidae 3856 Cryptoniscidae 1664, 1665 Dajidae 2341 Oniscidea [suborder] 475 Tylidae 3895 Ligiidae 3652 Trichoniscidae 469, 3893 Halophilosciidae Philosciidae 3894 Scyphacidae 3888 Sphaeroniscidae 3887 Tanaidacea [order] 458, 3989 Tanaidae 3220, 3990 Paratanaidae 3988 Cumacea [order] Bodotriidae 3335, 4483 Eucarida [superorder] Euphausiacea [order] Euphausiidae 2884, 2885 Decapoda [order] Dendrobranchiata [suborder] 886, 2665, 4092 Penaeidae 311, 2661, 3436-3439, 3443, 3606, 3882 Solenoceridae 3438, 3441, 3442, 3444 Sicyoniidae 3440 Pleocyemata [suborder] 886, 1617, 1797, 1801, 2665, 3604, 3619, 3621-3623, 3686, 3845, 3846, 4092 Stenopodidae 1622, 1623, 1624 160 Caridea [infraorder] Oplophoridae 501 Atyidae 2,572,648, 135151761, 1762, 1922 Bresiliidae 459, 649 Disciadidae 2037 Palaemonidae 7, 646, 648, 801, 1400, 1762, 1777, 1784, 1922, 2037, 3434, 3435, 3786, 3951, 4585 Gnathophyllidae 650, 1784 Alpheidae 1798, 2786, 4579, 4582, 4585, 4586 Hippolytidae 10, 566, 572, 648, 2648, 4584 Pandalidae 2357, 4585 Crangonidae 1047, 2664, 4576 Glyphocrangonidae 4577 Astacidea [infraorder] Nephropidae 2623, 2764 Cambaridae 382, 383, 460-462, 991, 1386-1396, 1443, 1778, 1782, 1785, 1867-1886, 1888-1902, 1904, 1905, 1908-1911, 1916, 3378, 3432, 3568, 4445, 4463, 4464 Parastacidae 3714 Thalassinidea [infraorder] Axtidae 2345, 2348, 4589 Laomediidae 1625, 2670 Callianassidae 367, 2643, 2646, 2649, 3579, 3624 Upogebiidae 4595 Palinura [infraorder] Glypheidae 983 Polychelidae 4578 Palinuridae 457, 929 Scyllaridae 2036, 3082, 3603 Anomura [infraorder] Diogenidae 3079 Paguridae 369, 1685, 2754 Galatheidae 4598 Aeglidae 1921, 2266, 2267 Porcellanidae 1618, 1619, 1686, 2447, 2663, 3685 Albuneidae 6, 1621 Brachyura [infraorder] 3594 Dromiidae 2038, 3610, 3614, 3620 Dynomenidae 370 Homolidae 4590 Raninidae 1536, 1537 Dorippidae 2651, 3591 Calappidae 647, 2490, 3618 Leucosiidae 3613 Majidae 83, 3569, 3600, 3607, 3611, 3615, 3927, 4122, 4583, 4597, 4619 Mimilambridae 3214, 4593 Parthenopidae 1616, 3203 Pseudothelphusidae 1887 Cancridae 3592 Geryonidae 2650, 2652 Portunidae 3593, 3616, 3624, 4591 Bythograeidae 4388, 4594 Xanthidae 369, 2446, 3596-3598, 3602, 3606, 3613, 3620, 4292, 4588, 4592, 4596 Goneplacidae 3601, 3617, 3618, 3624 Grapsidae 1, 3, 4, 5, 1468, 3602, 3616, Pinnotheridae 1634, 2655, 3596, 3598, 3613, 3874, 4580, 4581 Potamide 3595 Pseudothelphusidae 56, 611, 612, 3605, 3609, 3883 Trichodactylidae 3883 Ocypodidae 3219, 3589, 3592, 3596, 3598, 3612, 3686, 3848, 4207, 4280 Palicidae 3590, 3608 Cryptochiridae (pro Hapalocarcinidae) 2448 161 162 Mandibulata [Subphylum] Diplopoda [class] 631, 633, 656, 668, 678, 680, 683-685, 690, 695, 698, 699, 1933, 2539, 2541, 2542 Callipodida [order] Caspiopetalidae 3961 Chordeumatida [order] Apterouridae 3956 Cleidogonidae 628, 1942 Conotylidae 628, 638, 642 Rhiscosomidae 628 Striariidae 636, 640 Trichopetalidae 644 Glomerida [order] Glomeridae 639 Julida [order] Blaniulidae 660 Isobatidae 659 Julidae 659, 660, 665, 672 Parajulidae 653, 686, 1932 Platydesmida [order] Andrognathidae 629 Polydesmida [order] 681, 690 Chelodesmidae 691, 694, 1934, 2538 Eurymerodesmidae 657 Euryuridae 1949, 3952 Paradoxosomatidae 663, 693, 3953 Platyrhacidae 1955 Polydesmidae 629, 632, 637, 1930, 1954 Pyrgodesmidae 641, 664, 1953, 2538 Rhacodesmidae 677, 2538 Sphaeriodesmidae 635, 1943 Strongylosomidae 1935 163 Trichopolydesmidae 3954 Tridontomidae 2543 Xystodesmidae 570, 632, 677, 686, 688, 692 1931, 1932, 1941, 1945-1948, 1956, 2310, 3955, 3957, 3959, 3960, 3963-3968 Polyzoniida [order] Polyzoniidae 629, 3958 Spirobolida [order] Allopocockiidae 2309 Atopetholidae 651, 658, 706, 2540 Floridobolidae 2309 Messicobolidae 2540 Pachybolidae 1957 Platyrhacidae 1939 Rhinocricidae 1936, 1937, 1944 Spirobolellidae 1951 Spirobolidae 569, 634, 651, 655, 689, 1938, 1940 Spirostreptida [order] Cambalidae 637, 645, 706, 3962 Choctellidae 1950 Harpagophoridae 1952 Spirostreptidae 643, 2537 Chilopoda [class] 656, 668, 678, 679, 682, 696, 702, 707, 714 Geophilomorpha [order] 701 Chilenophilidae 700, 971 Dignathodontidae 705, 708 Geophilidae 689, 697 Himantariidae 687, 967 Mecistocephalidae 969 Pachymerinidae 705 Schendylidae 670, 675, 704, 705 Sogonidae 675 164 Lithobiomorpha [order] Ethopolidae 700, 713 Gosibiidae 713 Henicopodidae 689 Lithobiidae 670, 676, 713 Watobiidae 968 Scolopendromorpha [order] Cryptopidae 970 Scolopendridae 700, 703 Insecta [class] 506, 3720, 4500-4504 Anoplura [order] Haematopinidae 1323 Pediculidae 1321-1323 Coleoptera [order] Anobiidae 4048 . Anthribidae 4386, 4387 Bruchidae 2366, 2367 Carabidae 1294, 4279 Chrysomelidae 4121 Cleridae 716-718, 720, 722, 724, 725 Coccinellidae 466, 721, 728 Curculionidae 759, 761, 2392 Dermestidae 218 Dryopidae 3445, 4070 Dytiscidae 2536, 2677, 4052, 4055, 4057, 4058, 4066, 4068, 4069, 4636 Elateridae 2240 Elmidae [Elminthidae] 1127, 4063 Haliplidae 726 Hydrophilidae 4053, 4054, 4056, 4059-4062, 4064, 4065, 4071 Meloidae 880 Micromalthidae ZG Noteridae 4067 Pselaphidae 1645, 3398, 3900 Scarabaeidae 620, 621, 727, 729, 730-733, 760, 1614, 1615, 3866-3873 Scolytidae 2076 Staphylinidae 723, 4290 Collembola [order] Poduridae 1687 Diplura [order] Japygidae 1607, 4026, 4027 Diptera [order] Agromyzidae 2606 Anisopidae 2370 Anthomyiidae 2609-2612, 4164 Asilidae 2388, 2389 Bombyliidae 2607 Calliphoridae 4365 Ceratopogonidae 1440, 1661, 2605, 4072, 4626-4628 Chironomidae 2606 Culicidae 439, 449, 1249, 1250, 1337, 1339, 2365, 2375, 2382, 2383, 4171 Drosophilidae 2615 Ephydridae 1128, 2673-2676, 4625 Muscidae 4655 Oestridae 2371 Otitidae 4166 Pipunculidae 2374 Sapromyzidae 2604, 2606, 2614 Sarcophagidae 4365, 4366, 4367 Simuliidae 2322313 Syrphidae 204, 933, 2376, 2613 Tachinidae 532, 4365, 4366 165 166 Tephritidae 1416 Ephemeroptera [order] Leptophlebiidae 1253 Heteroptera [Hemiptera] [order] 1467 Anthocoridae 1193, 1201, 2728 Aradidae 1182 Belostomatidae 2788 Cimicidae 2517 Gelastocoridae 4293, 4294, 4300 Gerridae 1183, 1184, 1186, 1189, 1195, 1197, 1200, 1202, 1205, 1206, 1210, 1213 Hebridae 1210 Hydrometridae 1181 Leptopodidae 1180 Lygaeidae 81, 2713 Macroveliidae 1191 Miridae 2380, 2381 Pleidae 1190 Pyrrhocoridae 8 | : Reduviidae 2726, 2727 Saldidae 1180, 1187, 1203, 1204 Tingidae 1173, 1174, 1177-1179, 1188, 1192, 1211, 1212, 1514, 4498 Veliidae 1175, 1176, 1183, 1185, 1189, 1194, 1196, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1207-1210 Homoptera [order] Aphididae 105-107, 2078-2150, 2489 Cercopidae 127397, 20 Cixtidae 1354, 1360 Cicadellidae 119, 122, 124, 128, 130, 1513, 2419-2427, 2429, 3827, Coccidae 848, 1720 Delphacidae 1359 Dictyopharidae 1353 167 Eupterygidae 2714, 2715, 2721 Flatidae 1356 Fulgoridae 120, 121, 129, 1352, 1358, 2428, 2720 Issidae 121, 129, 1355 Kinnaridae 1355, 1360, 1361 Meenoplidae 1360 Margarodidae 3087, 3088 Membracidae 118, 123, 125, 126, 2718, 2729 Pseudococcidae 4599 Psyllidae 3716 Hymenoptera [order] 2438, 2441, 4440-4442 Agaontidae 3718 Andrenidae 854, 2608, 4437, Apidae 854 Bethylidae 3113 Braconidae 3112, 3114, 4438 Chrysididae 444, 446, 450, 2364 Colletidae Eulophidae 578, 579, 2160 Eumenidae 445 Formicidae 1480 Ichneumonidae 4438, 4443 Megachilidae 108, 2439 Pompilidae 2436, 2457, 4477 Pteromalidae 580 Sphecidae 443, 447, 448, 451, 2436, 2437, 2440, 2442-2445, 2789, 2790 Tiphiidae 4478 Vespidae 440-442 168 Isoptera [order] Kalotermitidae 4047 Rhinotermitidae 4038, 4039, 4041, 4043, 4049 Termitidae 2270, 4040, 4044-4047 Termopsidae 4039, 4042 Lepidoptera [order] 805, 808, 812, 814-817, 3719 Blastodacnidae 826 Cosmopterigidae 827 Noctuidae 4295-4299 Nymphalidae 810 Papilionidae 809 Psychidae B/G Pyralidae 3945 Tineidae 3718 Tortricidae 598, 825, 3555, 3556 Mallophaga [order] 1266 Bucerotidae 125691257) Menoponidae 125551258) 126791272, 1319 Philopteridae 1265, 1267, 1269, 1270, 1319, 4611 Trichodectidae 1268, 1271, 1273-1276 Trimenoponidae 3567, 4291 Neuroptera [order] Corydalidae 1529 Odonata [order] Aeschnidae 1159 Calopterygidae 3138 Coenagrionidae 1159 Gomphidae 2544 Libellulidae 1159, 3140 169 Orthoptera [order] Acrididae 1674, 1675 Grylloblattidae 1673 Tettigoniidae 26 Plecoptera [order] 313 Chloroperlidae 312 Perlidae 3139 Protura [order] Acerentomidae 1324 Eosentomidae 362, 1238, 1324 Protentomidae 362, 1324 Siphonaptera [order] 4368 Amphipsyllidae 1317 Coptopsyllidae 2498 Hystrichopsyllidae 1318, 2499 Pulicidae 1326 Thysanoptera [order] 2042, 2044, 2045, 2059, 2060 Aeolothripidae 2040, 2066 Heterothripidae 2049, 4114, Phlaeothripidae 76, 2039-2041, 2046, 2047, 2049, 2050, 2052, 2054-2056, 2062, 2065, 2066, 4109-4113 Pygothripidae 2043 Thripidae 1858, 2040, 2041, 2046, 2047, 2050, 2051, 2053, 2057, 2058, 2061-2066 Urothripidae 2047, 2048 Uzelothripidae 2058 Trichoptera [order] 1404 Brachycentridae 3829 Calamoceratidae 1411 Glossosomatidae 576 170 Helicopsychidae 1409 Hydropsychidae 1410, 1413-1415, 1613, 3828 Hydroptilidae 575, 1403 Lepidostomatidae | 1412 Molannidae 1406 Polycentropidae 1408 Psychomyiidae 1405, 3830 Rhyacophilidae 1407, 1409 Fossils Diptera 873 Hymenoptera 874 Isoptera 883, 884, 4042 Odonata 876 Protorthoptera 874 CHAETOGNATHA 57, 58, 60, 366 POGONOPHORA 2294 VESTIMENTIFERA 2233, 2295 ECHINODERMATA UY Crinoidea [class] 766-776, 778-783, 785, 786, 789, 792, 796, 799, 800, 802, 807, 1708-1712, 2881, 4381 Asteroidea [class] 384, 609, 790, 791, 794, 796-798, 803, 811, 813, 1161-1172, 1381-1384, 1667, 1668, 1708-1712, 3026, 3471, 4363, 4378, 4643 Ophiuroidea [class] 793, 795, 796, 798, 804, 1130, 1160, 1794, 1795, 2077, 2229, 2458-2461, 4242-4244, 4376, 4377 Echinoidea [class] 1006, 3420, 3494, 3935 Holothuroidea [class] 3027, 3028, 3409-3419, 3421, 3422, 3832 ENTEROPNEUSTA 4641 171 TUNICATA 279, 4353 VERTEBRATA Pisces [grade] General 75, 329, 330, 332, 333, 515, 1297-1300, 1302-1305, 1308, 1309, 1426-1431, 1524, 1638, 1670, 1671, 1865, 2162, 2219, 2731, 2785, 3117, 3206, 3209, 3580, 3581, 4023, 4116, 4600 Fossils 4494, 4495, 4496 Chondrichthyes [class] Chimaeriformes [order] 1148 Lamniformes [order] 900, 1148, 1669 Lamnoidei [suborder] Rhincodontidae 4003 Lamnidae 2572 Scyliorhinoidei [suborder] Scyliorhinidae 4074 Carcharhinidae 1489, 4073 Squaliformes [order] 900, 1148, 1669 Squaloidei [suborder] Squalidae 1866 Rajiformes [order] 900, 1669 Pristoidei [suborder] Rajoidei [suborder] Rajidae 2709, 2739-2742 Myliobatidoidei [suborder] Myliobatididae 547 Osteichthyes [class] Lepisosteiformes [order] Lepisosteidae 979 Osteoglossiformes [order] 861, 1089 Osteoglossoidei [suborder] Osteoglossidae 864, 2431, 2433, 4495 Mormyridae 864 Anguilliformes [order] 1089 Anguilloidei [suborder] Anguillidae 763, 4001 LP Muraenidae 224 Ophichthidae 335, 2303 Nettastomatidae 3998 Congridae 3999 Clupeiformes [order] 861, 872, 1089 Clupeoidei [suborder] Clupeidae 363, 860, 2206, 2296, 4637 Engraulididae 2206, 4637 Gonorynchiformes [order] 861 Cypriniformes [order] 866, 882, 1089 Cyprinidae 133, 219, 589, 743, 851, 856-858, 862, 875, 878, 879, 1301, 1806, 3039, 3207, 3213, 3896, 4005, 4009, 4605 Homalopteridae 855, 1813 Cobitididae 855, 1758, 3207 Catostomidae 1805, 3897 Caraciformes [order] 872, 882, 3121 Citharinidae 4424 Hemiodontidae 4418, 4420, 4426 Curimatidae 4419, 4422, 4425 Anostomidae 4428 Erythrinidae 1521 Lebiasinidae 1368, 2463 Characidae 851, 1378, 1806, 3128, 3207, 4417, 4421, 4423, 4505, 4506, 4509-4512, 4514-4520 Siluriformes [order] 1089, 1306, 3121 Ictaluridae 1775, 4197, 4231 Clariidae 4023 Ariidae 981 Plotosidae 4013 Doradidae 549 Auchenipteridae 1375, 4427 Pimelodidae 549, 2435, 2784 Ageneiosidae 549 Cetopsidae 549 Callichthyidae 3125, 4507, 4508, 4513 Loricariidae 2432, 3881 Astroblepidae 902 Gymnotiformes [order] 3121 Sternopygoidei [suborder] Apteronotidae 3129 Salmoniformes [order] 1089 Bernardichthyidae (fossil) 2211 Salmonoidei [suborder] Osmeridae 2207 Salmonidae 334, 1298, 2297, 2298, 2324 Stomiiformes [order] Photichthyoidei [suborder] Melanostomiidae 1511, 1512 Aulopiformes [order] 872 Aulopoidei [suborder] Notosudidae 328 Alepisauroidei [suborder] Synodontidae 986, 988, 3834 Percopsiformes [order] Percopsoidei [suborder] Percopsidae 2324 Gadiformes [order] 866, 1148 Muraenolepidoidei [suborder] Bregmacerotidae 867 Gadidae 335 Macrouroidei [suborder] Macrouridae 758 173 174 Ophidiiformes [order] Ophidioidei [suborder] Ophidiidae 867, 889, 890, 892, 895, 3210, 3804 Carapidae 2666, 3821 Bythitoidei [suborder] Bythitidae 891, 892, 894, 896, 1062 Batrachoidiformes [order] Batrachoididae 903, 905, 908, 979, 3805 Lophiiformes [order] Antennarioidei [suborder] Ogcocephalidae 1610 Ceratioidei [suborder] Thaumatichthyidae 2244 Gobiesociformes [order] Gobiesocidae 2300, 4035 Cyprinodontiformes [order] 872, 1089 Exocoetoidei [suborder] Exocoetidae . 516 . Hemiramphidae | 909, 910, 984 Belonidae 904, 906 Cyprinodontoidei [suborder] Aplocheilidae 3396, 4010 Cyprinodontidae 84, 1298, 1310, 3123, 4028, 4647 Poeciliidae 3928 Atheriniformes [order] 872 Atherinidae 331, 744, 859 Isonidae 1813 Phallostethidae 1808, 3124 Lampriformes [order] 1131 Veliferoidei [suborder] Veliferidae S125 Zeiformes [order] 866, 1131 Grammicolepididae 3212 Syngnathiformes [order] Syngnathoidei [suborder] Syngnathidae 335, 1072-1083, 1307, 1466, 1800, 4023 Scorpaeniformes [order] 1089 Scorpaenoidei [suborder] Scorpaenidae 977, 2209, 3211 Aploactinidae 3554 Triglidae 1804, 3211, 4004 Platycephaloidei [suborder] Platycephalidae 25. 23509 Hoplichthyidae 2889 Hexagrammoidei [suborder] Hexagrammidae 977 Cottoidei [suborder] Cottidae 4002 Cyclopteridae 887, 3648 Perciformes [order] 233, 872, 882, 1089, 1131, 1148, 3121 Percoidei [suborder] Serranidae 78, 901, 977, 978, 1792, 4115 Grammidae 78 Centrarchidae 1296 Percidae 851, 859, 2378, 3969, 4603, 4604 Apogonidae 1007, 1444-1446, 1515, 3586 Carangidae 974, 982, 2672 Caristiidae 1523 Lutjanidae 79, 80 Haemulidae 973, 989, 2784 Sparidae 599, 4029 Nemipteridae 985 Sciaenidae 987, 2434 Scatophagidae 3127 175 176 Chaetodontidae 1473, 3212 Cichlidae 2393, 2744, 3031, 3125, 3308, 4117 Embiotocidae 2203 Pomacentridae 39, 1156 Owstoniidae 3130 Labroidei [suborder] Labridae 38, 1604, 1605, 3587 Zoarcoidei [suborder] Zoarcidae 452, 888, 1740 Stichaeidae 869 Pholididae 869 Anarhichadidae 869, 1522 Notothenioidei [suborder] Nototheniidae 1740 Trachinoidei [suborder] Uranoscopidae 980 Creediidae 3201, 3202 Mugiloididae 1603, 1812 Blennioidei [suborder] Tripterygiidae 1813 Labrisomidae 4608 Clinidae 869, 984, 4080, 4158 Chaenopsidae 1768 Blenniidae 1068, 1807, 1809, 3585, 4036, 4075-4079, 4607 Callionymoidei [suborder] Callionymidae 818 Gobioidei [suborder] Eleotrididae 1818 Gobiidae 368, 1069, 1767, 1811-1819, 2205, 2269, 2307, 2462, 2749-2751, 3118, 3803, 4023, 4489 Microdesmidae | 1063, 1064, 1066, 1067, 1070, 1071 Scombroidei [suborder] Gempylidae 3136 Trichiuridae 3397 Scombridae 859, 907, 4495 Stromateoidei [suborder] Nomeidae 976 Stromateidae 976 Anabantoidei [suborder] Anabantidae 3126 Mastacembeloidei [suborder] Mastacembelidae 3207 Pleuronectiformes [order] 866, 872, 1131 Pleuronectoidei [suborder] Bothidae 1065, 4497 Pleuronectidae 977, 2204 Soleoidei [suborder] Soleidae 2208, 3933 Tetraodontiformes [order] 1131, 4379 Tetraodontoidei [suborder] Triodontidae 4379, 4495 Tetraodontidae 3972 Diodontidae 4495 Molidae 4493 Reptilia [class] Squamata [order] Amphisbaenia [suborder] 519, 1059 Amphisbaenidae 836, 2566 Sauria [suborder] 235, 237, 238, 241-243, 510, 518, 519, 592, 847, 1059, 1223, 1755, 1780, 2711, 3880, 4126, 4177, 4179, 4180, 4184, 4225 Agamidae 220, 230, 234, 1639, 2567 Anelytropsidae 4145 Anguidae 832, 3911, 3915, 3925, 4129, 4151, 4638 Chamaeleonidae DDN e2S52 7, 178 Gekkonidae 233, 244, 250, 554, 841, 844, 1057, 1150, 1491, 2550, 2551, 2557, 2559, 2560, 2569, 3215, 3905, 3914, 3916-3918, 3920, 3921, 3923, 4130, 4133, 4264, 4374 Helodermatidae 4218 Iguanidae 227, 245, 246, 250, 254, 594, 834-836, 838-841, 1051, 1152, 1490, 1747, 3040, 3372-3375, 3562, 3839, 3840, 3909, 3910, 3919, 3922, 4006-4008, 4022, 4032, 4136, 4137, 4146, 4147, 4181, 4211, 4218, 4646, 4671 Lacertidae 1641 Scincidae 230, 555, 560, 561, 833, 1233, 1436, 1927, 1929, 2548, 2556, 2558, 2563, 2757, 4011, 4017, 4181, 4212, 4213, 4215, 4218, 4672 Teiidae 591, 593, 836, 1235, 1928, 2545, 2561, 3376, 4012, 4141, 4181, 4190, 4218, 4261, 4375 Xenosauridae 2020, 4186, 4189 Serpentes [suborder] 235, 237, 238, 241-243, 510, 518, 519, 592, 847, 1058, 1223, 1229, 1237, 1754, 1755, 1780, 2711, 3880, 4126, 4177, 4179, 4180, 4184, 4225 Acrochordidae 2554 Anomalepididae 1153, 1231, 1235 Boidae 3924 Colubridae 229, 236, 239, 240, 248, 251, 253, 275, 507, 508, 610, 819, 830, 833, 837, 839, 842, 911, 1151, 1219, 1222, 1226, 1228, 1232, 1235, 1435, 1639, 1640, 1779, 2547, 2552, 2553, 2571, 2725, 2758, 2937, 3454, 3860, 3864, 3912, 3996, 4011, 4012, 4014-4016, 4018, 4019, 4024, 4033, 4127, 4135, 4138, 4150, 4154, 4168, 4191, 4193, 4195, 4214, 4629, 4639 Crotalidae 912, 1221, 1235, 1236, 1530-1534, 2553, 3453, 4012 Elapidae 552, 2552, 2553, 2562 Hydrophiidae 3041 Leptotyphlopidae 2549, 2557, 3337, 3338, 4021, 4265 Typhlopidae 2565, 3682, 4262, 4263 Uropeltidae 3131 Crocodilia [order] 518, 519, 4177, 4184 Fossil Crocodiles 1526 Crocodylidae 3681, 3825, 3826 179 Testudines [order] 237, 510, 518, 519, 592, 847, 1059, 1223, 1755, 1780, 2711, 4177, 4179, 4180, 4184 Chelidae 1447, 4139 Chelydridae 1447, 4149 Emydidae 806, 931, 1284-1286, 1316, 1433, 1447, 1799, 3902, 4131, 4155, 4156, 4629, 4644 Kinosternidae 4031, 4131 Pelomedusidae 1447, 4131 Platysternidae 1286 Testudinidae 994 Amphibia [class] Anura [order] 235, 237, 238, 241-243, 510, 518, 519, 592, 847, 1223, 1230, 1642, 1754, 1755, 1780, 2711, 3120, 3216, 3880, 4126, 4177-4180, 4184, 4225 Allophrynidae 3863 Arthroleptidae 2546 Ascaphidae 3042 Bufonidae 222, 230, 252, 327, 3122, 3863, 3907, 3908, 4195 Centrolenidae 613, 4224 Dendrobatidae 225, 253, 1254, 1470, 2582, 3133, 3574 Hylidae 509, 614, 1234, 1751, 1753, 1781, 1843, 1847, 2313, 2564, 2568, 2735, 2908, 3133, 3572, 3573, 3575, 3861, 4011, 4020, 4030, 4192, 4194, 4195, 4216, 4222, 4446 Hyperoliidae 2546, 2555 Leptodactylidae 228, 246, 247, 253, 615, 831, 843, 845, 846, 992, 1217, 1218, 1418-1421, 1840-1842, 1844-1848, 1850-1852, 2574-2581, 3133, 3452, 3576, 3862, 3863, 3865, 3904, 3906, 3913, 4011, 4140, 4143, 4188, 4217, 4221 Microhylidae 225, 226, 556, 562, 833, 1641, 3133, 3842, 4183, 4185, 4187, 4194 Myobatrachidae 1849 Pelobatidae 4153, 4182 Pelodryadidae 562, 2564, 2568, 3863, 4144 Pipidae 2548 180 Ranidae 224, 252, 556-559, 562, 1227, 1748, 2557, 2756, 3131, 3132, 3926, 4152, 4153, 4277, 4491, 4645 Rhacophoridae 224, 556, 833, 3986 Sooglossidae 252 Caudata [order] 510, 518, 519, 1223, 1230, 1642, 1754, 1755, 1780, 2711, 3120, 3880, 4177- 4180 Ambystomatidae 520, 2570, 4132, 4148 Cryptobranchidae 520 Hynobiidae 4148 Plethodontidae 374, 379, 512, 513, 520, 521, 577, 1220, 1224, 1225, 1432, 1434, 1659, 1660, 3043, 3134, 3204, 3806, 4194, 4195, 4219, 4220, 4223, 4385 Proteidae 4447 Salamandridae 520, 1437 Gymnophiona [order] 1237 Caeciliidae 249 AVES General 20, 131,, 155, 156, 159, 165, 171, 175, 180, 182, 184, 191, 196, 199; 20952315280: 464, 538, 564, 583, 734, 926, 927, 930, 932, 1049, 1106, 1117, 1121, 1122, 1138, 1140, 1142, 1379, 2181, 2202, 2280, 2390, 2513, 2770, 2773, 2775, 3052, 3054, 3155, 3156, 3158, 3162, 3165, 3169, 3171, 3221, 3236, 3241, 3245, 3255, 3262, 3274, 3276, 3287, 3462, 3495, 3497, 3498, 3499, 3501, 3503-3514, 3516-3518, 3666, 3674, 3675, 3687, 3695, 3696, 3698, 3705, 3709, 3710, 3743, 3744, 3747, 3762, 3775, 3783, 3785, 3788, 3790, 3798, 3814, 4125, 4200, 4232, 4303-4310, 4318, 4321, 4330, 4406, 4528, 4543, 4546, 4554, 4555, 4559, 4567, 4659, 4676 Fossil Birds 55, 132, 338, 1348, 1676-1678, 3311-3316, 3325-3334, 4118, 4119, 4528 Struthioniformes [order] Rheidae 541 Tinamiformes [order] Tinamidae 186, 206, 207, 917, 920, 921, 3288, 3690, 4335, 4338, 4549, 4553, 4556, 4660 Gaviiformes [order] Gaviidae Poe Podicipediformes [order] Podicipedidae M32 22512 Procellariiformes [order] Diomedeidae 3326 181 Procellariidae 1247, 3273, 3673, 4405, 4552 Pelecaniformes [order] Phaethontidae 3328 Phalacrocoracidae 3678, 4415 Anhingidae 339, 4529 Sulidae 4348 Ciconiiformes [order] Ardeidae 193, 941, 1113, 1677, 3235, 4411, 4525, 4656 Scopidae 3325 Threskiornithidae 3289, 3331, 3333, 3334, 3399, 4348 Falconiformes [order] Cathartidae 338, 1455, 2006 Accipitridae 337, 765, 1449, 1456, 2774, 3198, 3290, 3305, 3461, 3726, 4364, 4396, 4407, 4521 Falconidae 539, 1269, 3239, 3248, 3312, 3458, 4408 Anseriformes [order] Anatidae 55, 787, 923, 1397, 1463, 1766, 2514, 3232, 3239, 3240, 3246, 3249, 3261, 3334, 3670, 3692, 3735, 3752, 4163 Galliformes [order] Cracidae 544, 913, 3183, 4329 Tetraonidae 345, 1476, 1477, 1479, 2508, 2511, 3730, 3738, 3740, 4199 Phasianidae 463, 916, 3342, 3755, 3770, 4488 Odontophoridae 17, 563, 919, 922, 1458, 2164, 2507, 2782, 3071, 3156, 3187, 3299, 4332 Gruiformes [order] Gruidae 16 Psophiidae 918 Rallidae 914, 1042, 2009, 2336, 3172, 3183, 3239, 3275, 3310, 3311, 3459, 3733, 3741, 3782, 4278, 4351, 4532, 4551 Charadriiformes [order] Jacanidae 542, 3271, 3295, 3313 Rostratulidae 4560 Haematopodidae 33382 Charadriidae 3247, 3656, 3725 182 Scolopacidae (incl. Phalaropodidae) 535, 1107, 2888, 3056, 3265, 3272, 3314, 3671 Glareolidae 3332 Laridae (incl. Sternidae) 208, 1248, 1399, 2516, 2783, 3269, 3270, 3400, 3728, 3751 Rhynchopidae 4526 Alcidae 3315 Columbiformes [order] Raphidae 1676 Columbidae 22, 132, 174, 574, 915, 1043, 1139, 2510, 3391, 3711-3713, 3721, 3746, 3761, 3769, 3789, 3793, 3859, 4337, 4345, 4414, 4535, 4539, 4549, 4550 Psittaciformes [order] Psittacidae 1461, 3071, 3185, 3243, 3256, 3460, 3676, 3711, 3750, 4119, 4322, 4416 Cuculiformes [order] Cuculidae 169, 178, 3680, 3711, 3782, 4128, 4322, 4344, 4397, 4523 Strigiformes [order] Tytonidae 3734 Strigidae 24, 177, 371, 372, 517, 1118, 1123, 1258, 1267, 1270, 1349, 2322, 3053, 3055, 3065, 3072, 3073, 3176, 3229, 3502, 3661, 3755, 3760, 3794, 4346, 4395, 4533 Caprimulgiformes [order] Caprimulgidae 1462, 2887, 3073, 3170, 3327, 3522, 3665, 4522, 4527, 4566 Apodiformes [order] Apodidae 192, 1125, 1272, 1681, 2776, 3073, 3707, 3772, 4336, 4677 Hemiprocnidae 32311 Trochilidae 185, 1144, 1629, 3059, 3075, 3076, 3227, 3260, 3391, 3516, 3660, 3707, 3732, 3739, 4399, 4538, 4550, 4564, 4677 Trogoniformes [order] Trogonidae 545, 4339 Coraciiformes [order] Alcidinidae 3266, 3293, 3688, 4340 Momotidae 3049, 4340 Meropidae 1475 Coraciidae 3787 Bucerotidae 1256, 1257, 3284, 3746 183 Piciformes [order] Bucconidae 3180, 3243, 4322 Capitonidae 540, 1251, 1461, 1628 Indicatoridae 1464 Ramphastidae 4341, 4343 Picidae 187, 543, 1146, 1348, 2335, 3070, 3077, 3254, 3292, 3309, 3662, 3708, 3724, 3738, 3777, 3984, 4302, 4412, 4534, 4665 Passeriformes [order] 454, 1347, 3322, 3330, 3703, 3704 Eurylaimidae 1114, 3777 Dendrocolaptidae 3051, 3500, 3679, 3706, 4319, 4401, 4404, 4558, 4563 Furnariidae 179, 939, 1631, 3515, 3645, 3706, 3723, 4319, 4350, 4561, 4665, 4667 Formicariidae 537, 1460, 3317, 3407, 3502, 3706, 4323, 4545, 4658 Rhinocryptidae 539 Tyrannidae 168, 181, 195, 197, 198, 200-202, 536, 584, 587, 940, 1145, 1453, 2163, 3062, 3063, 3166, 3303, 3431, 3502, 3679, 3693, 3700, 3701, 3985, 4311, 4312, 4314, 4392, 4394, 4413, 4536, 4560, 4661, 4664 Pipridae 1459, 3700, 4324, 4657 Cotingidae 3700, 3736, 4349 Pittidae 1110, 3115, 3402 Alaudidae 1109, 1454, 2391, 3233 Hirundinidae 2771, 3163, 3221, 3222, 3778, 4402 Motacillidae 1454, 4333, 4666 Campephagidae 4317 Pycnonotidae 1116, 1123, 1450, 3252, 3278, 3753, 3761, 3774 Irenidae 3759 Laniidae 373, 1465 Bombycillidae 588 Dulidae 4537 Troglodytidae 582, 585, 1141, 1478, 3063, 3226, 3297, 3699, 4328, 4334, 4404, 4551 Mimidae 3064, 3066, 3496, 4326, 4560, 4611 184 Turdidae 195, 373, 467, 539, 586, 1102, 1119, 1630, 3057, 3061, 3175, 3278, 3281, 3304, 3342, 3659, 3664, 3701, 3722, 3756, 3763, 3795 Timaliidae 1101, 1103, 1120, 1124, 1125, 1679, 3282, 3344, 3658, 3664, 3677, 3729, 3748, 3754, 3758, 3765-3771, 3774, 3779, 3781, 3782 Sylviidae 194, 1105, 1108, 1111, 1112, 1611, 3253, 3757, 3761, 3778, 3784, 4342, 4393, 4409 Muscicapidae 114, 1115, 2335, 3258, 3277, 3402, 3403, 3764, 3773, 3791, 3796 Monarchidae 190, 1679, 3765, 3776, 3792, 4541 Pachycephalidae 1398 Aegithalidae 3689 Paridae 167, 585, 3301, 3401, 3663, 3697, 4162, 4352 Sittidae 4390, 4398 Certhiidae 582, 4398, 4542 Dicaeidae 1104, 2391, 3770, 3778, 3780, 3797 Nectainiidae 1105, 1108, 1123, 1680, 3402, 3745, 3755, 3764, 3784 Zosteropidae 2743, 3764 Meliphagidae 183, 188, 3746, 4524 Emberizidae 18, 1655, 2187, 2391, 2886, 3050, 3057, 3058, 3068, 3074, 3228, 3234, 3237, 3250, 3259, 3264, 3267, 3298, 3300, 3302, 3319, 3320, 3323, 3430, 3455, 3500, 3667, 3723, 3730, 3737, 4118, 4204, 4210, 4313, 4315, 4320, 4347, 4490, 4530, 4540, 4544, 4547, 4565, 4662 Cardinalidae 195, 1647, 2778, 3057, 3723, 4162, 4313, 4544, 4663 Thraupidae 173, 176, 764, 1143, 1457, 3230, 3242, 3251, 3291, 3321, 3324, 3405, 3408, 3680, 3701, 3702, 3731, 3749, 4313, 4556 Parulidae 344, 534, 581, 1143, 2515, 2679, 2759, 2886, 3063, 3067, 3069, 3257, 3318, 3342, 3456, 3517, 3727, 4301, 4391, 4400, 4403, 4537, 4542, 4544, 4557, 4562 Drepanididae 183, 189, 4134 Vireonidae 203, 573, 3058, 3223, 3224, 3496, 4325, 4400, 4410, 4548, 4549 Icteridae 172, 735, 765, 1044, 1137, 1650, 2509, 2779, 3283, 3404, 3406, 3549, 3660, 3669, 4160, 4316 Fringillidae 1350, 2201 Carduelidae 21, 1453, 3060, 3061, 3185, 3225, 3672, 3691, 3694, 3738, 3742, 4198 185 Estrildidae 3278, 3745 Ploceidae 1451, 1452, 3279, 3280, 3285, 3286, 3522, 4331 Sturnidae 3745 Oriolidae 1525, 3294, 3296, 3784 Corvidae 19, 453, 2187, 3078, 3244, 3263, 3268, 3300, 3457, 3668, 4404 MAMMALIA General 29, 45, 85, 100, 139, 935, 937, 1246, 1557, 1601, 1775, 1787, 2183, 2184, 2246, 2315, 2711, 2795, 2833, 2843, 2850, 2925, 3024, 3190, 3358, 3380, 3584, 4251 Fossils 15, 431, 1281, 1282, 1503-1505, 1672, 1716, 1772-1775, 2212, 2906, 3007, 3008, 3081, 3167, 3354, 4373 Marsupialia [order] 1487 Didelphidae 42, 154, 157, 1135, 1542, 1821, 1834, 1835, 1981, 1993, 2813, 2994, 3364, 3523 Dasyuridae 2275, 4255 Peramelidae 2502 Phalangeridae 3025 Edentata (=Xenarthra) [order] Myrmecophagidae 42, 50, 1995, 3384, 4569 Bradypodidae 4570 Megalonychidae 2067 Dasypodidae 2901, 3384, 3838 Insectivora [order] 95, 141, 1487 Solenodontidae 170, 3081 Tenrecidae 1262 Erinaceidae 1788, 2314, 3802 Soricidae 35, 309, 310, 553, 762, 934, 938, 961, 1380, 1506, 1722, 1731, 1789, 1959, 2168, 2185, 2248, 2249, 2251, 2252, 2254-2257, 2259, 2263, 2264, 2273, 2799, 2830, 2853, 2930, 2931, 2933, 2984, 2988, 2997, 3361, 3561, 4209, 4449, 4454 Talpidae 2314, 2817, 3357, 3392 Scandentia [order] Tupaiidae 2592 186 Dermoptera [order] Cynocephalidae 2968 Chiroptera [order] 624, 1488, 2180, 2276, 2922, 2971, 3382, 3850 Pteropididae 1989, 2369, 2954, 2970, 2995, 3394, 3852 Emballonuridae 34, 1990, 2969, 2982 Nycteridae 2974 Megadermatidae 2963 Rhinolophidae (incl. Hipposiderinae) 2967, 2992, 3014, 3519 Noctilionidae 1553, 2466 Phyllostomidae (incl. Desmodontinae) 30, 36, 571, 617, 618, 1038, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1056, 1261, 1263, 1484, 1519, 1548, 1562, 1683, 1727, 1729, 1730, 1732, 2583-2585, 2600, 2761, 2894, 2904, 2910, 2914, 2918, 2919, 2942, 2944, 2947, 2948, 2962, 2972, 2973, 2994, 3011, 3017, 3177, 3946, 4358, 4359, 4361, 4362 Natalidae 1039, 2956, 3004, 3947 Thryopteridae 2893, 4615 Vespertilionidae 30, 33, 40, 115, 357, 437, 625, 936, 1034-1037, 1060, 1061, 1527, 1550, 1576, 1684, 1967, 2168, 2182, 2250, 2792, 2822, 2897, 2910, 2912, 2915-2917, 2941, 2949, 2960, 2964, 2965, 2970, 2978, 2981, 2985, 2996, 3001, 3011, 3181, 3341, 3366, 3520, 3657, 3942, 3949, 3950, 3991, 4157, 4256, 4259, 4360, 4474 Molossidae 358, 619, 1482, 1726, 1728, 2274, 2286, 2287, 2593, 2945, 2946, 2950, 2951, 2994, 4357 Primates [order] 1504, 1505 Daubentoniidae 3549 Tarsiidae 3636 Callitrichidae 1824, 1827, 1836 Cebidae 1549, 1551, 1827, 1828, 1993, 1994, 2002, 2590 Cercopithecidae 32, 1263, 1982, 2171, 2317, 2596, 3019 Hylobatidae 1662 Carnivora (incl. Pinnipedia) [order] 146, 624, 1733 Canidae 37, 51, 145, 149, 153, 353, 1259, 1593, 1658, 1773, 2260, 2794, 2812, 2852, 2856, 2858, 2866, 2991, 3188, 3367, 3941 Ursidae (incl. Ailuropoda) 2172, 2805, 2809, 2854, 2865, 2873, 2875, 2877, 2879, 2880, 2906 187 Procyonidae (incl. Ailurus) 152, 1553, 1571, 1596, 1600, 1994, 1996, 2780, 2823, 2840, 2977, 2998, 3194, 4090 Mustelidae 46, 137, 142, 148, 149, 216, 1136, 1259-1261, 1264, 1268, 1276, 1417, 1543, 1581, 1598, 1652, 1688, 1692, 1694, 1695, 1698, 1721, 1822, 1823, 1973, 1983, 1987, 1994, 1997, 2003, 2174-2179, 2186, 2189, 2247, 2855, 2858, 2867, 2996, 3160, 3558, 3875, 3876 Viverridae 1268, 1271, 1274, 1979, 2966 Felidae 144, 164, 216, 1575, 1582, 1588, 1832, 1969, 1975, 1978, 1998, 1999, 2169, 2261, 2766-2768, 2827, 2851, 2858, 3197, 3521 Otariidae 2821, 3379, 3385, 4249, 4372 Odobenidae 3626 Phocidae 48, 3009, 3018, 3646 Cetacea [order] 307 Delphinidae 308, 431, 2290, 3015, 3021, 3383, 4371, 4373 Physeteridae 1733 Balaenopteridae 3012, 3016 Balaenidae 2314 Proboscidea [order] Elephantidae 1774, 3354 Perissodactyla [order] Tapiridae 1547 Rhinocerotidae 1282 Hyracoidea [order] 2015 Tubulidentata [order] Orycteropodidae 3638, 4245 Artiodactyla [order] Suidae 31, 2013, 2595, 2939, 4258, 4260 Tayassuidae 157, 1520, 1546, 1564, 1833, 2001, 2846, 3002, 3005, 4249 Tragulidae 2924, 2943, 2952, 2983 Cervidae 101, 104, 138, 958, 1268, 1275, 1602, 1772, 1820, 1826, 1830, 1831, 1971, 1995, 2314, 2321, 2760, 2831, 2835, 2844, 2868, 2907, 2928, 2938, 2987, 3346, 4250 Bovidae (incl. Antilocaprinae) 94, 102, 103, 216, 1260, 1268, 1583, 1599, 1749, 1772, 1825, 1977, 1985, 1986, 2012, 2013, 2172, 2594, 2826, 2842, 2876, 2993, 3178, 3182, 3353, 3359, 3362, 3365, 4257 Pholidota [order] Manidae 3384 Rodentia [order] 95, 141, 146, 624, 881, 1134, 1503, 1701, 1988, 1992, 2799, 2859, 3357, 3381, 3386, 4450, 4474, 4475 Aplodontidae 2839, 4227 Sciuridae 32, 49, 90, 99, 143, 147, 160, 216, 255, 623, 625, 959, 962, 1036, 1242, 1243, 1260, 1376, 1570, 1577, 1587, 1653, 1703, 1725, 1736, 1738, 1739, 1786, 1958, 1963, 1976, 1984, 2014, 2188, 2190, 2192, 2194, 2195, 2197-2199, 2221, 2279, 2282, 2283, 2477, 2501, 2535, 2586, 2589, 2591, 2791, 2797, 2803, 2804, 2824, 2829, 2834, 2840, 2847, 2861, 2869, 2871, 2874, 2926, 2927, 2958, 2978, 3003, 3006, 3010, 3020, 3119, 3157, 3159, 3161, 3164, 3168, 3174, 3347, 3352, 3368, 3625, 3937, 4370, 4473 Geomyidae 90, 91, 93, 97, 116, 359, 360, 595, 1040, 1054, 1239, 1241, 1553, 1569, 1572, 1577, 1579, 1580, 1585, 1587, 1589, 1590, 1595, 1656, 1657, 1690, 1691, 1702, 1704, 1705, 1752, 2262, 2323, 2464, 2781, 2804, 2825, 2839, 2845, 2871, 2872, 2892, 3193, 3195, 3199, 3200, 4228, 4229, 4587 Heteromyidae 205, 348, 350-352, 626, 1245, 1281, 1539, 1558-1561, 1563, 1565, 1566, 1568-1570, 1584, 1586, 1591, 1648, 1654, 1682, 1697, 1736, 1737, 1961, 1962, 2220, 2222, 2223, 2763, 2765, 2801, 2806, 2848, 2849, 2864, 2870, 3135, 3179, 3191, 3192, 3350, 3356, 3369, 4157, 4448, 4452, 4614 Castoridae 96, 3184 Anomaluridae 2899 Peditidae 3013 Cricetidae 89, 92, 98, 140, 151, 157, 158, 162, 163, 166, 354-356, 597, 622, 960, 1133, 1147, 1149, 1240, 1261, 1338, 1485, 1486, 1507, 1539-1541, 1552, 1553, 1555, 1556, 1559, 1567, 1569, 1572, 1574, 1578, 1586, 1587, 1594, 1595, 1597, 1689, 1699, 1700, 1706, 1723, 1829, 1960, 1964, 1965, 1991, 1993, 2069- 2071, 2166, 2191, 2196, 2200, 2245, 2263, 2281, 2284, 2285, 2289, 2769, 2777, 2793, 2798, 2802, 2807, 2828, 2832, 2837, 2838, 2841, 2857, 2860, 2871, 2891, 2923, 2999, 3036, 3044, 3196, 3199, 3339, 3345, 3348, 3349, 3351, 3360, 3377, 3393, 3801, 3836, 3837, 3849, 3877, 3878, 3939, 3940, 3943, 4034, 4169, 4449, 4451, 4453, 4476 Arvicolidae 86, 87, 88, 90, 98, 134-136, 161, 349, 938, 1033, 1158, 1573, 1592, 1651, 1672, 1696, 1968, 1970, 1972, 2167, 2258, 2263, 2288, 2312, 2316, 2475, 2800, 2808, 2814-2816, 2819, 2828, 2836, 2847, 2872, 2895, 2896, 2898, 2902, 2903, 2913, 2975, 2980, 2981, 2990, 3154, 3186, 3355, 3387, 3395, 3559, 3560, 3936, 3944, 4205, 4206, 4449, 4451, 4653 Muridae 616, 1974, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2170, 2171, 2276-2278, 2318-2320, 2573, 2597, 2762, 2911, 2934, 2953, 2976, 2978-2990, 2996, 3000, 3023, 3640, 3878, 3879, 4252 189 Gliridae 2929 Zapodidae 885, 2253, 2476, 2818, 2828, 2890, 2989 Dipodidae 2171, 3640, 3938 Hystricidae 2588, 4253 Caviidae 3851 Hydrochoeridae 15 Dasyproctidae 728\74) Chinchillidae 41, 44, 47, 4247 Capromyidae 2272, 3007, 3008, 3080 Ctenomyidae 3853 Echimyidae 52, 77, 1483, 1542, 1544, 1545, 1554, 2271, 2321, 4247, 4248, 4254 Bathyergidae 2959 Lagomorpha [order] 95, 141, 146 Ochotonidae 1244, 1649, 1693, 1793, 1980, 2172, 2193, 3153 Leporidae 117, 150, 438, 596, 1017, 1574, 1707, 1724, 1984, 2000, 2007, 2173, 2534, 2587, 2804, 2811, 2820, 2862, 2863, 2900, 2905, 2920, 2932, 2940, 2957, 2981, 2986, 3022, 3167, 3173, 3174, 3189, 3340, 3357, 3363, 3637, 3639, 3903, 3948, 4246, 4247 190 PRESIDENTS Theodore Gill Charles A. White G. Brown Goode William H. Dall Lester F. Ward C. Hart Merriam Charles V. Riley George M. Sternberg L. O. Howard Frederick V. Coville F. A. Lucas B. W. Evermann Frank H. Knowlton Leonhard Stejneger Theodore S. Palmer David White E. W. Nelson Paul Bartsch W. P. Hay J. N. Rose Hugh M. Smith A. D. Hopkins Ned Hollister Vernon Bailey A. S. Hitchcock J. W. Gidley S. A. Rohwer Harry C. Oberholser E. A. Goldman Alexander Wetmore H. H. T. Jackson Charles E. Chambliss H. C. Fuller William B. Bell E. P. Walker H. B. Humphrey Frank Thone Joseph S. Wade John W. Aldrich Frederick C. Lincoln W. A. Dayton Herbert G. Deignan Hugh T. O’Neil Herbert Friedmann Howard B. Owens David H. Johnson BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON EDITORS Richard Rathbun C. Hart Merriam R. E. C. Stearns Charles D. Walcott Theodore Gill C. Hart Merriam T. S. Palmer C. L. Pollard William P. Hay Ned Hollister Charles W. Richmond Herbert Friedmann Henry W. Setzer 1881-1882 1883-1884 1885-1886 1887-1888. 1888-1890 1889-1890 1891 1891-1892 1892 (*% year) 1893-1894 1895-1896 1897-1898 1899-1900 1901 1901-1902 1902-1913 1903-1904 1905-1906 1907-1908 1909-1910 1911 1912-1913 1914-1915 1916-1917 1918 1919 1920 1920-1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926-1927 1927-1929 1930-1931 1931-1933 1933-1936 1936-1938 1938-1940 1940-1942 1942-1944 1944-1946 1946-1947 1947-1949 1949-1951 1951-1953 1953-1955 1955-1956 1956-1958 1958-1960 1960-1962 Albert C. Smith Charles O. Handley, Jr. Emest L. Lachner Joseph Rosewater Meredith L. Jones Daniel M. Cohen Roger F. Cressey Victor G. Springer Thomas E. Bowman Clyde J. Jones Bruce B. Collette Richard S. Cowan Clyde F. E. Roper Richard C. Banks Raymond B. Manning Paul J. Spangler David L. Pawson Donald R. Davis Austin B. Williams Kristian Fauchald Leslie W. Knapp Richard H. Manville Victor G. Springer Roger F. Cressey Paul J. Spangler Austin B. Williams C. W. Hart Brian Kensley C. Brian Robbins ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1962-1964 1964-1967 1967-1968 1968-1970 1970-1971 1971-1972 1972-1973 1973-1974 1974-1975 1975-1976 1976-1977 1977-1978 1978-1979 1979-1980 1981-1982 1982-1983 1983-1984 1984-1985 1985-1987 1988-1989 1990- 191 The following individuals assisted the Editors in the various tasks necessary for producing the final version of the index. Their assistance is greatly appreciated: Richard C. Banks, Ronald I. Crombie, W. Ronald Heyer, Brian Kensely, Gregory Mayer, John H. Miles, Jr., Thomas A. Munroe, Robert P. Reynolds, Christine E. Skelly, Wayne C. Starnes, Victor O. Springer, Richard P. Vari, Stanley H. Weitzman, Jeffrey T. Williams, and George R. Zug. This publication was supported by a grant administered by the Smithsonian Insitution, from the Atherton Seidell Endowment Fund. 192 KEY TO VOLUMES OF THE PROCEEDINGS BY YEARS 1880) SERIE. eer ea I TSSLG SAE Ee oii. tc ish a ace GS I 1882 (pant) base elves I 1882\(pant) (Mate eos Seas II TOSSING Rhee ee 88 II TSS4x(pant) ils oe ce se a II 1S84s(part ieee eee Il SSS SR aR teh kets eek Il 188i (pant}h see. Sank se Ill LSSGR (partners esl... aes IV DSB. EEN oe tte era IV ISSSx(past)y es ae cee IV ISSSi(paRl) eee Soe ce sate Vv TS BOs; aM ee ae ate as Vv LEIOM( panty apes Vv ISSO\(pante ROM. ce Sas VI TOME LaRosa s VI 1 SS Pa are hy 4 Gps ea Vil CK SR a) SMa Needle al ue Ma VII SOAs rises eiates io sueieee ey ey nan IX L3G eon ee a aes Xx SETA A Me 8c os ee a XI ABO Stereyh Catena g aie XII EOS epee Ae aR Ste XIII ES OOS AAR ray trae te eas ee XII LOOI aaa amet), cil cored. XIV 1902 rencds..-o Albee Sarees XV L903 Ve ot) 5 ooo eR il XVI QOS Wetrge Sh eats anklet ays XVII SI S[US Tn Mera rites Gren Med orth Earer XVIII LOOG) Heeger oe XIX ESTOS Fin. ch cig eR a SP XX OO Stony. Fase le Bhs vial seis XXI STU os Cites ce Sean eae XXII QO CR. ceo: bao XXIII OH ae aoe a a XXIV 1 BO a tn at 13s XXV IAS SM West Sc 2 een ne a XXVI GMA richie. tetas IN oe XXVII OBS Se oorce cs lea pe Sm XXVIII UO Git. Or Ma ee 85 le XXIX STS 9. 2) 0. a amen AME Tbe ea ae 30 UO Sparse AEs cece ceteris Bil OT OM ae oe he Oey Bhs 32 O20 PAR Se ai iie ies 33 SEA) 2 3 aaa a ere ee 34 C72, RIOR 6c! er aR ae 35 L923" Wis fart ois ata ssl sce 36 ODA ia: BM 8 sae ted s 37 MOPS Be Vio Re pe Poa Eh 38 S262 L2. EPN e eeT 39 1S P/M ile Soa Ron |e CP aac 40 JI 0) AP Ra arti 5 oe Sa ee 41 DORR EN 8. SBR er SS 5 ac 42 M931 od ek ces ee 44 193201 hse bare ee 45 1953 ooh os oe oe 46 1934) oa ae eee 47 1935 wc e nt. 48 1936 22.26. ae ee 49 1937 ie oica eles es 50 1938 2s... ee 51 1939 0. baw eae ser 3 Se 52 1940 2 dees os) ae 53 1941 nce Se 54 1942 (part) .... eee 54 1942: i eae a So 55 1943) oa eee 56 1944) ce ee 57 1945) 2... de ce. ee 58 1946) oad. oon eee 59 1947 nd bee te 2 60 1948) 224200. 2322 61 1949) os vee ten te oe eee 62 1950) es ae ee 63 LOSMA ook ios al 64 1952) oh Le ee ee 65 1953 hisuies sleuth 66 1954 ox ied? .. nok Cee 67 1955 nex). J eee? eee 68 1956y1oM WA nase Jae 69 1957 oy x ead.ote so eee 70 1958) |i: warts hae eee 7h 1959 wid. stneieriic hes Se 72 1960.8 seers shat eee 73 1961). on cos. Maes ae 74 1962. 6 cui ose aye ed) ee 1S 1963)... 6. ees Sa ce 76 1964) 2. oe dec ene ee 77 1965. can tea. sae eee 78 196600 os ea eee sia 2 ee 79 1967). cede olive ee 80 1968 “e2cce. dao), ee 81 1969 vesld sue. 20s Se 82 1970 (part) ...2.... 2. eee 82 1970 oo. sieeice s .os e 83 1971 (part) ...... 4.0 83 1971) 4 oe ge kaos se 84 1972:(part) 2.2...) 2 84 1972) ok ee da a's oe 85 1973) leslici. abs bee 86 W974 ld een te ee 87 1975s eee ohio gas 88 1976. eke als Cah a 89 1977 Soo at ye 90 1978) jc Sand sc Se och eee 91 1979: (part) 2 ai.a ee eee ot 1979. eo hata oie sles. ee 92 195 OBO Reyes cet ete sw, 93 MOBI (part)) - ie eae cots 93 TCO. NG ees aC nana iene 94 11220 SR oe a ae 95 BIB OM Rec 6 ak eee ees 96 I Orc nected lace Wim, os 97 TS1CS)- 2c ae ee ae 98 ETE eh cio cus endo ae 99 Br hae et ae rich ws eau i? RS ag a a epee Vasey fel ‘ an * ee ; } v - ' 4, 7” ; >t ‘ i 4 x i 4 a al hy 4 j 1 a, nr tr a yy THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 1990-1991 Officers President: Leslie W. Knapp Secretary: G. David Johnson President-elect: Storrs L. Olson Treasurer: Michael Vecchione Elected Council Roger F. Cressey, Jr. Janet W. Reid Janet R. Gomon Wayne C. Starnes Robert Hershler Jeffery T. Williams Custodian of Publications: Austin B. Williams PROCEEDINGS Editor: C. Brian Robbins Associate Editors Classical Languages: George C. Steyskal Invertebrates: Stephen D. Cairns Frank D. Ferrari Rafael Lemaitre Plants: David B. Lellinger Vertebrates: G. David Johnson Insects: Wayne N. Mathis Membership in the Society is open to anyone who wishes to join. There are no prerequisites. Annual dues of $15.00 ($20.00 to non-USA addresses) include subscription to the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Library subscriptions to the Proceedings are: $25.00 within the U.S.A., $30.00 elsewhere. The Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (USPS 404-750) is issued quarterly. Back issues of the Proceedings and the Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington (issued sporadically) are available. Correspondence dealing with membership and subscriptions should be sent to The Treasurer, Biological Society of Washington, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Manuscripts, corrected proofs, editorial questions should be sent to the Editor, Biological Society of Washington, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560. Known office of publication: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. Printed for the Society by Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Second class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. 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