2 TP eet 17 | ¢ ime ah ‘s Prt ui pees May Az CU byt i UAenen Wy 45 40) ADAP ay ha» whine . et PUN iA ana wv” we OI OA Ss ad ~~ Fee , y ess Aw, The manages aaa, RS ieee TTA |} ig | Ue 1 atl fe TT pabtlicbiatbel ea cbt ‘ane TT ad STONE , Yah ee www wer” | be Sane at Vury 4 Cpe ueHTEEEy, chads ah hh aah hhh ode ei AA got? 4 Ve UT Pal ee itdyavee HP 7 Won - TAS Hi tT ) we Vite Wily) Ry OC baie: i Teh rarettner “4 WP aaprabnsl aq “ “ oy gl wT Aya, Abs . dius AME 96 eee) ; ee eee wy ay Rone sets we Oi; uve ah \ AR Wh F 4 ro PPT TTT) LT 4 qty wee mi) iB a mH Rey ltl eg) omaeramOiDimaae Pal ve tT 1 Ve Mieuy, Shoat SENN ey Vayu we ACID ty as Seen rine GH Ww rie wvueee wee Rance Mpg cairn wanna. vu | Ke A Ze ) \ by ws eae Ny, | yy shy wv eet addy TTT ae waa) esos i. jeyuereee bho s “A \, dai TE, VVetgen- F ay 7 M mites | vant wa weet pansvee qy WN AMA AA vy / STTTN | ¥ oe yr | % [ oS wy ai“, a wie” nf vaqeouniainit yp teat ] | | : eS etdaek | men ve “SVEN ly romentry "we a eo 4 e SA anennhhy Uy a Ny x ne Nea | wet , - A eve . Sg A je Mai hada uc ee sila aang le veel pee Carer Pay Md yin my fil com aS aL PN vn oe a =) guslys Ao Mann, aan \ LA ey } 114 DY \ © oa » 1 Wir?pi & we ee 2a ae ee Se i a WNe fi : eve NBG reel Vw tel ta VME edhe eae hai Tt . a : : k 1] alan TY re inte OU STINRE NAL ELEALEEN wees, oY] j , x AL ie | PP a LALA Ada pbhbbbha a Lad Pete AUR Oe ee ss TALL “ aa Ov atid SMe Weevvarer tb mine hee \ TRS dt AM Ue haannil: GUC NONE we aa is a Perel. gus t x ~~ Bie \ o tute an Sel! St wand yaa vey " ~- >| o ‘ts rial Jeb le ¥ . we - vel * a wo & 4 a, we = ~~ WEB wh TL] serene’ = PETE TTT ETE coat “pounded CHU , , Myer, . NN ARMM, ates" eat EY rem oN, I | ay eee! gdh ‘Wate wd cit Vge rene wert y AA, ut iin ggevttteye” Hida . my aAtnea tte ceeantil Ce soa edu A “ia “sie MM dds w fasts tf hed ae POO | 3 2. yy rma" eatin ty \ seca tiehd | Ce vgs Panis Me he ie a Te] Pgnertecccneen” it } bhi My e al ad ere vl pag” hte scene Vege: A Raney yauvebilTt ib “id ‘ af pete we" vay aby Nee ge URED 1 1 ; ? | Ni x a . { o a ‘ i ) 1 ‘ . } . “A ' iy at “ . % - _ . } nate ‘ = a ’ hy - 4 e| } hs 67804 » N 917 FOURTH SERIES, Vol. IIL. 1910—1912. v Ny, ad PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. EDITED BY THE HONORARY SECRETARY. “* Rerum cognoscere causas.” —VIRGIL. BRISTOL : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY MCMXIV. “ nether ENDEX TO VOL. III. Abutilon ... : Acentrotremites Acidaspis Aliens... Allen, Grant Alps, "Maritime .. Althza Alsine Alveolites Anthus _... axe Ashcot Station .. Aster be Atriplex ... Atrypa Aust Avon Bather Beddoe, John Beyrichia... . Bicknell, Clarence Bitton ... Blanc, Edmond .. Blastoidea Blathwayt, L. Boyd Bridge Vv alley Road... Bristol Field poeauy for 1912 Brittain ... é Brue ‘Bucknall, Cedric Budd we fi Buller, A. H. R. Bupleurum Burns oak Butchers Bird Camarotechia v. Rhynchonella Carboniferous Limestone Carex Carlyle Carpenter Carthaginians Casa Fontanalba Catcott Heath Celesia, Prof. .. Charbonnier. H. .J. Chonetes .. ee Christison, Bey. A. Cirl Bunting A, (Fourrn Serres). PAGE rise INDEX TO VOL. III. Clevedon .. ae Climatic factors... Clugnet, Mons. ... Cochlearia Collin, J. E. Coprinus ... Cornulites Corydalis... Crossbill ... Crystal Palace ... Cumberland Curlew Cystidia ... Dalmanites v. Phacops Daniel ce Dante : Darwin, Charles De Koninck ‘* Diamond ” Dibunophyllum... Diptera ... ~ Dowden, Prof. Downhead Quarry Draper, Sir William Eaton, E. A. .:. Edaphic factors ... Emberiza... Encrinurus Etheridge is Evans, Ivor W. ... Failand House ... Festuca Flower Fodéré, Mons. Fox, Long Gairdner, Sir W. Gastr idium Geology of Bristol District .. Glaux Gran Capelet Gilbert Giofreddo Goethe Halophyte vegetation ... Hann 43 5 Highbridge Hooker, Dr. Hordeum... Hotwells ... Hunter, John Huxley (FOURTH SERIES). INDEX TO VOL. III. (FOURTH SERIES), Vv. Jasione ... ea ey oe ae re ane a 84 Jefferies, Richard a a ae ok a oA 39, 106 Johnson, Harry... wi et nee ae We = a 42 Juncus... we 5 ae oe a ce s re 17 Kingsweston __... pe ~ ae aa a) ee ae 26 Laghi delle Meraviglie ns a 7s ey We ct Ae Lago Verde es er ae a Ms a owt. tO La Miniera bce mes ae ae ae ae BA: eeerery 1H | Lathyrus ... a a ape se oe bh ae a 84 Le Hon .. ae ss ae oan See oe ue ae 47 Leptiena ... » 39 TIPULID2—Crane-flies or ‘daddy-long-legs.’ Larvz live in the earth, and sometimes devastate crops. Dictenidia bimaculata (L.) V.R.P. Pacchyrrhina histrio (F.) S.M. July. maculosa (Mg.) Redland. July and V.R.P..- se cornicina (L.) R.V.P. m3 guadrifarza (Mg.) S.M. July. Rather small crane-flies, mostly yellow, with distinct black mark- ings. Larvee occur in decaying wood. >) THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 57 Tipula gigantea (Schr.) Freshford. Juneand V.R.P. Our largest dipteron. rujina (Mg.) S.M. May and V.R.P. scripta (Mg.) S.M. September and V.R.P. hortensts (Mg.) Lynmouth. June. hortulanus (Mg.) V.R.P. marmorata (Mg.) S.M. June and V.R.P. vernalts (Mg.) S.M. Very common. wi laceralis (Mi.) Bitton. April and V.R.P. oleracea (L.) Very common everywhere, and a great plague. paludosa (Mg.) Bitton, common. S.M., very common. 7) wechracea (Me¢g.) V.R.P.- Atphura nigricornis (Mg.) V.R.P. and Stroud C.J.W. Ctenophoara pectinicornis (L.) V.R.P. Distinguished by the beauti- ful comb-like antenne of the male. be) 2} >) RuHYPHID#—Small, rather gnat-like flies with spotted wings, common on windows. The males often perform aerial dances in summer evenings. Rhyphus fenestralis (Scop.) S.M. Common (wings spotted to the tip). punctatus (F.) S.M. Common (wings clear at the tip). ) SECTION II.—BRACHYCERA. STRATIOMYID&—Small to large flies, many have brilliant metallic colours. Chloromyta formosa (Scop.) S.M. I have found the larve in a hollow bean stalk. Chortsops tibialis (Mg.) C.J.W. and Batheaston (Blathwayt). Pachygaster atra (Panz.) V.R.P. and Langport (Dale). leachii (Curt.) Bristol, in the garden of the University, August ; also Wincanton (Verrall). Nemotelus pantherinus (L.) Stroud (Wainwright). 5 uliginosus (L.) Minehead (Blathwayt). Oxycera formosa (Mg.) V.R.P. pulchella (Mg.) Batheaston (Blathwayt). ee trilineata (F.) Puddimore-Milton. Stratiomys chuimeleon (L.) Highbridge and S.M., also V.R.P. Handsome black and orange flies ; the larve live in water, and both larve and pupz have a long anal breathing tube. | . riparia (Mg.) Wellington (Blathwayt). furcata (F.) Burnham (Blathwayt). 5 potamida (Mg.) Ashley Down, Bristol, and C.J.W. Odontomyia viridula (F.) Minehead (Blathwayt). Chrysonotus bipunctatus (Scop.) V.R.P. and Batheaston (Blathwayt). A4 ye) Pie] ’) 58 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Sargus flavipes (Mg.) September, S.M., also V.R.P. ,, cuprarius (L.) V.R.P., Batheaston (Blathwayt). ., erridtatus (Scop.) S.M., June. Sometimes common. », Otpunctatus (Scop.) Bristol, September. Shepton-Montagu (Verrall). Microchrysa polita (L.) A brilliantly green little fly, common in gardens. 4 fiavicornis (Mg.) C.J. W. Berts clavipes (L.) V.R.P. ,, wvallata (Forst.) S.M. and Redland, July to October. Have bred the fly from larve in decayed Narcissus bulb. », Chalybiata (Forst.) S.M., May to July. », morrzisit (Dale) Has occurred at Porlock (Verrall). Metallic little flies, with 6 to 8 spines on the scutellum. &. vallata closely mimics a Sawfly. TABANID2Z—The Gadflies ; the females are bloodsuckers. The Jarvae occur in rotten wood or leaves, some are predaceous. Hematopota pluvialis (L.) ‘ The Cleg’; the females are too com- mon everywhere: the males, easily distinguished by the eyes meeting on the front of the head, are very rare; they are said to dance in the air early in the morning. Therioplectes micans (Mg.) Wellington (Blathwayt). 5 tropicus (Mg.) Freshford, July, and Shapwick, May, also Wek: Rae Atylotus fulvus (Mg.) Wellington (Blathwayt). Tabanus bovinus (L.) V.R.P. and Wellington (Blathwayt). a SUGETICUSI( Zettale ook: - autumnalts (L.) Redland, July, and V.R.P. " bromius (L.) Leigh Woods, August, and V.R.P. Chrysops cecutiens (L.) S.M., August, and V.R.P. og relicta (Mg.) V.R.P. In life these Gadflies have most beautiful golden eyes. LepTip&—Long legged, rather slender flies, medium sized to large. Leptts scolopacea (L.) S.M. and Cheddar, May. I have found the transparent-looking larve in damp moss in December ; they pupated at the beginning of May, and are said to feed on earthworms. The wings of this species are spotted. ,, dtringarta (L.)S.M. Common. Var. nzgrzventris at Cheddar. » temneola (¥.) S: Mo July. nane,-also Vike Re Chrysopilus cristatus (Verr.) S.M. Fairly common. : ce aureus (Mg.) S.M., August, rare, also V.R.P. Atherix tbts (F.) Freshford, June, rare. The females unite in masses hanging over the water. Xylophagus ater (F.) Leigh Woods. Very rare. thi vara THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. : 59 Asitip#&—The Hawk-flies: large flies that prey on other insects. Some of the larvae prey on other larve. Leptogaster cylindricus (Deg.) Filton and Freshford. June. Some- times in numbers among mowing grass. Dioctria retnhardi (W.) Neighbourhood of Bristol (Verrall). Hs atricapilla (Mg.) Freshford, June, and V.R.P. me eecranaica (L.) V.R.P. I have taken it in North Devon. + rufipes (Deg.) Common throughout the district. », flavipes (Mg.) Taunton in August. “e linearts (F.) Somersetshire (Verrall). Tsopogon brevirostris (Mg.) Withycombe (Slater), also C.J.W. Asilus crabroniformis (L.) Shirehampton in August, also V.R.P. The so called ‘ Hornet-fly,’ a large, black and yellow and very shiny fly. Dysmachus trigonus (Mg.) Bitton in May. Rare. Machimus atricapillus (F\n.) S.M., August, and C.J.W. Philonicus albiceps (Mg.) Leigh Woods and Henbury in September. Epitriptus cingulatus (F.) Taunton in August. BomByLip&—Beautiful bee-like flies, with velvety bodies and long probosces. Seen in spring hovering over the flowers. Bombylius discolor (Mik.) S.M. and Keynsham in March and April. a major (L.) S.M. from March to as late as June 18th, both these species are fairly common in spring. 5 canescens (Mik.) Very rare. Have seen it at Hanham and in North Devon in June. Brockley (C. Bartlett). A minor (L.) Minehead (Blathwayt), and V.R.P., the latter record was possibly of B. canescens. THEREVIDZ—Black and grey flies that fly in hot sunshine, and often alight on a dusty path. Larvze occur in decayed tree trunks. Thereva nobtilitata (F.) Freshford, May. £ plebta (L.) Freshford, May. AS marginata (Rossi) Freshford, June. % fulva (Mg.) Cranham, Gloucestershire. - bipunctata (Mg.) V.R.P. SCENOPINID2—Small, flat-bodied black flies, with peculiar wing venation, often seen on windows ; they have been bred from larve found in horsehair. Scenopinus fenestralis (L.) Bristol, S.M., &c. CyrTIp“2—Very curious flies of medium size, with small heads and globular bodies, and having no mouths, the buccal cavity being covered with a membrane. The wings are comparatively small. The larve are parasitic on spiders ( Tegenarza), and the flies have a certain resemblance to the spiders, 60 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Oncodes pallipes (Latrl.) This fly seems extremely rare, I have only met with one specimen, a male, resting on a sprig of Rock Rose on Leigh Down, in August. Verrall reports it from Wells. Acrocera globulus (Pz.) V.R.P. and Shepton Montagu (Verrall). Empina2—Medium and small flies, with long bodies and legs, mostly hairy. Distinguished by the absence of the axillary lobe of the wing. They are all very rapacious. Hybos grosstpes (L.) S.M., September, and V.R.P. Cyrtoma spuria (Fln.) Freshford, October. ot melena (Hal.) S.M., May. Rhamphomyia sulcata (F\n.) Bristol, also Freshford, May. ¢ fusctpennis (Zett.) Bleadon, August. ny filataZett.\/S.Nl., May. Empis tesselata (F.) Very common everywhere. ,, étvida(L) Very common everywhere. I have noticed the singular habit of the male giving a prey to the female before coupling (see H. Hamm, Ent. Month. Mag., 1907). ,, chioptera (Fln.) S.M., May. », pennipes (L.) Bitton, Cheddar, and Freshford, June; also VERE, 5 weoritarses (Me.)'S.M_, May. »» a@ecora (Mg.) Cheddar, July. », Orunnipennis (Mg.) Cheddar, July. »» vernalts (Mg.) Cheddar, July. » lutea(Meg.) Gloster, July, and C.J. W. sy SLCVEOTEM A le.) ING Ree. ; 5, punctata (Mg.) Freshford, May, and Redland, June. 5, trigramma (Mg.) S.M., May, and V.R.P. Pachymeria femorata (F.) Ashton and Freshford, May. fiilara nivetpennis (Zett.) S.M., June. » megrina (Fin ) Bristol, June. =A maura (F.) Common throughout the district. 4 pilosa. (Zetts)) S. Mex jiaily, he ieesc2 Pe salt.) BN oikee In Alara the fore metatarsus of the male is generally expanded into a disk. Said to envelop their prey in silken threads (M. Howlett, Entomol. Month. Mag., Oct., 1907). Trichina flavipes (Mg.) Freshford, October. Microphorus anomalus (Mg.) Leigh Woods, June. C£dalea flavipes (Zett.) Cheddar, July. : Ocydromia glabricula (Mg.) S.M., May to September. Tachypeza nubila (Mg.) S.M., June. Tachista annulimana (Mg.) V.R.P. o arrogans (L.) S.M., June. This species closely resembles an Hemipteron, both in appearance and in habit of dodging to the under side of the leaf when pursued. THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 61 Tachydromta maculipes (Mg.) S.M., May. articulata (Mg.) Bristol, June. be) a annulata (F ln.) Bristol, June. ie minuta (Mg.) Bristol, June. me ciliarrs (F\n.) Bristol, June. DoLicHopip£—Medium sized, bright green, and very spiny flies, generally found by the waterside. Some have the metatarsi ‘feathered,’ which enables them to run freely on the water. ‘For tables of the Dolichopidz, which are extremely numerous, see _ Verrall, Entomolog. Month. Mag., 1904. Psilopus platypterus (F.) S.M., July, and V.R.P. as wredmanit (Fln.) S.M., July. Dolichopus campestris (Mg.) S.M., July. ni confusus (Zett.) S.M., August. Male with dilated fore- tarsi. at discifer (Stan.) S.M., July. The dilated joint of the male has a white spot. * griserpennis (Stan.) Keynsham and Redland, also V.R.P. ce trwvialis (Hal.) S.M., June and V.R.P. a arbustorum (Stan.) S.M., June. is plumipes (Scop.) Batheaston (Blathwayt). a ungulatus (L.)=ceneus (Deg.) Freshford, common, and VRP. | : Pecilobothrus nobilitatus (L.) S.M., July, fairly common. Chrysotus lesus (W.) SM and Freshford, June. x, yramineus (Flu.) S.M., fairly common in June. Argyra diaphana (F.) Upton Cheney, June, and V.R.P. Medeterus jaculus (Mg.) V.R.P. Inancalus virens (Scop.) V.R.P., running about in wet spots. LONCHOPTERID£—Small, pale flies with straight wing veins, which are slightly different in male and female. Sometimes common in spring. Larvz said to feed on the mycelium of fungi. Five out of the six British species occur in the district. Lonchoptera lutea (Pauz.) Keynsham, March. a trilineata (Zett.) Leigh Woods, June. hi Jlavicauda (Mg.) S.M., March. - lacustris (Mg.) S.M., March. ¥ tristis (Mg.) S.M., March. SECTION III.—PROBOSCID.. PLATYPEZIDH&—Larve occur in fungi. Of the six species only ‘one is recorded from the district. Callimyia leptiformis (Fall.) Leigh Woods, Dale. 62 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. PIPUNCULIDZ—Small, dark flies, with enormous eyes ; they are not usually common. They fly among short herbage, and the larve are parasitic on Homoptera. Chalarus spurius (Fln.) S.M. and Bristol, in May. Verrallia pilosa (Zett.) V.R.P. vilosa (Ross.) Hanham, June. a aucta (FIn.) University garden, Bristol, August. Pipunculus campestris (Ltr.) S.M., September, and V.R.P. as geniculatus (Mg.) S.M., September, and V.R.P. SyRPHIDZ—A large family of medium to large flies, with bright yellow and black markings. Many are fine hoverers. Many of the larvee feed on Aphids. Cnemodon vitripennis (Mg.) Freshford, April; Redland, June. Melangyna quadrimaculata (Verr.) Rare. Freshford, June. V.R.P. Paragus tibialis (Fal.) Nailsea. University garden, Bristol, July. The larvee are said to feed on root-Aphids ; but the flies are generally found associating with Halicti, which they closely resemble. Pipizella virens (F.) Freshford and Redland in May. . maculipennis (Mg.) Redland, June, and V.R.P. Pipiza noctiluca (L.) Nailsea and Freshford in May. Larve feed on the apple-root Aphis (Shizoneura). See Board of Agriculture Leaflet 34. Orthoneura nobilis (Fal.) Taunton, June. The following five species are beautiful metallic green flies :— Liogaster metallina (F.) Fairly common at S.M. in June. Chrysogaster splendens (Mg ) Taunton, June, and C.J.W. rs hirtella (Lw.) Freshford and Bitton, April. a macquartt (Lw.) V.R.P. a solstitialis (Fln.) S.M., June, and V.R.P. Chilosia. Medium to large mostly black flies, sometimes densely pubescent. Eye margins raised. Larve in fungi, &c. Chilosia maculata (FlIn.) Freshford, May. by longula (Zett.) Bristol, July. * scutellata (Fln.) Freshford, May ; Cheddar, September, and Walle ‘3 soror (Zett.) S.M., April. Fe pulchripes (Lw.) S.M., August. 4 variabilis (Pz.) Freshford, May. - honesta (Rnd.) V.R.P. re intonsa (Lw.) Freshford, June. | illustrata (Har.) S.M. and Cheddar, August. BS chrysocoma (Mg.) V.R.P. i impressa (Lw.) Leigh Woods, August ; Freshford, May. i albitarsis (Mg.) Freshford, July, and V.R.P. 5, jraterna (Mg.) Bitton, August. 7 mutabilis (FIn.) Freshford, May. = vernalis (FIn.) Bristol, September. THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 63 Chilosia cyanocephala (Lw.) Batheaston (Blathwayt). 4 albipula (Mg.) V.R.P. Platychirus. Rather small, shining hoverers, with yellow spots on abdomen. Male with broad front tarsi. I have bred them from Aphis-feeding larve. Platychirus manicatus (Mg.) S.M. and Bitton, May to September. tarsalis (Schum.) Painswick (Wainwright), first record. discumanus (Lw.) V.R.P. peltatus (Mg.) Bitton, June. scutatus (Mg.) S.M. and Redland, common in June. albimanus (F.) Common throughout the district. scambus (Staeg.) V.R.P. hs fulviventris (Mcq.) V.R.P. a angustatus (Zett.) Minehead (Blathwayt) and V.R.P. Pyrophena granditarsa (Forst.) Rare. S.M., August ; also V.R.P. Seen on flowers of Heloscoadum in marshy spot. 9 yy ”) ” ”) 9 Melanostoma ambiguum (F In.) Clifton Down, May. fy melinum (L.) Common throughout the district. -, scalare (F.) Common throughout the district. Leucozona leucorum (L.) S.M., May ; sometimes common. A beauti- ful fly, with base of abdomen white. Ischyrosyrphus glaucis (L.) Rare. Cheddar, August. The pale blue spots on the abdomen at once distinguish it. Didea fasciata (Mcq.) Minehead (Blathwayt). Catabomba pyrastri (L.) S.M. and Cheddar, common in July. Ri selenitica (Mg.) Stroud (Wainwright). Syrphus. Medium sized beautiful hoverers; black and _ yellow. Larve are aphis-eaters and real friends to the gardener. Syrphus albostriatus (Fln.) S.M. and Bristol, August ; also V.R.P. ss tricunctus (F In.) V.R.P. an venustus (Mg.) Freshford, May, and V.R.P. - lunulatus (Mg.) Freshford and Cheddar, September, V.R.P. . lasiopthalmus (Zett.) Freshford and Leigh Woods, April. i annulatus (Zett.) Minehead (Blathwayt), Stroud (Wain- wright). ie annulipes (Zett.) Stroud (Wainwright), 1894, first record in Great Britain. 5, grossularia (Mg.) Batheaston (Blathwayt) and V.R.P. 5, rebesit (L.) Common everywhere. 5, vitripennis (Mg.) S.M. and Bristol, not rare in August. », latifasciatus (Mcq.) S.M. and Leigh Woods, August. 5, nitedicollis (Mg.) Leigh Woods, May to August. 3 nitens (Zett.) V.R.P. ,, arcuatus (Fln.) Painswick (H.J.C.) corolle (F.) ,, luniger (Mg.) - bifasciatus (F.) Common everywhere. » oalteatus (Dee) | 64 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Syrphus ‘cvnctellus (Zett.) Cheddar, sometimes common in August. cunctus (FIn.) Stroud (Wainwright). auricollis (Mg.) S.M. and Freshford, August, and V.R.P. 5, triangulifer (Zett.) Stroud (Bradley). 5, punctulatus (Verr.) Stroud (Wainwright). ie umbellatarum (F.) S.M. and Cheddar, September, and CalW ;, tate: compositarum (Verr.) Cheddar, August, rare. labiatarum (Verr.) Batheaston (Blathwayt). I have taken it in North Devon. 29 ) 99 be) Spherophoria scripta (L.) Common everywhere. Hf menthrasti (L.) S.M., sometimes common. flavicauda (Zett.) Bristol; August, rare. Xanthogramma ornatum (Mg.) S.M., sometimes common. citrofasciatum (Deg.) Very rare, Redland, on pop- pies, and V.R.P. Baccha Picea apennis (Mg.) S.M., June. », elongata (F.) Leigh Woods and Purdown. Spheqina clunipes (Fln.) Rare, S.M., June, and V.R.P. Ascia podagrica (F.) Common everywhere. ,, dispar (Mg.) Rare, Redland, May. Brachyopa bicolor (F1n.) Very rare, Bitton in May, and V.R.P. khingia rostrata (L.) Very common everywhere. Volucella. Large and beautiful flies resembling humble-bees. V. wnants resembles a wasp, in whose nests the larve live. The niales are fine hoverers. Volucella bombylans (L.) Fairly common in district. |Resembles Bombus lapidarius. var. plumata. Fairly common, resembles Bombus terrestris. inflata (F.) S.M., June, very rare; also V.R.P. inanis (L.) Somersetshire in considerable numbers (Verrall). pellucens (L.) S.M., Cheddar, Bristol. Sometimes com- mon. Eristalis. ‘Drone Flies,’ bee-like and fine hoverers. Larve are ‘rat-tailed,’ and live in mud and water. Eristalis wntricarius (L.) Stapleton, July, rare. A * var-furvus, S.M., July, rare. tenax (L.) Very common everywhere. sepulchralis (L.) Very rare, Horfield, and S.M., August, and V.R.P. arbustorum (L.) Common everywhere. Several varieties occur, the commonest variety of the male being one that has white edges to the abdominal segments, and no yellow spots. pertinax (Scop.) Common everywhere, one variety has clear wings, another clouded wings. nemorum (L.) Rare, Cheddar, July, and V.R.P. Recogniz- able by the dark front tarsi. ye) 8) 9 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRIC!Y. 65 Eristalis rupium (F.) V.R.P. is horticola (Deg.) Cheddar, Nailsea, and V.R.P. Myiatropa florea (L.) Common, Cheddar, Bristol. Generally 4 very variable insect. Helophilus trivittatus (F.) Cheddar (Curtis). pendulus (L.) Occurs everywhere by the water-side. versicolor {F.) Rare, Bitton, July, and V.R.P. lunulatus (Mg.) Shapwick (C. W. Dale, Entomol. Month. Mas vol) XS xOVilT, 1892) 4 transfugus (L.) Rare, Bitton, June. These five species resemble Zristalis, but can always be recognized by the longitudinal stripes on the thorax. They are fine hoverers. Merodon equestris (F.) A local species, Redland, Frampton Cotterell. Very common at Wotton-under-Edge in 1903, V.R.P. A very variable fly, resembling a small humble-bee. I have bred it from larve in Narcissus bulbs. Criorrhina ranuncult (Pz.) Near Bristol (Verrall), and V.R.P. berberina (F.) Rare, S.M., June, on Bramble blossoms. a oxyacunthe (Mg.) Minehead (Blathwayt), and V.R.P. Fe jfloccosa (Mg.) Rare, S.M., May, Stroud (Wainwright). Xylota segnis (L.) Common. Males sometimes swarm round Leigh Woods pond. lenta (Mg.) Minehead (Blathwayt), and V.R.P. 5, sylvarum (L.) Freshford and Leigh Woods, June and July. Syritta pipiens (St. F.) Common everywhere. Its early history is not known. 9 9 Humerus ornatus (Mg.) Rare, Freshford, July. ba strigatus (Fln.) Rare, Leigh Woods, July. The larvze of Humerus are said to attack onion-bulbs, just as Merodon attacks Narcissus bulbs. The perfect insects have a strong resemblance to bees of the genus Halictus. Chrysoclamys cuprea (Rond.) Rare, Nailsea, Freshford, Redland in July,-and V.R.V. : Arctophila musitans (F.) Batheaston (Blathwayt), and C.J.W. Sericomyia borealis (Fln.) V.R.P. A large black fly, with yellow bands, and a most beautiful insect, called the ‘Singing fly’ from a sharp hum it makes when at rest. I have taken it in numbers in North Devon, and it should occur on the Somerset Peat-moors, as the larve lives in Peat-bogs. Chrysotoxum cautum (Har.) Rare, Sea Mills, June. fs arcuatum (L.) Rare, Cheddar, in August. me Jestwwum (L.) Rare, Freshford, July. Ae bicinctum (L.) S.M., Freshford, Bristol, sometimes common Microdon mutabilis (L.) Langport Dale. A handsome insect that resembles a hive bee. The larvee are slug-like, and were at first described as mollusca. The larvee occur in ants’ nests. 66 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Conopip2—Medium sized wasp-like flies, black and yellow. The larve are parasitic in the bodies of humble-bees. Conops quadrifasciatus (Deg.) S.M. and Cheddar in August, and Voie Oncomyia atra (F.) Painswick, C.J.W. a pusilla (Mg.) Very rare, S.M., August, Stroud (Wain- wright). Sicus ferrugineus (L.) Cheddar and Stapleton, August. Myopa buccata (L.) V.R.P. testacea (L.) Batheaston (Blathwayt). polystagma (Rnd.) Painswick, C.J.W. 9 ”) CEstrRIDA—‘ Bot Flies,’ larvez parasitic in cattle, horses, and sheep, &c. Gastrophilus equi (F.) The fly seems scarce, Wellington (Blathwayt) and C.J.W. The larvae seems common in horses everywhere. Gistrus ovis (L.) The fly at Painswick, C.J.W. The larve occurs in the nostrils of sheep. Hypoderma bovis (Dig.) Very rare, Bitton, July, and C.J.W. I only caught the fly ¢wce, once at Bitton and once in North Devon. The larvae is too common in tumours on the backs of cattle. For the extraordinary life-history, see Journal Royal Micros. Soc., 1908; also Miss Ormerod, ‘‘ Flies Injurious to Stock ” ; also (for H. lineatum) Board of Agriculture Leaflet 21. TACHINID2—A large family of spiny and hairy flies, mostly black or grey. In the larval stage they are parasitic in the bodies of other insects, oftenest in lepidopterous larve. The life-histories of many are unknown. Heteronychia chetoneura (Br.) Chalford and Selsby, Glos. (Wain- wright). Engyops micronyx (Br.) Cranham (Wainwright). Melanomyia nana (Mg.) Chalford (Wainwright). Thelairia leucozone (Pz.) Redland, frequent. Have bred it froma noctuid pupa. : Nyctia halterata (Pz.) V.R.P. Meigenia brsignata (Mg.) Cranham, Glos. (Wainwright). a floralis (Mg.) Chalford and Selsley (Wainwright). Ceromasia stabulans (Mg.) V.R.P. Re seniis (Mg.) V.R.P. Gymnocheta viridis (Dw.) Brilliant metallic green, Stroud (Wain- wright). I have found it common in North Devon. Blepharidea vulgaris (Fln.) Selsley (Wainwright), bred from larve of the gooseberry-moth, A. grossulariata. Aporomyia dubia (Fln.) Selsley (Wainwright). Bothria cesifrons (Mcq.) Selsley (Wainwright). THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 67 Macguartia tenebricosa (Mg Me chalconotus ( | Selsley (Wainwright). Rhychista proliaa (Mg.) Selsley (Wainwright). Ptilops chalybeata (Mg.) Selslev (Wainwright). Hyalomyia pusilla (Mg.) Selsley (Bradley). Oliveria lateralis (F.) Cheddar, S.M., Bristol, common. A spiny black fly, with hairy eyes, and the upper half of abdomen orange red. Micropalpus vulpinus (Fln.) Cheddar, September, and V.R.P. Erigone radicum (F.) Redland, August. 2 rudis (Fln.) V.R.P. Echinomyia grossa (L.) Dundry. i era (L.) Common on Thistle blooms, Leigh Woods. i Jerox (L.) Wellington (Blathwayt). Servillea ursina (Mg.) Leigh Woods, June, rare. A large fly, covered with a dense coat of long silky hairs, as well as spines. Plagia ruralis (Fln.) \ 5 trepida (Mg.) f Siphona geniculata (Deg.) S.M. and Bristol, common in May. % cristata (F.) Bristol, July. These two species are easily distinguished by their ‘elbowed’ proboscis. The front part shutting back like the blade of a penknife. Selsley (Wainwrig ht). Alophora hemiptera (F.) Chalfont (Wainwright). I have taken this rare and curious insect, which resembles an Hemipteron on account of its broad flattened abdomen, in North Devon. Trixa cestroidea (Dsv.) Selsley (Wainwright). Phyto melanocephala (Mg.) Selsley (Wainwright). Ee aroplora roralis (L.) Redland and Taunton in June. 34 atra (Mcq.) Fairly common in the University garden, Bristol ; also at Bitton, and C.J.W. These two are small, intensly black and bristly flies. Brachycoma erratica (Mg.) Painswick, C.J.W., described as new to Britain in E.M.M., 1893. SARCOPHAGIN2Z—A sub-family of the Tachinidce. They include the common chequered grey and black ‘ flesh-flies,’ they are all very bristly, and produce living larve (ovo-viviparous). Cynomia mortuorum (L.) Gloucester (Merrin). Onesia sepulchralis (L.) Nailsea and Freshford, May to August. ,5, cognata (Mg.) Freshford and Leigh Woods, April; also WOR-P. Sarcophaga carnaria (L.) Very common everywhere. os albiceps (Mg.) Cheddar, July. “4s atropos (Mg.) Keynsham and Cheddar, July ; also V.R.P. 68 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Sarcophaga agricola (Mg.) Redland and Freshford, May. sa nigrwentris (Mg.) Bitton, July. C.J.W. has bred it at Painswick from decayed snails. Me hemorrhoa (Mg.) Redland and S.M., June. oe hemorrhoa var setupennis (Rnd.) R.V.P. - infantula (Rnd.) Stonehouse, June. A dissumilis (Mg.) V.R.P. heematocles (Mg.) V.R.P. fee hemorrhoidalis (Mg.) Horfield, July, rare. , nurus (Rnd.) Redland, common in June. ) Metopia leucocephala (Rossi.) Cranham (Wainwright). i, campestris (Fln.) Leigh Woods, August, rare. The larve of these two species are parasitic on larve of sand- wasps; the flies are distinguished by their brilliant white faces. Dexin&—A sub-family of the Tachinide, said to be parasitic in the larval stage on beetles and snails. Dexia vacua (Fln.) Cheddar, July and August, and C.J.W. a rustica (EN Ree Dexiosoma caninum (F.) V.R.P. Muscip#—-True flies, such as blue-bottles and house flies. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) ‘The sting fly,’ common about houses in autumn, rather like a house fly, but is greyer, and the proboscis is evident, pointing forwards under the head. It is a sharp biter. Pollenia vespillo (F.) V.R.P. rudis (F.) Common everywhere; hibernates in holes in tree-trunks or in houses. | Myrospila meditabunda (F.) Taunton and Bitton, also V.R.P. a3 Graphomyia maculata (Scop.) Sometimes common. A handsome little fly. Musca domestica (L.) ‘The housefly,’ very common everywhere, does not generally appear in-doors before June. corvina (F.) Very abundant in spring. The larve sometimes hatches out, and remains for a while within the parent. 9 Cyrtoneura stabulans (Fln.) Very common. Hibernates in-doors in swarms. Morellia suemplez (Lw.) Common. I tound a number of the larve living on the dead bees in an old hive. hortorum (Fln.) Very common. curvipes (Mcq.) Not common. S.M., October. 9) Mesembrina meridiana (L.) Common. A handsome black fly, with the base of the wings yellow. Viviparous. Pyrellia cadaverina (L.) V.R.P. serena (Mg.) V.R.P. lasiopthalma (Mcq.) Batheaston (Blathwayt). ervopthalma (Mcq.) S.M., August. x9 2} 9) THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 69 Proticalliphora grenlaudica (Ztt.) Very local. Found once in swarms in the garden of Bristol University in June, also Cheddar. Calluphora. ‘ The blue-bottles.’ Calliphora erythrocephala (Mg.) Very common everywhere. Cheeks red, with black hairs. vomitoria (L.) Very common. Cheeks black, with red hairs. This latter is the commoner out-of-doors. 99 Euphoria corniina (F.) Freshford, S.M., &c. Common. Luciulia. ‘The green-bottles.’ Lucillia regina (Mg.) Bristol, April. cesar (L.) Common everywhere. ruficeps (Mg.) Bristol, August. illustris (Mg.) S.M., June. sylvarum (Mg.) V.R.P. by sericata (Mg.) Common. Larve are known as ‘sheep maggot,’ and cause much damage, the eggs are laid in the wool. bie) 99 9 ANTHOMYID&—A very large group of mostly grey flies, but with the long veins running straight to the tip of the wing. Polietes lardaria (F.) Sometimes very common. albolineata (F In.) V.R.P. ITyetodesia incana (W.) bs leucorum (F In.) VRP ye) a semicinerea (W.) i leta (F In.) a erratica, (Kin.) Freshford, July; V.R.P. and S.M. in January. hn signata (Mg.) V.R.P. .. emrans (Me.) V.P.O. a scutellaris (FIn.) Bitton, June. an abdoninalis (Zett.) V.R.P. ig pallida (F.) Bitton, August. Alleostylus simplex (W.) Freshford, May. Mydea payana (F.) Bristol and Freshford. a | 6 Uroana (Me.) V.R.P. 55 wmpuncta (FIn.) Freshford, June. Spilogaster duplicata (Mg.) V.R.P. o communis (Dsv.) Generally distributed through the district. a uliginosa (Fln.) Bristol, June. is guadrum (Fln.) V.R.P. 1 pertusa (Mg.) Nailsea, July. Spilogaster feeds sometimes on pollen. Hydrotea ciliata (F.) V.R.P. and Batheaston (Blathwayt). i dentipes (F.) Common. ay wrritans (F.) Very common. 70 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Ophyra lewcostoma (W.) S.M., common. Larve in decaying wood. & anthrax (Mg.) V.R.P. Drymia hamata (Fl1n.) V.R.P. Trichopticus pulcher (Mde.) S.M., April. Hydrophoria conica (W.) Common. Hylemia variata (Fln.) V.R.P. os strigosa (F.) Common, viviparous, larve in dung. Eustalomyia festiva (Zett) Painswick, C.J.W. Parasitic on Pem- phredon. Anthomyia pluvialis (L.) Frequent, but local. ye radicum (L.) Very common, as larve, in radishes. Er Onaga iene ee enor Parasitic on Halictus. = rapezina (Zett.) | i sepia (Mg...) V.R.P. Phorbia floccosa (Mcq.) V.R.P. a cilicrura (Rnd.) C.J.W. 3 cepetorum (Mde.) Bristol. Larvze in onions. Pegomyia silacea (Mg.) V.R.P. Homalomyia fuscula (Fln.) V.R.P. ma canicularis (L.) Very common everywhere. os incisurata (Zett.) V.R.P. , coracina (Lw.) V.R.P. Caricea tigrina (F.) S.M. and V.R.P.; is fiercely predaceous on other flies. ty humilis (Mg.) V.R.P. Lispe tentaculata (Deg.) S.M., frequents puddles, running on the water and preying upon larve of Chironomus, &c. CoRDYLURIDA—Medium sized, densely hairy flies, mostly yellow or grey ; they are very predaceous. Cordylura pubera (F.) V.R.P. Paralleloma albipes (Fln.) Bully, Glos., C.J.W. Amaurosoma flavipes (Fln.) S.M. Bred from larve in dock leaves. Norellia sprnvmana (FIn.) $.M., August, and V.R.P. Scatophaga. The dung flies ; they are covered with a pile of yellow hair, and are very voracious, being often seen sucking flies much bigger than themselves. Scatophaga ordinata (Beck.) S.M., May. a maculipes (Zett.) S.M., May. suilla (F.) S.M., October. inquinata (Mg.) V.R.P. analis (Mg.) V.R.P. lutarvia (F.) Common. - merdaria (F.) Common. ae stercoraria (L.) Very common everywhere. squalida (Mg.) V.R.P. 3) 39 99 ) 9) THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. v1 Orygma luctuosum (Mg.) Clevedon and Weston. Common. HELOMYZIDZ&— Helomyza rufa (F In.) le varregata (Lw.) $s affinis (Mg.) Wie i pallida (F In.) es ustulata (Mg.) Blepharoptera serrata (L.) S.M. of flavicornis (Lw.) Nailsea, June. Heteromyza commixta (Coll.) S.M., March. Heteroneura albimana (Mg.) Freshford, May. Bred from pupz found in burrows of Crabro. Pheomyia fuscipennis (Mg.) S.M., May. ScCIOMYZIDA— Dryomyza flaveola (F.) S.M., May and June. Neottiophilum preustum (Mg.) V.R.P. Neuroctena anilis (Fln.) S.M., June ; has been found in Cossws bur- rows in decayed trees. Sciomyza albocostata (Fln.) V.R.P. ay cinerella (Fln.) S.M., September, Selsley (Wainwright). Tetanocera elata (F.) Selsley (Wainwright). a sylvatica (Mg.) V.R.P. iy Jerruginea (Mg.) Minehead (Blathwayt). x, corylett (Scop.) S.M., May. Ms punctulata (Scop.) S.M. and Redland. Lima unguicornis (Scop.) S.M., July ; Selsley (Wainwright). rufifrons (F.) S.M., July. a obliterata (F.) Freshford, July, and C.J. W. Higwa albiseta (Scop.) Freshford, July. 5, cucnlaria (L.) Minehead (Blathwayt) Sepedon sphegeus (F.) V.R.P. 4 spinipes (Scop.) V.R.P. a heffnert (Fal.) Minehead (Blathwayt). Psi_LipzA:— Psila fimetaria (L.) Freshford and Redland, also V.R.P. a aua (Me.) S.M, May. wiecosce(F.) 35.M., May. Chyliza leptogaster (Pz.) Selsley (Wainwright). Loxocera albiseta (Sch.) Bristol, May, and V.R.P. MICROPEZID2— Micropeza corrigiolata (L.) Redland, July, and V.R.P. 2 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. Calobata petronella (L.) V.R.P. Loxodesma lacustris (Mg.) V.R.P. ORTALIDAZ—Small flies, with spotted or barred wings, many of them very beautiful. Most of the larve seem to be vegetable feeders. Darycera graminum (F.) Withycombe (Slater). Horfield in June. Platysoma semrnationis (F.) Nailsea and Freshford, June. Seoptera vibrans (L.) Nailsea and Bristol. Ptilonota guttata (Mg.) Freshford, May. Pteropectria frondescantie (L.) Bristol, July. nigrina (Mg.) Cheddar, August. as afficta (Mg.) S.M., August. Ceroxys pictus (Mg.) St. Vincent’s Rocks, Clifton (Curtis), and V.R.P. 5 crassyormes (F.) V.ReP: Ulidia eryopthalma (Mg.) Redland, May, and V.R.P. »)$) TRYPETIDZ—Pretty little yellow and black flies, with spotted wings. Rhagoletis cerast (L.) Very rare. One specimen University garden, Bristol, July. Acula lychnidis (F.) V.R.P. » eracl (L.) Bristol; S.M-in May, frequent Spilographa zoé (Mg.) S.M. Common. Trypeta onotrophes (Liv.) S.M., August, and V.R.P. cornuta (F.) Bristol, and V.R.P. 3 lappa (Ced);) VORP. Urophora solstitialis (L.) Minehead (Blathwayt). Comnauae(lon) Ve Reb. a aprica (Fln.) Minehead (Blathwayt), and V.R.P. Sphenella marginata (Fln.) V.R.P. Tephritis bardanae (Sch.) Nailsea, June, and C.J.W. vespertina (Lw.) Bristol, June, and V.R.P. = leontodonis (Deg.) V.R.P. * Urellia cometa (Lw.) V.R.P. 959) ie) 909, LoncH&ID&—Small, shining dark blue or green flies. Lonchea vaginelis (FIn.) Bristol, July, and V.R.P. iG chorea (F.) V.R.P. Palloptera ustulata (Fln.) S.M.. August. umbellatarum (F.) Nailsea, June, and V.R.P. saltwam (Te) NERC, arcuatoa (Mia) VaR: 2} ”” 39. THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 73 S APROMYZIDZ— Sapromyza lupulina (F.) V.R.P. ae decempunctata (Fln.) S.M., July ; Horfield, June. A pallidiventris (Fln.) V.R.P. a litwra (Curt.) Nailsea, August. Very rare. ss rorida (Fln.) V.R.P. i preusta (FIn.) Nailsea, June, and V.R.P. Lauxania cylindricornas ( F.) ‘fy enea (Mg.) V.R.P. OPOMYZIDE— Balioptera combinata (L.) V.R.P. Opomyza germinationis (L.) Bristol and Cheddar. SEpsIDz#— Little black flies, mostly with a spot at the tip of the wing. Sepsis punctum (F.) V.R.P. » cynipsea (L.) Common everywhere. I have seen thousands in a spot a few yards square, resting on foliage ; when disturbed they would rise in a cloud, and alight again in the same place. Nemopoda cylindrica (F.) Redland, June, and V.R.P. ‘5 stercorea (Dsv.) S.M. Very common. Themira putris (L.) Redland, May. , leach (Mg.) S.M., August. Saltella scutellaris (Fln.) Langport, Dale. Prophila caser (L.) ‘The Cheese fly.” Bristol, S.M., &c. EPHYDRIDZ—Small, mostly grey flies, generally found near water. Ilythea spilota (Hal.) S.M. in winter. A tiny fly with the wings so thickly spotted as to appear almost black. Tichomyza fusca (Mcq.) Keynsham, July. Notiphila guttwentris (Stn.) Bristol and Bitton, June. he cinerea (F In.) Bitton, June. Discocerina nigrina (Stn.) S.M., June. Hydrellia griseola (Fln.) S.M., July. - hydrocotyles (Hal.) S.M., March. The larva is said to live and pupate in fronds of duck-weed (Lemna). Scatella sorbillans (Hal.) S.M., July. ee noctula (Mg.) S.M., July. These two species are to be found running on the surface of a pond. DROSOPHILIDZ— Drosophila funebris (F.) Redland, August. i confusa (Steg.) S.M., February. 74 THE DIPTERA OF THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. CHLOROPIDZ—Light green or yellow flies, some with clear black markings. Meromyza pratorum (Mg.) V.R.P. ss saltatrix (L.) Willsbridge, June. Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bath), Trans. of Sections p. 53. 4 Proc. Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist.Soc., Vol. XII, pt. 2) ja mom >Q.J.G.S, Vol. XX, pp. 306-412. 6G. C. Greenwell and J. McMurtrie, ‘‘The Radstock portion of the Somersetshire Coalfield,’ Svo., Newcastle-on-Tyne. 7Q0.J.G.S., Vol. XXIV, pp. 199—204. SNotes on the Rhaetic Section, Newbridge Hill, Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 204-211. FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 47 and Antiquarian Field Club, while H. B. Woodward, who had been for some years engaged on the Survey of the Bristol District, published between 1870 and 1875 twelve papers on local geology. In 1876 appeared his geological survey memoir on the West Somer- set and Bristol Coalfield. Not the least valuable part of this well- known memoir is the list of publications on local geology already alluded to. meee Tawney’s all too short connection with Bristol as curator of the Bristol Museum (1871-1879) was noteworthy for the publication of a varied series of papers having a local bearing, those on ‘ Dundry gasteropoda’! (1874), on ‘ Trias dykes’* (1875), and ‘On the Lias in the neighbourhood of Radstock’* (1875) being published in the Bristol Naturalists’ Society’s Proceedings. Bristol geologists also owe much to him for his work in the development of the Bristol Museum. R. Tate (1875) also described the Rad- stock Lias.* Moore’s wide geological activity continued during this period, during which his attention was particularly directed to the Pleisto- cene deposits and their fauna, as is shown by his papers ‘On the Mammalia from the drift deposits of Bath’? (1870), and ‘On the Banwell Bone Cave’® (1877). The meeting of the British Association at Bristol in 1875 proved a considerable stimulus to geological work in the district. The President of the Geological Section, Dr. T. Wright, gave an address which his successor as President of the Section at the ristol meeting in 1898—23 years later—said might serve as a text- book on the geology of the district. Much was written at this time by J. McMurtrie, H. B. Woodward, and others, on the geology of the Mendips, particularly on a subject which proved one of geological controversy during the succeeding decades, viz., the relation to the surrounding rocks of certain isolated masses of Carboniferous Limestone at Luckington and Vobster. 1880-1889. The earlier part of this period coincided with Prof. Sollas’ tenure of the Professorship of Geology and Zoology at the Universitv College, Bristol, and with his Curatorship of the Museum. Among his local papers attention may be drawn to the extremely valuable general account of the geology’ prepared for the visit of the Geologists’ Association to Bristol in 1880. ' Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. I, pp. 9-59. 2 [bid. pp. 162-166. *Tbid. pp. 167-189. SOwG.S,, Vol: XXXI, pp. 493-500. ° Proc. Bath Nat, Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. II., No. 1, pp. 37-55. ° Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol. IX, pp. 64-66. 7Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. VI, pp. 375-391. 48 FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT Mr. Winwood published numerous local papers during this period, those on ‘A Rhaetic Section at Kelston’! (1884), on ‘The Geology of the Bath District’ (British Association Hand- book, 1888) and a ‘ List of the fossil mammalia found near Bath’? (1886) may be specially mentioned. Messrs. McMurtrie and H. B. Woodward continued to write on the geology of the Mendip region, and further facts and theories were brought forward regarding the Vobster section by Mr. Winwood? (1882), and Mr. W. A. E. Ussher* (1888). The period 1880-1889 was noteworthy for the earlier of Mr. E. B. Wethered’s important researches into the minute structure of the sedimentary rocks of the Bristol District. By the application of the microscope to the study of thin sections, and by the examination of insoluble residues, he to a large extent broke new ground. In the period under consideration he pub- lished about ten papers on this branch of geology, some dealing with the Carboniferous rocks, others with the Jurassic. The most noteworthy of his researches were probably those describing the structure of oolitic and related rocks, in which he was one of the first to show the important part played by lowly organisms, now generally grouped with the calcareous alge. The retirement in 1883 of Prof. Sollas from the Curatorship of the Museum was followed by the appointment of Edward Wilson, the importance of whose influence on the study of local geology during his fourteen years tenure of the Curatorship was very great. The most valuable local paper published by him during this period was that ‘On the Bone-Cave or Fissure of Durdham Down ’® (1885), in which the information obtained since the fissure was first described in 1842 was summarized and discussed. The importance of his services to the cause of geology lay, however, quite as much in his enthusiastic development of the geological side of the Bristol Museum, and in the kindly encouragement which he gave to younger workers, as in his published papers. Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s connection with Bristol also commenced in 1883, and the value of his work in teaching at the University College, in stimulating an interest in geology by popular lectures and by the conduct of field excursions, and in local research can scarcely be over-estimated. No less than twelve important local papers appeared from his pen during the years 1884-1889 all but one being published in the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Particular attention may be drawn to those on ‘Sub- aerial denudation and the Avon Gorge’® (1884), ‘The Geology 1Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. V, No. 3, pp. 220-224. *Tibid; Vol, VI, Norrie 05. 3 Ibid. Vol: V, No. 1, pp. 24-31; and Geol. Mag, new ser eu Mee: Voir ix tps 238: 4Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bath), Trans. Sect. C, pp. 659-660. 5 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. V, pp. 31-45. 6Ibid., Vol-1V, pp. 171-197. FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 49 of Portishead’! (1885), ‘Bristol Building Stones’* (1886), ‘The Mendips, a Geological Reverie’ * (1887). Mr. S. S. Buckman’s far-reaching work on the geology and palacontology of the Jurassic rocks of the South-West of England, began during this period. His papers on ‘Some species of Brachiopods from the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds’* (1886). ‘On the Cotteswold, Midford and Yeovil Sands’® (1889), and ‘On the Relations of Dundry with the Dorset, Somerset and Cotteswold areas’® belong to this decade. E. Witchell and W. C. Lucy were also at this time active workers on the Oolite rocks of the Cotteswolds. Allusion must be made to two important papers on fossil fish by J. W. Davis, viz., ‘On the Fish Remains of the Bone Bed at Aust near Bristol’* (1881), and ‘On the fossil fish of the Carboniferous Limestone of Great Britain’® (1883). A very large proportion of the teeth and spines figured in the 65 plates accompanying this memoir come from the Avon quarries. 1890-1899. The chief papers published during this decade were by workers who were already active during the preceding one. H. B. Woodward’s long study of the Jurassic rocks culminated in the publication in 1893 of his Memoir on the Lias of England and Wales, and in 1804 of the companion volume on the Lower Oolitic Rocks of England. Both these memoirs are all important to Bristol geologists. Much other valuable work on the Jurassic and Rhaetic rocks of the district was done by Edward Wilson and Mr. S. S. Buckman who were joint authors in 1896 of a paper on ‘Dundry Hill, its upper portion, or the beds marked as Inferior Oolite in the map of the Geological Survev’? ; Mr. Buckman’s paper on ‘The Bajocian of the Mid-Cotteswold’! (1895) in which the remarkable non-sequential succession of the oolitic rocks was described and shown to be due to contemporaneous erosion, belongs to this decade, as also a paper on ‘The Bajocian of the Sherborne District’! (1893); this paper contains a com- parison with the rocks of Dundry. E. Wilson’s careful account 1 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. V, pp. 17-30. Sainid. Vol, V, pp. 95-115. 3 Ibid. Vol. V, pp. 236-260. ‘Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. IX, pp. 38-43. °O.J.G.S., Vol. XLV, pp. 440-474. ® Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. IX, pp. 374-387. *Q.J.G.S., Vol. XXXVII, pp. 414-426. ®Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., Vol. I, ser. 2, pp. 301-600. 94).J.G.S., Vol. LI, pp. 669-720. Ibid. Vol. LI, pp. 388-462. 1 Tbid. Vol. XLIX, pp. 479-522. 50 FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. of the Rhaetic section at Pylle Hill, Totterdown, | was published in 1891. Wilson also during this period published valuable lists of the fossil types in the Bristol Museum?(1890), and in the Bath Museum? (1892), and in collaboration with W. H. Hudleston their ‘Catalogue of British Jurassic Gasteropoda’ (1892). The preparation of this Catalogue which includes 147 pages must have involved an immense amount of labour. Considerable attention was paid during this decade to the ques- tion of the origin of the well-known Cotham or Landscape Marble, this being the subject of papers by B. Thompson* (1894), and H. B. Woodward® (1892 and 1898). Mr. E. B. Wethered continued his study of the lithology of the local sedimentary rocks, his papers ‘On the occurrence of the genus Girvanella in oolitic rocks . . .’® (1890), ‘On the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswold Hulls with special reference to its microscopical structure’’ (1891), and ‘On the formation of Oolite’*® (1895) all deal with the question of the origin of oolitic structure. . The meeting of the British Association at Bristol in 1898 was directly responsible for two most valuable comprehensive accounts of Bristol geology, Mr. W. H. Hudleston’s presidential address to Section C, and Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s ‘ Geological History of | the Neighbourhood of Bristol,’ published in the British Associa- tion Handbook. Mr. Hudleston’s address is mainly a critical account of the advances in the study of local geology since the previous meeting of the British Association at Bristol in 1875, and the publication of the Survey Memoir on the district in 1876. Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s admirably concise and graphically written chapter has been the foundation on which all subsequent accounts of local geology have been based. 1900-1912. During the latter part of the preceding decade EK. Wilson had been engaged with the aid of a grant from the British Association on the study of a bone-cave at Uphill. This work was continued by his successor as Curator of the Museum, Mr. H. Bolton.? Apart from work at Uphill, not much has been done during recent times in the study of the Bone-Caves of the Bristol district, but Mr. 1Q.J.G.S., Vol. XLVII, pp. 545-549. * Geol. Mag., n.s., Dec. 3, Vol. VII, pp. 363-372, and 411-416. 3 Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. VII, No. 3, pp. 270-202. *0.J:G:S., Vol. Li, pp: 393-7110: 5 Geol. Mag., n.s., Dec: 3, Vol. [X, pp. 110-114; Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bristol) Trans. Sect. C., p. 869 6Q.J.G.S., Vol. XLVI, pp. 270-283. 7Tbid. Vol. XLVII, pp. 550-570. 8 Ibid. Vol. LI, pp. 196-209. ®Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bradford), 1900, Reports of Committees, pp. 342-343, and Ibid. (Glasgow) 1901, p. 352. FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 91 H. N. Davies described a human skeleton from Gough’s Cave, Cheddar! (1904) and a small Bone-Cave at Walton near Clevedon ‘was described by him ? and by the present writer® in 1907. Although the Rhaetic rocks are very widespread and _ well developed in the Bristol district, they are as a rule only rarely and temporarily well-exposed. Consequently any new sections are of special interest. Such sections were described at Redland by Mr. W. H. Wickes*({1900) and at EHmborough by Prof. Lloyd Morgan and the present writer? (1900). The construction by the Great Western Railway Company of the South Wales direct line from Wootton Bassett through Chipping Sodbury to Filton, which was in progress during the last years of the roth and the beginning of the present century, provided a splendid section of almost the whole stratigraphical succession from the Old Red Sandstone to the Corallian. Brief accounts of the exposures were given by Messrs. H. B. Wood- ward and A. Strahan® in 1809, 1902, and 1903, while Dr. A. Vaughan and the present writer described the Jurassic rocks’ in 1902 and the Rhaetic rocks* in 1904. Mr. (now Dr.) A. R. Short? (1904) also described several Rhaetic sections in the Bristol district, including those of the South Wales direct line, and in 1903 '° reverted to a subject which had already been considered by H. B. Woodward and by B. Thompson—the origin of the Cotham Marble. During this period too, several new theories were brought for- ward to explain the peculiar Rhaetic Bone-bed, which is so char- acteristic of the Bristol district, and is well seen at Aust. Mr. Short (op. cit. 1904) considered it was formed during a stormy period after the sea had made its first irruption into the dried up or silted up level surface of the Keuper lake. Mr. W. H. Wickes! (1904) ably worked out an ingenious theory attributing the Bone- bed to the accumulation of the remains of migratory shoals of fish and of the reptiles which preyed on them, while Mr. L. Richardson! maintained that the Bone-beds were simply accumu- 1Q.J.G.S., Vol. LX, pp, 335-348. ? Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th Ser., Vol. I, pp. 188-189. 3Tbid. pp. 183-187. wioid-is., Vol. IX, pp’ 99-103, and Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XVI, PP. 421-423. ® Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. IX, pp. 109-117. ® Summary of Progress of Geol. Surv. for 1898, pp. 188-194; Ibid. for rgo1, pp. 59-60 ; Ibid. for 1903, pp. 171-173. POuy-Gs., Vol. L.VER, pp. ‘v19-752. 8 Ibid. Vol. LX, pp. 194-214. 9Tbid. Vol. LX, pp. 170-193. ” Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc.,:n.s., Vol. X., pp. 135-149. Tbid. pp. 213-227. 2 * Geology in the Field,’ p. 333. 52 FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. lations formed during periods of slow sedimentation, and did not require any special theory for their explanation. A sequel to Mr. Wickes’ paper on the Rhaetic Bone-bed was that on ‘ Pebble- swallowing Animals’! (1908). Mr. Richardson has described the Rhaetic Rocks of the South and West of England in a long series of papers. The field of some of these lies outside our area, but attention may be drawn to the following: ‘ Notes on the Rhaetic Rocks round Charfield’? (1904), ‘ The evidence for a non-sequence between the Keuper and Rhaetic Series of North-West Gloucestershire’? (1904), ‘The Rhaetic and Contiguous Deposits of West, Mid, and part of Fast Somerset’? (1911). It is impossible to allude to more than a fraction of the papers on the Jurassic Rocks which Mr. Richardson has published in the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club and else- where. They include ‘On the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the Bath-Doulting District’ °’ (1907), ‘On the top beds of the Inferior Oolite at Rodborough Hill, Stroud ‘® (1907), ‘On the section of Lower Lias at Hock Crib, Fretherne’’ (1908), ‘On the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the South Cotteswolds’*® (1910). Mr. Richardson either alone or in associa- tion with Mr. E. T. Paris, has also contributed several papers on the paleontology of the Jurassic rocks of the South-West of England. Dr. A. Vaughan in collaboration with Mr. J. W. Tutcher described the Lower Lias of Keynsham® (1902), while Mr. Tutcher summarized the information available on the subject in his paper on ‘The Lower Oolites near Bristol’! in 1903, and described the Liassic and Rhaetic Rocks of the Filton and Avon- mouth railway" in 1908. The rocks of the Great Western branch line from Camerton to Limpley Stoke were described by Mr. H. B. Woodward in 1908,!? by Mr. Winwood in 1908,"% and by Mr. Richardson" in 1909. Proc. Bristol] Nat. Soc., 4taser., Vol. Il, pp. 5-21. 2'Geol. Mag., n-s., Dee. 5, Vol. 1, pp.6532-535: ?0.J.G:S., Vol. LX, pp-a349-358- *Ibid. Vol. LXVII, pp. 342-392. 5 Ibid. vol. L-XIII, pp. 383-436. ® Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVI, pp. 71-80. ibid. Vol: XVI, pp. 125-147 8 Tbid. Vol. XVII, pp. 63-136. 8 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. X, pp. 3-55. 10 Tbid. pp. 150-168. 11 Ibid. .4th ser., Vol. Il, ppe5-21- 12 Sum. of Progress of Geol. Surv. for 1907, pp. 155-157. 13 Proc. Bath and Dist. Branch of the Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. (1908), PP. 195-197. M4 Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XXI, pp. 97-100. FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. 53 Mr. Richardson’s chapter on the Neozoic rocks of Gloucester- shire and Somerset, published in ‘Geology in the Field,’ the Jubilee volume of the Geologists’ Association (1910) gives a general account of these rocks. Allusion mav here be made to the corresponding chapter on the Paleozoic rocks contributed by the present writer, and to the ‘Sketch of the Geological History of the Bristol District’! by Prof. Lloyd Morgan and him (19009), which brings up to date Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s account prepared for the British Association meeting at Bristol in 1898. There can be no doubt that the most important paper published during this period on local geology was that by Dr. Vaughan on “The Paleontological Sequence of the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area’? (1905). If one may judge by the stimulus which this paper has afforded to research on the Carboniferous Limestone, and the wide applicability of its results not only throughout the British Isles but also on the Continent, no more important stratigraphical paper has been published since those by Prof. Lapworth on the correlation of the lower Palzeozoic rocks by means of graptolites. This paper has rendered the Avon Section the typical one with which all other Carboniferous Limestone sections in Western Europe are correlated, and leads year by year to the visit of geologists, singly or in parties, to study these ex- posures. This study was rendered easier by the publication in 1906 in the Bristol Naturalists’ Society’s Proceedings of Dr. Vaughan’s paper on ‘The Avonian of the Avon Gorge’? illus- trated by a series of text figures of fossils, and by fifteen collotype plates of the cuttings and quarries on both sides of the river. Dr. Vaughan’s work has been ably carried on and applied by Dr. (now Professor) T. F. Sibly in his papers on the Carboniferous Limestone of Burrington Combe*and of the Weston-super-Mare District? (1905) and of the Mendip Area® (1906). Other papers dealing with the local Carboniferous Limestone fossils are that by Dr. Vaughan ‘On the Corals and Brachiopods from the Avon Section preserved in the Stoddart Collection’? cae and those by Mr. R. G. Carruthers on Carboniferous Corals ° 1908). The slight but interesting manifestations of volcanic activity in the Carboniferous Limestone rocks of North Somerset attracted a good deal of attention during this period. The first general account was given by Sir A. Geikie and Mr. A. Strahan® (1899) 1 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. II, pp. 5-26. 2Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXI, pp. 181-307. * Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. I, pp. 74-168. 4 Ibid. pp. 14-41. °Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXI, pp. 548-563. 6 Tbid. Vol. LXII, pp 324-380. 7 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. X, pp. go-134. 8 Geol. Mag., n.s., Dec. 5, Vol. V, pp. 20-31, 63-74, 158-171. *Summary of Progress of Geol. Surv. for 1898, pp. 104-111. 54 FIFTY YEARS GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE BRISTOL DISTRICT. and these rocks were subsequently more fully described by Prof. Lloyd Morgan and the present writer’ (1904). Prof. W. S. Boulton? added a number of observations on the section at Spring Cove near Weston-super-Mare (1904), and the field observations from various sources were collected together in a paper published in 1904 in the Bristol Naturalists’ Society’s Proceedings.? ratte The Upper Carboniferous rocks (Coal Measures, etc.) in spite of their great economic importance, have been relatively little described, but Mr. H. Bolton recorded a marine fauna in the lower Coal Measures of the Bristol area in 1907* adding further details in r911.° A considerable amount of attention has been devoted to the oldest rocks of the Bristol area, the Silurian, which occur in the Tortworth district and in the Eastern Mendips to the north of Shepton Mallet. The existence of rocks of this date, in the latter area was first recognized by the present writer in 1907.° At both these localities the Silurian rocks are noticeable from the fact that they are associated with contemporaneous volcanic rocks, such rocks of Silurian age being almost unknown elsewhere in the British Isles. The Tortworth Silurian rocks were described in two papers by Prof. Lloyd Morgan (1901)‘ and by Dr. F. R. €. Reed ® (1908) in each case in collaboration with the present writer. Further information on the Silurian rocks of the district is con- tained in the reports of a committee of the British Association appointed for their investigation (Dublin, 1908, Portsmouth, torr). 2 OWGS., Vol. 173, ppri37-157. “Ibid. pp. 158-169. *'Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. X, pp. 188-212. 4Q0.J.G.S., Vol. LX, pp. 445-460. 5 Tbid. Vol. LX VII,-pp. 316-341. Eibid.. Vol. LX, pps257-240. 7Ibid. Vol. LVII, pp. 267-284. 8 Tbid. Vol. LXIV, pp. 512-545. FHecount of the General Meetings and the Annual Meeting of the Society from January 16th, 1913, to December 6th, 1913. The following account of the various meetings has been com- piled by the Secretary, but most of the reports of the meetings are due to the Reporting Secretary, Mr. J. Kemp, whose reports to the daily papers thus obtain a more permanent place. There are but few alterations as compared with the form in which the reports were sent to the Western Daily Press and the Times and Mirroyx. - fie, soth .- ANNUAL MEETING. January 16th, 1013. (Western Daily Press, Jan. 17th, 1913). ““The 5oth annual meeting of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society was held in one of the lecture rooms of the University, on Thurs- day evening. The Reports of the Secretary, Treasurer and Librarian for the year were read, after which the officers and Council for the new year were elected by ballot. There was no opposition to the names on the balloting list, which were as follows :—President: Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S. Vice-Presi- dents: Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Professor Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S., Mr. C. Bartlett, and Mr. C. Fortey. Treasurer : ee. 8. mith, M.B. Secretary: Dr. O. V. Darbishire. Reporting Secretary: Mr. J. T. Kemp. Librarian: Mr. A. B. Prowse, M.D., F.R.C.S. Sub-Librarian: Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S. Council: Messrs. F. Beames, B.Sc., E. H. Cook, D.Sc., H. Gummer, C. J. Hodgson, J. Rafter, M.A., Miss Reynolds, D. W. Stanton, R. B. Webb, and W. H. Wickes. ** After the election Dr. G. Munro Smith, the retiring President, resigned the chair to Miss Roper, the first lady to hold the presi- dential office in the history of the Society. Miss Roper thanked the Society for the honour conferred on her. ““Dr. G. Munro Smith then deliveerd the annual address, in which he spoke of various unscientific and therefore misleading ways in which natural history subjects were often treated by writers on them.”’ [N.B.—Dr. Smith’s annual address is printed in full in the last number of the Proceedings. | 56 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. THE 432nd GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. February 6th, 1913. (Bristol Times and Mirror, February toth, 1913.) ‘‘A meeting of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society was held at the University, Miss Roper presiding, when the following ladies and gentlemen were admitted as members or associates: Miss Ball, Mrs. Ulrich Just, Miss Alice Randall, Mr. J. Herbert, and Mr. A. W. Cottle. The President exhibited some twigs of willow just coming into bloom, which were gathered from bushes on the waste ground now exposed to view between St. Augustine’s Bank and Host Street. Probably a spring exists there. Miss K. I. Williams read a paper, which was listened to with great interest, on ‘‘ Fish and vegetable foods as served at table,’’ in which she gave results of work carried out by herself in the University. Miss Williams’ work, as described in her paper, concerns cooked fish and vegetables. Most foods have a percentage destitute of value as food, e.g., the shells of eggs and the skin of potatoes. Changes produced in cooking were then described. For example, rice 1s often boiled with more water than it can absorb, conse- quently the water which takes out the protein and mineral matters is thrown away. Rice is, in fact, much more nourishing when cooked without draining. The theory that fish is an excellent brain food, on account of the phosphorus it contains, was shown to be erroneous, as the amount of that element is extremely small. Fish can only be considered a wholesome food when fresh, but should be avoided when served with sauces to con- ceal its stale odour, as is often done on the Continent. © In potatoes the valuable salts exist close to the skin, being lost in peeling. To get the proper supply of different nutrients required by the human body mixed rations are needed; milk is one of the few foods which supply them all. At the conclusion of her paper Miss Williams exhibited slides showing the percentage com- position of various foods, chiefly vegetables. A discussion followed on various points raised by Miss Williams’ paper.’’ 433rd GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. March! 6bh 107 3. (Western Daily Press, March 11th, 1913). ‘‘ At the last meeting of the Society Miss Roper, F.L.S. (the President), announced the election of Mr. O. J. Mountney, Mrs. Sandwith, and Col. Couchman as ordinary members, and Mr. Mockeridge, Miss Mullock, and Miss Winn as associates. ; lad OBSERVATIONS ON ANTS. 79 queens should exist in one nest. In the nest of Lasius flavus or L,. niger you seldom find more than one or two; although on the other hand the red Ants usually have about six queens. How- ever, to return to the wood Ants. I again visited the nest this summer in company with Mr. Bartlett. It was an extremely wet day and everything, including ourselves, was soaked with rain. One author says that F. rufa closes up the nest on wet days. I certainly did not find this the case, because there were hundreds of © minors all over the brambles. They were engaged in milking aphides. No 9 9 were found that day, but there were plenty of oo. The Ants which I took that day thrived well in captivity until about a month ago, when a small species of mite (acari) invaded the nest. These increased so rapidly and covered the Ants to such an extent, that nearly all are dead. If I could procure some myrmecophilous beetles (those found in Ants’ nests) and put them in the artificial nest, they would probably have eaten all the mites. Formica rufa are very strong, carrying sticks much heavier than themselves, and they carry one another about, seemingly without effort. I made some experiments to test the sight of this species. If I passed iny hand three feet above the nest slowly, the Ants did not see it, but if the hand was moved suddenly, they immediately stood on their hind legs and looked as formidable as they possibly could. When I stamped my foot twelve feet away from the nest, they would all jump around in that direction. The small yellow Ant (Lasius flavus) can only distinguish objects half an inch away. One day I put a small ichneumon flv in a nest of flavus. When the flv passed within a half-inch of the Ant, the Ant would immediately give chase, but lost the fly when it got more than the half inch away. The sight of the oc’ and Q Ants are much better developed than the &. The %Q% in most species have only one pair of faceted eyes, but the oo and @ @ have three ocelli in addition to the faceted eyes. (The 9 © of F. rufa has ocelli). These ocelli are simple eyes arranged in the form of a A on the top of the head. The small yellow Ant (Lasius flavus) is one of our commonest species. The nests are generally formed by throwing up small mounds of earth, or more rarely underneath stones. ‘Two distinct sizes of © 9 are always to be found—called © major and minor. From my own observations the § minors appear to look after the ova in the nest, while the majors do everything else, such as milking aphides, feeding larve, attending and cleaning the queen, building new chambers, defending the nest from other Ants, continually removing pupz to different parts of the nest, etc. A number of aphides can always be found attached to the roots of grass, which are growing down through the nest. These aphides are, I think, the main support of flavus, because you never 80 OBSERVATIONS ON ANTS. see this species out hunting. If we look at the little black Ant (Lasius niger) we shall find that it not only keeps aphides in the nest, but also regularly milks aphides, which are on plants and trees growing near the nest. Several times I have found little clods of earth fixed on grass stems, inside of which were many aphides, which were regularly attended by Ants. This species is fond of a stray fly or caterpillar for which it goes to endless trouble to carry to its nest. Living with most Ants are to be found a few beetles. The beetles are generally rare species and are well tended by the Ants. Some of them exude from the base of a tuft of hairs near the posterior end of the body a sweet juice which the ants drink with evident relish. These beetles are useful to the Ants because they eat or kill the mites, to which Ants are very subject to attack. There is also another strange animal which is found in almost every nest. It is like a tiny white wood-louse, and is quite blind. It glories under the name of Platvarthrus Hoffmanseggii. Its relation to the Ants is unknown. I have never seen them take the slightest notice of one another. Some authorities have supposed it to act as a scavenger. Another species of Ant (Lasius alienus) which I have just dis- covered on Durdham Downs, is very similar to L. niger, but is smaller and has no hairs on the tibiz. It lives among small loose stones and raises a cone of earth over the entrance to its nest. Another species not recorded for Bristol is Lasius mixtus which I have found in quantity at Leigh and Long Ashton. It is slightly larger than flavus and darker yellow. The habits are apparently the same as flavus. The red or stinging Ants are fairly well represented here. The commonest is Myrmica Levinodis, distinguished from all others by possessing smooth nodes. It is common in the University garden and at Leigh. A rather rarer species is M. scabrinodis, two nests of which I have found at Leigh. This Ant is distin- guished by the abrupt bend at the base of the antenna. M. lobicornis is very local, and I have only found one specimen (and that one was a queen) in the middle of a nest of L. mixtus. This species has a peculiar thickening at the base of the antenna— hence its name. In many cases I have found mixed nests. These are not mixed in the true sense of the word, because each species keeps to its own side of the nest. If the mound is disturbed. each kind fight furiously with the other. At Leigh I have found one mound containing F. fusca, L. flavus and M. levinodis. Often I have found L. flavus and L. niger under the same stone— but keeping apart. When these two species are found like this, in every case, I have found the channels of niger are strewn with dead flavus. If flavus and leevinodis are living close to one another, a number of corpses of levinodis are found among the flavus. Although levinodis is provided with a sting it very PLATE PLT: | Se | Mecepsegeesenevsarerase cess RCC! glass cylinder. Se ee feeding ae SSS SS oS SG Hi... 2... Dep ot inverted ras elder, Se 1.8 pace between ecternal and internal cylinders a ue with a earth, ee. -ss+019+Root-feeding Aphid. i ieee Obannels excavated - : between thetwo cylinders. / | i } i i al : : - Brown paper wrapper encirclin, : : external cylinder—to be remove Ant Pups. Larve. when Ants are being observed. i * OBSERVATIONS ON ANTS. 81 seldom uses it. The red Ants generally are much more sluggish and nothing like so plucky as the formicidze. Among the most formidable Ants of the world are the African Driver Ants. The & 8. of this species are specialized for different work. The soldiers have very large heads and big jaws. The Ants are con- tinually on the march carrying all their offspring with them. When on the march they keen in very uniform order. It is said that any animal that will not move from their path is as good as dead. When an army of Driver Ants approaches a native village, the inhabitants clear out of the way and allow the Ants to pass unmolested. ‘Their numbers are millions and sometimes it takes days for a complete army to pass a certain point. Another interesting species of foreign Ant is called the honey pot. These are found in Australia. During the autumn the % % collect as much honey as possible, and this is how they store it. Some § © are told off to fix themselves up to the roof of the nest. In this position they are overfed with honey until their abdomens are so distended as to appear like balls of honey. Then during the season of no work, the other % % come and tap their barrels of honey and so obtain food. One observer states that the © 9 take it in turns to be made into barrels. There is one more species I would like to mention, which is teally not an Ant. This is the Termite or White Ant. It belongs to the Neuroptera, and so is distinct from true Ants. Their habits are very similar, except that there is a king and queen always in the nest. A young queen is quite a small insect, but with age it increases enormously, until the abdomen is two inches long. The sole work of the queen is to lay eggs, and this she does in millions. These termites are very destructive creatures. ‘They enter houses from underneath the ground and work upwards. Through the floor they come and up through the legs of the tables and chairs, until one day the furniture collapses to a heap of dust. When destroying wood they always leave the outside skin intact, so that one does not suspect what is going on inside. List of species found in Somerset and Gloucester :— SOMERSET. GLOUCESTER. Formica fusca. Fornuca rufa. Lasius niger. Formica fusca. Lasius flavus. Lasius niger. Lasius mixtus. Lasius flavus. Lasius mixtus. Lasius alienus. Myrmica Leevinodis. Myrmica Levinodis. Myrmica_ scabrinodis. Myrmica scabrinodis. Myrmica lobicornis. Myrmecina graminicola. Supplement.—From the results of experiments I have made a type of artificial nest, which up to the present time seems to have fulfilled all the conditions necessary for the close observation of Ants, under as nearly as possible, natural conditions. F Vist of Publications bearing on the Geology of the Bristol District for the years 1896—1913. HE following list is a continuation of that published in 1913 in the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, and has, like its predecessor, been prepared under the superintendence of Prof. S. H. Reynolds, in the Geological Department of the University of Bristol by Mr. J. E. Livingstone. 1896. BRowNeE, Montacu. ‘The Rhaetic Bone Bed of Aust Cliff and the Rock-bed above it.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (Liverpool), Trans. Sect. C, pp. 804-805. BROWNE, Montacu. ‘The genus Sphenonchus, i.e., Head- defences of certain Hybodont Sharks, Sphenonchus armatus Neassiz.” Pboid. wp. Sos, BUCKMAN, S. S. AND EF. Wiison. ‘Dundry Hill, its Upper Portion, or the Beds marked as Inferior Oolite {g 5) in the Maps of the Geological Survey.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LII, PP. 660-720. Excursion to Box Quarries. Summary of Proceedings, Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 269-271; also Excursion to Stoke Lane and the Mendips. Ibid. pp. 276-279. WETHERED, EK. B. ‘ The Depths of the Sea in Past Epochs.’ Proc. Cotteswold “Nat. Field Club, Vol. Xi]; qateea) pase 25-32: (Refers to Foraminifera of the Carboniferous Limestone of Clifton with illustrations). Woopwarp, A. SmitH. ‘ Notes on the Collection of Fossil Fishes from the Upper Lias of Ilminster in the Bath Museum. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. VIII, No. 3, PP. 233-242; also Summary of Proceedings, ibid, pp. 264-267. 1397. BucKMAN, S. S. AND E. Wirison. ‘The Geological Structure of the Upper Portion of Dundry Hill.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc..,. new ser., Vol. VIII, pt. 2 (1896-7), pp. 188-231. Excursion to Holwell and Vallis. Summary of Proceedings,. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. VIII, No. 4, Pp. 332-335- LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 83 MarsuHat, J. W. D. ‘ British Jurassic Brachiopoda, Part 2.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. VIII, pt. 2 (1896-7), PP. 232-257. Pearson, H. W. ‘A few Observations on Local Surface and Underground Springs and their Surrounding Strata.’ Ibid. pp. 167-175. TomPkKINS, Norton. Report of Lecture on Bath Thermal Springs and their Mineral Properties. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 342-345. Winwoop, H. H. ‘On a Rhaetic Exposure at Boyce Hill.’ Ibid. 306-316. 1898. Duciz, THE EaRr oF, C. LLtoyp MorGan, AND FE. B. WETHERED. Excursion to Tortworth. Excursions Handbook Brit. Ass. (Bristol) (No. 17), pp. I-12. Hupieston, W. H. Presidential Address to the Geological Section, British Association. Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bristol), Trans. Section C, pp. 852-861; also Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 4, Vol. V, pp. 458-472. Morcan, C. Lnoyvp. ‘Geological History of the Neighbourhood of Bristol.’ Handbook British Association, Bristol, pp. 11-37. Morecan, C. LiLovp. ‘Notes on the Geology of the Bristol District... Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bristol), Trans. Sect. C, p. 862. Fevtecosr, HH. ‘Hxcursion to Aust and Over Court.’ Excursions Handbook, Brit. Ass. (Bristol) (No. 3), pp. 5-11. REED, F. R. Cowper. ‘ A Carboniferous Brachiopod (Eumetria ( ?) serpentinum, de Kon.), from Clifton, new to Britain.’ Wood- wardian Museum Notes. Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 4, Vol. V, pp. 266-267. SEELEY, H. G. ‘On Large Terrestrial Saurians from the Rhaetic Beds of Wedmore Hill.’ Ibid. pp. 1-6. SPENCER, L. J. ‘Leadhillite in Ancient Lead Slags from the feeencip Fills.” Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bristol), Trans. Sec. C, p. 875. WETHERED, E. B. ‘The Building of Clifton Rocks.’ Ibid. pp. 862-863. ‘84 ‘LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. Wiison, FE. ‘On the Exploration of Two Caves at Uphill, Weston-super-Mare, containing remains of Pleistocene Mammalia. Ibid. p. 867. WoopwarbD, H. B. ‘ Arborescent Carboniferous Limestone from near Bristol.’ Ibid. p. 860. 1899. Boiron, H. ‘The Ossiferous Caves at Uphill.’ Reports of Com- mittees, Brit. Ass. (Dover), p. 402. BuckMAN, S. SS. ‘List of Types and Figured Specimens of Brachiopoda.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XIII, (2), DP. 133-14I. BucKMAN, S. S. ‘The Development of Rivers, and particularly the Genesis of the Severn.’ Natural Science, Vol. XIV, PP. 273-289. GEIKIE, SiR A. AND A. STRAHAN. ‘ Volcanic Group in the Car- boniferous Limestone of North Somerset.’ Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1898, pp. I104-IIT. A brief allusion is made to these rocks in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey for 1897, pp. 61-62. Martin, W. W. Report on Excursion to Timsbury. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Field Club, Vol. IX, mo: 2) pp. 215-206 and to Cheddar Caves, ibid. p. 221. Upton, C. ‘Some Cotteswold Brachiopoda.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Freld Club, Vol XM, (2). pp. ag1-1a27 WoopwWarD, H. B., AND A. STRAHAN. South Wales Direct Rail- way (New Railway Cutting from Wootton Bassett to Patch- way). Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1898, pp. 188-194. 1900. Botton, H. ‘Ossiferous Caves at Uphill.’ Reports of Coim- ~ mittees, Brit. Ass. (Bradford), pp. 342-343. BuckMaAN, S. S. Excursion Notes chiefly on River Features. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XIII, {3), pp. 175-185. HIND, WHEELTON. ‘Life Zones in the British Carboniferous Rocks.’ Reports of Committees, Brit. Ass. (Bradford), PP. 340-342. Morcan, C. Lioyvp, anp S. H. REyNoips. ‘ Triassic Deposits at Emborough.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. IX, pt. 2, (issued for 1899), pp. 109-117. oe a ae! LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 85 Parsons, James. ‘ Additional Observations on the Rhaetic Beds at Redland.’ Ibid. pp. 104-117. Sortas, I. B. J. ‘On Naiadites from the Upper Rhaetic (Bed K of Wilson’s Section), at Redland, near Bristol.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (Bradford), Trans. Sec. C, pp. 752-753. Wickes, W. H. ‘A New Rhaetic Section at Bristol.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XVI, pp. 421-423. Wickes, W. H. ‘A Rhaetic Section at Redland.’ Proc. Bristol Mat. Soc., new ser., Vol. EX, pt. 2, (issued for 1890), PP. 99-103. 1901. Baker, B. A. ‘Celestine Deposits of the Bristol District.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. IX, pt. 3, (issued for 1900), pp. 161-165. Boiton, H. ‘Ossiferous Caves at Uphill.’ Reports of Com- mittees, Brit. Ass. (Glasgow), p. 352. BucKMAN, S. S. Report of Excursion to Dundry Hill. Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XVII, pp. 152-158. CarLAway, C. ‘The Pre-Rhaetic Denudation of the Bristol Area.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XIV, (1), pp. 47-57. McMurrrik, J. ‘The Geological Features of the Somerset and Bristol Coalfield with special reference to the Geology of the Somerset Basin.’ Trans. Institute Mining Engineers, Volo XX, 'p: 306. Morcan, C. Luovp. ‘The Effects of Lateral Pressure in the Bristol District; An Estimate and a Suggestion.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. LX, pt. 3, (issued for 1900), pp. 148-151. , Morecan, C. Lrovp. Report of Excursion to the Avon Gorge. Proc. Geol. Ass:, Vol. XVII, pp. 150-163. Morean, C. Lioyp, anp S. H. Reyvnoups. ‘The Igneous Rocks and Associated Sedimentary Beds of the: Tortworth Inlier.’ aces. Vol. LVI, pp. 267-284. REYNOLDS, S. H. Report of Excursion to Tortworth. Proc. Geol, Ass, Vol, XVII,.pp. 150-152. RICHARDSON, L. ‘Mesozoic Geography of the Mendip Archi- pelago.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XIV, (x1), PP. 59-73. SOLLAS, I. B. J. ‘On the Structure and Affinities of the Rhaetic Plant Naiadita,’ (from Pylle Hill). Q.J.G.S., Vol. LVII, PP. 307-312. 86 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. WILSON, THE LATE K. AND S. H. Reynonps. ‘ Uphill Bone Caves.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. IX, pt. 3, (issued for 1900), pp. 152-160. Winwoop, H. H. Report of Excursion to Aust Cliff. Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XVII, pp. 163-166. Winwoop, H. H. Report of Excursion to the New G.W.R. Line from Wootton Bassett to Filton. Ibid. pp. 144-150. Woopwarp, H. B. ‘On Landscape Marble or Cotham Stone.’ OF-G. Sa Volt LVI p. xct. 1902. BucKMAN, S. S. ‘River Development.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 4, Vol. IX, pp. 366-375 ; and 527-528. CaLLAway, C. ‘The Zigzag Course of the Cheddar Gorge.’ Ibid. pp. 67-69. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘A Monograph of the British Pleistocene Mammalia,’ Vol. II, pt. 1, ‘The Cave Hyaena.’ (Pal. Soc.). (Local specimens figured). REYNOLDS, S. H., anp A. VAUGHAN. ‘On the Jurassic Strata cut through by the South Wales Direct Line between Filton and Wootton Bassett.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. L VIII, pp. 719-752. RICHARDSON, L. ‘On the Estheria-Bed in North-West Glou- cestershire and the Organic Associations of Estheria minuta var. Brodieana.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt. 1 (issued for 1901), pp. 72-76. SHoRT, A. R. ‘The Structure of the Gully, Durdham Down.’ Ibid. pp. 62-71. STEART, F. A. ‘Overthrusts and other Disturbances in the Brays- down Colliery ; and the Bearing of these Phenomena upon the Effects of Overthrust Faults in the Somerset Coalfield in General.’ Q.J.G.S. Vol. LVIII, pp. 600-619. STRAHAN, A. ‘On the Origin of the River System of South Wales and its Connection with that of the Severn and the Thames.’ Ibid. pp. 207-225. - VAUGHAN, A., AND J. W. TutcHEeR. ‘The Lower Lias of Keyn- sham.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new.ser., Vol, .x. eter (issued for 1901), pp. 3-55. WaLForD, E. A. ‘On some Gaps in the Lias.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LVIII, pp. 267-278. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 87 Woopwarpb, H. B. ‘Further Notes on the Cuttings along the South Wales Direct Railway.’ (Wootton Bassett to Alderton). Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1901, pp. 59-60. 1903. CanLAWwAy, C. Excursion to Cheddar. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XIV, (2), pp. 79-80. . PoLuARD, W. ‘Partial Analysis of Baryto-Celestine from Chipping Sodbury Railway Cutting.’ Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1902, p. 60. Rarsin, C. A. ‘The Formation of Chert and its Micro-structure jmisome jutassic Strata.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XVIII, pp. 71-82. RICHARDSON, L. ‘The Rhaetic and Lower Lias at Sedbury Cliff near Chepstow, Monmouth.’ Q.].G.S., Vol. LIX, pp. 390-395. (Contains allusions to Gloucestershire sections). SHorT, A. R. ‘Onthe Cotham Marble.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt. 2, (issued for 1902), pp. 135-140. STRAHAN, A. ‘Cutting on the South Wales Direct Railway near Chipping Sodbury.’ Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1902, pp. 192-194. TUTCHER, J. W. ‘The Lower Oolites near Bristol.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt. 2, (issued for 1902), 150-168. VAUGHAN, A. The Lowest Beds of the Lower Lias at Sedbury Cliff.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LIX, pp. 396-402. (Contains allusions to Gloucestershire sections). VAUGHAN, A. ‘Notes on the Corals and Brachiopods from the Avon Section and preserved in the Stoddart Collection.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt. 2, (issued for 1902), PP. 90-134. WETHERED, E. B. Presidential Address to the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XIV, (2) pp. 84-94. (Palaeozoic Lithology described). 1904. Boiton, H. ‘On the Occurrence of a Shell-bearing Gravel at Dumball Island.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc, new ser., Vol. X, pt. 3 (issued for 1903), pp. 241-244. 88 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. Boutton, W. S. ‘On the Igneous Rocks at Spring Cove near Weston-super-Mare.” Q.J.G.S., Vol. LX, pp. 158-169. Davies, H. N. ‘The Discovery of Human Remains under the Stalagmite Floor of Gough’s Cavern, Cheddar.’ Ibid. PP. 335-348; also Rep. Brit. Ass. (Cambridge), Trans. Sect. ©, p.566. : HInD, WHEELTON. ‘Life Zones in the British Carboniferous Rocks.’ Reports of the Committee, ibid. pp. 226-237. Morcan, C. Liuoyvp, AnD S. H. REynoips. ‘ The Field Relations of the Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks of Somerset.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt. 3, (issued for 1903), pp. 188-212. Morcan, C. LLoyvp, AND S. H. REynoips. ‘The Igneous Rocks Associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Dustrict.. \O2lG .S: Voli a, Xo pps ragerere ORIEL, B. ‘The Avon and its Gravels.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt: 3, (issued for 1903), pp. 228-240. REYNOLDS, S. H., anpD A. VAUGHAN. ‘The Rhaetic Beds of the South Wales Direct Line.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LX, pp. 194-214. RICHARDSON, L,. ‘ Notes on the Rhaetic Rocks round Charfield. Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. I, pp. 532-535. RicHARDSON, L. ‘The Evidence for a non-sequence between the Keuper and the Rhaetic Series in North-West Gloucestershire and Wotcestershire.’ -Q.J.G:S., Vol. LX, pp: 340-353. (Contains references to sections near Bristol). SHort, A. R. ‘A Description of some Rhaetic Sections in the Bristol District with Considerations on the mode of Deposition of the Rhaetic Series.’ Ibid. pp. 170-193. STRAHAN, A. ‘Further Notes on the Chipping Sodbury Cutting on the South Wales Direct Railway.’ Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1903, pp. 171-173. STRAHAN, A. Presidential Address to Section C. Rep. Brit. Ass. (Cambridge), pp. 532-541. Reprinted Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. I, pp. 449-462. (Contains an account of earth movements affecting the district). WIckKEs, W. H. ‘The Rhaetic Bone Beds.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. X, pt. 3, pp. 213-227. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 89 1905. Davies, H. N., anp H. St. G. Gray. Report of Excursion to Banwell Bone Cavern with a Description of the Cave. Proc. Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. LI, pt. 1, pp. 62-65. HInp, WHEELTON. ‘Life Zones in the British Carboniferous Rocks.’ Reports of Committees, Brit. Ass. (South Africa), Dp. 171-174. Moopy, G. T. ‘The Causes of Variegation in Keuper Marls and in other Calcareous Rocks.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. L-XI, pp. 431-430. Sipty, IT. F. ‘The Carboniferous Limestone of Burrington _ Gombe. Proc. Bristol. Nat. Soc., ath .ser.,. Vol. I, pt. 1, (issued for 1904), pp. 14-41. Sisty, T. F. ‘ The Carboniferous Limestone of the Weston- super-Mare District, Somerset.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXI, pp. 548-563. Upton, C. ‘Some Cotteswold Brachiopods.’ Proc. Cotleswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XV, pt. 2, pp. 82-92. VauGnan, A. ‘The Palaeontological Sequence in the Carboni- ferous Limestone of the Bristol Area.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXI, pp. 181-307. 1906. BuckMAN, S. S. ‘Some Lias Ammonites: Schlotheimia and species of other Genera.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XV, (3), pp. 231-252. (Describes species from Hanham). HIND, WHEELTON, AND J. JT. STOBBS. ‘The Carboniferous Succession below the Coal Measures in North Shropshire, Den- bighshire and Flintshire.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. II, pp. 496-507. (Comparison with Bristol and Mendip Areas). HIND, WHEELTON. ‘Life Zones in the British Carboniferous Rocks.’ Interim Report drawn up by the Secretary. Reports of Committees, Brit. Ass. (York), pp. 302-313. LYDEKKER, R. Paleontology, in the Victoria History of the County of Somerset, Vol. I, pp. 35-39. RkYNOLDS, 5S. H. ‘A Monograph of the British Pleistocene iemiaua.” Vol. ily pt. 2, ‘The Bears.’ (Pal. Soc.). (Local specimens figured). Rgeynoips, S. H. ‘A Silurian Inlier in the Eastern Mendips.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (York), Trans. Sect. C, p. 580. F 2 90 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘A Picrite from the Eastern Mendips.’ Ibid, p. 581, RICHARDSON, L. ‘On a Section of Middle and Upper Lias at Evercreech, Somerset.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. III, pp. 368-3609. RICHARDSON, L. ‘Ona Well-sinking in the Upper Lias at Pains- wick, near Stroud.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XW 5( 32) pees: SipLty, T. F. ‘On the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of the Mendip Area (Somerset), with special reference to the Palaeontological Sequence.’ Q.].G.S50 Vol gaan 324-380. : | Upton, C. ‘On a Section of Upper Lias at Stroude ie 7oc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XV, (3);, Dp. 20%-207. VauGHAN, A. ‘The Avonian of the Avon Gorge.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. I, pt. 2 (issued for 1905), pp. 74-168. Vevtiacort, C. H. anp FE. M. Hewrirt. Coal Mining, pp. 370-388, and Iron Mining, pp. 392-393 ; Building Stones, pp. 393-308, in the Victoria History of the County of Somerset, Vol. II. VeELLAcoTT, C. H. Lead Mining, pp. 362-379, and Zinc Mining, pp. 388-391, Ibid. Watson, D. M. S. ‘Anthracomya in the Radstock Coal Measures.’ (Letter). Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. ITI, D. 336. Woopwarpb, A. SmitH. ‘On two Specimens of Ichthyosaurus showing contained Embryos.’ (One from Somerset). Ibid. pp. 443-444. Woopwarp, H. B. Chapter on Geology, in the Victoria History of the County of Somerset, Vol. I, pp. 1-33. 1907. Anon. Record of Well Sections at Bristol. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. I, pt. 3, (issued for 1906), pp. 209-211. Boron, H. ‘On a Marine Fauna in the Basement Beds of the Bristol Coalfield.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. L- XIII, pp. 445-469. Borron, H. ‘On the Occurrence of Boulders of Strontia in the Upper Triassic Marls of Abbot’s Leigh, near Bristol.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (York), Trans. Sect. C.; and Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. IV, p. 471. List OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 9] BucKMAN, S. S. ‘Some Species of the Genus Cincta.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVI, (1), pp. 41-63. Davaus, H. N. ‘ Supplementary Notes on the Clevedon Bone Save 'Proc.- Bristol Nat. Soc., ath ser., Vol. 1, pt. 3, (issued for 1906), pp. 188-189. Excursion to Doulting Quarries. Proc. Somerset Arch. and Nap. dist. Soc., Vol. LAII, pt. 1, pp. 38-30. HArRMER, F. W. ‘On the Origin of Certain Cafion-like Valleys associated with Lake-like Areas of Depression.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXIII, pp. 483-486. Hinton, M. A. C. ‘Note on the Occurrence of the Alpine Vole (Microdus nivalis) in the Clevedon Bone Deposit.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. I, pt. 3 (issued for 1906), pp. I9Q0-IOT. Lomas, J. ‘Desert Conditions and the Origin of the British Trias.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. IV, pp. 511-514, and 554-563; also Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., Vol. X, pt. 3, pp. 172-180. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘A Bone Cave at Walton near Clevedon.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. I, pt. 3 (issued for 1906). pp. 183-187. Rryno.bs, S. H. ‘A Silurian Inlier in the Eastern Mendips.’ @4G..5., Vol. L-XITI, pp. 217-240. REYNOLDS, S. H., A. VAUGHAN, W. S. BOULTON, AND T. F. Srpty. ‘Report on Excursion to Bristol, Avon Section, Silurian Inlier of the Eastern Mendips, Burrington and Cheddar, Woodspring, Portishead.’ Proc. Geol. Ass. Vol. XX, pp. 150-156. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘On the Erosion of the Shores of the Severn Betwary. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., ath ser., Vol. I, pt. 3, (issued for 1906), pp. 204-208. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘Pre-Devonian Rocks of the Mendips.’ Reports of Committees, Brit. Ass. (Leicester) p. 315; also Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. IV, p. 510. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘The Igneous Rocks of the Bristol District.’ Proc. Geol. Ass. Vol. XX, pp. 50-65. RICHARDSON, L. ‘On the Stratigraphical Position of the Beds from which Prosopon richardsoni, H. Woodward, was obtained.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. IV, pp. 82-84. RICHARDSON, L.: ‘On the top beds of the Inferior Oolite at Rod- borough Hill, Stroud.’ Proc. Cottcswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVI, (1), pp. 71-80. 92 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. RICHARDSON, L. Report on Excursion to Fretherne. Ibid. (2), pp. 108-109. RICHARDSON, J,. Report on Excursion to MHaresfield, near Gloucester. Ibid. (2), 112-113. RICHARDSON, L. Report on Excursion to Rodborough Hill, near Stroud. bid. iq). ppm 12-10. RICHARDSON, L. ‘The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of, the Bath-Doulting District.’ ‘O.J:G.S3, Venue PP. 383-436. RICHARDSON, LI, ‘The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the District between the Rissingtons and Burford.’ Ibid. PP. 437-444. Sisty, T. F. ‘On the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of Burrington .Combe and Cheddar.’ Proe¢. “Geali iss. Vol. XX, pp. 66-71. VAUGHAN, A. ‘Note on the Coral Zones of the Avonian (Lower Carboniferous).’ Ibid. pp 70-73. Woopwarp, H. ‘On a New Brachyurous Crustacean from the “Clypeus-Grit’ (Inferior Oolite) of the Cotteswold Hills.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. IV., pp. 79-81. 1908. BATHER, F. A. ‘The Nomenclature History of the Coral Caninia.’ . (Letter). Geol. Mag., new. ser., Dec..5, Val Vv, pp. 287-8. CARRUTHERS, R.G. ‘A Revision of some Carboniferous Corals.’ Ibid. pp. 20-31, 63-74, 158-171. RICHARDSON, L., AND S. H. REYNOLDS. Report on Excursion to the Mid and South Cotteswolds, and to the Tortworth Area. Proc.’ Geol. “Ass.,) Vl. XX pp. 1534-5232: Lomas, J. ‘Investigation of the Fauna and Flora of the Trias of the British Isles.” Reports of Committees, Brit. Ass. (Dublin), pp. 269-282. Paris, FE. Tarpot. ‘Notes on some Echinoids from the Lias of Worcestershire, Gloucestershire and Somerset.’...Proc. Cottes- wold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVI, (2), pp. 143-150. REED, F.'R. C., anp S. H. Reyvnonps. ‘Silurian Fossils from Certain Localities in the Tortworth Inlier.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., ath ser., Vol. II, pt. 1, (issued for 1907), pp. 32-40. LISt OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 93 Rego, FR. C. AND S. H. Reynoips. ‘The Fossiliferous Silurian Rocks of the Southern Half of the Tortworth Inlier.’ Oy G.S., Vol. LXIV, pp. 512-545. REYNOLDS, S. H. Investigation of the Pre-Devonian Rocks of the Mendips and the Bristol Area. Reports of Committees, Brit. Ass. (Dublin), pp. 286-291. REYNOLDS, S.H. ‘ Fish Teeth and Spines from the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol District.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. II, pt. 1 (issued for 1907) pp. 41-43. RicHarpson, L. ‘On a new species of Pollicipes from the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswold Hills.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. V, pp. 351-2. RicHARDSON, L. ‘On the Phyllis Collection of Inferior Oolite Fossils from Doulting.’ IJbid. pp. 509-517. RICHARDSON, L. ‘On the Section of Lower Lias at Hock Cliff, Fretherne, Gloucestershire.’ Proc. Cottcswold Nat. Field Cio, Vo... VI, (2), pp. 135-142. RICHARDSON, L., AND FE. Tarpot Paris. ‘On the Stratigraphical and Geographical Distribution of the Inferior Oolite Echinoids of the West of England.’ Ibid. pp. 151-193. Srpiy, T. F. ‘The Faunal Succession in the Carboniferous Lime- stone (Upper Avonian) of the Midland Area (North Derby- shire and North Staffordshire).’ Da EAS ey ~ VO ea PAVE pp. 34-82. (Comparison with Bristol area). TUTCHER, J. W. ‘The Strata exposed in Constructing the Filton to Avonmouth Railway.’ Proc Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. II, pt. z, (issued for 1907), pp. 5-21. Wickes, W. H. ‘ Pebble-swallowing Animals (a sequel to ‘ The Rhaetic Bone Beds’).’ Ibid. pp. 25-31. Winwoop, H. H. ‘The New Branch Line of the G.W.R. from Camerton to Limpley Stoke.’ Proc. Bath and District Branch of the Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 195-197. Woopwarpb, H. B. ‘The New Great Western Branch Railway from Camerton to Limpley Stoke, Somerset.’ Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1907, pp. 155-157. 1909. Anon. Excursion to Wookey Hole and the Hyaena Den with notes by Prof. Boyd Dawkins. Proc. Somerset Arch. and te HIS. Sdc., Vol> 1V, pp. 1-8. 94 List OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 19153. BaTtHER, F. A. ‘The Lithodomous Worm, Polydora.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. VI, pp. 108-110. Boyton, H. ‘New Faunal Horizons in the Bristol Coalfield.’ } Reports of Committees. Rep. Brit. Ass. (Winnipeg), p. 477. Martin, E.C. ‘The probable source of the Limestone Pebbles in the Bunter Conglomerate of West Somerset.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. VI, pp. 160-165. McMourvrik, J. ‘Physical Disturbances in the Somerset and Gloucestershire Coalfield.’ (Abstract). Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. II, pt. 2, (issued for 1908), pp. 67-60. Morcan, C. Luoyp, AND S. H. REyNo._ps. ‘Sketch of the Geo- logical History of the Bristol District.’ IJbid. pp. 5-26. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘A Monograph of the British Pleistocene Mam- malia,’ Vol. II, pt. 3, “The Canidae.” “(Pall Sc) aaetiees! specimens figured). RICHARDSON, L. ‘Excursion to Shepton Mallet and the Frome District.’’ Proc. Cotteswold: Nat. Field Club, Vol eer 10: 2, DD: 223-230. RICHARDSON, L. ‘ Excursion to the Frome District.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. X XI, pp. 209-228. RICHARDSON, L. Note on Pollicipes aalensis. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVI, (3), p. 265. RICHARDSON, L. ‘On some Middle and Upper Lias Sections near Batcombe, Somerset.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. VI, PP. 540-543. RICHARDSON, L. ‘On the Sections of Inferior Oolite on the Mid- ford-Camerton Section of the Limpley Stoke Railway, Somerset.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XXI, pp. 97-100. RICHARDSON, L. Report on Excursion to Stinchcombe Hill and Dursley. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVI, (3), pp. 212-216. RICHARDSON, L., AND W. THompson. Report on Excursion to Stroud and Bisley. Ibid. pp. 230-234. Tuomas, H. H. ‘A Contribution to the Petrography of the New ~ Red Sandstone in the West of England.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXV, pp. 220-245. Vaucuan, A. ‘Faunal Succession in the Lower Carboniferous, (Avonian), of the British Isles.’ Reports of Committees, Rep. Brit. Ass. (Winnipeg), pp. 188-1901. Winwoop, H. H. ‘Notes on a Well sinking in the Great Oolite of Lansdown, Bath.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. VI, pp. IIg-120. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 95 1910. Buckman, S. S. ‘Certain Jurassic (Inferior Oolite) Species of Ammonites and Brachiopods.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXVI, PP. 90-110. BucKMAN, S. S. ‘Certain Jurassic (Lias-Oolite), Strata of South Dorset and their correlation.’ Ibid. pp. 52-80. CARRUTHERS, R. G. ‘On the Evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times.’ Ibid. pp. 523-538. Hinton, M. A. C. ‘A Preliminary account of the British Fossil Voles and Lemmings, with some Remarks on the Pleistocene Climate and Geography.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XXI, pp. 489-507. (Reference to Clevedon Bone Cave). Horwoop, A. R. ‘On the Origin of the British Trias.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (Sheffield). Trans. Sect. C, pp. 614-616. LILLIE, D.G. ‘ Notes on the Fossil Flora of the Bristol Coalfield.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. VII, pp. 58-67. Lintiz, D. G. ‘On Petrified Plant Remains from the Upper Coal Measures of Bristol.’ Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., Vol. XV, pp. 411-412. PRINGLE, J. ‘On a Boring at Stowell, Somerset.’ Summary of Progress of Geol. Survey for 1909, pp. 68-70. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘The Palaeozoic Rocks of Gloucestershire and Somersetshire.’ ‘Geology in the Field,’ Jubilee vol. Geol. Ass., pp. 308-328. RICHARDSON, L. ‘ Note on a White Lias Section at Saltford, near Bath.” Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (1), Pp. 49-50. RicHARDSON, L. ‘Ona Fuller’s Earth Section at Combe Hay, near Bath.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XXI, pp. 425-428. RicHARDSON, L. ‘On the Stratigraphical Distribution of the Inferior Oolite Vertebrates of the Cotteswold Hills and the Bath-Doulting District.’... Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol VII, pp: 272-274. RICHARDSON, L. ‘The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the South Cotteswolds.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Clube Vol. XVII, (1), pp. 63-136. RICHARDSON, lL. “The Neozoic Rocks of Gloucestershire and Somersetshire.’ ‘Geology in the Field,’ Jubilee vol. Geol. ASS., PP. 329-364. 96 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. SWANTON, EF. W. ‘The Mollusca of Somerset.’ Proc. Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. LVI, pp. i-xlii, (References to Raised Beaches of Birnbeck Cove etc.). Wickes. W. H. ‘Beekite.’ Proc. Bristol Naty Soc cm ser., Vol. II, pt. 3, (issued for 1909), pp. 9-21. Winwoop, H. H. ‘Notes on a White Lias Section at Saltford, near Bath.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (1), pp. 45-48. | WoopwarpD, A. SmitrH. ‘Ona Skull of Megalosarrus from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton, (Gloucestershire).’ OG SS Sel ey pp. Triax aoe 1911. Anon. Article on Gloucestershire, Encyclopedia Britannica, rrth -ed., (Cambridge Univ: Press), “Vol; xt) spaiaes. Somersetshire, ibid., Vol. XXV, p. 380. Baker, B. A., AND I,. RICHARDSON. Report on Excursion to Yate and Wick Rocks... Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (2), pp. 159-160. | Borton, H. ‘ Faunal Horizons in the Bristol Coalfield.’ QO.J.G.S. Vol. LXVII, pp. 316-341. Gray, J. W. ‘The North and Mid Cotteswolds and the Vale of Morton during the Glacial Period.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (2), pp.-257-274. McMorvtrlikE, J. ‘On a Boring at Puriton near Bridgwater in search of Coal south of the Mendips.’ Proc. Somerset Arch. and-Nat. Hist. Soe., Vol. LVII, pt. 2, pp. 25-52" Paris, E. Tausor. ‘ Notes on some Species of Gervillia from the Lower and Middle Jurassic Rocks of Gloucestershire.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (2), pp. 237-254. REYNOLDS, S. H., AND A. VAUGHAN. ‘ Faunal and Lithological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone Series, (Avonian) of Burrington Combe (Somerset).’ Q.J/.G.S., Vol LXVII, PP. 342-302. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘Further Work on the Silurian Rocks of the Eastern Mendips.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (Portsmouth), Trans. Sect. C, p. gem RicHaRDsoN, L. ‘On the Sections of Forest Marble and Great Oolite on the Railway between Cirencester and Chedworth.’ Proc. Geol. Ass., Vol. XXII, pp. 95-115. - LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 97 RicHarpson, L. ‘The Rhaetic and Contiguous Deposits of Mviest, Mid- and part of East Somerset.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXVII, pp. 342-392. Tuomas, Ivor. ‘The British Carboniferous Orthotetinae.’ Mem. Geol. Surv. (1910), Vol. I, pt. 2, pp. 83-134. Winwoop, H. H. Report of Excursion to Holwell. Proc. Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. LVII, pt. 1, pp. 48-49. Winwoop, H. H. Report of Excursion to Vallis. Ibid. 28-32. Wiruers, T. H. ‘On the Occurrence of Pollicipes in the Inferior Oolite.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (2), De 275: WoopwarpD, H. ‘Ona new Species of Eryon from the Upper Lias, Dumbleton Hill.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Wiel NEE op. 307-3 11. 1912. BarHerR, F. A. ‘Two Blastoids (Orophocrinus and Acentro- tremites), from Somerset.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., ol Per pt. 2, pp: 47-50. CHAPMAN, M. B. ‘The Chemical Examination of the Carboni- ferous Limestone of the Avon Gorge.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. IX, pp. 498-503. Gray, J. W. ‘The Lower Severn Plain during the Glacial Epoch.’ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVII, (3), PP. 365-380. Lanc, W. D. ‘Carboniferous Zones illustrated by Corals; an Exhibit at the Natural History Museum.’ Geol. Mag., new sem, Dec. 5, Vol. 1X., pp. 435-436. Reynoutps, S. H. ‘A Geological Excursion Handbook for the Bristol District.’ Bristol and London. REYNOLDS, S. H. ‘Further Work on the Silurian Rocks of the Hastern Mendips.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. III., pt. 2, (issued for 1911), pp. 76-82. SrisLty, T. F. ‘The Faulted Inlier of Carboniferous Limestone at pees Webster ‘somerset.’ O.J.G.S., Vol. LXVIIL, pp. 58-74. STRAHAN, A. AND T. C. Cantrity. ‘Carboniferous Rocks of North Somerset (Weston-super-Mare district).’ Mem. Geol. Surv., Sheet 263, the Geology of the S. Wales Coalfield, pt. 3, The Country round Cardiff, pp. 26-35. 98 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FOR THE YEARS 1896 To 1913. 1913. CARRUTHERS, R. G. ‘ Lophophyllum and Cyathaxonia: Revision Notes on two Genera of Carboniferous Corals.’ Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. X, pp. 49-56. GARWOOD, E. J. Presidential Address to the Geological Section, British Association. ‘On the Important Part played by Calcareous Algae at Certain Geological Horizons with Special Reference to the Palaeozoic Rocks.’ Rep. Brit. Ass. (Birmingham), Trans. Sect. C. Reprinted Geol. Mag., new ser., Vol. X, pp. 440-446, 490-498, 545-553. LIVINGSTONE, J. ‘List of Publications Bearing on the Geology of the Bristol District for the years 1875 to 1895.’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. III, pt. 3, (issued for ro12), Pp. I19-133. NortH, F. J. ‘On the Genus Syringothyris Winchell. Geol. Mag., new ser., Dec. 5, Vol. X, pp. 393-401. RICHARDSON, L., AND EF. TaLrspot Paris. ‘On the Stratigraphical and Geographical Distribution of the Inferior Oolite Echinoids of the West of England.’ (Supplement). Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. XVIII, (1), pp. 73-82. RICHARDSON, L., and C. Upton. ‘Some Inferior Oolite Brachiopoda.’ Ibid. pp. 47-58. Tompson, W. Report on Excursion to Aust, Ibid. pp. 26-27; and to Bath and Box. Ibid. pp. 38-42. Winwoop, H. H. Well Sinkings on Lansdown, Bath. Ibid. pp. 83-87. elt i > te * v4 4 re io aa se y i » ; in - ‘| * : ; “i j ; | = ; ——— - - J | f ae S. \ | | | ‘ Mhoot ae oot he _— < “ aa fi A = 7 a ae < 2 7 = . F a cai + 5 ee bs P 4 te. A, Ee ‘ bh x o ) At 4 5 ve . P< 7 2 a A ‘ Atthing ton? X ._A _——=; y te = a ==) S00 “A } CaN in 7 ce ” MN = Ne: Sy, a) } se }} Sie 3 Se \ & ts se 2 Siu Kx > Ge re ss WS) eS. reves Be je) On co P44) — io) Ss Ke) ( y i we Ve F 20° Faults thus Dips shown thus X a) iS} D Ss) << 03 N ~ is rT) AS (a) iD :'Patchway beds]. | ur€ J \ ver Co | | t zmestone between Over and Tytherington, Gloucestershire. ‘ferous L 122 the Carboni 5 7 Map show On the Carboniferous Limestone of the district between Over and Tytherington, Gloucestershire. By S. H. Reyno.ps, M.A., Sc.D., AnD D.E. Inngs, B.A. I.—INTRODUCTION. O UR object in this paper is to trace the sub-divisions estab- lished by Dr. A. Vaughan for the Carboniferous Limestone of the Avon Section over a part of the Bristol area where the rocks have not hitherto been examined in detail. The rocks under consideration form the western and north-western part of the rim of the Bristol coalfield. From Over at the southern end of the area they extend north-eastwards through Almondsbury and Ridgeway to Alveston, forming a narrow ridge-like outcrop rarely more than a quarter of a mile wide, and often very much less. This ridge is followed by the Ridgeway, formerly the.old Roman road to the north, and now the main road between Bristol and Gloucester. At Alveston the outcrop suddenly widens, and the Carboniferous Limestone extends westwards to Tockington, and though partly concealed by the Trias, to Olveston, Elberton and Littleton-upon- Severn. Eastwards from Alveston as far as the termination of our map along the line of the railway between Tytherington and Grovesend the outcrop narrows somewhat, and the strata are shifted southwards by two faults. It should be stated that we have not attempted to re-map the outcrops in detail, but have in the main copied the boundaries from the 1-inch survey map. In places, however, we have found it necessary to differ from the Survey mapping. II.—PREVIOUS WORK. “ Richardson, ' in 1862, gave an account of the section seen in the railway cutting and tunnel north of Over on the Severn Tunnel line. Though a re-description of the Tytherington-Grovesend railway section does not come within the scope of this paper, it is desirable to allude to former papers upon this fine section. It was described in 1888 by Prof. Lloyd Morgan? whose paper was illustrated by a detailed section and coloured map. The Rev. H. H. Winwood * Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1861 (Manchester), Trans. of Sections, p. 130. * Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., new ser., Vol. VI. pp. 1-17. 100 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF TYTHERINGTON DISTRICT. contributed a paper on the section to the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club! in 1889, and described it at the Bath meeting of the British Association” in 1888. Dr. Vaughan, in his classical paper on ‘ The Paleontological sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area’ * (1905) gave a full account of the section. In the same paper brief allusion is made to quarries at Old Down E. of Olveston, and on the Ridgeway. III.— DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPOSURES. Dibunophyllum-Zone. All the exposures of the southern end of the area from Over as far as Woodhouse, appear to belong to this zone. By far the best section of these beds is in the cutting W. of the Over tunnel. ‘To the E. of the road the dip is south-easterly, and the rocks consist of limestone often oolitic, with shale and thick bands of red grit. Fossils are plentiful in the limestone. Similar rocks are seen W. of the bridge folded into an anticline. We hope to describe this fine section in detail at a later date. To the S. of the railway, grits are exposed in two small quarries at Over. Knole Park stands on Dibunophyllum-beds, limestone being exposed at several points in Over lane, and also in the grounds, where Cyathophyllum murchisoni and other characteristic fossils may be found. ‘The exposures are, however, very bad. A band of grit striking N.N.E. is seen about 100 yards N. of the Lodge. This band crops out again in the fork of the road at the western end of Almonds- bury Hill. On Almondsbury Hill and to the S.W. the rocks are much dis- turbed and have yielded few fossils, though Lithostrotion irregulare may be found in the shale-bands of the old quarry below the outlook place. An old quarry to the E. of the turning to Tockington at Ridge Wood gives a fair section of Dibunophyllum-beds. Here white oolitic limestone with abundant Productus hemisphericus is associated with rubbly limestone and shaly partings containing Cyathophyllum murchisoni. ‘The most northerly exposure of Dibunophyllum-beds occurs near the turning to Tockington at Woodhouse Down, the exposures include grit as well as limestone. The dip of the Dibunophyllum-beds where undisturbed is always S:E:.0£.5.9:5. at 35-5608 1 Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, Vol. IX, pp. 325-333. ” Rep. Brit. Ass. for 1888 (Bath), Trans. Sect. C, pp. 658-659. *Q.J.G.S., Vol. LXI, pp. 219-225. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF TYTHERINGTON DISTRICT. 101 Seminula-Zone. These rocks occupy a very wide area. They underlie the Dibunophyllum-beds at Woodhouse Down and form the “‘ ridge’’ till the outcrop widens at Alveston, whence they extend to Tockington and Olveston. ‘They are well-exposed to the north of Itchington, being shifted southwards by the faults already alluded to. ‘The upper beds as exposed are generally compact limestones with abundant Lithostrotion martini. But little is seen of rubbly or concretionary limestone, such as plays so prominent a part in the Sodbury section, though some indications of this lithological type occur in exposures near Alveston vicarage. As in the Tytherington section, there is a good development of fossiliferous oolite (Seminula-Oolite) in the lower part of the Upper Seminula- beds (S.2 ); this is best seen in a small quarry by the Methodist Chapel west of David Lane, Alveston. Another old quarry a little further S.W. is noticeable for a long bedding plane of dolomitzed limestone covered with large masses of Lithostrotion basaltiforme and Syringopora finely weathered out. There are many exposures of limestone with abundant Litho- strotion martini in the neighbourhood of Old Down, one being seen by the roadside leading up from Lower Hazel; these are in the lower part of S2. By far the best exposure of this horizon occurs, however, in the Tockington hill quarry which is in active work. ‘This is in massive limestone, often oolitic, with Seminula- bands and great masses of Lithostrotion martini and Syringopora exposed on the bedding planes. The lower Seminula-beds (S ; ) are very little seen, and the most interesting point about them is the occurrence of a well-marked band of hard red and yellow grit exposed by a cottage a third of a mile south-east of Oldown House, and reached by a turning out of Foxholes Lane. ‘The grit has been much used for building the walls here. It is also exposed by two cattle-ponds in the fields to the south-west of Upper Hazel, and much debris occurs in the fields N. of the Alveston road at Little Down. In the 1-inch Geological Ordnance Survey Map this grit is coloured as Old Red Sandstone, and is represented as brought in by a strike fault, but there can be no doubt that this band is quite comparable to that occurring at much the same level in the Sodbury section. ‘The Firestone- bands in the Tytherington quarry are at a higher horizon and are calcareous sandstones effervescing strongly when treated with hydrochloric acid. No effervescence occurs on treatment of the grit from near Oldown House with acid. Throughout all the area hitherto described, the south-easterly dip is maintained, but further west the strike swings round, and throughout the band of limestone, on which Olveston stands, there are numerous exposures of Seminula-beds with a south-westerly dip. The best exposure is at Harn Hill quarry, Elberton, where 102 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE. OF TYTHERINGTON DISTRICT. thin-bedded limestone overlies black bituminous limestone with abundant Lithostrotion. The Seminula-beds near Itchington are, as has been already mentioned, completely off the strike of those further west. They are best seen in an old quarry recently re-opened near Owlsnest Farm; here they consist of compact limestone with china-stone and shale bands. Lithostrotion is plentiful and the lithological character suggests S$). Syringothyris-Zone. These rocks are well seen in the quarries and cuttings by the Tytherington railway, but other exposures are few and far between. We know of on'y two in the area between the railway section and Alveston, one being S. of the farm called Dodsmoor, the other in the grounds of Alveston House; both these are in the Caninia-oolite. The extensive quarries W. of the Ship Inn at Alveston Green are opened in the main in the Caninia-oolite which has quite the usual character, being very unfossiliferous and show- ing little in the way of bedding planes. The underlying Laminosa-dolomite is exposed at three points just to the N. of the road between Alveston and Old Down. ‘Thin-bedded limestone sometimes dolomitic, seen near a new house 300 yards S.W. of Oldown House probably belongs to the Syringothyris-zone. . We have no fossil evidence of the presence of these beds at Elberton. Zaphrentis-Zone. Passing westwards from the Tytherington-Grovesend railway section the first exposure of the Zaphrentis-beds is a very poor one at the southern end of Abbey Lane; other equally bad exposures are seen in the bed of the small stream which flows towards Owls- nest Farm. Orthotetes crenistria, Chonetes hardrensis, and Spirifer clathratus are plentiful in the hedge-banks between these two exposures. A little further to the west the more easterly of the faults alluded to above shifts the outcrop, and the next exposure met with is by the side of the main road to Gloucester N.N.W. of Alveston House. In the grounds of The Chalet, Alveston, there are good exposures of the Zaphrentis-beds. ‘The quarry near the road is in compact crinoidal limestone with chert, and in a temporary exposure to the S.E. of the house thin-bedded limestone with abundant Spirifer clathratus, Orthotetes crenistria, Cliothyris glabistria was seen, the dip being such as to bring the beds over the compact limestone of the quarry. Similar beds are seen in the grounds of a cottage near the tenth milestone from Bristol. Crinoidal limestone with the usual fossils of the Zaphrentis-beds occurs in an old quarry by Vattingstone Lane, N. of the Alveston CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF TYTHERINGTON DISTRICT. 103 Down quarries, and the same beds are seen in a copse S.W. of Marlwood Grange. At the end of Foxhole’s Lane, a third of a mile N.N.E. of Oldown House, similar beds are seen with a south-westerly dip, and a similar dip was obtained in an old quarry north of Oldown House. ‘The finding of a fish tooth—Helodus turgidus suggests that we have here the upper part of Ze the horizon of the ‘ fish beds’ of the Avon Section. Highly fossiliferous Zaphrentis-beds are exposed practically continuously for a distance of a quarter of a mile by the roadside to the E. and W. of Camp Farm at Elberton; the road practically follows the strike. Zaphrentis-beds probably form the whole of the limestone mass with an irregular outcrop extending between Elberton and Littleton. At the northward bend of the road E. of Court Farm, Elberton, crinoidal limestone with abundant Orthotetes crenistria occurs, and similar beds are seen at the fork of the road W. of Hay Wood. At both these spots the dip is 20° S.W. At the pond in the fork of the road S.E. of Littleton silicified crinoidal limestone with Orthotetes crenistria, Spirifer clathratus and Syringothyris laminosa dips S.E. Similar beds are seen in the old quarry N. of the White Hart Inn, in a farmyard exposure W. of the turning to the Church, and in a little old quarry a short distance N. of the Church. The Cleistopora-beds are, as far as we know, nowhere exposed in the area described. re vi EE ae mt A ted * % A ait +4 if ! OYGRoOG er earae ' rbirs a i, t PTR Bees 228 7}. a + abel ey, Mees iti 7 mia aol : ‘ ye rs ert “ k " ; ‘ ees \ = z 4 : * + = es x ' i ’ ‘ ; , ; j k d ; rk bt . ‘ fan AMES OE rand oUve Te FOURTH SERIES, VOL. IY., Part Il. (August, 1915, issued for 1914). Price 1/6. ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THI BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY [is = ‘ (i Bn 8 L | ‘d & * | i i a i uy is. a7 AN | Oo”; Ie as i eu EF oo) By : 7 A th pul (KN ic = z ne ** Rerum cognoscere causas.”— VIRGIL. BRISTOL : PRINTED FOR. THE SOCIETY. MCMXV FOURTH SERIES, VOL. IV., Part II. (August, 1915, issued for 1914). Price 1/6. ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY 4 m | e “* Rerum cognoscere causas.” —VIRGIL. BRISTOL : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. | MCMXV TABLE OF CONTENTS. FOURTH SERIES. VOL. LV.,, PART oie - (1915, issued for 1914). PAGE List of Officers for 1914... ue ak * Seer BOY. Officers of Sections for 1914 se Ee mee an LOS Honorary Members ee oe AS - see, eS List of Members... Be Me : an a LOS Secretary's R apoae Fe a. os) e ae Pe Ba Librarians’ Report ser Ate Er Om es Se 5 de Treasurer's Report a oe i oes ao LES Report of the Geological Section ee a ce eet ie: WS) Report of Entomological Section att Doge AU) Annual st ge eal A in thie Great of Plarice > by Miss I. M. Roper se Oth hie) Account of the General Meenas afd sie ‘Aimmi Meeting ee Leo Bristol Botany in 1914, by JAs. W. WHITE __... Ss: aes: 188 “The Natural History of Steep Holm ” a ae es | aes ‘“The Water Tubes of Conocephalum Conicum,” by AGNES FRY a 150 For information concerning the Bristol Naturalists’ Society generally, or concerning its meetings, please apply to the present Hon. Secretary and Editor— Dr. O. V. DARBISHIRE: THE UNIVERSITY, BRISTOL. All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift, or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to— Dr. A. B.. PROWSEH, Hon. Librarian Bristol Nat. Soc., UNIVERSITY CLUB, BERKELEY SQUARE, BRISTOL. LIST OF OFFICERS (1914). ooo oe rrr ooo oeeaeaaeaaeaeaea@>>r—@*m—eoem—s President: Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S. Past Presidents: Brot. CC. WiLOvp) MORGAN. 2 yD. F.G.S., E.R.S. Prof. Sir W. RAMSAY, F.R.S. Prof. SYDNEY YOUNG, D.Sc., F.R.S. AB; PROWSS, WED. FR: C.S: Cake RuDGeHy by RG... MRICS. J. W. Wurtr, F.L.S. G. Munro SMItH, M.R.CS., L.R,C.P. Vicc=Presidents: H. GUMMER (retires at end of 1915). C. ForrTry (retires at end of 1915). Members of the Council: F. BEAMES, B.Sc. J. RAFTER, M.A. Baek. COOK) D.Sc. Miss J.B. REYNOLDS. W. H. WICKES. R. B. WEBB. C. J. Hopcson. D. W. STANTON. i: F. BARKE. Ponorary Treasurer: MWe A] SMITH, M-:A., M.B., 70 Pembroke. Road, Clifton. tbonorary Secretary and Editor: O. V. DARBISHIRE, B.A., Ph.D.,- The University, Bristol. Honorary Reporting Secretary: J. T. Kemp, M.A. Thonorary Librarian: A. B. PROWSE, M.D., F.R.C.S., 5 Lansdown: Place, Clifton. Honorary Sub=Librarian: Miss I. M. Roper, F.1,.S. OFFICERS OF SECTIONS. Botanical : President—CkEpDRIC BUCKNALL, Mus. Bac., 13 Whatley Road, Clifton. Entomological : President—G. C. GriFrtHs, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 3 Leigh Road, Clifton. Secretary—CHARLES BARTLETT, 18 Henleaze Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym. Geological : President—S. H. RrYNoLDs, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S., The University, Bristol. Secretary—B. A. BAKER, F.G.S., 93 Cotham Brow, Bristol. Honorary Members (up to Map, 1915). Prof. George S. Brady, M.D., L).D., D.Se.; F.US., PaaS abana. Endcliffe, Sheffield. Henry J. Charbonnier, Haw Lane, Olveston, Tockington, R.S.O., Glos. G. A. Lebour, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Geology.in the Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. R. M. Prideaux, F.E.S., Brasted Chart, nr. Sevenoaks, Kent. Prof. Sir Wm. Ramsay, Ph.D., F.R.S., 19 Chester Terrace, Revenn se bank, London. Prof. H. S. Hele Shaw, M.Inst.C-E., UL.D., F.R.S., 647 Wictoriagsorcer, Westminster. Prof. W. J. Sollas, M.A., LL.D., F.G.S., F.R.S.H.) RS) oeiensry, Museum, Oxford Prof. S. P. Thompson, D-.Sc., B.A:., F-R.A.S.; FR US. City sande euias, Technical College, Leonard Street, Finsbury, London, E.C. Sir W. A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, London, S.W. William Whittaker, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.R.S., Freda, Campden) Read; Croydon. ' Prof. A. M. Worthington, C.B., M.A., F.R.A.S., F.R.S., Royal Naval Engineering College, Greenwich. ~ Prof. Sydney Young, D.Sc., F.R.S., Trinity College, Dublin. He pa bo List of Members (completed up to May, 1915). Signifies Associate Member. Signifies those who have contributed Papers printed in the ‘‘Proceed- ings ’’ of the Society. Signifies those who have compounded for their Annual Subscription. neeeSe Almond, Stanley Armory, I. EH. Atkinson, E. C. Audeent, 1. Lyi !.. Badock, Stanley H Baker; B. A., F.G.S. Balfour, Bue B. A. Ball, Miss Caroline M. Barke,-H. FF. oe Bartlett, Chas. Beames, F.,. B.Sc. Blackmore, ae Cyr: GS. Blood, Geo. Brebner, Mrs. G. Bucknall, C., Mus. Bact ie Carpenter, E. Cay, Arti City Librarian Clarke, A. Cook, E. ei, 1, Sc. Cornaby, ai Bs Cottle, A. W. Crook, Miss @rozel, Prof. G. ..: Gurran,' F.C: Darbishire, O. ve Ph. D. Daren 1)., GS. Davies, A. J. Davies: J. H. Davis, M. J. L. Dixon, Miss Drew, Miss : Dunscombe, M. W. Dunscombe, Miss Fortey, Chas. Pivek tancis :]).. 2... Ruger ©.) Pla), Gmunghana, CT: Goulding, Thomas Green, Upfield Guitths, G. C., F.E.S. Grifiths, Miss D. N. ... LL OOOO aaa aes Edenhurst, Pembroke Road, Clifton 29 Beaufort Road, Clifton 5 Pembroke Vale, Bristol 34 Belvoir Rd., St. Andrew’s, Bristol Holmwood, Westbury-on-Trym 93 Cotham Brow, Bristol 25 Beaufort Road, Clifton, Bristol Upper Belgrave Road, Bristol Western Counties’ Laboratory, 1z College Green, Bristol Rostock House, Woodhill, Portishead g Osborne Road, Clifton 36. Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol 15 Clyde Road, Redland, Bristol 22 Victoria Road, Cotham, Bristol 13 Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol Kennmore, Henleaze Road, Bristol. Lyndhurst, Leigh Woods, Bristol Central Library, Bristol 16 Woodstock Rd., Redland, Bristol 27 Berkeley Square, Bristol 8 York Place, Clifton Black Horse Hotel, Kingswood, Bristol 16 Berkeley Road, Westbury Park, Bristol Chemin des’ Celestins, 17 Onllins (Rhone), France 49 Springfield Road, Cotham The University, Bristol Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, near Dartmouth Avon House, Keynsham, Bristol Down House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol Lyndhurst, 81 Ronan Avenue, Bristol Colston Girls’ School, Bristol 36 Lower Redland Road, Bristol 5 St. Augustine’s Parade, Bristol 1 Quadrant, Redland 9 Belgrave Road, Tyndall’s Park, Bristol Cricket St. Thomas, Chard 13 Haton Crescent, Clifton Cider Institute, Long Ashton 6 Nelson Street, Bristol So) Bramishall Road: London, N. Penhurst, 3 Leigh Road, Bristol Penhurst, 3 Leigh Road, Bristol Harlesden, 110 A A A Al A LIST OF MEMBERS. Grove, Otto Gummer, Horace airckey.ni@ ne: Harriss, M. 1b), Henderson, W. eee Josiah Hileyv, G. H. Eat, ee Edith — Bye Hippisley, LIS Ae oI Gres Hodgson, C. i Ri, Hony, GuB: Horder, Miss M. Xe Hoyle, W. 1 Daal sien Hudd, A. E., F.S.A. Humpidee, Hea]: runter, Cr, Mise: Innes, DIF 1: lsaac. airs s. Ivens, 18t P. Ivens, Waa Jollys VEE: D., Ph.D. Just, Mrs. Ulrich .. Kemp. le la ve A. Knowlson, James F. Knowlson, Mrs. ... Wangan Cra. sae Lee, Miss E. M.., M. Sere. Lees, Avy, ees Daa. Linton, Dr. Marion, M.B. Lippincott, Ra Cr Cann. Llewellin, W. H.... Lucas, Miss McIntvre, Miss Maclver, Miss Mackie, The Rev. Mappitij Sov) iG: Matthews, H. E. Mockeridge, 13 Dy 1 et. Morgan, C _ Lloy di D. vi RS. Morgans, Thos. i M.I.C. E. Mortimer, Mars. aes Bee Mountney, 1 cca at eee Mullock, Miss Norman, G., M.D. Northmore, John Nuell, F. A. Prowse, NG ae Bey M.D. Prowse, Mrs. Prowse, Miss Debalina Vit eb, Rafters... Mio Aas Randall, Miss Alice Gace) dee Reynolds, S. H., MuAg Sc.D... Reynolds, Miss J. B. ... =U Richardson, Frank Cider Institute, Long Ashton Herbert Lodge, Cotham Park, Bristol 2 First Avenue, St. Anne’s Park, Bristol 13 Lansdown Place, Bristol The University, Bristol 4 Southfield Road, Cotham 65 Clifton Park Road, Bristol Holford House, Portbury South Lawn, Ston Easton, Bath 5 Cothani Terrace: Bristol 4 Beaufort Road, Clifton Highweek, Brislington, Bristol National Museum, Cardiff 108 Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol Stratheden, Eaton Crescent, Clifton ‘The University, Bristol ‘The University, Bristol 15 Cotham Vale, Redland 18 Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol 49 Ravenswood Road, Redland Glenavon, Clifton Down, Bristol 57 Hampton Park, Redland Silver Birches, 4 Cotham Grove, Bristol g Downfield Road, Clifton g Downfield Road, Clifton 6 Florence Park, Redland The University, Bristol Cider Institute, Long Ashton Chesterfield House, Queen’s Road, Bristol 7 Tyndall’s Park Road, Clifton Overcourt, near Bristol 8 Cotham Lawn Road, Bristol Swanswick House, Shirehampton’ 67 Claremont Road, Bristol Wolverton House, Clifton Park, Bristol The Rectory, Filton 100 Pembroke Road, Clifton, 30 The Mall, Clifton 15 Hartingdon Park, Bristol 5 Kensington Place, Bristol 60 Queen’s Square, Bristol 4 Cambridge Park, Bristol 83 Park Street, Bristol 23 Berkeley Square, Bristol 12 Brock Street, Bath 49 Manor Park Road, Redland 63 Springfield Road, Cotham 5 Lansdown Place, Bristol 5 Lansdown Place, Bristol 9g Saville Place, Clifton, Bristol 56 St. John’s Road, Clifton The University, Bristol 23 Hanbury Road, Clifton Beaufort House, Victoria Road, Bedminster. 13 All Saints’ Road, Clifton 30 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton 15 Percival Road, Clifton Bristol Bebe) A A LIST OF teonsou.. V. H.,%:.. Roper, Miss I. M., Ieee. C..K., L.R: Oe Salter, Mrs. Sandwith,~ Mrs. Savory, J. H. Scott, W. G. Semler C. A. maaw, Or. J. EK? ... Shepherd, G. D. Sinnott, Jas. ae! Smallcombe, W. A. Smith, Miss A. M. Smith, Miss E. J. Smith, G. Munro, L.R.C.P. ; Smith, D. Munro Smith, Ee Cc, Smith, W. A., M.B. Spoor, Miss Vera EK. Stanton, D. W. Stanton, Mrs. ” ee Stephens, A., M.I. E. Spc a: Stewart, D. Stoddart, Pee, FC. FC.S. Strickland, ‘Thompson as Sturge, Francis duatener.*J;: W. Underhill, J. Nepenet, iP. Ei, ... Wadlow, H. J. Walker, Edwin ... Wwattoms.j2 C. HH. ... Watertall, W. B. ... Webb, R. B. Wells, A.B. White, Jas. W., PAS: A White, Mrs. p Wickes, Nigel oe Ge W illiams, Muss Ke et! B. Se. Williams, Miss R. L. Winwood, Rey. H. H. Winn, Miss is Wood, Miss K. M. Woodey, HH. 1. Worsley; -2:. J., B-A., F.C.S. . Worsley, Miss I. . ey: Wright, Miss A. H. M. Yabbicom, IT. H., M.1:C.B. M.R.CS., McDonald, F.G.S._ MEMBERS, eet 41a, Ravenswood Road, Redland 4 Woodfield Road, Redland S 145 Whiteladies Road, Clifton 187 Coldharbour Road, Redland 26 Canynge Square, Bristol Rodney Place, Clifton 25 Duke Street, Cardiff Nelson Terrace, Swansea 23 Caledonia Place, Clifton Gresham Chambers, Kingsway, Cardiff 15 Beaufort Road, Clifton 62 Greenbank Road, Easton, Bristol 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton 18 Apsley Road, Clifton 18 Apsley Road, Clifton 13 Acraman’s Road, Southville, Bristol 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton The Hydro, College Green, Bristol The Ferns, 42 Alma Road, Clifton The Ferns, 42 Alma Road, Clifton The Firs, Kaston-in-Gordano 25 Woodstock Road, Bristol Grafton Lodge, Sneyd Park, Bristol 13 Victoria Square, Clifton TE Weigh) Road, Clifton 57 Berkeley Road, Bishopston, Bristol 2 Brynland Avenue, Bishopston, Bristol Redland Hill House, Bristol School House, Frenchay g Tyndall’s Park Road, Bristol 18 West Park, Bristol 64 Woodstock Road, Bristol 11 Goldney Road, Bristol 38 Henleaze Gardens, Westbury-on- Trym 18 Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol 18 Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol 7 St. John’s Road, Clifton Llandaff House, 1 Pembroke Vale, Clifton, Bristol 12 Henleaze Gardens, Durdham Down, Westbury-on-Trym 1x Cavendish Crescent, Bath 10 Priory Road, Bristol 8 Westbury Park ; Hildrop, South Road, Kingswood, Bristol Rodney Lodge, Clifton Rodney Lodge, Clifton 4 Buckingham Place, Clifton 23 Oakfield Road, Clifton REPORT OF THE COUNCIL To December 31st, 19%. URING the last year there has been a nett decrease in membership of two. Ord. Members. Associate Members. ‘Total. IQI2 a 85 39 — I24 TOL A 103 49 care 152 IQI4 Tapas out 49 — I50 In addition there are 12 hon. members and also about 10 student members of sections only, making a grand total of 172. During the year the Annual Report and Proceedings were published, representing Series IV, Vol. IV, Part I, and extending over 103 pages, and including 4 plates. This volume was taken to represent the Jubilee Volume of the Proceedings. The following meetings were held during the vear : — Jan. 22nd, 1914.—Annual Meeting. Presidential address by Miss I. M. Roper, entitled ‘‘Historical Associations of Plants.’’ Specimens were exhibited by Mr:. Kemp: (Hill’s Herbal “ei e727) ik Griffith (Life History of Australian Butter- flies), Mr. Batchelor (Euschemon Rafflesiz), and Mr. White (Monograph on Symphytum by ©C.Bieknalll); Feb. s5th,- r9o14.—Mr. (Cy) unter: eat. Exhibits br Darbishire demonstrated the splitting of Penyrorsedd roofing slate. Mr: Davies exhibited a monocotyledonous flower, which had come from the Cape in cold storage. Mr. Kemp presented to the. Society copies of Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry, 1796, and Decandolle and Sprengel, Elements of the Philosophy of Plants, 1821. Mar. 5th, 1914.—Mr. 3C. “IT. Gimingham :~ (iemree ane, Entomologist and Poet.’’ Exhibits= = Wm Darbishire, The Ultramicroscope ; Mr. White, Utricularia neglecta and major from Tadham — Moor, and Calamagrostis epigeeos growing on peat; Mr. Griffiths, Specimens of Wood Argus Butterfly from Algeria; Miss Lucas, a Living Toad. 9 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. iS April and, 1914.—Mr. J. H. Savory: ‘‘ Caves and Cave Gorges of Mendip.”? Exhibits: Mrs. Sandwith, Ophrys Lutea and O. Arachnites in flower, from Mentone. ‘The death was announced of Dr. E. C. Reed, Chili, one of the hon. members, and first Secretary of the Entomological Section of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, at its foundation, 1864. ioge7in sor4.—Mr. D. HE. I. Innes: ““ Lakes and Rivers.” July oth, 1914.—Annual Summer Excursion to Ashton Park. Cereus, 1914. Public Meeting im the Large Hail of the Um- versity to hear Mr. Raymond Priestley. on The Hustory of the Northern Party of Captain Scott’s last Expedition.”’ Nov. 5th, 1914.—This Meeting represented the Annual Exhibi- tion Meeting. After some preliminary remarks by the President, Mr. Griffiths ex- hibited specimens showing seasonal variation in butterflies. Dr. G. Munro Smith called attention to the degrees of intelligence ex- hibited by cats and dogs. Mr. Davies showed some oak spangles. Mr. White had brought some rare plants, and Dr. Darbishire had placed on the table some recent additions to the Botanical Museum. Meeneia, or, —Miss D. May: ‘The Animal Life of the Sea- Shore.’’ Miss Roper exhibited a white water lily from Tickenham Moor. There was an average attendance at the meetings of about 40 members and their. friends, but this figure does not include Mr. . Priestley’s Lecture, when there was present an audience of 154. LIBRARIANS’ REPORT For thew carcioras URING the past year 12 members only have borrowed books ; and the number of books taken out has been 75. Of these, nine were still out at the end of the year: while four borrowed in 1913, and ten borrowed in 1912, have not been returned. We would urge those members who have these books not to forget that other members may be wishing to consult the volumes which seem to be so fascinating to themselves. No volumes have been sent to the bookbinders this year. We have received, during the past twelve months, from the Corresponding Societies, three bound volumes, and 253 un- bound parts of current publications; and also six parts to com- plete series of earlier dates. To the following donors of books, etc., we tender our sincere thanks : — BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the 83rd Report (Birmingham) 1013. Dr. SYDNEY YOUNG, F.R.S., for “ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,’ Series B, Vol. 204, 1014. ANONYMOUS, Forbes and Hanley’s British Mollusca, 4 vols., Obs: ; F. G. Pearcey, Eso., ‘‘ Foraminifera of the Scottish National Antarcic Expeditven, — TOT. J. IT. Kemp, Eso., “Elements of Philosophy of Plants’ (De Candolle and Sprengel), 1821. ‘‘ Elements of Chemistry ”’ (Lavoisier), 17096. Dr. A. B. Prowse, “ Fifth Report of Botanical Committee of the Devon Association, 1013. J Mons. CHARLES JANET, for paper on “‘ Le Volvox,’’ 1014. As in former years we have to thank the “ Entomological Section,” B.N.S., for certain parts of the “‘ Entomologist’ and the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Monthly ’’; and the “‘ Geological Section ”’ for various parts of the ‘‘ Geological Magazine.”’ We have received publications for subscriptions paid to ““ The Ray Society,’’ the “‘ Zoological Record,’ and Taylor’s “ British Mollusca.’ There is no alteration in the Exchange List. ARTHUR B. PROWSE, M.D., Hon wiabramon: IDA M. ROPER, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Librarian. Ane 2L, LOLs. EXCHANGE LIST. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society Bristol Corporation Public Libraries (Subscription) Bristol Museum and Art Gallery British Association British Museum (Natural History), S.W. Cardiff Naturalists’ Society Chester Natural Science Society Clifton Antiquarian Club Clifton College Scientific Society Cornwall, Royal Geological Society of , Royal Institution of —., Roval Polytechnic Society Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club Ealing Scientific and Microscopical Society Edinburgh Geographical Society =S=SesSS “Roy al Botanic Society Essex Field Club Geological Society of London Geologists’ Association Glasgow Geological Society Natural History Society Philosophical Society Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. Liverpool Geological Association Geological Societv Literary and Philosophical Society — Science Students’ Association Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Microscopical Society Museum Library Marlborough College Natural History Society North Staffordshire Field Club Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society Nottingham Naturalists’ Society Plymouth, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society Ouekett Microscopical Club Royal Irish Academy Royal Microscopical Society Rugby School Natural History Society Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society Torquay Natural History Society Woolhope Natural History Field Club Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society Naturalists’ Union Philosophical Society Our “ Proceedings ”’ are sent as a free gift to :— British Museum Library Cambridge University ‘Library Dublin, Trinity College Library Edinburgh, Advocates’ Library Oxford, Bodleian Library Patent Office Library, London 116 EXCHANGE LIST. AUSTRIA. Wien, K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum FRANCE. Lyon, La Société Linnéenne de University of Rennes GERMANY. Cassel, Verein fur Naturkunde Frankfurt a/O.—Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir den Regierungs- bezirk F.a/O Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur-und Heilkunde Halle a. Saale, Preussen, Kaiserliche Leopoldinische-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Hamburg, Verein fiir Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung NORWAY. Det Kongelige Norsk Universitet i Christiania SWITZERLAND. Société Vaudois des Sciences Naturelles, Lausanne Zirich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich AUSTRALIA. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science New South Wales, Geological Survey —_______—_——., Royal Society of Queensland Museum, Brisbane Victoria, Royal Society of CANADA. Canadian Institute, Toronto _ Hamilton Scientific Association Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science (Halifax) INDIA. Agricultural Journal of India Agriculture, Imperial Department of Geological Survey of India, Calcutta MEXICO. Mexico Sociedad Cientifica UNITED STATES. American Museum of Natural History, New York Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois Boston (Mass.) Natural History Society Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (Coldspring Ha1bour) California, University of, (Berkeley) EXCHANGE LIST. 16 Californian Academy of Sciences Cincinnati Natural History Society —_————_—_— Lloyd Library Colorado College (Colorado Springs) - University (Boulder) Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences (Yale University Publications) Denison Scientific Association, Ohio Essex Institute, Salem (Mass.) Illinois, University of, (Urbana) Indiana Academy of Science Michigan Acadeiny of Science Missouri Botanical Gardens Missouri, St. Louis, Academy of Science New Mexico, University of, (Albuquerque) North Carolina (Chaple Hill) Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society Ohio State University (Columbus) Oklahoma State University Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia Wagner Free Institute of Sciences Smithsonian Institution, Washington Tufts’ College (Mass.) United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Washington —_—_—¥—— Natural Museum, Washington 2 URUGUAY. Montevideo, Museo Nacional de ARTHUR, B. PROWSE, M.D:, January, 1914. Hon. Librarian, “CTGT ‘yIGe Nunniunp opsug Spee V ‘SLLYTLYVA SVHO 40 % neUE | MOOD ‘H LSANUY ‘qoollod punoy puB poTIpuYy 401 6 G8F Ol 6 G&F G GT | ah a UCLICIQUT ‘Ud — puvaA ul User) 8 peel tt = af be yurg ye yseQ * ST L 69F ° squowARg [e401 OL oO (834 Z) .. SOIST USILIG 9) JO VosNT[OIY ,, StojAvyz ‘* ) 0 9 9 (quar s.1vod T[) qnio Arvrowy pur AqIS19. 100) a Oe Gl-Or =" = PUU MOIST CMe) Be Se Ae * JOIMSROTT, ‘UOFZ OF ONp souRTeg ‘‘ (eel On 7 UvNbIdiy UOT ‘0d es ee Fe, ‘Op ‘URIVIGUT uO ‘0g ef CGrate (es “* JEIMsvely, ‘Uo}T—‘oy ‘soseqsog ‘‘ (Neel 76 SUNODDY 4svy dod ‘1oisvely, “‘UOP]{ Jospuvy uryseg *S Oe 0) ei aa ee oor oOUBANSUT os ‘Gola hGue “" gunoooy YsPT rod ‘yuegd 4B Ysey) us 0 O10 Leak- JPH 10} 109.104 Ayisioatuyy *S L OL 1¢# sydtosey [eqoy, COV) er es ae uoTydtos¢ ng— a Ayo100g UOTPBAIOSEIg sygevdjyooy pur suowuoyg * 0 OL9 emnqoo'y § Aapqsotd “IIN——S90YOLL JO O[BS e Oo Zilch. SECIel “02 ‘soULPIo00IG—OuUIp[nNor) “AA NY TS LG 0 SOUTpoB0Ig Jo o[VQ ‘* On GO. Fe _WoIsNoX | —Jodoy SSI] “‘ OV OEG ooURAPe UT pred suondiiosqng ‘§ Oni ules hes me Aqatoog Iv ep os Gi siwoly ‘ OI L ie vee ene eee ene ‘Ow ‘9104 | 0 el i, ‘BD YEL LOSS ‘0d C6 -ooT Jo sasuodxy ‘soovysog—Areqjoio0g ‘uo SS | OO Ss Areurpa¢y—saoryduiosqng < 0 0 € = (z%) suoIgdtiosqne Ayotoog [wotsojoo7z Ag Onecied ROOT DOURIGUA OF, Dp 8 F SOs) oe: "HO PIGL “ISTE UPAWHOAd ONIGNA YUVAA YALL YO LNOQOOOV IVYANAHD “ad DO eOeOOOeeeeeeeeeeeese re PDB eee ALIIIOS SLSITVENLYN TOLSIYE 947 YRIM QuNnOIdY UI YFENSVFdGL “NOH 241 GEOLOGICAL SECTION. HE present number of members is 53. During the year the President was absent for some months when he attended the meeting of the British Association in Australia. At the commencement of the war the newly-appointed joint Honorary Secretary, Mr. D. E. Innes, joined the new Army, so the Section was deprived of his services. Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., Sc.D., F.G.S., was re-elected President, and B. A. Baker, F.G.S., Hon. Sec. for the year. There have been eight meetings when the following papers were read :— 23rd January.—‘‘ The Scenery of the N.W. and Mid-Wales and Wye Valley ’’ (illustrated by lantern slides), by L. Richardson, EG..S. February.—‘‘ Oil Deposits,’’ by A. P. Bacon. roth March.—‘‘ Earth Movements,’’ by G. M. Tincknell. 23rd April.—‘‘ Geological Sections through the Andes of Peru,’’ by J. A. Douglas, M.A., F.G.S. (illustrated by maps and lantern slides). 23rd May.—‘‘ Fifty Years’ Geological Research in the Bristol Wietuet, yoy Prot. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S. 15th October.—‘‘ Founders of Geology,”’ by F. 5. Wallis. 19th November.—‘‘ Some Thoughts Concerning River Develop- ment in S.W. Hngland and Wales,’’ by L. Richardson, F.G.S. 17th December.—‘‘ Some Ancient Mountains’’ (illustrated by lantern slides), by Dr. T. T. Groom, F.G.S. The average attendance at seven out of the eight meetings was 23, which is an improvement on the previous year. The Financial Report shows receipts amounting to £3 7s., which is a considerable falling off from previous years. The expenditure amounts to £4 14s. 8d., so that had there not been a balance of £2 1s. 5d. brought forward from last year, the Section would have been in debt. As the accounts now stand there is only 13/9 carried forward to the good for next year. ‘The reason of the receipts being so small is owing to the fact that there are 21 subscriptions unpaid {some of these have been paid since the accounts were closed), and I regret to find that many of those who have not paid have left Bristol. Be Ae DATE Ree 107 Ses ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. HREE Meetings only and no Excursions were held during 1914, and new members are urgently wanted to make the Section a success. January 16th.—Exhibits. Mr. Griffiths, Lepidoptera from Ta-tsien-lou, W. China, at an elevation of 8,400 feet. These included many specimens captured by the Jesuit Fathers, one specimen of Melanargia halimede being taken by the Bishop, Mer. Beit. Mr. Smallcombe, some Indian Lepidoptera. A dis- cussion on protective resemblance took place when Dr. Rudge produced a letter from the late Dr. Alfred Russell Wallace, written in March last. February 26th.—Mr. Charbonnier communicated a paper, ‘‘ Notes on Sexual Dimorphism in the Sciarine or Fungus Gnats.’’? There are six different sexual forms in this small group, and the following species were exhibited to illustrate the paper: Sciara semialata, a new species, and Peyerimhoffia scabiei. A new species of Tipulide. Triogma trisuleata, from Blair- gowrie, Perthshire, was also shown. Hon. Secretary exhibited a variable series of Smerinthus populi, including dark, pale, banded and pink varieties. Mymas tilie, one spot, banded, and assymetrical forms, also bred specimens of Colias edusa var. helice. November 3rd.—Exhibits. Mr. Griffiths, numerous British and foreign Lepidoptera, including the rare blue @ and brown & of Caudalides Cyprotus from Queensland. Hon. Secretary, Diptera, viz., Criorrhina berberina floccosa and oxyacanthe, Myiatropa florea, Ptilonota guttata, all from Portishead, also Empts tessellata killing Dilophus fibrilis. CHARLES BARTLETT, Hon. Sec. Members. G. C. Griffiths, 3 Leigh Road, Clifton, President. Dr. C. King Rudge, 145 Whiteladies Road, Clifton. A. E. Hudd, F.S.A., 108 Pembroke Road, Clifton. H. J. Charbonnier, Olveston, Glos. Chas. Bartlett, 8 Woodhill, Portishead, Hon. Sec. ANNUAL ADDRESS. ‘(PeRMANENCY IN THE GROWTH OF PLANTS.”’ By tue PreEsipENt—Miss IpA M. Roper, F.L.S. O-NIGHT you have been good enough to elect me to be your President for the third year in succession, and I thank you for the honour you have done me by your decision, and for the kind support which I have constantly received from each individual member. ‘The Society has continued unosten- tatiously to take part and stimulate the general interest in Natural History, in much the same way as in the past. The Annual Summer Excursion was held in the grounds of Ashton Court, and this visit is of more interest now, because Lady Smyth, the owner of the beautiful gardens and the museum adjoining, has been taken from our midst during the last two months. Although not a member of this Society she and her husband had great interest in Natural History, as shown by what they have done for the city at the Bristol Museum. In the autumn, when the effects of the terrible War called away the help of so many of the members from scientific pursuits, it was still possible to give to Mr. Raymond Priestley a hearty welcome on the occasion of his visit to his old University. He came, as you remember, from his military duties to tell us about his exciting adventures on the Antarctic continent, and we were glad to show him by our presence, that we extended our interests as far as that distant region. To-night it may be better to come back to more local districts, and although the War will obtrude even into the pursuits of the Naturalist, it may be possible to consider one aspect that will not be disturbing. The methods of modern warfare have made it necessary to dig trenches, and to form camps for troops around much of our coast-line, which is always the favourite hunting ground for the student of Natural History. That some injury will be done to many of the plants and insects flourishing in such places is certain, but if we examine what has happened to the native flora over a long period in the past it will be found that Nature has endowed her children with such a permanency of growth that no fear need be felt that our happy hunting grounds will suffer for any length of time from this present disturbance. As evidence of this belief I should like, therefore, to call your attention to-night to some facts, which may bring out more clearly this ‘‘ Permanency in the growth of plants.”’ In wandering about England and giving a thought to Nature in the different spots visited, we are accustomed to recognise that certain plants are likely to be found under similar conditions. These similarities may be due to the soil being of the same formation, such as limestone, granite, etc., or to the presence of moorlands, sheltered sunny slopes, or what not; or it may be G3 122 ANNUAL ADDRESS. due to the sites being natural ground untouched for centuries by cultivation, or, on the contrary, to the remains of former husbandry in times long ago. In other words, in similar spots of whatever nature, we expect to find, if not the same species of plants, then’ those that are closely allied. It is a big subject to examine, but a peep into one little corner of it may be, perhaps, of interest and worthy of thought. Certain observations in one’s own experience on visits to ancient monasteries, and the dwelling places of hermits seem to show that similar plants are often met with in such limited areas in so marked a manner, as to lead to further comparisons, and these in their turn to the feeling that there is in hardy species a permanency of growth around one spot that is remarkable. It is to be remembered that in considering these monastic domains we are dealing with the homes of human beings who planted for a purpose, and therefore cultivated plants to suit their needs, and without consideration whether the positions were suitable or not for the growth of kinds they wanted, and again, that wanton destruction and neglect have since then repeatedly passed over those tracks of land. Yet with both these hostile factors at work, the same kinds of plants have survived such treatment in those places, and still to a limited extent hold their own year after vear during the long period of over 280 years, since the abolition of the religious houses in England. In observing such plants we may well feel that in this century we must be looking at the direct descendants of the very herbs that were grown with loving care by the monks of long ago, and can realize that there is a permanency about Nature’s work, which may be at times over- looked. There is no need to go far afield for examples to illustrate this aspect, although its truth becomes more evident when a number of such habitats is compared. Amidst the vales of Yorkshire are the ruins of several old Abbeys, founded by monks who believed that to make ‘‘ the desert rejoice and blossom as the rose’’ was one of the great callings of man on earth, and who accordingly chose what were then deserted wilds for the sites of their habitations, and there to this day, in spite of so much human work about them from the time they were abandoned, are to be seen patches of the Stinking and Green Hellebores, the Deadly Nightshade, Aristolochia, Goutweed, and the White Horehound, all of them remnants of the infirmary garden attached to these monastic buildings. The two Hellebores used to be employed in medicine for internal diseases. They are amongst the earliest of flowers to come into blossom in the spring, and in places where they are met with about here are looked upon as products of cultivation by the housewife of long ago. The Deadly Nightshade seems to have been grown by the monks for the purpose of quieting sufferers in the delirium of fever, but of late years only a few plants of this species are to be found in any one spot, the others having been STEER Ho ANNUAL ADDRESS. 123 carefully destroyed by the landowners on account of the presence of their exceedingly poisonous but tempting-looking fruits. It is a handsome plant and until recently could often be seen in the woods to the north of Bristol. The Goutweed, as its name implies, had a reputation for the alleviation of gout, and the aromatic leaves of the White Horehound were used for the same purpose. In the same way it is the common experience to find the crumbling walls oftentimes clothed with the wall pellitory, and brightened by the gay blossoms of the wallflower, the clove pink, and the hairbell. ‘Mid ruins tumbling to decay, Bluebells their azure hues display, Still freshly springing, Where pride and pomp have passed away ; To mossy wall and turret grey, Like friendship clinging.”’ Coming nearer to Bristol, we have spots that have gone through similar treatment such as Tintern, Keynsham, Wood- spring, and Glastonbury, besides those where hermits chose to fix their lonely cells; and amongst the ruins of these famous buildings flourish the self-same flowers. In order to understand why like plants got there it may be worth while to glance at the period when regular cultivation in fenced ground was carried on of many herbs which were originally indigenous, or introduced in Roman times, and are now again regarded as wild. When the religious people established a new Priory or dwelling place in the 11th and 12th centuries, one of their first works was to lay out gardens adjoining. The object was to produce herbs for their daily food, and there was scarcely a single enclosure for flowers for the sake of decoration. On the other hand, however, some of their medicinal plants were grown in large clumps such as the single Rose, the Peony, the Violet, and the Poppy, which prevented gay colours from being altogether wanting. A couple of centuries later when traffic was passing freely between the English monastic houses and those in the North of France, and even in Rome, the number of different sorts of cook- ing vegetables had still increased only to a small extent, but the chief point to be noted was the difference in the quality, and that the kinds of aromatic herbs had become more varied. ‘These latter were used for stuffing, and for adding their pungent flavour to the quantity of salted meats that were necessarily eaten when, in the absence of hay and green fodder, large numbers of cattle and sheep could not be kept alive in the winter. The tastes of the better classes were formed on the recipes of the Romans, who insisted on strongly seasoned dishes at their tables, and of meats mingled in a manner that seems to the Bat ANNUAL ADDRESS., modern palate to produce nauseous messes. The making of these dishes required onions and leeks, parsley, thyme, and many similar herbs, or, on the other hand, in order to counteract the strong flavours of these it was usual to serve also conserves of acid fruits, such as the crab apple, the wild cherry, the bullace, and the hips of the dog-rose. The servitors, however, of the monasteries, the labourers on the farms, and the poorer classes generally, including the travellers, could not obtain these luxuries except on rare occasions, and for the food of these people who comprised the mass of the population, fresh and dried vegetables were the chief commodity. ‘That is the reason why we find so many kinds of herbs cultivated for their use, such as we regard only as wild plants, and to which the name of vegetable hardly applies in these days. There were beans of some kind, but the chief herbs grown were comfrey, yarrow, garlic, plantain, nettles, betony, teasle, and others, as well as aromatic plants like sage, mint, vervain, marjoram, tansy, parsley, the fleshy sedums, wormwood, basil thyme, hyssop, prim- rose, and many similar ones. Nor must fennel, periwinkle, Alexanders, and the hawthorn be omitted, because there is no doubt these were very extensively cultivated as staple foods or to. mingle with the meats. From an excellent book on ‘‘ The Feate of Gardening,’’* written about 1440, we find the names of all these plants and many others, making a total of nearly 100, which were freely grown in England as articles of food. During the centuries, when continual struggles were taking place between the Barons and the King or against continental foes, the religious houses had been left for the most part in peace and unmolested, so that from year to year the same kinds. of herbs were grown with but little change. Flowers were not sought after for the sake of their beauty as with us, but were added from time to time to the pleasure gardens of the richer houses in order to supply material for the adornment of the shrines, to form wreaths for the officiating priest on feast days, and to deck the lighted candles at the altar, or to place on the graves of the departed. This custom is alluded to by Shakespeare, who mentions the ‘“‘ pale primrose,’’ ‘‘ the azur’d harebell,’’? and ‘“‘the leafe of eglantine,’’ amongst the “‘ fairest flowers ’’ to be laid on the ‘‘ sad grave.’’+ The yellow flag and purple irises and tall white lilies were amongst the favourites grown, all known by the name of “‘ lilies’” ‘n those days, the campion, St. John’s wort, columbine, mallow ind crane’s bills, together with lavender, rosemary, and thyme. With these herbs and flowers being continually planted at fixed * By John Gardener, MS., Trinity College, Cambridge. + Cympbeline, Act iv. Sc. 2. ANNUAL ADDRESS. 1S, spots in the country it may not be wondered at that some of them, perhaps many, should survive thereabouts down to our own times. And this is no doubt the origin of the similarity of the survivals at the different sites to which attention has been called. And yet at the great religious houses how few kinds of these plants manage to remain when the destruction of the monasteries and hermitages has been so complete. And why? Because those who came afterwards found the well tilled sites so tempting to settle upon and to carry out the more modern forms of cultivation, that the gardens were naturally the first parts to feel the changed conditions, to be followed in so many instances by the destruction of all the building to supply stones for other dwelling houses. In this way all traces are lost of the gardens at Glastonbury ; at Wookey, where the Abbey of Wells is known to have had a flower garden; at Gloucester, with its vineyards; at Tintern, and at many others. Under such destruction and with such tempting soil it is only just. a few plants that still remain about the ruins that can be reasonably thought to have their origin dating back to the cultivation of the monks. These few serve to show that the permanency of growth of many more around fixed spots would have been maintained but for the interference of Iman over long periods, and a way to test it further is an examination around the abodes of hermits, where the ground has reverted to its wild state after the departure of the ancient occupants. In our own neighbourhood we have several sites occupied at one time by hermits, and these will serve the purpose of proof. If we examine the top of Brandon Hill, which was a heap of rocks until 100 years ago, or the sandstone cell between Redcliffe Church and the Harbour, it must be acknowledged we do not get any help, nor should we fairly expect any in the midst of a large city, although in the heart of Edinburgh plants of Lychnis viscaria have persisted in a wild state for many generations. If we look, however, at St. Vincent’s Rocks or at the Steep Holm we find that they have received a different kind of treatment. History tells us that on the precipitous slopes of St. Vincent’s Rocks a series of hermits had their dwelling place, and as all of them in England belonged to the Order of Austin Friars they lived on alms, and their only property was the cave or cell in which they dwelt. Small gardens would be, of course, attached for the supply of vegetables, and supplicants at the shrine, or passers-by provided the necessary bread. In those centuries the face of the cliff had not been quarried away, and there would have been a wide ledge outside the mouth of the cave with a path leading to the larger slope that stretched from the western end of the hill down to the river’s bank below the present bridge, to the ferry that crossed thence to Somerset. Canon Rawnsley, who is so well known in Cumberland for his efforts to preserve 126 ANNUAL ADDRESS. for the public the beauty spots of England, lived at Clifton in his early days, and whilst there described in verse his thoughts about the Hermit of St. Vincent’s Rock— “The full tide taught him calm ; at ebb he heard The hurrying streams his indolence rebuke! The cave’s cool drip of water was his clock! The birds to Matins called, to Vespers led; And as he knelt sweet fragrances were shed From those gold censers blowing on the rock! So with imagination for his guide The hermit lived, and loved his God and died.’’* op) “The gold censers blowing on the rock ’’ is a poetic reference to the yellow wallflowers which are so abundant on the rocks in Spring-time. These same hermits left their mark on the rocks by the pottage herbs they grew for food, which have survived down to our own days. Mention has been made of the first real book on Gardening in England published about 1440, and out of the too plants named as worthy of growth there are to be found no less than thirty-five still flourishing on St. Vincent’s Rocks, many of them, and perhaps all, descendants of the hermits’ garden. This number of thirty-five plants is given on the authority of the ‘* Flora of Bristol,’? where they can be found set out in their botanical order. These Rocks are of limestone with a very thin layer of soil on top, and around Bristol there are many similar formations, of which may be instanced the downland above the Cheddar Gorge, and the upper slopes of the Cadbury ridge towards Clevedon. On these spots there is not to be found anything like the wealth of different kinds of plants such as St. Vincent’s Rocks afford. Should not the conclusion be drawn that our particular stretch of downland owes its pre-eminence for the variety of wild flowers to the permanency with which they have survived from the hermits’ cultivation in the past? A few words about these plants may be of interest. Amongst them are those known to be some of the culinary herbs used in the making of salads and of sauces in monastic times. “The chief of these found on the Rocks is the large Umbelliferous plant named by us ‘‘ Alexanders,’’ and distinguished botanically as “the pot-herb Alexanders.’’ Of late years its growth has in- creased in such quantities as to make it a conspicuous sight in May when its yellowish-green flower-heads rise above the bright green of its foliage. Fortunately it dies down early in the summer, and in this way makes room for the more lowly flowers that follow in succession. Alexanders was eaten, both boiled * Bristol Sonnets, 1877, ‘‘ Pleasures of Imagination, or The Jackdaws above Ghyston Cave.’’ ANNUAL ADDRESS. ew and as a salad until the 17th century, when celery, which it closely resembles in appearance, was introduced into England by the Italians, and caused it thus to go out of favour. The young leaves of the purple betony, as well as those of the hawthorn and the hazel, and the fronds of the hartstongue and other ferns, were, in their season, in constant use in the kitchen. Wild Parsley, still flourishing on the lower slopes of the Rocks, was used in the seasoning of broth, and Shakespeare mentions it as an ingredient for the stuffing of rabbits.* Sauces of all kinds were very popular amongst the poor, and the hermits would, therefore, have needed and gathered the acid leaves of the Sorrel, or the pungent ones of the Mint, to flavour their otherwise tasteless vegetables, whilst those of the Fennel would have found special favour to mingle with the boiled fish and to garnish the dishes on feast days. Fennel is another of the survivals from the hermits’ herb-garden which remains vigorously established above the entrance to his cave, for its tall stems of bright yellow blossoms and deeply divided feathery leaves still add colour to the spot. Fennel was also largely used in stews to give flavour to the many dishes, together with such aromatic herbs as Marjoram, Yarrow, Basil Thyme, Sage, or Wild Clary and Vervain, which were boiled down and added as the taste of the cook suggested. The little vellow Stonecrop served its turn to be kept in pickle and eaten with oil and vinegar as a tasty savoury, and in this way many other uses might be recalled for the remaining herbs which still find in the 2oth century a permanent home on St. Vincent’s Rocks. It is interesting to note that the hermits of St. Vincent do not appear to have cultivated plants which were in those days deemed necessary for physic, but perhaps this is not to be wondered at when we recall the healthy spot they had chosen for their dwelling places. At the same time some of the culinary pot herbs already mentioned possessed medicinal qualities which would not be lost sight of when sailors or travellers needed help. Another site of an hermitage in the West of England is on the Steep Holm, where a chapel was established by a few hermits driven thither from Wales, and remained for many centuries. On a short visit to the island during the past year certain of the herbs which flourish on St. Vincent’s Rocks were noticed about the ruins on the summit, and may be the last survivals of the monkish garden known to have existed somewhere on the island. The two plants associated with this garden that have not succeeded in surviving elsewhere are the entire-leaved Peony and the wild Leek, and this deserted island of the Severn Sea is now the only home for these plants which were constantly mentioned as worthy of cultivation in the physic gardens adjoining the * Taming of the Shrew, Act.) iw. Sele 4. 128 ANNUAL ADDRESS. ed / infirmary of the other monastic houses. ‘The hermits were for- tunate to introduce a variety of Peony that could flourish on rocks always exposed to the salt spray, and this hardiness has helped the plant to maintain its position down to the present time, and to give to the neighbourhood of Bristol the opportunity to claim that one more English wild flower grows within its narrow borders, and in no other part of the kingdom.: Another plant that would have been kept in cultivation on the island is the Samphire, which still clothes the surface of the rocks facing the Channel. Its fleshy leaves are specially adapted for life in the sea air, and when pickled was a favourite relish with those monks who had to find their food in situations near the sea shore. On some other occasion it might be worth while to consider whether the many aromatic herbs that grow so freely about the neighbourhood of Tickenham Hill may not in some way owe their existence to an ancient monastery which at one time existed there; but in calling your attention to the flowers that still adorn St. Vincent’s Rocks a new interest may have been aroused in that well-known and ever attractive outlook, and may bring home to some of you the fact that the richness and diversity of its flora, as ‘admitted by botanists from all parts of the kingdom, may indeed be due to the cultivation of pot-herbs by the hermits of olden time, and brought down to us by the per- manency with which those herbs cling to their place of growth when left to the loving care of Nature. January 21st, IQIS. Hiccount of the General Mecctings and the Annual Meeting of the Society from January 22nd, 1914, to December 2nd, 1914. The following account has been compiled by the Secretary, but the Reports of the Meetings are due to the Reporting Secretary, Mr. J. Kemp, whose reports to the papers thus obtain amore permanent place. There are but few alterations as com- pared with the form in which the reports appeared in either the Western Daily Press or the Times and Mirror. THE sist ANNUAL MEETING. january 2end, 1914. (Brisol Times and Mirror, Jan. 26th, 1914). The Bristol Naturalists’ Society held its 51st annual meeting at the University. The Council and officers were re-elected for the ensuing year, Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., being the President for mie second tine, and Dr. O. V. Darbishire the Honorary Secretary. Messrs. Bathurst Hony, Savory, and Robson were elected ordinary members, and Miss Lucas an associate. Mr. J. IT. Kemp showed The Family Herbal, issued in 1812, in foruseathy parts, by Sir John Hill, M.D. . Mr. G. C. Griffiths showed several Australian butterflies, and made special reference to Euschemon rafflesie, a very rare insect which he had hoped to prove to be a real butterfly, although it had characters pertaining to the moths. Mr. J. W. White congratulated Mr. Cedric Bucknall on the critical monograph lately written by him on the genus “‘Symphytum,’’ and published by the Linnean Society. He said it was doubly interesting because it was prepared by a past Vice-President and was founded on local plants. Miss I. M. Roper then gave her presidential address on ‘‘ Some Historical Associations of Flowers.”’ (N.B.—Miss Roper’s annual address is printed in full in the last number of the Proceedings). EtG 2zorn GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. Hebriary, Stay hon: (Bristol Times and Mirror, Feb. oth, 1914). At the last meeting of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society Miss Roper (President) presided. The Report of the Council for ror13 was read by Dr. Darbishire showing a net increase of 28 members, which Miss Roper regarded as very gratifying. Dr. W. A. Smith, Hon. Treasurer of the Society, reported receipts amounting to 130 ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. £53 11s. 8d., being an increase of £3 14s..73d. The expenses — of the year amounted to £78 12s. 1o$d., as against far 15s. 5d. in 1912. Dr. Smith explained that this increase in expenditure was largely apparent, being due to various accounts, which in previous years had been a year behind in payment, now being paid up-to-date. The Librarian’s Report was then read by Dr. Darbishire. In response to the President’s request for exhibits, Dr. Darbishire demonstrated the ease with which some roofing slate could be split into thin layers of uniform thickness. Another member exhibited a flower gathered in South Africa and brought to England in the cold storage retaining its fresh- ness. Mr. C. Hunter then gave a lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, on the subject of ‘‘ Peat,’’ of which he explained that there were two kinds, viz., dry peat, formed of the roots of heath plants on dry surfaces when the rainfall is small, and wet peat, formed in low-lying situations when the rain is heavy. Of the latter, Sedgmoor is an example. The region has evidence of having once been an arm of the sea, which was eventually shut off by the formation of a barrier from the Bristol Channel, after which the peat began to form. A British village has been dis- — covered built on a foundation of brushwood and protected by palisades. Most probably it was approached by boat. . There is a Roman road across Sedgmoor, which is found six feet below the surface at Ashcott. The Abbot’s Path from Glastonbury to Bartle, where the monks had a chapel, is buried from two to seven feet. The lecturer showed specimens of different kinds of peat and peat forming plants. Miss Roper exhibited a photograph of a boat, now in the Taunton Museum, supposed to have been constructed about Z5OMBEee A discussion followed, in which several members joined. A vote of thanks to Mr. Hunter concluded the proceedings. THE 440TH GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. | March 5th, ror4. (Western Daily Press, March 7th, 1014). At the meeting of the Bristol Naturalists, held in the University on Thursday evening, the chair was occupied by the President, Miss Roper. The minutes having been passed, the Secretary read a letter from Dr. Horne, Kerlegh; Cobham, Surrey, who is preparing a monograph on certain species of Stellaria, asking for specimens of S. graminea, S. palustris, and S. uliginosa, from the Bristol district. Dr. Darbishire showed, by means of the ultra-microscope, the movement of the particles of gold in a colloidal solution of gold ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. 131 in water. Their diameter is estimated at .oooo06 millimetre. They are in a state of perpetual motion. Owing to their exceed- ing minuteness, they can only be detected when illuminated in a certain way. Mr. White, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Ulricularia neglecta, which he gathered at Tadham Moor last year. He first discovered it as an inhabitant of the Somerset peat moors, near Shapwick, in 1902. Mr. Griffiths, F.Z.S., exhibited speci- mens of the wood argus butterfly (Pararge egeria) with their bright green pupe. The chief business of the evening followed, Mr. C. T. Giming- ham’s paper on ‘‘ Henri Fabre, Entomologist and Poet,’’ in which he dealt with the career and work of that eminent French naturalist, who is still living at the age of 90, having been born near Laon in 1823. He was descended from small farmers, but poverty compelled his parents to forsake the country when he was twelve years old, and to keep cafés in one small town after another. Henri Fabre had a hard time, but managed to acquire a knowledge of grammar, mathematics and Latin, and in 1844 he passed the licentiate examination in mathematics and physics at Avignon. He then settled at Ajaccio, in Corsica, as a teacher. There he studied botany, and a year or two later passed the licentiate examination in natural history. He then began his. wonderful discoveries in connection with the life history and habits of certain species of sand wasps, of which the lecturer gave a very interesting account. Fabre then settled at Avignon, where he held a position in the University, which he eventually resigned owing to the jealousy of his colleagues. He enjoyed the friendship of John Stuart Mill, and corresponded with Darwin, but he refuses to accept the Darwinian theory of evolu- tion, or to formulate anything of the origin of species. He has written many books on natural history, combining scientific accuracy with poetical feeling. He still works among insects, studying their habits in his wild garden. ‘The lecturer exhibited cases containing some of the insects mentioned in his address. Miss Roper thanked Mr. Gimingham for his scholarly paper. She added that not a single one of Fabre’s works was to be found in the’ Bristol public libraries. Several members then spoke. Dr. Rudge stated that Fabre denied the existence of mimicry among insects. THE 441st GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. April 2nd, 1014. (Bristol Times and Mirror, April 4th, 1914). A general meeting of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society was held in the University Medical Library on Thursday, when Miss 132 ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. Roper, the President, occupied the chair. The minutes were read by Dr. Prowse, in the absence of the Hon. Secretary, Dr. Darbishire. Miss Roper announced the death of one of the hon. members of the Society, Mr. E. C. Reed, who was resident in Chili. Mr. R. M. Prideaux, an entomologist of distinction, was elected in his place. Certain alterations in the Society’s laws, which were to have been proposed by Dr. Darbishire, were brought forward by the President and carried. A letter was read from the Selborne Society on the protection of wild plants, to which the Council had replied giving their support, and the Council’s action was approved by the meeting. A specimen of Ophrys lutea in flower was exhibited by Mr. White. The plant is a native of the South of France and Spain. ‘The Presi- dent and Mr. White showed volumes of two great works on English wild plants now being published. The chief business of the evening was a lantern lectures by Mr. J. H. Savory on ‘‘ Caves and Cave Gorges of Mendip.’’ Mr. Savory began his address by describing the formation of caverns by the dissolving power of water flowing through fissures and lines of weakness in limestone rocks. Diagrams of the course of undeground waters from the ‘‘ swallet hole ’’ where the surface water enters the ground were shown. ‘These were followed by some pictures of stalactites and stalagmites. A picture of the explorer’s kit, including rope ladder, ropes, pickaxes, camera, lanterns, flash-light, etc., was followed by many striking photo- graphs taken during the course of actual exploration by Mr. Savory and his party in Eastwater Swallet, Lambs’ Lair, Wookev Hole, and other places. Miss Roper congratulated Mr. Savory on his work. A vote of thanks was proposed by Dr. Prowse, seconded by Dr. Munro Smith, and carried with acclamation. THE 442np GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. May 7th, ro14. (Bristol Times and Mirror, May oth, 1014). The closing meeting of the 1913-14 session of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society was held at the University, when the chair was occupied by the President, Miss Roper. The minutes having been read and passed, the elction of two associates was announced by the President. The Secretary, Dr. Darbishire, proposed for the second time certain alterations in the laws of Society which being again carried, now come into operation. The President announced that several promising papers for the next session, commencing in October, had been received, -and that it was intended to hold another exhibition, simlar to that of 1973, in November. She then called on Mr. D. E. F.-Innes to read his paper on ‘‘ Lakes and Rivers,’’ which was accompanied by ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. 133: a beautiful and instructive series of lantern slides, mostly views of river and lake scenery, illustrating their various types and their origin. Commencing with rivers, Mr. Innes explained how they cut down their channels and frequently alter their courses, and how waterfalls are formed. Some rivers are of immense age, like the Indus and the Brahmaputra, which, cutting as they do through the Himalaya mountains, must have begun their exist- ence before their upheaval and have excavated their channels as fast as the land surface rose. Turning to lakes, the speaker classified them under four heads. First are barrier lakes, when the water has been impounded by a barrier, which may be formed im various ways, such as an avalanche or glacier, a glacial moraine, a landslip, or an accumulation of blown sand. The second class includes true rock basins cut out of solid rock by the passage of glaciers. Many of the Scottish lakes have orginated in this way. Other basins have been formed by the removal of undeground material, such as beds of rock salt, which is the case with the Cheshire meres. ‘The third class of lakes are those formed by earth movements; it includes the largest lakes in the world, such as the great lakes of North America and the Fast African lakes. The fourth class are lakes which occupy voleanic craters. Mr. Innes’s lecture was listened to with great interest, a hearty vote of thanks being passed, on the motion of the President. ANNUAL SUMMER EXCURSION OF THE SOCIETY. July. woth. 1o1* Gerisiol Limes and Mirror, July 21st, 1014). The Bristol Naturalists’ Society had their Annual Summer Excursion on Saturday afternoon, when a party of about 65 members and their friends, under the leadership of Miss Roper (President of the Society) visited Ashton Park. The place of meeting was Bower Ashton Lodge, where the party assembled at three o’clock. On entering the park they were first of all conducted through the fruit and vegetable garden and hothouses by the head gardener. They then proceeded, accompanied by Mr. H. B. Napier (steward of the estate), to the vicinity of the house, where they inspected the ornamental flower garden and conservatories. Some of the fine specimens of trees and shrubs attracted much attention. The party then had a long walk, passing through the deer park to the bungalow near Beggarbush Lane, where tea was provided. The deer were seen to great advantage in the open ground. After tea votes of thanks to Lady Smyth for her kindness in permitting the Society to visit the park, and to Mr. and Mrs. Napier for their part in facilitating the success of the day, were proposed by Dr. Shingleton Smith 134 ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. (the oldest member of the Society present), and seconded by Dr. Harrison. Before dispersing the party spent some time in the museum in the bungalow, which is noted for the magnificent collection of birds it contains. The visit was arranged by Miss Roper, with the assistance of Mr. C. J. Hodgson. THE 443rD GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. October ist, ror4. (Bristol Times and Mirror, Oct. 2nd, 1914). Mr. Raymond Priestley, who was a member of the expedition which went in*1910 under Captain Scott, to carry out scientific work on the Antarctic Continent, gave a delightful lecture at Bristol University on ‘‘ The History of the Northern Party of Captain Scott’s Expedition.’’ The lecturer, a native of Tewkes- bury, was formerly at Bristol University, but is now training at Cambridge as a wireless signaller, and will shortly go to the war. The lecture was under the auspices of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, and Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S., its President, was in the chair. The President said they were met to hear Mr. Priestley give some account of his experience during the last expedition to the South Pole, organised by Capt. Scott, who left England in rog1o. Mr. Priestley scarcely needed an introduction. She might re- mind them, however, that while he was still a student at Bristol University he was chosen, on account of his great scientific abilities, to be a member of an expedition to the South Pole, in which he proved such a success that he was again selected for the post of geologist on the scientific staff of Ctptain Scott’s expedi- tion. Inasmuch as Mr. Priestley would speak about a part of the world which none of them knew much about, they would listen with interest and enjoy what he would tell them. The lecturer told the audience that he went in I910, in con- junction with Capt. Scott, with a scientific party to explore a district covering 500 miles in South Victoria Land. ‘The party consisted of himself, Commander Campbell, Dr. Levick, and Seamen Abbott, Browning, and Dickason. Speaking of the Antarctic Continent, to which they went, he said that most of it was a plateau of from 6,000 to 10,000 feet above sea level, which would give them some idea of the difficulties of entering such a land. He gave an interesting account of the journey south in the Terra Nova approaching the Antarctic and presented portraits of the chief personages of the expedition. The ship was a wooden one because in was less liable to be damaged by pack ice. Having established Capt. Scott in his winter quarters, at Rose Island, he (the lecturer) and his little party went further to the east. They tried to get ashore at King Edward VII. Land, but ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. 135 were unable to do so. ‘They went further, intending to land on the barrier, but there they found Amundsen, and had to turn back. Finally they got ashore at Cape Adare, 500 miles to the north. ‘They were left there on February 8th, 1911 by the Terra Nova, which arranged to call for them on about Jan. 8th the following year. The lecturer, by means of slides, explained some of the difficulties encountered. The velocity of the wind sometimes reached 100 miles an hour. ‘They spent the winter tolerably pleasantly, with plenty of amusements, food, and occu- pation. They did a good deal of sledging, and met with many adventures. Mr. Priestley showed pictures of animals, birds, and fishes, and narrated some amusing and instructive incidents. When the Terra Nova returned it carried the little party about 300 miles to Hvan’s Cove for a six weeks’ sledging journey, with just sufficient food for that period. They travelled many miles, and made a survey of the country. At the end of the time when they were to have been picked up by the vessel she could not ‘reach them, as there was 18 miles of pack ice, which prevented the ship reaching them, and there was ten miles of open water, which prevented the party reaching the ice, and the vessel went away. The party had to remain about nine months without shelter or reserve of food. And all that period there were not twenty-four hours’ calm weather. Storms raged the whole time. The little food they had they economised with great care, and eked out an existence with seals, the stomach of one of which furnished them with 36 fish. For shelter they hollowed out a snowdrift, and made a carpet of seaweed. At the end of September, 1912, they were able to start a journey down the coast to join up with the main party, and after going 230 miles, living on half-rations, they reached their destination just after an expedition had set out to recover the body of Captain Scott. They waited on Ross Island until the Terra Nova returned home. The slides with which the lecture was illustrated were exceed- ingly good, and brought to the sight a vivid idea of the nature of the country and the adventures of the party. Professor Lloyd Morgan, in proposing a vote of thanks to the lecturer, expressed regret at the inability of the Vice-Chancellor to be present. The way in which the audience had listened to the lecture had already shown Mr. Priestley that they most thoroughly appreciated the way in which he had put before them such an extraordinarily interesting story. The name _ of Priestley was somewhat honoured in that University. The lecturer himself was a student under his friend and colleague, Professor Reynolds; and his brother, now Professor Priestley, was at the University for many years. Hence it was a particular pleasure to him (the speaker) to be present to hear a former Uni- versity College student speak to them in such a graphic way, and to feel that they had partially trained a man of so much grit. One thing which showed through the delightful humour of his charming and instructive lecture was that there was a good deal 136 ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. of firm setting of teeth and just worrying through, as Englishmen had a way of doing. Dr. Tyndall seconded the resolution, and expressed pleasure at having had a small share in the training of Mr. Priestley. The proposition was enthusiastically carried. THE 444ra GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. November 5th, ror. (Bristol Times and Mirror, Nov. 7th, 1914). The second general meeting of the session was held at the University on Thursday evening, the chair being occupied by Miss Roper, F.L.S., President of the Society. Dr. Munro Smith gave a short address on instances of intelligence in cats and dogs, but the greater part of the evening was devoted to the inspection of some very interesting exhibits brought to the meeting by several members. Mr: G. C. Griffiths, F.Z.S., showed a fine ° collection of European butterflies, chiefly British, illustrating seasonal variation. Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., brought speci- mens of a plant new to the Bristol district, viz., a rush (Juncus tenuis), discovered in the Avon by Mrs. Sandwith ; also a variety not hitherto named of the sea sharp rush (Juncus maritimus). Miss Roper exhibited examples of plants showing abnormal growth of flowers or leaves. They included white clover, in which the floral organs had taken on leafy forms; yellow toad- flax, showing the corolla changed from the usual irregular shape into a regular tube with five spurs; St. John’s wort, with the corolla (usually five yellow petals) entirely suppressed ; primrose, two variations, viz., one with sepals turned into true leaves, and another with two flowers on the same stalk; cowslip, also two variations, one with two tiers of flowers on the same stalk, the other with the umbel of flowers turned into leaves ; together with abnormal forms of honeysuckle, plantain, garlx, willow and hartstongue. Dr. Darbishire showed a selection of botanical specimens from the University collection. It should be added that the above meeting took the place of the exhibition meeting planned by the Society for this session, but which it has been found impossible to hold under existing circumstances. THE 445TH GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY. December 3rd, 1014. (Western Daily Press, December 7th, 1914). The last meeting for the year of the Bristol Naturalist’ Society was held at the University on Thursday night, the chair being occupied by the President, Miss Roper. The minutes of the previous meeting having been passed, Miss Roper expressed her ACCOUNT OF GENERAL MEETINGS AND ANNUAL MEETING. Kom pleasure at seeing such a good attendance. ‘The first business of the meeting was the nomination of officers and Council of the Society for 1915. The only members’ exhibit was a specimen of the white water lily, by Miss Roper. This plant was included in the local collection gathered by Dr. Stevens between 1840 and 1850, but had never been met with since until the present year, when Miss Roper and her brother found it growing in a rhine between Nailsea and Tickenham. The President then called on Miss May to give her address on ‘‘ The Animal Life of the Sea- -shore,’’ which proved deeply interesting, being illustrated with lantern slides and specimens. There are, said the lecturer, two main types of beaches, viz., the rocky shore abounding in pools left by the tide, and the flat, sandy beach. Between are every gradation. The rocky coasts abound in animals which inhabit the pools, whereas it is only close to the low water line on sandy shores that animals have their natural habitat, though many interesting species are found among the refuse of the high tide mark. Miss May then gave some accounts of the animal life she had met with among the rocks of the Cornish coast and on flat shores. Among the former she mentioned the sea anemones, two species of which are nearly always found in whelk shells inhabited by the hermit crab, an association which, in some ways, tends to their mutual advan- tage. Possibly the anemone feeds on the refuse of the hermit crabs’ food, while it protects the latter from some enemies. Above the high tide line rock pools of brackish water sometimes occur which are rarely reached by the sea. ‘These often contain species of animals different from the other pools. At Clevedon they abounded in a large crustacean resembling a wood louse. On sandy shores marine worms, such as the lugworm and burrow- ing molluscs like the razor shell, lived close to the low water line, while in the dry sand sand-hoppers abounded. Large numbers of animal forms were found among the seaweed thrown up at high tide, many of which the lecturer described. They included sponges, hydrozoa (often mistaken for seaweeds), polyzoa, of which the sea mat (Flustra) is a familiar example, annelids (including the sea-mouse, Aphrodite), molluscs, echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins), tunicata (sea squirts), &c. Eggs of marine animals are very common. Miss Roper congratulated Miss May on her very comprehensive lecture. _ Dr. Rudge, after complimenting the lecturer, spoke of a very interesting group of fishes, viz., the pipe-fishes, often found in rock pools. Mr. T. H. Davis added that pipe-fishes were very abundant in Jersey. A hearty vote of thanks to Miss May concluded the meeting. Bristol Botany tn 1914. By Jas. W. Wuire, F.L.S. HE progress of local field-botany during the past year can be described as in all respects satisfactory. Outstanding incidents of importance include an addition to the Bristol list of two species of flowering plants not previously known within our area. Other discoveries —almost if not quite as gladdening ~ as the finding of new plants in the district—have confirmed old records for several rarities, records made long ago by our fore- runners who in describing their gatherings did not always leave the exact directions that would have guided other folk to the localities they noted. And so, for half a century sometimes, their botanical successors have been hunting for those spots, have drawn blank, and it may be have tried to cover their failure by proclaiming that the desired plants must ‘‘ have died out,’’ or (to use a frequent expression of one of my old friends when thus thwarted) ‘‘ have been destroyed by quarrying’’; when, as it eventually proved, no quarryings were thereabout ! It will be seen that most of these successes are due to the assiduity of a rising generation of botanists whose good work it is the pleasant privilege of a veteran to welcome and to chronicle in this place. He ventures to believe that these young and active ones will go on working in sympathetic fellowship, and by their efforts keep Bristol botany on the high level it may claim to have attained. Ranunculus Lingua L. In 1865 Mr. T. H. Yabbicom gathered the Great Spearwort on ‘‘ Walton Moor’’ and placed a speci- men in the herbarium of this Society. So far as is known to the writer the plant was not again noticed in that neighbourhood until r914, when it was re-discovered by the Misses Cundall in a peaty ditch, well choked with vegetation, a short distance west of Clapton-in-Gordano Church. There was a fain quanti extending about 100 yards, but when that ditch in turn is cleared and dug out another lengthy period of scarcity will probably follow. The small patches of R. Lingua that occur in the Bristol district are separated from each other by wide intervals. It is a species that never spreads or scatters itself over large areas even when the surrounding ground appears identical in every Tespect. Thus, on the great expanse of peat-moor between Highbridge and Glastonbury this plant grows only in one place where last year there seemed to be no more and no less of it than there was forty years ago. Helleborus viridis L. Miss I. M. Roper has shown me a nice clump in an old orchard near the Severn in Hallen Marsh. ‘This 1s quite a new locality for the plant. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1914. 139 Aconitum Napellus L. For another most interesting confirma- tion we are indebted to Mr. W. H. Pullin who found the Aconite still growing in Glen Frome where, it may be remembered, Mr. W. W. Stoddart had described its occurrence nearly half a century before. In June last, when I visited the spot with Mr. Pullin, there were at least a dozen stems on a steep wooded bank above the Frome, in a part of the domain where one could not detect any evidence of planting. ; Castalia speciosa Salisb. ‘The late Dr. H. O. Stephens was not accustomed to date his specimens, but we know that the White Water-Lily from Tickenham Moor in his herbarium would not have been gathered later than 1870. In all the years that followed, oddly enough, I do not remember that anyone has mentioned the plant’s presence on the moor. Yet it still exists in one of the main rhines, as reported last season by Mr. F. Samson. [Roemeria hybrida D.C. ‘This elegant and fragile little poppy is invariably of alien origin with us—introduced with foreign corn—but its rarity and beauty always arrest attention. Six or eight plants were seen by Mr. Ivor W. Evans on a fowl-run near Baptist Mills ; and during the past summer others came up upon a peculiarly productive dust-heap in another direction. At the latter place a number of rare and curious visitors accompanied the Roemeria, viz., Trifolium resupinatum, Heliotropium europeum, Artemisia Absinthium, Onopordum Acanthium, and Chenopodium olidum. | Reseda alba L. On waste ground near the Palace, Redland, Sept., 1914 3 Ivor W. Evans. Hypericum elodes L. Vast August I had the satisfaction of at length setting eyes on a mass of this pretty bog plant, hitherto so elusive, on the Glastonbury peat-moor. Mr. T. W. Green had detected it in one or two old pits, probably the locality of Sole and Clark, ‘‘ towards the eastern end of the moor.”’ Lathyrus palustris L. As a return in kind for the service just mentioned, I gladly led Mr. Green to the station for this lovely vetchling which I had not visited for many years. As in old days, a number of the plants were barren and bore the broad blunt leaflets described by Mr. D. Fry in my Flora. Saxifraga granulata L. Quite a large patch on a bank of the G.W.R. near Keynsham was observed and identified from the window of a train by Mrs. E. P. Sandwith. A very remarkable instance of plant dispersal by railway traffic. Although a rare species in Gloucester and Somerset it is common in Berkshire and grows there on railway banks, so we may reasonably infer that it has travelled to us from the east. My friend Mr. H. S. Thompson tells me that he has seen it too on a railway bank near Stevenage, Hertfordshire. A capital photograph of the plant as it occurs near Keynsham has been taken by Mr. Ivor W. Evans. 140 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1914. Taraxacum palustre D.C. New to the Bristol flora. Discovered on Yate Common, May, 1914, by Mr. Cedric Bucknall. He considers it a distinct species of Dandelion, an opinion that I share. It appears to be an early flowerer and to continue only a short time. Nothing could be seen of it at the end of June. Campanula patula L. New to West Gloucester. Discovered by H. W. L. Harford, Esq., on the range of hills near Horton. The plant was stated to occur sparingly and to be much nibbled by rabbits or sheep. Andromeda polifolia L. The beautiful Bog-bell has latterly become much less plentiful on the Glastonbury peat-moors, for reasons given in Fl. Brist. p. ar4. It can, “howevyeq emi we found with difficulty and in small quantity as I saw it in August last, sheltered under bushes of Ling on the edges of old turf- cuttings east of Shapwick Station. But I mention it here chiefly on account of the remarkable confirmation of a statement in Winscombe Sketches (1882) that it had grown on Blackdown. In his second book, A Mendip Valley (1892), the late Mr. Theo. Compton said the Andromeda ‘‘ had been included in the Flora of our hills, but I have not met with it.”’ As neither I, my friends, nor anyone else apparently, had been able to find it, although the upland boggy ground had been _ repeatedly examined, I assumed (Fl. Brist. loc. cit.) that the report was erroneous. For that imputation I now express regret, since in October last Mrs. Sandwith detected a few little plants near the top of Blackdown, and on November 4, guided by her, I gathered a sprig in flower. Odontites rubra Gilib. A rare and pretty sport of this species with pure white flowers is persistent and plentiful on a grassy roadside about a mile beyond Downend Cemetery, where it has been known to Mr. H. J. Wadlow for some years. Mentha piperita L. It is interesting to note that this Mint is not really gone from the locality at Woollard, where it had not been seen since 1887, and had been given up as lost by Mr. David Fry and myself. When Mrs. Sandwith visited the spot last summer it had re-appeared. Galeopsis Ladanum L. Specimens with white flowers have been gathered between Brentry and Filton by Alderman C. E. S. Gardner. Scutellaria minor L. We have two new localities for the Lesser Scull-cap, viz., Milbury Heath Plantation, G.; and towards the eastern side of the Glastonbury peat-moor, S. The scarcity of this plant on so large a tract of suitable heath and bog is inexplicable. [ Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. A North American Goose- foot, closely allied to C. album, which has been collected from two rubbish-tips by Miss I. M. Roper. | i CTR = ee Be eet BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1914. 141 Polygonum minus Huds. ‘his rarity still continues at the spot on Catcott Moor where it was observed twenty years ago. Euphorbia._Lathyris L. As a sporadic alien the Caper Spurge has shown itself rather frequently of late. Mr. Ivor W. Evans noted at least 20 fine plants near the Sewage Disposal Works in Stoke Bishop Wood ; and he met with others on a railway bank near Keynsham and on a wall at Frenchay. Narcissus biflorus Curtis. We have a new locality in a meadow on the flats between Portbury Church and the Channel, where Miss Lucas came across five or six clumps. Lemna trisulca L. and L. minor L. ‘These Duckweeds were not actually seen flowering in their native peat-moor ditches ; but some fronds were noticed by Mrs. Sandwith to be apparently in bud. ‘These she secured and placed in a basin in a sunny window, carefully removing any small snails and water insects that might do damage by biting off the stamens when they projected, and was presently rewarded with a good crop of both species in flower. Juncus tenuis Willd. New to the district. Our attention has been directed by Mrs. Sandwith to a quantity of this interesting rush doing well along a riverside path by the Avon below Bristol. The standing of J. tenuis as a native British plant seems.to be insecure. In the London Catalogue it is treated as indigenous, but Druce and others regard it with suspicion. Apart from Don’s Scottish records its history in Britain goes no farther back than thirty years or so, though during that period it has become known in a number of widely separated stations. ‘That a plant so distinctly characterised should have been entirely overlooked in all these localities by former generations of botanists is incon- ceivable, and I have little doubt that good judges will agree that in most cases, if not in all, the plant has been introduced— ’ probably from the United States to begin with, and then when well established in one or two centres its dispersal would not be difficult. In this Avonside instance local botanists are clear that the plant cannot have been present more than three or four vears at the outside, and that being so the date of introduction might coincide with the erection of some fixed lights on metal stan- dards that have been placed at various points along the river- bank as aids to navigation. ‘These standards with the lighting apparatus were imported from Belfast, and the supposition is that J. tenuis, which has grown for years in Belfast harbour, was included in the material used for packing, and in that way reached the spots where it is now established. Cyperus fuscus Li. None has been seen for several years in the ditches where it was discovered, although searched for repeatedly. Carex pallescens L. Not a very rare sedge, but is the subject of another acceptable confirmation of an old record. In 1885 142 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1914. Mr. Edwin Wheeler found one or two plants “‘in an open glade of Leigh Woods.’’ No other person seems to have observed it in Leigh Woods until 1914 when a specimen was brought thence by Mr. Noel Sandwith, also from an open glade. Carex filiformis L. In August last, under the guidance of Mr. TIT’. H. Green, I saw this slender-leaved sedge in abundance over a small area in the locality recorded by the late Thos. Clark sixty years ago, and only a short distance from the Hypericum clodes. The peculiarly restricted occurrence of these and other species is a striking and perplexing feature of the peat-moor flora. [Hordeum jubatum L. ‘This handsome grass, of North American origin, has been gathered on rubbish-tips in St. Philip’s Marsh by Mrs. Sandwith, and near Brislington by Miss Roper. It had previously been observed in Kent and Oxford- shire |. Asplenium lanceolatum Huds. In my account of this rare fern (Fl. Brist. p. 685) I ventured to anticipate that it would be found in other spots along the course of the Frome. Through the explorations of Mr. W. H. Pullin this has actually proved to be the case. Mr. Pullin has pointed out two spots, higher up the valley, where A. lanceolatum grows in fair quantity on precipi- tous sandstone rocks above the river. Botrychium Lunaria L. On Barrow Hill, not far from the Jubilee Stone, about a dozen plants of Moon-wort have been shown me by Mrs. E. P. Sandwith. I regret that this recital of many acquisitions must be accom- panied by a tale of losses through the destruction of the old coal canal that formerly conveyed barges from Camerton by way of Radford and Dunkerton to Midford and the Avon. A new rail- way has lately been constructed along that route and part of its course runs actually in the bed of the old canal. Remaining portions of the canal that still held water have been cut and drained, and are now filled with a rank dry-ground vegetation. The effect of these alterations, unfortunately, is that we are robbed of three good species, viz., Oecenanthe fluviatilis, Potamogeton Friesii, and Chara contraria. ‘The two latter may possibly be discovered elsewhere, but there can be little or no hope of the Oenanthe. In conclusion I take the opportunity of correcting an error that crept into my Fifty Years of Botany in Bristol, recently published by the Society. I was led to say that Lunularia vulgaris had fruited abundantly about our city, whereas I am now informed that this Hepatic, though by no means rare in the district, has not yet been found in fruit. Mr. EK. H. Read tells me, moreover, that the Cathedral Close is now ‘‘so delicately swept and garnished that no Hepatic can keep its footing there at the present day.’’ The Natural History of Steep Holm. TEEP HOLM, which once formed part of the peninsula of Brean Down, is a rocky island of limestone in the Bristol Channel about two or three miles from the coast of Weston-super- Mare, and is a conspicuous object, rising as it does perpendicularly out of the water to a height of nearly 260 feet. It has long been known as an interesting spot from a botanist’s point of view, and yet comparatively few of them have ever landed on its shores. Turner, when Dean of Wells in the 16th century, seems to have visited the island, because in his famous Herbal, written in 1562, he speaks of plants growing in a ‘‘ certain Island between the far part of Somersetshire and Wales.’’ Lobelius, the Fleming, must have landed there soon after, and a century later it is on record that the botanist James Newton went there on behalf of Ray and noted Allium Ampeloprasum, one of the special plants that flourish on the heights. In 1773 we know that the Rev. John Lightfoot, a Gloucestershire man, in company with Sir Joseph Banks, paid a visit to the sister islands of Steep and Flat Holm and studied their flora. The first published record of the existence of the celebrated Peony appears to have been made in 1803 by Mr. F. B. Wright, who lived at Hinton Blewett, near Clutton, and that flower and the leek have been from then onwards the great attraction in drawing people to pay a visit to Steep Holm. A complete or exact examination of the island, in order to record its total flora as apart from noting endemic species, or the little known plants that are usually associated with lmestone soils, appears not yet to have been carried out, or at least there are no such lists on record. A landing on the little beach is only possible when the sea is fairly calm, and it may be necessary to wait for days together to effect a visit, and this would check a thorough exploration of the many hollows and rocky clefts. The first account met with is from a visit conducted by Mr. John Storrie, of Cardiff, in 1877, accompanied by three other members of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, who landed on the island in June and stayed one night at the so-called hotel. He mentions less than 20 plants as worthy of comment. ‘The Cardiff Naturalists, however, got up a larger party of ladies and gentle- men in May, 1883, who spent an afternoon in rambling over the heights. Mr. Storrie was again of the party, and by the help of some members, he compiled a list to form the ‘‘ Flora of the Steep Holm.’’ The names are given of 149 flowers and grasses, including even the common daisy, but later observers feel the party must have been marvellously successful in obtaining cer- tain flowers which have not come under their notice at the same time of year. On the same visit he mentions four species of land shells and one variety. The next list of plants we have is one compiled by the Rev. R. P. Murray, the author of the 144 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STEEP HOLM. “‘Elora of Somerset,’? who, accompanied by our ex-President, Mr. J. W. White, paid a visit to the island in July, 18091, and published the results of the day’s gatherings in the ‘* Journal of Botany ”’ of that year. A long period of neglect appears to have followed this visit, probably because the farmer who occupied the island did not encourage strangers to land, and because it was realized that there were no special plants of interest to be found there beyond the two or three rarities already known to the general botanist. Certain changes in the occupancy have afforded an opportunity in the last two or three years for visits to be paid with greater freedom of movement, and therefore several British field botanists have spent a day there. At the end of May, 1914, a party of seven Bristol Naturalists went to the island to study also the molluscs and the insect life. Messrs. A. E. Hudd, C. E. L. Gardner, and Miss Roper confined themselves to the plant life, and their joint observations resulted ina list of 92 flowering plants. Mr. F. G. Pearcey, as the conchologist, collected some valuable material that has been added to the Bristol Museum, and Messrs. G. C. Griffiths, C. Bartlett, and Miss Nora Ward, studied the entomology. Full details of their finds will be given by them later in this paper. BOTANY.—By Ipa M. Roprr, F.L.S. Mr. Murray, in his account, says that probably the entire vegetation of the island—flowering plants ‘and cryptogams— does not much exceed 150 species in the whole year, and as our list does not include the grasses and was made at the end of May it would seem that our record of 92 species and varieties was a good result for the comparatively short time at our disposal. The weather for some weeks previously had been very dry so that many of the smaller plants were past and over, whilst much of the herbage on the summit had been eaten down by a donkey and several goats, which had the free run of the island. The party was landed on a pebbly beach about 4o yards in length, which is devoid of vegetation except for a few plants of Beta maritima, whose fleshy root is able to force its way down to a constant supply of water. The island is about a mile and a half in circumference, and the ascent begins at once by a few steps, and a steep winding path fashioned out of the face of the rock, and leading upwards to the grassy plateau. At the top are the remains of old buildings, and some further distance on is a small dwelling house. There are no trees on the island, except two or three small sycamores near the landing stage, and the shrubs are all stunted from the force of the wind. There was reason to think that the Peonia corallina had become very scarce compared with what was known of it years MMR eteeete sot - THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STEEP HOLM. 145 ago, and it was only towards the end of our day that we came upon a small patch surviving on an almost inaccessible ledge on the face of a cliff. The flowers were, of course, past as it blossoms in April, but there were to be seen some fruits of two to five leathery follicles covered with soft down. It must be recorded with regret that this beautiful rarity is no longer to be found in other parts of the island. The Allium Ampelopsosum was not noticed, probably because it does not blossom before August, and its grass-like leaves can well be overlooked amongst the surrounding herbage. On the side facing the sea were clumps of Crithmum, and the white blossoms of the Cochlearia officinalis. The plants were all very small compared with those growing on the mainland about Kew- stoke, where the leaves are often a couple of inches in diameter. Amongst them was a variety of Plantago coronopus first noticed on the Steep Holm in 1910 by Mr. F. N. Williams, and named at Kew var. Sabrine after the Severn Sea. The whole plant is much more woolly than the type, and the leaves wider with dentate margins rather than pinnatifid. Kentranthus, Foeniculum, and Conium showed amongst the dominant masses of Smyrnium in full bloom. Its large glossy leaves were badly infested with the parasitic Puccinia Smyrnii as noted by the Cardiff Naturalists nearly forty years before. Mr. Murray saw only the common lime- stone bramble, Rubus rusticanus, which is abundant, but a barren shoot of R. pyramidalis, a bramble often to be met with on the mainland, was gathered on this occasion. On rocks leading up to the plateau were small plants of Polypodium, Asplenium Trichomanes, and A. Ruta-muraria ; and between the loose stones was Geranium Robertianum var. maritimum Bab. ‘The gravel paths on the top are moss grown with here and there tiny plants of Geranium molle and the rarer Erodium maritimum. Sedum acre is abundant everywhere, on the rocks and on the ground. A large patch was different in appearance to the others, and in the opinion of Mr. G. Claridge Druce it corresponds with his var. Drucei. On the north side of the Island the cliffs rise perpendicularly from the sea, and on the ledges grow Lavatera arborea, patches of Statice maritima, and Silene maritima, the typical plant with purple veins on the sepals, together with the form having bladders of a pale greenish yellow without any markings, common on the Chesil Beach, Dorset. A small quantity of Limonium binervosum was noticed with pleasure, because it was seen on Steep Holm in July, 1773, by Sir Joseph Banks and his companion, Lightfoot, and is now lost from many of its positions on the mainland through building operations. Amongst the longer herbage of the downland were small plants of the tiny Vicia lathyroides, only previously noted by Mr. Storrie in 1883. It was associated as is often the case with small plants of the more conspicuous V’. angustifolia. The remaining plants noticed were the same as other observers have recorded. 146 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STEEP HOLM. MOLLUSCA:—By F.-Gi Pearcey, Reese In the ‘‘ Mollusca of Somerset,’’ by Mr. EK. W. Swanton, a list of about a dozen species is recorded for the Steep Holm and the Flat Holm; and the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society records for 1883 that four species and one variety were seen on the Steep Holm. Since that date no systematic list appears to have been published. On the present occasion specimens of most of these including three species and one variety of Hyalinia and many other kinds were obtained. The full list of the day’s finds is the following :— LIMACID. Agriolimax agrestis L. Not uncommon:in damp corners of rock and under stones near the ruins of the hotel and cottage on the summit of the Island. Hyalinia nitidula Drap. Comparatively rare under stones. Var. nitens Mich. Abundant in sheltered nooks and under stones, especially in damp places and at the roots of nettles. Var. cellaria Mull. Few obtained in company with and in similar localities to H. nitidula. H. crystallina Mull. Very rare; near the ruins of the cottage. HELICID-. Helix aspersa Mull. var. flammea Picard. Moderately common near the Hotel ruins. Var. albo-fasicata Picard. Common near the old and new habitations and enclosures, and in all suitable places. Var. nigrescens Mog. Comparatively rare in rock crevices. H. némoralis I,. var. rubella Picard. . var. . libellula, Risse: At the time of our visit this species was very scarce; several young specimens were taken, which would suggest that it was too early. As in the case of H. aspersa no typical forms were taken ; both varieties were found on the summit. Var. olivacea Risso. In ruins of cottage. Var. fascialba Picard. On cottage wall. Var. Major Fér. In similar situation. H. hispida I,. Abundant in suitable localities. H. virgata De Costo ( = Helicella virgata De Costa). Rare at the time of our visit on the west side. H. caperata Mont. { = Helicella caperata Mont.). Compara- tively rare on the S.E. side. Helicigona lapicida L,. Very rare; on south side. HAPLOGONA. Pyramidula rupestris Drap. (= Helix rupestris Drap.) Moderately common in rock crevices. P. rotundata Mull. ( = Helix rotundata Mill.) Comparatively rare. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STEEP HOLM. 147 PUPID. Ena obscurus Mill. ( = Bulimizeus obscurus Mull.) Pupa secale Drap. A few taken in the rock crevices on the S.W. side. P. cylindracea De Costa. Common in similar situations. Vertigo pygmea Drap. Only two or three specimens obtained, but on further search it may be found more plentiful. Clausilia bidentata Strom. Common in suitable places. STENOGYRIDE. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Only two speciments obtained, but this species should be more abundant. Cecilioides acicula Mull. A few specimens found in the hum- mocks of grass on rock shelves and crevices. CYCLOSTOMATID. Cyclostoma elegans Mull. Moderately common at the base of the cliffs, in crevices and under stones on the S. and S.W. side. LAND CRUSTACEA. ISOPODS. LIGUDZ. Ligia Oceanica L. Not common on rocks at low water. ONISCID. Oniscus ascellus L. Abundant everywhere under stones and old timber. Porcellio scaba Latr. Under stones in cottage enclosure. ARMADILLIDILE. Armadillidium vulgare Latr. Common under stones at base of cliffs near ruins of Hotel. AR CEENTDTAT (SPEDE RS): LYCOSID&. Lycosa lugubris Walck. Several found amongst stones and tufts of Sedum acre. DYSDERIDA. Dysdera crythrina Walck. Moderately common under stones. MYRTAPODA. JULID&. Julus niger. Comparatively rare, only two small specimens were taken in old storehouse close to the landing stage. 148 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STEEP HOLM. POLYDESMID2. Polydesmtis complanatus L,. Few specimens taken under stones and decayed wood in a damp corner at the base of the rock face near the Hotel ruins. LITHOBIIDA. Lithobius forficatus. Moderately common in suitable places. Two fine specimens of the Blind Worm, Anguis fragilis L., were found under a big piece of limestone by a large nest of Lasius flavus. ‘The lizards were evidently feeding on the ants’ eggs as each one disgorged several on being captured. In addition, a few crustaceze, spiders, and myriapods, were met with. ENTOMOLOGY .—By G. C. GRIFFITHS; FES) one CHAS. BARTLETT. The number of insects taken on 27th May, 1914, was small, just 4o species of all orders being observed. The paucity of insect life may be accounted for by the cold weather which prevailed for some weeks before the visit, and the very bleak and exposed character of the locality. A fortnight later many more species would probably have been recorded. It was a subject of common remark amongst the Entomologists that Diptera were almost unrepresented, and the absence of these so often trouble some pests added greatly to the comfort of collecting. No rarities. were obtained, and the insects met with were in no case numerically abundant, yet it is interesting to note that three species of Hymenoptera, three of Coleoptera, and one of Diptera were not recorded in the list of Insects of Somerset as published in the Victoria County History in 1903. It is reason- able to suppose, therefore, that a longer stay in the Island would considerably enlarge its list of insect inhabitants, and possibly disclose some unexpected facts. A detailed list of species is appended, with initials of the captors, new records for Somerset being marked with an asterisk. Coleoptera. Harpalus tardus (F. G. P. and N. W.) a eeneus Re Amara communis (C. B.} Brachinus crepitans (F. G. P. and N. W.) Melanotus rufipes (C. B.) Ocypus olens (F. G. P. and N. W.) Ocypus morio yA Lacon murinus a Meligethes obscurus ay *Syncalypta hirsuta (A. E. H.) Exomias araneiformis (F. G. P. and N. W.) *Orthochetes setiger 3 Otiorhyncus sulcatus (C. B.) *Aleochara fuscipes ag THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STEEP HOLM. 149 Hymenoptera. ~ Formica fusca (F. G. P. and N.W.) (C. B.) (A. E. H.) Lasius flavus a bs Pe aienus a i ee ier My (Go7Bs) *Myrmica scabrinodis (A. E. H.) *Pemphredon lethiger (G. C. G.) Bombus lapidarius (C. B.) Lepedoptera. me Pieris taps (C. B.) (G. C. G.) Pe DLASSICCE |S, 5 Pyrameis cardui (C. B.) iyvccena icarus (G. C: G.) Ccenonympha pamphilus (C. B.) Euchelia jacobeez (C. B.) (G. C. G.) Pinisia. camma (C. B.) Euclidia mi i Zygena filipendule (F. G. P. and N. W.) (C. B.) Camptogramma bilineata (C. B.) (G. C. G.) Melanippe galiata (G. C. G.) Scoparia dubitalis (C. B.) (G. C. G.) Crambus pratellus (C. B.) Lipoptycha plumbana (C. B.) Orthobtera. Porficula auricularia (F. G. P. and N. W.) Diptera. Dilopus febrilis (F. G. P. and N. W.) Nematobia cylindrica * *Tonchcea vaginalis (G. C. G.) Thysanura. MWiaechilus maritima (F. G. P. and N. W.} Thanks are due to Mr. Horace Donisthorpe and Mr. F. W. Edwards, and Mr. K. C. Blair, of the British Museum, for the verification of the names of some of the insects; and to Mr. Sleeman, for allowing us the privilege of visiting the Island. The Water Tubes of Conocephalum conicum. By AGNES FRY. A the Liverworts some, e.g., most Ricciacez, have the fructification concealed in the thallus: but the far larger number bear it on a stem—of one sort or another. In Mosses, except the Sphagna, the seta belongs to the sporophytic genera- tion: in some Liverworts this 1s also the case, as in the great and preponderating order of Jungermaniales. In this case the seta is often a white, almost translucent thread, consisting of long cells of very rapid growth. By the banks of little streams in late spring one may see the shining stalks of the withering fructifica- tion of Pellia epiphylla, overborne by their own slight weight,’ shewing of what a limp texture they have been built. But in the family of Marchantiacez it is the oophytic generation which supplies the stem—in one of two ways. In Marchantia polymorpha, offshoots of the thallus arise like stalks and carry the archegonia and antheridia aloft. But tn Lunnlana cand Fegatella, the archegonia are seated under little knobs borne on the thallus, and after fertilization the stalk grows up. Thus fertilization not only creates a new generation but reacts strongly on the old—as in manifold other cases in the vegetable world. It is, however, generally for the sake of several sporangia that this effort is made, though in Lunularia cruciata I have found a well developed seta bearing a single fertilized archegone. ‘The sporo- phytic stem, on the other hand, never bears more than a single sporangium. There are other marked differences between the two: the oophytic stems are so far as I have seen of slower growth, firmer texture and greener colour, and have often an epidermal layer of small cells. In several cases they are note- worthy for their strange system of water-tubes. It is well known that in Marchantia polymorpha each arm of the carpophore originates hairs in its tip: these pass down the stalk by one or other of two curiously constructed pipes and so reach the soil. The hairs are hollow and studded internally with little peg-like excrescences. Less attention has been given, however, to the water system in Conocephalum conicum, which will be understood by a reference to Big. 2. Not only do hairs pass down the firm stalk which enfolds them near its centre (see Fig. 2) but hairs of the same kind hang down from the arm-pit between the stem and the pendant sporangia : these, however, do not reach the ground, but serve perhaps by their mucilaginous nature to keep the sporangia from drying too quickly. The most noticeable feature of the system, however, does not appear in Fig. 1, but is best explained by a horizontal section taken across x—y, where it is seen that the hairs do not pass straight down the tube but first wind round the tops of the stem like a turban. ‘ pon) ) ’ 4 ' ’ te OTe aes 7 +a : fy oy ot SOTO FI A ) “Cbsy f OPEL AGED Ce Ch, LA, eaio Sle THE WATER TUBES OF CONOCEPHALUM CONICUM. 151 The hairs arise in large yellow-brown cells which form a cap over the stem. ‘The top of this cap is excentric with the stem, being, as shewn, nearer to the growing end of the frond. I find no trace of similar hairs in the fructification of Lunularia cruciata: but the young carpophore as it emerges is entangled with hairs from the surrounding bracts—these hairs are, however, of a different nature, being chains of cells. Similar hairs are given off from the stem which has no tube running through it. See Fig. 5. Chains of cells forming hairs are also found on the under side of Reboulia hemispherica, but its stalk has a tube and it appears to carry hairs from the cap somewhat as Marchantia does. Mv material is insufficient to work it out thoroughly. Description of figures illustrating Miss Fry’s paper on the Water-tubes of Conocephalum conicum :— Fig. z1.—Longitudinal section through carpophore of Cono- cephallum conicum. A, cap of chlorophyllaceous tissue; B, sporangia with spores and elaters; C, hairs with peg-like intrusions. Fig 2.—Stalk of carpophore of C.C. cut transversely halfway up. Fig. 3.—Transverse section along the line x—y in Fig. 1, of the carpophore of C.C. A, central stem; B, hairs surrounding it; C, stalks of separate sporangia. Fig. 4.—Young carpophores of Lunularia cruciata with hairy covering. Fig. 5.—Stem of carpophore of Lunularia cruciata. Fig. 6.—Portion of same, more highly magnified. T. & W. GOULDING, . PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, 6 NELSON STREET, BRISTOL. ALISTS SOCIE WW bi | BS = ara j Oe Wh y} t ny Wy So a} é ey ; _ © Rerum cognoscere causas.”—VIRGIL. X } 1 Ce OF BRISTOL, y _ PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 6 MOU AVL. FOURTH SERIES, VOL. IV., Part III. (1918, issued for 1915-16.) Price Two SHILLINGS. ANNUAL REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRISTOL NATURALISTS’ SOGIETY “* Rerum cognoscere causas.” —VIRGIL. BRISTOL: at PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. MCMXVITI. MAP SHOWING THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF THE AREA BETWEEN CLIFTON AND CLEVEDON. T. & W. GOULDING. Scale: 1 Inch = 1 Mile. Dips shown thus 30° = Faults thus meen Coal Measures C—beds a D—beds Z—beds S—beds Sa] K—beds MAP SHOWING Tt BET TABLE OF FOURTH SERIES. CONTENTS. VOL. IV., PART III. (1918, issued for 1915-16). Officers for 1915 and 1916 ... Officers of Sections for 1915 and 1916 List of Members Honorary Members Reports of Council ‘Treasurer’s Report Librarians’ Reports Exchange List ue Report of Geological Section Report of Entomological Section PAGE Aceount of the General Meetings and Ate Meeting Presidential Address—‘‘ Mistletoe,” by I. M. Roper, F.L.S. ** Carboniferous Limestone Series of the Area between Clifton and Clevedon,” by S. H. REYNOLDs, F.G.S. Bristol Botany in 1915 and 1916, by Jas. W. WuirTkE, F.L. S. 156 156 157 159 160 161 162 163 165 166 167 175 186 198 For information concerning the Bristol Naturalists’ Society generally, or concerning its meetings, please apply to the present Hon. Secretary and Editor— Miss IpaA M. RopEr, 4 WOODFIELD ROAD, REDLAND, BRISTOL. All Books, Pamphlets, Reports of Proceedings sent by way of exchange, gift, or otherwise, and all correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to— Hon. LIBRARIAN BriIsToL NAT. Soc., UNIVERSITY CLUB, BERKELEY SQUARE, BRISTOL. 156 OFFICERS FOR 1915 AND 1916. President: Miss I. M. Ropsr, F.L.S. Past Presidents: Prof. C. Lnoyp MorGan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Prof. Sir W. RaMSay, F.R.S. Prof. SYDNEY YOUNG, D.Sc., F.R.S. A. B. PROWSE, M.D., F.R.CS. C. K. Rupcer, L).R.C.P., M.R.C.S. J. W. WHirtr, F.L.S. G. Munro SMITH, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Wice=Presidents: C. FORTEY, I9I5. B. A. BAKER, F.G.S., 1916. H. GUMMER, IOQIS. J. RAFTER, M.A., 1916. Members of Council: H. F. BARKE, 1915-6. C. ISAAC, Ig16. D. W. STANTON, IQIS. F. BEAMES, B.Sc., 1915. Miss MCINTYRE, 1915-6. | R. B. WEBB, 1015-6. C. EK. GIMINGHAM, 1916. | J. RAFTER, M.A., 1015. W. H. WICKES, 1915-6. C. J. HODGSON, I915-6. Mrs. SANDWITH, 1915-6. | Miss I. WORSLEY, 1916. fbon. Treasurer: W. A. SmitH, M.A., M.B., 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton. ‘hon. Auditors: i: EL. Cook, =D: Se: | CHARLES BARTLETT. tbon. Secretary and Editor: O. V. DaRBISHIRE, B.A., Ph.D., The University, Bristol. bon. Reporting Secretary: J. T. 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Smith, D. Munro, M. R Cc. S. Smith, H. C. i ; Smith, W. A., M.B. 7 Elton Rd., Tyndall’ s Pk., Bristol 4 Cambridge Park, Bristol 40 Queen’s Road, Bristol 23 Berkeley Square, Bristol 12 Brock Street, Bath 5 Lansdown Place, Bristol 5 Lansdown Place, Bristol 3 Manilla Road, Clifton, Bristol 56 St. John’s Road, Clifton The University, Bristol 72 Victoria Road, Bedminster 13 All Saints’ Road, Clifton 30 Cornwallis Crescent, Clifton 15 Percival Road, Clifton 4 Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol 145 Whiteladies Road, Bristol 9g Oakfield Place, Clifton 187 Coldharbour Road, Redland 26 Canynge Square, Bristol Rodney Place, Clifton 25 Duke Street, Cardiff Nelson Terrace, Swansea Gresham Chambers, Cardiff 15 Beaufort Road, Clifton 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton 18 Apsley Road, Clifton 13 Acraman’s Road, Southville, Bristol 70 Pembroke Road, Clifton Kingsway, LIST OF MEMBERS. 159 Ay Smuth, Rev. W. ¢.. 2..... § 1.2. -17 Vyvyan~Terrace, Clifton A Smith, Mrs. W.- ... ae ... 17 Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton Stanton, D..W.. ... ae ... 42 Alma Road, Clifton Stanton, Mrs. ~ a ... 42 Alma Road, Clifton Stewart, D. McDonald, F.G.S. 25 Woodstock Road, Bristol + Strickland, Thompson ... .... 13 Victoria Square, Clifton pe atecher, (J. We. . ie ... 57 Berkeley Road, Bishopston, Bristol Underhill, J. ne oe ... 2 Brynland Avenue, Bristol Walton, J.C. H..... 12 ... 18 West Park, Bristol Warren, Mrs. Crosby ... ... 15 Upper Belgrave Road, Bristol A Webb, H. Vicars Bee | 22 Sefton Park Road, Bristol sa Winte. Jas. W., F.L.S. ... .... 18 Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol White, Mrs. ie oe .... 18 Woodland Road, Clifton, Bristol pom NWickes, VW. Hi. a ... 16 Oakfield Grove, Clifton A Willams, Miss R. L. ... ... 12 Henleaze Gardens, Bristol A Wingate, Miss H. M., M.A. ... 2 Woodfield Road, Redland, Bristol A Wood, Miss K. M. ae ... Nempnett, Chew Stoke, Bristol Aly Woodey, -F. 1y:., ..- a ... 47 South Road, Kingswood, Bristol Worsley, Miss I. ... oe ... Rodney Lodge, Clifton Vabbicom, 1. H.,M.I.C.E. ... 23 Oakfield Road, Chfton Honorary Members, 1915 and 1916. ior, Georges. Brady, M.D:., LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S:, F.L.S., Park Hurst, Endcliffe, Sheffield. Henry J. Charbonnier, Haw Lane, Olveston, Tockington R.S.O., Glos. G. A. Lebour, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in the Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. R. M. Prideaux, F-E.S., Brasted Chart, nr. Sevenoaks, Kent. Prof. Sir Wm. Ramsay, Ph.D., F.R.S. (deceased). Prot. i >. Hele Shaw,’ M.Inst.C.k., LL.D., F.R.S., 64 Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. 1. Prot. W. J. Sollas, M.A:, LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E, F.G.S., University Museum, Oxford Prof; S.-P. Thompson, D.Sc.,’B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (deceased). Sir W. A. Tilden, D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science, S. Kensington, S.W. 7. Arthur Vaughan, Esq., B.A., D.Sc., F.G.S. (deceased). William Whittaker, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Camden Road, Croydon. Prot. A; M.”° Worthington, €.B.,’M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Royal, Naval Engineering College, Greenwich, S.E. ro. Prof. Sydney Young, D.Sc., F.R.S., Trinity College, Dublin. 160 REPORTS OF COUNCIL To December 31st, 1915, and 1916. Olas effects of the War have made themselves felt in various ways in the Society, and the attendance at the meetings has not been maintained as in the past, whilst the interesting matters brought forward have not been followed by as much animated discussion as they deserved. There are now 99 Ordinary and 48 Associate Members, making a total of 147 members. The call for special war work has led to resignations, which, it is hoped, will be withdrawn in less exciting times. In addition, there are 13 Honorary Members, including Arthur Vaughan, D.Sc., F.G.S., whom the Society had the pleasure this year of electing to that position on his leaving Bristol for Oxford, and in recognition of his valuable Geological work communicated to the Society. (Died the same year). During the year there were 8 meetings at which members gave papers on attractive natural history subjects, including one by Professor Gamble, F.R.S., of Birmingham University, who visited us specially for the purpose. One of the meetings was devoted to the exhibition of objects possessing local interest, about which short descriptions were given, followed by discussions, and nine members filled up easily a successful evening. The summer excursion to Blaize Castle Woods, Henbury, in July, attracted a number of members and their friends. Attention was called during the year to the scheme of the Selborne Society for the protection of rare wild flowers in Britain, and Mr. J. W. White was nominated to serve as the local representative on its Com- mittee. At another meeting Mr. White reported on some efforts he had made with the Bristol authorities to prevent unnecessary injury being done to local rarities on our much frequented Downs. The Council regret to record the loss by death of two esteemed members, Mr. W. B. Waterfall, who was well known for his botanical work during the last 30 years, especially on the study of mosses ; and Mr. C. Fortey, a Vice-President and an active geological worker during his long life. The call of War duties has occupied so many members that the work of the Society has been purposely kept to routine, and with the object of affording occasional change of thought to the lovers of Nature. Resignations or death have caused the loss of 21 members, and although 14 others have joined, the total now stands at 140, made up of 94 Ordinary and 46 Associate Members. Considering the present circum- stances, the support given to the Society has been loyally maintained. In addition, there are 10 Honorary Members, and an arrangement was sanctioned for the admission of students of the Bristol University as members of the Geological section, and 10 have availed themselves of the privilege. In a similar way members of our Society were able to benefit by an offer made by the Director of the Bristol Museum, Mr. H. Bolton, F.G.S., of a gift of duplicate specimens of Lepidoptera. During the year there were 8 meetings at which exhibits were shown and papers were read, particulars of which are recorded elsewhere in the “‘Proceedings’’ ; and the summer excursion to Oldbury Court Woods, Stapleton, afforded great pleasure to a number of members and their friends. The Council regrets the loss by death of two Honorary Members, Sir William Ramsay, who was a Past-President ; and Professor Silvanus Thompson, who contributed numerous papers when living in Bristol ; Mr. H. B. Cornaby, a former Member of Council ; and Messrs. G. H. Hiley and F. A. Nuell, active supporters of the Society. IDA M. ROPER, Acting Hon. Secretary. 161 fWovw SLLATLUVa Sa TaVvHo ea ‘NOOO ‘H LSANNG “we | ar) Coe s So! SS Seno (e @) a Loos Ae) ae R on) SS [aie Kan) OWDHO DOM ‘qoo1109 PUNO} puv poJIpNy 9 ELF lt 0 8F 6 9 fh LF L0G - yurg puv puvy ut yseg * tise Jomseoly, “uo 04 enp soured ‘‘ OL z@ SED) ee 6 ¢ ae a ‘ow ‘saorysog ‘ 0; GET g 9 SOOM (ue Aveiqvy jo quey * ee 0S, 6 8 &I ie) sa eouvinsuy au SS 0 6 0 9 F O Can ms qyonog syooq ‘‘ 06 0 Cee 7) LTT a ne SuLquIt - O=01 s 0 I 9 — * DT6L jo ‘S8u1peed0.1g SUuMUtae| * OF O°T 0 0OL-T OI T = [ROLS0]007 0 ¢ 0 Orolo OL O ue syqedqoo,y pue SUOUUIOL) 9 ¢ 9 00 8 ie Coe Avy 0 OL 02 0 OL Zé —Ssd1Jo1IN0G 0} suoTydtiosqug Ag SB oad: SR ee. ad: Pe 8-3 CI6I “OI6I “GI61 ‘GIGI ‘4aquis0egy — IOINSVOL], ‘UOFT 09 onp soured ** preMiof souvreg ‘ SUOISINOXY Uo yorg *$ + SGULpOad01q) JO. o[eG: = peoe][oo sivaiiy “ s aUBAPB UL suUOTZdLIOSquEg ‘ sooy vouviuy ‘ OIVIOOSSY AICUIPIO —suorqydLiosqng siequeyy OJ, ‘OI6I GNV GI6l SHVHA HHL HOX LNNOOOV TIVHANAD “aq ‘ALFIOOS SLSITVENLYN TOLSIGE 942 42M JUuNodIDy UI YFENSVAGL ‘NOH 4 LIBRARIANS’ REPORTS For the Years 1915 and 10916. |B pe eees 1915 books have been borrowed by 13 members, which is less than g per cent. of the membership. The number of volumes borrowed was 62. Of these, 7 were still out at the end of the year; as were also 1 borrowed in 1914, 3 in 1913, and no less than 1o taken out by one member in 1912. We think it will be necessary for the Council to legislate on this point, for it is not right that certain books should be monopolised by individuals for long periods, thus preventing other members consulting them. No volumes have been bound during the year. We have received from Corresponding Societies 5 bound volumes and 341 unbound parts of current publications. Thanks are due to the follow- ing donors of books, &c. :— Dr. SYDNEY YOUNG, F.R.S., for “ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,” Seres B, Vol. 205 (1915) Dr. A. B. PRowsE, for 6th and 7th Reports of the Botanical Committee of the Devonshire Association (1914-15). ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, B.N.S., for “ Entomologist,’ 35 Parts. GEOLOGICAL SECTION, B.N.S., for “‘ Geological Magazine,’’ 14 Parts. PALX{ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, Vols. 66-68 (1912-14). We have received subscription volumes from :— RAY Society, one volume ; “Zoological Record,’ Nel: \so (rong); Taylor: “ British Mollusca,’ Part 21; Morley: “ British Ichneumons,’’ Vol. 5. The Exchange list is rather shorter than in 1914. During 1916 only 15 members have borrowed books, and the volumes taken out number 93. Of these 7 were still out.at the end of the year; and of those borrowed in 1915, 1913, and 1912 there were respectively 3, 3, and ro not then returned to the Library. No books have been bound during the tweive months. We have received from the Corresponding Societies 3 bound volumes and 392 unbound parts of current publications. To the following donors of books and pamphlets we tender our sincere thanks :—Dr. SYDNEY YOUNG, F.R.S., for “ Philiosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,’ Series B, Vol. 207 (19016); Dr. Lrovn vorcan F.R.S., for “ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,” 19 Parts of various years; ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, B.N.S., for “ Entomologist,’ parts of 1915 ; “‘ Entomologists’ Monthly,’ 1915 ; GEOLOGICAL SECTION, B.N.S., for ‘‘ Geological Magazine,’ 2 Parts, ro16. The following subscription volumes and parts have been received :— “ Zoological Record,’ Vol. 51 (1914); Taylor: “ British Mollusca,” Vol. 4, Pantin. We have, of course, received no exchanges from Germany and Austria. With these exceptions, the EXCHANGE LIST remains as it was. ARTHUR B. PROWSEH, Lieut.-Col., R.A.M.C., Hon. Librarian. IDA M. ROPER, F.L.S., Hon. Sub-Librarian. EXCHANGE LIST. Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society Bristol Museum and Art Gallery British Association British Museum (Natural History), S.W. Cardiff Naturalists’ Society Chester Natural Science Society Clifton College Scientific Society Cornwall, Royal Geological Society of , Royal Institution of —., Royal Polytechnic Society Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club Ealing Scientific and Microscopical Society Edinburgh Geological Society Royal Botanic Society Essex Field Club Geological Society of London —— Survey and Museum, London Geologists’ Association Glasgow, Geological Society of , Natural History Society of Philosophical Society Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. Liverpool Geological Society —— Literary and Philosophical Society — Science Students’ Association Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Microscopical Society Museum Library Marlborough College Natural History Society North Staffordshire Field Club Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society Nottingham Naturalists’ Society Plymouth, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society QOuekett Microscopical Club Royal Irish Academy Royal Microscopical Society Rugby School Natural History Society Torquay Natural History Society Woolhope Natural History Field Club Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society Naturalists’ Union Philosophical Society Our “ Proceedings ’’ are sent as a free gift to :— 163 British Museum Library Edinburgh, Advocates’ Library Cambridge University Library Oxford, Bodleian Library Dublin, Trinity College Library | Patent Office Library, London AUSTRALIA. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science New South Wales, Geological Survey —__——_—_———., Royal Society of Oueensland Museum, Brisbane Victoria, Royal Society of 164 EXCHANGE LIST. CANADA. Canadian Institute, Toronto Hamilton Scientific Association Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science (Halifax) INDIA. Agricultural Journal of India Agriculture, Imperial Department of Geological Survey of India, Calcutta FRANCE. Lyon, Société Linnéenne de Rennes, University of NORWAY. Det Kongelige Norsk Universitet Christiania SWITZERLAND. Lausanne, Société Vaudois des Sciences Naturelles Ziirich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft UNITED STATES. American Museum of Natural History, New York Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois Boston, Mass. Natural History Society Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Coldspring Harbour California, University of, Berkeley Californian Academy of Sciences, San Francisco Cincinnati Natural History Society , Lloyd Library Colorado College,, Colorado Springs , University of, Boulder Denison Scientific Association, Ohio Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N.C. Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. Illinois, University of, Urbana Indiana Academy of Science Michigan Academy of Science Missouri Botanical Gardens — Academy of Science, St. Louis New Mexico, University of, Albuquerque Ohio State University, Columbus Oklahoma State University Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences , Wagner Free Institute of Science Smithsonian Institution, Washington Tufts’ College, Mass. United States Geological Survey, Washington. National Museum, Washington Yale University, Connecticut. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Buenos Aires, Muses National de Historia Natural URUGUAY. Montevideo, Museo Nacional de MEXICO. Mexico, Sociedad Cientifica GEOLOGICAL SECTION 1915 and 1916. HAVE again to regret the falling of membership and to record the death of one of our most prominent members, Dr. Arthur Vaughan, who had been a member of the Section for many years, whose loss will be greatly felt by the Society. When resident in Bristol he contributed many papers, and his classical work on the zoning of the Mountain Limestone, which was published by the Society, has become a world-wide reference on those rocks. At the annual meeting Professor S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S., was re-elected President, and B. A. Baker, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. There have been seven meetings, when the following Papers were read :— January 15.—‘‘ Notes on the Geology of Australia ”’ Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S. February 18.—“‘ Peat ”’ Cy Tuner March 27.—‘‘ Prehistoric Man ’”’ C. J. Gardiner, F.G.S. April 29.—Exhibition Meeting. October 21.—‘‘ The Age of the Earth ”’ Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S. November 18.—‘‘ Fossil Plants ”’ Miss EK. M. Lee, M.Sc. December 16.—‘‘ Lower Lias and Rheetic around Bristol’? J. W. Tutcher All the papers were illustrated by lantern slides and most of them by specimens in connection with the subject. Some meetings were well attended, the numbers present being from 12 to 25, but the falling off in attendance and membership is no doubt owing to the war, as many are giving help in some form or another. The Financial Report shows receipts £4 5s. 6d. and expenses £4 os. 11d., which, with a balance forward, leaves 18s. 4d. in hand. There were 48 members at the end of 1916, the greater number being student members. At the Annual Meeting Prof. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S., was re-elected President, and B. A. Baker, F.G.S., Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. The following papers were read :— January 27.—‘‘ Maps ”’ The President February 17.—‘‘ The Soils in Relation to Agriculture ”’ Miss Ll. Batten March 16.—‘‘ The Life of Prof. Adam Sedgwick ”’ Miss E. Bolton, B.Sc. April 13.—‘‘ Gloucestershire, its Scenery and Industries (illustrated by lantern slides) L,.. Richardson, F.G.S. May 18.—‘‘ Map-making in Canada ’’ W. H. Davies (Illustrated by Maps and Diagrams). October 19.—‘‘ National Progress in Geology ”’ The President November 16.—‘“‘ Deserts ”’ Miss D. EH. Sage December 19.—Visit to the Museum to inspect the raised model and contour map of the Bristol District. There was an average attendance of 18 members. The Financial Report shows receipts during the year of £5 Ios., with an expenditure of £5 1s. od., and, with the balance brought forward, theres £1 6s. 7d. in hand. B. A. BAKER, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer. 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SECTION 1915, and 1916. T°WO MEETINGS only were held during the year 1915, but as a result of a considerable accession of new members in 1916, eight meetings were held. The Section now consists of 17 members. There were no papers but many rare and interesting exhibits and notes were made, of which. the following were the most important. January 26th, 1915—Mr. G. C. Griffiths, box of butterflies taken by Major Broughton in the Himalayas. Mr. C. Bartlett, six drawers of British Coleoptera. May 4th—Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Sesia andreniformis. Mr. H. Bolton sent a beetle of the Genus Ceratorrhina from W. Australia, there being only 1 O and 3 & otherwise known. Mr. C. Bartlett, Celerio galii bred from larvee, N. Cornwall, hybrid Biston hirtaria x zonaria. January llth, 1916—Mr. G. C. Griffiths, box of Catocalide. February 17th—Miss Roper, the fungus Cordiceps militaris, parasitic on the pupa of a moth, Blackdown. February 2nd, 1916—Mr. A. E. Hudd, Diptera taken in January and February. Mr. G. B. Hony, box of Coleoptera from the Outer Hebrides. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Lelia canosa. March 17th—Miss Roper, Galls caused by Diastrophus rubi on Rubus rusticanus and cesius. Mr. H. J. Charbonnier lectured on British Diptera, illustrated by hand-coloured charts and specimens, and gave many very interesting notes on classification, collecting, habits, We. April 14th —Miss Roper, the fungus Cordiceps entomorrhiza, parasitic on the larva of Hepialus humuli. Mr. C. T. Gimingham, 71 species of Somerset Coleoptera. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, a living O of Nyssia zonaria. May 16th—Miss Roper, Beetles. Mr. H. A. Francis, nest of Hwimenes coarctator. October 20th—Miss Roper, Beetles. Dr. C. K. Rudge, Oak galls. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Argynnis paphia var. confluens. Mr. A. E. Hudd, Notes on “‘Searabs, ancient and modern,” with Egyptian examples. November 24th—Miss Roper, preserved larvee of British lepidoptera. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, specimens of the Genera Kallima and Parnassius. Mr. C Bartlett, box of British Coleoptera, including Anomala frischii unicolorous blue green var. December 8th—Miss Roper, stem of yarrow with galls of Rhopalomyia millefolr. Mrs. Sandwith, Lucanus cervus sf. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, Lophostethus Demolinu. Mr. H. L. Audcent, box of flies from Dunster, in- eluding Anthrax hottentola, Catabomba pyrastri and Volucella manis. LIST OF MEMBERS. G. C. GRIFFITHS, President. Ay LD AVIS: J. F. KNOWLSON. He A. FRANCIS. P. J. MOUNTNEY. C. T. GIMINGHAM. J. NORTHMORE. G. B. Hony. Miss ROPER. AY E. ELUDD: Dr, C.K. RUDGE, W. B. IVENS. Mrs. SANDWITH. Col. T. JERMYN. ID \ Wis op ouset. CHARLES BARTLETT, Hon. Sec. 167 fccount of the General and Annual Mectings. The following accounts have been compiled by the Acting- Secretary, but the Reports are due to the Reporting Secretary, Mr. J. T. Kemp, M.A., whose summary appeared in the local Press after each meeting. THE 52np ANNUAL MEETING. January 21st, 1915. The Council and Officers for the year were elected, Miss Ida M. Roper being the President for the third time, and Dr. Q. V. Darbishire the Hon. Secretary. Exhibits were shown by Mrs. H. E. Matthews, Geaster fimbriatus ; Miss Roper, Viola odorata var. pracox ; Mr. A. T. Davies, nodules on Thuja. Miss Roper then delivered her second Presidential address entitled ‘‘ The Permanency in the Growth of Plants.’’ (N.B.—The address is printed in full in the Proceedings for IQI4). THE 446TH GENERAL MEETING. February ath, rors. ‘““Mr. Eliot Howard’s Observations on British Warblers,”’ by Prot. ©. Lloyd Morgan, L1L:D., F:R.S., F.G.S. These observations, published in book form, were the outcome of the hobby of a man of commerce, and threw a new light on the habits of these migrants. He describes how the males arrive first, some fortnight before the females, and establishes a territory free from rivals, but not the same each year. ‘This effected, amidst much singing and fighting, there is a period of courtship on the arrival of the females, filled in by flapping of wings, fighting other males but with less singing, the whole seeming to be watched only a little by the females. It appears that similar movements are made by the different birds, vary- ing according to its species, on any occasion of great excitement, as in fighting or courting, or in anger or fear, due to inherited instincts from natural selection. Such activities, however, are, it is admitted, difficult to account for, though they appear to be as distinctive as are form and colour and habits of nest building. The warblers have their own characteristic song, but con- stantly introduce into it imitations of many other birds without any apparent purpose. Many lantern slides were shown to illustrate appearance and habits. 168 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. THE 447tH GENERAL MEETING. March 4th, ro15. ‘‘Impressions of Java,’’ by Prof. S. H. Reynolds, F.G.S. The Island of Java, which belongs to the Dutch, and is densely inhabited, has on its surface many evidences of highly volcanic origin. It was under the Buddhists from India of the 6th and 7th centuries that the numerous magnificent temples and other buildings arose, to be added to in a less grandiose style by the Brahmins of the 15th century, both sets being entirely neglected by the Portuguese traders, who took possession -of the island from 1620 to the time of the Napoleonic wars. ‘The British, however, were rulers for a few years, and Governor Raffles un- earthed and described these buildings, the grandeur of the carv- ings in which could be judged from the lantern slides shown. The inhabitants, as seen by the lecturer on his two visits, are of a mixed race, having much Dutch blood, and live in huts amongst groves of trees, with few towns, and cultivate their tropical regions with much success, being quiet and amiable under their native regents. Addicted to gambling, cock-fighting, and long theatrical dramas of Hindu origin, they have of late sought for education with much freedom of equality for both SeXeS. Exhibit by Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., of Butterflies from Darjeeling, N.-W. India, sent home by Major T. D. Broughton, R.E., a former member of the Society. THE 448tH GENERAL MEETING. April Sth, 197s. ‘‘The South Wales Tornado,” by Dr. E. H. Cook, Dise: In October, 1913, a tornado of extraordinary violence arose at Exmouth, South Devon, and travelled in a north-westerly direction for about 200 miles to Widnes in Lancashire, crossing the Bristol Channel from about Watchet to Barry and passing up the Welsh hills by way of Shrewsbury to its ending. It was amidst the hills of Wales that it was most violent, and there in its very narrow track it effected much damage to build- ings and trees with some curious freaks brought about by the sudden withdrawal of air pressure behind its gyrations. These caused windows to be blown outwards, and trees to be sucked under a house roof together with a tablecloth from a lower room. There was fortunately little loss of life or injury to anyone. Exhibits by Dr. C. K. Rudge of a live beetle, Carabus monilis, captured by his soldier son when trench-digging in France ; by Mrs. Sandwith, of some caddis worms; by Mr. C. Bucknall, of abnormal catkins of Salix caprea in which the anthers had de- veloped into ovaries. ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. 169 THE 449TH GENERAL MEETING. May 6th, rors. ‘Living Plant Material,’’ by Dr. O. V. Darbishire, Ph.D. Plants were of interest to the ancients chiefly for their medicinal properties, especially their roots, and even after the advent of the new learning on to the time of Linneus that re- mained responsible for their study by the botanist. The scientific comparison of new species changed the point of view, and the perfecting of the microscope about 1820 caused the structure of living plants to be examined and then their asso- clation in communities. With many interesting details about this progress Dr. Darbishire showed how in modern inquiry the mode of living had become of most import, which led to the need for botanic gardens, where the plants could be studied in groups under most natural conditions. Examples were given of such places in Britain, and with living specimens and apparatus on the table the functions of different parts of plants were illustrated. ANNUALS EXCURSION: ily agi Tons; This was made to Blaize Castle Woods, Henbury, which, through the kindness of Mrs. Harford, were viewed in bright sunshine by the thirty-five members present. Afterwards a visit to the Henbury Vicarage Garden, with its rock flowers, was enjoyed. THE 450tH GENERAL MEETING. October 7th, Io15. Exhibits of Natural History by the Members. Whe President, Miss I. M. Roper, .F.L.S., nine examples of scarce alien plants, with an account of their probable place of origin and method of introduction by seeds. They were: Plantago arenaria, Vicia varia, Orobanche ramosa, Abutilon avicenne, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Xanthium spinosum, Alyssum incanum, Ambrosia artemisifolia, and Cerinthe minor. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., some Lepidoptera, local and from Surrey. Mr. W. H. Wickes, geological specimens of Cotham marble, polished gypsum, &c., about which he told interesting facts. Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., yellow fruited Rubus rusticanus, and Centunculus minimus, a recent addition to the local Flora. Mr. Chas. Bartlett, collection of implements, dress, &c., from British New Guinea, including human skulls secured from a cannibal feast. Prof. S. H. Reynolds, F.G.S., model of the oldest bird known, the fossil Archzeopteryx ; photographs of the eruption of Vesuvius, and a collection of gems from Ceylon. Mrs. Sandwith, larvee of Vanesso Io. 3 170 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. Dr. O. V. Darbishire, Ph.D., living specimens from the University Experimental Hothouse of Euphorbia, Cacti, and other succulent plants illustrative of the amount of water stored in the tissues. Mr. J. T. Kemp, example of fasciation. THE 451st GENERAL MEETING. November 4th, 1015. “‘ Mount Vesuvius,’ by Prof. S. H. Reynolds, F.G.S. The history of this volcano was sketched from Roman times, and made doubly interesting by the fine series of lantern slides of scenery in the neighbourhood and of eruptions, with many details of its geology and what it revealed. Exhibits by Dr. O. V. Darbishire of dust from the last erup- tion of Vesuvius ; by Miss Prowse of leaves of the Canterbury bell showing the fibrous skeleton ; and of a jasmine plant with roots at parts of the stem in contact with a wall; by Mrs. Knowlson of various shaped fruits of the gourd; by Mrs. Sand- with of a reed warbler’s nest ; by Miss Worsley of the Squirting Cucumber in flower and fruit; by Miss Roper of Mercurialis annua var. ambigua. THE 452ND GENERAL MEETING. December 2nd, 1015. ““Symbiosis—the Co-operative Principle in Biology,’’ by Prof. Gamble, F.R.S., of Birmingham University. Evolution of species in the Natural world may be influenced by the living together of organism for mutual help as much as by antagonism. ‘This occurs in different branches, as illustrated in the case of plants by the mycelial growth at the roots of poplar and beech trees, of orchids, heath, and gentians for obtaining a greater water supply, and giving nutriment in return, by the formation for nodules of animalculz on the roots of the pea family, and by the formation for the lichens from the symbiosis of alga and fungus. Turning to the animal kingdom, similar advantages result from the combination. The species of amceba with an internal alga to absorb the waste nitrogenous matter gave in return a supply of extra oxygen, and so both organisms prospered ahead of their competitors. ‘The sea anemones and corals derive the benefit of bright colouration from alge growing within the flesh exposed to light, and in like manner the green fly and certain scale insects have a companion to share their living state. Exhibits by Mrs. Sandwith of Leucadendron argenteum from Table Mountain; and by Mrs. H. E. Matthews of Sevlla autumnalis from St. Vincent’s Rocks. Owing to the sudden death of Prof. Barrell, of the University, in the morning the meeting was held in the Museum Lecture Theatre by kind permission of the Director, Mr. H. Bolton. ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. 171 THE 53RD ANNUAL MEETING. January 2oth, 1916. Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., was elected President for the year, with minor alterations in the Council and Officers. Exhibit by Mrs. Sandwith, a living cocoon of the Emperor moth. After a vote of thanks, accompanied by a bouquet of flowers, to the retiring President, who had held the office for three years, Miss Ida M. Roper delivered her Presidential address, entitled ““Mistletoe.’? (Printed in full in the present Proceedings.) THE 453RD GENERAL MEETING. February 3rd, 1916. ‘‘ The House-fly and Disease,’’ by Dr. W. A. Smith, M.B. This subject has of late attracted much attention as the public has begun to realize how dangerous the common fly is to human beings and especially to children. The methods by which it transfers disease germs are numerous, and its life-history and habits, with its freedom in visiting everywhere make it neces- sary for constant efforts to be made against its too rapid increase. The spread of typhoid fever and infantile diarrhcea when summer heat prevails can be clearly traced to the plague of flies, and various preventive measures can be easily applied by the public with a little care. Many points to bring home the need were illustrated by lantern slides. Exhibits by Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S., of the fungus Cordiceps militaris on the pupa of a moth; by Dr. C. Kk. Rudge of an Hemipterous insect from Java mimicking a moth living there ; and by the President of the Emperor moth in its two stages of growth. THE 454tH GENERAL MEETING. March 2nd, 1916. “‘Food Values and Food Economy,’’ by Mr. C. T. Gimingham. Under the war conditions it has become necessary for every one to reduce the amount of food consumed, and a knowledge of how much is required to sustain efficient powers of work enables a proper proportion to be prepared for everyday use. To this end a dietary to show the fats, the hydrocarbons, and the protein in each article of food is important, as well as to know what to avoid in quantity, and many suggestions to bring about this were mentioned and the reasons for their effectiveness described. Exhibits by Mrs. Sandwith of Tadpoles in various stages ; and by Mr. L. H. Matthews of a living fifteen-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus spinachia. 172 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. THE 4551TH GENERAL MEETING. April 6th) re16: ‘“The Natural History of Brean Down, Somerset.’’ The facts concerning this interesting headland were described e three members, who had each studied a special portion of it. Prof. S$. H. Reynolds, F.G.S., dealt with the peolopy> and peas it was the worn-down remnant of a much higher ridge of ills. Mr. H. Vicars Webb told about the formation of the Bird Sanctuary, and how it was already becoming the haunt of rare birds, some of whose habits afforded an interesting study. Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., enlarged on the details given in his “Flora of Bristol’’ concerning the plants specially associated with that isolated and wind blown island. Exhibit by Miss I. M. Roper, F.L.S., of the rare apricot- coloured violet Viola odorata var. sulphurea. THE 456TH GENERAL MEETING. May 4th, 10916. ‘* Some Personal Observations of Owls and Kestrels,’’ by Mr. H. Vicars Webb. There is an idea that these kind of birds are destructive to game and poultry, but a study of their food supply shows them to be very advantageous to keep down vermin. The char- acteristic manner in which the birds poise and descend violently on their prey is made possible by the natural power of eyes and talons, and fortunately their habits of intense watchfulness result in their keeping plentiful for their ways to be studied by those who seek them or know how to attract them by an imita- tion call-note. Dr. G. Munro Smith also read some notes by his son, now on war service, on the little Owl recently introduced into England, where it is increasing rapidly, and affords much interest by its daylight hunting. Exhibit by Miss Ida M. Roper of a hybrid of the primrose and the cowslip, sometimes mistaken for the species oxlip. ANNUAL EXCURSION: June 24th, ro16. The summer excursion was made to Oldbury Court Woods, near Bristol, by kind permission of Mr. H. Vassall, and its varied attractions of plant life were enjoyed by the numerous company. Mr. H. Vicars Webb described some of the birds, with details of the life habits of others, especially of the cuckoo, wryneck, and corncrake. ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. 173 THE 457TH GENERAL MEETING. October 5th, 1917. Exhibits of Natural History by the Members. The President, Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S., a collection of butterflies and moths, including the genus Psyche that pupates on St. Vincent’s Rocks in numbers; shells from Highcliffe clay, near Boscombe, Dorset. Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., the orchid Helleborus atro-viridis and the hybrid Erigeron Hiilseniti, which has an annual com- posite for one of its parents; both rare plants in England and new discoveries for this district. Mrs. Sandwith, dragon-flies, the Privet Hawk-moth, and living specimens of Chara and Utricularia. Mr. J. F. Knowlson, the nest of the Leaf-cutting Bee. Mr. J. W. White, F.L.S., three alien species of Panicum, found growing on refuse heaps in Bristol. Mr. L. H. Matthews, the bat Vesperugo pipistrellus, captured on the Mendips. Dr. O. V. Darbishire, the fungus Fomes igniarius, from near Bath: Mr. J. T. Kemp, M.A., told of the final destruction after its death of the oak tree at Shellard’s Lane Farm, Alveston, Glos., mentioned by Knapp: ‘‘ Journal of a Naturalist,’’ 1820. THE 458th GENERAL MEETING. ‘** British White Butterflies and their Foreign Allies,’’ by Mr. G. C. Griffiths, F.E.S. (President). The Pieridze or white butterflies have but few species in Britain, but they are representative of the divisions of the sub- family and very plentiful everywhere. There is, however, one species, Aporia crategi, which has completely disappeared since 1868, and fresh introduction of it from the Continent has not been effective, although another species Pieris brassice is yearly recruited by large migrations thence. The small white P. rape is the most common, and this species has largely driven out the native species P. protodice, in America, where it has increased so as to become a pest, needing to be checked by a parasite from England. ‘The pupa of this species varies for pro- tective colouration with the object on which it fastens. The other species of the family are strongly migrant, which causes much variation in their numbers year by year in Britain, and it is similar with their exotic allies. Exhibits by Miss Fryer of fresh flowers of Ornithgalum latifolium from the Cape, and dried specimens of Boronia from 174 ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL AND ANNUAL MEETINGS. Ballarat; by Mrs. Sandwith of the pupa of the dragon-fly and Damasonium stellatum from Hants; by Mr. T. Morgans of a composite plant raised from seed sent by his son from Gallipoli ; by Mr. H. J. S$. Gibbons of a living Black rat Mus ratius, captured in a Bristol warehouse ; and by Miss Roper of a late flowering Rosa canina. THE 459TH GENERAL MEETING. December 7th, 1016. ‘‘ Spiders,’’ by Rev. H. Arnold Cook, M.A. Spiders possess many specialised parts, including their breath- ing apparatus, which resembles modified fish gills, and their powerful jaws, with poison glands at the base, to paralyse their prey. ‘The formation of the feet for moving rapidly on the lines of the web and the brilliant eyes, with other adaptations of the various species, were described by the help of diagrams and liv- ing specimens. Exhibits by Miss Ida M. Roper, F.L.S., of a large cockroach from Central Mexico, brought with bananas; and by Mr. H. J. S. Gibbons of exotic spiders from the same source. After discussion it was decided that the present officers of the Society should continue in office, with Miss EH. M. Lee, M.Sc., — acting as Assistant Hon. Secretary, and that the holding of meet- ings in 1917 on account of the war should be left open. Lie PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS By Miss IpA M. Roper, F.L,.S. MISTER ETOH.” ] THANK you most heartily for the cordial vote of thanks you have passed at the close of my term of office. The Society has never had a Lady President in its history, and from your applause I think I may conclude that the experiment in your opinion has met with some success. I am glad to have shown that the study of Natural History, in one branch at least, can be successfully mastered by women folk in the same way that they have proved their ability to serve the community in other spheres of usefulness during the present war. My inexperience in some matters might have led to mistakes, but I have received such constant assistance from all the members to make my path smooth that the three years Presidency has been a source of much pleasure to me, and I shall always remember the kindly words that have been expressed to-night about my efforts. During the past year there has been no inclination to give close attention to scientific pursuits, as the claims on the energies of the members have been needed in many other directions. As a result the Society has confined itself to the usual monthly meetings and a walk through the Blaise Castle woods in the summer. It was better under the circumstances for individual members to carry out field work on their own in any spare time at their disposal, and I hope that they will give the Society the benefit of their researches at future meetings. It is fitting that mention should be made of the loss sustained by Natural History during the year by the death of the great French field naturalist, Henri Fabre, who devoted his long life to making observations on the habits of all kinds of insects and describing their marvels in language that was clear to his readers and yet full of poetic ideas. In our own Society we have also to record the regretted death of William Booth Waterfall, Fellow of the Linnean Society, and one of our earliest members, who had gained a wide reputation for his knowledge of mosses, and for his ever-ready willingness to give help to those who applied to him on that dificult subject. Within the last month also Arthur Vaughan, Doctor of Science and Fellow of the Geological Society, has passed away at an eatly age. The geological section of our Society received great encouragement from his researches and work on the Avon Gorge, and although he ceased his connection with Bristol and removed to Oxford, the Society felt it was honouring him as well as itself by electing him a year ago to join the ranks of its honorary members. 176 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. On looking back over the past three years it may have been noticed that the subject of Botany has been to the fore, in the exhibits at the meetings and at the annual Exhibition nights. This is not to be wondered at, because the members would expect that the subject best known to their President would be specially spoken about and explained. Another reason for it may be that for several years past a most active search has" been going on locally for botanical treasures, in order to bring about a more complete knowledge of the plants of the country marked out by the natural limits of the Bristol coalfield. Those members whose interests are taken up with the hobby of field botany know that a good harvest has rewarded their work by the addition of many new plants to the previously long lists, and they have learnt that more information can be gained each year and a healthy life be fostered by this harmless pursuit. Many others could share in these pleasures, for they lie within a few miles of their homes, or at a greater but still moderate distance, and there is no need for a long and systematic study of Physiology in order to stimulate an interest in the floral treasures of our fields and hedgerows. It needs but a small effort to seek out the commoner flowers and to learn something of their habits and life history. From a little such knowledge more will follow, and a growing delight awaits him who plunges deeper into the mysteries of plant life. The present age has been described as one of locomotion, and amongst those who could couple Nature study with their motor or cycle travels, the desire for long distances has undoubtedly taken away their interest in the lowly beauties that they rush past without a care. It need not be thought that simple observations on flowers lead to no results. If local investigations are concentrated on ordinary details, and students of Nature try to gather up the visible habits that make up the living history of some well- known plant, constantly met with in their rambles, they might help, in proportion to their industry, the search after honest and straightforward facts. As a small illustration of what can be done in our own neigh- bourhood even during the hard winter months, when all Nature seems to hide herself from observation, I would instance what I have been able to learn recently concerning the well-known Mistletoe. ‘This is a shrub so curious in form and with habits so at variance with the idea held by the ordinary person as to how plants should behave, that it compels attention. Added to this, it can be sought out and studied when trees are leafless and barren-looking, and is seen at its best at a time of year when other out-of-door studies in plant life are less pressing and less available. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. i iver There are occasions, it may be admitted, when observation should be devoted to flowers that have several nearly related species, because they can be watched and compared in their different forms and habits ; on the other hand much can be made out of a solitary species, and that is how the mistletoe fits well into such a scheme. ‘The mistletoe has no close relation in Britain, and the botanist has been compelled to set it in an order by itself. It is a plant of the southern and midland counties, whilst further north it is rare, and is not found as a native in Scotland and Ireland. With a shrub frequently to be seen around Bristol what is more natural than to keep a look out for it and watch its habits? and to the steady observer it can yield many facts of an interesting character. At the beginning of the search one detects it in almost every orchard, pendent from the mossy branch of some old apple tree ; and the Mistletoe and an apple tree become associated in one’s mind. Then a large bunch is noticed high up on a lofty tree, with no leaves of its own in winter time to hide the bright green mass, and it is evident that the common Italian black poplar shares with the apple this distinguishing mark. Or, agai, when passing along one of the main roads out of Bristol it can be detected hanging from the rugged bark of the white flowering acacia, or sprouting upwards on the spreading branches of many lime trees. Thus as one wanders out and home again on winter rides the mind half unconsciously keeps a look out for the mistletoe. In this way the feeling becomes a sporting instinct, and all the delights of a harmless chase serve to brighten the miles, and a new clump of mistletoe, even if seen on a kind of tree already known to bear it, makes the ride a successful winter’s outing. In such a manner I have sought for the plant during the last year, and know now from actual observation upon what trees it certainly likes to develop its juice-sucking habit, and what ones appear to be able to keep off this enemy, out of the many that attack our native trees. For it must be known to all of you as common knowleige that the mistletoe is a parasite—that is, it obtains much of its regular supply of food from the juices of other and nobler plants. The word parasite was applied in olden times to a person who introduced himself at the table of the rich in order to obtain a free meal, so in modern language it has become an appropriate word to describe the plant that makes a home for itself in the substance of some other plant and lives on food sucked from its tissues. Nature provides examples of many kinds of a similar parasitic habit, both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, each kind usually confining itself to a limited number of species. H 4 178 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. To refer only to plant life, the lowly toadstool grows as a parasite on decaying vegetable matter, while the herbaceous beauties of cow-wheat, eyebright, and such like obtain their food from the neighbouring grasses. They, however, attach them- selves to these roots after the seeds have germinated in the ground, and as growth proceeds the rootlets of the young plants fasten on to the grasses, and utilise their roots to supply nourish- ment. A similar springing into active life before getting their food from others belongs in fact to all the British parasites. ‘The exception is the Mistletoe, and looked at in this way the Mistletoe is the most degenerate of all our parasitic plants, be- cause its seeds germinate on the living tissue of its host, and make no attempt to start life in the ground like the others. It has selected trees as its host, and in time will impoverish the most vigorous branch, in the same way that other plant parasites injure the hosts on which they have made their home. The Mistletoe lives on year by year and grows slowly, apparently needing the sap of trees to supply its nourishment. The reason of this need cannot be decided so far, and Darwin held strong views about the selective power of plants, and char- acterised it as preposterous to claim any one cause for their parasitic habit. He, and others since his time, have assigned many reasons why a variety of causes must be weighed before being tied down to one. This much, however, can be said of the Mistletoe’s selection of particular kinds of trees, that a com- parison of the outer coats of their branches shows that all of them are covered with a soft, sappy tissue. Through these soft coatings the pegs or roots given off by the Mistletoe seeds can readily penetrate, and at once enter upon a food supply of sap. The way then that the Mistletoe begins its life is by the naked seed germinating directly on the tree, and how it gets to a suit- able place on the bark, and how it continues its growth, present many interesting features. The berries when ripe are round, and contain a solitary seed completely enveloped in a thin glutinous pulp, which is eagerly eaten by birds, notably the missel thrush (hence its name) and the blackbird. ‘These belong to the order of fruit-eating birds, which do not grind up their food in their crops, so that the seeds after passing through the bird still retain the power to germinate. This method, by which the Mistletoe is dispersed, would seem to have been noticed in ancient times, because the derivation of its name is stated by Skeats to be taken from the Scandinavian word ‘‘ mist,’? meaning dirt, in reference to the manner of dis- tribution by birds. Other authors, it is true, go back to an equally early period and connect the name with the Anglo-Saxon ‘“missel,’? different, and thus think it would mean a different twig to the branch on which it grows. The idea that the Mistletoe seed clings to the beak of the bird, when feeding on the berries, and is rubbed off by it on to the PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 179 branch in order to rid itself of a nuisance, does not seem to be capable of proof, although it is popularly believed to be the means of dispersal. Whichever derivation is chosen, it is by means of birds that the seeds are deposited on neighbouring trees, and, in most instances, perish for want of suitable conditions. A stray seed here and there, however, lodges in some crack on the bark or in the roughened coats where a branch is given off, and remain- ing there in security is able later to force its roots into the next layer of soft wood below. It thus soon reaches a good supply of food, because this layer immediately below the bark is specially full of sap, being the one by which the tree makes active growth each year. Once having started to grow the little roots or pegs increase in length until they find the firm woody tissue of the branch, and there they cease to penetrate. The pegs possess the power to elongate themselves at their base instead of at the tip, and in that unexpected way add to their length. It is the host which grows thicker each year, and as it increases it envelopes the pegs upwards, so that they become surrounded more deeply by woody tissue and are firmly fixed. Meanwhile the Mistletoe gives off new rootlets immediately under the bark, and these in their turn send out fresh pegs to penetrate to the hard wood and to be enveloped in due time by the increased growth of the branch. By cutting open a branch carrying a well estab- lished bunch of Mistletoe, it will be seen that the root pegs are arranged in a row—they have been compared to the teeth of a garden rake, and they enter at the side of the branch. Having established its growth by rows of pegs within the tree, the visible portion of the Mistletoe plant outside the bark pro- ceeds in its turn to develop. It may be years before it makes much promise of a bush, according to the amount of food which its host is able to provide. As it increases its bark becomes of a light green colour, and its leathery leaves also take on a greenish tint, both caused by the presence of the green chlorophyll within the cells. This chlorophyll helps to make a supply of food, just as it does on a much larger scale in the green leaves of other plants, so that the Mistletoe is not entirely dependent on the sap of the tree for all its food. It is on account of this partial supply that the Mistletoe is not, after all, the worst form of parasite, like the dodder or broomrape that have no green leaves, but it still remains to be considered botanically a degenerate plant. The Mistletoe originally produced all its own food, but having acquired the habit of getting free meals from a liberal host, it has gone a long way towards losing its independence, and only helps itself by forming a limited amount of chlorophyll in its leaves. Such a downward course might be imagined in the ivy and the Virginian creeper, where we have examples of plants that send forth rootlets by means of which they cling to walls or trees. They obtain no food from them, yet it would be easy 180 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. to think that in some species these rootlets, under favourable conditions, might start on a parasitic existence and adapt them- selves to drawing sap from their supporting trees, and so set up a scheme of feeding at another plant’s expense. Other speculations arise in one’s mind concerning the Mistletoe. | When one looks at the different sorts of trees on which it grows, and we know from observation that it flourishes successfully on each of them, we may wonder how it manages to assimilate the various kinds of sap that form its food. ‘The property common to all the trees on which I have found it is their astringency, which is allied to tanning material, and that property in its turn is acquired by the bark of the Mistletoe. A learned authority states, however, that the ash of the plant shows quite a different chemical result from that of the host, so the Mistletoe must possess the ability to rearrange and make use of the saps for its own requirements, and be a skilled master in gathering the best from each kind of tree. The greenish flowers which appear in March are very inconspicuous, of two sexes, borne on separate plants. The golden pollen from one is carried by small flies to the sticky ovary of the other, which becoming fertilised produces the familiar berry. When the fruit is fully ripened it has turned from a light green to a whitish colour. This is not the dense white that is seen in the snow- berry or in flowers, caused by air in the cells, but a clear semi- transparent white, such as is found in the garden currant. ‘The advantage of the colour to the Mistletoe lies in it causing the fruits to be conspicuous against the brown or grey background of the leafless branches, and, in this way, they are more easily seen by birds, so as to afford them food, and by their short flights to transfer the seeds to neighbouring trees. The general distribution of a plant is often described by the botanist as ‘‘common,’’ ‘‘ local,’’ or ‘‘ rare,’ and on these lines the Mistletoe would be classed as “‘ local,’’ because, although it is fairly frequent on different trees in some places, in others it is rarely seen except in some old-established orchard. ‘The wide and extensive Nailsea valley, from Bristol to Yatton, is a district where it grows abundantly, and it is in this portion of the Bristol coalfields that my observations have been chiefly made. ‘There I have seen it without much difficulty in nearly every orchard, and on nine other species of trees, whereas elsewhere in Somerset it seems to be limited almost entirely to apple trees, with an occasional poplar or hawthorn. The trees that act as hosts in the Nailsea valley are the sycamore and maple ; the crab- apple, hawthorn, white beam, and pear; the acacia, lime, and poplar. These trees belong to six different orders, which shows that the Mistletoe is able to make itself at home on trees that differ considerably in their characters. It must not be thought that on these trees it can be met with only here and there, because PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 181 it is distinctly common on some of the species, notably on a grove of sycamores, on three long avenues of limes, and on several scattered acacias, maples, and hawthorns. One or two of the clusters are so uniform in shape that they look like a chandelier of green hanging from a slender bough, and can readily be seen by the most casual observer. On the white beam it is confined to one bush in Brockley Combe as far as is observed, and it is admittedly regarded as very rare on that host. When the plant is found thus plentifully distributed over a limited area and is comparatively rare elsewhere, the interest in its growth is much increased, and comparison is thought of with other counties where it flourishes. On the Gloucestershire side of the city it is scarce except on the apple and poplar, but we find it established on two additional trees, the grey poplar at Brentry, and a species of sugar maple planted in Tortworth Park, as well as on a few hawthorns, in- cluding a small plant on Durdham Down. Further observations, however, are needed for the county, and I commend the work to the notice of the members. Herefordshire stands out pre-eminentlv as the home of the Mistletoe in England, and the few species of trees on which we find it locally compare poorly with the 32 different kinds which have been observed by botanists throughout the county. With so many orchards there the number of Mistletoe berries distri- buted each year must be very great, but the explanation of its frequency on so many different trees must be chiefly due to some unknown conditions favourable to the plant, which must exist in a more limited extent in Somerset and only within such a small district as the Nailsea valley. The 32 different trees in Herefordshire consist of a number of species, many of them cultivated or foreign, but confined to a few Natural Orders, so the same law seems to apply, that it is only trees with special tissues which can act as hosts to this strange parasite. Just as with us the Mistletoe cannot be found on some of our commonest native trees, so in that county it does not grow on the beech, the silver birch, the hornbeam, the sweet chestnut, the holly, the blackthorn, or the elder, and, taking all the conditions into consideration, we may feel gratified with the display that is made close around Bristol. From the flora of Glamorgan we gather that the parasite is very rare in that county, and it is stated on good authority that not more than half a dozen solitary clumps have been noted throughout the whole of Glamorganshire, and no satisfactory ex- planation is forthcoming for this curious limitation of the plant. Apple trees and poplars, at all events, are plentiful there, and yet for some peculiar reason Nature refuses to permit the parasite to gain a footing on them. On broad lines of distribution, it is known that the chemical composition of the soil greatly influences the kind of plants that 182 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, grow on it, as on limestone around us, or on sandstone in parts of the Mendip Hills, or on the alluvium salt marshes by the Severn. Now a glance at the geological map shows that in Herefordshire the geological formation is chiefly of sandstone, and although Glamorganshire contains a similar rocky soil with much of the limestone and coal measures added, yet on similar soil the Mistletoe is remarkable by its absence. Another factor which influences the distribution of plants is the direction in which the hills slope, whether towards the north or elsewhere, so as to modify the amount of rainfall and sunlight, but this does not seem to apply to the hilly counties under view. The only suggestion that I can offer is that when the fruits are ripe about mid-winter the migration of thrushes and black- birds takes place to the lower and warmer plains, and the birds may travel away from the Welsh hills towards the south-west, and so over long periods may carry the seeds only in that direction. | You will have noticed my list of trees bearing the Mistletoe did not include the oak. It was purposely omitted, because it needs a more extended mention. The oak and the Mistletoe have always been associated in popular story and in history, because our Anglo-Saxon forefathers in England and in the north-west of France made the Mistletoe growing on the oak a sacred plant, and one of the chief points around which their whole religion centred. In modern times it is exceedingly rare for the oak to be found bearing Mistletoe, and the Druids must have experienced the same lack of such oaks, for Nature does not change in that way, and would have limited the number to them as she does for us. For many years it was thought that there were only seven oak trees in all England that bore the Mistletoe, but a more careful search at the end of the last century was rewarded by the discovery of three more such trees in Herefordshire, and one of these has an added interest to us, because it was made by a former Vice-President of this Society, the late Mr. Charles Fortey, when resident at Ludlow, before making his home in Clifton. Parts of Gloucestershire also are fortunate, for such an oak is on record at Frampton-on- Severn, and at Sedbury near the Monmouthshire border, but in- cluding these, the whole of England could boast of knowing only ten oak trees on which the Mistletoe grew. Recognising, then, the interest that attaches to a Mistletoe- bearing oak and its scarcity, the members of this Society will be gratified to know that within the last month I have found a splendid example in our own immediate neighbourhood, and I have much pleasure in giving to them the first information of the discovery. In the Leigh Woods, in that portion to which the public have free access, and facing the Avon Gorge, there is a lofty oak tree, the species Quercus intermedia, which has near its top and some PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 183: fifty feet from the ground, a magnificent bunch of Mistletoe, that must be the growth of years. Having thus obtained our own Mistletoe on the oak, it may be a justification to mention some of the early associations that cling around the plant. The history of the Mistletoe goes back to Pagan times, and is men- tioned by the Romans at the beginning of the Christian era. But it is amongst the people of Northern Europe that its mystic characters were so prominent. In England, long before the coming of the Romans, the Mistletoe was the sacred plant of the people, and was held in the greatest reverence by them in con- junction with the Druids, who were their Priests or ‘‘ medicine men,’’ to use the title given to the religious leaders of more recent savage tribes. The Druids, we are told, worshipped in groves of oaks, and, considering the rarity of the Mistletoe, we must assume that when they knew of a wood wherein it grew on an oak they looked upon it as a sacred spot, in the same way perhaps as we regard our Cathedrals as the centre of religious life. They marched with great solemnity into such a wood at mid-summer and mid-winter, dressed in white garments and fol- lowed by a choir of chanting voices to collect the Mistletoe from the oak. The Arch-Druid himself mounted the tree, and, with a knife of pure gold, cut off a bough and dropped it into a white cloth held up to prevent the ‘‘ heaven descended ’”’ plant coming in contact with the earth. After numerous rites and feastings the sacred emblem was dis- tributed and kept as a charm against sickness and evil spirits. Modern research into the primitive worship of the nations of Europe has shown that the people considered the spirit or soul of a tree so far helped in its growth that the shedding of the leaves in autumn was a sign of death, and the putting forth of a fresh crop of leaves in the following spring was a coming to life again of the spirit of the tree. A Mistletoe bough, flourishing with its green leaves and glossy white berries amidst the bare branches of the oak, appeared to these superstitious people as the visible sign of the immortal part of the tree, which protected its life through the apparent death of winter. Thus the ever-green Mistletoe became an object of special reverence, and was wor- shipped as the very soul of the whole forest. There is nothing fantastic in this idea of the external soul, because on many of the painted frescoes, brasses, and monu- ments that are left in our churches it is not uncommon to see a representation of the soul of the departed being carried by angels to Heaven in the guise of a little figure in human form. In this manner the oak, with its strange-looking companion, appealed to the minds of the nations, and when Christmas-tide became a religious festival to the English people after their conversion from Paganism, the Mistletoe continued to be a decoration for their joyous sports, although banished from their churches as being something irreligious and pertaining to cruel rites and sacrifices. 184 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. You will find in many of the published accounts of Bristol Cathedral the statement that the carving round one of the Berkeley recesses represents the Mistletoe, and is the only example of the plant in English church architecture. ‘This is a mistake. The plant in question is a branch of maple with its winged fruit pods, distorted at some partial restoration by an ignorant craftsman to the resemblance of the berry and twin leaves of the Mistletoe. For centuries after the religious cere- monies of the Druids had ceased the Mistletoe passed out of use at Yule-tide, and it is only within the last 200 years that any reference is made in literature to the shrub as a decoration at that season. Interest in the plant has been kept alive by many of the minor poets, but I cannot find that they make more than a pass- ing allusion to it, such as is recognised by every one. Its mode of growth, “‘ ’twixt heaven and earth,’’ exercised the minds of the Elizabethan writers. Shakespeare alludes to it but once, and, describing it as ‘‘ the baleful mistletoe,’’ shows that he recognised its pernicious growth. ‘Tennyson calls it ‘“the sacred bush,’’ and the early herbalists tell of its wonderful medicinal virtues, which, however, have lost their esteem in modern science, and the viscid fruit is now chiefly used in making fly-papers. Some of you may recall a picture by Turner in the National Gallery, painted about 1834, that was inspired by the plant. It is named ‘‘ The Golden Bough,’’ and depicts in gorgeous colours a small lake amidst Italian mountain scenery, with some grace- ful female figures moving about in joyous life. One of these has just cut with a sickle a bough from a stone pine, and holds it aloft to catch the rays of the sun, which turn it to the brightest gold. The whole picture was inspired by a passage in Virgil, that compares such an illumined bough in the Inferno to the Mistletoe, which, as you know, often assumes a yellowish hue in winter time; and the fanciful name of ‘‘ Tree of pure gold ’”’ still clings to it amongst the Welsh. In Scandinavian history the Mistletoe has always had a mystic and religious meaning. In some of the poems of that country, written before the people gave up their many Pagan gods to adopt Christianity, an account is given of the death of Balder, chief of all the gods, killed by an arrow made from a bough of Mistletoe. He was under the protection of the spirits of the earth and air, fire and water, who had promised that, through them, no harm should come to their god, but the Mistletoe, which sprung from none of these, had been overlooked, and so was used as a weapon by the spirit of evil to prevail against his enemy. But the enchantments of the gods were all-powerful, and through them Balder was brought back to life, and to pre- vent further mischief from the Mistletoe the plant was henceforth placed under the control of the Goddess of Love. PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 185 From this poem it has been sought in modern times to derive the justification for kissing under the mystic bough at this season of the year, but it is not needful to enter into that portion of its history whilst addressing a serious and scientific Society. The following records of Mistletoe have been made since the publication of the ‘‘ Flora of Bristol,’’ 1912 :— Ash—S. Barrow Gurney. Crab Apple— G. Littleton-on-Severn. S. Chelvey Batch. White Beam—S. Brockley Combe! F. Samson. Himalayan Birch (Betula Jacquemontti Spach). S. Tyntesfield! C. Bucknall. Hawthorn— G. By the river, Westbury-on-Trym ; Tortworth Park ; Thornbury ; Littleton-on-Severn. S. Ashton Park; Tyntesfield; West Town, Backwell ; Wrington Hill ; Yatton ; Chew Magna. Common Lime— G. Old Down; Thornbury. S. Tyntesfield; Bourton Combe; West Town, Backwell ; Saltford ; Chew Magna. Maple—S. Wrington. Kelston. Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.)\—S. Brockley. Sugar Maple (A. saccharinum L.)—G. ‘Tortworth Park. Oak (Quercus intermedia Boenn)—S. Leigh Woods. Pear—S. Flax Bourton! G. H. Wollaston. Ontario Poplar (Populus tacamahacca. Miller)—G. Littleton- on-Severn. Robinia—S. Long Ashton; Tyntesfield; Wrington; Saltford Golf Links. Sycamore—S. Bourton Combe. 186 Che Carboniferous Limestone Series of the Hrea between Clifton and Clevedon. By. S. H. Reyvnorps, M.A., Sc.Diy PGS, CONTENTS. I.—INTRODUCTION. II.—RELATION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES TO THE OTHER ROCKS. P= Sans. IV.—DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPOSURES. V.—CONCLUSION. I.—INTRODUCTION. (a) Previous Work. The chief faults and the general arrangement of the strata are described in Buckland and Conybeare’s classical memoir entitled ‘‘ Observations on the South Western Coal District of England.’?! The more im- portant exposures were described with lists of fossils by Vaughan in his paper on the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol Area,* while additional information concerning the Avon Section was given in that on ‘‘ The Carboniferous Limestone Series (Avonian) of the Avon Gorge.’’3 One paper by Prof. Lloyd Morgan in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 4 and three in the Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society 5 refer to this district ; as does a paper in the Geological Magazine, © by Mr. F. Dixey. ‘The beds are alluded to in the following pages under the names applied to them by Vaughan. (b) Extent of the Area.—The district described, which has a length of about 84 miles, extends from the Avon Gorge at Clifton to the Trias-filled valley between Court Hill and Straw- berry Hill, Clevedon. The main part of this area is a fairly level plateau, generally about a mile wide and with a height usually between 425 and 475 feet. The western part forms a narrow ridge and its height is less than that of the eastern part. t1 Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser) Vol. 2. (1824), pp. 21e-au6: 2Q.J.G.S., Vol. L-XI. (1905), pp. 181-307. This paper will be wetemed to in the following page as “‘ Bristol paper.” 3 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th ser., Vol. I., 2, (1906 issued for 1905), pp. 74-168. This paper will be alluded to in the following pages as ‘BANGS. paper:, 4Q.J.G.S., Vol, XLI. (1885), pp. 146-151. 5‘ Sub-aerial Denudation and the Avon Gorge,” n.s., Vol. IV. (1884), pp. 171-197; ‘‘ The Millstone Grit at Long Ashton,”’ ibid, pp. 163-165 ; ““The Portbury and Clapton District,”’ n.s., Vol. V. (1885), pp. 1-16. GONCS:) (Deci viz,n Vol iL s(co15))s pps 312-210) CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 187 I. —RELATION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES TO THE OTHER ROCKS. From the eastern limit of the area in the Avon valley, along its northern boundary nearly as far W. as Nash House, the Carboniferous Limestone rocks rest conformably on the Old Red Sandstone, the shaly K-beds (Lower Limestone Shales) occupy- ing a marked depression between the limestone plateau to the S., and the irregular but often fairly high country formed by the Old Red Sandstone to the N. From near Nash House westward to the end of the area the northern boundary is a faulted one, ? the Clapton Fault bringing the Coal Measures of the little Clapton-in-Gordano Coalfield against the Carboniferous Li ime- stone. ‘The fault cuts out the K-beds. Except for a distance of about a mile near Nailsea, where the Coal Measures are in contact with the Carboniferous Limestone, the limestone plateau everywhere rises somewhat steeply from the Triassic lowland to the south. As is the case elsewhere in the Bristol district, the conglomeratic base of the Trias (Dolomitic Conglomerate) extends as tongues up the pre-Triassic valleys in the limestone, and patches of it are met with high up on the plateau, occasionally as to the N. of Tyntesfield farm and in the western part of Ashton Park, reaching a height of over 400 feet. The 1-inch Geological Survey map has been in the main followed in indicating the position of these tongues and patches on the accompanying map. Near Long Ashton on the southern boundary, and near Clapton-in-Gordano on the northern, small inliers of the Car- boniferous Limestone Series appear through the newer rocks. Li ==FAuL Ts, The Clapton Fault.—The important fault forming the northern boundary of the Carboniferous rocks westward from Nash House has already been alluded to. It is shown in the 1 inch Geological Survey map and was described by Buckland and Conybeare as follows ? :— ““The western half of the chain, from Clevedon to near Portbury, presents remarkable anomalies along its northern escarpment. The local phenomena are such, as clearly indicate that a great fault ranges along the edge of this part of the escarpment, affecting a very con- siderable subsidence of the strata, so that the coal-measures, depressed to the level of the old red sandstone, appear to occupy its place, and seem to dip beneath mountain limestone, on which, in fact, they repose. The limestone beneath the coal-measures having subsided as well as the coal-measures themselves, on re-emerging forms a second calcareous ridge, called Walton Down, to the west of Leigh Down though not parallel to it. . . The anomalous appearances attending this fault are well exhibited in the northern part of the tSee following sections. 2’Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd ser., Vol. I. (1824), pp. 238-239. 1&8 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. ravine traversing Leigh Down at Sir A. Elton’s Park.1 After passing the limestone, which bounds the ravine towards the south, the sides abruptly change to the Pennant coal-grit, full of coaly matter dipping south- ward, in the same direction as the limestone, and apparently beneath it. . . . To the east of the ravine the coal-grit occupies the escarpment of Leigh Down for the space of 4 miles, as far as the coal mines of Clapton, beyond which it is concealed beneath the marshy plain. In this interval the stratification of the coal-measures is very much disturbed, but their general dip is southerly, towards the fault.’’ Mr. F. Dixey, on the other hand, in the paper referred to above, regards the line of junction of the Coal Measures and older rocks S. of Clapton as an unconformable one. He says? :— “In the neighbourhood of Clapton in Gordano the southern boundary of the Coal Measures transgresses the outcrop of the Carboniferous Lime- stone, the Lower Limestone Shale, and the Old Red Sandstone, and the Coal Measures enclose several small patches of Carboniferous Limestone. Moreover, whereas the Lower Carboniferous and older strata possess a variable but persistent southern dip, the Coal Measures dip to the north and north-west.”’ While there can be no doubt that Vaughan was right in considering that the Coal Measures in relation to the isolated patches of Carboniferous Limestone near Clapton rest directly on the limestone, the Coal Measures certainly have not always a northerly or north westerly dip. In the best exposure, that of Conygar quarry the dip is 25° S.E. and at Clevedon Cottages 30° S.E., in each case if no fault intervened the Coal Measures would pass below the Carboniferous Limestone, which lies not many yards away to the S. Further to the EF. the relations are less clear and the dips vary, but Buckland and Conybeare’s statement (p. 239) that while the strata are very much disturbed the general dip of the Coal Measures is southerly is probably correct. Hence I agree with Buckland and Conybeare, with Prof. Lloyd Morgan, and the Geological Surveyors as to the faulted character of the Carboniferous Lime- stone boundary to the W. of Nash House. The Observatory Hill Fault. — The reversed fault of Observatory Hill, Clifton has been described by many geologists, the latest being Prof. Lloyd Morgan’ and Dr. Vaughan.4 Its most remarkable feature is the rapidity with which it dies out when followed N.W. Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s map shows it extending as far as the Old Red Sandstone of Failand. I am inclined to think it dies out somewhat sooner than this, and to trace its course somewhat to the S. of Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s line. After leaving Leigh Woods, where it does not follow Nightingale Valley but passes well within the limits of Stokeleigh Camp, the fault crosses the road somewhat to the S. of Beggar’s Bush ti.e., that between Strawberry Hill and Court Hill, Clevedon. 2p. 313. 3 Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., Vol. IV. (1884), pp. 185-189 and Q.J.G.S., Vol. XLI. (1885), pp. 146-151. 4B.N.S. Paper, -p. 88: CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 189 Corner. As pointed out by Prof. Lloyd Morgan, it cuts the strata somewhat obliquely, with the result that as it is followed westward lower and lower strata are brought in contact with one another till the fault dies out. In the Avon Valley S2 is brought over D 2, in the field to the W. of Beggar’s Bush Corner the Caninia-Oolite (C 1) is brought over S1, which is much crushed and veined. Upper Farm (Hill Farm) stands on the Caninia- Oolite, and a second development of this horizon is seen in an old quarry about 300 yards W. of the Farm. ‘The repetition is clearly due to the passage of the fault, which, I believe, here brings the Laminosa Dolomite (lower C 1) over the Caninia-Oolite (Upper C1). I attribute the strong contortion of the Z-beds in the old quarry to the E. of the road and about 250 yards S. of Yew Tree Cottage, and the discordant dips just W. of the road, to the fault, and have not found traces of it further W. Prof. Lloyd Morgan has also alluded to the disturbed condition of the strata as indicated by the confusion of dips at this locality. Cross Faults.—The strata are further traversed by a series of cross faults {see map). Those to the E. of Nash House shift the outcrop northward, while those further W. shift it southward. IV.—DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPOSURES. (1) The Cleistopora (K) Beds. The only complete section of these beds in the whole area is in the Avon Valley, where the exposures were fully described by Vaughan. Elsewhere the beds are only seen in occasional outcrops of the harder bands, especially of the Bryozoa-bed. The line of outcrop of the K-beds is throughout marked by a deep depression which passes just to the HK. of Abbot’s Leigh, then S.W. to Yew Tree Cottage, and westward pass the Failand Golf Course to Failand Farm. There a fault shifts the outcrop northward, and the depression extends from Funny Row along Ox House bottom to Failand Hill House. Here a second fault shifts the outcrop northward, and the depression may be followed to Racecourse Farm, where a third fault shifts the strata yet further to the N., and the depression extends through Charlton House Deer Park and Moat House to end near Nash House, where the Pennant Sandstone is faulted against the Carboniferous Limestone series. The exposures may be quickly described. Small quarries in the Bryozoa-bed having the usual character of a red crinoidal limestone occur on both sides of the road leading through Fish Pond Wood, Abbot’s Leigh. The western exposure shows also crystalline and fossiliferous limestone below the Bryozoa-bed. The same band of limestone, here coarsely oolitic, was exposed in 1917 in a trench dug at a point near the edge of the wood 4+ mile N.E. of the church, in connection with a volunteer camp held in the Old Park, Abbot’s Leigh. Thin-bedded limestone with bryozoa and Camarotechia mitcheldeanensis was thrown 190 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. out in making a small pond about 300 yards W.S.W. of Yew Tree Cottage. The Bryozoa-bed resting on a thick band of compact, largely oolitic limestone, gritty in places, is exposed at two points near Funny Row, W. of Failand Farm, and thick shales are seen at the western end of the footpath leading W. from Funny Row. Several exposures of thin-bedded limestones of K-type are seen in the neighbourhood of Ox House Bottom. The old trial shaft of the Portishead Water Works, Lower Failand, penetrated the lower part of the K-beds before entering the Old Red Sandstone, as is seen from the debris thrown out. The quarry at the bend of the road near Failand Hill House was determined by Vaughan (Bristol paper, p. 215) as hor. £, the rock contains much chert. The K-beds are fairly well seen in the Failand road section (described by Vaughan‘) for some 300 yards to the S. of Racecourse Farm. The Bryozoa-bed is exposed in the farmyard. The zonal fossil Cleistopora geometrica has been found in this section. An excellent section of part of K, including the Bryozoa-bed, is seen in an old quarry 300 yards E. of Charlton House. ‘The section is as follows :— ft. ins. 4. Bryozoa-bed, red crinoidal limestone Me Pees ees (6) ey eomale parting ... a baal a Me ov 3 2. Limestone interbedded with thin-bedded flaggy bands bo ie oe eal ae ser OREO) i. Limestone compact at the top, but im the “Gnain coarsely oolitic and crinoidal, including also gritty bands and coarsely crinoidal non-oolitic bands ae va ee we oe: Pie oC 13. 9 Band 1 in the above section is also well exposed in a small quarry S.E. of Combe Cottage, a small farm lying W. of the Portbury road and + mile N.W. of Racecourse Farm. The upper beds here are strongly oolitic, the grains being partly ironshot, the lower crinoidal and less markedly oolitic. The coarse oolite seen here and at Abbot’s Leigh is closely similar to a band of rock occurring at the same level in the Burrington Combe section, but not hitherto met with anywhere else in the Bristol area. Passing westward no exposures of K-beds were met with till the Bryozoa-bed was found at the southern end of Bullock’s bottom, a wooded valley 4+ mile N.N.E. of Moat House Farm. A highly fossiliferous development of K 2 is seen by a little pond about the same distance N.W. of Moat House Farm. Before the Clapton road is reached near Nash House the K-beds are faulted against the Pennant Sandstone, and are seen no more in the area which is the subject of this paper. 1 Bristol Paper, pp. 214-5. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 191 (2) The Zaphrentis (Z) Beds. Apart from the Avon quarries, the first important exposure of the Z-beds as one passes westward is the quarry by the road at Abbot’s Leigh described by Vaughan.‘ Here the Z 1-beds, which are very shaly at the base, are well exposed. South-westward from this point for a distance of 14 miles, 4.e., nearly as far as Failand Farm, the Z1-beds form a rather prominent escarpment marked by a narrow band of wood; exposures are plantiful and the rocks are, as is usually the case with Z 1 in the Bristol area very fossiliferous. The Z-beds are also exposed to the EH. and W. of Manor Farm. ‘The Observatory Hill fault appears to die out in the Z-beds near Yew ‘T'ree Cottage. There are many exposures of Z-beds near Failand Hill House ; at the northern end of the grounds below the summer house there is a good section of Z1, and a wooded scarp of this horizon extends westward along the northern boundary of the watren known as the Horse Race to the road S. of Racecourse Farm. Zz material crowded with Leptena analoga was thrown out in making a pond near the S.E. corner of the Horse Race. In the road section S. of Racecourse Farm the whole of the Z-beds are well seen, Z1 in the road section and in the woods FE. and W. of the road, Z2 and y in the Horse Race quarry. ? No more exposures of importance are seen as one proceeds west- ward till the Moat House Farm quarries described by Vaughan 3 are reached, the horizon being upper Z1 and lower Z2. ‘The same beds are seen at several points between Moat House Farm and the Clapton road. Z 1-beds were temporarily exposed in 1916 just to the E. of Nash House, within a few yards of the Pennant outcrop. The woods to the N. and S. of the track to Cadbury Camp are mainly in Z-beds, and numerous exposures of highly crinoidal limestone occur. ‘The remarkable isolated patches of limestone appearing through the Coal Measures in the neigh- bourhood of Clapton-in-Gordano are also of Z-beds. Z-beds are well seen in places in the south-western part of the moat of Cadbury Camp, and the abundance of Leptena analoga in the loose material along the northern margin indicates the presence of Z1. All the country as far N. as the Clapton road, a distance of some 500 yards is composed of Z-beds. ‘This width of outcrop implies repetition of the strata either by fold- ing or strike-faulting. The narrow flat-topped ridge which extends westward from Cadbury Camp for some 24 miles to end at Court Hill, Clevedon, is mainly composed of Z-beds, which are exposed at many points along the course of the outcrop, and particularly in the path leading up Court Hill from near All Saints’ Church, Clevedon. 1 Bristol Paper, p. 233. 2Ibid, pp. 215-6. Sulinidta ps, 222- 192 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. (3) The Syringothyris (C) Beds. With the exception of the Caninia-oolite, the rocks of this horizon are not often well seen. No exposures of importance are met with between the Avon quarries and the Abbot’s Leigh road. The Caninia-oolite and base of the overlying dolomites were exposed in 1916 in some military trenches in the field S.W. of Beggar’s Bush corner, and the narrow woods stretching N.E. and S.W. from Upper Farm stand on the oolite which is frequently exposed. The Observatory Hill fault passes near Upper Farm, the exposure just alluded to lying to the S. of the fault, while an old quarry about 300 yards due W. of the Farm is in the Caninia-oolite N. of the fault. The Caninia- oolite is further exposed in the large quarry near the eastern end of Wraxall Piece, and after the outcrop has been shifted N. by a fault, at several points on the north-western border of Wraxall Piece and at one near the N.W. corner of Sixty-acre Plantation. The Laminosa-dolomite is rarely seen, but a small exposure of the base of this horizon and of the top of horizon y occurs. nearly opposite the farm FE. of Failand Lodge. The Caninia- oolite is also seen in an old quarry S. of the Clevedon road and opposite the end of the road from Lower Failand. Immediately to the W. of this quarry a fault shifts the out- crop northwards, and to the W. of it the outcrop of the C-beds. widens. The Caninia-oolite, which remains the only horizon commonly exposed, is well developed in the old quarries at Charlton Cottages, and is seen at several points near the road to the FE. of the cottage called White House, where the Clapton and Tickenham roads diverge from one another. ‘There is also a quarry in this band S. of the point where the track to Cadbury Camp leaves the main road. ‘The tract of country formed by the C-beds extending westward from Charlton Cottages yields. a more fertile soil and is more cultivated than is usually the case locally with the Carboniferous Limestone. To the W. of the fault running from near Nash House to Birdcombe Court the outcrop of the C-beds widens considerably and there is more than one possible explanation of this. Before considering these, the exposures, which are not numerous, will be described. The outcrop of the Caninia-oolite may be traced from near the southern end of Mogg’s Wood, where it is well- seen both E. and W. of the wood past Tickenham House to the western end of Summerhouse Wood, where it is again visible. Along the valley to the N. stretches a tongue of Trias, and to the N. of this is a further series of exposures in white, more or less oolitic limestone, one at the south western corner of Chum- mock Wood, a second in the south-eastern corner of Sir John’s Wood being in a foraminiferal limestone crowded with Calcisphera. Nearly on the same line of strike are exposures of white oolite on the north-eastern side of Cadbury CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 193 Camp. There are two possibilities with regard to these oolitic bands :—(1) That they are two distinct bands, (2) that they are repetitions of the same band. According to the former hypothesis the lower band would be in horizon y or the lower part of C1, and a considerable increase in the thickness of the C-beds as compared with their development further E. would be implied. According to the second hypothesis the outcrop of the C-beds is widened either by a strike fault or by a roll in the strata, either of which might be hidden under the tongue of Trias alluded to above, which strikes north-eastwards from Tickenham to a point S. of Nash House. The latter hypothesis is the more probable, though definite fossil evidence is lacking. A fault passes through Cadbury Camp, and the Caninia-oolite is next seen on the slope to the S. of the camp. From this point westward it is not again met with till the western limit of the area under consideration is reached at Court Hill, Clevedon. Here, however, the Caninia-oolite is exposed at Court Farm. (4) Horizon A! (Bellerophon Bed). Horizon A, that of overlap between the C and S-beds, is so well marked as to merit a special description. Passing west- ward from the Avon Section, it is first seen in a new quarry just inside Leigh Woods and opposite the end of Beggar’s Bush Lane. Here it is a massive partly dolomitised grey oolite weathering reddish and containing rounded pebbles of oolite, apparently due to pene-contemporaneous erosion. A fish-tooth (Psephodus) was the only fossil found at this spot. A band of white oolite runs parallel to Beggar’s Bush Lane, and is exposed at many points along the northern margin of Ashton Park. ‘This band is on the strike of the oolite at Beggar’s Bush Corner, and is doubtless the same band, though not quite identical lithologically. When the western limit of Ashton Park is reached the rock again has the character of a fairly coarse oolite tending to weather reddish. The long narrow wood, after which Longwood House is nained, stands on this oolite, and it is fairly well exposed and crowded with gastropods at the eastern end of the wood. Further W. it is seen in the Bellerophon-quarries described by Vaughan, ? the eastern being on the border of Wraxall Piece and W. of the road to Failand Farm, the western to the S. of Failand Inn. The next point where the band is seen is 13 miles to the W., by the side of the footpath leading from Sidelands Cottages to Parsonage Farm, Wraxall. The same band, shifted by a fault, is seen in an old quarry by the field path which runs parallel to Wraxall Hill and about 300 yards to the EK. of it. T'wo-thirds of a mile further W. the band, retaining its character as a reddish oolite 1Vaughan’s original use of the term horizon /\ is followed, not his intense. j-G.5., Vol. LX XT, 1915, pp.-17-24- 2Bristol Paper, pp. 212-213. 194 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. with many gastropods, is seen in the lane which runs northwards. from Ham Farm across West. Hill, Wraxall, and also opposite the turning to Nash House from the Tickenham road. - Several exposures occur at Stone Edge Batch, one in the road S: of the Baptist Chapel and a second a short distance down the turning which leaves the high road $ mile W. of Tickenham House. Westward from Stone Edge Batch for rather more than a mile the outcrop is covered by Trias, but at Middletown the horizon is well exposed in a quarry which was described by Vaughan, ¢ who gives a list of fossils. The rock retains the oolitic character. (5) The Seminula (S) Beds. The outcrop of the S-beds extends from the river Avon through Leigh Woods to the Abbot’s Leigh road, beyond which the rocks are soon cut across by the Observatory Hill fault. Good exposures of 51 were made in 1916 in military trench dig- ging in the field 5.W. of Beggar’s Bush corner, the highest beds being nearly unfossiliferous china-stones, very much crushed and clearly indicating the proximity of the fault, while below are compact limestones with abundant Seminula and lathostrotion martini. The S-beds as repeated by the fault are exposed in the cliff forming the southern boundary of Nightingale Valley, and at various points near the top of the slope on the northern side. They are seen also in several old quarries in Leigh Woods, e.g., one opposite Burwalls, where they include shales, china-stone, and Seminula-bands, a second opposite Rownham House, where the Seminula-oolite is seen, and a third near the top of the path through Nightingale Valley. S-beds extend all through Ashton Park, forming a broad plateau which slopes slightly towards Beggar’s Bush Lane. Exposure are not numerous, but there are several old quarries in limestone of the usual Seminula-bed type with china-stone and abundant Lithostrotion martini and Seminula-bands. ‘Two large quarries in S-beds are situated near the south western corner of Ashton Park,—in the angle between the Long Ashton and Providence roads there is a large quarry in the upper S-beds, while just to the N. of the Longwood House road there is another in S1, in which the Seminula-oolite is seen underlain by massive limestone with Lithostrotion martini. In the former of these quarries the rocks are folded into a sharp anticline, the arch of which is traversed by a line of crush, which when prolonged southwards, leads to a remarkable line of swallets (miscalled old quarries in the 6 in. map) in the Long Ashton Golf Club grounds. The anticlinal fold is also apparent here, the rocks at the swallets dipping at 25° S.E., while a short distance to the W. the i Bristoly Paper, p23 1. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 195 uppermost S2-beds are seen dipping at 60° W.S.W. Few better exposures of the Concretionary beds of S2 are seen in the whole of the Bristol district. The sudden folding of the rocks at this point is accompanied by a local change of strike of a full mght angle, a remarkable fact as no other signs of dis- turbance have been noted in the neighbourhood, and a short distance further W. at the Iron Plantation the normal strike is resumed. In the field $ mile S.E. of Longwood House upper S2-beds have been exposed in making golf-bunkers. Sixty Acre Plantation and the northern part of Ashton Hill Plantation are formed of S-beds. There are no quarries here, but many blocks are scattered about. The northern part of the Tyntesfield estate consists of S-beds, which are seen in the old quarry behind the building N. of the chapel, but there are no very satisfactory exposures to the E. of the tongue of Trias, which stretches north- wards from Tyntesfield Farm. There are quarries in massive S 2 limestone with abundant Lithostrotion martini in the S.E. corner of the wood known as Sidelands and to the west of the Battleaxes, Wraxall. The Seminula-oolite, a compact white limestone is seen at various points near Parsonage Farm, and the exposures at the southern end of Wraxall Hill are in S1, consist- ing of compact limestone with china-stone and Seminula-bands. In the neighbourhood of Wraxall Church another tongue of Trias extends northwards. ‘Tio the W. of it near Ham Farm are several exposures of white oolite recognisable as the Seminula- oolite by the fossiliferous character. Underlying the oolite is a strong band of grit exposed in the fields to the W. of the lane crossing West Hill. There is a similar strong band of grit in Sr in the Olveston area.’ From Birdcombe Court a narrow band of S1-beds extends westward to Tickenham Church. The best exposure is in a small quarry N. of Jacklands Bridge, where the red shaly partings between the limestone bands are crowded with Diphyphyllum, a coral which is found at the same level in the Avon Section. S1-beds with china-stone bands and Seminula are seen at the southern end of Church Lane, Ticken- ham, and at various points westward from the church for a dis- tance of 250 yards. No Seminula-beds are to be seen to the W. of this point. As Vaughan? points out, there is no room for the whole sequence between the S1-beds of Tickenham Church and the Coal Measures of the neighbouring Nailsea Coal- field. There is no evidence to show whether the Coal Measures are faulted against the Carboniferous Limestone or rest on it unconformably. ‘The former view is the more probable one, as the latter would involve post-Seminula-beds upheaval and erosion, of which there is no evidence elsewhere in the district. 1See_Proc. B.N.S. 4th ser., Vol. IV (1914 issued for 1913), p. ror. 2 Bristol Paper, p. 232. 196 CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. (6) The Dibunophyllum (D) Beds. These are only seen in the eastern part of the district, not being met with to the W. of Tyntesfield. In the Leigh Woods area there is a double development, a small northern wedge-shaped mass in the neighbourhood of Stoke Leigh Camp being formed by the D-beds in their normal position, while in the neighbour- hood of Rownham Hill the same beds occur repeated by the Observatory Hill fault. The exposures in the railway cuttings by the Avon were briefly described with fossil lists by Vaughan. ? Apart from the exposures in the Avon Valley, those of the wedge-shaped mass are poor and scanty. The best are in the crags which extend from the northern vallum of Stoke Leigh Camp down to the Avon. Here the various lithological types of the upper Di and lower D2 beds may be easily recognised, particularly the coarse oolites, red grits, and bands full of Productus. Near the northern extremity of the wall which runs north eastwards from Beggar’s Bush corner, the lower more massive limestones of D1 are seen and contain the characteristic Cyathophyllum murchisoni. Apart from those in the Avon Valley the only exposure of D-beds as repeated by the fault, to be seen N. of Ashton Park is at the well-known quarry on Rownham Hill. ?. Much of the rock here is a coarse oolite. ‘The southern boundary of the D-beds in Ashton Park is remarkably irregular, and we clearly have here a shore-line of Triassic age. ‘The upper D-beds, which include much red grit form wooded promontories, with the Triassic rocks extending up the inlets between them. Church Wood must at one time have formed an island in the Triassic sea. The lower D 1-beds which as in the Avon Section contain little or no grit, and are often coarsely oolitic, are seen in an old quarry + mile W. of Rownham Hill Lodge, and at a number of points on the hillside to the E. of New Barn. Many of the char- acteristic D1 fossils may be readily found. Oolitic D1 is also seen in a quarry in Clarken Combe. Ashton Hill and the neigh- bourhood of Providence, are mainly composed of red grit associated with red rubbly and often oolitic limestone. There are numerous exposures of both these rock-types, and in par- ticular there is a considerable quarry in massive grey, coarsely crinoidal and foraminiferal limestone on Ashton Hill 300 yards W. of the Convalescent Home. To the W. of Providence Lane the surface is very irregular owing to the old shallow workings for iron ore, which appears to occur in bands interbedded with the limestone. The cutting which traverses Iron Plantation was doubtless made in search of ore. The material thrown out in making a series of bunkers for the Long Ashton Golf Club about + mile W. of Iron Plantation enables the boundary between S and D to be very accurately fixed. 1 Bristol Paper, pp. 197-199. 2 ibid, p. 197, and Bb N.S. papelgy Pane ie CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 197 D 1-beds, with the usual fossils, are exposed at a number of points in the northern part of Ashton Hill Plantation, while grits and limestones of D2 age are seen at the south-eastern corner of George’s Hill Plantation. Two small patches of limestone are seen in the railway cutting to the east of the Fruit and Cider Institute, Long Ashton, and a tongue folded into a sharp anticline is traversed by the Great Western Railway by means of a cutting and short tunnel at Cambridge Batch 4 mile E. of Flax Bourton Station. All these exposures are in D1-beds as are the old quarries just N. of the railway at Cambridge Batch. ‘These quarries form one of the best localities in the district for the examination of the D1-beds, and were described by Vaughan.' The great width of the D out- crop here is probably due to a roll in the strata. The most westerly exposures of D-beds are seen in the south-eastern part of Tyntesfield grounds, but are neither good nor numerous. V.—CONCLUSION. The general lithological and faunal succession was determined by Vaughan, and although it is hoped that the proximity of the area to Bristol will justify the somewhat detailed account of the exposures given above, it cannot be claimed that many points of general interest have been established. The following seem worthy of mention :— 1. While the exposures are not sufficient to enable one to determine the thickness of the several bands with accuracy, the width of the outcrops indicates a progressive thickening of the strata as one passes westward. 2. The occurrence of a marked band of coarse oolite imme- diately underlying the Bryozoa Bed (K 1) at Abbot’s Leigh and in the Failand and Charlton area is a feature known elsewhere in the Bristol district only in the Western Mendips (Burrington Combe). 3. The occurrence of strong grits in Si to the W. of Wraxall is a feature characteristic also of the development at Sodbury and Olveston in Gloucestershire. Sincere thanks are tendered to the Hon. Mrs. Smyth for permis- sion to visit exposures in the Ashton Court Estate, and to Lieut.- Col. G. C. Gibbs, M.P., for similar permission with regard to Tyntesfield. 1 Bristol Paper, pp. 218-9. 198 Bristol Botany in 1915 and 1916. By Jas. W. Wuirts, F.L.S. HE lengthy list that follows embraces a number of rare and attractive species. Of these no fewer than four are additions to the district flora. Together with those brought to light in 1914 these additions raise the number of plants (other than aliens) included in the Flora of Bristol to a total of 1184. Ranunculus peltatus x trichophyllus. Excellent examples of this rare and remarkable hybrid (as I judge it) were obtained from a pond on Brimscombe Farm, between Chipping Sodbury and Wickwar. Besides the presumed parents no other water- buttercup was present. The peltatus plant is undoubtedly nearest that form of the aggregate usually referred to R. floribundus Bab. Ranunculus sardous Crantz. (R. hirsutus Curtis). In Rep. Watson Exch. Club, 1914—109015, Mr.A. J. Wilmott comments on a contribution collected by Miss Roper in the mill-yard by Portis- head Dock ; and gives reasons for believing the specimens to belong to the closely allied R. trilobus Desf., an alien species from the Mediterranean region in which the carpels are tuber- cular all over both faces, not merely with a marginal ring of tubercules as in R. sardous. An examination of my own examples from Bristol rubbish-tips and waste ground reveals. that some of them are really R. trilobus. Helleborus viridis L,. Miss Roper (Journ. Bot. LIII., p. 113) draws attention to a form of Green Hellebore, in which the sepals are blotched with purple at their base, that exists at Winterhead Farm, one of the Bristol stations for this plant. The only other known instance of the occurrence of a purple- spotted state appears to be one reported from Surrey by Mr. C. E. Salmon ; and no mention of such a variation can be found in any botanical work. H. fetidus .. New stations for the Stinking Hellebore are at Willis’ Brake, near Ridgeway, Glouc.; and in Somerset on Wavering Down above Compton Bishop, Dr. Wiglesworth. Viola odorata I,. var. precox Gregory. So early as the second week in January Miss Roper pointed this out to me on Tickenham Hill, S., whence a specimen forwarded to Mrs. Gregory was accepted by her ‘‘ without hesitation.’’ Barbarea arcuata Rchb. Mention is made in Fl. Brist. of a peculiar form of Yellow Rocket, with spreading arcuate pods, gathered by the author many years ago in a marshy spot by Stapleton Bridge, G. This has now been identified as the B. arcuata of Reichenbach. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1915 anp 1916. 199 Sisymbrium officinale Scop. var. leiocarpbum DC. Until lately known only with us as a rare casual on waste ground. But the two forms have been found growing together in quantity by a grassy track on Ivory Hill, G., where it was evident that the variety could be recognised at once by its paler and greener tint, the type being somewhat hoary and becoming purplish- brown at length. Cerastium arvense IL, Abundant in a rough, rocky pasture on the hillside near Axbridge, S. Discovered by Mr. H. S. Thompson. And Mrs. Reginald Price reports it from three spots on Lansdown, not far from the Grenville Monument. In this locality also the plant grows in natural turf. Spergularia rubra Pers. Detected by Mr. Cedric Bucknall on a dry pennant bank near the G.W.R. north of Keynsham. New to North Somerset. Medicago minima 1,. Sparingly casual at Newton St. Loe, S., Miss Roper. Agrimonia odorata Mill. New to the Bristol district. This handsome plant has come out of its obscurity with a rush. In Journ. Bot. LIII., p. 280, Mr. H. S. Thompson reports having met with it in three different places in North Somerset. First, in company with the Rev. EK. Ellman, near Charterhouse, on Mendip. Shortly afterwards Mr. Thompson came across a larger quantity on the edge of a field near Blackdown. ‘Then, a little later, he found three clumps near Farrington Gurney. And Miss Roper has it from the Court Hill above Norton’s Wood, Clevedon. For failure to recognise this plant earlier the only valid excuse lies, I take it, in the scanty descriptions in English books. Potentilla argentea L. Discovered by the Rev. FE. Ellman on a rocky limestone slope under the Cadbury ridge towards Clevedon. Extremely rare in Somerset. Rubus incurvatus Bab. A new bramble. Gathered near Edington Junction, S., in the summer of 1914, by Mr. E. Metcalfe Day, of Minchinhampton, and named by the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers. Dipsacus pilosus L. A number of fine specimens have appeared along a hedgerow near Clapton-in-Gordano, in a con- spicuous position, where it had never before been noticed by the Misses Cundall who live in the neighbourhood. Carthamus tinctorius L. Several plants on house-refuse tipped on the confines of Horfield, G., Mr. Ivor W. Evans. A handsome orange-flowered Composite, probably a native of _ Egypt and Abyssinia, and cultivated in many parts of the world for the colouring matter yielded by the flowers. According to old chroniclers this plant was formerly grown in Gloucester- shire, both for the flowers and seed. The common people used 200 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1915 anp 1916. the flowers instead of saffron in their cakes and puddings, while geese and turkeys fed greedily upon the seed. Carduus acaulis Willd., hybrid. Gathered in a rough pasture at Failand, North Somerset, by Miss Roper. The Rev. E. S. Marshall reports on this that allowing for differences of date and locality, and noting the intermediate foliage and short. spines at the tip of many of the phyllaries, it comes very close to a plant found near Monmouth in 1903. Both are. to be con- sidered C. acaulis x arvensis ; though not entirely without doubt, as the seeds of Miss Roper’s plant appear to be well developed and hybrid thistles are very generally sterile. Taraxacum palustre DC. Further localities for this interest- ing Dandelion are:—Barrow Hill, S., Mrs. Sandwith ; Milbury Heath, G., and Rowberrow Warren, S., Miss Roper; and the Ridings near Chipping Sodbury, G., C. Bucknall. | Erythrea pulchella Fries. Recorded from Leigh Woods by J. Poole in New Bot. Guide Suppl., 1837, and not heard of after- wards until October, 1916. But it is still there in fair quantity on a broad mossy track. Campanula patula 1. We are indebted to Dr. J. Wiglesworth for a new locality. He reports this rare Bell-flower as fairly plentiful in the wood on Lyncomb Hill, S. Rhinanthus major Ehrh. var. platypterus Fries. The aggregate species has been recorded twice or thrice, at intervals of years, as one of the rarest plants of the North Somerset peat moors, and is not known to us in any other region. ‘The past summer must have been unusually favourable for it as the Rev. E. S. Marshall (Journ. Bot. LIV., p. 101) “‘ came across it in profusion, towards the end of August, near Edington Junction ; and also a little to the south of Shapwick Station but in smaller quantity. . . . . All the specimens examined be- longed to the var. platypterus Fries; they were glabrous with broad seed-wings. ‘This confirmation of the old records is most satisfactory.’’ Centunculus minimus L A most important addition to the local flora. The discovery had been anticipated (FI. Brist. p. 36), but the actual detection of this beautiful little species was reserved for the Rev. E. Ellman, who found it in a position he wishes me to describe as ‘‘ between Pill and Clifton Suspen- sion Bridge, S.’’ Atriplex laciniata IL. Has been observed very sparingly on the sandy shore near Berrow and (one plant) in Kewstoke Bay, by Mrs. Sandwith and Mr. C. Bucknall. The latter occurrence may well confirm another of Dr. St. Brody’s statements in Fl. Weston. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1915 anp 1916. 201 Polygonum Rau Bab. On the shore near Berrow ; an extension of range noticed by the same botanists and at the same time as the last-mentioned species. Rumex maximus Schreb. (R. Hydrolapathum var. latifolius Borrer.) Sparingly near Shirehampton, G., Miss Roper. And by the Avon near Saltford, S.! C. Buckzail. Daphne Mezereum L,. The Mezereon still exists on Churchill Batch, whence it was believed to have been lost. Two plants have been found by Mr. T. H. Green. Eaker Hill Wood, Chew- ton Mendip, B. W. Tucker. Miss Roper has seen it there. Viscum album I, ‘The rarity of Mistletoe upon the Oak renders its occurrence in Leigh Woods, S., a matter of general interest. Miss Roper (Journ. Bot. LIV., p. 88) describes the presence of a large bunch near the top of a tree (Quercus intermedia) about 50 ft. in height and probably more than a century old. Paris quadrifolia lL. A new station, in a wood adjoining Beggar’s Bush Lane, S., which, if the plant be lost from Leigh Woods, will be the nearest to Bristol, is supplied by Mr. Harold Robbins. Galanthus nivalis, L. Large patches of snowdrops flower in ° a stretch of open woodland between Wraxall and Cadbury Camp, and there are some also in an adjoining orchard. The moss- covered remains of ancient buildings and enclosures seem to show that at a long past period the neighbouring farmstead had been a holding of greater importance than at present, provided probably with extensive shrubberies and gardens now lost and overgrown. Juncus maritimus Lam. An old record for Portishead that has remained unconfirmed since its publication by Mr. S. Free- man in 1841, is now upheld by the Rev. E. Ellman, who has observed several clumps of this plant on the coast north of Portis- head Pill. J. tenuis Willd. ‘This lately-discovered rush has been observed growing freely not only along the riverside under Leigh Woods, but about paths and tracks on the high ground in the interior of the wood. A few tufts in the valley leading up from one station to the other apparently form connecting links. Potamogeton pusillus LL. Miss Roper has detected this pondweed at Eastville Park in the lake, which is connected with the river Frome. ‘This may be regarded, therefore, as a confir- mation of Thwaites’ old record in Swete’s Fl. Brist. The station is the only one known in our Gloucestershire division. Wolffia Michelii Schleid. (W. arrhiza Wimm.) The most interesting addition that has been made of late years to the flora 202 BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1915 anp 1916. of North Somerset. Discovered June, 1915, in a peaty pool not far from Meare, S., by Mrs. Sandwith. And at the end of the following month in a pond near Brent Knoll Station, and in another towards Lympsham by the same lady in company with Mr. C. Bucknall. On August 5, Mrs. Sandwith found it again in a rhine between Catcott and Shapwick, quite hidden and covered by masses of duckweed. It shewed itself by adhering to the botanist’s stick. In September the plant was found. once more by Miss Roper in a pond and rhine by the railway between Middle Burnham. and Edith Mead. Cyperus fuscus I,. As stated in my paper for 1914 this sedge had not been seen in the Walton valley for a considerable time. In September last, however, a few plants of it rewarded a joint search made with several friends along some of the peaty ditches. Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe. Is now known in three dis- tinct spots on the western face of Blackdown. Carex lasiocarpa (filiformis) x riparia=C. evoluta Hartm. This hybrid, which had not previously been seen in Britain, was observed by Mr. H. S. Thompson in July, towards the eastern end of the peat-moor between Edington and Street. Its distri- bution on the Continent and synonomy are fully described by the discoverer in Journ. Bot. LIII., p. 300. C. hirta L. var. spinosa Mortensen. Gathered by Mr. H. 5. Thompson at Charterhouse on Mendip, whence he kindly fur- nished me with an excellent specimen. It is a form with com- pound spikes and long spinescent glumes, that appears to have been ignored by most writers on the genus who possibly deem it of little importance. Spartina Townsendii H. and J. Groves. The Proceedings of . the Bournemouth Nat. Science Society contain instructive records of the spread of this grass along the tidal shores and inlets of Poole Harbour. ‘These are the result of five years’ labour by our former member, Mr. R. Vowell Sherring, F.L.S., who has long occupied himself with observations on the rapid and ex- tensive progress of this grass. Many mud-flats have now become thickly covered and converted into meadows of succulent fodder, for which cattle have a great liking. We may anticipate a like change among the mud-flats of North Somerset, as the Rev. E. Ellman reports the interesting fact that he has seen the Spartina being planted (in 1913 to begin with) on the foreshore between Clevedon and Woodspring with the evident object of binding the mud and solidifying it against inroads of the tides. Calamagrostis epigeios Roth. Highwood Lane, Over, G., F. Samson. Plentiful for many yards north of the old canal and railway between Meare and Shapwick Station, So) hie specimens so closely resembled C. lanceolata in their loose, open panicles that it was only by dissecting flowers that determina- tion became definite. BRISTOL BOTANY IN 1915 anp 1916. 203 Festuca arundinacea Schreb. A first record for North Somerset is supplied by Miss Agnes Fry, who detected a clump of the true plant near Ladye Bay, Clevedon. Miss Roper reports it from another spot at a little distance from that first noticed. Ceterach officinarum Willd. Bifid and trifid fronds, so fre- quent on plants of the allied genus Scolopendrium, are, in my experience, extremely rare with this fern. Miss Lee, of Bristol University, has lately discovered the variation on a wall at Kelston, S. She shewed also at a meeting of the Botanical Club good exainples of the var. crenatum Milde. Lycopodium Selago . Discovered on Blackdown, Mendip, by Mrs. and Mr. N. Sandwith with Mr. T. H. Green. Three plants were seen at the beginning of May ; but since that date I under- stand that many others have been noticed in several distinct patches. ALIENS AND CASUALS. From Portishead Dock and Station-yard; by Miss Livett. Hypecoum procumbens I, Bunias Erucago LL. Trifolium nigrescens Viv. Phacelia congesta Benth. Giulia capitata Sims. Wiedmannia orientalis F. and M. Bromus scoparius L. From Portishead ; by Miss Todd. Festuca Broteri Nym. From Clevedon; by Miss Livett. Senecio squalidus L. var. leiocarpus Druce. Echinospermum Lappula L. From waste heaps, Brislington ; by Miss Roper. Vicia striata MB.=V. purpurascens DC. Agreeing well with my Hungarian specimens. From Mangotsfield; by the author. Bromus brachystachys Hornung. An Asiatic species of marked characters, but of rare occurrence in this country. It has been naturalised for some years in Central Europe. tT. & W. GOULDING, . . . PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, 6 NELSON STREET, BRISTOL. 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