J PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATURAL WISTORY AND A NTIQJJARIAN IELD LUB EDIT ED BY Professor BUCKlVlAN, F.G.S.,F.L.S., &e. VOL IV. PRINTED AT THE "JOURNAL" OFFICES, SOUTH STREET- 9846C7 CONTENTS. Pag* List of Members . . . . . . . . The Brachiopoda from the Inferior Oolite of Dorset end a Portion of Somerset, by S. S. Buckman . . . . . . . . 1 Bindon Hill, by T. Kerslake . , . . . . . . . . 53 On a New Species of Ophiurella, by Dr. T. Wright . . . . 56 Experiments in the Growth of Root Crops, by Professor Tanner . . 58 On Iter XVI. of Antoninus, by Eev. W. Barnes . . . . 62 Addendum to Notes on the History of Shaftesbury, Vol. III., p. 27, by Eev. W. Barnes . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 On Milton Abbey Church, by Eev. E. Eoberts . . . . 78 Eecent Discoveries at Okeford Fitzpaine, by C. Eickman . . . . 91 Buzbury Encampment, by C. Eickman . . . . . . 95 On Saxon Situlse or Buckets, by Professor J. Buckman . . . . 98 On a New Genus of Bivalve Shell, by Professor Buckman .. 102 On a Bronze Hair Pin from Dorchester, by the Editor . . . . 104 On the Ennobling of Eoots, with particular reference to the Pars' 'p, by Professor J. Buckman.. ... .. .. .. .. 105 On Oidium Balsamii, by "Worfcbington J. Smith . . . . 110 On the Potato Disease, by Professor J. Buckman . . . . . 116 On Iter XV. of the Itinerary of Antoninus, by Dr. T. William Wake Smart .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 122 Cranboiae— the so-called Castle, by Eev. W. Barnes . . . , 134 Some New Species of Ammonites, by S. S. Buckman, F.G.S. . . 137 On New and Eare Spiders, by Eev. O. P. Cambridge . . . . 147 On the Maze, or Mizmaze, at Leigh, by Eev. W. Barnes . . 154 On some Ancient Gold Ornaments . . . . 158 ENGEAVINGS. To face Page. Frontispiece, Gold Ornaments, Torque, &c., from Milton Abbey .. 158 Saxon Situla or Bucket . . .. •• .. .. 98 Cuts of Curvirostrum . . . . . . . . . . 102-3 A Bronze Hairpin .. .. .. .. «. .. 104 A Slightly Improved Parsnip .. .. .. *, .. 108 Oidium Balsamii .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 Peronospora infestans and Fusisporium Solani, from a Tomato Plant 1 15 Plates of Ammonites, I. " " After page .. .. .. 169 IV ) ,, AT. / THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB. 16, 1875. J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, ESQ., F.G.S., &c. EEV. SIB T. BAKEE. GENERAL PITT EIVEES. EEV. 0. P. CAMBEIDGE. EEV. H. H. WOOD, F.G.S. (Treasurer). PROF. JAMES BUCKMAN, F.G.S., F.L.S. (Hon. Secretary). on. Eev. M. J. BERKELEY, F.E.H.S.L., &c.. Sibbertoft Vicarage, Northampton. M. H. BLOXHAM, F.S.A., &c., Eugby. E. BRISTOW, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., Ordnance Geological Survey. W. CARRUTHERS, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum. THOMAS DAVIDSON, Esq., F.G.S., 9, Salisbury-road, West Brighton. E. ETHERIDGE, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., Ordnance Geological Survey. E. A. FREEMAN, Esq., D.C.L., Summerleaze, Wells. E. LEES, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Vice-President of the Worcester- shire Naturalists' Club, Worcester. ALFRED NEWTON, Esq., Professor, Magdalen College, Cambridge. J. H. PARKER, Esq., C.B., Oxford. J. PRESTWICH, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology, Oxford. Eev. Prebendary SCARTH, F.S. A.,&c., Wrington Eectory, Somerset. CHARLES WARNE, Esq., F.S.A., 45, Brunswick-road, Brighton. H. C. WATSON, Esq., Thames Ditton, Surrey. J. 0. WESTWOOD, Esq., Professor of Zoology, Oxford. G. B. WOLLASTON, Esq., Chiselhurst. Sir WM. GUISE, Bart., Elmore Court, Gloucestershire. list 0! IJtate of % Dors*! lateral Jfielfr Club. The Eight Hon. the EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, K.G., St. Giles's House, Cranborne, Salisbury. The Eight Hon. LORD DIGBY, Minterne, Dorchester. The LORD EICHARD GROSVENOR, M.P., Brook-street, London. The Eight Hon. LORD WIMBORNE, Canford Manor, "Wimborne. Acton, Bev. J. . . . . Iwerne Minster, Blandford Atkinson, Serjeant Tindal . . Uplands, Wimborne Minster Atkinson, Miss . . . . Uplands, Wimborne Minster Allen, Mr. and Mrs. . . Grove House, Stalbridge Aldridge, Dr. . . . . Yeovil Alister, Miss Me Amyatt> Capt., F.G.S. . . Dorchester Andrews, Thos. C. W., Esq. Dorchester Baker, Eev. Sir Talbot, Bart. Eanston House, Blandford Barnes, Eev. W. . . . . Came Eectory, Dorchester Barton, Eev. Chas. . . . . Cheselbourne Eectory, Dorchester Baskett, C. H., Esq. . . Evershot Baskett, Miss Etheldred . . Evershot Batten, John, Esq. . . . . Aldon, Yeovil Bell, E. W., Esq Gillingham Bennett, H. E., Esq. . . Shaftesbury Blanch, Eev. J. . . . . Sherborne Blennerhassett, Eev. J. . . Eyme Eectory, Sherborne Bond, N., Esq. . . . . Holme Priory, Wareham Bond, T., Esq. . . . . Tyneham, Wareham vi. Bosanquet, Mrs. . . . . Grange House, Wootton Fitz- paine, Charmouth Brand, J. S., Esq N.P. Bank, Sherborne Bridges, Capt. . . . . Fifehead Magdalen Broadley, Eev. Canon . . Bridport Buckman,Prof .,F.G.S. ( Vice- President and Hon. Secretary) Bradford Abbas, Sherborne Buckman, S. S., Esq. . . Hampen, Andoversford, Chel- tenham Burdon, Eev. E Haselbury Eectory, Blandford Cable, J. S., Esq Yeovil Cambridge, Eev. 0. P. ( Vice- PresidentJ Bloxworth, Blandford Chudleigh, Eev. Augustine West Parley Eectory, Wimborne Clapin, Eev. A. C Sherborne Clarke, Eev. Angus . . Houghton Cleminshaw, E., Esq., M.A., F.GKS Sherborne Coif ox, T., Esq. . . . . Eax House, Bridport Coif ox, Mrs Eax House, Bridport Coif ox, Miss . . . . . . Eax House, Bridport Coif ox, W., Esq Westmead, Bridport Coif ox, Miss A. L. . . . . Westmead, Bridport Cox, Lieut.-Col. . . . . Manor House, Beaminster Crickmay, GK E., Esq. . . Weymouth Crickmay, Gfeo., Esq., jun. . . Weymouth Cunnington, Edward, Esq. . . Dorchester Dale, C. W., Esq. . . . . Glanvilles Wootton, Sherborne Damon, E., Esq Weymouth Davies, Trevor, Esq. . . Sherborne Vll. Davies, Mrs. T. . . . . Sherborne Davidson, Rev. T. . . . . Ashmore, Salisbury Day, Rev. Russell . . . . Lytchett Minster Dayman, Rev. Canon . . Shillingstone Rectory, Blandford Dowland, Rev. E. . . . . Tarrant Keynstone, Blandford Dodington, Mrs. . . . . Treverbye, Weymouth Dobie, Rev. A. C. B. . . Fontmell, Shaftesbury Digby, G. D. W., Esq. . . Sherborne Castle Dunman, H., Esq. . . . . Troy Town, Dorchester Durden, H., Esq Blandford Dugmore, H. Radcliffe, Esq. The Lodge, Parkstone, Poole Eliot, R. ff., Esq Radipole Ffooks, T., Esq Totnel, Sherborne Filliter, Freeland, Esq. . . Wareham Fletcher, W., Esq Wimborne Floyer, J., Esq., M.P., F.G.S. Stafford, Dorchester Forbes, Major L Shillingstone Freame, Miss E. M. . . Q-illingham Freame, R., Esq G-iHingham Fyler, J. W., Esq Heffleton, Wareham Galpin, G., Esq. . . . . Tarrant Keynstone, Blandford Glyn, Sir R., Bart. . . . . Leweston, Sherborne Goodden, J. R. P., Esq. . . Compton House, Sherborne Green, M. H., Esq Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester Green, Rev. Canon . . . . Steepleton, Dorchester Gresley, Rev. N. W. . . Milborne St. Andrew, Blandford Gorringe, Rev. R. P. . . Manston Rectory, Sturminster Groves, T. B., Esq. . . . . Weymouth Guest, M., Esq., M.P. . . Bere Regis, Blandford Vlll. Guise, C. D., Esq Hambro, 0. J. T., Esq. . . Hardy, T., Esq Hooper, Felly, Esq. Howard, E. N., Esq. Kemp-Welch, E. B., Esq. . . Knipe, Eev. T. W Hill, Eev. Arthur Langford, Eev. J. F. Leach, J. Comyns, Esq.,M.D. Lee- Warner, Eev. J. Laing, Eev. S. Malcom Long, E. G., Esq Luff, J. W., Esq Lundie, John, Esq., jun. . . Lovett, Eev. E. Lyon, Eev. W. H. . . Maggs, T. C., Esq Malan, Eev. S. C Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., Esq., F.GKS. f President} Marriott, Sir W. Smith Maunsell, Eev. F. W. Mayo, George, Esq. Mayo, Eev. C. H Medlycott, W. C. P., Esq.. . Elmore Court, Gloucester Milton Abbey, Blandford Wimborne We y mouth Weymquth 1 6, Dinmore, Westbourne B ourne mouth Dorchester Preston, Weymouth Bere Eegis, Blandford The Lindens, Sturminster Newton, Blandford Tarrant Gunville, Blandford Hinton St. Mary Vicarage, Bland- ford Stalbridge The Old House, Blandford 7, Pulteney Buildings, Esplanade, Weymouth Bishops Caundle, Sherborne Sherborne Yeovil Broadwinsor, Bridport Longthorns, Blandford Down House, Blandford Symondsbury Eectory, Bridport Buckland Newton House Longburton Eectory, Sherborne Yen, Sherborne IX. Meiklejohn, Dr. Middleton, H. B., Esq. Middleton, H. N., Esq. . . Miller, Eev. J. Montagu, J. M. P., Esq. . . Montefiore, Eev. T. Law . . Moorhead, Dr. Moule, H. J., Esq Payne, Miss Pearce, Eev. T Penny, W., A.L.S., Chemist Penny, Eev. J. Phillips, Eev. G. E. Pike, T. M., Esq Pope, A., Esq Portman, Hon. Miss Portman, Hon. W.H.B.,M.P. Eavenhill, Eev. H. E. Eaven, T. E., Esq Eaymond, F., Esq. Eeynolds, E., Esq Eeynolds, A., Esq Eickman, Chas., Esq. Eoberts, Eev. E. Eobinson, J., Esq., F.S.A. Eoxby, Eev. Wilfrid Euegg, L. H., Esq Eussell- Wright, Eev. T. . . Sanctuary, Ven. Archdeacon Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Bradford Peverell, Dorchester Weymouth Downe Hall, Bridport Charmouth Weymouth Weymouth 2, Westerhall Villas, Weymouth Moredon Vicarage, Blandford Poole, Dorset Tarrant Eushton Stalbridge Eectory, Blandford Wareham Dorchester Bryanstone Durweston, Blandford Buckland Vicarage, Dorchester Sherborne Church House, Yeovil Haselbury, Crewkerne Bridport Summerhayes, Blandford Milton Abbas, Blandford Newton Manor, Swanage Thornford, Sherborne Sherborne County School, Dorchester Powerstock, Bridport X. Serrel, H. D., Esq. . . . . Haddon Lodge, Stourton Caundle, Blandford Smith, Rev. Spencer . . Vicarage, Kingston Smith, Mrs Corfe Castle Shipp, H., Esq Post Office, Blandford Southwell, Rev. G. B. . . Chetnole Sparks, D.} Esq Crewkerne Stephens, R. Darell, Esq., F.Q-.S Bradpole, Bridport Styring, F., Esq. . . . . Poole House, Poole Stephens, Miss . . . . Girtups, Bridport Stuart, J. Morton, Esq. . . Blandford Surtees, N«, Esq. . • . . Purse Caundle, Sherborne Symonds, Miss Juliana . . Waterloo House, Lennox Street, Weymouth Trotman, Rev. L. . . . . Wimborne Thompson, Rev. G. . . . . Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne Todd, Colonel , . . . Keystone Lodge, Blandford Udal, J. S., Esq 4, Harcourt Buildings, Temple Vaudrey, Rev. J. T. . . Osmington Vicarage, Weymouth Waddington, F. Sydney, Esq. Weymouth Warre, Rev. F Melksham, Wilts Watts, Rev. R. R Stourpaine, Blandford Wetherley, Rev. C. . . . . Weytown, Bridport West, G. Herbert, Esq. . . Woodcote, Bournemouth Weld, C., Esq Chideock, Bridport Whitehead, C. S., Esq. . . Sherborne Whitting, Rev. W. . . . . Stower Provost, Dorset Williams, W. H., Esq. . . Sherborne Willoughby,Hon.&Rev.P.G Durweston Rectory, Blandford Witchell, Edwin, Esq. Wood, Eev. H. H., F.G.S. Woodforde, Lionel, Esq. Wynne, Eev. G. H. Yarrow, T., Esq. . . Yeatman, M. S., Esq. Yeatman, Captain, E.N. Young, Eev. E. M. . . XI. . . The Acre, Stroud Holwell Eectory, Sherborne ( Vice- President and Treasurer J . Sherborne . Whitchurch Vicarage, Blandford . Cleveland House, Weymouth . Stock House, Sherborne . West Lodge, Blandford . The King's School, Sherborne *** Members will oblige by informing the Secretary of any error or change in Address. The following illustrated Works (Edited by Professor BUCKMAN) have been published by the Club :— VOLS. L, II., III. and IV. of the "PROCEEDINGS,' 8vo. "THE SPIDERS OF DORSET" (2 Vols.), by the Rev OCTAVIUS PlCKARD CAMBRIDGE. These Works can be procured from the Rev. H. H. WOOD, The Rectory, Holwell, near Sherborne. THE BRACH/OPODA, FEOM THE INFEEIOE OOLITE OF DOESET AND A POETION OF SOMEESET. By S. S. BUCKMAN, Esq. INGE the publication of Mr. Davidson's very able paper and excellent plates in the first volume of the " Pro- ceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Anti- quarian Field Club," in 1877, a large number of fresh species, some of them new to England, have been discovered. It may be as well to define the extent of the district, and also of the beds, which we propose to review. The Inferior Oolite extends from N.E. to S. W. through Dorset, in a somewhat narrow strip ; but as the border line of the county runs along about the middle of this strip, it has been thought advisable to include a part of Somerset. The part of Somerset, therefore, extends northwards to about Gralhampton, eastwards to Milborne Wick, and west- wards to Crewkerne. The beds reviewed begin with the zone of Harpoceras opalinum, and end with the zone of Cosmoceras Par- kinsoni, this being the extent of the Inferior Oolite, according to nearly all authors. Mr. E. Deslongschamps, however, in his " Brachiopodes Jurassiques," has adopted another system. The beds from the Opalinum to the Sauzei zone inclusive he calls Infra-Oolite Marls, while the zones of Stephanoceras Hum- phriesianum and Cosmoceras Parkinsoni he calls Inferior Oolite proper. This division would do very well for the Oborne Quarry, where the bods below the Humpn*riesianum zone are more or less marly, with bands of stone in between. But at most of the other quarries iu the district the beds below the liuinphriesianuni 2 THE BRACHlOrODA. zone are hardish stone, generally lightish yellow, with plenty of iron grains, so that the term Marls would be rather inappropriate. Besides which, the Humphriesianum zone is often so poorly defined, being sometimes only about six inches thick, that it would seem very peculiar to make such a marked division there. In his paper in 1877 Mr. Davidson enumerated 29 species for these beds in this district, one of which, Wold, ornithocephala, leally occurs in the Fullers Earth, and was, by mistake, put dojvn for these beds, and another, Rhynth. Stephen**, is merely the yoang of Rhynch. cynoccphala. Therefore 27 spocies were really shown to exist in the Inferior Oolite of this district. In this paper I give a table of zones in which the various species occur in this district, and, as far as I am able, tables for comparison shewing the zones for which the same fossils have been quoted in Gloucestershire, France, and South- West Germany, and I give a table oi localities at which the various species occur. Both these tables have been compiled solely from my own observa- tions in the quarries themselves. It will be seen that I have divided the Inferior Oolite into a large number of zones, but I consider that these divisions, though often small, are well marked, and also that they are a help very much, both in the determina- tion of the various species and also to geologists who explore this district. At the end of this paper I give a list of some doubtful species which we have not material enough to determine quite accurately, but I think that the mention of them may induce further search after them. An analysis of the various tables of zones given will shew that taken as a whole the agreement is very good. Every now and then, however, discrepancies occur. Such discrepancies may arise from, perhaps, a different fossil being intended in the two cases, or, perhaps, from a not quite accurate determination of the beds, or also from some forms being put into one species by one author which are not admitted by the other. At the end of each species I give a few localities for this district (all the other localities, as well as the zones, may be seen by referring to the THE BKACHlOPODA. tables given) and also some of the various localities in which they have been found in the rest of England and on the Continent. I have not thought it necessary to describe in detail all the different characters of the different species, as this has been ably done by various authors, and will be found in their works, to which references are given. I have, however, in most instances, pointed out the differences between near allied species. I hero append a small table to shew tho species which are near allied, connecting them by lines. TEREBKATULIDAE. Terebratula infra-oolithica T. dorsoplana T. perovalis- T. Stephani T. Phillipsi T. Leesii. _T. simplex. -T. ampla. T cortonensis. T. submaxillata I _T. Eudesi T. globata T. Buckmani. T. Ferryi T. conglobata T. Buckmani var. Buckmaniana T. Hollandae T. sphaeroidalis — T. decipiens — T. Craneso. Tereb. Etheridgii Tereb. Wrightii Tcreb. Moriori ) Tereb. hybrida ) Tereb. (Epithyris) curvifrons Tereb. (Epithyris) provincialis THE BRACUIOPODA. Waldheimia auglica W. Leckenbyi- W. disculus W. subbucculenta ? W. carinata ) "W. Meriaui ) — W. Waltoui — W. emarginata ElIYNCHONELLIDAE. Ehynchonella cynocephala ) Eh. subangulata Eh. ringens ) Eh. subringeiis Eh. subdccorata young foiins Ehynch. subtetraedra Eh. angulata Eh. gingcnsis Eh. plicatella Eh. parvula Eh. balinensis Eh. Forbesei Eh. spinosa Eh. senticosa Eh. dundrit'iisis THE BRACHIOPODA. 5 In drawing up this catalogue of Brachiopoda I have received the greatest possible assistance from Mr. T. Davidson, who has most kindly helped me in the identification of several species, and has also sent me many typical specimens for comparison. I most gratefully acknowledge this assistance, and also the help I have received from Mr. E. Cleminshaw, Mr. J. F. Walker, Mr. D. Stephens, and others. I have also had the advantage of my father's collection of Gloucestershire specimens for comparison. The following tables will shew the localities at which the Brachiopoda occur in this district, and also the zones, and for comparison tables taken from the writings of various other authors. Localities at which the following Brachiopoda occur : — DORSET. SOMERSET. Hradford Al-l-as. c a * =?> a B '^ 3 =3 Near Half-way House. a- 0 Near Shertarnc. Broadu'indsor. Burton Bradstock. Stoke Knap. •3' 3 ^ a ^ 1 G Mars/on Road. £ ,c ^ BQ ». S! ~p =3 Near Haselhtry. Creu-kerne Station. Near Corton, j Galhampton. ^ § J) § i Terebratula pcrovalis, Sow. 2 Phillips!, Morris 3 Stephani, Dau. 4 submaxillata, Morris BucUmani, Dav. 50 ,< var. Buck- maniana, Walker... 6 dorsoplana, Waat*en 7 infra-oolithica, E. Desl. ... 8 Eudesi, Oppel g globata, Sow. 10 Ferry i, E. Desl. ii sphaeroidalis, Sow. ... 12 Etheridgii, Dav. 13 simplex, Buck. '4 (Ep) curvifrons, Oppel, ... 15 Craneac, Dav. 16 , decipiens, E. Desl. ... 17 Wrightii, Dav. 1 8 Moribri, Dav. 19 hybrida, F. Desl. 20 conglobata, E. Desl. 21 (Ep) provincialis, E. Desl, X X X X X X X X X Y Y Y Y Y X X X X X X X X Y X X V Y Y Y X X X V X X Y X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Y Y Y Y X X X X X X ... X X X X X X THE BEACIIIOPODA. DORSET. SOMERSET. Bradford Jlll-as. Half-way House. 1 Near Half-icay House. •3U.IO.JO Near Sheriorne. Braadwindsor. Hur/on Bradstock. Stoke Knap. Clifton Maylank. MarstoH Road. S/oford. Haaelbiiry. Near Hasclbury. Crewkerne Station. Near Corton. f •54 u 22 Terebratula perovalis var. ampla, J. Buck Y Y 23 ,, Hollandae, S. S. Buck. Y x x 24 ., Leesii. S. S. Buck. 25 VValdheima anglica, Oppel. 26 ,, disculus. Hraagen 27 ,, Leckenbyi, Walker ... 28 „ Waltoni. Dav. 29 ,, subbucculenta, Chap, and Dew. X X X ... X x X X X Y X X X X X Y 30 ,, emarginata, Sow. X Y 31 ,, carinata, Lamarck 310 „ „ var. Blakei, Walker 3ii ,, ,, var. crew - kernensis, S. S. Buck. 32 ,, Meriani, Oppel. ,, ,. small varieties 33 Rhynchonella subtetraedra, Dav. 34 ,, plicatella, Sow. X X X x X X Y X X Y X x Y X X Y X X Y Y X Y 35 „ subangulata, Dav. 36 ,, ringens, Herault ... 37 ,, subringens, Dav.... X X Y Y X X X X Y Y Y 38 ,, subdecorate, Dav. 39 ,, parvula, E. Desl. ... X Y X X X 40 ,, Forbesii, Dav. Y x X X X X 4; ,, spinosa, Schloth ... Y x X X Y x X X 42 ,, senticosa, von Bitch 43* ,, cynocephala, Rich. 44 ,, angulata, Sow. X X X Y X x x Y Y Y 45 ,, dundriensis, -S. S. Buck. ... Y X 46 ,, balinensis, A>'sq/. ... Y Y 47 ., gingensis, Wuugcn. 48 Thecidium triansjulare X X ... ... DOUBTFUL SPECIES. 49 Terebratula gravida, Szaj. 50 ., Faivrei, Baijle x ( Waldheimia triquetra, Sow. \ 5 ( ,, orba, Szaj. j 52 ,, cardium, Lamarck 53 Rhynch. distracta. f Pa a gen X X 54 ,, palma. .S'r«/. X * And at Ham Hill. THE BRACIIIOrODA. Zones in which the following lirachiopoda occur in the district under review : — ii Fullers Earth. s i H 0 «5 &3 ^ X Q a. X X ? ,, Stephani, Dav.... ,, perovalis. Sow. . . X •> X ,. submaxillata. Dav X „ var. Buckmaniana, Walker X ,, dorsophana, Jl'un^en X ,, infra-oolithica, E. Dcsl. ,, Eudesi, Oppel. ... X X X X X X X ,, 1'erryi, E. Desl. . . X X Wrio-htii, Dav p X X ,i curvifrons, Oppel. ,, Craneae, Dav. ... . X X X X ... X X X X ,, provincialis, E. Desl* ..« X Hollandae S S Suck9 •> X ,, Davidsoni, S. S. Buck. Waldhcimia anglica, Oppel. ... X X X X X X ,, subbucculenta, Chap, and Dew. X X X X X ,, M var. Blakei, Walker , , var. crevvkernensis, S. S. Buck. X X Meriani Oppel X X X Rhynchonella subtetraedra Dav. p X X X X X X X X X X X X p ,, cynocephala, Rich. X X X X X X THE BKACHIOPODA. Zones in which, the following Brachiopoda occur in Gloucester- shire taken from the writings o: Mr. Davidson, Dr. Wright, &c. : — P Jurense Zone. Murchisona Znm. > \ j ; '! -« -c £ SI i «B .0 N * ! Pttrkinsoni Zone, [ c \ 4 \ S x <4 Terebratula, Phillipsi x x x ,, Buckmani x ,, Buckmani, var. Buckmanianj I trlobata . . x x X Wrig-htii (quoted from top o F 1.0.)... .. x ,, plicata ... X ,, iimbria ... ... ... x ,, infra-oolithica ... X x ,, curvifrons ... ... x Waldheimia Leckenbyi x x subtetracdra ... ... X x angulata ... ... ... X X X subdecorata .. X cynocephala X x subangulata ... ... .. X Tatei X Zones in which the following Brachiopoda occur in France accord- ing, to E. Deslongschamps : — Jurense Zone. «3 1 2 e $ Murchisona: Zone. c t s j 1 d \ \ i ^ f subbucculenta ... x emarginata x Mandelslohi X cadomensis ^ r x Meriani ... x > Zones in which, the follow- ing JBrachiopoda occur in South Germany taken from Dr. Oppel's Jurafonnation : — 1 R ( "', I v 5 3 Belt der Trigoi.ia navis. BettdesAm.Mur- cmsonae. \ tiumpnriesiauits- lett. Parkinsonilett. • S "e !> "5 flq Terebratula Phillipsi, Morris x globata, Sow. ... x sphaeroidalis, Sow. . . x curvifrons, Oppel. omalogastyr, Kehl. x Wurtembergica, Oppel. ... x [Waldheimia) anglica, OppcL. 1 r Waltoni, Dav. ... x x subbucculenta, Chap. emarginata, How. X carinata, Lam. ... x Rhync lonella cynocephala, Itich. •> c spinosa, Kchlotts. X X x angulata, Sow. ... x Stuitensis, Oppel. X acuticosta, Hehl. x 1. — TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS, Sowerby. TEHEBRATULA PEROVALIS, Davidson, Palaeontographical Soc., plate x., figures 1-6. TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS, E. DesL, Brachiopodes Terr. Jurass., plate li. (figs. 2-3) to plate Ivi. (figs. 1-2). This species is very distinct, especially in the adult state ; but there has always been a tendency to put down for the young of Terob. perovalis a largo number of easily separable species. It is a groat pity to spoil a good and distinct species by crowding it with too many forms. The young of the Tcrcb. perovalis have 10 THE BKACIIIOrODA. only small sinuations, but Sowerby's drawing is rather misleading in this respect. E. Deslongschamps says of this species " Toute- fois la position stratigraphique precise et les caracteres de la T. perovalis ont ete parfaitement mis en evidence par les travaux de MM. Davidson et Oppel, et maintenant on sait que cette espece est bien caracterisee et appartient specialment au niveaux inferieur de 1'oolithe inferieure, zone des A. Sowerbyi et Murchisonts, que nous designons sons le nom d'infra-oolithe." My own observations in this district entirely agree with his remarks. The true Tereb. perovalis being very characteristic of the zones of Am. Murchisonce and Sowerbyi, and it is not found higher or lower. It attains an extremely large size in both zones, one specimen in my collection measuring — length, 2 inches 1 1 lines, breadth 2 inches 1 1 lines, depth 1 inch 8 lines. Localities. — Tereb. perovalis occurs at Bradford Abbas, Half- way House, Oborne, etc. (in Dorset), East Coker, and near Gorton (Somerset), also Dundry (Somerset), Dinnington ; near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in France, and Wiirtemberg. 2. — TEREBRATULA PHILLIPSI, Morris. TEHEBEATULA PHILLIPSI (Morris], Davidson, British Eossil Brach. Palseontographical Soc., plate xi., figures 6-8. TEREBRATULA PHILLIPSI,^. DesL, Brach. Terr. Jurass, plates 67-72. This is a most marked species, at once to be distinguished by its peculiar elongated shape, which is quite conspicuous even in very young forms. E. Deslongschamps in the Paleontologie Franchise has given a fine series of figures of this species. He also figures a specimen with an indication of three folds in the middle, but I have not seen one from this district. His young forms are also very characteristic, and shew how very small the plications are in youth, sometimes being hardly perceptible. One characteris- tic of this species is the small raised beak. In this district Tereb. Phillipsi is generally found in the zone of Cosmoceras Parkin- soni, but it does occur in the zone of Humphriesianum, though THE BRACniOPODA. 11 very rarely. E. Deslongshamps quotes it from the zones of Humphriesianum, Parkinson!, and also the Fullers Earth for Prance. Dr. Oppel from the Parkinsoni zone for South- West Germany, Dr. Wright from the Humphriesianum zone, for the Cotteswolds, and L. Szajuocha from the zones of S. Humphries- iauum, C. Parkinsoni, C. ferrugineum, and Op. aspidoides for Balin, near Cracow. Dimensions. — Length 2 inches 3 lines, breadth 20, depth 12 lines. Localities. — (British) — Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset), Dundry (Somerset), Stroud and Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). — (Foreign) — Prance, Wiirtemberg, Switzer- land, and Hungary. 3. — TEREBRATULA STEPHANI, Davidson. 1877. TEREBRATULA STEPHANI Dav., Proc. Dorset Pield Club, Vol. I, plate i., figures 3. 1878. TEREBRATULA STEPHANI, Davidson, Pakeontographical Society 1878 Supplement, plate xviii., figures 1-7. 1873. TEREBRATULA SUBMAXILLATA, E. Desl. (non Morris, ) Brachio- podes Terr. Jurass., plate 56 (figs. 3-4), plate 77 (figs. 2-4) (1 ?). This is a common and rather variable species, but easily recognised. It was figured by E. Deslongschamp as Tcrclratula submaxillata. Ho gave several good figures of this species and its varieties und<3r that name, and on plate seventy-eight, some peculiarly marked varieties which we have not yet noticed in this district. The type form was figured by Mr. Davidson in the "Proceedings of the Dorset Field Club," plate 1, fig. 3, and he also gave several more figures in the Palrcontographical Society's journal, of which figure 6 is a peculiarly noticeable variety. E. Dcslongschamps says that Tereb. sulmaxillata (T. Stephani, Dav.) traverses the whole system of the inferior oolite from the 12 THE BRACHIOPODA. zone of Opalinus to the zone of Parkinson!. This is certainly extremely remarkable, since in the whole of this district I have never found Tereb. Stephani in any other zone than that of Cosm. Parkinsoni, and I have always regarded it as peculiarly charac- teristic of this zone. Tereb. Stephani bears some resemblance to Tereb. Phillipsi and Tereb. infra-oolithica. It is easily distinguished from the first by its rounder shape and its beak, which slightly overlaps the lesser valve, and from the second by its greater comparative length and depth, and general shape. Dimensions. — Length 1 inch 10 lines, breadth 1 inch 5 lines, depth 1 inch. Another specimen length 1 inch 8 lines, breadth 1 inch 5 lines, depth 1 inch 3 lines. Localities. — A very abundant shell at Bradford Abbas, Broad- windsor, &c. (Dorset), and Crewkerne Station, Stoford, and near Galhampton, &c. (Somerset), also Dundry (Somerset), according to E. Deslongschamps, and at Bayeux, Sully (Calvados), at Lavergne (Vienne), also in the whole of Burgundy, the neigh- bourhood of Seinur, &c., &c. Also at Stuifemberg, Bopfingen, Brauweberg, and Balingen (Wurtemberg), at Liestal, Aarau (Switzerland), and in Spain. 4. — TEREBRATULA SUBMAXILLATA, Morris. TEREBRATULA SUBMAXILLATA, Davidson, British Fossil Brach., PaUeont. Soc., plate ix., figs. 10-12. I possess one specimen from Bradford Abbas, which in shape and general appearance agrees very well with specimens of T. submaxillata from, the Cotteswolds. It has, however, very small sinuations. It agrees best with Mr. Davidson's figure 10 on plate ix. of his Jurassic Brachiopoda. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). fHE BRACHIOPODA. 13 5. — TEREBRATULA BUCKMANI, Davidson. 1851. TEREBRATULA BUCKMANI, Davidson. British Brach. Palccont. Soc., plate vii., figures 15-16. The specimens from this district are generally a very slight variation of the Cotteswold forms, that is, they are thinner and have a rather flattish dorsal valve. Tereb. Buckmani, however, is rather variable, and gradually passes into those varieties which have been separated by Mr. Walker under the name of variety T. Buckmcinima. All these occur together in a peculiarly irony stone (zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum) near Half-way House, Compton. The forms which agree with the true Tereb. Buckmani are rather rare, but the variety Ter. Buckmaniana is much commoner. Localities. — Near Half-way House and at Oborne (Dorset), also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). Obs. — Some authors have placed Tereb. Buckmani as a synonym of Tereb. ventricosa Hartmann, but Mr. Davidson observes " Mr. Deslongschamps adds to his description of this species (T. ventricosa J a long synonomy, among which he places the shell to which I gave the name of Tereb. Buckmani, but I cannot admit this identification when I compare it with German and French examples and figures of Hartrnann's or Zieteu's shell.* 5a. — TEREBRATULA BUCKMANI, variety BUCKMANIANA, Walker. 1878. TEREB. BUCKMANI, VAR. BUCKMANIANA, Davidson, British Brachiopoda Palseont. Soc., plate xix., figures, 14-17. Along with Ter el. Buckmani occur numerous varieties, such as are well represented by Mr. Davidson in the above reference. These forms differ chiefly from T. Buckmani in being more or less distinctly biplicated and much thicker, or else broader and * Davidson, British Fossil Brachiopoda, PaLeont. Soc. 1876, page 127, vol. xxx. 14 THE only very slightly biplicated, as represented in figure 14. They occur with it, and are commoner. 6. — TEREBRA.TULA DORSOPLANA, Waagen. 1867. TEREB. DORSOPLAXA, Waagen, Geogn. Paliiont. Beitrlige plate xxxi. (8), figure 7. A rather strongly biplicated species, which might, at first sight, be taken for the young of Tereb. perovalis, but which is really easily separable. It has a medium sized rounded fora- men, and its beak ridges are slightly produced near the beak, and then thrown back as it were, thus giving to the shell on each side of the beak a peculiarly folded appearance. Another distinction is the well marked carina down the middle of the larger valve, beginning at the beak. Its valves are always more or less thickened at their junction, both at the sides and base of the shell. These characters are slightly modified in some of the broad specimens. Waagen says that it differs from Tereb. infra- oolithica, E. Desl., on account of the keel down the middle of the larger valve. Our specimens are certainly far larger than those figured by Dr. Waagen, and are from the zone of Murchisonae. He quotes it from the Sowerbyi zone; but I have not yet found this species there. Our specimens would seem to stand in shape, etc., between Tereb. infra-oolithica and Tereb. perovalis. The characters that I have mentioned above will well distinguish it from Tereb. perovalis, specimens of which are found in the same bed with it. Tereb. dorsoplana is rather uncommon, and I only know of two places where it has occurred in this district. Localities. — Marston-road and near Sherborne (Dorset). Waagen quotes it from Gingen (Wiirtemberg), Gunsberg (Canton Solothurn), and La Hoche Pourrie, near Salins (Jura). Dimensions. — Length 1 inch 4 lines, breadth 1 inch 3 lines, depth 10 lines. Another Specimen. — Length 1 inch 6 lines, breadth 1 inch 3 lines, depth 10 lines. Of a Broad Specimen. — Length 1 inch 7 lines, breadth 1 inch 7 lines, depth 1 1 lines. THE BRACHIOPODA. 15 7. — TEREBRATULA IXFRA-OOLITHICA, E. Desl. 1871. TEREBRATULA IXFRA-OOLITIIICA, E. Deslongschamps, Brach. Terr. Jurass., plate Iviii., and plate lix., fig. 1, and plate lx., fig. 2. 1878. TEREBRATULA IXFRA-OOLITIIICA, Davidson, Brach. Palooont. Soc. supplement, plate xviii., figs. 8-9. The type of this species is given by Deslongschamps in pi. 58, fig. 7. This species is very variable, as he shows well, with the chief variations being in the disposition of the biplications. Some also have hardly any or no trace of biplication, as shown in his figures 1, 2, 5, &c. From this district I have obtained specimens agreeing exactly with his types, and have also obtained the various varieties except the peculiarly large one figured on plate 60. We have also some rather thick varieties of this shell with the biplications well marked. Mr. Deslongschamps says of this species, that it is a sort of intermediate between Terel. inter- media and Terel. glolata. Both of these, however, come very much later in geological age than this species. I consider that Ter. infra-oolithica, in spite of its variability, is easy to distinguish, at least from any species from this district. It would not be taken for the young of Ter. perovalis because of its small circular foramen and generally more circular form. Some varieties approach Ter. Eudesi, but .the beak does not curve over so much, and the valves are far less convex. The varieties with- out biplications very much approach the young of Ter. ampla Buck., but are not quite so broad. Terel. infra-oolithica and Terel. dor&oplana, Waagen, are also much alike, but the carinated larger valve, and peculiar beak ridges, &c., of the latter distinguish it easily. Terel. infra-oolithica has been found in the Jurense zone in Gloucestershire. These specimens are figured by Mr. Davidson, supplement plate xviii., figs. 8 and 9. They are slightly longer than specimens from this district, which agree better with E. Deslongschamp's figures. 16 THE BRACHIOPODA. Dimensions. — Type specimen: — Length, 14; breadth, 13; depth. 8£ lines. Localities. — Stoke Knap(Dorset) and near Haselbury(Somerset), characteristic of the Opalinum zone in this district and rather abundant ; also Frocester Hill (Gloucestershire) and near Poitiers, Niort, Saint Maxient, Montreuil-Bellay, &c. (DeuxSevres), and Sarthe, Conlie, &c. 8. — TEEEBRATULA EUDESI, Oppel. 1854. TEREB. EUDESI, Oppel, Juraformation, page 428, No. 225. 1857. TEREB. GLOBATA, Davidson, British Brach. Palooont. Soc., plate xiii., figure 4 only. 1877. TEREB. EUDESI, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset Club, Vol. I., plate iii., figure 4. 1878. TEREB. EUDESI, Davidson, British Brach. Palaeont. Soc. supplement, plate xvii., fig. 4. This is a tolerably plentiful species occurring chiefly in the Sowerbyi zone. It seems to be distinguished from the typical form of Tereb. glolata, chiefly by its deeper biplications and more globose form. Mr. E. Deslongschamps in his Brachiopodes Jurassiques, plate 59, gives several figures of Tereb. Eudesi ; most of which, however, do not seem to me to agree with David- son, plate xiii., fig. 4, which is the figure Oppel quotes. They may, however, be varieties. Dr. Waagen in Geogn. Paliiont. Beitriige, plate xxxii. (9), figures 1-2 gives Tereb. globulus, with which our young specimens of Tereb. Eudesi seem to agree. Whether Tereb. globulus may be really distinct or not I am unable to say. Dimensions. — Length, 14; breadth, 12; depth, 10 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, near Sherborne, etc. (Dorset) ; near Gorton, etc. (Somerset) ; also Dundry (Somerset), and la Verpilliere and Caen (Calvados). Obs. — An elongated variety of Tereb. Eudesi often occurs in which the folds are more angular and closer together. This THE BRACHIOPODA. 17 variety very closely resembles the figure of Tereb. Ferry i, Dav., supplement, plate xvii., figure 8. 9. — TEREBKATULA GLOBATA, Sow. 1877. TEREB. GLOBATA fSow.J, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Field Club, plate ii., figure 7. 1878. ,, ,, Davidson, Fossil Brachiopoda, supple- ment, plate xvii., figs. 1-3. This species is very rare in this district. Mr. Davidson figured a small specimen from Bradford Abbas, and I have another a small flattish variety from the Parkinsoni zone of Milborne Wick, and also a typical specimen from near Half -Way House. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset) and Milborne Wick (Somerset) ; also Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and from the Fullers Earth at Whatley, near Frome (Somerset). Dr. Oppel quotes it for the Parkinsoni zone from South- West Germany at Stuifemberg, and Nipf, near Bopfingen (Wiirtemberg), and from Bridport (Dorset). The typical Tereb. glolata occurs frequently in the Fullers Earth, from which formation I have obtained it near Milborne Wick (Somerset) ; but I have also a typical specimen from the Inferior oolite (Parkinsoni zone), near Half -Way House (Dorset). The Cotteswold specimens of T. glolata are varieties of Sowerby's species. 10. — TEREBRATULA FERRYI, E. Deslongschamps. 18. TEREBRATULA FERRYI, E. DesL, Brach. Jurass., plate xcvi. Mr. Davidson with the greatest kindness procured me from Normandy three small type specimens of this species for com- parison. I was, therefore, able to see that the specimens which he had figured as Tereb. Ferry i did not agree with this species, but that some specimens which I had procured from near Oborne did so in every respect. Our typical specimens are larger than the ones I had for comparison, but are about the size of E. Deslongschamps' figure 3 on plate 96. They, however, agree in 18 THE BEACHIOPODA. every way with the type French specimens, showing two slight furrows in the ventral valve opposite the two ridges on the dorsal, and some of our specimens show the formation of a small extra Implication, so well brought out in Mr. Deslongschamps' plate. Taken as a whole Tereb. Ferryi seems to vary somewhat in dimensions, but the disposition of its folds is characteristic ; one variation is longer and less deep, but these are the only differ- ences between them and the type specimens, into which they gradually merge. Dimensions. — Typical specimen — Length 14, breadth 11, depth 11 lines. Another typical specimen — Length 15, breadth 11J, depth 10 lines. Long variety — Length 15, breadth 11, depth 9 lines. Localities. — (British) near Oborne (Dorset); (foreign) the whole east of France. 11. — TEREBRATULA SPHAEROIDALIS, Sowerly. 1825. TEREBRATULA SPHAEROIDALIS, Sow., Min. Conch., plate ccccxxxv, figure 3. 1857. ,, SPHAEROIDALIS, Dctv., British Brach. Palaeont. Soc., plate xi., figures 9-15 only. 1873. ,, SPHAEROIDALIS, E. Deslonqschamps, Brach. Terr. Jurass., plates 79-82. This is one of the commonest species in the inferior oolite, and shows a great deal of variation in form. Messrs. Davidson and Deslongschamps have given a great many figures illustrating all the principal variations. The French specimens figured by E. Deslongschamps are of extremely large size, and I have not seen any British specimens which at all equal them. Mr. Deslongs- champs observes of this species that it varies in passing from one bed to the other, that it does not occur in the zone of Opalinus nor of Murchisonse, where it is replaced partly by Tereb. conglo- bata and partly by Tereb. Eudesi. That it first appears in the Am. Sauzei beds, where it is small and often deformed. That in the zone of Am. Humphriesianus, it is common, and all the THE BBACHIOPODA. 19 specimens are absolutely identical, that this is where it is most developed, where the species is most constant and best charac- terised, and where its dimensions are sufficiently big without being very large. That in the Parkinsoni beds it is of largest size, and produces remarkable varieties.* My observations in this district agree with these remarks, only I have not for certain observed it in the Sauzei bed. At Oborne, how- ever, and at other places in the Humphriesianum zone this species is very common, not large but regular and globular, except that sometimes it passes into a rather flattened variation. In the Parkinsoni zone at Broadwindsor and round Bridport, etc., Ter. spJiaeroidalis is found at its finest size, and in all sorts of varieties. The ventral valve is often peculiarly enlarged, another variety has the edges of the valves thick- ened by layers like Wald. Waltoni, and in others the growth seems to have stopped and then to have been resumed, thus pro- ducing large lines of growth. In the zone of Murchisonse, however, there come specimens which have hitherto been referred to Tereb. spJiaeroidalis or to Tereb. Eudesi. They are, in fact, between the two, being round and globular, and having the base ornamented with a distinct biplication very much in shape like the biplication of Tereb. Eudesi, but not nearly so pronounced, and it only produces slight furrows in the shell. The specimens do not agree exactly with any of the figures of Tereb. conglobata given by E. Deslongschamps, but much resemble them in all points, except that the biplications are too regular. Whether these specimens should be classed as variations of Tereb. spJiaeroidalis or Tereb. conglobata I am not yet able to determine. Dimensions of Tereb. sphaeroidalis — Length, 17 ; breadth, 15 ; depth, 15 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Oborne, Broadwindsor, etc. (Dorset) ; Crewkerne Station, Gralhampton, etc. (Somerset) . also Dundry (Somerset) ; also Bayeux, Sully, Port-en-Bessin, etc., and in Burgundy, and many other places in Prance, and * See Deslongschamps, Brach. Terr. Jurass, page 282. 20 THE BRACHIOPODA. from Nipf near Bopfingen and Stuifen in Germany, also Brodla, Sanka, Balin, Eegulice, Kobylany, etc. Ols. — Terelratula lullata, Sowerby, from the Fullers Earth has long been regarded as a synonym of this species, Mr. J. F. Walker, however, has found that lullata has a septum and long loop, and therefore belongs to the genus Waldheimia. 12. — TEREBRATULA ETHERIDGII, Davidson. 1854. TEREBRATULA ETHERIDGII, Davidson, British Brach. Paleeont. Soc. Appendix, plate A, fig. 7-8. 1872. ,, ETHERIDGII, -E1. Deslongschampsfir&ch. Terr. Jurass., plate Ixvi., figures 7-6. . A species constant in shape, and of which very slight varia- tions occur, the chief one being a thickening of the base of the valves. Mr. Deslongschamps quotes this species from the zone of Am. Parkinsoni, but in this district I have never found it out of the zone of Harp. Murchisonse, and Mr. J. F. Walker informs me that it occurs in a sandy bed under the pea-grit, in the Cotteswolds (Gloucestershire) ; that is to say in the very base of the zone of Am. Murchisonse. Tereb. Etlieridgii is not at all common, but it is distributed through the Murchisonse zone of this district. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Drimpton, etc. (Dorset) ; Stoford, Haselbury, and near Gorton (Somerset) ; also Dundry (Somerset) and the Cotteswolds (Gloucestershire) ; and Montreuil Bellay (Maine and Loire), and Wiirtemberg. 13. — TEREBRATULA SIMPLEX, J. Buckman. 1851 . TEREBRATULA SIMPLEX, Dav., British Foss. Brach. Paleeon- tographical Soc., plate viii., figures, 1, 2, 3. Our specimens of this species are slightly different from most of the Cotteswold specimens in not having a slight depression in the smaller valve. Still the peculiarly raised larger valve, the extremely flat smaller valve, and large foramen serve well to distinguish this from any other species, and show at once that it THE BRACHIOPODA. 21 is really Tereb. simplex. This species occurs in the Murchisonee zone, and is rather scarce. Localities. — Bradford Abbas and Marston Road (Dorset) ; also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). 14. — TEREBRATULA (EPITHYRIS) CURVIFRONS, Oppel. 1856. TEREBRATULA CURVTFRONS, Oppel, Juraformation, page 423, No. 212. 1872. ,, (Ep.) CURVIFRONS, E. Desl, Brach. Jurass., plate 49. 1878. WALDHEIMIA CURVIFRON.S, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc. Sup., plate xxiv., figure 33 (corrected in text to Terebratula.} The shell that I place under this designation is the one figured by Mr. E. Deslongschamps and Mr. Davidson in the references quoted above, and which is found here in the Murchisonsezone, and in the same zone in Gloucestershire and Normandy. Dr. Oppel's description, however, scarcely seems to point to the shell figured by E. Deslongschamps. He says that his species comes between ler. carinata and Ter. resupinata, has a broader sinus than the last, and comes from the base of the Parkinsoni zone.* I have not had opportunity to work it out, and so leave it, merely pointing to this description. It evidently wanto some investiga- tion. Mr. E. Deslongschamps places this species and also Ter. pro- vincialis into the subgenus Epithyris. Several subgenera are well illustrated in the beginning of his work. Epithyris seems to have a shorter and different loop to Terebratula, and also two dark lines on the smaller valve, which commencing at the beak and diverging slightly run to somewhat more than half- way down the shell. I have specimens of the species illustrating this. Ter el. curvifrons varies slightly, but not to any great extent. It is most like large Wold, carinata with a deeper sinus. Dimensions. — Length 19, breadth 18, depth 9 lines. * Dr. Oppel Juraformation, page 423, No. 212. 22 THE BBACHIOPODA. Localities. — Marston Eoad (Dorset) ; near Gorton and Stoford (Somerset); also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in Normandy. Dr. Oppel found it at Nipf, near Bopfingen, 15. — TEEEBRATULA CRANEAE, Davidson. 1877. TEBEB. CBANEAE, Dav., Proc. Dorset Field Club, Vol. I., plate ii., figs. 2 and 3. 1878. TEBEB. CBANEAE, Dav., Palaeont. Soc., 1878, Supplement, plate xx., figs. 1 and 2. 1881. TEBEB. HUNGABICA, Suess M.S., Szajnocha, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der jurass. Brach., plate i., figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and plate ii., fig. 1. A rare but extremely well marked species, of which but few examples have been found. Its chief peculiarity is that the beak is placed so far back, as is well shewn in Mr. Davidson's figures, and this, as well as the shape, serves to distinguish it from any other species. It approaches most nearly to Tereb. decipiens, E. Desl. One young specimen of Tereb. Craneae in my collection from Oborne has the peculiarity of the beak well brought out, as both the valves are, as nearly as possible, the same length, the foramen being on the very top of the shell. Tereb. Craneae was figured by Szajnocha as new, under the name of Tereb. hungarica, Suess., and he figures the young (see synonyms) in plate i., figs. 1 and 2. Localities. — (British) Oborne, and near Half-way House, Dor- set. (Foreign) (Tereb. hungarica J Dolha and Uj-Kemencse. 16. — TEHEBRATULA DECIPIENS, E. Desl. 1873. TEBEBBATULA DECIPIENS, E. Deslongschamps, Brach. Terr. Jurass., plate Ixxxiii. 1878. TEBEBBATULA DECIPIENS, Davidson, Jurassic Brach. Palseont. Soc. Supplement, plate xx., figures 4-8. A species at once separable from Tereb. sphaeroidalis, Sow., by the lesser convexity of its valves, its much greater length and THE BRACHIOfODA. 23 lesser width. Even the varieties of Tereb. sphaeroidalis, some of vhich are very slightly convex, are easily to be distinguished from this species, because they are short and almost circular in shape. The specimens found in this district are far finer than those figured by E. Deslongschamps. The finest specimen from the collection of Professor Buckman was beautifully figured by Mr. Davidson, supplement, plate xx., figure 4. This species begins in the zone of Stephan. Hurnphriesianum, but is not large in it. It, however, attains its greatest size in the zone of Cosm. Parkinsoni. Localities — Bradford Abbas, Oborne, etc. (Dorset) ; Crewkerne Station, Haselbury, etc. (Somerset) ; also at Dinnington, and at La Provence, Languedoc, Bandol, Cuers, etc., in France, and in Spain and Portugal. 17. — TEBEBKATULA WRIGHTII, Davidson. 1872. TEREBRATULA WRIGHTII, Dav., E. Deslongschamps, Brach Terr. Jurass., plate lx., figures 3-6. 1877. TEREB RATULA WRIGHTII, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset Club, Vol. I., plate ii., fig. 4. This species is very rare in this district. I believe it comes from the upper beds of the inferior oolite. Localities. — Near Sherborno (Dorset), also near Cheltenham ( Gloucestershire) . 18. — TEKEBRATULA HORIERI, Davidson. 1873. TEREBRATULA MORIERI, E. Desl, Brach. Terr. Jurass., plate Ixv. 1878. TEREBRATULA MORIERI, A. Kent, Proc. Dorset Field Club, Vol. ii. This interesting species was first discovered in England by Mr. J. F. Walker in the Bradford Abbas quarry, and he described it in the Geological Magazine for 1878. Our English specimens are about the size of figure 4, plate 65, of E. Deslongschamps 24 THE BRACHIOPODA. " Brachipodes," and they are also not so angular as his figures. This species has a furrow down each valve, and is crossed by transverse lines of growth, between which occur a very large number of minute punctuations. Dimensions. — Length 9, breadth 7, depth 5 lines. Localities. — (Britain) Bradford Abbas (Dorset). I believe that it has not been found anywhere else. (Foreign) at Ste- Honorine des Perthes (Calvados). 19. — TEREBRATULA HYBRIDA, E. Desl. TEREBRATULA HYBRIDA, E. Desl., Brachiopodes Terr. Jurass., plate Ixvi., fig. 1-6. This little species, allied to Tereb. Morieri, was first found for Britain at Broadwindsdr (Dorset) by Mr. D. Stephens and myself. It is distinguished from Tereb. Morieri by being slightly broader in proportion, and in having tranverse and longitudinal lines crossing each other, thus giving it somewhat the appear- ance of trellis work. This structure of the shell is well shown by E. Deslongschamps in " Brachiopodes," plate Ixvi., fig. 6. Dimensions. — Length 7, width 7, depth 5 lines. Localities. — (Britain) zone of Parkinsoni, only at Broadwindsor (Dorset). (Foreign) E. Deslongschamps says " This species has only been found in one locality, at Sainte Honorine des Perthes, near Port-en-Bessin (Calvados), in white oolite, that is the Am. Parkinsoni bed."* 20. — TEREBRATULA CONGLOBATA, E. Desl. TEREBRATULA CONGLOBATA, E. Desl, Brach. Jurass., plate Ivii. At present very rare in this district. It seems to be distin- guished by its tendency to form extra biplications. Judging from the various figures given by E. Deslongschamps, it seems to be very variable and hard to define. I possess two specimens *E. Desl. Brach., page 249. THE BKACHIOPODA. 25 from near Gorton, from the zone of Murchisonse. They most resemble E. Deslongschamp's figure 4 on plate v., and show slightly the extra biplications. Localities. — Near Gorton (Somerset). E. Deslongschamps quotes it from the zone of opalinus, from several places in France, such as Maltot, Fenguerolles, Bayeux, &c. 21. — TEREBRATULA (EHTHYBis) PROVINCIALIS, E. Desl, 1873. TEKEBKATULA (EI-ITHYRJS) PROVINCIALIS, E. Desl., Brach- Jurass., plate Ixxxiv. This species is to Terelratula curvifrons what Wald. Heriani is to Wald. carinata. The very much incurved beak is its dis- tinguishing character. It is also deeper and narrower in propor- tion than Tereb. curvifrons, but the sinus in the smaller valve is not so deep. Two undoubted specimens of this species have been found in the Murchisonse zone, near Gorton, one by Mr. E. Cleminshaw, and the other by myself. Localities. — (British) near Gorton (Somerset). (Foreign) La Proveoce (France) and several places in Spain. 22. — TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS, var. AMPLA, J.Buckman. 1877. TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS var. AMPLA (Buckmanj Dav., Proceedings of Dorset Club Vol. I., 1877, plate i., figs. 2 and 2a only (non fig. i.). 1878. ,, PEEOVALIS var, AMPLA (Buckmari) Dav., Palseont. Soc., 1878 Supplement, plate xxv., fig. 2 only (figure 1 to Tereb. perovalis}. 1878. ,, PEROVALIS (Soio.J, Davidson. Brachiopoda Supplement, plate xviii., fig. 1 1 only. 1879. ,, PEROVALIS (Sow.), Bayle, Explic. de la carte geologique de la France, plate vi., fig. 1 only. As type of this variety the specimen figured by Mr. Davidson in the Dorset Club Proceedings, plate i., fig. 2, and in the 26 THE BEACHIOPODA. Palsoontographical Society's Journal Supplement, plate xxv., fig. 2, should be taken. The other specimen figured under this name (figure 1) is merely the large adult form of Tereb. perovalis, and not a variation, Tereb. ampla is really so distinct from the ordinary type of Tereb. perovalis in all its stages that it would almost seem to warrant its separation as a species, and probably if more good specimens were collected its characters might be well enough defined for it. Its distinguishing characters are — Breadth nearly always greater than the length. Margin very sharp and without plications, but having only one slight bend. Beak rather small and round. What we take for the young of Tereb. ampla answer to this description. They are very distinct from Tereb. perovalis, but are connected by the Cottes- wold form figured in Mr. Davidson's supplement, plate xviii., fig. 2. They almost exactly resemble Tereb. Whitakeri (Walker), Davidson, Supplement, plate xix., figs. 6-9, some of them hav- ing the bend shewn, while others have the margin quite straight. From the Oolite Marl near Salperton, Gloucestershire, I collected many specimens, which are exactly the same as our young Tereb. perovalis, var. ampla, and some of them have the fold which characterises Tereb. Whitakeri. Anyway Tereb. WhitaJceri and our young Tereb. ampla seem to me to be one and the same species. They might possibly be distinct from the adult 2ereb. perovalis var. amply,, figured by Mr. Davidson, but do not seem to be so. This adult Tereb. ampla seems to be connected with Tereb. perovalis by a shell which is longer than broad, base slightly thickened, and just showing two plications. This is most prob- ably the shell figured by Bayle, plate vi., fig. 1, and should certainly be classed with the variety T. ampla. It is possible, as I observed before, that if more specimens of the large Tereb. ampla were collected its differences could be defined sufficiently well to warrant its being made a distinct species. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, &c. (Dorset), near Gorton and Haselbury (Somerset), and Cotteswolds (Gloucestershire). THE BKACHIOPODA. 27 23. — TEREBRATULA HOLLAND AE, S. S. BucJcman. 1877. TEEEBRATULA FERRYI Davidson, (not T. Ferry i of E. Des- longschamps), Proceedings of the Dorset Field Club, Vol. I., plate ii., fig. 5. 1878. ,, FERRYI, Davidson (non E. Desl.), British. Brachiopoda, Palseont. Soc., Jurassic, Sup- plement plate xvii., fig. 7, (not figure 8). Through the great kindness of Mr. Davidson, who procured me three type specimens of lereb. Ferryi, E. Desl., from Nor- mandy, I have been able to compare the French types with our own forms. The result is that I find that the specimens figured by Mr. Davidson in the above references do not at all agree with the French types, so that I have therefore named this species afresh. Tereb. Ferryi, E. Desl., is a rather globose form, having the dorsal valve greatly convex. Its biplications are also rather small, and some specimens have a third very small fold at the base ; on the larger valve are two small furrows running up about half way, opposite the two ridges on the dorsal valve, beak incurved, foramen more or less round. Tereb. Hollandae, however, is not at all globose, has the smaller valve rather flat, and the biplications are most marked, being very sharp and angular like those of Tereb. Phillipsi. The furrows extend about half way up the dorsal valve, and about two-thirds up the ventral, and a small keel extends from the beak all down the middle of the ventral valve. Dimensions. — Length 12, breadth 8, depth 8 lines. Localities. — This species is rather scarce. Bradford Abbas, Clifton Maybank, and near Half-way House (Dorset). Obs. — I have not been able to determine whether it really occurs in the Humphriesianum zone or not. Its general position, however, is the lower part of the Parkinzoni zone. 28 THE BRACHIOPODA. 24. — TEREBRATULA LEESII, S. S. BucJcman. 1877. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, var. MANDELSLOHI, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Field Club, 1877, plate iii., figure 8. 1878. ,, CARINATA, var. MANDELSLOHI, Dav., Palse- ontographical Society, 1878, supplement plate xxiii., figure 16 only. This species conies exactly between Tereb. fEp.J curvifrons, and Tereb. Ampla, and it was figured by Mr. Davidson as Waldheimia carinata var. MandelsloM. I, however, possess the original specimen so figured, and from an examination of it, and several other specimens as well as some internal casts, find that it is not a Waldheimia, but a Terebratula. It is distinguished from Tereb. fEp.J curvifrons by a shallower sinus, lesser depth, and general shape. From Tereb. ampla it is distinguished by the sinus in the lesser valve (which valve in Tereb. ampla is always convex J, and by its very sharply carinated larger valve. This species must not be confounded with the young of Tereb. ampla, in which the smaller valve has got crushed in or otherwise flattened unnaturally. Dimensions of an adult specimen. — Length 12, breath 12, depth 5 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas and Marston Road (Dorset), and Stoford (Somerset). Named in compliment to E. Lees, Esq., F.L.S., F.GKS., a very old friend of my father's. 25. — WALDHEIMIA ANGLICA (Oppel). 1856. TEREBRATULA ANGLICA, Oppel, Juraformation, page 425, No. 216. 1878. WALDHEIMIA ANGLICA, Davidson, Paleeontographical Soc., supplement plate xxiii., figures 23-26. Dr. Oppel first found this species in the Torulosus bed at Bur- ton cliff, near Bridport, Dorsetshire, and he also states that he found it in Gloucestershire. I have myself found it at Burton THE BKACHIOPODA. 29 Bradstock in the same place as Dr. Oppel. It is, however, small and not characteristic in the Torulosus bed, but in the Murchisonae zone it is much commoner and finer. It varies slightly in shape, as is well shewn in Mr. Davidson's good figures, and it also varies extremely in abundance. On the rail- way cutting at Bradford Abbas, Dorset, it is extremely common, whilst at East Hill quarry, at Bradford Abbas, only about 500 yards distant it is extremely rare. Again at Haselbury, Somer- set, and Drimpton (near Broadwindsor), Dorset, it is very common. This species thickens at the base, sometimes very greatly. Localities. — (British) Burton Bradstock, Bradford Abbas, etc., Dorset. Haselbury, Somerset ; also Dundry, and Dr. Oppel mentions it from Gloucestershire. 26. — WALDHEIMIA DISCULUS (Waagen). 1867. MACANDBEWIA DISCULUS, Waagen, Geog. Palaont., Bei- trage, plate xxxi. (8), figures 8 and 9. This species was discovered by myself in the Sowerbyi zone in a quarry near Gorton Denham, Somersetshire, and I do not know that it has occurred anywhere else in England. The adult specimens (Waagen plate xxxi, figure 8) are very similar to Wold, anglica (Oppel), but the peculiar raised beak at once dis- tinguishes it. The young might perhaps be taken for the young forms of WaU. sulbucculenta (Chap, and Devalque). Waagen found this species in the Sowerbyi zone. He says that he has six specimens from Gingen (Wiirtemberg), and does not know of it from anywhere else. Localities. — Near Gorton Denham (Somerset). (Foreign) Gin gen (Wiirtemberg). 27. — WALDHEIMIA LECKENBYI, Walker. WALDUEIMIA LECKEXBYI, Dav., British Brachiopoda, Palsoont. Soc. Sxipplement, plate xxiii., figs. 1-4. This species much resembles Wald. Waltoni, but is distinguished 30 THE BRACHIOPODA. by its larger valve being much raised, moderately flat smaller valve, and valves joined acutely. This species is rare in this district. Localities. — Near Half-way House (Dorset) ; also near Chel- tenham (Gloucestershire). 28 — WALDHEIMIA WALTONI, Davidson. 1857. TEREBRATULA WALTONI, Davidson, British Fossil Brach. Palseontographical Soc., plate v., figs 1 2, 3, and Supplement plate xxiii., fig. 8. 1877. WALDHEIMIA WALTONI. Dav., Proc. Dorset Club, Vol. I., pi. iii., fig, 5. A peculiar species somewhat allied to Wald. emarginata (Sow), but differing from that species in having a roundish base gener- ally very much thickened. There are, in fact, two varieties of this species, one with the thickened base, and the other some- what resembling large Wald. subbucculenta (Chap, and Dav.), with a rather thin base. The thickened form seems to be the commoner. This species is generally long in proportion, but a broad variety sometimes occurs. The lesser valve of this species is nearly always perfectly flat. Wald. Waltoni occurs in this dis- trict only in the zone of Parkinsoni, and though not very plentiful it is well distributed. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset); also at several places in Calvados (France), and near Wurtem- berg, in South-west Germany. Dimensions. — Thick form — length 1 inch 4 lines, breadth 1 inch, depth 7 lines, depth of base 5 lines. Thin form — length 1 inch 3 lines, breadth 11 lines, depth 6 lines, depth of base 2 lines. Broad form — length 1 inch 5 lines, breadth 1 inch 3 lines, depth 10 lines, depth of base 6 lines. THE BKACHIOPODA. 31 29. — WALDHEIMIA SUBBUCCULENTA, Chap. & Dav. 1873. TEREBRATULA (W.) SUBBUCCULENTA, Chap, and Dav., E. Desl., Brach. Terr. Jurass, plate 86. 1877. WALDHEIMIA SP. (?), Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset Field Club, plate iii., figures 14-15. In the marl bed of Bradford Abbas (base of the zone of Parkinsoni) come small peculiar specimens which agree with Waldheimia subbucculenta as figured by Mr. E. Deslongs- champs, especially with his figures six and seven. E. Deslongs- champs, however, quotes this species from the Fullers Earth, and Dr. Oppel first put it as a synonym of Wald. Waltoni, and after- wards places it in the Bath formation (Fullers Earth). Dimensions. — Length 1 inch, breath 9 lines, depth 5 lines. Another specimen — length 9 lines, breadth 7 lines, depth Sp- lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, &c. (Dorset) ; also, according to E. Deslongschamps, near Metz, Bouxvillers, and at several other places in France, and in Belgian Luxembourg ; at Bopfin- gen, Balingen, &c., at Grreblingen, in Switzerland, and near Cracovie. 30. — WALDHEIMIA EMARGINATA, Sowerly. 1825. TEREBRATULA EMARGINATA, Sow., Min. Conch., table 435, fig. 5. 1851. ,, EMARGINATA, Dav., British Brach. Palreon. Soc., plate iv., figures 18-20. 1877. WALDIIEIMIA EMARGINATA, Dav., Proceedings Dorset Club, vol. i., plate iii.. figures 10-11. 1878. ,, EMARGINATA, Dav., British Brachiopoda PalfBont. Soc., supplement plate xviii., figs. 5-7. This is a rather rare species, distinguished from Wald. Waltoni by the two projections of tha front margin. Some specimens, 32 THE BRACHIOPODA. however, seem to unite this species with W, Waltoni. One pro- jection of the margin is frequently longer than the other. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset) ; also Nunney, near Frome (Somerset). 31. — WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, Lamarck. 1851. TEREBRATULA CABINATA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc., plate iv., figures 11-14 only. 1873. ,, (WALD.) CARINATA, E. Desl., Brachiopodes Jurass., plate 62. 1877. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset Club, plate iii., figures 6-7. 1878. ,, CARIXATA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc., supplement plate xxiii., figs. 14-15. This is a very variable species, of which two variations could be well marked, one with thickened valves, the front margin of which is excavated, that is to say, the sides project beyond the middle of the margin. The other is a broad variation, as is represented by E. Deslongschamps, plate 62, figure 7. There is also another variety, a small broad form, figured by Mr. David- son, supplement plate xxiii., figures 21, 22, as a " small variety of Mandelslohi ?" There seems, however, to be some confusion with regard to WaUheimia Mandelslohi. Oppel, who named it, says that it comes from the Corn&rash, is like figure 12, table 4, of Terefi. carinata, Davidson, Brachiopoda, only that the sinus of the lesser valve is deeper and the larger valve more arched.*5 Davidson's figure 12, table 4, shews a specimen of Ter. carinata, with the valves much thickened. Deslongschamps in Brach. Jurassiques, plate 85, figures 3-5, gives TereJ). (W) Mcmdelslohi, (Oppel) from the Fullers Eai'th, but these figures do not seem to at all represent Oppel's description and reference to Davidson's figure. The probability is that Wald. MandelsloM is peculiar to the Cornbrash, from which formation Dr. Oppel quotes it. * Oppel Juraformation, pa^e 495, No. 85. THE BRACHIOPODA. 33 The variety W, carinata with the excavated front margin is so dis- tinct from the ordinary form of the species that I consider it worth naming as a variety, I therefore name it Waldheimia carinata var. crewkernensis. This variety is figured by Mr. Davidson at sup- plement plate xxiii., figure 15, only the excavation of the valves is usually much greater. Young forms of this variety also exhibit the same excavation. Dimensions. — W. carinata — Length, 1 6 ; breadth, 1 1 ; depth 7 ; W. carinata var. crewkernensis — Length, 13; breadth, 10; depth 8 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, etc. (Dorset) ; Crewkerne Station, Stoford, etc. (Somerset) ; also near Stroud (Gloucestershire), and Dinnington ; also near Bayeux, St. Vigor, Sully, etc. (France), and Geisingen, Gamrnelhausen, etc. (Swabia), Balin and Luszowice. 3 la, — WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, variety BLAKEI, Walker. 1878. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA var. BLAKEI, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc., supplement plate xxiii., figs. 19, 20. Mr. J. F. Walker informs me that he quite agrees with this determination. Our specimens come from the opalinum zone at Stoke Knap and near Haselbury, so that the horizon would seem to be the same there as in Yorkshire, where they are quoted from blocks of Shelly Dogger, belonging to the Yellow Sands, Cliffs, near Scarborough. Our specimens, however, vary some- what in shape and in the depth of the sinus, belonging to the smaller valve. The beak is somewhat incurved. They differ from Wold, carinata in being much shorter in proportion. Dimensions, ordinary size. — Length, 7 ; breadth, 7 ; depth, 3 lines. Another Specimen. — Length, 9 ; breadth, 9 ; depth, 6 lines. Localities. — Stoke Knap (Dorset), near Haselbury (Somerset), also near Scarborough (Yorkshire). 34 THE BRACHIOPODA. 32.— WALDHEIMIA MERIANI, Oppel. 1856. TEKEBRATULA MERIANT, Oppel., Juraformation, page 424, No. 214. 1872. ., (W) HERIANI, E. Deslongschamps., Brach. Terr. Jurass. plate Ixiv., figs. 1, 2, and 4 (3 and 5 varieties ?). 1877. WALDHEIMIA MERIANI, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Club, plate iii., fig. 9. This species differs from Wold, carinata chiefly by its beak, which is so peculiarly curled over ; also by its greater depth. The specimens from the Cheltenham district seem to be much more constant in shape, and easily separable from Wald. carinata, while specimens from this district vary somewhat, and run rather more or less into that species. A point which helps to distin- guish this species from Wald. carinata is the peculiar beak ridges, which are particularly well brought out in E. Deslongschamps' Brach., Tab. 64, fig. 2c. Localities. — It occurs in the Humphriesianum and Parkinson! zones, but is rather rare, at Bradford Abbas, Oborne, &c., Dorset ; also Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in Normandy, and in the departments of Deux Sevres, Tonne, and Saone-et- Loire ; also from Swabia near Gamelshausen and Bopfingen. There also occur in the Parkinsoni zone near Sherborne a large number of very small Waldheimite, which must evidently be a small race of Wald. Meriani. They are extremely abundant, being all huddled together, but only in one particular band. The largest I have obtained measured : — Length, 6 ; breadth, 4 ; depth, 3 lines, and the ordinary size is : — Length, 3 ; breadth, 3 ; depth, 2 lines. At Broadwindsor, too, in a band of brown clay on the top of the quarry (i.e., on the top of a bed containing Stephanoceras zigzag and Sphaeroceras dimorphum) come other peculiar little shells, slightly bigger than the preceding, very like Wald. Meriani, but with a deeper sinus in the dorsal valve. THE BRACHIOPODA. 35 Dimensions. — Length, 5£ ; breadth, 5£ ; depth, 4 lines. Depth of sinus about two lines. 33. — KHYNCHONELLA SUBTETRAHEDRA, Davidson. 1851. KHYNCH. SUBTETRAHEDRA, Dav., British Brach. Palseont. Soc., plate xvi., figs. 9-12. 1851 (?). ,, INCONSTANS, Davidson, plate xviii., fig. 4 only. This species is variable and rather hard to define. It seems to be rather characteristic of the higher bed of the inferior oolite, the most typical specimens coining from the zone of Cosm Parkinsoni. The species is somewhat wider than long, with a mesial fold not much raised, containing from 6-9 ribs. Dorsal valve moderately convex. I have placed as a synonym of this species the shell figured as " Rhynch. inconstans from the upper beds of the Inferior oolite " (Davidson, plate xviii., fig. 4), but with some uncertainty, as I have not material enough to deter- mine whether this form is merely a variation or not of Rhynch. subtetrahedra. I am also not able to say what the young forms of this species may be, but I think it probable that some of the rather flat small Rhynchonellae may belong to it. I expect, however, that it would be extremely difficult to separate well the young forms of Rhynch. subtetrahedra and Rhynch. gin- gensis, Waagen, though the adult specimens are quite distinct. Dimensions. — Length, 16; breadth, 19; depth, 12 lines. Localities. — Near Half-way House and Broadwindsor (Dorset), Stoford (Somerset), also Dundry (Somerset), and Leckhampton Hill (Gloucestershire). 34. — RHYNCHONELLA PLICATELLA, Sow. 1825. TEREBRATULA PLICATELLA, Sow., Min. Conch., table 503, fig. 1. 1851. RHYNCIIONELLA PLICATELLA, Dav., Fossil Brach. Palseont. Soc., plate xvi., figs. 7 and 8. 1877. ,, PLICATELLA, Dav., Proceedings Dorset Club, Vol. I., plate iv., figs. 9 and 10. 86 THE BRACHIOPODA . 1878. RHYNCHONELLA PLICATELLA, Dav., British Fossil Bracli. Palaeont. Soc., Supplement, plate xxvii., 3. 4-7. 1881. „ PLICATELLA, Szajnocha, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der jurass. Brachiopoden, page 14. This species is easily distinguished by the space on the sides of the beak, and its fine ribs. The original specimen figured by Sowerby was from Dorset, being from Chideock, near Bridport . When young this species is much elongated. Generally the mesial fold is only slightly and gradually elevated, but in some specimens, especially from the Humphriesianum zone, it is distinctly and sharply raised, a good sized specimen containing about 1 3 ribs on this fold. Dimensions.— Length, 17; breadth, 15; depth, 10 lines. In some specimens the dorsal valve is much more convex. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Clifton Maybank, &c. (Dorset), Haselbury, &c. (Somerset), also Dundry and Dinnington ; and Moutiers and Bayeux (France), and in Siebungen, and in Portugal. 35. — KHYNCHONELLA SUBANGULATA, Davidson. 1877. KHYNCHONELLA SUBANGULATA, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset Field Club, Vol. I., plate iv., figs. 11 and 12. 1878. „ SUBANGULATA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc., Jurassic, Supplement, plate xxix., fig. 14-16. This is a good and easily-defined species, and certainly quite distinct from Sowerby's Ehynch. angulata, which is much more allied to Khyncli. subtetrahedra, while this partakes more of the characters of Rhynch. cynocephala on account of its very raised mesial fold, containing 5 or 6 sharp ribs. This species occurs THE BRACHIOPODA. 3? only in the Murchisonae zone, and is rather scarce. It is a very constant species. Dimensions. — Length, 7 ; breadth, 12 ; depth, 9. Localities. — Bradford Abbas and Marston Eoad (Dorset), also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). 36. — EHYNCHONELLA KINGENS, Herault. 1851. EHYNCHONELLA RINGENS, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc., plate xiv., figs. 13-16. 1877. ,, BINGENS, Dav., Proc. Dorset Club. Yol. I., plate iv., figs. 17 and 18. This well marked species is most peculiar in its geographical distribution, being at some places very common, and at others, where its bed also occurs, it is extremely rare. Thus, at Half- way House, and near Sherborne, in Dorset, and near Gorton, Somerset, it is common, but at Bradford Abbas it is extremely rare, and at many other places where the bed occurs it is not found at all. The young of this species are very peculiar, the smaller they are the flatter they become, until the median fold is hardly perceptible. Again, when they are about half grown they are extremely hard to distinguish from the variety of Rhynch. cynocephala with one plait. Rhynch. ringens generally has only one large median fold, but occasionally this is slit at the top into two (as shown Dav. Proc. Dorset Club, Vol. I., pi. iv., fig. 18), and into three (as shown in a French specimen Dav. Palseont. Soc., 1851, plate xiv., fig. 16). Specimens of both of these variations have occurred in this neighbourhood Since the publication of Mr. Davidson's paper in the " Proceed- ings of the Dorset Field Club," much larger specimens of Rhynch. ringem have been obtained. Dimensions. — Length, 6 ; breadth, 8 ; depth, 8 lines. Localities. — Halfway House, near Sherborne, &c. (Dorset) near Gorton (Somerset). Oppel quotes it from Houtiers (Calva- dos). 38 THE BEACHlOPODA. 37. — RHYNCIIONELLA SUBRINGENS, Davidson. 1851. KHYNCH. SUBRINGENS, Dav., British Brach. Palseont. Soc., plate xiv., fig. 17. The types of this peculiar little species are totally distinct from typical Rhynch. suldecorata young forms (Dav. British Brach. Appendix, plate A, figures 24 and 26), but varieties of both occur which seem extremely hard to separate one from the other. Rhynch. subringens is globular, on the lesser valve it has one strong mesial rib, somewhat raised, and two distinct ribs on each side also rather strong and well marked. On the larger valve it has a deep sinus in the middle, and three ribs two distinct and one rather small on each side of this. The edges of the valves come together at an acute angle. Rhynch. suldecorata, however, is not nearly so globular, has the mesial fold a good deal raised and divided by a sinus into two parts, and it has three ribs on each side, which are not nearly so prominent as the two in R. subringens. On the larger valve it has a mesial sinus, down the middle of which runs a small rib. On each side of the sinus are four rather small ribs. None of the furrows in Rhynch. suldecorata are nearly so deep as those in Rhynch. subringens. The variety of Rhynch. subringens is very globular, larger than the type, has the mesial fold undivided, and possesses two more small ribs on each valve. Edges of valves joined more or less obtusely. The variety of Rhynch. suldecorata is also nearly as globular as Rhynch. sul- ringens, as the mesial fold is divided by a small sinus, and a small corresponding rib down themiddle of the largervalve. Itwillthus be seen that the varieties of Rhynch, subringens and Rhynch. sul- decorata approach each other very closely, in general form especially, and are only separable on account of the division of the mesial fold. The similarity, however, of the variety of Rhynch. subringens with the enlarged figure given by Mr. Davidson, plate xiv., fig. 17, is remarkable. Dimensions. — Type form — Length, 3 J ; breadth, 3£ ; depths lines. Another specimen — Length, 5 ; breadth, 5£ ; depth, 5 lines. THE BEACHIOPODA. 39 Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), rare, and near Gorton (Somerset), very rare. Zone of Murchisonae. 38. — KHYNCHONELLA SUBDECOEATA, Davidson. 1854. RHYNCHONELLA SUBDECOEATA, Davidson, British Fossil Brach. Paleeont. Soc., Appendix, plate A, figs. 24 and 26. (Specimens to agree with figures 23 and 25 have not been found in this district.) Under Rhynch. subrinqens I have given the relations and varieties of this species, and have also described it. It occurs in the same zone as that species, viz., that of Murchisonae, and though rather more frequent near Gorton, it is very rare at Bradford Abbas. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), near Gorton (Somerset), also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). 39. — EHYNCHONELLA PARVULA, E. Desl. 1877. EHYNCHONELLA PARVTJLA, Davidson, "Proceedings Dorset Club," Vol. L, plate iv., fig. 14. 1878. ,, PARVULA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. Soc., Supplement, plate xxvii., fig. 21. A small but peculiar flat species, which occurs in the zone of Parkinsoni. It is chiefly distinct on account of its small number of ribs ; on the mesial fold it has generally three ribs, but some- times four. There are also specimens, probably varieties of this species, which occur with it, that have only two ribs rather more raised than in Rhynch. parvula. Dimensions. — Length, 6 ; breadth, 6 ; depth, 3 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, and near Halfway House (Dorset]. 40 THE BRACHIOPODA. 40. — EHYNCHONELLA FOKBESII, Davidson. 1857. EHYNCHONELLA FORBESII, Davidson, Britisli Brach. Paleeont. Soc., plate xvii., fig. 19. 1877. „ FOB.BESII, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Field Club, plate iv., fig. 15. A peculiar globular little shell characteristic of the Sowerbyi zone. The type specimens figured by Mr. Davidson were round and globular, but specimens occur, especially near Gorton (Somerset), which are more or less flat with a slightly raised fold. This species is well distributed all over this district, in fact occurring wherever the Sowerbyi zone is exposed. It is always small, but could not possibly be taken for the fry of any other species. Dimensions.— Length, 5% ; breadth, 5 ; depth, 3£ lines, and of a flat specimen— Length, 4 ; breadth, 4 ; depth, 2£ lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Halfway House, Stoke Knap, &c. (Dorset), near Corton (Somerset). 41. — EHYNCHONELLA SPINOSA, Schlothem. 1851. EHYNCHONELLA SPINOSA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont. plate xv., figs. 15-20. 1877. ,, SPINOSA, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Club, Vol. I., plate vi., fig. 19. This species has always a raised mesial fold, the sides of which slope quite gradually. This is a good distinctive feature, and is peculiar to even the finer-ribbed varieties of RliyncJi. spinosa. This species seems to begin in the Humphriesianum zone, in which bed it is rather rare. It ascends into the zone of Parkin- soni, in which it is abundant, and, I believe, goes much higher. Specimens often occur shewing the entire spines more or less, and these can be well worked out with the aid of some very dilute hydrochloric acid. A fine example shewing the species is figured by Mr. Davidson, Palseont. Soc. Journ., plate xv., fig. 15. THE BRACHIOtODA. 4l' Dimensions. — Length, 12; breadth, 14; depth 8 lines. Another specimen: — length, 11; breadth, 13; depth 17 lines. On this last specimen I counted about 28 ribs and about 1 1 spines on each rib, so that the specimen probably possess more than 300 long spines. This shews a great difference from Rhynch. senticosa. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, Oborne, and many other places in Dorset ; also Hilborne "Wick, near Galhampton, &c. (Somerset), also Dundry and near Bath (Somerset), Minchin- hampton, and near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in Nor- mandy at Falaise, Moutiers, Port-en-Bessin, &c., and Dr. Oppel says that its geographical range is very great, and that there is scarcely a locality in the French, English and German inferior or great oolite where it does not occur.* 42. — EHYNCHONELLA SENTICOSA, v. Such. 1851. EHYNCHONELLA SENTICOSA, Davidson, Brit. Brach., Palseont. Soc., plate xv., fig. 21. 1877. ,, SENTICOSA, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Club, Vol. I., plate iv., fig. 20. This species has by some authors been considered to be merely a variety of Rhynch. spinosa, but I consider that there exists very many differences between them. It is quite possible that the rather finer ribbed variety of Rhynch. spinosa was mistaken for Rlynch. senticosa. This species, however, differs from Rhynch. spinosa in having the base of the valves nearly straight, the beak rather raised so that the foramen can be easily seen, and a vast number of extremely minute ribs covered with spines. Dimensions. — Length, 11| ; breadth, 13; depth 8 lines. Another specimen. — Length, 11; breadth, 12£; depth 7 lines. On this last specimen I counted over 100 ribs on the lesser valve, and about 40 spines on each rib. The specimen thus possessed more than 4,000 spines on each valve. * Oppel Juraforination, p. 432. 42 THE BEAOHIOPODA. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset), characteristic of the top sub-division of the inferior oolite (zone of Cosm Parkinsoni) also Dinnington. 43. — EHYNCHONELLA CYNOCEPHALA, Richard. 1851. EHYNCHONELLA CYNOCEPHALA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont., Soc., plate xiv., fig. 10-12. 1877. „ CYNOCEPHALA, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Club, Vol. I., plate iv., fig. 16. 1877. „ STEPHENSI, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Club, plate iv., fig. 13. (The young state of Rhynch. cynocephala.} Mr. Davidson in the " Proceedings of the Dorset Club " says, "This appears to be an uncommon species in the inferior oolite of the Bradford Abbas district, for I found only one example of it among upwards of a thousand specimens I had under exami- nation. It was found by Mr. Darell Stephens at Crewkerne Station.* Since this was written, however, the proper beds for Rhynch. cynocephala have been examined, and it is found to be a common fossil. Unfortunately the zone in which it occurs most plentifully (the zone of Harp. Opalinum) is only exposed at three places, the coast of Burton Bradstock, and at Stoke Knap in Dorset, and near Haselbury (Somerset). This species alfeo certainly occurs, but very rarely, in the zone of Harp. Murchi- sonse. The common form of this species is the form with two plaits, but specimens with only one, and also with three, have been found. The variety with one plait occurs in the Murchi- sonse zone at Drimpton (Dorset) by itself (that is to say, I did not observe the usual form there at all) and also in other places. The mesial fold of our specimens is generally not so much raised as in those from Gloucestershire, and as far as we have yet found they are slightly smaller. * Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Club, Vol. I., p. 86. THE BEACHIOPODA. 43 Localities. — In the zone of Murchisonae, rare, Drimpton, and near Sherborne (Dorset), Haselbury, and near Gorton (Som- erset). In the zone of Opalinum, common, Stoke Knap (Dorset), near Haselbury (Somerset). It also occurs at Searington (Som- erset), Minchinhampton, Dinnington, in Yorkshire, &c. At Bourmont, and in the departments of Arcyron and Deux Sevres (France). Dr. Oppel says it has not been found in South- West Germany, although its zone is found at many places. Ols. — Mr. Davidson with great kindness sent me his type specimen of Rhynch. Stephensi for examination, and I have been able to convince myself by comparing it with a quantity of the young of Rhynch. cynocephala that it is merely the young of this species. The young of Rhynch. cynocephala, like the young of Rhynch. ring ens are flat, and the mesial fold is depressed, and it increases in height more than the shell grows in size. 44. — EHYNCHONELLA ANGULATA, Sowerby. 1851. EHYNCHONELLA ANGTJLATA, Davidson, British Brachiopoda, Palseont. Soc., plate xviii., fig. 13. This species is rather rare in this district. It is broad, with a slightly raised mesial fold, on which are 5 or 6 ribs. The base is, as it were, flattened. This species occurs in the Sowerbyi zone of Bradford Abbas, and a slight variation of it occurs in the Sowerbyi zone near Gorton (Somerset). Dimensions. — Length, 7 ; breadth, 8 ; depth 5 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), and near Gorton (Som- erset), also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire). 45. — EHYNCHONELLA DUNDRIENSIS. 8. S. BucJcman. 1654. EHYNCHONELLA ? Davidson, British Fossil Brachiopoda, Palsoont. Soc. Appendix, plate A, fig. 28. This species is somewhat triangular in shape, smaller valve 44 THE BRACHIOPODA. rather flat, larger valve slightly convex. It is covered with a multitude of very fine ribs or striations which run longitudinally. It is broader than long, and distinguished from Rhijnch. senticosa, to which it is nearest allied, by its peculiar shape and lesser convexity. Two specimens of this species have been found in this neighbourhood, one collected by Mr. T. 0. Maggs and the other by my father. They are both small, being about 6 lines long by 9 lines broad. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), also Dundry (Somerset), whence the specimen figured without name by Mr. Davidson was obtained. 46. — EHYNCHONELLA BALINENSIS, Szajnocha. 1879. KHYNCHONELLA BALINENSIS, Szajnocha, Die Brachiopoden — Fauna der Oolithe von Balin bei Krakau, plate vii., figs. 1, 2, 3. This species is variable, as is shown by the figures given by Szajnocha, and figure 1 is especially like Khynch. parvula, E. Desl. Rhynch. lalinensis is, however, distinguished from Rhynch. parvula by a larger number of ribs, greater thickness, and ribs rounded. The mesial fold is also much more raised. Between figure 1, however, and Rhynch. parvula the differences are much harder to define, although the specimens look quite distinct. Rhynch. parvula is an extremely flat species, while Rhynch. lalinensis is generally thick and rounded, as is shown by Szajnocha in figures 2 and 3. The thin form, however, shown in figure 1 has very small ribs with 4 on the mesial fold, which is raised rather more than in Rhynch. parvulu, and is much more conspicuous on account of the smallness of the ribs. In this district specimens agreeing with figure 1 are rare, but specimens agreeing with the thick forms are oftener found. These gener- ally have four ribs on the mesial fold, but some have three only, and I possess one with five. This species occurs in the Sowerbyi THE BEACHIOPODA. 45 zone. Our specimens are mostly about the size of Szajnocha's figures, but one or two are slightly larger. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), near Gorton (Somerset), also from Balin and Brodla. 47. — EHYNCHONELLA GINGENSIS, Waagen. 1867. KHYTTCHONELLA GINGENSIS, Waagen, Geognotisch Palaont. Beitrage, Table 32 (9), fig. 3. A species which is closely allied to Rhynch. subtetraJtedra, David- son, but is much deeper, with a far more convex dorsal valve, and is not nearly so broad. The specimens from this district are fine grown examples of this species, larger than the example figured by Dr. Waagen. They occur chiefly in the zone of Murchisonae, and less seldom in the zone of Sowerbyi. Dr. Waagen quotes this species from the zone of Sowerbyi, but adds " That it seems to begin somewhat lower, and also to go up somewhat higher."* This species generally has 5 or 6 ribs on the mesial fold. I have never observed more than 6. Dimensions. — Length, 16; breadth, 17; depth, 12 lines. Another specimen — Length, 15; breadth, 16; depth, 11 lines. Dimensions of the figure given by Dr. Waagen — Length, 12 ; breadth, 13 ; depth, 8 lines. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset). Dr. Waagen quotes it from Gingen (Wiirtemberg), many places in France, and from Gunsberg and Betzenau (Switzerland). 48. — THECIDIUM TRIANGULARE, d'Orb. THECIDIUM TRIANGULARE, Davidson, British Brach. Palreont. Soc., Supplement, plate xii., figs. 25, 26. One specimen of this small Brachiopod was found at Brad- ford Abbas by Mr. Whedborne. I have not seen it. » Waagen Geogn. Palaont. Beitriige, p. 639 (133). 4 6 THE BBACHIOPODA. The following species I place here as somewhat doubtful, and which require more material to determine accurately. 49. — TEREBRATULA GRAVIDA, Szajnocha. 1881. TEREBEATULA GRAVLDA, Szajnocha, Ein Beitrag zur Kennt- niss der jurassichen Brachiopoden, plate ii., fig. 3. I possess a few specimens which agree in general shape and in the peculiar position of the beak with these figures. But as the junction line of the valves is much straighter, and the end view slightly different to what is represented by Szajnocha I leave it till more specimens have been collected. Locality. — Near Halfway House. 50. — TEREBRATULA FRAIVREI, Bayle. TEREBRATULA FRAIVREI, Bayle, Explication de la Carte Geologi- que de la France, plate vii., fig. 1 . I have one specimen about 1 6 lines in length from the Par- kinsoni zone of Broadwindsor, which seems to agree very well with the figure given by Bayle. 51. — WALDHEIMIA TRIQUETRA, Sow. WALDHEIMIA ORBA, Szajnocha. 1825. TEREBRATULA TRIQUETRA, Sow., Mineral conchology, plate cdxlv., fig. 1. 1881. — WALDHEIMIA ORBA, Szajnocha Eni Beitrag zur Kenntnise der jurass. Brachiopoden, plate ii., fig. 5. I have one specimen from Broadwindsor, which agrees exactly with Szajnocha' s figure, but I cannot see in what it differs from Tereb. triquetra of Sowerby. Mr. Davidson wrote to me about this specimen, " whether triquetra or not it quite agrees with Szajnocha's figure, and if you had sent it to me without identi- fication I should have referred it to one of the forms of triquetra. THE BRACHIOPODA. 47 52. — WALDHEIMIA (Eudesia) CARDIUM, Lamarck. 1877. WALDHEIMIA CARDIUM (?), Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Club, plate iv., fig. 4. No fresh specimens have been discovered, and I know nothing further than is mentioned by Mr. Davidson, " Proceedings Dorset Club," page 82, No. 18. 53. — KHYNCHONELLA DISTRACTA, Waagen. 1867. KHYNCHONELLA DISTRACTA, Waagen, Geogn. Palaont. Beitriige, plate xxxi. (8), fig. 10. Our specimens from the Sowerbyi zone agree exactly in shape with the specimens of JRhynch. distracta figured by Dr. Waagen from the same zone, but they have slightly finer ribs. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset), near Corton (Somerset). 54. — RHYNCHONELLA PALMA, Szajnocha. 1879. RHYNCHONELLA PALMA, Szajnocha, Die Brachiopoden- Fauna der Oolithe von Balin bei Krakau Table vii., figs. 15 and 16. I possess some specimens which exactly agree with Szajnocha's figure 15 ; others, which seem the same, but are slightly broader. They are from the Murchisonae zone at Bradford Abbas. 48 THE BRACIIIOPODA. ADDENDA. On plate 78 of his Brachiopodes Jurassiques E. Deslongschamps gives some figures of Terebratula submaxillata (non Morris). Of these figures 1 and 3 evidently belong to Terebratula Hollands n. sp. Figure la is slightly broader than our specimens usually are, but the end and side views, figures Ic and Id, are character- istic, shewing the sharpness of the folds. The other figures may be vaiieties of Tereb. Stephani, Davidson. Whilst the paper was in the press the following additions have been made : — A fine large specimen of Terebratula Morieri, Dav., was found by myself at Bradford Abbas, Dorset. It measures — Length, 9 . breadth, 9 ; depth 5 lines. The dorsal valve is peculiarly flat, and the furrow in it not much marked. A typical specimen of Terebratula Ferryi, E. Desl., was also found near Bradford Abbas, in the zone of Cosm Parkinsoni. A specimen of Terebratula Buckmani, Dav., was found in the Parkinsoni zone at Blackford (Somerset). It agrees exactly in every respect with the Gloucestershire forms. Several good specimens of Terebratula globata, Sowerby, were found by Mr. E. Cleminshaw and myself at Blackford (Somerset), Some]of them agree exactly with Davidson's drawings of Sowerby's original specimens on plate xiii. (figures 2 and 3). Others are a trifle flatter. They come from the zone of Cosm Parkinsoni. Some of E. Deslongschamps figures of Tereb. (Wald.J Lycetti, Davidson, seem to me to be merely the thin form of Wald. anglica, especially figure 5 on plate 48 of Brach. Jurassiques. We have also been able to add the following species to our list, and we have a large number more awaiting identification : — THE BRACHIOPODA. 49 55. — TEREBRATULA CORTONENSIS, S.S. Buclcman. 1873. TEREBRATULA OVOIDES, E. Deslongschamps (non Sowerby), Bract. Jurassiques, plate 61, figures (1-3?) 5, 6, 8, and 9. Syn? 1867. Terebratula Buckmani, "Waagen Geogn. Paliiont. Beitrage, page 637 (131), No. 155. This species varies slightly in shape, when the front view is considered. It is more or less oval, the broadest part being sometimes about the middle of the smaller valve, and sometimes a little below it. Dorsal valve rather flat, ventral or larger valve somewhat convex. The base is not biplicated, but is slightly raised in front. The margin line also, at the side, is well recurved, and this is a constant character in this species. The beak projects forward, rather beyond the dorsal valve, and is curved. The foramen is oval, rather large, and nearly touches the smaller valve. This is a peculiar species, occupying as it were a position inter- mediate between the variations of several other species. It approaches Terelratula punctata variety Haresfieldensis, but is distinguished from it by greater proportionate breadth, much flatter dorsal valve, recurved side margin, and beak projecting beyond the dorsal valve. It also approaches Tereb. Buckmani and young Tereb. perovalis, but is much shorter, broader, and more circular in shape than the first and lacks the biplications of the second. Our specimens agree best with figures 5 and 8a of Deslongs- champs' plate, but generally have their greatest breadth rather lower down, and the base consequently more rounded. The fold is also not often so much raised as shewn in figure 8b. Whether figures 1-3 are really the young or not I am at present unable to say. Terebratula cortonensis generally occurs in the zone of Sowerbyi, but I believe that it begins in the zone of Murchisonoo. E. Deslongchamps says that it (Ter. ovoidesj occurs in the infra-oolitic marls. 50 THE B&ACHIOPODA. Localities. — Near Gorton (Somerset), somewhat common ; Bradford Abbas, Dorset, scarce ; and one specimen from Burton Bradstock, Dorset. Mr. E. Deslongschamps quotes Ter. ovoides from the departments of Sarthe, Meuse, and Moselle. 56. — WALDHEIMIA HUGHESII, WalJcer. 1878. WALDHEIMIA HUGHESII, Davidson, British Brach., Palseont. Soc., page 174, No. 157. Mr. Davidson very kindly sent me an outline 'drawing of this species, which he quite inadvertently omitted from his plate. I picked up from the Trigonia grit on Leckhampton Hill (Gloucestershire), a few specimens which undoubtedly belong to this species. From Blackford (Somerset) I also obtained a few specimens of a Waldheimia. Two of these are undoubted Waldheimia Hughesii, the others are slightly broader and flatter. I am at a loss, however, to define any distinction between Wald. HugTiesii and some of the forms of Wold, ornithocephala, which we have found in the Fullers Earth rock of Milborne Wick (Somerset), and also from some of E. Deslongschamps figures of Wald. ornithocephala in Brach. Jurass., plates 87 and 88, noticeably figure 5 on plate 88. Locality. — Zone of Parkinsoni, at Blackford (Somerset) ; ako Leckhampton, Gloucestershire. 57. — KHYNCHONELLA BILOBATA, n.sp. A very few specimens of a peculiar and rare Rhynchonella have been found in the Sowerbyi zone, at Bradford Abbas, Dorset, and other places. It was at first referred by Mr. Davidson to Rhynchonella trigona, Quensted Brachiopoda, plate 40, figure 71, but I consider that it differs from it in having a well marked and deepish furrow in the dorsal valve, no ribs at all showing, but only a little notching at the base, and the dorsal valve being convex from the beak to the base. In size and shape it mostly resembles Quenstedt's figure 72, but has the thick base of figure 71, with the waved marginal THE BEACHIOPODA. 51 line. Its beak is sharp and much produced over the smaller valve. As I cannot find that it has been figured before, I ventured to name it Rhynchonella bilobata, n.sp. The first specimen was found by myself at Bradford Abbas, in December, 1880. 58. — EHYNCHOXELLA BENECKEI, Haas. 1881. RIIYNCHONELLA BEXECKEi, Haas, d. Brach. d. Juraf., v. Elsass-Lothringen, plate iv., figures 3, 6-8 (1, 2, 4, 5). Dr. Haas quotes this species from the middle Lias, or what he calls the costatusschichten, which he places just above the margaritatusschichten. From blocks of stone in the Yeovil sands (zone of Lytoceras jurense), I have obtained several specimens which agree exactly in all respects with the figures (3, and 6-8) given by Dr. Haas, of Rhynch. Beneckei. Specimens agreeing with figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, I have, however, not seen, and therefore have put them into brackets in quoting it. Dr. Haas, however, takes as his typical examples of his species, figures 3 and 7, with both of which our specimens agree exactly. The specimens from this district possess two, three, and four ribs on the mesial fold, and the height of them varies consider- ably. In young specimens the ribs are flat in proportion, and increase in height faster than the shell grows in size, but in specimens of the same size the height of the ribs is often variable. This species is as it were between Rhynch. cynocephala, Eich., and Rhynch. sulangulata, Dav., but in general the mesial fold is not so raised as in either of them. Its ribs also do not extend more than half way up from the base of the shell. As far as I have been able to observe the . deltidial plates of Rhynch. cynocephala are far larger in proportion than those of Rynch. Beneckei. The far greater number of ribs, continued too, all up to the beak, distinguish Rhynch. sulangulata from this species. Localities. — Bradford Abbas (Dorset). I know of it nowhere 52 THE BRACHIOPODA. else. Dr. Hass quotes it from Uhrweiler and Nuelhausen, in Alsace ; Xocourt and Luppy, in Lorraine ; also Essey and They (Meurthe and Moselle). Obs. — This species seems properly to belong in this district to the zone of Jurense, which zone is outside the area embraced by this paper. I, however, note it here from the fact of its being found (but very rarely) in the lowest bed of the Bradford Abbas quarry. This bed is a very hard blue centred stone, chiefly composed of comminuted shells, and resembling the bands of stone in the sands. Below it come the yellow sands, and above the zone of Murchisonae. I think it not improbable that this " bottom layer " really belongs to the jurense zone also, and that the zone of opalinum, which is so well and distinctly marked at some other places, is here entirely absent. Mr. Davidson wishes me to state that, when he wrote his paper for the Dorset Field Club in 1877, he described all the species then known to him from this district, and that the others have been discovered since. COKKIGENDA. Page 6, line 24 from top, for subdecorate read subdecorata. ,, 6, ,, 28 ,, for von Such read von Bucli. ,, 6, ,, 32 ,, Rhynch. Dundriensis does not occur at Half- Way House. „ 7, ,, 29 ,, for Davidsoni read Leesii. ,, 7, ,, 2 from bottom, for von Such read von Buck. ,, 9, ,, 15 from top, for Kehlread Hehl. ,, 9, ,, 18 ,, erase the second cross. ,, 9, ,, 25 ,, for Stuitensis read Stuifensis. BIN DON HILL OR THE SW/NES-BACK. By THOMAS KERSLAKE, Esy. N " The Welsh in Dorset," which you honoured with a place in your Proceedings (Vol. III., p. 92), I hope to have shown that the fierce battle with the Britons by Cynegils and Cwichelm recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 614, when 2,065 of the Britons were slain, was at an assault upon this hill. It is well known as the long, lofty, and precipitous chalk ridge which stretches through the interval of two miles between Lulworth Cove and the gorge at East Lulworth known as Arish Mill. At both these inlets, the hill having come into contact with the sea, the southern side of each end has become a perpendicular white cliff, each of which is a section of nearly the entire elevation. This extensive and remarkable stronghold is not even mentioned by Hutchins. Mr. C. Warne, however, describes it (Ancient Dorset, 1872, pp. 39- 42), and gives an etching of a view from the north (pl.'i., fig. 2), but what is here to be written is in addition to his account. In my former paper I had said that the crown or long table area is "fortified around." This word "around" is wrong as far as artificial fortification is concerned. I have since again visited the place. Its natural strength from steepness and height is very great all around, but the artificial fortifications extend only along nearly the whole north brow, and around the western end to the edge of the chalk cliff over Lulworth Cove. These consist of two ramparts with a ditch between, and are very strong, although this north side of the hill is very high and steep. The 64 BINDON HILL, OR THE SWINES-BACK. southern brow is, however, apparently destitute of artificial works, but the hill-side is here also very high throughout, and even steeper than the north side. It is evident that the artificial fortification was entirely concerned with inland clangers, such as the approach by the Frome valley of an enemy who had landed at Wareham. The steep southern side has nothing between itself and the sea except a peninsula or wing of land. This wing is completely intercepted, from all other connection with the mainland, by Bindon Hill with its high cliff at each end ; and, although it is so much lower than the hill, it is protected towards the sea by an " iron-bound " coast of craggy cliffs. This lower wing itself is, therefore, a part of the fortified inclosure. It may be worth while to note that the highest part of this wing is the south-east angle, where a coastguard signal over- looks a notorious smugglers' landing place, called "Bacon- cove" (i.e., beacon), with their cavern and rude quay wall. Dividing this highest angle from the rest of the wing is still to be seen a very considerable rampart, confronting the southern steep of the Swines-Back. Can this be accepted in support of the suggestion in " The "Welsh in Dorset" (p. 92) that, while Cynegils, or Cwichelm, attacked the Britons from the north, the other outflanked them from the south ? About the middle of the north side the ancient great entrance is very perfect, flanked by returns of the outer rampart, with considerable extension of them inwards on each side. This is near where the present oblique roadway ascending from the east enters, but not coinci- dent with it. The ancient roadway appears to have imme- diately passed for some distance westward, close under the great outer rampart, and then to have descended in a bend; for near the foot of the hill there is another trace of it trending eastward. This is quite a different line from that of the present cartway. Under the western end of the hill a beautiful and most abun- dant spring issues from the gravel which underlies the chalk. BINDON HILL, OE THE SWINES-BACK. 55 At some height above this commences a very remarkable wide and shallow foss or roadway towards the top of the hill. It is very regularly excavated, and runs upwards against the hill without any easement by divergence or winding. Where it begins, perhaps 50 or 60 feet from the bottom, are remains of an earthwork, apparently a sort of barbican or advanced defence of the entrance. This has now been inclosed in a garden, and to some extent altered by ornamental outlaying, but one very perfect barrow and parts of two or three others are visible flanking the foot of the ascending foss. At the top the foss ends, at some distance before reaching the ramparts, in a sort of flattened platform or landing stage, and the original earth-working is here evidently undisturbed, showing it to be the intentional ending. Higher up between this and the ramparts is another such flattened landing stage, without any visible connection with the lower one ; and above this again is an apparent way through the rampart. Although the hill at this western part is not quite so steep as at the two sides it is still very steep, and requires stiff clambering rather than walking. It is about the steepness that requires steps or stairs to be practicable, and when in use it must have been cut into or furnished with steps. No doubt it was the provision for the water supply of the hill city from the spring, upon the many-hands-make-light-work principle, in most cases the only solvent of this difficulty so common to such places. Where the foss ends short of the top, the flight of steps was probably supplemented by wooden continuations to be removed or drawn up in times of danger. ON A NEW SPECIES OF OPHIURELLA BY THOS. WRIGHT, Esq., M.D., F.H.S., $c. GENUS OPHIUBELLA, Agassis, 1836. ISK small, membraneous, often indistinct, a character which separates this genus from Ophiura. Rays very long:, slender, depressed, formed of circles of plates, four in each circle ; the lateral plates are the largest, most prominent, and provided with long spines ; the basal plates are small and spiniferous, and the dorsal smooth and without clothing. Mouth plates small and triangular. All the species known were found in the Jurassic rocks. OPHIUEELLA NEEEIDA, Wright, 1880, n.sp. Description. — Disk small, irregularly penta-lobed, each lobe consisting of a shield-like elevation formed by the radial plates, which are covered by a tegumentary membrane closely studded over with small granules ; the inter-lobular integument is entirely absent, having apparently, if it ever existed, been destroyed in the process of fossilisation. The arms, or rays (five in number), are long, four times the length of the disk's diameter. They do not taper much between the radial plates and their termination, and consist of innumer- able highly moveable rings, composed of : — 1st, a centre-dorsal plate, which, with its fellows, form a long, smooth, convex, continuous chain, flattened at the summit, and laid along the middle of the rays ; 2nd, of lateral plates, which bend down- wards, closely clasping the sides of the ray ; each plate supporting a small tubercle, on which a stout thorn-like spine is articulated OPHIURELLA NEREIDA. Wright. ON A NEW SPECIES OF OPHIURELLA. 57 by a kind of ball and socket joint ; 3rd, the basal or ventral plates which close the ray below are small and much concealed, they likewise carry many short, stout spines. One of the spiniferous arms of the Ophiurella as it lies on the slab of calcareous grit before me, resembles, a marine worm, the Nereis nuntia, and hence the origin of the specific name I have ventured to give this new Brittle-star. The arms are very much bent and curled, so that this species may be said to have had highly moveable arms. Dimensions. — Diameter of the disk six-tenths of an inch ; length of an arm, two inches and six tenths. This is less than in the living state, as none of the arms are preserved up to their terminations. Affinities and Differences. — The fragmentary condition of the disk prevents any definite conclusions as to the true generic position of this form, but it agrees with Ophiurella closer than with any other. It has the small disk with the upper and under surfaces covered with fine granules ; the arms long, compressed and flattened, the lateral and ventral plates supporting spines, which are specially jointed to the lateral plates. In all these essential generic characters it agrees with Ophiurella. I know of no figured species from the corallian rocks that resembles the Brittle-star. The only form that occurs to my mind is Ophiurella bispinosa, d'Orb, which has only been named, but was neither described nor figured by the author. Our species is so widely different from all the others, that there can be no confusion with them. Locality and Stratigraphical Position. — This Brittle-star was obtained by Professor Buckman, F.GKS., from the calciferous grit at Sandsfoot Castle, near Weymouth, who kindly sent the specimen to me for a description of the species as a contribution to the " Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Anti- quarian Field Club," a request which I willingly comply with, hoping that the members of the youngest among the naturalists' field clubs may make many additions of new species from the rocks which lie within the area of its operations. EXPERIMENTS IN THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND ROOT CROPS. By Professor HENRY TANNER, F.C.8., 8?c. j!T has been proposed that some explanation should be given of the Experiments upon Barley and Boot Crops which are being carried out at Bradford Abbas by Professor Buckman. The experiments are, as a matter of fact, enquiries made of Nature, but at present we have not received her several replies. Great progress has been made in the con- veyance of the voice by means of the telephone ; we thereby hear an answer which is uttered at a great distance. The Phono- graph enables us to preserve and reproduce words at any time after their utterance, but unfortunately we have not got an instrument which will give an answer before it has been made either by the human voice or by nature ; perhaps our friend Pro- fessor Buckman will see to this. Hence we have to wait for the replies to the enquiries we are making by these experiments, and for the information we seek. It may, therefore, be desirable under these circumstances to refer to the past, and offer some statement of the steps which have already been taken, and which have led to the further inquiries now being made at Bradford Abbas. Nearly twenty years ago Dr. Edwin Lankester proposed to illustrate in a popular manner the composition of our various kinds of Food, by exhibiting the several groups of material of which food is composed, according to the duties each of these THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND ROOT CROPS. 59 had to perform. Thus we had the Flesh-forming matter — the Fat and Heat-producing matter — the Mineral matter required for the formation of bone — the water and the cellular matter which had formed the wrappers for these useful ingredients — all of these were shown in glass vessels, in the varying proportions in which they existed in different kinds of Food. This system has been rendered more perfect in its details by subsequent operators. Rather more than twelve months since I suggested to the Coun- cil of Education that whilst this system gave valuable informa- tion upon the general character of good specimens of each kind of Food, it still left a deficiency which the student of agricul- tural science greatly felt, viz., the variations in the character of different kinds of food, and the circumstances which caused those variations. Acting under the direction of the Council of Educa- tion I am carrying out an enquiry having for its object to deter- mine the extent of these variations, and the circumstances and conditions whereby food may be produced of the highest quality for its several uses. In 1877 our enquiry was limited to the three principal corn crops — Wheat, Barley, and Oats. The season of 1877 was unusually cold and wet, and probably gave us some of the lowest conditions observable; but it also gave marked oppor- tunities for seeing how far the skill of the farmer enabled him to grapple with difficulties of soil and climate. Thus we found an acre of Wheat in one case producing eight times as much Fat and Heat-producing matter, and nine times as much Flesh- forming matter, as the same area of land produced under other circumstances. In the case of Barley we found one acre of land producing about three times as much of these products as the same area elsewhere. We found Oats yielding fifteen times as much Fat and Heat-producing matter, and seventy times as much Flesh-forming matter, from equal areas of land under different circumstances. These are variations of tremendous importance, and reveal to us a far greater variation in the produce of the land than was commonly supposed to exist. 60 THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND BOOT CROPS. We found cases illustrating the advantage of good cultivation, where from land of the same character, and under similar condi- tions of climate, the produce was ten times greater in Fat and Heat-producing matter, and forty times greater in the Flesh- forming matter, in the one case than in the other. We found the nutritive value of crops under similar conditions of soil and climate doubled by a proper drainage of the land. We found the advantage of using a suitable seed giving three times as much Fat and Heat-producing matter, and seven times as much Flesh-forming matter, from similar land, and under simi- lar management. We found a judicious change of seed increasing the Fat and Heat-producing matter to a three-fold extent, and the Flesh-forming matter in rather higher proportion, from the same area of the same land. We found the suitability of Barley for Malting and for Feeding purposes greatly con- trolled by the system of management pursued. It would, how- ever, be wearisome to you to pursue these details ; but enough has probably been said to show that they are not without importance to the cultivator of the land, nor without interest from a national point of view to the general public. These results have opened upon us enquiries of the deepest possible moment, and reveal to us a vast extent of work which yet remains to be accomplished. We have opened up some new lines of research and enquirjT, and, encouraged by the past, we may hope to bring the experience of practical men more thoroughly within the range of scientific observation. It must, however, be borne in mind that these results have been arrived at by the evidence obtainable in the growth of one season, and a continuance of the enquiry will probably give us additional facts confirmatory in their character, and increasing our know- ledge of the limits of variation. These results must therefore be regarded merely as the first steps in an important line of research. The first report is now before the Council of Educa- tion, and will be made public in due course. Approval has also been given for an entirely new mode of illustrating these results by means of coloured diagrams, which will enable the informa- THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND BOOT CROPS, 61 tion obtained to be printed at a moderate cost for the use of Science Schools and District Museums. If from the careful consideration of the Telephone and the Microphone, which you have this day seen in active operation at Bradford Abbas, you can aid my friend Professor Buckman in the task I have suggested, and by any means anticipate the results of our experiments, some new and interesting results will probably be placed at our immediate command. But failing this help I see no course but to defer their consideration until some one of your future meetings may give us the opportunity of going into the subject in some fuller detail. I shall then, I hope, be able to show that in the production of Corn and Root crops we have the nutritive value of these crops largely under control, and that it is within the power of the farmer not only to encourage the growth of large crops, but at the same time secure them in the highest conditions of excellence, suit- able for the various uses for which they may be required. ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. By Rev. W. BARNES. the matter of Roman and British. Roads and Camps in England we have left to us the light of two writ- ings — a road book (Itinera) of Antoninus, and a list of camps and towns in Britain, by an anonymous geographer of Ravenna. I would take up the 16th road (Iter) as reaching through Dorset from Winchester to Cornwall. I am willing to call the roads of the Itinera Roman ones, though I believe that I can show that most of them were not first made and trodden by the Romans, but were British ones taken, and less or more improved by them. SCADUM NAMORUM OK SCADOMORUM. The Ravenna geographer gives this name as that of a British town, seemingly in the West, and not very far from Moridunurn, or Seaton. He could not mark the British words of the name, but it may be seen through the haze of the Latin that it was Scadan Mbr, Herring Sea or Pilchard Sea, and the main water of the pilchard seem to be that of Mount's Bay, though the pilchards haunt that of Saint Ives, on the northern shore, and some more easterly ones on the south side of Cornwall, and it seems likely that Penzance or its neighbourhood was the Scad-um Namor-um. The um of each word is the Latin ending for the sake of declension, and must be cast off to show the words Scadnamor for Scadannwr. Ott ITfiR XVI. Otf ANtOtflNtfS. 63 The miles of the Iter are reckoned downward to Cornwall, but it seems that, from two or three cases of miles without a name of the station to which they belonged, it will be more handy to take the places upward from Cornwall. CENIA. Taking the 16th Iter of Antoninus, we find that the most westerly of the stations on the Way Book is " Cenia " (Kenia), which I believe was on the stream " Ken-wyn," that runs near Truro, and its name might have been Caer-genwyn. The Mayor of Truro is also the Mayor of Falmouth, a token that it might have been its mother town. [I surely have found somewhere the surname of " Kergenwyn," which would be a strong token of a spot of that name, as Caer-genwyn or Caer-cenwyn.~] Is there a Caer at Kenwyn, by Truro ? VOLUBA.OLUBA. Twenty English miles above Cenia was another station — " Voluba " (Woluba), in which name we may hold the "b " to have taken the stead of the British "v," whence I take the name to have been the British " Grolv " or "Gwlv," or, in the soft shape, " Olv," or "Wlv," a gulf or channel, which I believe was that of the Fowy below Lostwithiel, near or at which might have been the station. The " Fowy " is most likely " y Ffaw-wy " — the " clear stream," which was formerly navigable to Lostwithiel, but is now choked up with sand. TAMAEA. The Halting-stead next above Yoluba is " Tamara," and where could it be but on the "Tamar?" a name which in British means " outspreading," as outspreads the Tamar into the " Hamoaze," The station was, I believe, at Saltash, about 26 English miles above Lostwithiel. Saltash possesses many privileges, and has jurisdiction on the Tamar to the mouth of the Port, claiming anchorage of all vessels that come into the harbour, and its coroner sits upon all bodies found drowned in 64 ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS. the river. These are tokens of its early high rank, and it is a ferry town, about 26 miles above Lostwithiel. DUEIUS AMNIS, OR AMNE, Is the station given by the way-book as next above Tamara, and it has been put on the " Dart," and I believe was at " Totness," about 23 English miles below Exeter. Durius is either "Dwr-wy," the Water-stream, or "Dwr," the Water, and most likely means the broad tide water of the part between Totness and Dartmouth. Totness may be the Roman station, as the fossway shews itself by the town, which was heretofore walled. It is very likely that the Broad Tide-fleet of the Dart/ by and below Totness was called ' y Dwr," " The Water," and, since that may mean other water than that of a river channel, the word Amnis, British Avon, was first put on to it. " The Dart is very broad at the town, and the tide rises 12 feet at the bridge, and the Roman fosse way ran by it." — Capper's Geographical Dictionary. It may be that the name Dart itself, as that of the River-fleet, of Totness, may be a short Saxon shape of Dwrydd, Cornoac, " The Waters ;" and as such it would go to show Totness to be the Durius (Amnis). ISCA DAMNONIORUM Is the next given upward station from Durius Amnis. It is well understood, on good grounds, to be Exeter, on the " Exe " (Eks). The Cornoak British " Esc," and Welsh " Wysg," a Stream. Isca Damnoniorum means Isca of the Devon folk, to off-mark it from Isca Silurum, the " Wysg," which we call the Usk, in South Wales. Against the common belief it has been lately thought by an Exeter man that " Isca Damnoniorum" was not Exeter but Dorchester. I contend on the authority of good wit- nesses that the Damnonii were men of Devon and not of Dorset.- The m in Damn stands for the British v of " Dyvn (deep) and the Welsh have always called Devon "Dyvn-naint" (Dyvn pro- nounced Duvven), the " Dttp delis," which is not a gocd name ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 65 for Dorset, and that the Damnonii -were below the Durotriges is shown by Ptolemy, as well as by Richard of Cirencester, If Isca Damnoniorum was Dorchester, then it was not Isca Damnoriorum (Esc Dyvnaint), but " Isca Durotrigium " (Esc of the Durotriges). The Welsh still call Exeter " Caer-Wysg,'' and that "Wysg" is the Latin "Isca" is shown by the Latin " Isca Colonia," Caerleon, which the Welsh call " Oaerlion ar " Wysg," " Caerlion on the Usk," as we call the river, though we call the Ex or Esk of Devon, Eks for Esk, as waps for wasp. Durnovaria bears in itself the Durn of the Durngwys, Dwrinwys of Asser's name of Dorset and of the Saxon Durnsaet, and Durn-ceaster for Dorchester, which is not on a stream called the Esc, or Exe, but on the Frome. The speech of Western Lloegr (our England), and the Welsh have always called Exeter " Caer- wysg," or Caer-esc." For Dorchester it has no British name, because it was not a British caer, but the earthworks are Roman ; and that is another reason why Dorchester could not be caer-esG. If " Isca Damnoniorum" be put up to Dorchester, then Durno- varia, Sorbiodunum, and Venta Belgarum must be put up each 50 miles further before it, and following the road to London (Lon- dinisj, we must put that also up 50 miles beyond the Thames, although by the earliest voices of the Britons that we can catch, London was a city (Llyndaen), on the Broadpool, the Broadpool in the Thames where the shipping lies, and which is called The Pool to this day. CANCA ARIXA. The geographer of Ravenna gives, as a caer or town seemingly as in the West of England, Canca Arixa (though it is not on the 16th or other Iter), and I take it to be Exmouth, or on the inlet of the sea below Exmouth. Canca, the Latin word — shape, could stand only for the British Cainc, which in the " Drych y Prif Oesoedd" is put for a branch or arm of the sea. "Nid oes ond caino o for rhyngddynt " it says of two places. " There is only an arm of the sea between them." Taking canca, cainca as an arm of the 66 ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. sea I believe " Arixa," " Ar ix " to be ar-Esc, on the Esc, or Exe as we call the stream, and by Exmouth is an arm of the sea on the Exe, and thereon, I believe, was " Canca Arixa." Charmouth and Bridport have been set by some writers as " Canca Arixa," but neither of them is on a cainc (o vor), " branch or arm of the sea," nor " ar esc" on the "Esc" or "Exe." Charmouth is on a stream, and takes its name from a stream with a British name, which was that of some other streams, and which has undergone sundry changes of pronunciation. Cirencester is on .a stream; in British "Y Coryn," the "Dwarfish," or Small stream, and Cirencester is still .called by the Welsh " Caer Coryn," whence the Romans called it " Corinium," and the Saxons called the " Coryn '' the " Ciren " (Kiren), and we call it it the "Chern." Then a Coryn in Dorset became, with the Saxons, "Cern" (Kern), and we, by a well-known change of clipping, call it " Cerne," by Up-Cerne, Cerne Abbas, and Nether Cerne ; and at Charrninster it is the Char from " Charn," and this shows the history of the name of the Char (Charn) — Kern, Coryn at Charmouth, and I believe that any British trev that might have been at the mouth of the Char, would have been marked by its name, as places on a " Coryn," elsewhere " Coryn " or " Aber Coryn," but not " Canca." The way-book gives "Isca Damnoniorum," as xv. Roman (about 13% English) miles below the halting stead, next on the east of it, and that on the way-book is "Moridunum" — Seaton, twice as far above Exeter as the given, xv. Roman miles, and I put in Honiton as the un-named halting stead, to which the xv. Roman miles belong. I suppose that the British tribe called in Latin the Cangiani had their name as dwellers by the great Caine or Caing, or inlet of the sea, between Conwy and the Isle of Anglesea. MORIDUNUM Is set on good grounds to be at or by Seaton, in Devonshire. "Moridunum" is pretty clearly the Latin shape of "Mordun," in Welsh "Morddin" — Seatown or Sea-fastness. Although ON ITEE XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 67 men have not clearly found the earthworks of the Roman castra of Moridunum (if they are not in the dykes- on Seaton-down), yet there are some good tokens of its having been a Roman halt- stead, if not a strong castra, as an off-shoot of the so-called Eoman road runs into it, and its soil has yielded leavings of Roman handwork, and Mr. Pulman ("Book of the Axe") has given tokens, if not quite proofs, that the sea line has in later times fallen back on the Seaton shore, so that a Dun Hill — fastness-hill — which was " Ar y Mor " (on the Sea) in the time of Tacitus, might now be farther inland. Moridunum is given as xxxiii. Roman (30 English) miles below Durnovaria (Dorchester), but xxxiii. miles would be so long a march that there would have been some halting-stead between Seaton and Dorchester, and I believe there was a midway one at Bradpole, Bridport, and that it was the "Londinis" of the geographer of Ravenna. I read the Roman shape of the name " Londinis " as the British " Llyn-daen," which, if I turn it into Anglo-Saxon, comes out "Bradpol" (the Broadpool), the name of the parish which I believe takes in some share of the town of Bridport, and it may be that the borough of Bridport was carved out of it, or, at least, in British and early times the borough, as such, was not marked out. The word "port," in Bridport, sounds more clearly British than Saxon. " Forth " as British, would be the Saxon " haefen " (haven). I had therefore thought that the harbour basin, or some shape of it, might have been known to the Britons as a tide-pool, which they took as a safe little porth (haven) for their fishing boats or other small craft, and that it was the Llyndaen. A Bridport friend, T. Coif ox, Esq., however, has kindly given me a proof of a Broadpool nearer to the Roman Road. He writes: — "I was very sorry to be obliged to leave Ranston the other day before the conclusion of your interesting paper, especially as I see by the report of it in the Dorset Chronicle that I believe it would have been in my power from local knowledge to have confirmed one of your conjectures, I think, making it, indeed, almost a certainty, at the same time, if you will allow 68 ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. me to say so, correcting a minor detail. The word " Bradpole " is still extant, in the name of the parish, as above, in which I live, but, as far as I know, no one in modern times was aware of the derivation of its nomenclature until in the construction of the Bridport Railway, some 20 years since, the remains of a Iroad- pool or widening out of the river Asker, which passes through this parish, was found. Here then is a singular confirmation of your theory of the existence of this pool, which is not likely to have been at Bridport Harbour, which, though dating back for several centuries, appears to have been an artificial construction of an age long subsequent to that of the ancient Britons. Our fellow member of the Field Club, the Rev. Prebendary Broadley, Vicar of Bradpole, first drew my attention to the derivation of its name, and if you wish for any further particulars you could write to him, and I doubt not that he would be very pleased to communicate with you on the subject. — I remain, dear Sir, yours very truly, T. COLFOX. To the Eev. W. Barnes, B.D., &c." The Eev. Alexander Broadley, Vicar of Bradpole, has kindly written to me of the Pool, and he says : — " Bradpole, March 24, 1878. — Dear Mr. Barnes, — From what I remember of it, the place supposed to be " The Pool" you write about, comprised a space of about one-eighth of an acre. It was filled mostly with gravel and flinty materials, water-worn and washed down, it was thought, from Eggarclon (for the stratum here is, as you are aware, wholly different). The contractors for the railway took from it a large portion of material for ballast. Among other things they found, I remember, a fine specimen of the horn of the red deer. The pool would be adjoining the course of the river Asker, and not far from the Bridport Railway Terminus, which is really situate in Bradpole. — I am, dear Mr. Barnes, yours very truly, ALEX. BROADLEY." Our London, as I believe, took its Latin name " Londinium" as being by a Broadpool, a " Llyndaen." The Welsh still call it by an old spelling '• Llundain," and I have thought as being by the Broadpool now no longer seen, that was, I believe, in olden times down by Westminster. Mr. T. Colfox, however, ON ITEE XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 69 has given mo a hint of another Broadpool by the old city : — "Bridport, January 16, 1878.— My Dear Sir,— Thank you for your kind letter. Just a few lines with an idea about the Middlesex Bradpole. Is there not there too the old word partly extant in the name of that part of the river Thames still called the "Pool," just below the Thames Tunnel? This is surely nearer the old City than the Island of Westminster. From the Western boundary of the City to the Abbey must be a mile. — Yours very sincerely, T. COLFOX. To the Eev. W. Barnes, B.D.'J " Lyme " has been taken for the " Londinis " of the Eavenna geography, but " Lyme " is so called by the name of the stream or water by which it stands, and that name is surely British, if not " Llim," or the Smooth Water, and it is not likely that the Romans or Saxons took off one British name to put on another, as Llyndaen, and we must believe that "Lyme " was called by some shape of that name when Londinis was called by another, and that " Lyme " was not "Londinis." DUENOVAEIA— DUENOUAEIA, DOECHESTEE. The Latin Durnovar seems to be a Latin shape of the British Dwrin-wyr, Dorset men, men of the shire of the Dwrin or Little Water ; the sea inlet by Poole. They were sometimes called Morini,* or in British Horin-wyr, Little Sea Folk, Norm meaning the same water as Dwrin, near which stands Wareham a Caer, which I take to be Durinum, said by E. of Cirencester to be the capital of the Durotriges, and from Dwrin comes Asser's name of Dorset, Durn gwis, Dwrin (g)wys, "The Little Watershire," and the Anglo-Saxon Dornsaete, by the outwearing of the n, Dor'saet, Dorset : and the Anglo-Saxon name for Dorchester was Dornceaster, Dor'ceaster. There is an inland water called the " Littlesea " by Studland Bay, and the name " Morbihan," also on the shore of Britanny, means the " Little Sea." A street in Dorchester leading out to the old Wareham road is called Durn- ffate street, and a place in Kingston, Purbeck, close by the old road to Wareham, is called Durnford (Dwrinfordd) — the Dwrin- * Rich. Cirenc. 70 ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. road. The Roman name of Durnovaria was set as an adjective to Castra, and Castra Durnovaria would mean the camp of or among the Dwrinwyr, or Dorset folk. But here arises a question, " By what way the Romans would march from Dorchester to Old Sarum, or from Old Sarum to Dorchester ; or would go from Dorchester to Hod-hill, or from Hod-hill to Dorchester ? " Most men would most likely say, by the Roman road called the " Icen way." I do not believe (for reasons which I may give in another paper) that the Icen way was made by the Romans, or was more a Roman than a British way, and hold that wherever we find a " ford " by that name, there was a British road, and that an old road which thwarts the Stour at Blandford was a well beaten one of the Britons, and that Blan-ford was a (trev) town of the Britons, so called, " Blaenffordd," meaning "Tore the road." " Chronica Monasterii 8. Albani. — JoJiannis de TroJcelowe et Henrici de Blaneford, Honachorum S. Albani; necnon quorundam anonymorum Chronica et Annales, regnantibus Henrico Tertio, Edwardo Primo, Edwardo Secundo, Ricardo Secundo, et Henrico Quarto. Edited by Henry T. Riley. A.D. 1259—1406 (Long- mans & Co.)" The d in Blandford may have been put into the name in later times by some folks to whom bland, as English, had some kind of meaning, while blaen or blan had none. Fordd comes often into the names of Welsh places, and is as life in Welsh daily talk as is our word road. Bodffordd, Road home, in Anglesea. Bwlch y ffordd, the Road-gap ; Tan y Ffordd, Below the road ; ar ei ffordd i'r dinas, on her road to the town ; ffordd las, Green road ; Pen ffordd, Road head. Blaen, a top or fore, is a word of very common use in Welsh place-names, as meaning foreness or the fore, or the fore end or fore space of a thing. Blaen ffos, Fore the dike ; Blaen y ffynon, Fore the spring; Blaen avon, Before the river; Blaen nant, Fore brook; Blaen porth, Before the harbour; Cfvlaen yr ynadon, before the judges ; ar vlaenau ei traed, at the tips of his feet, just before them. Blaen y ffordd, Blaen ffordd, Blandford. So I fully believe that at Blandford (Blaenfford) ON ITE& XVI. OF ANTONINtfS. 71 there was a well-known " rhyd " (ford, as we call it), and that a road from Blandford to Dorchester, by Milborne St. Andrew, was as well-known to the Britons and Eomans as it is to us, and indeed that most of our old roads are the steined footpaths and halterpaths from one to another of the British caeran and villages. The Icen way has been traced from the river Stour to Dorchester by Critchell, north of Bad- bury ; to Shapwick Down and by Sturminster Marshall, Winterborne Zelstone, Winterborne Kingston, Tolpuddle, and Ilsington — a road which is far outrounded from a straight line, and by the Eoman waybook there was a caer or halting- stead, viiii. Eoman (8 English) miles above or east of Dorchester, but its name is not given. That place must, I believe, have been " Wetherbury Castle," at Milborne St. Andrew, which is about 8 miles from Dorchester, and which my friend, Mr. 0. Warne, who knows it thoroughly well, deems to have been a Eoman camp, and which was, I believe, a Eoman halting-stead. The geographer of Eavenna has given, as one of the cities or strongholds of Britain, one which he calls Ibernio or Ibernium, and he sets it, in the row of names, nigh to Vindogladia, though, as we find from his wide skippings from one to another of the names of many other towns of known steads, that this itself is not a proof, but may be a token, that Ibernium might have been between Gussage and Dorchester. Ibernium has been set by sundry writers at sundry places. If we cast off the Latin ending, ium, for which the Eomans found a call in the declension of the name, we shall have Ibern, We find that the Eomans, in the f orshapening of British names into Latin, were wont to put in the midst of a name b for the British to and v. L., Cassibelaunus, whose name was Caswellaun; L. Derbentione, 18, 5 Derwent, the river ; L., Tabo, Br., Taw, the river; L., Eltabo, Br., Aeltaw, the brow of the Taw ; G., Glebon, 10, 14, Glevum, Caer Gloew, Gloucester ; Duroverno Cantiacorum, Dwrwern, Canterbury, 16; Abona, Avon, 11 ; Cunobelinus,Cyn- velyn; Dubris, 15, Dwvr ; Eboracum, Evrawc, York; Elbotw, 72 ON ITER, XVI. OF ANTONINUS. Elvod ; Dubritius, Dyvric. And now, if we take Hern and put w for b we shall have Iwern, the name of the stream that runs under Hod-hill, and gives name to the parishes of Iwerne Minster and Iwerne Courtney. I myself believe from the Latin lern in Ibernium that it mnst have been at or by a moor (British, Gwern, soft shape, wern}, and a moor of the kind in which the alder thrives, as it is called Gwern or y pren wern, the moor tree ; and I believe, moreover, that it was Hod-hill. Gwern, wern, has come into many British-place names, and is now found in Wales. Bwlch-gwern-hir, the Longmoor gap, near Llansantffraid; Melin y wern, Moor-mill; Gwernogle, Moory place ; Pengwern, Moorhead, the old British name of Shrewsbury ; Gwyddel-wern, "Woody-moor, near Corwen ; Gwern-ddu, Black- moor. Now, Yw is the name of a spring, the head of a stream the Ywen, at a spot called Llygad Yw, the eye of Yw in Ystrad Yw (the Vale of Yw, in Wales), and I think that the little spring or brook Iwern is of the same name Yw, or at full length Y Yw Wern, the Moorbrook, and this is the word which by the Roman moulding of British words' would become Ibernium. The geographer of Ravenna, in his list of stead- names, taken from west to east, puts Ibernium next before Yindogladia (Gussage Cowdown ? ), and thus, if he had not skipped from side to side, and even backward and forward, he might have shown that Ibernium must be Hod-hill. YINDOGLADIA VENTAGLADIA Is the name given in the Iter as that of a halt-stead above Dorchester, and xii. Roman, or about 11 English, miles below Old Sarum. Sir Richard Hoare thought, as later writers think, that he had found the site of it at some earthworks on Gussage Cow- down by the Icen way. This spot is said to be 16 English miles from Old Sarum, and 16 English miles would be nearly 18, not 12, Roman miles, as the waybook puts it, from Old Sarum. This is puzzling, and it has been said that the miles on the Iter are untrue. They should be xvi. Yes, I say, xviii. How came ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 73 the mistake ? XII. are not numerals likely to be changed into xvii. or xviii., nor is it likely that the Romans, who at home set out their mile-stones and halting-steads so nicely, should put down xii. miles for xvii. or xviii. Moreover, this cutting of the Gordian knot by a calling of the miles on the Eoman Iter untrue because they are not true for the place that we, on other grounds, take to be their station, is very dangerous ; and it is hard to say when we should so handle a Eoman Iter, and such handling must more or less loosen our trust to the truth of any station at all. As far as I can see from the ground plan of the earthridges at Gussage, they are those of a British trev (village), but I do not see any Eoman work in it, though, it is true, the Eomans might have halted at it, if they had taken the longer Icen way instead of the shorter road by the great ford through Blandford, on which road we find Wetherbury Castle, answering to the halting-stead 9 Eoman miles above Dorchester, though no such one has been found in the Icen way. I can hardly give up the belief that there was a halting-stead some- where xii. Eoman miles from Old Sarum or from some spot below it. Was Woodyates' Inn built on the site of a Eoman halting- stead ? Now, will the Latin shape of the name " Vindogladia " help us to the British one and its meaning ? It may be shapen of gwyn (wyn} and gledd. Wyn, the soft shape of gwyn, is, I believe, the name of the Wyn, the stream that runs into the Stour at Winborne, now Wimborne. Gwyn or Wyn means bright or clear, and marks the Wyn from the Stour, which is not clear. Gledd (glathe) is greensward, grassland; and Gwynledd, shapen of wyn and gledd would mean the Wyn-green- sward or Wyn-green — the greensward or green by the Wyn. I believe that the " Gwynledd " might have been all that broad grass land, " velvet turf " as Mr. Warne calls it, through which the Salisbury-road runs, below, if not above the Bockerly Dyke, and by which the Wyn flows, and that the station Vindogladia might have been in it, and that any caer or trev within it might have been called " Caer- Wynledd," or "Trev- 74 ON ITEE XVI. OF ANTONINTTS. Wynledd." I cannot well account for the d put into the name by the Eomans, though it might have been taken from the Oornoak or West British pronunciation of words ending in n, as Ian, gwyn, for which they often said badn, gwydn. It is thought- worthy that, as Dr. Smart kindly told me after I had given him the name " Wingreen " as a simple English word, for " Gwyngledd," there is, in the chalk range, some five or six miles westward from Vindogladia, a high point now called Wyngreen- hill. Ventagladia is also a Latin form of the name Vindogladia, and would, as it seems to me, be a good name for the broad reach of greensward below, above and south of Woodyates' Inn. Gwent gledd would mean the open or unenclosed land of greensward. Gwentledd, the greensward of the openland, both of which names would be good ; but it may be thought, though not shown, that the laws of the soft and strong (consonants) were not so straitly kept in the old British speech. " Gwent gledd " would make good the presence of the g in the Roman word. By the laws of Welsh speech-craft gwynledd would mean " the green- sward of the Wyn," while Gwyn gledd would mean " the Wyn of the greensward," a most unlikely name. Some have taken the British name to have been " Gwynglawdd, Wynglawdd." The White dike, which, if it were near one of the dikes, as Bockerly dike, which was for a while white in chalk, might have been for a while, but not for long, a fitting name for it. Some writers have confounded the word gledd, greensward, with cleddyva, sword, but the soft shape of gledd is ledd, and that of clcddyv is gleddyv, but unless the Britons had an inn, in the site of Woodyates' Inn or another spot, of the sign of " Y Gwyngleddyv," the bright sword, it Avas hardly the British or Eoman station. I cannotbelieve that the Eomans, in coming from Old Sarum or from Gussage to Hod-hill or Dorchester would keep on the Icen way to near Sturminster Marshall, and go from thence up six or seven miles of British road to Hod-hill, which they could reach by as good a trackway of five or six miles, and Mr. Henry Durden, of Blandford, has kindly told me that there are tokens ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 75 little less strong than proofs of such a road leading from Hod- hill towards Gussage, through Tarrant Gunville. He writes : — "Blandford, June 3rd, 1878. — Dear Sir, — Enclosed you will receive the plan of Hod-hill. I consider the entrance marked No. 1 as being the chief entrance to the earthwork. At the foot of the hill, nearly opposite this, is to be seen a road nearly out of use, which passes between the villages of Stourpaine and Steepleton, in almost a straight line to Tarrant Gunville and Eastbury, a distance of from four to five miles. From the entrance No. 2 is also to be seen a road which passes through the parish of Stourpaine to a field near the church, in which are some slightly raised earthworks, the field is near the fordable part of the river Stour, the road then passes from the ford through the village of Durweston to Winterborne Stickland. Those roads, I think, might have been used by the early inhabitants. The entrance No. 3, being the only remaining entrance of import- ance, leads to the river Stour, which enabled them to have a supply of water. I hope we shall have a fine day on Thursday next, and am, yours truly, H. BURDEN. The Rev. W. Barnes." Hod-hill is most interesting, as it shows a Roman camp (castra) within a British one (caer), and it has yielded many fine Eoman remains, some of which are in Mr. Burden's collection at Blandford. SOKBIOBUNUM Vm. (154).— OLB SAEUM, SALIS- BURY. The Latin shape of the name would betoken its British name to have been Soncy-dun or Swrwy-dun, the Sullen water camp, which might have been its name if any water that may run or lie under Old Sarum may be truly so called. The Avon runs near it, but is a clear stream. Sarum seems to carry in it the Sor in Sar of Sorbiodunum. There is a river called the Sore or Soar that runs in Leicestershire. Is it a Swr, or sullen stream ? The Welsh call Sarum Caer-Sallog with the word Sal of Salisbury in it. Sorbiodunum was one of the ten towns under Latin law. 76 ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS. BEIGE, XI. (153), Twelve miles from Winchester, said to be near Broughton (Hants), between Winchester and Sarum, which is very likely, as Brig means a height or top or brow, which is the meaning of Brough in Broughton. Brige is given as viii. .Roman, about 7£ English, miles above Old Sarum. XI. Eoman, or about 10£ English, miles above Brige is VENTA BELGAEUM (LXXX.), British, Caer-Went, Winchester. Went is the soft form of Gwent, fair, open, and not rugged land or place. A share of Monmouthshire is also called Gwent, and Venta Belgarum is so named to off-mark it from "Venta Silurum," Venta of the Silures, or Caer-Went in Monmouthshire. From the Eoman Castra at Venta, the Saxons called it " Wintan-ceaster," " Win-ceaster," which has become our Winchester. ITEE XVI OF ANTONINUS. Roman miles. 1 « \~ 0) bC^S o e W B VENTA BELGARUM . . BRIGE XC XI VIII XII vim XXXIII XV XXII 10,5 7,5 11 17 8 1H 164 1<4 13* 23 26 26 20 Winchester Near Broughton Old Sarum 8£ ( Near Woodyates' Inn, or \ Bockerby Dike ? Hod-hill (north) 102f Milborne St. Andrew, 110| Dorchester 118J Bradpole? 133 Seaton 151 Exmouth Exeter 171J On the Dart, Totnes? 195 On the Tamar, Saltash ? 220 Lostwithiel ? on theFowey, 246 On the Ken-wyn, Truro ? 256 SORBIODUNUM VINDOGLADIA ....\ VENTAGLADIA .... / Wetherbury Castle DURNOVARIA MORIDUNUM Honitoii Canca Arixa (S.) ISCA DAMNONIORUM DURIUS AMNIS TAMARA VOLTJBA Ouliba CENIA This paper has been written with an opinion, for which I hope to speak in another paper, that the Icen-way was not made by the Eomans, but was one of those which were laid by Dyvnwal Moelmud (called by Latiu writers .Dunwallo Molniutues), and I ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 77 believe that the Romans took the Icon-way or a trackway, as either might have been the more handy for their wayfaring. ADDENDUM TO MY NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF SHAFTESBURY, Vol. III., p. 27. A token of the two-kinned (British and Saxon) population of Dorset, is given by Ealdhelm, first Bishop of Sherborne, A.D. 705. Venerable Bede writes that when he was a priest and abbot of Malmesbury, by order of a synod of his own nation, he wrote a notable book against the error of the Britons in not celebrating Easter at the true time ; and in doing several other things not consonant to the purity and peace of the Church ; and by the reading of this book he persuaded many of them who ivere subjects to the West Saxons to adopt the Catholic (Roman) celebration of the Lord's Resurrection. The so-called many whom he won over to the Roman Easter were, most likely, only a small share of the British race in Wessex ; and then, again, his letter of a kindly tone was written at the bidding of the Wessex Witenagemote (Parliament), who, therefore, did not wish to drive all the Britons into Wales or Brittany, whither our old school books and others have told us they fled, but that they sought to bring them into brotherhood with themselves by kindly persuasion. ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. By the Rev. R. ROBERTS. ITS OKIGIN AND FOUNDATION. HEN the Archaeological Institute came over from Dorchester to see Milton Abbey, on the invitation of Baron Hambro, it was remarked by one of the mem- bers (Mr. Beresford Hope, I believe), in a very interesting article which he subsequently contributed to the Saturday Review, that Dorset is the only county in England which contains three Minsters — Sherborne, "Wimborne, and Milton. I would add to this statement that each of those Minsters was a Eoyal founda- tion, Sherborne having been founded by King Ina, 705 ; Wimborne by his sister, Cuthburga, c. 713; and Milton by King Athelstan, after the great battle of Burnaburr, which made him King of the whole of England, about the year 937. In its original foundation it was not an abbey, as it became afterwards, but a Minster, a religious house occupied, not by monks, but by secular canons, and so it continued until the reign of King Edgar, of whom it is related in the Saxon Chronicle under the year 964: — "This year King Edgar expelled the priests at "Winchester, from the Old Minster and from the New Minster, and from Chertsey, and from Milton." There has been much dispute respecting the motive of Athelstan in founding Milton. It was asserted by some that he built it in ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 79 expiation of the murder of his half -brother, Edwin, whom he had turned out to sea in an open boat, without sail or oar, under the impression that he had been conspiring against him. It was further asserted that Edwin, in a fit of mad despair, threw himself overboard and was drowned. After a time proofs of his entire innocence came to light, and then Athelstan, wishing to make all the reparation in his power, founded two religious houses — Muchelney, in Somerset, and Milton. Now, as Athelstan was one of the greatest of all English Kings, a worthy descendant of his grandfather Alfred, and one, besides, who exercised a remarkable influence upon the Continent, it is very satisfactory to think that this most grave accusation is altogether untrue, that he was not, as has been asserted, the murderer of his own brother, and the whole story contains only two particles of truth. Edwin was indeed drowned at sea, and Athelstan did also found Muchelney and Milton. All the rest of the legend is a mere romance, which was always thought by some unworthy of credit, and even in the uncritical 18th century, when Hutchings wrote his History of Dorset, he distinctly states that he did not believe it. Some motive, however, Athelstan must have had in founding so considerable an institution, which, although not taking rank among the 27 great mitred Abbeys of England, still occupied a foremost place among houses of the second order, and its abbot on several occasions was summoned to Parliament. Tradition has preserved an explanation of Athelstan's motive, which is quite as reasonable, and far more satisfactory. It is said, then, that when Athelstan was marching northwards to fight the Scots and their confederates at Burnaburr, he had to pass through this part of the county, and encamped for a night on the hill above this place, where St. Catherine's Chapel now stands. During the night he believed that some supernatural revelation was made to him either by vision or dream, assuring him that in the impending contest he should gain the victory. This, of course, in so perilous an enterprise as he was then engaged in, would prove both to himself and to his army a most welcome and cheering omen of success, and could not fail to act 80 ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. with telling force on the fortunes of that great battle, which is commemorated, not only in a very spirited poem of that age, but by the following concise entry in the Saxon Chronicle, 937 : — "This year King Athelstan, and Edmund, his brother, led a force to Brumby, and there fought against Anlaf, and, Christ helping, had the victory, and there they slew five kings and seven earls." Can we wonder, then, that after gaining so decisive a victory, Athelstan, being a thoroughly religious man, should have expressed his thankfulness for the double blessing that had been granted him — signal encouragement during the progress of so critical an enterprise, and then ultimate complete success. And when the king determined to found a religious house as a thankoffering for such a victory, what place could be so appropriate for a site as the spot where he had received so remarkable a revelation ? I ought to add that the revelation was made to Athelstan on the 28th of July, the feast of St. Sampson, Bp. of Dol. in Brittany, and this will account for his name appearing in the list of the Abbey's patron saints, of whom there are as many as four — St. Michael, St. Mary, St. Sampson, and St. Branwalader, the last being unique. THE BUILDING ITSELF. So much, then, for the original foundation of this Minster. Happily in the present day, when the knowledge of ecclesiastical architecture is so much more general than it used to be, it is scarcely necessary to mention that this beautiful building is by no means the one which Athelstan built. At that time church architecture was quite in its infancy, and it required a space of at least 400 years from the days of Athelstan before so exquisite a creation of art as this building could ever be produced. The rude, archaic Saxon had first to expand into the stately, massive Norman; with its splendid doorways, unrivalled wealth of mould- ings ; and that style again, as time advanced and fashions changed, gave way to the beautiful simplicity of Early English, with its slender shafts and pointed arches, such as we find in such profusion in our noble Cathedral at Salisbury, and even ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 61 then the utmost perfection of style had not yet been reached, but had finally to be developed in what has been truly called " the rich and elegant complexity " of Decorated Gothic, of which this choir is so chaste and refined an example. Athelstan, no doubt, like every true-hearted founder, gave to God the very best he had to offer in material, form, and skill. But to judge from the few remains of the Saxon style that still survive, what- ever he built must necessarily have been comparatively small in extent and primitive in character. THE OIL PAINTINGS. This church contains, as you may have already noticed, two oil paintings of the rudest description, one of which represents Athelstan delivering to the first Head a model apparently of the Minster over which he was to preside. Those paintings cannot be older in point of execution than the reign of Eichard II., aa a portrait of that king still preserved in Westminster Abbey, has long been considered the earliest example of oil paint- ing existing in the kingdom. If those portraits were not evolved out of the artist's own consciousness, they were probably copied from some older pictures belonging to the Abbey. It is by no means unlikely that the Queen is altogether a myth, as it is quite uncertain whether Athelstan were ever married ; for although a great deal is known about Athelstan' s family, and especially about the excellent marriages made by his sisters, yet even the best informed historians have hitherto failed to discover any traces of his marriage. I once had some correspondence on this subject with Mr. Freeman, the eminent historian of the Norman Conquest, and I learnt from him that there had never yet been found any proofs of her existence, such as would be given by her signature to any charter or grant, or any other of those docu- ments which are of such great value in attesting the actions of illustrious persons in the Middle Ages. Mr. Freeman ingeniously accounted for this portrait of the Queen by regarding it as the work of some local artist, not too well acquainted with history, who thought the King could not be happy without a wife, and, 82 ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. as he had means enough to keep her, there was no further diffi- culty about the matter. THE GEEAT FIEE. The buildings put up by Athelstan were in due course suc- ceeded by others in the Norman style, of which considerable examples turned up during the restoration. Traces still exist in the masonry of the present building which, like a great many others, owes its origin to fire, as on the 23rd of September, 1309, a tremendous thunderstorm occurred which struck the Abbey, set it on fire, and consumed it so completely that the very muni- ments perished. Twelve years seem to have passed before a patent was granted for rebuilding the Abbey, Walter Archer being abbot, and in due course the whole of this choir and the walls of the south transept were erected in the style at that time in fashion, the second Pointed or Decorated, and the rest of the structure was not completed for probably more than a hundred years after, while that munificent man, William of Middleton, was abbot. He appears to have roofed in the south transept, as it bears his monogram, and he further built the lower, the north transept, and the refectory, which now forms the entrance hall of the modern mansion. He was abbot 44 years, and he resigned in 1525. It was long a matter of dispute whether the nave was rebuilt after the fire. Certain remains to the westward of the transepts, and attached to them, appeared to indicate that in some degree at least it had been rebuilt. But when those frag- mentary portions of windows were carefully examined it was evident they had never been glazed. The most decisive proof, however, came to light during the restoration, when the clerk of the works, Mr. Yeoman, had the ground to the westward care- fully dug out for a considerable space, and no traces whatever of any previous building upon that site were discovered. PECULIAEITIES IN THE CHOIE. Let me next call your attention to some peculiar features in the choir. First you will notice that there is no string course to ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 83 mark off the clerestory from the lower portion of the choir, as is almost invariably the case in buildings of the Pointed Style, and this, I think, must certainly be considered a defect. It may next be noticed that the arches on each side are not continuous, but are interrupted in four places by masses of solid masonry. This was, no doubt, the original construction, and it has been conjectured that such a departure from general custom took place for the purpose of giving the choir a more secluded and retired character. The reredos, or stone screen behind the attar, and the dwarf window above, owe their existence to the Lady Chapel, which, until the Eeformation, stood eastward of the choir. The only part of the reredos which remains in its original state is its lowest division, which is formed of Ham-hill stone and painted over. The upper part is composed of plaster of Paris, designed by James Wyatt, the man who did all he could to ruin the interior of Salisbury Cathedral. There is reason to believe that the original screen contained figures in stone in two rows, the upper one representing Moses and the Prophets, while the lower one was occupied by our Lord and the Apostles. It ia not known by whom it was put up, for although there is an, inscription upon it dated 1492, that only commemorates the men by whom it was painted, William of Middleton, the abbot, and Thomas Wilken, vicar of the parish, of whom it records : — " Qui hoc altare ad Dei laudem suis honorifice sumptibua depinxerunt." This, I take it, refers not to the original con- struction, but to its subsequent coloring and ornamentation. Anyhow, it was ultimately destroyed, most probably during the time of Cromwell, all but the lowest compartment, and event- ually Lord Milton employed Wyatt, while he was engaged on Salisbury Cathedral, to fill up the vacant space with the design which is now before you. When I first came here, nearly 40 years ago, the oldest inhabitant of the parish, John Ham, brewer and glazier, used to tell me about the old town and the many changes that had happened in the place since he was a boy, and from his account it appeared that Lord Dorchester waa a man of very fastidious taste, and Wyatt had again and again 84 ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. to break up his casts and make fresh ones before he could give him satisfaction. THE ROOD SKEEEN. If we now turn in the opposite direction we shall there see what I consider the only ugly feature in the whole building, the stone skreen, which separates the choir from the transept. Its full ugliness is best seen from the other side. Any one, I think, who examines it with the least degree of care will perceive that the greater part of it has no right whatever to be there, and is nothing else than a modern intrusion. No doubt there was always something to separate the choir from the rest of the church, according to universal custom, and the lower part most likely is original. But not so the upper portion, which is com- posed of all sorts of materials, all of them, it may be, old, but brought together in the most ignorant and unworkmanlike manner, and without the least regard to their nature or original destination, the upper masonry being made up of beautiful panel work in stone, colored and gilded, the spoils of some rich shrine, or tomb, some of the blocks being actually turned upside down. There is, however, still stronger proof of the truth of what I am now assarting. You will notice on the east front of this skreen a series of shields in miniature heraldically embla- zoned. There are twelve of them now, and there appears to have been a thirteenth ; but it is evident from the first edition of Hutchings that in his time, more than a century ago, those very shields with the massive stone slab, on the front of which they are carved, formed part of a chantry that stood against the east wall of the south transept, and some remains of it, probably, are still to be seen there. You may notice also that just below the shields, as they are at present placed, are several pendants, carved and gilded, just exactly of the description and style commonly found in chantries of the Perpendicular order, and it is a very probable conjecture that Wharton makes in his account of the abbey — that this chantry was the tomb of William of Middleton, and that the row of shields formed a cornice upon its ON MILTON ABBEY CHUKCS. 85 front. We know from Hutchings that in 1700 a wooden gallery was put up by Sir Jacob Banks to increase the accommodation in the parish church, which this building was then, and tha lower extremity of that gallery rested on this skreen. That gallery was afterwards removed when Lord Dorchester restored the building in 1789, and as we know for certain that Wyatt was very fond of tinkering old buildings, that he did at that time make great alterations in the interior, and committed many acts of barbarism, sweeping away the chapel of St. John the Baptist, it appears to me exceedingly likely that he then took the old skreen in hand and made it what it now is — a sort of heterogeneous composition, ornamented by the plunder of other portions of the building. When Sir Q-. Scott examined this church in March, 1862, prior to the restoration, I did my best to persuade him to take down the upper part of the skreen, so that the transept might be more conveniently used for public worship, but he would not hear of it for a moment. I ought, however, to add that the whole interior of the church was then plastered over, and coloured free stone, so that it was quite impossible to discover what lay beneath the surface. THE TABEENACLE, We now come to what may, I think, be considered as the most remarkable object in the building, quite unique, I believe, and without any parallel example in the kingdom, so rare, in fact, that when the Cambridge Camden Society published in 1847 their " Handbook of English Ecclesiology " to be a guide to antiquarians and to show them what they ought to look for in old churches, this article of church furniture is not even men- tioned by name ; it was utterly unheard of. This object stands upon an iron bracket on the west wall of the south transept, and there it has been for about 400 years, and seems to have never once been removed except during the restoration, when it was taken down for some slight repair it required. It is called in England " a Tabernacle," but in Germany, where such con- structions are numerous, it is named a " Sacrament-Haus," in 86 037 MILTON ABBEY CEtJfcCH. which the remains of " the Host " are reserved after Mass. It is made of oak, and in the form of a tower surmounted by a spire, and its date is indicated by the style in which it is con- structed— Perpendicular or Third Pointed. Sometimes they are formed of etone, as the celebrated one at St. Sebald's Nurn- burg, which is a magnificent specimen of mediseval art, rising from the floor to a height of 70 feet, and adorned throughout with figures and other objects in sculpture. Most of these con- structions in England were destroyed at the Reformation, and this specimen very probably owes its preservation to the fact that Sir John Tregonwell, to whom the Abbey was given up by Henry VIII., would not allow that wholesale destruction which was carried on elsewhere, within his own domain, so that less damage of every sort took place here at Milton, than anywhere else in the whole county. Hutchings, though an admirable county historian, knew nothing worth speaking of about archeeology, and so he calls it "the model of a tower with its spire." In 1847 the elder Pugin, who was well known to be a very high authority on all such matters, came down here to draw the design of the only painted window at present in the Church, which is technically called a " Jesse window," from Jesse, the father of David, as the subject of such windows is invariably to represent our Lord's forefathers according to the flesh. I had the pleasure of spending a couple of hours in this Church with Pugin, and learnt from him, for the first time, that Hutchings' "model of a tower" is in reality one of the most curious and interesting articles of church furniture existing in the kingdom, a Tabernacle, or " Sacrament-Haus." I think every one who hears its history and extreme rarity will agree with me in wishing it were made more generally known by means of a photograph. THE ESCAPE OF JOHN TEEGONWELL. On the east wall of the vestry at the end of the south aisle a tablet commemorates a deliverance from death, which is little short of miraculous. About 1 602 or 1 603 the heir of this ON MILTON ABBEY CSUBOS. 87 property was John Tregonwell, born in 1598. When quite a child he was taken one day by his nurse to the top of the church, most probably on the outside of the south transept, a height of about 60 feet from the ground. Some attraction appears to have diverted the nurse's attention from her charge, and the child very naturally took advantage of her carelessness by climbing the parapet, which alone fenced in the roof, to seize a wild rose that grew out of the wall, and in so doing over-balanced him- self and fell right over, descending at one fall a depth of 60 feet. We can easily imagine how horror-struck the poor girl would be, and the wild haste with which she would rush down the turret stairs through the Church into the Church-yard, expecting as a matter of course to find the child dashed to pieces, and she could scarcely credit her senses when she found him entirely unhurt, not even stunned, and, as the village tradi- tion records, very busy picking daisies. It is also recorded that he wore at the time a very full dress made of nankeen, and, as there was a very strong wind blowing, this became inflated, and, acting as a parachute, broke the force of his fall. The tablet, however, records something more than this marvellous deliverance, and mentions that the said John Tregonwell (he lived to be 52, and died in 1650) left by will certain books of Divinity for the use of that vestry, for ever. In other words, he gave as a thankoffering those books for the use of the clergy who, in those days, used the vestry as their study, and a good many of them are still in existence, kept in the present parish church. They are more than 60 in number, and consist of the works of St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Gregory, the "Summa" of Thomas Aquinas, Pool's Synopsis, and other works sufficient, if properly used, to make each successive Vicar of Milton a ripe and learned theologian. THE EESTOEATION. I have now detained you a very long time, and nothing but a strong sense of duty would induce me to say another word ; but I feel, and I am sure that you also feel, that any account of this ONT MILTOtt AbBEY" ClltJBCffi beautiful building would be worse than incomplete did it not, at least in some brief degree, describe the restoration it has under- gone, through the liberality of its recent owner, the late Baron Hambro. I have reason to believe that the idea entered his mind the very first time he saw the building, on Saturday, May 29th, 1852, when he came down to inspect the property prior to the sale ; and it was his purpose not merely to restore the build- ing as far as might be possible to its original beauty, and to complete all substantial repair that was required, but moreover to give it up again to the destination for which it was originally built — the service and worship of Almighty God. It was Baron Hambro's way to do things in the best possible manner, in the spirit of Wordsworth's lines — " High Heaven disdains the lore Of nicely calculated less or more," and so he not only employed the most eminent architect of his day, Mr. Scott, as he was then, and afterwards Sir Gilbert, but gave him also carte "blanche in carrying out his plans, so that he was never hampered by want of means. He came down to see it for the first time in March, 1862, prepared his plans, and in the following August the work commenced in earnest, and, when the walls had been scraped thoroughly, and every trace of plaster and successive coats removed, then it became only too apparent that the good work had not begun a moment too soon. The greatest damage, however, was found to exist in the two massive piers which support the tower on the eastern side, and each was found in a most dangerous condition, the stones of which they were composed being cracked, splintered, and shattered to an alarming extent, while, strangely enough, the corresponding pillars to the westward did not exhibit a single flaw, although they had been equally exposed to the same dis- astrous agency — viz., a most daring excavation for a burial vault which had been made close to the foundation of the pier, by which many tons of earth had been removed, without any ade- quate provisions for the support of those piers by buttresses, or ott MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 60 any other constructional expedient. The wonder is, that the whole tower had not come down with a run long before. Scores and scores of stones had to be removed from the eastermost piers, which are from the Tisbury quarries, as may readily be observed by the greater whiteness of those that were inserted in their place. The whole floor all throughout the building had to be removed, and the present one of tiles is laid at a lower level. This brought to light a still older floor, covered with tombstones, and in the sacrarium was found the matrix of a very fine brass with a highly ornamented canopy. The inscription shows it was one of three Walters, who at different times were Abbots of Milton— W. de Corfe, 1273, A.D., W. de Sydelinge, 1292, A.D., and Walter Archer, 1392, A.D. (Professor Willis gave it as his opinion that the brass was not Archer's but older.) Many of the ribs in the vaulted roof of the choir had got out of their proper place, and were replaced, and much of the chalk vaulting also had to be renewed, and the materials were found on the abbey estate. Mr. Scott introduced one feature, which was quite a novelty — viz., the miniature arcading under five of the arches. He justified this introduction, however, by the traces he found in situ of similar work previously. He removed all the plaster upon the walls, even when those walls were composed entirely of flint. For this he has been much blamed, but unjustly, I think. The flints, anyhow, were real, while plaster is always a sham, except when used for fresco painting, of which there was a considerable amount in this building, especially under the two great windows in the transept, the Seven Deadly Sins, and the several Acts of Mercy being represented on the wall, in that position in the south transept. I must not forget to mention, as my very last word, that the arms of Milton Abbey are three bread baskets Sa. replenished with loaves, Or. There is every reason to believe that the abbots of old did not restrict their hospitality to a dole of dry bread, but, according to the good custom of religious hotises, entertained strangers, as an act of Christian duty. We have, however, the most positive proof, which would convince even an Agnostic, that the present worthy 90 ON MILTON ABBEY CHTTRCH* Abbot goes a long way beyond dry bread in his method of enter- taining guests, and I think there is not one of those, who have sat at his table to-day, that will not from this time forward wish him, Mrs. Hambro, and the whole family every blessing both here and hereafter. RECENT DISCOVERIES AT OKEFORD FITZ PAINE. By C. RICKMAN, Esq. |T the commencement of the present month, I was spend- ing a couple of days at Ibberton, when my attention was called by Messrs. Eobert and "Walter Eoss to some remains at the above-mentioned place, and Mr. Robert Boss gave me the large bone I now hold in my hand. I then determined to visit the locality, and from an archaeological and ethnological point of view I was amply repaid. I found a chalk pit of the usual kind, from which the inhabitants of the parishes of Okeford Fitzpaine, Belchalwell, and Ibberton drew chalk for the purpose of flooring pig styes, cottages, and also materials for ramming gate-posts, the pit being situate just outside the village of Okeford Fitzpaine, on the road to Turnworth. I take it the section displayed is a lower chalk without fossils, seeing that the green sand crops out about 200 yards below on the road to Ibberton. I failed to discover any fossils in the chalk. Now we are inside the pit — a semi-circular one — from which some hundreds of tons of chalk have been excavated. Running the eye along the section thus exposed, I was surprised to see a number of square depressions extending through the surface mould, and about one foot into the chalk, running in straight lines from east to west, on both sides of the pit a series of long trenches, as it were, whose 92 RECENT DISCOVERIES AT OKEFORD FITZPAINB. continuity had been broken up by the inroads made by the village excavators, for, perhaps, many years in taking away the chalk as circumstances required. On examination I found these depressions or trenches were full of human bones, and so thickly did they occur that by the aid of a small pointed stick I was enabled to lay bare five skulls in the space of five minutes, with every variety of bone belonging to the human body in the most perfect state of preservation, as evidenced by the specimens now before the meeting. The bodies appear to have all been laid with the feet pointing to the east, and the trenches were covered with large flat table flint, some specimens of which are on the table, there being no depression, mound, tumulus, or barrow on the surface to indicate the presence of such remains. I may be permitted to state that the impression conveyed to my mind is that it was the scene of some tribal conflict or village mas- sacre, or the sudden surprise of some outpost, for the site is within view of Hod and Hamildon encampments, and about half way between these encampments and Wrawlsbury Rings, on Bull- barrow. I base my hypothesis or theoiy of a massacre on the fact that the interment seems to have been of the most hurried character, and such as would ensue after the carnage of a sur- prise, or of a battle, as the bodies seem to have been literally crammed into the trenches, and I am certain the bones of children were present, and from the thin nature of some of the skulls, I am of opinion the remains of women were mingled with those of the men. I would call your attention to the remarkable character of the skull marked No. 1 — the high nature of the frontal bones, the large eye orbits, and the contour of the whole. Close by the side of this Goliath lay two other skulls, numbered 2 and 3, which fell to pieces when exposed to the air. These are much smaller, and may have been the skulls of women, for amidst the general remains of these three indi- viduals were the bones of what I consider to be an infant. No trace of pottery, ornament, coin, harness or weapon could be found, although I made diligent search for any such remains as would give a clue to the antiquity or age of the interment. I JUSCENT DISCOVERIES Af OKEFORD FITZPAlNE, 63 fcow pass on to mention that the large femur, or thigh bone,.wae laid in the apparent length of the skull marked No. 1. The consideration of the teeth next demands our attention. They are in a remarkable state of preservation, but, you will observe, worn down to a very smooth surface, as though the former owners lived on grain and roots. One incisor tooth, for example, gives one the idea that the owner suffered from toothache, but on closer investigation you will perceive that there is no decay, but that the corresponding tooth, be it upper or be it lower, had from grinding pressure worn its way into the specimen now in my hand. I may mention that all these details are of immense importance, and may serve to throw some light upon the character of the tribe or race who doubtless came to an untimely end in some sanguinary struggle on this bare hill-side. There are evidences of small earthworks around the spot, and a way or path over the hill in the direction of Wrawlsbury Eings. Ke- f erring for the last time to skull No. 1, I may add that when in situ the hole in the side of the head was nearly round. I regret that by incautious handling it has been made larger ; at first sight it gave me the idea that it may have been caused by a sling stone, as this skull was more full of stones and soil than either of the others. The skull marked No. 4 presents a much higher frontal development than that marked No. 1. These numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 were discovered on the north-east side, whereas the battered and mis-shapen skull, No. 5, was found on the south-west side of the pit. The pit in question stands mid- way between two other pits, all within a quarter of a mile, and I am informed that human remains are plentiful in each. Some two years ago, in the lower pit, on the verge of the green sand, the workmen came upon a skeleton in a vertical position, with a large stone upon its head, pointing to an upright interment. I feel that I have now trespassed long enough upon your time, and perhaps there are those present who may be able to throw some additional light upon the subject. I conclude with this observation — that whether the remains bo Belgic, British, Celtic, Saxon, Danish, or Roman, I know not, or what their past 94 RECENT DISCOVERIES AT OKEFORD FITZPAINE. history may have been ; but this I trow, that when in the flesh the individual owners of these bones little recked that their osseous remains would be used for such utilitarian purposes as the flooring of cottages and pigstyes, mending roads, and ram- ming gate-posts. Breaks and other carriages then conveyed the party by the pleasantest of roads on to one of the healthiest bits of open — the Downs — where Mr. Eickman had been again at work, and had unearthed some more skeltons from a barrow The bones lay in a somevhat huddled fashion, four or five femurs having been found east and west, but the general lay of the bodies was with the feet to the east ; a special grave had been formed and roofed with flint, upon which a mound some 10 or 12 feet high (a barrow) had been raised. Mr. Eickman described this as one of the most interesting features in the day's proceedings. " We are standing on the centre of a most interesting radius of Celtic or Belgic British earthworks and tumuli, and part of the barrow open where I am now standing. It measures about 56 yards square, 18 yards over the top, and is computed to be 9 to 10 ft. high, containing 420 cubic yards of earthwork. Immediately adjoining, to the north, is an important work, known as the Long Barrow, 46yds. long, and 36 yds. over the top, containing 1,850 cubic yds. of earthwork. To the northward yonder are three tumuli in a row, and to the south-east is another large barrow. Many others have disappeared under cultivation. In the north-west looms the great and grand earthworks of Hod and Hambledon. To the south, and near at hand, lies the Buzbury encampment, to be referred to in another paper; and about due south Spettisbury Castle. To the south-east Badbury Eings. Due east you may observe the picturesque village of Eawston, and farther on Eushton, where Mr. Penny has so kindly invited you, if time permits, to view his church and geological collec- tion ; and this but reminds that I must bring my paper to a close, with a few remarks on the talent displayed in cutting into this old monument of the Celtic, or may be still more ancient aborigines of this island. BUZ BURY ENCAMPMENT. By C. RICKMAN, j]T affords me much pleasure to be enabled to lay before you, in connection with this beautiful earthwork, the words and thoughts of a master mind on this matter — Mr. Charles Warne — and I am much indebted to that gentleman for his very able description of Buzbury. No words of mine could so adequately convey to your minds the interesting details as is set forth by Mr. Warne in his valuable work on "Ancient Dorset." Mr. Warne writes as follows : — This interesting little oppidum is situated on Keynestone Down, near the turnpike- road between Blandford and Wimborne, and at the distance of two miles from the former place. As an earthwork, it possesses some peculiarities of construction, for the better understanding of which the reader is referred to the accompanying plan ; the central portion is an area measuring 130 feet from east to west, and 137 feet from north to south, and surrounded by a single vallum through which there is an entrance from the south-east. There is also an exterior vallum thrown around in an elliptical form enclosing a considerable space, as at Badbury. On the north side of the central area ; and advancing towards it from the south the two extremities of the vallum overlap each other, to the extent of half the circumference of the ellipse. On this same side there is also an additional outer vallum, thus forming double and triple defensive works. The entrances are between the 'extremities of the valla, on the east and west, the former giving access to the central enclosure, 96 BT7ZBUEY ENCAMPMENT. the latter giving ingress to the trackways approaching from the north and south-west. The central area is strongly marked by disturbances of soil, and many circular depressions denote the site of ancient habitations ; on digging into them firehearths, fragments of coarse pottery, and animal bones are brought to light. No such vestiges are met with in the larger or exterior area, whence it may be inferred that here as at Bad- bury we may recognise a provision intended for the security of the flocks and cattle of a pastoral people, when the shades of night had fallen on their pastures. Within this space there is a small low bank, not of sufficient size to be termed a long barrow ; neither does it appear to be of a sepulchral character. The only remaining object to attract attention is situated without the earthwork on the south-east side, and has certain peculiarities to require special notice. At first sight it bears strong resemblance to a ransacked tumulus, and its concave sides may, with a little effort of the imagination, give it the semblance of a miniature amphitheatre. I should have hesitated about mention- ing this little work had I not seen precisely similar examples elsewhere ; there was only one, for instance, on Camp Down, but it has been destroyed since the land has been brought under cultivation. The Kev. J. H. Austin kindly directed my attention to another of the same kind, called "The Pound," or Church Hayes, adjacent to the ancient British village on Woodcotes Common. It is a counterpart of this at Buzbury, with the exception of being nearly double its size. "With such a resem- blance between them, it is reasonable to conclude that their uses, whatsoever they may have been, were the same. It is not improb- able that they served as places of rustic sports and games in connection with the settlements which they adjoined, but I must be understood as speaking suggestively only on this point. They certainly bear an appearance of antiquity much greater than those mediaeval earthworks which were devoted to popular games of the peasantry, such as cock-fighting, badger-baiting, &c. The entrenchments on Buzbury are by no means strong, which circumstance, coupled with the fact of its site being on an BUZBTJEY ENCAMPMENT. 97 elevated plain offering no defensive advantages, supports the conclusion of its having been the abode or homestead of a pastoral people. The outer vallum was, in all probability, wattled for securing the cattle, and the work itself may be supposed to have resembled one of the kraals of Southern Africa, as described by modern travellers. Although Buzbury is much smaller than Badbury, there is still a decided analogy between them ; and, like Badbury, it appears to have kept up a lively intercourse with the numerous settlements around. "A perfect network of trackways " may be traced with more or less distinct ness, connecting it with the remains on Blandford Down, East- bury, and Vindogladia, with Badbury, Bloxworth, and also Charlton Down, where, mirabile dictu, there is sufficient reason for believing a British village has been destroyed. In conclu- sion I give the remarks of a friend on the derivation of the name Buzbury, and, without putting much faith in etymological conjecture, his remarks are so apposite that I need no apology for introducing them here: — Buzbury: Greek, Bous ; Latin, £os, Buw, Bmvys — Kine, Bullock. Corn : Brit. Bin. Binh ; Irish, Bo — ox or cow. Corn: Boys. Bos: Buz — eating (Bor- lase, vocal). Celti, Breton. Bu, Vache. If any reliance may be placed on etymology, the name Buzbury shows at once its signification, and indicates the purpose for which the work was constructed. It must have been a cattle-pen — a central depot of supplies for the population of the surrounding country ; a kind of primitive Smithfield of the Durotriges ! One might almost infer that they had some kind of circulating medium at this period — perhaps the iron rods mentioned by Csesar, for iron then was a precious metal. And we shall remember that there was a time when cattle were the standard value, which was afterwards represented by money, and from which money took its name — pecunia. This is strictly in accordance with what Ceesar tells us of Britain, "They have a great store of cattle . . . the inland people live on milk and fleshmeat .... they make use of brass money, or iron rods of a certain weight, for money." ON SAXON SITUL/E OR BUCKETS. By Professor J. BUCKNAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., $c. HE finding of thin bands of copper mountings at different archaic sites in every county in which I have worked, more especially at the diggings on my Brad- ford Abbas farm, and the seeing of some of these in the fine collection got together by Mr. Burden, of Blandford, must be my excuse for offering a few remarks upon these interesting objects. In two examples sent to me by Mr. Burden, thin bands of metal half an inch wide are still attached to wooden staves lour inches long and 7-eights of an inch wide. These bands of copper are exceedingly thin, and in these and most other examples that have come before our notice they are ornamented by simple impressions, apparently made by a blunt instrument, which would sometimes be presented with the incuse impressions, at others with slight relievo knobs in lines. In Mr. Akerman's Pagan Saxondom, plate 27, is a beautiful drawing of the metal framework of one of these buckets. It was discovered by the Hon. R. C. Neville during some excava- tions in an Anglo-Saxon burial ground, at Linton Heath, about two miles from the hamlet of Bartlow, on the borders of Essex, so well known, says Mr. Akerman, to antiquaries for the remarkable tumuli of the Roman period, explored by the late Mr. Gage. Mr. Wylie, when living at Fairford, in Gloucester- shire, dug up one of these buckets tolerably perfect, which he figured in his volume entitled " Fairford Graves." Now as we happen to have in our possession the most perfect bucket of this description yet discovered, which we got from this SAXON SITUL.E OR BUCKET. ON SAXOX SITUL^E OR BUCKETS. 99 Saxon graveyard, at Fairford, we have great pleasure in pre- senting our members with a drawing* and description f of this interesting object. The bucket is four inches in height, and consists of nine staves, each one and a -half inch wide. These are bound together by four bands of copper fascia, which surround the wood, and two upright bands of the same metal, to which the handle is attached, five-eights of an inch broad. The handle is three- eights of an inch broad, ornamented on the margins with two rows of incuse quadrangular impressions. The handle, like the metal plates, is exceedingly thin, a fact which is at once a con- vincing proof that these articles were not meant to bear heavy weights. Now, as not a little discussion has taken place as to the use of these buckets, we quote the following from an article on them by the late J. Yonge Akerman : — " These vessels have been supposed to have been used to hold ale or mead at the Anglo- Saxon feasts, an opinion to which we cannot subscribe. It has been conjectured that the passage in Beowulf, Byelas sealdon icin of wunder-fatum (cupbearers gave wine from wondrous vats), alludes to them ; but it is difficult to conceive how the term "wondrous" could apply to utensils of this description, while the huge vats of the Germans are to this day the wonder of foreigners. In a recent communication, with which we have been favored by the Abbe Cochet, he mentions the fact of his finding in the cemetery of Envermen a bucket containing a glass cup, and hence concludes that the problem of the use of the former is solved, and that they are, in fact, drinking cups. With all due deference for this opinion, we have arrived at a different conclusion. In the Frank graves at Selzen, glass drinking cups were found, protected in a similar manner, but does it not lead to the inference that the larger vessel was in- tended to hold food, and not drink ? From the circumstance of *For the block, with the beautiful engraving which accompanies this, we are indebted to the Council of the Archaeological Institute. fTlie description is drawn up from the object itself now before as. 100 ON BAXON SITUL^l OB BUCKETS. their being discovered in the graves of either sex, it seems highly probable that these buckets were used for spoon-meat, and are, in fact, porringers. If it be urged to the contrary that they are of comparatively unfrequent occurrence, it must be borne in mind that time has obliterated all traces of many objects deposited in these graves, and probably, among others, vessels solely of wood. That well-constructed and metal-bound utensils, like those under notice, could only be the property of the wealthy, seems evident from the result of researches in Anglo-Saxon burial places."* Now, that these vessels were not used as drinking cups either for ale or mead, we have long been convinced, as the very light structure of the handle would prevent their being lifted thereby for any purpose, and as they would be but clumsy drinking vessels. Nor were they used as porringers for the same reasons. Indeed, such notions could only be entertained by these who are accustomed to consider the Saxons as uncultivated boors. If, however, we consider that this people possessed drinking vessels of glass of most elegant shapes, and that these have even been found with the buckets, we shall soon be able to divine a more suitable and refined use for the Saxon bucket. Saxon glasses it is known were rounded at the base, so that they had not a foot to stand upon, that the Saxon drank heartily we know, and that heel-taps were not permitted has been a maxim handed down to us in our own country feasts. We conclude, then, that these buckets had no weight to bear, they were made light and elegant, as their object was simply that of a modern wine cooler, so that when the glass was emptied it was simply inverted in the larger vessel, thus preventing any chance of soiling the table cloth or the table by any lingering drop from the glass. We are proud, then, in thus rescuing the Saxon households from the boorish reproach that has been attempted to be cast upon them. After all it is not at all improbable that the Saxons adopted this and other refinements from the Romans, as, though we have *Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 56. ON SAXON SITTTLE OR BUCKETS. 101 not found perfect buckets at any of our Roman diggings, yet the metallic fascia is not uncommonly met with at Roman stations. Akerman says that the wood of which the staves of these buckets is formed is not of one uniform description. The staves of that found at Fairf ord (query by Mr. Wylie*) were composed of oak ; those from the Roundway-down tumulus were of yew, as are some of those from the Linton Heath Cemetery ; but a fragment of a bucket found between Sandgate and Dover, pre- served in the British Museum, shows that the staves were formed of pine ; hence it does not appear that there was a predeliction for any particular wood, although that of the closest grain would naturally be preferred." f We have reason to believe that the wood of the bucket we figure is cedar, which, if it could be obtained, would doubtless be valued beyond all other, not only for its lightness in weight, but for its pleasing colour and fine perfume, and, besides, we may perhaps conclude that an additional charm would attach to a wood so rare in itself, and one which would be likely to be valued for its interesting sur- roundings. * Fairford Graves, p. 20. t Pagan Saxondom, p. 55-6. ON THE NEW GENUS OF BIVALVE. CURVIROSTRUM S1RIATUM. By PROFESSOR BUCKMAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., $v., shell belongs to the family Arcadft, which is thus distinguished by Dr. Carpenter : — Shell regular, equi valve, with strong epidermis, hinge with a long row of similar, comb-like teeth, muscular impressions sub-equal, structure corrugated with vertical tubuli in rays between the ribs or stria. The annexed wood-cut shows the left valve of a large speci- men. FIG. I.- CTJKVIBOSTBUM STEIATUM. The Genus is distirguished by an abnoimally produced and incurved umbo. FIG II.— TJMEO OF CUEVIEOSTEUM. ON THE NEW GENtTS OF BIVALVE. Our next figure shows the nature of the teeth. 103 FIO. in.- INTERIOR OP LEFT VALVE, SHOWING THE TEETH OF THE HINGE. The Shell is about two inches long, and a little more than an inch deep, it is distinguished by its peculiarly incurved umbones, and its finely striated external markings. This shell was first discovered at Half-way House in a thin bed of ferruginous marl, which separates the so-called zones of Sowerbyi and Humphresianus beds. A similar bed occurs in Gloucestershire, separating what we had distinguished as the Trigonia (upper) and Gryphite — grits — (lower beds). This thin band is remarkable both in Dorsetshire and Glouces- tershire for peculiar fossils, among which we may now reckon the Curvirostrum. Wo have as yet only found it in Dorsetshire — a single speci- men from Bradford Abbas, the same from Half-way House, while several specimens have been obtained from a quarry on Wyke Farm, and it is not uncommon at Louse-hill Quarry. These are stations in Dorsetshire, but it has been found at East Coker, in Somersetshire, in a similar position to that of the Dorset beds. ON A BRONZE HAIR PIN FROM DORCHESTER. HE object which, we now engrave through the courtesy of the Archaeological Institute was some years since discovered at Dorchester by the late Canon Bingham, whose last act as an accomplished antiquary was that of consigning it to our care for a notice in the " Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club." The object in question is described in the Archaeological Journal as follows : — " The upper portion of the stem is very delicately ornamented, and in actual use this portion would have stood out free, the pin being probably used foi the hair and kept in a fixed position by means of the lozenge and little loop. Pins of this general character are frequent in Irish collections, and their variety and beauty may be gathered from the examples in the museum of the Eoyal Irish Academy. The central cone on the head is usual with pins of this particular type. In the example from Dorchester, the outer circle of acute cones on the head, the ornamented stem, the little loop, and, most of all, the lozenge, are to be noticed."* This pin when complete was probably nine inches in length, the head being a little over an inch in diameter. "Whether the interior grooves and the depressed cusps were intended for enamels does not appear. This highly ornamental pin is probably of Eoman workman- ship, and we hope it is destined to take its place with other interesting objects of this period in the new Museum at Dor- chester now so happily drawing towards its completion. THE EDITOE. * Vol. xxxviii., p. 324. BRONZE HAIRPIN. ON THE ENNOBLING OF ROOTS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PARSNIP. By JAMES BUG KM AN, F.L.S., F.G.S., EW people who have studied the matter attentively but have arrived at the conclusion that those plants which we cultivate for their roots were not naturally endowed with the root portion of their structure, either of the size or form which would [now be considered as essential for perfect crop plants ; thus the parsnip, carrot, turnip, beet, &c., as we find them in nature, have nowhere the large, fleshy, smooth appearance which belongs to their cultivated forms, and hence all the varieties of these that we meet with in cultivation must be considered as Derivatives from original wild forms obtained by cultivative processes, that is collecting their seed, planting it in a prepared bed, stimulating the growth of the plants with manures, thinning, regulating, weeding, and such other acts as constitute farming or gardening, as the case may be. Hence, then, it is concluded that such plants as are grown for their roots have a peculiar aptitude for laying on tissue and thus increasing the bulk of their " descending axis," that is, that portion of their structure which grows downwards — root. Besides this, they are remarkable for their capability of produc- ing varieties, a fact which, united witn a constancy in the maintenance of an induced form, renders it exceedingly easy to bring out new sorts which will maintain their characteristics under great diversities of climate, soil, and treatment. 106 CN THE ENNOBLING OF BOOTS. The facility with which different sorts of roots may be pro- cured can readily be understood from the many varieties not only of turnip, which may perhaps be considered an original species, but also of swede, which is a hybrid of the turnip and rape plant. Of the former we have more than 30 sorts grown by the farmer, and as many peculiar to the garden, whilst there are probably more than 20 well recognised sorts of swedes. Of beets with mangold wurtzel we have almost as great a variety.* So also of carrots. Of parsnips we have fewer varieties, to which may now be added the new form called the " Student Parsnip," the growth of which is so interesting that we shall here give a short history of its produc- tion as an illustration of the origin of root crops. In 1847 we collected some wild parsnip seed from the top of the Cotteswolds, where this is among the most frequent of weeds. This seed, after having been kept carefully during the winter, was sown in a prepared bed in the spring of 1848 in drills about 18 inches apart. As the plants grew they were duly thinned out, leaving for the crop, as far as it could be done, the specimens that had leaves with the broadest divisions, lightest colour, and fewest hairs. As cultivated parsnips offer a curious contrast with the wildest specimens in these respects, we place the following notes side by side on the root leaves of plants of the same period of growth : — No 1. — WILD PARSNIP. No. 2.— STUDENT PARSNIP. ft. in. Whole length of leaf, from the base of the petiole to the tip of the leaf 09 Breadth of leaflets . . . . 0 Of Length of ditto . . ..01 ft. in. Whole length of leaf, as in No. 1 20 Breadth of leaflets . , . . 0 3f Length of ditto . . . . 0 6| Petiole and leaflets, hairy ; colour, dark green ; roots, forked. Petiole and leaflets, colour, light green. without hairs ; *An account of experiments in the Ennobling of Beets will be found in Vol. III. of our Proceedings. ON THE ENNOBLING OF ROOTS. 107 We have before remarked that neither in size nor form are the wild roots at all comparable with the cultivated ones. Our specimens were taken from fine roots of the wild parsnip of the first year's growth, that is to say, just at the same time as a crop parsnip would be at its best. They were purposely taken from specimens obtained from the same district as the seed with which our experiments were commenced. Our first crop of roots from the wild seed presented great diversities in shape, being, for the most part, even more forked than the originals, but still with a general tendency to fleshiness. Of these the best shaped were reserved for seeding, and having been kept the greater part of the winter in sand, some six of the best were planted in another plot for seed. The seed, then, of 1 849 was sown in the spring of 1850 in a freshly prepared bed, the plants being treated as before, the results showing a decided improvement, with tendencies in some examples in the following directions : — 1st. — The round topped long root, having a resemblance to the Guernsey parsnip, Panais long of the French. 2nd. — The Hollow-crowned Long Eoot. " Hollow-headed " of the gardener, Panais Leslonais type. 3rd. — The short, thick, turnip-shaped root, turnip rooted of the gardener, Panais rond form. These three forms were all of them misshapen with forked roots, that is fingers and toes, but still each of them offered opportunities of procuring three original varieties from this new source. As an example of progress we offer the following engraving of a specimen of our round-topped Parsnip of 1852. This it will be seen has stiong fleshy forks, and a tendency to form divided tap-roots, otherwise the shape is greatly improved, and the skin is tolerably smooth. At this time our stock was for the most part fleshy and soft on boiling ; the flavour, too, though much stronger than that of the usual esculent Parsnip, was rather agreeable than otherwise. 108 ON THE ENNOBLING OF ROOTS. This matter of flavour is a subject of interest, as most lovers of the Parsnip as a garden esculent had got to complain of this root becoming more and more tasteless. That this was so our own experience most fully confirms. We have now, however, mended this root very materially in this respect. Our experiments were only carried on with examples of the ON THE ENNOBLING OF BOOTS. 109 hollow-crowned form, which following out from year to year we at length obtained so perfect in form, clean in outline, delicate in skin, and unexceptionable in flavour that we were induced to hand over the seed in 1859 to the Messrs. Sutton, of Beading. In 1861 we sowed a parcel of seed in our own garden obtained from the Messrs. Sutton, after having received from them the following notes upon the growth of the roots in their grounds: — " We are happy to tell you that in lifting some of each of all the varieties of Parsnip in our trial ground your "Student" was decidedly the best shaped, varying in length, but always clean and straight." Any one can now procure from the Messrs. Sutton, of Read- ing, the seed of the new root, now known under the name of the " Student Parsnip." It is one of the best formed, medium-sized, hollow-crowned roots of fine smooth outline, and for the most part free from forked roots. Its fleshiness and solidity of struc- ture recommend it as a good variety, whilst its flavour has been highly extolled by the lover of this, to some, favourite root. In size it is scarcely large enough for a field crop, but though not recommended for the farm its history may well serve to explain the origin of crop plants as derived from the cultivation and improvement of wild species. DISEASE OF TURNIPS. 01DIUM BALSAMII, Mont. By WORTEINGTON G. SMITH, Esq., F.L.8., I HE ravages of this fungus have recently taken alarming proportions in Dorsetshire ; it seems, therefore, desir- able that special attention should be directed to it. I will briefly give a history of the obnoxious pest as far as my knowledge extends (adverting at the same time to the past and present nature of its attacks upon wild and cultivated plants), and then describe the appearance of the fungus as seen under the microscope. Oidium Balsamii is a mildew, or mould, closely allied to the mildew of the vine and the peach, but although it is just now afflicting turnips to an unprecedented extent it is not the "turnip mould " proper. The latter parasite is a close ally of the fungus of the potato disease ; it is named Peronospora parasitica, and as far as my experience goes it is this year unusually common. The two fungi are totally different things, although to the naked eye they are not to bo distinguished from each other. Botanists have had Oidium Balsamii in view for more than a quarter of a century. It was first noticed growing on a Mullein — Yerbascum montanum — in Milan by Balsamo ; this gentleman sent specimens to Dr. Montague under the name of Oidium Tuckeri, he erroneously thinking that it was the same with the fungus of the vine. In 1853 the Rev. M. J. Berkeley recorded the occurrence of the pest on another Mullein — Verbascum nigrum — in this country. DISEASE OF TURNIPS. Ill The first important notice of this fungus is from the pen of the Kev- M. J. Berkeley, and is to be found in the Gardeners1 Chronicle for 1854, p. 236. Here we find ihat the pest has appeared, not on the Scrophulariacese as before, but upon one of the Rosaceee in the cultivated strawberry. Mr. Berkeley describes the entire destruction of a crop of Cuthill's Black Prince straw- berry, the little white mildew attacking first the leaves, and then infesting with increased vigour the flowers and footstalks, and ultimately inducing the wretched appearance so common with the mildew of the vine. It is strange in the above instance that the oidium confined itself to the Black Prince, as plants of Keens' Seedling on the same shelf were perfectly free from the taint. Mr. Berkeley then describes the form and size of the spores, identifying the plant with the Oidium of the Mullein. He mentions how it may be destroyed with lime and sulphur, but a remedy of this nature cannot be applied over vast areas, as in the case of the turnip fields now under consideration. About a fortnight ago Professor James Buckmau, of Bradford Abbas, Sherborne, Dorsetshire, sent me some mildewed turnip leaves, with a request that I should examine them. I paid little attention to them at first, thinking they were probably afflicted with the old turnip mildew (Peronospora parasitica), so common just now. But it soon struck me that I had never seen or heard of such a profuse and overwhelming growth of this parasite, neither had I ever seen it densely covering both sides of the leaves as in the present case, A glance through the microscope soon showed the mildew to be an Oidium and not a Peronospora. Oidium. Balsarnii is mentioned as a name, but not described in detail either in Mr. Berkeley's Outlines of Fungology or in Dr. Cooke's Handbook, and it does not occur at all in the recently published Mycologia Scotica, by the Rev, John Stevenson — certain varieties of Oidium, and this amongst them, being justly con- sidered as mere states of other fungi. Several species of Oidium are known to ultimately take another form, but no such condition is as yet kown in what may now bo appropriately termed tho "Turnip Oidium." 112 DISEASE OF TURNIPS. Mr. Berkeley, as well as Dr. Cooke — one judging from a drawing, and the other from a specimen — agreed that the plant was probably Oidium Balsamii, though neither gentleman was able to compare the Turnip Oidium with authentic specimens. It, however, agrees exactly with Mr. Berkeley's original descrip- tion of the strawberry parasite, in the Gardeners' Chronicle before cited. Being unfamiliar with the pest myself, and thinking it strange that it should fly from the Mullein to the strawberry, and from the strawberry to the turnip — three plants belonging to different natural orders — I enquired the experience of Mr. Berkeley, Dr. Cooke, and several other Woolhopeans who have paid especial attention to fungi. Mr. Berkeley, although he could not speak for certain, as he had no specimens for comparison, said he thought the plant might safely be considered 0. Balsamii, and that he had found it very common on turnips. Dr. Cooke con- sidered the parasite to look like 0. Balsamii, but he had kept no specimens : he had seen it on all the Mulleins and other Scrophulariaceae, and he believed some years ago as a pest on turnips. Mr. C. E. Broome had only found it on Mullein, and then not often, probably from not having looked for it. The Rev. J. E. Vize had seen it on Mullein, but never on the turnip or any ally of the turnip. Mr. C. B. Plowright had seen the Oidium on Mullein, and an Oidium frequent on turnips, but did not at the time suspect them of being the same. Mr. William Phillips had never met with the 'Oidium either on Mullein or other plants, probably from not having looked specially for it. Other evidence was of the same indefinite character. A point of great interest is of course the present extent and effect of the fungus on Swedish turnips. Professor Buckman writes that whole fields aie attacked — over hundreds of acres. The swedes, it appears, get stopped in their growth by continued dry weather, and then the mildew appears. Many farmers object to early sowing of swedes as, they say, they are sure to get mildewed. The mildew first attacks the outer leaves of the turnip plants that have prematurely ripened from want of DISEASE OF TURNIPS. 113 moisture, and this year the exceeding dry month of August, now followed by a humid September, has accelerated the growth of the Oidium to an unwonted extent : so much so, that a sports- man traversing a field of these roots soon gets his trousers and boots white with the myriads of shed spores. The prevalence of mildew always argues a comparatively short crop of roots. Professor Buckman says that there is reason to believe that this onslaught, taken in connection with a wide attack of Puccinia graminis on grass, is doing mischief to sheep this year. To the naked eye the foliage of the swedes is white on both sides with the mildew : under a low power of the microscope this white coating is seen to be a dense felted mass of spider- web-like threads, dotted all over with uncountable thousands of oblong spores. But the higher powers of the microscope are required to see the exact nature of the fungus and the leaf it grows upon. As the parasite has not hitherto been illustrated, it is here engraved for the first time in the Gardeners' Chronicle, where the fungus was originally described. Let any reader of this journal get an infected leaf, and cut a piece one-eighth of an inch square out of the leaf-blade. This piece is far too large for a microscopist ; so, with a lancet sharper, finer, and with a better temper than any razor, this small square piece of turnip leaf must be cleanly cut into 24 long thin slips or rods these rods, in their turn, must be again cut across each into 24 minute cubes, or 576 pieces, out of the eighth-of-an-inch square. If one of these very minute atoms be now dexterously taken up with the tip of an exceedingly small camel-hair brush, placed under the microscope and examined with a good light, all the points of structure of leaf and fungus may be clearly seen as in fig 73. The part from A to B shows the structure of the blade of a turnip leaf, as seen in transverse section ; A is the upper surface, B the lower. At c, c, c, may be seen the mouths, tomata, or organs of transpiration of the leaf ; at D the cells of which the leaf is built up with the intercellular air passages where the cells are more loosely compacted together. At E is seen (cut across) one of the bundles of spiral fibres (answering 114 DISEASE OF TURNIPS. to one of the most minute veinlets) which go to strengthen the leaf. At the top and bottom of the leaf is a cushion of jointed spawn or mycelium, closely interwoven ; and from these jointed threads arise numerous jointed club -like branches. Each branch is terminated by an elongated barrel-shaped spore, densely filled with protoplasm and furnished with a cell-wall. In the Bradford Abbas specimens these spores measure -00125 of an inch in length, and this agrees well with the size orginally given by Mr. Berkeley in the Gardeners' Chronicle, viz., from '0012" to •0013". When Mr. Berkeley published this plant in the Annals of Natural History, he changed the dimensions to -0015", and this is repeated in Dr. Cooke's Handbook. A glance 'at the illustra- tion will show the number of spores that are visible on the 576th part of a square inch as seen edgeways ; 8 or 10 times as many would be really present on the cubical piece of leaf-blade here illustrated. How many spores, then, must there be on one leaf, on all the plants of one field, or dispersed over the hundreds of acres near Sherborne ? How, too, can the plants grow with such a cushion of spawn enveloping the foliage all over ? The spores germinate very readily; they have only to be dusted on to an uninfected leaf or on to a piece of clean glass, and kept under a bell-glass in moist air. An opening speedily appears at the edge of one of the ends of the barrel -like spores, and through this opening a thread of spawn emerges, which rapidly reproduces the parent Oidium. A germinating spore is shown in fig. 74, F, a new inmature club is seen at o. The spore is on a piece of Turnip-leaf, one of the stomata, or mouths, being visible at c. The above is only a short part of the life history of Oidium Balsamii : whence it comes, where it goes, what other form it takes, on what plant it may then live, and how it hibernates, no one at present knows. — From the Gardeners' Chronicle for Septem- ber 25th, 1880. FICr'l •X'4-50 X-360- OIDIUM BALSAMIL FUNGUS OF TUENIP DISEASE. Oidium Balsamii Mont. A.B. — Shows the thickness of the lamina of a turnip leaf with the Oidium growing upon both the upper and lower surfaces. C. — One of the stomato, or organs of transpiration,' seen in section on the under side of leaf choked over with the spawn of the fungus. D.D. — Cellular tissue of the leaf. E. — Spiral vessels belonging to a veinlet of ditto, all enlarged 360 diameters. F. — A germinating spore on the epidermis of leaf (0, stomate or organ of transpiration). G. — Young spore on the tip of thread which has emerged from the germinating spore, enlarged 480 diameters. ON THE POTATO DISEASE. By Professor J. BUCKHAN, F.L.S., F.G.S., Sfc., ijS the potato disease has shown itself this year at an earlier period than we ever before remember, we pur- pose giving a few notes upon it, in order to point out what has been done towards elucidating the life history of the fungi engaged in the attack. It is generally supposed that this fell disease, if it did not commence so late as 1845, had only been in existence a few years before, but to quote Mr. J. Worthington Smith : — " Nothing can be more fallacious than the supposition that the potato disease is of comparatively recent origin ; plants suffered from very similar diseases when the entire conformation of the world was quite different from what it now is. Even in the remote carboniferous epoch of geologists plants were affected by a similar malady, for fossil plants have been formed in the coal measures with their tissues corroded and disorganised by a fungus hardly to be distinguished in external characteristics and miscroscopical details from that which causes the potato disease of the present day."* In the memorable year 1845 we read a paper on the potato disease, in which the following remarks occur : — " From all considerations of the question we are led to the conclusion that this unusual attack upon the potato is the result of a concurrence of circumstances, which can seldom combine to * See " Science for All," part 31, page 213. A.— PERONO8PORA INPESTANS. D.— FUSISPORIUM SOLANI. POTATO DISEASE. 117 do such extensive mischief as has been effected during the present year (1845), but, on the other hand, we would not have it appear that we consider this as a new affection, for we believe that some or all the causes before enumerated operate every season, and that the tubers which rot every year to a greater or less extent are affected in a manner similar to that of this year, and there- fore this attack is but an aggravation of some other seasons arising from an universality of causes, and such causes acting to a much greater extent."* In as far as we recollect of the season of 1845, it was not un- like the present one, viz., " constant wet and a great deficiency of solar light," f such has been the case during the period of growth of this tuber this year in the months of June and July, when up to the 15th of July, a period of 45 days, we have only had 15 days without, and these not all sunshiny. Mr. Smith, in the article before quoted, says : — " The murrain is by no means confined to the edible potato, for it attacks various members of the potato family. Of late years the tomato has been so badly attacked by onslaughts of the murrain of the potato that in many quarters tomato culture has been rendered impossible. Time after time the entire crop has been swept away by the distemper."! In 1879 we lost all our garden tomatoes and many of our potatoes by the disease, and the same last year (1881). We have, however, succeeded in growing tomatoes in the green- house free from disease until last year, when we had a single plant attacked. This year again the attack promises to be universal on our wall tomatoes, and we fear several of the potted ones will succumb. As before stated, we lost all of our out-of-door crop, but in 1 880 the crop was tolerably good, but last year (1881) we did not ripen a single fruit in the garden, and on a visit the Club * " The Potato Blight, its Causes, and Remedies," by James Buck- man, F.G.S., p. 11. t Ibid. % " Science for All," p. 213. 118 POTATO DISEASE. made to Mr. Luff on September 27th we noticed the complete failure of his tomatoes. Our paper published in 1845 was illustrated by some micro- scopic drawings of sections of diseased tubers, and in these it now appears that we had detected what Mr. Smith has figured as the Oogonium, egg, or resting spore of the Peronospora.* This, however, at that time we provisionally named Uredo tulerosum, which name we prefaced with the following remark : — "From our microscopic observations we come to the conclu- sion that the affected potatoes of the present season (1845) con- tain innumerable fungi, similar in every respect to many species of the low genus of Cryptogamous, or flowerless plants, called Uredo." "We were then young in the use of the microscope, and had not a very perfect instrument, but we are pleased to find that although we did not examine the leaves and haulm of the potato at the time that we were still the first to figure its appear- ance in the tuber. The truth is that even so far back we almost advocated the theory that the attack on the leaves and haulm was, as far as we could then see, a result, and not the real cause of the affection. We then thought, and have not yet quite got rid of the heresy ? that mildew and blights so called were results of cold rains and want of sunshine, and we quoted at that time Pro- fessor Lindley in support of our opinion, that is, that the mildew was rather an effect of weather and surrounding circumstances than a cause of potato disease, and " almost all decaying veget- ables are attacked by some species of Uredo, or an allied fungus which appear to differ with each species of plant, hence they are conceived by some to be a metamorphoses of the cellular tissue. Lindley says of those low fungi, " It is uncertain whether they are not a mere representation of the vital principle of vegetation, capable of being called into action either as a fungus, an alga, or a lichen, according to the particular conditions of heat, light, moisture, and medium in which it is placed; producing fungi upon dead or putrid organic beings ; lichens upon living vege- * Engiaving C. POTATO DISEASE. 119 tables, earth, or stones ; and algse (sea-weeds) where water is the medium in which it is developed."* Well, even now we are not much disposed to dissent from the learned Doctor's conclusions, for as yet we hardly view the Peronospora as the cause of potato disease but rather as the effect thereof, still we cannot help concluding that Mr. Smith is right as to these resting spores being constantly in readiness to aid in spreading the attack when the conditions weie present for their development. To quote again from Mr. Smith's learned essay : — '•Botanists everywhere were incessantly looking for a secondary state of the fungus, and the result was invariably nil. One person only, a French botanist named Montagne, once saw some mysterious bodies in deca3red potatoes, which he could not understand. These minute organisms he transferred to the admirable English botanist who is still amongst us — the Kev. M. J. Berkeley — and the latter gentleman at once published his belief that the bodies, imperfect as they were, and unattached to the potato fungus proper, were no other than the hibernating germs of the fungus of the potato murrain. From lack of sufficient material Mr. Berkeley was unable to give any actual proofs of the correctness of his ideas, but from his first printed opinion he never departed. Mr. Berkeley fortun- ately preserved the specimens between pieces of talc, but no other person could ever again light on the mysterious bodies once found by Dr. Montagne. Now the year 1875 was a terrible year for the potato disease ; instead of appearing in July it was upon us in May. Horticulturists bewailed the advent of a ' new disease ' of potatoes, and specimens of the ' new disease ' were sent to the writer of these lines for examination. The ' new disease ' proved to be the old disease in disguise, and whilst the writer of this notice was one night examining and re-examining the early and abnormal developments of Perono- spora infestans, some of the round bodies, as originally seen by Dr. Montagne, were suddenly displayed before his eyes on the * Lindley's " Natural System of Botany," 2nd Ed., page 418. 120 POTATO DISEASE. field of the miscroscope ; they were not outside the potato leaves, but within the tissues, and they appeared as in the engraving C." Many of the small bodies had a still smaller one attached to them, as seen in the same. They might have been easily over- looked, as they were transparent and exactly the same in size with the constitutent cells of the leaf.* Now our engraving of the potato disease was really taken from the fruit of a diseased tomato, and in the paper from which we have quoted are two engravings, one of the Perospora infestans (A.B.C.) and another of Fusisporium Salain (D.E.F.), but curiously enough in our own engraving these two are represented as growing together. A study, then, of our engraving will show the nature of two forms of fungus with which the potato is affected, and from it we learn that potatoes and tomatoes are liable to the attacks of two forms of mildew, both of which are remarkable for the quickness with which they spread and the thorough disorganization of the tissues they attack. "The reproductive power of the potato fungus," says Mr. Smith, " is almost unparalleled. The seed- like bodies it produces are innumerable, and all these bodies are again capable of increasing themselves ten-fold ; added to this any detached atom of the parasite is able to continue growth, and rapidly makes a new and perfect individual, this individual being the predestined mother of a limitless family." Now the real nature of the potato murrain is better known, it is presumed that it will be far more easy to cope with it. From all that we have observed upon the nature of the potato fungus, coupled with such descriptions as have been so well published by Mr. Smith, it may be concluded that the resting spores are generated in the leaves, stem, and tubers of the plant, ready to spread disease throughout whole acres of the crop when the climatical circumstances favour their development. As these conditions prevail to the fullest extent a period of wet muggy days, when there is the smallest amount of sunshine, and at this season oftener than not sets in about August, when the disease attacks the unripe late sorts, it is proposed to pay more atten- *Scionce for All, part 31, p. 215 and 216. POTATO DISEASE. 121 tion to earlier sorts, which are found to stand the winter quite as well as the later varieties ; but as a rule, good and undiseased sets should be used. At the same time we know from experi- ment that on planting in a fine dry year tubers much diseased, a crop without any signs of Ihe murrain has been secured. Since reading Mr. Smith's remarks in various papers we have been careful to instruct the cottagers to burn all the haulm and refuse weeds from a potato-crop ; but above all he would recom- mend the introduction of fresh hardy sorts, or at least a fresh seed. Nothing pays better in this respect than a change of seed ; and although we do not believe in a disease-resisting potato any more than in a rneasle-resisting animal, yet we feel sure that whatever tends to the health of this crop will afford a means of averting much potato disease even in the worst seasons. FUNGI OF POTATO DISEASE. The two fungi of the Potato Disease — Poronospora infestans, Mont., and Fusisporium Solani, Mart., growing in company on the cuticle of fruit of Tomato. A, Peronospora infestans with its spores (= acrospores or conidia), the spores naturally dividing themselves into parts and forming zoospores at A. B, Motile flagellata, zoospores emerging from the spores. C, Oogonium, egg, or resting-spore of the Peronospora just under the Tomato cuticle, the smaller subglobose body attached to the resting-spore is the antheridium or male body which by pouring its contents into the resting spore, fertilizes it and makes its nature differ in the same was as a fertile seed differs from an ovule. D, Fusisporium Solani with its tri-septate or compound spores. E, Compound spore breaking up into four simple spores. F, Resting-spores of the Fusisporium : these are the simple spores which have become round and slightly echinulate after falling from the pedicels. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS; ON VINDOGLAD1A; AND A PLEA FOR BADBURY. By Dr. T. WILLIAM WAKE SMART. PEOPOSE, in this paper, to offer some observations on Iter xv. of the Itinerary of Antoninus, with special reference to that part of it which lies between the Stations of Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum) and Durnovaria (Dor- chester). The Iter is formulated thus : — Iter xv. A Calleva Isca Dumnuniorum, m.p. cxxxvi. Vindomi m.p. xv. Venta Belgarum m.p. xxi. Brige m.p. xi. Sorbiodoni m.p. viii. Vindogladia m.p. xii. Durnonovaria m.p. viii. Muriduno m.p. xxxvi. Isca Dumnuniorum, m.p. xv.* *This is from the most approved text of "The Itinerary,'' by MM. Par- they and Finder, 1848. ON ITEB XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 123 The distance between Old Saruna and Dorchester by the line of the Roman road is, according to the last measurements of the Ordnance Survey, 40£ miles (English), or 43£ miles (Eoman), whilst by the notation above the distance is 20 miles only, so that there is a difference of 23 miles at least between the ancient and modern notation to be explained. To meet this discrepancy it was suggested by Dr. Stukeley that an intermediate Station had been lost, which might be recovered in the Ibernio of the Eavenna Geographer.* This suggestion has been carried out by Mr. Warne, F.S.A., by shew- ing that the site of Ibernio may be found at Winterborne Kingstonf which, according to the Ordnance Survey, is 10 miles and a half (English), or 11 miles and a half (Eoman) from Dorchester. | In adjusting the distances, it was also necessary to increase the distance from Sorbiodunum to Vindogladia, mak- ing it 16 instead of 12 miles. Here we observe, that the interpolation of a Station is con- jectural, and that the numerals to both Stations are at variance with those in the Itinerary. The distances in English and Eoman Miles between Old Sarum and Dorchester, and the Intermediate Stations, from the Ordnance Survey, viz. : — *Stukeley placed Ibernio at Bere. Iter vii., p. 204. t" Ancient Dorset," C. Warne, F.S.A., p. 207. j Length of the Roman mile : — For all practical purposes it is sufficient to put the Roman mile at about 150 yards shorter than the English — Yds. English. Feet. 1760 x 3 = 5280 Roman mile .... 4840 •440 ft. 440 x 12 = 5280ft. (English mile.) 12 Roman miles = llEngl.; I mile E. = 5280ft. x 11 = 58080ft. 1 mile R. = 4840ft. x 12 = 58080ft. 124 ON HER xv. OF THE ITINERARY OF"ANTONINIJS. English. Roman. From Old Sarum to the Earthworks on Gussage Cowdown — Vindogladia 14f . . xvi To Badbury Rings 6f . . viij W. Kingston (Ibernio) 8£ . . viiif Weatherby Camp, | 01 ..3 Milborne St. Andrew j % Dorchester 8 . . viiif Total 40J .. It is admitted that we must not look for strict accuracy in the Roman numerals ; errors have undoubtedly crept in with the process of transcription to which the ancient document has been frequently subjected. But the Roman surveyors acted in a liberal spirit, and left a wide margin for correction of errors. This is clearly pointed out by J. B. Davidson, Esq.,* who, in a very able paper on the 12th and 15th Itinera, has drawn atten- tion to the fact that the letters " m.p." which accompany the notation do not, as is generally understood, signify milia passuum, but plus vel minus, " more or less." Sir Richard Hoare was perfectly justified in stretching the xii. miles of the Iter to xvi. ; which happens, moreover, to be the true distance in Roman miles from Old Sarum to the earth- works on Gussage Cow-down, where, as we shall presently see, he fixed the station Vindogladia. When Camden assigned to the town of Winborne Minster the site of the Roman station Vindogladia, it was doubtlessly under the impression that the first syllable of its Saxon appel- lation was no other than the Romanised Celtic word Wyn, or *" On the Twelfth and Fifteenth Itinera of Antoninus," by J. B. David- son, M.A. (Journal of Arch. Institute, 1880.^ MM. Parthey and Finder's text of Antonine's Itinerary, is that which is the most critically correct. They remark that the letters "m.p.tn." do not mean milia passuum, but milia plus minus. ' ' Hearne, in his edition of the Itinerary, invariably prints milia plus minus in the headings of the Itinerary ; but since this date, circ. 1710, every English writer has fallen into the inaccuracy of treating these rough estimates as if they were carefully measured mile distances," p. 19. ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 125 Win, so identifying at once the town with the Koman station ; and, by an ingenious but fanciful extension of the etymology, he could see a clear reference to the situation of the station, " between two rivers or swords," such being the situation of Winborne, at the confluence of the Allen with the Stour. His compound word, Tm-du gleddy, unchallenged as it may have been by the learned of his day, has not escaped a later criticism by Welsh scholars, who are not led away by Camden's etymo- logical fancies. But the great Antiquary reigned supreme at that period, nor do we wonder that his authority has reigned supreme for a century or two after his death ; and that thus Vindogladia and Winborne continued to be accepted as places identified with the sanction of time. It seems to have been for- gotten that a station on a given line of Eoman road could not be reasonably expected to be found at the distance of three miles from it. But thus the matter remained until Stukeley gave expression to doubts, such as most probably had also occurred to Eoger Gale and others interested in the question. Stukeley found himself in the course of one of his excursions* at the village of Gussage All Saints, which borders on the line of the Eoman road. From information there received, he felt convinced, he says, that the honour of representing Yindogladia must be transferred from Winborne to Boreston, which is a farm and small hamlet in Gussage parish, on the right bank of the Allen. Although a mile and half distant from the Eoman road, the tradition of the existence of an ancient population in the neighbourhood seems to have confirmed his opinion. Here the question rested, still doubtful and unsettled, when Sir Eichard Colt Hoare appeared on the scene, and in the course of his anti- quarian surveys and explorations in South Wilts and the adjoin- ing parts of Dorset, in or about the year 1809, made the dis- covery on Gussage Cow-down of a very remarkable series of ancient British earthworks, flanked at their east end by other remains of an undeniably Eoman character. These being within the distance of 300 yards from the Via Iceniana ; and their dis- * Her Curiosum, 1724, Iter vii., p. 188. 126 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. tance from the last station on the line, Sorbiodunum, not seem- ing to prohibit the view of the probability of the lost station being here found ; the nature and extent of the Roman remains being at the same time consistent ; Sir Eichard had no hesitation in identifying this site with Vindogladia, whose real place had been so long undetermined ;* the problem had now apparently reached its demonstration, and antiquaries have accepted the solution without, as I know, a dissentient voice. Such then being the general opinion, it might appear almost presumptuous to take any contrary view ; but the interests of archaeological science will always justify a departure from the beaten path of opinion for fields of new enquiry. It occurs to me that the difficulty of adjusting the distances in Iter xv. to the actual admeasurement may be obviated in a simple manner, doing but little violence to the original notation, and without the necessity of supposing the omission of an inter- mediate station. This I propose to do by the replacement of a single numeral which has been conjecturally lost from the text. If, for instance, we suppose the omission of x. (ten) in the distance between Sorbiodunum and Vindogladia we should have Sor-biodunum Vindogladia, xxii. Now it is a fact, that the distance of 21 A English or 23 J Eoman miles takes us exactly to Badbury Eings ; and that 1 8f English or 20J Eoman miles take us from Badbury to Dorches- ter. Now, then, we have adjusted the distances of the Iter without the need of interpolating a conjectural station, simply by supply- ing a lost numeral. Sorbiodunum Vindogladia (Badbury) xxiii£. Durnovaria xxj. Total xxxxiii£ * "Ancient Wilts,'1 by Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart., Vol. 2, 1821. ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 127 The addition of x. to viii., the distance given in the Iter between Vindogladia and Durnovaria, converts it into xviii., there being in reality 18f English or 20 J Eoman miles from Badbury to Dorchester. Moreover, in the summary placed at the head of Iter xv. the distance is thus stated : — A Calleva Isca Dumnuniorum, m.p. cxxxvi. But it is evident that the sum total of the mileage of the Iter is not 136, but 126 miles The addition of x again converts these 136 to 146 miles, being only 3£ miles less than the correct reading, viz., 149£. It follows that this adjustment of the distances necessarily transfers the site of Vindogiadia from Ghissage Cow-down to Badbury Camp. It becomes, therefore, imperative to make a statement of the arguments by which such a change may be vindicated. The Via Iceniana, or Ackling Dyke, as it is here called, in its course from Sorbiodunum to Vindogladia presents itself on our unbroken Downs as a raised causeway of uniform height and breadth, pursuing a straight course for miles, except where some natural obstacle turns it aside, which it soon evades, and resumes its previous straight course. It is very manifest that the Eoman Surveyors, as soon as they 'got a bight of Badbury, probably from Coombe Hill, directed their line straight towards that distant object, not deviating from it to the right hand or the left. Badbury was then, as now, a marked object in the prospect, its entrenchments constituted an Ancient British Oppidum, crowning the summit of the distant elevated plain, the refuge and protection of the neighbouring tribes. It may be said that the earthworks on Gussage Cow-down would be a prominent object also, to which the Eoman Surveyors would direct their line ; granted it would be so ; and the eye would still be carried on in the same line to rest on Badbury six and three- quarters of a mile further on. This was no doubt their most important mark, for, as the Eoman road Breaches a point less than a quarter of a mile from the Oppidum, it changes its course, 128 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. dividing into two branches, one of which, runs to the S.E. the other to the S.W. of the entrenchment. The former crosses Kingston Lacy Park, and the meadows below, and the river Stour, and thence in a straight course across Lytchet Common to Hamworthy, on the Bay, where it is lost. The latter branch crosses the Stour at Shapwick, and continues on by the Winter- borne villages towards Dorchester. Hence it is manifest that the Oppidum of Badbury was well known to the Romans as a strategic position of great importance. In this respect it is not inferior to Sorbiodunum, and may be in- deed superior to it as a hill fortress, for its situation is more commanding ; and the outlook extends over a wider extent of country. Each, like the other, an ancient British fortress, or Oppidum, and as the one commanded the fords of the Avon, so the other the fords of the Stour, a border fortress, in fact, in connexion with Hod and Hamildun, Dudsbury, and St. Cathar- ine's. That the Romans fully recognised the importance of Badbury as a military position, and utilized it for their own purposes after the pacification resulting from Vespasian's conquest, is attested by the discovery within the camp of Roman relics. No systematic explorations has been made there, so far as we know ; but incidentally, from time to time, have been dug up Roman swords, coins, and vessels of fictile ware. It would seem to be inconceivable that a camp of such importance should be passed over in the Itinerary, and utterly ignored in those maps and plans which we believe were transmitted to Headquarters in Rome from the Provinces of Britain, and from which we believe that the Military Road-book of Antoninus was compiled, to be circulated through the Empire by the Imperial Authority. But we must be driven, however reluctantly, to that conclusion, if Sir Richard Hoare was right in identifying Vindogladia with the site on Gussage Cow-down, as in that case Badbury finds no local habitation and name in Antonine's Itinerary ! The evidences of Roman occupation on the Gussage Down cannot be denied, but in comparison with those of Badbury they ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINEBABY OF ANTONINUS. 129 are of a subordinate kind. There is no strong defensive en- trenchment like that of Badbury ; but there does exist one of those small rectangular earthworks, such as are not uncommon on our Downs, which may have served for a cattle-pen, or en- closure for ' sheep. The plough still turns up debris of ancient Eoman habitation, such as fragments of brick and tile, and roof- ing shale, and various kinds of pottery, fragmental, but we have never heard of coins or weapons found there. There is no military character about it ; and the extensive Celtic works are suggestive of a pastoral and peaceful population. It may now be very fairly asked, what explanation can you give of these evidences of Eoman occupation here, as well as on Winterborne Kingston Down, if these are not the sites of the stations they are asserted to be ? The answer is of the readiest. These may have been the sites of subordinate stations, not of suffi- cient importance to be noted in the Itinerary. Of this kind were the mutationes and mansiones found near every line of Eoman intercourse ; wayside hostelries, of great importance to the tired and thirsty traveller, and his weary cattle, yet not of sufficient importance to require special notice. It would indeed appear that those stations only were especially named and noted which, as military posts, were points of much importance. That many of those secondary stations, nameless and forgotten, have, nevertheless, existed along most lines of military road, is manifest from the fact that long distances occur in some lines without any intermediate station being marked ; for instance, in the route from Durnovaria to Moridunum, which place, whether it be Seaton or Honiton, is 36 miles from Dorchester, and yet there is not one halting-place noted in that distance. But we may we pretty sure that such did exist, of which there is some evidence in the names of Cold Harbour and Hog-chester, in localities where the Saxons very probably discovered traces of Eoman occupation. Thus we have no difficulty in solving the question respecting the discovery of Eoman indicia at Gussage Down and at Winterborne Kingstone, without contemplating them as evidences of important stations. The ingenuity and 130 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. learning which led experienced archaeologists to form other conclusions demand the most respectful consideration, and I have the greatest respect for any opinion which my good friend, Mr. Warne, may advance : the identification of Ibernio must be argued on its own merits, in which he will probably find an opponent in our friend, the Eev. W. Barnes* ; all I contend is, it is not absolutely necessary to interpolate that or any other station between Badbury and Dorchester, if the suggestion here proposed for adjusting the distances in the Iter be received with favour. The name, Vindogladia, may offer greater difficulty. It may be objected, if Badbury has ever been known by that appella- tion, how is it that the name has been utterly lost ? I reply, Badbury is in that respect no worse off than the station on Gussage Cow-down ; which had not retained the semblance of the name Vindogladia before Sir E. Hoare distinguished it with that title. Moreover, taking the Itinerary throughout, we find that very few indeed of the stations have retained their classical names. For instance, in the xv. Iter, what is there in the Saxon Silchester to remind us of Calleva ? In Old Sarum, of Sorbiodunum ? in Dorchester, of Durnovaria ? in Beaton or Honiton, of Moridunum 9 It is the exception when a modern place-name is any guide to its Eoman predecessor. The fact is, the names of places have been given to them very generally by the Saxons, who probably enjoyed a profound ignorance of Antonine's Itinerary, and compounded the names which they gave to places by uniting an ancient British prefix with a Saxon suffix. Thus we get the prefix Bad, or A-bad, which is a Sanscrit word, connate with the Celtic, and signifies abode, dwelling- place, &c., to which the Saxons affixed their own word byrig, burg, or bury, a hill-fort, &c., and thus the name Badbury, which they gave to the old British Oppidum and Eoman camp, the Mil-fort abode, with its versions Baddan-berig, and Ban-bury. But what shall we say of Vindogladia ? The appellation is unquestionably of Eoman invention, by giving their own ter- * " Notes on Ancient Britain," Rev. W. Barnes, p. 165. ON ITEB XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 131 minology to Celtic words in combination. Our difficulty, as etymologists, is to determine what those words are and their meaning ; for words of similar sound may become sources of frequent and great error. Scholars who give great attention to the Cymric or Welsh language tell us that the word Gladia represents the Celtic Kledh, Claddau — dyke, dykes ; or Gledd — open pasture. Vindo, Fenta, are Latinised forms of the Celtic Gwyn, Guent, Went, &c. — white, bright, fair, &c. Hence in combination these words may mean either white dykes or entrenchments ; or bright, open, pasture land ; champaign country ; down, &c.* With either of these meanings the name Vindogladia might be applied to the earthworks on Gussage Cow-down or to Badbury. I am not myself in favour of the first of these mean- ings ; for, as applied to earthworks on a chalk soil, it could be only of temporary fitness, as nature would soon efface the whiteness and brightness of such works of art. On the other hand, it seems that the meaning of bright, open, pasture land meets the requirements of the etymology : it is equally applicable to both localities. There is a fanciful idea that Gladia is from the Celtic Gladh — sword or river ; but it is not clear that these definitions were ever used synonymously, although we admit that they may in strictness be referred to the Sanscrit root lilad, which seems to have the primary meaning of shining by reflected light, and so has numerous outgrowths, sword and river amongst the rest. As regards Gwyn, Wyn, it may be applied as an epithet to a river as well as to a pasture. The stream which derives its head-springs from the base of Gussage Cow-down, and flows on through the valley 10 or 12 miles to fall into the Stour at Winborne, seems to owe its name Gwyn or Wyn-bourne — bright, clear stream, to the Saxons. Its more dignified title of "the river Allen " is probably of later date, a medieval misnomer, Alauna being the Roman name of the river Stour, of which Allen seems to be a corrupt rendering. The situation of Badbury is such as will satisfy the require- ments of the name Vindogladia. It is surrounded by bright, *Rev. W. Barnes ex. inf. priv. 132 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. open, pasture land (or was so before cultivation had encroached upon it), which extends to the rivers Stour and Allen, on the south-east, and to the distant hills in the west, partially clothed with the remains of an ancient forest. On the north the pasture land extended unbroken to Gussage Cow-down and far beyond. The station on Ghissage Down did not command a wider expanse of pasture, nor could it have been worthier of the name Vindo- gladia. The view from Badbury extends to Purbeck, the Isle of Wight, the sea, the Wiltshire Plains, and Hampshire Forest. It must have been always a conspicuous object from a wide circle of view. Gussage Down can bear no comparison to it, although its prospects are extensive and beautiful. Such, then, is my plea for Badbury ! the verdict must rest with those who, like the Antiquarian Members of the Dorset Field Club, are disposed to be interested by the topographical antiqui- ties of the County, as well as by enquiries of a general archaeo- logical bearing. To them I take the liberty of submitting these imperfect observations. In conclusion let me add I am pleased to find that I do not stand alone in the advocacy of the claims of Badbury. An unknown contributor to the 2nd edition of Hutchins, Vol. 2, contends that Badbury is more likely to be the Station Vindogladia than is Winborne, to which it was given by Camden, whose etymological opinions he calls " idle guesses," and thinks that the meaning of the original name is as " hope- less" as it is "unimportant." He argues that the station could not have been placed so far from the Eoman military road ; that the Romans required large storehouses for the deposit of tribute, which was chiefly in corn ; that the adaptation of Badbury for this purpose ; its character as an entrenched garrison ; and its proximity to the military road leave no doubt whatever of its being the Vindogladia of the Itinerary. These remarks were penned anterior to the time when Sir Richard Hoare's discoveries were made.* Badbury is indeed eminently adapted for a military depot, which confers on it a great superiority to the site on Gussage *Vol. 2, " Hutchins' Dorset," 2nd edition, was published in 1803. ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 133 Cow-do vn, which has no pretensions of a similar character. The arguments I have just quoted are decisively opposed to the claim of Winborne to be the Station Yindogladia. They also uphold Badbury against the pretensions of any other claimant. GRANBORNE-THE SO-GALLED CASTLE. By the Rev. W. BARNES. ' HIS earthwork has the form of a British Cor, or Bang, or court for business of common or Bardic law. Such British meetings were of several kinds, as Bardic meet- ings for business of the Bardic body, in which was the gradua- tion of the Bards ; (2) Courts of common law, criminal and civil ; (3) Hundreds' courts : for South Britain was divided into hundreds long ere the Saxons came hither, as were Wales and Ireland ; (4) Meetings for offices of religion and teaching. Leaving out of question the great national conventions and provincial assemblies, of which the Cranborne Castle was not a court, I will speak only of the smaller courts, holden under the laws, as the Bardic Triads or the Common Law Triads. They were holden under a graduated Bard (Bardd Braint) as judge, or chairman, who sat on a bench, usually a stone, and on a mound, natural or hand-built (like the one within the Cranborne Castle), and above the people, by whom he could be heard and seen with- out being jostled. The bench was truly the gorsedd (high seat), and the stone as such was the Maen gorsedd (Seat stone), and the mound was called the crue y gorsedd (Bench mound), though the word "gorsedd" was applied to the meeting itself as a court. Is there any tradition that there was ever any gorsedd stone on the mound at Cranborne ? The gorsedd mound would be fenced CRANBORNE — THE SO-CALLED CASTLE. 135 in from the incursion of idle and noisy folk, as are our law courts, and in some, or many, cases by a ring, bank, or some other fence, which has long since perished. There is a fine Cor at Knowlton, and in Cornwall are others, called the Bounds, in which were acted the old Miracle Plays, and which had benches for onlookers around the slopes of the banks. This fence and its ground was usually called the Cor or King, and the Welsh still call Stonehenge "y cor-gawr," the Giant's ring. The word Cruc (Creek) is now become in English Creech, as at Creech Knowle (Purbeck), Evercreech (Somerset). I believe, therefore, that the so-called Cranborne Castle was a British Cor., with its court mound, and that it was the court of Common Law of the British Hundred (Cantrev) of Cran- borne. It is very likely that the Saxons and later English used the British Court mounds for Hundreds' Courts, and I should be thankful to any fellow-member of the club who might know that any constable was wont to hold or proclaim the Hundreds Court at any old earthwork. There is what I deem to be a British Court mound at Marl- borough, and I believe that the great mound Silbury (Wilts) is another. The smaller district courts (Grorseddau), called Chair Sessions, were holden under the presidency of a Chair Bard ; a Bard graduated and so qualified to take the Bench, and sit as a Judge in Common or Bardic Law Chair-Sessions which were usually holden monthly, and might be holden at any quarter of the moon, and so weekly law times were sun and moon times ; and I believe that the Druids taught the people, and had religious service once every quarter of the moon, and so far the • Britons had weeks, and a kind of sabbaths which brought them willing to take the Christian Sabbath. A Chair Session might, in bad weather, be holden under eover ; but the Britons would not have any closed court. The cry at the opening of a Gorsedd was " Truth against the world, and in the face of the sun." The Tinwald Hill in the Isle of Man is a sample of a "cruc y gorsedd" still in use. 136 CBANBORNE — THE SO-CALLED CASTLE. Capper's Topographical Dictionary says of it, "A general Court is held annually at the Tinwald Hill, an old mound of earth forming the court of justice." The ceremony of opening a gorsedd now used at Bardic meet- ings in Wales is holden to be the ancient one of the Druidical times. At the opening of a Gorsedd the Gorsedd Bard is on his Bench, and an officer puts into his hand a sword a little out of the sheath. He asks "Is it peace?" It is answered "It is." The sword is sheathed, and the President proclaims the Gorsedd, Then is proclaimed the Great Bardic motto, " Truth against the world and in the face of the sun " (y gwyr yn erbyn y byd, &c.) Then the Bardic Prayer for the Court. " Give us, 0 God, thy pro- tection, and in protection strength, and in strength understand- ing, and in understanding knowledge of righteousness, and in knowledge of righteousness love of it, and in love to love every Being, and with the love of every Being the love of God," and then a proclamation that all lawful men shall have the protection of the court.* The laws of Hywyl Dda bid that a judge should sit on the Gorsedd with his back to the sun, with the plaintiff and defen- dant, or accuser and accused before him with the light on their faces. * Report of the Eisteddvod of Wrexam, 1876. SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES FROM THE INFERIOR OOLITE. By S. 8. BUCKMAN, Esq., F.G.S. IN the following paper I propose to illustrate and describe some few of the more striking new species of Ammonites of which a large number have lately been collected from the Inferior Oolite of Dorset. I have been able to separate about one hundred good species of Ammonites from these beds in Dorset and part of Somerset, and about 50 of them I cannot find described. The ones that I could find so described I catalogued, and mentioned in a paper to the Geological Society in 1881. Then I also described, but did not figure four species mentioned "in this paper, viz., Amaltheus, subspinatus, Lytoceras, confusum, Perisphinctes Davidsoni, and Sphaeroceras Manselii (J. Buck.). Since then we have also to add to the list of described species Harpoceras opalinum (Rein), and Harpoceras sulinsigue (Oppel), from the opalinum bed of Burton Bradstock, Dorset. It may be as well to mention the amount of material from the study of which these papers have been compiled. My father's collection and my own of Inferior Oolite Ammonites alone amount to nearly 3,000 specimens, while I have also been kindly permitted to examine several hundred specimens in the collec- tions of Mr. T. C. Maggs, Mr. D. Stephens, Mr. E. Cleminshaw, Mr. Monk, and others. As will be seen from remarks further on, I am of opinion that more separation is required with regard to the genera of these Ammon- 138 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. ites, and this will probably become more evident as new forms are found, and complete mouth-borders to other species discovered. Another important point too, is the length of the body chamber, but there is not the slightest need to make sections of specimens to find this out, thereby spoiling fine examples. In nearly every species some one or two specimens have sufficient test removed to show the last suture line, and if not, it can easily be removed with a little weak acid, thus saving the trouble and expense of cutting sections. The ammonites, as far as the Inferior Oolite is concerned, are divided somewhat in the following manner : — AMMONITES. I. Arcestidae H. Lytoceratidae III. Aegoceratidae I. AKCESTIDAE contains Amaltheus in the Inf. Oolite, and also Arcestes, Lolites, &c. II. LYTOCERATIDAE contains Lytoceras in the Inf. Oolite, also Samites, Phylloceras, &c. TIT- AEGOCEEATIDAE is divided into (1) Aegoceratites, (2) Jlar- poceratites, and (3) Stephanoceratites. (1) Aegoceratites contains Aegoecras and Arietites, both in the Lias. (2) Harpoceratites contains Harpoceras, Oppelia, and Haploceras. (3) Stephanoceratites contains Stephanoceras, SpJiaeroceras, Cosmoceras, Perisphinctes, Ancyloceras, and Toxoceras. AMALTHEUS ? STEPHANI, Nolis, plate i., fig. 1 a-b. Shell sub-discoidal, somewhat compressed, very involute, umbilicus being small ; ornamentation merely very fine lines, SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 139 slightly produced on the ventral area ; mouth-border perfectly plain, slightly produced on the ventral and dorsal areas ; keel very small, barely distinct ; inner portion of whorls very convex and sloping ; body-chamber about two-thirds of a whorl in length. This peculiar and distinct species sometimes attains a fine size, about 12 to 15 inches, perhaps more, across. "When adult its characters are much changed. The umbilicus becomes wider, and the shell much flatter in proportion. Many fine specimens are in the collections of Mr. Darell Stephens, Mr. T. C. Maggs, and others, obtained from near Sherborne, Dorset. The quarry is now, unfortunately, partially closed, and this species has not been met with for some years. The specimen figured was collected by my father. It is the only one I have seen showing the mouth border. The figure is two-thirds the natural size of the original. This species is named in compliment to Darell Stephens, Esq., F.Gr.S., &c. Locality, near Sherborne, Dorset. Position, probably zone of Harp. Sowerbyi. The suture line seems rather simple. Owing to the very good preservation of the specimens I have not seen the sutures properly. I am not certain of the genus of this species. It has close affinities with Ammonites Truellii, d'Orb and ammonites fisilolatus, Waagen. In my former paper following Bayle I put Ammonites Truellii in the genus Oppelia, and I described Ammonites fissilolatus as Harpoceras. Since then, however, I have observed that Am. jissilolatus, though resembling Harpoceras rather closely, differs from it on account of its very complicated suture- line, while Am. Truelli differs from Oppelia on account of its large, very distinct keel, and generally greater thickness. These three species and Oppelia sulcostata (J. Buckman) and another species from the Inferior Oolite, undescribed as yet, seem to form at leabt a very distinct group, if not distinct genus. 140 SOME NEW SPECIES OP AMMONITES. AMALTHEUS SUBSPINATUS, S. S. Buclc.. plate ii., figs. 1 a-b-c. 1881. AMALTHEUS SUBSPINATUS, S. S. Buck.) 2 Journal Geological Society, vol. 37, p. 606. Whorls numerous, increasing in breadth very slowly ; inclu- sion, barely any ; ornamentation, rather large angular ribs pro- duced forward on the ventral area, then gradually diminishing in size and passing across the keel to join the one on the other side. Between these are numerous very fine lines. On each rib are two smallish spines, one on the outer the other on the inner part of the whorl ; keel distinct and crenulated ; aperture quadrangular ; mouth-border plain bend produced on the ventral area ; body-chamber one-half whorl in length. It will at once be observed the great difference between this species, and the last in every respect easily leading one to suppose that they could hardly belong to the same genus. This species, however, is closely allied to Amaltheus spinatus (Brugiere) of the Middle Lias, which is more or less connected by its crenulated keel, &c., to the type of the genus Amaltheus margaritatm (Montfort), which type is connected, so to speak, through Amaltheus Engelharti, Amal. oxynotm, Sfc., to Amal. Stephani, Sfc.. I will, however, leave the question of genera to those who have opportunities of studying Ammonites from all the various formations, merely remarking that the addition of new forms will be a great help and probably enable new genera to be separated and well denned. Amaltheus subspinatus is a some- what frequent fossil, but I believe very local. Localities, quarries near Bradford Abbas and near Half-way House, Dorset. Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerbyi. Nearest Allied Form. — Amaltheus spinatus, but our species has more ribs, less inclusion, and two rows of spines. The figure represents a full-grown specimen, natural size. Figure Ic is to show the mouth-border. SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 141 COSMOCERAS HOLLANDS, Nolis, plate i., fig. 2 a-b., and plate ii., fig. 2 a. Whorls somewhat numerous ; inclusion small ; ornamentation, rather sharp ribs, running straight across the side and terminat- ing in a small spine on the ventral area. Eibs not joined across, but the ventral area has a deep furrow along the middle. This peculiar and distinct species is rather scarce. I possess a few specimens from undercliff, Burton Bradstock, Dorset, of which the specimen figured plate i., fig. 2, is the largest. Position, zone of Harpoceras Hurchisonce. Nearest Allied Form. — Cosmoceras subfurcatum (Schloth), Cosm. Niortense, d'Orb, from the Humphriesianum zone. It differs from this species in possessing only primary ribs, no trace of any row of spines on the sides of the whorls, and much flatter, straighter sides. On plate ii., fig. 2 a, is represented a more numerously ribbed variety of this species. It is from the zone of Harpoceras Murchisona, at a quarry near Sherborne, Dorset. SPHAEROCERAS MANSELII, J. Buckman, plate ii., fig. 3 a-b. 1881. AMMONITES MANSELII, /. Buck., Quart. Jour., Geol. Soc., page 64, No. 11. 1881. SPHAEBOCEBAS MANSELH, S. S. B»ck., Quart. Journal, Geol. Soc., page 597. Shell globose. Whorls few and entirely occluded. Primary ribs small and rounded, generally bifurcating. Mouth-bor- der with a deep furrow and a broad lip ; where the test is absent the furrow is deeper. The body chamber just by the termina- tion is much flattened on the ventral area. This species is very rare, only two specimens, as far as I know, having been obtained by Mr. T. C. Maggs, from Clat- combe, near Sherborne, Dorset, which quarry is now closed. Position, probably zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum. Nearest Allied Form. — Sphaeroceras Brongniarti (Sowerby) from the Humphriesianum zone. Our species, however, differs 142 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES, in its flatter ventral area, especially near the termination its finer and more numerous ribs, and several other points. The specimen figured has the greater portion of the test very well preserved. SPHAEROCERAS PEREXSPANSUM, Nbbis, plate ii., fig. 4 a-b. Shell globose ; very wide. Whorls few, and entirely occluded. Primary ribs small, numerous, rounded, extending on the ventral area before bifurcating. This species is somewhat scarce, and I only know of a few specimens from near Sherborne, Dorset, collected by my father. Position, probably zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum. Nearest Allied Form. — Sphaeroceras Manselii, but our species differs from it on account of its far greater width and more con- vex ventral area. These two last species, together with Sphaer. Bronginarti, Sphaer. Gervillii, &c., seems to form very well a genus easily separable from that of Stephanoceras, although connected with it by one form, viz., Stephanoceras, Sauzei. In my paper to the Geological Society I placed Stephan. Sauzei in the genus Sphaeroceras, but I have since seen reason to take another view mainly on these grounds : Sphaeroceras, as far as I have examined has no proper labial prolongations of the mouth-border, but only a semi-lunar band more or less complicated. It does not possess spines at the junctions of the ribs, the primary dividing quite plainly into secondary. The umbilicus, especially when young, is very much closed, and the shells are generally very globose. The body-chamber in Sphaeroceras, is, as far as I have examined, nearly a whorl in length. Stephan. Sauzei it will be seen though in general shape allied to Sphaeroceras does not correspond to the other particulars. Stephanoceras has both kinds of terminations, the labial pro- longations, and the semi-lunar band. The genus Sphaeroceras is continued in the Great Oolite with Sphaer. bullatum, Sphaer. microstoma, &c. SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 143 LYTOCERAS CONFUSUM, S. 8. BucL, plate iii., figs. 1 and 2. 1881. LTTOCEEAS CONFUSUM, 8, 8. Buchnan, Quart. Jour., G-eol. Soc., page 601, vol. 37, No. 148. Whorls not numerous, increasing quickly in width. Inclusion very small. Ornamentation, numerous fine waved lines. Mouth border a plain bend, produced on the ventral area. Inner por- tion of whorl very square and straight ; in adult specimens be- coming more marked, but in very young ones scarcely so at all. Aperture sub-triangular, with the ventral area rounded. The specimen figured was really only a centre from a big specimen trimmed up ; but it shews all the characteristics of the species, and was more convenient as regards size. The figure is two-thirds the size of the original, which has the test very well preserved. In very large adult specimens, which some- times measure as much as 17 inches across, the aperture is more angular, being almost equilateral triangular, with rounded edges, and the peculiar squareness and straightness of the inner portion of the whorl becomes very marked. The figure ii. a shews a young specimen natural size, with a portion of the mouth-border, which is quite plain. Localities. — Bradford Abbas and Half-way House, Dorset, fairly abundant. Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerbyi. Nearest Allied Form. — Lytoceras jurense (Zieten), from the Upper Lias Sands, by which name this species was often quoted from Dorset. Lytoceras confusum, however, differs from it in having a greater number of whorls, somewhat less inclu- sion, its peculiar shaped aperture, and very square dorsal area of whorl, also rather more complicated suture-line. HAPLOCERAS ETIIERIDGII, Nolis., plate iii., fig. 3 a-b. . Shell somewhat compressed. Whorls broad. Inclusion about one half. Ornamentation, rather stout rounded ribs, very slightly waved, traversing about two-thirds of the side. Dorsal area 144 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. squared. Ventral area possesses neither keel nor channel, but is rounded. The ribs of this species do not join across, but there is a space along the centre of the ventral area into which they unite. The ribs also are not opposite each other, but opposite the inter- mediate spaces on the other side. The peculiar furrows, bare space, and raised edge on the inner portion of the whorl are not confined to this species. They are persistent in all specimens, and are found in some other allied species from the Inferior Oolite, as yet, I believe, undescribed. Localities. — Bradford Abbas, Dorset, rather scarce. I also possess a specimen labelled Dundry, Somerset. Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerbyi. The specimen figured has the test well preserved, and is about the usual size. This species is named in compliment to B. Etheridge, Esq., F.K.S., F.G.S., &c. PEBISPIIINCTES DAVIDSONI, S. S. Buck., plate iv. 1S81. „ „ S. S. Suck., Quart, Jour, Geol. Soc., vol. 37, page 602. Shell compressed. Whorls numerous, and about one-fourth included. Body chamber about three-parts of a whorl. Orna- mentation, plain rounded ribs ; sometimes bifurcating, some- times not ; also transverse furrows. Ventral area rounded. Mouth-border plain single bend, produced on the ventral area. The test is much thickened just before the extreme end of the border, and consequently produces the depression so visible in the cast, as shewn in fig. i. a. This thickening part of the mouth- border is present in nearly all species of Ammonites from the Inferior Oolite, and causes a large depression in the cast. Con- sequently the cast of a mouth-border does not convey any idea of the real mouth-border, and may often lead to erroneous opinions. This thickening would seem to be for the purpose of giving strength. The test of the larger specimen is nearly absent, and where it is on is corroded. There are signs of ribs all over the specimen. SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 145 The small specimen has the greater portion of the test preserved, and also shews the mouth-border. Locality, Oborne, Dorset, where it is fairly common. Position, zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum. Nearest Allied Form. — Perisphinctes Martinsii d'Orb. Our species, however, differs from it in being far flatter, with broader whorls and greater inclusion. [Dr. Wright, in the Journal of the Palseontological Society for 1880, figures on page 254 Periophinctes Martinsii with a large amount of inclusion, but I cannot agree with it. If it is compared with d'Orbigny's figure in Palaeont. Frangaise, plate 125, Cephalopodes, it will be seen to be very different.] HARPOCERAS BOWERI (J. BuclcmanJ, woodcut figure in text. AMMONITES BOWEEI, /. Buckman, M.S. 1. — HABPOCEEAS BOWEEI, natural size. Shell somewhat compressed ; whorls about one-half included ; ornamentation, plain small slightly bent ribs, without bifurca- tions ; mouth-border possesses two fine labial prolongations, and is somewhat produced on the ventral area, in which respect it differs from the mouth-borders of the genus Stephanoceras ; ventral area ornamented with a very small keel which is not so conspicuous on the body-chamber. 146 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. This species is rather rare. The fine specimen figured which has the mouth-border, with the test preserved nearly perfect, was collected by Mr. Monk from the Ambury quarry, Bradford Abbas, Dorset, and kindly lent to be figured for this paper. I also possess a smaller specimen from East Hill quarry, Brad- ford Abbas, shewing the peculiar termination, of which a diagram is given below. Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi. 2. — Diagram of Harpoccras JBcu-cri, showing the terminations. ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS FOUND IN DORSETSHIRE DURING THE PAST TWELVEMONTHS. By Rev. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., C.M.Z.S., |ATHER more than a year has elapsed since the publi- cation of " Spiders of Dorset," by the " Dorset Natural History Society and Antiquarian Field Club." During [this interval some of my leisure moments have been occupied in endeavouring to add to the very large number of spiders up to that tim e recorded in the county, and, if possible, to increase our knowledge of those already known. I should remark that during the interval mentioned I have been more than usually occupied in other matters, so that the leisure devoted to Natural History has been less than for several years past ; still I have now to record the addition of nine species to our list of Dorset Spiders ; three of these were new to science, and have been described and figured in the Annals and Mag. N.H. for 1882. Besides these additions to our County list, I have succeeded in discovering the adult males of several other spiders of which the females only have been known to me before. One of these (Philodromuselegans, Bl.) a very fair sized and remark- ably handsome spider occurs, in some seasons, in abundance in our heath districts during September and October, but all immature. By the end of October some of the females usually become adult, though so late as the middle of November I have always found the males still immature. At this period both sexes disappear, and never having (until this season) seen anything of them afterwards, it has 148 ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS. always puzzled me as to when the males became adult. About the beginning of last November, I therefore placed four imma- ture males, each in a separate bottle, feeding them with flies as long as they would feed ; though after the end of December the spiders seldom did more than move about a little when the sun shone, and catch a fly every two or three days. At intervals, up to the middle of March, three of these spiders died, but at the end of that month the fourth began to change its skin for the last time, and to assume the adult state. This it did not, however, effect perfectly, as, owing probably to the want of a moister atmosphere, it failed to extricate the palpi from their old covering, and finally died in that position. I knew, how- ever, now the time when the male of this species became adult, so on the next quiet fine spring day, April 3rd, I went out on the heath resolved to find them in the mature state. This I was fortunate enough to do, capturing seven adult males and one or two females in the course of a hard afternoon's work. I imagine that the life of the male of this spider, after it attains maturity, must be very short, inasmuch as I did not again meet with it ; not being, in fact, able, owing to bad weather, to search again for it until several days after I had found the others, and when apparently it had entirely disappeared. If its life, in a state of maturity, is thus of such a short duration, it would account for my not having before, during 24 years, found it at that season of the year, when propitious days for field work are generally few and far between. I am sorry not to be able to state that more residents in the county have yet taken up the study and collecting of Spiders. I am, however, indebted to Mr. Kemp-Welsh, of Bournemouth, for one of the additions here accorded, Marpessa muscosa, Clk- It would give me great pleasure to receive collections made in the county for examination. I feel sure that if nine additions can be made in our list during a season, in my own, now pretty fairly worked district, there are many more yet unrecorded in some still unworked localities, especially in swamps, and on the chalk and limestone. Half-ounce and one-ounce phial-bottles of ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS. 149 methylated spirit of wine might easily be filled with Spiders, and sent to me as occasion offered. I presume that all our members have by this time received their copies of " Spiders of Dorset," where, in the introduction, the few necessary hints on collecting and preserving Spiders are shortly detailed. LIST OF SPIDERS FOUND. FAMILY THEBIDIID.E. MELANOGASTER, C. L. Koch., Spiders of Dorset, p. 478. An adult male was found on a furze bush on Bloxworth Heath, June 13, 1881 ; one example only (a female) had previously been recorded as British, found, also, by myself at Lyndhurst in 1858. THEHIDION PICTUM, ffahn., Spiders of Dorset, p. 476. A male, not quite mature, of this handsome Theridion was found on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Eectory by my son Charles Owen, June 7th, 1882. NERIENE EXCISA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 487. Adults of both sexes were found among rushes and grass in a swamp near Bloxworth, in September, 1881. Up to this time the only known examples were found in Northumberland. NERIENE LAPIDICOLA, Thor. ( = N. rufipes Bl.), Spiders of Dorset, p. 489. Three adult females were found among rushes in a swamp near Bloxworth on the 22nd of November, 1881. I had never before seen an example of this fine Neriene. 150 ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS. WALCKENAERA PENULTIMA, Cambr., described as new to science, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1882, p. 7, pi. i., fig. 4. Two examples, one adult, the other immature, were found among moss and heather on Bloxworth Heath in April, 1881. It somewhat resembles Walckenaera parallela, Bl., in its form, while in colours it is very much like W. ludicra, Cambr. WALCKENAERA MITIS, Cambr. , described as new I.e. supra, p. 8, pi. i., fig. 6. Four examples of the female of this very minute Spider, which measures no more than one-sixteenth of an inch in length, were found among moss in Morden Park, near Bloxworth, at the end of April, 1881. WALCKENAERA MISER, Cambr., described as new I.e., p. 9, pi. i., fig. 7. An adult female found among moss near Bloxworth in Octo- ber, 1879, but its specific distinctness had not been determined until 1881. FAMILY EPEIEID^E. EPEIRA ALSINE, Walck., Spiders of Dorset, p. 530. An adult male of this fine and handsome Spider was found by myself on low herbage in Morden Park on the 27th of August, and two others (one immature) in Berewood at the beginning of September, 1881. Its only previously recorded occurrence was near Tring, in Buckinghamshire, some years ago. FAMILY SALTICID^. MARPESSA MUSCOSA, Clerck., Spiders of Dorset, p. 554. In November, 1881, I received, among other Spiders, an adult female of this fine species from Mr. E. B. Kemp- Welch, ON NEW AND BARE SPIDERS. 151 by whom it was taken between Poole and the Hampshire boun- dary during the previous summer. Including the above nine species, our Dorsetshire list of Spiders now numbers 382 species. It is worth while also, perhaps, to add here a short list of rare species which I have again met with in the county during the past year. FAMILY DEASSID^E. DRASSTJS INFUSCATTTS, Westr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 423. Adults of both sexes found among dead leaves, Berewood, on the 24th May, 1882. I had never before met with the male. CLUBIONA CCERULESGENS, L. Koch., Spiders of Dorset, p. 29. Two adult males of this spider (remarkable for the extra- ordinary development of the radial apophysis) were found among short herbage and underwood near Bloxworth, September 6th, 1881. The female only had been recorded as British up to that time. FAMILY THEKIDIILLE. EURYOPIS FLAVOMACULATA, C. L. Koch, Spiders of Dorset, p. 100. An adult female on Bloxworth Heath, June 14th, 1881. One only — a male — had before occurred in this county, about ten years ago. NERIENE UNCATA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 433. Numerous examples of both sexes, in a swamp near Blox- worth, in September and November, 1881. Up to this time a single example of the female only, had been recorded. 152 ON NEW AND HARE SPIDERS. NERIENE FORMIDABILIS, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 135. An adult female, in company with the last species. This is but the second known example. NERIENE LAUDATA, Cambr., WALCKENAERA LATTDATA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p 591. I have again (June and July, 1881) found this species on Bloxworth Heath; and more recently (July 4th, 1882) a single example on the doorsteps of Bloxworth Rectory. I am now, on further examination, led to remove it from the genus WalcJc- enaera and place it in Neriene, to which it appears to be more nearly allied in several respects. WALCKENAERA DICEROS, Cambr ; Spiders of Dorset, p, 145, pi. iii., fig. 6. I met with an adult male of this exceedingly minute and rare species (after having lost sight of it for more than 12 years) among herbage by the riverside at Hyde, near Bloxworth, on April 14th, 1881. WALCKENAERA MELANOCEPHALA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 596, Ann. and Mag., N.H., 1882, p. 8, pi. iii., fig. 5. I have again (July 24th, 1881) found this rare and striking species, which Mons. Simon has very recently described from French specimens under the name of Erigone glaphyra (Bull. Zool. Soc. France, 1881, Vol. vi.) WALCKENAERA SUBITANEA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, pp. 144 and 445. An adult male of this minute and rare species found among debris in an outhouse at Bloxworth Eectory, May 30th, 1882. LINYPHIA EXPERTA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 203. One example only had been before met with in this county, I was, therefore, pleased to find it in some abundance in a swamp near Bloxworth, in November, 1881. ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS. 153 LINYPHIA APPROXIMATA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 199. Both sexes of this spider have occurred frequently during the past year in marshy ground near Bloxworth. LINYPHIA FURTIVA, Cambr, Spiders of Dorset, p. 233. An adult female found on a furze bush near Bloxworth, July 3rd, 1882. It is now some years since I had previously met with it. FAMILY THOMISnm XYSTICUS ROBUSTUS, HaJin, Spiders of Dorset, p. 306. An adult female, among heather, Bloxworth, July 3rd, 1882. This is only the second recorded example in Britain. The first — an adult male — having occurred in the same locality in 1854. I was, until now, unacquainted with the female of this, which is one of the largest and most distinct species of the genus. ON THE MAZE, OR MIZMAZE, AT LEIGH, DORSET. By the Rev. W. BARNES. |OKEE,, in his History of Dorset, says of the Maze at Leigh, that ' ' formerly the young men of the village were wont, once a year, to go out and make it good ; and the day was a day of merrymaking." Not, we may believe, a day of merrymaking because they had made the maze good by righting up of the banks, which edged the paths ; but that the maze was made good for the day of merry-making, which might have been that of the village wake, or the old May-day. That the young and not the old men were most interested in the maze, would go to show that it was for their games, and not for any heathenish or other ceremony of their elders. Phillips, in his " New World of Words." A.D. 1706, speaks of mazes as in his time made in gardens. He says : — " Maze, in a garden, a place artificially made with many turnings and windings." The maze seems to have had formerly, all over England, its day of favor among friendly gatherings at great halls, and at some of the village feasts, as had the old game of Pall Mall, and its later form under the name of Croquet, though the pleasure of the maze (a puzzle), was akin to that of other puzzles which are now put forth among friends in the house, or in the open air. The maze was formed of a cunningly drawn ON THE MAZE, OR MIZMAZE, AT LEIGH, DORSET. 155 maze of winding paths, which any one who would try his skill was to thread so as to find his way out again in the shortest time, and the mirth of it was, I suppose, that of the outsiders who might see a bewildered wayfarer misgoing into passages that led to nothing but others of the same kind, and the glory of a walker who, knowing the clue, came out with a laugh against the others. There was formerly at Pimperne a cleverly-shapen maze, which is figured in Shipp's Hutchings' History of Dorset. The maze paths were sundered by banks, and overspread nearly an acre of ground ; but it was entirely destroyed by the plough about 1780, and it speaks of one at Hilton, Hunts, of which the path is steined with pebbles, and gives Aubray as saying that there were many mazes in England ere the civil wars, which let in the Puritans as lawgivers, who gave little freedom to games and gambols, and whose laws once punished a boy at Dorchester for riding on a gate on a Sabbath.* A fine sample of a maze still kept up, and I believe often threaded by sightseers, is the one at Hampton Court, of which the maze path is edged by a hedge [of shrubs, as, I believe, were the paths of most of the broad mazes of the olden time, with fences of some thick shrubs, whether box. privet, yew, or hornbeam, or other such-like ones. Another maze, of which Londoners seek a merry use, is in the Eosherville Gardens, near Grravesend, and one has, I believe, been made in the grounds of the Crystal Palace. The AtTie- nceum, July 2, 1881, speaks of " The St. Anne's maze," near Nottingham, as one of the most elaborate examples of which we have any account, though in 1797 it was ploughed up. The History of Pimperne quotes Stukely, who writes of such mazes in Wales, under the name of " Caertroi." " Winding Castle," the mazes of which are trodden by walking on the banks. This old British name for a maze, " caertroi," has, from want of a knowledge of Welsh, led to a mistake that the word " troi" meant Homer's Troy, and that caertroi, a maze, meant " Troy- town," whereas " troi " means simply a turning or winding. * Borough Records. 156 ON THE MAZE, OR MIZMAZE, AT LEIGH, DORSET. WITCHES' COENEE, LEIGH COMMON. Many years ago I was told by a man of this neighbourhood that a corner of Leigh Common was called "Witches' Corner," and long again after that a friend gave me some old depositions on witchcraft, taken before Somerset magistrates from about the years 1650 to 1664. The cases were of Somerset, and touched in some points Dorsetshire, and one of the witches' sisterhood said that they sometimes met in Leigh Common. This proof of the meeting of witches in Leigh Common as the ground of the traditional name of witches corner is interesting as a token of truth in tradition. TOTNELL AND CHETNOLE. I suppose Chetnole is mostly pronounced Chetnel. Totnell is the name of the hill or knoll or knowl, and means Toutknoll, or Spynell, or Outlook-hill, as being in times of trouble a spot taken by outspiers or outlookers. There are in Dorset several touts or spy heights, and the word to tout, to look out for customers is still well-known. That knoll would wear into nell is shown by the name of " Punk-knowl," which in running talk is called " Punnell." Tout was formerly tote, and has been shortened in names of other places, as Totton, Totcombe, in the hundred of Totcombe and Modbury. The spelling of names of places is not a trustworthy guide to their meaning or early forms. Nell in Totnell is, I believe, a narrowing of the sound noil, as i in Huntsmin for huntsman. Such a narrowing is common in Latin, as Desilio for Desalio, and so it is in Welsh. Tot is the head of many other place names. CHETNOLE Is, I believe, Chetknoll, but CJiet must have been in Saxon of some such form as Cet or Cete. Cete would mean a cabin, cottage, or cell. Was there ever a hermit's cell there, as at Her- mitage ? HAYDON. Hay is the Saxon Haeg—(\) a hedge, and (2) a hedged 157 ground. Hay Ann would mean the down with a hedged field or fields on it, one not all open. WINTEKHAY. The winter inclosure for cattle, but Winterhays, I believe, took its name from a family of Winterhay, and as being Winter' hay's enclosures, but then they took their name from some Winter- hay. CALFHAY, BY LEIGH. The Calf or Heifer inclosure, used much as a run for young stock. KOUCH HAY. Enclosure of rough ground or grass. A DESCRIPTION OF SOME ANCIENT GOLD ORNAMENTS FOUND IN DORSETSHIRE. By the Rev. R. ROBERTS. i HE three articles represented by the accompanying photograph* are solid gold, of the finest quality, and are considered by antiquaries to have been personal ornaments worn by British chieftains long before the Christian era. They consist of a small armlet, a torque for the neck made up of two circlets, and a third article, in shape something like an oyster-shell, with a deep concavity, and this is supposed to have been one of a pair of ornaments for the breast. It is different in construction from the others, being composed of two laminae of gold laid one upon the other, and as the projecting point on the outside has been fractured, the inner lamina is been laid bare. This kind of ornament appears to be very rare, since in the famous collection belonging to the National Museum, Dawson street, Dublin, only one specimen exists, and that one in every way inferior. The torque also has suffered some damage, for each of its two extremities, shaped like small extinguishers, have been soldered and turned from their proper direction, in which one was crooked back over the other, and thus a rude kind of fastening was formed, keeping the double circlet in its place on the neck of the wearer. These three articles were discovered some time between * Frontispiece. A DESCRIPTION OF SOME ANCIENT GOLD ORNAMENTS. 159 1808 and 1828, while Lady Caroline Darner was proprietor of the Milton Abbey estate, in open ground at Hilton, on a farm occupied by Mr. Charles Hall, a well known antiquary, by his carter, while ploughing, and were taken by him and sold to a silversmith at Blandf ord, and would in all probability have gon9 to the melting-pot, had not Mr. Hall fortunately heard of the occurrence and informed Lady Caroline Darner, by whom they were at once recovered. They have remained ever since in the possession of the Darner family, and are now the property of the Earl of Portarlington, Emo Park, Portarlington, Ireland. Our photograph (see frontispiece) represents these objects half their actual size. The following figures show the dimensions and weight of these gold ornaments : — The twisted torque or necklet is 4ft. 3£in. long, and weight 6£oz. avoirdupois ; armlet, 8£in. in length, and weighs 2£oz. ; fibula (?) 12^in. in circumference, and 4£in. in diameter. The three weigh 13oz. PRINTED AT THE "JOURNAL" OFFICES, SOUTH-ST., SHSRBORNE. PLATE I. Fig. la. Amaltheus? Stephani, nobis, two-thirds natural size, showing the fine mouth-border, I believe, from the zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, from near Sherborne, Dorset, collected by my father. The greater portion of the test is well preserved. \b. The same, showing ventral area ornamented with small keel and the aperture. 20. Cosmoceras Hollandae, nobis, natural size, zone of Har- poceras Murchisonae, under cliff at Burton Bradstock, Dorset, my collection. 2b. The same, showing the ventral area with the channel and aperture. Plate, I. Berjeau fe Highley dd.eti.th. Mintern Bros . jrap PLATE H. Fig. \a. Amaltheus subpinatus, S. S. Buckman, natural size, show- ing the spines, zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Half-way House, near Sherborne, Dorset. The greater portion of the test is well preserved. My collection. The keel is somewhat crenulated. 15. The same, showing the ventral area and the aperture. The keel and ribs should be somewhat more conspicuous. le. Another specimen to show the finish of the mouth-border. It is really much produced on the ventral area, but is here broken off. Zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Bradford Abbas, Dorset. Collected by my father. 2a. Cosmo cer as Hollandae, nobis, a variety. Zone of Har- poceras Murchisonae, near Sherborne, Dorset. My collec- tion. 3«. Sphaeroceras Mansettii, J. Buckman, showing the peculiar finish to the mouth border. The ribs are numerous and very sharp. From Clatcombe, near Sherborne, Dorset. Collection of Mr. T. C. Maggs. 3b. The same, showing ventral area and aperture. 4a. SpJiaeroceras expansum, nobis, from near Sherborne, Dorset, probably zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum. Collected by my father. 45. The same, showing ventral area and broad aperture. e. MmternBros imp. PLATE HI. Fig. la. Lytoceras confusum, S. S. Buckman. two-thirds natural size. Zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Bradford Abbas, Dorset. Collected by my father. 11. The same, showing ventral area and the somewhat trian- gular aperture. 2a. Lytoceras confusum, S. S. Buckman, young specimen Sowerbyi zone, Bradford Abbas. Side view showing a portion of the mouth-border. My collection. 2b. The same, showing the ventral area and the difference in the shape of the aperture in youth. See text. Sa. Occotranstes? Etheridgii, nobis. Zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Bradford Abbas, Dorset. 3b. The same, showing ventral area and aperture. Plcutelll. Ber^eau &Highley del. etlrth MinternBros-i I I'H ! PLATE IV. Fig. la. Perisphinctes Davidsoni, S. S. Buckman, showing the mouth-border and the depression where the test is removed. Zone of Steplian. Humphriesianum. Oborne, Dorset. My collection, one-half natural size. There are indications of ribs all over the specimen. Ib. The same, showing ventral area. 20. Perisphinctes Davidsoni, young forms, showing the mouth ** border. Zone of StepTtani. HumpJiriesianum. Oborne, my collection. 2b. The same, showing ventral area. "Where the test is removed the ribs do not seem to meet across. When it is on, however, they do. Natural size. Plate IV. Berjeau 2t Highley del et InV Mintern Bros imp DA 670 D69D6 Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY